The A: -noan News Co., 89 (fc41 Chamberg St. N .T. 
 
STANDARD BOO KS OF GAMES AND PASTIMES 
 
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 DIME BASE-BALL PLAYER. FOR 1880, 
 
 Containing the League and National Club Averages for 1879, together with the 
 Model Games of the season. The prize winners m the National Championship, 
 and new chapters on Batting, Fielding, and Base Running. Also, a New Scoi ing 
 System, with record of the MetropoUtan Championship Games and Pacific League 
 Averages. Edited by Henry Chadwick. 
 
 HAND-BOOK OF CROQUET. 
 
 A Complete Guide to the l^rinciplesand Practice of the Game. This ])opular 
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 DIME BOOK OF 100 GAMES. 
 
 Out-door and in-door SUMMER GAMES for Tourists and Families in the Coun- 
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 V HAND-BOOK OF PEDESTRIANISM. 
 
 Giving the Rules for Training and Practice in Walking, Running, Leaping, 
 Taulting, etc. Edited by Henry Chadwick. 
 
 YACHTING AND ROWING. 
 
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 GUIDE TO SWIMMING. 
 
 Comprising Advisory Instructions; Rules upon Entering the Water ; General 
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HANDBOOK 
 
 OP 
 
 Summer Athletic Sports, 
 
 comprising: 
 
 Jumping, Hare and Hounds, 
 
 BICYCLING, ARCHERY, ETC. 
 
 WrTH COMPLETE AMERICAN AND ENGLISH 
 ATHLETIC RULES. 
 
 
 / 
 
 • 
 
 EDITED BY CAPT. FRED. WHITTAKER. 
 
 
 
 
 N-EW^ YORK: 
 
 BEADLE 
 
 AND ADAMS, PUBLISHERS, 
 
 
 98 WILLIAM STREET. 
 
GtVTO 
 
 A/V57 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1880, by 
 
 BEADLE AND ADAMS, 
 In the ofiQce of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. 
 
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 •200 FEET BROAD.r-- 
 
CONTENTS. 
 
 PAGB. 
 PiSDESTBIANISM, - - - - . 9 
 
 "Walkers vs. Runners, -------- 11 
 
 Scientific Walking, - - - - - - -- -14 
 
 Scientific Running, .-.---.- 19 
 Dress for Pedestrians, --------23 
 
 Training for a Match, --.-•.. 25 
 Laying out a Track, -. . - - - - .30 
 
 Conducting a Match, - - - - ^ - - - 85 
 
 Records op Pedestrla.nism, 38 
 
 Jumping and Pole-Leaping, 43 
 
 Bicycling, - 45 
 
 American Athletic Rules, 49 
 
 English Athletic Rules, .,-----56 
 Hare and Hounds, ----.--. 57 
 Archery, .--.--60 
 
HANDBOOK 
 
 OF 
 
 3UMMEE ATHLETIC SPORTS. 
 
 PEDESTRIANISM. 
 
 A wonderful increase of popularity lias lately attended the 
 art of walking. The steady improvement made in speed and 
 endurance by professional and amateur walkers and the intro- 
 duction of international contests have brought this about 
 within a few years. 
 
 When the firm of Beadle and Adams published their first 
 Dime book of Pedestrianism, the only American walker of 
 reputation was Edward Pay son Weston. The record of pro- 
 fessionals and amateurs had then developed nothing greater 
 than the performances of Captain Barclay of England, who 
 first did a thousand miles in a thousand hours. Weston's 
 famous walk from Portland to Chicago caused the only ripple 
 of excitement in the sporting world on the subject of walking 
 from tlie time of Barclay up to 1870. 
 
 Since that period, things have changed greatly. Weston's 
 aclncvements have inspired otliers, and those others have not 
 only equaled but excelled Wtston on many occasions. The 
 names of O'Leary, Kowell, Corkey, and *' Blower" Brown, 
 all men born in the British Islands, liave been record<-d above 
 those of Weston at different times; but it remains to the glory 
 of the American pedestrian that in 1879 he beat ihem all. 
 , All these changes and ups and downs in pedestrianism for 
 the last ten years have made the old books obsolete, and the 
 publishers of the former Dime Book of Pedestrianism have 
 determined to issue a new edition, fully up to the times in all 
 respects. 
 
 Besides practical instructions in walking, founded on the 
 different styles of noted professionals, we shall annex much 
 matter never before jmt in a handbook, concerning the pre- 
 paration of tracks, measurements, timing and scoring, for the 
 information of that Inrge class of people living in country 
 towns and villages, who have plenty of walliers, but no ex- 
 perience in the conduct of matches, and no opportunity to see 
 how things are done in first class matches. 
 
10 HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 
 
 Every one can walk, but not every one can become a great 
 walker. Any young man of good health and strength onn 
 learn to walk five miles in an hour, but the number of men 
 who can walk twenty-five miles in five. Jiours is very small, 
 and will always remain so. If we take the population of any 
 town or villaae wc shall find that out of every hundred young 
 meu from eighteen to twenty-five years of age, there are 
 about sixty more or less given to athletic sports, tweni)^ 
 who are very enthusiastic about them, and six or eight who 
 would make good walkers, runners and general athletes. Of 
 this six or tight, there is generally one who is better than his 
 fellows, and he becomes the village ciiampicm, in one sport or 
 another. 
 
 This is about the. true proportion— one per cent — of the 
 young male communit3\ that is capable of being taken at 
 random and converted into good professional walkers. A 
 general system of early physical training would soon increase 
 this proporlitm, but as we are never liktly to see any sucli 
 system li.doptt d we must be content with what we can get. 
 Out of those capable of becoming great walkers and striving 
 to become so, the proportion of second rate men is quite 
 large. 
 
 There have been great long-distance walkers before, and 
 probably will be again ; but a man of the peculiar constitu- 
 tion of Edward Payson Weston is very seldom met with. 
 Other men have, at times, beaten him ; but he has outstaid 
 them all at last in endurance. No other athlete on record has' 
 remained among contestants of the first-class for so many 
 years, for be it remembered that Weston's career as a walker 
 began on Thanksgiving Day, 1867, the day on which he arrived 
 at Chicago from Portland, and that so late as 1879, twelve 
 3'ears after, he was able to do 550 miles in a week against the 
 best men of England, at a time when his latest rival, O'Leary, 
 had utterly broken down. Ten years after his first appearance 
 on the track, he was able to give O'Leary, in his prime, a 
 tough battle, making 510 miles in six days, and none of his an- 
 tagonists can say as much for themselves. 
 
 The average duration of a great long-distance man, whether 
 walker or runner, seems to be about two years. It was in 1876 
 that O'Leary came to the top of the wave, and in 1879 he went 
 untler. AVeston alone keeps on, apparently as fresh at forty 
 as he was at twenty -six. 
 
 All this argues in Weston very great physical power and 
 strictly temiserate habits, and he possesses both in a remark- 
 able degree. 
 
 There, however, the praise ends. As a scientific walker, 
 Weston is inferior, not only to O'Leary, but even pitted 
 against such amateurs as Harry Armstrong, of Harlem, C. 
 Bruce Gillie, of the ScottisUrAmerican Club, or a dozen others' 
 
nJLNDBOOK OP SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 11 
 
 we could name. Wben be was in his best form, about 1874-5, 
 it was the remark of an Enalisb trainer, that Weston was ''a 
 mystery to him; that he didn't see how he could walk at all 
 on the bad system he used, and that an}' oth( r man would 
 have broken down utterly in the attempt." Weston used to 
 get through his tasks, and does still, but only at the cost of 
 terrible fatigue, which he might have savtd himself on a better 
 system. 
 
 O'Leary, on the other hand, is an example of how the best 
 trainiog, constitution and system may be neutralized and over- 
 thrown by over-confidence and dissipation. As a scientific 
 walker, O'Leary has no equal, and were he of the same tem- 
 peratejiabits as Weston, he migiii still head the list as worUi's 
 champion. As it is, the rows of empty champagne bo'tles 
 that were taken from his tent at Gilmort's, when he broke 
 down in the Rowell match, were the evidence and symbol of 
 his ruin. 
 
 It was not in his case, as be said in the Spirit of tlie Times, 
 that " runners can beat walkers." O'Leary, himself, in four 
 or five matches, had beaten all the time ever made by runners, 
 save that of "Blower" Brown; but the O'Leary of tlioi^e days 
 had succumbed to high living, and a poor excuse was belter 
 than none. 
 
 Yet, the man's system w^as, and is, magnifi(^ent, and enabled 
 him to do respectable work against Hughes and Campana, 
 when he really was not fit to go at all. 
 
 Had he possessed Weston's temperate habits, or had Weston 
 possessed O'Leary's science as a walker, the result would have 
 been a pedestrian wonder that would have lasted many years 
 longer than O'Leary. 
 
 WALKERS vs. RUNNERS. 
 
 The success of Weston and O'Leary in their long-distance 
 walks in England surprised the Britons greatly. Up to the 
 time of Weston's appearance in that country, Englishmen had 
 been accustomed to consider themselves the best walkers in 
 the world; but the two Americans — the native and the natur- 
 alized — soon took the conceit out of them. The bef^t English 
 long-distance walkers were Peter Crossland and Henry 
 Vaughan, who had both done excellent work in marches of 
 the kind then practiced in England. But the introduction of 
 six-day contests, first started by Weston, put these profession- 
 als on unfamiliar ground, and they found that a man who 
 could walk a hundred miles in one da}'' was not able to 
 cope with the.<e American wonders, who couhl finislr five 
 •hundred miles in six days. The Englishuien K.i i ihei. deft- t 
 
12 /HiJffDBOOK or SUMMEK ATHLEtnc SPORTS. 
 
 to the right cause— unfamiliar methods; and Sir John Astley, 
 a rich sporting baronet, to put both parties on an equality, 
 introduced the six da}"- ** go-as-you-please " match, soon to 
 supersede all others. It was thought that runners would have 
 the advantage over walkers in this match. Their backers 
 claimed that by going over the ground faster they would gain 
 more time for rest, and so in the end go further. The first 
 Astley Belt match falsified all their data. In the famous con- 
 test at Agricultural Hall, London, from March 18tli to March 
 23d, 1878, Daniel O'Leaiy covered 520 1-4 miles, in 139 houjs 
 6 minutes 10 seconds, confining himself to walking after the 
 first fifty miles. He had against him the great English long- 
 distance runners and the best long-distance walker, Vaughan, 
 all of whom he defeated decisively. Vaughan stopped at 500 
 miles — a score he has never since equaled — " Blower" Brown 
 retired at 477, and '*Corkey," who had things all his ovvn way 
 for the first three days, broke down utterly on the fourth; 
 while Hazael and Rowell were earlier satisfied that they had 
 no chance. 
 
 In the same year O'Leary defeated with ease John Hughes 
 and Peter Napoleon Campana, surnamed "Sport," both run- 
 ners, and seemed to be secure of holding the Astley belt for 
 life. Indeed, had he not, like most sporting men, been de- 
 ceived by the exaggerated reports of Campana's prowess, he 
 might be champion to-day. 
 
 The reason for this statement is simple. Canipana's Bridge- 
 port record, as it turned out from after investigation, was a 
 deliberate fraud, got up by some low sporting men, who pro- 
 bably did not at first dare to hope for the success which it 
 attained. They began by running their man on a short track, 
 and when that fraud was discovered made a merit of liaving 
 the course publicly remeasured by the city surveyor. The 
 more important part of the fraud was not discovered till after 
 *' Sport's" ignominious defeat by O'Leary, and then only by 
 the confession of his Bridgeport scorers and time-keepers. It 
 turned out that they had been crediting him with laps never 
 run, and that they had employed men to personate him, late 
 at nights, wlien he was really asleep, these men running for 
 him. By means of these fraudulent representations they roll- 
 ed up such a score for Campana tiiat he was credited with 
 521 miles in a six-day match. 
 
 O'Leary, who, besides his Hughes match, had been giving 
 several 400-mile walks, knew that he was no longer in condi- 
 tion to walk against a good maii lor the championship, and 
 therefore made the match one for money alone. Had he al- 
 lowed the belt to he in the stakes there is no doubt that he 
 would have won it for the third and last time, when he wouhl 
 have b^'come its absolute possessor. 
 
 In the meantime, however, the runners in England had been 
 
HANDBOOK OF ^MMER ATHLETIC SP0BT5. 13 
 
 improving their style immensely, for in the second Astley 
 match, be^^inning Oct. 28th, and closing Nov. 2d, 1878, Wil- 
 liam Gentleman, {alias ^'Corkey,") made 520 2-7 miles in 137 
 hours, 58 min., 20 sec; thus beating dreary's distance by a 
 trifle, and his lime by more than an hour. This match it was 
 that raised the spirits of Sir John Astley, and induced liim to 
 Fend over Rowell (who made 470 miles in the same match) to 
 beat O'Leary. Sir John knew wOiat he was about, and had 
 kept O'Leary in view all the year. 
 
 "^ The scores of the American champion's matches with 
 Ilnghes and Cumpana, showed that the man was failing, and 
 if so, Rowell was good enough to beat him, as there was no 
 other really formidable walker in America; so Astley judged, 
 and correctly, too. 
 
 The v^ictory of Rowell over the American walkers caused 
 an instantaneous revulsion of public sentiment in favor of 
 runners, a revulsion artfully increased by O'Leary's widely- 
 published dictum that the runners were always "bound to 
 beat the w^alktrs." This> however, .w'as not by iuiy. means 
 proven at that time. The real truth was Tliat'^ champagne, 
 not Rowell, beat O^Leary; and Rowel I's record in the race 
 was twenty miles short of the champion's best walking record. 
 The other competitors in the match were simply not first-class 
 men. 
 
 The cause of the runners has, however, received a fresh 
 impetus since Row^ell's victory by the still more remarkable 
 feat of " Blower "Brown (always a.*' good man ") who in the 
 third Astley belt match, April 22d-27thy. 1829^ jjiade the amaz- 
 ing distance of 542 miles in 140 hours. . - - 
 
 Finally the veteran Weston beat even Brown's record by 
 the superlative score of 550 miles over the same track, opposed 
 to Brown himself and Hazael. 
 
 Since that time Brown has made 553. miles over the same 
 track, and a negro lawyer from Boston named Hart has made 
 565 miles in Madison Square Garden, finishing April 10, 1880. 
 
 As the record now stands, in contests where almost super- 
 liuman endurance and speed are required, ordinary runners 
 may win, but only at the expense of a waste of .physical 
 energy that a scientific walker does not suffer., Tbey go faster 
 and manage to live through the contest, but that is all. The 
 introduction of '*go-as-y<m-please " contests, has however, 
 given rise to a new style of long-distance running, which is 
 as strictly scientific as professional walking, and to these two 
 branches of pedestrianism let us now devote our attention* 
 
14 HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC WALKING. 
 
 Every one walks more or less, but very few understand tiie 
 principles of scientific walking. The science consists in two 
 things: 1st. How to acquire the longest stride practicable to 
 tlie physique of the walker; 2d. How to distribute the weight 
 of the body so that the greatest effort shall be made with the 
 least possible exertion. 
 
 Many walkers acquire the first part of this science, and 
 some understand the second division of the subject, but very 
 few can combine the two, like O'Leary. For short-distance 
 matches, in which contests up to twenty-five miles are in- 
 
 THE UNSKILLED V/ALKER. 
 
 eluded, the number of scientific walkers is reasonably large, 
 both among professionals and so-called amateurs. The}^ nl- 
 most all walk on a correct system, similar to that of O'Leary, 
 but inasmuch as their exertions do not last so long a time, 
 they can afford to make them more vigorous. If their stride 
 be ho longer, proportionately, than that of O'Leary, the ijum- 
 ber of steps per minute taken b}' them is greater, and they 
 cover the ground at a rate that no untrained person can equal 
 without breaking into a trot. 
 
 The rate at which the best of them can go is shown by the 
 marvelous feats of Perkins, the English champion, who has 
 the record of a mile walked in six minutes and twenty -^ree 
 
HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 15 
 
 seconds^ and eight miles walked in anhou7\ less fifty -five seconds. 
 Such performances show that Perkins can out-walk any ordi- 
 nary road-horse going on a trot. Even an amateur of our 
 own country — T. H. Armstrong— has walked seven miles in 
 fifty-six minutes. It is needless to say that no untrained per- 
 son could equal this, four miles an hour being very sharp 
 walking to most people; and it becomes a matter of interest 
 to know how the professionals do it, and how their walk dif- 
 fers from that of an unskilled man. 
 The sight of a walking-match does a good deal toward ex- 
 
 THE PROFESSIONAL. 
 
 plaining the mystery, and the foregoing cuts will show the main 
 points of difference between the skilled and unskilled pedes- 
 trian. 
 
 The unskilled amateur, who sets out to walk fast, generally 
 makes several grave mistakes. He leans his body forward, ; 
 bends his back, lowers his head, swings his arms at full 
 length, and allows his knees to bend. The consequence is 
 that vvhen he is doing his very best his attitude is very much 
 lik'.» that in the first cut, depicting the unskilled walker. 
 
 There is no question that the poor fellow is doing his best, 
 
16 HANDBOOK OF SUMMEK ATHLETIC SPORTS. 
 
 find very little doubt that be can not last lon^ at the rate hq is, 
 going. 
 
 Contrast with this figure that of the second cut, showing a 
 professional in full stride. Yon are at lull lihertj^ to laugh at 
 the figure, for there is no question that it has strong eleinents 
 of tlie ludicrous ; but for all that it is not exaggerated, and 
 sucli attitudes maybe seen in every fast short-distance match. 
 
 Kow it is time to note the points of difference betwee.Q the 
 two men and to show where the professional has the advan- 
 tage over the other. 
 
 First note that a perpendicular line dropped from the 
 center of each man^s chest between the shoulders to the ground^ 
 and continued upward through his head would represent 
 the line in which his weight falls. Draw such a li^e and you 
 will find that in the case of the unskilled walker it strikes the 
 ground close to his forward heel, while his head is in advance 
 of it. Consequently he has to support the weight of his head, 
 with all the disadvantage of leverage, by muscular exertion, 
 and the strain must fall on his back. 
 
 In the professional, on the other hand, the weight falls on 
 a nearly perpendicular column through the body, which is in 
 balance, striking the ground midway between the points of 
 support — the feet. If the man were to stop just where he is, 
 he is in a position to resist a shove either forward or back. A 
 smart push from behind would infallibly send our unskilled 
 friend on his nose. 
 
 Note also that the professionars body, if anything, inclines 
 backward, and think of the reason. Remember that wlien in 
 rapid motion there i 3 always a strong tendency to fall for- 
 ward with the upper part of the body, a consequence of its 
 weight and momentum. The balance of the body can there- 
 fore be sent a little back of the line which woukl be proper 
 wlien standing still, to counteract tlie force of this momentum. 
 
 So much for distribution of weight. 
 
 Next note that the professional has both legs straight, and 
 can therefore take a greater stride than any one with bent 
 knees. Note, moreover, that he plants his heel first at the 
 very extremity of his stride, and thus gains on every step the 
 whole length of his foot, for after the heel is planted the toe 
 comes down in advance by its own weight without labor. 
 If he were to point his toe downward, as in the military 
 " goose-step," he would lose all this advantage as soon as the 
 foot was planted. 
 
 Our next remark is that whereas the tyro swings his arms 
 full length with open hands the professional clenches his 
 fists and bends his arms double. 
 
 With this same action of the arms comes another of Ihe 
 shoulders, which is of great importance. The working of 
 the shoulders in fast walking is a natural and almost ineradi- 
 
HANDBOOK OP SUMMER ATHLETIC SPOS^S. 17 
 
 cable habit. A fast walker will swing his arms, no matter how 
 he is cautioned. We have seen many a drill master driven lo 
 Oespair by the swinging of arms of a marching squad, after 
 all his cautions. Tlie fact is, the swing is right and the tlrill- 
 master wrong. The faster a man walks, the more his shoul- 
 ders swing, by an effort of nature to lift the weight of his 
 body from the rear foot and to let it down on the front he( 1 
 as lightly as possible. The usual way of accomplishing this 
 result is to swing the arm at full length, but this fatigues tht; 
 walker in two ways: first, by the resistance of the air to the 
 arm, cutting it; second, by the leverage of the haiid at the 
 end of the arm, which has to be counteracted by the shoul- 
 der muscles. Both tliese effects are obviated by the simple 
 expedient of bending the arm in proportion to the. speed, and 
 clenching the hand. When at top speed, the forearm of the 
 advanced slumlder should be perpendicular, that of the rear 
 shoulder horizontal, and as the speed decreases so should 
 the angle of the arms become less acute. The difference in 
 speed and ease of movement between a walker who holds up 
 his arms and one who lets them swing full length is very 
 striking, and our readers can try for themselves the experi- 
 ment of walking in both ways, noting the advantage given 
 by holding up the arms. In a race, it is a point that soon 
 tells. 
 
 Lastly we must give one special caution with regard to tak- 
 ing the cut for an exactly accurate, representation of what a 
 man should do in order to become a fast walker. As the 
 juMist has finished the figure, many people might imagine that 
 Jie had just made a spring from the toes of the leftfoot^ which is 
 in rear. This should not be done, as an}^ weight sent on the 
 toes soon tires out the walker, and although tlie foot is bent 
 as in the cut, the weight is taken off the toes by working the 
 shoulders. In fact as an English writer has well said, mod- 
 ern professional walking is a series of springs from heel to 
 heel. 
 
 There are some other points in scientific walking which re- 
 quire the assistance of diagrams to explain them, and these 
 concern the position of the feet best calculated to secure a 
 long stride at the least expense of physical exertion. 
 
 If there is anything in scientific walking that is puzzling to 
 a civilized beginner, it is the things taught him in childhood 
 which he is now compelled to unlearn. A young savage who 
 has never had any lessons in *' deportment," walks correctly 
 enough, though he does not generally care to exert himself 
 sufficieutly to make good time at that pace, preferring the 
 *' dog-trot.^' But so far as he walks, he always walks correct- 
 ly, with a hollow back, stepping from heel to heel, his arms ^ 
 l)ent, his head thrown back, his toes turned iq. The civilized 
 1)05% on ^^ve other hand, has a bad les9oi> giver^ to him as sooji 
 as he can talk. He is told to^turn hi§ toe^oi^t." 
 
18 
 
 HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPOflTS. 
 
 Now it so happens tliMt, if you talte two m^n, equally good 
 walkers, and let one turn his toes out, tlie other in, the " par- 
 rot-loed " man is sure to beat the other in the long run. 
 
 The reason for this statement will Ue made plain by looking 
 at the following cut and reflecting on a few facts in connec- 
 tion therewith. 
 
 TWO METHODS OF WALKING. 
 
 In the upper figure we have the foot tracks of a man walk- 
 ing with his toes turned out ; in the lower one the same foot 
 takes the same stride *' parrot-toed." Note that both start 
 with heels on the same line, and tliat before a step is taken, 
 the man who turns out his toes has lost nearly an inch of 
 forward progress, his toes not touching the same line 
 as that reached by the other, who carries his feet straight. 
 AVith the close of the first step the difference increases, both 
 parties taking the same stride^ measured from toe to toe. The i>ar- 
 rot-toed man sets his heel down in advance of the other's heel, 
 and gains a further advantage by the grejtter reach of his 
 loe at every step. 
 
 The gain of the parrot-toed man is thus shown to be con- 
 stant when both parties use the same exertion, and must 
 always give him the race, other things being equal. 
 
 But there is another loss in turning the toes out, which is 
 not less important, and which is shown by the position of the 
 large black spots in the cu*. These spots represent the point 
 on whicli the weight of the body falls in the middle of each 
 stride, and a very important difference will be noted in their 
 position. In the case of the man who turns his toes out, this 
 spot comes under the joint of the great toe, while in the other 
 foot it lies between the second and third toe?. 
 
HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 19 
 
 In Other words, when as man turn out his toes he phices aU 
 his weight on a diigU joint; when he walks parrot-toed it is 
 distributed among five joints. This difference in strain is sure to 
 tell in a long race. It is the experience of many a tramp iu 
 moccasins and bare feet tbat makes the Indians and other 
 wild tribes walk parrot-toed, because any other way would 
 soon lame them. Our civilized sliff-soled boots, by distribut- 
 ing the weight of the body over a large surface, permit us to 
 go on walking in a vicious fashion, as long as we do not have 
 to use much exertion, but when we come to serious ptdestri- 
 anism, we must return to savage i.e. natural ways, or the 
 strriin will tell in lameness, inside of twenty-four hours' work. 
 
 The celebrated Indian-painter, George Catlin, gives in his 
 ** Travels" a striking instance of the difference of the two 
 systems. He was a large, powerful man, and counted him- 
 self a good walker in the old times. Therefore, when, in 
 company with a number of trappers, fur-trnders and Indian 
 employes of the Fur Company, he set out for a hundred-and- 
 Mfty-mile tramp over the prairie in moccasins, he made up his 
 mind to lead the caravan and outwalk every one. 
 
 For the first day he di>i so, but then found himself lame; 
 and next day, iu spite of all he could do, he fell behind interior 
 men and became a straggler. At the evening camp-fire, 
 the second day, an old trapper noticed his condition and told 
 liim the secret of his non-success. 
 
 *' You are walking in moccasins,^' said the hunter, *' and 
 you must learn to turn in your toes^ (is the Indians do,"*^ 
 
 Catlin took the advice, went to the head of the line next 
 day, and had no more trouble in keeping his place. 
 
 The moral of the siory is obvious. If you wish to last to 
 the end of a match, turn your toes in. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC RUNNING, 
 
 If there is anything which the records of modern pedestrian- 
 l^m settles, it is that we h ive yet a uood deal to learn from 
 SiVHges. Here we have been walking matclies and running 
 otiier matches for the last fifty year:^, only to se tie down into 
 the regular Indian lope, or dog-irot, for long distance travel- 
 ing, as faster and less exhausting than the fastest walk. 
 
 This pace, introduced for the first time into civilized con- 
 tests by ''Blower" Brown, Hazael, Corkey and Rowell, is the 
 very same which the Indian runners of the forest tribes have 
 used from time immemorial. It is the same with which the 
 Hindoo palkee-bearers swing through the jungle for mile after 
 mile under a tropic sun without apparent distres>J, and tiie 
 universal method adopted by savage and semi birbarous 
 people whenever they wish to journey fast on foot. The civil- 
 
20 
 
 HOTDBOOK OP SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 
 
 ized untrained man when he tries the same pace commonly 
 makes a mess ot it. " Old Sport," alias Gampana, was a good 
 exemplar of the civilized idea of a dog^trot— that of the old 
 volunteer fire-brigade of New York city. It was a fair trot, 
 but it would not last forever. Campana put up both arms, 
 working his shoulders as in a walk, and lifted his feet high 
 lyefore and behind, with a weary-looking, lagging step. It en- 
 tailed about tlie same exertion as a fast walk and got over the 
 ground no faster. Too much work was wasted in perpendicu- 
 lar motion. 
 
 LONG-DISTANCE RUNNER. 
 
 A model of truly scientific long-distance running is found in 
 little Charley Rowell, whose style is an exact imitaiion of 
 Brown, Corkey and Hazael. All four are men of about tiie 
 same size and weight, standing five feet six inches, and w^eigh- 
 ing from 130 to 140 lbs. The probable reason for their taking 
 to running was their small size, wl)ic'h debarred them from 
 success as walkers against m<^n with six indies more stri e. 
 As runners they have all glided into the ?iaine system, which 
 is fairly represented in, the cut alK)ve, taken from the attitude 
 of Rowdi. 
 
HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC ^POUTS. 21 
 
 Tlie first thing that one notices about tliis figure is its cnse, 
 and the absence of all appeanuice of effort. Tiie professional 
 walker, in the cut in preceding chapter, looks as if lie was 
 Avalking hard, but this fellow seems trying to run as slow as 
 he can. The fact is that, wliile not aciually trying to go slo-w^ 
 he is tr3'ing to save himself ^s much exertion as is compalible 
 with getting over the ground a little faster than the fastest 
 walk. Such a pace is from six to eight miles an hour, and 
 such a pace can be maintained by a well-trained man like 
 Kowell after he is unable to walk over three miles an hour. 
 
 Ttiere are several points to notice about the attitude, es])e- 
 cially the petition of the head and the wa}^ the nose is ele- 
 vated in the air. When Rowell smarted after O'Lear}^ on his 
 dog-trot with his nose in the air, people laughed at him and 
 tiiought he was pla3ang monkey tricks; but when Rowell kept 
 his nose in the air for six days it began to be seen that he had 
 a reason for so doing. 
 
 If any of our readers will try the experiment of running for 
 a distance with the head down and then change to Rowell's 
 plaii, nose in air and teeth tightly clenched, they will be sur- 
 prised at the difference in ease of respiration. Throwing up 
 the head u.akes the passage from nose to windpipe nearly 
 siraiglit, and the air has no corners to turn before reaching 
 the lungs. In fast running, or any long-continued exertion, 
 it is necessary to keep the mouth closed, to prevent the rapid 
 evaporation that takes place wlien the air comes in through 
 tlie open mouth, parching up the throat. But if we try to 
 breathe throngh the nose alone, with the head bent down, we 
 tind that the air does not come freely enough^ and distress 
 soon compels us to open the mouth, after which we are speed- 
 ily at the end of our tether — and wind. Holding up tlie head 
 in the fashion depicted in the cut renders a two liours^ run a 
 matter of comparative ease to a well-trained man, and enables 
 one like Hazael to run his 137 miles in 26 hours. 
 
 The next point to notice about our long-distance friend is 
 the posificm of his arms, which are slightly bent and held rigid 
 by ttie sides, to steady the walls of the lungs and thus let the 
 chest be kept fully dilated as long as possible. If the man in 
 the cut were running a "sprint race*' — that is for any distance 
 inside of a furlong — his arms would go up to the same angles 
 as those of the professional walker, because then he would be 
 at top speed. As it is he is going as easily as he can, and does 
 not run fast enough to be able to keep his arms up, without a 
 conscious muscular exertion^ which would tell in a race. 
 
 The art of long-distance running is one of real value to any 
 one who wishes to increase the size of his legs to shapeliness, 
 Mud to be able to go long steps rapidly with the least fatigue. 
 Tiiis pace, alternated with walking whenever the breath fails, 
 can be adopted by any person with advantage to health. Thu 
 
22 
 
 HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 
 
 Strain conies on the muscles of the front of the thigh and calf 
 of the leg, and a return to walking rests these more com- 
 pletely than actual standing still. The combination of the 
 two forms the "go-as-you-please" contest. 
 
 We have thus fully noticed long-distance running before 
 treating of "sprint" races and other short dashes, because it 
 is a more important branch of athletics. The correct system 
 Is one that can be readily acquired by all, old and young, and 
 
 SPRINT RUNNER. 
 
 will be found of great value whenever one is in a hurry to go 
 to a certain place. The regular long-distance trot will take a 
 person further and faster tlian any other known method of un- 
 aided progression. 
 
 A few words about sprint running will appropriately close 
 til is chapter. 
 
 By the term ** sprint " races are meant all those, dashes at 
 full speed which are not over a furlong in length. Seventy- 
 tive and one-hundred-yard dashes are the most common., nnd 
 the question of excellence as a sprint racer, or "sprinter,'^ de- 
 
HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 23 
 
 peiuls on single seconds or fractions thereof in time, while the 
 benefits derived from the practice are nothing like those of 
 lliemile or ten-mile runner. The form required, however, 
 merits observation. 
 
 Sprint running is only an exaggeration of the system dis- 
 played in long-distance work. The arms rise as in fast walk- 
 ing, and for the same reasons, till they are doubled up. The 
 work, being fast, requires that the Inngs be kept expanded, 
 therefore the arms are kept stiff and rigid to aid the chest 
 muscles in holding out the walls of the throax to give room to 
 the lungs. The distribution of weight, on account of the 
 rapid motion, comes to be much the same as in fast walking, 
 but the knees are bent of necessity ; because in running the 
 progression is made by springs from toe to toe, instead of heel 
 to heel. The stime cause admits of the upper part of the body 
 falling forward, though the elevation of nose and hollowing 
 ofbackiseven more important than in long-distance work, 
 inasmuch as the exertion is more severe while it lasts. The 
 cut on preceding page will illustrate the difference between 
 the sprint runner and the long-distance man. 
 
 Having thus treated of scientific walking and running sim- 
 pl}*^ with regard to their mechanical action, we can next turn 
 to the subject of the proper dress to be adopted to make both 
 easy for the pedestrian. 
 
 DRESS FOR PEDESTRIANS. 
 
 The first question of importance both to walkers and run- 
 ners is how they shall be shod, and too much attention can- 
 not be paid to tliis matter. We will begin with the needs of a 
 walker. 
 
 It is not our intention to advertise any particular firm of 
 shoemakers as unequaled in the manufacture of walking- 
 shoes; for the fact is that the very best of the crack firms will 
 turn out botch jobs if you do not watch them sharply. 
 
 There are four points to be attended to in the selection of 
 walking-shoes:— First, the sole of the shoe must be under the 
 whole of the foot ; second, the uppers must be soft and flexible; 
 third, the fit must be snug around the ankle and heel, but easy 
 at the toes; fourth, the heels must be low and brojid. 
 
 To secure the first of these points tliere is only one certain 
 way, which is to stand in stocking feet on a piece of paper, 
 and have the outline of 3^our sole traced on the paper, the 
 actual sole of the shoe being cut to this pattern, and never 
 coming inside of the line. 
 
 The second and third points depend on your own vigilance 
 and determination not to let the maker put off a stiff, ill -fit- 
 
24 HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPOKTS. 
 
 ting pair of slices on j^ou. As for the last point, low broad - 
 heels, no heels at all would be better. Very low heels of 
 India rubber would, however, diminish the jar of fast walk' 
 ing, and are worth more trial than they have yet had. 
 
 The only reason for having a heel on a walking-shoe is to 
 enable it to resist the unequal wear that comes on that spot, 
 and not to elevate the heel of the natural foot. 
 
 With regard to the first point, that of the sole being under 
 the whole of the foot, this cannot be too much insisted on, for 
 shoemakers will make them narrower, with the idea of giving 
 an appearance of smallness to the feet. Your only remedy is 
 to refuse to take all shoes where the maker, does not follow 
 exactly the paper pattern of sole. 
 
 The sofiness and flexibility of the uppers are more easily 
 secured, as also the fit round the ankle, where walking-shoes 
 should be laced. Buttoned boots or *' Congress gaiters '^ with ; 
 elastic sides are not fit to walk in, as neither can be ac- 
 connnodated to the size of a foot that is swelling during a severe 
 match. Laces can be relaxed or tightened; buttons are in- 
 flexible; while elastic webbing always keeps the same pres- 
 sure. 
 
 A professional walker, or one who is ambitious of excelling 
 on the track will need six pairs of shoes in a Ion. ir race, be- 
 ginning with tjiose that fit close and changing to those that 
 are old, worn, and eas}^ to the loot, as it becomes sore and in- 
 flamed. The man who rests his hopes of fame on mile-walks, 
 needs a different foot-gear, analogous to that of the sprint run- 
 ner, whom he resembles. Strong shoes are thrown away on 
 him. He needs the very lightest kind of slipper that can be 
 made, consistent with enough leather to preserve the foot from 
 bruises, and the running slippers that are sold in all sporting 
 warehouses are just the thing for this kind of work. Those 
 that are furnished with spikes are well enough for running on . 
 turf, but to be avoided on hard tracks 
 
 Next after the shoes, and equally great in importance, 
 come the socks. There is only one point necessary to be ob- 
 !r«erved about these: they should be of soft woolen and as 
 thick as possible. Hand-knit are preferable to woven socks, 
 but- the thickness and softness are the great points, as these 
 secure the absorption of the perspiration. Cotton socks would 
 be sure to work into hard wrinkles in a match-walk and 
 cause severe blisters, though it must be owned that these will 
 sometimesoccur in spite of all imaginable precautions. 
 
 About the rest of a pedestrian's dress there is but little to 
 sa}^ ; as it depends almost entirely on individual fancy. 
 Tliere is no doubt that the best dress for active work of all 
 kinds is a suit of common white cotton tights, which cost 
 less than two dollars, while trunk-bre<.»ches can be made at 
 home at an almost nominal cost. 
 
HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPOlftTS. 25 
 
 But whether the walker rejoice in silk tights and velvet 
 trunks, or remain satisfied with ihe homely flannel drawers and 
 cardigan jackets of Row ell, is a matter of indifference to his 
 speed. The only things he CANJ50T wear if he hopes to do 
 good walking, are ulster overcoats and trowsers. In a word, 
 his dress may be anything he likes, so long as it leaves his 
 joints free; and this is why knee-bieeches have never given 
 way to trowsers on a walking-track. 
 
 Trowsers are in fact the worst dress possible for all active 
 exercise. They cramp the knee and prevent its free action 
 in a manner which, while it does not interfere materially 
 with walking at ordinary rates of speed, affects a runner seri- 
 ously by the lime he has passed over a few yards at lop 
 speed. 
 
 TRAINING FOR A MATCH. 
 
 The word" training'^ in modern times has come to com 
 prise two separate branches of athletic science. The first is a 
 system of prac ice on a special feat till the trained man ac- 
 complishes it with ease and certainty; the other and more 
 important branch aims to bring the trained man to the high- 
 est pitch of health and strength. 
 
 When he has attained ihis point he is said to be in "condi- 
 tion." 
 
 It is plain therefore that a perfect system oftraining cannot 
 afford to leave out either of these branches. A man may be 
 trained to walk or run in the best possible style and fall in 
 a race on account of poor condition ; or again he may be in 
 the finest physical condition and fail on account of defective 
 system of walking or running. 
 
 The many races of the late champion Daniel O'Leary 
 illustiate both these facts very sensibly. When he went to 
 England to meet Weston and the great pedestrians, he kejit 
 himself in good condition, and used the best system of walking 
 known. The consequence was that he was prepared at all 
 points and beat all comers. When he came back to the United 
 States he was pitted successively ag.iinst Hughes and Campana, 
 men whom he despised as opponints. Hughes was in excel- 
 lent condition, but did not understand the science of eiiher 
 walking or running; and so tired himself out early in the race, 
 which was easily won by O'Leary on a small record. 
 
 Next the champicm met Campana, a man who began to run 
 too late in life, and who then understood nothing but the jog 
 Irot lor a day or two. As a walker he was nowhere, his sys- 
 
28 HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPOKTS. 
 
 tern being so bad that lie tired himself out when going at only^ 
 four miles an hour. Here also O'Leary had an easy victory; 
 but it is worthy of remark that he was more distressed to do 
 four hundred miles in the Campana match, than he had been 
 to accomplish five hundred and tweniy in the tirst Astley belt 
 match. 
 
 The whole reason was that he hnd allowed himself to get 
 out of condition, and so found his system Jeverish when it 
 should have been vigorous; while blisters that should have 
 \ ielded to care rapidly increased in. size and made the greater 
 part of the walk a positive torture to him. It became evident 
 that if he were to be pitted agaiiiSt a man in good condition 
 with a good system, he would go under, and the next vnca 
 realized the expectation. Coming agai-nst Rowell, Harriman 
 and Ennis, all in fair condition, he broke down utterly and 
 left the track for good. 
 
 Rowell, the winner of the match, is an example of the 
 success which is sure to meet a man who combines perfect 
 system and perfect condition. His opponents, Harriman and 
 Ennis, while not in bad condition, were not models in thnt 
 way. Harriman was too much of a vegetarian^ and Ennis 
 was always cursed with a rebellious stomach. The little Eng- 
 lishman on the other hand was in perfect condition and used 
 a system of progression that exactly suited him. Flis sliort 
 legs made a long walking stride impossible; therefore he- toidt 
 to trotting; but by dint of long practice acquired a trot 
 which he could keep up for hours at a time, with no more 
 fatigue than that involved in fast walking, while it covered 
 more ground. 
 
 Later matches have but emphasized these points. The 
 records of distance made in six-day contests have gradually 
 risen, as man after man has acquired a better system of travel- 
 ing, while all have kept themselves in better condition ; and 
 thus we see men who began like Merritt, Krohme, Hart, 
 Panchot, Fitzgerald and a dozen others, gradually bettering 
 their performances, till the American track has fairly beaten 
 the English in the number of** five hundred mile men'Mt 
 has turned out. 
 
 One thing has been demonstrated in all tliese races beyond 
 a doubt; which is, that no man can safely train himsdf fr)r a 
 great feat. He may do it during preliminary practice and at 
 small matches where hi?i opponents are not dangerous; but 
 when it comes to a supreme effort, he must put himself into 
 the hands of others, if he hope to make a good record. 
 
 The men who do tlie training for matches in lar«ge cities 
 are generally retired pugilists or ])rofessional athletes of other 
 kinds and there's not much choice between them. The spe- 
 cial work of the old puitilisiic ir^uner is to bring his man up 
 to the highest point of health and strength,, besides sustain- 
 
 i 
 
HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 27 
 
 iiig him during tlie match. He is generally a careful and ex- 
 perienced nurse, wiio iinderstJinds tiie efficacy of rubbings 
 and baths lo take the pain out of tired joints ; and will often 
 perform wonders in the way of restoring a jaded man to com- 
 parative freshness. 
 
 His weakness as a special trainer for pedestrians, lies in the 
 fact that he is not an expert in systems of walking, and so 
 cannot give his man much valuable instruction during his 
 training. 
 
 The weakness of a professional pedestrian, on the other 
 hand, lies in the direction where the pugilist is strongest, that 
 of general physical training. His best point will probably be 
 his ability to criticise and improve the style of his pupil before 
 the match. If sucli a trainer can make his man go more miles 
 in an hour with less fatigue than he has ever done before, he 
 will be worth a good deal of money; but as a sustainer and 
 imparter of s rengrh he is not always as successful. He is apt 
 to let his man eat things that are not only not beneficial, but 
 often positively injurious; a mistake which the pugilistic 
 trainer never ocnnmits. 
 
 These facts render the selection of trainers a matter requir- 
 ing a good deal of judgment, and indicates different men for 
 different kinds of races. 
 
 If the object of ambition is to beat the world in a mile, five- 
 mile or twenty-five mile walk, square heel and toe, a profes- 
 sional pedestrian is the man to employ as a trainer; as style 
 and swiftness are his special points, and the efforts required in 
 short contests are not so severe as to cause an exhausting 
 drain on the physical powers. 
 
 When tlie trial is changed to a sprint race, where great 
 speed is required and a severe temporary strain comes on 
 heart and lungs, the pugilist w^mld answer the purpose belter, 
 as condition is the great point in such a match, style being 
 secondary. 
 
 For longer running contests up to twenty miles, where 
 economy of strength is everything, style becomes a valuable 
 adjunct; and here the professiohtil runner is indicated as ilie 
 proper trainer. 
 
 For twenty-four-hour walks and runs the professional ]>e- 
 destrian is also the man to employ, as such efforts are not 
 above the capacity of men in fair condition. 
 
 Even as far as three-day contests, a moderate amount of 
 physical condition will take a man through without breaking 
 down under the strain, and a pugilistic trainer may be unne- 
 cessary. 
 
 When it comes, however, to the supreme efforts required to 
 accomplish five hundred miles in six days, two trainers are 
 almost imperatively required; one a pedestrian, to train for 
 speed and style ; the other an old pugilist, who understands 
 
2^ HANDBOOK OF SUMMEI^ ATHLETIC SPOBTS. 
 
 every point involved in putting a man into first-class condi- 
 tion and nursing him under the tremendous strain involved in 
 a match. These men must be in constant attendance on their 
 pupil before the match.5 and will be obliged to lose as much 
 sleep as the competitor during the trial itself, unless they can 
 be relieved by others as good as themselves. 
 
 We liave said this much on the subject of training, although 
 experience shows that trainers are not made by books. We 
 recommend every reader, ambitious to become a crack pedes- 
 ,trian, to put himself into the hands of an old trainer when- 
 ever he can, paying his price if he can afford it. If, however, 
 this be iippossible, and it be absolutely necessary for the as- 
 pirant to train himself, a few safe general rules may be laid 
 down, which can be followed without danger, and the obser- 
 vance of which is sure to give an easy victory over untrained 
 men, such as attend country matches. 
 
 We will take them in order, beginning with sprint-racing. 
 
 HOW TO TEAIN FOR A SPRINT RACE. 
 
 • 
 
 If it be for a seventy-five-yard dash, find some place where 
 you can lay out a straight track, just that length. In the 
 country this is easy, in the city more difficult, the public parks 
 being the only places where it is practicable. Having laid out 
 tlie track, take a friend to time you, and run the course regu- 
 larly three or four times a day, one or two trials each time, 
 keei)ing a record of the average for a week. Do this in your 
 ordinary clothes and shoes. You will probably find your first 
 week's average about eleven seconds, if not more. 
 
 During this first week there is no special diet to recommend, 
 save to eat as few vegetables, and as little sweet stuff as may 
 be. If the bowels become free, as they are apt to do under the 
 running exercise, no medicine need be taken, but if the system 
 is much clogged, a succession of three doses of epsom salts or 
 citrate of magnesia, taken every other morning, will remove 
 waste matter and restore a healthy tone. 
 
 The second week begin to run for time, and to improve the 
 wind. Increase the number of dashes to five or six a day, and 
 run the course at least twice each trial. You are pretty sure 
 now to get your record below ten seconds, if you throw off 
 your upper clothes and run in shirt and trowsers. During this 
 week eat lean meat, mnttcm or beef, with stale bread, and 
 drink as little as possible. Remember that to keep the bowels 
 regular, there is n9.thinglike regular habits; and that the sys- 
 tem should be cleared out twice a day. 
 
 On the tliird week try the track at. top speed, once every 
 hour, and begin to practice in running costume. You will 
 find that your record has now come down below nine seconds. 
 Your appetite will become furious during this week, and you 
 
HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. '^9 
 
 will find it hard to stick to your temperate fare of broad and 
 meat, but this is essential to success, as a sprint runner cwi 
 bardly be too tliin and bard for his work. If the aspirant be 
 at all fat, be should run in heavy clothes to sweat himself 
 down, or else try a Turkisb bath, which takes oif the fat 
 quicker than an^'thing else. 
 
 The fourth week should be that of the race, and the previ- 
 ous exercise should be increased by running the track once 
 every half hour in the morning, and returning to the previous 
 week's practice in the afternoon. 
 
 If any young man out in the country will try this method 
 of training faithfully, beginning four weeks before the match 
 comes off, he will be able to beat all his untrained competi- 
 tors by one and perhaps two seconds; for sprint running de- 
 pends on the capacity to take the greatest possible number of 
 steps inside of twenty seconds, and so does not require the 
 elaborate training necessary to accomplish more exhausting 
 feats. 
 
 Hundred-yard dashes require the same training as seventy- 
 five-yard spurts; and so do hundred-and-twenty-yard races. 
 The longest sprint race, and the most severe of all, is the lur- 
 long dash — two hundred and twenty yards. This kind of 
 racing is a tremendous strain on the lungs and heart, as the 
 same pace which carries the runner over the hundred yard 
 track has to be kept up and even increased. It requires a 
 broad deep chest in the runner, with little flesh, and that 
 hard and firm. To train for such a race requires at least a 
 year's practice, and amateurs would do well to leave it alone 
 alto£:erther. 
 
 TO TRAIN FOR MILE OR TWO-MlLE WALKS. 
 
 Here the first requisite is a track for practice, and the direc- 
 tions for sprinter's training will serve in all respects as to 
 diet and medicine. The period of training however needs to 
 be longer, the mile walker needing more time to perfect his 
 style and speed. The margin of difference between a green 
 sprinter and a trained one is only a few seconds, but the green 
 walker has to overcome a difference of several minutes before 
 he can hope for success in a mile match. His exercise has 
 one great advantage about it, that it aids him to train himself 
 into first class condition. If he will study to acquire the 
 walk of the professional, described in previous chapters, he 
 will be able in six weeks to cut down his mile record from 
 twelve minutes to less than nine, and will have a fair chance 
 in any ainateur race. When he can do a mile in eight min- 
 utes, he can enter with a fair degree of confidence almost any- 
 where, and can travel round to country races carrying all be- 
 fore him. 
 
30 HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 
 
 ' TRAINING FOR MILE RUNS. 
 
 Here the training should be loni>' and severe, and no ama- 
 teur can liope to do veiy niuch in mile runs in the way of 
 time. It is true that there are some young men, < allino' them- 
 selves amateurs, that have made fine records ai mile runs, but 
 they were in reality professioiuils ; that is, tliey made a busi- 
 ness of runnino:, even if ihey did not take nioney prizes. 
 Begin with sprint racing if yon hope to become eminent as a 
 mile runner, and l^eep on extending the lengtli of your trials 
 gradually. It takes a good year's hard work to make a re- 
 spectable mile-runner. 
 
 TRAINING FOR LONG RUNS. 
 
 Here it is difllcult, if not impossible, to give any fixed rules 
 bej^ond those indicated at the earlier part of this chapter. The 
 best way is to get a good traiper, put yourself in his hands 
 and follow his instructions faithfully. 
 
 LAYING OUT A TRACK* 
 
 Nothing is so common a cause of spoiling a walking or 
 running record as " a short track.'' This is peculiarly the case 
 in the country, where pedestrian contests are apt to be con- 
 ducted in a rough manner, unaccompanied by the guards 
 found to be essential in the first-class matches held in large 
 cities. Too much care cannot be exercised in measuring a 
 track ; and it is always best to secure the services of the offi- 
 cial engineer of the county or town as a measurer to make 
 sure of the proper length. The reason for securing an engi- 
 neer rather than trusting to ycmr own measurement is tliat 
 engineers can always be depended on to use standard measures, 
 7nade of metal, wMch do not stretch. Common measuring tapes, 
 being made of woven materials or leather, are liable to many 
 errors from stretching or shrinking ; and though these may 
 rot, amount to more than a few inches in a fifly-foot tape, 
 they make a serious hole in a record of five hundred miles. 
 
 Sometimes these mistakes will occur in the best regulated 
 contests, as became evident after the Astley belt match of 
 1879 in Gilmore's Garden. There was a great deal of litiga- 
 tion an<l dispute between the representatives of the Astley 
 and O'Leary parties before this match came off ; and t lie 
 O'Leary people, who took possession of the Garden the week 
 after tlie match, in their eagerness to find some fault with their 
 
HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPOUTS. 81 
 
 predecessors, 1) ad ilie track reniensnred. Tlie result sliowed 
 tbat the track used in tlie Astley belt match lacked several 
 feet of being a lull furlong, and the difference spoiled all the 
 records, taking six or eight miles off Rovvell's exceHent per- 
 formance. 
 
 The commonest ca.iise of country records being bad is that 
 country pedestrians too frequently use horse-racing tracks, 
 which are measured in a peculiar manner.. In a horse-race, 
 especially in a trotting contest with wheels, the mile or half- 
 mile line runs in the middle, or near the middle of the track, 
 to equalize the chances of horses starting abreast. The ad- 
 vantage of ** hugging the pole" — keeping to the inside of this 
 line — on a circular or elliptic track, are too obvious to be en- 
 larged upon, but the ardor of the horses seldom permits one 
 to hcild this advantage long, and the animals are continually 
 crossing the line of distance, thereby making a serpentine 
 course which equalizes the chances of all. 
 
 In pedestrian contests, on the other hand, each man hugs 
 the rail as close as he can, and therefore the track must 
 always be measured close to the imide rail 
 
 In a hall or theater, where most walking tracks have been 
 laid, the length must be suited to the capacity of the building; 
 but when an open air track is available, there is no question 
 as to the necessity of making it some simple multiple of a 
 mile. A quarier-mile open air track would be the beau-ideal 
 of a place for summer pedestrian contests, but if a half-mile 
 or mile track is to be used, where one already exists for 
 trotting contests, it will be necessary to lay out a second rail- 
 ing at the proper distance from the horse-rail, to enable the 
 record to be made in the only w^ay it can count. 
 
 Open air tracks, however, are not fit for six-day matches, 
 on account of the liability to rain, and < ew, which would 
 spoil the track for walkers .by making it muddy. Moreover, 
 such tracks are seldom found near enough to ciiies to admit 
 of the crowds that are necessary to make a foot-race pay. 
 Horse racing is the pastime of rich people, who can afford to 
 /njoy their amusement without regard to cost; but pedestrian 
 
 itches are dependent on large crowds of spectators who 
 r asl be tempted to di'op in at any and all times. Therefore 
 h is that pedestrian matches are almost always, and six-day 
 Contests invariably, held in large buildings, undsr cover; and 
 the average length of track is either 110 or 220 yards, so as to 
 nuike either eight or sixteen *' laps " to the mile. The Avord 
 *'lap" has now become so familiar that few people reflect 
 thai it is merely the revival of an obsolete word meaning '' to 
 turn," and that so many *' laps " mean so many " turns." If 
 the building is large enough to hold an eight-lap track, it is 
 to be i)referred; but failing that, one must be satisfied with a 
 ten, twelve, or sixteen lap track. For the convenience of our 
 
32 HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 
 
 1 
 
 readers, we fdrnisli a table of lengths of tracks, making so 
 many laps to the mile : 
 
 A track 660 feet long gives 8 laps to the mile. 
 
 *' " 586 2-3 '' " " 9 " " *' 
 
 u u 528 " " *' 10 " ^ " " 
 
 a a AQf) " <t t' 11 't << a 
 
 a u 440« " " " 12 *' " ** 
 
 " " 406 2-13 '' " " 13 '' 
 
 ii n *j'yty -in n u (( =14 « n (( 
 
 ii u 352 " " " 15 *' '' *' 
 
 U (( QQQ a H H 1g t< (( t( 
 
 This table shows the kind of tracks to avoid as difficult to 
 measure. They are the thirteen and fourteen -lap tracks, which 
 contain fractions that involve a division of inches and are so 
 far improper. All the others are easil}^ measured. 
 
 Next to the length comes the question of the best shape ot 
 track and the size of the building which controls it. The 
 greatest possible length to be secured in any given building 
 would obviously be in a line which should run against the 
 outer wall all round, leaving the seats for the spectators in the 
 center. This plan is open, however, to two objections First, 
 the spectators could only see the men when they were on their 
 own side of the track; and, second, the pedestrians would 
 have to turn four sharp corners in every lap round an ordi- 
 nary building. These things must be avoided somehow. The 
 pedestrians must at all times be visible from every point of 
 the house and the corners of their track must be rounded for 
 them to make the going easy. 
 
 The next form of track which would suggest itself is a cir- 
 cular one, in the middle of the building, but this has its own 
 objection. A circular track is sure to produce dizziness, es- 
 pecially if it be a small one. The experience of the past few 
 years has therefore dictated the use of the largest buildings 
 only, with tracks where straight lines and curves are blended 
 into a sort of ellipse; and the proportion of each adopted in 
 Agricultural HmII, London, and Gilmore's Garden, New York, 
 has proved itself capable of giving the best results in time to 
 the men and comfort to the spectators. 
 
 These now famous tracks have a center formed by a paral- 
 lelogram, with the upper and lower ends rounded into semi- 
 circles. This center is longer than it is broad, and leaves 
 about two-thirds of the track— the sides — in nearly straiglit 
 lines, the circular parts at the ends being each one one-sixth 
 of the whole distance. If only two men are competing, as in 
 the O'Leary matches with Hughes and Campana, the "path is 
 broad enough to lay out two tracks, on wiiich the men can 
 walk without interfering with each other's movements. This 
 is the tVurc'St plan ; bui if there are more than two competitors 
 
HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 33 
 
 they use a single eight-lap track, where the man who wishes 
 to pass his opponent has to do so on the outside, bel'ore he can 
 lake Die rail in front of him. 
 
 The cenler around which the track runs is a good place for 
 spectators who wish to see the men closely ; an. is always oc- 
 cupied by a crowd of people, moving from side to side, and 
 cheering vehemently at the more exciting portions of the race. 
 
 To reach this center visitors have to cross the track ; but 
 this, though objectionable, has not yet been found to have any 
 very bad effects. All round the other side of the broad path- 
 way are the rows of benches and private boxes where are 
 seated the great mass of the spectators who do not care to 
 stand. The only objection to Gilmore's, now Madison Square 
 Garden, as a place for pedestrian contests, is the fact that the 
 building is cheaply constructed, with a large number of 
 wooden pillars which interrupt the view of portions of the 
 track ; but this defect is not serious in a race, where the peint 
 of view is constantly shifting. 
 
 We give on the frontispiece a diagram of the general ar- 
 rangement of a building on the same principle as Madison 
 Square Garden. 
 
 Tiie model hall is of the largest size used, but gives a longer 
 track. The inside path, shortest of all, measures eight 
 laps to the mile, while a track laid out on the dotted line will 
 give only seven laps to the mile. This line is fifteen feet 
 and a quarter of an inch from the inner rail. The eight-lap 
 track is five feet wide, to give ample room for each competitor 
 to pass tlie other on the outside if he can. Each track 
 has two straight stretches of 220 feet each, and a semi- 
 circular turn at each end. Tiie diameter of the eight-lap semi- 
 circles is seventy feet three inches, and that of the seven-lap 
 tracks is one-hundred feet and half an inch. In each case the 
 actual measurement of tlie track will be a tritJe over, ratiier 
 than under the calculated distance, which must be tested by 
 the measuring tape when the rail is set up. If it; prove long, 
 the rail is bent in, if short pushed out, till the tape just fits. 
 
 Those who cannot secure an engineer or official surveyor 
 io measure their tracks are advised to use brass chains or steel 
 tipes, especially the last, which are very handy. 
 
 A hall of the size given will hold thirteen thousand specta- 
 tors when the whole of the ring is crowded with standers, as 
 it was at the close of every Astley Belt matcli in New York, 
 while there are good seats for seven thousand people outside 
 the track, in a building 400 by 200 teet. The main path on 
 which the difi'erent lap tracks are constructed, is twenty-five 
 feet wide, to accommodate races where the starters are nume- 
 rous, such as sprints of seventy -five yards or upward. 
 
 This size of building and track will be found the best for 
 large cities, on account of the advantages it gives for the 
 
34 HANDBOOK OF SUMMER \THLETIC SPORTS. 
 
 nioeiings of atliletic clubs, who always have two or more 
 .^priiii races and handicap mile or two-mile walks, llundied- 
 yard dashes on such a track are made down one sicie, v ith 
 tlie least possible turn; and by layinu: the finishing hne on a 
 slant across the curve at the end, the outside men can be 
 favored enough to make all run just the same distance. Tliere 
 / no trouble about starting five or six men at a time an 
 Buch a track. 
 
 The following estimates will show how, by foHowing Hk' 
 Sime general outline and proportions, smaller buildings can 
 accommodate the greatest number of spectators and the grcai-- 
 est length of track. 
 
 A building 100 feet by 50 will hold a railed inclosure 72 
 feet 6 inches long by 17 feet G inches across, giving a track 
 155 feet 3 inches lonu*, 34 laps to the mile, and 8 feet wide, 
 with accommodation for 800 spectators inside and outside the 
 ring,»400 havins: seats. 
 
 A buildino- 200 by 100 feet \Vill hold a 16-lap track and 
 nearly 3500 people, seatino- 1600. 
 
 A buildinir 150 by 75 feet will hold a 24-lap track, and 2000 
 spectators, 1000 on seats. 
 
 With these general data and the diagram, a calculation of 
 the cap^icity of any given building is easy. The main point 
 is to have as long a track as can be squeezed in, consistently 
 with securing a good view for the largest number of specta- 
 tors. 
 
 Having treated of the best shape for a pedestrian track, the 
 next question comes as to the materials of which it should be 
 made. 
 
 Bearing in mind that the broad twenty-five foot track is to 
 be a permanenc}^ for the use of athletic clubs and sprint 
 races, it will have to undergo a great deal of wear and tear, 
 and requires a firm smooth surface. Simple dirt will get 
 trodden into ridges or become loose and heavy, while a stone 
 ])avement is too hard. An as'phalt pavement, laid on the 
 bare earth, gives a mixture of elasticity and firmness that 
 suits sprint races very well, and has the further advantag<-. 
 of being easily repaired. For the main track, a thick cover- 
 ing of asphalt can hardly be bettered. 
 
 For six-day walks, however, the main track is altogether 
 too hard. The long continuance of such walks makes the 
 feet of the pedestrians very tender, and they require some- 
 thing softer. ' 
 
 Tanbark and sawdust are the agents used to build a special 
 walking track, and the latter is far the most common. Ihe 
 best kind of track that has been laid in the United States, 
 and one that has served as a model for all others since, was . 
 that used in -the Astley Belt match, won by Rowell in 1879 
 ftom O'Leary, Harriman and Ennis. This ti*ack was bor- 
 
HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 35 
 
 dered on both sides with planks, and filled witli some three 
 inches of (hy sawdust, smoothed with rollers. After O'Leary's 
 retirement, the track was sprinkled with water and rolled 
 all the time, the roller having to keep out of the way of the 
 pedestrians. This path, thus rolled and wetted into firmness, 
 was the perfection of a walking track. Tiie dry saw^dust was 
 too soft and slipper3% but ihe wet rolled path was perfection. 
 It made no dust, was alwa_ys springy sind elastic, soft and 
 cool to the foot, and conducive to good time. Such a path 
 can hardly be bettered by any means with which the sport- 
 ing world is now acquainted, and it is so easily made any- 
 where that we can hear 11137" recommend it. Open air tracks 
 for summer sprint-racing can hardly follow a better model 
 than a common trotting track, but if a turf surface, level 
 and free from stones, holes or roots, can be secured, it is still 
 better except in a long drought, when the turf becomes very- 
 slippery. 
 
 CONBUCTINO A MATCH. 
 
 The management of a pedestrian match of whatever kind 
 is by no means an easy matter, and one that increases in 
 difficulty with the magnitude of the prizes involved. Large 
 prizes are sure to attract numerous competitors, and large 
 crow^ds of spectators generally follow the athletes. Every 
 year sees a number of athletic games held in our large cities, 
 such as New York, Boston, Chicago, Philadelphia, Cincinnatti 
 or St. Louis, but it is safe to say that not ten percent, of these 
 are even fairly carried out, while most are sad scenes of con- 
 fusion. Iji iSTew York city the only club that gives thor- 
 oughly satisfactory exhibitions is the New York Athletic, 
 and the only w^ell-conducted six-day matches involving more 
 than two competitors have been the Astley and O'Leary Belt 
 matches. 
 
 This statement involves a short account of the difficulties 
 incident to a large pedestrian match or athletic meeting. 
 
 The troubles arise from tw^o causes, numerous competitors 
 and numerous spectators. These require a numerous staff to 
 attend to their wants and prevent disorder and waste of 
 money- 
 Lei us first take the spectators. To bring them in is the 
 ambition of every man or club that gives a match. To do so 
 requires that the entertainment shall be well and plainly ad- 
 vertised ; and it is not ever}^ one who can draw up an adver- 
 tisement properl3^ The daily papers must be visited b}^ the 
 managers to secure notices ia the news columns; and the 
 
3G HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 
 
 walls of conspicuons buildings must be lined with sliow-bilb, 
 setting forth the place and date of the show, with the price of 
 admimon. Every bill should contain this information^ but a 
 great many amateur club bills do not contain it. 
 
 Having attracted the people, tlie next thing is to admit 
 ihem in such a way that no one shall get in without paying 
 or on a complimentary ticket, and tliat the tickets shall act as 
 a check on the monej^-takers' accounts. We have seen ama- 
 teur shows where the man at the door took money and tickets 
 indifferently, so that the managers were entirely at the mercy 
 of his honesty. It is therefore absolutely necessary that two 
 persons should be at the dooi', one to take the tickets, the 
 other to sell them, and no person should be admitted except 
 by a ticket of some sort. The tickets should, as fast as re- 
 ceived, be dropped into a box with a slit at the top, the box 
 to be locked and the managei* to have the key. Tlie tickets 
 sold at the office should be of different color from the compli- 
 mentaries, of which the manager suould be sole custodian. 
 
 At the " counting of the house" the ticket-box is unlocked, 
 \\m tickets carefully counted, and the result shows how much 
 money ought to be in the box-office. In a six-day match, 
 where the receipts are very large and constanlly accumulat- 
 ing, it is usual to have two sets of ticket-takers and box-office 
 men, and to count the house morning and evening. 
 
 In large matches, too, the managers are sometimes obliged 
 to change the shape, color and appearance of their tickets 
 from day to da}^, to avoid the introduction of forgeries^ wliile 
 detectives are necessary to watch the ticket-takers for fear 
 th«:;y may be in collusion with the box-office man. 
 
 Within the house, if there are any reserved seats, it is ne- 
 cessary to have ushers to direct the holders of coupons to 
 their proper places, but reserved seats are not much in favor 
 at walking matches. 
 
 In large matches where there is a great mixed crowd, the 
 attendance of the police is frequently advisable to prevent at- 
 tacks on competitors by the backers of men opposed to 
 tliem. Had it not been for the police, Eowell and Hazael 
 would have both probably been severely hurt, if not disabled 
 for life at the last Astley Belt match. 
 
 Witli regard to the competitors, the duty of the manage- 
 ment is confined to giving them a good track, air as pure as 
 possible, with responBible scorers and timers. Their quarters 
 and ciiet are matters for their own attention, and depend on 
 the finances of each. It has become customary to set up 
 tents for all competitors in a six-day match round the inside 
 rail and opening on the track. Tliese tents are in fact preier- 
 able to huts of board, unless the weather is very cold indeed^ 
 but they should be provided with camp stoves in case it be- 
 comes necessary to give the competitor a warm bath^ as fre- 
 quently happens. 
 
HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLimC SPORTS. '87 
 
 Tlie duties of the mantxgeni'eiit as regards a g<x)d track for 
 a six-daj^ niatck have already been explamed. It is also their 
 iliUj to see that a sufficient force of seoreii and timers is on 
 iiund. Where the competitors are few this is not difllcult, bnt 
 where there are fifty or more it demands great care to prevent 
 confusion. In a six-day match it is usual to have twelve re- 
 lays of scorers, volunteers from tlio various athietie clubs 
 who take every alternate twelve hours from Monday to Satur- 
 day inclusive. 
 
 The S5^steni of scoring adopted and used at the late great 
 %valk in Madison Square Garden wa« agre'at advance on all 
 previous efforts and could iiardlybe excelled for simplicity and 
 accurac^^ There were sixty competitors, and each had to be 
 Tecognized and scored eight times for every mile, orfonr thou- 
 sand times in five hundred miles, in suck a manner that there 
 -could be no mistake as to his identity. To effect this result 
 the following were the arrangements: 
 
 Each competitor carried the number of ills entry in 
 ^figures afoot long on his left breast, and they were started in 
 sets of four or six, to each of which wtis given a special timer 
 and scorer. It wns the timer's business to watch for hw 
 giunibers and no one else^s, and to call them out every time 
 Ihey came by tiie stand, Beiiind him sat the scorer with his 
 book, and it was his business to make a mark against each 
 number as called by the timer, columns being ruled for that 
 purpose in the book. Thus each man attended to his business, 
 without any temptation to increase or diminish his scores. 
 
 Besides attending to the scoring of the competitors, the 
 snanagement owes a duty to the spectators of announcing the 
 a*esults of that scoring through the'varying fortunes of the race. 
 This isgenernily done by means of *a large blackboard, where- 
 on the names and scores of the leaders are chalked up, so that 
 every one can see them; but where the competitors are 
 numerous tliis will not serve for ail, and another method is 
 taken at the scoring stand where each man has his name on 
 n placard two feet long, underneath which are placed two 
 more placards one bearing the word *' miles," the other the 
 word "laps," Before each of these is n vacancy where a 
 number can be hung, and each name has a man to attend to 
 it, whose duty is to move the " mile " and/'* lap " nnmbers as 
 the}'- change. In the last match dials with pointers were sub- 
 stituted for the cards, with the advantage of increased sin^- 
 plieity. 
 
 So much for six-day professional matches, which are tl^e 
 best managed as a ru^e. Something remains to be said about 
 amateur walks and runs, because they are subject to much 
 mismatiagement. The New York Athletic Club is in fact 
 jjlmost the only organization in the metropolis that give^^ 
 thoroughly enjoyable entertainments, because they ar 
 perly n-c^^ uxd. 
 
IR5 HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 
 
 The reason of the trouble at most amateur matcbes Is tlial 
 tbe competitors are not kepi in pToi>er discipline, but are al- 
 lowed to run over tbe management, violate rnles, interfere^ 
 argue, protest and grumble^ till the maiiagei*s lose their 
 heads in tlie confusion. Tbe fii*st thing for tbe Efianagers 
 of an athletic meeting to do is to make a set of rules lliat 
 will cover all conctiivable cases, and then to slick to them,, 
 and no better example of such mles can be given than those 
 of the IMew York Athletic Club, which will be fouiid in a 
 
 f at er chapter. 
 The troobles gTcnerally arise in Questions of time and pre- 
 cedence among a large number of walkers, for it is in square 
 walking contests that tbe dispute genen^lly occui's. There 
 may be fifty or more men at the serateh and all or most liave 
 walked fairly enough till near the finish, when they have 
 tried on th&ir most knowing tricks to cover up a run and 
 get in first. It is here thut the experience and temper of 
 ihe judges are most severely tried. They may have to rule 
 out as many as three or four men and, give the first prize 
 to a man who crosses tlie score third or fourth, and this is 
 a difficult thing to do without appearing unjust. 
 
 The eon>petitors in such matches mi^^st always wear num- 
 bers to save confusion, and the scorers and timers have less 
 work than in a six- day race. 
 
 ** Timing " a man corr eeM^ rt^qmres two men ; one to bold 
 the watch with his thumb 2*eady on the stop looldng at noth- 
 ing else; the other to watch the man and call out " stop'^ as 
 he crosses the Ime. No man can do timing single-handed. 
 He is sure to make mistakes froin disturbance of mind on ac- 
 count of divided alien lion. 
 
 For the convenience of those without practical experience 
 in conducting athletic meetings we print an additional chap- 
 ter containing the most approved rules^ to which we refer the 
 reader. 
 
 RECORDS OF FKBESl^aAlOTSM. 
 
 The first reliable record that we have of modern pedestrian- 
 ism bears the name of Captain Robert Barclay. Of course 
 there had been walkers before his time; but he was the first 
 to bring w^alking, as a means of locomoiion, into general no- 
 tice. The first pnblic maich of this remarkable man took 
 place in 1806, when he is said to have walked from Ury to 
 Craithynaird, Scotland, and return, a distance of 100 miles, 
 in 19 hours. Three years later, we find his most notable re- 
 cord. During the interval he liad taken tbe name of Allar- 
 dice in addition to his own. and is described on the records, 
 
HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 89 
 
 as Captain Robert Barclay Allardice, who made a match of 
 two thousarid i^uineas at ISTewmarket, England, that he could 
 T\^alk 1,000 miles in 1,000 consecutive hours, and did it, too. 
 This was the first of these endurance matches publicly at- 
 tempted, and was walked in the open air on the hii»h road, 
 where two inns were found, just a mile apart, near the town 
 of Newcastle. Captain Barclay favored himself in this match 
 by walkin*^ a mile at the end of one hour and going on with 
 the next mile at the beginning of the succeeding hour, thus 
 giving himself an hour and a half clear sleep or rest between 
 each two miles. He won his bet, beginning June 1st, and end- 
 infr July 12th, 1809. 
 
 This feat remained unexcelled till 1877, when William Gale 
 beat it all to pieces. Starting on August 26th of that year, 
 and ending October 6th, he succeeded in walking 1,500 miles 
 in 1,000 hours, a mile and a lialf each hour, commencing on 
 the stroke of the hour. This feat was done at Lillie Bridge, 
 England, and was followed in November of the same year by 
 4,000 quarter miles done in 4,000 consecutive periods of ten 
 nnnutes each. This Gale was the same person who trained 
 IMa^lam Anderson to bring the quarter-mile match to the 
 United States; and that lady made a great monetary success 
 out of it, though her feais were not remarkable, save as being 
 executed by a woman. 
 
 The first flutter of interest in pedestrianism excited in the 
 United States, was when E. P. Weston started, Oct. 29, 1867 
 to walk from Portland, Maine, to Chicago, Illinois, which he 
 reached November 28th, (Thanksgiving JDajO having success- 
 fully accomplished the task he set himself. 
 
 Up to that time, while there had been some races, where 
 good runners had contested, walking was at a discount in the 
 United States; but from the date of Weston's feat, pedestrian- 
 ism became a fashion d)le amusement, and rich club-nien were 
 found who would walk matches on foot, 'instead of lolling in 
 carriages, or trotting their horses. 
 
 The professionals during that time had been chiefly con- 
 fined to England, where the best records liad been made. 
 
 The best lOO-yard sprinter of his day was George Seward, 
 of Hammersmith, England, wlio made the amazing time of 
 9 1-4 seconds, Sept. 30, 1844, and did 120 yards in 11 1-4 sec- 
 onds. May 3, 1847. Tliese records have not yet been beaten. 
 
 The oliier earl}^ records that are still unexcelled are those of 
 W. G. Scarlet, Newcastle, England, Sept.7, 184t, who ran 140 
 yards in 14 seconds; Charles Westhall, Manchester, England, 
 Feb. 4, 1851, who did 150 yards in 15 seconds, and Seward's 
 unapproachable record of 200 yards in 19 1-2 seconds, made 
 March 22, 1«47. 
 
 Seward was one of the very few men who could keep np 
 the rate of ten yardo a second for a distance over a hundred 
 yards. 
 
40 HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 
 
 Since his day, records of all other distances have im- 
 proved great! 3^ 
 
 The best 125-3^ard record is American ; that of J. W. Cozad, 
 made Nov. 23,' 1868, at Long Island Fashion Course, in 12 1-2 
 second's. Thej^ear before, VYilJiam Johnson, at Fenham Park, 
 England, did 130 j^ards in 1-4 second less time. 
 
 Tlie best 180 -yard record is 18 1-5 seconds, made April 27, 
 1878, by L. Junker, at London. Junker was an amateur, and 
 his performance is below that of Seward before referred to, 
 not quite reaching 10 yards a second, while Seward beat thai ' 
 average. 
 
 The best furlong records are made by amateurs in the same 
 year; W. Phillips doing the distance in 22 2-5 seconds, in 
 London, England, Sept! 28, 1878 ; and L. E. Myers at Mott 
 Haven, JST. Y., making it in 22 3-4 seconds, Sept. 20, 1879. 
 
 Beyond a furlong, no man has yet succeeded in keeping up 
 the rate ot ten yards a secoild, the nearest approach being that 
 of R. Buttery, Newcastle, England, Oct. 4, 1873. This runner 
 did a quarter of a mile — 440 yards— in 48 1-4 seconds, beating 
 the best English record b}^ tv»^o seconds and the best American 
 by four seconds. 
 
 The best half-mile record was made in New Zealand by 
 Frank Hewitt, of Lyttleton, in September, 1871, in 113 1-2 
 seconds, beating the best English records by four and the 
 best American by ten seconds. 
 
 The best mile record was made in a dead heat between 
 Richards and Lang, at Manchester, England, August 19, 1865, 
 in 4 minutes 17 1-4 seconds; seven seconds better than had 
 ever been done before. Lang had previously made two miles 
 in 9m. 11 l-2s., in Manchester, England, August 1, 1863. 
 
 The best records from three to seven miles inclusive were 
 all made by John White, at London, May 11, 1863. They 
 were as follows : 3 miles in 14m„ 36s.; 4 miles in 19m. 36s.; 5 
 miles in 24m. 40s.; 6 miles in 29m. 50s.; and 7 miles in 34m. 
 45s. 
 
 The best records for eight and nine miles w^ere made Junel, 
 1852, by James Howitt, of London. He ran 8 miles in 40hi. 
 20s., and 9 in 45m. 21s. This same Howitt, next year, March 
 20, 1852, ran 13 miles in 70m. 31s.; 14 miles in 76m. 12s.; 15 
 miles in 82m.; and 16 miles in 88m. 6s. 
 
 The best times for 10, 11 and 12 miles are 51m. 26s.; 56m. 
 52s.; and 62m. 2s.; all made by L. Bennett {alias Deerfoot) at 
 London, April 3, 1863. 
 
 From 17 to 19 miles George Hazael is the champion, having 
 done 17 miles in Ih. 38m. 53s.; 18 miles in Ih. 45m. and 
 19 miles in Ih. 51m, 14s. Hazael also made the best 20- 
 mile record up to 1879, when his time was beaten by P. 
 Byrnes at Halifax, Nova Scotia, Oct. 4. Byrnes ran 20 miles 
 in Ih. 54m. — three minutes less than Hazael's best time. 
 
HANDBOOK OF SUMMEU ATHLETIC SPOKTS. 41 
 
 Beyoncl twenty miles llie running records are scanty and 
 not remarkable. 
 
 The best records of walking are credited to William Perkins, 
 the present English champion, as far as 22 miles. This Perkins 
 is as remarkable in his specialty as was Seward in his splint- 
 ing, easily passing all compctiiors. He made his first great 
 effort ill London, June 1, 1874, when he left the best on re- 
 cord up to eight miles. 
 
 He did his first mile in 6m. 23s. ; the second in 13m. 30s. ; 
 the third in 20m. 47s.; the iourlh in 28m. 59s.; the fifth in 
 36m. 32s.; the sixth in 44m. 24s.; the seventh in 51m. 51s. ; 
 ihe eighth in 59m. 5s.; thus making over eight miles an hour. 
 
 Three years later he beat his own record July 16, 1877, and 
 placed his name at the top of the list all the way up to 22 
 miles. The records were as follows: 
 
 Ninth mile, Ih. 8m. 7 2-5s. ; tenth mile, Ih. lorn. 57s.; 
 eleventh mile, Ih. 23m. 49s.; twelfth mile, Ih. 31m. 42 2-5s. ; 
 thirteenth mile, Ih. 39m. 42 l-2s. ; fourteenth mile, Ih. 47m. 
 53s.; fifteenth mile, Ih. 56m. 13s.; sixteenth mile, 2h. 4m. 
 35 l-5s. ; seventeenth mile, 2h. 13m. 11 2-5s.; eighteenth 
 mile, 2h. 21m. 55s.; nineteenth mile, 2h. 30m. 45s.; twen- 
 tieth mile, 2h. 39m. 57s.; twenty-first mile, 2h. 49m. 18s.; 
 twenty-second mile, 21i. 58m. 52s. 
 
 The best records from thencs to twenty-five miles Perkins 
 did not beat. He had done the greatest distance on record in 
 three hours and the miles above twenty-two remained credit- 
 ed to John Smith of London, sixteen years before. This 
 pedestrian Nov. 10, 1851, finished his twenty-third mile in 3h. 
 20m. 39s.; his twenty-fourth in 3h. 30ra. 58s.; and his twenty- 
 fifth in 3h. 42m. 16s. 
 
 The difference between him and Perkins is shown in the 
 difference of time between the 22 and 23 miles, whicli is 21m. 
 47s , whereas the average of each of Perkins's miles was 8m. 
 6 3-5s. 
 
 From twenty-five up to fifty miles the best walking time on 
 record is credited to William Howes, who on March 30, 1868, 
 made 26 miles in 3h. 54m. 18 s., 23 minutes ahead of all others 
 •fl^efore or since. He made a record of 50 miles in 7h. 57m. 
 44 seconds. We omit the intermediate times as unimportant; 
 but the average of each mile was 8m. 26s. From thence to 
 77 miles Daniel O'Leary takes the palm, his 76th mile having 
 been accomplished in 13h. 37m. 26s. at Chicago, Hlinois, Nov. 
 10, 1877. 
 
 Beyond that distance, Howes again takes the lead, with the 
 best records up to 129 miles, made Feb. 22 and 23, 1878, at 
 London. O'Leary made the best American records up to 100 
 miles in his Chicago walk. Howes's record for 77 miles is 
 13 hours, 56 minutes and 5 seconds; while his 129th mile was 
 walked in 24 hours 20 minutes and 30 seconds. 
 
42 HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 
 
 From thence to 173 miles Henry Yaugban takes the lead 
 at square walking, having accomplished that distance in 88 
 lioiirs, 28 minutes and 13 seconds. 
 
 Beyond this point Daniel O'Leary comes again to the front, 
 in ijis matches with Weston at Agricultural Hall, London, 
 and with Crossland at Manchester, both in 1877. His time for 
 174 miles was 39 hours, 5 minutes, 48 seconds, and from 
 thence to 241 nnles he made the best walking tinie on record, 
 the last distance being accomplished in 58 hours, 48 minutes, 
 87 seconds. 
 
 Peter Crossland then passed him and led for 46 miles, mak- 
 ing 287 miles in 69 hours, 22 minutes, 22 seconds. 
 
 From this point upward Daniel O'Leary still remains the 
 king of the square walkers, having accomplished 519 miles in 
 141 hours, 6 minutes and 10 seconds. 
 
 The longest distance ever, walked without a rest is 120 miles, 
 done by Crossland Sept. 11, 12, 1876. 
 
 Our own Harrinian did 160 miles with only 17 minutes rest 
 in New York, May 10, 1878. 
 
 Howes leads the record for one-day w^alks with 127 miles, 
 and O'Leary tops alt the rest up to six days. 
 
 Perkins leads the records tor one, two and three hours. 
 
 Since these records, the ''go-as-you-please " race has been in- 
 troduced, where walking and running are used ad libitum^ and 
 the distances gone in given timts has steadily risen. George 
 Hazael leads the record with 133 miles in 24 liours, not likely 
 ever to be beaten, and Frank Hart has passed them all, by 
 running 565 miles in six days. 
 
 The general excellence of records in these matches steadil}^ 
 improves, and where there were only two men in the first 
 • match who made 500 miles or over — Yaughan and O'Leary — 
 we have lately seen no less than eight men beat 500 miles out 
 of a field of sixty starters, and nine men beat 450 miles in the 
 same time. 
 
 The total distance made by O'Lear}^ when he won the first 
 match of this sort was 520 miles and a fraction, most of it 
 walked, but since then the runners have passed him beginning 
 with Corke\% who made a fraciion of a mile more in less time. 
 Then Blower Browui did 542 miles, and people called him a 
 marvel, till a few weeks later Weston ran 550 miles in the 
 same time. Since that, the limit has been passed by Brown, 
 in the last English match, where he made 553 miles, and 
 by Hart as above. Rowell, the luckiest of lucky pedestrians, 
 who has made an independent fortune out of his t^vo 
 muscular legs, bus not had to make any very remarkable 
 records to win the $40,000 that he carried away from Madison 
 Square Garden. He won his first race by 500 miles and his 
 second by a nominal 530, which jDroved to be only 523 on ac- 
 count of a short track. An overrated man; his successes 
 
HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC BPORTS. 43 
 
 have arisen from the fact that be has always taken better men 
 tlian liimseK at a disadvantage in point of condition, and so 
 lias won an. easy victory. Before be can be rated as tbe fore- 
 most pedestrian, be will bave to beat Hart's best record 
 
 This brief sketch of tbe records of pedestrianism is given to 
 furnish our readers with a standard of comparison by wbicli 
 to estimate tbe vahie of tbeir own pei-formances, and a short 
 abstract of the shorter distances will be found convenient for 
 use. 
 
 ABSTRACT. 
 
 Ten yards per second has been done by sprinters up to 
 220 yards, 
 
 A mile has been run in 4m. 17s. 
 
 Ten miles has been run in 51m. 20s. 
 
 Twenty miles in Ih. 57m. 27s. 
 
 A mile has been walked in Gm. 28s., but only once, by the 
 same man who walked 8 1-11 miles in one bonr, 15 12 miles 
 in two liours, 22 1-4 miles in tbree bours. 
 
 These records should be kept in tbe memory as convenient, 
 so that tbe amateur may gauge his own powers eonec !y by 
 tbe best professional work. 
 
 JUMPING AND POLE-LEAFING. 
 
 The sport of Jumping is one of those most beneficial to tbe 
 healtb and muscles of any commonly practiced. It is divided 
 into tbree branches : 1, Standing Jumps; 2, Running Jumps; 
 3, Pole-Leaping. 
 
 Standing jumps are either high or broad, the latter being 
 the most common. The secret of making a high standing 
 jump consists in standing s/deimse to the bar or tape, and 
 tbrowing the body over as if vaulting with one hand, arching 
 the back inward as much as possible. The best standing higii 
 juniper on ncord is E. W. Johnson, a Toronto man, now 
 keeper of the Baltimore Athletic Club Gymnasium. He 
 jumped a ])ar 5 feet 3 inches bigh, at tbe Caledonian Games, 
 at Bnltimore, May 27, 1878. This beats the best English 
 records 5 inch* s. In jun"iping, Johnson leaves tbe ground 
 with the right foot first, as in the cut on next page, which 
 shows the direction in which his feet go over the bar. The 
 cut also shows the common leaping-bar and stnndards fur- 
 nished with boles three inches apurt, in which pegs are stuck 
 to support the bar on the side opposite tbe jumper. If he 
 strikes it by accident it falls without hurting him, being merely 
 a light strip of pine scantling. 
 
44 
 
 HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 
 
 The standing broad jump is made straight forward into a 
 piece of soft earth which has been dug up for tlie purpose. It 
 is made with or williout weights in tlie hands, and depends 
 on the strength of the thigh and calf of tlie jumper, and on 
 long practice. 
 
 The best standing jump on record was made by James Em- 
 erick, Oil City, Pa , Sept. 19, 1878. It was 13 feet 10 inches, 
 
 STANDING HIGH JUMP. 
 
 with weiglits ; besides which, 13 feet 7 inches have been done 
 by an English professional, and 12 feet 21-2 inches by a Cali- 
 fornia amateur. 
 
 There is but little to say about the standing broad jump ex- 
 cept tlmt practice makes perfect. 
 
 Running jumps are also high and broad. The higli jump 
 is made over the bar figured in last chapter, but in a different 
 
HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 45 
 
 manner. We have seen Johnson try to go over it sidewise, 
 as in his standing jump, but not with enougli success to jus- 
 tify his method. The running high jump tlien nuist be made 
 square to the bar, beginning with a slow run, qwickened in 
 the last twentv steps, till both feet spurn the ground with 
 their utmost force and the leaj>er goes over the bar. Here, 
 also, there is very little to be said as to proper or improper 
 methods of leaping. Instinct teaches the right way for a high 
 leap better than anythi-ng else, and nothing but constant prac- 
 tice will strengthen the muscles to enable the leaper to make 
 a good record. 
 
 The best high jump on record was made by an English 
 amateur, M. J. Brooks, an Oxford student, April 7, 1876. He 
 topped a bar 6 feet 2 1-3 inches, p:issing the best Eng- 
 glish professionals b}^ 3 inches and Johnson by 4 inches. The 
 best American amateur jump was made by a Columbia stu- 
 dent, Conover, in 1878, and is ordy 5 feet 6 3-4 inches — not 
 much compared with the English record. 
 
 The running broad jump is made with or without a spring 
 board, the only official records beina; those made without the 
 board, and off level ground. The best on record is English, 
 or rather Irish, amateur, John Lane, of tli€ Dublin University 
 Athletic Club, having made 23 feet 1 1-2 iflches, June 10, 1874. 
 The best American records are nearly two feet behind this 
 performance. 
 
 Pole-leaping is either high or broad, and in either case is a 
 
 ver}'- valuable accomplishment to acquire. With a pole, a 
 
 . practiced athlete can make light of a six-foot w^ all, for its 
 
 bight is w^ell wdtliin his powers. The art takes some lime to 
 
 acquire, and is one that exercises every muscle of the body. 
 
 It calls first for a pole from six to nine feet in length, made 
 preferably of ash, as that is both light and tough. 
 
 To begin learning on this, tlie pupil rests one end on the 
 ground, and grasps the pole with both hands above his head. 
 Then, jumping up, he raises his body with bent arms, and 
 swings as far as he can. With a week's practice almost any 
 3^oung man can learn to take a jump of eight or ten feet in 
 I breadth from a standing position. To cross a broad ditch a 
 .; short run is taken and the pole is held differently. 
 
 The right hand grasps it above the head, thumb uppermost^ 
 while the left hand holds it, thumb doicn^ as high as the waist. 
 The pole is grasped higher up in proportion to the distance to 
 be cleared, beginning with stnall ones and slowly increasing 
 the length of pole, till it can be taken by the very end. 
 
 This becomes still more necessary in the high pole leap, 
 w^here eleven feet and an inch have been cleared in England. 
 To take such a leap requires at least a thirteen -foot pole. 
 
 In pole-leaping the weight of the body on the pole is sus- 
 tained by the arms, and the whole office of the legs is to en- 
 
46 HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 
 
 able the body to go high enough to carry the pole to a per- 
 pendicular. The hight leaped is only limited by the possible 
 length of pole carried. 
 
 Pole-leaping is coming into fashion but slowly in America; 
 the best records being nearl}^ a foot behind those of England, 
 where tliere is more practice of the kind. For a sportsman 
 in the country, pole-leaping is a very valuable accomplish- 
 ment, as it would save him many a ducking in ditches and 
 climb over fences. 
 
 In the cliapter on athletic meetings will be found all tl e , 
 rules til at govern leaping contests for prizes, to which we rei^ 
 fer the reader 
 
 BICYCLING. 
 
 The sport of Bicycling is one that has come into rapid favor 
 in this country since tlie advent of the Euglish riders, who 
 have accomplished a thousand miles a week; and tlie only 
 drawback to iis universal adoption is tlie first cost of the 
 machines. When that is reduced, as it wnll be, to about fifty 
 dollars, payable in in«talli]^ents like sewing machines, the bi- 
 cycle will become a favorite wath the whole American popula- 
 tion as it is in England with the majority of middle class 
 young men. 
 
 Even now the fever is spreading rapidly thanks chiefly to 
 the efforts of Mr. Wentworth Rollins, the present king of bi- 
 cyclists in America. He sells machines to people he can 
 trust on installments and has a large stock of goods on hand 
 which he sells below the usual prices to beginners. 
 
 The pioneers of bicycling, in the United States were the 
 Pope Manufacturing Company, who started factories and 
 schools in the cities of Boston and San Francisco, where the 
 fever started almost at the same time, but since that period 
 bicycling has spread to most of the large cities, and has train- 
 ing schools in all. 
 
 There is but little information that can be given to an in- 
 tending bicycler except to recommend \\\n\ not to buy a ma- 
 cMiie till he has been at the school long enough to know the good and 
 had points of every bicycle in tlie market. 
 
 The prices of bicycles range from $80 to $100, according to 
 size of wheel ; the smallest being 43 inches in diameter, the 
 largest 60 inches. The best wa}^ to get enjoyment out of the 
 sport is to form a club of congenial spirits who will ride to- 
 gether. A single bicyclist is apt to attract too much attention 
 in country places, and w^ould often be insulted, wvhere two or 
 three together would meet with a hearty w^elcome. More- 
 over, company is elevating to the spirits. 
 
HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 47 
 
 For the nse of bicycle clubs w<e subjoin the mode! rules of 
 tlie 8au Francisco club, whicli can hardJy be exceiied for 
 completeness and care. Tliey are printed on strips of card- 
 board, and carried by each member ot a club for reference^ 
 till ke is perfectly familiar with them, 
 
 BICYCLma RULES. 
 
 Section 1. — The time named for a club excursion is the 
 exact time of ike^im% which will in all cases be punctually 
 observed. Members are therefore urgently requested to be at 
 the spot named at least ten minutes before^ that tliey may ai'*- 
 range themselves in order for the stnrt, and receive the in- 
 structions of the leader as regards signals, and any other di- 
 rections that ma^^ be necessary. 
 
 Sec. 2. — At the sound of "• Fall in,'^ the members will ar- 
 range themselves side by side upon the right of the road, with 
 bicycle facing inward, leaving a space of at ieast eigUt feet be- 
 tween each man. At the sound of '* Mount,'^ the machines 
 will be turned in the direction of the proposed run, and tiie 
 company will mount, beginning at the front, each man before 
 lie starts, being careful to see that the rider immediately in 
 front of liini has safely reached the saddle, and proceeded at 
 least two revolutions. 
 
 Sec. 3. — As a general rule the company should ride two 
 abreast; but in towns and villages; in meeting and passing 
 vehicles (unless the road is broad); in riding up and down 
 inlls, and where the road is bad and requires picking, single 
 tile should be taken, ^7^e right-hcmd man always quickening^ 
 and the left-hand man dropping in behind him. 
 
 Sec. 4 — When in single-file, an interval of at least four 
 bicycle lengths should be kept between each rider, and in 
 double-file, eight lengths between each pair. In approaching 
 a hill, whether up or down, the leading files should quicken 
 and the rear files slacken, so as to allow of the company ex* 
 tending out to double distance, and on reaching the level they 
 should slacken and quicken respectively, until the original 
 interval is attained. 
 
 Skc. 5. — Dismounting should alwa3^s be commenced from 
 the rear, each man passing the word forward as he reaches 
 the ground. 
 
 Sec. 6. — It is undesirable for a company to ride down along 
 hill with a curve obstructing a view of the bottom. It is bet- 
 ter for the leader to advance alone until he sees that all is 
 clear, and then v^histle the others on. 
 
 Sec. 7. — The ordinary rules of the road as regards the 
 passing of vehicles, etc., should be rigidly adhered to, as fol- 
 lows: 
 
 A — In meeting a vehicle, always pass to the right. 
 
4§ nk^D^ouK or mMMim athletic sfout^. 
 
 B— Tii overtaking a, vebiele^ alwa^^s pass- to tire left. 
 
 G — The ground ki front of a hors€ slxHikl not be taken mu- 
 lil the bicyclist is at least ten yards ahead of him. 
 
 D — A horse should never be passed on hotJi sides at o-nce. 
 
 E — A led borse should always be passed on the same side a» 
 llie mau who is leading it. 
 
 F — ^Before overtaking a rider, it Is well to give some sort of 
 a warning. Wben alone, a sliort cougb will geoeralty suffice, 
 tnco-mpany-i'iding, a word to your companion will attract the 
 necessary attention. The mere sound of a human voice iS' 
 often all that is wafited to prevent a horse fro^m s>tartmg at 
 the sudden passage of the noiseless macliine, 
 
 G— If a horse on meeting a bicycle, shows signs of restive- 
 ness, Ibe leader should order a dismount at bis discretion 
 feven if be himself has passed the horse), and sbould invari- 
 ably do so on any signal or request from the driver or horse- 
 man. 
 
 11 — In company-riding, tke leader^ on passifiig any one (whe- 
 tber driving, riding or walkinu,,) should announce that other» 
 are following close after, and the rear man should in the same 
 way signify that aM bave passed. 
 
 1 — Inattention to these and other rales and courtesies of 
 the r6>ad will cause annoyance to the publiCy and create pre- 
 judice again &t bicycling. 
 
 SIGNAL fe^ 
 
 Sec. 8. — The following signals will be used Wxien on a ran 
 in company^ to preserve order and insure agaiu&t accident: 
 
 Fall m—One long whistle. 
 
 Ifount— One short whistle. 
 
 Dismo'u7ii and Halt — Two short whistles. 
 
 Dism'ount and Walk — Two long whisiles. 
 
 Form Twos— Two short whistles three times, 
 
 Fojin Single FUe—Thr^e short well separated whistles. 
 
 Extend Line — One short and one long whistle three times, 
 
 Close tip Lime — One long and one short whistle three times. 
 
 Quicken Speed. — Three short whistles three times. 
 
 Blacken Speed — One long whistle. 
 
 Ride di Ease — Two short and one long wdiistle three times. 
 
 Da.nger- — Look out when signaled from front to rear — six or 
 more siiort whistles; accident when signaled from rear to 
 front— -six or more short whistles. 
 
HANDBOOK OP SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 49 
 
 RULES FOR ATHLETIC MEETINGS, 
 
 To make this work as complete as possible, we have re- 
 solved to insert the best models of rules for athletic njeetings 
 of all kinds, founded on those of the N. Y. Athletic Club. 
 This association is the lar2;est in the country and has always 
 been successful in its meetings, which have passed off with- 
 out a single fiasco on record. Its rules can therefore Iiardl}' 
 be unworthy of imitation and have in fact been the model for 
 those of all successful athletic clubs. 
 
 These rules we therefore print below. They cover, as 
 will be seen, all sorts of athletic sports which do not need 
 other description. 
 
 American Athletic Rules. 
 
 MEETINGS, 
 
 Officers. — The officers of an athletic meeting shall be: One 
 clerk oTthe course, with assistants, if necessary; one starter; 
 one judge of walking, with assistants, if necessary; one 
 scorer, with assistants, if necessar}^ ; three timekeepers; 
 three judges at the finish ; three measurers; one referee, 
 
 Gleiic of the Course, — He shall record the name of each com- 
 petitor who shall report to him ; shall give him his number 
 for each game in which he is entered, and notify him, five 
 minutes before the start, of every event in which he is en 
 gaged. The assistants shall do such portions of his work as 
 he may assign to them. 
 
 Starter, — He shall have entire control of competitors at 
 their marks ; shall strictly enforce Law 3, and shall be the 
 sole judge of fact as to whether or no any man has gone over 
 his mark. His decision in such cases shall be final and with- 
 out appeal. 
 
 Judge of Walking. — He shall have entire control of competi- 
 tors during the race ; shall strictly enforce Law 8, and his 
 decision as to unfair walking shall be final and without ap- 
 peal. The assistants shall do such portion of his work as he 
 may assign to them. 
 
 Scorer. — He shall record the laps made by each competitor, 
 a!:d call them aloud when tallied, for the information of the 
 contestants. He shall record the order of finishing and the 
 times of the competitors in walking and running races. The 
 assiseants shall do such portions of his work as he may assign 
 to them. 
 
 Timekee'pers. — Each of the three timekeepers §hall time every 
 event, and in case of disagreement the average of the three 
 
50 HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPOKTS. 
 
 sbcill be tlie official time. Time to be taken from the flash of 
 the pistol. 
 
 Judges at the FinisJi. — Two sliall stand at one end of the 
 tape, and the third at the otlier. One shall take the winner, 
 nnotlier.the second man, and the other tl)C third man ; they 
 shall also note the distances between the first three as they 
 iinish. In case of disagreement the majoriry shall decide. 
 Their decisions as to the order in which the men iinish shall 
 be final and without appeal. 
 
 Measurers. — They shall measure and record each trial of 
 each competitor in all games whose record is one of distance 
 or hight. Their decision as to the performance of each man 
 shall be final and without appeah 
 
 Referee. — He shall, wlien appealed to, decide all questions 
 w^hose settlement is not provided for in these rules, and his 
 decision shall be final and without appeal. 
 
 Competitcn's. — ImmediaJ:ely on arriving at the grounds each 
 competitor shall report to the clerk of the course, and receive 
 his number for the game in which he is entered. He shall in- 
 form himself of the times at which he must compete, and will 
 report promptly at the start, without waiting to be notified. 
 Ko conjpetitor allowed to start without his proper number. 
 
 Inner Grounds. — No person wiiaisoever allowed inside the 
 track except the officials and proper]}^ accredited representa- 
 tives of the press. The authorized persons will wear a badge, 
 and intruders will be promptly ejected. Competitors not en- 
 gaged in the game actually taldng place will not be allowed 
 inside or upon the track. 
 
 LAWS. 
 
 1. Attendants. — No attendants shall accompany a competitor 
 on the scratch or in the race. 
 
 2. Starting Signals. — All races (except time luindicaps) sha"!l 
 be started by report of pistol fired behind the competitors. A 
 miss fire shall be no start. There shall be no recall after the 
 pistol is fired. Time handicaps shall be started by the word 
 *'Go." 
 
 3. Starting. — When the starter receives a signal from th^ 
 judges at the finish that everything is in readiness he shall 
 direct the competitors to get on their marks. Any competi- 
 tor starting before the signal shall be put back one yard, for 
 the second off'ense two yards, and for the third shall be dis- 
 qualified. He shall be held to have started when any portion 
 of his body touches the ground in front of his mark. Stations 
 count from the inside. 
 
 4. Keeping Proper Course. — In all races on a straight track, 
 pacli competitor shall keep his own position on the course 
 from start to finish. 
 
♦ HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPOUTS. 51 
 
 5. Change of Course. — In all races on otlier than a straight 
 track, a competitor may change toward the inside whenever 
 he is two steps ahead of the man whose i:)ath he crosses. 
 
 6. Fouling. — Any competitor shall be disqualified for will- 
 fully jostling, running across, or in any way impeding an- 
 other. 
 
 7. Finish. — A thread shall be stretched across the track at 
 the finish, four feet above the ground. It shall not be held by 
 the judges, but be fastened to the finish posts on either side, 
 so that it may always be at right angles to the course ancl 
 parallel to the ground. The finish line is not this thread, but 
 the line on the ground drawn across the track from post to 
 post and the thread is intended merely to assist the judges in 
 their decision. The men shall he placed in the order in which 
 they cross the finish line. 
 
 8. Walking. — The judge shall caution for any unfair w^nlk- 
 ing, and the third caution shall disqualify the ofi'ender. On 
 the last lap an unfair walker shall be disqualified without 
 previous caution. 
 
 9. Rtcr dies. —The regular hurdle race shall be 120 yards, 
 over 10 hurdles, each Sft. Gin. high. The first hurdle shall be 
 plnced 15 yards from the scratch, and there shall be 10 yards 
 iDetween each hurdle. There maybe (b}^ special announce- 
 ment) hurdle races of difi'erent distances and with diff'erent 
 number and length of hurdles. 
 
 10. Jumping. — No weights or artificial aid will be allowed 
 in any jumping contest except by special agreement or an- 
 nouncement. When weights are allowed there shall be no 
 restriction as to size, shape, or material. 
 
 11. Bunning High Jump. — The hight of the bar at starting 
 and at each successive elevation, shall be determined by a 
 majority of the qualified competitors. In case of a tie the 
 referee shall decide. Three tries allowed at each hight. Each 
 competitor shall make one attempt in the order of his name 
 on the programme; then those that have failed, if any, shal 
 have a second trial in regular order, and those failing on thV 
 trial shall then take their final trial. Displacing the bar aiv. 
 nothing else, counts as a "try." A competitor may omit hil 
 trials at any hight, but if he fails at the next hight he shall 
 not be allowed to go back and try the hight which he omitted. 
 
 12. Pole-Leaping. — The rules for this game shall be the same 
 as those of the running higli jump. 
 
 13. Hitch-and-Kick. — The competitors are allowed unlimited 
 run, but must spring, kick, alighr, and hop twice witli the 
 same foot. The bight of the object at starting and at each 
 successive elevation, shall be determined by a majority of the 
 qualified competitors. In case of a tie the referee shall de- 
 
52 HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 
 
 cide. Three tries allowed at each hight. Each competitor 
 shall make one attempt in tlie order of his name on the pro- 
 gramme ; then those who have failed, if any, shall have a 
 second trial in regular order, and those failing on this trial 
 shall then take their final trial. Hitting the ohject, and 
 nothing else, counts as a kick, and kicking higher than the 
 object without hitting it is not a kick. Springing from the 
 ground counts as a try. A competitor may omil his trials at 
 any hight, but if he fail at the next hi<4ht he shall not be al- 
 lowed to go back and try the hight which he omitted. 
 
 14. Standing High Jump. — The competitors may stand as 
 they please, but must jump from the first spring. The hight 
 of the bar at starting and at each successive elevation, shall be 
 determined b}^ a 'majority of the qualified competitors. In 
 case of a tie the referee shall decide. Three tries allowed at 
 each hight. Each competitor shall make one attempt in the 
 order of his mime on the programme; then those who have 
 failed, if an}^ shall hare a second trial in regular order, and 
 those failing on this trial shall then take their final trial. 
 Displacing tlie bar and nothing else, counts as a 'Ury." A 
 competitor may omit his trials at an}^ hight, but if he fail at 
 the next hight he shall not be allowed to go back and try the 
 hight which he omitted. 
 
 15. Bunning Wide Jump. — The competitors shall have un- 
 limited run, but must take off behiiid the scratch. Step))ing 
 any part of the foot over the scraich in an attempt shall be 
 *'no jump," but shall count as a '* try." Each competitor al- 
 lowed three trials, and the best three men have three more 
 trials each. Each competitor sh:ill be credited with the best 
 of all his jumps. The measurement shall be from the scratch 
 line in front of the jumper's feet to the nearest break of the 
 ground made by any part of his person. The same rules 
 govern running hop step and jump, and all similar games. 
 
 16. Standing Wide Jump. — Competitors must jump from the 
 first spring. Stepping any part of the foot over the scratch 
 in an attempt shall be " no jump," ])ut shall count as a " try." 
 Each competitor allowed three trials, and the best three men 
 have three more trials each. Each competitor shall be credit- 
 ed with the best of all his jumps. The measurement shall l>e 
 from the scratch line in front of the jumper's feet to the 
 nearest break of the ground made by any part of his person. 
 The same rules govern standing three jumps, standing hop, 
 step and jump, and all similar games. 
 
 17. Putting the Shot — The shot shall be a solid iron sphere 
 weighing 16 lbs. It shall be put from the shoulder witli one 
 hand, from between tvvo parallel lines, 7 ft. apart. Touching 
 the ground outside either line with any part of person, before 
 the shot alights, shall make the attempt "no put,'* which 
 
HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 53 
 
 counts as a *' try/' Each competitor allowed three trials, and 
 the best three men have three more trials each. Each com- 
 petitor sliall be credited with the best of all his puts. The 
 jueasurement shall be from the nearest break of the ground 
 made by the ball, perpendicularly to the scratch line, extend- 
 ed, if necessary, to meet this perpendicular. 
 
 18. Throwing the Hammer, — The liammer-head shall be a 
 solid iron spiiere, weighing 16 lbs., the handle shall be of 
 liickory wood, and the length of hammer and handle, over all, 
 shall be 3 ft. Q in. The competitor shall stand at and behind 
 tiie srcralch, facing as he pleases, and throw with either or 
 both hands. Touching the ground in front of the scratch 
 with any portion of the person, before tlie hammer alights, 
 shall make the attempt *' no throw," which counts as a *' try.'' 
 Letting go of the hammer in an attempt counts as a " try." 
 Each competitor allowed three trials, and the best three men 
 have three more trials each. Each competitor shall be credit- 
 ed with the best of all his throws. If the head strike first the 
 measurement shall be from the nearest break of the ground 
 made by it. If the handle strikes first, one length of tlie ham- 
 mer shall be allowed fi'om the mark made by the end of the 
 handle toward the mark made by the head of the hammer, 
 and the measurement shall be from this point. The measure- 
 ment shall be to the scratch line half-way between the throw- 
 er's feet. 
 
 19. Throwing the Hammer with a Run. — The hammer-head 
 shall be a solid iron sphere, weighing 16 lbs., the handle shall 
 be of hickory wood, and the length of hammer and handle 
 over all shall be 3 ft. 6 in. Unlimited run is allowed, and the 
 competitor may deliver the hammer as he pleases. Letting 
 goof the hammer in an atteiupt counts as "a try." Each 
 competitor allowed three trials, and the best three men have 
 three more trials each. Each competitor shall be credited 
 with the best of all his throws. If the head strikes first, the 
 measurement shall be from the nearest break of the ground 
 Diade by it. If the handle strikes first, one length of the 
 hammer shall be allowed from the mark made by the end of 
 the handle, toward the mark made by the head of tlie ham- 
 mer, and the measurement shall be from this point. The 
 measurement shall be to the nearest footprint at the delivery. 
 The footprints of the competitors shall be effaced after each 
 throw. 
 
 20. ThroiDing Fifty-six Pound Weight — This shall be of solid 
 iron, and any shape of weight and handle is allowed, pro- 
 vided the whole weighs 56 lbs. The competitor will stand 
 at and behind the scratch, facing as he pleases, grasping the 
 weight by the handle, and shall throw it witli one hand. 
 Touching the ground in front of the scratch with auy y ^a 
 
54 HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 
 
 of the person, before the weight alights, shall make the at- 
 tempt '' no throw," which counts as '' a try." Letting go of 
 the weight in an attempt shall count as *' a try." Each com- 
 petitor allowed three trials, and the best three men have three 
 more trials each. Each competitor shall be credited with the 
 best of all his throws. The measurement shall be from the 
 scratch line (in front of the thrower's left foot), to the nearest 
 break of the ground made by the weight, exclusive of handle. 
 
 21. Tossing the Gaher.—lihQ length of the caber to be 16 it., 
 the diameter at the thick end not more than 8 in., and at the 
 small end not more than 4 in. The caber must be held by the 
 small end, and tossed over so that the small end shall fall and 
 remain beyond the butt. The competitors shall have unlimit- 
 ed run, but must take off behind ilie scratch. Stepping any 
 part of the foot over the scratch in an attemi)t shall be " no 
 toss," but shall count as "a tr3^" Each competitor allowed 
 three trials, and the best three men have three more trials 
 each. Each competitor shall be credited with the best of all 
 his tosses. The measurement shall be from the small end of 
 the caber perpendicularly to the scratch-line, extended, if ne- 
 cessar}^ to meet this perpendicular. 
 
 22. Throwing the Ball {Lacrosse^ Cri^keU or Base-ball). — The 
 lacrosse* ball shall be thrown from the lacrosse, the cricket 
 and base-ball from the hand. The competitors shall have un- 
 limited run, but must take off behind the scratch. Touching 
 the ground in front of the scratcli-line with any pnrt of the 
 person before the ball alights, shall make the attempt *' no 
 throw," which shall count as " a try." Each competitor al- 
 lowed three trials, and the best three men have three more 
 trials each. Each competitor shall be credited with the best 
 of all his throws. To facilitate the measurement, a line shall 
 be drawn parallel to and 300 ft. in front of the scratch-line. 
 The measurement .shall be from the nearest break of tbe 
 the ground made b}^ the bail, perpendicularly to the measur- 
 ing line, extended, if necessary, to meet this perpendicular. 
 
 23. Tug-of-War. — In tug-of-war the following rules will be 
 observed: (1.) The side creases to be 12 ft. from the center 
 crease. (2.) The mark on the rope to be over the center crease 
 when the word "heave" is given, and the team hauling thnt 
 mark over the crease on its own side to be the winners. (3.) 
 No footing holes to be made before the start. (4.) The con- 
 testants to wear socks, slippers, boots or shoes without spikes. 
 (5.) The rope to be 1 1-2 in. iii diameter. (6.) Immediately 
 before the contest the captains of all the contesting teams 
 shall draw their numbers. (7.) Not less than live minutes 
 shall be allowed each team between heats. (8.) Captainsshall 
 toss for choice of sides before each pull. But if the same two 
 teams pull more than once during the day, they shall change 
 
HANDBOOK OF SUMMEK ATHLETIC SPORTS. 55 
 
 ends at each successive pull. (9.) With two teams, they shall 
 pull best 2 in 3. With three teams, one and two shall pull, 
 then two and three, and three and one. With four teams, 
 one and two shall pull, then three and four, and the winners 
 pull the final. Willi five teams, first round, one and two, 
 three and four, five has a bye; second round, winner of first 
 heat pulls with five, and llie winner of this heat pulls the 
 final wiMi the winner of second heat of first round. With six 
 teams, first round, one and two, three and four, five and six ; 
 second round, winner of first and second heats. Winner of 
 this heat pulls the final with winner of third heat, first round. 
 Where more than six teams are entered, the arrangement of 
 trials shall be on the same principle as in the above examples. 
 
 24. Bicycling. — When ordered into position for a start the 
 men shall mount their machines, and one assistant for each 
 competitor w'ill hold his machine with its front wheel at the 
 mark ; at the starting signal the attendants are allowed to 
 push the machine forward but not to follow it up. Riders 
 must pass each other on the outside, and be a clear length of 
 the bicycle in front before taking the inside ; the inside man 
 must allow room on the outside for other competitors to pass. 
 A.wy competitor infringing this rule will be disqualified. In 
 a race without using the handles, competitors must ride with 
 the arms folded, or the hands and arms otherwise kept quite 
 off the machine. Any competitor touching any part of his 
 machine with his hands or arms will be disqualified. The 
 Laws of Athletes govern all points not above specified. 
 
 In case there are any of our readers who think the above 
 rules too long and complicated, we recommend for their use 
 the much simpler and almost equally comprehensive English 
 rules w^hich follow. 
 
56 HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 
 
 English Athletic Rules. 
 
 1. No attendant to accompany a competitor on the scratch 
 or in the race. 
 
 2. Any competitor starting before the word, to be put back 
 one yard, at tlie discretion of the starter. On a repetition of 
 the offense, to be disqualified. 
 
 3. All races to start b}^ report of pistol. 
 
 4. In hurdle-races each competitor to keep his own hurdles 
 throughout the race. 
 
 5. In sprint racing each runner to keep his own course. 
 
 6. Jostling, running across, or willfully' obstructing another, 
 so as to impede his progress, to disqualify the offender from 
 further competitions. 
 
 7. All cases of dispute to be referred to the committee of 
 management at tlie time. 
 
 8. The decision of the judges in all competitions to be 
 final. 
 
 9. In pole leaping and high jumping, three tries allowed 
 at each hight. The hight at eacii successive elevation to be 
 determined by the majority of the competitors. Displacing 
 the bar only to count as a try. 
 
 10. In broad jumping and weight putting, three tries al- 
 lowed. In hammer throwing, two tries allowed. The three 
 best competitors of the first trials to be allowed three more 
 tiies each for the final. The furthest throw of the five at- 
 tempts, and put or jump of the six attempts, to win. 
 
 11. In hammer throwing and weight putting, the length of 
 the run to be limited to 71t. The weight to be delivered from 
 the shoulder. 
 
 12. In broad jumping and weight putting, crossing the 
 scratch line in the attempt to count as '^no try," and in'ham- 
 mer throwing as *' no throw." 
 
 13. "No tries " and *' no throws" count as tries. 
 
 14. The weight of the hammer and weight to be 161bs. 
 each. 
 
 15. The. length from end of the handle of the hammer to 
 the bottom of the sphere to be 3lt 6in. over all. 
 
 16. No put or throw to count if the weight or hammer be 
 delivered or followed with any part of the body touching the 
 ground over the mark. All puts and throw^s to be measured 
 from the edge of the pitch nearest the scratch-line to the 
 scratch-line, and at right angles with ihe same. 
 
 17. In hurdle races, the hight of the hurdles when fixed to 
 be 3fr. 6in., measured perpendicularly from the ground to the 
 top h^.Y 
 
HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 57 
 
 HARE AND HOUNDS. 
 
 Inasmuch as this ^anie has become a popular pastime in 
 America we have thouolit it best to make our handbook com- 
 plete b}^ Aiving a short account of the sport and its success in 
 this couutiy. 
 
 Hare and Hounds is an old pastime of English schools, 
 and it is essentially a healtliy game, good for boys and young 
 men. It requires only one thing, plenty of good-runners ; and 
 all young fellows are fond of running. Two of tlje fleetest of 
 the club are chosen for "Hares" and provided with a sack 
 full of scraps of paper for " scent." The rest of the club are 
 *' Hounds." The Hares are allowed ten or fifteen minutes^ 
 start, and set otf across the country, dropping scraps as they 
 g3, throwing a handful behind tliemever}^ hundred feet and 
 scattering graduall3^ It is their object to get out of sight as 
 soon as possible. The Hounds are put on the trail at the 
 sound of a horn, and have to catch the Hares if they can. 
 This is the whole of the game. 
 
 The first Hare and Hounds Club in America was organized 
 in 1878 in AVestchester county, New York, and held its first 
 meeting on Thanksgiving Da}^ of that year. 
 
 The idea of the club oi'iginated in a conversation on the 
 Harlem boat, and the members were CJirefully chosen. The 
 officers elected for 1878-9 were: President, J. J. Brady; First 
 Vice-President, W. W. Wiute; Seccmd Vice-President, E. 
 Nelson ; Secretar}^, G. Ileilwig ; Assistant Secretary, G. Dolde ; 
 Treasurer, F. N. Lord; Executive Committee, L. A. Berte, 
 W. S. Vosburgh, W. C. Hamilton, W. I. K. Kendrick, and J. 
 B. Haviland ; Field-Captain, AV. S. Vosburgh ; Lieutenants, 
 F. H. Banham and W. Smythe. 
 
 The field-captain of the club is also called the '* pace- 
 maker;" and he and the lieutenants— who are denominated 
 '* whippers in" — keep the Hounds together and prevent 
 the pack from straggling. The " Hounds" must follow the 
 "scent" and are not allowed to cut ofl" corners after the 
 *' Hares." 
 
 Since the organization of this club several others have been 
 started, but the Westchester club continues to be the most 
 successful, holding meetings on all liolidays when the mud is 
 not too heavy for good running. 
 
 As practiced. Hare and Hounds clubs generally have a uni- 
 form suitable for running. That of the Westchester club is 
 a scarlet jacket, black knee-breeches or Knickerbockers and 
 black cap. This is a good running dress and should be fol- 
 lowed in its general features, though any colors are admissi- 
 ble. Knee-breeches are preferable to trowsers on every ac- 
 count, as they do not cramp the knee in running. 
 
58 
 
 HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPOKTS. 
 
HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPOBTS. 59 
 
 The latest improvement in tlie game is the introduction of 
 two colors in the pnper thrown for scent. The Hares drop 
 white paper when they go out, and red paper on the return 
 Lome. 
 
 The game is an excellent one for young men and boys, and 
 can be followed anywhere, with or without uniforms. The 
 less frippery they indulge in the more will Americans like 
 the sport. 
 
 Red jackets can be replaced by red shirts, which cost less 
 and are lioliter to run in. If the members of the club cannot 
 afford to buy knee-breeches^ they cmu probably alter old panta- 
 loons into the necessary shape, and in the case of boys below 
 twelve the common fashion of Knickerbockers saves all trou- 
 ble. 
 
 In forming Hare and Hounds Clubs, as in Walking Clubs, 
 it is advisable that the members should be equal in physical 
 strength, when selected, to insure good runs and general sat- 
 isfaction. If a hundred boys at some public school should 
 wish to form clubs, it would be better to make at least two 
 — one of large, the other of small boys — than to consolidate 
 them. If both run together, tlie little fellows are sure to drop 
 out in disgust when the others force the pace beyond 
 their abilities, while the large boys will grumble at having to 
 wait for the little ones. Clubs of small boys can be called 
 "Beagles" to distinguish them from the larger " Hounds," 
 and can enjoy a run as much as any one. 
 
 AVe repeat here — the less frippery indulged in by w^a}'' of 
 uniform, the better, though all should dress alike, so as to be 
 recognized a long way off. A while band round the cap, 
 with the letters of the club name, is enough to show out at a 
 distance; and the captain could have a different colored cap 
 to distinguish him. The Westchester club is composed of 
 young men in good circumstances, and they can afford Velvet 
 collars and gold tassels. The less of these that our school- 
 boys affect, the better for the success of the club. 
 
HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 
 
 ARCHERY. 
 
 The pastime of archery, once the national sport of E nor- 
 land, has in late 3^ears experienced a sndden and remarkable 
 revival, both in tliat country and the United States. In Eng- 
 land, as a revived amusement it, became popular about tlie be- 
 ginning of the reign of Queen Victoria; but in that countrj'- it 
 has never been more than the pastime of a few dilettanti, the 
 hidies'forming the greatest portion of every gathering. In the 
 United States it has only become a recognized sport within the 
 Inst few years, the archery fever dating from the month of July, 
 1877, when Mr, Maurice Thompson issued his first illustrated 
 article on the subject in Seribner's MoiUhly. Since that time 
 this gentleman and his brotherWilliam liave roused a great in- 
 terest in th«e subject, and have superintended or instigated the 
 foundation of a number of archery clubs in the various sec- 
 tions of the Union. The new sport spread so rapidly that in 
 1879 these clubs sent delegates to a grand archers' congress in 
 Chicago, where they held a successful and w^ell-attended 
 meeting which bids fair to be repeate<l yearly and has roused 
 enthusiasm for archery all over the Ui^.ion. 
 
 The secret of this success lies in the fact that the brothers 
 Thompson have appealed to the practical side of the Ameri- 
 can character in their plea for archery. They have shown 
 that as an amusement it is cheap and healthful, giving the 
 best ot exercise in the open air. They have further shown that 
 as a means of sport in the pursuit of game it has many ad- 
 vantages over the shot-gun, and these advantages are so well 
 stated by Maurice Tliompson in his first paper that we cannot 
 do better than to reproduce them. 
 
 He says: "If you can keep the shot-gunners away, three 
 or four miles of a well-stocked stream will afford two archers 
 plenty of sport for a whole season. Hunting them with the 
 bow does not drive the birds off to other haunts ; but the 
 sound of a aun soon depopulates a stream, w^hether any duck 
 be killed or^not. -^ # * -:f * * * * 
 
 '* I do not wish to put in a special plea for archery, but I 
 venture to say that no man or woman who cares at all for 
 out-door sport can resist its fascination after he has once 
 mastered its first difficulties. I have yet to find a person so 
 grave and dignified that archery could not coax him into a 
 bending humoi'. Itideed the bow is the natural w'eapon of man, 
 and it affords him the most perfect pliysical and mental recrea- 
 tive exercise that can be conceived of. It is to the mind and 
 body what music and poetry are to the soul — it trains them 
 to the highest degree of healthful ness and strength. 
 
 *' I do not decr}^ angling and gunning, except that the latter 
 is too destructive of game. I am an enthusiastic " disciple of 
 
HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 61 
 
 the rod," but whenever I cast a fly or troll a minnow my 
 long-bow is near at hand, and a w^ell-fiUed quiver at my side. 
 You cannot combine gunning and angling on account of the 
 
 archer's POSITION. 
 
 weight of the gun and accouterments, and still more because 
 
 the noise of firearms is sure to render timid fish sullen. I 
 
 ave known the bass in a well-stocked pool utterly to refuse 
 
6.3 HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 
 
 tlie most tempting bait through an entire day, for nothing 
 more than a pistol-shot fired close by. The twang of a bow- 
 string seems to frighten nothing. It was the old first note of 
 music made by Apollo." 
 
 Nothing that we could add to this little abstract of the ad- 
 vantages would tell the story more neatly and clearly, there- 
 fore we shall at once proceed to the practical part of the art. 
 
 The first thing necessary for archer}^ practice is to secure a 
 ^good bow and arrows. Till within a year, Philip Highfield of 
 rLondon was known as the best " bowyer '' or bow-maker in 
 tiie world; but since the advent of the American archery fever, 
 Horstmann Brothers of New York have succeeded in making 
 a line of archer}^ goods that are pronounced by the Brothers 
 Thompson to be equal in every respect to the best English 
 make; and Peck and Snyder of New York have also turned 
 out good work. The best bows of lemon wood, yew, or snake- 
 wood, cofet $10; while the best target arro^vs are worth $9 a 
 dozen ; and Thompson's model hunting arrows are worth $3 
 a dozen. The other paraphernalia (targets, quivers etc.) may 
 be home made; but it is poor economy to buy cheap bows 
 and arrows. The targets are made of plaited straw, covered 
 wnth canvas, and contain four rings, which count as follows: 
 Bulls-eye 9 ; first ring 7 ; second ring, 5 ; third ring 3 ; out- 
 side ring 1. 
 
 In archery meetings two targets are used, facing each other 
 at any distance: the archers stand by one target and shoot at 
 the other, 3.ny number of arrows agreed on. When all have 
 shot, they walk over to the target, pick out their arrows and 
 shoot back at the first target, combining walking and shoot- 
 ing. The maximum distance is eighty yards between targets, 
 the minimum twenty. 
 
 The dress for an archer should be close, with no fluttering 
 skirts 'to entangle the bowstring, and the secrets of position 
 and accuracy are thus laid down by archery authorities. 
 Poger Ascham, who wrote in Queen Elizabeth's time, says : 
 
 "The first point is, when a man should shoot, to take such 
 footing and standing as shall be both comely to the eye and 
 profitable to his use, setting his countenance and all other 
 j)arts of his body after such a behavior and poit, that both all 
 Ills strength may be employed to his own most advantage and 
 his shot made and handled to other men's pleasure and de- 
 light. A man must not go too hastily to it, for that is rash- 
 ness, nor yet make too much to do about it, for that is curiosi- 
 ty ; the one foot must not stand too far from the other, lest 
 he stoop too much, which is unseemly, nor yet too near to- 
 gether, lest he stand too straight up, for so a man shall neither 
 use his strength well, nor yet stand steadfastly. The mean 
 betwixt both must be kept, a thing more pleasant to behold 
 when it is done, than easy to be taught how it slioukl be 
 done." 
 
HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 63 
 
 Maurice Thompson says: 
 
 *' A little care at lirst vvill save you a great deal of trouble 
 and annoyance. When you begin to shoot, learn at once to 
 stand lirmly on your feet, the left slightly advanced, the head 
 easily poised, the upper portion of the body gently inclined 
 forward, and the shoulders neither lifted nor drooped. Hold 
 the bow vertically with the left hand, the arm extended 
 straight. Nock the arrow well on the string, draw with all 
 the fingers of your right hand till you feel your right ear, fix 
 your eyes steadily on the target and let fly. The arrow rests 
 on the left hand, and is drawn to the head. The nock end of 
 the shaft is held between the first and second fingers of the 
 right hand and upon the string, which is drawn to the right 
 ear by all the fingers being hooked stiffly over it. There- 
 lease must be smart and clear, giving the arrow a strong, even 
 flight. 
 
 ** Never try to take aim when shooting, but fix 3^our eyes 
 steadily on the mark, and guide your arrow by j^our sense of 
 direction. 
 
 '^Squeeze the bow-handle with the left hand. You cannot 
 hold it too fast. Draw quickly and evenly. Let go without 
 * hobbling ' or tremor." 
 
 In a little stor}^ written by William Thompson (the brother 
 of Maurice and the champion archer of the Union) there is a 
 still more valuable piece of advice as to how to take aim. He 
 makes one of the characters, who has hitherto always been 
 unsuccessful at a target, hit on the secret, which he tells his 
 friend. It is virtually as follows: 
 
 "After nocking the arrow, draw it up to the right ear loiili the 
 right hand, and hold it there as if it was screwed fast. Think no 
 more of your right hand, but ^M?iif your left fist at the target 
 and let fly." 
 
 This tells the secret of archery better than an elaborate 
 treatise. The aim is taken with the left arm^ not the right. 
 Target shooting is, however, a bad school for learning to shoot 
 at; game, and here again Maurice Thompson comes in with 
 his invaluable practical hints on the subject. He says: 
 
 " One who is trained to aim at a large, graduated target, 
 eitlier with gun or bow, can rarely shoot well at game. The 
 reason is that in target shooting at a fixed distance he gets 
 used to a certain size, color, and condition of background, and 
 when he gets into the woods and lifts his bow to draw on a bird 
 or a hare, his accaslomed rings and dark background are not 
 there. His vision is blurred, he draws waverin-l}^ and shoots 
 indifferently. A black rubber ball four inches in diameter, 
 suspended in mid-air by a string fastened to the low limb of 
 an apple-tree, makes a first-rate substitute for a bird, and a 
 small bag of straw, placed flat on the ground and shot at at 
 aboui twenty five yards, makes good hare practice. You will 
 
64 HANDBOOK OF SUMMER ATHLETIC SPORTS. 
 
 soon learn the great advantage of not using the same distance 
 all the time, as in the game of archery. For, after all, a bow- 
 man's skill is scarcely worthy of admiration if it is confined 
 lo a fixed range." 
 
 A few words about the strength of bows, and we have said 
 enougii for the purposes of a Utile handbook. 
 
 Bows are graduated by the number of pounds' weight re- 
 quired to beiid them. Ladies' bows range from fouiteen to 
 thirty pounds pull, while gentlemen can take Irom forty to 
 sixty pound bows. The heaviest bows should be used for 
 iiuniing purposes, but for target practice at short range a* 
 bow under your strength is recommended, as it is easier to 
 take aim with such a weapon than with one that tasks all 
 your force merely to bend it. 
 
 THE END. 
 
STANDARD 
 
 Dime dialogues 
 
 Por School Exhibitions and Home Entertainme?its. 
 
 Wos. 1 to 21 inclusive. 15 to 25 Popular Dialo.a:nes and Dramas in each book. EaoJi volume lOt 
 12nio pages, sent post-paid, on receipt of price, ten cents. 
 
 Beadle & Adams, Publishers, 98 William St., N. Y. 
 
 'fhese volumes hare been orepared with especial reference to their availability for Exhibitions« 
 • iiug adapted io schools anW naVlors with or without the furniture of a etajje, ajid suited to SCHOL" 
 iRS AND "XOUNG PEOPLE of every f pre, both male and femala. It is fair to assume that no 
 
 Vi books in t^e market, at any price, contain so many useful and available dialogues and dramas 
 /it, pathos, humor and sentiment. 
 
 DIME DIALOGUES, NO. 1. 
 
 f>-\iijg oniie Muses, For nine young ladies. 
 /.^Bg a Live Englishman. For tt>ree boys, 
 -^so's Coronation. For male and female. 
 
 * rfhion. For two ladies. 
 
 T* « Rehearsal. For six boys. 
 
 Which will you Choose? For two boys. 
 
 The Queen of May. For two little girls, 
 
 The Tea-Farty. For four ladies. 
 
 The Genfns of Liberty. 
 Cinderella; or, The Little Glass Slipper. 
 Doing Good and Saying Bad. Several characters. 
 The Golden Rule. Two males and two females. 
 The Gift of the Fairy Queen. Several females. 
 Taken i.i and D:)ne For. For two characters. 
 The Coantry Aunt's Vis t to the City. For sev- 
 eral charartsrs. 
 The Two Romans. For two males, 
 /rytng the Characters. For three males. 
 The Happy Family. For several ' ani nals.* 
 The Rainbow. For several characters. 
 
 Hobnobbing. For five speakers. 
 The Secret of Success. For three speakerSo 
 Young America. Three m^'^es and two females, 
 Josephine's Destiny. Four females, ©ne?pale. 
 The Folly of the Duel. For thi-ee male speakerj* 
 jDogmatisni. For three male speakers. 
 |The Ignorant Confounded. For two boys- 
 jThe Fast Young Man. Fortwomaleu 
 Three Scenes in Wedded Life. Male and female. The Year's Reckoning. 12 females fc:>,cj. i linal^ 
 Mrs. Sniffles' Cf.nlession. For male and female. The Village with One Gentleman, iTor tight ftfcr 
 The Mission of the Spirits. Five young ladies. I males and one male. 
 
 DIME DIALOGUES, NO. 2. 
 
 5' mal»3 and 1 female. How to Write ' Popular ' Stories, "^w© tnalee* 
 Tlie New .ind the Old. For two malesv ' 
 
 A Sensation at Last. For two males. 
 The Greenhorn. For two males. 
 The Three Men of Science. For foar males. 
 Th3 Old Lady's Will. For four males. 
 The Little Ph'h sophers. For two little girls, \ 
 How to Find an Heir. For five males* 
 The Virtues. For six young Indies. 
 A Connubial Eclogue. 
 
 The Public meeting. Fivemales and onefemaSgjfe 
 The English Traveler. For two males. 
 
 DIME DIALOGUES. NO. 3. 
 
 rhe May Queen. For an entire school, 
 press Ref inn Convention. For ten females. 
 Kee ^ling B.id Company. A Furc^. For fi ve males. 
 Courting Under Difficulties. 2 males, I female. 
 National Representatives. A Burlesque. 4 males. 
 Escaping the Draft. For numerou? males. 
 
 DIME DIALOGUES, NO. 4. 
 
 The Genteel Cook. For two males. 
 Masterpiece. For two males and two females. 
 The Two Romans. For two males. 
 Tiie Same. Second scene. For two males. 
 Showing the White Feather, 4 males, 1 femn^ 
 The Battle Call. A Recitative. For one male. 
 
 The Frost King. For ten or more persons. 
 
 Starting in Life. Three males and two females. 
 
 Faith, Hope and Charity. For three little girls. 
 
 Darby and Joan. For two males and one female. 
 
 fhe May. A Flornl Fap^y. For six litt'e girls. 
 
 The Enchanted P'-inr.es*. 9 males,several females 
 
 ^'onorto Whom Honor is D-ie, 7 males, 1 female 
 ^entie Client. Forsev<»r.a! males, one feinale 
 aology, A Discussion. For twanty males. 
 
 The Stubb^etown Volunteer. 2 males, 1 femal*^ 
 A Scene freni *' Paul Prj'." For four male.?. 
 Piie Cliarms. For three males and one female. 
 Bee, Clock and Broom. For three little girls. 
 The Pvight Way. AColloquy. For two boy a. 
 What the Ledger Saj-s. F^-^r tv^o males. 
 The Crimes of Dress. AColloqny, For tn < 00 jf 
 The Reward of Benevolence. "For .four msslea.- 
 Tlie Letter. For two males. 
 
 DIME DIALOGUES, NO. 5. 
 
 Pntt'nsr on Air^. A Colloquy. For ti* . -joalo^ 
 The Straight Mprk. For several boyc. 
 Two ideas of Life. A Colloquy. For te^, girl* 
 Extract from Marino Faliero. 
 
 1 hree Gtiesses. For scliool or parlor, 
 ntiment. A " Three Persons' " Fa re. 
 Behir d tlie Curtain. For male? and females. 
 The Eta Pi Society. Five boys pnd a tencher. 
 
 ExaminatiioT Dav. Forsevarnl femnle o.haracterJi. 'Ma-try-Money. An Acting Charade. 
 Tradin? in "' Traps." For several males. IThe Six Virtues. For uln yonng: ladies. 
 
 The Schoo! Boys' Tribunal. For ten boys. The Irishman at Home. For two males. 
 
 A Loose Tongue. Several males an-i females. Fashionable Requirements. For three g'rls. 
 How Not to Get an Answer. For two females. I A Bevy of I's (Eyes). For eight or less little gir?» 
 
 DIME DIALOGUES, NO. 6. 
 
 fhe Way Tliey Kept a Secret. Male and femal 
 Th9 Poet under Difficulties. For five males. 
 William Tell. For a whole sciiool. 
 Woman's Rights. Seven females and two ma'es. 
 All is not fJold that Glitters. Male and fetDal>?8. 
 fhe Geneion» Jew. For six males. 
 Bopiusf. Fc thre« males and one female. 
 
 The Two Counselors. Tf^r t^iree males. 
 The Votaries of Folly. For a number of feniale^ 
 \nnt Betsy's Beaux.Four females and two males. 
 The Libel Suit, for two females and one malsh 
 Santa Clans. For » number of boys. 
 Christmas Fairies. For several little glrla. 
 The Tnxee Rinea, Fox two malea. 
 
DIME SCHOOL SEKIES.— Speakers and Dialogues. 
 
 DIME DIALECT SPEAKER, Ko. 23» 
 
 Dat's wat's de matter, 
 The Miss ssippi mintcle, 
 Veil te tide cooms in, 
 Dose lams vot Mary haf 
 
 s:ot, 
 Pat O'Flahertj on wo- 
 
 raan's rights. 
 The home rulers, how 
 
 t.hey " spakes," 
 Hezekiah Dawson on 
 
 Mothers in-law, 
 He didn't sell the farm, 
 The true story of Frank- 
 lin's kite, 
 1 would 1 were a boy 
 
 aofain, 
 A pathetic story, 
 
 All about a bee, 
 
 Scandal, 
 
 A dark side view, 
 
 Te pesser vay. 
 
 On learnin<i German, 
 
 Mary's shmall vite lamb 
 
 A liealthy discourse, 
 
 Tobias si to speak. 
 
 Old Mrs. Grimes, 
 
 ^ parody, 
 
 Mars and cat?, 
 
 Bill Underwood, pilot. 
 
 Old Gran ley, 
 
 The pill peddler's ora- 
 tion, 
 
 Widder Green's last 
 words, 
 
 Latest Chinese outrage, 
 The manifest destiuyol 
 
 the Irishman, 
 Pejigy McCann, 
 Sprays from Josb Bil 
 
 De circumstances ob de 
 sitiwation, 
 
 Dar's nuffiu new under 
 de sun, 
 
 A Neuro religious poem, 
 
 Tliat violin. 
 
 Picnic delights, 
 
 Our candidate's views, 
 
 Dundrear3-'s wisdom, 
 
 Plain languagij by truth- 
 ful Jane, 
 
 My neighbor's dogs, 
 Condensed Mythology, 
 
 PlCtUB, 
 
 The Nereides, 
 
 Legends of Attica, 
 The stove-])ipe tragedy 
 A doketor's dniblles. 
 The coming man. 
 The illigant atiair at 
 
 Muldooii's, 
 That little babj* round 
 
 the corner, 
 A genewine inference, 
 An< invitation to the 
 
 bird of liberty, i 
 
 The crow, 
 Out west. 
 
 DIME DIALOGUES No. 
 
 Poor cousins. Tkree ladies and two gentlemen. 
 Mountains and iiiole-liills. Six ladies and sev«eral 
 
 sjiectators. 
 A test that did'not faiL Six bovs. 
 Two ways of seeing things. Two little girls. 
 Don't count your chickens before they are 
 
 hatched. Four ladies and a boy. 
 All is fairin love and war. 3 ladies, 2 gentlemen. 
 How uncle Josh got rid *<{ the legacy. Two males, 
 
 with several trausfjrmationB. 
 
 ?^" The ai>ovw bo^ika wv* boU by Newsdealers everyv^here, or will be sent, post-paid, to any 
 address, on r<<coijpt o> price, 10 ounts each. 
 
 HEAJiJJB Jis ADAMS, PubUshere, 08 WilUam St„ X. T. 
 
 The lesson of mercy. Two very small girla. 
 Practice what you preach. Four ladies. 
 Politician. Numerous characters. 
 Tiie canvassing agent. Two males and two 
 
 femalfes. 
 Grub. Two males. . 
 
 A slight scare. Three females and ©ne male. 
 Embodied sunshine. Three young ladies. 
 How JuH Peters died. Two males. 
 
Popular Dime Hand-Booksi 
 
 BEADLE AND ADAMS, PUBLISHERS," NEW YORK. 
 
 Each volume 100 12mo. pages, sent post-paid on receipt of price— ten cents each, 
 
 STANDARD SCHOOL SERIES. 
 
 DIME DIALOGUES. 
 
 Dime Dialoojues Number One. 
 Dime Dialogues Number Two. 
 Dime Dialogues Number Three. 
 Dime Dialogues Number Four. 
 Dime Dialogues Number Five. 
 Dime Dialogues Number Six. 
 Dime Dialogues Number Seven, 
 Dime Dialogues Number Eight. 
 Dime Dialogues Number Nine. 
 Dime Dialogues Number Ten. 
 Dime Dialogues Number Eleven. 
 Dime Dialogues Number Twelve. 
 Dime Dialogues Number Thirteen. 
 Dime Dialogues Number Fourteen. 
 Dime Dialogues Number Fifteen. 
 Dime Dialogues Number Sixteen. 
 Dime Dialogues Number Seventeen. 
 Dime Dialogues Number Eighteer, 
 Dime Dialogues Number Nineteen. 
 Dime Dialogues Number Twenty. 
 Dime Dialogues Number Twenty-one. 
 
 11. 
 12. 
 13. 
 14. 
 15. 
 16. 
 17. 
 18. 
 19. 
 20. 
 
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 2. Dime National Speaker. 
 
 3. Dime Patriotic Spealier. 
 
 4. Dime Comic Spetxker. 
 
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 6. Dime Humorous Speaker. 
 
 7. Dime Standard Speaker. 
 
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 School Melodist. (Music and Words.) 
 
 YOUNG PEOPLE'S SERIES. 
 
 l-DIME GENTS' LET TER-WKITER— Embracing Forms, Models, Suggestions 
 and Rules for the use of all classes, on all occasions. 
 
 2— DIME BOOK OF ETIQUETTE— For Ladies and Gentlemen: being a Guide to 
 True Gentility and Good-Breeding, and a Directory to theUsages of society. 
 
 3— DIME BOOK OF VERSES— Comprising Verses for Valentines, Mottoes, Coup- 
 lets, St. Valentine Verses, Bridal and Marriage Verses, Verses of Love, etc. 
 
 4— DIME BOOK OF DREAMS— Their Romance and Mystery ; with a complete in- 
 terpretiniz: Dictionary. Compiled from the most accredited sources. 
 
 5— DIME FORTUNE-TELLER— Comprising the art of Fortune-Telling, how to 
 
 read Character, etc. 
 
 6 -DIME LADIES' LETTER-WRITER— Giving the various forms of Letters of 
 School Days, Love and Friendship, of Society, etc. 
 
 7— DIME LOVERS' CASKET— A Treati se and Guide to Friendship, Love, Court- 
 ship and Marriage. Embracing also a complete Floral Dictionary, etc. » 
 
 8— DIME BALL-ROOM COMPANION— And Guide to Dancing. Giving rules 
 of Etiquette, hints on Private Parties, toilettes for the Ball-room, etc. 
 
 9-BOOK OF 100 GAMES-Out-door and In-door SUMMER GAMES for Tourists 
 and Families in the Country, Picnics, etc., comprising 100 Games, Forfeits, etc. 
 
 10 -DIME CHESS INSTRUCTOR— a complete hand-book of instruction, giving 
 the entertaining mysteries of this most interesting and fascinating of games. 
 
 11— DIME BOOK OF CROQUET— A complete guide to the game, with the latest 
 rules, diagrams, Croquet Dictionary, Parlor Croquet, etc. 
 
 12— DIME BOOK OF BEAUTY— A delightful book, full of interesting informa- 
 tion. It deserves a place in the hands of every one who would be beautiful. 
 
 DIME ROBINSON CRUSOE— In large octavo, double columns, illustrated. 
 
 FAMILY SERIES. 
 
 1. DIME COOK BOOK. 4. DIME FAMILY PHYSIC/AN. 
 
 2. DIME RECIPE BOOK. 5. DIME DRESSMAKING AND MIL- 
 
 3. DIME HOUSEWIFE'S MANUAL. LINERY. 
 
 The above books are sold by Newsdealers everywhere, or will be sent, po*/.- 
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 Publishers, 98 William Street, New Yor^i. 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS ^ 
 
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 We are now manufacturing a complete line of 
 
 CLUB UNIFORMS, 
 
 In Flannel or Clotli, also 
 
 Knit Cotton and Worsted Goods. 
 
 Estjitiate^i lor Special Styles lur" 
 nislied on ax>p]icatioii. 
 
 ENGLISH LEATHER FOOT BALLS. 
 
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 $2,00. $3.00. $1.00. $5.00. $6.00. $7.00 each. 
 
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 $1.25. $1.50. $1.75. $2.00. $2.25, $2.50 each. 
 
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 Patent Palm Boxing Gloves. 
 
 This line of Gloves are the best Glove on the market. 
 
 Per Set. 
 
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 And all Sporting Goods, which we mail on application. Address all orders to 
 PECK & SNYDER, 124 & 126 Nassau St., N. Y.