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 DICTIONARY 
 
 LATIN SYNONYMES, 
 
 FOR THE USE OF 
 
 SCHOOLS AND PRIVATE STUDENTS, 
 
 WITH A COMPLETE INDEX. 
 
 By LEWIS RAMSHORN. 
 
 FROM THE GERMAN, 
 
 f 
 
 By FRANCIS LIEBER. 
 
 BOSTON: 
 LITTLE, BROWN AND COMPANY, 
 
 185G. 
 
j^6 
 
 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year one thousand eight 
 hundred and thirty-nine, by Francis Lieber, in the Clerk's Office of 
 the District Court for the District of Massachusetts. 
 
PREFACE OF THE TRANSLATOR. 
 
 The author of the present work published, a few 
 years ago, a book, the whole title of which I will 
 here give in translation, because it indicates some of 
 its important features. It is, " Latin Synonymies, 
 upon the Basis of Gardin-Dumesnil's Synonymes La- 
 tins, recast and augmented, by L. Ramshorn ; as a 
 new Edition of the Universal Latin Synonymes of 
 Ernesti." The names of Ernesti and Gardin-Dumes- 
 nil, the latter of whom published the first edition of his 
 Synonymes in 1777, are well known to all acquaint- 
 ed with the modern history of philology. Upon the 
 works of these two scholars, then, Dr. Ramshorn, a 
 distinguished philologer and practical teacher in Ger- 
 many, has built his own, adding from the rich treas- 
 ures of the science of languages, so abundant in 
 his country. Comparative philology and etymologic 
 knowledge, now zealously and successfully cultivated 
 in Germany, form a science which exhibits to us 
 order, organic connexion, depth of meaning, and pro- 
 gressive developement, where before disorder, dis- 
 jointedness, caprice, or a barbarous want of perception 
 seemed to exist, in so great and vast a sphere, embrac- 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 ing many tribes and generations, that the scholar who 
 enters deeper and deeper into this comprehensive 
 system, extending over Asia and Europe, ancient and 
 modern, feels as we may imagine one to feel, who 
 beholds the firmament for the first time after being 
 informed, that all its glittering hosts move in order, 
 and according to the wisest principles. Neither the 
 present cultivation of this branch of philologic knowl- 
 edge, nor that of any other, appertaining to the study 
 of antiquity, has been without its due influence in 
 the composition of the abovementioned work, which 
 makes it, in my opinion, a production of singular 
 merit. My friends agreed with me, that an abridg- 
 ment, adapted to our schools and colleges, would sup- 
 ply a want which has long been felt by those who 
 instruct in Latin. So soon, therefore, as I became ac- 
 quainted with the fact, that Dr. Ramshorn himself had 
 prepared a " school edition" of his work, I resolved 
 to translate it into English. I have done so, and feel 
 convinced, provided I have performed my task with 
 any degree of success, that few works can be offered 
 to all who study or promote the study of antiquity, 
 more welcome than this. Had I not felt convinced 
 of this fact, I should not have undertaken it ; for 
 translating is an irksome occupation, and I will 
 frankly own, that, occupied as my mind was, at the 
 same time, with labors far more congenial, I was 
 once well nigh giving up my purpose. I remembered, 
 however, what Cicero says of Brutus : " Quidquid 
 vult, valde vult;" and resolved, in my limited sphere, 
 not to remain behind the Roman. If, therefore, the 
 reader is of a peculiarly charitable disposition, the 
 
PREFACE. V 
 
 merit of patience is all I claim, or can possibly claim, 
 at his hands. 
 
 In a few instances, where it was impossible to 
 express the precise shade of meaning, conveyed by 
 the Latin term, by a corresponding English word, 
 or even by a paraphrase, I have given a German or 
 French word, if these languages furnished an exact 
 counter-term ; but, as I have in no case done so with- 
 out trying, to the best of my ability, to approach as 
 near as possible to the sense of the Latin by English 
 words, I hope I shall not be blamed by the critic. 
 My own additions, chiefly relating to the English 
 idiom, are so few, that, successful or not, they can- 
 not be considered as in any degree affecting the 
 merits of the work. Clearness, that is, the most ex- 
 act expression of the peculiar shade of meaning of 
 the Latin term, has been my chief aim : I have freely 
 made use, therefore, of English terms, not frequently 
 employed, of a colloquial character, or, in some cases, 
 of a bold formation, or of sentences which cannot be 
 considered as elegant, so that I obtained my main 
 object, that is, the nearest possible approximation to 
 the precise Latin meaning. 
 
 That part at the beginning of this work, which 
 treats of Latin Terminations, will be considered by 
 many as containing now and then views too bold or 
 fanciful. Still I did by no means feel authorized to 
 omit it, partly on account of its own merit, which 
 will be more available however for the teacher than 
 the pupil ; partly because the author refers to it in 
 the main body of the work. The Index, unfortu- 
 nately wanting in many dictionaries of modern syn- 
 onymes, will be found a very convenient addition. 
 
Vi PREFACE. 
 
 Synonyme is a term which denotes various rela- 
 tions between words. Some synonymes stand in the 
 relation of genus and species to each other, so that 
 the specific idea of the one is contained in the generic 
 idea of the other. Of these Aristotle speaks in his 
 Categories ; others are more accurate terms, furnished 
 by advancing intercourse, science or art, or any other 
 knowledge or skill, for expressions used less definitely 
 in common life ; others designate notions related only 
 to one another, or which have branched out from 
 different roots, yet arrive at nearly the same point, 
 carrying along with them, however, some modifica- 
 tion of the idea, adhering to them from the original 
 root ; others mean actually the same, yet differ in 
 form ; which form still imparts a difference to them, 
 in specific cases, under the hand of a skilful writer ; 
 for instance, a difference of elegance. Annual and 
 yearly mean exactly the same, I believe ; but a writer 
 of nice feeling will prefer the one or the other, ac- 
 cording to the circumstance, whether the general 
 character of his writing makes the more positive 
 Saxon, or the more technical Latin element in our 
 idiom preferable at the time. So do the words besieg- 
 ing and beleaguering mean exactly one and the same 
 thing. Similarly related words are met with in Latin ; 
 the one of old Latin stock, the other of later introduc- 
 tion from the Greek. Some synonymes become such 
 simply because exactly the same thing is designated 
 in one part of a country by one term, in another by 
 a different one. But there are few instances, indeed, 
 in which a word has been adopted by the general 
 language of the cultivated, and has not soon received, 
 
PREFACE. Vii 
 
 or rather formed for itself, a peculiar shade of mean- 
 ing of its own. Still it ought to be remembered, 
 that there are actually words which differ simply as to 
 form or sound, and by which the scholar is strangely 
 misled, if he starts with the axiom, that there are 
 no two words meaning exactly the same thing, in 
 the same language, — an error, it seems, which may 
 be perceived in far the greater number of works on 
 synonymes. That there are equivalent words may 
 be seen at once, if Ave remember, that some Latin 
 words end both in is and us, without a shadow of 
 difference in meaning. 
 
 The reader will find, that the author has in several 
 instances grouped together terms which denote ac- 
 tions or things different in themselves, yet belong- 
 ing to one another ; at other times, words which 
 etymologically differ but little, and yet designate 
 entirely different and frequently opposite things. I 
 believe the scholar will thank him for what, in a 
 work on synonymes of the author's vernacular tongue, 
 would appear as a transgression of the strict limits, 
 drawn by the term synonyme. 
 
 As to the quotations I have only to remark, that 
 in many cases in which the explanation given is 
 entirely sufficient to show the exact force of the 
 Latin, the quotation exhibits the same term in a 
 slightly different or figurative meaning, and, secondly, 
 that the name only of the author from whom the 
 quotations are taken* has been cited, for the sake of 
 brevity. The larger work mentioned at the begin- 
 ning of this preface, contains the entire citations, so 
 that the reader may rest assured, that the respective 
 quotation is to be found in the author cited. 
 
Viii PREFACE. 
 
 To my young readers, who will not fail to try 
 their juvenile wit upon the author's peculiar name, 
 I wish to remark, that there are no better means 
 of making ourselves perfectly acquainted with a for- 
 eign language, and acquiring a thorough knowledge 
 of our own, than a careful study of those clusters of 
 words by which a number of related ideas, a family 
 of notions, is successfully expressed, in a foreign 
 tongue, yet differently from the mode which our own 
 idiom pursues ; in the same manner as there is no 
 better way of discerning and thoroughly understand- 
 ing our own advantages or deficiencies, individual 
 or national, than by a candid comparison of ourselves 
 with others, be this by travelling into other regions 
 and nations of our own times, or into other ages 
 by studying history. 
 
 Columbia, S. C, December, 1838. 
 
LATIN TERMINATIONS. 
 
 § 1. A word receives a specific meaning by its termina- 
 tion or terminal form ; and becomes, through it, a part of 
 speech. This terminal form, the inflective part in nouns 
 and verbs, is added to the last sound of the root either im- 
 mediately, or mediately through a short connecting vowel ; 
 i, more rarely w, e. g. car-o, urh-s; len-xter, serv-itus, doc- 
 umentnm, also pi-etas ; or to the characteristic vowel of an- 
 other form ; manus, manu-brium ; salus, salu-ber. 
 
 § 2. The root of a word consists generally of a short 
 syllable, ending with a consonant ; of many Latin words, 
 however, it is lost, if it has not been preserved in other 
 ancient languages. That word in which it is preserved with 
 the least addition, and in its original meaning, is called the 
 primitivum or original word ; the other words derived from 
 these are called derivata, if they are words formed by a 
 change of form and not by entire composition. These de- 
 rivata may be denominativa, pronominalia, numeralia, ver- 
 balia, and adverbialia. The signification of the primitivum 
 is the base of that of all derivations, but it is greatly modi- 
 fied by the various forms. 
 
 § 3. The oldest nominal forms contain the personal pro- 
 nouns ; the others the declensions : 
 
 a. The third declension is the oldest on account of the 
 generality of its forms ; for, through them, it designates 
 only existence and its modifications, and contains most 
 original words ; the monosyllabic almost exclusively. 
 
 b. The first and second distinguish clearly subject and 
 quality, person and thing, and the genera. 
 
 c. The fourth declension designates permanent conditions, 
 as such, and in some, inanimate objects, e. g. acus, arcus, 
 cornu. 
 
 1 
 
2 Substantive Forms. I. 
 
 d. The fifth contains only denominations of essential prop- 
 erties, hence only feminine nouns. This is also the 
 reason why it had, at an early period, many words in 
 common with the third and first declensions, as quies, 
 quiei, quie ; pieties, plebei, and the long Ablative ter- 
 minations fame, mole, tabe ; farther, materies and mate- 
 ria, &c. 
 § 4. In the third declension there are, besides, the mono- 
 syllabic radical words without form, as lac, soZ, ren, lar % 
 cor, fur. 
 
 A. Substantive Forms. 
 
 1. 1. S, the general form designating existence, 
 
 a. attached to the last radical sound, or fused with it : sus, 
 urbs ; mas, laus, mors, pax, grex, nix. 
 
 b. with a vowel in nubes, quies ; navis, lapis; honos, 
 custos; lepus, pal us. 
 
 2. tas, Gen. tat is, designates quality ; tus, Gen. tut is, 
 property. Juventas is youth distinguishable by early years, 
 delicacy, and blooming beauty ; juventus, youth in its vigor 
 and strength, opp. senectus ; juventa, the whole age, period of 
 youth. Senectus, old age as condition of decreasing powers, 
 but also venerable on account of greater experience ; senecta, 
 old age as the last period of man's life ; senium, old age 
 with its complaints and burdens, oppressive age. Veritas, 
 truth as quality ; verum, as the True itself. 
 
 II. O, as active form, designates in, 
 
 1. o, Gen. inis, fern, a thing which effects that which is 
 designated by the original word : Adspergo, the liquid which 
 bespatters something, makes wet. 
 
 o, Gen. bnis, masc. a subject, distinguishing itself by that 
 which is expressed by the original word : Capito, naso, one 
 who has a large head, long nose ; opilio (ovis, ovilis), shep- 
 herd ; the numeral nouns: unio (the one-hood, if I weie to 
 make a word, not one-ness, which is unitas), a unit, ternio, 
 a Three; the diminutives: pusio (pusus), a puny little boy, 
 pumilio (pumilus), a little dwarf, senecio (senex), an elderly 
 man, homuncio (homo), a little man (manni-kin). 
 
 2. io, Gen. bnis, fern, intransitive activity, action with- 
 out transitive effect upon something else ; communio, com- 
 munion, as equal participation of several individuals in one 
 
Substantive Forms. II. 3 
 
 thing ; communitas, community, as quality of that which is 
 common among them. Obsidio, siege, active, on the side 
 of the besiegers ; obsessio, passive, on the side of the be- 
 sieged, the being besieged ; obsidium, the besieging of itself: 
 Dolabella primo sui incessu solvit obsidium. Tac. Colluvio 
 {luere, lavare, belongs to ftuere, pluere, the same root in our 
 lie), the conflux of all sorts of drains ; colluvies, these drains 
 themselves, drainage. 
 
 3. tio, sio, Gen. bnis, fern, a supinal form, activity with 
 regard to an object or a suffering, passive subject. Legio, 
 selection, lectio {legere, ledum), the reading, perusal, the act 
 of reading, inasmuch as it is performed with a book. Mo- 
 tio, motion, which stirs a body; motus, see § 3, c. motion, as 
 the state in which a body happens to be. Largitio, a liberal 
 present, or rather presenting, as action ; largitas, abundance 
 of gifts. Dignitas, dignity. Temperies, § 3, d. the just prop- 
 erty of a mixture with reference to the relation between its 
 ingredients ; the moderate condition of weather ; temperatio, 
 the proper mixture of several ingredients into one mass, the 
 observing of proper measure in a thing. Offensio {offen- 
 der e), the knocking against, e. g. pedis, and the offence, 
 which some one takes ; hence the cause which produces it, 
 insult, and angry feeling, attracted from another upon us by 
 our offending him ; offensa, the unpleasurable feeling, arising 
 out of what is offensive, the offence as active, the insult we 
 offer, we are guilty of. Visio, the seeing, the looking at, the 
 sight as action ; visus, the seeing as condition, that is, the not 
 being blind but being .seeing, sense of sight ; visum, that 
 which is seen, vision in dream. 
 
 4. do, Gen. dinis, fern, with preceding long vowel 
 (e, i, u), a condition, which represents that which is desig- 
 nated by the original word, as phenomenon, i. e. as something 
 appearing : Nigredo (niger), the condition which makes, 
 e« g. hair, look raven-black; formido {forma), the scare- 
 crow ; testudo, that which has the quality of a testu (an earth* 
 en, arched cover of a vessel). 
 
 5. tii do, Gen. dinis, fern, as supinal form, a property, 
 which represents that which is designated by the original 
 word as existing, condition or state : Dulcedo, sweetness, af- 
 fecting the organs of taste, e. g. mellis, vini ; dulcitudo, as 
 the property of the sweet itself : Gustatus dulcitudine prater 
 ceteros sensus commovetur. Cic. Asperitas, roughness, un- 
 evenness as quality ; aspredo, as property, which makes the 
 
4 Adjective Forms. III. 
 
 touching person feel it ; asperitudo, aspritudo, as condition 
 of that which is rough, e. g. calculi. Servitus, the situation 
 of a slave, slavery ; servitudo, the condition of this state, in- 
 asmuch as it is connected with disgrace, oppression, hard 
 labor ; servitium, slave-service, slave-labor, also, collectively, 
 slaves. 
 
 6. — go, Gen. ginis, fern, with preceding long vowel 
 (a, i, it), represents the idea expressed by the original word 
 as property in concreto : Vertigo (vertere), giddiness ; lanugo 
 (I ana), the first wool-like hair of the beard. Salsiigo, salsi* 
 lago, a salt substance ; salsedo, the salt taste of a substance 
 salsitudo, the permanent salt property of a thing. 
 
 III. OE as passive form : 
 
 1. or, Gen. oris, masc. designates a state, which is ef- 
 fected in the abstract: Clamor (clamor e), the screaming. 
 Albedo {alius), the white property of a thing striking the eye : 
 albugo, the white which adheres, generates somewhere, e. g. 
 in the eye ; albor, the white of the egg, used by later writers 
 for album or albumen ovi. Amaror, the bitter taste, which 
 is produced by something bitter ; amaritas, bitterness as 
 quality ; amaritudo, as natural property. Stupor, the as- 
 tounding, the state of mental stagnation, also as transitory : 
 stupiditas (stupidas), want of feeling, of sensitiveness as re- 
 maining quality. 
 
 2. tor, sor, Gen. oris, mas. — trix, Gen. tricis, fern. 
 supinal form, the effected state, in concreto, i. e. a person, 
 by whom that which is indicated by the original word, has 
 been performed or is still performing : Victor (vincere, vie- 
 turn), the victor, victrix, the female victor; funditor (funda), 
 the slinger; olitor (olus), the kitchen gardener. Aleo (alea), 
 the dice-player, as gamester; aleator, one who makes a pro- 
 fession of playing dice. 
 
 B. Adjective Forms. 
 
 § 5. An adjective denominates a quality as a mark pecu- 
 liar to such objects as are distinguishable by the same from 
 others. If the adjective is only applicable to quite a specific 
 class of objects, or sufficient to designate the peculiar notion 
 which expresses the object, without other aid, it may stand 
 in the place of a substantive, and of this kind are all substan- 
 tives of the first and second declension. The adjectives have 
 either the adjective form proper, which indicate marks of 
 
Adjective Forms, IV. 5 
 
 distinction taken from qualities, or participial forms, which 
 indicate marks taken from conditions, modes of being. 
 Those of the third declension have existence for their funda- 
 mental notion. 
 
 IV. S. 
 
 1. s, designating simply the existence as quality, termin- 
 ates the adjective of the third declension, either directly 
 added to the original word, e. g. princeps, reses (seder e) 
 prcepes (peter e), forward, in advance in the flight, or with 
 is, as in lends. In the others r changes with s, as in veter, 
 more commonly vetus ; or the termination is abbreviated, 
 as in vigil, prcesul (prcz-esse, for prce-sulis, X, 1.), he who is 
 in advance, at the head, the superintendent, or director, and 
 thus consul, exsul ; oscen, tiblcen (canere). The denomina- 
 tiva are likewise subject to this rule, e. g. illunis (luna), 
 extorris (terra), rebellis (helium), exsomnis (somnus), and in 
 bicolor, affinis, exspes, seminex, pernox, in which the adjec- 
 tive signification is effected by mere composition. 
 
 2. us, a, um, signifying properties, inasmuch as they are 
 peculiar to objects, is the fundamental form of adjectives of 
 the first and second declension ; thus verus, vivus (vivere), 
 veridicus (dicere), naufragus (frangere), honorus (honos), 
 honorable ; superus (super), being above, in an upper situ- 
 ation ; nuperus (nuper) late, new ; furthermore, commodus, 
 consonus, and, with changing form, inermis and inermus. 
 
 With substantives designates 
 
 a. us, objects of the male sex, according to their nature, 
 and with prominent masculine qualities, e. g. gallus, nervus, 
 ventus ; abbreviated is vir. 
 
 b. a, objects of the female sex and distinguished by fem- 
 inine qualities ; hence also abstracta : Vacca, lana, pluma ; 
 via, cura. 
 
 c. um, objects taken as things, and designations taken in 
 general : Ovum, aurum, pomum, vadum (vadere), a ford. 
 Sibilus sc. sonus, is the hissing sound ; sibilum, the hissing. 
 
 *] With some specific denominations the gender of the 
 notion of the genus is imagined, e. g. names of trees 
 and plants, as alnus, cerdsus, fern. scil. arbor ; hyssbpus, 
 papyrus, sc. herba; or the action, as with the verbalia 
 of the third conjugation : scriba (scribere), masc. the 
 scribe, indigena (indu — gignere), masc. and fern, the 
 native ; and also from other reasons. 
 1* 
 
6 Adjective Forms. IV. 
 
 3. ens, ius, uus, a, um: * 
 
 eus, a, um, consisting of a substance, being similar to it: 
 Aureus, golden, like gold; niveus (nix), of snow, snow-white. 
 — eus, with long penultima, terminates adjectives formed of 
 nouns proper: Verrea, Marcellea sc. sacra, feasts conse- 
 crated to Verres, &c. 
 
 ius, a, um, originating from something taken as subject: 
 Regius, royal, originating from the king, peculiar to him, fit, 
 proper for him ; patrius, pluvius (pluere), anxius (angere). 
 
 uus, a, um, mostly with verbalia, signifies temporary 
 continuance of a condition of indefinite genus : Circumfluus 
 (Jiuere), that which flows around, and that which is surround- 
 ed by the flowing substance, e. g. amnis, insula ; cceduus 
 (ccedere), that which from time to time is cut down, e. g. 
 silva; occiduus (occidere), that which approaches closer and 
 closer to its end, downfall : Homo labitur occiduce per iter 
 declive senectce. Ovid, occidens, going down, being in the 
 act of going down: Redibamus sole jam fere occiduo, when 
 the sun was setting ; sole occidente, at sunset ; occidentalis . 
 situated toward sunset, west. 
 
 Substmitiva : a. Calceus (calx), laqueus (lacere in alii- 
 cere) ; modius (modus), the bushel as measure of grain, 
 genius (gignere) ; patruus, carduus (car ere, carding), 
 card, thistle. 
 
 b. Caprea (caper, capra), the chamois, the deer ; cavus, 
 hollow and a mouse-hole ; cavam, a cave ; cavea, 186, 
 the hive, cage ; reliqua, 883, the rest of debts, reliquiae, 
 remains, relics. An adjective proper is laurea (laurus), 
 sc. arbor, frons, corona, the laurel tree, twig, wreath. 
 Furia (fur ere), the fury as passion, furor, as effect of 
 this passion; ferocia (ferox), courageousness, also spite, 
 temerity of itself, ferocitas, as quality. Noctua (nox), 
 the night owl; stdtua (sistere, statum), the statue (stand- 
 
 ^ ing image). 
 
 c. Biennium, triennium (annus), a period of two, three 
 years. Llnum, the flax ; linea, a line, both as cord and 
 from it line in math.; linteus, linen, adj.; linteum, linen 
 cloth, a linen cloth ; incendium (incendere), conflagra- 
 tion ; incensio, the lighting, igniting; remigium (remex 
 from remus), the oar apparatus, the oars and their move- 
 ment ; also collectively for the oarsmen ; remigatio, the 
 paddling with oars, as action. Pascuum (pascere), pas- 
 ture, place where cattle may obtain food ; pastio, inas- 
 
Adjective Forms. V. 1 
 
 much as the place gives the food ; pastus, where the cat- 
 tle are fed. 
 4. v us, v a, vum, is the termination us after an r : Curvus, 
 bent; torvus, protervus (pro-terere), trampling down before 
 one, that is, contemning everything, bold, impudent. 
 
 iv us, belonging to a distinct kind of enduring condition or 
 state : JEstivus, (csstas), that which continues in summer, 
 e. g. mensis, axis, castra, a summer-month, summer-bird, 
 summer-camp. Cadivus (cadere), e. g. poma cadiva sepa- 
 rare; deciduus, that which from time to time falls of itself: 
 elephanti denies decidui. Plin. Nocivus ( no cere), that which 
 has the quality of injuring, of the kind of those things which 
 cause injury : MiUepeda pecori nociva. Plin. nocuus, inju- 
 rious, active, that which always causes injury, always tends 
 to do it ; more common noxius, passive, by which we may be 
 injured : Spina nocuus non Gobius (jnscis) ulla. Ovid. 
 Magistrates noxium civem coerceto. Cic. More frequent in 
 the supinal form : Captivus, being in the condition of captiv- 
 ity, but captus, he who has been caught, taken prisoner ; sa- 
 thus (serere), in the condition of being sown, planted : planta 
 sativa, a plant for planting, tempora sativa, sowing seasons ; 
 stativus, standing, of permanent standing : castra siativa ; 
 statarius, acting while standing : miles statarius, who fights 
 firmly standing. 
 
 Substantiva : a. Acervus. — b. Oliva and olea, sc. arbor, 
 the olive tree ; sc. bacca, the olive (fruit). — c. Olivum, 
 oleum, oil ; arvum (arare), the field for husbandry ; 
 lixivium (lix), the lie (used for making soap). 
 
 V. X,— CUS, CA, CUM, belonging to that which is des- 
 ignated by the original word according to its kind ; the 
 German ig, iscli ; the English ish, y ; the Greek r/.6g. 
 
 1. x, Gen. icis, is only verbal form, sometimes with ac- 
 tive, sometimes with passive meaning : Foznisex (fcenum — 
 secare), the hay-cutter, mower ; resex, that which has been 
 cut or is cutting ; simplex, duplex (semel, duo — plicare), one- 
 fold, two-fold/ ; precox, cdcis (coquere), 670, (too early 
 done, ripe) : trux, ucis, 122. 
 
 cus, ca, cum: Civicus, civic (burgherisJi) ; corona, civic 
 crown ; jura civica, citizens' rights, rights which refer to 
 single citizens ; civ ilia, the rights, laws which are in force 
 in a certain state. Gallus, is the native Gaul ; Gallia, his 
 native country; Gallicus, Gallic (Gaulish), originated from 
 
8 Adjective Forms. V. 
 
 Gaul, appertaining to it : Legiones Gallica, consisting of 
 Gallic men ; Gallicance, stationed in Gaul, or, if they con- 
 sisted of Gauls, as contradistinguished to legiones Romance. 
 Lubricus (labi), slippery ; petulcus (petulare from petere), 
 that which is apt to knock, or push ; hiulcus (hiulare from 
 Mare), that which gapes, stands asunder. As supinal 
 form: Volaticus (volare), fleeting (as if it had wings) ; vil- 
 licus, the manager of a villa ; villaticus, of the kind of those 
 things which belong to a villa, e. g, canis. Attached to 
 other forms : Famelicus (famelis from fames), of the kind 
 of those who suffer hunger. Grcecus, Greek ; Grcecanicus, 
 Greek-like, e. g. nomen, a Latinized name derived originally 
 from the Greek. 
 
 Substantiva : a. Focus (fovere), the hearth ; remulcus 
 (remulis from remits), the pull of the vessel by oars ; 
 bubulcus (for bubulicus, from bubulus [bos], cattle-like, 
 or rather cattlish), the herdsman, slave for the oxen ; 
 subulcus (subulus, inus. from sus), swineherd. 
 
 b. Fabrica, 420, sc. ars, the art of a faber, sc. ratio, the 
 manner of working, treating a thing, e. g. ceris et Jerri ; 
 
 fabricatio, the artificial, art-like work; manica (manus), 
 sc. vestis, a sleeve covering the hand ; rubrica (ruber), 
 sc. terra, linea, red earth, red stone (for drawing, mark- 
 ing), red cord (i. e. cord or line used to mark red). 
 
 c. Canticum, 170 ; labrusca, the wild vine, labruscum, its 
 blossom and its grape. 
 
 2. — x, Gen. — cis, with long penultima, having an un- 
 common inclination to something, and manifesting it : Rapax, 
 Gen. dels (rapere), robber-like (robberish) ; bibax, who, with 
 strong inclination to drink, drinks frequently ; bibosus, who, 
 having the capacity of drinking much, does drink much, a 
 drunkard ; emax, one who likes to buy, emtor, the buyer. 
 Felix, Gen. wis (feo), fecund, successful, hence lucky, hap- 
 py ; ferox, Gen. bcis (ferre), 17. — To these belongs as sub- 
 stantive, radix (radere, rooting out), the root. 
 
 — cus, ca, cum, increases the meaning of V, 1. Meracus 
 (merus), entirely unmixed ; opacus (ob), shadowy, 165 ; aprl- 
 cus (aperire), open to the rays of the sun, sunny; posticus 
 (post), behind, e.g. ostium; anticus (ante), before; with 
 changed palatal, antlquus, ancient, old, 832 ; and, with in- 
 serted nasal sound, propinquus (prope), 48; cadiicus (cade- 
 re), frail, decay able, 455. 
 
 Substantiva : a. Umbilicus (umbilis, from umbo, ambi, 
 
Adjective Forms. VI. 9 
 
 the German umb, about, around), navel because centre, 
 and centre because round which the rest turns, or is 
 thought to do so. [Navel in German is Nabel, and 
 the nave of a wheel Nabe, both the English and Ger- 
 man referring to the same association.] Lumbricus 
 (lumbaris from lumbus, thigh), the entrails, hence the 
 grub, because formed like a piece of entrails. 
 b. Cloaca (lucre), the sewer, and from — #, audacia, fe- 
 rocia; lectica (lectus), a sedan-chair; lorica (lorum) 
 sc. vestis, 649 ; festuca, a blade ; jistuca, a ram, ram 
 mer (for ramming a pile). [Both these words are con- 
 nected with the Teutonic fast, fest (firm), the one, ti 
 which something is fastened, the other which makes 
 fast.] 
 3. iceus, icius (not itius), of the kind, are attached to other 
 forms, which designate a substance or kind : Craticius (cra- 
 tes), consisting of basket-work; later icius (later), of tiles, 
 bricks ; pastorius, peculiar to herdsmen : pellis ; pastoricius, 
 belonging, according to its kind, to such things : Sodalitas 
 pastoricia Lupercorum ; pastoralis, so constituted as is 
 usual with herdsmen : pastoralis habitus. As supinal form : 
 Adventicius (advenire), of the kind of things which come 
 from foreign countries or by accident to one, e. g. nomen, 
 a Greek one, opp. vernaculum, a native one ; copice con- 
 ducts, troops taken into pay ; conducticicc, belonging to such 
 paid troops, standing in pay ; deditus, devoted ; dediticius, of 
 the kind of those who have voluntarily surrendered them- 
 selves ; insitivus, in the condition of the engrafted : pirum ; 
 insiticius, of the kind of engrafted things, in contradistinction 
 to those which grow naturally from the trunk. 
 
 aceus, acius, icius, uceus, consisting of a specific 
 substance, only with later writers, e. g. terra argillacea, are- 
 nacea, Plin. clay, sandy earth ; herbeus and herbaceus, grass- 
 green ; roseus, rose-colored ; rosaceus, consisting of roses, 
 e. g. corona ; gallinaceus (not gallineus), of hens, barn-yard 
 fowls ; furnaceus (furnus), e. g. panis, baked in an oven ; no 
 vicius (novus), a novice (freshman) ; pannuceus (pannus), 
 ragged. 
 
 VI. BS, PIS— BUS, BA, BUM, designates capacity, 
 capability : Calebs, Gen. libis, 559 ; volupis (velle), 
 delightful. — Acerbus (acer), astringent, acerb; super- 
 bus (super), who feels above others, proud. — Substan- 
 tive : Morbus (mori), sickness. 
 
10 Adjective Forms. VII. — VIII. 
 
 VII. DIS—DUS, DA, DUM, designates a being there in 
 a high degree, or in quantity : 
 
 dis: Rudis, 524; viridis (virere), green; grandis (gra- 
 num from gro, growing, waxing), that in which appears a 
 particular growth, large : grandia hordea. 
 
 dus, da, dum: Herbidus (lierba), covered with grass; her- 
 bosus, rich in grass; crudus (cruor), rude, crude, uncooked; 
 puter, putris (putere), decayed, brittle, e. g. gleba; putridus, 
 full of putrefaction, decay, very brittle : denies putridi ; jlo~ 
 reus (flos), consisting of flowers, jioridus, flowery, rich in 
 flowers. 
 
 *] Substantiva : Capis, idis (caper e), a small mug with a 
 handle, to grasp it; cuspis. — For da, (ferre), 150 
 
 VIII. R, (Neut. US) Gen. — ris, RIS—R and ^- RUS, 
 RA, RUM, provided with that which is expressed by the 
 original word in a peculiar degree, provided : 
 
 1. er, or, nr : Celer, Iris (cellere), 195; deer, acris, 
 acre (dcus), 17 ; memor, oris (memini), cicur, uris (belongs 
 to cicatrix from cicare, causing to overgrow), properly in- 
 grown, tame ; also vetus, Iris, old veter, 832. 
 
 er, ur and erus, a, urn: Miser, miserable; satur (satis), 
 satisfied ; inferus, superus ; also hilaris, older hildrus, 486. 
 — ter, terus, are used for determining persons, places : Ali- 
 us, another ; alter, the other, i. e. the one of two ; so uler, 
 neuter, which, none of the two ; interns, exterus, the inner, 
 the outer one. 
 
 Substantiva : a. Jubar, dris, n. 654 ; vomer, eris, m. 
 (vomere), ploughshare; cadaver, n. (cadivus, IV, 4), the 
 fallen, dead body, corpse ; cequor, oris, n. (cequus), the 
 plain, even surface ; vultur, uris, m. the vulture ; Jul- 
 gur, uris, n. (fulgere), 478 ; robur, oris (robus, ruber), 
 the stone oak, the strength. 
 
 b. us, Gen. eris and oris, as neutral terminations : Genus, 
 eris (gignere), the sex, the kind; later, eris, m. brick; 
 latus, eris, n. the side ; decus, oris (decere), different 
 from decor, oris, III, 1. 316. 
 
 c. of the first and second declension : Numerus (numus 
 from emere), the number. — Patera (patere), 285 ; lite- 
 ra (linere, litum), 394; opus, eris, the work as product ; 
 opera, the labor, trouble, to produce a work. — Jugerum 
 (jugum), jlagrum (ad — fiigere), a lash, whip. Also 
 tugurium (tegere), a hut. 
 
Adjective Forms. VIII. 11 
 
 2. or, Neut. ws, Gen. oris, as termination of the compar- 
 ative, signifies the higher degree of a quality in comparison 
 with a lower one : Po stents (post), coming after; posterior, 
 the following, the latter one of two. 
 
 — r us, r a, rum, — rus with increased strength of mean- 
 ing : Grndrus (noscere), knowing, expert; sincerus (belongs 
 to semel, singuli), 545; severus (sev, height), 137; sondrus 
 (sonus, sonor), full of or rich in sound ; maturus, 670. 
 Hence the supinal forms : lecturus, amaturus, indicating ex- 
 pectation in the present time of a future completion of a con- 
 dition or state. 
 
 *] Substantiva : Stater a (sister e, stdtwn), the balance. 
 The supinal form ura, indicates the realization, actually 
 brought about, of that which is indicated by the original 
 word : Status is standing, as condition, or state ; sta- 
 tura, the height of a man when he stands, his growth, 
 stature ; captus, the grasping ; captura, the procedure in 
 doing so : inter esse captura piscium, and the capture, 
 that which has been taken. Cultus, the fostering, the 
 veneration, as condition, 297 ; cultio, as action ; cultura, 
 the procedure in it : cultura agri, agriculture ; fultura 
 (fulcire, fultum), that which is placed under a thing as 
 contrivance, fulcrum, the support as prop ; usus (uti), 
 the use, advantage derived from use ; usura, the using, 
 the enjoying a thing : Natura dedit usuram vita, tarn- 
 quam pecunice. Cic. 
 
 3. aris, — arius, brius, a, um, according to its qual- 
 ities of the kind of that which the original word indicates. 
 
 a. aris. Familiaris, according to its qualities of the kind 
 of things which belong to the familia ; e. g. fundus, family 
 lands ; res, property belonging to the family jointly, the do- 
 mestic economy ; molaris (mola, molere), that which has the 
 quality of grinding, crushing : dens, lapis. 
 
 Substantiva. Pugillaris (pugnus, pugillus), sc. libelli, 
 
 the tablet for the hand, fist. 
 
 Altare (alius), 91 ; torcular (tor quire), wine-press. 
 
 b. arius, brius, a, um, according to external marks of 
 distinction belonging to that which is named by the original 
 word. Asinus molarius, the mill ass, which turns the lapis 
 molaris ; auxiliaris (auxilium from auger e), of the kind of 
 those who render assistance : cohortes auxiliares ; auxilia- 
 rius, one of the auxiliary troops, and only inasmuch as he 
 belongs to them ; talaris (talus), tunica, reaching to the an- 
 
12 Adjective Forms, IX. 
 
 kles ; ludus talarius, the game at dice ; gregarius (grex), 
 according to its kind belonging to the herd : pastor ; grega- 
 lis, according to its properties, e. g. habitus, the dress of a 
 common soldier (gregarius) ; miles gregalis, a comrade ; 
 binarius, ternorius, containing by two, three, &c. — orius is 
 supinal form : Adventitia cozna, a meal for the arrival of 
 some one ; adventoria, tropical, a book which is to entertain 
 the arriving person ; piscorius (piscis), belonging according 
 to its kind to fishes; piscatorius (piscator), to the fishermen: 
 Forum piscatorium ; navis piscatoria. 
 
 Substantiva: a. Lapidarius (lapis), the stone-cutter; 
 longurius (longus), 1005. 
 (2. Unguentaria (unguentum), the female vender of oint- 
 ments, and sc. ars, the art of making ointments ; luxu- 
 ria (luxus), 656. 
 y. Mrarium (^s),43; promontorium (mons), a promon- 
 tory; portorium (portus), 907; territorium (terra), all 
 the lands belonging to a city, the territory of a city, 
 e. g. colonics. 
 
 IX. BER, BRIS, — BER, BRA, BRUM, and CER, 
 CRIS,— CER, CRA, CRUM ( TRUM), proper, fit for 
 the realization of a state of things, condition, capable of 
 effecting something or of something being effected in or 
 on it. 
 
 1. her, bris: Puber and pubes, Gen. beris (puer, in 
 Germ. Bube, Engl, boy), having arrived at puberty; celeber, 
 Gen. bris, 194; funebris, 480; sdluber (solvere, salvus) y 
 healthy, favorable to health: locus, victus ; salutoris (solus) ^ 
 salutary : Consilia salubria, rational ; salutaria, bringing 
 salvation, delivery.' 
 
 ber, bra: Glaber, smooth, glib; creber (creo, crescere), 
 
 194. 
 
 Substantiva : a. Mulciber, Gen. bris and bri (mulcere, 
 
 mollire), Vulcan, the softener of iron ; faber (facere), 
 
 111. 
 
 b. Terebra (terere), the gimlet, of supine : doldbra (do- 
 lor e), 912. 
 
 c. Candelabrum (candela), a candlestick; ludibrium, (lit- 
 dus), the sport; of the supine : Cribrum (cernere, cretum), 
 sieve, as instrument for sifting; ventilobrum (ventilare), 
 the sieve for grain; pollubrum (])ro, pol — lucre), the 
 wash-basin. 
 
Adjective Forms. X. 13 
 
 2. cer, oris: Volucer, cris (volare), 133 ; aldcer (ad — 
 levis), 195 ; medio cris (medius), 672. 
 
 cer, era: Ludicer or ludicrus (Indus), 584. 
 Substantiva of the supinum : a. Lucrum (luere), the pay- 
 able, gain ; feretrum (ferre), the bier ; tonitrum, toni- 
 truum (tonare), thunder. 
 
 b. with long penultima : Ambulacrum, a place, made to 
 walk about; ambulatio, where one walks for pleasure; 
 involucrum (involvere), the cover, to put something into; 
 ardtrum (arare), plough. 
 
 X. ILIS, — ILL'S, OLUS, ULUS, ELLUS, ILLUS, A, 
 
 UM, signify the existence of a similarity with that which 
 is named by the original word : 
 
 1. i lis, similarly constituted: Similis (simul belongs to 
 simplex) ; humilis (humus), similar to the ground, assimilat- 
 ing to it, low ; in verbalia, the same in a passive meaning : 
 facilis, feasible (doable), easy ; fragilis (frangere), brittle, 
 friable ; utilis, useful, and utensilis, necessary for use. Ab- 
 breviated, vigil (vigere), watchful; pugil (pugnare), a pu- 
 gilist. — Of the supine, similar, according to property or 
 condition, to a state of things already effected : Coctilis (co- 
 quere), fossllis (fodere), like baked things, things that are 
 dug : Later cuius coctilis, a burned brick ; sal fossilis, min- 
 eral salt, rock salt ; sectilis (secare) lamina, a veneer ; la- 
 pis, which may be cut ; porrum seciile, leeky, according to 
 its property, inasmuch as repeatedly fit to be cut; sectivum, 
 according to its condition, inasmuch as it is continually cut. 
 Formed after the first conjugation, versatilis, that which may 
 be easily turned, and, analogous to this, aquatilis, that which 
 is capable of living in the water. 
 
 lus, la, lum, attached to the "radical syllable, cuius, a 
 um, attached to the form, signifies likewise similar ; words end 
 ing in er form ellus : Nubilus {nubes), cloudy; frivolus (fri 
 are), brittle, hence without value, trifling; pendulus (pendere) 
 pendingly : Palearia pendula, uva pensilis, the grape siis^ 
 pended for keeping it; bubulus (bos), of cattle; suillus (sus) 
 of hogs, e. g. caro bubula, suilla; — verndculus (verna), m 
 landish; amiiculus (annus), of one year; masculus (mas) 
 male, masculine. — If the original word is of the same kind 
 with the derivatum, it receives by this form diminutive mean 
 ing: RutUus (rufus), reddish (somewhat red); aureblus 
 (aureus), golden looking, like gold, and smi 1 gold; longulus 
 2 
 
14 Adjective Forms. X. 
 
 (longus), a little long, lengthy; vetulus (vetus), oldish, rather 
 old; — panpercidus (pauper), poor (poorish); dulciculus (dul- 
 cis), sweetish; feroculus (ferox), a little courageous; melius- 
 cuius, a little better. By reduplication of this form, the 
 diminutive signification is increased: Tenellus (tener, as 
 miser, misellus), tender; tenellulus, extremely tender; tantu- 
 lus (tantus), so very small; tantillus, so punily small Hcz- 
 cine sunt mece filice ? quanta e quantillis sunt facta ! Piaut. 
 pauculus (paucus), very little; pauxillus, pauxillulus. — Of 
 the supine : Contortulus (contorquere), a little twisted to- 
 gether, confused; barbatulus (barba), with a little beard; 
 auritulus (auris), with long little ears. After this are 
 formed : 
 
 The substantiva : A. Denominativa, of which some take 
 leus, others ending in o unculus, all diminutives with the 
 character of smallness, trifling, fondling, insinuating : 
 
 a. Tubulus (tubus), a small tube ; ocellus (o cuius), pueru- 
 lus, puellus (puer), lapillus (lapis); — Jlosculus (flos), 
 pisciculus ( piscis) , buculus (bos),versiculus (versus); — 
 acaleus (acus), nucleus (nux), equulus, equuleus (equus) ; 
 — dracunculus (draco), latrunculus (latro), and after 
 this, furunculus (fur), ranunculus (rana). 
 
 b. Cistula, cistella, cistellula (cista), a little box; pupula, 
 pupilla (pupus), the pupil in the eye, properly the little 
 image, the little puppet appearing in it ; fasciola, glori- 
 ola (fascia, gloria) ; patella, catella (patina, catena) ; 
 apicula, plebecula, labecula (apis, plebes, labes), diecula, 
 recula (dies, res); caruncula, ratiuncula (caro, ratio). 
 
 c. Oppidulum (oppidum), negotiolum (negotium) ; sigillum, 
 villum (signum, vinum) ; scalpellum (scalper), lucellum 
 (lucrum), corculum (cor), conventiculum (conve?itus), 
 corniculum (cornu). 
 
 B. Verbalia, designating something fit for what is desig- 
 nated by the original word : 
 
 a. Capulus (caper e), fit or made to be grasped, the coffin, 
 the handle, 175; cingulus and — um (cingere), a girt, 
 girdle. 
 
 b. Specula (ad - spicere) , an observatory; tabula, a board, 
 table (a Teutonic word, tafen, cut into boards) ; of the 
 supine: Regula (regere), the rule, level (instrument of 
 mechanics, to ascertain the horizontal line, plumb-line) ; 
 tendicula (tender e), a snare extended to catch, and of 
 the supine: Subucula (subuere, utum, as exuere), an 
 under-garment. 
 
Adjective Forms, X. 15 
 
 c. of His: Concilium (of concilis), 233; of the supine : 
 Auxilium (auger e, auctum), 139, and after this domicil- 
 ium (domicilis, fit for a home), 372. — Of lus: Specu- 
 lum, the mirror; specillum, probe; jaculum (jacere), 
 javelin; of the supine: Ferculum (ferre, fertum), the 
 bier; vchiculum (vehere, vectum), 1006; cubiculum (cu- 
 bare, cubitum), 248; poculum (pbtum), 285 ; habitacu- 
 lum, the dwelling as place arranged for dwelling ; habi- 
 tation in as far as one actually lives in it, 372, and after 
 this, senaculum (senatus), a room or hall for councils; 
 hibernaculum, a room for the winter, winter-quarter, 
 winter tent; hiberna' sc. loca, castra, winter-quarters, 
 camp. 
 2. bilis, — bulus, a, urn, signifies passive capability, 
 see VI., IX. 
 
 bilis, changing between subjective and objective meaning : 
 Patibilis (pati), capable of receiving impressions from with- 
 out: Animal patibilem naturam habet. Cic. ; fiebilis (flere), 
 at which we must weep, capable of making us weep : cepe, 
 species, and easily made to cry, or of a crying character : 
 flebiles voces; insatiabilis, insatiable : avaritia, and at which 
 we cannot look enough : pulcritudo ; credibilis (credere), 
 credible, that which may be easily believed ; credulus, cred- 
 ulous, he who believes where doubts and examination are 
 requisite ; horribilis, capable of exciting horror, shocking : 
 spectaculum; horridus, rugged, shocking: barba, pr odium; 
 Jwrrendus, that at which one must, ought to feel horror ; in- 
 numerabilis, uncountable, countless ; innumerus, numberless, 
 for which there is no number. Of the supine : Nobilis (nos- 
 cere, notum), easy to be known, remarkable, famous; fiexilis, 
 that which easily bends : Curvavit flexile cornu ; coma flexi- 
 lis, braided ; flexibilis, that which easily can be made a bent 
 thing : Excogitatum est vitri temper amentum, ut flexibile cs~ 
 set. Plin. With several words, of which this form is not 
 used, the participium prateriti is used instead, e. g. invictum 
 Romanorum imperium. Liv. ; infectus, not feasible ; immen- 
 sum mare, immeasurable. 
 
 Substantiva, only in bulus, a, um, indicating that which 
 is destined and used for that which is designated by the 
 original word : a. JDiscipulus (discere), destined to learn, 
 apprentice. — b. Fabula (fari), a tale for oral delivery, 
 421 ; trlbula and tribulum (terere, tritum), a threshing 
 wagon. — c. Latibulum (latere), the corner used for 
 
16 Adjective Forms. XI. 
 
 hiding ; latebra, the corner, where one may lie con- 
 cealed ; exemplum (for exempulum, from eximere), 405 ; 
 pabulum (pasci, pastum), fodder which the cattle receive 
 from the pasture (pascuum) ; conciliabulum (conciliare) , 
 a meeting-place, 468. 
 3. — lis, with long penultima, constituted conformably to 
 that which is designated by the original word : Qualis — talis 
 (quam — tarn), how, thus constituted; regalis or natus, regal 
 ornament, according to property, magnificence ; animus, a 
 mind and disposition fit for a king ; regius, which the king 
 possesses ; quinquennis, five-yearly, five years old ; quinquen- 
 nalis, arranged for five years, that which happens every five 
 years; causa judicialis, a cause belonging before a court ; lex 
 judiciaria, relating to judges or courts ; sacrijicium lustrale 
 {lustrum), a sacrifice for purification; dies lustricus, the day 
 of consecration ; crudelis, of rude character ; crudus, VII, 
 crude, rude; hostllis (hostis), hostile, hostilely disposed: 
 ager, where hostilities are to be expected ; hosticus, belong- 
 ing to the enenrv ; curulis (currus), according to property 
 for wagons: equus, sella; edulis (edere), edible, 199. 
 
 Substantiva : a. Animal (for animale, from anima), an 
 animate being, according to natural property ; animans, 
 according to condition, inasmuch as it performs the func- 
 tions of life ; mulctra, mulctrum (mulgere), the larger 
 milking vessel ; mulctrale, the miiking-pail, into which 
 the farmer milks; mantele (mantis) , 664 ; ovile (ovis), 
 189 ; sedlle (sedere), 904. 
 b. Of the first and second declension: a. el a: Candela 
 (candere), taper, inasmuch as it gives a white, i. e. light, 
 resplendent ray ; loquela (loqui), the mode of speaking, 
 inasmuch as words, tone, and expression have a peculiar 
 character : Nutricis blanda et infracta loquela. Lucret. ; . 
 locutio, the speaking, when the words are pronounced ; 
 medela (mederi), the healing, the mode of healing, cure. 
 Of the supine : Corruptela (corrumpere, — ruptum), the 
 procedure of the seducer, seduction as mode ; corruption 
 seduction as action. — /5. elia: Contumelia {tumere)^ 
 557. — y. —Hum: Peculium (pecus), 506. 
 
 XI. EN, Gen. inis, NUS, Gen. neris, noris, — NUS, 
 NEUS, A, UM; MIS, — MUS, A, UM. 
 
 1. en, Gen. inis, Neut. nus, terminates substantive de- 
 nominations of genera or kinds only, which have that mark 
 
Adjective Forms. XL 17 
 
 which is designated by the original word : Pecten (pectere), 
 the comb; unguen (unguere), the salve; limen (limus), the 
 threshold; gluten (glus), glue; fenus (feo), 437; pignus 
 (pangere), 107 ; f acinus ( facer e), the deed, 1044. 
 
 n u s, neus, a, urn, according to its inner property of the 
 kind of that which is designated by the original word ; it ter- 
 minates adjective generic nouns of woods, colors, precious 
 stones, localities, certain periods, and some names of rela- 
 tions: Colurnus (colurus), hazle; cerasinus (cerasus), cherry - 
 red; crystallinus (crystallus), of crystal (the mineral); ole- 
 um laureum, cedrium, lucus fageus, distinguish the substance ; 
 oleum laurinum, trabs cedrlna, scyphus faginus, the kind, 
 genus from other genus of trees ; but of some words, the one 
 form only existed, as acernus, ulmeus, aprugnus (aper) ; of 
 others the one was older, the other more modern and rarer, 
 as eburnus, eboreus. — Further : Inferus, that which is below, 
 552 ; infernus, of the kind of that or those below, subterra- 
 nean : Juno inferna ; mare superum, the upper sea ; vulnera 
 superna, wounds in the upper parts of the body. Vernus 
 (ver), of the kind of things which belong to spring; hibernus 
 (hiems), to winter : fores ver ni, menses hiberni. Adverbia- 
 lia are: Mternus (for ceviternus of cevum), 47; diurnus 
 (diu), hesternus (Jieri), of yesterday (in German, gestern), 
 hodiernus (hodie), crastinus (eras), pristinus (pris), sero- 
 tinus (sero), late, late maturing, happening; annuus, that 
 which lasts one year, 83 ; annotlnus, one year old ; hornus 
 (hora), that which matured in the last late summer; homo- 
 tinus, of this year, opp. of last year and of several years. 
 Paternus, paternal, according to its kind, distinguishes a pos- 
 session from others (paterni, agri, equi, servi), and contra- 
 distinguishes pater, to other individuals ; patrius, paternal ac- 
 cording to species, contradistinguishes pater, as appellative, to 
 the general alienus : Bona patria, are family goods, opp. 
 aliena, alio modo acquisita ; res paterna, belonging to the 
 father, or property possessed by him, opp. materncE, frater- 
 nee. — To these belong also benignus, 146, malignus, 661, 
 with inserted g before n, as nasal sound. 
 
 Substantiva : a. Dominus (domus), 371 ; veternus (ve- 
 ins), old dirt and the sleeping mania, 611 ; somnus, 941. 
 b. Femina (feo, to produce), the progenitrix, 260; fusclna 
 (furca), the trident; cisterna (cista), a reservoir ; ma- 
 china (the Teutonic root make, German machen), ma 
 2* 
 
18 Adjective Forms. XL 
 
 chme ; patina (pater e), 773; lucerna (lucere), 610; 
 transenna (trans), 436. 
 
 c. Glutlnum (gluten), glue, as particular kind; succinum 
 (succus), amber; tignum (tegere),918 m , scamnam (scan- 
 dere), 904. 
 
 d. cinium, of the form o, onis, II, 1. indicating a 
 business, occupation : Patrocinium, 774 ; latrocinium, 
 866. 
 
 2. anis, enis, tnis, in a few words: Inanis, empty, 542; 
 lenis (leo, lino), mild (in Germ, lind), 200. Subst. Partis 
 (pasci), bread. 
 
 — nus (neus), a, um, with long penultima, according to 
 external property of the kind of that which is designated by 
 the original word, or belonging to the genus of such things, 
 which distinguish themselves by external common marks and 
 designations from others : 
 
 anus, belonsino; to the same class, or to things which have 
 in common the same external property of a certain rank and 
 relation : Veteranus (vetus), belonging to the class of the old, 
 of those who have served their time ; miles decumanus, of the 
 tenth legion; urbanus (urbs), one of the capital, in respect of 
 rank and education; germanus (germen), belonging to those 
 things which are of the same stock, growth ; via Mmilia, 
 designates iEmilius as founder ; JEmilianus, is one adopted 
 by him. — Subitaneus (subitus), of the kind of things which 
 come on a sudden ; supervacuus, superfluous in kind, existing 
 in too great a quantity, and in the way ; supervacaneus, be- 
 longing to the kind of useless and superfluous things ; extents 
 (ex), existing on the outer side, outward, VIII, 1. ; exterior 
 pars castrorum, munitiones exteriores, nationes extera, with 
 reference to their situation as to the capital : externus, external, 
 belonging to outward things ; externus hostis, populus ; ex- 
 trarius (extra), of the species, VIII, 3. b ; extraneus, of the 
 genus of external things, designates the relation to me and 
 that which nearest surrounds me (intra) : Homo extrarius, 
 one with whom I have nothing to do ; canis extrarius, who 
 belongs to another ; Res sunt aut corporis aut extranece. Cic. 
 Exercitatio forensis et extranea (opp. domestica). Id. 
 
 enus, belonging to the genus of things of the same kind : 
 Terreus (terra), earthen, according to the component parts: 
 vas, murus ; terrenus, to the genus of the terrea belonging : 
 H'wiores marini terrenique. Cic. Tumulus terrenus. Cses., 
 gradually elevating, rather flat, not terreus; hence septeni 
 
Adjective Forms. XL 19 
 
 noveni; serenus (serere), of the genus of such things, which 
 favor the sowing, serene ; egenus (egere), 111. 
 
 inus, of the kind of such things, as make one genus: 
 Canlnus (canis), peculiar to the genus of dogs, canine : pel- 
 lis, eloquentia canina, biting ; thus leporinus, lupinus,ferinus 
 (fera), genuinus (gignere), natural, genuine ; denies genuini, 
 the last generated teeth, i. e. the wisdom teeth ; peregrinus 
 (peregre), 32; supinus (super), 840; vicanus (vicus), a 
 villager; vicinus, 270; femineus (femina), consisting of 
 women, womanish : feminea caterva, manus, vox; femininus, 
 feminine according to sex: nomen; terni, by three, distribu- 
 tively, trim, threefold : trina castra. — Amplified forms are 
 cinus from c us, V, 1. MorticTnus (mors), of the kind of the 
 dead, dead of animals ; medicinus (medicus), of the kind of 
 that which heals, of medical things; and stinus from stis, 
 XIII, 1. Mediastinus (medius, medias, mediastis), of slaves 
 who have no certain occupation, and are used to fill up vacan- 
 cies; clandestinus (clam), of the kind of that which happens 
 secretly. 
 
 onus, of the form o, bnis, II, 1. Colbnus (colere), be- 
 longing to the class of colonists, 53. — Amplified bneus: 
 Erroneus (erro), belonging to the class of vagrants ; idoneus? 
 14; ultrbneus {uliro), who, of himself, does more than his 
 duty requires, or than he ought to do ; who does not wait 
 until called upon. 
 
 iinus: Jejunus (junis, young, with redoubled radical syl- 
 lable, see Jentaculujn, 219), sober, taken from the young 
 day, i. e. early day, as one is when he rises ; opportunus 
 (portus), 239. 
 
 Substantiva : a. Pulvinus, a pillow, couch ; patronus, 
 fern, patrona (pater), 114. 
 
 b. Membrana. (membruni), the skin of any inner part, 309; 
 laniena (lanius), the butcher's stall; habena (habere), 
 the halter; piscina (piscis), the fish-pond; fodina (fo- 
 dere), the fosse ; doctrina (docere, doctum), the doctrine, 
 354; matrona (mater) , 260 ; lacuna (lacus), 606; for- 
 tuna (fortu, ancient Ablat. of fors), the luck. 
 
 c. Salinum (sal), a salt-cellar; but salina sc. officina, a 
 salt- work ; pistrina and pistrinum (pinsere, pistum), 
 697; venenum (venire), that which of itself penetrates 
 into the body, poison, 1008. 
 
 3. mis, in incclumis (whole), without blemish, touch, 
 568. 
 
20 Adjective Forms. XII. 
 
 — mus, of the class of that which is at the outermost end , 
 hence, as superlative termination, it expresses the highest de- 
 gree : Citimus (cis), ultimus (ids), at the outermost end this 
 side, the other side; almus (alere), most nourishing; mari- 
 iimus (mare), at the last end, i. e. upon, or close to, the sea : 
 helium, ora, urbs ; marinus, of the kind of those things which 
 belong to the sea: concha; jinitimus (finis), the frontier 
 neighbour, 270; aidituus (cedes), the temple guard, according 
 to his permanent condition ; ceditimus, inasmuch as he lives 
 at the outermost end of the temple. 
 
 —mus with long penultima, is the termination of con- 
 tracted forms : Supremus, extremus, primus (pris), the first 
 among several, prior, of two; volemus (vola), that which 
 fills the hollow of the hand ; pirum, a species of pear ; patri- 
 mus, matr'imus, possessing father and mother in the most com- 
 plete manner, used of children whose parents are still living, 
 were married by confarreatio, and ennobled by rank and 
 birth, which child, therefore, could be used for the perform- 
 ance of solemn, sacred rites and actions. 
 
 *] Substantiva : Glomus (belongs to globus), Gen. eris, 
 the skein. — Fumus (belongs to funus, spark, in Germ. 
 Funke), smoke ; forma (forus, obs. i. e. quod fertur ex- 
 tra),^ outer fashioning, form, 424; spuma (spuere), 
 the foam ; fama (fori), the tradition, the reputation ; 
 palma (pala, the flat surface, hence a spade, the little 
 case of a ring, setting of a jewel), 665. 
 
 XII. AS, ES, Gen.-tis,— TUS, TA, TUM, funda- 
 mental forms of the second chief class of adjectives, 
 which designate existence as prominent property. 
 
 1. (as), es,—~tus, ta, turn, with short penultima, border- 
 ing next to the form s, IV, 1 : 
 
 es, Gen. it is, designates an existence in or upon that 
 which the original word indicates : Codes (ccelum), existing in 
 the sky, heavens ; Cozlites, the inhabitants of the heavens ; 
 ales (ala), 133, ales equus, deus ; pedes (pes), on foot, and 
 a pedestrian ; eques, one on horseback, a knight. 
 
 *] Substantiva: Anas, dtis (nare), the duck; seges, etis 
 (serere), the seed ; miles (mille), one of a troop of thou- 
 sands, many, a soldier ; stipes (st'ipare), 759 ; cespes 
 (caper e, of the catching of the grass-roots, and the earth 
 adhering to them,) turf. 
 tus sus, a,um, originated from es, as perpes, more com- 
 
Adjective Forms. XII. 21 
 
 monly perpetuus, 47, shows ; accordingly senectus (senex), 
 
 grown old, see I, 2. ; vegetus, 997 ; libertus (liber), 633 ; 
 
 hence the participle preter. of the "strong conjugation," as 
 
 scriptus, conditus, rasus (radere). 
 
 Substantiva : a. Cubitus and cubitum (cubare, cubitum), 
 293 ; orblta (orbis), the track of the wheel ; vita (vi- 
 vere), the life ; exta (ex), 1027. 
 I tia, indicates a quality of itself, inasmuch as it may be 
 assigned as a mark of distinction to a genus or class of 
 subjects : Pueritia (puer), childhood, boyhood ; malitia 
 (malus), badness, wickedness, malice ; pudicitia (pudi- 
 cus), bashfulness ; pudor, shame (of the blushing) ; nup- 
 tia (nubere, nupium), wedding ; notitia (noscere, notum), 
 knowledge, acquaintance. Some belong at the same 
 time to the fifth declension, as mollitia (mollis), softness, 
 as quality ; mollities, effeminacy. 
 
 c. tium: C l alvitium (calvus), bald spot on the head; cal- 
 vities, baldness; capillitium (capillus), the growth of 
 hair; exercitium (exercere, citum), that which practises, 
 practice as action, by which we exercise ourselves. 
 
 d. of the fourth declension : Tumultus, 145 ; tactus (tan^ 
 gere), the touching, as a state, condition, the feeling; 
 repulsa (pellere), the refusal, the unsuccessful request, 
 repulsus, the being repelled in beating on a hard sub- 
 stance ; hence also the echo, reverberation ; sensum 
 (sentire), that which is felt, sensitively perceived : Ex- 
 primer e dicendo sensa. Cic. ; sensus, sensation, as con- 
 dition, the sense of the faculty of feeling : sensus audi- 
 endi. 
 
 2. as, es, Gen. —tis — —tus, ta, turn, with long penul- 
 tima, differs from 1. only according to the original word : 
 Penas, atis, 4S7 ; primas (pris), one in the first place, oc- 
 cupying the first rank; cujas (qui), from what country, 
 people ? cujus, a, um ? whose ? belonging to whom ? An- 
 Has, Arpinas. — Locuples (locus — plere), 362; mansues 
 (manus — suescere), generally mansuetus, 200. 
 
 — tus, ta, turn, the participial form of 'weak conjugations*/ 
 CondUus (condire), spiced; laudatus, praised ; jletus (Jlere), 
 wept. Hence the compounds with in, as immutatus, un- 
 changed ; immutabilis, unchangeable ; incogitatus, unimagin- 
 ed; and the denominativa: Alatus (ala), winged ; sordidus 
 (sordes), soiled ; sordidatus, dirtily dressed, as an accused 
 person; odbrus (odor), scenting, that which emits a smell 
 
22 Adjective Forms. XIII. 
 
 and that which perceives by scent ; odoratus, 742. Avitus 
 (avus), descending or coming down from grandparents; ma- 
 ritus (mas), married; cegrotus (&ger),40; ver stilus (verier e, 
 versum), 166; cinctus (cingere), girdled; cinctutus, provided 
 with an apron; nasutus (nasus), provided with a long, or 
 with a fine nose, pert, malapert (which in German likewise 
 is "nose-wise"). 
 
 Substanliva: a. eta: Moneta (monere), the mother of 
 the Muses, and money ; rubeta, the toad, as inhabitant 
 of the blackberry bush (rubus). 
 
 b. etum, that in which what is designated by the original 
 word is frequently found : Rubetum, a place where black- 
 berry shrubs, arundinetum (arundo), where reed, is 
 found in plenty ; fruticetum, frutectum (frutex), where 
 shrubs, salictum (salix), where willows, are frequent; 
 
 fimetum (fimus), a dung-hole ; aspretum (asper), a place 
 where there are many inequalities ; acelum (acer, aci- 
 dus), vinegar. 
 
 c. tus, Gen. us, of permanent conditions : Auditus (audi- 
 re), the hearing, and the sense of hearing, as faculty to 
 hear. 
 
 d. turn : Verutum, 970. 
 
 e. tia : Minutia (minutus), the trifle; argutia (argutus), 
 the subtileness, sharp-mindedness ; astutia (astus), 166. 
 
 3. uitus, a,um, with long penultima, with poets also dis- 
 syllabic, designates a mode : Fortuitus (fortu, ancient Ablat. 
 of for s), casual, accidental, originated by accident: Concur- 
 sio rerum fortuitarum. Cic. ; gratuitus (gratus), gratis, from 
 mere kindness. 
 
 *] Substantivum : Pituita, 703. 
 
 XIII. STIS; STER, STRIS,— STUS; STER, STRA, 
 STRUM. 
 
 1. stis, Neut. e, in, upon, under that which is mentioned 
 in the original, considered as quality : Cozlestis, that which 
 has the quality of a codes, XII, 1., is under, among the capi- 
 tes; hence, also, worthy of heaven, excellent : arcus, ignis, 
 imber, augurium, sapientia ; agreslis (ager), 893, mus, lau- 
 rus, growing wild. Hence the termination — stlnus, XI, 2. 
 
 stus, a, um, gifted, endowed with that which is designated 
 by the original word, having this as quality: Honeslus (ho- 
 nos), he who possesses honor, honorable, respectable : fa- 
 milia, dignitas, mors; honoratus, honored by others, one to 
 
Adjective Forms. XIV. 23 
 
 whom honor has been shown; scelestus (scelus), vicious of 
 character, criminal, black, of the predominating inclination 
 and practice in vice, and that which has proceeded from it : 
 Homo malus atque scelestus; scelestum f acinus ; sceleratus, 
 who has committed several shameless crimes, loaded with 
 crimes ; scelerosus, full of vices and malice, a malefactor ; 
 onustus (onus), laden, of him who carries the load ; oneratus, 
 heavily laden, over-laden, burdened. So modestus, molestus, 
 venustus, vetustus. 
 
 *] Substantiva : Lanista (laniare), 120, Greek in dynasta 
 and dynastes, Gen. ce (dwdoxyg), a prince ; danista 
 (duv sloths), the money- broker. 
 2. ster, sir is — ster, str a, strum, signifying the same 
 with 1., and designate only more the genus : Campester 
 (camjms) ; terrestris (terra), on the earth, the continent, 
 growing, happening, or being there : iter, loca campestria ; 
 terrestris exercitus ; equester (eques), pedester (pedes), what 
 consists of cavalry, infantry, belongs to them, is done by 
 them: statua, copies; Silvester (silva), paluster (palus), 
 wooded, marshy -(boggy), and being in forests, morasses. — 
 Sequester, iris, and sir a, strum (sequi), the mediator, 574 ; 
 minister, sir a (munis), the servant, official assistant, 924. — 
 Of this form are : Menstruus (mensis), monthly, destined for 
 one month, lasting a month, and menstrualis, returning every 
 month, calculated for a month : Menstrua cib aria ; menstru- 
 um lunce spatium ; menstruales epulcB. 
 
 If this form is added to an adjective, it receives a diminutive 
 signification : Surdaster (surdus), a little deaf. The same if 
 attached to substantives : 
 
 Substantival a. Parasitaster (parasltus), a little para- 
 site; oleaster (olea), pinaster (pinus), the wild olive 
 tree, the wild pine. 
 
 b. Fenestra (connected with the Teutonic root in Funke, 
 spark, light), an opening in the wall to light a room. 
 
 c. Capistrum (caper e) , halter; lustrum (made acute from 
 luere, lavare), the place where hogs are washed; lu- 
 strum (long from lucere), the sacrifice of atonement ; mon- 
 strum (monere), 745 ; claustrum (claudere, clausum), 
 214 ; rostrum (rodere, rosum), 889 ; transtrum (trans), 
 463. 
 
 XIV. ENS—ENTUS; ENDUS, UNDUS, A, UM, 
 
 participial forms, which indicate a state or condition in 
 its origin or growing. 
 
24 Adjective Forms. XIV. 
 
 1. ens. Gen. entis, effecting a state, the form of the par- 
 ticiple present of the active voice : Scribens, writing, a writ- 
 ing one; quadrupes, (quatuor — pes), quadruped; quadrupe- 
 dans, stepping down, stamping with four feet; lactam (lac), 
 making, containing milk : libera mammarum lactantia. Lu- 
 cret. ; (lactans [lacio], alluring one, coaxingly, to deceive 
 him) ; lactens, milky, and making milk : Jicus, puer. 
 entus, in cruentus (cruor), bloody. 
 
 Substantival a. entia, designating the execution, prac 
 tice of the action expressed by the original word, as 
 quality, see XII, 1. b. Audientia (audiens), attention to 
 a speaking person, audience, hearing : Illi praco facie- 
 bat audientiam; auditio, the hearing, as act and rumor, 
 which is heard : Fabellarum auditione duci. Cic. His 
 rumoribus atque auditionibus permoti. Cses. Observan- 
 tia, the attention to every opportunity for certain actions, 
 especially to be kind and respectful, respect : Tarquini- 
 us obsequio et observantia in regem cum omnibus certavit. 
 Liv. ; observatio, observation, especially connected with 
 accuracy, conscientiousness : Observdfio diuturna no- 
 tandis rebus fecit artem. Cic. 
 
 1. entium, of a permanent activity in general : Silentium 
 (silens), silence. 
 
 c. enta, en turn: Placenta {placer e), 635. — Fluenlim 
 (fluere), 455; unguentum, 1033; armentum {arm us), 
 1005; argentum (Gallic Argid, belongs to argilla), 
 silver. 
 
 2. endus, undus, only verbal form of the gerundium, 
 appears in three separate forms and significations : 
 
 a. endus, ancient undus, a, um, formed of the present 
 tense, designates a state or condition as destined in the pres- 
 ent time for completion, or as one that ought to be ; hence 
 the participium futuri passivi : Faciundus, faciendus, he 
 who is yet to be made ; minis, wonderful, uncommon : no- 
 vitas, pulchritudo ; mirabilis, worthy of wonder, capable of 
 exciting admiration, wonderment : Opus mirabile mundi ; 
 mirandus, to be wondered at, to be admired : altitudo ; mi- 
 randum in modum, wonderful, surprising ; mirabilem, in an 
 admirable, extraordinary manner ; mirum in modum, in a 
 wonderful, inconceivable manner, as if by a miracle ; ortus 
 {oriri), originated, directly descended, from the next progeni- 
 tors ; oriundus (properly he who ought to originate), orig- 
 inally descending, respecting the founders of the family: 
 
Adjective Forms. XIV. 25 
 
 Serva Tullius ortus. Ovid. Octavius Mamilius Tusculanus, 
 sifamce credimus, ab TJlixe deaque Circe oriundus. Liv. 
 
 b. bund us, of the form of the future in bo, almost com- 
 pleting a state, and on that account the more observable : 
 Moribundus (mori), is the visibly dying off, hence like the 
 really dying one (moriens) : Duabus hcErentes hastis ?nori- 
 bundi ex equis lapsi sunt. Liv. Alexander moriens annulum 
 suum dederat Perdiccce. Nep. ; who is in the state of dying, 
 designates the state existing in the present time and perfect ; 
 moriturus, who is on the point of dying, when the completion 
 of the state depends upon resolution, will : Quo, moriture, 
 ruis ? Virg. ; pudens, being ashamed ; pudibundus, manifest- 
 ing the feeling of shame, like an ashamed one : Pavo cauda 
 amissa, pudibundus ac mozrens qucerit latebras. Plin. Noctua- 
 bundus ad me venit cum epistola tua tabellarius. Cic. ; like a 
 night-bird (noctua). 
 
 c. cundus, a supinal form, designates the continuation of 
 a state already completed : Sequens (sequi, secutum), the fol- 
 lowing one ; sequendus, one who is to be followed ; secundus, 
 who has followed or still follows, 911. So facundus, fecun- 
 das, jucundus, verecundus ; rubicundus (rubere), showing a 
 strong, glowing red : luna, cornum ; rubldus est rufus atrior 
 et nigrore multo inustus. Gell., deep red, dark red ; panis 
 rubidus, baked, and oven-red. 
 
 3. lens, Gen. lentis, — lentus, a, um, corresponding 
 to the verbal form ulo, signifies the existence of that which 
 is mentioned by the original word, multiplied ; hence in a con 
 siderable, or also in a high degree : Pestllens (pestis), car- 
 rying with it contagious and dangerous ingredients, unhealthy 
 locus, ventus ; opulens and opulentus (opes), considerably 
 very wealthy, rich. More common is the latter form in gra- 
 cilens, gracilentus (gracere, gracilis), very slender: equus 
 violens, violentus (vis, violare), violent, forcible, impetuous 
 Violens Aufidus, homo violentus ; it is only used in esculen 
 tus (esse, esca), always full of food : Crocodili os esculentum 
 and edible, hence esculenta, edibles, as potulentus, not pocw 
 lentus, from potus, who has pretty well drunk, and drinkable 
 macilentus (macer), pretty lean; pulvereus (pulvis), consist 
 ing of dust ; pulverulentus, full of dust, dusty ; pulverea nu 
 bes, a cloud of dust ; palla, a cloak quite covered with dust 
 pulverulenta, a bedusted cloak. For somnolentus, very 
 sleepy, somniculosus is more common. 
 3 
 
26 Adjective Forms. XIV. 
 
 4. ensis — osus, a, urn: ensis, local, being at or from 
 a place: Pratensis (pratum), being on meadows: jlos; 
 Corinthii, Hispani, Siculi, are natives of the respective 
 places ; Corinthienses, Hispanienses, Sicilienses, strangers 
 who reside at them ; sinus Corinthiacus, the bay bordering 
 on the territory of Corinth ; litus Corinthiense, the coast sit- 
 uated within that territory. This form is the only one in use 
 of some names of places, e. g. ager Ostiensis, belonging to 
 the town Ostia ; porta Ostiensis, in Rome, situate toward 
 Ostia : of other geographical nouns, this form does not exist, 
 e. g. Antias, Anxuras, Sinuessanus, Pcestanus ; dii rnontani, 
 not montenses. 
 
 osus, existing in a subject in great quantity, or in a high 
 degree : Montosus, where there are many mountains : Regio 
 aspera et montuosa. Cic. ; meticulosus (meticulare, from me- 
 tus), full of fear ; vinolentus, drunk, as a passing state ; medi- 
 camentum, in which there is much wine ; vinosus, as essential 
 and permanent quality, vinous, and of constant desire for 
 wine, intemperate : sapor, odor, Homerus, 1022 ; pisculentus 
 (piscis), full of fish : Jluvius ; piscosus, according to its na- 
 ture fit for abundance of fish : piscosi scopuli. Virg. ; tene- 
 brosus (tenebra), full of darkness : Tenebrosa sede tyr annus 
 exierat. Ovid. ; tenebricus, belonging to the dark, according 
 to its kind : Tartari tenebrica plaga. Cic. ; tenebricosus, one 
 who seeks a peculiar kind of darkness and maintains it ; libi- 
 dines tenebricosce, light-shunning ; popina tenebricosa. Cic. ; 
 suspectus (suspicere), suspicious, one against whom there is 
 suspicion, and one who harbours it ; suspicax, inclined to sus- 
 picion ; suspiciosus, full of suspicion ; subjective, having sus- 
 picion, distrustful ; civitas, and objective, causing suspicion, 
 very suspicious: negotium; sumtuosus (sumtus), of much 
 expense ; subjective, who makes many expenses : mulier, and 
 objective, that which causes many : ludi sumtuosi ; sumtua- 
 rius, concerning expenses : lex ; prodigiosus ( prodighun), in 
 a high degree unnatural and rare : soils defectus ; prodigia- 
 lis, adventurous, prodigious : res, Jupiter, who averts the 
 consequences of evil signs. The derivatives of the fourth 
 declension end in uosus, as fructuosus, saltuosus.; but we 
 also find, as ancient, montuosus, monstruosus. 
 
 *] Of os us, substantives can be formed only after I, 2., 
 as vitiosus, vitiositas ; of lens, lent us, according to 
 XIV, I, a., as violentus, violentia. 
 
Adjective Forms. XV. 27 
 
 XV. MEN, Gen. minis — MNUS, A, UM. 
 
 1. men, Neut. a form of itself, an adjective verbal form, 
 XI, 1., but terminating substantives only, in representing an 
 action as perceptible by the senses, in something belonging to 
 the sensible world (in concreto), changing between active and 
 passive meaning: Tegimen, tegumen, tegmen (tegere), the 
 cover, i. e. every thing which covers another, or with which 
 we may cover a thing : capitis, corporis ; Saliis Nama dedit 
 super tunicam aneum pectori tegumen. Liv. ; teges, etis, XII, 
 1. as a mat which actually covers; tegula sc. testa, the tile; 
 tegulum, the small cover, and a little roof; regimen (regere), 
 government, as effect in something, e. g. at the ship's helm, 
 in a state, as direction of public affairs ; specimen (specere), 
 930, that in which we may see, discover the property of a 
 thing, sample, e. g. of cloth : Temper antice prudenticeque 
 specimen Q. Sccevola. Cic. ; the model. 
 
 —men, with long penultima, in derivatives of derived con- 
 jugations : Stamen (stare), subtemen (subtexer e), 947 ; abdo- 
 men (abdere), 1010 ; legumen (legere), legume, pulse ; acu- 
 men (acuere), 19; alumen (sal), alum ; curvamen (curvare), 
 the bend of itself, as existing appearance ; curvatura, as pre- 
 pared, intentionally made, or as in relation to other parts ; 
 ligamen (ligare), bandage, band of itself, inasmuch as some- 
 thing is thereby kept together ; ligatura, the way and man- 
 ner in which something is thereby kept together : Sanguis 
 profiuens inhibetur papyri ligamine. Colum. Ligatura in 
 vitibus locum debet mutare. Pallad. Solamen (solari, making 
 ground [solum] for some one, that is, placing him firmly, 
 giving him ground to stand upon), comfort, solace, by which 
 the comforting is effected, poetical ; solatium, solace, by 
 which we feel comforted : Solamen mali. Virg. Vacare cul- 
 pa magnum est solatium. Cic. 
 
 mnus, a, um, denominates a subject according to its con- 
 dition or state, which is represented as realized in him : 
 Alumnus (almus, XI, 3.), who is nourished, and who nour 
 ishes, the foster-son, and his father, fern, alumna; autumnus 
 (augere, auctum), autumn; columen (colere), columna, 229. 
 
 2. mentis, Gen. is — men turn, formed from men, 1. 
 Sementis (semen), 916. 
 
 men turn, something that serves for the realization of a 
 state, a means for something : Tegumentum, every thing that 
 serves to cover, a cover as means of covering, 969 ; augmen 
 
28 Adjective Forms. XV. 
 
 (auger e), the visible growth, in which the augmentation shows 
 itself as effect: corporis; augmentum, means of augmenta- 
 tion, addition : honoris, commend ationis ; munimen (munire), 
 that which preserves : Effusos munimen ad imbres. Virg. ; 
 munimentum, that which serves to keep, to protect, 112; tern- 
 peratura, proper proportion of mixed parts of a whole to one 
 another ; minii, the mode and procedure, if it ought to have 
 the proper mixture ; temper amentum, the means by which this 
 equal proportion is effected: Restincta seditio est; inventum 
 est temper amentum, quo tenuiores cum principibus cequari se 
 putarent. Cic, a middle way; f err amentum (ferrum), iron 
 tools, or tools fitted out with iron ; ferramenta aratorum, the 
 iron implements of agriculturists ; pulmentum, every thing 
 which serves for the edibleness of the puis, meat dishes, &c. ; 
 salsamentum (salire, salsum), salt provision, e. g. pickled 
 fish. 
 
 3. monia, monium from mnus, 1. after the form of 
 onus, XI, 2. 
 
 monia, designates a state or condition realizing itself 
 after the manner in which it appears in the subject, in the 
 abstract ; monium, this realization itself, thought as a thing : 
 Alimonia (alumnus), the nourishment, sustenance, with which 
 the foster-father provides his foster-son ; alimonium, the 
 actual nourishment, the food, which the latter receives ; ali- 
 mentum, the means of nourishment : Caius collationes in ali- 
 monium ac dotem filial recepit. Suet. In alimoniis armen- 
 ticium pecus sic contuendum, lactentes cum matribus ne cubent. 
 Varr. ; acrimonia (acer), the sharp, biting taste: sinapis ; 
 castimonia (castus), abstinence, mortification, if, with a re- 
 ligious view, we abstain from every enjoyment which does 
 not agree with the former ; castitas, chastity ; sanctimonia, 
 the realization of the idea sanctus in a subject, hence virtuous 
 disposition, innocence ; also sanctity, inasmuch as it manifests 
 itself in certain venerable things : Prisca sanctimonia virgo. 
 Tac. Sanctimonia riuptiarum ; sanctitas, holiness, as quality 
 or v'rtue : Tueri se sanctitate sua. Cic. ; testimonium (testis), 
 the showing, explication of a thing, as witness or by wit- 
 nesses, testimony and assertion or evidence pronounced by 
 witnesses ; testimonium dicere, giving oral evidence in court ; 
 dare, bearing witness, assure by one's declaration that some- 
 thing has happened, with the idea of praise and approval ; 
 pro testimonio dicere, asserting as witness. 
 
Forms of Verbs, 29 
 
 C. Forms of Verbs. 
 
 § 6. The verb expresses the state in which a thing is, in 
 two fundamental forms. These are : 
 
 1. o, the subjective and active form, which refers a state 
 or condition to the ground of its origin, or makes that state 
 proceed from the subject, which may also be taken in quite a 
 general manner, as in luciscit, grandinat, it becomes light, it 
 hails, and in the impersonal verbs poenitet, oportet. 
 
 2. or, the objective or passive form, which refers a state 
 or condition to the aim or object of its existence, or makes it 
 directed toward a subject. 
 
 a. in the passive, if the subject is passive, that is, object 
 of some activity directed from without ; hence it is, that 
 the verba transitiva, whose active voice requires for the 
 indication of the object of their activity the Accusative 
 case, adopt regularly this form. The subject is here 
 taken as general in the impersonal forms itur, curritur, 
 ventum est, licitum est, the French on vat, est venu, &c, 
 the German man. 
 
 b. in the deponens, if the subject is presented only as sub- 
 ject of the condition, that is, as that in which the action 
 proceeds, without reference whether it be ground or ob- 
 ject of action ; mostly those verbs in which the impres- 
 sion of the action on the senses of the observer was 
 considered. To these belong such passiva as have 
 adopted an active or reciprocal signification, as Icetor, I 
 am rejoiced (by) that ; or which are taken as passiva 
 in a certain respect only, as cachinnor, rideor, I laugh, 
 inasmuch as I am shaken by the violent effect ; the verba 
 mutuce actionis, as amplector, I embrace one, who at the 
 same time embraces me ; osculor, I kiss ; altercor, I 
 quarrel ; those with regard to which the impression on 
 the observer predominates, as imitor, I am formed, i. e. 
 I form myself after another; fistula ejaculatur aquas, 
 for the Roman sees how the tube is discharged, while, 
 for us, the tube itself discharges ; and thus the inchoa- 
 tiva, nascor, I am born, i. e. now in the state of being 
 born ; proficiscor, I am carried on, get along ; lastly, 
 the verbs whose actions have reference to the person 
 of the subject, his wishes, advantage, use, as nidulor, 
 a nest is making for me, I am making a nest to my- 
 
 3* 
 
30 Forms of Verbs. XVI. 
 
 self; sortior, the lot is assigned to me, while 1 draw it 
 for myself, 
 
 XVI. — ERE, indicating simply the condition, is the 
 fundamental form of the third conjugation, to which be- 
 long the verbs which contain the fundamental notion of 
 a state, as esse, being ; existere, originating ; fieri, grow- 
 ing, becoming ; and those which indicate a mere acting 
 or suffering, as facere, doing ; nasci, becoming born 
 To this likewise are referred the derived forms : 
 
 1. do — dire, designating a continued doing: Pendere 
 (dis — pennere, penna), 708; tender e (tenuis, tenere), ex- 
 tending; trudere (trua, trulla), 990; fodere (fovea), dig- 
 ging, and hence fundere, 479. 
 
 2. go — gere, a making : Spargere, 922 ; verger e, 974 ; 
 ambigere (arabi), 68. 
 
 3. no — nere, a doing with its consequence: Spernere 
 338; linere (leo in delere, 330), 1033; sinere (siere, inus. 
 hence situs), letting lie, 292 ; danere (dare), yielding over, 
 granting, obsolete ; see f acinus, XI, 1. 
 
 4. so, xo — sere, xere, effecting, bringing something 
 into reality : Vtsere (videre), really seeing, seeing after, 
 1017 ; texere (tegere), 976. 
 
 5. to — tere, a making connected with exertion, with its 
 consequence, an intensive form : Nectere (nere), 637 ; ver- 
 tere (v err ere), 1012. 
 
 6. uo — uere, effecting with lasting consequence : Minu» 
 ere, minutum (minor), diminishing, making smaller, 690; 
 acuere (acus, acies), pointing, sharpening a thing ; hence the 
 obsolete subjunctives of the present tense, duam, creduam, 
 duim, creduim, expected conditions as imagined, completed 
 in the future. Of the supine : Stdtuere (stare, statum), 
 making standing, placing. 
 
 7. esso, is so — s sere, a passionate action, Verba in- 
 tensiva: Capessere (capere), violently grasping at a thing: 
 Animalia cibum oris hiatu et dentibus ipsis capessunt. Cic. ; 
 fugam capere, taking to flight ; capessere, hastily doing so ; 
 magistratum capere, taking an office, as capable for it ; ca- 
 pessere, with zeal and seriousness taking care, as capessere 
 rem publicam ; lacessere, 604 ; petessere petissere ( peter e) 
 with several starts marching toward a thing, striving pas- 
 sionately for something. 
 
 8. esco, rarer isco, asco, osco — scere, designates 
 
Forms of Verbs. XVII — XVIII. 31 
 
 the beginning of a state which advances toward its comple- 
 tion, a beginning growing, becoming such, verba inclwativa: 
 Madescere {madere, being wet), becoming wet, of the mere 
 beginning of this state, without reference to the cause ; made- 
 fieri, getting wet from without : Postera lux Hyadas evocat, 
 et multd terra madescit aqua. Ovid. Polyxenia madefient cade 
 sepulcra. Catull. ; adhcerescere (adharere, adhering : Stella 
 adharent ccelo. Plin.), attaching itself to a thing, beginning 
 of adhering : Herba barbis caprarum adhcerescens. Id. Mi- 
 nima bestiola in sordibus aurium tamquam in visco inhceres- 
 cit. Cic, remains hanging, attaches itself; contremiscere 
 {contremere, trembling : Coelum tonitru contremit. Cic), be- 
 ginning to tremble, being caused to tremble : Exalbesco atque 
 omnibus artubus contremisco. Cic. ; gelare, causing to freeze, 
 and making ice 7 gelascere, beginning to freeze ; noscere 
 (noo, noere, not used), 905. 
 
 XVII. 10 — IRE, fourth conjugation, designates a state 
 of lasting activity and manifestation of power, while with 
 the third, the state was imagined as passing ; hence did 
 later writers use linire for linere, XVI, 3 : Vas coope- 
 ries ac linibis. Pallad. Derivations are : 
 
 1. urio — urire, of the supine, designating lasting en- 
 deavour or intention to effect a state ; Verba desiderativa, 
 more correctly meditativa : Esurio (edere, esum, eating), I 
 feel hungry; emturio (emere, emtum), intending to buy a 
 thing : Te emturientem ad mercatum crebro adducunt pedes. 
 Varr. ; parturire {par ere, partum), being about to give birth, 
 being in labor: Mons parturibat, gemitus immanes ciens ; — 
 at ille murem peperit. Phsedr. 
 
 2. urio — iirire, with long penultima, designates the 
 greater and enduring effect corresponding to lasting endeav- 
 our : Ligurire (lingere), 609; scatere, containing something 
 in quantity, being full of it : Scatet beluis pontus. Hor. ; sea- 
 turire, producing in number and violently, gushing forth : 
 Aqua scaturiens ; also solum fontibus scaturit. Colum., is full 
 of wells, that is, it opens many and continually new ones. 
 
 3. iitio — iitire, doing; something; after the fashion of 
 another: Balbutire (balbus, who stammers, also who pro- 
 nounces the r like I, prattling) ; ccecutire (ccecus), 157. 
 
 XVIII. EO — ERE, form of the second conjugation, 
 signifies a continued being : Sidere, sitting down ; sede- 
 
32 Forms of Verbs. XIX. 
 
 re, sitting ; adsidere, sitting down upon a place ; adsi* 
 dire, sitting by a thing : Assidamus, inquam, si videtur. 
 Cic. Furius, quum lacrimans in carcere mater assideret, 
 defensionem causce snce scripsit. Id. ; succendere, light- 
 ing from below ; succensere, 950. Most verbs of this 
 conjugation are intransitiva ; with the transitive ones 
 the participle is added in imagination, e. g. miscere, mix- 
 ing, i. e. being a mixing one ; docere, being a teaching 
 one (properly, being a thinking one, the Latin and 
 Teutonic root in thinking, denken, being related). 
 
 XIX. O—ARE, form of the first conjugation, designates 
 a making that something be perceived by the senses, a 
 manifesting or presenting : Fugere, fleeing ; fugare, 
 causing to flee, 780; consternere, fstrewing on the 
 ground ; consternare, consternate, making shy : equos ; 
 magni facere, esteeming highly ; magnificare, magnify- 
 ing, celebrating ; sidere, XVIII ; sedare, causing to sit, 
 quieting ; parere, giving birth ; parere, appearing, being 
 visible, 735; parare, making ready, preparing, procur- 
 ing, 764. This form attaches itself easily to nominal 
 forms, e. g. judicare (judex), making the judge; hu- 
 mare (liumus), 519; limare {lima, the file), 810; aatu- 
 mare, asserting, telling one's opinion : Autumo significat 
 et dico, et opinor, et censeo. Gell. Several of these 
 verbs have at the same time transitive and intransitive 
 meaning. The derived forms correspond most to ad- 
 jective forms : 
 
 1. a. t go — igare, see XVI, 2., making lasting, effect- 
 ing by enduring endeavour, verba effectiva: Purgare (pu~ 
 rus), making clean, cleansing ; navigare (navis), navigating; 
 fumare (famus), smoking, making smoke ; fumijicare, smok- 
 ing a thing; fumigare, producing smoke, fumigating, and 
 showing smoke : Ara fumant sacrificiis. Liv. hide ignem 
 in aram, ut Diana Arabico fumificem odore. Plaut. Mella- 
 rins fumigat leviter apes. Varr. Fumigantes globi. Gell. 
 
 b. With long penultima : Inddgare (indu for in)\ 546; 
 fastTgare, making a point upward, above, elevate , castlgare 
 (castas), 181 ; vesttgare (with Vesta, vestibulum, vestis, from 
 the Sanscrit vas, dwelling), seeking one's dwelling, resting- 
 place, 546. 
 
 2. zco — i care, see V; making something of that which 
 is designated by the original word, something similar, verba 
 
Forms of Verbs. XIX. 33 
 
 assimilativa: Fistucare (Jistuca), making fast; fodere, XVI, 
 1 ; humum, puteum, equum stimulis, digging deep ; fodicare, 
 doing something like digging, as if one would dig; latus, 
 pushing some one in the side ; dolores fodicant, acute shoot- 
 ing pains; albere 1*albus), being white; albescere, becoming 
 white, pale ; albicare, making or being whitish ; nigrare (ni- 
 ger), making black, and being so; nigricare, being blackish. 
 With inserted n before c: Verruncare (for verricare, from 
 verrere), making a sort of turn: Hcec tibi bene verruncent ! 
 may this turn out well for you. See 130. 
 
 3. ero — >erare, see VIII, showing something as quality 
 in a high degree, in a subject: Tollere (ancient high German 
 thulan), lifting, 628; tolerare, bearing, tolerating, 441 ; fri- 
 gerare (frigus), ^cooling, refreshing; pignerare (pignus), 
 making something a pledge, pawning it; pignerari, taking 
 something as pledge. 
 
 4. bro, tro — are, see IX, showing a capacity, the ap- 
 plication, use of that which is named by the original word : 
 Celebrare (celeber), 194; lucubrare (lux), 602; calcitrare 
 {calx), kicking with the heel, being obstinate and restive. 
 
 5. a. llo, olo, ulo — are, see X, 1., presenting a state 
 similarly, generally diminutively: Verba diminutiva (the 
 German syllable eln) : Ventilare (ventus, ventulus), fanning; 
 violare (vis), 743; pullulare (pullus), sprouting forth; stran- 
 gulare (stringere). Of the supine: Postulare (poscere, pos- 
 citum, postum), 794; ustulare (urere,ustum), burning a little, 
 singeing; opitulari (ops, opes), 139. 
 
 b. culo — are, X, 1., of the supine, diminutive, rather in 
 a comical sense: Missiculare (mittere, missum), sending re- 
 peatedly : Emta ancilla est, quod tide ad me liter as missicu- 
 labas. Plaut. ; gesticulari (gestus) , making pantomimic ges- 
 ticulations : Gesticulandi saltandique studio teneri. Suet. 
 
 6. illo — are,X,l., another diminutive form in a playful 
 meaning: Cantillare (cantare), singing shakes; focillare 
 (fovere), restoring by frequent and repeated warming; va- 
 cillare (vagari) ; cavillari (caver e), cavilling, Liv. 9, 34. 
 see 627. 
 
 7. no, ino — nare, see XI, 1., making something of the 
 kind of that which is named by the original word : Ferru- 
 minare (ferrumen, putty, solder), soldering, closing or uniting 
 with putty; inquinare (co-inquere and coinquire, lopping, 
 e. g. holy trees in sacred woods, committing acts of temerity), 
 267 ; coinquinare, making unclean ; destinare (stanare from 
 
34 Forms of Verbs. XIX. 
 
 stare), making a firmly standing thing, settling: Rates anco* 
 ris destinabat. Cees. Papirium par em destinant animis 
 Magno Alexandro ducem. Liv. ; svffarcinare (farcire), 
 packing full. 
 
 With long penultima, see XI, 2. OpTnari, opining, ex- 
 pecting (otisvelv), 94; concibnari (concio), being heard by 
 an assembly, addressing it. 
 
 8. cinor — ari, XI, 1, d., carrying on something as 
 (daily) occupation : Vaticinari (vates), being a prophet, 
 prophesying; latrocinari (latro), being a professional high- 
 way robber; ratiocinari [ratio), calculating; sermocinari 
 (sermo), discussing; alucinari (not allucinari or hallucinari, 
 from dlvxTj), being thoughtless, inattentive, talking nonsense: 
 Ista Epicurus oscitans alucinatus est. Cic. 
 
 9. mo, timo, tumo — are, see XI, 3., determining the 
 highest degree of something : Con-summare (summus), bring- 
 ing into a sum, consummating, making perfect; cestimare 
 (as), 45. 
 
 10. a. to, tto — are, see XII, 1., repeating an action 
 often and with zeal, also being wont to do, verba frequenta- 
 tiva sen iterativa: Mussitare (mussare), 707; ructare (ru- 
 gire) ; crocitare (crocire) ; fluitare (Jluere) ; agitare (agere, 
 ancient high German agan), driving to and fro; sectari (se- 
 qui), running after: Eum pueri sectantur, omnes irrident. 
 Cic. Is pratorem circum omnia for a sectabatur. Id. 
 
 b. to, so, xo — are, of the supine, verba intensiva : 
 Captare (capere, captum), striving to catch; occasionem, ri- 
 swn, striving to cause laughter; optare (see opinari, XIX, 
 7.), 301 ; prendere, prehendere (premere, XVI, 1.), touching: 
 aliquem manu, alicujus dextram; prensare, prehensare, lay- 
 ing hold of something with a higher degree of zeal or desire ; 
 luxare (luere, inus. luxum; Ivsiv), dislocating. 
 
 c. ttto — titare,o£ the supine, an increased frequenta- 
 tive form: Cantitare (canere, cantare), singing often, re- 
 peatedly ; jactare (jacere), throwing here and there, about: 
 probra, minas, hence also boasting; jactitare, frequent/y re- 
 peating, praising up; venire (via, old vea, way, XVII), earn- 
 ing; ad — ventare being a coming, ventitare, frequently coming 
 somewhere; actitare (agere, actum), frequently carrying on: 
 Poniidius multas privatas causas actitavit. Cic. ; he had 
 many private suits. 
 
 11. stro — strare, see XIII, 2., showing something as 
 existing in a thing: Monstrare (monere), presenting a thing 
 
Adverbial Forms. XX. 35 
 
 as something remarkable, showing as something instructive ; 
 liistrare (lucere), shedding light upon: Sol cuncta sua luce 
 lustra/, ei compel* Cic , hence, viewing, wandering through. 
 12. is so, from the times of Augustus also izo — are, 
 the Greek form of the verba imitativa, which indicate an im- 
 itation connected with frequent repetition : Grcecissare, pa- 
 trissare, playing the Greek, imitating the father : Filius pa- 
 trissat. Plaut., he is like his father. It was preferred to say 
 grcecari, patrem imitari; trullissare (trulla), throwing lime 
 against the wall, plastering it, 
 
 D. Adverbial Forms. 
 
 § 7. The adverbs, parts of speech which cannot be in- 
 flected, and by which conditions are expressed, take partly 
 forms of their own, partly forms of the cases, partly they re- 
 tain the mere original sounds, as in procul, simul, cur. 
 
 XX. a. Adverbial forms are : 
 
 1. e, with adjectives of the second declension (short in 
 bene, male), designates a property according to its kind ; ter, 
 with adjectives of the second and third, designates the mode : 
 Callide argute que dicer e; alte cadere. Cic. Quid- 
 quid acciderit, for titer et sapient er feramus. Id. Du- 
 re dicer e is the hardness of expression when against good 
 taste; duriter dicer e, the tasteless manner in which the 
 speaker proceeds in his way of expressing himself; vitam 
 duriter agere. Ter., severe. Fir me, fast, firm, refers to 
 the kind of condition; firmiter, to the manner in which it 
 originates or is brought to perfection: Rem fir me compre- 
 hendere. Cic. Milites neque or dines servare neque firmi- 
 ter insistere poterant. Cses. FLU are, gay, as character of 
 the action; hilar iter, as character of the acting person: 
 Hi I are vivere ; Hi lariter in omnes partes commutdbimus 
 ut verba, ita pronuntiationem. Ad Herenn. Large bibere, 
 largely, much at once with respect to the mass of the liquid ; 
 largiter, respecting the drinker, if it is much for him. 
 Prope, propter, 598. Prce, before, in advance, before 
 something along; prce ter, past before, past by a thing. 
 
 2. ies, a multiplying form: Quoties (quot), how often, 
 toties (tot), so often; and the numeral adverbs from quin- 
 quies, five times : sexies, decies, centies, millies. 
 
36 Adverbial Forms. XX. 
 
 b. Forms of cases : 
 
 3. us, cus, sus, tus, old Genitive forms, which assign 
 its place to a state, or its origin locally, similar to the English 
 side, ward, in uspiam (for cujus-piam), us quam, some- 
 where ; nusquam, nowhere ; s e c u s, 57 ; mordtcus (mor- 
 dere), bitingly: Auriculam mordicus abstulit. Cic. ; ver- 
 sus (vertere, versu?n),S6; intus (in), 570; subtus, below, 
 underneath: Cancer fistulo sus subtus suppurat sub came. 
 Cato. Antique, in the old way : dicer e. Hor. ; antiquitus, 
 in olden times, of old, from olden times: JEduorum anti- 
 quitus erat in fide civitas. Cses. Divine, divinely con- 
 stituted: Multa divine prcesensa et pradicta reperiuntur. 
 Cic, prophetically; divinitus, of divine origin, by divine 
 inspiration, direction : Divinitus ea potius, quam casu facta 
 esse dicamus. Cic. Humane, humanely, is the action if it 
 has the character of a man of fine sentiment and education : 
 Greed morbos toleranter atque humane ferunt. Cic, with 
 submission; humaniter, if the mode of action of men in 
 general, or, also, of well educated, is observed : Docebo te, 
 quid sit humaniter vivere. Cic, i. e. making one's self 
 comfortable ; sin aliter acciderit, humaniter feremus. Id. , 
 i. e. we shall not trouble ourselves too much; humanitus, 
 with regard to the origin: Si quid mihi humanitus acci- 
 disset. Id., something human; ursi humanitus strati. 
 Plin., as we see it with men. Funditus (fundus), ever- 
 tere, down on the bottom, from the bottom ; radicitus (radix), 
 evellere, tearing out with the root. 
 
 4. is, Genitive termination: Sat, satis, enough, sufficient: 
 Tantum, quantum s at est. Cic. Satis super que vixisse. Id. 
 Nimis, too much: Nimis multa, nimis sape, nimis in- 
 sidiarum; nimium, too much considered of itself, the super- 
 abundance : Magis offendit nimium, quam parum. Cic 
 Tempus nimium longum videtur. Id. Magis, 659, of which 
 the adject, neut. exists still. But foris, 464, the Ablat. of 
 the plural. 
 
 5. i, another obsolete Genitive form for designating lo- 
 cality and time: Domi, at home, in one's country: do mi 
 mece, sua, Ccesaris ; domi bellique; but pudica in do mo. 
 Cic, of the building; so vesperi, at eve; heri, yesterday; 
 meridie, at noon ; postridie, on the following day, for meri, 
 posteri diei. But it is Ablative termination in qui, how ; luci 
 (lux), in the day time ; tempori, temperi, by time. 
 
Adverbial Forms. XX. 37 
 
 6. a 5, the old Genitive form of the first declension: Cras, 
 to-morrow ; alias, 57. 
 
 7. im, an old Accusative form: Olim, 59; hinc (for 
 himce), from here; cZam, obsolete calim (celare), 207; i/z£e- 
 rim, meanwhile ; and in utrimque, extrinsecus, intrinsecus, 
 altrinsecus, for exterim, &c. ; partim (pars), partly. 
 
 — tint, sim, with long penultima, as supinal form, signifies 
 a mode, distributively, that with reference to a number each 
 taken singly : Particulatim, by parts ; viritim, by men, i. e. 
 by heads, man for man; summum, at the highest; sum ma 
 tim, in a sum, generally: Bis terve summum liter as acce- 
 pt. Cic. Cognosces a me pauca et ea summatim. Id. 
 Grav ate, with displeasure, in an unkindly manner: Comi- 
 ter monstrat viam, non grav ate. Cic. ; grav atim, with 
 difficulty, going reluctantly at something: Mezentius haud 
 gravatim soda ar ma Rutulis junxit. Liv. 
 
 8. e , the neutral adjective termination of the third declen- 
 sion, in prope, fere, 942 ; sublime, high, upward and above ; 
 facile, easy ; difficile, more commonly difficiliter, difficulter, 
 difficult ; of other adjectives indicating quality, it is rarer, as 
 immane quantum, suave, &c. Of substantives this is Ablative 
 form, as forte (fors), 467. 
 
 9. um, the neutral adjective form of the second declen- 
 sion, almost only used for determination of measure : Quan- 
 tum, how much; mirum quantum, exceedingly much; mini- 
 me, the least, not at all : Minim e gratum spectaculum. Liv. ; 
 minimum, at the least, very little: Partes minimum octo- 
 ginta. Varr. — For time, if order and sequence is expressed : 
 Primum, tertium, the first, the third time ; iterum (ita), again; 
 postremum, the last time; ultimum, the last time counted 
 from the beginning: Vestigium illud, in quo Crassus pos- 
 tremum institit. Cic. Domos suas, ultimum illud visuri, 
 pervagabantur. Liv.; further in umquam, unquam (quum — 
 quam), ever; nunquam, never. 
 
 10. am, Accusative form of the first declension: Coram 
 (Etrurian cora, presence, of 05, bra), 85; pdlam (pala an- 
 nuli, the box of the ring, in which is the stone ; hence palari 
 and p alma), publicly, 756; bifariam, trifariam, omnifariam, 
 sc. partem (fdcere), in two, three parts; on two, three, all 
 sides; perperam (perperus, 7t£q7isqoq), 427. 
 
 11. u, an old Dative form in hue, istuc, illuc (for huce)^ 
 hither, thither; and Ablative form in diu (dies, time), long, 
 noctu. 
 
 4 
 
38 Reduplication. 
 
 12. hi, likewise an old Dative and Ablative form; as Da- 
 tive still in sibi; as Ablative, in ibi (is), even, there; ubi 
 (qui), where. 
 
 13. b , the Dative and Ablative form of the second declen- 
 sion; as Dative form, in eo (is), thereto, thither; quo (qui), 
 whither; intro, ultro, citro, retro; as an Ablative form, in 
 primo, secundo, tertio, postremo, ultimo, at the first, second, 
 last place, see XX, 9. ; ultimo templis dona detraxit. Suet., 
 finally, at the end. Aut ambigue scriptum, aut contrarie. 
 Cic, in an opposite manner; Hamilcar numquam hosti cessit, 
 scepeque e contrario lacessivit. Nep., on the contrary. 
 Mul turn, much, many times: Res multum et scepe quce- 
 sita. Cic; multo, by a great deal: Iter multo facilius 
 atque expeditius. Cses. — As participial termination, it refers 
 the action to the actor: Cogitate verba facere, scribere, 
 thinkingly, considerately, considering the action ; consulto et 
 co git at o Jit injuria. Cic, with intention, and forecast. 
 Caute atque consulte rem gerere. Liv., cautiously and con- 
 siderately; Consulto et de industria factum est malefici- 
 um. Cic, with forethought, 549. Composite et apte dicere. 
 Cic, well composed and in good order ; C o mp osite ac sine 
 pavore ambulare. Colum., in proper keeping, calmly ; Ali- 
 quid co mpo si to facere. Nep. Turn ex composito orta 
 vis. Liv., conformably to agreement. Dup I iciter, doubly, 
 twofold: Maledicta in eum dupliciter recidunt. Cic. 
 Bifariam quatuor perturb ationes cequaliter distributee sunt. 
 Cic, in two parts; Romani signa bipartito intulerunt. 
 Cses., twofold divided, in two divisions; Id Jit bipartito. 
 Nam turn causa, turn res ipsa removetur. Cic, in a twofold 
 manner. 
 
 14. a, the Ablative form of the first declension, is always 
 Used with a substantive understood, supposed : Ed, sc. via, 
 parte, re, ratione, since, on that account, therefore ; qua, as, 
 inasmuch ; frustra (frustera re), in vain, 475 ; una, 298 ; 
 intra, citra (inter a, cit era parte), 570, 205. 
 
 a, short, is the form of the Accusative plur. neut. in it a 
 (is), therefore. 
 
 E. Reduplication. 
 
 § 8. A reduplication of the radical syllable, or, also, of 
 the whole word, signifies generally also reduplication of the 
 meaning. 
 
Pronominal Forms. 39 
 
 XXI. 1. The radical syllable prefixed to the word, gives, 
 in some verbs, the meaning to the preterite : Tendo, tetendi; 
 tundo, tiitudi; parco, peperci; posco, poposci; in other 
 verbs, it indicates a continuance of the state, with changing 
 degree of intensity : Tinnire (tonus), sounding; titinnire^ 
 tintinnire, tintinnare, sounding continually with changing 
 oscillations; titubare (Teutonic root in tappen), reeling, stag- 
 gering ; tUillare, tickling. 
 
 2. The radical syllable as chief part, joined with the form 
 of the word: Pupus (puer), the little one, the little boy; 
 palpare (pala, see palma, XI, 3, *]), 967. 
 
 3. Reduplication of the whole body of the word, redoubles 
 likewise the whole force and meaning of the word, as many 
 languages redouble whole words, e. g. in Italian, grande 
 grande, very large ; in Spanish, mucho mucho, very indeed ; 
 or as we say, quite quite little, for very little indeed : Si me 
 amas, suscipe meme totum. Cic. Justitia propter sese co- 
 lenda est. Id. Hence pronomina indefinita receive by redu 
 plication an entirely general meaning, as quisquis, whoever 
 it may be, whosoever, when the who does not refer to one in 
 the multitude, but to one whoever that may be ; quanti quanti 
 however dear, however high in price, value: Sed quanti 
 quanti, oene emitur, quod necesse est. Cic; ubiubi, where- 
 ever ; quoquo, whithersoever ; quaqua, wherever, on whatever 
 side ; undeunde, whencesoever, if we discard the idea of 
 nearer determination of magnitude, number, place. 
 
 F. Pronominal Forms. 
 
 § 9. The pronoun of the third person, which distinguishes 
 it from the person of the utterer and the addressed individual, 
 is, in its fundamental form, Is, he, only indicating a subject; 
 as demonstrate um, that; as relativum, when it refers the 
 subject which it designates to an assertion made in the next 
 preceding or next following part of the sentence, or entire 
 sentence, it is Qui, who, and these two in reference to one 
 another are called correlativa; the interrogative form QuisJ 
 who ? asks for one as a mere subject among several ; the in- 
 definite form Quis, one, some one, in the middle of a sen- 
 tence, only mentions such a subject as one among many ; the 
 general form Quisquis, whosoever, takes the " some one M in 
 the most general sense, see § 8. The generic form, how- 
 ever, which indicates one as belonging to a certain kind, 
 
40 Pronominal Forms. XXII — XXIII. 
 
 genus, class, with distinct qualities, gives the interrogativum 
 Qui? which? what sort of a one? the indefinitum Qui, 
 one, and the generate Quicunque, whosoever one may be. 
 Quis deus ? asks for a god among the rest of the gods : Is it 
 Jupiter, Mercury, or Apollo ? Qui deus ? asks for his char- 
 acter: Is this the mighty, merciful, heavenly god? the god 
 of the sun or the sea? Hence originate, for the pronomina- 
 lia, which indicate magnitude, degree, number, property 
 
 time, and place, the following series of forms : 
 
 fit 
 
 Correlativa. 
 XXII. 
 
 Absoluta. Relatira. Demonst. Interrogat. Indefinita. Universalia. Generalia. 
 
 1. is, he. qui is quis ? quis quisquis quicunque 
 
 qui ? qui 
 
 2. quantus tantus quantus ? aliquantus quantusquantus quantuscunque 
 
 3. quot tot quot ? aliquot quotquot quotcunque 
 
 4. qualis talis qualis 1 qualiscunque 
 
 5. jam quam tarn quam ? quam quamquam 
 
 6. ita ut, uti ita ut ? utut utcunque 
 
 7. quoties toties quoties ? aliquoties quotiescunque 
 
 8. quum turn num? 
 
 quando? quando quandocunque 
 
 9. ibi ubi ibi ubi? alicubi ubiuhi ubicunque 
 
 10. eo quo eo quo ? aliquo quoquo quocunque 
 
 11. ea qua ea qua ? aliqua quaqua quacunque 
 
 12. inde unde inde unde? alicunde undeunde uudecunque 
 
 § 10. References to the person of the utterer are indicated 
 by additions at the beginning of pronominal words ; references 
 from him to something without, by terminations. 
 
 XXIII. Additions at the beginning, and prefixed sylla- 
 bles. 
 
 1. JT, IV, D, T, C. By H, the utterer points at that 
 which locally is nearer to him, in hie, this one, Mc, here, 
 hue, hither, hinc, hence, in contradistinction to that which 
 locally is farther removed, ille, that one, &c. By IV, in nunc 9 
 nam, nempe, he points at that before him, in as far as it touches 
 upon the preceding subject ; by D, in dum, he points at the 
 subject before him as continuous series ; by T, in turn, at the 
 sequel, inasmuch as it has the subject before him behind it ; 
 by C, in cum, quum, at things belonging to one another. 
 
 2. E, short, lays more stress upon the word with reference 
 to the utterer in ego, as in enim; equidem; ecastor,equirine, 
 edepol (e-epul), with inserted d, by Castor, by Quirinus, by 
 Apollo, affirming. 
 
Pr.mominal Forms. XXIV. 41 
 
 3. EC sharpens the question, demanding attention to the 
 interrogative word, and giving greater force to it, in ecquis, 
 ecqui? who? (when we pronounce it with a prolonged sound 
 of oo, as if written whoo-oo?) ; ecquando, when? ecquo, 
 whither? (all with a prolonged pronunciation in English), 
 also in ecce, behold! Ecquis homo ad Hannihalem trans- 
 fugit? that is, Has but one deserted to Hannibal? (one sin- 
 gle one?); Ecquis his in cedibus est? in the affirmative 
 sense : some-one must be there ; but if we ask with num quis, 
 we have negation in our mind: Num quis vestrum ad c<z- 
 dem accommodatus est? Nemo. Cic. 
 
 4. AL, any, some. Aliquis, is not the one, Quis, in a 
 multitude, imagined with certain marks of distinction, but one 
 of them who has more or less of the imagined marks of dis- 
 tinction of the multitude. Aliquantum, a magnitude, indefi- 
 nite, whether it have the imagined measure or not; hence, a 
 considerable, and a little. Orator, si quando opus erit, 
 ab inferis testes excitabit. Cic, if perhaps, if some time, of a 
 point of time, indefinite whether in the present time, the past, 
 or the future ; Ampla domus dedecori domino scepe Jit, si est 
 in ea solitudo ; et maxime, si aliquando alio domino solita 
 est frequentari. Id., if some time or other, indicates that the 
 " some time " may also happen at a period nearer or more 
 remote than the imagined one. Alibi, aliunde, somewhere 
 else, from somewhere else ; alicubi, alicunde, somewhere 
 else, anywhere, from some place or other, from any place. 
 
 XXIV. Affixes, Syllables attached to the End of Pro 
 nominal Words. 
 
 1. MET, self, lays additional stress on the personality 
 expressed by the word, and is used only with the words ego, 
 tu, nos, vos, sui, and suus : Proximus sum egomet mihi. 
 Ter. Memet mei pcenitet. Cic. Tutemet mirabere. Ter., 
 not tumet. Curius suamet ipse sceleranon occultabat. Sail., 
 his own (his very own crimes). 
 
 2. PSE (ye), self, referring back a subject of one of the 
 three persons to its own ego, and is inflected in ipse (is-pse) : 
 Sibimet ipsi viam ad honor es aperiunt. Liv., they them- 
 selves (and no others), as active subject; Majorem tibi jidem 
 habui, quam pene ipsi mihi. Cic, even to me, myself (and 
 to no other person), as suffering object. 
 
 PTE limits, in the Ablatives of meus, tuus, suus, noster, 
 
 vester, the possession to the indicated person ; in utpote\ as, 
 
 4* 
 
42 Pronominal Forms, XXIV. 
 
 namely, explanatory, it limits the cause to an effect under 
 consideration : No strapte culpa, by our own guilt ; Atomi 
 feruntur in locum inferior em suopte ponder e. Cic. Incom- 
 moda valetudine jam emerseram, utpote quum sine febri la- 
 borassem. Id. 
 
 3. TE points at the second person only, partly in strength- 
 ening the tu, partly with is designating the object which the 
 addressed person is desired to remember ; hence it is inflected 
 in this case: Ut tute mihi prcecepisti. Cic. You there. 
 Nisi quid tibi in tete auxilii est, absumtus es. Plaut. Venio 
 nunc ad is tins quemadmodum ipse appellat, studium ; ut 
 amici ejus, morbum et insaniam. Cic, i. e. of Verres, of 
 whom I am talking to you. Armorum ista et victoria, sunt 
 facta, non Cczsaris. Id., that there, which you mean. 
 
 4. CE (belongs to cis), with demonstratives, points at an 
 object, the situation of which the utterer refers to where he 
 stands : Pater te amat plus, quam ho see oculos. Ter. Thus in 
 eccel and abbreviated in hie, here, near to the speaker; istic, 
 there, near the addressed person ; illic, there, at a distance 
 from the speaker ; in nunc, donee, for hice, numce, tumce, 
 dumce ; interrogating in hiccine 7 this one there ? 
 
 5. QUE lends distributive meaning to indefinita: Quisque, 
 856. Usque (for cujus-que), 1039. Utique, in every way 
 and manner, at all events: Faba Pythagorei utique absti- 
 nuere. Cic. Si utique novum aliquem consulem creari vel- 
 lent. Liv., at all events, if they needs want to elect. Commota 
 plebs est, utique postquam sordidatum reum viderunt. Id. 
 Ubique, anywhere, 1004. 
 
 6. CUMQUE or CUNQUE, generalizes relativa: Quot- 
 quot, how many soever, so many as, XXI, 3., takes a number 
 of things in its whole extent, without farther determining it ; 
 Quotcunque, as many as there may be, however many : Si 
 leges duce, aut, quot quot erunt, conservari non possint. 
 Cic. Magistratus, quotcunque senatus creverit populusve 
 jusserit, tot sunto. Id. 
 
 7. PE (Oscan for que), even, well, gives affirmative or 
 confirmative power to a word: Quippe, Nempe, 860, 1016. 
 
 8. EM directs attention to something really existing : Hem 
 ih! ay, as interjection: Hem, quid istuc est! ut tu incedis ! 
 Plaut. En, 384. — NEM points at something inasmuch as 
 it is connected with something antecedent, hence at a cause 
 or reason, as in nempe, 1016; in enim, 710. Ccesar Dumno- 
 rigem retrahi imperat : si vim faciat neque pareat, interfci 
 
Pronominal Forms. XXIV. 43 
 
 jubet. llle enim revocatus resistere ac se manu defenders 
 cozpit. Cses., i. e. Caesar had good reason for it, for he, &c. 
 — DEM designates an object as the same, in idem (is-dem), 
 even he, the very same, 397; idemtidem (with inserted t), 
 954; eodem, even thereto; eddem, even there, in precisely 
 the same manner; indidem (inde), from the same place; 
 tantundem, just as much, according to quantity ; totidem, ac- 
 cording to number; quidem (quid - dem) , indeed, at least, 
 signifies identity in a certain respect. — TEM points at 
 equality of the sequel with reference to something preceding, 
 in item (id -tern), 589 ; autem (av, or), 913. 
 
 9. AM designates degree, in quam, how much, i. e. in 
 what degree, 28 ; tarn, so much, in such a degree, 23. Quam 
 therefore, gives a higher degree of uncertainty to indefinita ; 
 hence they stand, on account of their negative sense, always 
 in connexion with negations, or with questions of a negative 
 character : Unquam, ever ; nunquam, never ; nequaquam, by 
 no means, in no respect; neutiquam (ne-uti- quam), in no 
 manner, not in the least: Ccesaris copia ne qua quam erant 
 tantce, ut eis confideret. Cses. Indissolubiles vos quidem 
 esse non potestis, neutiquam tamen dissolvemini. Cic. — 
 PIAM (pe, 7), on the other hand, expresses a positive 
 sense : Quisquam is one, if he exist anywhere, conditional, 
 and in a negative meaning; Quispiam, one, who is some- 
 where, unconditional, 858. Fieri nullo modo potest, ut quis- 
 quam alterum plus diligat, quam se. Cic. Hereditas est 
 pecunia, quce morte alicujus ad qu empiam pervenit jure. Id. 
 So usquam, uspiam, somewhere: Iste, cui nullus esset us- 
 quam consistendi locus, Romam se retulit. Cic. Sive est 
 ilia lex scripta uspiam, sive nusquam. Id.; nuspiam does 
 not appear in the Latin writers. — An? as interrogative, 76. 
 Jam, 522, now, already, compares the moment of time, or 
 degree of completion of a state arrived at, with the preceding ; 
 Etiam, 397, a still higher degree. — NAM, 710, for, 
 namely, adds to a preceding assertion a reason, an expla- 
 nation, by which it becomes clearer, easier to be understood. 
 An explanation of this kind is requisite also for the interroga- 
 tives quisnam? quinam? who then? ecquisnam? ubinam? 
 Crotoniatas opinio non fefellit. Nam Zeuxis quasivit ab 
 eis, quasnam virgines formosas haberent? Cic. DAM, in 
 quidam, a certain, points at one of the number of the qui, 
 leaving uncertain which ; quoddam, is a certain thing ; quid- 
 dam, taken in general, something certain: Mercator qui- 
 
44 Pronominal Forms. XXIV. 
 
 dam fuit Syracusis senex. Plaut. Fuit quod dam tempus, 
 quum in agris homines passim vagabantur. Cic In ista po- 
 testate (tribunicia) inest quid dam mali. Id. Quid feceras 7 
 — Paulum quid dam. Ter. With adjectives, quidam indi- 
 cates a degree arbitrarily to be supposed: Te natura ex eel- 
 sum quendam, et altum, et humana despicientem genuit. 
 Cic, somewhat, that is, considerably, very. 
 
 10. TIM designates a period of uncertain duration, in um- 
 quam or unquam, ever, in the past or future : Isocrates pra- 
 stat omnibus ; qui unquam orationes attigerunt. Cic. Cave 
 posthac unquam istuc verbum ex te audiam. Ter. — NUM, 
 now, the period from the point of the present, with reference 
 to the past next preceding: TJrtica quoque num medetur vul- 
 neribus. Plin., (rare); generally as interrogative, 76; and 
 of time, nunc is more in use, 522. — DJJM, during, 378, 
 points at a present duration of time, in nondum, not yet ; nul- 
 lusdum, no one yet, and in imperatives: Marie dum. Plaut., 
 only wait. Iteradum eadem ista mihi. Cic, only repeat. — 
 TUM, then, 522, refers to a period in the past or future ; 
 etiamtum, also then, also there : Initio reges diversi pars in- 
 genium, alii corpus exercebant: etiamtum vita hominum 
 sine cupiditate agitabatur, sua cuique satis placebant. Sail. 
 Corresponding to this is the correlativum. — CUM or Quum, 
 when, as, by which a state or condition is referred as cotem- 
 porary w T ith that which is indicated by turn, tunc, or also as 
 cause to an effect. As preposition, the cum signifies with, 
 together, jointly, 298, a connexion, e. g. mecum, nobiscum, 
 and thus in compounds : Conferre, carrying together; con- 
 scius, knowing with another or others about a thing; com- 
 primerc, compressing, pressing together. 
 
 11. O, signifies an aim, see XX, 13. — DO, in quando 
 (quom for quum -do), when, of an indefinite point of time in 
 the past, present, or future, interrogative, relative, and in- 
 definite, 853. 
 
 12. DE, from, in inde, from thence ; unde, from whence ; 
 and PER, through, in tantisper, as long as, of uninterrupted 
 duration; they are prepositions. 
 
LATIN SYNONYMES. 
 
 A. 
 
 1. A, Ab, E, Ex, De, of, from. A, Ab, a motion from 
 some point, coming from, designates a horizontal direction ; 
 De, away from a certain point, away downward, designates 
 an oblique or perpendicular direction ; E , Ex, from out the in- 
 terior, toward without. Moreover, if used before consonants, 
 A b designates part close by ; E x, from out the very inmost ; 
 A and E are used with reference to the wherefrom, observed 
 from a distance : Diu abfuisti a nobis; Rosa recens a Ion- 
 gin quo olet; Ex I oil gin quo boves arcessere; Aconitum 
 procul et e longinquo mures necat. 
 
 a. A , being derived from something, coming from ; D e, 
 away from a surface downward, used also of taking away 
 from ; hence it is used for treating of something, on account 
 of, with respect to: Discessit a puero, from his side ; de fo- 
 ro, from the market; A media node, from the beginning ; de 
 node, in the course of the night, after its beginning or before 
 its end; Rex a me cohortes de exercitu meo postulabat ; Hoc 
 audio d e inimico a b accusatore ; Liber non d e puero scrip- 
 tus, sed a puero; Abstergere vidnus, wipe off, wipe to the 
 side; deter gere, wipe down, away, e. g. falcis pollutce 
 aciem. 
 
 b. A signifies the starting point of a movement; De, the 
 aim or final point : Ad Verrem d e duxit Tertiam, vi a b- 
 ductam. 
 
 c. E, in compounds, means out of it ; in some, throughout, 
 increasing the strength of the meaning: Egelidus, from 
 which the cold has fled, tepid; and also, throughout cold, 
 ice-cold; exarare, to bring out by ploughing, and to obtain 
 by ploughing. Abnormis, deviating from the rule ; enormis, 
 in which all norma, rule, is wanting, irregular, over-large. 
 
46 2. Abdere. 5. Abominari. 
 
 2. Abdere, Condere, Abscondere, Abstrudere, Retru- 
 dere, Occulere, Occultare. To hide, a. by change of place 
 is Abdere, to do away, to hide, e. g. se in sylvas ; Con- 
 dere, to put together, to keep and preserve: Testudo 
 abdidit cornea corpus domo, nee Icedi potest condita. 
 Abscondere, to keep, preserve in a hidden place, Re- 
 cond ere, in a remote, distant place: Res abscondita; 
 something kept hidden, of which we do not allow others to 
 know ; liter a reconditce, those which we keep for our- 
 selves and allow rarely to be seen. Abstrudere, to push, 
 drive away and into a depth; Retrudere, into a remote 
 deep corner: Me in silvam abstrusi densam. — b. by 
 covering : Occulere, to envelope, veil ; Occultare, XIX, 
 10, b, to hide carefully : Alcibiades penitus in Thraciam 
 se abdidit, sperans ibi suam fortunam occuli posse, Nep. 
 Natura partes corporis turpes contexit atque abdidit ; qua 
 autem occultavit, eadem omnes removent ab oculis. Cic. 
 
 3. Abesse, Distare ; Deesse, Deficere. a. A b esse, 
 to be away, at a distance, used of the length of the distance ; 
 Distare, to stand asunder, to be remote, used of the 
 interval : Astutia abest a prudentia, distat que longis- 
 sime, Cic. — b. Abesse, to be absent, not there; Deesse, 
 to be wanting, of the sensible want of something necessary : 
 Argentum deer at. Deficere, to begin to be wanting, 
 gradually to diminish and become exhausted : Vires et tela 
 militibus d efi ciunt. Caes. Dies me d efi cit. Cic. , is not 
 sufficient. 
 
 4. Abire, Abscedere, Decedere, Discedere, Digredi, 
 Facessere. Abire, to go off, away from a place : Iidem, 
 abeunt, qui venerant. Abscedere, to recede from some- 
 thing, to depart: Nee armis aut loco suo miles absce- 
 deb at Liv. Decedere, to go away ; de via, making 
 room ; provincia, de provincia, parting ; ex provincia, leav- 
 ing it: Discedere, to go from one another, to separate: 
 Uxor a Dolabella discessit. Cic. e provincia, to remove 
 from it; decedere, de vita decedere, to die, to leave 
 our sphere of action ; discedere a, ex vita, to depart from 
 the living. Digredi, to go away, and to some other 
 place. Facessere, XVI, 7., to leave quickly by order: 
 Faces se, hinc Corinthum ! Liv., begone! 
 
 5. Abominari, Detestari, Exsecrari, Aversari, Ab- 
 horrere. Abominari, to abhor something as portend- 
 ing something bad (omen) e. g. mentionem fozdi facinoris. 
 
6. Absolvere. 9. Abstinens. 47 
 
 Detestari, to wish some evil away from us or upon 
 some one, to imprecate, curse: Dii, avertite et detest a- 
 mini hoc omen. In caput alicujus detestari minas peri- 
 culaque. Te tamquam auspicium malum detestantur. Ex- 
 secrari, to wish for divine revenge upon the head (in caput 
 alicujus) of some one, to curse : Milites tibi pestem exoptant, 
 te exsecrantur. Aver sari, XIX, 10, b., to abominate 
 something disgusting with violent excitement : Milites sua 
 facinora aver sari deos lamentantur. Tac. Abhorrere, 
 Ilium omnes abhor reb ant, ut aliquam immanem ac perni- 
 to shudder back, to have violent abhorrence of something : 
 ciosam bestiam pestemque fugiebant. Cic 
 
 6. Absolvere, Perficere, Conficere, Efficere, Ex- 
 sequi, Peragere, Patrare, Perpetrare. To complete 
 something, is Absolvere, if its parts are complete; Per- 
 fie ere, if they are perfect: Phidias potest a primo institu- 
 ere signum idque per fi cere : potest ab alio inchoatum acci- 
 pere et absolvere. Cic. — To bring to an end : C o nfi c e- 
 r e, to put a stop to, e. g bellum, if various acts belong to the 
 whole ; Efficere, to bring about, to effect, if the final ob- 
 ject has been obtained : Libri ad Varronem sunt effe cti. 
 Cic. Exsequi, to execute according to prescription, order, 
 e. g. qfficium, alicujus mandata. Peragere, to carry 
 through, if the business required constant activity to the end, 
 e. g. fabulam, consulatum. Patrare (pater, XIX), to pre- 
 sent something as actually effected, completed, when the 
 author and effect are clearly seen ; e. g. c&dem, bellum, in- 
 ccepta. Teucris promissa patravit. Cic. Perpetrare, 
 to bring about completely, with reference to publicity : Non 
 creditur, nisi perpetr a turn, f acinus. Liv. 
 
 7. Absonus, Absurdus. Absonus, sounding badly; 
 Absurdus (abs-auris, VII), sounding painfully; hence 
 clumsy, stupid: Vox admodum absona et absurda. Cic. 
 as cause and effect. 
 
 8. Absque, Sine, Citra. Without, in absque, exclu- 
 sion; in Sine, want, opp. cum; in Citra, XX, 13., a com- 
 plete measure not yet obtained: Absque te esset, hodie non 
 viverem. Plaut., i. e. if thou hadst not been. Narrationum 
 modus et finis esse citra divisionem nullus potest. Quinct. 
 Only to be found with later writers. 
 
 9. Abstinens, Continens, Temperans, Modestus. Abs- 
 tinens, abstemious, to keep aloof of external charms; 
 Continens, to keep one's appetites subdued, bridled, to 
 
48 10. Abundare. 12. Accendere. 
 
 govern one's self: Abstinentes manus, oculi. Conferte 
 hujus libidines cum illius continent i a. Cic. Temper ans 
 (tempuSf. XIX, 3.), moderating one's self, mitigating the 
 violent passions according to reason. Modestus (modus, 
 XIII, 1.), modest, decorous, he who observes the proper limits 
 of that which is decorous, decent, and respectable : Hominem 
 petulantem modestum reddo. Cic. Homo in omnibus vitce 
 paftibus moderatus ac temper ans. Id. Temper atus 
 and modestus is the person who is versed in these virtues. 
 
 10. Abundare, Redundare, Affluere ; Abunde, Af- 
 fatim. Abundare (unda, XIX), to have in abundance, 
 plenty; Redundare, to have more than requisite, not able 
 to contain the abundance, overflowing; Af flu ere, to have 
 abundance pouring in from without: JEstiva Nilus abundat 
 aqua ; Lacus Albanus redundavit, isque in mare Jiuxit. 
 Cic, to overflow. Hence Abundare is used of useful or 
 not unnecessary things, e. g. divitiis; Redundare, of un- 
 necessary ones: Digito uno redundat. Vita affluit 
 voluptatibus. Cic. — Abunde, more than necessary, of that 
 which is: Abundanter, of the application of plenty; Af- 
 fatim (ad, as in admodum, — fatis, XX. 7.), in superabun- 
 dance, i. e. in a degree in which the superabundance is use- 
 less or creates distaste: Armorum affatim erat captorum 
 Carthagine. Liv. 
 
 11. Accedere, Adire, Appropinquare. Accedere, to 
 step to it, to come in addition to it, from near and as accre- 
 tion: Ad te supplex accedo; Adire, to walk to it, from a 
 distance and from interest; Appropinquare, to approach, 
 used only of local approach. Ad rem publicam accedere, 
 to enter upon a public employment; adire, C. Manil. 24, to 
 interest one's self for the public weal. Mdui jinibus Bello- 
 vacorum appropinquabant. Cses. 
 
 12. Accendere, Incendere, Inflammare, Cremare, U- 
 rere, Comburere, Amburere. A c c en d e r e, to light from 
 without, e. g. lucernam; Incendere, to light something by 
 fire brought in, e. g. urbem. Inflammare, to make blaze: 
 Classem inflammari incendique jussit. Cic. Cupidita- 
 tern incendere, to excite; inflammare, to make violent, 
 and bring to an eruption. Cremare, to burn to ashes: 
 Sulla primus igni voluit cremari. Cic. Urere, to singe 
 or burn the surface of a body by glowing heat, or burning : 
 Terra quadam uruntur colore. In corpore aliquid uri 
 secarique patimur. Cic; also uritfrigus, calceus. Com- 
 
13. Accidit. 16. Accusare. 49 
 
 bur ere, to burn together; Amburere, to burn all around, 
 only half: Comburamus annates. Calanus Indus vivus 
 combustus est. Cic. Ambustus jiatu vapor is. Liv. 
 
 13. Accidit, Contingit, Obtingit, Evenit, Obvenit, 
 Usu venit. Accidit {cadere, from the falling of dice: 
 Omnia cadunt secunda), it happens by accident, having in- 
 fluence upon something else; Contingit, it comes to pass, 
 succeeds, happening to coincide with something else; Eve- 
 nit, it follows, used of the result of an event : Timebam, ne 
 evenirent ea, qua acciderunt. Cic. Non cuivis homini 
 contingit adire Corinthum. Hor. Obtingere, to fall to 
 the lot of some one by accident; Obv enire, as consequence 
 of good luck, of the lot, election ; Usu venire, to follow 
 according to experience, and regularly : Provincia alicui o b- 
 tigit and obvenit. Cic. Mihi fundus hereditate obve- 
 nit. Van*. Cicero ea, quce nunc usu veniunt, cecinit ut 
 vates* 
 
 14. Accommodare, Aptare; ApttTs, Idonetjs, Commo- 
 dus, Habilis. Accommodare, to fit something to some- 
 thing, so that it has the proper measure {modus); Aptare 
 (apere, XIX, 10, b.), to attach something, to put something to 
 a thing so that it attaches itself; e. g. annulum digito. Coro- 
 nam sibi ad caput accommodare. Cic. Apt at is armis 
 milites in or dines emit. Liv. — Apt us, attached, fitted to it, 
 fitting, befitting, proper : Apia compositio membrorum cor- 
 poris; Calcei apti ad pedem. Cic. Idoneus (videre,XI, 
 2.), select, fit for a certain purpose : Prcesidia locis idoneis 
 disposuit. Liv. Duces idonei ad bellum. Id. In Aptus 
 fitness exists ; in Idoneus, it rests upon our opinion of it. 
 Commodus, according to measure {modus), i.e. just fit, 
 convenient, comfortable, fit for use without inconvenience : 
 Ad cursum commoda vestis. Ovid. Habilis {habere, X, 
 1.), that which is easy to be held, comfortable because it fits 
 well, suits : Gladius ad propiorem pugnam habilis. Liv. 
 
 15. Accumbere, Discumbere, Accubare. Accumbere, 
 to lie down on a settee at table for a meal; Discumbere, 
 of several guests, to distribute themselves around the table ; 
 Accubare, to lie at the table, to beat dinner: Discubu- 
 ere toris Theseus comitesque laborum. Ovid. 
 
 16. Accusare, Reum agere, facere, Incusare, Argu- 
 ere, Insimtjlare ; Accusator, Actor, Petitor. Accu- 
 s are, to accuse, especially legally ; Reum agere, facer e, 
 to represent some one as guiltv in a legal action ; Incusare, 
 
 5 
 
50 17. Acer. 19. Acies. 
 
 to inculpate, charge some one, accuse not in a legal way, or 
 in court: Gabinium de ambitu reum fecit Sulla. Cic. 
 Arguere, to prove that one be guilty. Insimulare, to 
 charge with fictitious guilt : Insontem insimulas. Ter. — 
 Accusator, the accuser; in causa publicce, the person who 
 had been chosen to carry on the action against the accused 
 person (reus). Actor ; but in causce, privatce, Petit or, the 
 plaintiff, who by way of law makes demands against the de- 
 fendant (is unde petitur) : Accusatorem pro omni acto* 
 re et petitore appello. Cic. 
 
 17. Acer, Asper, Acerbus, Austertts, Amarus ; Vehe- 
 mens, Ferox. Acer, biting, sharp, e.g. acetum ; Asper, 
 rough, thorny, prickly, e. g. sentes ; and unfriendly, rough in 
 manners: Homines natura asperi atque omnibus iniqui. 
 Cic. Acerbus, tart, acerb, e. g. pirum, i. e. unripe ; hence 
 harsh, hurting our feelings, our heart, e. g. mors. Homo 
 immani acerb a que natura. Cic. Austerus, that which 
 makes the tongue dry, rough, e. g. vinum, i. e. old wine which 
 has grown tart. Amarus, bitter, opp. dulcis ; angry, he 
 who makes others feel his disappointment : Amariorem 
 me senectus facit, stomachor omnia. Cic. — Acer, sharp, of 
 vivid, exciting power, keen, e. g. hiems, sensus videndi, bel- 
 lum, canis, leo, biting, grim ; equus, quick, fleet ; memoria : 
 Acer ac diligens animadversor vitiorum, severe, he who is 
 accurate in his demands. Vehemens, old Ve mens, prop- 
 erly he who, from passion, does not properly use his reason 
 (ve-mens), violent, passionate, impetuous: Tecum vehe- 
 m en ter me agere fateor, iracunde nego. Cic. Homo v e- 
 hem ens et violentus inimicitias mihi denuntiavit. Id. Fe- 
 rox, he who relies and prides himself on his strength like a 
 savage, unrestrained, wanton, insolent, proudly bold, e. g. 
 equus, elephantus : Cacus ferox viribus. Liv. Jugurtha 
 sceleribus suis ferox. Sail. Victoria ferociores impo- 
 ienf.ioresque reddit. Cic. 
 
 18. Acervus, Cumulus. A cerv u s, a heap which tapers 
 above into a point (acies, IV, 4, a.), e. g. granorum ; Cumu- 
 lus (cum, X, 1, A, a.), a heap, which, as superabundance, is 
 over and above the regular measure: Accedere in cumu- 
 lum. Cic. 
 
 19. Acies, Acumen, Cuspis, Mucro ; Exercttus, Ag- 
 men. Acies, edge, that which is sharp, sharpness, e. g. se- 
 curium; ingenii : Acies, qua cernimus, pupilla vocatur. Cic. 
 Acumen, the point, the pointed part, e. g. coni: Propter 
 
20. Actor 21. Acutus. 51 
 
 acumen occultissima perspicis. Cic, sharpness in applying 
 a thing. Cusp is (cudere, cusum, VI, *]), the forged point: 
 Hasta acuta cuspidis. Ovid. Mucro (macer, II, 1.), the 
 point which runs out very thin, e. g. of a dagger: Cuspis, 
 latior vomeris, et acutior in mucronem fastigata, acie 
 laterum radices herbarum secans. Plin. 
 
 20. Actor, Histrio, Mimus, Pantomimus, Ludio or 
 Lucius, Comcedus, Tragcedus. The drama of the ancients 
 was sung by the Comcedus, in the comedy (scenes of com- 
 mon life], and by the Tragcedus in the tragedy (represen- 
 tations of the serious course of fate in the events of the gods 
 and heroes), and this song was expressed by gestures and 
 mimic performance by the Actor. Histrio (compare In- 
 star), is a theatrical dancer, with mask and proper dress, for 
 a certain part to be performed, accompanied by a Tibicen with 
 the flute ; at a later period he also declaimed in the dialogue 
 (recitative). Comp. Liv. 7, 2. Mimus, a dancer also at 
 festival dinners, who imitated, in a ludicrous manner, various 
 characters, e. g. misers, drunkards, by gesture and voice. 
 The P antomimi expressed the song of the chorusses by 
 gesticulation ; from the times of Augustus they were ballet- 
 dancers. Ludio or Ludius, an actor who is likewise a 
 dancer, as Histrio : Si ludius constitit, out tibicen repente 
 conticuit, ludi sunt non rite facti. Cic. 
 
 21. Acutus, Subtilis, Sollers, Lsgeniosus, Perspicax, 
 Sagax, Argutus. The sagacious and discriminating per- 
 son, who discovers and discriminates that which is not easily 
 remarked by common people, is Acutus, if his penetrating 
 intellect enters into the essentials of things, their relations, 
 and discovers marks until then unknown, and is able to per- 
 ceive clearly differences and effects, e. g. philosophies ; Col- 
 Udus et ad fraudem acutus. Nep., opp. hebes, obtusus. 
 Subtilis, fine, subtile, discriminating in taste, one who in 
 works of art remarks, w r ith praise or blame, delicate touches : 
 Subtilis veterum judex et callidus ; Sincerum ac subtile 
 
 judicium. Sollers, versed in the art : Adolescens in Uteris, 
 in palaistra, in musicis sollers. Ter. Ingeniosus, gifted 
 with talent (talented), ingenious, of inventive mind. Per- 
 spicax, sharpsighted, of penetrating sharpsightedness : Pa- 
 lamedis perspicax prudentia. This, with an indistinct 
 idea, is Sagax, he who easily scents, has no precise yet cor- 
 rect impression, e. g. canis ; cunning in discovering future 
 and threatening danger, e. g. ad suspicandum, ad pericula 
 
52 22. Ad. 24. Adeps. 
 
 perspicienda. Cic. Argutus, full of expression, e. g. 
 o cuius ; full of spirit, French spirituel, he who perceives 
 easily fine similarities, and applies them with wit ; also hit- 
 ting, in as far as the other feels hit: Quis iUo (Catone), in 
 sententiis argutior? in docendo subtilior? Cic. Sen- 
 tentice acuta, those that are conceived with acuteness, and 
 well-defined; argutce, those which are full of meaning. 
 
 22. Ad, Apud, Penes. In. Ad, to, signifies approach- 
 ment to an object; Apud, by, signifies the sphere ; Penes, 
 with, in the innermost, in possession and power of some one ; 
 In rem, into, toward, direction toward the interior; In re, 
 in, under, upon, repose of that which in a thing surrounds the 
 subject. Ad me est, in my neighbourhood, near me, at 
 hand; apud me, in my house, penes me, at my disposi- 
 tion. Dicer e ad populum, when the speech is directed to 
 the people; apud populum, in a popular meeting. Plato 
 apud Xenophontem dicit, means Plato in the works of Xen- 
 ophon, as author; in Timceo, means the title of the book; 
 in Socrate, in mentioning Socrates. Ad rem utilis, ad fa- 
 cinus audax, signifies final object; pecunia in remiges, desti- 
 nation. In some compounds ad increases the signification, 
 as in admodum, affatim, adprime, adprobe ; different are : 
 Aggravescere, to become heavier ; Ingravescere, more 
 oppressive, to increase, extend an evil, e. g. morbus. A d~ 
 mitt er e f acinus, Jlagitium, to admit; Committere, to 
 allow a thing to be done, to commit : Si quid a me prceter- 
 missum fuerit, commissum f acinus et ad mis sum dedecus 
 confitebor. Cic. Adnuere, to nod with applause to some 
 one; Innuere, to give to understand wjth a nod. Ad- 
 sc end ere, to ascend, approaching to the summit ; Es- 
 c end ere, from below up, to ascend with greater difficulty; 
 Conscendere, to walk about above, when the highest point 
 is reached; Inscendere, to enter, .or to seat one's self 
 firmly on the ascended object. 
 
 23. Adeo, Tam. Adeo, so much, even, used of the de- 
 gree which something has reached ; Tam places this degree 
 with that of something else, or with a consequence into equal 
 relations: Nemo adeo ferus est, ut non mitescere possit. 
 Hor. Tam sum amicus rei publican, quam qui maxime. Cic. 
 
 24. Adeps, Sebum, Arvina, Pingue, Laridum. Adeps 
 (ad -daps), the softer fat of animals which do not ruminate : 
 Sebum, Sevum, the firmer fat of ruminating animals, tal- 
 low : Adeps Cassii, suilla, anserina ; Sebum vitulinum. 
 
25. Adesse. 28. Admodum. 53 
 
 Arvina, tallow, in as far as used to grease something : Cli- 
 peos Urgent arvina. Virg. Pi ng ue, the oily fat: Pin- 
 gue inter carnem cutemque. Plin. Laridum, Lardum, 
 lard, salt and smoked fat pork. 
 
 25. Adesse, Interesse, Presto esse, Pilesentem esse. 
 Adesse, to be there, to be a bystander, to be present, as 
 necessary: ad judicium, amicis. Inter esse, to be pres- 
 ent taking part, e. g. negotiis. Prcesto esse (prce-stus, 
 XIII, 1., XX, 12.), to be at the disposal, at hand. Pre- 
 sent em esse, to be present, to lie before us: Bellua 
 ad id solum, quod ad est, quodque prcesens est, se ac- 
 commodate Cic. Hostice ad sacrificium prcesto non fue* 
 runt. Id. 
 
 26. Adhibere, Uti. Adhib ere, to take for some pur- 
 pose, to apply for use: vestem ad ornatum corporis. Uti, 
 to use, to make use of a thing for profit or enjoyment : Pau- 
 sanias apparatu regio utebatur, veste Medica. Nep. Tes- 
 tes adhibere, to bring forward witnesses ; testibus uti, to 
 make use of their testimony in order to prove bur assertion. 
 
 27. Adhuc, Hucusque, Hactenus ; Etiam. A series of 
 circumstances to the present time, is expressed by Adhuc, 
 so far, of time, still, since, down to our time; Hucusque, 
 so far, of locality, if without interruption it has obtained 
 this point; Hactenus, so far, to here, if according to its 
 extension it be taken to that point : Adhuc Ligarius omni 
 culpa vacat. Cic. Hucusque Sesostris exercitum duxit. 
 Plin. Hactenus reprehendat, si quis volet; nihil amplius. 
 Cic. — In later times, Adhuc is used with the comparative, 
 for still, to increase the strength; in earlier times, Etiam 
 was used : Adhuc difficilior observatio est. Quinctil. Tan- 
 tum et plus etiam mihi debet. Cic. TJnum etiam de Cce- 
 lio. Id. 
 
 28. Admodum, Valde, Impense, Magnopere, Vehemen- 
 ter, Quam, Perquam, Oppido. Admodum, is very, very 
 much, near to the fall measure: Turres admodum CXX. 
 excitantur. Cses. Pauci atque admod um pauci corrumpere 
 mores civitatis possunt. Cic. Valde, very strongly, signi- 
 fies a high degree of power : Valid e tonuit. Plaut. Brutus 
 quidquid vult, valde vult. Cic. Imp ense with pains and 
 exertion, zeal: Impensius legatos mittere, pacem or are. 
 Sail. Aliquem commendare. Cic. Magnopere, Magno 
 op ere, very much, of interest in a subject, e. g. formas pu- 
 erorum mirari ; Romam proper are. Cic. Vehementer, see 
 
 5* 
 
54 29. Adolescens. 31. Adoriri. 
 
 17, violent, of passion, pugnare, cum aliquo agere~ Quam, 
 very much, and perquam, exceedingly; the highest pos- 
 sible degree of a quality : Obitum filice tuce sane quam 
 graviter tuli. Cic, as certain as any thing can be. Hoc 
 per quam puerile videtur. Id. Oppido, over-sufficient, 
 completely, a high degree of perfection respecting requisite 
 qualities: Oppido ridiculus ; Servirent, prater quam op- 
 pi do pauci. Cic, extremely few. 
 
 29. Adolescens, Pubes, Ephebus, Juvenis, Puer, Tn- 
 fans. Adolescens, properly a person that is growing up, 
 a person from fifteen to thirty years of age, generally of the 
 male sex: Adult a virgo. Cic. Pubes, matured to puber- 
 ty, with growing beard, from the fourteenth year: Puer, 
 priusquam pubes esset. Nep. Ephebus, a youth of six- 
 teen years. Juvenis (ancient junis, young), a young man 
 up to forty-five and fifty years ; opp. senior and senex, from 
 the sixtieth year. Puer, a boy, to the fifteenth year. In- 
 firmitas puerorum est, ferocitas juvenum, gravitas jam 
 constantis cetatis, senectutis maturitas. Cic. Pueri regii. 
 Liv., princes. Infans, a child which cannot yet speak 
 well, up to the seventh year: Infantium puerorum incu- 
 nabula. Cic. 
 
 30. Adorare, Venerari, Colere, Observare, Reve- 
 reri. Adorare, to adore: precibus Super os. Venerari 
 (bonus, ancient benus, XIX, 3.), to revere something as a 
 higher being, also by genuflexion and other demonstrations 
 of reverence, e.g. deos : Habet venerationem justam, 
 quidquid excellit. Cic. Colere (connected with an old 
 German word, kollern, to turn about, as the Romans did in 
 solemn prayers), is to hold in honor, to manifest reverence 
 by services and religious rites: Hunc patris loco colere de- 
 bebas. Cic. Observare, to observe with attention, to man- 
 ifest to some one an endeavour, on all occasions, of honoring 
 it is never used of divine honor : Militice Africanum ut deum 
 colebat Lcelius ; domi vicissim Lcelium, quod cetate antece> 
 debat, observ abat in parentis loco Scipio. Cic. Reve> 
 reri, to fear, to manifest reverence by the endeavour of 
 avoiding every thing which might be unpleasant to another 
 Magna fait quondam capitis reverentia cani. Ovid. 
 
 31. Adoriri, Aggredi, Invadere, Opprimere. Ado 
 riri, to attack, assault some one, suddenly and unperceiv 
 edly rising from a neighbouring spot, hence the idea of cun 
 ning is connected with it : hostes a tergo. Aggredi, to 
 
32. Advena. 34. Adversaria. 55 
 
 attack openly. Invader e, to fall upon, breaking in upon 
 some one with violence. Opprimere, assault suddenly and 
 overwhelm, overpower. 
 
 32. Advena, Hospes, Peregrinus, Alienigena. Ad- 
 vena is foreigner, as the new-comer from a foreign land ; 
 Ho sp e s, the foreigner, who, as guest, has met with recep- 
 tion , P eregrinus, if a person is considered as a foreigner 
 coming from a journey, or as an alien (opp. civis) ; Alieni- 
 gen a, a foreigner, inasmuch as he is born in a foreign coun- 
 try (the German Ausl'dnder, literally ouilander ; opp. indi- 
 gena, native) : Nos Capua, liinc Roma qui veneramus, jam 
 non hospites, sed peregrini atque advena nominaba- 
 mur. Cic. 
 
 33. Adversari, Ob — Reniti, — Reluctari, — Resis- 
 tere, Repugnare, Refragari. Adversari, to be against 
 one in opinion, disposition : petenti, alicujus commodis, con- 
 siliis. b, stepping in the way and hindering ; R e, recoil- 
 ing effect ; in Ob — Reniti, to work against w 7 ith zeal and 
 perseverance: Consilio, manu hostibus obniti. Ob — Re- 
 luctari, to struggle against something, to resist: Animus 
 obluctans difficultatibus. Reluctari precibus. Curt. 
 Ob si st ere, to place one's self before another, in the way : 
 Catilina consiliis occurri atque obstiti. Cic. Resistere, 
 to resist as having been attacked, with fortitude, valor : Hos- 
 tes acerrime resistebant, nee dabant suspicio?ie?n fugce. 
 Caes. Fortiter dolori atque fortuna — . Cic. Repug- 
 nare, resisting while fighting, to oppose in struggling : Nihil 
 decet invita Minerva, id est, adversante et repugn ante 
 natura. Cic. Refragari, to strive with the pastern or 
 ham (suffrago) against something, to resist, denying some- 
 thing which is demanded: Lex petitioni tua refragata 
 est Cic. 
 
 34. Adversaria, Tabula, Commentaria — rii. A d- 
 vers aria, properly speaking, that which turns the front 
 towards us ; hence that which is always open, a book, a 
 ledger, to note down expenses and receipts, from which they 
 are carefully transferred into the Tabula or Codex ac- 
 cepti et expensi, because these were also used as legal 
 evidence: Negligenter scribimus adversaria ; diligenter 
 conficimus tabulas. Commentaria and Commentarii 
 sc. libri, another note-book, in which memoranda, thoughts, 
 and the chief outlines of connected pieces were written. C 
 Brut. 44, 164. 
 
56 35. Adversarius. 37. Adulari. 
 
 35. Adversarius, Inimicus, Hostis, Perduellis. Ad> 
 ver sarins, the opponent in disputations, auctions, lawsuits, 
 in war ; Inimicus, hostile, enemy, according to his dispo- 
 sition, he who hates the other and endeavours to hurt him ; 
 Hostis, properly a foreigner, the enemy who commits hos- 
 tilities, especially with arms ; Perduellis, properly he w r ho, 
 with arms, attacks his country, one who endangers public lib- 
 erty, a traitor: Pompeius scepius cum hoste conflixit, quam 
 quisquam cum inimico concertavit. Cic. Qui proprio no- 
 mine perduellis esset, is hostis vocahatur. Hostis 
 enim apud majores is dicebatur, quern nunc peregrinum did- 
 r mus. Id nomen in eo, qui arma contra ferret, remansit. Id, 
 
 36. Adversus — um, Versus, E regione, Contra, Er- 
 ga, In, A. Versus (the English ward, in homeward, to- 
 ward, &c), toward a direction: Brundisium versus 
 ire; Catilina modo ad urbem, modo in Galliam versus 
 castra mover e. Sail. Adversus, Adversum, turned to- 
 ward a thing; Sedens adversus te spectat. Catull. Porta 
 adversus castra Romana erat. Liv. Pietas est jus- 
 titia adversum deos. Cic. E regione, right opposite, 
 without being turned toward one another : Luna quum est e 
 regione solis, deficit. Cic. Contra (cum-tera, VIII, 1. 
 XX, 13.), opposite, over against, if two objects are turned 
 toward one another, against: Insula contra Brundisi- 
 num portum est. Caes. Contra officium est. Cic. 
 Erg a (vergere, XVI, 2., XX, 13.), inclining toward some- 
 thing, with regard to a thing : Taa voluntas erg a me, meaque 
 erg a te mutua. Cic. Rarely, however, with Cicero, in a 
 hostile sense, as Odium erg a re gem susceperant. Nep. In, 
 toward, toward the centre, interior, see 22. Perindulgens 
 in pat rem acerbe severus in f ilium. Cic. A, Ab, re- 
 specting to (see 1.), toward something from which an attack 
 or danger comes: Defendere urbem ab hostibus, Italiam 
 a v astatione. Cic, but in the sense of opposing, placing 
 against : Capsenses muniti adversum liostes mamibus. 
 Sail. Meam salutem contra illius impetum in me de- 
 fendi. Cic. 
 
 37. Adulari, Assentari, Blandiri, Lenocinari. Adu- 
 lari {ad-Huld, German for favor, XIX), to flatter, meanly 
 and cringingly ; Assentari, to assent in every thing; 
 Blandiri, to caress, endeavour to gain by caresses ; Le- 
 nocinari, to flatter seducingly, with allurements and de- 
 ception. 
 
38. Mdes. 39. Mdificare. 57 
 
 38. ^Edes, -ZEdificium, Domus ; Templttm, Fanum, De- 
 lubrum. Mdes, a building which, by walls, includes a cer- 
 tain space, a room, a barn ; in the plural, a house with its 
 rooms and outhouses; JEdificium, a building as a work 
 of architecture, fabric, e. g. a roof to protect soldiers at siege? 
 (musculus, Cees. c. 2, 10). Domus, a house as property 
 hence likewise as home : Absolutum offendi in cedibus tuu 
 tectum. Cic. Britannorum cedificia fere Gallicis consi 
 milia. Cces., speaking of them according to their architecture- 
 Domino domus lionestanda est. Scaurus do mum demolitus 
 accessionem adjunxit cedibus. Id. Mdes, also JEdis, in 
 the singular, the temple, in as. far as it surrounds a deity, 
 without reference to outhouses, yet only if sacra, Jovis, &c. 
 be added, if the meaning does not plainly appear from the 
 connexion: Complures cedes sacra. Cic. Mdes labentes 
 deorum. Hor. Templum (tempus, X, 1, A, cc), properly the 
 district appropriated by the augurs for the auspices, partly the 
 sky open to it before the augur, partly the square district des- 
 ignated by him with his lituus, and marked by a line drawn 
 through the zenith and in a right angle with the meridian ; 
 hence a temple laid out according to these lines, with a front 
 toward the south, generally an ornamented or magnificent 
 building: TJt area esset Jovis templique ejus, quod in^edi- 
 Jlcaretur. Fanum (fari, XI, 2, c), a place consecrated by 
 an augur for a temple, further a temple consecrated by the 
 pontifex as a holy place : Jovis Statoris cedes vota, sed fa- 
 num tantum, id est, locus tempi o effatus, sacratus fuerat. 
 Liv. Fanum Apollinis. Cic. Deliibrum (de-luere,lX, 
 1, c), a temple as a place of purification and atonement: 
 111 a, propter quce ddtur homini ads census in codum, delubra 
 sunt. XII. Tabb. ap. Cic. 
 
 39. jEdificare, Struere, Con — Exstruere, Condere, 
 Fundare. Mdificare, to make a building, to build, do- 
 mum, urbem, porticum, navem. Struere (belongs to sterner e, 
 to strew, XVI, 6.), to lay by layers, regularly upon and by one 
 another, of parts of a building, parts of a regularly constructed 
 whole, e. g. agger em, aciem, verba : Domus e latere struct ce. 
 Vitruv. Construere, to build up, to unite the various parts 
 of a building in proper order: Mundi est corpus ea con- 
 s true turn proportione, quam videtis. Cic. Exstruere, to 
 build up, raise from below : Pharus est turris mirificis ope- 
 ribus exstructa. Cses. Condere, 2. to build, to found, to 
 cause the being built : Romulus lituo regiones direxit turn, 
 
58 40. Mger. 41. Mquus. 
 
 quum urbem condidit. Cic. Fund are, lay the founda 
 tion : Facile est nav em facer e, ubi fun data et constituta 
 est. Plaut. 
 
 40. iE&ER, iEGROTUS ; .ZEgRITUDO, iEGRIMONIA, iEGRO- 
 
 tatio, Morbus, Vitium. Mger, sick, respecting the state 
 of health, according to condition, one that feels suffering, 
 used of every sort of physical or mental suffering, ceger ani- 
 mi, pedibus ; Mgrotus, befallen (stricken) by a certain 
 disease ; he who is sick, a sick man : Corpus, etiamsi medi- 
 ocriter cegrum est, sanum non est. Mgroto dum anima 
 est, spes esse dicitur. Cic. — Mgritudo, suffering of the 
 soul, the suffering state of the inner man in general ; with 
 later writers, also of the body ; Mgrimonia, a specific sort 
 of grief, showing its effect, anger ; Mgrotatio, the state of 
 physically being unwell: Tit cegrotatio in corpore, sic 
 cegritudo in animo. Cic. Ferrem graviter, si nova agri- 
 monies locus esset. Id. Morbus, the temporary disease, 
 as cause of the cegritudo and cegrotatio. Vitium, the re- 
 maining disorder, defect, infirmity, e. g. blindness : Morbum 
 appellant totius corporis corruptionem ; cegrotationem, 
 morbum cum imbecillitate ; vitium quum partes corporis 
 inter se dissident, ex quo pravitas membrorum, distortio, de- 
 formitas. Cic. 
 
 41. iEQuus, Planus, jEqualis, ^Equabilis, Par, Simi- 
 lis ; Justus; Square, Ad^quare, ^Equiparare. Mquus, 
 even, level, horizontal; Planus, plain, flat, without eleva- 
 tion or protuberances : Dejectus in inferiorem locum de supe- 
 rior e, non de aequo et piano loco. Cic. Mqualis, equal 
 with another subject, according to internal quality, e. g. pars 
 altera parti ; Mquales, cotemporaries ; Mquabilis, that 
 which may be made equal, or has been made so, uniform, 
 that which remains equal, as ' uniform ' is likewise used, e. g. 
 of conduct of the same person : Mquabilis prcedce partitio ; 
 Motus certus et cequabilis. Cic. Par, equal, according to 
 the external property, that which amounts to the same : In- 
 tervalla cequalia, essentially equal among one another: 
 paria, those that are proportionally equal : Numerosum metiri 
 possumus intervallis cequalibus. Cic. Par est jus, quod 
 in omnes cequabile est. Id., that which proportionally is the 
 same, which is uniformly administered to all. Sim His, 
 similar: Aqua aquce similis. Plaut. Mquus, equally 
 weighed out, and he who weighs out equally : Mqua con- 
 ditio, cequum certamen proponitur. Cic. Quintio non jus 
 
42. Aer. 46. Mtas. 59 
 
 par, non magistrates cequus repiriri potuit. Id., impartial. 
 Ex cequo et bono jus constat, quod ad veritatem et ad utili- 
 totem communem videtur pertinere. Ad Herenn., fair, miti- 
 gating the strict law by the duties of humanity. Justus, 
 just, according to strict right or law : Justo jure aliquid re- 
 petere. Liv. Jus turn helium. Liv., formal, no irregular 
 expedition; Justus exercitus. Id., complete. — JEquare. 
 making even; Adaquare, making almost even, e. g. tecta 
 solo. Liv. M quip ar are, come up to : Nemo eum labor e+ 
 corporisque virions potuit cequip arare. Nep. 
 
 42. Aer, ^Ether, Ccelum. Aer, the air near the earth; 
 MtJier, the higher, purer, and fiery air, as supposed by the 
 ancients: Aer, quern spiritu ducimus. Cic. Aer em am- 
 plectitur immensus cether, qui constat ex altissimis ignibus. 
 Id. Cozlum (zdllov, the hollow), the heavenly arch, the 
 extreme hollow globe of the universe: Cozlum rotundum, 
 terraque media est. Cic. 
 
 43. ^Erarium, Fiscus. Mrarium, every treasury, es- 
 pecially of the state, the place where the public treasure is 
 kept; Fiscus, properly a basket; the treasury of a magis- 
 trate, and, since Augustus, the imperial private purse : Meam 
 domum senatus ex cerario czdificandam putavit. Cic. Ccesar 
 omnia habet ; fiscus ejus privata tantum ac sua. Senec. 
 
 44. tErugo, Ferrugo, Rubigo. Mrugo, verdigris; 
 Ferrugo, rust of iron ; Rubigo (robus y rufus), every sort 
 of rust, and a certain disease of the grain: Ferrum rubigo 
 corripit. Plin. Nee seges sterilem sentiet rubiginem. 
 Hor. 
 
 45. iEsTiMARE, Existtmare. Mstimare {as, XIX, 9.), 
 to estimate, determine the price or value of something, e. g. 
 litem, the amount of expense for a lawsuit. Existimare, 
 properly to estimate accurately by weighing ; to judge ac- 
 cording to external or intrinsic value of a thing, after a proper 
 valuation: Ex orationibus existimari de ingeniis orato- 
 rum potest. Cic. Hence Ms tim a tio, valuation ; Existi- 
 matio, opinion respecting something, and the opinion which 
 others have of us, esteem ; bona, turpis, see 93, reputa- 
 tion. 
 
 46. Mtas, Mvuisi, TEMrus, Spatium, Dies. JEtas 
 (for cevitas), time as a quality of things in general, and as 
 limited time, the times as period, the age we live in, the age 
 of youth: Volat at as; Numa, consultissimus vir in ilia 
 (Btate. Mvum, that which is above time, eternal, also a 
 
60 47. Mternus. 49. Affirmare. 
 
 very long and unlimited period : Est in ccelo locus, ubi beati 
 cevo sempitemo fruantur. Cic. Temp us, the time of the 
 day, night, or year, as marked by the sun or stars. See 
 Polyb. 9, 15. In general, the limited time for which Spa- 
 tium is used, if the distance of both the limits of a period or 
 its duration is meant. Te mp u s est pars qucedam ceternitatis 
 cum alicujus annul, menstrui, diurni nocturnive spatii certa 
 significatione. Cic. Hence the measured, the right time : 
 Veni in tempore. Ter. Dies, daytime, with the prevail- 
 ing idea of light, opp. nox ; further, time, inasmuch as in it 
 the series of events advances, and the end to which a given 
 period or time extends, term: Nos, quod est dies allatura, 
 id consilio anteferre debemus. Cic. Ex ea die ad hanc 
 diem qua fecisti, in judicium voco. Id. 
 
 47. tEterntjs, Sempiternus, Perpetuus, Perennis, Ju- 
 gis. Mternus (cevum, VIII, 1., XI, 1, /?.), eternal, of end- 
 less duration, e.'g^.deus ; urbs in cet.ernum condita. Liv. 
 Sempiternus (to similis, semper), everlasting, of a state;. 
 of things which continually remains the same : Si mihi ceter- 
 nam esse cerumnam propositam arbitrarer, morte me ipse 
 potius, quam sempitemo dolor e multassem. Cic. Per- 
 petuus, properly, touching to one another throughout (pe- 
 tere), continual, uninterrupted, perpetual: Ignis Vestce per- 
 petuus ac sempiternus. Cic. Perennis, through the 
 whole year, the whole year round, e. g. aqua : Stellarum 
 inerrantium perennes cursus atque perpetui. Cic. Ju- 
 gis, properly joined together (jugere, IV, 1.), always flow- 
 ing, never drying up, never ceasing : Capsenses una modo 
 jugi aqua, cetera, pluvia utebantur. Sail. 
 
 48. Affinis, Propinquus, Consanguineus, Necessj* 
 rius. Affinis, contiguous, bordering on a thing, related 
 by marriage: Et gener et adfines placent. Ter. Pro- 
 pinquus, near, local, and in every sort of connexion and 
 relationship : Cives potior es quam peregrini, et pro pin qui 
 quam alieni. Cic. C®n sanguineus, related by blood, 
 generally of sisters and brothers : Consider atur in cognatione, 
 quibus majoribas, quibus consanguineis. Cic. Neces- 
 sarins, who stands with some one else in some binding, 
 obliging relation, a relation which entails duties, which may 
 be the case with the familiaris, affinis, and consanguin- 
 eus : Jugur thee filia B occhi nupserat. Verum ea neces si- 
 tu do apud Numidas levis ducitur. Sail. 
 
 49. Affirmare, Confirm are, Asseverare. Affirm a- 
 
50. Ager. 53. Agricola. 61 
 
 re, to add solidity, to assure, affirm : Societatem jurejurando. 
 Confirm are, to make firm together, to confirm with evi- 
 dence or assurances: Hoc nervos confirmari put ant. 
 Caes., to strengthen. Jubent nostra confirm are argu- 
 mentis et rationibus. Cic. Assev erare, to insist with ear- 
 nestness, to assure, maintain, assert, asseverate: Ass eve- 
 rant, ex corpusculis concur rentibus temere mundum esse 
 perfectum. Cic. 
 
 50. Ager, Arvum, Campus, Rus. Ager, the field as a 
 piece of ground for tillage, pasture, &c. ; also, the fields to- 
 gether : Ager Campanus. Ager novalis, is one just cleared 
 and tilled, and a fallow ; restibilis, a field annually sown. 
 Arvum (arare, IV, 4.), a field kept under the plough : Non 
 arvus hie, sed pascuus est ager. Plaut. Campus, the field 
 as an open, even, and horizontal plain : Segetes modice siccis 
 camp is melius, quam prcecipitibus locis proveniunt. Colum. 
 Rus (ruere, to stir; in German ruhren, originally to dig), 
 the field, country, inasmuch as rural labors are performed 
 there, as agriculture, the chase, in contradistinction to town ; 
 also a farm : Rus ex urbe evolare. Cic. Habet rus amoz- 
 num et suburb anum. Id. 
 
 51. Agger, Moles, Vallum. Agger (ad-gerere, IV, 
 1.), the dam, in as far as it is an elevation of material carried 
 together, e. g. an artificial public road; Moles, as a large 
 mass, and a fabric which has taken much labor : Qua fauces 
 erant angustissimcB portus, moles atque agger em ab utra- 
 que parte litoris jaciebat. Cass. Dams on the bottom of the 
 sea ; agger, that part of them which is above the level of 
 the sea. Agger is also the dam used in sieges, made of 
 wood and filled with stone and earth, by which a fortress was 
 enclosed, and from whence the assault was made : Exstruitur 
 agger in altitudinem pedum IX. Caes. Vallum, also 
 V alius, the palisades, consisting of posts and branches, 
 driven into the dam, agger ; also used for the palisades and 
 the dam together: Erat fossa pedum XV. et v alius contra 
 hostem in altitudinem pedum X, tantundemque ejus valli 
 agger in latitudinem patebat. Caes. 
 
 52. Agnatus, Cognatus, Gentilis. A gnat us, a kins- 
 man by the father's side; Cognatus, from the mother's 
 side; both are Gentiles, relations of the same gens, if they 
 have the same nomen. 
 
 53. Agricola, Arator, Colonus. Agrico la, an agri- 
 culturist, a farmer : Dejitarus rex dillgentissimus agricola 
 
 6 
 
62 54. Ala. 57. Alias. 
 
 et pecuarius habebatur. Cic. A rat or ploughman ; in Sicily 
 one who farmed Roman public farms {arationes), and who 
 paid the tithe for it: Nymplw arator arationes magnas con- 
 ductas habebat. Cic. Col onus, the farmer who maintains 
 well a whole farm, whether his own or not : Coloni ratio 
 est, ut ea, quce in agricultura nascantur e terra, fructum fa- 
 ciant. Varr. ; further, a freeborn man, who on his account 
 cultivated a piece of public land for a fixed tax in kind or 
 money ; by his birth he was attached to this farm, and pos- 
 sessed the civitas, but he only paid poll tax : Antiquissimi 
 socii fidelissimique, Siculi, coloni populi Romani atque 
 aratores, in agros atque in cedes suas revertantur. Cic. 
 
 54. Ala, Cornu. A I a, wing; the Roman cavalry, which 
 covered both wings of the line of battle of the legions : Te 
 Pompeius alee alteri prafecerat. Cic. At a later period, 
 contingents of Roman allies placed likewise there, infantry 
 and cavalry : Sinistra sociorum al a. Liv. Cohortes,equites 
 alarii, in contradistinction to legionarii. Cornua, are 
 both ends of a Roman order of battle, the cavalry included, 
 contradistinguished from the centrum {media acies) : Thraces 
 in dextrum cornu, Italicos equites, incurrerunt. Liv. 
 
 55. Albus, Candidus, Canus ; Candere, Canere. Al- 
 ius, white, as a natural color, equus, cor mis ; hence album, 
 the dye, or the body of the color: Columnas albo polire. 
 Liv. Album ovi. Ca ndi d us {ac- cendere, 12, VII.), shin- 
 ing, brilliant white, e. g. lilium ; in Albus, the degree of 
 light, in Candidus, of purity, spotlessness, is considered: 
 Alba nautis Stella. Hor., portending good luck, success; 
 Animce candidal. Id., spotless as to faith and probity. Ca- 
 nus, of the shining silver- white which passes over into gray, 
 e. g. pruina, arista : Non cani, non ruga, repente auctorita- 
 tem arripere possunt. Cic, gray hair. Hence Candere, to 
 glow, to be white hot, to be brilliantly white ; C autre, to 
 be grayish white: Can dens carlo, eyenus. Dim gramina 
 canent. Virg., sc. rore. 
 
 56. Alere, Nutrire, Pascere. Alere, to nourish, 
 bring up, support, and maintain, e. g. exercitum ; Qumn agel- 
 lus eum non satis aleret, hid imagister fuit . Cic . Nu trire 
 {uti, 26, XVII. ), to give nourishment-: Balcence mammis fetus 
 nutriunt. Plin. Pascere, to feed, to lead to pasture, to 
 feed upon for pleasure or want ; bestias : Ohisculis nos soles 
 pascere. Cic. ; oculos animumque re, and in re. Id. 
 
 57. Alias, Alioqui — in, Ceteroqui — in, Aliter 
 
58. Aliquamdiu. 59. Aliquando. 63 
 
 Secus. Alias, XX, 6., another time; Alioqui, XX, 5., 
 and Alioquin, in another respect; Ceteroqui, Cetero- 
 qui n, for the rest, other circumstances and relations being 
 considered; A liter, otherwise ; it compares the other kind 
 and mode of a state of a subject, as differing from the subject 
 before us: Id quum scepe alias, turn Pyrrhi hello a senatu 
 no stro judication est. Cic. Alias ita loquor, ut concessum 
 est, alias ut necesse est. Id., the one — the other time, 
 Minima olim istius rei fuit cupiditas : alio qu in multa ese* 
 starent exempla majorum. Id. Falernum idoneum est dever* 
 sorio : si modo tecti satis est ad comitatum nostrum recipi- 
 endum, cetero qui mihi locus non displicet. Id. A liter 
 scribo ac sentio. Jus semper est qucesitum cequabih ; neque 
 enim aliter esset jus. Id., if we should proceed in any other 
 way; alio qui non esset jus would be under other circum- 
 stances. A. lias aliter hcec in utramque partem causce so- 
 lent convenire. Id. The one time so, the other time other- 
 wise. Secus (sequi, XX, 3.), in a manner inferior to the 
 one before us, different, worse : Hora fere undecima, aut non 
 multo secus. Cic, later. Secus existimare de aliquo. 
 Nobis aliter videtur ; recte secusne, postea. Id. 
 
 58. Aliquamdiu, Aliquantisper. AH quam diu (i. e. 
 minus quam diu), pretty long, it limits the length ; Aliquan- 
 tisper, for some time, a while, the shortness of a duration : 
 Aristum audivit aliquamdiu. Cic. Hinc concedas ab 
 ore eorum aliquantisper. Ter. 
 
 59. Aliquando, Quondam, Unquam, Olim. Aliquan- 
 do, sometime or other, designates a case happening by 
 chance among others; Quondam (quom-dam), at a cer- 
 tain time, once, a single period, the more accurate determina- 
 tion of which is unimportant ; TJn quam, ever, a certain 
 point of time, without giving its distinct place in time ; Olim 
 (olere, to grow, XX, 7.), always, continual recurrence of the 
 same circumstances ; whether these words belong to the past, 
 the present, or the future, is indicated by the surrounding 
 words: Pelasgi fines aliquando habuere Latinos. Virg, 
 Tandem aliquando Romce esse cozpimus. lllucescet ali- 
 quando ille dies. Utilitas aliquando cum honestate pug- 
 nat. Cic, now and then. Fuit ista quondam in liac re 
 publica virtus. Id. Quondam tua dicer e facta tempus erit. 
 Virg. Quondam etiam victis redit in prcEcordia virtus. Id., 
 sometimes, at certain times. Patroni raro unquam possunt 
 ante judicium scire, quid testis dicturus sit. Quinctil. Sic 
 
64 60. Aliqui. 62. Altercatio. 
 
 olim loquebantur. Cic, formerly always. Pueris olim 
 dant crustula, blandi doctor es. Hor., always. Non, si male 
 nunc, et olim sic erit. Id. 
 
 60. Aliqui, Aliquot, Quidam, Nonnulli. Aliqui, 
 any, indifferent which, of a certain species ; Aliquot, some, 
 of a number; Qui d a m, some, certain ones, without further 
 determining them, which? Nonnulli, some few, the ne- 
 gation of none : Omne nomen ex aliquibus, non ex omnibus 
 Uteris scribitur. Cic, from some letters, whichever they 
 may be. Accepi a te aliquot epistolas uno tempore. Id., 
 undetermined number. Certis quibusdam verbis Jit di- 
 vortium, Id. Certain formulas, which I need not mention 
 here. Partem navium deprimunt ; nonnullas cum homini- 
 bus capiunt, reliquas in portum compellunt. Cses. 
 
 61. Alius, Alter, Secundus ; Alii, Ceteri, Reliqui. 
 Alius, another one, that is different from one or more of the 
 same kind; Alter, the other, the one of the two who stand 
 in mutual relation, also counting; Secundus (sequi,XlV, 
 1, b, y.), the second according to order or rank: Epistolas 
 multas accepi uno tempore, ali am alia jucundiorem. Cic, 
 one more pleasant than the other. Te has plialeras a Plii- 
 larcho abstulisse dicebas, alias item nobiles ab Aristo, ter- 
 tias a Cratippo. Id. Duo consules ejus anni, alter morbo, 
 alter f err o per iit. Liv., the one — the other. Nulla al- 
 tera Roma, neque alia sedes imperii erit. Id. Joves tres 
 numerant; ex quibus primum et secundum natos in Arca- 
 dia, alterum patre Mtlxere, alterum patre Cazlo ferunt, 
 tertium Cretensem, Saturni filium. Id. Alii, others, differ- 
 ent from the mentioned ones; Ceteri (ques, Plur. VIII, 1.), 
 the others of the same species ; Reliqui, the rest, remain- 
 ing ones: Homines student prcestare ceteris animalibus. 
 Sail. Extra ducem paucosque prater ea reliqui in bello 
 rapaces. Cic. 
 
 62. Altercatio, Contentio, Concertatio, Certamen, 
 Controversy, Disceptatio, Disputatio, Dissertatto, 
 Jurgium, Litigium, Lis, Rixa. Alter catio (alter, XIX, 
 2. ; II, 3.), the more quiet or more violent exchange of words ; 
 Contentio, exertion, a contest carried on with exertion; 
 Concertatio, the mutual dispute of two or more, who by 
 words or arguments strive to conquer one another; Certa- 
 in en, struggle with or without arms, emulating or contending 
 to overcome the other ; Controversia, contest of two par- 
 ties, each of which believes itself to be right and defends its 
 
63. Alternus. 64. Altus. 65 
 
 ground, controversy ; Disceptatio, the contest of two parties, in 
 which all legal grounds are brought forward for one and the 
 other, which are examined so that it may be decided ; Dis- 
 putatio, colloquy on a disputed subject, with reasons and 
 counterreasons and arguments, generally between several per- 
 sons of different opinion, is of a polemic character, and pro- 
 ceeds methodically; Dissertation a calmer, systematic, 
 and extensive colloquy or essay ; it speaks in a didactic tone, 
 without being bound by certain laws : Magna ibi non dis~ 
 ceptatio modo, sed etiam alter catio fait. Liv. Est 
 inter eos non de terminis, sed de tota possessione contention 
 Contentiones concertationesque in disputando perti- 
 naces, indigna pJiilosophia videntur. Cic. Cum Zenone Ar- 
 cesilas certamen instituit, non studio vincendi, sed rei ob- 
 scuritate. Id . Judicia distrahendarum contr over si arum 
 causa inventa sunt. Id. Lator legis, quum esset contr over- 
 si a nulla facti, juris tamen disceptationem esse voluit ; 
 et electi judices isque propositus quastioni, qui hac juste sa~ 
 pienterque disceptet. Id. Ea, qua disputavi, disse- 
 rere malui, quam judicare. Id. In omni disputatione, 
 quid esset simillimum veri, queer ebamus. Id. Jurgium (jus, 
 jurgare, to judge, XIX, 1. ; IV, 3., c), the quarrel from de- 
 sire to have the last word, also connected with reproaches and 
 evil words: Benevolorum concertatio, non lis inimico- 
 rum, jurgium dicitur. Maledicta jurgii petulantis. Cic. 
 Litigium (lis, litigate), dispute, quarrel which originates 
 from real disagreement: Litigium est tibi cum uxore 
 Plaut. Lis (ladere, by defending), the dispute, as action in 
 court about a private matter: Adhuc sub judice lis est. Hor. 
 Rixa, a passionate quarrel which goes to fisticuffs : Crebra, 
 ut inter vinolentos, rixa raro conviciis, sapius cade et vul- 
 neribus transiguntur. Tac. 
 
 63. Alternus, Mutuus, Reciprocus. Alternus, alter- 
 nately one and the other ; Mutuus (mutare, IV, 3.), mutual, 
 when the same is returned with the same; Reciprocus 
 (re- cis-procus), on the same path returning: Vites alter* 
 nis putantur annis. Plin. Mutuum in amicitia est, quum 
 par voluntas accipitur et redditur. Cic. JEstus maris afflu- 
 unt et remeant reciproci. Plin. 
 
 64. Altus, Editus, Arduus, Celsus, Procerus, Sub- 
 limis ; Profundus. Altus (alere, 56), perpendicularly 
 high, from the surface of the globe to the highest point, hence 
 used to determine measures : Statuere columellam tribus 
 
 6* 
 
66 65. Amandare. 66. A?nare. 
 
 cubitis ne altiorem. Cic. E ditu s, elevated, of hills, &c. : 
 Collis paululum ex planitie editus. Cses. Arduus (ar de- 
 re, IV, 3.), steep, e. g. via; Oppidum difficili adscensu- atque 
 arduo. Opus arduum conamur. Cic. Celsus, high 
 with regard to growth, and in relation to that which is low, 
 reaching above : Status erectus et eels us. Cic. C el sum ca- 
 put super agmina tollit. Sil. Diana posita ex eels a in basi* 
 Cic, distinguished, most high. Procerus (pro, forward, 
 VIII, with C as digamma), forward, stretched long, hori- 
 zontally and upward, e. g. rostrum. Galatea, longa proce- 
 rior alno. Ovid. Subllmis, from below directed upward, 
 pending high in the air, e. g. cozlum: Apparet sublimis in 
 aere Nisus. Virg. — Alt us, deep, from the surface of the 
 globe downward : Quum ex alto puteo sursum ad summum 
 escenderis, periculum est, a summo ne rursum cadas. Plaut. 
 Profundus, entering deep, with distant bottom, e. g. mare : 
 Profunda altitudinis convalles. Liv. Somnus altissi- 
 mus ; Profunda avaritia. 
 
 65. Amandare, Ab — Relegare, Aqua et igni inter- 
 dicere. Amandare, to order one away, send away : Fa- 
 miliar em dimittere ab se et amandare in ultimas terras. 
 Cic. Ablegare, to send one away for the purpose of get- 
 ting rid of him : Pueros venatum ablegavit. Liv. Rele- 
 gare, to order one from the place where we are back, to bid 
 him away, to exile : Manlius filium ab hominibus relegavit 
 et ruri habitare jussit. Liv. Aqua et igni inter dicer e, 
 to prohibit fire and water, the punishment of perpetual exile, 
 the only sort of exile in ancient Rome when free : Leges 
 Ccesaris jubent, ei, qui de vi, itemque qui majestatis damna- 
 tus sit, aqua et igni inter dici. Cic. 
 
 66. A MARE, DlLIGERE ; AMICUS, FaMILIARIS, NeCESSA- 
 
 rius; Amor, Caritas, Pietas. A mare, to love, from in- 
 clination, and because the subject pleases our heart ; Dili- 
 gere, from esteem, as a subject dear to us : Scias, Egnatium 
 amenon diligi solum, verum etiam amari. Cic. Amicus, 
 friend in general, and the sincere, true friend ; Familiar is, 
 a friend of the house, with whom we have become familiar 
 by daily intercourse ; Necessarius, a friend allied to us by 
 duty, as by relations of public office, the duties and relations 
 of hospitality, mutual acts of kindness : Cum Dejotaro milxi 
 amicitiam res publica conciliavit, fa miliar it at em con- 
 suetudo attulit, summam vero necessitudinem magna ejus 
 officia in me et in exercitum meum effecerunt. Cic. — Amor, 
 
67. Ami. 68. Ambiguus. 67 
 
 love, as affection and sensual, also with animals; Caritas, 
 the intense love to a highly valued object, result of reflection, 
 and only of a pure kind ; Pi etas, dutiful love, from natural 
 as well as religious impulse, toward those to whom we owe 
 our life and the happiness of it: Aut caritate moventur 
 homines, ut deorum, patrice, parentum ; aut am ore, ut fra- 
 trum, liber orum, familiarium. Cic. Pi etas erga patriam 
 aut parentes aut alios sanguine conjunctos qfficium conservare 
 monet. Id. 
 
 67. Amb, Circum, Circa, Circumcirca, Circiter. Amb> 
 about, according to the roundness of something, used only in 
 compounds, as ambire, amplecti, amburere, ambages; Cir- 
 cum, about, around, according to the circumference of some- 
 thing, if there is a movement in a circular line ; Circa, if 
 there is rest in the same, also of time and number ; Circi- 
 ter (literally, circlish), about, not quite definite, of time, 
 number, if an approaching to the definite part, and no more, 
 is meant : Terra circum axem se convertit. Templa, qua 
 circum forum sunt. Pueros circum amicos dimittit. Cic. 
 Ligna contulerunt circa casam earn. Nep. Custodes circa 
 omnes portas missi, ne quis urbe egrederetur. Liv. Plena 
 sunt templa circa forum. Cic. Circatertiamlioram. Cels. 
 Ho r a diei circiter quarta Britanniam attigit. Cses. Cozpi 
 regiones circumcirca prospicere Cic, all around, round 
 about. 
 
 68. Ambiguus, Anceps, Dubius, incertus : Ambigere, 
 Animi pendere, Dubitare. Ambiguus, that which may 
 be taken in two different ways, ambiguous, e. g. oracula. 
 Anceps {amb — caput), that which exists double, the same 
 form, quality, tendency, or threatening the same danger from 
 two opposite sides, e. g. Janus, securis, valetudo, fortuna ; 
 Jus anceps. Hor., that which may be interpreted to the ad- 
 vantage of either of the opposed parties. Ambigua reperien- 
 tur facile, si animadverterimus verborum ancipites aut mul- 
 tiplices potestates. Ad Herenn. Dubius (instead of dujus, 
 from duo), wavering between two things, dubious, doubtful, 
 as to him who has doubt, and the matter that is doubted : 
 Equites visi ab dubiis, quinam essent. Liv. Perspicuis 
 dubia aperiuntur. Cic. Dubius, the person who, in se- 
 lecting between two things, is irresolute, doubtful, if he has 
 equally strong reasons for either; Incertus, uncertain, if 
 he is wanting in reasons or motives to decide upon : Milites 
 incerti ignarique, quid potissimum facer ent. Sail. — A m- 
 
68 69. Ambitio. 72. Amens. 
 
 hi g ere, to be undetermined, not to make up one's mind, 
 hesitate : Philippus, cui rei primum occurreret, ambigebat. 
 Justin. Animi and Animis pendere, to hesitate from 
 want of resolution, fear, &c. : Ego animi p end ere soleo, 
 quum semel quid orsus traducor alio. Cic. Dub it are, XI, 
 10., a., to doubt, to hesitate from the fact that there are equal- 
 ly good reasons for one or the other choice: Ccena dubia 
 apponitur, ubi tu dubites, quid sumas potissimum. Ter. 
 
 69. Abibitio, Ambitus. Ambitio, the lawful and proper 
 canvass for a place, the favor of him who has to bestow it, 
 and in general the endeavour to obtain the favor and good* 
 will of some one; Ambitus, the same unlawful, e. g. by- 
 bribe : Hie magistrates a populo summa ambitione con- 
 tenditur. Ambitus alterum accusare. Cic. 
 
 70. Ambo, Uterque, Duo, Bini, Par. Ambo, both the 
 two, both together, a state of perfect equality as to certain 
 circumstances of two; Uterque, either of the two, one as 
 well as the other, two taken as two different units, with sep- 
 arate share or participation of both in a state which neverthe- 
 less is common to both : Duo, two, as number ; Bini, two* 
 fold, by two, distributive, things of the same species yet 
 belonging to one another, two by two; Par, 41, a pair, if 
 two things are designated which belong to each other on 
 account of the equality of their qualities : Ccesar atque Pom- 
 peius diver sa sibi ambo consilia capiunt ; eodemque die 
 uterque eorum ex castris exercitum educunt. Coes. Binos 
 tabellarios in duas naves imposui. Cic. Censores bini 
 sunto. Id., each time two. Binos habebam scyphos : jubeo 
 promi utrosque. Id., two pairs, — utrosque, as belonging 
 together. Scyphorum pari a complura. Gladiatorum par 
 nobilissimum. Id. 
 
 71. Ambulare, Spatiari. Ambulare (amb,XIX,b.,a.), 
 originally of the changing position of the feet in walking, to 
 walk about; Spatiari, to walk slowly and with measured 
 steps: Ambulant cornices; currunt per dices. Plin. En' 
 nius in hortis cum vicino suo ambulavit. Cic. Nee mea 
 turn longa spatietur imagine pompa. Propert. 
 
 72. Amens, Demens, Ex — Vecors, In — Vesanus, 
 Mente captus, Delirus. Amens, he who does not know 
 what he is doing, senseless, of total want of consciousness ; 
 Demens, he who has little understanding, inconsiderate, 
 who does not show sense and mind where he ought to show 
 ;t : Ccecus atque amens tribunus plebis. Cic. A mens 
 
73. Amittere. 74. Ampliare. 69 
 
 Tullia per patris corpus carpentum egit. Liv. In tranquillo 
 tempestatem adversam optare, dementis est. Cic. Incon- 
 suite ac veluti per dementi am cuncta simul agere. Sail., 
 like people who have lost their heads. Excors, without 
 common sense, stupid: Hoc qui non videt, ex cor s est. Cic. 
 Ins anus, he who from violent passion does not act like a 
 rational being, senseless, also of highly inspired persons, e. g. 
 vates, cupiditas : Moles ins an & substructionum. Cic. Ve- 
 cors, insane, he who carries his desire for satisfaction to all 
 absence of reason; Vis anus, mad, he who is carried by 
 wild passion to madness : Mulieris amore vecors. Armi- 
 nium rapta uxor vecordem agebat. Tac. Vesanus nova 
 in vite Lycurgus. Propert. TJlyssis simulata vesania. Plin. 
 Impetus vecors turbavit hostes, is the assault of the furious, 
 who throw themselves blindly into danger ; Omnia ira mili- 
 taris vesano impetu egit. Liv., the passion of the person 
 maddened with revenge, which knows no boundary any more. 
 Mente captus, idiotic; Delirus, weak in mind, light- 
 headed, frantic: Decipi tarn dedecet, quam delirare et 
 mente esse cap turn. Cic. Deliri senes. Id. 
 
 73. Amittere, Perdere, Deperdere. Amittere, to 
 lose something which one misses; Perdere, if it perishes, 
 is entirely gone; Deperdere, to lose something of that 
 which one possesses, sustaining loss. Decius ami sit vitam, 
 at non perdidit. Cic, lost, but not entirely, vainly lost. 
 Nostri paucos ex suis deperdiderunt. Cses. 
 
 74. Ampliare, Amplificare, Augere, Comperendinare, 
 Prorogare, Propagare, Producere. Ampliare, to mag- 
 nify, poetically; Amplificare, to make of wider extent, 
 to amplify, e. g. urbem ; Augere, to increase, by addition 
 and toward the upper part, e. g. numerum, copiam ; beneficium 
 cumulo augere. Cic. — Ampliare, to adjourn sentence to 
 a convenient day, which frequently could be done ; C o mp e- 
 rendinare, adjourn to the third day (in perendinum) as 
 second term: Bis ampliatus, tertio absolutus est reus. 
 Acilius Glaucia primus tulit, ut comper en dinar etur 
 reus: antea vel judicari primo poterat, vel amplius pro- 
 nuntiari. Cic. Prorogare, to extend, from a disposition 
 of kindness, the duration of an office, the term of payment, 
 &c, in the sense of extending, e. g. vita spatium damnatis. 
 Propagare, to lengthen, to make to continue, in the sense 
 of procreation : Propagatio miser rimi temporis vita. Cic. 
 Producere, to prolong, to procrastinate, to amuse one with 
 vain hopes, e. g. convivium, aliquem falsa spe. 
 
70 75. Amputare. 76. An. 
 
 75. Amputare, Circumcidere, Tondere, Prjecidere 
 Resecare, Mutilare, Truncare. Amputare, to lop off 
 unnecessary or dangerous parts of a body; Circumcidere, 
 to cut all round, in circumference or of the volume, so that 
 the whole remains still a whole, though diminished in size, 
 e. g. ungues digitorum. Inutiles que f alee ramos amputans 
 feliciores inserit. Hor. Radices vitium luxuriantium cir* 
 cumcidere. Plin. Tondere, to shear, to shave, to cut off 
 clear down, of hair, wool, grass, &c, e. g. barbam, prata, 
 stipulas : Boni pastoris est tondere pecus, non deglubere. 
 Suet. Pr acid ere, to cut, lop off at the forepart, manum; 
 hence also depriving, spem, reditum. Resecare, to cut 
 what is too long, capillos, palpebras, to reduce what is too 
 long: Nimia resecari oportet, naturalia relinqui. Cic. 
 Mutilare, XIX, 5., a., to mutilate, to disfigure by the re- 
 moval of parts: nasum auresque. Liv. Truncare, to mu- 
 tilate entirely, to truncate by violent removal of all essential 
 external parts: Truncat olus foliis. Ovid. 
 
 76. An, Num, Ne, Utrum, Anne, Numne, Nonne, 
 Necne, An non. A n, or whether ? perhaps? designates a 
 doubting question, opposed to a previous one, expecting de- 
 cision, or opposed to one imagined as contradictory, consent, 
 with a degree of confidence : Respondeat Verres, qui sit isie 
 Verrutius? mercator, an orator, an pecuarius? Cic. Qui 
 scis, an, quce jubeam, sine vi faciat? Ter. Est igitur ali- 
 quid, quod perturbata mens melius possit facere, quam con- 
 stans : an quisquam potest sine perturb atione mentis irasci? 
 Cic. Num inquires whether something is or not: Num 
 quis hie est? nemo est. Ter. Ne is added to the interrogat- 
 ing word, expressing a supposition of probability, not without 
 fear, however, of disappointed expectation: Nunquamne tibi 
 judicii venit in menteml Cic. TJbi est tua mens? potesne 
 dicer e? Id. Tit rum, which of the two? whether? with 
 following an or ne, leaves the answer free between two 
 questions opposed to each other: Utrum defenditis, an im- 
 pugnatis plebem ? Liv. Iphicrates quum inter to gar 'etur, 
 utrum pluris patrem matremne facer et? matrem, inquit. 
 Nep. Ne in Anne strengthens the meaning of an; so in 
 Nu mne: Quando dicor spopondisse, et pro patre, anne pro 
 filio 7 Cic. In dominos qu&ri de servis iniquum est. A n- 
 ne quceritur ? Id. Is there really anybody who asks? 
 Quid? Deum ipsum numne vidisti? Id. The same in 
 Nonne, in the convincing question, intended to bring the in- 
 
77. Anguis. 79. Anima. 71 
 
 terrogated person to a confession of truth : Quid ? canis 
 no nne similis lupol Cic. Necne, and whether not? or 
 not ? unites with the positive question the doubting, negative 
 one, respecting which the interrogator desires an answer : 
 Dii utrum sint, necne sint, quaritur. Cic. Sunt hcec 
 tua verba, necne J Id. Or are they not? An non, or 
 whether not ? stand opposed either to a question affirmatively 
 expressed, or to an imagined preceding one, if the interro- 
 gator, sure of his opinion, expects confirmation of the other : 
 Queer itur, Corinthiis helium, indicamus, an non J Cic. Me 
 hodie conjecisti in nuptias. — An non dixi esse hoc futu- 
 nun 1 — Dixti. Ter. Did I not tell it perhaps ? instead of 
 died, an non dixi J 
 
 77. Anguis, Serpens, Coluber, Draco, Vipera, Aspis. 
 Anguis, the winding and strangling (anger e, making nar- 
 row, strangle, throttle), especially poisonous, snake : Latet 
 anguis in herba. Virg. Serpens, the creeping snake, 
 reptile; Coluber (colere, IX, 1., a.), a smaller cylindrical 
 snake: Ciconia, longis invisa colubris. Virg. Draco, a. 
 large innocuous snake : Quidque prius fuerint, placidi me- 
 miner e dr a cones. Ovid. Vipera (from vapor, the snuff- 
 ing, wheezing), the adder, which alone brings forth living 
 young ones : Parva necat morsu spatiosum vipera taurura. 
 Ovid. Aspis, asp, small, slowly moving, the bite of which 
 kills quickly: Cleopatra perisse morsu aspidis put aba 
 tur. Suet. 
 
 78. Augustus, Artus; Angustle, Fauces, Os. An 
 gust us, narrow, strait, that which straitens; Artus, tight, 
 closely fitting : In parvum et angustum locum concludere. 
 Cic. Tigna artius illigata. Cses. — Angustice, the nar- 
 rows in hollow roads, mountain passes, streets or lanes, where 
 it is difficult to pass : Castra angustiis viarum contralxit. 
 Caes. Fauces (faux, belly), the narrow entrance into a 
 wider space, the pass through which we get into a more open 
 country: Fauces portus angustissimce. Cses. Os, mouth, 
 and every similar opening, estuary: In ipso aditu ore que 
 portus. Cic. 
 
 79. Anima, Spiritus, Animus, Mens. Anima, the 
 breath, inasmuch as it is air ; the soul, as the vivifying sub- 
 stance, according to the ancients, of every living being: Clo- 
 dium an imam efflantem reliquit. Cic. Spiritus, the 
 breathing, breath, which inhales and exhales the air in 
 draughts: Aspera arteria excipit animam earn, quce, ducta 
 
72 80. Animadvertere. 82. Jinnona. 
 
 est spiritu. Cic. Extremum spiritum ore excipere. Id. 
 Animus, the human soul as the principium of feeling, de- 
 sire, and thinking : Immortalitas animi. Constamus ex an- 
 imo et corpore. Cic. Mens, understanding, as faculty of 
 reflection; disposition: Menti regnum totius animi a na- 
 tura tributum est. Cic. 
 
 80. Animadvertere, Animtjm advertere, Attendere, 
 Observare. Animadvertere, to remark, to find some- 
 thing that has been perceived worth observing : Experrecta 
 nutrix animadvertit, puerum dormientem circumplicatum 
 serpentis amplexu. Cic. Animnm advertere, to direct 
 one's thoughts to something, especially something surprising : 
 Adverterent animos, ne quid novi tumultus oriretur. 
 Liv. Attendere, to pay attention with exertion: Quum 
 plura sint ambigui genera, attendere et aucupari verba 
 oportebit. Cic, also : Animam compressi : aurem admovi : 
 ita animum ccepi attendere, hoc modo sermonem captans. 
 Ter. Observare, to observe, to direct one's attention to a 
 subject in order to observe its changes: Observ at a hcec 
 sunt et in significationem eventus animadversa et notata. 
 Cic. The Observatio, as sensual perception, precedes the 
 Animadv ersio, i.e. the operation of the mind which 
 draws conclusions from that which has been observed. 
 
 81. Animosus, Fortis, Strenuus. Animosus, cour- 
 ageous, he who, confiding in his strength and good luck, 
 faces danger fearlessly and cheerfully; Fortis (ferre), 
 brave, who suffers evil without losing courage, and stands 
 dangers with circumspection and fortitude, that is, enduring 
 moral strength: Fortis et constantis est non perturbari in 
 rebus asperis, sed prcesenti animo uti et consilio, nee a ra* 
 tione discedere. Cic. Strenuus, properly, tightly drawn, 
 active, industrious, thrifty ; hence also, resolute, he who goes 
 quickly to work, and does not flag: Mercator strenuus 
 studiosusque rei gerendce. Cato. Strenuis militibus vel 
 ignavis spem metumque addere. Tac. 
 
 82. Annona, Commeatus, Penus. Ann on a, the pro- 
 duce of this year of the fruits of the field, and the market 
 price depending upon it: Annona pretium, nisi in calami- 
 tate fructuum, non habet. Cic. Commeatus, properly that 
 which comes and goes, the provision which comes from other 
 places: Commeatum ab Roma consul subvehit. Liv. Pe- 
 nus, store of provision kept in the interior of a house, stores 
 
83. Annims. 85. Ante. 73 
 
 for the family: Cellam appellarunt penariam, ubi penus. 
 Varr. 
 
 83. Anntjus, Anniversaritjs, Sollemnis. Annuus, 
 annual, of duration and regular annual recurrence, e. g. ma- 
 gistratus ; frigorum et calorum varietates. Anniver sari- 
 ns, that which returns with the annual change of the year: 
 Mercurius sacris anniversariis colitur. Cic. Sollem- 
 nis, that which happens annually and with certain solemni- 
 ties : Idus turn Maice sollemnes ineundis magistratibus 
 erant. Li v. 
 
 84. Anqtjirere, Inquirere. Anquirere, to search 
 about, e. g. necessaria ad vivendum ; and to accuse one, of a 
 crime whose punishment is determined beforehand, which 
 was done by the tribunes : Quum tribunus bis pecunia a n- 
 quisisset, tertio capitis se anquirere dixit. Li v. In- 
 quirere, to try, in rem, and to make inquiries, &c, for an 
 accusation: Scis ilium accusationem cogitare, inquirere 
 in competitores, testes qucerere. Cic. 
 
 85. Ante, Ob, Pr^:, Pro, (Por), Coram. Ante, be- 
 fore, in front, of place, rank, and time, i. e. being in front of 
 a thing, opp. post, in the back of a thing : Post me erat 
 2Egina, ante Megara. Cic. Ob, before, from above, and 
 in respect of the surface of a thing: Ob oculos mihi caligo 
 obstitit. Plaut. ; obvius, that which lies in the way before 
 one; obtegere, to cover from above, to cover over; hence 
 o b, on account of, because the subject to which it refers lies 
 before us, is in our mind brought before us : Ob cives serva- 
 tos corona data. Coram, in presence of, before, and per- 
 sonally, in his own person: Coram Cuspio tecum locutus 
 sum. Cic. Mihi promiserunt consules coram, et absenti 
 mihi scripserunt. Id. Prce, in advance of something, of the 
 foremost place in the sense of rank, in comparison with that 
 which is behind ; hence it is used of the start which a thing 
 has of another, preference and excelling: I prce, sequar. 
 Ter. Prce se ferre, to carry before one's self, to exhibit. 
 Loqui prce moerore non potuit. Lictores prcetoribus ante- 
 eunt cum fascibus. Cic, to precede. Ad honesti cognitio- 
 nem natura ipsa prceeunte deducimur. Id., preceding as a 
 leader. Pro, in some compounds Por, forward, signifies 
 the direction from the front of a thing, which remains behind 
 or stationary, e. g. prospicere, to look forward into a dis- 
 tance ; prcegredi, to precede; progredi, to go forward, 
 farther and farther on, and to go forth, with reference to that 
 
 7 
 
74 86. Antequam. 90. Apparere. 
 
 which remains behind, e. g. longius ab castris, ex domo pro' 
 gredi. The orator speaks pro rostris when he has the 
 rostra of the tribune at his back, but also pro condone, inas- 
 much as he is in front of the meeting; hence pro, for, in- 
 stead of, in the sense of protection (protegere) and repre- 
 senting, and in proportion: Sicilia Romanis non pro penaria 
 cella, sed pro cerario fait. Pro dignitate cuique tribuatur. 
 Cic. Thus in porrigere, p or tender e, polluere. — Ante- 
 cellere, to precede, be above, according to rank ; Prce cellere, 
 according to the degree of quality; Ex cellere, according to 
 the elevation above the multitude. 
 
 86. Antequam, Priusquam. Antequam, previous to, 
 before, according to position and time ; Priusquam, sooner, 
 before, earlier, comparatively : Ante videmus fulgurationem, 
 quam sonum audiamus. Senec. Membris utimur prius, 
 quam didicimus, cujus ea utilitatis causa habeamus. Cic. 
 
 87. Anus, Podex, Nates, Clunes. Anus, the poste- 
 rior as the issue of the rectum; Podex (pedere), as the 
 opening of it: Anum appellas alieno nomine : cur non suo 
 potius? Cic, scil. podicem. Nates, the seat; Clunes, 
 the hams, used of men and animals. 
 
 88. Anus, Vetula. Anus, a woman advanced in years; 
 Vet ul a, an old woman, in the sense of disrespect. 
 
 89. Apex, Cacumen, (Columen), Fastigium, Vertex. 
 Apex, the prominent, conical, or other point, e. g. flammce: 
 Mons, apicem collectus in unum. Ovid. Cacumen, the 
 pointed summit, e. g. abietis, montis. (Columen (colere, 
 XV, 1.), the gable of a building, villa, contracted;) Cul- 
 men, the highest part of a thing which ends round: Cul- 
 mina Alpium, also villarum. Fastigium, the pointed 
 edge of surfaces inclining to one another, the high, elevated 
 gable end: Summi fasti gia tecti adscensu super o. Virg., 
 especially the triangular frontispiece of a temple : Tempestas 
 
 £astigia templorum, a culminibus abrupta, dissipavit. 
 iv. Vertex, the top, vertex, the highest point of a moun- 
 tain, tree ; from which the outlines descend : Vertice celso 
 aerice quercus. Virg. Ignes ex Mtnce vertice erumpunt. 
 Cic. 
 
 90. Apparere, Comparere. Apparere, to appear, be- 
 come visible : Navicula prcedonum apparuiL Compa- 
 rere, to be there, present : Rex Us, quorum agros urbesque 
 populatas esset, redder et res, quce comparerent. Liv., that 
 which still might be extant, be found. 
 
91. Ara. 93. Arbiter. 75 
 
 91. Ara, Altare. Ara, an altar of turf, earth, stones 
 put together; Altare, the metal part, which was placed 
 upon the ara for Burning offerings ; high altar : Aram 
 tenens jurat. Cic. En quatuor aras : ecce duas tibi, Daph- 
 ni, duas, alt aria, Phcebo. Virg. 
 
 92. Arare, Colere agrum. A rare, to plough : Quum 
 terra araretur et sulcus altius esset impressus. Cic. Co- 
 lere agrum (see 30), to cultivate, till a field, also hortos, 
 vitem: Majores nostri suos agros studiose colebant, non 
 alienos appetebant. Cic. 
 
 93. Arbiter, Judex, Recuperator, Qu-esitor ; Arbi- 
 trium, Judicium, Existimatio. Arbiter (or - biter e, the 
 approaching listener: Remotis arbitris. Cic), an arbi- 
 trator, who decides a dispute according to fairness, equity 
 (ex cequo et bono) : Vicini nostri ambigunt de jinibus : me 
 cepere arbitrum. Ter. Judex, judge, who decides ac- 
 cording to law and strict right. Recuperator, one who is 
 charged to assist another to obtain his right and due, gener- 
 ally by the judge after sentence ; a judge respecting disputed 
 property, whether in land or money: Postquam prcetor re- 
 cuperator es dedit, damnatus demum, vi coactus reddidit 
 MCC. Philippum. Plaut. In cases called judicia privata, 
 the arbitri and judices were chosen by the praetor from 
 among private citizens; the recuperatores, from the 
 collegium centumvirale. They then acted according to a 
 formula prescribed by him ; but he himself decided what was 
 law. Qucesitores, inquisitors, i. e. judges who investigate, 
 inquire, were those four praetors, who in judicia publica, ex- 
 isted besides the prcetor urbanus and peregrinus, and who, in 
 penal cases (qucestiones perpetual, since 604 A. IL), pre- 
 sided. — Arbitrium, the result of arbitration, according to 
 principles of fairness, equity, generally also free choice ; 
 Judicium, the court, the sentence according to strict justice 
 and law, and generally every unbiassed judgment, praise or 
 blame; Existimatio, 45, a judgment which is founded 
 upon the moral character, the estimation, a result of obser- 
 vation and opinion; Judicium, the distinct opinion ex- 
 pressed upon something: dementia liberum arbitrium 
 liabet : non sub formula, sed ex cequo et bono judicat. Senec. 
 Legio Casari gratias egit, quod de se optimum judicium 
 fecisset. Caes. Mece, vita ratio dimanavit ad existima- 
 tionem hominum commendatione ac judicio meorum. Cic. , 
 passive: Hoc dignitati et existimationi tuce conducit. 
 Id., calling. 
 
76 94. Arbitrari. 95. Area. 
 
 94. Arbitrari, Existimare, Videri, Opinari, Reri, 
 Credere, Putare, Censere, Sentire. Arbitrari, to 
 believe, to opine, in consequence of Sensual perception, or 
 of conviction, which is not perfectly sure; Existimare, 
 45, in consequence of mature reflection and weighing the 
 reasons: Arbitror : certum non scimus. Ter. Atticus max- 
 imum existimavit qucesticm, memorem gratumque videri. 
 Nep. Videri, having the appearance, to appear, if the 
 opinion is founded upon external appearance, and inquiry into 
 the essential state is waived : Pancetius induxit earn, quce 
 videretur esse, non qua esset, repugnantiam. Cic. Opi- 
 nari, to opine, suppose, if we suppose something as possi- 
 ble, without farther reference to the correctness of the rea- 
 sons : Aiunt, sapientem scepe aliquid opinari, quod nesciat. 
 Cic. Reri, to believe, have the opinion founded upon rea- 
 sonable grounds, calculations, conclusions [in a similar way, 
 though for another degree of belief, are vulgarly used the 
 words calculate and reckon, in America and some parts of 
 England] : Non equidem insector delendaque carmina Livi 
 esse re or. Hor. Credere, to believe, to hold something 
 to be true : Fere libenter homines id, quod volunt, credunt. 
 Cses. Putare (see Amputare, 75), to believe, to express 
 one's opinion as result of reasoning (rationem putare), weigh- 
 ing reasons and counter- reasons. Aliquis forsan me putet 
 non putare hoc verum. Ter. Censere (properly, to esti- 
 mate the faculty, capacity by hundreds, centum), to give 
 one's opinion on a subject, and, generally, to be of opinion in 
 a formal way, legally : Senatus Cozlium ab re publica remo- 
 vendum c en suit. Cses. Sentire, to be disposed, to think, 
 to judge, thus or otherwise from moral reasons : De ceteris 
 rebus quid senserim, quidque censuerim, audisse te ar- 
 bitror. Cic. 
 
 95. Arca, Cista, Capsa, Scrinium, Arx^iarium. Area, 
 a box, chest, which can be locked, is low and placed on the 
 ground ; the Cista is a smaller box, to keep something, and 
 the still smaller is Capsa, to keep something with care 
 against injury, e. g. books, fruits; they are portable; Scri- 
 nium, (a shrine,) box with divisions, pigeon-holes, in which 
 letters, medicines, or things of value are kept; Armarium, 
 a box for instruments, which are constantly used, and which 
 one wishes to have handy, also for books, clothes ; it is higher 
 than the Area, has divisions, and sometimes was fastened 
 against the wall. Argentum in arca positum. Cic. Arca 
 
96. Arcere. 100. Argentarius. 77 
 
 vestiaria. Varr. Sestertios in cist am transferam ex Jisco. 
 Cic. Multis custodibus opus erit, si te semel ad meas cap- 
 sas admisero. Id. Tune aurum ex armario tuo promere 
 ansa es ? Cic. 
 
 96. Arcere, Prohibere, Propulsare. Arcere, to limit 
 to repel from further proceeding : Platanus solera cestate 
 arcet, hieme admittit. Plin. Prohibere, to keep off, at 
 a distance, somebody from something, or something from 
 somebod}^ : Pradones ab insula Sicilia prohibuit. Cic. 
 Ab hoc periculo prohibete rem publicam. Id. Propul- 
 sare, to repel violently something hostile, to drive away: 
 Hostem a castris propulsare. Caes. 
 
 97. Ardere, Flagrare, Deflagrare. Ardere, to 
 burn, to be in flames, used of the burning body and the rising 
 flames : Ardentia, procul vidit castra. Liv. Imagine 
 cerea largior arserit ignis. Hor. Flagrare, to be in 
 bright flames, in German Jlackern, used of the bright, high 
 fire moved by the air: Flagrantes oner arias, quas incen- 
 derant milites, videbatis. Cic. Deflagrare, to burn down, 
 off, to be in the state of being consumed by flames : Qua 
 node natus est Alexander, Diance Ephesia templum defla- 
 gravit. Cic. 
 
 98. Area, Planities, Campus. Area, a space which 
 has been made plain, a threshing-floor in the open field ; 
 with temples, e. g. Capitolii, and palaces, it means the yard : 
 Frumentum de area toller e. Cic. Ponendaque domo qua- 
 renda est area primum. Hor. Planities, a plain, a hor- 
 izontal surface without considerable elevations : Collis pau- 
 lum ex planitie editus. Caes. Campus, 50, an open 
 plain, extending far, e. g. Campus Martins. Babylonii in 
 c amp o rum patentium aquoribus habitantes. Cic. Collis 
 er at, collemque super planissima campi area. Ovid. 
 
 99. Arena, Sabulum, Glarea, Saburra. Arena, the 
 finer sand consisting of gravel: Ventis arena moventur. 
 Plin. Sabulum and Sabulo, sand which is mixed with 
 earth, sand-earth: Ad vitem rutilum sabulonem, qui sit 
 vividce, terrce permistus, probant. Colum. Glarea, gravel: 
 Vice, pulvis, non glarea injecta est. Cic. Saburra, Sa- 
 bur a, coarse sand, ballast: Onerarice multa saburra gra- 
 vatce. Liv. 
 
 100. Argentarius, Mensarius, Nummularius. -4r- 
 gentarius, an exchange-broker on his own account, a 
 banker. They had in Rome their stalls near the market. 
 
78 101. Argwnentatio. 105. Armentum. 
 
 lent money on interest, made payments, and did broker busi- 
 ness at auctions; Mensarius, a banker of the republic, 
 who, with a qucestor, kept and managed public money ; 
 Nummalariu s, an exchange -broker on a small scale: Id, 
 quod argentario tuleris expensum, ab socio ejus recte re- 
 petere possis. Ad Herenn. Quinque viri creati, quos Men- 
 sarios ab dispensations pecunice appellarunt. Liv. 
 
 101. Argumentatio, Ratiocinatio. Argumentation 
 the proving a thing or position from facts; Ratiocination 
 the conclusion which reason makes, and the proof founded 
 upon the same : Etiamne in tarn perspicuis rebus argu- 
 mentatio qucerenda? Cic. Ratiocinatio est oratio ex 
 ipsa re probabile aliquid eliciens, quod expositum et per se 
 cognitum sua se vi et ratione confirmet. Id. Cicero omnem 
 argumentation em dividit in duas partes , inductionem 
 et ratiocinationem. Quinctil. 
 
 102. Aridus, Siccus, Sobrius. Aridus, dry, dried up, 
 well dried, German durre: Suscepit ignem foliis atque ari- 
 da circum nutrimenta dedit. Virg. Siccus, dry on the 
 surface, externally: Summa petit scopuli, sice a que in rupe 
 resedit. Virg. ; hence also, he who has not yet drunk, opp. 
 to madidus. The English dry is used similarly, though it 
 signifies rather the effect, namely, feeling dry, i. e. being 
 thirsty. Sobrius (se-ebrius), sober, not intoxicated : Qua- 
 si inter so brio s bacchari vinolentus videtur. Cic. 
 
 103. Arista, Spica. Arista, the pointed and prickly 
 fibres on the ear of culmiferous fruits, and the ear which has 
 them; Spica, Spicum, and Spicus, i, the ear, inasmuch 
 as it is a pointed body : Seges fundit frugem spici, ordine 
 structam, et contra avium minorum morsus munitur vallo 
 aristarum. Cic. Maturis albescit messis aristis. Ovid. 
 
 104. "Arma, Tela. Arm a, properly the shield on the 
 arm (see 106), in general defensive arms, which however 
 may at the same time be offensive or capable of wounding ; 
 Tel a, offensive arms: Arm a sunt alia ad tegendum, alia 
 ad nocendum : quce qui non habent, inermes sunt. Cic. Tela 
 in hostem, hasta et gladius. Liv. [Tela may be connected 
 with the Teutonic Ziel, the object we strive to reach, target, 
 &c, as we do by spears and arrows.] 
 
 105. Armentum, Jumentum, Pecus, Grex. Armen- 
 tum, beasts, cattle used for agricultural purposes; in gen- 
 eral, larger animals, cattle, horses, stags, large sea-animals : 
 Bourn armenta. Virg. Jumentum, animals for draught 
 
106. Armus. 108. Arrogans. 79 
 
 or carriage, as horses, asses, camels: Timoleon vectus ju- 
 ra en tis junctis. Nep. Metellus jumenta sarcinis levari 
 jubet. Sail. Pecus, pecoris, cattle, collectively, which 
 we raise and take care of; Pecus, pecudis, a single one 
 of cattle, plur. also pecua, obsolete: Est scientia pecoris 
 parandi et pasce?idi ; ejus pars est una de minor thus pecu- 
 dibus, cujus generis tria, ovis, capra, sus ; altera de pe co- 
 re major e, in quo sunt bores, asini, equi. Varr. Patres 
 pecua captiva, prater equos, restituenda censuerunt domi- 
 nis. Liv. Grex, a herd, a number, also of the larger cattle ; 
 but if the object is distinction, grex is used of smaller beasts 
 only: Mille greges illi, totidemque armenta per herbas 
 pascebant. Ovid. Pecudes dispulsce sui generis sequuntur 
 greges, ui bos armenta. Cic. 
 
 106. Armus, Humerus, Lacertus, Brachium. Armus, 
 poetically, the strong, muscular upper-arm : Latos huic hasta 
 per armos acta tremit. Virg. ; generally the breast with 
 larger quadrupeds; Humerus, the upper-arm with the 
 shoulder, from the shoulder-blade and the clavicula (jugulum) 
 to the elbow (ulna) ; Ldcertus, the fleshy part of the upper- 
 arm in the middle; Brachium, the lower part of the arm, 
 from the elbow to the beginning of the hand : Homini uni 
 humeri, ceteris armi. Plin. Milo humeris sustinebat 
 bovem vivum. Cic. Feminaz Germanorum nudce brachia 
 ac lacertos. Tac. 
 
 107. Arra, Arrabo, Pignus. Arra, abbreviation of 
 Arrabo, the earnest-money in a bargain, in order to fix it, 
 to make the bargain certain : JEdes destinat talentis duobus, 
 sed arraboni has dedit quadraginta minas. Plaut. Pig j 
 nus, a pledge, left, in making a contract, in the hands of the 
 other party, which he shall keep until the contract is fulfilled. 
 On the fulfilment, the pignus is returned, the arrabo not: 
 Ager oppositus est pignori ob decern minas. Ter., as 
 pledge. 
 
 108. Arrogans, Superbus, Insolens, Fastidiosus, Va- 
 nus ; Superbia, Fastlts, Fastidium. Arrogans, arro- 
 gant, to dare and undertake something against propriety, 
 against the rights and dignity of others: Ne arrogans in 
 prceripiendo populi beneficio videretur. CfEs. Superbus 
 (super, VI.), proud, he who in overvaluing his own merits or 
 talents, considers himself above others, and makes them feel 
 this opinion by undervaluing them, by contempt, love of splen- 
 dor, also by tyranny : Dionysius superbum se prabuit in 
 
BO 109. Ars. 110. Arteria, 
 
 fortuna. Cic. Superbos veriere funeribus triuwphos. Hor. 
 Ins o I ens, haughty, presumptuous, overbearing, he who 
 abuses his superiority in offending and humiliating others. In 
 super bus is the idea of proudly elevating ourselves above 
 others; in insolens, the idea of surprising (in — solere), 
 offensive, scornful superciliousness : Quce est ista in comme- 
 moranda pecunia tarn ins ol ens ostentation Cic. Fasti' 
 diosus, he who shows to others his antipathy and proud 
 contempt because they displease him : In swperiores contu* 
 max, in cequos et pares fastidiosus, in omnes intolerabilis. 
 Ad Herenn. Vanus (belongs to vdcare, German Wahn 
 XI, 2.), vain, conceited, who imagines superiority and boasts 
 of it, a superiority which he does not possess, or which a 
 rational man would not value: Pari vanitate atque in so- 
 lent i a Vitellius lapidem, memorial Othonis inscriptum, in- 
 tuens, dignum eo mausoleo, ait. Suet. — Superbia is pride 
 from too high an opinion of one's self, as quality; Fastus, 
 pride which manifests itself by indifference or disdain against 
 others, as not good enough, the proud conduct: Fastus 
 inest pulchris sequiturque superbia formam. Ovid. Prudely 
 playing the recherche. Fastidium, fastidiousness, disre- 
 garding, despising others, as a state of the mind, in the ab- 
 stract : Apparet, non superbia et fastidio ie amplissimos 
 honor es repudiare. Plin. Pan. 
 
 109. Ars, Artificitjm, Opus ; Scientia ; Artes, Dotes. 
 Ars, the art as skill and (by exercise, ex-ercere, acquired), 
 skilfulness : Quam quisque norit art em, in hue se exerceat. 
 Cic. Artificium, the art in its application, skill of the 
 artificer, also artifice, knack : Simulacrum Diana singulari 
 op ere atque artificio perfectum. Cic. Vincere artifi- 
 cio quodam et scientia oppugnationis. Cses. Opus, a work 
 full of art, a skilful work, work of the fine arts : Locus et 
 natura et op ere munitus. Caes. Mirari G-racarum artium 
 opere. Liv. — Ars, the art, as system of the rules of art ; 
 Scientia, the knowledge and science of the art, philosophy 
 of the art: Turn disciplina militaris in art is perpetuis 
 prceceptis ordinate modum venerat. Liv. Ars sine scien- 
 tia esse non potest. Cic. — Artes, acquired skill; Dotes, 
 natural gifts and talents: Omnibus ingenuis artibus in- 
 structus. Cic. Tibi natura raras dotes ingeniumque de- 
 dit. Ovid. 
 
 110. Arteria, Vena. A rteria, arteries, the pulsating 
 conduits, according to Cicero mere channels of air, by the 
 
111. Artifex. 113. Asper. 81 
 
 beating of which the blood in the veins, lying above them, is 
 carried on; Vena (via, obsolete vea, XI, 2., 6.), vein, also 
 used of veins of ore or water: Sanguis per venas in omne 
 corpus difunditur, et spiritus per arterias. Cic. 
 
 111. Artifex, Faber, Opifex, Operaritts, Operje, Mer- 
 cenarius. Artifex, the artist, in respect of talent, study, 
 and ingenious invention : Qui distingues artificem ah in- 
 scio? Cic. G-rceci dicendi artifices et doctor es. Id. Fa- 
 ber, the artificer who fashions hard substance, in respect to 
 his skilful treatment of the substance, and joining of its parts, 
 e. g. ferrarius, tignarius : Gracia marmoris aut eboris fa- 
 bros, aut aris amavit. Hor. Opifex, the maker of me- 
 chanical productions, in which a pleasing exterior and useful- 
 ness are requisite, a mechanic: Adhibitis opificum mani- 
 bus tecti, vestiti, salvi esse possumus. Cic. Zeno verborum 
 opifex. Id. Operarius, the workman, laborer, destined 
 for manual labor, and executing it, frequently expressed in 
 English by hand: Vineam habere oportet oper arios de- 
 cern. Cato. Opera, the workmen, hands, who are employed 
 in a certain work, the abstract for the concrete: Opera 
 conducta et ad diripiendum urbem concitata. Cic. Merce- 
 narius, a workman or laborer, inasmuch as he w r orks for 
 wages, day-laborer, opp. servus. 
 
 112. Arx, Castrum, Castellum, Munitio, Munimen- 
 tum. Arx, an eminence which overlooks the surrounding 
 country, hence an eminence fortified for the security of a 
 place, a castle : Roma septem una sibi mwro circumdedit 
 arces. Virg. Tarento amisso, arc em tamen Livius reti- 
 nuit. Liv. Castrum, a place, fort, fortress surrounded with 
 walls and redoubts against hostile attacks; Castra, plur. a 
 camp surrounded with wall and fosse : Alcibiadi Gn^unium 
 dederat, in Phrygia castrum. Nep. Castellum, prop, 
 a reservoir near an aqueduct, a small fort : Erant circum 
 castra Pompeii editi colles : hos Casar prcesidiis tenuit, 
 cast ell a que ibi communiit. Cses. Munitio, fortification, 
 as action, as well as the work which fortifies; Munimen- 
 tum } the means of protection and fortification ; the fortifica- 
 tion as a work : Brutus Mutinam operibus munitio nib us- 
 que sepsit. Cic. Instar muri ha sepes muniment a pra- 
 bebant. Cses. Tenere se muniment is castronun. Tac. 
 
 113. Asper, Salebrosus, Confragosus. Asper, 17, 
 rough, uneven: Loca asper a et montuosa. Cses. Sale- 
 brosus, rugged, where, on account of the many stones, we 
 
82 114. Assecla. 116. Assiduus. 
 
 can proceed only, as it were, by leaping {satire) . Ipsa comes 
 verdant, nee me salebrosa movebunt saxa. Ovid. Con- 
 fragosus, full of rents, where hollows, glebes, stones, and 
 rocks make proceeding difficult: In confragoso ac dif- 
 jicili fundo armenta valentiora parandum. Varr. 
 
 114. Assecla, Assectator, Comes, Socius, Sodalis ; 
 Societas, Sodalicium, Collegium. Assecla, he who fol- 
 lows in our steps from flattery and interest : Ipsos prcetores 
 et consul es, non legatorum as seel as, recipere. Cic. As- 
 sectator, the constant companion, follower, from esteem or 
 attachment: Africani vetus assectator, ex nuntero amico- 
 rum. Cic. Auditor as sect at or que Protagorce. Gell. Co- 
 rn es, the companion who goes with some person by way of 
 company ; Socius, the associate, for the same purpose, par- 
 ticipator in the same undertaking or fate : Fugientis comes 
 rem puhlicam recuperantis socius videor esse debere. Cic. 
 Socii putandi sunt, quos inter res communicaia est. Id. 
 Sodalis, a comrade, member of a gay company, not. open 
 to all, club : Epulabar cum sodalibus. Cic. — Societas, 
 society, as a union for general participation : Cum bonis om- 
 nibus coire non modo salutis, verum etiam periculi societa- 
 tem. Cic. Sodalicium, sc. convivium, an assembled so- 
 ciety of sodales, club; Collegium, the union of fellow 
 officers, e. g. pontificum, and a corporation acknowledged by 
 the state, a guild, e. g. pistorum, navicular iorum. 
 
 115. Assequi, Consequi, Adipisci, Impetrare, Obti- 
 nere. Assequi, to follow that which precedes, to ap- 
 proach, reach something high, difficult; Consequi, to over- 
 take, to obtain, to enter into real possession : Ite cito : jam 
 ego assequar vos. Plaut. Pr opera, ut nos consequare. 
 Cic. Omnia, qua ne per populum quidem sine seditione se 
 assequi arbitrabantur, per senatum consecuti sitnt. Id. 
 Adipisci, to obtain or overtake something pursued, an ob- 
 ject, something desired: Fugientes in via adipisci. Liv. 
 Lentulus summos Jtonores a populo adeptus est. Cic. Im- 
 petrare, to obtain by prayers, representations : Demetrio 
 Dolabella rogatu meo civitatem a Ccesare impetravit. Cic. 
 Obtinere, to insist on the possession of a disputed thing, 
 against the danger of losing it, to hold, e. g. jus suum, he- 
 reditatem : Suam quisque domum turn obtinebat, nee erat 
 usquam tua. Cic. 
 
 116. Assiduus, Continuus, Perpetuus; Continue,— 
 nuo, — nenter. Assiduus, he who sits always by it, 
 
117. Astrnm. 119. Ater. 83 
 
 always present, without interruption : Roscius ruri assidu- 
 us, semper vixit. Cic. Assidua bella cum Volscis gesta. 
 Liv. Continuus, holding together, hanging together, con- 
 tinual, used of uninterrupted connexion; Perpetuus, 47, 
 in one series, of uninterrupted continuation : Dentes serrati 
 sunt canibus ; continui, homini, equo. Plin. Tres con- 
 tinui consulatus. Liv. Erant Menapii perp etuis palu- 
 dibus silvisque muniti. Cses., one touching the other. Mon- 
 tes continui, mountain chains; perp etui, contiguous 
 mountains, which, nevertheless, can be distinguished from 
 one another. Biennium continuum, of a long duration; 
 perpetuum, of uninterrupted duration. — Flumen jluit con- 
 tinue. Varr., continually. Ignis in aquam conjectus con- 
 tinuo restinguitur. Cic, immediately after, of direct con- 
 sequence. Belgce cum Germanis continenter bellum ge- 
 runt. Cses., without interruption. 
 
 117. Astrum, Sinus, Stella. A strum (ugtqov), and 
 Latin Sidus, the constellation, a group of stars, and as 
 larger heavenly body with reference to its signification and 
 influence upon the earth : Orbem per duodena regit mundi 
 sol aureus astra. Virg. Homines annum solis, id est unius 
 a stri, reditu metiuntur. Cic. Occidente jam si d ere Ver- 
 giliarum. lav. Sid era, qua vocantur errantia. Cic. 
 Stella, a single star, as effulgent body of the heavens: 
 Stella Veneris. Cic. 
 
 118. Asylum, Per — Refugium. Asylum, a public, 
 sacred asylum, the sacredness of which protected : Qucestor 
 vi prohibitus est, quominus e fano Diance servum suum, qui 
 in illud asylum confugisset, abduceret. Cic. P erfu gi- 
 um, a refuge for protection against danger, or for assistance 
 in calamity: Mortni paludes non habebant, quo perfugio 
 superior e anno fuerant usi. Cses. Refugium, a remote 
 place of refuge, into which we retire : Silvce tutius dedere 
 refugium {ex campis). Liv. 
 
 119. Ater, Niger, Pullus, Fuscus. Ater, coal-black, 
 as the pure color ; opp. albus, 55 ; also signifying mourning 
 and misfortune, e. g. cupressus : Tarn at ram reddam, quam 
 carbo est. Ter. Dies atri, were the Calendce, Nona, Idus 
 and dies Alliensis. Niger, black, like the night, raven- 
 black, opp. candidus : Caelum pice nigrius. Ovid. Ni- 
 gris oculis nigroque crine decor us. Hor. Niger corvus 
 inter olores ridetur. Martial. Pullus, dirty-black: Toga 
 pull a, with common people and mourners. Fuscus, black- 
 
84 120. Athleta. 122. Atrox. 
 
 ish, dark, e. g. the skin, in consequence of exposure to a hot 
 sun: Andromede, patria fuse a colore sua. Ovid. 
 
 120. Athleta, Pugil, Gladiator, Lanista. Athleta, 
 one who appeared in public games in general, in which 
 bodily strength, nimbleness, and rhythm of motion were 
 requisite: Athletes se exercentes in curriculo. Cic. Pu- 
 gil, a pugilist, whose hands were armed with the cestus : 
 Pugiles, eiiam quum feriunt adversarium, in jactandis 
 cestibus ingemiscunt. Cic. Gladiator, the fighter, cham- 
 pion by profession, who, with the gladius, fights publicly : 
 A. till etas et gladiator es videmus nihil facer e, in quo non 
 motus hie habeat palcestram quandam. Cic. Lanista, the 
 fencing-master who instructs the gladiators and deals in them. 
 
 121. Atrium, Vestibulum, Aula. Atrium, the entry 
 of a Roman house, from the door to the curtain of the kitchen 
 in the back part, from which the smoke passed through it, 
 the place where images of the family were placed, and where 
 visits were received ; in temples, the halls and porticos near 
 the entry: Atria servantem postico falle clientem. Hor. 
 Quastiones habita in atrio Libertatis. Cic. Vestibu- 
 lum, the front-yard or open place from the house-door to the 
 low wall which separated it from the street. Gell. 16, 5. In 
 primo aditu vestibuloque templi. Cic. Aula, the hall 
 and front-yard, with reference to spaciousness and magnifi- 
 cence, generally of princely buildings: Janitor aula Cer- 
 berus. Virg. Penetrant aulas et limina regum. Id. 
 
 122. Atrox, Trux, Truculentus, Torvus, Teter, Di- 
 rus, Immanis, Barbarus, Ferus, Durus, Crudelis, Sje- 
 vus. Atrox (ater, 119, V, 2.), who causes misfortune, 
 mourning, and who or which is apt to do it, e. g. cades, pug- 
 na: Furit te reperire atrox Tydides. Hor., panting for 
 revenge. Horrida et atrox videbatur Appii sententia. 
 Liv., cruel. Trux, spiteful, of the wild, staring look, which 
 threatens successful resistance and danger : Horatius Codes, 
 circumferens truces minaciter oculos ad proceres Etrusco- 
 rum. Liv. Tauro savior truci. Ovid. Truculentus, 
 full of spite, causing fear and shuddering, by a wild, spiteful 
 look : Alter tribunus quam teter incedebat, quam truculen- 
 tus, quam terribili adspectu ! Cic. Torvus, wrathful, 
 grim, with dark look and distorted features : Irati vullus 
 torva que forma minaniis. Ovid. Te t e r, Ta t e r, disgust- 
 ing, ugly, horrid for sight, scent, and taste, e. g. aqua, libido : 
 Ne qua scintilla teterrimi belli relinquatur. Cic. Dirus 
 
123. Avarus. 124. Audio. 85 
 
 (as dlvui, from deus, VIII, 2.), ominous, and thus causing hor- 
 ror, horiid to hear or to see, dire, e. g. Hannibal. Hor. ; hence 
 parentibus abominatus. Id. Dira exsecratio. Liv. Di 
 rce sicut cetera auspicia nuntiant eventura, nisi provideris 
 Cic, bad indications. Immanis, that which causes surprise 
 horror, or fear by that which is unusual and unnatural : Im 
 mani magnitudine simulacra. Cses. Tetra et immanis 
 belua. Cic. Barbarus, foreign, rude, unpolished : Im m a> 
 nis ac bar bar a consuetudo hominum immolandorum. Cass, 
 Ferus, wild, living wild, and of uncivilized, callous senti 
 ment : Homines in agris et in tectis silvestribus abditos ex 
 feris et immanibus mites reddidit et mansuetos. Cic 
 Filium ego ferus ac ferreus dimisi. Id. Durus, hard 
 callous, without feeling. Crudelis, cruel, of disposition 
 and action, of rude character, he who delights in the suffer- 
 ing of others. S&vus, furious, used of the wild passion of 
 an infuriated person, who is no longer master over himself: 
 Sceva canum rabies. Propert. Sceva Tisiphone. Hor. 
 
 123. Avarus, Avidus, Sordidus, Parctjs, Tenax, Ke- 
 strictus. Avarus, avaricious, of continual and insatiate 
 desire to possess the property of others : Av aritia pecuniae 
 studium habet ; ea semper injinita, insatiabilis est. Sail. 
 Avidus, impelled by cupidity, longing, yet transitorily, for 
 something, also innocent things, e. g. pecuniae, cibi, sermonis, 
 laudis. Sordidus, meanly avaricious, niggardly, he who 
 does not care for honor or propriety in order to satisfy cupid- 
 ity : llliberales et sordidi qu&stus mercenariorum omnium. 
 Cic. Parens, saving, he who observes the limits of neces- 
 sity to the utmost, bordering close on the shabby : Temper ai 
 et siuntus parens uterque parens. Ovid. Tenax, tight, he 
 who keeps the money back, miserly : Par cum genus, quai- 
 sitique tenax, et qui qncesita reservent. Ovid. Restrictus, 
 penurious, tight : Ad largiendum ex alieno fui restrict i- 
 or. Cic, the parcus shuns expenses ; the re strict u s dis- 
 likes to give, gives little ; the tenax gives nothing. 
 
 124. Auctio, Sectio, Licitatio. Audio, public auc- 
 tion to the highest bidder : Bona Roscii, constituta aucti- 
 one, vendebat. Cic. Sectio, the division of booty or prop- 
 erty of condemned persons by auction among the Sectores, 
 who bought them in order to sell them again by single pieces : 
 Ad illud scelus se ^.tionis accedere nemo est ausus, quum 
 tot essent circum liaslam illam. Cic. Licitatio, the bidding 
 in an auction : Li citation em facer e. Cic. 
 
 8 
 
86 125. Auctor. 
 
 125. Auctor, Conditor, Scriptor, Doctor, Consilia- 
 rius, Lator, Suasor, Princeps, Testis, Sponsor. Auc- 
 tor (auger e, 76.), the author of any thing, he who causes a 
 thing, and to whom, therefore, it may be imputed. From 
 this idea, however, every thing relating to manifestation of 
 power, of exertion, is excluded. This is expressed by other 
 words. Auctor urbis, the author of a city, i. e. he from 
 whom came the idea, plan, and execution; Conditor, the 
 founder, he who built it. Rerum auctor, the historian, in- 
 asmuch as he is author of the plan and guaranty of the con- 
 tents ; Scriptor, as author, in the modern sense, with the 
 mode of representing things, peculiar to him. Auctor, pre- 
 decessor in doctrine and example; Doctor, Pr exceptor, 
 Magister, the practising teacher, school-teacher: Plato 
 non intelligendi solum, sed etiam dicendi auctor et ma- 
 gister, Cic. Auctor, the leader, he who gives the tone, 
 who in deliberation speaks first, and whose vote is of peculiar 
 weight; Consiliarius, Senator, he who w r as used as 
 giving counsel, a counsellor: Senatui pads auctor fid, 
 Cic. Ea ratio cedificandi initur, consiliario quidem et 
 auctor e Vectorio. Id. Auctor legis, the one who starts 
 r,he law, with whom it originates, and through whose authority 
 or approbation it becomes law; hat or legis, he who pro- 
 poses a law to the people ; Suasor, he who praises, supports 
 it: Cassia lex Scipione auctor e lata esse dicitur. Cic. 
 Auctoribus DUs ad rem gerendam proficiscimur, Liv., 
 who approve of our undertaking. Decreverunt Patres, ut, 
 quum populus regem jussisset, id sic ratum esset, si Patres 
 auctor es Jierent. Id., if the senators approved and con- 
 firmed the resolve of the people. Auctor^ the ringleader, 
 originator, inasmuch as the guilt of an action or effect must 
 be imputed to his influence; Princeps, Dux, he who 
 makes the beginning, places himself at the head : Auctor es 
 belli, defectionis, Liv. Te bonis omnibus auctor em, prin- 
 c ip em, due em prcebeas. Cic. Auctor, the voucher, whose 
 statement and declaration is appealed to on account of his 
 credibility; Testis, witness, who declares himself for the 
 truth of a fact after perception by his senses : Varro pratdi- 
 cavit, adversa Caisarem prcelia fecisse ; id se certis nun ti- 
 ls, certis auctoribus comperisse. Caes. Major es nostri 
 nullam rem agere feminas sine auctor e vohierunt, Cic, 
 without confirmation and guaranty of the guardian or a rela- 
 tive. Auctor, who offers himself as bail; Sponsor, he 
 
126. Auctoritas. 127. Audere. 87 
 
 who formally and according to law becomes bail : Teates 
 Apuli foedus petitum venerunt, pacts per omnem Apuliam 
 prcsstandce populo Romano auctores. Id audacter spon- 
 dendo impetravere, ut foedus daretur. Liv. 
 
 126. Auctoritas, Gratia, Favor ; Senatus auctori- 
 tas, consultum, decretum. Auctoritas, authority by 
 which we exercise influence with others; Gratia, favor, in 
 a passive sense, the being popular, beloved ; Favor, favor, 
 inasmuch as it shows itself to others, e. g. popularity as be- 
 stowed by the people, applause : Habet, ut in cetatibus auc- 
 t or it at em senectus, sic in exemplis antiquitas. Cic. Atiico 
 honor es pat eb ant propter v el gratiam, vel dignitatem. Nep. 
 Rumore et favor e populi tenetur, et ducitur. Cic. Trium- 
 phus actus magno fa vore plebis. Liv. Senatus aucto- 
 ritas was a decree of the senate, inasmuch as it pronounced 
 its decision or will, as the highest power or executive, and 
 confirmed it by the names of the present senators (auctori- 
 tates), which were signed at the head, even if the tribunes of 
 the people had vetoed; Senatus consultum, with re- 
 spect to the previous deliberations, especially when, by the 
 approval of the tribunes, it had received the force and 
 authority of law; Senatus decretum, inasmuch as it pro- 
 nounced the unalterable and decisive will of the senate, as 
 result of their deliberations : Severitatem majorum Senatus 
 vetus auctoritas de Bacchanalibus declarat. Cic. The 
 same decree is called Senatus consultum, Liv., 39, 17, 
 pr. cf., Cic. Fam. 8, 8. Si quis inter cedat Senatus con- 
 sulto, auctoritate se fore contentum. Liv. Accepto inde 
 Senatus decreto, ut jussu populi Camillus dictator ex- 
 templo diceretur, nuntius Vejos contendit. Liv. 
 
 127. Audere, Conaei, Moliri, Niti ; Audens, Audax, 
 Temerarius. Audere, to dare, at the peril of failure and 
 one's own danger, designates fearlessness, and daring in a 
 bold undertaking; C on ari, to have the boldness, the bold 
 undertaking of a work which demands pains and exertion ; 
 Moliri (properly to strive to remove a large, heavy mass, 
 moles), to endeavour to bring about something important and 
 difficult, undaunted and unceasing exertion in a great and 
 laborious work; Niti, to exert one's self, to stem against; 
 it indicates exertion of power in the execution of a work : 
 TEquos desperatio ultima audere et experiri cogebat. Liv. 
 Magnum opus et arduum conamur : sed nihil difficile 
 amanti puto. Cic. Mundum efficere mo liens deus terram 
 
88 128. Audire. 129. Ave. 
 
 pri?num ignemque jungebat. Id. Pugnabatur loco iniquo : 
 milites tamen virtute el jpatientia nitebantur atque omnia 
 vuhiera sustinebant. Cses. Optimi cujusque animus maxime 
 ad immortalitatem gloria nititur. Cic. — Audens, bold, 
 courageous, only for a certain case; And ax, bold, daring, 
 designates habit, disposition, and a higher degree, a heedless 
 man, who with impious temerity challenges danger. Teme- 
 rarius, without any consideration, who undertakes or be- 
 lieves without judgment ; Tu ne cede malis, sed contra 
 audentior ito. Virg. Nautm per omne and aces mare 
 qui currunt. Hor. Ad consilium, prima specie temcrari- 
 um magis quam audax, animum adjecit, ut ultro castra 
 hostium oppugnaret. Liv. 
 
 128. Audire, Ex — Inaudire, Atiscultare ; Audientem, 
 Auditorem esse. Audire, to hear, perceive by the sense 
 of hearing; Exaudire, to hear from a distance yet dis- 
 tinctly; Inaudire, to hear, learn by the way, unofficially: 
 Maxima voce, ut omnes ex audire possint, dico. Cic. Po- 
 etically, also, to hear and grant, to hear favorably, e. g. 
 prayers, the German erhoren also: Dii preces meas au di- 
 ver unt. Cic. Concilia sunt inita de me, qua te video in- 
 audisse. Id., also in the participle: In audit a credulitas. 
 Id., unheard of. Aus cult are (ausiculo, from auris, XIX, 
 5, 10.), to listen, pay attention in hearing, secretly and open- 
 ly ; alicui, to pay attention to what one says, to obey, pre- 
 cisely as the German gehorchen, to obey, comes from hor- 
 clien, to listen: Omnia ego istcec aus cult avi ab ostio. 
 Plaut. Aus cult a paucis, nisi molestum est. Ter. Mild 
 aus cult a : vide, ne tibi desis. Cic, more intense than au- 
 dire, to listen attentively to one's whole statement, to listen 
 with approval, following the speaker: Veniunt, qui me audi- 
 ant, quasi doctum hominem. Cic. Vellem a principio te 
 audisse amicissime monentem. Id. — Is qui audit is the 
 present person who hears ; Audi ens, the continual hearer; 
 Auditor, the hearer in general, the scholar, pupil ; Oratorum 
 eloquentice moderatrix est auditorum prudentia. Omnes 
 enim, qui probari volunt, voluntatem eorum, qui audiunt, 
 intuentur. Cic. Te, annum jam audi en tern Cratippum, 
 abundare oportet prceceptis philosophies Id. Numa Pytha- 
 gorce auditor fuit. Id. Omnes oportet senatui dicto 
 audientes esse. Id., to follow, obey one exactly, to the 
 letter. 
 
 129. Ave, Salve, Vale. Ave, Have, long live ! live! 
 
130. Avertere. 133. Avis. 89 
 
 and havere te jubeo, the common greeting: Simul atque 
 have mihi dixit, statim, quid de te audisset, exposuit. Cic. 
 Salve, hail ! and salvere te jubeo, the greeting in the 
 morning, to those who arrive, those who sneeze, and to the 
 gods: O My sis i salve. M. Salvus sis, Crito. Ter. 
 Vale, be healthy, well, of bodily feeling well, used on going 
 away, but here salve and ave were likewise used, and the 
 latter returned with vale: Liberti servique mane salvere, 
 vesperi Valere domino singuli dicebant. Suet. Vale, mi 
 Tiro, vale et salve! Cic. Have, Have et vale, Sal- 
 ve! also the last farewell to the dead. 
 
 130. Avertere, Averruncare. Avertere, to avert 
 threatening dangers, used of wishes, expression of desire ; 
 Averruncare, XIX, in ancient forms of prayers, to avert, 
 also of real evils: Quod dii omen avert ant ! Cic. Mars 
 pater, te precor, ut tu morbos calamitatesque prohibessis, de- 
 fendas, aver rune es que. Cato. Placuit, aver run can dee 
 Deum irce victimas cadi. Liv. 
 
 131. AUFERRE, TOLLERE, AVERTERE, AdIMERE, Dl 
 
 Subripere. Auferre, to carry off, away, to the loss of the 
 possessor; Toller e (lift), to take up, away, used of re- 
 moving entirely, e. g. frumentum de area ; hominem de — e 
 medio : Signum Apollinis Verres, si portare potuisset, non 
 dubitasset auferre. Cic. Ludi dies XV. auferent. Id. 
 Avertere, to embezzle, to take secretly and with bad inten- 
 tion, e. g. pecuniam publicam; also intervertere, intercipere. 
 A dim ere, to take, deprive, e.g. alicui compedes : Pecuniam 
 si cuipiam fortuna ad emit, aut si alicujus eripuit injuria. 
 Cic. Of violent taking away: Dirip ere, to rob and plun- 
 der, if it is done in wild disorder, e. g. provincias, bona locu- 
 pletum ; Subripere, to carry off violently but covertly: 
 captivum e custodia. Cic. Virtus nee eripi, nee surripi 
 potest. Id. 
 
 132. Augescere, Crescere, Adolescere. Augescere, 
 to increase from time to time and externally : TJva et succo 
 terrce et colore solis augescens. Cic. Crescere, to grow, 
 of a continuous augmentation from within : Crescit, occulto 
 velut arbor avo, fama Marcelli. Hor. Adolescere, to 
 grow up, to become more perfect after obtaining a certain 
 increase : In satis fructibusque arborum nihil ad justam 
 magnitudinem adolescere potest, quod loco, in quern cres- 
 cat, caret. Quinctil. 
 
 133. Avis, Ales, Volucris, Alites, Pr^epetes, Os- 
 
 8* 
 
90 134. Augur. 
 
 cines. Avis, bird, according to its nature ; Ales, inasmuch 
 as it has wings and uses them, of large birds, and poetical ; 
 Volucris, every creature capable of flying : Canorus ales. 
 Hor., the swan. Ales equus. Ovid., winged, i. e. Pegasus. 
 Volucres videmus fingere et construere nidos. Cic. Deum 
 volucrem. Ovid., i. e. Cupido. In the terminology of the 
 augurs, alites are those birds whose flight and beating of 
 the wings are observed: Prcepetes, those who, indicating 
 good luck, fly high before the observer; Infer ce, those who 
 do the contrary, and bring bad luck ; O seines, birds whose 
 voice and singing serve for prophesying. 
 
 134. Augur, Auspex, Haruspex, Extispex, Hariolus : 
 
 AUGURIUM, AUSPICIUM, DlVINATIO, PRJESAGIUM, OMEN. Au- 
 
 gur {oculus, German Auge, XIX, 3., VIII, 1., a.), a public 
 soothsayer, who explained the will of the gods, and unveiled 
 future events from the flight and song of birds, dreams, and 
 phenomena of the heavens and on the earth. The augurs 
 formed a collegium,, and granted the office for life ; it super 
 intended the whole system of soothsaying, and upon it de- 
 pended the most important state transactions : Romulus om 
 nibus publicis rebus instituendis, qui sibi essent in auspiciis, 
 ex singulis tribubus singulos cobptavit augur es. Cic. Au 
 spex, observer of birds, who, before the beginning of an 
 undertaking, observed the flight, song, and eating of certain 
 birds, to discover whether the gods approved of it ; hence 
 also, the author of a certain deed or undertaking : Ego, pro- 
 vidus auspex, oscinem corvum prece suscitabo. Hor. La- 
 tores et auspices legis. Cic. Haruspex, observer of 
 sacrifices, soothsayer, who, from the liver of the victim, pre- 
 dicted ; more especially Extispex, observer of the entrails: 
 Ea, quce significari dicuntur extis, cognita sunt haruspici- 
 bus observatione diuturna. Cic. Hariolus, a travelling 
 soothsayer. — Augurium, the solemn observation of tbe 
 predicting birds by the augur, and the interpretation of the 
 will of the gods or prediction of future events, founded upon 
 this observation, or upon other phenomena considered impor- 
 tant {signa, portenta, o stent a) : In arce augurium augures 
 acturi erant. Cic. Divitiacus partim auguriis, partim 
 conjectura, quce essent futura, dicebat. Id. Auspicium y 
 observation of birds, plur. Auspicia, the significant indi- 
 cations which birds, lots, &c. give, and from which the will 
 of the gods and their approval of an undertaking was learned ; 
 also the right to make this observation, and the highest 
 
135. Avius. 137. Austerus. 91 
 
 power connected therewith: Consul pullarium in auspici- 
 um mittit. Liv. Quantum ex augur io auspicii intelligo. 
 Plaut. Gracchi consulis imperio auspicioque exercitus 
 populi Rom. Sardiniam subegit. Liv. Dii auguriis 
 auspiciisque mihi omnia lata ac prosper a portendunt. Id. 
 The augurium has its fixed reasons; not so the divina- 
 tio, the indefinite presentiment, or gift of prediction (divini- 
 tas) : Divinatio est earum rerum, quce fortuitce putantur, 
 praidictio atque prcesensio. Cic. Prcesagium, presage, as 
 effect of a finer, acuter feeling, prophetic sight, e. g. tempes- 
 tatis futurce. Colum. Omen (for bpimen, from opinari), 
 every thing which by chance has been heard or seen, and 
 which is considered as indicating something future, good or 
 bad : Ccesar prolapsus in egressu navis, verso ad melius om- 
 ine : Teneo te, inquit, Africa. Suet. 
 
 135. A — De — Invius, Inaccessus. Avius, off from 
 the road, remote; Devius, situated off from the road, 
 whither no road leads ; Invius, where it is difficult to pro- 
 ceed ; Inaccessus, inaccessible : Jugurtha Metellum sequi- 
 tur nocturnis et aviis itineribus ignoratus. Sail. Aquinates 
 in via habit ab ant ; Anagnini quum essent devii, descende- 
 runt, ut consulem salutarent. Cic. Invia virtuti nulla est 
 via. Ovid. Montes inaccessi amne inter jluente. Plin. 
 
 136. Aura, Ventus, Spiritus, Flatus, Flamen, Fla- 
 brum. Aura, the air which is gently moved ; Ventus, the 
 air current, wind ; Spiritus, 79, the wafting, draught of 
 air : Semper aer spiritu aliquo movetur ; frequentius tamen 
 auras, quam ventos habet. Cic. Flatus, the blowing, 
 also of favorable winds : Flatu jiguratur vitrum. Plin. 
 Prospero flat u fortunes uti. Cic. Flamen, violent blow- 
 ing; Flabrum, gentle fanning, blowing, also of puffs of 
 winds, poetically: Fugant inductas f lamina nubes. Ovid. 
 Cacumina silva lenibus alludit flabris levis Auster. Val. 
 Flacc. Borem flabra. Propert. 
 
 137. Austerus, Tetricus, Tristis, Severus, Serius, 
 Rtgidus. Graveness, simply considered as external appear- 
 ance : Austerus, 17, grave, like the Stoic, who disdains all 
 serenity in his conduct; Tetricus {teter, 122, V, 1.), som- 
 bre, of excessive gravity, which disposes even to melancholy ; 
 Tristis, of sorry appearance, dark, if it is rather forbidding 
 and causes fear: Agit mecum austere et Stoice Cato. Cic. 
 Disciplina tetrica ac tristis veterum Sabinorum. Liv. 
 Judex tristis et integer. Cic. — Grave, as belonging to 
 
■ 
 
 92 138 Aut. 139. Auxiliari. 
 
 character: Sever us, stern, he who is not indulgent toward 
 himself and others ; Serins, serious, that which is according 
 to the disposition of the serious person, in contradistinction to 
 the gay or jocose ; Rigidus, stiff with cold, inflexible, who 
 cannot be induced to yield: Non potest is severus esse in 
 judicando, qui alios in se severos esse judices non vnlt. 
 Cic. Si quid per jocum dixi, nolito in serium convertere. 
 Plaut. Porcius Cato fuit invicti a cupiditatibus animi et 
 rigid ce i?inocentice. Liv. Rigidus censor. Ovid. 
 
 138. Aut, Vel, Ye, Sive, Seu, Neve, Neu. If two 
 ideas in a disjunctive relation are so opposed to one another, 
 that only one of the two can take place, it is expressed by 
 Aut, or, if they differ essentially, but by Vel, or, even, if they 
 differ only in certain things ; by Ve, or, if they are consid- 
 ered convertible, and one may take place as well as the 
 other. If they stand in a perfectly equal disjunctive relation, 
 we use Aut — aut, either — or, if the taking place of the one 
 excludes entirely that of the other ; Vel — vel, partly — 
 partly, if it excludes only in the given case ; Ve — ve, poet- 
 ical, if the choice between the two remains free. Sive and 
 Seu, or, be it, it may be — or, express this alternative con- 
 ditionally; Neve and Neu, or not, and not, neither — nor, 
 express it negatively : Audendum est aliquid universis, aut 
 omnia singulis patienda. Liv. Epicurus, homo minime mains 
 vel potius vir optimus. Cic. Ex ingenio suo quisque demat 
 vel addat jidem. Tac. Hcec sunt omnia ingenii vel medi- 
 ocris. Cic. Consules alter ambove rationem agri haheant. 
 Cic, the one or the other, or also both together. Hoc te ro- 
 go,ut resistas sive etiam occurras negotiis. Id. Ascanius 
 Lavinium urbem matri seu novercce reliquit. Liv. Cczsaf 
 milites cohortatus est, uti sum pristince virtutis memoriam re- 
 tinerent, neu perturb arentur animo. Cses. — Aut vivam, 
 aut moriar. Ter. Pauci nobiles vel corrumpere mores civ- 
 itatis,vel corrigere possunt. Cic. Ubi potest senectus aut 
 calescere vel apricatione melius vel igni, aut vicissim urn- 
 bris aquisve refrigerari salubrius? Id. Si quis in adver- 
 sum rapiat casus ve deusve, te super esse velim. Virg. Veniet 
 tempus mortis, sive retractabis, sive proper 'abis. Cic. Car- 
 thaginiensibus conditio pads dicta, helium neve in Africa^ 
 neve extra Africam, injussu populi Romani gererent. Liv. 
 
 139. Auxiliari, Adjuvare, Opitulari, Subvenire, Suc- 
 currere, Sublevare ; Auxilium, Adjumentum, Ops, Sup 
 pETiiE, Presidium, Subsidium. Auxilium (augere, 76.) 
 
139. Auxiliari. 93 
 
 assistance, in reference to him to whom it is given, and inas- 
 much as his power is thereby increased, augmented ; plural, 
 Auxilia, auxiliary troops; Auxilium ferre, to bring 
 assistance, which is yet to be performed; Auxiliari, to 
 help, of active and actual assistance : Dii populo contra tan- 
 tarn vim sceleris prcesentes aux ilium ferent. Cic. Nihil 
 Numantinis vires corporis auxiliata sunt. Ad Herenn. 
 Adjuvare (ad-juvare, make young [juvenis, 30] , strength- 
 en, help), to be of use in the furtherance of some object, to 
 support, to assist : Ad navem actuariam multum humilitas 
 adjuvat. Cses. Adjumentum, the means of assistance 
 for a certain purpose, e. g. rei gerendce : A philosophia om- 
 nia adjumenta et aux Hi a petamus bene beateque viven- 
 di. Cic. (Ops, goddess of the earth and riches, as symbol 
 of power ; of this Gen., Ace, Abl.) Opis, op em, ope, the 
 faculty, power, which one is in possession of, and through 
 which we can effect something, and may assist others ; the 
 assistance of him who gives it : Sidicini aut ipsi mover ant 
 bellum, aut moventibus auxilium tulerant. Itaque Pa- 
 tres omni op e adnisi sunt, ut Valerium Corvum consulem 
 facer ent. Liv., with all their influence, which they possessed 
 by their power, authority, and riches. Quum vallis aut locus 
 declivis suberat, ii, qui antecesserant, morantibus op em 
 ferre non poterant. Cses., bring assistance; Opitulari 
 (XIX, 5., a.), to lend assistance with one's means, to help : 
 Ad gubernaculum accessit et nam, quoad potuit, est opitu- 
 I at us. Cic. Subvenire, to come to assistance to him who 
 is in want of it; Succurrere, to run to assist, rescue from 
 imminent danger, e. g. urbi incensce. Virg. Sublev are, to 
 help one up again, to give him a lift, to assist, e. g. aliquem 
 facultatibus suis. Cic. Suppetice, the existing assistance, 
 standing in readiness from without : Qui auditis clamor em 
 ineum, ferte suppetias. Plaut. Presidium, protecting 
 assistance, securing the obtaining of an object: Sub si- 
 ilium, reserve, assistance for a case of need: Pompeius 
 Siciliam, Africam, Sardiniam, hcec tria frumentaria sub- 
 si di a, rei publiccB firmissimis prcesidiis classibusque 
 munivit. Cic. 
 
94 140. Baculum. 143. Bardus. 
 
 B. 
 
 140. Baculum, Scipio, Sceptrum, Ferula. Baculum^ 
 at a later period B a cuius, a stick, staff, e. g. of him who 
 beats (batuere), of a wanderer; Scipio and Sceptrum, 
 a shorter stick, for support : Cornelius qui patrem luminibus 
 carentem pro baculo regebat, Scipio cognominatus est. 
 Macrob. Scipio eburneus was in Rome the mark of honor 
 of the highest magistracy, the Sceptrum that of triumphers 
 and kings: Sceptrum Dictcei regis. Virg. Ferula, the 
 shrub ferula, vagd-^, which was used for staves for old peo- 
 ple, and for rods in schools: Ferulae que tristes, sceptra 
 pcedagogorum. Hor. 
 
 141. Balneum, Therms, Lavatio, Lavacrum. Bali- 
 neum, Balneum, the bath as the place, and water in a 
 private house; Balnece at a later period, and poetically, 
 Balnea, a public bathing establishment with several baths : 
 Labrum in balneo ut sit, cur a. Cic. Fatigatis balneum 
 fervens idoneum non est. Cels. Occiditur ad balneas 
 Palatinas Rosciits. Cic. Thermce, public warm baths, near 
 warm wells, as in Baise, and artificial warm baths, e. g. Ne- 
 romance, in Rome. Lavatio, the bathing, and the bath as 
 vessel, the bathing-tub, water, and place; Lav dcrum, the 
 bathing-room : Seponit lavationem argenteam. Phsedr. 
 Faciam, ut lavatio parata sit. Cic. Lav a era pro sexi- 
 bus separavit. Spartian. 
 
 142. Barbarismus, Stribligo, Solozcismus. Barb a- 
 rismus, a mistake in a single word, with reference to pro- 
 nunciation or grammar; Stribligo, and at later periods 
 Solcecismus, a fault in the grammatical construction. 
 
 143. Bardus, Hebes, Stupidus, Absurdus, Ineptus, 
 Insulsus, Stultus, Fatuus, Insipiens, Stolidus, Brutus. 
 With reference to mind and judgment, he is Bardus who is 
 of slow mind, slow in understanding a thing ; Hebes, dull, 
 who wants the gift of sharp discrimination; Stupidus, stu- 
 pid, who, possessed by impressions of the senses, is incapable 
 of mental exertion, and feels no interest in it : Populus studio 
 stupid its in funambulo animum occuparat. Ter. Absu r- 
 dus, 7, clumsy, clownish, who has no skill, who has no 
 practical judgment, wanting in common sense; Ineptus, 
 foolish, who behaves childishly, makes a fool of himself, in 
 
144. Beatus. 145. Bellum. 95 
 
 contradistinction to the judicious, sedate person : Risu inep- 
 to res ineptior nulla est. Catuli. Insulsus, absurd, he 
 who, by unsuccessful witticisms, makes a disagreeable im- 
 pression upon persons of fine feeling, he who has no taste, a 
 rather bad taste : Qui ridiculi et salsi artem conati sunt tra- 
 der e, sic in sul si exstiterunt, ut nihil aliud eorum, nisi ipsa 
 insulsitas rideatur. Cic. Stultus, ill-advised, foolish, 
 who in single cases acts contrary to wisdom and prudence, 
 be it from error or from being blinded : Exploranda est Veri- 
 tas multum, prius quam stulta prove judicet sententia. 
 Pheedr. Fatuus (fdtiscere, to stand idling about), simple, 
 who, from weakness of understanding, remains without 
 thought in cases which ought to stir his activity, and allows 
 himself patiently to be fooled by others, or to be made their 
 laughing-stock : Pollio triplicem usuram prastare paratus 
 circuit et fatuos non invenit. Juvenal. Insipiens, un- 
 wise, acting contrary to wisdom from want of intelligence ; 
 Stolidus, fool, from conceit or thoughtlessness, who, in his 
 opinion of his superiority above others, neglects all prudence 
 and caution, sometimes from excessive self-confidence, some- 
 times from stupidity, as the clown or fop : St olid am jidu- 
 clam hosti augere. Liv. Legati velut ad ludibrium stolidce 
 superbice in senatum vocati. Id. Brutus (belongs to bar- 
 dus, prop, clumsy, unwieldy), without reason, without sense 
 or feeling for any thing, incapable of understanding any 
 thing, perfect blockhead : L. Junius ex industria f actus ad 
 imitationem stultitice Bruti hand abnuit cognomen. Liv. 
 
 144. Beatus, Felix. Beatus, happy, who is not want- 
 ing in any physical or moral thing for his existence : Verbo 
 beati subjecta notio est, secretis malis omnibus cumulata bo 
 norum complexio. Cic. Felix, lucky, he who is always 
 successful, who is always fortunate : Ccesar Alexandria se 
 recepit,felix, ut sibi quidem videbatur. Cic. 
 
 145. Bellum, Tumultus. Bellum, war, in general; 
 Tumultus, tumult, a war suddenly broken out, which by 
 its suddenness, and by surprise, causes dismay, disorder, tu- 
 mult, a sudden rebellion; see C. Phil. 8, 1. jEqui tantum 
 Romce terrorem fecere, quia vix credibile erat, solos per se 
 ad bellum cobrtos,ut tumultus ejus causa dictator dice- 
 retur. Liv. — Bellum facere, to begin war; agere, to carry 
 it on ; gerere, to lead it, to carry it on with judgment ; du- 
 cere, to protract it ; projligare, to suppress it, to bring near 
 an end ; pair are, to bring it entirely to an end ; conficere, to 
 
96 146. Benignus. 149. Bonus. 
 
 make an end by annihilation of the hostile forces ; compone- 
 re, to make an end by treaty, mutual arrangement. 
 
 146. Benignus, Beneficus, Liberalis, Munificus, Lar- 
 gus, Prodigus, Profusus. Benignus (benus for tonus, 
 XI, 1.), benign, kindly from goodness of heart and inclina- 
 tion ; Beneficus (doing good), beneficent, doing good to 
 others: Beneficus est, qui alter ius causa benigne facit. 
 Cic. Liberalis, liberal in giving from noble disposition, 
 where circumstances, honor, and decorum demand it ; Mu- 
 nificus, generous in giving, who makes presents frequently 
 and largely, from charity, generosity, or a disposition of show 
 of munificence ; Largus, who spends largely ; Prodigus, 
 liberal in a prodigal way: Duo sunt genera largorum, 
 quoram alteri sunt prodigi, alteri liber ales : prodigi, 
 qui pecunias profundunt in eas res, quarum memoriam nullam 
 sint relicturi. Cic. The prodigus throws away some good 
 as worthless ; the Profusus, the spendthrift, who incurs ex- 
 penses beyond his means, manages it badly, carelessly, though 
 he considers it not without value: Profusis sumtibus vi- 
 vere. Cic. 
 
 147. Bestia, Fera, Bellua. Bestia, an animal with- 
 out reason, in contradistinction toman: Bestias hominum 
 gratia generatas esse videmus. Cic. Fera, a wild animal 
 living on land, in contradistinction to the domestic (cicur) : 
 Excitare et agitare feras. Cic. Bellua, ancient Belua, 
 a monster, a large and fearful land or sea animal, e. g. a 
 lion, elephant, wild boar, sea-monster: Belua vasta et im- 
 manis. Cic. 
 
 148. Bibere, Pot are ; Combibo, Potor, Potator. Bi- 
 b ere, to drink, to draw in a liquid; Pot are, to empty a 
 liquid, and fill one's self with it, to drink in full draught, the 
 German saufen: Sat prat a biberunt. Virg. Domus erat 
 'plena ebriorum : totos dies potabatur. Cic. — Combibo, 
 drink-companion; Potor, a drinker, one who empties the 
 vessel of potation : Aquce pot ores. Hor. Potator, fud- 
 dler, drunkard. 
 
 149. Bonus, Probus ; Bonum, Commodum ; Bonj\, For- 
 tune, Res, Facultates, Opes, Divitite, Copies. Bonus, 
 good, perfect as to its destination, answering it, and good in 
 itself, opp. malus ; e.g. poeta, causa, mcmoria; Probus, 
 proof, that which has been found, is acknowledged as good 
 by test, e. g. argentum, navigium. Oratione efficitur, ut 
 probi, ut bene morati, ut boni viri esse videantur. Cic, 
 
150. Bos. 152. Brevi. 97 
 
 tried, honest. — Bonum, something which is good, a good, 
 e. g. forma, liter arum ; Commodum, an advantage, that 
 which benefits a person in order to obtain a good, e. g. pacts, 
 opum, potential: Commodum est, quod plus usus habet 
 quam molestia : bonum sincerum esse debet et ab omni parte 
 innoxium. Senec. — Bona, goods, a fortune as good in it- 
 self: Liberis proscriptorum bona patria reddere. Cic. 
 Fortune, goods, blessings which we owe to fortune, such 
 q,s honor, honorable offices, property; Res (temporal), prop- 
 erty as possession, things collectively which we possess : 
 ■Rem auger e ; Rem fa miliar em dissipari no lumus ; im- 
 petum pr&donum in tuas for tunas fieri nolo. Cic. Prop- 
 erty as belonging to the family, family property. Facul- 
 tates, fortune of a private citizen, inasmuch as he can effect 
 something by it, property in respect to its influence : Caven- 
 dum est, ne benignitas major sit, quam fa cult at es. Cic. 
 Opes, 139, riches, power, and force, as a means of obtain- 
 ing an end: Magnas inter opes inops. Hor. Divitia, 
 riches, goods of this world in abundance : Supero Crassum 
 divitiis. Cic. Co pi a, stores, certain goods or things 
 which for future use are in greater abundance than necessary ; 
 Domesticis copiis rei frumentaria uti. Cses. 
 
 150. Bos, Juvencus, Taurus ; Vacca, Juvenca, Forda. 
 Bos, a male or female of cattle, ox, bull, or cow: Bo- 
 urn cervices natce ad jugum. Cic. Juvencus, a young 
 steer; Taurus, the bull: Rudes operum juvenci. Ovid. 
 — Vacca, cow, inasmuch as she is a breeding animal and 
 furnishes milk : Tiber a vacca lactea demittunt. Virg. Ju- 
 venca, a young cow; Fordo:, a cow with calf: Forda 
 ferens bos est, fecundaque. Ovid. 
 
 151. Bractea, Lamina. Br act e a, a thin metallic plate 
 for the purpose of plating, also a veneer, wood for veneering ; 
 Lamina, Lamna, is thicker, iron &c. sheet, tin: Tenuis 
 bractea ligna tegit. Ovid. Tigna laminis clavisque re- 
 ligant. Caes. 
 
 152. Brevi, Propediem ; Breviter, Strictim. Brevi, 
 sc. tempore, oratione, briefly, in a short time, in a few words : 
 Quum tu tarn multis verbis ad me scripsisses, faciendum mild 
 putavi, ut tuis Uteris brevi responderem. Cic. Prope- 
 diem, soon, very soon : Propediem tevidebo. Id. Bre- 
 viter, brieflv, not diffusive: Rem summatim breviter que 
 descripsimus. Cic. Strictim, short, only superficially • 
 
 9 
 
98 153. Bruma. 156. Cadere. 
 
 Ea, qua copiosissime did possunt, b rev iter a me stric- 
 timque dicuntur. Cic, only touching the chief points, heads. 
 
 153. Bruma, Solstitium, Hiems. Bruma, properly 
 the rainy season, the shortest day, the beginning of winter ; 
 Hiems, the stormy, cold, rainy season, winter in Italy, be- 
 tween the Ides of November and February; Solstitium, 
 the summer solstice, beginning of summer : Solis accessus 
 discessusque solstitiis brumisque cognosci potest. Cic. 
 Only in later periods solstitium cestivum and hiemale or 
 hibernum. Et glacialis hiems aquilonibus asperat un- 
 das. Virg. 
 
 154. Bucca, Gena, Mala, Maxilla. Bucca, cheek, 
 from the cheek-bone to the lower jaw: Buccas inflare. 
 Hor. Gena, the elevated part or surface under the eyelids, 
 which covers tne cneek-bone : Confusa pudore sensi me totis 
 erubuisse genis. Ovid. Maxilla, the upper and lower 
 iaws, in which the teeth are placed ; denies maxillares, 
 back teeth: Timarchus duos deniium or dines habuit maxil- 
 larum. Plin. Mala, the lower jaw externally: Juven- 
 tus molli vestit lanugine malas. Lucret. Originally the 
 same with maxilla. 
 
 c. 
 
 155. Cadaver, Corpus, Funus. Cadaver, the corpse, 
 as fallen body ; Corpus, as mass; Funus, as the corpse 
 destined to be burned : Catilina huge a suis inter hostium 
 cadaver a repertus est. Sail. Sepeliendi causa conferri in 
 unam corpora suorum jussit. Liv. Urbs assiduis exhausta 
 funeribus : multce et clarce lugubres domus. Id. 
 
 156. Cadere, Con — Occidere, Ruere, Corruere, Pro- 
 cumbere, Labi, Ferri. Cadere, to fall, to fall heavily 
 with the whole body on the ground; Conctdere, to col- 
 lapse, to fall to the ground, breaking down, sinking to the 
 ground; Occidere, to perish: Omncs adversis vulneribus 
 concider ant. Sail. Sub onere concidere. Liv. Sol 
 nccidit. Omnia honoris insignia occiderunt. Cic. 
 Ruere, to fall precipitately, to fall in, of houses, mountains : 
 Crebris terrce motibus ruunt tecta. Liv. Corruere, to 
 break in with rattling noise: Tabernce mihi duo, cor rue- 
 runt. Cic. Procumbere, 15, fall forward, slower, and so 
 
157. Cacus. 158. Cadere. 99 
 
 as to be in a lying position after the fall : Procumbit humi 
 bos. Virg. Repentina ruina pars turris concidit, pars 
 reliqua consequens procumbebat. Cses. Labi, to glide 
 on a smooth surface, to slide on a slippery surface before the 
 fall takes place : Sunt in lubrico, incitataque semel proclivi 
 labuntur. Cic. Lapsa cadunt folia. Virg. Ferri, 
 being violently driven down by the force of gravity : Ne 
 ferar in praceps. Ovid. 
 
 157. Cjecus, Luscus, Cocles, Strabo, P^etus ; Czecit- 
 tire, Caligare. Ccecus, blind, pass, invisible: Cceco 
 carpitur igni. Virg. Luscus, with one eye by mishap : 
 Dux luscus. Juvenal, i. e. Hannibal. Cocles, one-eyed 
 by nature, e. g. Cyclops. Strabo, squinting; Patus, who 
 has no fixed look, and looks somewhat to the side ; of the 
 roguish look of Venus : Strabonem appellat Pa turn pa- 
 ter. Hor. — Cacutire, not to see well, to be half blind by 
 nature ; Caligare, not to see well, indistinctly, from exter- 
 ternal causes: Utrum oculi mihi cacutiunt, an ego vidi 
 servos in armis contra dominos ? Varr. Ex somno oculi 
 caligant. Cels. 
 
 158. Credere, Secare, Scindere, Findere, Recidere, 
 Rescindere ; C^des, Clades, Strages, Occidio, Inter- 
 necio. Cad ere, to give a blow with an axe, rod : Lapides 
 c aid ere; virgis cadi. Cic. Secare, to cut with sharp 
 instruments, e. g. marmora: Ne glades secet aspera plan- 
 tas. Virg. Scindere, to split, tear, thereby to destroy, 
 e. g. vestem, epistolam : Cuneis scindebant fissile lignum. 
 Virg. Findere, to split, by penetrating into the inner parts 
 which sever naturally, to cleave: Fissus erat tenui rima 
 paries. Ovid. Recidere, to cut off with a blow unneces- 
 sary or obnoxious parts, e. g. vepres, immedicabile vulnus. 
 Rescindere, to tear off, injuriously, destroyingly : Pontem 
 jubet rescindi. Cses. — Cades, the cutting to pieces, the 
 act of killing: Cades, in qua Clodius occisus est. Cic. 
 Equites magnam cad em ediderunt. Liv., carnage. Cla- 
 des, the defeat, as the great loss we sustain, e. g. dextra 
 manus: Claudii risus, classe devicta, magnam clad em at- 
 tulit. Cic. Strages, the defeat, as the mass of bodies by 
 and upon one another: Strage hominum armorumque campi 
 repleti. Liv. Occidio, the cutting down of an army : Duo 
 exercitus prope occidione occisi sunt. Liv. Interne- 
 cio, the deadly defeat, entire destruction : Neque resisti mor* 
 bo sine internecione posse arbitramur. Cic. 
 
100 159. Ccelare. 163. Calceus. 
 
 159. (Lelare, Scalpere, Sculpere ; Caelum, Scalprum, 
 Tornus. Ccelare, to polish or smooth with the ccelum a 
 statue or relievo after the casting, and to give it finish, make it 
 perfect ; also used of relievi in wood, ivory, clay, &c, hence 
 gemmae ccelatce, cameos, precious stones with figures of the 
 same mass protruding from the surface : Hanc speciem Prax 
 iteles ccelavit argento. Cic. Scuta auro ccelaverunt 
 Liv., to ornament with figures of gold. Scalpere, to carve 
 especially into the substance, engrave : Sardonyches scalp- 
 tee ceram non auferunt. Piin., gems. Sculpere, to carve 
 to work out statues: Non est e saxo sculp tus sapiens. Cic, 
 — Caelum, the hollow chisel ; Scalp rum, the graver, and 
 the chisel; Tornus, a turning tool, is used likewise for 
 Ccelum and Scalprum. Virg. Eel. 3, 37. 
 
 160. Cjerimonia, Ritus. Ccerimonia, the prescribed 
 procedure in the execution of a sacred and solemn custom, 
 by which something referring to a deity is symbolically rep- 
 resented ; Ritus, the prescribed or accustomed manner of 
 acting, which guides in the performance of some business or 
 affair, usage, e. g. nuptiarum : Sacra Cereris summa religi- 
 one ccerimonia que conficere. Cic. Hominem non funditus 
 inter ir e, e ccerimoniis sepulcrorum intelligitur. Id. Quo 
 modo rituque sacra fiant, discunto ignari a publicis sacer- 
 dotibus. Id. hatronum ritu vivere. Id. 
 
 161. Ceruleus, Cjesius, Glaucus. Cceruleus, dark 
 blue, and nearly so or similarly so, e. g. dark violet-color : 
 mare, hyacinthus. Ccesius, light blue, grayish-blue, as the 
 eyes of cats: Ccesios oculos Minervce, cceruleos esse 
 Neptuni. Cic. Glaucus, bluish, greenish-blue: Glauca 
 canentia fronde salicta. Virg. 
 
 162. Calcar, Stimulus ; Stimulare, Pungere. Cal- 
 car, the spur, fastened, with the ancients, to the heel of the 
 foot: Concitat calcaribus equum. Liv. Sti?nulus, the 
 artificial sting (see 21), and the stick provided with the same, 
 to drive oxen of draught, prong: Stimulo tardos increpare 
 boves. Tibull. Hence Calcar, a means of encouraging, 
 animating ; Stimulus, a. discomforting means of excitement, 
 e. g. doloris. — Stimulare, to excite, discomfort by prick- 
 ing, enduringly ; Pungere, to sting, to push in the sting, 
 and thus to cause pain : Te conscientice maleficiorum stimu- 
 lant; Ignominia pupugit. 
 
 163. Calceus, Calceamentum, Pero, Solea, Crepida, 
 Sandalium, Caliga, Soccus, Cothurnus, Ocrea. Cal- 
 
164. Calere. 165. Caligo. 101 
 
 eeus, the Koman shoe, covering the foot as far as the ankle 
 and fastened with thongs up to the middle of the shin, of 
 black leather (aluta) ; calcei mull ei, of purple color and 
 soft leather, worn by consuls, prsetors, sediles, and triumphers 
 on solemn occasions; C ale earn en turn, French chaussure, 
 separate from vestimentum : Milo calceos et vestimenta 
 mutavit. Cic. Pero> a similar shoe of rough leather, some- 
 times with the hair on the leather. Sole a, the sole, fastened 
 with thongs; Crepida, the same, if fitting for both feet; 
 S an dalium, the same, richly ornamented, for ladies ; Ca- 
 ll g a, the same, with nails and fastened up to the calf, of the 
 common soldiers; So ecus, the low, light slipper of the wo- 
 men and actors in the comedy; Cothurnus, that of the 
 tragedians, with soles four fingers thick; O ere a, the shin- 
 plate of iron or brass, of the soldiers. 
 
 164. Calere, Tepere ; Calor, Tepor, Fervor, jEstus, 
 Ardor. Calere, to be warm: Sentimus calere ignem. 
 Cic. Tepere, to be tepid: Tepentes aurce Zephyri. 
 Virg. — The warmth perceived from without is Tep or, a 
 mild warmth ; Calor is warmer; Fervor is heat, as that 
 of boiling water: Medii fervor es. Virg., heat of noon. 
 JEstus is the internal heat which makes a body boil or show 
 symptoms of a high degree of heat: Rigor auri solvitur 
 cestu. Lucret. Ardor, 97, the burning heat of a burning 
 or glowing body, e. g. solis : Mea domus ardore. suo de~ 
 Jlagrationem urbi minabatur. Cic. 
 
 165. Caligo, Obscuritas, Tenebr^:, Nox ; Umbrosus, 
 Opacus. Caligo, darkness, obscurity, which prevents the 
 observer from properly seeing ; Obscuritas, darkness, as 
 quality of things, which protects against the observer; Ten- 
 ebrce, twilight, caused by the vanishing of light, obscurity as 
 such ; No x, night, as contradistinguished from day : Deus 
 inducta caligine terras occuluit. Ovid. Obscuritas la- 
 tebrarum. Tac. Ten ebrce eruptione Mtnceorum ignium 
 finitimas regiones ob s cur aver unt. Cic, hence of dizzi* 
 ness, giddiness. Milites e scalis, quum altitudo moenium ca- 
 ll gin em oculis offudisset, ad terram delati sunt. Liv. Te- 
 n ebrce oboriuntur ; genua succidunt. Plaut. — Um brosus, 
 shady, designates the extent of shade ; Opacus, shady, that 
 which gives dark shade ; Arbor umbrosa, that which throws 
 shade on a large place, even if not quite perfect; opaca, 
 that which does not allow the sunbeams to penetrate ; both, 
 also, in a passive sense, where, or under which there is 
 
 9* 
 
102 166. Calidus. 167. Colo. 
 
 shade: Colle sub umbroso. Ovid. Cubicula obductis veils 
 opaca, nee tamen obscura faeio. Plin., dark, but not to- 
 tally so ; (the same difference which there is in German 
 between dunkel and jinster ; it is not precisely the same with 
 regard to dark and obscure.) 
 
 166. Callidus, Astutus, Versutus, Vafer, Vetera- 
 tor, Captiosus, Subdolus ; Astus, Astutia, Dolus, Fraus, 
 Fallacia. He who possesses skill and ingenuity to obtain 
 by a sure means a certain object, which another strives 
 to prevent, and, unperceived by the latter, to obtain an advan- 
 tage .or to escape a danger, is Callidus, cunning, shrewd, 
 e. g. Hannibal: C alii do s eos appello, quorum, tamquam 
 manus opere, sic animus usu concailuit. Cic. More in a de- 
 preciating sense : Astutus, cunning, with innate sharpsight- 
 ed ness, vulpes : Pro bene sano ac non incauto Jictum astu- 
 turn que vocamus. Hor. Versutus, he who, in pursuing his 
 plan quickly, without showing it, changes his measures ac- 
 cording to circumstances, dexterous, e. g. Lysander : Ver- 
 suti, quorum celeriter mens versatur. Cic. Vafer, he who 
 cunningly discovers the tricks of others, and plays them still 
 better ones, cunning with inventive power: Captes astutus 
 testamenta senum, neu, si v afe r unus et alter insidiatorem 
 pr euro so fugerit hamo, spem deponas. Hor. Veterator, a 
 cheat, one who is experienced in tricks, cheating, and 
 rogueries: In causis privatis satis veterator. Cic. Fin- 
 gamus omnia callide refer entem ad utilitatem, acutum, 
 versutum, veterator em, facile ut excogitet, quo occulte 
 sine ullo conscio f allot. Id. Captiosus, captious, design- 
 ing to lead others so that he gets the advantage over them : 
 Fallacibus et captiosis interrogationibus decepti. Cic. 
 Subdolus, who covers his tricks: Rete subdolum. Mar- 
 tial. — Astus, the cunning, a cunning device; Astutia, 
 cunning, as natural quality and skill ; Dolus, trick, with bad 
 intention: Dolo pugnare, non armis. Nep. Dolus malus 
 est, quum est aliud simulatum, aliud actum. Cic. Fraus, 
 the cheat, fraud, if the expectation of honesty has not been 
 fulfilled: Fraus fidem in parvis sibi prcestruit, ut, quum 
 operce pretium sit, cum mercede magna fallat. Liv. Falla- 
 cia, deception, also intrigue: Composita est fallacia, ut 
 auro me privent. Plaut. In Dolus and Fraus is immor- 
 ality; in Astus, Astutia, Calliditas, is intelligence, 
 mental dexterity, the chief modifying idea. 
 
 167. Calo, Lixa. Calo, properly a club, — one who 
 
168. Calumniari. 170. Caneres 103 
 
 carries the mace as servant of an officer, one who attends to 
 the baggage of an army : Calonum atque impedimentorum 
 non magnus numerus desideratus. Cses. Lixa, a sutler, 
 who on his owri accord followed the army with edibles ; from 
 elixum, cooked meat : Metellus lixas e castris summovit, 
 cibumque coctum venalem proponi vetuit. Val. Max. 
 
 168. Calumniari, Obtrectare, Conviciari. C alum- 
 ni ari, properly, to misrepresent the words of a person ; to 
 accuse falsely and maliciously, to practise chicane : Defen- 
 soris locus est, quum accusatorem calumniari criminatur. 
 Ad Herenn. Obtrectare, maliciously detract, to speak 
 disparagingly of good actions or qualities of others : ali- 
 cujus laudes. Liv. Conviciari, to reproach, to use in- 
 vectives, to call names: Eum conviciatus est, qui tarn 
 sero venisset ad constitutum (tempus). Varr. Maledictum 
 est, si f also objicitur, maledici conviciatoris. Cic, the 
 calumniator who slanders the good name of another. 
 
 169. Caminus, Fornax, Furnus. C a minus (zd^vog) 
 and Fornax, furnace with vaulted cover, in which there is 
 an aperture : Ne frigeas in hibernis, c amino luculento 
 utendum censeo. Cic. Recoquunt fornacibus enses. Virg. 
 Furnus, the oven to bake: In fur no calido torreto me 
 pro pane rubido. Plaut. 
 
 170. Canere, Cantare, Modulari ; Canor, Cantus, 
 Canticum, Cantilena, Cantamen, Cantio, Carmen, Po- 
 ema. Canere, to sing, to produce harmonious sounds 
 with the voice or on an instrument, and to make that which 
 can be sung, i. e. verses; also to prophesy; Cantare, 
 to sing audibly and with art; Modulari, to sing according 
 to tact, to give rhythmical motion to the song: Canere voce, 
 jidibus, tibiis. Cic. Cicero ea, qua nunc usu veniunt, ceci- 
 nit ut votes. Nep. Cantare ad cliordarum sonum. Cic. 
 Virgines carmen in Junonem canentes, sonum vocis pulsu 
 pedum modulantes incesserunt. Liv. — The song is C a- 
 nor, if heard as such, e. g. lyrce ; Cantus, according to its 
 mode, e. g. remissior ; Canticum, as text, as a song, poem, 
 made to be sung : Nosti canticum. Cic. Convivium can- 
 ticis strepit. Quinctil. Cantilena, a song which goes by 
 a well-known tune, a song sung everywhere, so that it be- 
 comes tiresome: Cantilenam eandem canis. Ter. Can- 
 tamen, a formula of incantation: O utinam magica nossem 
 cantamina Musce. Prop. C an tio, the song when actually 
 sung, as action, the singing, e. g. lusciniaz : Veneficiis et 
 
104 171. Caper. 172. Caper e. 
 
 cantionibus Titinice factum erat. Cic. Carmen, the 
 poem, as that which can be sung, also a single verse, i. e. 
 ane, an epigrammatic verse or verses, an oracle, dec. : Rem 
 carmine signo : JEneas hcec de Danais 'vfttoribus arma 
 Virg. Poem a, poem, as a poetic composition and produc- 
 tion of art : Non esse illud carmen (Sibylla) furentis, ip- 
 sum poem a declarat ; est enim magis artis ac diligentue, 
 quam incitationis et motus. Cic. 
 
 171. Caper, H^dus, Hirctjs. Caper, a he-goat, entire 
 or emasculated: Vir gregis ipse caper. Virg. Caper, 
 qui excastratus est. Varr. Hcedus, a young he-goat: Te- 
 net 'o lascivior hcedo. Ovid. Hire us, a he-goat, with refer- 
 ence to his striking qualities, as knocking, smelling, dec. : Olet 
 liircum. Hor., of the unpleasant flavor of perspiration from 
 under the arm-pit. 
 
 172. Capere, Sumere, Rapere ; Accipere, Assumere, 
 Arrogare, Adsciscere ; Decipere. Capere, to take, 
 grasp, and to have room for something : Cape hoc Jlabellum 
 et ventulum liuic sic facito. Ter. Stipendium cap it victor, 
 quod victis imposuit. Cass. Turbam cedes vix capient. 
 Ter. Sumere, to take up and away from some place of 
 rest, to take for some purpose : Epistolam, in pulvino posi- 
 tarn, sumit ac perlegit. Sail. Sumite materiam vestris, 
 qui scribitis, cequam viribus. Hor. Arma capere, to take 
 up arms, to arm one's self; sumere, to take them away 
 from their place. Exemplum cap it de te, he catches it from 
 you, learns it from you ; ex aliis sumere. Ter., to take as a 
 model, choose. Rap ere, to take away hastily, tear away: 
 Distat, sumasne pudenter an rapias. Hor. — Capere, to 
 take that which is given; Accipere, to accept, in order to 
 keep, approvingly: Verres contra leges pecuniam cepit. 
 Cic. Prczdonum duces, accept a pecunia, dimisit. Id. Su- 
 mere, to assume, to be bold enough to do something not fit 
 for us, trespassing the limits of propriety, modesty, and right ; 
 Assumere, to claim with right in certain respects : Legatus 
 prozlio decertare noluit, ne imperatorias sibi partes sum- 
 sis se videretur. Cses. Quod est oratoris propriwn, si id 
 mihi as sumo, videor id meo jure quodam modo vindicare. 
 Cses. Arrogare, 108, to arrogate, from pride or conceit: 
 Non vereor, ne mihi aliquid videar arrogasse, si de quces- 
 iura mea dixero. Cic. Assumere, to receive addition: 
 A d seise ere, by a decree, and as property : Sacra Cere r is 
 assumta de Grcecia. Cic. Adsciverunt oppidum piratce , 
 
173. Capillus. 174. Capite censi. 105 
 
 primo commercio, deinde etiam societate. Id. Rhetor es ex- 
 pertes fuerunt prudentice, quam sibi adsciscerent. Id. — 
 Cap ere, to catch, take prisoner, to capture, occupy, to se- 
 duce ; Decipere, to deceive, to allure one into a trap, in 
 order to take advantage : Callida assentatione, ti t ~.e. capi. 
 Cic. Decipimur specie recti. Hor. 
 
 173. Capillus, Crinis, Coma, C^saries, Cinclnnus, 
 Cirrus, Villus, Pilus, Seta. Capillus, the hair of the 
 head: Promissa barba et cap ill i effer aver ant speciem oris. 
 Liv. Crinis, the hair collectively, in French chevelure ; 
 plur. Crines, the hairs as thin bodies: Crinem barbamque 
 submitter e. Tac. Cap ill o pexo, vittisque innexis crini- 
 bus. Varr. Coma, the long hair : intonsa, calamistrata. 
 Cic, hence also the mane of the horse, foliage : Galeaque 
 tremunt horrore comarum. Stat, meaning the comb on the 
 helmet; in plural, of several divisions or layers. Ccesa- 
 ries, the thick, long, curly hair of adults : Scipionem ador- 
 nabat promissa ccesaries. Liv. Nymphce ccesariem ef- 
 fusce nitidam per Candida colla. Virg. Cincinnus, an 
 artificial lock; Cirrus, a natural lock, of boys : Istos com- 
 positos, crispos cincinnos tuos unguentatos expellam. Plaut. 
 Ambracice primum cap ilium puerilem demtum, item cir- 
 ros ad Apollinem ponere solent. Cato. Villus, a bunch 
 of hair, adhering to one another and pending from the head : 
 Ovium villi. Cic. Pilus, a single, thin hair: Muniti sunt 
 palpebrce tamquam v alio pilo rum. Cic. Ne ullum pilum 
 viri boni habere dicatur. Cic. Seta, a single strong hair, 
 bristle, e. g. equina, leonis : Barba viros, hirtceque decent in 
 corpore seta. Ovid. 
 
 174. Capite censi, Proletarii, jErarii. Capite cen- 
 si, valued by the head, were those Romans who possessed 
 three hundred and seventy-five asses at the highest, and who, 
 as poor, were excluded from the five classes which had a 
 right to vote and did military service ; Proletarii (blessed 
 with children), citizens possessed of one thousand five hun- 
 dred asses at the utmost, and who, with their sons, in sudden 
 and dangerous wars, entered the army, where the state sup- 
 ported them; jErarii, serfs of the public treasury ; when 
 the censor expelled senators or knights from their tribe, de- 
 clared their citizenship and right of voting as lost (in Cceri- 
 tum tabulas referri), and themselves and fortune henceforth 
 to belong to the public treasury ; yet the succeeding censor 
 could reinstate them : Marius milites scripsit non more 
 
106 175. Capulus. 178. Carpere. 
 
 majorum, neque ex classibus, sed capite censos plerosque. 
 Sail. Censores scepenumero superiorum judiciis non steterunt, 
 ut alter in cerarios referri aut tribu moveri jubeat, alter 
 vetet. Cic. 
 
 175. Capulus, Manubrium, Ansa. Capulus, the han- 
 dle of a tool or instrument of any sort, e. g. sceptri, ensis, 
 aratri ; Manubrium, handle, in as far as it designates rings 
 and the like to lift &c. a thing, also the handle, if it is a long, 
 projecting piece, hand-piece, as it were, e. g. the handle of a 
 broom, and, in general, the handle considered as contrivance 
 for the hand, e. g. securis : Ad f err amenta facta manu- 
 bria aptare. Colum. Vas vinarium manubrio aureo. 
 Cic. Ansa, ear, handle of a vessel : Attrita pendebat can- 
 charus ansa. Virg. 
 
 176. Carbo, Pruna. Car bo, the coal, as effect and 
 product of the fire, burning or not : Prozlia, rubrica picta aut 
 car bone. Hor. Dionysius candente car bone sibi adure- 
 bat capillum. Cic. Pruna, the burning, glowing coal: 
 Subjiciunt veribus p run as. Virg. 
 
 177. Carere, Egere, Indigere, Vacare ; Caritas, Pe- 
 nuria, Inopla. Car ere, to want, i. e. to stand in want of, 
 to feel the want, not to have, the opposite of having or pos- 
 sessing : malo, dolore, febri, consuetudine amicorum. Cic. 
 Non caret is, qui non desiderat. Id. Egere, to suffer 
 want, the opposite of having in plenty, abundance : Consilio 
 non eges, vel abundas potius. Cic. Egens ceque est is, qui 
 non satis habet, et is, cui nihil satis potest esse. Ad Herenn. 
 Indigere, to stand in great need of: Bellum indiget ce- 
 leritatis. Cic. Vacare, to be open, free, empty of and for 
 something: Tot a domus superior vac at. Cic. Vaco culpa. t 
 Id. Scribes aliquid, si vacabis. Id. Philosophic semper 
 vaco. Id. Caritas, 66, the quality of a thing if we dislike 
 missing it, and it has, consequently, much value to us ; the 
 high price of articles on account of scarcity : Vilitas annona 
 ex inopia et car it ate rei frumentarice, consecuta est. Cic. 
 Penuria, want, scarcity of stores, opp. copia : Cozlo, terra 
 penuria aquarum. Sail. Inopia, want of assistance, help- 
 lessness, embarrassment : Magna sollicitudine ajpcior, magna 
 inopia consilii. Cic. 
 
 178. Carpere, Legere, Metere ; Vellicare. Carpe- 
 re, to take off piece by piece, to pluck, e. g. poma, gramen; 
 Legere, with selection ; flores et fraga. Virg. Metere^ 
 to mow off, to reap: Ut sementem feceris, ita metes. Cic. 
 
179. Casa. 181. Castigare. 107 
 
 Carp ere, to attack partially, by parts, and thus injure: 
 Hostes fessum agmen car punt ao omni parte, incur santque* 
 Liv., and to tease some one, to ridicule him strongly : In 
 multorum peccato carpi pueros ad ignominiam non oportet. 
 Cic. Velli care, to pluck violently (the German rupfen 
 and zupfen), to pinch with words, to taunt with nipping words : 
 More hominum in conviviis rodunt, in circuits vellicant, 
 maledico dente car punt. Cic. 
 
 179. Casa, Tuguriuji, Mapale. Casa, the hut, a small 
 house, as the covering refuge: Casa capiebat parvq Quiri- 
 num. Ovid. Tugurium, the hut, covering against wind and 
 weather: Pauperis et tuguri congestum cespite cuhnen. 
 Virg. Map alia, Mag alia, small huts, like ovens, of the 
 African nomadic tribes: NumidcB, map alia sua, hoc est 
 domus, plaustris circumferent.es. Plin. 
 
 180. Cassis, Galea, Cudo. Cassis, C as si da, a hel- 
 met of metal, as the hollow covering of the head; Galea, 
 of leather, also covered over with metal, as the hiding cover- 
 ing ; Cudo, of rare use, the covering, as skin-like, protecting 
 covering of the head : Aurea c as si da. Virg. Ad gale as 
 inducendas tempus defuit. Cses. ; both were ornamented by 
 feathers (crista). Capiti oudone ferino cautum. Sii. 
 
 181. Castigare, Punire, Pcenas petere, repetere, Pgs- 
 
 NAS, SUPPLICIUM SUMERE, AnIMADVERTERE, PlECTERE, MlJL- 
 
 care, Multare ; Pcena, Multa. Castigare, to punish 
 with the view of correcting, to correct, if used for punishing 
 (German zuchtigen) : Segnitiem atque inertiam hominum. 
 Cic. Punire, to punish, to make one suffer for something, 
 retaliate in the sense of punishing: sontes. Cic. Pcena, 
 punishment, as atonement for a crime; Poznas petere a 
 quo, to bring one to condign punishment; repetere, to de- 
 mand punishment as satisfaction, atonement, to demand, as it 
 were, hack; to revenge something w T ith some one: Leges 
 pcenas repetunt ad injusto judice, qui poznas ah inno- 
 cente petiit. Sum ere poznas, punishment in general ; 
 Sum ere supplicium, a severe bodily infliction, or capital 
 punishment, execution: Qui ne de damnata quidem poznas 
 sumere potuisset, de ea supplicium sumsit, Cic. An- 
 imadvertere (80) in quern, to visit a crime judicially: 
 Institueras in eos animadv ertere, qui perperam judi- 
 cassent. Cic. Plectere, to whip, chastise with blows, 
 stripes, generally Plecti, to suffer painful punishment, to 
 suffer dearly for something: Quidquid delirant reges, plec* 
 
108 182. Castus. 184. Catapulta. 
 
 tuntur Achivi. Mule are, punish with bodily ill-treat- 
 ment; Mu It are, with loss : Familiam mulcavit usque ad 
 mortem. Ter. Mu Itantur bonis exsules. Cic. — Mu It a, 
 generally fine: Centum millium mult a irrogata erat. Liv. 
 
 182. Castus, Pudicus, Verecundus. Castus, chaste, 
 he who so chastens his sensual appetites that his morality 
 appears spotless: Castus animus purusque. Cic. Pudi- 
 cus, to have the proper sense of shame, indicating that bash- 
 fulness which proceeds from a chaste feeling (in German 
 zuchtig), he who avoids that which might excite his sensual 
 appetites or might hurt his sense of shame : Erubescunt pu- 
 dici etiam loqui de pudicitia. Cic. Verecundus, 
 decorous, of moral deportment, from natural sense of chas- 
 tity, moral delicacy, and fear of giving just scandal : Decet 
 verecundum esse adolescentem. Plaut. Verecundi sunt, 
 ut bene audiant, ut rumorem bonum colligant. Cic. 
 
 183. Casus, Fors, Fortuna, Sors, Fatum ; Exitus, 
 Eventus. Casus, the case, accident, untoward event, in- 
 asmuch as they are unforeseen : Quod temere Jit cceco casu^ 
 prcedici non potest. Cic. Spem varii casus fefellerunt. Id. 
 Fors, the accident by which an event is caused, brought 
 about : Non casu te sortitus sum amicum ; nulla etenim 
 mihi te fors obtulit. Hor. Fortuna, the fate which has 
 been brought upon us by accident, as event to be perceived 
 by the senses, as phenomenon, good or bad luck: Fortunes 
 commutationem queri. Cses. Infma est conditio et fortuna 
 servorum. Cic. Forte fortuna adfuit. Ter., by a happy, 
 fortunate accident. Sors, the lot which, as effect of acci- 
 dent, falls to one, with the additional idea of a mysterious 
 destiny ; Fatum, the order of the world, of things, unchange- 
 ably destined by the supreme ruler of the universe ; fate, as 
 the steadily and secretly swaying power ; there is the idea of 
 the unchangeable, and therefore irresistible, in fa turn: Fa t i 
 lege immobilis rerum humanarum ordo seritur. Liv. Nescia 
 mens hominum fat i sortis que futures. Virg., differing like 
 cause and effect. — Casus, event, as that which happens ; 
 Exitus, the end, issue of an event ; Eventus, its effect and 
 consequence, its turning out so or so, successfully or not, 
 happily or not: Contigit consiliis nostris exitus, quew 
 optamus. Cic. Non ex sententia eventus dicendi pro 
 cedit. Id. 
 
 184. Catapulta, Ballista, Onager, Scorpio. Cat a- 
 pulta, and the (differently arranged) Ballista, were large 
 
185. Catena. 187. Cavere. 109 
 
 machines for throwing (tormenta) with bows and strings, they 
 threw large arrows and pieces of rocks; Onager threw 
 stones; Scorp io, a small ballista or scaffold, which threw 
 very pointed arrows. From the times of Csesar, that which 
 was formerly called catapulta was named ballista, and the 
 former ballista was called onager. 
 
 185. Catena, Torques, Monile ; Vinculum, Nervus, 
 Manic a, Compes, Pedica. As ornament of the neck served 
 the Catena, a chain composed of rings; Torques, the 
 twisted chain ; Monile, an ornament of the neck, composed 
 of separate parts, more independent links than those of the 
 chain: Eriphyla qiium vidisset monile ex auro et gemmis, 
 salutem viri prodidit. Cic. Chains to fetter, fetter, is Vin- 
 culum, every thing which serves to lash, to tie (vincere), the 
 rope, if used for this purpose; Nervus, cord, and fetter 
 made of sinews; Manic a, manacle; Compes, a fetter 
 applied to the lower leg (con-pes), foot-iron; Pedica, a 
 noose, fetter in which the foot is kept : In v in cults et ca- 
 tenis esse. Liv. Corpus in nervum ac supplicia dare. 
 Id. In manicis et compedibus te sub custode ienebo. 
 Hor. 
 
 186. Cavea, Cunei, Gradus, Fori. Cave a, the seats 
 in form of stairs in the amphitheatre, and the theatre as a 
 hollow place, considered as a whole; ima, the lowest divi- 
 sion, for senators; media, for the equites ; summa, the 
 highest, for the people; Cunei, the divisions of these seats 
 made by the stairs from above down, and which appeared, 
 of course, in the form of wedges, since the upper circumfer- 
 ence was wider than the lower ; below was the orchestra, 
 for the senators. Cunei equestres s. quatuordeci m, 
 for the knights; popular es, for the people; Gradus, 
 these seats according to the horizontal rows. Fori, the 
 stair-like seats in the circus, the large racing-ground. 
 
 187. Cavere, Cautionem habere ; Cautio, Satisdatio. 
 Cavere, to prevent a danger, or endeavour to do it, to take 
 care against something, insidias ; ab ali quo, to be on his 
 guard against some one, and to make some one give guar- 
 anty, bail; Cautionem habere, to require caution and 
 carefulness : Ego, qua provideri poterunt, non foliar in Us : 
 qua cautionem non habebunt, de Us non ila valde la- 
 boro. Cic. Benefice ntia mult as habet cautiones. Id. — 
 Cautio, caution, foresight, the pledge and guaranty in a 
 contract given orally, in writing, or by an actual pledge, a 
 
 10 
 
110 188. Caverna. 190. Causa. 
 
 thing pledged; Satisdatio, the action of giving bail, by 
 which the other is satisfied : A malis natura declinamus : 
 qua declinatio, quum ratione Jit, cautio appellator. Cic. 
 Satisdationem prastare. Ulpian. 
 
 188. Caverna, Antrum, Specus, Speltjnca. Caverna, 
 cavern, inasmuch as it is hollow, a hollow, excavation : E 
 terra cavernis ferrum elicimus. Cic. Antrum, cavern, 
 grotto, entering deep, poetical : Silvestribus abditus antris. 
 Ovid. Specus, the more elongated hollow, cleft of rocks, 
 whence dangers may be espied, hence the name; Spelun- 
 ca (for speculunca), the smaller spelunca, the hiding-place, 
 corner: In earn speluncam penetratum cum signis est, et 
 ex eo loco obscuro multa vulnera accepta, donee altero spe- 
 cus ejus ore {nam pervius erat), invento, utrceque fauces con- 
 gestis lignis accensce. Liv. 
 
 189. Caula, Ovile. Caul a, the pen, inasmuch as it 
 surrounds the sheep; Ovile, the place where sheep are 
 kept: Lupus insidiatus ovili, quum f remit ad caul as. 
 Virg. 
 
 190. Causa, Ratio ; Res, Lis ; Causari, Prjetendere, 
 Prjetexere. Causa, cause of an effect; Ratio, the pro- 
 ceeding according to a certain calculation, hence the word ; 
 that which contains the reasons why we destine a thing to 
 produce an intended effect, the reasons, the grounds : Nun- 
 quam bellorum semen et causa deerit. Cic. Ex laqueis se 
 aliqua via ac ratione explicare. Id. In explicandis cau- 
 sis rerum novarum ea, quce, placebunt, exponendAs rationi- 
 bus comprobabis. Id. — If we have distinct objects in view, 
 causa is the interest, especially of each disputing party, as, 
 to have a good cause ; Res is the subject of dispute, in which 
 the parties have different interests ; Lis, 62, the legal action, 
 process, which is brought and had about the res : Senator 
 causas populi teneto. Cic. Causam pro publicanis dixit 
 Lalius. Id., to defend in court. Jus in rem; Rei vindi- 
 catio. Quibus res erat in controversia, ea vocabatur Lis. 
 Varr. — Causari, to assert, give something as cause; 
 Pratend ere, to extend a veil before something; Pra- 
 t ex ere, to weave a veil before something, i. e. to pretend, to 
 veil, cloak, cover the truth ; the German vorwenden, literally 
 to turn before, is taken from a very similar trope : Consen- 
 sum Patrum causabantur tribuni, quo jura plebis labe- 
 facta esseni. Liv. Te Pythagoricum soles dicere, et homi- 
 nis doctissimi nomen tuis barbaris moribus prat end ere. 
 Cic. Blando fraudem prat ex ere risu. Claudian. 
 
191. Cautus. 194. Celeber. Ill 
 
 191. Cautus, Consideratus, Circumspect cjs, Providus. 
 All these signify the same with the corresponding English 
 words, except that providus does not only mean provident, 
 i. e. foreseeing wants, and therefore laying in provisions or 
 other articles wanted at some future period, as it does in 
 English, but it signifies carefully avoiding distant dangerous 
 consequences. Cautus, cautious, careful against possible 
 danger, being upon one's guard; Consideratus, consid- 
 erate, who weighs judiciously all circumstances; Circum- 
 spect us, circumspect, who views all surrounding dangers, 
 and tries to protect himself suitably, who has his " eyes wide 
 open." Propter insidias cautus providus que. Cic. 
 Consider ati hominis est, qua de re jure decertari oportet, 
 armis non contendere. Id. In cognoscendo ac decernendo 
 circumspectus et sagacc. Suet. 
 
 192. Cedere, Concedere, Connivere. Cedere, to 
 yield against resistance; Concedere, to yield, to concede 
 from kindness, to grant; Connivere, to close the eyes, 
 connive at, to be indulgent : Ille ternpori, furori, consulibus 
 cessit. Cic. Concedere amicis, quidquid velint. Id. Cur 
 in hominum sceleribus maximis connivetisl Id. 
 
 193. Celare, Silere, Tacere ; Tacitus, Taciturnus. 
 C el are, to hide, to conceal something of which we ought to 
 inform another on account of his interest; Silere, to be 
 still, quiet, not to talk; Tacere, to be silent, when we 
 might or ought to speak, to abstain from talking about a 
 thing, to conceal by silence, by not talking, the German ver- 
 schweigen: Celare est, quum quod tu scias, id ignorare 
 emolumenti tui causa velis eos, quorum intersit id scire. Cic. 
 Muta silet virgo. Ovid. Silent leges inter arma. Cic. 
 Enuntiabo, quod adliuc semper tacui. Id. — Tacitus, who 
 is silent; Taciturnus, taciturn, still more one who keeps a 
 secret well, and cannot be made to speak: Tu abi tacit us 
 tuam viam. Plaut. Ingenium statua tacitumius. Hor. 
 The English language having no verb for being silent, is de- 
 ficient in all these various derivatives. 
 
 194. Celeber, Frequens, Creber; Frequenter, Cre- 
 bro, SiEPE ; Celebrare, Frequentare, Agere die:>i FESTUiM. 
 Celeber, noisy, by a large concourse of people, by numer- 
 ous visits, e. g. forum, nuptice, oraculum ; Locus Celebris 
 an desertus. Ad Herenn. Frequens, crowded by people, 
 opp. pauci, singuli ; that which is in great number, and he 
 who does in great number: iheatrum; municipium, populous: 
 

 112 195. Celer. 
 
 Senatus fr equens convenit. Cic. Demosthenes fr equens 
 fait Platonis auditor. Id. Creber of increasing, accumu- 
 lating number : Castella pri?num pauca, postea, exercitu auc- 
 to, creberrima fecerunt. Liv., of frequent, increasing oc- 
 currence. — Frequenter, frequently, closely one to another; 
 Crebro, numerous, frequently in succession ; Scepe, Scepe- 
 numero, often, at various times : Alexander fr equ enter 
 in qfficinam Apellis ventitabat. Plin. Crebro Catulum, 
 scepe me, scepissime rem publicam nominabat. Cic. — 
 Celeb rare, to make loud, solemn, famous by concourse of 
 people; Frequentare, to make crowded, full, to visit in 
 numbers; Agere, Agitare diem festum, to celebrate 
 solemnly a feast day by observing accustomed rites : Quum 
 urbes Italice festos dies agere adventus mei videbantur, 
 vice multitudine legatorum undique missorum celebraban- 
 tur. Cic. Res omnium sermone celebrata. Id., rendered 
 famous. Multi frequent ant domum meam. Id. 
 
 195. Celer, Velox, Pernix ; Levis, Agilis, Alacer, 
 Promtus ; Citus, Properus, Festinus ; Celerare, Pro- 
 perare, Festinare, Maturare. Celer (celsus, 64.), quick, 
 of a violent motion, or as effect of certain talents, as skilful- 
 ness : Velox (volare), fleet, nimble, used of ease in the 
 movement of the limbs; Per nix (niti), rapid, quick, of 
 lasting moving power: Pedites velocissimi, si quo erat 
 celerius recipiendum. Cses. Famam pedibus celer em et 
 pernicibus alis. Virg. As capacity: Levis, light, op- 
 posed to heavy of motion ; Agilis, movable, agile, quick at 
 work, opp. tardus; Alacer, lively, sprightly, effect of a 
 lively feeling of spirits, e. g. equus ; Promtus, ready, 
 always prepared: Corpuscula volucri levitate feruntur. 
 Lucret. Oderunt agilem gnavumque remissi. Hor. Vic- 
 tores alacritate ad canendum excitantur. Cic. Ad bella 
 suscipienda Gallorum alacer et promtus est animus. 
 Cses., onljfc of shortness of time : Citus, expediting with ex- 
 ertion; Properus, hasty, in order to approach the end in 
 view; Festinus, anxiously hastening, hastening while driven 
 by internal disquiet: Cito transcurre curriculo ad nos. 
 Plaut. Ecce venit Telamon properus. Ovid. Cursu fes- 
 tinus anhelo advolat. Id. — Celer at, qui mora periculum 
 sentit ; Festinat, quern urget necessitas aut cupiditas ; 
 Proper at, qui citius quam diligentius agit, ut aliquid con- 
 ficiat ; Maturat (to do that for which it is the right time, 
 not to delay), qui rem tempestive perfectam cupit. Nonius. 
 
196. Cento. 198. Cessare. 113 
 
 hide ventis remis in patriam omni festinatione prope- 
 ravi. Cic, to hasten, to hurry to obtain one's object. Multa, 
 forent qua> ?nox ccelo proper arid a sereno, maturare da- 
 tur. Virg., the farmer may perform with considerate dili- 
 gence many labors, which he would be obliged to hurry if 
 it should soon be fine weather. 
 
 196. Cento, Lacinia, Pannus. Cento, a dress or cover 
 patched together of old pieces, patchwork; LdcJ?iia, a 
 blanket, a towel, and the corner of a dress, e. g. toga ; P an- 
 nus, a. larger blanket, as that which is woven, a dress; in 
 plur. Panni, rags: Cen tones sibi sarcire. Cato. Sume 
 laciniam atque absterge sudor em tibi. Plaut. Panni s 
 annisque obsitus. Ter. 
 
 197. Certus, Ratus ; Certe, Certo, Profecto, Sane. 
 Cert us, certain, according to the ground of our knowledge 
 or perception, in the which we cannot doubt ; also, sure, safe, 
 of the person in whom we may trust ; also, a certain (person) 
 whom we may mention as the cause, author, &c. of a certain 
 thing, but whom we do not choose to designate farther : Mi- 
 hi certum est, I am resolved, indicates the firmness of will 
 to do something acknowledged by us as the best to be done : 
 Qiaim certum sciam, faciam te certiorem. Cic. Sunt 
 cert a vitia, quce nemo est quin effugere cupiat. Id. Habe- 
 bam certo s homines, quibus darem liter as. Id. Certum 
 est deliberatumque omnia dicere. Id. Ratus, calculated, 
 settled, that which is concluded upon, cannot be changed : 
 In omni aternitate rati immutabilesque siderum cursus. Cic. 
 Testamentum ruptum aut ratum. Id., valid. — Certe, cer- 
 tainly, of a thing ; at least, if it applies to a given case ; 
 Certo, with certainty, of the conviction of him who knows : 
 Si Deus scit, certe illud eveniet. Cic. Quod ex nostris Ut- 
 eris certe scire potuistis. Id. Homines mortem vel optare 
 incipiant, vel certe timere desistant. Id. De quo te non 
 dubitare certo scio. Id. Profecto, assuredly, in fact, 
 assuring something as fact : Non est ita, judices, non est 
 profecto. Cic. Sane, entirely so, verily; Sane vellem 
 potuisset obsequi voluntati Iuce. Cic. ; in " concessive style, 1 ' 
 it signifies, may it be so : Hcec sint falsa sane. Id. 
 
 198. Cessare, Interiuittere, Desistere, Desinere ; 
 Inter^iissio, Intercapedo. Cessare (cedere, XIX, 10., b.), 
 to stop repeatedly in a work from indolence, to tarry, loiter ; 
 Inter mitt ere, to interrupt the work for a time altogether; 
 Desistere, to desist from it, uncertain whether the work 
 
 10* 
 
114 199. Gibus. 202. Ginger e. 
 
 will be taken up again, e. g. hello, incepto ; Desinere, to 
 leave off, never to resume it again : Gorgias nunquam in suo 
 studio atque opere cessavit. Cic. Milites paulisper in 
 termittunt pr allium, seque ex labor e reficiunt. Cses. Ul 
 incipiendi sermonis ratio fuerit, ita sit desinendi modus. 
 Cic. — Intermissio, intermission for a time, e. g. officii; 
 Inter cape do, the interval, interruption : Inter cape di- 
 nem scribendi facer e. Cic. 
 
 199. Cibus, Esca, Cibaria, Edulia. Gibus, food, as 
 that which satisfies, assuages hunger; Gib aria, every thing 
 used for this purpose, victuals; Esca, prepared food, meal ; 
 also, bait; Edulia, all eatables except bread : Cibo et po- 
 tione famem sitimque depellere. Cic. Gib aria coda die- 
 rum decern. Nep. Dii non escis aut potionibus vescuntur. 
 Cic. Gommerca.tis conquisite edulibus. Afran. 
 
 200. Cicur, Mansuetus, Mitis, Lenis. Ctcur, tamed, 
 accustomed to man, not fearing him; Mansuetus, accus- 
 tomed to the hand of man, serving man, tame, mildly dis- 
 posed ; Mitis, yielding, soft, mild; Lenis, soft, not disa- 
 greeable to the feeling, agreeable to it : Genera bestiarum 
 vel cicurum vel ferarum. Cic. Vir quidam sapiens hom- 
 ines ex feris et immanibus mites reddidit et mansuetos. 
 Cic, of sociable disposition. Cczsar, homo mitissimus 
 atque lenissimus. Id. 
 
 201. Ciere, Excire, Excitare. Ciere, excite, stir up, 
 set into activity, e. g. motus, lacrimas, pugnam, bellum ; pa- 
 trem ciere, to call one's father, and thus prove birth as a 
 freeman ; Excire, to chase up that which was at rest : Ex- 
 tremos pavor cubilibus suis excitos in fugam tulit. Liv. 
 Excitare, to excite more violently, by calling or any other 
 stirring means, e. g. e somno, ab inferis. 
 
 202. Cingere, Redimire, Circumdare, Ambire ; Cin- 
 gulum, Redimiculum, Zona. Ginger e, to fence (circum- 
 fence), to gird, holding together : castra vallo, comam lauro : 
 Flumen oppidum cingit. Redimire, to wind around, to 
 hem, hem in: capillos serto, vitta ; Circumdare, to sur- 
 round all around : brachia collo, oppidum vallo et fossa ; 
 Ambire (amb, XVII.), to walk round something, to surround 
 a thing from all sides, neutraliter, i. e. being situated all 
 around: Oceanus terrain, amnis insulam ambit. — Gin g il- 
 ium, the girdle ; Cingulus, a large circle which surrounds 
 something : Gernis terram quasi quibusdam redimitam et 
 circumdatam cingulis. Cic. Cingula, the saddle-girt: 
 
203. Cinis. 206. Civis. 115 
 
 Nova cingula Icedit equum. Ovid. Redimiculum, that 
 which serves to tie round, riband, band, sash : Habent rcdi- 
 micula mitrce. Virg. Zona, a girdle in general: Zona, 
 qua cincta fuit. Ovid. Quinque tenent cozlum Zona,. Virg., 
 the zone. 
 
 203. Cinis, Favilla, Scintilla. Cinis, the ashes, be- 
 cause a grayish-white (55) body; Favilla, the flying ashes 
 (fdvere) ; Scintilla, spark : Dilapsam in cineres facem. 
 Hor. Scintillas agere, ac late differre fa v ill am. Lucret. 
 
 204. Circus, Circulus, Orbis, Gyrus. Circus and 
 Cir cuius, the circle, as the outermost line of a circular 
 space: Stella cir cos suos orbesque conficiunt. Cic. al. cir- 
 culos; especially Circus maximus, the race-ground in 
 Rome ; circus theatri ; Vasa cir cutis cingere, with 
 hoops; sermones in circulis. Cic, in circles of society. 
 Orbis, the circular space, space marked out by the circle, 
 hence terrarum, because the earth was considered to be such : 
 Luna quater junctis implerat cornibus or bent. Ovid. Gy- 
 rus, the motion in a circle: In gyros ire coactus equus. 
 Ovid. 
 
 205. Cis, Citra. Cis, this side of, designates the whole 
 space between the person who speaks and a certain limit ; 
 Citra, on this side of, a place or country in this space: 
 Gallia Cisalpina. Cic. Vinum citra mare natum. Hor. 
 
 206. Civis, Popularis, Incola ; Civitas, Urbs, (Caput,) 
 Ofpidum, Municipium, Colonia, Pr^fectura. Civis, cit- 
 izen, as member of the state, and participator in its liberties 
 and burdens: Eques Romanus, hujus rei publico, civis. 
 Cic. Mei cive s, my fellow-citizens (not concives). Pop- 
 ularis, one of the same nation, a countryman: Indibilis 
 Herges non popular es modo, sed Ausetanos quoque, vici- 
 nam gentem, concitat. Liv. In cola, inhabitant of a certain 
 place or country: Totius mundi incola et civis. Cic. — 
 Civitas, all the citizens, as society forming the state, and 
 the citizenship, the aggregate of rights of a citizen : Servos 
 liber tate, id est civ it ate donare. Cic. Urbs, city, as the 
 place, solemnly consecrated and surrounded by a wall, of a 
 civitas ; also this place with reference to its magnitude, 
 rights, privileges, a capital : Et Roma urbs est, et earn ci- 
 vitas incolit. Cic. (Caput, head, it is called in as far as 
 it is the most powerful, considerable, of a country : Thebcz, 
 caput totius Grcecice. Nep. Thus, New York would be the 
 caput, but Albany the urbs, by way of preference, of the 
 
. 
 
 116 207. Clam. 210. Clarus. 
 
 State of New York.) Oppidum, town, as a remaining, 
 stationary dwelling-place : Ubii sua omnia ex agris in oppi* 
 da conferunt. Cses. Oppidum Britanni vocant, quum 
 silvas impeditas vallo atque fossa munierunt. Id. With re- 
 spect to Rome as the capital, Municipium is a free, pro- 
 vincial city in Italy, with its own laws, magistracy, and Sacra, 
 generally also with Roman citizenship ; Colo ma. a Roman 
 colonial city, which was granted to Roman citizens for colo- 
 nization : In colonias Latinas scepe nostri cives profecti 
 sunt, aut sua voluntate, aut legis multa. Cic. Prafectura, 
 a town suspected of want of loyalty, and which was governed 
 by a prafectus appointed by Rome, e. g. Capua. 
 
 207. Clam, Clanculum, Furtim, Secreto. Clam, se- 
 cretly, without knowledge of others, unobserved by others ; 
 the same, but stronger, is Clanculum, in secret; Multa 
 palam domum suam auferebat ; plura clam de medio remo- 
 vebat. Cic. Alii clanculum patres qua faciunt, ea ne me 
 celet, consuefeci jilium. Ter., without knowledge of their 
 fathers. Clanculum ex adibus me edidi for as. Plaut. 
 Furtim, stealthily, like thieves: Lagence furtim exsic- 
 cata. Cic. Se ere to, secretly, separated from others: Ego 
 et Pompeius secreto collocuti sumus. Cic. 
 
 208. Clamare, Vociferari ; Clamator, Rabula. CI a- 
 mare, indicating the scream, in speaking or calling ; Voci- 
 ferari, vociferate, to speak violently, with great exertion, 
 in passion, pain: Ipse minitari absenti Diodoro ; vocife- 
 rari palam: lachrimas vix tenere. Cic. — Clamator, the 
 bawler, who with great noise makes empty speeches (in Ger- 
 man Schreihals) ; Rabula, a bad lawyer, who can only 
 make noise and use scurrilous language in court: Rabula 
 aut plane indocti et inurbani, aut rustici etiam. Cic. 
 
 209. Clangor, Stridor, Crepitus, Strepitus. The 
 sound, ringing and sounding loud, is, as far as we perceive it 
 with the sense of hearing, Clangor, e. g. tuba, aquila, an- 
 seris ; Stridor, whistling, hissing, whizzing, screaming, or 
 loud and not agreeable sound, as the cackling of geese, the 
 sound of owls, elephants, monkeys, the grunting of hogs : 
 Stridor anguis, serra, teli ; Crepitus, screaking, clat- 
 tering, rattling, suddenly and violently, yet in short intervals, 
 e. g. claustrorum, plagarum, digitorum ; Strepitus, roar- 
 ing, rustling, of lasting sound, noise, e. g. rolarum. Canes, 
 sollicitum genus ad, nocturnos strepitus. Cic. 
 
 210. Clarus, Manifestus, Evidens, Perspicuus ; II 
 
211. Classiarii. 117 
 
 lustris, Insignis, Nobilis, Celeber, Inclitus. Clarus, 
 clear, light, for the sense of sight and hearing, as the Ger- 
 man hell is used for color and sound, and as we say clear 
 day, clear voice, opp. obscurus, dark ; e. g. dies ; lucema, 
 Stella, effulgent, bright ; vox, clear and audible : Clara res 
 est, tota Sicilia celeberrima atque notissima. Cic. Mani- 
 festus, plain, open, from manus, as the German handgreif- 
 licJi, that which can be grasped with the hand ; opp. latens. 
 Cades manifest a. Cic. Evidens, evident, that which 
 clearly appears to the eyes, the German augenscheinlich, ap- 
 pearing to the eyes, not requiring farther proof, opp. dubius, 
 e. g. narratio, argumentum : Tarn evidens namen hac tem- 
 pestate rebus adfuit Romanis. Liv. Perspicuus (trans- 
 parent, through which we may see), perfectly clear, not 
 requiring farther explanation: Ita perspicua Veritas, ut 
 earn injirmare nulla res possit. Cic. — Clarus, bright, giving 
 light, lustre by excellent qualities, celebrated, e. g. genere 
 factisque ; Illustris, famous, enjoying fame and glory 
 from without, illustrious: Homines illustres honor e ac 
 nomine. Cic. Factum illustre notumque omnibus. Id. 
 Insignis, distinguished, good or bad: Virtus Scipionis 
 etiam posteris erit clara et insignis. Cic. Nobilis, 
 very much known: Demetrius ex doctrina nobilis. Cic. 
 Competitor es non tarn genere insignes, quam vitiis no bi- 
 les. Id. Hence Nobilitas, celebrity by birth, nobility. 
 Celeber, 194, famous, renowned, of whom much noise is 
 made : Mcznii celeb re nomen laudibus fuit. Liv. Incli- 
 tus, obsolete Inclutus, very loud, famous, of whom they 
 talk much : Templum Feronia inclitum divitiis. Liv. 
 
 211. Classiarii, Classici, Naut^e, (Vectores), Naxj- 
 tici, Socn navales, Remiges. Classiarii, crew and 
 marines belonging to a fleet, according to their profession : 
 Centurio classiarius. Tac, naval centurio. Those who 
 belong according to their species to the fleet, are Classici ; 
 if belonging to the same fleet, Nautici crew belonging to 
 one vessel. These were taken from among the lowest citi- 
 zens and freed slaves ; but the sailors, who as a corporation 
 were called Socii navales, were enlisted in the maritime 
 cities. From these differ the Remiges, oarsmen, who were 
 slaves: Jussus e nauticis unus escendere in malum. Liv. 
 Hasdrubal classicos milites, nav ales que socios in 
 naves compellit. Id. Nauta is the sailor who manages, 
 serves the vessel ; Vector, the passenger : Lahore et per- 
 
118 212. Claudere. 215. Clemens. 
 
 sever antia nautarum se vim tempestatis super are posse 
 sperabat. Gees. Omnis vector nihil prius qucerit, quam cu- 
 jus se dilig entice credat. Petron. 
 
 212. Claudere, Obserare, Obturare, Obstruere, Op- 
 pilare. Claudere, to lock up, to surround and thus lock 
 up, as it were, forem cubiculi, urbem operibus, transitum 
 angusti saltus : Duce legiones agmen cl au deb ant. Cses. 
 Obserare, to lock with a bolt (lock) : Ostium obsera in- 
 tus. Ter. Obturare (to door up, as it were), to stop an 
 opening, hole : Cadum operculo, formicarwfl foramina ; ali- 
 cui os, ne maledicat. Plaut. Obstruere, to obstruct by 
 layers of things one upon the other, block up by building : 
 iter, portas castrorum. Oppilare, to dam up with piles: 
 Potest magnus congestus arence fiuctibus adversis oppilare 
 ostia, Lucret. 
 
 213. Claudere, Claudicare. Both are limping, being 
 lame, but the first only tropically : Beata vita etiamsi ex 
 aliqua parte clauderet. Cic. Carvilius graviter claudi- 
 cabat ex vulnere. Id. Vulgus, si quid in oratione claudi- 
 cat, sentit. Id. 
 
 214. Claustrum, Pessulus, Repagulum, Obex, Sera. 
 Claustrum, every contrivance to keep something locked 
 up, also turnpike, outer wall, frontier fortress : Effringi fo- 
 res, revelli claustra. Cic. Claustris retinere feram. 
 The ancients used a bolt instead of a lock. The bolt had a 
 hole in the middle ; into this, the opening person put, through 
 the key-hole, an iron, with which the bolt was lifted ; in lock- 1 
 ing a door, this iron was taken out with the key [clavis). 
 Pessulus is the small bolt, turning downward, and which is 
 pulled up ; the cross-bolt, going into the wall, and hence 
 must be pulled back, was Repagulum, inasmuch as it 
 firmly secured the door, and Obex, inasmuch as it was 
 pushed across: Occlude fores ambobus pessulis. Plaut. 
 Portas objice clauserat. — Sola Venus portce cecidisse re- 
 pa gul a sensit. Ovid. Sera, a bolt which can be taken 
 away : Serce, quibus remotis fores panduntur. Varr. 
 
 215. Clemens, Indulgens, Placidus, Misericors. Cle- 
 mens, gracious, he who, from humane motives, tempers his 
 feeling of revenge, clement, opp. iratus ; Indulgens , in- 
 dulgent, who does not blame or punish, though he disapproves 
 of something, opp. severus, stern: Clementi castigatione 
 licet uti. Cic. Pater nimis indulgens quidquid ego ad- 
 strinxi, relaxat. Id. The clem ens is merciful toward the 
 
216. Clipeus. 219. Coma. 119 
 
 criminal, the indulgens gracious in granting favors. Pla- 
 cidus, calm, mild by self-rule, placid, opp. iracundus : 
 Quum mihi videretur irasci, eum placidum mollemque red- 
 didi. Cic. Misericors, compassionate toward unmerited 
 suffering, from the interest of the heart : Pater ipso nomine 
 patrio valet apud clementes judices et misericordes. 
 Cic. 
 
 216. Clipeus, Scutum, Parma, Pelta, Cetra, Ancile. 
 Clipeus, the smaller, oval, hollow shield of bronze, cover- 
 ing the whole breast; Scutum, the larger shield, four feet 
 long, two and a half wide, made of wood, and covered with 
 linen or skin, and on the rim with iron; Parma, a round 
 shield, about three feet in diameter, of wood covered with 
 leather, used by the light infantry and cavalry. Pelta, 
 smaller, crescent-like, also square, without protuberance or 
 knob (umbo) in the centre, used by the Macedonians, Ama- 
 zons, &c. Cetra, similar to the pelta, made of thongs of 
 buffalo or elephant skin, used by the Spaniards and Africans ; 
 Ancile, elongated oval, and in the middle on both sides cut 
 out, as the Saiians carried in processions. 
 
 217. Cochlea, Concha, Mitulus, Musctjltjs. Cochlea, 
 an animal with one shell, wound, the shell as well as the 
 animal in it: Iste tamquam cochlea, abscondens retentat 
 sese tacitus et cum domo sua, ut comedatur, aufertur. Ad 
 Herenn. Concha, a shell-fish with two shells, as the oys- 
 ter: Pisciculi paroi in conch am hiantem innatant. Cic, 
 also the mere shells: Ostreaque in conchis tuta fuere suis. 
 Ovid. Mitulus and Musculus, the former small, are 
 species of it. 
 
 218. Codex, Codicilli, Liber, Volumen, Periculum. 
 Codex, a book made of thin boards covered with wax, leaves 
 of parchment or papyrus, tied together at the back with a 
 thong; Codicilli a small note-book, with smaller boards 
 covered with wax; Liber, properly, the bark of trees, a 
 book consisting thereof, or of papyrus, generally used with 
 reference to the contents of a book: Lib rum tibi miitam de 
 gloria. Cic. Volumen, the scroll of a book consisted of 
 several leaves (pagince) glued together, which were wound 
 around a wooden cylinder: Libros tres in sex v olumina 
 propter amplitudinem divisi. Plin. Epist. P ericulum, a 
 protocol, as an original writing : Scribarum Jidei tabula pub- 
 lico periculaque magistratuum commit tuntur. Cic. 
 
 219. Ccexa, Jentaculu.m, Prandium, Merenda ; Ccexa- 
 
120 220. Coznum. 
 
 culum, Ccenatio, Triclinium. Cozna, the chief meal, 
 which, with the ancient Romans began with sunset, about the 
 twelfth, but at a later period at the tenth and eighth hour of 
 the day : Coznato mihi et jam dormitanti epistola est red- 
 dita. Cic. Cozna recta, a complete meal, wanting nothing, 
 well furnished: Fromissa est nobis sportula : recta data 
 est. Martial. Jentaculum, the breakfast: Surgite ; jam 
 vendit pueris jentacula pistor. Martial. Prandium, 
 luncheon, a slight meal toward noon, or merely some small 
 relish before going to the forum, or with laborers : Claudius 
 ad spectaculum meridie, dimisso ad prandium populo, per- 
 sedebat. Suet. Merenda, the " afternooning," afternoon 
 luncheon (Vesperbrot, in German). — Coznaculum, the 
 dining-room, generally a back apartment of the upper story : 
 Ubi coznabant, coin a culum vocitabant. Posteaquam in su- 
 perior e parte coznitare cozperunt, superioris domus universa 
 coznacula dicta. Varr. Ccenatio, the magnificent dining- 
 room of the rich: Coznationes laqueataz tabulis eburneis. 
 Suet. Triclinium, a composition of three sofas for dining, 
 each generally for three persons, around a table ; also the 
 room where such was standing : Rogatus est, ut triclinium 
 sterneret. Atque ille stravit pelliculis hcedinis lectulos Pu- 
 nicanos. Cic. 
 
 220. CffiNUM, Lutum, Limus ; Stercus, Fimus, Merda, 
 QuisquilijE ; Situs, Squalor, Sordes, P^edor, Illuvies. 
 Coznum, liquid dirt, filthy, disgusting fluids, drainings of the 
 barnyard; Lutum, dirt, consisting of dissolved earth and 
 water, mire; Limus, thin slime, sediment of impure fluids : 
 Male olet omne coznum. Cic. Milites luto et assiduis im- 
 bribus tardabantur. Cass. Amnis abundans obducto late 
 tenet omnia limo. Virg. More consistent masses are: 
 Stercus, animal excrements, both as such and as manure : 
 quod ex avibus, ex Jwminibus, ex pecudibus confit. Colum. 
 St er core et cceno aliquem incessere. Suet. Segetem ster- 
 c or ant fruges, lupinum, faba, vicia. Stercus unde fa- 
 cias, str amenta, lupinum, paleas, fabalia. Cato. Fimus 
 and Fimum, dung, excrements mixed with other bodies, 
 used for the mass of dung, e. g. on the dung-hill : Asinus 
 facilius concoquit, et bene confectum atque idoneum protinus 
 arvo fimum reddit. Colum. Si quis fimo corrupto ali- 
 quem perfuderit, cozno, luto oblinuerit. Digg. Fabce ca- 
 prini fimi. Plin. Merda, dirt, rather liquid animal excre- 
 ment, in as far as it soils : Me rdis caput inquiner albis 
 
221. Ccepisse. 222. Cogere. 121 
 
 corvorum. Hor. Quisquilia, all sorts of offal, mixed 
 rubbish, sweepings, slops: Omitto quisquilias seditionis 
 Clodiance. Cic, i. e. bad people, scum. Sticking dirt is Si- 
 tus, also dirt or soiling or disfiguring substance which has 
 originated from an article's long lying in a damp place, dirt, 
 mould, rust: Situ corrumpi. Plaut. Squalor is the dis- 
 gusting dirt of a sloven, opp. nitor, neatness: Obsita squa- 
 lore vestis. Sordes, the offal which is thrown away, the 
 dirtiness of the rabble, in which they live, opp. splendor, 
 cleanliness, neatness: Sint sine sordibus ungues. Ovid. 
 With mourners and the unfortunate, who wish to excite com- 
 passion, squalor is soiled appearance, if they disregard or- 
 nament and beauty ; sordes, if they disregard their standing 
 and dignity. Pee dor, filth which emits offensive effluvia 
 from protracted uncleanliness (situs): Barba peed ore hor- 
 rida atque intonsa. Cic. Illu vie s, accumulated filth, which 
 gradually has increased: Ablue corpus illuvie ceternisque 
 sordibus squalidum. Curt. 
 
 221. Ccepisse, Incipere, Inchoare, Ordiri, Infit. Cce- 
 pisse, having begun, intransitive, and with respect to the 
 action, hence with the infinitive : Divitiacus domum discedere 
 ccepit. Cses., the action did begin, but was not completed. 
 Strepitus audiri ccepere. Tac, passive: Pons institui 
 zceptus est. Cses. Incipere, making the beginning, lay- 
 Mi g hand to a work, active, e. g. opus, iter ; also, Jam fru- 
 menta maturescere incipiebant. Caes. Hence Incipiens 
 annus, the beginning of the first period of a space of time ; 
 In i ens annus, the entering, now arriving year, of the first 
 point from which it begins. Inchoare, to plan, to lay out a 
 thing, to lay the first foundation of a thing which is to be ex- 
 ecuted, opp. perficere, e. g. nave?n, picturam ; Opera prce- 
 clare inch oat a multa, perfecta non plane. Cic. Ordiri, 
 to begin something at the foremost part, used with reference 
 to the duration and weariness of a work, properly of a time : 
 Pertexe nwdo, quod exorsus es. Cic. Cum bonis pre- 
 cationibus Deorum libentius inciperemus. ut or sis tanti 
 operis successus prosperos darent. Liv. Infit, he begins, 
 an ancient form of introducing a person as adding something 
 new in one's relation : Ibi infit Alb anus. Liv. 
 
 222. COGERE, COMPELLERE, CoXTRAHERE, CoLLIGERE, 
 
 Conficere. Cogere, to drive together, to assemble, crowd- 
 ing together; Compellere, driving on, and pushing on: 
 Cogere senatum, copias, pecuniam ; Tityre, coge pecus. 
 11 
 

 122 223. Cogitare. 225. Cohibere. 
 
 Virg., keep together. Pastor es computer ant greges in 
 unum. Id. In hunc sensum et alii ci or beneficiis hominum, 
 et compellor injuriis. Cic. Contrail ere, to draw to- 
 gether into a narrower space : Vibullius ex jinitimis regioni- 
 bus contrahit cohortes. Cses. Colligere, to collect, 
 picking singly, e. g. fructus, sparsos capillos in nodum ; Se 
 colligere est dissipatas animi partes rursum in suwn locum 
 cog ere. Cic. Conficere, to bring together with care and 
 labor, and produce something in a degree of completeness : 
 bibliothecam, magnam ex aliqua re pecuniam ; Bellovacos 
 posse conficere armata millia centum. Cobs. 
 
 223. Cogitare, Reputare, Perpendere, Deliberare ; 
 Sentire. Cogitare, thinking: Mens cogitat, id est, 
 plurain unum cogit (XIX, 10., a.), unde eligere possit. Varr. 
 Milii visus est toto animo de tuis commodis cogitare. Cic. 
 Reputare (see 94), to reflect repeatedly upon something 
 which we call back in our memory, thinking over : Hac ille 
 reputans et dies noctesque cogitans. Cic. Perpen- 
 dere, to weigh something thoroughly, to examine on all 
 sides : Cato diligentissime perpendet momenta officiorum 
 omnium. Cic. Deliberare, to deliberate, to weigh reasons 
 pro and contra, in order to determine one's self, with free 
 choice, as to a final resolution : Deliberat senatus, captivos 
 ab hostibus redimat, an non. Ad Herenn. Iste statuerat et 
 deliberaverat non adesse. Cic, conclude upon after ma- 
 ture reflection. Cogitare designates merely activity of 
 the mind; Sentire, 94, the determination of judgment or 
 opinion by the moral feeling : Orator pervestiget, quid ii 
 homines, quibus aliquid dicendo persuadere velit, cogitent, 
 sentiant, opinentur, exspectent. Cic. Omnia de re public a 
 prceclara atque egregia sentire. Id. 
 
 224. COGNOSCERE, AoNOSCERE, DlGNOSCERE. Cog7lOS- 
 
 cere, to become acquainted with, to know something by cer- 
 tain marks of distinction (in German, erkennen). Ccvsar 
 Illyricas nationes adire et regiones co gnoscere volebat. 
 Cses. Statilius cognovit et signum et manum suam. Cic. 
 Agnoscere, recognising something already known, ac- 
 knowledging: Deum agnoscis ex op cr Urns ejus. Cic. Di- 
 gnoscere, to distinguish something by known marks from 
 other things : Ut possem curvo di gnoscere rectum. Hor. 
 
 225. Cohibere, Continere, Coercere, Comprimeke, 
 Frenare, Compescere, Inhibere. Co hib ere, keeping to- 
 gether, closely one to another : crinem nodo % brachium toga ; 
 
226. Colaphus. 229. Columen. 123 
 
 se cohib ere, to take courage (that which familiarly is ex- 
 pressed by plucking up a good heart, and very beautifully in 
 German by ermannen, to bring out the man in one's self, to 
 take courage and be a man) ; Continere, to keep together 
 by application of power from without : exercitum castris ; 
 Taciturn continere gaudium non poterant. Liv. Se con- 
 tin ere, to restrain fits of passion or strong feeling. Coer- 
 cere, to limit, bring back to a smaller place of action, to 
 restrain within proper bounds that which resists : amnem extra 
 ripas diffluentem ; cupiditates, seditionem. Comprimere, 
 to press together, repress, manus, vocem ; to stem by physical 
 force, to stop, to stem : seditionem, fur or em, Frenare, to 
 bridle, restrain : equum, laying on a bridle : Clodii furores 
 nullis legions, nullis judiciis frenare poteramus. Cic. 
 Compescere, suppressing something on the point of exceed- 
 ing measure and limit, violently or forcibly, and with judg- 
 ment not allowing it to become too large or too violent : 
 ramos fluentes. Virg., querelas, dolor xs ; dissolutos mores vi 
 compescere. Phsedr. Inhibere, to stop, to keep back 
 something in its course, Right : impetum victoris ; remos , 
 navem remis or retro inhibere, to row back. 
 
 226. Colaphus, Alapa. Colaphus (xolacpoc), a blow 
 in the face with clenched fists ; A I dp a, with the flat hand, 
 a box on the ear. 
 
 227. Collis, Clivits, Mons, Jugum, Tumulus. Collis, 
 a hill, the sides of which converge at the top in an arched 
 line; C liv us, the inclination, inclining side of a hill or 
 mountain: In clivum Capitolinum erigunt aciem. Liv. 
 Mons, mountain, higher and steeper than Collis; Mon- 
 ies, a. mountain chain, aggregate of mountains. Jugum, 
 the yoke which unites two or more mountain tops ; also a 
 chain thus connected: Jugum eos monies perpetuo dorso 
 inter sejungit. Liv. Tumulus, a hillock, a natural or arti- 
 ficial small hill: In planitie erat tumulus terreus satis 
 grandis. Caes. 
 
 228. Color, Pigmentum, Fucus. Color, color: Iris 
 tr aliens varios adver so sole color es. Virg. Pigmentum, 
 dye, the body which imparts color: Adspersa temere pig- 
 ment a in tabula. Fucus, sea grass, as dyeing stuff, and 
 rouge : Non fuco illitus, sed sanguine diffusus color. Cic. 
 
 229. Columen, Fulcrum; Columna, Pila, Antje. Co- 
 lumen, the round, perpendicular support of the gable end; 
 tropically, the column, the support : rei publicce ; Fulcrum, 
 
124 230. Cominus. 233. Comitia. 
 
 the support in general, especially of the bed, bedposts : Pucri 
 nobiles ad fulcra lectorum vescebantur. Suet. Column a, 
 the round column, as support or ornament of a building : 
 Column ce et templa et portions sustinent. Cic. Pila, the 
 pillar, as support or against the wall, not round, but with 
 corners, and of brick work: Pilce pontis. Liv. Ant a, the 
 door-posts: Antce sunt later a ostiorum. Fest. 
 
 230. Cominus, Prope. Cominus, also Comminus, 
 threatening near by, or in order to pick a quarrel, to come to 
 combat: Cum hoste cominus in acie pugnare. Cic. Pro- 
 p e, near, of the local situation: Erat in Italia helium tarn 
 prope a Sicilia, tamen in Sicilia non fuit. Cic. 
 
 231. Comis, Humanus, Urbanus. C o mi s (homo), kind, 
 kindly, ready to serve, anticipating : Comes, benigni, faciles, 
 suaves homines esse dicuntur : qui erranti co miter mon- 
 strant viam. Cic. Humanus, humane, he who, in social 
 relations, proves a man of education, kindness of heart, and 
 well-meaning disposition toward others, benevolent, conde- 
 scending : Hoc ignoscere, est humanitatis tuaz. Cic. Ur- 
 banus, one who has good manners and fine education, 
 urbane, mannerly, polite, polished, opp. rusticus : Hie tibi 
 comis, et urbanus, liber que videtur. Hor. 
 
 232. Comitari, Prosequi, Stipare. Comitari, to ac- 
 company some one, going with or by the side of him ; Pro- 
 sequi on account of honoring him, to go before him, but 
 following his movements (pro — sequi) ; St ip are, to accom- 
 pany one in multitude, surrounding and protecting him : Pas- 
 tor em comitantur oves. Virg. Valerium decedentem do- 
 mum homines cumfavore ac laudibus prosecuti sunt. Liv. 
 Magnus comitatus fuit regius, cum amicorum, turn satel- 
 litum turba s tip ante. Liv. 
 
 233. Comitia, Concilium, Consilium, Concio, Coztus, 
 Conventus. Comitia, a solemn meeting of all Roman 
 citizens, in which, by majority of votes, resolutions were 
 passed respecting the elections of priests and magistrates, 
 laws and punishments for highly penal crimes: Tenetis co- 
 mitia centuriata et tributa curiata tantum auspiciorum causa 
 remanserunt. Cic. Concilium, a meeting of part of the 
 people called (cdlare) together: Is, qui non univer sum pop il- 
 ium, sed partem aliquam adesse jubet, non comitia, sea con- 
 cilium edicere debet. Gell. Consilium, a. meeting of a 
 number of men deliberating jointly and for common interest : 
 Senatus est consilium publicum. Concio, a meeting 
 
234. Commemoratio. 237. Commissura. 125 
 
 called together to hear something: Consul advocat con do- 
 ne m: liabet orationem. Cic. Dimissa condone, con si- 
 Hum habitum, omnibusne copiis Luceriam premerent. Liv. 
 Coztus, a multitude convened for some purpose or other: 
 Solemhes coztus ludorum. Cic. Conventus, a meeting, 
 inasmuch as it assembles at a certain place : Syracusani 
 festos dies agunt, celeberrimo virorum mulierumque con- 
 ventu. Cic. 
 
 234. Commemoratio, Mentio. Commemoratio, the 
 mentioning of a thing, supposed to be known to the addressed 
 person ; Mentio, of one, of which the Speaking person thinks 
 just now: Istcec commemoratio quasi exprobratio est 
 immemoris beneficii. Ter. Casu in eorum mentionem in- 
 cidi. Cic. 
 
 235. CoMMENDARE, CoMMITTERE, PERMITTERE, CREDERE. 
 
 Commendare, recommending, to charge some one that he 
 take care of, or interest in, a person, according to the desire 
 of the recommending person; Committer 6, to hand over 
 the recommended person to the protection of another in con- 
 fidence in his honesty ; P ermittere, to leave a thing to the 
 free disposition of another; Credere, 97, trusting some- 
 thing to another, convinced that he will correspond to our 
 confidence, e. g. pecuniam alicui : Hie tibi moriens nos com- 
 mend av it senex. Ter. Homo vestrce commissus est 
 fidei, permissus potestati. Cic. 
 
 236. Commentari, Meditari. Commentari, to re- 
 flect upon something, and thus to produce new thoughts, or a 
 new disposition of them: Futuras mecum commentabar 
 miser ias. Cic. Hortensius erat memoria tanta, ut, qua se- 
 cum comment at us esset, ea sine scripto verbis eisdem 
 redder et, quibus cogitavisset. Id. Meditari, to think out 
 means and to practise in order to obtain an object, to think 
 out something : Meditare, quibus verbis illius cupiditatem 
 restinguas. Cic. M edit or esse affabilis, et bene proce- 
 dit. Ter. 
 
 237. Commissura, Compages, Compago. Commissura, 
 the joint, groove, at the spot where two parts attached to one 
 another join : Digitorum contr actio facilis propter molles 
 commissur as et artus. Cic. Compages, the joining of 
 closely attached parts of a whole, as quality : Species efficiens 
 lapidum compagibus arcum. Ovid. Compago, the means 
 of joining, by which parts are kept together: Calami com- 
 pagine cerce inter se juncti. Ovid . 
 
 11* 
 
126 238. Commodare. 241. Comparare. 
 
 238. Commodare, Mutuum dare. Commodare, to 
 give something to another for his use, to assist him with 
 something gratis; Mutuum dare, to give something in 
 exchange, i. e. so that it be returned in equal value, equal 
 quality; also with interest: Mdes amico ad nuptias com- 
 modare. Ad Herenn. Egnatio magnam dedimus pecu- 
 niam mutuam. Cic. 
 
 239. Commodus, Opportitnus, Utilis ; Facilis. Com- 
 modus, that which is convenient, comfortable of itself, always 
 so; Opportunus, convenient according to circumstances, 
 opportune, or by its situation and circumstances, for the exe- 
 cution of some plan: Urbs opportunissima portu egre- 
 gio, unde terra marique, quce belli usus poscunt, suppediten- 
 tur. Liv. Utilis, useful, that which may serve as proper 
 means for a purpose: Cibus utilis cegro. Ovid. — Corn- 
 modus, he who yields to others, kind, obliging : Commodis 
 esse moribus. Cic. Fa cili s, tractable, yielding • Faciles 
 nos ad concedendum habebit. Cic. 
 
 240. Communicare, Participare, Impertire ; Communis, 
 Publicus. Communicare, to make something entirely 
 common with another, so that both have, enjoy it, to commu- 
 nicate, not to retain it for one's self: consilia, cur am cum 
 aliquo ; Provinciam Galliam cum Antonio communicavi. 
 Cic. Participare, to give a part of a whole to some one, 
 to make one share in something, and to be made to share in 
 something, to receive a share in a thing, participate in : Ser- 
 vum sui participat consilii. Plaut. Qui alteri exitium 
 par at, pestem participat par em. Cic. Impertire, rarer 
 Impertiri, to assign a proper share: Sdlutem alicui and 
 salute aliquem, to greet. Indigentibus de re familiari im- 
 pertiendum. Cic. — Communis, common, of which all 
 have an equal degree of use or advantage : Res publica res 
 communis. Cic. Mare commune est omnibus. Plaut. 
 Publicus, belonging to the people forming a state, peculiar 
 to it, relating to it : Via, pecunia publica. 
 
 241. Comparare, Componere, Conferre, Contendere. 
 Comparing, in order to find out the degree of similarity of 
 two or more things, is given by Comparare, discovering 
 the marks of equality of two things (par) ; Componere, to 
 place them by the side of each other, in order to see how far 
 they agree or disagree : Testes cum his legatis se co mp a* 
 rent, dignitati horum componant suam. Cic. Compo- 
 nere causam suam cum causa adversarii. Quinctil. Con- 
 
242. Compitum. 247. Concitare. 127 
 
 ferre, to bring them together, when they differ much from, 
 or are opposed to, each other : Parva magnis scepe rectissime 
 conferuntur. Cic. Contendere, holding together, to 
 see whether they fit, if the latter is yet doubtful : Signum 
 rede comparebat ; hujus contendi annulum. Plaut. 
 
 242. Compitum, Trivium. Compitum, cross-way, place 
 where two or more roads join ; Trivium, where three roads 
 meet: Ubi vice competunt, turn in compitis sacrificatur. 
 Varr. In triviis aut in co myitis auctionari. Cic. 
 
 243. Compos, Potens. Compos, he who is master of a 
 thing, has power of mastering it, disposes freely of it, over it : 
 mentis and mente, sui, lingua, libertatis : Prceda ingenti 
 compos exercitus. Liv. C o mp o s designates possession ; 
 Potens, powerful, having capacity of, and signifies that 
 which is actually possessed, e. g. regni. Dum liber, dum 
 mei potens sum. Liv. 
 
 244. Concavus, Convexus. Concdvus, hollow of a 
 surface, depressed in the central region, concave ; a surface 
 which is capable of receiving, containing something : Ventus 
 con cava vela tenet. Ovid. Convexus, arched, of a body 
 which regularly rounds off from the central part, both of the 
 outer and inner surface : Cozli convex a tueri. Virg. 
 
 245. Concinnus, Elegans, Subtilis. Concinnus, 
 pleasing by symmetry and harmony, fitting ; Elegans, by 
 choice, selection, tasty; Subtilis, 21, by precision, accu- 
 racy, and simplicity, fine; of expression: Virgo est con- 
 cinna facie. Plaut. In oratione forma ipsa concinni- 
 t as que verborum conficiat orbem snum. Cic. Intelligo, te, 
 hominem in omni judicio elegantissimum, qua me digna 
 putaris, coemisse. Cic. Subtilis definitio. — Hcec subti- 
 lis oratio etiam incomta delectat. Id. 
 
 246. Concio, Oratio. Concio, a speech, inasmuch as 
 it is directed to a meeting, see 233. Marcellus in castris 
 con ci on em apud milites habuit. Liv. Oratio, a dis- 
 course, arranged according to art and system, prepared for 
 public delivery : Isocrates, orationis faciendce et ornandce 
 auctor locupletissimus. Cic. 
 
 247. Con — Incitare, Instigare, Exstimulare ; Soli- 
 citare. Concitare, to excite together, to set one's self in 
 motion: multitudinem ad arma ; calcaribus equum. Inci- 
 tare, to excite that which is already in motion: currentem. 
 Cic. Instigare (to punch, prick), to excite, instigate vio- 
 lently against something, to set on (a dog) : canem in aliquem 
 
128 248. Conclave. 251. Condimentum. 
 
 (in German, anhetzen) ; Age, si hie non insanit satis sua 
 sponte, ins tig a. Ter. Exstimulare, 162, to harass, 
 drive one by a more acute means of incitement : fame, dictis. 
 Sollicitare, to incite to sedition, rebellion, generally to in- 
 cite to something bad : Pausanias Helotes sollicitare spe 
 libertatis existimabatur. Nep. Servnm ad venenum Avito 
 dandum spe et pretio sollicitavit. Cic. 
 
 248. Conclave, Cubiculum. Conclave, a room that 
 can be locked ; Cubiculum, a room in which one may rest 
 on a sofa or sleep : Compreliensos conclavi ad qucestionem 
 servare. Liv. Vir, quum Verves etiam cubaret, in cubicu- 
 lum intro ductus est. Cic. 
 
 249. CoNCORDARE, CoNCINERE, CoNSENTIRE, CoNGRUERE, 
 
 Convenire, Quadrare. Agreeing is given by Concor- 
 dare, if it means to harmonize in disposition, if the effect of 
 this harmony is clear and visible: Fratres concordant. 
 Just. Animi sanitas dicitur, quum ejus judicia opinionesque 
 concordant. Cic. Concinere, if actions and thoughts 
 harmonize with each other : Stoici cum Peripateticis re con- 
 cinere videntur, verbis discrepare. Cic. Cons entire, if 
 the reason of the agreeing in the different subjects is consid- 
 ered, being consentaneous : Erexerat se civitas, in retinenda 
 libertate consentiens. Cic. Congruere, mutually to 
 agree in effect, to come to the same, the same happening to- 
 gether, to coincide : Forte congruerat, ut duorum civium 
 ccedes nuntiarentur. Tac. Dies mensesque congruunt cum 
 solis lunceque ratione. Cic, they agree. Convenire, com- 
 ing together, fit, if the one arranges itself to the other : unum 
 in locum ; Cothurnus ad pedem apte convenit. Cic. Quad- 
 rare, precisely fitting to a thing: Omnia in istam mulierem 
 quadrare apte videntur. Cic. 
 
 250. CoNCRESCERE, CoGI, CoAGULARI, CoNGELARI. Con- 
 
 crescere, to become thick, solid, to curdle, and congeal, as 
 now used by chemists; Cogi, 222, by an astringent sub- 
 stance; Co agulari, by rennet (coagulum), or something 
 similar; Congelari, by cold, congealing: Lac concre- 
 vit; Lac cogitur agni aut hcedi coagulo. Colum. Lac 
 coagulatur in stomacho. Plin. Frigoribus oleum conge- 
 latur. Colum. 
 
 251. Condimentum, Aroma. Condimentum, spice, or 
 condiment, inasmuch as it gives a better taste to food ; Aro- 
 ma (uQMfia), as substance, articles of spice: Cibi condi- 
 mentum est fames, potionis sit is. Cic. Aromata contusa 
 et cribrata insperges. Colum. 
 
252. Conditio, 255. Confundere. 129 
 
 252. Conditio, Status. Conditio (condere, 2, II, 3., 
 not conditio), position, which something occupies in reference 
 to that which surrounds it ; situation, in which fate makes a 
 person exist as a member of social union ; generally, the 
 condition under which something exists or takes place : Ho- 
 mines nos esse meminerimus, ea lege natos, ut omnibus tells 
 fortuna proposita sit vita nostra : neque esse recusandum, 
 quominus ea, qua nati sumus, conditione vivamus. Cic. 
 Alienum appetis, qui mortalis natus conditionem postules 
 immortalium. Id. Conditio atque fortuna infimi generis 
 hominum. Id. Status, the state, circumstance in which 
 some one finds himself at a certain period respecting the con- 
 dition of his life, the present or actual state, condition of a 
 thing : Si, quo quisque loco nostrum est natus, aut, si in qua 
 fortuna est nascendi initio constitutes, hunc vita statum 
 usque ad senectutem obtinere debet ; non gravior L. Cornelio, 
 quam multis viris bonis, constitui lex vita et conditio vi- 
 detur. Cic. De statu nostra dignitatis nobis non est rece- 
 dendum. Id. 
 
 253. Confligere, Dibiicare, Digladiari. Confligere, 
 to fight with some one violently, without reference to the 
 kind of arms, to be engaged in a conflict of arms, e. g. manu 
 cum hoste ; Dimicare, to wage a fight, at the peril of being 
 overcome and beaten ; Digladiari, to fight like gladiators, 
 with mortal arms, and for life or death : Equites hostium 
 acr iter pr alio cum equitatu nostro in itinere conflixericnt. 
 Cses. Datis fretus numero copiarum suarum confligere 
 cupiebat, quod, priusquam Lacedamonii subsidio venirent, 
 dimicare utile arbitrabatur. Nep. De sua potentia di- 
 micant homines, periculo civitatis. Cic. C. Gracchus ru- 
 nas et sicas in forum projecit, quibus digladiarentur 
 inter se cives. Id. 
 
 254. Confugere, Perfugere. Confugere, to fly to 
 some place, to seek refuge somewhere, flying to it, e. g. in 
 silcas, in aram, ad amicum, ad opem alicujus ; Perfugere, 
 escape by flight, and arrive at a place secure against further 
 pursuit : Jam Tarquinii ad Lartem Porsenam, Clusinum 
 regem, perfugerant. Li v. 
 
 255. Confundere, Miscere, Turbare, Perturbare. 
 C o nfu ndere, throwing together : Una multa jura c o nfu ?i- 
 dit cocus. Plaut. Confundere vera cum falsis. Cic. 
 Miscere, mixing: Miscebat mella Falerno. Hor. Tur- 
 bare, bringing into confusion, stirring, making muddy : Limo 
 
130 256. Confutare. 258. Conjugare. 
 
 turbata aqua. Hor. Elephanti, peditum aciem turban 
 tes. Liv. P erturbare, to bring into utter confusion, thor- 
 oughly to disorder and confuse : Civitas per turbata sedi- 
 tionibus. Cic. 
 
 256. Con — Refutare, Refellere, Redargtjere. Con- 
 futare, to damp, smother, check: Cocus alienum, quando 
 fervit, confutat trua. Titinn. Confutavit verbis iratum 
 patrem. Ter. Stoicorum argumenta confutare. Cic, to 
 disarm them. Refutare, driving back, pressing back, re- 
 pressing: lllas nationes imperatores nostri refutandas 
 potius bello, quam lacessendas putaverunt. Cic. Testes re- 
 futare. Cic, not to admit them. Refutatio orationis 
 dicitar, in qua est depulsio criminis : confutatio est loco- 
 rum contrariorum dissolutio. Cic. Refellere, showing by 
 arguments that that which has been said is false, refuting : 
 Ita vivunt quidam, ut eorum vita refellatur oratio. Cic 
 R.edar guere, convince of error, untruth: Redargue me, 
 si mentior. Cic. 
 
 257. Congiarium, Donativum. Congiarium, a pres- 
 ent of oil, wine, salt, and the like, in kind or money, to the 
 poorer among the people, handed singly, and measured out 
 according to a certain measure (congius), also to soldiers and 
 favorites; Donativum, a present in money to the army, to 
 each soldier individually, on peculiar festival days, gratuity : 
 Virilis toga Neroni maturata. — Additum nomine ejus do- 
 nativum militi, congiarium plebi. Tac 
 
 258. Conjugare, Conjungere, Copulare, Colligare, 
 Connectere, Constringere. Conjugare, yoking to- 
 gether, pairing, uniting by pairs for concord and common 
 burden: Amicitiam similiiudo morum conjugavit. Cic 
 Conjungere, uniting for one purpose: Pan calamos cera 
 conjungere plures instituit. Virg. Copulare, to unite 
 similar things closely together by a band, thong (copula) : 
 Hannibal ita quodam uno vinculo copulavit milites suos, 
 ut nulla nee inter ipsos, nee adversus ducem seditio exstiterit. 
 Liv. Colligare, to tie together by a band surrounding the 
 whole and keeping it close together, to fetter together : J, 
 Lictor, colliga manus. Cic. Verbis colligare senten- 
 tias. Id. Connecter e, to tie together with a knot, connect 
 with some inner means of connexion : Ossa connectuntur 
 nervis et cartilagine. Cels. Constringere, to tie tightly 
 together, draw together with exertion: Constringe iu illi 
 vianus. Plaut. Bellua constricta catenis. Cic 
 
259. Conjurare. 260. Conjux. 131 
 
 259. Coxjurare, Conspirare, Coire. Conjurare, to 
 unite by a mutual oath, to conspire against some one : Inter 
 se milites conjurabant, sese ex or dine non recessuros. Li v. 
 Catilina contra rem publicam conjuravit. Cic. Conspi- 
 rare, to unite for a common endeavour, e. g. in cadem ali- 
 cujus : Conspirate nobis cum ; consentite cum bonis. Cic. 
 Co ire, to go seditiously together, make seditious clusters: 
 Nullam societatem neque sceleris neque pramii cum liomine 
 ullo coieras. Cic. 
 
 260. Conjux, Marittjs — ta, Pater — Materfamilias, 
 Mas, Uxor, Matrona, Mulier, Femina ; Conjugium, Con- 
 nubium, Matrimonium, Contubernium. Conjux, obsolete 
 Conjunx, either of the married pair, spouse, consort, united 
 in mutual obligations (in German, Gemahl) : Quis te casus 
 dejectam conjuge tanto excipit ? Virg. Fidelissimam 
 conjugem me prosequi non sum passus. Cic. M ar it us — 
 ta, husband, wife, inasmuch as each one for himself has and 
 exei'cises his own rights and obligations : Corruptos sape 
 pravitatibus uxorum maritos. Tac. Hie (Casar) castas 
 jubet esse mar it as. Ovid. Violataque jura mar it a. Id. 
 Paterfamilias, the father of the house and family, with 
 reference to his children, slaves, and establishment; Mater- 
 familias, the mother of the family and house, who, having 
 by lawful matrimony been placed in the power of her hus- 
 band (convejiiione in manum s. in poiestatem maritalem), 
 shares his rights and is his heiress: P atresfamilias op- 
 taut filios suos rei familiari maxime servire. Cic. Mater- 
 familias, qua in mariti manu mancipioque est, non in 
 matrimonium tantum, sed in familiam quoque mariti et in sui 
 heredis locum venit. Gell. Mas, male, according to sex, a 
 man as male being: Bestice alia mares, alia femina 
 sunt. Cic. Non me mar em, sed feminam vicini rentur 
 esse. Plaut. Uxor, the wife, inasmuch as she is matrimoni- 
 ally united to her husband for a physical purpose : Uxor is 
 dua forma : una matrumfamilias, ea sunt, qua in ma- 
 num convenerunt ; altera earum, qua tantummodo uxores 
 habentur. Cic. Matrona, a free-born, married woman, 
 who, not to place herself entirely under the power of her 
 husband, slept annually for three nights (per trinoctium) out 
 of the house of her husband, with the additional meaning of 
 dignity and spotless reputation: Spectata pudicitia matro- 
 na et qua uni viro nupta fuisset. Liv. Mulier, a woman 
 that is a marriageable being, whether married or not, with 
 
132 261. Consecrare. 262. Consilium. 
 
 the additional meaning of weakness and delicacy, want of 
 protection, in contradistinction to vir : Philodami esse jiliam, 
 qua cum patre habitaret, propterea quod virum non haberet, 
 mulierem eximia pulchritudine. Cic. Mulieres omnes 
 propter injirmitatem consilii majores in tutorum potestate 
 esse voluerunt. Id. Femina, a female, only with reference 
 to sex, and the opposite to Mas. — Conjugium, matri- 
 mony, as the union between spouses as man and woman, 
 male and female, hence used of animals: Columbce conju- 
 gii Jidem non violant. Plin. Connubium, legal matrimo- 
 ny, according to civil rights, since a Roman citizen was 
 allowed to marry a Roman female citizen only ; to marry a 
 foreign woman, it required the approbation of the people : 
 Connubium est uxoris ducendce facultas. Ulpian. Ma- 
 trimonium, matrimony, lawful according to the law of 
 nations, according to which a foreigner was allowed to marry 
 a Roman woman, but had no claim to the privileges of the 
 connubium : Glaucon, medicus Pansce, sororem Achilleos 
 nostri in matrimonio habet. Cic, of freed slaves. Con- 
 tubernium, the matrimonial connexion among slaves, also 
 concubinage, that is, enduring connexion without lawful mar- 
 riage : Vespasianus post uxoris excessum Ccenidem, Antonice 
 libertam, revocavit in contubernium, habuitque pene justm 
 uxoris loco. Suet. 
 
 261. Consecrare, Dedicare, Inaugurare. Consecra- 
 re, withdrawing from common use and destining to the gods, 
 to make sacred, consecrate, e. g. candelabrum Jovi Optimo 
 Maximo. Cic. Omne fere genus bestiarum JEgyptii c on se- 
 er averunt. Id., i. e. adored. Dedicare, to consecrate 
 something as something holy (consecratum) to a deity, espe- 
 cially which, respecting temples, was performed by one or 
 two magistrates in presence of the Pontifex maximus, who 
 cited to them the formula of dedication : Horatius consul, te- 
 nens postern, precationem peragit et dedicat templum {Jov is 
 in Capitolio). Liv. Inaugurare, to consecrate (Germ. 
 einweihen), after the auspices have been consulted : Augures 
 jussi adesse, locumque inaugurare, ubi auspicato cum po- 
 pulo agi posset. Liv. 
 
 262. Consilium, PrjEceptum ; Consulere, Consultare, 
 Deliberare. Consilium is the result of rational reflec- 
 tion, which weighs every thing well {ratio, 190), and which 
 we communicate to others for free use ; good counsel, or a 
 measure followed by us ; the maxim or principle, as ground 
 
263. Consobrinus. 264. Consors. 133 
 
 of a rational mode of acting: In capiendo consilio pru> 
 dentia, in dando fides requiritur. Cic. Consilium est 
 aliquid faciendi non faciendive excogitata ratio. Id. Pra- 
 ceptum, the precept, the rule given for a mode of action, 
 and which ought to be followed : Ut simus ii, qui liaberi 
 velimus, pracepta danda sunt. Cic. Longa oblivia Bri- 
 tannia etiam in pace fuerunt. Consilium id Divus Au- 
 gustus vo cab at, Tiberius pr a ceptum. Tac. Political expe- 
 diency, political maxim, principle. Consider e, to seek the 
 best ; aliquem, with some one, i. e. asking his advice ; alicui, 
 for some one, take measures in his behalf, sibi, sua saluti, 
 pad ; in aliquem, taking measures against some one : Per 
 liter as te consului, quid mihi faciendum censer es. Cic. In 
 humiliores libidinose crudeliterque consulebatur. Liv. 
 Consultare, to deliberate with one's self or others : Civi- 
 tates de bello consultabant. Cass. Deliberare, freeing 
 something of objections, to reflect upon something and resolve 
 accordingly : Distrahitur in deliberando animus affert- 
 que ancipitem curam cogitandi. Cic. Iste certe statuerat 
 atque deliberav erat non adesse. Id. Consilium fidele 
 deliberanti dare. Id., deliberate with another upon one's 
 petition, desire, that which we have in view. 
 
 263. Consobrinus, Sobrinus. Consobrini, children 
 of brothers and sisters, issue of actual sisters and brothers ; 
 Sobrinus, the same in the second degree, second cousin: 
 Sequuntur fratrum conjunctiones, post consobrinorum 
 sobrinorumque. Cic. 
 
 264. Consors, Particeps, Socius, Popularis ; Exsors, 
 Expers, Immtjnis. Consors, who participates in some- 
 thing before it is divided, such as brothers and sisters in the 
 paternal inheritance ; he who has the same lot (sors), a 
 fellow-fated being: Fratres consortes sunt mendicitatis. 
 Cic. Particeps, who participates in something, receives a 
 share, e. g. prczd<z ac pramiorum. Socius, 114, fellow: 
 Belli socius et adjutor ; socius et consors gloriosi la- 
 boris. Cic. P opularis, belonging as member to a social 
 union, or union for any purpose, e. g. conspiracy : Popula- 
 res conjurationis. SalL, are the real members of a conspir- 
 acy ; participes. Cic, those who joined in the undertaking 
 of the conspirators, supported, aided them, participated in 
 their guilt. — Exsors, he who has no share, no part in 
 something, e.g. culpa, a?nicitia foederis que. Liv. Exjiers, 
 he who does not take, or has no share in it : pramiorum 
 
 12 
 
134 265. Constans. 268. Consuetudo. 
 
 beneficiorumque ; humanitatis. Immunis, he who has not 
 the burdens in common (con -munis, in -munis) with others, 
 free of service, e. g. militia: Immune s operum famu- 
 Ice. Ovid. Siculi agros immune s arant. Cic., free of 
 taxes. 
 
 265. Constans, Firmus, Stabilis, Solidus. Con- 
 stans, remaining the same, constant, not changeable, valiant, 
 that is, not changing by way of fear, to be of consistency of 
 character: Stellarum cursus certi et const antes. Cic. Vo- 
 luntas in rem publicum perpetua atque constans. Id. Fir- 
 mus (ferre, XI, 3.), firm, that which can resist external 
 attacks and repel them, that which cannot be shaken, hence 
 of firmness of character : Tremens et nondum poplite fir mo 
 constitit. Ovid. Nondum satis fir mo corpore esse. Cic. 
 Stabilis, standing firm, that which remains as it stands, 
 unchangeable, stable: Navis velut medio stabilis sedet 
 insula ponto. Ovid. Amid sunt fir mi et stabiles et 
 constantes eligendi. Cic, trustworthy, unchangeable, and 
 remaining in their disposition the same. Solidus, massive 
 and firm, solid, fast, genuine, something which by its nature 
 is a closely compressed mass: Columna soli da, nee extrin- 
 secus inaurata. Cic. Soli da laus veraque. Id., no sham 
 praise, no compliment, but genuine, solid praise. 
 
 266. Consuetudo, Mos, Mores, Usus. Consuetudo, 
 custom, i. e. a mode of action which by repetition and prac- 
 tice has become dear to us : Quczdam jura ex utilitatis ra- 
 tione in consuetudinem venerunt. Cic. Mos, the custom 
 (German Sitte), i.e. a mode of action (relating of course to 
 free actions), which by long time has become a rule, usage : 
 Philodamus negavit, moris esse Grcecorum, ut in convivio 
 virorum accumberent mulieres. Cic. Mos majorum (ancient 
 usage, in German Herkommen, literally, the coming down, 
 that which has come down). Consuetudo, is that which 
 is done by the multitude or majority ; Mo s, that which has 
 been done since a distant period, for a long time ; both diifer 
 from Ritus, 160. Mores, these forms of free actions, inas- 
 much as they correspond more or less with the laws of moral- 
 ity, propriety, and decorum in social intercourse (in German, 
 Sitten, in French, mozurs ; we have no word for it in English, 
 and must say custom, habits, and mariners, and yet it does 
 not express the idea) : Civitatum Grcecorum mores lapsi 
 ad mollitiem. Cic. Usus, use, repeated practice or applica- 
 tion, repeated intercourse with some one, inasmuch as we 
 
267. Contaminare. 270. Contiguus. 135 
 
 make use of him : Dicendi omnis ratio communi quodam in 
 usu atque in liominum more et sermone vertatur. Cic. 
 Longo cognitus usu. Ovid. 
 
 267. Contaminare, Inquinare, Polluere, Spurcare, 
 Conspurcare. Co n t a m in ar e, to soil by iniquitous touch, 
 e. g. se civiiwi sanguine; veritatem mendacio. Inquinare, 
 to soil with dirt which adheres from without : Mild sunt ma- 
 nus inquinata, quia ludo Into. Plaut. Polluere, to pol- 
 lute, i. e. make impure, especially that which is holy, with sin 
 or crime: Pollui cuncta same, odore, contactu. Tac. Di- 
 vina atque humana jura scelere nefario polluere. Cic. 
 Spur care, to cover with filth, to render impure or dirty 
 with something disgusting : Supersiliens avis proluvie ventris 
 cibos et aquam conspurcat. Colum. 
 
 268. Contemtus, Vilis, Abjectus. Contemtus, con- 
 temptible, in as far as we consider something not worthy of 
 attention, or to be rejected; Vilis, inasmuch as we ascribe 
 little value to it; Abjectus (thrown away), inasmuch as it 
 is considered entirely worthless : Contemtissimorum Con- 
 sulum levitas. Cic. Etiamsi honos noster vobis vilior fuit, 
 salus certe car a erit. Id. Homo Romce contemtus et ab- 
 jectus. Id. 
 
 269. Contendere, Certare, Decernere, Decertare, 
 Depugnare. To fight, struggle with arms, fists, or words, is 
 Contendere, if it be done with the exertion of the whole 
 strength : Verbis inter nos contendimus, non pugnis. Cic. 
 Certare, if emulation, the mutual endeavour to surpass the 
 other is to be expressed : armis de principatu : Consul par- 
 simonia et vigiliis et labore cum ultimis militum certabat. 
 Liv. Decernere, if the struggle is allowed to come to an 
 end, to a decision, by some procedure, directed by some rea- 
 son (de-cernere) or other, generally by arms : Gladiatorium 
 vitce certamen ferro decernitur. Cic. Decertare, to be 
 one's self the struggling party, and to bring it to an end by 
 sword or word : Quum tempos necessitasque postulat, decer- 
 tandum manu est. Cic. Expetenda est magis decemen* 
 di ratio, quam decertandi fortitudo. Id. Depugnare, 
 to fight a fisticuff, to bring a struggle to an end by the fist : 
 Utrinque copice ita paratce ad depugnandum sunt, ut, 
 utercunque vicerit, non sit minim futurum. Cic. 
 
 270. Contiguus, Continens, Vicinus, Finitimus, Con- 
 finis, CONTERMINUS ; VlCINIA, CoNFINIUM. CoiltigUUS, 
 
 touching one another: Domus contiguce. Continens, 
 
136 271. Continue. 
 
 connected with something, e. g. aer mari : Cappadocia pars 
 ea, quce cum Cilicia continens est. Cic. Vicinus, prop- 
 erly, belonging to the same vicus, row of houses, neighbour- 
 ing, of the nearness of all relations in space, dwelling, prop- 
 erty, position: Arrius proximus est vicinus. Cic. Vice 
 vicina domus. Ovid. The joining of the limits, frontiers, 
 as mathematical line of division, respecting surfaces {campi, 
 agri, fundi), is expressed by Finitimus, situated on the 
 frontier, bordering on : Finitimce civitates. Liv. Confi- 
 nis, to be contiguous to (adjacent), if two surfaces are di- 
 vided by a common limit {con— finis) : Cataonia jacet supra 
 Ciliciam, confinis Cappadocice. Conter minus, joining 
 by a common goal or end, poetical : Ardua morus erat, ge- 
 lido contermina fonti. Ovid. Mthiopia Mgypto con- 
 termina. Plin. — Vicinia, neighbouring country, places, 
 dwellings, with their persons and things : Mulier commigra- 
 v it hue vicinice. Ter. Confinium, frontier division, that 
 which divides fields : Arbor es in confinio natce in utroque 
 agro serpunt. Varr. 
 
 271. Continue, Statim, Confestim, Actutum, Illico, 
 Protinus, Repente, Subito, Extemplo, Ex tempore. 
 Continuo (see 116.), immediately after: Ignis in aquam 
 conjectus continuo restinguitur. Cic. Statim, on the 
 spot, without first doing something else : Literas scripsi, 
 statim ut tuas legeram. Cic. Confestim, right away, 
 expresses rapidity: Mulier confestim hue advolavit. Cic. 
 Actutum (as if it had been done already), without a mo- 
 ment's hesitation, quick, used of rapid movement : Aperite 
 aliquis actutum ostium! Ter. Illico {in loco), on the 
 spot, at once : Simul atque increpuit suspicio tumultus, artes 
 illico nostrce conticescunt. Cic. Protinus (forward), 
 without delay : Fit protinus, hac re audita, ex castris Gal- 
 lorum fuga. Cses. R ep ente, suddenly, so that we are sur- 
 prised thereby : Amicitias magis decet sensim dissuere, quam 
 repente prcecidere. Cic. Subito, on a sudden, instantly, 
 sudden in its existence, without surprising us : In febrim sub- 
 ito incidere. Cic. Extemplo, at the moment, presently, 
 immediately: Erubescit ; quid fingat external o,non habet. 
 Cic. Ex tempore, properly, according to circumstances, 
 as they require it ; they, therefore, may require resolution ; 
 on the spot, not by way of preparation : Curioni minime mi- 
 rum est, ex tempore dicenti solitam effluere mentem. Cic, 
 extempore, extemporizing. Expedire rem et consilium ex 
 tempore caper e. Id. 
 
272. Contumacia. 275. Conviva. 137 
 
 272. Contumacia, Peetinacia, Pervicacia, Obstinatio. 
 Contumaciam spite, which from pride will not yield to the 
 will or power of others, the unbending disposition, refractori- 
 ness : Vitellius liber turn i ob nimiam -contumaciam et fe- 
 rocitatem gravatus, lanista vendidil. Suet. P ertinacia, 
 obstinacy in persisting in one's opinion, assertion, or way of 
 acting, which the pertinacious person will not give up : Nos 
 et refellere sine per tin act a et refelli sine iracundia para- 
 ti sumus. Cic. Pervicacia, perseverance in the endeavour 
 to carry something in spite of resistance, and to gain the 
 victory : Hac pervicacia, tua et superbia coegit me loqui, 
 et nisi legi parueris, in vincula dud jubebo. Liv. Tandem 
 pervicacia victi inceptum omisere. Tac. Obstinatio, 
 the steady perseverance in one's resolution, from strength of 
 character as well as from obstinacy : Atticus preces Agrippa 
 taciturna sua obstinatione depressit. Nep. 
 
 273. Conveniex\s, Consentiens, Consentaneus. Con- 
 veniens, coinciding, fitting, designates uniformity of desti- 
 nation; Consentiens, agreeing, uniformity of disposition, 
 of meaning, or signification, — both of things existing at the 
 same time (see 249). Consentaneus, conformably, agree- 
 ably to, uniformity of the relation between cause and effect, 
 or consequence : Nihil est tarn natura aptum, tarn conveni- 
 ens ad res vet secundas vel adversas, quam amicitia. Cic. 
 Status oratoris, incessus, omnisque motus cum verbis senten- 
 tiisque consentiens. Id. Mors consent an e a vita sanc- 
 tissime honestissimeque acta. Id. 
 
 274. Convincere, Revincere, Persuadere. Convin- 
 cere, convincing, proving the truth of a fact which has been 
 denied, with victorious evidence, proving it upon the accused 
 person : Epicuri err ores. Cic. Si negem, me unquam istas 
 lit eras ad te misisse ; quo me teste convincas? Id. Re- 
 vincere, proving, with convincing counter-proof, the con- 
 trary of an assertion, refuting: Crimina, r evict a rebus, 
 verbis confutare nihil attinet. Liv. Persuadere, persuad- 
 ing, making believe by representations and reasons : Hoc 
 mild non modo confrmavit, sed etiam per su as it. Cic. 
 
 275. Conviva, Convivator, Convictor ; Convivium, 
 Eptjlum, EpuljE. Conviva (con-vivere, living together, 
 eating and drinking together), the guest at any meal, or the 
 invited person ; Convivator (convivari, to hold a banquet), 
 the host who gives a feast, banquet; Convictor, one who 
 lives and has intercourse with another, eats and drinks with 
 
 12* 
 
138 276. Copia. 278. Corbis. 
 
 him: Soliti sunt in epulis canere convivce de clarorum 
 hominum virtutibus. Cic. Coma hospitis mei, sciti convi- 
 vatoris. Liv. Me Capitolinus convictore usus amico- 
 que a puero est. Hor. — Convivium, a social meal, with 
 social conversation : Majores accubitionem epularem amico- 
 rum, quia vita conjunctionem haberet, convivium nomina- 
 runt. Cic. Ego propter sermonis delectationem tempesti- 
 vis conviviis delect or, nee cum cequalibus solum, sed cum 
 vestra etiam cetate. Id., such meals as began at the proper 
 time of the day, i. e. at sunset, but also too soon (de die), by 
 daylight, and sometimes lasted longer than usual, as at 
 family festivals. Intempestiv a convivia is to be ascribed 
 to defective readings only. Epulum, the sumptuous dinner; 
 the characteristics consist in costly and abundant dishes and 
 expensive serving up, as the public dinners at public games, 
 triumphs: Quum epulum Q. Maximus populo Romano da- 
 ret. Cic. Epulce, properly choice and costly dishes, hence 
 a magnificent, large banquet : Ep ulce regum. Hor. Ita 
 illud epulum est funebre, ut munus sit funeris, epulce 
 quidem ipsa, dignitatis. Cic, like Dapes. 
 
 276. Copia, Abundantia, Ubertas. Copia, stores, 
 quantity and sufficiency of any thing for use, opp. inopia : 
 Rerum copia verborum copiam gignit. Cic. Abundan- 
 tia (see 10.), abundance, if there is more than necessary: 
 Circumjluere omnibus copiis atque in omnium rerum abun- 
 dantia vivere. Cic. Ubertas, plenty, the plentiful exist- 
 ence of any thing, without reference to its use : Rami bacca- 
 rum ubertate incurviscunt. Cic, luxuriancy. 
 
 277. Coquere, Torrere, Frigere ; Elixus, Assus. 
 Coquere, cooking, e. g. cibaria, coznam ; in general soften- 
 ing by heat and preparing for use : panem, later es' (baking, 
 burning) ; aurum, plumbum, ferrum, melting; cibum conco- 
 quere, to digest. Torrere, to dry a juicy or moist body 
 by heat, to toast, to bake, as fruits : igni fruges ; terrain so- 
 lis ardor e ; caro tost a, roast meat. Frig ere, to roast 
 dry bodies, make them less tough, fit to eat, e. g. hordeum, 
 cicer ; frictce nuces, roasted chestnuts. — Elixus, boiled in 
 water: Allium coctum utilius est crudo, elixumque tosto. 
 Plin. Assus, stewed, done in its own juice : Carnem primo 
 ass am, secundo elixam, tertio e jure homines uti ccepisse 
 natura docet. Varr. 
 
 278. Corbis, Fiscina, Fiscella, Sporta, Qualus, Qua- 
 sillus, Canistrum, Calathus. Corbis, a basket in gen- 
 
279. Corona. 282. Cortex. 139 
 
 eral, e. g. messoria. Fiscina (Jlscus, 43, XI, 1., b.), a bas- 
 ket for fruits, also as form of the cheese ; smaller than this 
 is the Fiscella: Fiscina Jicorum. Cic. Fiscellam 
 texit hibisco. Virg. Sport a, a light basket, hand-basket : 
 Ecce redit sport a piscator inani. Martial. Qualus, a 
 pointed basket for filtering oil, must, under the press, also 
 used for other purposes: Saligneus qualus, inversce metce 
 similis, obscuro loco suspenditur : in eurn congeruntur favi. 
 Coium. If the little work-basket of women is meant, a na- 
 si 11 us is used more frequently: Graviora rependit iniquis 
 pensa quasillis. Propert. Canistrum, a basket, to be 
 placed upon the table with bread, flowers, fruits : Cereremque 
 canistris expediunt famuli. Virg. Calathus, a small 
 basket for wool or flowers, in form of a lily, used by the Ro- 
 man ladies ; it also signifies similarly formed vessels for 
 drinking: Vos lanam trahitis calathisque per acta refer tis 
 vellera. Juvenal. 
 
 279. Corona, Sertum. Corona, wreath, crown, inas- 
 much as it is a round body and surrounds the upper part of 
 another round body: Coronam imponere victori. Cic. 
 Sertum, a wreath of flowers, a garland, inasmuch as flowers 
 and leaves are attached to one another, and placed in some 
 order: Velentur Palatia sertis. Ovid. 
 
 280. Corrigere, Emendare. Corrigere, orig. to make 
 straight what is crooked (con-rigere, regere, rectus), correct, 
 improve what is deficient: Ea, qua corrigere vult, mini 
 depravare videtur. Cic. Emendare, take off or out faults, 
 improve that which is faulty: Facillime corriguntur in 
 discendo, quorum vitia imitantur emendandi causa magis- 
 tri. Cic. 
 
 281. Corrumpere, Depravare, Vitiare. Corrumpe- 
 re, spoiling, rendering unserviceable, according to its inter- 
 nal quality : Conclus a aqua facile corrumpitur. Cic. De- 
 pravare, giving a crooked, wrong direction, and thus 
 disfiguring: Deprav at a crura corrigere, Varr. Nihil 
 est, quin male narrando possit depravarier. Ter., that 
 which cannot be represented in a wrong way. Mores cantus 
 dulcedine corrupt el a que deprav ati. Cic. Vitiare, 
 to bring faults into something faultless, spoil something par- 
 tially, make faulty, vitiate, adulterate: Lues vitiaver at 
 auras. Ovid. Senatus consulta arbitrio consulum supprime- 
 bantur vitiabanturque. Liv. 
 
 282. Cortex, Liber, Crustum. Cortex, bark, also the 
 
140 283. Coxa. 285. Crater. 
 
 outer, hard covering of some animals; Liber, the inner, 
 more delicate rind or integument: In viridi cortice fagi 
 carmina descripsi. Virg. Obducuntur libro aui cortice 
 trunci quo sint a frigoribus et a caloribus tutiores. Cic. 
 Cr us turn and Crust a, the crust, a hard, dry rind of soft 
 bodies, e. g. panis rustici : Cortice obducuntur testudines, 
 o sir eaz, concha : crustis locustce. Plin. 
 
 283. Coxa, Coxendix, Femur. Coxendix, hip, the ex- 
 ternal, elevated part with men and animals, under the weak 
 part of the flank, which elevation is formed by the Coxa, or the 
 hip bone, in the lower cavity of which {acetabulum), the glob- 
 ular part of the thigh bone turns ; Femur (obsolete Femen, 
 Gen. Feminis, more common than Femoris), the upper part 
 of the upper thigh, and the whole upper thigh : Augustus 
 coxendice, et fern ore, et crure (lower thigh) sinistro non 
 valebat, ut scepe inde claudicaret. Suet. 
 
 284. Crassus, Densus, Spissus. Crassus, thick, used 
 of too large an accumulation of parts, and disproportionate 
 circumference compared to length, hence fat, heavy in move- 
 ment, heavy, e. g. restis, sura, toga; Crassus et concretus 
 aer, qui est terrce proximus. Cic. Densus, dense, if the 
 parts of a body are accumulated and occupy a comparatively 
 narrow space, e. g. silva, ccesaries ; Aer densus. Hor., of 
 fog. Spissus, densely pressed to and above one another, 
 so that it is difficult to penetrate: Spissa coma. Hor., in 
 close layers above one another. Spissum theatrum. Id., 
 crowded. Crassus ager is a fat, fertile soil ; densus, a 
 compact, sound sort of soil; spissus ager, a tough sort of 
 soil, in which the plough works heavily. 
 
 285. Crater, Cyathus, Poculum, Calix, Scyphus, Pa- 
 tera, Cantharus. Crater, a large vessel to mix the wine 
 with water, from which, with the Cyathus, a small vessel 
 containing not quite two ounces, serving as ladle, the cups 
 were filled: Novem miscentur cyathis pocula. Hor. Ves- 
 sels for drinking are: Poculum, a vessel for drinking in 
 general, cup ; C a li x, a chalice, goblet, beaker; Scyphus, 
 a larger vessel for drinking, without foot or handle, generally 
 used by the pair: Scyphorum paria complura Verri data. 
 Cic. Patera, a shallow bowl or cup, for drinking, gener- 
 ally of costly material or workmanship : Pater a poculum 
 planum ac patens est. Macrob. Cantharus, a large drink- 
 ing vessel, with ears and a body much bending out, a can, 
 tankard: Et gravis attrita, pendebat cantharus ansa. 
 
286. Creare. 141 
 
 Virg. Scyphus Herculis poculum est, ut Liberi patris 
 cantharus. Macrob. 
 
 286. Creare, Facere, Legere, Eligere, Deligere, 
 Capere, Dicere, Prodere, Cooptare, Sufficere, Desig- 
 nare, Declarare, Nuncupare. Creare, to make a choice, 
 elect, designates lawful election and appointment, and author- 
 ization for an office as result of free voting or deliberation : 
 Patricii coiere et interregem creavere. Liv. Romulus 
 centum ere at senator es. Id. Facere, making, Fieri, 
 being made, the investment with some dignity or authority 
 without reference to choice or election : Te, Ser. Cornell, 
 prcesidem hujus publici consilii, custodem religionum, comiti- 
 orum, legum, colleger fa cimus. Liv. Tribuni plebis, cedi- 
 les, qucestores, nulli erant : institutum est, ut fierent. Id. 
 Leg ere, 178, to select (for one's self) with reference to the 
 qualities requisite for an office and the like : Pontificis Max- 
 imi arbitratu virgines e populo viginti leguntur, Gell. C en- 
 sores senatum perlegerunt : princeps in senatu lectus 
 est P. Scipio. Liv. Eligere, electing from among a 
 number of eligible persons; Diligere, with reference to 
 the destination : Ex malis eligere minima. Cic. Catilina 
 ad certas res conficiendas certos homines delectos habebat. 
 Id. Especial designations of elections are: Capere, 172, 
 taking, without reference to the agreeing or readiness of the 
 selected individual : Prcder virgines Vestales Flamines quo- 
 que Diales, item Pontifices et Augures capi dicebantur. Gell. 
 Dicere, nominating, when one elector designates, nominates 
 the chosen one, pronouncing one to be such or such officer : 
 Consul Postumium dictator em dixit ; ab eo L. Julius magis- 
 ter equitum est dictus. Liv. Camillus creatus consul col- 
 legam App. Claudium dixit. Id., he voted for him first. 
 Prodere, appointing, interregem, jlaminem: Nos Patres 
 sine suffragio populi auspicato interregem pro dimus. Liv. 
 Cooptare, to elect as colleague and receive him as such, 
 if one or a collegium (which see) elected a colleague or new 
 member : Ciceronem nostrum in vestrum collegium cobpt a- 
 ri volo. Cic. scil. Pontificum. Sufficere, appointing a 
 person in a place of another, who had died before the expira- 
 tion of his official term : C. Julius censor decessit ; in ejus 
 locum M. Cornelius suffectus. Liv. — Designare, pro- 
 nouncing an individual, who has been already elected for the 
 respective office, a person elect: Consul designatus, was 
 the person already elected and proclaimed {renuntiatus) 
 
142 287. Crepusculum. 288. Crescere. 
 
 until he actually entered upon office, the consul elect. De 
 clarare, declaring publicly one who has been elected, 
 which was done by the presiding person, sometimes also by 
 the electing meeting, upon which the respective individual 
 was proclaimed (renuntiabatur) by the prceco : Me una voce 
 universus populus Romanus consulem declaravit. Cic., 
 by acclaim. Nuncupare, naming, designating by name 
 the elected citizen : Te consulem designavi, et declara- 
 vi,et prior em nuncupavi. Auson. 
 
 287. Crepusculum, Vesper, Nox concubia, intempes- 
 ta, Diluculum, Mane. Crepusculum, twilight of the 
 evening: Inducunt obscura crepuscula noctem. Ovid. 
 Vesper, Ace. Vesperum, Abl. Vespere and Vesperi ; rarer, 
 Vesper a, the evening star (for which, Hesperus) ; the di- 
 rection toward evening, i. e. west, and the time of evening 
 (as in German, for instance, evening is likewise used for the 
 particular time of day, and the cardinal point where the sun 
 sets, west): Usque ad vesperum pugnatum est. Cses. Epis- 
 tolam de node dedi, nam earn vesperi scripseram. Cic. 
 Nox concubia, the time of night, when one has laid down 
 to sleep, hence the name ; Nox intempesta, the late night, 
 inasmuch as it is a time unfit for business (properly, untimely 
 night) : Concubia node visum est in somnis. Cic. Re- 
 pentc, node intempesta, servorum armatorum fit concur- 
 sus. Cic. Diluculum, the time when it becomes light, day- 
 break : Quum ante lucem surrexissem, veni diluculo ad 
 pontem Tirenum. Cic. Mane, morning, the whole time of 
 morning; as adverbium, early : Jam clarum mane fenestras 
 intrat. Pers. 
 
 288. Crescere, Augescere, Gliscere, Crebrescere. 
 Crescere, growing, used of a continuous augmentation from 
 within: Ostrea cum luna pariter crescunt, pariterque de- 
 crescunt. Cic. Augescere, to increase from without, in cir- 
 cumference, number, measure, or strength, or increasing, inas- 
 much as the outer increase only is considered : Uva et succo 
 terra, et colore solis augescens. Cic. Mihi quotidie de 
 filio cegritudo augescit. Ter. Gliscere, gaining strength 
 imperceptibly, like glimmering fire, extending, imperceptibly 
 taking a wider and wider range : Nee ultra helium Latinum, 
 gliscens jam per aliquot annos, dilatum. Liv. Crebres- 
 cere (see 194), becoming more and more frequent, more 
 and more strong: Crebrescunt optatce aurce. Virg. Fa- 
 ma crebrescit. Tac. 
 
289. Crimen. 143 
 
 289. Crimen, Culpa, (Dolus, Noxia, Noxa,) Delic- 
 tum, Peccatum ; Crimini, Vitio dare, Criminari, Cul- 
 pare, Vituperare, Reprehendere, Ixcrepare, Objurgare, 
 Op — Exprobrare. Cri m e n, crime, inasmuch as we charge 
 some one with it, the charge, imputation of a crime : Hce 
 liter ce Jidem Persei criminibus fecerunt. Liv. Accusa- 
 tions, charges which Perseus made against his brother, De- 
 metrius. C HI p a -> the obligation of restitution or paying 
 damages, or the liability to punishment, both arising out of 
 an accountable offence : Cavendum est, ne major poena, quam 
 culpa sit. Cic. With jurists, culpa is an offensive action 
 inadvertently done, an offence unintentionally committed ; 
 Dolus. 166, offence intentionally committed, with malice 
 prepense; Noxia, the . obligation and accountability on 
 account of injury done; Noxa, the punishment for the 
 same. Deliciu m, properly, unlawful omission ; the crime, 
 as punishable deviation from (omission of) established law 
 and right: Quo delictum majus est, eo poena est tardior. 
 Cic. P eccatum, an offence from thoughtlessness, folly, 
 inadvertence, a sin or offence of transgression, opp. recte 
 factum : Zeno recte facta sola in bonis actionibus ponebat ; 
 prave, id est, peccata, in malis. Cic. — Vitio dare,ver~ 
 tere, taking something badly, accounting it as fault, offence, 
 interpreting something unfavorably: Vitio mihi dant, quod 
 mortem hominis necessarii graviter fero. Cic. Crimini 
 dare, reproaching with, considering and charging as crime, 
 used of the accuser: Sciebat, sibi crimini datum iri, 
 pecuniam accepisse a piratis. Id. Both these terms may be 
 used of actions entirely innocent in themselves ; but Crimi- 
 nari is charging some one with something criminal in itself, 
 though this charge may be entirely unfounded : Marius Q. 
 Metellum apud populum Romanum criminatus est, helium 
 ilium ducere. Cic. Culpare, placing the guilt on some- 
 thing, and therefore blaming it : Arbor nunc aquas culpat, 
 nunc torrentia agros sidera, nunc hiemes iniquas. Hor. Vi- 
 tuperare (vitium, XIX, 3.), blaming something as faulty, 
 deficient: Cervus crurum nimiam tenuitatem vituperat. 
 Phsedr. £ ep re h end ere, properly, to touch behind; find- 
 ing fault with some one for something, striving to prevent 
 him, by blaming, from similar offences or false steps, and to 
 correct him : Casar temeritatem cupiditatemque militum re- 
 prehendit. Caes. Increpare, reproaching loudly, to 
 attack one with loud words (hence the word), scolding: Cato 
 
144 290. Cruciatus. 292. Cubare. 
 
 quum Po?npeii in me perfidiam increparet, auditus est 
 magno silentio malevolorum. Cic. Objurgare, making re- 
 proaches on account of a fault, rebuking, reproving, chiding : 
 Jurgare est, quum quis jure litigat : a quo objurgat is, 
 qui id facit juste. Varr. Objurgavit Ccelium de incon- 
 tinentia intpmperantiaque. Cic. Opprobr are, reproaching 
 one strongly with something, to dishonor him, in the sense of 
 placing opposite to him, e. g. impudicitiam ; more frequently 
 is Exprobr are used, in the sense of selecting something 
 for this purpose : Egone id exprobr em, qui mihimet cupio 
 •id opprobrarier? Plaut. 1st cec commemoratio quasi ex- 
 probr atio est immemoris beneficii. Ter. 
 
 290. Cruciatus, Cruciamentum, Tormentum, Suppli- 
 cium, Carnificina. Cruciatus, the pang, extreme pain, 
 as that which is suffered; Cruciamentum, pang, as affecting 
 the sufferer, operating upon him; Tormentum, an instru- 
 ment (to distort the limbs) for the purpose of eliciting a con- 
 fession, torture: Confectus cruciatu maximorum dolorum. 
 Cic. Non graviora $unt carnijicum tormenta, quam inter dum 
 cruciamenta morborum. Id. Supplicium, the severe 
 bodily infliction of pain, corporal punishment, and painful 
 or violent capital punishment: Dabitur mihi supplicium 
 de ter go vestro. Plaut. Undecimviris ad supplicium pub- 
 lice damnati tradi solent. Nep. Carnificina, the cham- 
 ber where the torture was applied, and the torment or tortur- 
 ing which the executioner applied to malefactors : Ductum se 
 ab cr editor e in ergastulum et carnificinam esse. Liv. 
 
 291. Crux, Furca, Patibulum. Crux, a cross in form 
 of a T, or of a crutch; Furca, the fork, and an instrument 
 in form of a V or Y, which was applied to the neck of male- 
 factors, whose arms were tied to the thighs ; criminals were 
 also crucified on it, with their arms extended ; Patibulum, 
 is the generic name for such an instrument of torture (made 
 of wood) : In crucem tolli. Cic. In campo Martio cru- 
 cem ad civium supplicium defigi et constitui jubes. Id. Com- 
 perit, nudi hominis cervicem inseri fur cm, corpus virgis 
 ad necem cadi. Suet. Patibulum ferat, deinde affigai 
 cruci. Plaut. 
 
 292. Cubare, Jacere, Situm esse. Cubare, lying, 
 supported upon something, resting in a lying posture, opp. 
 moveri : Catella collo (domini) nixa cub at, capitque som- 
 nos. Martial. Jacere, lying, low, from fatigue and weak- 
 ness, opp. stare: Diu ad pedes j acuit stratus, obsecrans 
 
293. Cubitus. 296. Culmus. 145 
 
 Cic. Locus jacet inter Apenninum et Alpes. Id., of the 
 low situation. Si turn esse (sinere), properly, having been 
 left behind, lying, being buried ; of places, being situated : 
 JEneas situs est super Numicium fiumen. Liv. Urbes 
 GrceccE in or a sites sunt Asice. Nep. 
 
 293. Cubitus, Ulna. Cubitus, the elbow, with the 
 lower arm down to the knuckle, inasmuch as it serves for 
 pushing, lifting, supporting (cumbere), also the lower, stronger 
 bone of the elbow ; signifying the bend at the elbow, or a 
 measure, it is cubitum with later writers: Cubit is depul- 
 sare de via. Plant. Ter sese attollens cubit o que adnixa 
 levavit. Virg. Gladii longi quatema cubit a. Liv. Ulna, 
 the elbow, inner side, with the lower arm as far as the outer- 
 most point of the finger, and the ell (which is derived from 
 ulna), as measure, yard (though not meaning exactly the 
 same as the English yard), generally in the plural: Ulnis 
 amplecti ; fovere in ulnis. Prop. Bis ter ulnarum to- 
 ga. Hor. 
 
 294. Culcita, Pulvinus, Pulvinar. Culcita, a mat- 
 tress stuffed with wool, feathers, or other light stuff: Colloce- 
 mus in culcita plumea. Cic. Pulv l nus, a pillow, bolster, 
 couch: Adcubans in convivio epistolam sub pulvinum sub- 
 jecit. Nep. Pulvlnar, sofas or ottomans (or any thing for 
 lying down) covered with couches and costly covers on them, 
 as they were prepared in temples for the gods at festivals for 
 supplication and thanksgiving {supplicationes) , in which case 
 they were called Lectisternia : Lectisternium per triduum 
 habitum. Sex pulv in aria in conspectu fuere : Jovi ac 
 Junoni unum, &c. Liv. 
 
 295. Culeus, Utek, Saccus. Culeus, a large sack, of 
 leather: Parricidas major es nostri insui voluerunt in cule- 
 um vivos atque ita in fiumen dejici. Cic. Smaller was the 
 Titer, a skin for containing liquids : Aquam utribus cameli 
 devexerant. Curt. Saccus, a sack for grain, money, of 
 coarse linen, also made of willow branches: Effundere sac- 
 cos nummorum. Hor. Tenui vimine rarius contextus sac- 
 cus, inverses, metce similis, quails est, quo vinum liquatur. 
 Colum. 
 
 296. Culmus, Calamus, Stipula; Arundo, Canna. Cul- 
 mus, the green, fresh blade of grain and other gramina, in 
 the sense of the stem which bears the grain, the fruit : Ne 
 gravidis procumbat culmus aristis. Virg. Rarer is the 
 use of Calamus for the same, the blade of grain as a tube : 
 
 13 
 
146 297. Cultus. 298. Cum. 
 
 Calamus altior frumento, quam hordeo. Plin. Sttpula 
 stubble, the part of the blade which remains after mowing : 
 Peragitur messis stipula nunquam cubit ali. Plin. — Cal- 
 amus, properly, the thin, slender blade of the reed: Et 
 Zephyri, cava per c alamo rum, sibila primum agrestes do- 
 cuere cavas inflare cicutas. Lucret. Arundo, the reed 
 plant, and the thicker reed blade: Spes capiat arundine 
 pisces. Tibuli. Canna, small reed, rush: Radicular de- 
 generis arundinis, quam vulgus cannam vocat. Colum. 
 
 297. Cultus, Victus ; Ornatus, Munditia. Cultus, 
 the tending of our living, life, by which our life receives 
 charm, in externals, or by the omission of which it loses in 
 agreeableness, hence ornamenting, magnificence, comforts, 
 tasteful arrangements, and the contrary of all this: Victus, 
 the manner of living in physical respects, designates not only 
 the sustenance and establishment requisite for physical ex- 
 istence, but also the enjoyment of life in social intercourse : 
 Delectant etiam magnijici apparatus vitceque cultus cum 
 elegantia et copia. Cic. Viden' tu puerum hunc, quern tarn 
 humili cultu educamus? Liv., the poor attention to a slave. 
 Parvo conientos tenuis victus cultus que delectat. Cic, 
 slender cooking and expense. — Cultus, therefore, com- 
 prises every thing by which the whole exterior of the body 
 receives a finer or worse appearance, the dress, clothing, 
 from the meanest, poorest, to the most magnificent : Codrus, 
 deposita veste regia, cultum pastor alem induit. Veil., shep- 
 herd's dress. Ccesarem etiam cultu notabilem ferunt. Suet., 
 by dress and ornament. Ornatus, the ornament which by 
 splendor and costliness beautifies: Purpura Cyri ornatus- 
 que Persicus multo auro multisque gemmls. Cic. Mu nditia . 
 and Mundities, tidyness, neatness, which consists in a 
 careful removal or prevention of every thing that may soil, 
 stain, or injure the appearance of the dress ; in plural, the 
 neat, tidy dress as a whole: Munditia placeant : sit bene 
 conveniens, et sine labe toga. Ovid. 
 
 298. Cum, Simul, Una, Conjuncte, Conjunctim, Pa- 
 eiter. Cum, with, together, one thing and the other, as 
 preposition, designates a coexistence, existing by one another, 
 opp. sine; Simul, at the same time; Una, expresses the 
 being together, in each other's presence or company, in the 
 same place, and participation in the same action ; Conjunc- 
 te, jointly, designates the mode in which one acts with 
 another; Conjunctim, conjointly, in community, expresses 
 
299. Cunce. 301. Cupere. 147 
 
 the social relation, opp. separatim ; Pariter, equally, in the 
 same way, relation: Nihil est turpius, quam cum eo bellum 
 gerere, quicum familiariter vixeris. Cic Duas res simul 
 nunc agere decretum est mihi. Plaut. Philosophari una 
 cum ali quo. Cic. Mulieres in Formiano esse volui, et 
 una Cicerones. Id. Sulpicius cum Pompeio conjunctis- 
 sime et amantissime vixit. Id. Viri Gallorum pecunias 
 ex suis bonis cum uxorum dotibus communicant. Hujus omnis 
 pecunicB conjunctim ratio habetur, fructusque servantur. 
 Cses. Caritate non par iter omnes egemus. Cic. 
 
 299. Cunje, Cunabula, Incunabula. Cuna, cradle (for 
 infants) ; Cunabula, the children's beds, pillows, &c. in it; 
 Incunabula, napkins and bandages of wool or linen, in 
 which children were laced : Cunarum fueras motor et pue- 
 ri custos. Mart. Aves, quce cunabula in terra faciunt. 
 Plin. Puerum nemo colligare quivit incunabulis. Plaut. 
 
 300. Cuxctari, H^sitare, Morari. Cunctari, en- 
 deavouring to obtain a clear idea of something, inquiring, 
 either of others or asking one's self, reflecting upon some- 
 thing, in order to find out that which is right, especially to 
 tarry, delay from irresoluteness, doubting and hesitating : 
 Vos cunctamini etiam nunc, quid intra moznia deprehensis 
 ho stibus facialis 1- Liv. Cunctari diutius in vita. Cic, 
 hesitating, thinking yet a long while whether one ought to 
 die. Hcesitare, sticking fast, e. g. in luto, being "bogged" 
 in the mire, hence to stop repeatedly, to be embarrassed on 
 account of insufficiency of strength, capacity: Non hce si- 
 tans respondebo. Cic, hesitating. Morari, delaying, tar- 
 rying, being retarded by circumstances causing loss of time : 
 Dum in his locis Ccesar navium parandarum causa mora- 
 tur. Cses. 
 
 301. Cupere, Concupiscere, Ayere, Desiderare, Op- 
 tare, Velle, Ap — Expetere, Gestire, Cupido, Cupidi- 
 tas, Aviditas, Desiderium, Libido, Appetitus, Appetex- 
 tia. Cupere, desiring, simply with reference to the inclina- 
 tion of our soul to obtain a certain thing; Concupiscere, 
 is stronger, desiring much: Nitimur in vetitum semper cu- 
 pimusque negata. Ovid. Divitias infinite con cup is cere. 
 Cic. Avere, having a desire for a thing inasmuch as 'it 
 pleases, interests : Valde av eo scire, quid agas. Cic, I should 
 like very much to know. Desiderare, longing for some- 
 thing, missing something ; it expresses the want felt (the Ger- 
 man sich sehnen), e. g. milites in prcelio : Desiderarunt 
 
148 302. Cur 7 
 
 te oculi mei, quum tu esses Cyrenis. Cic. Opt are, choosing 
 something as good and advisable, wishing : Theseo quum tres 
 opt aii ones Neptunus dedisset, optavit interitum Hippo- 
 lytijilii. Cic. Velle, willing a thing, used only of manifesta- 
 tion of our will (in German wollen) : Cupio omnia, quce vis. 
 Hor. Appetere, striving for something, taking pains to ob- 
 tain it, expressing endeavour; Expetere, striving for some- 
 thing especially, peculiarly, hence striving more ardently : 
 Alien os agros cupide appetere. Cic. Quod optabile est 
 id est expetendum. Id. Gestire, manifesting by gestures 
 and lively or violent signs one's desire : Quemadmodum volu- 
 cres, sic nostri animi, urbano opere defessi, gestiunt ac 
 volitare cupiunt, vacui cur a et labore. Cic. — Cupid o, 
 desire, as more violent passion, rather poetical ; Cupiditas, 
 desire, as quality: Opum furiosa cup i do. Ovid. Inest in 
 mentibus nostris insatiabilis qucedam cupiditas veri vi- 
 dendi. Cic. Cupiditas ex homine, cupido ex stulto nun- 
 quam tollitur : quod, cupiditas pars qucedam sit temper atior 
 dejhuens ex cupidine. Lucil. Aviditas, desire, as pass- 
 ing violent manifestation of our faculty of desiring an object : 
 Senectus milii sermonis aviditaiem auxit . Cic . Beside- 
 rium, the longing (in German, Sehnsucht) : Hortensius 
 exstinctus prudentice suce triste nobis desiderium reliquit. 
 Cic. Libido, obsolete hub i do, pleasure, that is, desire, 
 desire connected with voluptuousness ; in plural, unrestrained, 
 ungoverned sensual desire, lust: Res libidine, non ratione 
 gcsserat. Cic. Libido est cupiditas effrenata. Id. Domi- 
 tas habere libidines, coercere omnes cupiditates. Id. 
 Appetitus, the longing, as state of our soul, the feeling of 
 a want, appetite : Dissimulare appetitum voluptatis prop- 
 ter verecundiam. Cic. A pp etentia, the desire which strives 
 to obtain something : Lactucce cibi app etentiam faciunt. 
 PI in., appetite for eating. 
 
 302. Cur? Quare ? Cur non? Quid ni ? Cur 7 (for 
 cui rci ?) why, inquires for the cause of an action ; Quare ? 
 (qua re ?) on what account ? how ? through what ? requires 
 explanation respecting something, through which or on ac- 
 count of which something has been done : Senex quum it 
 dormitum, follem sibi obstringit ob gulam. — Cur J — Ne 
 quid anima forte amittat dormiens. Plant. JEschinus dlienus 
 est ab nostra familia. — Quare 7 — Amare occepit aliam. 
 Ter. — Cur non 7 why not? inquires for the reason or 
 object, why something has not been done; Quid ni7 why 
 
303. Cura. 304. Curiosus. 149 
 
 not ? with the conjunctive mood, expresses surprise that 
 another does not see the reason, and an answer, therefore, is 
 not expected: Sed cur non domum uxor em arcessis? — 
 Cupio : verum hoc mihi mora est tibicina, et hymenceum qui 
 cantent. Ter. Nostiri* porticum apud macellum hac deor- 
 sum? — Quidni noverim? Id. 
 
 303. Cura, Sollicitudo ; Curator, Procurator ; Tutor. 
 Cura, the care, if our mind is directed with anxious expec- 
 tation to a possible mishap, and if we either fear this or try- 
 to prevent it; Sollicitudo, internal disquiet on account of 
 a possible evil, expecting it with anxious solicitude. Omnis, 
 qua me angebat, de re publica cura consedit. Cic. Quce- 
 nam sollicitudo vexaret improbos, sublato suppliciorum 
 metu? Id. — Curator, he who is charged with the execu- 
 tion of a thing, or the superintendence over its administration, 
 superintendent; Procurator, representative of the cura- 
 tor, or who executes something by way of commission : 
 Sunto cediles cur a tores urbis, annonce, ludorumque solem- 
 nium. Cic. Procurator dicitur alieni juris vicarius. Id. 
 Nihil interest, utrum per procurator es agas, an per te 
 ipsum. Id. Curator bonorum, is the guardian, appointed 
 by the praetor, over the property of an orphan of age (puber) 
 to his twenty-fifth year, of an insane person or spendthrift ; 
 Tutor, the guardian over persons under age (impubes) to 
 their fourteenth year. 
 
 304. Curiosus, Diligens, Attentus, Sedulus, Studio- 
 sus, Officiosus. Curi osus, careful in inquiry : ad inves- 
 tigandum ; in omni historia. Dili gens, he who takes 
 every thing accurately, especially in domestic economy, opp. 
 negligens : Homo frugi ac diligens, qui sua servare vel- 
 let. Cic. Assidua ac diligens scriptura. Id. Attentus, 
 attentive, especially as to increase of property : ad decoris 
 observationem : Paterfamilias et prudens et attentus. Cic. 
 Sedulus, who gives himself much to do, and performs even 
 trifling affairs with the greatest possible care, sedulous ; e. g. 
 apis, hospes : Sanctique pudoris assideat custos sedula sem- 
 per anus. Tibull. Studiosus, one who zealously favors 
 something or another, is useful to him, promotes him, e. g. 
 nobilitatis ; especially, zealously devoted to the study of 
 something: Venandi aut pilcz studios i. Cic. Officio- 
 sus, ready to serve or assist, kindly disposed, obliging: Of- 
 fiziosissima natio candidatorum. Cic. [Officious, as 
 now generally used, namely, of proffering importunely one's 
 
 13* 
 

 150 305. Currere. 307. Curvus. 
 
 service, or of busying one's self in matters that do not be- 
 long to ns, with a view of rendering ourselves important, is 
 given in Latin by importunus, molestus, odiosus, gravis, or 
 like words. Formerly the word officious was more frequently 
 used in the sense of the Latin officiosus.] 
 
 305. Currere, Ruere, Volare ; Curriculum, Stadium. 
 Currere, running, used of feet, wheels, vessels, rivers, ex- 
 pressing a motion in a line, not necessarily swift, as we say 
 the wheels run very slow : Qui stadium cur r it, eniti et con- 
 tendere debet, ut vincat. Cic, also cur r it cetas, oratio. 
 Ruere, 156, running swiftly, downward or on a plain, with 
 violence: Ccesarem ruere nuntiant, et jam jamque adesse, 
 ut fugam Pompeii intercludat. Cic. At Nisus ruit in me- 
 dios. Virg. Volare, flying, used of very rapid motion: 
 Antonii celeritas non contemnenda est: volasse eum, non 
 iter fecisse dicas. Cic. — Curriculum, the race-ground 
 for running and the chariots, such ground of any dimension, 
 orbit; Stadium, a distance of one hundred and twenty-five 
 steps, and a Greek race-ground of this distance : Athletce se 
 exercent in curriculo. Cic. Curriculum solis et lunce. 
 Id. In stadio cursores exclamant, quam maxime possunt. 
 Senec. 
 
 306. Curtus, Mutilus, Truncus, Mancus, Claudus. 
 Curtus, too short, designates want of requisite magnitude: 
 tegula, vas, supellex ; Mutilus, disfigured and worn off by 
 too much use, wanting in completeness of some parts, e. g. 
 finger, toe : Alces mutilce sunt cor nibus. Cses. Truncus, 
 mutilated, if whole extremities of the body are wanting, e. g. 
 nose, ears, hands, arms : CyncBgirus Atheniensis non duabus 
 manibus amissis victus, truncus ad postremum, dentibus 
 dimicavit. Justin. Mancus, deficient in respect of the use- 
 fulness of single parts ; especially of the lame right hand : 
 Qui imbecillitate dextrce validius sinistra utitur, is non scce- 
 va, sed mancus est. Ulpian. Claudus, lame in one of 
 the two feet. 
 
 307. Curvus, In — Recurvus, Uncus, Ad — Reduncus, 
 Pandus, Repandus, Simus, Sinuatus, Falcatus. Cur- 
 vus, curved, crooked, bent in a circular or similar curve, 
 e. g. arcus ; Incurvus, curved in, bent in, from above 
 down ; Re curvus, bent in a backward curve : Curvce f al- 
 ces conjlantur in ensem. Virg. Lituus est incurvum et 
 leniter a summo infiexum bacillum. Cic. Hcedorum mater 
 cornibus in sua terga re cur vis. Ovid. Uncus, bent like 
 
308. Custodia. 309. Cutis. 151 
 
 a hook, hooked, e. g. liamus, ancora; Aduncus, bent to- 
 wards a thing, a little inward; Reduncus, bent back : Vo- 
 lucria ad uncos ungues habentia came vescuntur. Plin. 
 Virgo adunco naso. Ter., with a Roman, curved nose. 
 Avis rostro redunco. Ovid. Bestiis cornua aliis a dune a, 
 aliis re dune a. Plin., some bent forward, some backward. 
 P and us, stretched out, bent out, used of opposite curves, 
 which above recede far from one another; Repandus, 
 having a wide curvature from above down, high arched : 
 Panda cornua juvencce. Ovid. Lancibus pandis reddimus 
 exta. Virg. Delphini dorsum repandum, rostrum si mum. 
 Plin. Simus, bent up, pug-nosed, flat-nosed : Sim a capel- 
 la. Virg. Sinuatus, of the inner curvature of the pandus, 
 like a sinus ; Falcatus, bent like a sickle, the same curva- 
 ture at the outer side : Luna sinuata in orbem. Plin. Dum 
 servat Juno sinuatam cornibus Io. Ovid. F ale at a no- 
 vissima cauda delphini. Id. 
 
 308. Custodia, Carcer (Carceres), Ergastulum. Cus- 
 todia, watch, e. g. canum ; the place where the object is 
 watched and kept: Emitti e custodia et levari vinclis. 
 Cic. Carcer, prison, a public prison, and every place in 
 which one is kept prisoner: Carcerem vindicem nefario- 
 rum ac manifestorum scelerum major es esse voluerunt. Cic. 
 Quum carceribus sese effudere quadriga. Virg., arched 
 places, fenced in, at the entrance of the circus, in which the 
 race-teams were kept until the sign of starting was given. 
 Er gastulum, the workhouse or prison on a farm, in which 
 the slaves were kept while working: Servum in Tusca er- 
 gastula mittas. Juvenal. 
 
 309. Cutis, Mep>ibrana, Pellis, Corium, Tergus, Alu- 
 ta. Cutis, skin, the outer tegument of flesh with men and 
 brutes: Rana intendit cut em. Phcedr. Membr ana, mem- 
 brane, the delicate tegument of inner parts : Natura oculos 
 membr anis tenuissimis vestivit. Cic. Pellis, the soft 
 skin, full of folds, as it appears after flaying : Rana rugosam 
 infiavit pell em. Phasdr. Britanni pellibus sunt vestiti. 
 Cses. Corium, the thick, firm skin, coat of animals, and as 
 prepared leather: Corium elephanti, bovis. Canis a corio 
 nunquam absterrebitur uncto. Hor. Tergus, the skin (f 
 the back, and the body part : Ter g or a deripiunt costis et 
 viscera nudant. Virg. Aluta, soft and flexible leather, 
 prepared with alum (hence the name) and gall apples : 
 Coccina non lasum cingit aluta pedem. Martial. These 
 
152 310. Damnum. 312. Dare. 
 
 words are likewise used of plants : Putamine clauduntur nu- 
 c&s, corio castanecR. Crusta teguntur glandes % cute uvce, 
 corio et membrana Tunica. Plin. 
 
 D. 
 
 310. Damnum, Detrimentum, Intertrimentum, Jactu- 
 ra, Incommodum. Damnum, fine paid in court, the injury, 
 loss one suffers in a thing : Exercitmn Ccesar, duarum cohor- 
 Hum damno, reducit. Cses. Damnum dare, causing in- 
 jury, damage ; facere, ferre, suffering it. Detrimentum, 
 loss caused by use; Intertrimentum, loss on both sides: 
 Acceptum detrimentum sarcire. Cses., to replenish, supply 
 the loss (of soldiers) : Carthaginienses, quia pars quarta de- 
 coda erat, pecunia Romce mutua sumta, inter trimentum 
 argenti suppleverunt. Liv. Jactura, the loss, voluntarily 
 suffered (thrown away) to avoid a greater one, or to obtain a 
 greater advantage: Si in amicitia j acturce rei familiaris 
 erunt faciundce. Cic. Incommo dum, loss brought about 
 by misfortune, vexations: Incommo da in vita sapientes 
 commodorum compensatione leniunt. Cic. 
 
 311. Daps, Ferculum, Obsonium, Bellaria, Cupedia. 
 Daps, rich, i. e. selected, delicate, and plentiful food; plural, 
 Dapes, a feast: Non Siculce, dapes dulcem elaborabunt sa- 
 porem. Hor. Ferculum, a dish carried [ferre) on the table : 
 Augustus ccenam ternis ferculis prceb&bat. Suet., course. 
 Obsonium, food eaten with something else (German Zw- 
 kost), eaten with the bread, meat, fish, vegetables: Omnia 
 coemens obsonia. Hor. Bellaria, every thing which 
 tastes well (belle), though our appetite is satisfied, dessert, as 
 nuts, fruits, confectionary (the idea is " something nice ") : 
 Bellaria meilita. Varr. Cupedia, delicacies: Cupes 
 et Cupedia antiqui lautiores cibos nominabant. Fest. 
 
 3 J 2. Dare, Dedere, Tradere ; Pr^ebere, Tribuere ; 
 
 DlCARE, VOVERE, DEVOVERE ; DoNARE, LARGIRI, CoNDO- 
 
 nare, Gratificari. Giving, i. e. putting another in posses- 
 sion of something of which we may dispose, is designated, 
 a. by Dare, giving, respecting the origin, the author who 
 gives; by Dedere, respecting the object of the action, or 
 him who is to have that which is given ; by Tradere, hand- 
 ing over, respecting the transition of the thing from the giver 
 
312. Dare. 153 
 
 to the receiver: Dominus dat servum in pistrinum, he gives 
 to him a different place of dwelling; dedit in pistrinum, 
 there alone, and in no other place, he shall remain and work; 
 tradit, he hands him over to the overseer, that the latter 
 may dispose of him. Dare se Victoria voluptatibus, doc- 
 trine?, surrendering one's self as voluntary sacrifice ; se de- 
 dere, surrender as entire property, and with perfect resigna- 
 tion of free will; se trad ere, to surrender one's self, give 
 one's self up : Totum hominem tibi tr ado de manu, ut aiunt, 
 in manum tuam. Ter. Trad ere se lacrymis et tristitice ; 
 se totum voluptatibus. Cic, designates the transition from one 
 state into another, from virtue to voluptuousness. — b. Dare, 
 giving, from a free, unrestrained resolution ; Prcebere, fur- 
 nish, afford, willingly satisfy the want and desire of another ; 
 Tribuere, communicating something, awarding, with the 
 express will that henceforth it be his property: Dare ope- 
 rant rei publicce, doing actual service to the state ; pr&bere, 
 allowing one's self to be used for that purpose; tribuere, 
 giving our whole service exclusively to the state. Dare 
 alicui aures, lending our ears to some one, being patient and 
 obliging to him : prabere aures, silentium, lending our ear 
 with longer patience, designates a longer duration; t rib Ti- 
 er e silentium orationi, with lasting silence and attention. 
 Dare alicui suspicionem, giving suspicion to some one, be- 
 coming suspicious to him; prcebere, causing suspicion, 
 giving cause of suspicion to another. — c. Dare, placing 
 some one in possession, even though momentary; Dicare, 
 dedicate, consecrate, solemnly declare, that something shall 
 belong exclusively and lastingly to another; Vov ere, vow- 
 ing, solemnly promising something on condition that one's 
 desire be fulfilled; Devovere, consecrating something as 
 atonement to death: Atticus libellum mihi dedit, ut da' 
 rem Ccesari. Cic. Sabinus Tiro librum Macenati dicavit. 
 Plin. Dare studium agricolationi. Colum. Mece laudi, 
 vel prope saluti tuum studium dices. Cic. Cygni Apollini 
 dicati sunt. Id. Attius Navius vovisse dicitur, si suem 
 amissam recuperavisset, uvam se deo daturum. Id. Aga- 
 memnon qvum devovisset Diana, quod in suo regno pul- 
 cherrimum natum esset illo anno, immolavit Iphigeniam. Id. — 
 d. Dare, giving; Dbnare, making a present, i. e. giving 
 something of value, renouncing all restitution or the returning 
 of an equivalent; Largiri, properly, to empty itself or 
 one's self; giving away or distributing on a large scale 
 
154 313. De. 
 
 (German spenden), making vast presents, most frequently 
 from interest and political views, making large distributions 
 among the people; Condonare, remitting, cancelling a 
 debt or punishment, as a favor to some one ; Gratificari, 
 making one's self agreeable and obtaining favor by oblig- 
 ing services or presents : Milo munus magnijicum dederat. 
 Cic, he had given a public gladiatorial game to the people. 
 Munera ista, quibus es delectatus, vel civibus tuis vel diis 
 immortalibus dona. Id. Hortensio summam facultatem di- 
 cendi natura largita est. Id. Cupidi splendoris et glories 
 eripiunt aliis, quod aliis largiantur. Id. Meam animad- 
 versionem et supplicium, quo usurus eram in eum, quern cepis- 
 sem, remitto tibi et condono. Id. Parvi de eo, quod ipsis 
 superat, aliis gratificari volunt. Id. 
 
 313. De, Dis, Se, in compounds. De, down, off, 1 ; 
 Dis, dis, as in so many English words derived from the 
 Latin or Saxon, or in compounds not to be found in Latin, 
 although the root of the word be of Latin origin (dismantle, 
 discountenance, disagree ; in many English words, however, 
 dis stands for the original de, as discharge). The Latin dis 
 answers the German prefix zer, designating asunder, from 
 one another. Se, by the side, off to the side: Deducere, 
 leading away, and leading to another place, see 1; Didu- 
 cere, drag from one another, lead off from one another; 
 Seducer e, lead off from the way, to the side, separate from 
 others, withdraw; hence seductus, remote; Di due ere co- 
 pias. Cses. Me hodie seduxit senex solum, seorsum ab 
 cedibus. Plaut. — Decolor, having lost its or one's color, 
 of indifferent appearance, e. g. sanguis, species ceris argen- 
 tive. Plin. Discolor, of different color: Evolat admissis 
 discolor agmen equis. Ovid. — Delabi, sliding down, 
 falling down, e.g. equo, de cozlo ; Dilabi, to tumble to 
 pieces, to flow into various directions and thus to cease : 
 Navis vetustate dilabens. Liv. — Deminuere, making 
 smaller, lessen by removing parts; Diminuere> making 
 smaller by dividing into pieces: De mina una deminui 
 quinque nummos. Plaut. Diminuam ego caput tuum. Ter. 
 — Demovere, removing something from its place; Dimo' 
 vere, removing from one another and to different places, to 
 remove from one's presence, separating : Senatus censuil, 
 Messalina nomen et effigies publicis et privatis locis demo- 
 vend as. Tac. Dimovit Atilius Regulus obstantes pro* 
 pinquos et populum morantem. Hor. 
 
314. Debere. 315. Debilis. 155 
 
 314. Debere, Oportere, Opus, Usus, Necesse est. 
 Debere, owing something to another, and hence being mor- 
 ally or legally obliged to return it, owing a debt, being 
 obliged by duty (German sollen) : Dehebat nullum num- 
 mum nemini. Cic. Prceslitimus patrice non minus certe, 
 quam debuimus. Id. Oportere, expresses a strong obli- 
 gation founded upon duty, conscience, or moral deccrum, 
 propriety: Oportere perfectionem declarat officii, quo et 
 semper utendum est, et omnibus. Cic. Est aliquid, quod non 
 oporteat, etiam si licet; quidquid vero non licet, certe non 
 oportet. Id. Mendacem memorem esse oportet. Quinctil. 
 Opus est, it is wanted, it is necessary, because a w T ant, as 
 requisite or indispensable for the obtaining of some end or 
 object: Nihil istac opus est arte ad hanc rem, quam par o. 
 Ter. Usus e st, it is requisite for the furtherance of some 
 object: An cuiquam est usus homini, se ut cruciet? Ter. 
 Necesse est, it is absolutely necessary, of unchangeable 
 necessity founded in natural causes, something which cannot 
 possibly be avoided : Ccesar castra vallo muniri vetuit, quod 
 eminere et procul videri necesse erat. Cses. Emas, non 
 quod opus est, sed quod necesse est. Cato. 
 
 315. Debilis, Imbecillus (is), Invalidus, Infirmus, 
 Imbellis, Enervis. Debilis, he who has lost the use of 
 some organ by old age, disease, or a misfortune, unfit for use : 
 Mustela annis et senecta debilis. Phsedr. Deb Hem fa- 
 cito manu, pede, coxa. Senec. Memorid debilis erat Oc- 
 tavius. Cic. Imbecillus, later Imbecillis, weak, he 
 who suffers from natural weakness : Marius et valetudine est 
 et natura imbecillior. Cic. Si gladium imbecillo seni 
 aut deb Hi dederis,ipse impetu suo nemini noceat. Id. Earn 
 super stitionem imbecilli animi atque anilis putant. Id. 
 Invalidus, is he who had at some other time strength (ya- 
 lidus), but who is deficient in it just now, when he wants it, 
 incapacitated (also of insufficient strength, as a military post) : 
 Camillus, jam ad munera corporis senecta inv alidus. Liv. 
 Infirmus, see 265, without firmness and proper inner sup- 
 port, weakly, infirm, e. g. caput: Erant infirmi ad resis- 
 tendum propter paucitatem hominum. Cses. Ccesar infir- 
 mi tat em Gallorum Veritas, quod sunt in consiliis capiendis 
 mobiles et novis plerumque rebus student. Id., without charac- 
 ter, without moral firmness, changeableness of mind. Im- 
 bellis, unwarlike, unfit for fight: Femince puerique et alia 
 imbellis turba. Liv. Vicimus im belles hostes. Id., 
 
156 316. Decet. 317. Deciders 
 
 coward. Enervis, enervated, lax, as consequence of in- 
 dolence and dissipation: Fracti enervi corpore gressus. 
 Petron. 
 
 316. Decet, Convenit ; Decentia, Decus, Decor, De- 
 corum, Honestum, Honestas. Decet, it is proper, meet, 
 becoming, handsome, of free actions, which have their reason 
 in the nature of the actor and in circumstances, why they 
 ought to be thus and not different; Convenit, 249, it be- 
 hoves, used of something which has every necessary quality 
 in relation to something else : Decere est quasi aptum esse 
 consentaneumque tempori et persona ; quod cum in factis sce- 
 pissime, turn in dictis valet, in vultu denique et gestu et in- 
 cessu ; contraque item dedecere. Cic. Ista decent humeros 
 gestamina nostros. Ovid. Conveniet quum in dando mu~ 
 nificum esse, turn in exigendo non acerbum. Cic. — Decentia, 
 is the quality of that which is proper ; proper behaviour, 
 address, the quality and consequent appearance of him who 
 acts according to decorum : In formis venustatem atque or- 
 dinem et, ut ita dicam, decentiam oculi judicant. Cic. 
 Decus, that which gives fine appearance, ornament: Monu- 
 menta imperatorum, decora atque ornamenta fanorum. Cic. 
 In ornamentum we express that which is added by way of 
 ornament; in decus, that ornament which, in the opinion of 
 the speaker, befits, as such, the object to which it is applied, 
 or elevates its character by beautifying. Decor, beauty, 
 decorousness, in as far as it is perceived, appears : in liabitu 
 ac vultu. Decorum, that which is befitting, proper for the 
 well-behaving, and that by which man appears in his dignity 
 as a reasonable being: Id decorum volunt esse, quod ita 
 naturae consentaneum sit, ut in eo moderatio et temperantia 
 appareat cum specie quadam liberali. Cic. Decorum id 
 est, quod consentaneum sit hominis excellentice in eo, in quo 
 natura ejus a reliquis animantibus differ at. Id. Honestum, 
 that which is morally good, in the abstract, and Honestas, 
 the moral goodness, purity, virtue, of which the Decorum, 
 as the external appearance, is the effect : Quidquid est, quod 
 deceat, id turn apparet, quum antegressa est honestas. Cic. 
 
 317. Decidere, Decernere, Statuere, Transigere 
 Pacisci, Depacisci. Decide re, finishing a question or dis- 
 puted matter by cutting it, i. e. by a shortening of the trans- 
 action, or only one-sidedly (as we say, somewhat similarly, 
 to cut the matter short), finishing a case quite short, summa- 
 rily : Res ad Verrem defer tur, et istius more deciditur. 
 
318. Decipere. 157 
 
 Cic. Decernere, 269, deciding according to certain rea- 
 sons in consequence of reflection, deliberation (with others), 
 concluding : Rem consules de consilii sententia decreve- 
 runt. Cic. Statu ere, establishing, settling, after previous 
 scruples and considerations, as a lasting resolution, from 
 which no departure shall be made : Decidis statuisque, 
 quid Scapulis ad denarium solver 'etur. Cic. Transigere, 
 settling a disputed case, a business, so that nothing unsettled 
 or requiring alteration remains, terminating : Qui de sua 
 parte decidit, reliquis integram relinquit actionem; qui 
 pro sociis transigit, satisdat, neminem eorum postea peii- 
 turum. Cic. Pacisci, making an agreement, contract, com- 
 pact : Scopas Simonidi dixit, se dimidium ejus ei, quod 
 p actus esset, pro illo carmine daturum. Cic. Depacis- 
 ci and Depecisci, to enter upon a contract, to accept of 
 it : Eques Romanus non ante dimissus, quam ad conditiones 
 Apronii dep actus est. Cic. 
 
 318. Decipere, Deludere, Fallere, Fraudare, Frus- 
 tra.ri, imponere, verba dare, circumvenire, clrcum- 
 scribere. Decipere, 172, catching unawares by false 
 appearance, deceiving the incautious : Ita decipiemus fo- 
 vea Lycum. Plaut. Deludere, to make fun of another, to 
 banter, the fool or credulous person, what we familiarly ex- 
 press by bamboozling, it is deluding by easy means, or the 
 easily deluded: Sopitos deludunt somnia sensus. Virg 
 Fraudare, cheating, with violation of honesty and faithful- 
 ness, obtaining property from another, defrauding: Frau- 
 dare creditores. Cic. Fallere, deceiving, leading another 
 into error, without his perceiving it : Nocte silenti fa Here 
 custodes. Ovid. Frustrari, deceive in expectation : Clas- 
 sem Dolabella comparavit, ut, si Syria spes eum frustrata 
 esset, Italiam peter et. Cic. Imponere alicui imposing 
 upon another, so that the deceived person appears as a sim- 
 pleton : Eumenes simulata deditione prafectis Antigoni im- 
 posuit. Nep. Verba d a re, outwitting, depriving another 
 entirely of his advantage, in spite of his cunning and watch- 
 fulness : Hannibal clausus locorum angustiis, noctu sine ullo 
 detrimento exercitus se expedivit ; Fabio, callidissimo impe- 
 ratori, v erba dedit. Nep. Circumv e nire, circumvent- 
 ing, depriving one cunningly of something, catching, by 
 intrigue: Ajax judicio iniquo circumv entus. Cic. Cir 
 cumscribere, cheating by distortion of law, tricks, and fal- 
 sifications: Emtiones falsas aperta cir cums crip ti one 
 14 
 
158 319. Declamare. 321. Decretum. 
 
 fecisti. Cic. Testamenta subjiciunt, adolescentulos circum- 
 scrihunt. Id. 
 
 319. Declamare, Pronuntiare, Recitare. Decla- 
 mare, delivering something with a loud voice, in effect, or 
 by way of rhetorical practice, with reference to strength and 
 modulation of voice: In quemvis impune declamari non 
 licet. Cic. In Phalerico ad jluctum declamavit Demos- 
 thenes, ut fremitum assuesceret voce vincere. Pronunti- 
 are, pronouncing, uttering words clearly, distinctly, and 
 audibly, as in public annunciations: Prcelium pronuntiare 
 in posterum diem. Liv. Pronuntiatio est, ex rerum et 
 verborum dignitate, vocis et corporis moderatio. Cic, of ora- 
 torical expression. Recitare, reciting, delivering a certain 
 discourse or composition with a loud voice, reading aloud : 
 Pansa tuas liter as recitavit. Cic. Nero declamavit 
 scepius publice : recitavit et carmina domi et in theatro. 
 Suet. 
 
 320. Decoquere, Heluari, Abligurire. Decoquere, 
 to boil down, spend one's fortune: Heluari, to swallow it 
 down, i. e. to ruin it by dissipation; Abligurire, to get 
 through with it by dainty things, paying high prices for choice 
 things: Tenesne memoria, prcetextatum te decoxisse? Cic. 
 Tu meo periculo, gurges ac vorago patrimonii, heluabare. 
 Id. Homo p atria abligurierat bona. Ter. 
 
 321. Decretum, Consultum, Edictum, Scitum, Jussum. 
 Decretum, decree as decisive and unchangeable result of 
 a deliberation on reasons and counter-reasons on a subject ; 
 Consultum, the measure, conclusion, which proceeds as 
 opinion from a deliberation, also the order, if it contains at 
 the same time the opinion of the collegium: Con suit a om- 
 nia et deer eta regis rescindere. Sail. Major es miseriti 
 plebis Romance decretis suis inopice opitulati sunt. Id. — 
 Decretum, the resolution which, as containing or express- 
 ing the opinion of a higher authority, demands attention and 
 must be followed; Edictum, the formally published order 
 of a superior authority, which informs the inferior of its will 
 and desire, and deprives the latter of the excuse of not know- 
 ing it : Flaccus Prcetor sanxit e die to, ne aurum ex Asia 
 exportari liceret. Cic. Nego me ex decreto Pratoris in 
 fundum restitutum esse. Id. — Senatus Decretum, also 
 Consultum, a resolution or act of the senate which author- 
 ized magistrates to perform important acts, and gave to reso- 
 lutions of the people the authority of law. Such a popular 
 
322. Dediscere. 324. Deficere. 159 
 
 resolve was called Populi scitum, if passed by the whole 
 people, the entire people (of course by majority), but Ple- 
 bi scitum if passed by the plebs, in contradistinction to the 
 senate, after the charge by the presiding magistrate; Jus- 
 sum, inasmuch as the people, as a whole, in virtue of its 
 majesty, i. e. sovereignty, proclaimed or expressed its will : 
 Rhodii societatem ab Romanis ita volebant peti, ut nullum de 
 ea re scitum populi fieret. Liv. Scitum plebis est 
 factum, rogantibus tribunis. Id. Pontius accepit sen at us 
 decretum, ut, comitiis curiatis revocatus de exsilio, jussu 
 populi Camillus dictator extemplo diceretur. Id. 
 
 322. Dediscere, Oblivisci. D e d i s c e r e, to unlearn that 
 which we had learned, from want of practice; Oblivisci, 
 to forget, if we cannot any longer remember a thing : Milites 
 disciplinam populi Romani dedidicerant. Cees. Si vete- 
 ris contumelies oblivisci vellet : num etiam recentium inju- 
 riarum memoriam deponere posse ? Id. 
 
 323. Deducere, Derivare. Deducere, leading off 
 water from a place ; Derivare, leading to a place : Quum 
 pluere incipiet, aquam oportet deducere in vias. Cato. 
 De due turn nomen ab Anco. Ovid. Fossam aqua ex flumine 
 derivata complevit. Cses. Suam culpam deriv are in 
 aliquem. Cic, shift it upon some one, make him appear 
 guilty. 
 
 324. Deficere, Desciscere, Rebellare ; Defectio, Se- 
 ditio, Secessio, Factio, Partes. Deficere, 3., ab ali- 
 quo, separating from a country, ally, severing from an ally, 
 and withdrawing one's assistance (in German abfallen, falling 
 off) : Duce colonial Latince ad Auruncos dejiciunt. Liv. 
 Desciscere, severing allegiance or submission to some one, 
 and becoming his enemy; Deficere designates faithlessness 
 in this action; Desciscere, unstableness, inconsistency: 
 Propugnatores rei publica qui esse voluerunt, si leviores sunt, 
 desciscunt ; si timidiores, desunt. Cic. Nunquam isti 
 populi, nisi quum deerit, ad quern desciscant, a nobis non 
 deficient. Liv. A me ipse defeci, I have abandoned my 
 own principles, have become faithless to them; descivi, I 
 have acted directly contrary to my principles. Rebellare, 
 beginning war again, rebeginning it: Vols ci, for tior ad re- 
 bellandum, quam ad bellandum, gens. Liv., hence to rebel, 
 i. e. to begin war again after having been subdued. — De- 
 fectio, defection : Rebellio facta post deditionem ; d e- 
 fectio datis obsidibus. Caes. Seditio, dissension of a 
 
160 325. Deformis. 327. Dein 
 
 society, riot, sedition, when the citizens, in parties, oppose 
 one another, or, by unlawful acts and violence, the lawful 
 authorities: Domestica seditio. Liv. Ea dissensio civium, 
 quod seorsum eunt alii ad alios, seditio dicitur. Cic. Se- 
 cession the formal separation of one, the malecontent party 
 in a state, from the other, rebellion : Civium secessio in 
 Sacrum montem facta. Liv. Factions, seditious party, regu- 
 larly organized under a leader or head, for the purpose of 
 obtaining supreme power : Consul Patavinorum in Venetia 
 seditionem comprimeret, quos certamine f actio num ad 
 intestinum helium exarsisse legati attulerant. Liv. Partes, 
 party, as a union of several members having the same opinion, 
 and thereby standing opposite and opposed to another of a 
 different opinion : Cinnano tumultu alii Sullanis, alii Cinna- 
 nis favebant partibus. Nep. 
 
 325. Deformis, Turpis, Fcedus. Deformis, deformed, 
 i. e. having an irregular and unpleasant form, displeasing by 
 want of beauty and perfection or completeness, opp. Formo- 
 sus ; Turpis, ugly, scandalous, disgraceful, by dishonoring 
 and disgracing deformity, i. e. deviation from what it ought 
 to be ; Fee du s, abominable, that which excites disgust and 
 horror: Jmnenta prava atque deformia. Cses. Turpe 
 pecus mutilum ; turpe est sine gr amine campus; et sine 
 fronde frutex, et sine crine caput. Ovid. Caput impexa 
 fcedum porrigine. Hor.. Luxuria quum omni cetaii tur- 
 pis, turn senectuti fee diss im a est. Cic. 
 
 326. Dejicere, Deturbare, Pr^cipitare. Dejicere, 
 chasing, throwing down from a position, to maintain which is 
 important, with violence : aliquem de ponte in Tiber im. Si 
 qui meam familiam de meo fundo dej ecerit, ex eo me loco 
 dej ecerit : si qui me in meum fundum inlroire proliibuerit, 
 non ex eo, sed ab eo loco me dej ecerit. Cic. Deturbare, 
 driving down, from the possession away, expel, push out with 
 great violence : Ccelius, impetu in pratorem facto, eum de 
 tribunali deturbavit. Cses. Prcecipitare, precipitating, 
 fall with violence head-foremost, used of a precipitous fail : 
 MuUitudo de turre sese pracipitabat, Liv. Nilus prce- 
 cipitat ex altissimis montibus. Cic. 
 
 327. Dein, Deinde, Deinceps, Dehinc, Exinde, Tum, 
 Post, Postea. Dein, properly, from thence, after ; Dein- 
 de, thereupon, after this, points to a near object upon which 
 the one in question is to follow; Deinceps, immediately 
 after ; Dehinc, from hence, to begin here, expresses locality, 
 
328. Delectare. 329. Delectum habere. 161 
 
 and from now, expresses time : Numidce pro tempore in- 
 structs : dein prozlium incipitur. Sail. Tres fr aires video 
 deinceps tribunos plebis per triennium fore. Cic, after 
 one another. Interiora Gedrosi, dehinc Persce habitant. 
 Mela. Exin, Exinde, from that place, of locality, and 
 upon that, after that, of time, and of a consequence of some 
 fact: Mare terram appetit : exin mari finitimus aer sublime 
 fertur. Cic. Turn, then, points at a fact in the past or the 
 future in relation to now, without reference to any thing that 
 may follow : Quum inimici nostri venire dicentur, turn in 
 Epirum ibo. Cic. Post, after, behind; Postea, there- 
 upon, thereafter, designates the following after another ac- 
 cording to order or time : Ccedere incipiunt Milonis servos, 
 qui post erant. Cic. — In enumerations, Deinde and Turn, 
 if repeated, designate every idea or sentence that follows 
 after them as equally important in its relation to the previous 
 part or to the whole of the sentence. Deinde distinguishes 
 such ideas according to their order and successiveness ; Turn, 
 as belonging to various periods : lllud erat philosophi totius 
 augurii primum naturam ipsam videre, deinde inventionem 
 deinde constantiam. Cic. Stella err antes turn occultan 
 tur, turn rursus aperiuntur, turn adeunt, tvm recedunt. Id 
 
 328. Delectare, Oblectare ; Delectamentum, Deli 
 ci.e, Voluptas. Delectare, alluring by agreeable things, 
 delighting; Oblectare, acting against disagreeable impres- 
 sions by delighting, entertaining, amusing : Musai me a prima 
 adolescentia delectarunt. Cic, they attracted me. Ab 
 delectatione omni negotiis impedimur ; ludis tamen o b- 
 lectamur et ducimur. Id. — Delectamentum, the means 
 of delight, that which is capable of furnishing or procuring 
 it; Delicia?, the things themselves which attract by their 
 charms, which delight, and on which we dwell with pleasur- 
 able sensation ; Voluptas, the pleasurable sensation which 
 is created by a high degree of pleasure through the senses, 
 voluptuousness: Amores ac delicice tua, Roscius. Cic. 
 Verbo voluptatis duas res subjiciunt, Icetitiam in ammo, 
 commotionem suavem jucunditatis in corpore. Id. 
 
 329. Delectum habere, Conscribere, Legere milites. 
 Delectum habere, levying troops with reference to proper 
 age, health, and strength, as in Rome, originally in the Cam- 
 pus Martius, at a later period in all the provinces ; Conscri- 
 bere milites, at the delectus, the entering of the names of 
 the men capable of bearing arms, whose names had been 
 
 14* 
 
162 330. Delere. 331. Delirare. 
 
 called in the roll, enrolling the men (yet without the addi- 
 tional meaning which the word has in the United States or 
 England); Legere milites, levying from among those 
 that can bear arms, selecting : Delectum consules habent. 
 Ad duo simul bella exercitus scribitur. Liv. Delectus ha- 
 betur ; nee junior es modo conscripti, sed senior es etiam 
 coacti nomina dare. Id. Legionem Fausto conscriptam, 
 in Siciliam sibi placere a consule duci, scripserat Pompeius 
 ad consules. Cic, the words of Pompey were : Lcelio man- 
 daram, ut alter vestrum cum Us militibus, quos Faustus 
 legit, proficisceretur. 
 
 330. Delere, Abolere, Obliterare, Extinguere, In- 
 ducere. Delere, erase that which had been engraved in 
 the wax of the tablet, with the flat end of the stylus, erase : 
 Rubeo : sed jam scripseram ; delere nolui. Cic. Delere 
 maculam, urbem, to erase. A bolere, causing something to 
 vanish, perish, destroying, e. g. monumenta, imagines : Cor- 
 pus non igni abolitum. Tac. Obliterare, properly, 
 crossing writing with other writing ; causing something to be 
 forgotten: Res vetustate obliterata; Obliterata memo- 
 ria superioris belli. Liv. Exstinguere, properly, remov- 
 ing by pointed instruments, to annihilate, extinguish, to deprive 
 of active existence, of activity and influence : Aquce multitu- 
 dine vis flammce opprimitur ; sua sponte autem consumtus 
 ignis exstinguitur. Cic, see 417. Inducer e, cover 
 something with something, e. g. super lateres coria ; postes 
 in duct i pice; making plain again the wax on which some- 
 thing had been written, covering it over again, as it were ; 
 hence cashiering : Nomina jam facta sunt : sed vel induci, 
 vel mutari possunt. Cic. In due en di senatus consulti ma- 
 turitas nondum est. Id. 
 
 331. Delirare, Desipere, Insanire, Furere; Insania, 
 Furor, Rabies. Delirare, properly, deviating from the 
 straight furrow {lira) ; being out of senses: Profecto deli- 
 ramus inter dum senes. Plaut. Desipere, giving one's 
 self up to folly, being over gay : Objurgabar, quod nimio 
 gaudio pene desiperem. Cic. Insanire, not having a 
 sound mind, being crazy : Homo audacissimus, et quod inter 
 omnes constat, nisi inter eos, qui ipsi quoque insaniunt, 
 insanissimus. Cic. Furere, raving, raging, being furious 
 and wild : Sape iracundia graviore, vel timore, vel dolore 
 movetur mens : quo genere Athamantem, Ajacem, Orestem 
 furere dicimus. Cic. — Insania, nonsense, craziness 
 
332. Demum. 333. Denuo. 163 
 
 insanity, as quality : Insania libidinum. Cic. Furor, the 
 state of fury, of the person that rages: Insaniam major es 
 stultitiam censuerunt, constantia, id est, sanitate vacantem : 
 fur or em autem esse rati sunt mentis ad omnia caicitatem. 
 Cic. Rabies, the madness, when the fury of passion rises 
 to a privation of consciousness, and knows, in its frantic ir- 
 ruptions, of no limits : Canum rabies. Ovid. 
 
 332. Demum, Denique, Postremo, Tandem. Demum, 
 only, signifies that the preceding demonstrative (nunc, post, 
 turn, igitur, is, ibi) must be taken in the highest degree of its 
 meaning: Nunc demum rescribo his Uteris, quas mihi mi~ 
 sisti. Cic. Idem velle atque idem nolle, ea demum firma 
 amicitia est. Sail. Denique (for demumque), at length, 
 only, attaches the idea which has been strengthened by de- 
 mum to that which precedes : Turn denique homines nostra 
 intelligimus bona, quum quae in potestate habuimus, ea amisi- 
 mus. Plaut., then and then only. Hence in enumerations, 
 when at the end of the series the highest or lowest or some- 
 thing is mentioned, which comprises the whole preceding 
 series ; at the highest, at least, in short, or, even : Decemviri 
 provincias, civitates liber as, socios, amicos, reges denique 
 exhauriunt. Cic. Hostes deditione facta, nostros prcesidia 
 deduciuros, aut denique indiligentius servaturos credide~ 
 rant. Cses., or at least. Negantid Syracusani per religiones 
 sacrorum ullo mo do fieri posse : fas denique negant esse. 
 Cic, in short, in general. Postremo, sc. loco, at length, 
 finally, designates only the last place according to order : 
 Omnes urbes, agri, regna denique, postremo etiam vec- 
 tigalia vestra venierint. Cic. Tandem, at last, at last after 
 all, at length, of time, when long expectation is to be ex- 
 pressed : Redditce mihi tandem sunt a C ces are liter ce. Cic. 
 
 333. Denuo, Ab — De — Ex integro, Iterum, Bursus 
 — um. Denuo, literally, from anew, designates the repe- 
 tition (renovation, as it were) of a state of things, according 
 to the time after its existence had ceased for a time ; Ab — 
 De — Ex integro, anew, with reference to the thing itself, 
 its essence, i. e. so, as the previous state was from the begin- 
 ning, immediately after its origin, afresh ; designates the 
 mode, entirely so, as it existed before ; Iterum, again, des- 
 ignates the mode, quite so, as it was before ; Rursum, 
 Rursus, again, an additional time, of the kind, of mere 
 repetition : Dixi equidem : sed si parum intellexti, dicam 
 denuo. Plaut. Parietes ruunt : cedificantur cedes totaz de- 
 
164 334. Depeculari. 335. Describere. 
 
 nno. Id., merely of building, in which also old yet sound and 
 good materials may be used: Columnam efficere ab integro 
 novam nullo lapide redivivo. Cic., from the bottom anew, of 
 new hewn stones. Faciet de integro commdias. Ter., in- 
 vented by himself, not derived from the Greeks. Te prcetore 
 Sicilia censa denuo est; poster o anno Metellus mentionem 
 tui census fieri vetat : censor es dicit de integro sibi creari 
 placer t. Cic. Every fifth year censors were elected anew ; 
 in this case, the election was annulled a year after it had 
 taken place, and others were elected afresh, fresh ones. Li- 
 viance fabula, non satis dignce, qua iterum legantur. Cic. 
 Fads, ut rursus plebes in Aventinum sevocanda esse vide' 
 atur. Id. 
 
 334. Depeculari, Spoliare, Piuedari. Depeculari, 
 abstracting property which does not belong to us, especially 
 public property, robbing by embezzling : cerarium, fana ; 
 Spoliare, robbing in the sense of undressing, pulling off 
 what one wears, dress or armour, uncovering, denudating : 
 Consules spoliari hominem et virgas expediri jubeni. Liv., 
 undressing. Monumenta spoliavit nudavitque omnia. Cic. 
 Pradari, making booty, plundering, robbing, in the sense 
 of carrying off as prize : Pecoris vis ingens in saltum avium 
 compulsa perpulit consulem, ut prcedatum eo expedite du- 
 cerentur legiones. Liv. 
 
 335. Describere, Exprimere, Definire ; Designare, 
 
 DlSTRIBUERE, DlSPERTIRE, DlSPENSARE, DlRIBERE. D e- 
 
 s crib ere, copying, describing, refers to the intention of a 
 clear perception; Exprimere, expressing, representing, 
 properly of plastic works, giving a more vivid and visible 
 representation's it were ; Definire, defining, giving the 
 precise limits of a thing, giving a distinctly delineated, cir- 
 cumscribed presentation or idea of a subject ; if we give just 
 as many marks of distinction as an object has or ought to 
 have, to be such as we mean: Descriptio rerum conse- 
 quentium continet perspicuam et dilucidam cum gravitate ex- 
 positionem. Ad Herenn. Orator hominum sermones mores- 
 que describat. Cic. Hanc speciem Pasiteles ccdavit 
 argento, et noster expressit Archias versibus. Id. Ora- 
 tione, verbis exprimere mores, animorum sensus. Defi- 
 nitio est earum rerum, quce sunt ejus rei propria, quam 
 definire volumus, brevis et circumscripta explicatio. Id. — 
 Describere, giving a clear representation of the form of 
 things by a sketch, drawing (pingere, delineare) ; hence, 
 
336. Deses. 165 
 
 directing how something is to be, ordering, designating the 
 order; Designare, designate, distinguishing by making a 
 sign upon it: Non potuit pictor rectius describere homi- 
 ?iis formam. Plaut. Servius Tullius classes centuriasque ex 
 censu descripsit. Liv. Mneas urbem designat aratro. 
 Virg. — Describere, enumerating, dividing, directing, by 
 writing, the parts of a whole. Inasmuch as the writing or 
 directing is unimportant, and only the placing of the different 
 parts is considered, the same is called Distribuere, dis- 
 tributing, to distinct and respective individuals; Dispertire, 
 giving away by dividing into parts, used of the thing, the 
 whole, which is divided (divider e) ; Dispensare, weighing 
 out to different individuals, distributing proportionately, ac- 
 cording to proportions ; Diribere, to distribute according to 
 order, even : JEdiles curules frumentum quaternis ceris vica- 
 tim populo descripserunt. Liv. Numa in duo decim men- 
 ses describit annum. Id. Distribuisti partes Italia, 
 Catilina : statuisti, quo quemque prqficisci placer et. Cic. 
 Archipirata cequabiliter prcedam dispertit. Id. llle ter- 
 rarum victor, qui gentes et regna diribet. Plin. 
 
 336. Deses, Reses ; Desidia, Ignavia, Pigritia, Iner- 
 tia, Segnities, Socordia, Otium. Deses, he who sits 
 firmly on a place, idle, inactive; Reses, he who does not 
 move from his seat, who does not move, stir, quiet, unoccu- 
 pied : Sedemus de sides domi, mulierum ritu inter nos 
 alter cantes. Liv. Casei molles, in corpore non resides, 
 Varr. Clamor em pugnantium exaudimus, resides ipsi ac 
 segnes, tamquam nee manus nee arma habeamus. Liv. — De- 
 sidia, inclination to sit upon one place, the sitting idle, put- 
 ting one's hands in one's lap : Legi frumentaria repugnabant 
 boni, quod ab industria plebem ad desidiam avocari puta- 
 bant. Cic. Ignavia, indolence, when impulse and desire 
 of activity are wanting ; hence, also, cowardice ; opp. activ- 
 ity, industry, thriftiness, alacrity: Non Jit ex ignavo strenu- 
 us, neque fortis ex timido. Sail. In quern cadunt timor et 
 infractio qucedam animi et demissio, recipiat idem necesse est 
 tarditatem et ignaviam. Cic. Pigritia, crossness, if one 
 goes crossly and reluctantly to a work, opp. cheerfulness, 
 alacrity: Pigritia est metus consequentis laboris. Cic, 
 laziness. Noli putare, pigritia me facere, quod non mea 
 manu scribam. Id. Inertia (iners, without energy, strength, 
 life, motion, and hence unfit for its purpose or destination, 
 e. g. sal, stomachus), enduring inactivity, inclination to idle- 
 
166 337 Desperare. 338. Despicere. 
 
 ness, io faineantise, as the French express it: Vita humana 
 prope uti ferrum est : si nihil exerceas, inertia atque tor- 
 pedo plus detrimenti facit, qnam exerciiio. Cato. Res aspera 
 est: sed inertia et mollitia animi, alius alium exspectant.es 
 cunctamini, Dis immortalibus confisi. Sail. Deseruntur of- 
 ficia defensionis negligentia, pigritia, inertia. Cic, 
 from inclination to ease and comfort (indolence), or from in- 
 capacity. Segnities, slowness, sleepiness, drowsiness in 
 acting, dulness of mind : Hortantur consulem, ut castigaret 
 segnitiem popnli. Liv., the people, tired of eternal war, 
 were slow in entering into a new war with Macedonia. So- 
 cordia, thoughtlessness, want of attention and energy; 
 hence, also, dulness : Nisi animum advertitis omnes, nisi 
 somnum socordiam que ex pectore oculisque amovetis. Plaut. 
 Poznus ah extremis orbis terrarum terminis nostra cunctatione 
 et socordia jam hue progressus. Liv. Otium, leisure, 
 the time which remains unoccupied by professional employ- 
 ment; it may be well or badly made use of; ease, opp. ne- 
 gotium : Nostrum otium negotii inopia, non requiescendi 
 studio constitutum est. Cic. 
 
 337. Desperare, Diffidere. Desperare (de-spes), 
 giving up hope, despairing, if all grounds of expecting that 
 which we wish to be fulfilled are gone; Diffidere, dis- 
 trusting, if but few or weak grounds to expect this realization 
 are left : Galli, nisi perfregerint munitiones, de omni salute 
 desperant. Goes. Ita graviter agrum Eudemum fuisse, ut 
 omnes medici diffiderent. Cic. 
 
 338. Despicere, Spernere, Aspernari, Temnere, Con- 
 temnere, Fastidire, Negligere. Despicere, looking 
 down upon a thing as below one's self, considering something 
 far below ourselves: Omnes despicit, hominem prce se ne- 
 minem putat, se solum potentem putat. Cic. Sp em ere, hold 
 ing far off from one's self, disdaining, slighting, not wanting 
 it in the least; Aspernari, spurning, not wishing to have 
 any thing to do with it, involving disdain, contempt : llle sper- 
 nit segregatque db se omnes. Plaut. Qui habet, vitro appeti- 
 tur: qui est pauper, aspernatur. Cic. Temnere, poetical, 
 more commonly Contemner e, contemning, holding value- 
 less, worthless, unworthy of attention : Jejunus raro stomachus 
 vulgaria temnit. Hor. Nemo potest id, quod malum esse 
 deer everit, non curare idque contemner e. Cic. Contem- 
 sitSiculos; non duxit homines. Id. Fastidir e, disdaining 
 proudly or as unfit for us, not good, not delicate enough for us : 
 
339. Destruere 341. Detinere. 167 
 
 Superbas aures habemus, si quum domini servorum non fas- 
 tidiant preces, nos rogari ab honestis feminis indigna- 
 mur. Liv. Negligere, neglecting, not paying attention to 
 something or some one : alicujus imperium. Omnes, quibus 
 res sunt minus secundce, propter suam impoteniiam se semper 
 credunt negligi. Ter. 
 
 339. Destruere, Demoliri, Diruere, Excidere, Ever- 
 tere, Delere. Speaking of buildings, Destruere, literally 
 unbuilding (see 39), pulling down by layers: Navem, cedi- 
 ficium idem destruit facillime, qui construxit. Cic. De- 
 moliri, pulling down high fabrics, with exertion; also 
 statuas, see 51: Augures jusserunt demoliri ea, quorum 
 altitudo officer et auspiciis. Cic. Diruere, pull asunder, in 
 various parts, demolish (dis-ruere, see 39) : Legiones ductce 
 ad diruendam urbem. Liv. Excidere, hewing out, as 
 it were, demolish from the bottom, entirely, to the very bot- 
 tom : Monumenta publica, cedes sacras, domos inimicorum 
 suorum oppugnavit, excidit, incendit. Cic, razing to the 
 ground. Evertere, upsetting, turning the bottom up, de- 
 stroying, in a way of turning every thing topsy-turvy : Urbem 
 nondum excisam et eversam, sed jam captam atque op- 
 pressam vidimus. Cic. Delere, annihilate : Scipio alter 
 Africanus duas urbes hide imperio infestissimas, Carthaginem 
 Numa?itiamque, delevit. Cic. 
 
 340. Deterior, Pejor. Deterior, less good, worse, 
 in the sense of deterioration, growing worse, comparatively 
 to that which is better; Pejor, worse, more evil, more 
 wicked, in the sense of augmenting evil, or that which is 
 bad: In mundo si quis corrigere aliquid volet, deter ius 
 faciei. Cic. De male Greeds Latine scripta deter ius. Id., 
 worse, i. e. further from what it ought to be. Consules 
 orabant tribunos, ne pessimum, f acinus pej ore exemplo ad- 
 milter ent judices. Liv. Neminem pejus oderunt. Cic. 
 
 341. De — Distinere, Distringere, Occupare, Morari, 
 Tardare. Detinere, keeping a person in a place or at a 
 thing, so that he occupies himself solely with it ; Distinere, 
 keeping from one another, distant from a thing, off from 
 something, so that he cannot occupy himself with it so much, 
 detaining: Me detinuit morbus. Ter. Quce facilius pro- 
 veniebant, quia Parthi Hyrcano bello distinebantur. 
 Tac. Distringere, pull in different directions, occupy 
 one's self with more than one thing : Hannibalem mittendum 
 in Africam esse ad distringendos Romanos. Liv., to 
 
168 342. Detrectare. 343. Devertere. 
 
 make a " diversion." Sulla multis negotiis distentus est. 
 Cic. Numquam a causis et judiciis districtior fui. Id., 
 when attention is divided among several. Oc cup are, 
 properly, mastering a subject; occupy one's self: Popiuus 
 in funambulo animum occuparat. Ter. Quamvis o ecu- 
 pat us sis, otii tamen plus habes. Cic. Morari, 300, de- 
 tain, make tarry, used as verb active : Legatio belli celerita- 
 tem morabitur. Cic. Tar dare, properly making slow; 
 retarding, interfering with the progress, opp. accelerare : Mea 
 dubitatio out impedire profectionem meam videbatur, aut eerie 
 tar dare. Cic. Res scepe tentata impetus Ccesaris consilia- 
 que tar dab at. Cses. 
 
 342. Detrectare, Obtrectare. Detrectare, properly, 
 endeavouring to carry off; declining a thing or a performance, 
 militiam ; taking off from others, i. e. merits, detracting, plac- 
 ing them in the shade, virtutes : Ingenium magni detrectat 
 Livor Homeri. Ovid. Obtrectare, opposing a person on 
 account of his merits from envy or jealousy, endeavouring to 
 impede the effects of his meritorious qualities : Cessatum a 
 milite, ac de industria, ut obtrectaretur laudibus ducis, 
 impedita victoria est. Liv. 
 
 343. De — Divertere, Deversari ; Deversorium, Hos- 
 pitium, De — Diverticulum, De — Divortium. Dever- 
 tere, turning off the road and turning in, alighting (precisely 
 the German einkehren) ; Divertere and Diverti, turning 
 from one another into different directions, taking a road lead- 
 ing in a different direction ; Deversari, stopping, tarrying 
 where we have alighted : Quum duo quidam iter facerent et 
 Megaram venissent, alter ad cauponem d ever tit, ad hospi- 
 tem alter. Cic. Prqficiscenti Consult causa in Pamphyliam 
 divertendi oblata est. Liv. Omnes ad earn domum, in 
 qua iste deversabatur, profecti sunt. Cic. — Deverso- 
 rium, the place where we enter, turn in from the road; 
 Hospitium, the inn which receives the "stranger" hospi- 
 tably, which is a comfort to him : In aliquo peropportuno 
 dev er sorio requiescere. Cic. Te in Arpinati videbimus 
 et hospitio agresti accipiemus. Id. Dev erticulu m, 
 branch way, which leads off from the road; Diverticu- 
 lum, road leading in a diverging direction: Hcec deverti- 
 cula et anfr actus suffugia sunt infirmitatis. Quinctil. Uht 
 ad ipsum venio diverticulum,, constiti. Ter., also: Gla- 
 dii abditi ex omnibus locis deverticuli protrahebantur. 
 Liv., of the corner, for deversorii. Dev or Hum, the place 
 
344. Deus. 348. Differre. 169 
 
 where a road leads off from the main road; Divortium } 
 the place where a road or river divides into two different di- 
 rections : Devortia itinerum indicebantur, ut civitates a 
 proximis hibernis in avia frumentum referrent. Tac. Prope 
 divortium itinerum castra posituri erant. Liv. 
 
 344. Deus, Divus, Numen. Deu s, a certain god; Di- 
 vus, divine, a god in general, in solemn expression, and a 
 deified emperor; Numen, the deity, inasmuch as it shows 
 effectually its majesty and power: Deum, Deo natum, sal- 
 vere Romulum jubent. Liv. Ad divos adeunto caste. Cic. 
 Omnes natures numini divino parent. Id. O numen 
 aquarum, Neptune ! Ovid. 
 
 345. Dladema, Infula, Mitra. Diadema, the wide, 
 white head-band of kings ; Infu I a, the white woollen band 
 over the forehead of the priests : Phcebi Trivioeque sacerdos, 
 infula cui sacra redimibat tempora vitta. Virg. Mitra, 
 a sort of cap with flaps covering the cheeks, to be tied under 
 the chin: Ille Paris, Mceonia mentum mitra crinemque ma- 
 dentem subnixus. Virg. 
 
 346. Dictio, Stilus. Dictio, properly, the oral deliv- 
 ery ; diction, the peculiar manner of presenting the thoughts 
 for and by oral delivery, calculated upon and according to 
 tbfe effect which it will produce with the hearer ; for genus 
 dicendi: Fuit in Crasso popularis dictio excellens : An- 
 tonii genus dicendi multo aptius judiciis, quam concionibus, 
 Cic. Stilus, style, the mode of presenting thoughts by 
 words and writing, which pays regard to the connexion and 
 distribution of words: Stilus optimus dicendi effector et 
 magister. Cic. 
 
 347. Dies festi, profesti, fasti, nefasti, comitlales, 
 intercensi. Dies festi, feast days, days of rejoicing, 
 when all labor and business were suspended, and every one 
 gave himself up to pleasure of some sort; profesti, non- 
 feast days, among these were Dies fasti, court days, ne- 
 fa s t i, when the holding court was prohibited ; comitiales, 
 when comitia, but not sessions of the senate were held; in- 
 ter c en si or inter cisi, days when a lew hours at the 
 middle of the day, about noon, were spent in holding court, 
 the morning and evening hours, however, in sacrificing. 
 
 348. Differre, Proferre, Prolatare, Procrastinare, 
 Diffindere. Differre, deferring something to a more 
 convenient time; Proferre, extending (pushing further 
 out), delaying on account of an obstacle : In crastinum dif- 
 
 15 
 
170 349. Difficilis. 351. Dignitas. 
 
 fero res sever as. Nep. Si coheredes laxius volent pro- 
 ferre diem auctionis, poterunt vel biduum, vel triduum, vel 
 ut videbitur. Cic. Prolaiare, making wider forward, ap- 
 point something for a more distant time, e. g. comitia : Id 
 malum opprimi sustentando ac prolatando nullo mo&o 
 potest. Cic. Procrastinare, always delaying to tomor- 
 row, from one day to another, procrastinating : Primo rem 
 di ferre quotidie ac procrastinare cceperunt. Cic. Dif- 
 findere, interrupting a law case, and adjourning it to some 
 other day : Papirio legem curiatam de imperio ferenti triste 
 omen diem diffidit. Liv. 
 
 349. Difficilis, Laboriostjs, Operostjs ; Morosus. Dif 
 ficilis, difficult, the execution of which opposes many ob- 
 stacles even to great powers and means; Laboriosus, 
 laborious, toilsome, the bringing about of which is connected 
 with great labor, trouble; Operosus, the completion of 
 which requires manifold labor, much work, many hands we 
 could not well give it ; vast, applied to work, undertaking, 
 expresses somewhat, and in certain cases, the Latin operosus 
 (German milks am) : Erat difficile eodem tempore rapi- 
 dissimo famine opera perficere et tela vitare. Cic. Operum 
 fuit omnium labor io sis si mum cuniculus in arcem hos- 
 tium agi cceptus. Liv. Laboriosce exercitationes. Cic, 
 fatiguing. Sepulcrum operosius, quam quod decern homi- 
 nes effecerint triduo. Id. — Difficilis, difficult to be 
 treated, obstinate, hard, stubborn : Avunculus difficillima 
 natura, cujus asperitatem nemo ferre potest. Nep. Moro- 
 sus, cross, morose, to whose satisfaction nothing can be 
 done, grumbling, e. g. senex. 
 
 350. Digerere, Ordinare, Disponere. Digerere, dis- 
 tributing properly, so that that which belongs together be 
 placed together, and each group be properly separated from 
 the rest : Carmina digerere in numerum. Virg. Primum 
 omne jus civile in genera dig erat; deinde eorum generum 
 quasi quadam membra dispertiat. Cic. Ordinare, placing 
 in order, giving to each individual thing or being its proper 
 place in a series, e. g. partes orationis. Cic. Ars perpetuis 
 prceceptis or din at a. Liv. Disponere, disposing, plac- 
 ing, according to a plan, in various places : Vigilias dispo- 
 nere per urbem. Liv. 
 
 351. Dignitas, Honestas, Existimatio. Dignitas, 
 dignity, which, on account of personal or political advantages 
 or privileges, gives claim to esteem and acknowledgment ; 
 
352. Dilapidare. 354. Disciplines 171 
 
 Honestas, properly, the quality of being honored or having 
 honor, i. e. feeling of honor ; moral dignity, which gives a 
 claim to general esteem and honor, on account of his rational 
 actions, and the honor itself, thus obtained ; Existimatio, 
 45, 93, the judgment, opinion of others, founded upon the 
 above quality, honor, civil honor, reputation: Dignitas est 
 alicujus honesta, et cultu et honore et vereenndia digna aucto- 
 ritas. Cic. In officio colendo sita vita est honestas ornnis, 
 et in negligendo turpitudo. Id. 
 
 352. Dilapidare, Dissipare. Dilapidare, properly, 
 to pull down, pull asunder a heap of stones ; spending one's 
 fortune by dissipation, down to nothing : Conveniundus Phor- 
 mio est, priusquam dilapidet nostras triginta minas, ut 
 auferamus. Ter. Di s sip a re^ strewing about that which 
 belongs together, diffusing : Statuam istins deturbant, com- 
 minuunt, dissipant. Cic. Ignis totis se passim dissipa- 
 vit castris. Liv. Dissipare fortunas alicujus. Cic. 
 
 353. Discernere, Internoscere, Distinguere, Secer- 
 nere. Dis c em ere, seeing two or more things as different 
 things, distinguishing, so that we do not take the one for the 
 other, e. g. alba et atra: Discernit, quid sit ejusdem gene- 
 ris, quid alterius. Cic. Internoscere, knowing one from 
 among others, knowing him by known marks of distinction, 
 and distinguishing him thus from others : Mater geminos in- 
 ternoscit consuetudine oculorum. Cic. Distinguere, 
 distinguishing something by accurate delineation from other 
 things : Numerum in cadentibus guttis, quod intervallis dis- 
 tinguuntur, notare possumus. Cic, also effecting that 
 something be much distinguished from something else, easily 
 known. Pocula ex auro gemmis erant distincta. Id., or- 
 namented. Secernere, separating by sifting: Bestice se- 
 cern unt pestifera a salutaribus. Cic. 
 
 354. Disciplina, Doctrina, Prjeceptum. Disciplina, 
 that which is learned, inasmuch as it occupies the disciple, 
 the learner ; instruction, and the whole education which he 
 receives, and the instruction or system, in as far as it teaches 
 methodically the branch of a science : Ad Druidas magnus 
 adolescentium numerus disciplina causa concurrit. Mag- 
 num ibi numerum versuum ediscere dicuntur : itaque annos 
 nonnulli vicenos in disciplina permanent. Cass. Mago* 
 rum disciplina scientiaque. Cic. Doctrin a, the instruc- 
 tion which a teacher gives, and the knowledge requisite for 
 this ; also every science : Doctrina pretium triste magister 
 

 
 172 355. Discrimen. 356. Disertus, 
 
 habet. Ovid. Homo disertissimiis et omni doctrina orna« 
 tissimus. Cic. Pr ceceptum, 262, the instruction given as 
 precept, rule: Prcecepta dicendi, vivendi, dare, tra- 
 der e. Cic. 
 
 355. Discrimen, Differentia, Discrepantia, Diversi- 
 tas; Periculum, Dimicatio. Discrimen, that which dis- 
 tinguishes two things from each other, makes the difference 
 between them, by which they are discriminated : Duo maria 
 pertenui discrimine separantur. Cic. , i. e. Isthmo. The 
 difference of two things, if they have such qualities that they 
 can be distinguished from one another, is expressed by Dif- 
 ferentia, if the two things are thereby kept from one an- 
 other, are different things ; by Discrepantia, want of har- 
 mony, disagreement, if they do not harmonize (sound, chime) 
 together, hence the name; Diver sit as, diversity, if they 
 deviate from one another, have, as it were, a different direc- 
 tion, are diverging: Differentia honesti et decori. Cic. 
 Oculi in liomine numerosissimce varietatis atque differ en- 
 tice : grandiores, modici, parvi, promine7it.es, conditi. Plin. 
 Discrepantia scripti et voluntatis. Cic, want of agree- 
 ment or harmony. Sua cuique vox, sicut fades. Hinc ilia 
 gentium totque linguarum toto orbe diver sit as. Plin. — 
 D is crimen, the distinguishing point, that which gives the de- 
 cision, on which it turns ; Periculum, the attempt, by which 
 we obtain experience while we are thereby exposed to danger, 
 the trial, the danger itself, the risk ; Dimicatio, 253, strug- 
 gle against a great danger, when something important is at 
 stake : Totius belli in unius viri vita position est dis cri- 
 men. Cic. Siculi volunt mece fidei diligenticeque pericu- 
 lum facer e, qui innocentice abstinenticeque fecerunt. Id. 
 Publicum periculum erat a vi tempestatis in Us, qua, por- 
 tarentur ad exercitus. Liv. In tanta dimicatione capitis, 
 famce, fortunarumque omnium ab Jove pacem peto. Cic. 
 
 356. Disertus, Eloquens, Facundus. Disertus, of 
 ready speech, one who is able to deliver something in good 
 order, clearly and perspicuously; E lo q uen s, eloquent, well- 
 speaking, used of the completely trained orator, according to 
 art; Facundus, speaking fluently, he who finds it easy to 
 speak, and who is not wanting in words, used of natural 
 eloquence, perhaps expressed by our well-spoken : Eum sta- 
 tuebam disertum, qui posset satis acute atque dilucide, 
 apud medio cres homines, ex communi quadam opinione homi- 
 num dicer e; eloquentem vero, qui mirabilius et magnifi- 
 
357. Dispar. 360. Diu. 173 
 
 centius auger e posset atque ornare, qua vellet, omnesque om- 
 nium rerum, qua ad dicendum pertinerent, fontes animo atque 
 memoria contineret. Cic. Caligula eloquential plurimum 
 attendit, quantumvis facundus et promtus. Suet. 
 
 357. Dispar, Impar, Disparilis, Dissimilis. Dispar, 
 not entirely equal, uneven, that which does not make a pair 
 with another thing on account of disproportion ; Impar, un- 
 even (as of a number), unequal, which does not make a pair 
 on account of total absence of the requisite qualities ; Dispa- 
 rilis, that which with difficulty, on account of frequent and 
 rapid change, can be made equal: Disparibus septem 
 compacta cicutis fistula. Virg. Erant trigemini fratres, nee 
 atate nee viribus dispar es. Liv. Stellarum numerus par 
 an impar sit, nescitur. Cic. Hannibali par audacia Ro- 
 manus, consilio et viribus impar. Liv. Cadi varietas et 
 disparilis aspiratio terrarum. Cic, alternating. Dissi- 
 milis, dissimilar, designates quality: Dispar es mores 
 disparia studia sequuntur, quorum dissimilitudo dis- 
 sociat amicitias. Cic. 
 
 358. DlSSENSIO, DlSSIDIUM, Discidium, Discordia. Dis- 
 sensio, disagreement in opinion and disposition, e. g. de 
 jure: Animorum disjunctio dissensionem facit. Cic. 
 Dissidium, dissension, discord, if two persons on account 
 of discord keep themselves far from one another : Quod una 
 non estis, non dissensione ac dissidio vestro, sed vo- 
 luntate ac judicio tuo factum est. Cic. Discidium, forci- 
 ble separation: Manet memoria, etiam in discidio publi- 
 corum fcederum, privati juris. Liv. Nero exturbat Octaviam 
 — civilis discidii specie. Tac, of divorce. Discordia, 
 discord, as the result of striving for different aims : Duas ex 
 una civitate discordia fecerat. Liv. 
 
 359. Distantia, Intervallum, Spatitjm. Di st antra, 
 distance of one thing from another : Tanta est inter bonos et 
 improbos, quanta maxima potest esse, morum studiorumque 
 distantia. Cic. Int erv a Hum, space between two things: 
 Trabes paribus int erv alii s distantes inter se binos pedes, 
 in solo collocantur : ea int erv alia saxis effarciuntur. Cass. 
 Spatium, the space into which something may be received, 
 in which something can be done : Inter duas acies tantum erat 
 delictum spatii, ut satis esset ad concur sum utriusque exer- 
 citus. Cass. 
 
 360. Diu, Dudum, Pridem. Diu, long, a long time, in 
 general: llle vult diu vivere ; hie diu vixit ; — sperat 
 
 15* 
 
174 361. Diver sus. 363. Divider e. 
 
 adolescens, diu se victurum. Cic. Dudum (diu-dum), 
 already a long time, this long while, connects the length of 
 time with now, to express the weariness and tediousness of 
 this duration of time : Vide, quam dudum hie adsto et pul- 
 to ! Plaut. Antonium j am dudum Cotta et Sulpicius ex- 
 spectant. Cic, already a long time. Pridem, a long time 
 ago, of things which belong to a time having passed away 
 long before the one we speak in : Sermo hue evasit, quam 
 pridem mi pater et mater mortui essent : dico, jam diu. 
 Ter. Ad te jam pridem de testamento scripsi. Cic. 
 
 361. Di versus, Varius. Diver sus, different, not the 
 same, that which may be distinguished by marks peculiar to 
 it; Varius, variegated, party-colored, changing, change- 
 able, that which by many changes distinguishes itself from 
 the others of its class : Diver si dissipatique in omnes par- 
 tes fugiunt. Cses., in different directions. Difficile est, ea^ 
 qua commodis, utilitate et prope natura divers a sunt, vo- 
 Imitate conjungere. Cic. Va rietas proprie quidem in dis- 
 paribus coloribus dicitur : sed transfertur in multa disparia; 
 varium poema, varia oratio, varii mores, varia for- 
 tuna; voluptas etiam varia dici solet, quum percipitur 
 e multis dissimilibus rebus dissimiliter efficientibus volup- 
 tates. Id. 
 
 362. Dives, Fortunatus, Locuples, Opulentus. Di- 
 ves, rich, he who has an abundance of all sorts of goods, 
 generally temporal or earthly ones: Dives est, cui tanta 
 possessio est, ut ad liber aliter vivendum facile contentus sit. 
 — Animus hominis dives, non area appellari solet. Cic. 
 Fortunatus, fortunate, favored by fortune, possessed of 
 goods: Ecquis me hodie vivit fortunatior? Ter. Quid 
 vos hanc tenuem sectamini prcedam, quibus licet jam esse fo r- 
 tunatissimis? Cses. Locuples, rich in real estate, and 
 he who has every thing in plenty : A locorum possessionibus 
 locupletes vocabantur. Cic. Copiis rei familiar is locu- 
 pletes. Id. Testis locuples. Id., creditable, of full value. 
 Opulentus, rich in means, gold and goods, power and in- 
 fluence, rich, powerful: Crazsus, rex Asia, opulentissi- 
 mus. Cic. pule ntior f actio tenuit urbem. Liv. 
 
 363. Dividere, Partiri, Separare, Dirimere, Diribere. 
 Divider e, separating from one another, disuniting a whole 
 into its component parts; Par tire, dividing, making di- 
 visions so that the separated parts stand in a certain proportion 
 to each other: Omne corpus secari ac dividi potest. Cic. 
 
364. Divortium. 367. Docere. 175 
 
 In circo loca divisa Patribus Equitibusque. Liv., parti- 
 tioned off. Cum liberis vivi bona nostra parlimur. Cic. 
 Sep ar are, separating, so that something comes out of all 
 connexion with another thing: Privati ac separati agri 
 apud Suevos nihil est. Cses. Dirimere, not allowing a 
 union or connexion to take place, enemies not to come to an 
 issue: Hispania, ah Africa angusto diremta freto. Liv. 
 Dirimere certamen, pradium, connubium, pacem. Diri- 
 mere suffragia, tabellas, selecting and counting out the 
 votes (tablets) in comitia or courts ; but Diribere tabellas, 
 335, distributing these tablets among the people or judges : 
 Licinius Macer, repetundarum reus, dum sentential diribe- 
 rentur, in Menianum conscendit. Val. Max. Indicant ta- 
 bula publico',, vos rogatores, vos diribitores, vos custodes 
 fuisse tabellarum. Cic. 
 
 364. Divortium, Diffarreatio, Repuditjm. Divorti- 
 um, lawful divorce, when, upon the motion of the husband, 
 the separation from the lawful (connubio, 260) uxor was form- 
 ally confirmed by a family court: Tunc repudiatam tu 
 credis uxorem, quum res suas sibi habere jussa est, quum egre- 
 di do??w. Quinctil. Declam. Diffarreatio — genus erat 
 sacrificii, quo inter virum et mulierem fiebat dissolutio, dicta 
 diffarreatio, quia fiebat farreo libo adhibito. Festus. 
 But, since a marriage concluded by the confarreatio was to 
 be indissoluble, it would appear that diffarreatio was only the 
 postponement of the sacrifice on account of some bad omen : 
 Confarreationes tonitru dirimit. Serv. ad V. JEn. 4, 374. 
 
 365. Diurnus, Quotidianus. Diurnus, daily, that 
 which belongs to the day-time, and returns every day, opp. 
 nocturnus: Quod est ternpus, quo illi non cantent, vel diur- 
 num, vel nocturnuml Cic. labor es diurni nocturnique 
 domi militiaque. Id. Quotidianus, daily, which day by 
 day is repeated : Homines spes pradandi ab agricultura et 
 quotidiano labore revocabat. Caes., the same work, which 
 is daily performed. Quotidiani maxime fiebant sum- 
 tus. Nep. 
 
 366. Diutinus, Diuturnus. Diutinus, wearisome, that 
 which lasts longer than we wish : Desiderium libertatis odi- 
 umque diutinai servitutis. Cic. Diuturnus, lasting long, 
 respecting the long space of time only : Macedonia vix se 
 potest diuturna pace recreare. Cic. 
 
 367. Docere, Erudire, Imbuere ; Doctus, Eruditus, 
 Peritus, Gnarus ; Doctor, Magister, Preceptor, F&da- 
 

 176 368. Bolium. 
 
 gogus, Literati) s, Literator, Professor. Do cere, teach- 
 ing, in order to increase the knowledge of another; Eru- 
 dire, properly, to un-rude him, instruct, to free him from 
 ignorance; Imbuere, properly, immerging, imparting doc- 
 trines, knowledge, opinions, sentiments, skill, by times, so 
 that they enter deeply and are not forgotten again : Non per- 
 fectus Uteris, sed imbutus. Suet., of elementary instruction. 
 Cicero per legatos cuncta edoctus. Sail., thoroughly in- 
 formed. Oratorem eru dire in jure civili. Cic. Paren- 
 tium prceceptis imbuti ad eorum consuetudinem moremque 
 deducimur. Id. Pueri animum tenerum bonis opinionibus 
 imbuere. Id. — Doctus, he who is scientifically educated, 
 he who knows thoroughly and systematically what he knows, 
 who is master of his science ; Eruditus (he who has been 
 freed of rudeness), he that is rich in, well-stored with knowl- 
 edge, learning, originally he that has been raised out of the 
 rude, untaught state into knowledge ; Peritus, experienced, 
 who by experience and practice has obtained knowledge ; 
 Gnarus, versed, expert, having perfect knowledge of a sub- 
 ject : Memmius fuit doctus ex disciplines Stoicorum. Cic. 
 Epicurus non satis politus est its artibus, quas qui tenent, 
 eruditi appellantur. Id. Ad ea eligenda, qua dubitationem 
 afferunt, adhibere doctos homines, vel etiam usu peritos. 
 — Sisenna, doctus vir, gnarus rei publicce. Id. — Doc- 
 tor, teacher, as the person fully versed in a branch, and 
 giving thorough instruction in it; Magister, teacher, as 
 master of a science, and directing an institution as principal ; 
 Pr acceptor, inasmuch as he gives direction for the applica- 
 tion and practice of his science or art; Pcedagogus, the 
 superintendent over children, who taught good manners, the 
 rudiments of knowledge, and a pure pronunciation ; Lite- 
 rat us and Literator, expounder of poets, a scholar of 
 languages; Professor, a public teacher of a specific sci- 
 ence or art ; these latter designations are used by later 
 writers only : Considerare oportet, quos quis habuerit artium 
 liber alium magistros, quos vivendi prceceptores. Cic. 
 Pcedagogi jure vetustatis plurimum benevolentice postula- 
 bant. Id. 
 
 368. Dolium, (Cupa), Seria, Orca, Amphora, Cadus, 
 Urceus, Lagena. Lying vessels for liquids: Dolium, a 
 larger barrel of clay, at a later period of wood, differing from 
 the Cupa, wine-tub, which was, at the upper end, open and 
 wider than below; Seria, a barrel, longer than the other 
 
369. Dolor. 371. Dominus. 177 
 
 vessels: Relevi dolia omnia, omnes serias. Ter. Orca y 
 a still smaller barrel, similar in form to the dolium and stria, 
 keg: Ore a fervore musti ruptce. Varr. Vessels standing 
 up: Amphora, a vessel of clay, entirely round, provided 
 with two handles at the upper end, and a narrow mouth, for 
 the preservation of wine, after it had gone through the requi- 
 site fermentation in the dolia-, Cadus, larger, of the same 
 kind, without handles, containing two amphora and a half: 
 Hie dies festus corticem adstrictum pice demovebit amp ho- 
 ra fiunum bibere institutes. Hor. TJrceus, a pitcher of 
 clay, with a handle, to draw liquids, to obtain them out of 
 another vessel, well, &c. ; Lagena, a flask of clay, with 
 narrow neck and handles, in which the wine was carried on 
 the table: Mater nostra la gen as etiam inanes obsigna- 
 bat. Cic. 
 
 369. Dolor, Mceror, Mcestitla, Tristitia, Luctus. 
 Dolor, pain, that acute sensation which is caused by a great 
 loss, or any other disagreeable occurrence, especially when 
 this sensation or feeling is fresh, lately caused : Huic nihil 
 possit offensionis accedere sine acerbissimo animi sensn ac 
 dolor e ? Cic. Mazror, grief, affliction, the deep but silent, 
 dumb pain at the misfortune or loss of a beloved object, which 
 has obtained a hold of our soul, so much so that it becomes 
 visible : Magnum dolor em, vel mceror em potias ex cru- 
 deli et miser dbili morte C. Trebonii accepimus. Cic. Moz- 
 stitia, protracted melancholy, in consequence of deep 
 affliction, as quality; Tristiti a, affliction, inasmuch as it 
 manifests itself by gestures and expression of the face : La- 
 crimis ac tristitia te tradidisti. Cic. Luctus, mourn- 
 ing and mournfulness, within, and inasmuch as it is mani- 
 fested by the appearance both of the man himself and his 
 dress: In luctu et squalor e sum. Cic, (see Squalore.) 
 
 370. DOMARE, SUBIGERE, CoNDOCEFACERE. Domare, 
 
 breaking, overcoming, violently making one's self master of 
 something, and depriving it of its forces of resistance : leones, 
 equos, gentes feras ; d omit as habere libidines. Cic. Sub- 
 igere, subjugate, forcing to something; properly, driving 
 down to something : Subigitque fateri commissa piacula. 
 Virg. Nulla gens est, qua non aut ita sub acta sit, ut vix 
 exstet, aut ita domita,ut quiescat. Cic. Condoc efa cere, 
 drilling, breaking for a certain purpose : Feris beluis utimur 
 domitis et condocefactis, ut elephantis. Cic. 
 
 371. Dominus, Herus, Dominus^ he who possesses 
 

 
 178 
 
 372, Domus. 
 
 something as property, and has free power over it, master, as 
 proprietor: Adolescens liarum est do minus adium. Ter. 
 Herus (German Herr, connected with hehr, elevated), mas- 
 ter, in as far as he is elevated above something, as the master 
 of slaves, the father of the house : Sed Us, qui vi oppressos 
 imperio coercent, sit sane adhibenda savitia, ut her is in 
 f amnios. Cic. Thus Domina, Hera. 
 
 372. Domus, Insula, Tectum, Habitatio, Mansio, Do- 
 micilium, Sedes ; Familia. Domus, 38, dwellinghouse of 
 the family, with its out-houses; Insula, a single, insulated 
 dwellinghouse, without out-buildings, on an open space ; also 
 a number, cluster, or row of such houses in a separate place, 
 which belong to one owner, and in which lodgers (inquilini) 
 live: Clodii insula est venalis, cujus hie (Caelius) in adi- 
 cutis habitat. Cic. Prater immensum numerum insularum, 
 domus priscorum ducum arserunt. Suet. Tectum, & house, 
 inasmuch as we are there under a roof: Quoniam jam nox 
 est, in vesira tecta discedite. Cic. Habitatio, a room, 
 inasmuch as we live in it, and a house, as dwelling-place, 
 habitation, the lodging of a lodger, i. e. a hired lodging : Vil- 
 lico juxta januam fiat habitatio. Cojum. Mercedes hab i- 
 tationum annuas conductoribus donavit. Cses. Mansio, 
 the place where one stops, night's lodging : Ad primam sta- 
 tim mansionem febrim nactus est. Suet. — Domus, home, 
 inasmuch as it indicates a place, hence only domi, domum, 
 domo : Do mo Carthaginienses sunt. Plaut. Domicilium, 
 home, as place of dwelling, where we are at home, domi- 
 cile ; Sedes, seat, where we settle down, settle domes- 
 tically: Quum Archias domiciliujn Romce multos jam 
 annos haberet. Cic. Cerebrum, cor, pulmones, jecur sunt 
 do mi cilia vita. Id. Advenis locum ac sedes par are. 
 Cses. — Domus, the house, i. e. the father of the house, with 
 all the family, i. e. those that live with him, also a race, with 
 its founder, as we use house when we say the house of Aus- 
 tria : Domus te nostra tota salutat. Cic. Quod genus et 
 proavos et regia nomina jactas, clara satis domus hac ?io- 
 bilitate sua est. Ovid. Familia, all the servants of a man, 
 his children and servants, also his clients, his people, and the 
 direct line of some founder, bearing his name: Familia, 
 qua constat ex servis pluribus. Cic. Orgetorix ad judicium 
 omnem suam familiam, ad hominum millia decern, undique 
 coegit. Cses. Honesta familia plebeia et proavus et avus 
 pratores fuerunt. Cic* 
 
373. Donum. 376. Ducere. 179 
 
 373. Dontjm, Munus, Premium ; Donarium, Strena 
 Donum, gift freely given ; Munus, a present, to give which 
 the giver feels himself obliged in some sort or other : Do- 
 num hoc divinum rationis et consilii hominibus impertitum. 
 Cic. Quod munus rei publico, afferre majus possumus, 
 quam si docemus afque erudimus juventutem 7 Id. Prcemiu m, 
 nrize for exertions, honorable reward for merit : Ccesar his> 
 qui primi murum adscendissent, p rami a proposuit. Cses. — 
 Donum, gift in general, any thing given, e. g. militare ; do- 
 nation: Latini coronam auream Jovi donum in Capitoliura 
 mittunt. Liv. Donarium, a votive gift, something given 
 from respect to the gods, to propitiate them, &c, and the 
 place in the temple where they were preserved : Templum 
 donariis ornare. Aur. Vict. Strena, a festival gift, such 
 as were given on a new-year's day: Tiberius strenarum 
 commercium prohibuit, ne ultra Kalendas Januarias exerce- 
 reiur. Suet. 
 
 374. Dormire, Stertere, Dormitare, Sopire. Dor- 
 mire, sleeping: Jacet corpus dormientis, ut mortui. Cic. 
 Stertere, snoring whilst sleeping: Ita stertebat, ut ego 
 vicinus audirem. Cic. Do rmit are, being sleepy, and lying 
 in a fast sleep: Te dormitare aiebas ; cubitum hinc abii- 
 mus. Plaut. Arte et graviter dormitare. Cic. Sopire, 
 making to fall asleep, lull into fast sleep : Tiburtini tibicines 
 invitant, et vino oneratos sopiunt. Liv. [Falling asleep is 
 sopiri.] 
 
 375. Dorsum, Tergtjm, Tergus. Dorsum, back, as 
 elevated part of the animal body from the neck to the hind- 
 quarters : Asellus gravius dor so subiit onus. Hor. Jugum 
 montis in angustum dorsum cuneatum. Liv. Tergum, 
 back, as the side which is turned off, reverse : Manus post 
 tergum remncire. Virg. Terga vertere. Cses. Tergus, 
 oris, the skin of the back, see 309. Durissimum dor so 
 t erg us elephantorum. Plin. 
 
 376. Ducere, Ductare, Trahere ; Habere, Perhibere. 
 Due ere, drawing after one's self, leaning; Ductare, lead- 
 ing about, mocking, making fun of some one : Duxit hones- 
 tissimi viri jiliam. Cic, marrying (leading to a home). 
 Nisi feres argentum, frustra me ductare non potes. Plaut. 
 Exercitum ductare, instead of ducere, in Sallustius, has 
 found no imitators. Trahere, pulling, dragging, is more 
 forcible than ducere: Spe duci; Aliquem trahere ad 
 supplicium. Ducunt volentem fata, nolentem trahunt. 
 
180 377. Dulcis. 378. Dum. 
 
 Senec. Trahimur omnes laudis studio, et optimus quisque 
 maxime gloria ducitur. Cic. Due ere helium, dragging 
 on the war, intentionally prolonging it; trail ere, prolong- 
 ing it beyond what one might or ought to have done, from 
 want of energy. — Ducere, holding something to be such or 
 such, in the sense of drawing conclusions (rationem ducere) : 
 Priore se consilio, quod optimum duceret, cum potentissimo 
 populo per ingens beneficium perpetuam Jirmare pacem ami- 
 citiamque. Liv. Habere, holding to be, if we have ended 
 the drawing conclusions (ducere), and act accordingly, though 
 it be only according to reasons of probability ; hence, Orant, 
 ne se in hostium numero duceret. Cses., 6, 32. Reductos 
 in hostium numero habuit. Id., 1, 28. 6,6. Perhibere, 
 considering, holding to be, with conviction and in fact : Bene 
 qui conjiciet, vatem hunc perhibebo optimum. Cic. 
 
 377. Dulcis, Suavis, Jucundus, Gratus, Amoznus. Dul- 
 cis, sweet, that which produces the highest degree of pleas- 
 urable sensation, e. g. mel, pomum, nectar, sonus, epistola. 
 Omne animal sentit et dulcia et amara. Cic. Suavis, 
 sweet, lovely, agreeable, designates the sensation which the 
 dulce produces: Aqua potu suavissima. Plin. Radix 
 suavissimi gustus et odoris. Id. Suave rubens hyacin- 
 tlius. Virg. Jucundus, delightful, joyful, that which de- 
 lights at the same time the inner sense : Juvare in utroque 
 (et corpore et animo) dicitur, ex eoque jucundum. Cic. 
 Commune patrium solum dulce est atque jucundum. Id. 
 Gratus, grateful, that which produces pleasurable sensation, 
 and on that account is welcome, liked by us: Gratior et 
 pulchro veniens in corpore virtus. Virg. Fuit mihi laudis 
 nostra gratulatio tua jucunda, et timoris consolatio gra- 
 ta. Cic. Amoznus, fine, pleasing, especially of scenery 
 which has a cheerful, serene appearance ; later writers use it 
 also of objects of taste: Ita me Venus am an a amet. Plaut. 
 Ego laudo ruris amozni rivos. Hor. Seneca fuit ingeni- 
 um amanum. Tac. 
 
 378. Duai, Donec, Quoad. Dum, during, whilst, points 
 at something within the present time, and something near, or 
 which was present at the time we speak of; Donec (obso- 
 lete Donicum, i. e. dum -cum), so long until, until, desig- 
 nates the idea expressed by while, more accurately ; Quoad, 
 as long as, so long as, stands as a relative which refers to a 
 demonstrative in the next sentence, though this demonstrative 
 be but imagined* Homines, dum docent, discunt. Senec 
 
379. Dumtaxat. 381. Duplex. 181 
 
 Donee eris felix, multos numerabis amicos. Ovid. Luna 
 quum defecisset, clamor ululatusque in castris Macedonum 
 fuit, donee luna in suam lucem emersit. Liv. Epaminondas 
 exercebatur luctando ad earn jinem, quoad stans complecti 
 posset adversarium. Nep. 
 
 379. Dumtaxat, Solum, Tantum, Modo, Solum — Tan- 
 tummodo, Nonnisi. Dumtaxat, in the mean time only, 
 limits to a definite duration : Coluntur amicitice simulatione 
 dumtaxat ad tempus. Cic. Solum, only, alone, excluding 
 all the rest: Nos nuntiationem solum habemus, consules et 
 reliqui magistratus etiam spectionem. Cic. Tantum, only, 
 according to the degree of quantity, in contradistinction to the 
 negation: Nomen tantum virtutis usurp as : quid ipsa va- 
 leat, ignoras. Cic. Modo, only, in the sense of moderating, 
 restricting : Omnes, qui ea mediocriter modo consider ant. 
 Cic, and strengthening the sense : Unam solummodo Ze~ 
 nonis statuam vendidit Cato. Plin. Torquatus suppressa 
 voce dixit, tantummodo ut vos exaudire possetis. Cic. 
 Nonnisi, only, makes an exception after a negation : Dru- 
 sus, nullo turn alio hoste, non nisi apud Germanias adsequi 
 nomen imperatorium et deportare lauream poterat. Tac. 
 
 380. Dumus, Vepres, Sentes, Rubus. Diimus, a clus- 
 ter of tough, wildly-entwined vines, which rather impede than 
 wound: Animadverti columellam e dumis eminentem. Cic. 
 Vepres, plural, vines with thorns : Ovibus hirsuti secuerunt 
 corpora vepres. Virg. Sentes, plural, thorn-bushes, with 
 sharp, pointed thorns, e. g. hawthorn : Hamatis prcEcordia 
 sentibus implet. Ovid. Rub us, blackberry: Rub us et 
 sentes tantummodo Icedere natce. Ovid. 
 
 381. Duplex, Duplus, Geminus, Gemellus Duplex, 
 twofold, twice, indicates the multiple, how many times a 
 thing, single or by another, exists; Duplus, double, indi- 
 cates, as proportional number, how often one magnitude is to 
 be taken, in order to express the measure of another, so that 
 this may also stand for the other, e. g. duplex stipendium. 
 Cses., but not vice versa: Duplices tendens ad sidera pal- 
 mas. Virg. Pecuniam sacram sublatam conquiri, duplam- 
 que in thesauros reponi jussit. Liv. Geminus, double, 
 according to birth, twin; hence also of two things essentially 
 agreeing according to their destination: Fr aires gemini, 
 Ampliion atque Zethus. Plaut. Par est avaritia, similis im- 
 probitas, eadem impudentia, gemina audacia. Cic, twin 
 sister. Gemellus, belonging to one another like twins 
 
 16 
 
182 382. Duritia. 385. Edere. 
 
 poetical: Prolem gem ell am pignora Lucina bina favente 
 dedi. Ovid. Poma cohcerentia et gem ell a. Plin., which 
 hang by one stem. 
 
 382. Duritia — es, Duritas, Rigor, Severitas. Dm- 
 ritia, hardness, as essential external property; Durities, 
 as internal: Serpens defensus duritia pellis. Ovid. Pa- 
 tientiam imitatur duritia immanis. Cic. Calculi in joci- 
 neribus duritie lapillis similes. Plin. Duritas, as the 
 quality ; the repulsive manner, unfriendliness, opp. comitas : 
 Aliqui duritatem et severitatem quandam verbis sequun- 
 tur. Cic. Rigor, the being stiff, impliability, rigor, which 
 does not yield, e. g. ferri, animi: Saxa ponere duritiem 
 cozpere, suumque rigor em. Ovid. Severitas, severity, 
 gravity, which is strict and punctual : Id supplicium hujus 
 imperii severitas postulabat. Cic. 
 
 E. 
 
 383. Ebrietas, Crapula, Ebriositas, Temulentia, Vi- 
 nolentia. Ebrietas, intoxication, as quality of the intox- 
 icated person, drunkenness: Ebrietas oper tar ecludit. Hor. 
 Crapula, intoxication, as the state of the intoxicated man, 
 in which he finds himself, as the word excitement is now 
 sometimes delicately used ; the state of privation of senses, 
 dizziness, brought on by drinking (the German Rausch ; the 
 Germans therefore say, he has a Rausch) : Edormi crapu- 
 lam. Cic. Ebriositas, inclination to intoxication, intem- 
 perance, mania of drinking; Temulentia, that degree of 
 drunkenness when the head is gone entirely (in German, 
 Taumel, the state in which the person vacillates from one side 
 to another): Alexander amicos in temulentia inter emit. 
 Plin. Vinolentia, inclination to immoderate wine-drink- 
 ing : Quid furiosam vinolentiam tuam proferam ? Cic. 
 
 384. Ecce, En. En, look! see! points at something 
 present; Ecce, lo ! see here! points at something to be re- 
 marked, deserving attention: En quatuor aras ; ecce duas 
 tibi, Daplini, duas, altaria, Phcebo. Virg. 
 
 385. Edeee, Comedere, Mandere, Manducare, Gus- 
 tare, Vorare ; Pasci, Vesci, Pabulari ; Edax, Gulosus, 
 VofyAx. Edere, eating, i. e. in biting, taking in nutriment; 
 Comedere, eating up, consuming: Hodic te istic muscce 
 
386. Educere. 388. Ejulare. 183 
 
 come dissent, Cic. M and ere, chewing, masticating, 
 crushing the food: Dentibus manditur atque ab his ex- 
 tenuatur et molitur cibus. Cic. Man due are, playing, act- 
 ing the chewer (inanducus), performing visibly the act of 
 chewing, grotesquely : Pullos columbinos man due at o can- 
 dido farciunt pane. Varr. Negant recte did, piscem vel 
 aliud tenerum quid manduco, sed potius edo. Mandu- 
 catur autem, quod denti reluctatur. Biomed. It is chewing 
 hard. Gust are, tasting, eating moderately, and so that we 
 perceive accurately the taste of the food, eating with gastro- 
 nomic attention : Nos in essedo panem et palmulas gustavi- 
 mus. Suet. V or are, devouring, gulping down without 
 previous mastication : Animalia alia car punt, alia v or ant, 
 alia mandunt. Cic. Pasci, feeding, with pleasure and 
 for momentary want, of animals, e. g. Sues pascuntur 
 gland e ; tropically of men : llli maleficio et scelere pascun- 
 tur. Cic, delighting in. Vesci, to nourish one's self, taking as 
 nourishment : Penus est omne, quo vescuntur homines. Cic. 
 P abulari, feeding on the pasture (German weiden), eating 
 fodder, procuring fodder, foraging : Capra placide ac lente 
 pahuletur. Colum. Pabulandi frumentandique causa 
 progredi. Caes. — Ed ax, one who eats much, e. g. para- 
 situs ; ignis, cur a. Gulosus, who has too large a throat, 
 who makes the gula (English gullet) his most important part, 
 hence gourmand, French, and dainty {gourmet)", Vorax, 
 greedy and devouring in quantity (German Fresser), e. g. 
 Charybdis, voracious. 
 
 386. Educere, Educare, Tollere. Educere, rear- 
 ing, has reference to care and preservation ; E due are, 
 bringing up, educating, education and formation of body and 
 mind ; Tollere, according to Roman custom, the taking up, 
 as father, the infant from the ground, and thus undertaking 
 its care and education : Parentis est, quern procrearit et 
 eduxerit, eum vestire. Cic. E due at nutrix, instituit pce- 
 dagogus. Varr. Quod erit natum, tollito. Plaut. 
 
 387. Egregius, Eximius. Egregius, choice, excel- 
 lent, not equal with the common herd; Eximius, distin- 
 guished by peculiar advantages, worthy of making an excep- 
 tion : Gens hello egregia. Virg. Eximium ingenium sum- 
 maque virtus. Cic. 
 
 388. Ejulare, Ululare, Vagire, Quiritare. Ejulare, 
 lamentably howling, screaming from pain : Philoctetes Her- 
 culem vidit in (Eta magnitudine dolorum ejulantem. Cic. 
 

 184 
 
 389. Elegans. 392. Emere. 
 
 
 TJlulare, exciting horror, by howling, &c. : Visceque canes 
 ululare per umbram. Virg. Galli suo more victoriam con- 
 clamant atqae ululatum tollunt. Cass. Vagire, is the 
 crying of infants : Si repuerascam et in cunts vagi am. Cic. 
 Quiritare, screaming miserably for assistance: Quiri- 
 tare dicitur is, qui Quiritium Jidem damans implorat. Varr. 
 Pr<z ululatibus nulla vox quiritantium inter cades ex- 
 audiri poterat. Liv. 
 
 389. Elegans, Ornatus. Elegans, properly, one for 
 whom nothing is good enough, who is exceedingly particular 
 in choosing ; he who in dress, furniture, dishes, unites with 
 the greatest simplicity fine choice, tasteful, see 245. Ele- 
 gans dictus antiquitus, qui nimis lecto amoenoque cultu vie- 
 tuque esset. Postea elegans reprehendi quidem desiit ; sed 
 laude nulla dignabatur, nisi cujus elegantia erat. modera- 
 tissima, Gell. In epularum apparatu, a magnijicentia rece- 
 dens, non se par cum solum, sed etiam el eg ant em videri 
 volet. Cic. Ornatus, ornamented, embellished with rich 
 embellishments, richly furnished : Domicilia regis, omnibus 
 rebus or n at a atque refer la. Cic. Oratio or n at a, et arti- 
 jicio quodam et expolitione distincta. Id. 
 
 390. Elidere, Suffocare, Strangulare. Elidere (e — 
 Icedere), injuring deeply (from the bottom), entirely, e. g. 
 oculos, caput saxo ; elidere fauces, pressing the throat most 
 violently, strangling ; Suffocare, suffocating by closing the 
 organs of respiration : Acerbum est, in melle situm suffo- 
 cari. Lucret. Str angular e, throttle, strangulate, by 
 drawing together the throat: Agrippina nonlaqueo stran- 
 gulata. Tac. 
 
 391. Emancifare, Manumittere. Emancipare, re- 
 signing the right of ownership over something formally, 
 especially dismissing a son from the paternal power and 
 authority : Vident omnes, adoptatum emancipari statim, 
 ne sit ejus filius, qui adoptavit. Cic. Manic mitt ere, 
 manumitting a slave, making him free : Sunt servi illi de 
 cognatorum sententia manumissi. Cic. 
 
 392. Emere, Coemere, Mercari, Nundinart. Emere^ 
 buying, obtaining by buying : domum ; aliquem donis. Liv. 
 Coemere, buying several things together: Sulla omnia bona 
 coemit. Cic. Mercari, trading, selling and buying, when 
 this is connected with transactions, and on both sides the ob- 
 ject is rather gain than lasting possession : Sordidi putandi, 
 qui mercantur a mercatoribus, quod statim vendant. Cic, 
 
393. Enodare. 395. Eqaus. 185 
 
 Nundinari, carrying on open trade, properly on markets : 
 Una in domo omnes, quorum intererat, totum imperium populi 
 Romani nundinal) antur. Cic. 
 
 393. Enodare, Enucleare. Enodare (un-knotting), 
 disentangling something difficult, explaining, clearing up, (the 
 German entwickeln is precisely the same); Enucleare 
 (properly shelling out, or rather un-kernelling), bringing 
 something from its obscurity to light, elucidating, presenting 
 lucidly: Aristoteles veterum prcecepta artis enodata dili- 
 genter expo suit, Cic. Nee quidquam in amplification nimis 
 enucleandum est: minuta est enim omnis diligentia. Id. 
 
 394. Epistola, Liters (Litera, Elementum), Libelli, 
 Codicilli. Epistola (emoroXv), epistle, letter, inasmuch 
 as it is sent from one to another: Hoc est epistola pro- 
 prium, ut is, ad quern scribitur, de Us rebus, quas ignorat, 
 certior fiat. Cic. Liter ce, a letter, as something written : 
 Venio nunc ad tuas lit eras, quas pluribus epistolis ac- 
 cepi, dum sum in Arpinati. Cic. (Properly, letters, some- 
 thing written, from Liter a, the letter in the alphabet: Sus 
 rostro si humi A liter am impresserit. Cic, differs from 
 Elementum, the fundamental sound : Litera est nota 
 elementi, et velut imago qucedam vocis liter atce. Ele- 
 ment a proprie dicuntur ipsce pronuntiationes : notce autem 
 earum liter ce. Abusive tamen et element a pro Uteris et 
 liter ce pro elementis vocantur. Priscian. Philippus rex 
 Alexandro filio suo prima liter arum element a tradi ab 
 Aristotele voluit. Quinctil. ) Libelli, unsealed short letters 
 notes; they were differently folded from the epistola. Co 
 dicilli, 218, a writing for persons in the neighbourhood 
 also a petition, imperial order: Qucesivi e Balbo per codi 
 cillos, quid esset in lege. Cic. Sejanus composuit ad Cae- 
 sar em codicillos. moris quippe turn erat, quamquam prce 
 sentem, scripto adire. Tac. 
 
 395. Equus, Caballus, Mannus, Canterius, Veredus. 
 Equus, horse, name for the species; Caballus, a horse 
 for common use and labor: Olitoris aget mercede cabal- 
 lum. Hor. Mannus, a horse from Gaul, shorter, and, on 
 account of quickness, used by the wealthy : Currit, agens 
 mannos, ad villam prcecijn tauter. Lucret. Canterius, or 
 C anther ius (v.avd-riliog), a horse as beast of burden, bag- 
 gage horse : In viis habere malunt placidos (equos). itaque 
 institutum, ut castrentur equi. ii canterii appellantur. Varr. 
 Veredus, a light messenger's-horse : Vel celerem m annum 
 
 16* 
 

 186 
 
 396. Errare. 397. Et. 
 
 vel ruptum terga veredum conscendas, proper e dummodo 
 jam venias. Auson. 
 
 396. Errare, Vagari, Palari ; Erraticus, Vagus, Er- 
 ro. Errare, erring, from want of knowledge of the coun- 
 try, place, &c. : Excutimur cursu et ccecis erramus in undis. 
 Virg. Vagari, pursuing one's way in various directions, 
 without object, in order not to remain in one settled place : 
 Quodam tempore homines fusi per agros ac dispersi vaga- 
 bantur. Cic. Palari, walking in all directions, of a herd 
 which separates, and the individuals of which err singly 
 about: Pal antes oves solce libere grassantur ; ne balant 
 quidem, quum a pecu cetero absunt. Plaut. Hastes vagi per 
 agros palantur. Liv. — Erraticus, erring about, accord- 
 ing to its nature, erratic : Stella erratica. Varr., a planet. 
 Nigidius called them errones. Vitis serpens multiplici lapsu 
 et erratico. Cic. Vagus, unsettled, unsteady: Vagus 
 et exsul errabat undique exclusus. Cic. Erro, a vagrant, 
 one who errs about in a country, without definite, legitimate 
 object. 
 
 397. Et, Que, Ac, Atque ; Etiam, Quoque, Idem. 
 Notions, ideas, and sentences are connected by Et, and, 
 simply and externally, as belonging together in a certain re- 
 spect ; Que, and, expresses the same by way of addition; 
 Atque and its contraction Ac, and, unites things as placed 
 equal to one another according to internal connexion or agree- 
 ment : Quid interest, motu animi sublato, inter hominem et 
 saxum 1 — In lunce cursu est e t brumce qucedam e t solstitii 
 similitudo, multaque ab ea manant et fiuunt, quibus animan- 
 tes alantur augescantque. Cic, et — et, as well as, for 
 two parts taken as equal. - — Si forte queer eretur, quis esset 
 imperator : Epaminondam atque Hannibalem, atque ejus 
 generis homines nominarem. — Quis esset tantus fructus in 
 prosperis rebus, nisi haberes, qui illis ceque ac tu ipse gau- 
 deret 1 Cic. — An addition of an idea yet to be added to the 
 preceding one, or a sentence of this sort, is added with et, 
 also, and thus also, and at the same time, too, without further 
 modification; Eti am, also, even, and still, and yet; Quo- 
 que, just so, in the same way, manner, also, something which 
 stands with the preceding in the same relation ; Idem, also, at 
 the same time, if the same subject is repeated : Pueri certe in 
 Formiano videntur hiematuri : num et ego, nescio. Cic. 
 Victor ex Volscis in Mquos transiit, et ipsos bellum moli- 
 entes. Liv. Qui omnibus Druidibus prcesit, suffragio Drui- 
 
398. Etsi. 187 
 
 dum deligitur, nonnunquam etiam de principatu armis con- 
 tendunt. Cses. Per se jus est expetendum et colendum. quod 
 si jus: etiam justitia. sic reliquce quo que virtutes per se 
 colendce sunt. Cic. Quidquid honestum est, idem est utile. 
 Id. Balbus eo utebatur cibo, qui et suavissimus esset, et 
 idem facillimus ad concoquendum. Id. 
 
 398. Etsi, Etiabtsi, Tametsi, Licet, Ut, Ne, Quam- 
 vis, Quamquam. In concessive sentences, which stand to 
 the minor position in the relation of a condition to a conse- 
 quence contrary or opposed to the expected one, the minor 
 position contains a direct affirmation, a positive statement ; 
 the antecedent, however, contains, a. the assertion that the 
 fulfilment of the condition has no influence upon the opposite 
 assertion of the minor position, — non-consideration of the 
 condition ; — this is given by Etsi, even if, also if, although ; 
 strengthened, Etiam si, even though, allowing something 
 very important ; Tametsi, also Tarn en etsi, notwithstand- 
 ing, opposes the taking place of the antecedent to the minor 
 position with additional weight: Etsi summa difficultas fa- 
 ciundi pontis proponebatur, tamen id sibi contendendum, out 
 aliter non transducendum exercitum, existimabat. Cses. Ha- 
 bet res deliberationem ; etsi ex 'parte magna tibi assentior. 
 Cic. Ista Veritas etiam si jucunda non est, mihi tamen 
 grata est. Id. Ego bonos viros sequar, etiam si ruent. Id. 
 Tua vero nobilitas, Ser. Sulpici, tametsi, summa est, tamen 
 hominibus literatis est notior, populo vero obscurior. Id. 
 Tamen etsi ant ea scrip si, qua existimavi scribi oportere : 
 tamen hoc tempore breviter te commonendum putavi. Id. — 
 b. or the declaration that the taking place of that condition is 
 allowed to rest on its own merits, is given with Licet, may 
 it be, be it so ; the mode is designated by Ut, supposed ; 
 negatively, by Ne, supposed that not ; the degree of the 
 notion by Quamvis, how much soever, though ever so 
 much, although; and making the notion general by Quam- 
 quam, how much so ever, although; TJtut, howsoever, in 
 whatever mode or manner : Quoniam semel suscepi hanc 
 causam, licet undique omnes in me terrores periculaque im- 
 pendeant omnia, succurram atque subibo. Cic. Ut omnia 
 contingant, qua volo, levari non possum. Id. Ne sit sane 
 summum malum dolor ; malum certe est. Id. Quamvis non 
 fueris suasor et impulsor profectionis mea, approbator certe 
 fuisti. Id. Quam quam omnis virtus nos ad se allicit, ta- 
 men justitia et liberalitas id maxime ejjicit. Id. Id quoque 
 

 188 399. Ex sententia. 402. Excedere. 
 
 possum ferre, qu am qu am injurium est. Ter., limiting, re- 
 stricting or correcting the minor position. 
 
 399. Ex SENTENTIA, De SENTENTIA, In SENTENTIAM. Ex 
 
 se ntenti a, according to desire : Ut reliqua ex sententia 
 succedant. Cic. Quod ex animi tui sententia juraris, 
 sicut verbis concipitur more nostro, id non facer e perjurium 
 est. Id., according to true conviction and feeling. De sen- 
 tentia, according to your opinion, desire, counsel: Nihil 
 facturus sum, nisi de sententia tua. Cic. In sent en- 
 Ham, entering into some one's opinion, agreeing with it: 
 Plura in earn sententiam ab eisdem contra verecundiam 
 disputantur. Cic. Factum est senatus consultum in me am 
 sententiam. Id., as I had voted. 
 
 400. ExAMINARE, PoNDERARE, LlBRARE, ExiGERE. E X- 
 
 aminare, making something in the balance equal to a cer- 
 tain weight, weighing accurately according to it : Britanni 
 utuntur annulis ferreis ad certum pondus examinatis pro 
 nummo. Cses. Male verum ex am in at corruptus judex. Hor. 
 Ponder are, inquire into, whether something have the proper 
 weight: Semper amatorum ponder at ilia sinus. Propert. 
 Non est ex fortuna fides ponder and a. Cic. Librare, 
 making level, keeping in equilibrium : Terra librata pon- 
 deribus. Cic. Telum missile libro. Virg., swinging. Ex- 
 igere, examining according to the plumb-line, measure, or 
 weight : ad perpendiculum columnas. Cic. Margaritarum 
 pondus sua manu ex e git. Suet. 
 
 401. Exanimus — is, Inanimus. Exanimus and Ex- 
 animis, deprived of life, that from which the soul has fled 
 or been taken, exanimate (in German, entseelt ; literally, un- 
 souled, dissouled) : Exanimumque auro corpus (Hectoris) 
 vendebat Achilles. Virg. Inanimus, inanimate (lifeless), 
 that which has never lived, e. g. aurum, lapis: Inter in an- 
 imum et animal hoc interest, quod animal agit aliquid. Cic. 
 
 402. Excedere, Effugere, Evadere, Erumpere. Ex- 
 cedere, marching out, off, quietly departing from some 
 place : Exercitum ab Janiculo deduxit Porsena et agro Ro- 
 mano excessit. Liv. Effugere, to fly from, out of a 
 place, escaping, hastening away from pending danger : Rex 
 e manibus effugit. Cic. Effugere celeritate periculum. 
 Cses. Invidiam vulgi. Nep. Evadere, escaping from 
 watches and danger, escaping with celerity and cunning, 
 and obtaining the end : e manibus hostium. Liv. Jamque 
 pedem refer ens casus evaserat omnes. Virg. Eru mp ere, 
 
403. Excudere. 405. Exemplum. 189 
 
 breaking forth with violence, as is the case in a sally from a 
 besieged town: Occasione rursus erumpam data. Phsedr., 
 of the stag in the stable. Catilina abiit, excessit, evasit, 
 erupit. Cic. Abiit, is removing from out our sphere of 
 vision (what in vulgar English would be indicated by clearing 
 out) ; excessit, removing beyond the limit ; evasit, escaping 
 from danger ; erupit, violently breaking forth, and breaking 
 his path to the certain aim. 
 
 403. Excudere, Excutere, Extundere. Excudere, 
 beating out by repeated blows : silici scintillam. Virg., beat- 
 ing forth; librum. Cic, welding, i. e. writing. Excutere, 
 w r ith one blow, and crushing: Tibi hoc cyatho oculum excu- 
 tiam. Plaut. Extundere, pushing out: Quum labor ex- 
 tuderit fastidia. Hor., driving away. Ut v arias usus me- 
 ditando extunderet artes. Virg., bringing forth, i. e. 
 about. 
 
 404. Excusare, Purgare. Excusare, excusing, i. e. 
 removing guilt by bringing forth reasons, or diminishing 
 guilt: Atticce velim me ita excuses, ut omnem culpam in te 
 transfer as. Cic. Pur gar e, clearing one's self of guilt, ex- 
 culpating, proving one's innocence, justifying one's self: 
 Brutus per liter as pur gat Casarem de interitu Marcelli. 
 Cic. 
 
 405. Exemplum, Exemplar, Documentum, Argumen- 
 tum. Exemplum, properly, something selected from vari- 
 ous objects, for the representation of qualities common to all ; 
 a thing fashioned after something else, destined for imitation, 
 a pattern, model, example, an example for illustration, for 
 proof of something similar: Caisaris literarum exemplum 
 tibi misL Cic. Ille vir, exemplum innocentia. Id. Ex- 
 emplo demonstratur id, quod dicimus, cujusmodi sit. Ad 
 Herenn. Exemplar, that which may serve as example, 
 may take the place of the original, according to its kind : 
 Idem liber, in exemplaria transscriptus. Plin. Copies. 
 M. Cato, quo omnes quasi ex emplari ad industriam vir- 
 tutemque ducimur. Cic. Ex empl u m, is the model, of itself, 
 inasmuch as it faithfully represents the original ; exemplar, 
 with reference to him who is to make use of it. Documen- 
 tum, an example for instruction, warning, proof, evidencing 
 a position : Perseus documentum humanorum casuum fuit. 
 Liv. Document a damns, qua simus origine nati. Ovid. 
 Ar gum en turn, the mark of distinction, proof from facts, 
 fror-a ^rhich we may learn the truth, and by which we may 
 

 190 406. Exhibere. 407. Exilis. 
 
 convince others : Argumenta atque indicia sceleri « Cic, 
 evidence. 
 
 406. Exhibere, Offerre, Porrigere ; Ostendere, Os- 
 
 TENTARE, MONSTRARE, DEMONSTEARE, PoRTENDERE. E X- 
 
 hi b ere, handing out, giving up, after resistance: Exhibe- 
 mus servum, quern habemus. Equitem Romanum, procla- 
 mantem : heres mens es ! exhibere testamenti tabulas coegit. 
 Sueton. Offerre, offering, bringing toward one, giving to 
 one in bringing it, and offering for acceptance, e. g. se pro 
 p atria ad mortem. Cic. Modestis etiam off err e, quod non 
 petierunt. Phssdr. Solus tu inventus es, qui cum accusatori- 
 bus sederes, atque os tuum non modo ostenderes, sed etiam 
 offer res. Cic. Porrigere, stretching out before one, 
 proffer, laying before : Manum porrigere in mensam. Cic, 
 in order to take away something. Dexteram Jiospes hospiti 
 porrexisti. Id. A diis bona porrigentibus et danti- 
 bus nolle sumere. Id. — Exhibere, showing, proving by 
 fact: Exhibuit junctam cum viribus artem. Ovid., the art 
 of throwing the disk. Pr milium es pollicitus : exhibe vocis 
 fidem. Phsedr. Ostendere, showing, exhibiting a thing in 
 its true form or light, without concealing any essential part : 
 Eis mores ostendi tuos, et collaudavi secundum facta el 
 virtutes tuas. Ter. O stent are, showing something in a 
 manner that it may be seen very clearly, exposing a thing to 
 perfect sight, showing off, showing it ostentatiously, bragging 
 with it: Altera manu fert lapidem, panem o stent at altera. 
 Plaut. Ut potius amor em 'tibi ostenderem meum, quam 
 ostentarem prudentiam. Cic. M o nstrare, showing, with 
 instruction, directing, e. g. viam : Tu istic, si quid librarii 
 mea manu non intelligent, monstrabis. Cic. Demon- 
 strare, pointing at a subject with instruction, so that it can- 
 not be mistaken for another ; proving, demonstrating : Hi qui 
 hospites ad ea, qua, visenda sunt, ducere solent, et unumquid- 
 que ostendere, ut ante demonstrabant, quid ubique 
 esset : ita nunc, quid undique ablatum sit, ostendunt. Cic. 
 Port end ere, showing from a distance, indicating some- 
 thing coming, pending, future, portending, indicating, fore- 
 tokening : Victoria sese port end it fatis, ominibus, oraculis. 
 Liv. Dii mihi auguriis auspiciisque omnia lata ac prospera 
 portendunt. Id. 
 
 407. Exilis, Tenuis, Gracilis, Macer, Vescus. Ext- 
 lis, small, weak, in proportion to the proper degree of the 
 extensive or intensive magnitude of things of the same kind 
 
408. Expedire. 411. Explanare. 191 
 
 (at times, puny), e. g. jecur exile, opp. plenum; exiles 
 artus, emaciated : Cur a oratorihus convenit, ne ad mulierum 
 et cegrorum ex Hit at em vox tenuetur. Quinctil. Tenuis, 
 thin, the parts of which are stretched out, opp. thick and 
 dense, e. g. filum, aer : Oculi membranis tenuissimis 
 vestiti. Cic. Gracilis, long and thin, lank, slender, and 
 by its slenderness pleasing, gracile : Virgines, quas matres 
 student demissis humeris esse, vincto pectore, ut graciles 
 tint. Ter. Pini silvestres graciles. Macer {meagre), 
 lean, opp. pinguis (which see): Ma era cavum repetes arc- 
 turn, quern ma era subisti. Hor. Vescus, consuming, and 
 consumed, i. e. dried out: Saxa vesco sale peresa. Lucret. 
 VesccE salicum frondes. Virg. 
 
 408. Expedire, Extricare. Expedire, properly, get- 
 ting the foot out of a fetter or trap ; disentangling, making 
 loose, free : Ex laqueis se expedire. Cic. Expedire 
 nomina, paying debts: se cur a. Cic. Extricare, freeing 
 from entangling disorder, extricating: Pugnat extricata 
 densis cerva plagis. Hor. De Bionysio adhuc nihil extri- 
 co. Cic, I cannot yet give any information. 
 
 409. EXPERGEFACERE, SuSCITARE ; ExPERGEFACTUS, Ex- 
 
 perrectus. Exper gefacere, wakening a sleeping one, 
 stirring him : Italiam tumultus exper gefecit terrore subi- 
 to. Ad Herenn. Suscitare, causing that something or one 
 rise, inciting to activity: Cinerem dimovit et ignes susci- 
 tat hesternos. Ovid. Themistocles Miltiadis tropceis e som- 
 no suscitabatur. Cic. Suscitare testem, helium civile. 
 Id. — Exper gef actus, awakened from without; Exper- 
 rectus, he who awakens of himself: Quum, somno repetito, 
 simul cum sole experrectus essem. Cic. 
 
 410. Experiri, Tentare, Periclitari. Experiri, ob- 
 taining experience by a trial, experiment, trying, e. g. vim 
 veneni in aliquo ; alicujus Jidem virtutemque ; Una spes erat 
 salutis, si eruptione facta extremum auxilium experiren- 
 tur. Cses. Tentare, properly, endeavouring to iearn the 
 qualities of something by touching, which precedes the expe- 
 riri : Vadum fluminis tentabant, si transire possent. Coes. 
 Periclitari, making an attempt, trial, which is connected 
 with danger, daring, risking : Homines in prceliis belli for- 
 tunam periclitantur. Cic. 
 
 411. Explanare, Explicare, Interpretari, Exponere. 
 Explanare, explaining, making clear and plain, if obscure 
 and entangled notions^ire the cause of ambiguity or obscurity 
 

 192 412. Explorare. 413. Expugnare. 
 
 of sense; Explicare, unfolding, developing, if want of 
 proper exactness and copiousness and indistinctness are the 
 cause; Interpretari, interpreting, showing the meaning 
 of some signs, translating, if things or words convey no 
 meaning to the studious; Exporter e, exposing, i. e. making 
 an exposition with words, clearly and in proper order, pre- 
 senting lucidly and in its parts: Rem non intelligo ; expla- 
 nab is igitur. — Definire rem non presse et anguste, sed 
 explanatius et ad popularem intelligentiam accommoda- 
 tius. — Crassus hcec, quce coarctavit in oratione sua, dilatet 
 atque explicet. — Somnium magi Cyro interpretati 
 sunt. — Rem latent em explicare dejinitione, obscuram ex- 
 plan are interpret an do. — Ab initio, res quemadmodum 
 gesta sit, vobis exponemus. Cic. 
 
 412. Explorare, Ex — Requirere ; Explorator, Spe- 
 culator, Emissarius, Excursor.* Explorare, exploring, 
 inquiring into, obtaining knowledge by persons sent for this 
 purpose; of sharply seeing with strained attention: Exqui- 
 rere, seeking out, asking, questioning something out, looking 
 and inquiring for something lost or missing, hunting for it : 
 Explorare iter, locum castris idoneum ; hence Explo- 
 ratus, that which, by inquiry, has been placed beyond 
 doubt : Bene provisa et diligenter explorata principia po- 
 nere. Cic. / intro, ex quire, sit ne ita, ut ego prcedico. 
 Plaut., go in and see whether it is not just as I say. A te 
 nihil dum certi exquiro, sed quid videatur. Cic. Consilio 
 convocato, sententias exquirere cozpit. Caes. Te re qui- 
 sivi scBpius, ut viderem. — Vectigalibus amissis, subsidia 
 belli requiretis. Cic. — Explorator, a spy, one who 
 on the spot endeavours to observe closely every thing which 
 interests his party, and who, therefore, gives information to 
 be depended upon : Ccesar per explorator es certior f ac- 
 tus est. Caes. Speculator, observer, spy, who from a dis- 
 tance observes the enemy, scout: Ex speculatoribus 
 cognitum, Jugurtham haud procul abesse. Sail. Emissa- 
 rius,a,n emissary, one sent to espy or to get any information ; 
 Excursor, one who takes another way, who runs far out in 
 order to espy: Petit hereditatem Ncevius quidam, istius ex- 
 cursor et emissarius. Cic. 
 
 413. Expugnare, Debellare, Vincere, Superare. Ex- 
 pugnare, conquering by storm : castellum, urbem munitam; 
 alicujus pertinaciam ; Debellare, beating down by war, 
 making, by war, the enemy incapable ^f resistance, and thus 
 
414. Exsistere. 415. Exspectare. 193 
 
 bringing the war to an end, warring down the enemy, if we 
 could say so : Pugnare et ipsi milii placet : neque prius, 
 quani debellav ero, absistam. Liv. Aulius cum Ferentanis 
 uno secundo prcelio debellav it. Id. Vine ere, overcom- 
 ing being victorious over, conquering, mastering obstacles 
 and resistance: Jus esse belli, ut, qui vicissent, Us, quos 
 vi cis sent, quemadmodum vellent, imperarent. Cses. Labor 
 omnia vincit. Virg. Super are, getting beyond a thing, 
 being an overmatch, excelling : Metellus Scaurum constantia 
 et gravitate super avit. — In officio etiam si multi mecum 
 contendent, tamen omnes facile super abo. Cic. Vi ncer e, 
 points at weakening resistance, and abasement of the oppo- 
 nent ; Super are, only represents the victor as the superior, 
 the one overcome. 
 
 414. Exsistere, Exstare, Emergere, Eminere, Projii- 
 nere ; Esse. Exsistere, properly, placing itself forth; 
 stepping forth, becoming visible ; Exstare, standing out, i. e. 
 being visible: Si ex sis tat ab inferis Lycurgus, gaud eat 
 minis murorum. Liv. Ineunte vere in vitibus ex sis tit 
 gemma. Cic. Ex virtutibus vita beata ex sis tit. Id., orig- 
 inates, is the consequence of. Milites capite solo ex aqua 
 ex stab ant. Cass. Exstat memoria, senatus consultum. 
 Cic, there is extant, yet existing; Emergere, emerging, 
 coming forth : Aves qu&dam se in mari mergunt atque e mer- 
 gunt. Cic. Emergere se ex malis. Ter. Scepe multoriun 
 improbitate depressa Veritas emergit. Cic. Eminere, 
 reaching above and out of something ; used of the position 
 of striving up, rising aloft, topping : Columella non midtum e 
 dumis e mi nens. — Globus terra eminens e mari. Cic. 
 Prominere, projecting: Hostium cuneus, a cetera pro mi- 
 ll ens acie. Liv. Elephanto dentes prominent. Plin. — 
 Exsistere, originating, showing itself, with the notion of 
 activity; Esse, to be, merely indicates existence as a state : 
 Nisi llias ilia exstitisset, idem tumulus, qui corpus AcliiU 
 lis contexerat, nomen etiam obruisset. — In gloria bellica 
 multi apud majores nostros exstiterunt. — Homo nequis- 
 simus omnium, qui sunt, qui fuerunt, qui futuri sunt. 
 Cic. 
 
 415. Exspectare, Pr^stolari, Opperiri. Exspec- 
 tare, awaiting something that is to come : Sto exspectans, 
 si quid mi imperent. Ter. Prasto lari, being present to 
 receive some one: Quern prcestolare, Parmeno, hie ante 
 ostium ? Ter. Opperiri, waiting until the expected effect, 
 
 17 
 

 194 416. Exsul 418. Extra. 
 
 waiting so long as something occurs (German abwarten) : 
 Parati atque intenti hostium adventum opperiebantur. 
 Liv. 
 
 416. Exsul, Extorris, Delegatus, Deportatus. Ex- 
 sul, the exile, he who is not allowed in the pairia, as punish- 
 ment and dishonor, with the loss of all places of honor and 
 authority, yet without loss of Roman citizenship ; also, he 
 who voluntarily expatriates himself to escape punishment : 
 Hannibal Cartkagine expulsus Ephesum ad Antiochum venit 
 exsul. Cic. Extorris, homeless, he who misses his home- 
 country, he who cannot remain in his father-land : Jugurtha 
 me extorrem patria, domo, inopem et coopertum miseriis 
 e fecit, ut ubivis tutius, quam in regno meo essem. Sail. Re- 
 legatus, 65, one who has been degradingly expelled from 
 his city ; a milder punishment than the exile : Octavianus M. 
 Lepidum supplicem concessa vita Circeios in perpetuum rele- 
 gavit. Suet. Edictum in poena nomine lene fuit. Quippe 
 relegatus, non exsul dicor in illo. Ovid. Deporta- 
 tus, a criminal who was for ever banished to wild islands, 
 losing with this his citizenship and property, which was not 
 the effect of the relegatio. Both these punishments were 
 introduced by Augustus : Vifyius Serenus, de vi publica dam- 
 natus, in insulam Amor gum deportatur. Tac. 
 
 417. Exstinguere, Opprimere. Exstinguere, extin- 
 guishing, 330, designates a more cautious effacing, annulling ; 
 Opprimere, pressing down, damping, a quicker, more for- 
 cible overcoming and suppression : Danda opera est, si ami- 
 corum dissidia Jiant, ut exstincta potius amicitia, quam 
 oppress^ esse videantur. Cic. 
 
 418. Extra, Extrinsecus ; Prater, Prjeterquam. Ex- 
 tra, without, outside, of position or situation: Extra et in- 
 tus liostem habere. Cses. Non potui intelligere extra ostium, 
 intus qua inter sese ipsi egerint. Ter. Extra culpam, 
 periculum, jocum. Cic. Extrinsecus (extrim, XX, 7.), 
 from without, designating direction: Metus extrinsecus 
 imminentis belli. Liv., from without. Columna extrinse- 
 cus inaurata. Cic, on the surface. Extra, except, not 
 included in the quantity or multitude : Neque notus neque 
 cognatus extra unam aniculam quisquam aderat. Ter. P r a- 
 ter, except, of things passed over : Framentum omne, prater 
 quod secum portaturi erant, comburunt. Cses. Omnino ego 
 neminem video, prater istum. Cic. Praterquam ex- 
 cept, only as adverb : Ex hac sede Vestales nihil unquam, 
 praterquam urbs capta, movit. Liv 
 
419. Extremus. 420. Fabrica. 195 
 
 419. Extremes, Extimus, Ultimus, Postremus, Posttj- 
 mus. The last is Extremus, the outermost of several outer 
 (extents) parts of a contiguous series, surface, meeting, in con- 
 tradistinction of the parts within ; Extimus, the outermost, 
 that which is on the outermost point, contradistinguished from 
 the centre : Epistola, in qua extrema scriptum erat. Cic. 
 Extremo anno pacts aiiquid fuit. Liv. Nov em orbium vel 
 potius globorum unus est cadestis, extimus, qui reliquos om- 
 ties complectitur. Cic. Ultimus, the most distant, on the 
 other side, in contradistinction to the nearest this side, citi- 
 mus ; the most remote on the other extreme end, beyond 
 which nothing of the same kind exists : Luna ultima a ccelo, 
 citima terris, luce lucet aliena. Cic. Hostis ab Oceano ter~ 
 rarumque ultimis oris bellum ciebat. Liv. Ccesar, reducto 
 exercitu, partem ultimam pontis, qua ripas Ubiorum con- 
 tingebat, rescindit, atque in extremo ponte turrim consti- 
 tuit. Caes., extremo, on the end this side. Postremus, the 
 hindmost of the other posteri, or preceding ones (with regard 
 to him) : Ut quisque in fuga postremus, ita periculo prin- 
 ceps erat; post rem am enim quamque navem piratce primam 
 adoriebantur. Cic. P osiumus, the last in relation to the 
 first, generally he who is the last born of the children, also 
 born after the father's death, that which is born or produced 
 late: Postuma spes. Appul. Posthum a proles non eum 
 significat, qui poire mortuo, sed qui postremo loco natus 
 est. Gell. 
 
 F. 
 
 420. Fabrica, Officina, Taberna ; Fabricator, Machi- 
 nator. Fabrica, the workshop of an artificer in hard 
 metal (faber): Est in fabrica: ibi lectulos ilignis pedi- 
 bus faciundos dedit. Ter. Officina, the workshop in 
 which something is made and produced by way of mechan- 
 ical trade, or some mechanical product, e. g. armorum ; fal- 
 sorum commentariorum et chirographorum. Cic. Taberna, 
 a stall, a booth, in which ware of all sorts is offered for sale, 
 and also such things are made as do not require a more sub- 
 stantial building: Taberna sutrina, libraria. — Fabrica- 
 tor, the skilful artificer, maker, who with instruments, espe- 
 cially with sharp ones, and with the hammer, produces fine 
 
196 421. Fabula. 422. Facere. 
 
 work : Myrmecides, minutorwn opusculorum fa bricator. 
 Cic. Doli fabricator Epeus. Virg. Ma chin at or, who 
 invents or makes machines, that is, skilfully composed instru- 
 ments or assemblages of such, in order to produce or facili- 
 tate motion : Archimedes, inventor ac machinator bellico- 
 rum tormentorum. Liv. Scelerum machinator, Cic, the 
 leader, ringleader. 
 
 421. Fabula, Apologus, Narratio. Fabula, an in- 
 vented tale, a nursery tale, a piece for theatrical perform- 
 ance : Fabula neque veras neque verisimiles continet res, 
 ui hai, qua tragcediis traditce sunt. Ad Herenn. Apologus, 
 an apologue, a fable with a moral and instructive object ; 
 Narratio, narration, account, representation of an event: 
 Exprimere et ponere ante oculos ea, qua videantur esse veri- 
 similia, est proprium narrationis. Ad ridiculi genus 
 adscrihamus narrationes apolo gorum. Cic. 
 
 422. Facere, Agere, Gerere ; Reddere ; Operari ; 
 Actio, Gestio, Actus, Gestus. a. Facere, making, des- 
 ignates the result of activity; Agere, carrying on, acting, 
 designates the activity itself; Gerere, properly, carrying 
 something openly, that it may be seen, 440 ; a branch of 
 business, profession, office with its duties, with reference to 
 the deportment of the invested person, or his execution of his 
 calling: Facere pontem, classem, helium, cadem, fcedus, in- 
 sidias, pactionem, bringing about, that which did not exist 
 before ; facere argentariam, medicinam, pecuariam, sc. ar- 
 tem, performing the respective arts or trades, acting (as) the 
 broker, physician. Agere jumenta, navem, driving; nego- 
 tium, diem festum, vitam, doing the business, celebrating the 
 day, acting it out (German begehen). Fabulam facit poeta, 
 a git actor. Quinctil., making and acting, i. e. acting out. 
 Reum facere, making one the reus, bringing him before 
 the court ; agere, speaking against him as accuser. Ge- 
 rere in capite galeam ; gerere et administrare magistra- 
 turn, rem publicam, negotium, res bellicas ; se gerere pro 
 cive, behave as citizen. There is always in gerere, in 
 these cases, the idea of leading, as we have it in leading a 
 life of a certain kind. Facere helium alicui, beginning war 
 with some one; agere helium, carrying it on, causing that 
 it be carried on, directing it; gerere helium, leading it, 
 performing hostilities. Facta, the things done; Acta, 
 actions, according to a certain procedure or rule, political 
 actions of an individual, and public transactions; Gesta, res 
 
423. Facere fidem. 197 
 
 gestce, official performances, especially warlike performances 
 deeds, in connexion with one another: In judiciis facta 
 arguebantur, dicta impune erant. Tac. Res urbanas acta- 
 que omnia ad te perferri arbitror, Cic. Habebam acta ur- 
 bana usque ad Nonas Martias. Id. Thucydides res g est as 
 et bella narrat. Id. b. Facere, making, effecting a differ- 
 ent state of a thing; Redder e, making, transforming into a 
 different state, changing the previous one : Ducem faciebat 
 vulnus inutilem. Liv. Ut ex alienissimis sociis amicissimos. 
 ex infidelissimis firmissimos redder em. Cic. c. Facere 
 {sacra), sacrificing, bringing about a sacrifice; Operari 
 sacris, being occupied with sacrificing, performing a sacrifice : 
 Nostri sacra pro civibus civem facere voluerunt. Cic. 
 Aliqua assiduce textis o per at a Minerva cantat. Tibull. — 
 Actio, every civil, political action, transaction, e. g. de pace, 
 and the action in court: Prcetor dat actionem,he allows 
 it, grants the action ; intendere actionem perduellionis, 
 bringing it, attacking some one legally, by way of legal 
 action; Gestio, the direction, and carrying along and out, 
 e. g. negotii. — Actus, action, that is, activity, as state of 
 the performer, agent: Ad ultimum vitce finem in actu eri- 
 mus. Senec. Gestus, position, bearing of the body, the 
 way of leading it, as it were, gesture : Vitium in gestu mo- 
 tuque caveatur. Cic. 
 
 423. Facere, D^re, Habere fidem; Agere, Habere, 
 Facere concilium. Facer e fidem, making belief, that is, 
 creating belief, making credible : Argumentum est ratio, rei 
 dubice fa ciens fidem. Cic. Dare fidem, giving one's 
 word, promise (pledging one's faith) : Fidem hosti dat am 
 fallere. Cic. Habere fidem, being credible, creditable; 
 alicui, having belief in what one says: JDebebit habere 
 fidem nostra prcedictio. Cic. Major em tibi fidem Ka- 
 bul, quam pene ipsi milxi. Id. — Agere concilium, con- 
 vention, holding a council, convention, &c, if we speak of 
 their direction and transactions taking place there : Habere, 
 cause them to be held, and presiding over them : Hostes 
 concilia seer eta agunt. Liv. In oppidis Sicilice pratores 
 conventum agere solent. Cic. Consul Scodrce, evocatis 
 ex tota provincia principibus, conventum habuit. Liv. 
 Facere, joining in a convention, meeting in, making pro- 
 ducing it, as it were: Ecetrce Antiates coloni palam con- 
 cilia faciunt. Liv., assembling, convening. 
 17* 
 

 198 424. Fades. 425. Facultas. 
 
 424. Facies, Species, Forma; Vultus, Frons, Os. 
 Fades, the whole front, front side or facing side of a thing, 
 according to its formation, its form : Agesilaus et staturafuit 
 humili, et corpore exiguo, et claudus altero pede. Itaque ig- 
 noti faciem ejus quum intuerentur, contemnebant. Nep. 
 Species, appearance of a thing, as its exterior appears to 
 the beholder, the looking of a thing : Natura sped em ita 
 formavit oris, ut in ea penitus reconditos mores effingeret. 
 Cic. Prceclara chassis in speciem, sed inops et injirma 
 propter dimissionem propugnatorum. Id. Forma, the out- 
 lines, by which a thing receives its definite shape, by which 
 it may be distinguished from others : Mulier sibi prater 
 for mam nihil ad similitudinem hominis reservavit. Cic. — 
 Facies, face, as the whole prominent surface on the front 
 side of the human head, according to its natural formation : 
 Facies homini tantum ; ceteris os, aut rostra. Plin. Fa- 
 cies pulchra, honesta, decora. This is called Vultu s, inas- 
 much as in its middle part, in its traits, and the rolling (volo, 
 volvere) of the eyes, peculiar expressions and emotions are 
 visible ; Frons, forehead, inasmuch as in it, the highest and 
 most prominent part of the face, the same or similar things 
 are expressed ; and Os, mouth, inasmuch as the play of its 
 muscles express these inner movements peculiarly : Quemad- 
 modum animo affecti sumus, vultus indicat. Cic. Domina- 
 fur maxime vultus. Hoc supplices, hoc minaces, hoc blandi, 
 hoc tristes, hoc erecti, hoc summissi sumus. Sed in ipso 
 vultu plurimum valent oculi, per quos maxime animus end- 
 net. Quinctil. Frons tranquilla et serena. Cic. Frons 
 homini tristitim, hilaritatis, dementia, severitatis index. 
 Plin. In speculo os contemplare suum. Plaut., the face, ac- 
 cording to its traits, mien, and accidental form. Licet or a 
 ipsa cernere iratorum, aut eorum, qui aut metu commoti sunt 
 aut voluptate nimia gestiunt: quorum omnium vultus mu- 
 tantur. Cic. Pudibundaque frondibus or a protegit. Ovid. 
 Nam quo redibo ore ad earn, quam contemserim? Tex., as 
 the seat, expression of shame and shamelessness. 
 
 425. Facultas, Facilitas. Facultas, expresses the 
 possibility or capability of doing a thing on the part of the 
 acting subject, hence the faculty, opportunity, possibility, with 
 regard to action; Facilitas, the same on the part of the 
 thing to be done, feasibility, of things that may easily be 
 done, facility, and, applied to men, readiness, kindness, one 
 who easily yields, who is facile : Hortensio summam copiam 
 
426. Fax. 428. Fama. 199 
 
 fa cult at em que dicendi natura largita est. Cic. Reliquis 
 fuga fa cult as datur. Cass. Germani agros inter se par- 
 tiuntur : facilitatem partiendi camporum spatia prastant. 
 Tac. Meam fa cilitatem laudatote, quum vobis non gra- 
 vate respondero. Cic. 
 
 426. F^:x, Sentina. Fax, dregs, sediment of a liquid 
 which has fermented : Cadi cum fa c e siccati. Hor. In- 
 fima fax populi. Cic. Sentina, the dirt on the very bot- 
 tom in a vessel, bilge water: Sent in am exhaurire,. Cic. 
 Exhaurietur ex urbe perniciosa sentina rei publica. Id., 
 the dregs, the very offal of the state ; properly, the sink, with 
 what is in it. 
 
 427. Falsus, Fallax, Pellax ; Falso, Perperam. Fal- 
 sus, false, deceiving one's self, i. e. being wrong, and that 
 which is not what it appears to be: Falsus es. Ter., you 
 are wrong, you are mistaken. Pozna est fals arum et cor- 
 ruptarum literarum. Cic. Fall ax, deceitful: Astrologi 
 vani atque fall aces. Cic. Quod si est erratum spe falsa 
 atque fallaci, redeamus in viam. Id. Pellax (pellicere), 
 seductive, delusive, the intriguer, who cunningly conceals his 
 falseness, in order to lead others toward his own end : Pel- 
 lax Ulysses. — Falso, falsely, wrongly, not according to the 
 true state of things ; P erperam, incorrectly, not according to 
 the cause and ground of things : Falson^ an vero laudent, 
 non fiocci faciunt. Plaut. Calceum per per am, ac sinis- 
 trum pro dextro, inducer e.. Suet. TJtrum recte, an p erpe- 
 ram, judicatum est ? Cic, wrongly. 
 
 428. Fama, Rumor, Sermo ; Famosus, Infamis. Fa- 
 ma, the saying, reputation, every thing which, as being re- 
 markable, is told of a person either publicly or among the 
 people, good or evil reputation, name : Ad Labienum de vic- 
 toria Casaris fama per fertur. Coes. Fama fuit, Themis- 
 toclem venenum sua sponte sumsisse. Nep. Fama inser- 
 vire. Tac. Rumor, rumor, the talk of the people among 
 themselves of contemporary events, uncertain whether it have 
 any true foundation : Ex Asia nihil perfertur ad nos prater 
 rumor es de oppresso Dolabella, satis illos quidem constan- 
 tes, sed adhuc sine auctore. Cic. Calamitas tanta fuit, ut 
 earn ad aures Luculli non ex prcelio nuntius, sed ex sermone 
 rumor afferret. Id. Sermo, the talk of individuals of 
 something, especially evil talk, gossip : In sermon em homi- 
 num venire; Hominum malevolis de aliquo sermonibus 
 credere. Cic. — Famosus he who stands in fama, that is, 
 
200 429. Fari. 
 
 reputation, bad or good, of whom they talk a great deal. 
 Famosa mors. Hor. Me ad fam os as vetuit mater acce- 
 dere. Cic. In f amis, he who stands in evil repute, badly 
 renowned, famous in a bad respect : Homines vitiis atque 
 omni dedecore infames. Cic. Infamem annum pestilen- 
 tia fecit. Liv. 
 
 429. Fari, Loqui, Dicere, Perhibere ; Die, Da, Cedo ; 
 Effari, Edicere. Fari, speaking, uttering articulated 
 sounds, words ; in the " golden age," it was used of the 
 solemn, oracle-like utterance : Nescios fari pueros. Hor, 
 Turn ad eos is deus, qui omnia genuit, fatur : Hcec vos, qui 
 deorum satu orti estis, attendite. Cic. Loqui, speaking, 
 i. e. expressing one's thoughts by language (German redeii) 
 of the common utterance of man, in contradistinction to the 
 mute animal, e. g. pure et Latine : Magni interest, quibus- 
 cum quisque loquatur a puero, quemadmodum patres, pee- 
 dagogi, matres etiam loquantur. Cic. Dicere, properly 
 showing, saying, indicates the form of representation of one's 
 thoughts by language ; hence it is used of the orator, if the 
 object is which sense the words ought to have: Die am, 
 quod sentio. Cic. Quce quum dixissem, magis ut ilium 
 provocarem, quam ut ipse loquerer : turn Triarius, Quid 
 Epicuro, inquit, reliquisti, nisi te, quoquo modo loquere- 
 tur, intelligere, quid dicer et? Id. Perhibere, 376, 
 saying, naming, calling, in the sense of believing, holding to 
 be : Prohibiti estis in provincia vestra pedem ponere, et pro- 
 hibiti, ut perhibetis, summa cum injuria. Cic. Bene qui 
 conjiciet, vatem hunc perhibebo optimum. Id. — Die, say, 
 demands implicit answer or declaration ; Da, tell me, men- 
 tion, where, what ; Cedo, out with it, tell me, demands com- 
 munication : Sed da mihi nunc, satisne probas 1 Cic. (The 
 German angeben, gieb an, is precisely the same.) Cedo 
 tabulas ! Id. Si Galbam laudas ut oratorem, cedo, quceso, 
 orationes, et die, hunc velle de illo modo dicere. Id. — Ef- 
 fari, speaking out, expressing with words, antiquated ; also, 
 consecrating a sacred spot with certain formulas of consecra- 
 tion : Celanda effari. Liv. Epicurus verum esse concedat, 
 quod ita effabimur: aut vivet eras Hermachus, aut non 
 vivet. Cic. Effari templa dicuntur ab auguribus. Varr. 
 Edicere, speaking out, stating that which was unknown, 
 making known something as an order or direction for observ- 
 ing it : Jussus est a consule, de conjuratione quce sciret, e d i- 
 cere. Sail. Consul exercitui in Etruriam ad conveniendum 
 diem edixerat. Liv. (Hence edictum, which see.) 
 
430. Fascia. 431. Fasti. 201 
 
 430. Fascia, Vitta, Taenia, Lemniscus. Fascia, a 
 larger band, for winding round something: Octavius devinc- 
 tus erat fasciis propter dolorem artuum. Cic. Fascia 
 pectoralis. Martial., otherwise strophium. Fasciis opus 
 est, pulvinis, cunis, incunabulis. Plaut., swaddling-clothes. 
 Vi tta, a band to tie the hair, used by priests and women : 
 Vitta coercuerat neglectos alba capillos (virginis). Ovid., 
 also for animals destined for sacrifice, altars, and the hands 
 of those that implored for protection : Effer aquam et molli 
 cinge hcec altaria vitta. Virg. Tibi me Fortuna precari el 
 vitta comtosvoluit prcetendere ramos. Id. T ami a {i air la), 
 a band, in the sense of extension : Puniceis evincti tempora 
 tamiis. Virg. Lemniscus (Xtj^vloxog), a narrow woollen 
 band, originally of fine inner rind of linden tree, which was 
 tied round wreaths, and the end of which used to hang down 
 by way of ornament : Lemnisci, fasciolce colorice depen- 
 denies ex coronis. Festus. 
 
 431. Fasti, Annales, Histoeia, Acta, Commentarii, 
 Kalendarium. Fasti majores seu consular es, a record 
 of consuls and dictators, with a brief indication of their deeds, 
 and remarkable events, which record was engraven in mar- 
 ble, as the Tabula s. Fasti Capitolini. To these belong the 
 Fasti triumph ales, containing the victories of Roman 
 generals and their triumphs, with the year, month, and day 
 when performed; Annales sc. libri, annals, in wh.ch the 
 events of a state, year after year, were commemorated , His- 
 tori a, properly, narration; history, as credible and well re- 
 lated representation of remarkable events in their connexion 
 with causes and consequences: Paginas in annalibus 
 magistratuum fastis que percurrere licet consulum dictato- 
 rumque. Liv. Erat olim historia nihil aliud, nisi an- 
 nalium confectio, cujus rei memoriaque publican retinenda 
 causa res omnes singulorum annorum mandabat Uteris ponti- 
 fex maximus ; ii, qui etiam nunc annales maximi nomi- 
 nantur. Cic. Historia, testis temporum, lux veritatis, vita 
 memoriae, voce orator is immortalitati commendatur. Id. The 
 Historian of Livy may as well be called annales, as the An- 
 nales of Tacitus may be called historian, on account of their 
 historical manner, showing the connexion of causes and 
 effects. Acta, 422, public records of state transactions in 
 important events, which, under the emperors, took the place 
 of the annals, the latter having fallen into disuse : Ccesar 
 primus instituit, ut acta Senatus et populi diurna confice- 
 

 202 
 
 432. Fateri. 
 
 rentur. Suet. Jul. 20. Acta Senatus, the senatorial proto- 
 col, written by one of the senators ; the minutes of the senate, 
 kept by a senator: Acta diurna populi Romania Acta pub- 
 lica, diurna, contained events relating to the people, or inter- 
 esting in some way or other to them, buildings, births, mar- 
 riages, deaths of celebrated persons, transactions in public 
 courts, comities, &c. Commentarii, 34, memorable things 
 which a person, without binding himself to any peculiar rule, 
 wrote down, in order to save the knowledge of occurrences, 
 even of not very important ones, from falling into oblivion ; 
 nothing comes nearer than our memoirs, though this expresses 
 not the precise thing ; the German Denkioiirdigkeiten ex- 
 presses it: Omnes suppliciorum acerbitates ex annalium 
 monumentis atque ex regum commentariis conquisivit. 
 Cic. Pontificum commentarii. Id. Conjiciam c o mm en- 
 tar ios rerum mearum. Id. Fasti minor es s. Kalenda- 
 res, Romani, urbani, described a whole year, according to 
 months, with the indication of the dies fasti et nefasti, dies 
 senatus et comitiales, of festivals, days of rest, games, and 
 extensive meals after sacrifices, and were under the superin- 
 tendence of the pontifex maximus, but were publicly made 
 known by placards since the year 450, A. U. C, only. The 
 Fasti rustici, only indicated the Kalenda, Nonce, Idus, 
 Nundince, rural festivals and field-work, the twelve heavenly 
 signs, and duration of the day, engraved on a marble block : 
 Cn. Flavins, cedilis curulis, civile jus, reposiium in penetra- 
 libus pontificum, evulgavit ; f a s t o s que circa forum in albo 
 proposuit, ut, quando lege agi posset, scire tur. Liv. Vide- 
 mus lunam, accretione et deminutione luminis, quasi fas to- 
 rum notis signantem dies. Cic. Kalendarium, or Ca- 
 lendarium, the book of debts, in which capitalists entered 
 their capitals and interests, which on the Calendce were lent 
 and paid: Nemo beneficia in Kalendario scribit. Senec. 
 
 432. Fateri, Con — Profiteri. Fateri, confessing, 
 telling, in consequence of some inducement given from with- 
 out, something which otherwise we should have preferred to 
 pass over in silence or to deny : Fateor non modo in socios 
 sed etiam in cives nostros pcrscepe esse severe ac veliementer 
 vindicatum. Cic. Confiteri, confessing, in consequence 
 of strong action from without, if we allow something of which 
 we are ashamed, or that we bear the guilt of something : 
 Habes, Tubero, quod est accusatori maxime optandum, con- 
 fit en tern reum. Cic. Se victum c o nfi teri. Cses. Pro* 
 
433. Favere. 434. Faux. 203 
 
 fiteri, confessing openly and without evasion, not making 
 a secret of a thing, of which we do not mean to be ashamed : 
 Th'emistocles apud Lacedcemonios liberrime professus est, 
 Athenienses suo consilio urhem maris sepsis&e. Nep. C on- 
 fit etur ita, ut non solum fateri, sed etiam prof iter i 
 videatur. Cic. 
 
 433. Favere, Studere, Secundare, Fovere ; Favora- 
 bilis, Propitius, Secundus, Faustus, Prosper. Favere, 
 properly, wav ing, blowing : Vends fa ventibus nav igare. 
 Ovid., blowing favorably, being favorably disposed, being 
 jiclined to aid one: Favebam et rei publico? , cui semper 
 favi, et dignitati ac glories tuce. Cic. Favete Unguis. 
 Hor., silence ! One's favor was evinced at sacrifices by 
 reverential silence ; in the theatre, by attention, silence, and 
 applause; at festivals, by congratulations. Studere, sup- 
 porting one by our favor, taking his part, feeling attached to 
 something, diligently attending, studying a thing : Ccelius 
 studuit CaiilincB, consulatum petenti. Cic. Studere sa- 
 crificiis, labori ac duriticz, agricultural. Cees. Secundare, 
 favoring, making a thing happily succeed, aiding, poetical : 
 Di nostra incepta secundent auguriumque tuum. Virg. 
 As we say, divine aid. Fovc re, 470, fostering, with deli- 
 cate treatment and careful removal or avoidance of every 
 thing which might be disagreeable to the other, or render 
 us disagreeable to him : Inimicum meum sic amplexaban- 
 tur, sic in manibus habebant, sic fovebant, certe ut mild 
 stomachum facer e se arbitrarentur. Cic. — Favorabilis, 
 capable of obtaining favor, well-received : Tiberius fa v o r a- 
 bili in speciem oratione vim imperii tenuit. Tac. Secun- 
 dus, favoring, aiding, that which succeeds according to our 
 wishes, e. g. pr odium, navigatio : Video navem secundis 
 ventis cur sum tenentem suum. Cic. Conon inconsideratior in 
 secunda, quam in adversa er at for tuna. Xep. Faustus 
 (favor, XIII, 1.), of favorable portent, indication, lucky : 
 O faustum et felicem diem! Ter. Prosper (pro-spes, 
 VIII, 1.), corresponding to our hope, succeeding well, suc- 
 cessful : Tenere navem prosper o cursu ; Prospero Jiatu 
 fortunes, uti: Nihil est prosperum, nisi voluptas, nihil 
 asperum, nisi dolor. Cic. Propitius, gracious, well-dis- 
 posed, of gods, opp. iratus : Huic homini pauci deos pro- 
 p i tios, plerique iratos putabunt. Cic. 
 
 434. Faux, Gula, Guttur, Jugulum. Faux, 78, the 
 upper, narrow part of the gullet, close by the entrance into 
 
204 435. Fax. 437. Fenus. 
 
 the larynx: Os devoratum fauce quum hcereret lupi. Phsedr. 
 Gula, gullet, the channel through which the food passes 
 down, in the back part of the oral cavity : Lentulo vindices 
 rerum capitalium laqueo gulam fregere. Sail. Gulce pa- 
 rens. Hor., a bibber, glutton. Guttur, throat, the entrance 
 into the channels of the throat, of the gullet and the .larynx : 
 llle (Cerberus) fame rabida tria guttura pandens. Virg. 
 Et liquidum tenui guttur e cantat avis. Ovid. Jugulum, 
 properly, the clavicle ; the throat, the hollow at the fore part 
 of the neck between the two collar-bones: Da jugulum 
 cultris, hostia dira, meis. Ovid. 
 
 435. Fax, T^eda, Funale, Candela, Cereus. Fax, 
 a torch of wood, covered with a thick combustible substance, 
 especially such a one if burning : Spina, nuptiarum fa cibus 
 auspicatissima. Plin. Dolorum, invidice faces. Cic. Tee- 
 da, a torch of resinous wood, pine, &c. : Ardet ut ad magnos 
 pinea tee da Deos. Ovid. Funale, a torch of oakum, or 
 similar stuff, covered with combustible matter, a wax torch : 
 Noctem fiammis fun alia vincunt. Virg. Candela, the 
 taper made of pith covered with pitch or tallow : Scirpi pa- 
 lustres, e quibus detracto cortice candela luminibus et fu- 
 neribus serviunt. Plin. Cereus, a wax taper: Cereos 
 Saturnalibus muneri dabant humiliores poteniioribus, quia 
 can delis pauperes, locupletes cereis utebantur. Festus. 
 
 436. Fenestra, Transenna, Cancelli. Fenestra, 
 an opening in the wall, in order to admit light, square or 
 round, generally oblong ; they were shut with two shutters, 
 right and left, curtains, or lattice-work ; under the emperors, 
 with tables of lapis phengites, specularis (isinglass) : Quan- 
 tam ei fenestram ad nequiiiam patefeceris ? Ter. Tran- 
 senna, a net or lattice-work, a lattice-window or window 
 with grates: Earn copiam, quasi per tr ansennam, prater- 
 euntes strictim adspeximus. Cic. Cancelli (cancer), bars, 
 which prevent entrance into, or the approach to a place ; it 
 may likewise consist of lattice-work: Ex fori can cell is 
 plausus est excitatus. Cic. Certarum rerum forensibus can- 
 cell is circumscripta scientia. Id. 
 
 437. Fenus, Usura, Versura, Versuram facere, Ver- 
 sura solvere ; Anatocismus ; Fenebris, Feneratorius. 
 Fenus, profit of invested capital, by which the creditor in- 
 creases his property, usury : Duodecim tabulis sanctum, ne 
 quis unciario fen ore amplius exerceret, quum antea ex 
 libidine locupletium agitaretur. Tac, i. e. annually of one 
 
438. Ferax. 205 
 
 hundred asses as many uncice ; hence there were paid monthly 
 (431.) 8 \ uncice. Scaptius centesimis, renovato in sin- 
 gulos annos fenore, contentus non fuii. Cic., sc. partibus 
 sortis, i. e. of one hundred asses capital, monthly T -^ or one 
 as, annually, therefore, twelve pro cent. J] sura, that which 
 is given for the use of borrowed capital, interest : Cozlius 
 Prcetor legem promulgoxit, ut sine usuris creditce pecunice 
 solvantur. Cses. Versura (properly, the turning of the ox 
 at the end of the furrow), the change of a dead capital into 
 one bearing interest, or also the transformation of a capital 
 and interests, both due, into a new debt : Rogatione tribuni- 
 cia ad semuncias redacta, postremo vetita versura. Tac. 
 The fenus unciarium was reduced to 4|- uncice, and at length 
 all borrowing on interest prohibited. Versur am facer e, 
 borrowing a capital on interest, in order to pay a debt : Sala- 
 minii quum Roma v ersur am facer e vellent, non pote- 
 rant ; quod lex Gabinia vetabat. Cic. They intended to sat- 
 isfy with it their creditor, Scaptius. Versura, Versura 
 facta s olv ere, paying a debt with borrowed money: Op- 
 pio DCCC aperuisti : quce quidem ego utique vel versura 
 facta solvi volo. Cic. Anatocismus, interest upon 
 interest, when the unpaid interests were added to the capital, 
 thus bearing themselves interest : Clamabant, nihil impuden- 
 tius Scaptio, qui centesimis cum anatocismo contentus non 
 esset. Cic. Scaptius demanded quaternce centesimce cum an- 
 atocismo anniversario. Ibid., therefore, 100 capital gave, 
 with fourfold centesimce, that is, 48 per cent, interest, and the 
 anatocismus, which was calculated for the next year, 100 -\- 
 48 -{- 23^3- = 171^. — Fenebris, relating to usury : Fe- 
 nebribus legibus constricta est avaritia. Liv. F en era- 
 tor ius, carrying on usury: Avar a et feneratoria Gallo- 
 rum philosophia. Val. Max. 
 
 438. Ferax, Fertilis, Fecundus, Uber. Ferax, fertile, 
 having a strong impulse to produce often and much : Terra 
 ferax Cereris multoque feracior uvce. Ovid. Fertilis, 
 that which bears much, capable of bearing much, fertile, of 
 inanimate nature, e. g. ager : Gallia frugum hominumque 
 fertilis. Liv. Fecundus* productive, full of fecundity, 
 that is, containing much of generative energy and substance, 
 and hence producing much : Sue nihil genuit natura fecun- 
 dius. Cic. Fossionibus agri repastinationibusque multo 
 fit terra fecundior. Id. Byzantium fe rtil i solo fecun- 
 doque mari, quia vis piscium innumera Ponlum erumpit. 
 18 
 

 206 439. Feria. 440. Ferre. 
 
 Tac Uber, 276, producing nourishment in plenty, abun 
 dantly causing or favoring it, e. g. solum: Lactis uberes 
 cantare vivos. Hor. Periclem censet Socrates uberem el 
 fecundumfuisse. Cic, rich in ideas, and constantly pro- 
 ducing new ones. 
 
 439. Ferine, Justitium; Feriatus, Otiosus. Ferice, 
 days of rest, generally connected with religious service : 
 Feriarum festorumque dierum ratio in liberis requietem 
 liabet litium et jurgiorum ; in servis operum et laborum. Cic. 
 Justitium (standing still of the jus), vacations of courts of 
 law, their adjournment at universal mourning or great danger 
 of the state ; when they were passed, the business began 
 again: In tanto tumultu justitium per aliquot dies serva- 
 tum. Liv. — Feriatus, having, enjoying days of rest; one 
 who does not occupy himself with any thing: Feriatum 
 cessatione torpere. Cic. Ne putes, filium tuum in Asia fe- 
 riatum a studiis futurum. Id. Otiosus, having leisure, 
 being free from official or professional occupations : Satius 
 est otiosum esse, quam nihil agere. Plin. 
 
 440. Ferre, Gekere, Bajulare, Portare, Vehere ; 
 Ferre, Capere fructum ; Ferre, De — Referre rem ad 
 aliquem. Ferre, carrying, bringing as burden, load, e. g. 
 jugum : Oppidani cum omnibus rebus suis, qua f err i agi- 
 que potuerunt, nocte excesserunt. Liv. Ferre sententiam de 
 aliquo. Cic, giving a judgment; Tribus plerasque tulit 
 Plancius. Id., obtaining the votes of most tribes. Gerere, 
 422, carrying something publicly : Princeps Horatius ibat, 
 trigemina spolia prce se gerens. Liv. Bajulare (prop- 
 erly, making a jack), carrying on the neck : Hie istam colloca 
 cruminam in collo plane. — Ego bajulabo. Plaut. Por- 
 tare, getting away, conveying a thing from one place to 
 another; Naves legatos Romam p or tab ant. Liv. Miles 
 circumspiciebat, quid secum portare posset. Cses. Tantum 
 nunc porto a portu tibi boni. Nunc hanc Icetitiam accipe a 
 me, quam fero. Plaut. Vehere, moving away, conveying; 
 curru, equo vehi, driving, riding, i. e. being moved away, by 
 a vehicle, on horseback. Formica vehit ore cibum. Ovid. 
 Pecuniam portantibus suis prcecipit Gentius, parvis itin- 
 eribus veherent. Liv., carrying. Quadrigis vehens. Cic, 
 moving away, along. — Ferre fructum (bearing advantage, 
 bringing use), being profitable, and enjoying advantage (carry- 
 ing away advantage), as reward of one's merit; Capere, 
 deriving*ad vantage, enjoying the fruits of something : Pisoni 
 
441. Ferre. 207 
 
 fructum pietatis suce neque ex me, neque a populo Romano 
 ferre licuit. Cic. Omnium laborum vos fructus uberes 
 capietis. Id. — Ferre rem ad populum, bringing some- 
 thing before the people, relating it to them, that they may- 
 vote on it: Voter o ro gationem ad populum tulit, ut 
 plebeii magistratus tributis comitiis Jierent. Liv. Turn, ut 
 bellum juberent, latum"' ad populum est. Id. Deferre 
 rem ad all quern, lodging information with some one, in- 
 forming some one : Eporedorix, cognito Litavici consilio, 
 rem ad Ccesarem defert. Cses. Gallice civitates habent 
 legibus sanctum, si quis quid de re publica a Jinitimis rumore 
 ac fama acceperit, uti ad magistratum deferat. Id. 
 Referre rem and de re ad aliquem, making report, as 
 delegate or ambassador, or officially, consulting with some 
 one about something : His mandavit Ccesar, ut, quce diceret 
 Ariovistus, cognoscerent et ad se refer rent. Cses. Tunc 
 relata ex integro res ad Senatum. Liv. 
 
 441. Ferre, Perferre, Sustinere, Tolerare, Pati, 
 Perpeti, Sinere, Permittere. Ferre, bearing a burden, 
 having to carry onerous things, having them upon one's shoul- 
 ders : Magna laus est tulisse casus sapienter adversos,non 
 fr actum esse fortuna. Cic. P erf err e, bearing, with manly 
 perseverance, to a certain aim or end {per) : Id, quod sus- 
 cepi, quoad potero, perferam. Cic. Sustinere, keeping 
 the burden up, not allowing it to sink, holding from below, 
 persevering, with greater endurance than is required by per- 
 ferre, sustaining with perseverance: Suscipis onus officii, 
 quod te putas sustinere posse. Cic. Milites virtute et pa- 
 tientia nitebantur, atque omnia vulnera sustinebant. Cses. 
 Tolerare, bearing (if we say, he bore it well, like a man ; 
 standing, if used as verb active), offering resistance to the 
 feeling of the burdensome or onerous with persevering 
 strength, e. g. hiemem, famem, sumtus : Ferte, viri, et duros 
 ammo tolerate labores. Cic. Pati, suffering, bearing with 
 resignation, allowing a thing to be done, to pass : Virorum 
 est fortium, tolerant er dolor em pati. Cic. Gallia omnes 
 cequo animo belli patitur injurias. Id. Sequani per fries 
 suos Helvetios ire patiuntur. Cses. Perpeti, persever- 
 ing in suffering {per -pati) : Mendicitatem multi perpeti- 
 untur, ut vivant. Cic. Sin ere, 292, allowing to happen, 
 permitting: Sine nunc meo me vivere modo. Ter. Suevi 
 vinum ad se importari non sinunt. Cses. Permittere, 
 properly, allowing to run ; permitting that something be done, 
 
208 442. Fervere. 444. Fetialis. 
 
 not throwing obstacles in the way, not hindering : Id, quod 
 imperatur, necessarium : illud, quod permittitur, volunta- 
 rium est. Cic. Pontes refcere, magnitudo fluminis non per- 
 mitted at. Cses. 
 
 442. Fervere, Effervescere, jEstuare, Ebullire. 
 Fervere, obsolete Fervere, brewing, i. e. the making 
 noise by agitation of liquids (as the German brauen, brewing, 
 and brausen, producing loud noise, as the wind, yet lower 
 than howling, are etymologically nearly the same words), 
 boiling, e. g. aqua, cera, as: Fervere appellant musti in 
 vina transitum. Plin. Effervescere, brewing up, boiling 
 up, hence, Orator effervescens iracundia. Cic. Mstu- 
 are, being in the state which is the effect of enduring and 
 more violent inward heat ; with water, it precedes that of 
 bubbling by boiling, simmering (German wallen) : Syrtes, 
 ubi Maura semper cestuat unda. Hor. File quum astua- 
 ret (sole), umbrum secutus est. Cic, boiled. Ebullire, 
 bubbling of boiling water, throwing up bubbles ; hence, Dix- 
 erit Epicurus, semper beatum esse sapientem, quod quidem 
 solet ebullire. Cic, with which he boasts. 
 
 443. Fessus, Fatigatus, Lassus, Languidus. Fessus 
 (fatiscere, bursting from superabundance), tired, exhausted; 
 used of the exhaustion of strength, as quality ; Fatigatus, 
 10, tired, without strength, as the state, effected from without ; 
 Lassus, lax, used of want of strength or energy united with 
 dislike of labor, without its being the effect of exertion ; Lan- 
 guidus, languid, worn out, of exhaustion : Fessis labore 
 ac pugnando quies data militibus. Liv. Longo itinere fati- 
 gatus et onere fessus. Id. Ut lassus veni de via, me 
 volo curare. Plaut. Romani, quamquam itinere atque opere 
 castrorum et prodio fessi las si que erant, tamen instructi 
 intentique obviam procedebant. Nam dolus Numidarum ni- 
 hil languidi, neque remissi patiebatur. Sail. 
 
 444. Fetialis, Pater patratus, Caduceator. The Fe- 
 tiales, priests, who watched over the observance of the law 
 of nations, demanded, when hostilities had broken out, satis- 
 faction of the enemies, announced war with peculiar ceremo- 
 nies, and consecrated alliances and treaties. The one among 
 them whose office it was to take the oath (jusjurandum pa- 
 trare), was called the Pater patratus. Liv. 1, 24. 32. 
 Cad uce at or, a herald sent to the enemy; he carried for 
 his security a staff of peace : Philippus caduceator em ad 
 Consulem misit, qui inducias ad sepeliendos equites peter et. 
 Liv. 
 
445. Fetus. 446. Fides. 209 
 
 445. Fetus, Catulus (Catellus), Pullus, Hinnus, 
 Hinnullus. Fetus, the produced living issue, the brood, 
 e. g. avium: Bestice^ qua multiplices fetus procreant, ut 
 sues, ut canes. Cic. Catulus, a young one of cats, dogs, 
 foxes, monkeys, hogs, stags, and other animals (it comprises, 
 therefore, more than the English whelp does at present, 
 though the original meaning of ivhelp is not restricted to 
 beasts of prey ; it is originally the same with calf, in other 
 Teutonic languages Kalp, Kicalp, &c.) : Leama catulorum 
 oblita. Virg. Catellus, signifies a puppy only. Tantil- 
 lum loci, ubi catellus cubet. Plaut. Pullus, filly (which 
 is the same word), of horses, asses ; especially of fowl {pul- 
 let) : Quum cavea liberati pulli non pascerentur. Cic. 
 Hinnus, the young of a mare and an ass: Equo et asina 
 genitos mares, hinnos antiqui vocabant : contraque mulos, 
 quos asini et equce generarent. Plin. Hinnulus, the young 
 of goats, deer, chamois, stags; Hinnuleus, a stag of one 
 year, without antlers yet. 
 
 446. Fides, Fidelitas ; Fidus, Fidelis ; Fidentia, Fi- 
 ducia, Confidentia. Fides, properly, promise; the hon- 
 esty in promises and contracts or agreements, if we keep 
 them honestly and conscientiously ; and the belief in the 
 truth of a thing, the holding ourselves convinced of its cer- 
 tainty : Fides est dictorum conventorumque constantia et 
 Veritas. Cic. Fid em res habuit. Ovid., it was believed, the 
 thing found belief. Fidelitas, faithfulness, conscientious- 
 ness in the fulfilment of one's duties and calling: Vita mea 
 fidelitate amicorum conservata est. Cic. — Fidus, trust- 
 worthy, to be relied upon: Canum fida custodia. Fide- 
 lis, faithful, who keeps faith, in whom you may confide : 
 Serv i animo fideli in dominum. Cic. — Fidentia, the 
 being confident, self-reliance, the being of good cheer, opp. 
 metus : Fidentia est, per quam magnis et honestis in rebus 
 multum ipse animus in se fiducia certa cum spe collocavii. 
 Cic. Fiducia, confidence : Non modo spem tibi, sed prope 
 certam fiduciam salutis prcebet. Liv. In law language, 
 fiducia signifies the pledge or security for fulfilment of 
 payment, which the creditor receives from the debtor; fur- 
 ther, a sale on condition of being permitted to buy back, 
 and the necessary contract respecting the transaction : Qui 
 fiduci am accepit, debet prastare fidem. Cic. Confiden- 
 tia, a faulty confidence, boldness, temerity: Videte, quo 
 
 18* 
 

 210 447. Fieri. 448. Figura. 
 
 vultu, qua c o nfi dentia dicant ; turn intelligetis, qua reli- 
 gione dicant. Cic. 
 
 447. Fieri, Evadere. Fieri (one of the most sensible 
 lacks of the English idiom is, that it has no word which ex- 
 presses that signification of fieri which in German is given 
 by werden, a want which makes itself continually felt, and 
 actually forces the writer to leave certain shades unsaid) ; 
 beginning to be, growing, continuing to be, happening ; Eva- 
 dere, coming about, to pass, at last, turning out thus or other- 
 wise : Ego sum ille Amphitruo, idem Mercurius qui fit, 
 quando commodum est. Plaut. Fit, quod futurum dixi. Id. 
 Albucius perfectus Epicureus evaserat. Cic. 
 
 448. Figura, Forma, Species ; Tropus ; Figurare, For- 
 mare, Conformare. The figure of a thing is called Figu- 
 ra, if it represents something general, and is proper for a 
 certain end only; Forma, if it represents a definite object, 
 and, conformably to the letter, its parts stand in the proper 
 proportions to one another; Species, if the observer repre- 
 sents it to himself, as it appears to him, see 424, hence the 
 appearance, the look: Himera, in muliebrem figuram ha- 
 bitumque formata ex oppidi nomine etfluminis. Cic. Natura 
 figuram corporis habilem et aptam ingenio humano dedit. 
 Id. Artifex quum faceret Jovis for mam aut Minervce, non 
 ex aliquo similitudinem ducebat. Id. TJri sunt specie et 
 colore et figura tauri. Cces. Natura for mam, corporis 
 nostri, reliquamque figuram, in qua esset species honesta, 
 earn posuit in promtu. Cic. For mam, those parts which 
 give beauty to the body; figuram, those which are neces- 
 sary for its destination; species, the sight of which is not 
 offensive. — Figura, in rhetoric, every modification of ex- 
 pression by which the same is beautified, and becomes capa- 
 ble of producing a more lively impression or notion connected 
 with direct pleasure, e. g. prosopopoeia : Crudelitatis mater 
 est avaritia, et pater furor ; the antitheton : Domus deer at ? 
 At habebas. Pecunia super abatl At egebas. Tropus, 
 the more vivid representation of an idea under the image of 
 something similar or well-known, as in the metonymy, synec- 
 doche, and metaphor; the trope. — Figurare, shaping, 
 forming something according to its destiny : Bourn ierga non 
 ad onus accipiendum figurata. Cic. Form are, fashion- 
 ing, giving to a substance that form in which it represents a 
 certain object with the same proportions of its parts : E Pario 
 formatum marmore signum. Ovid. Materiam fingit et 
 
449. Fingere. 450. Finis. 211 
 
 format effectio. Cic. Conformare, forming something 
 harmonious in its parts : Mundus non cedificatus est, sed a 
 natura conformatus. Cic. 
 
 449. Fingere, Con — Effingere, Conflare ; Fictor, 
 Plastes ; Figularis, Fictilis ; Fictus, Commenticius, SlM- 
 ULATUS. Fingere, fashioning, forming, causing a rude sub- 
 stance to assume a certain form ; it precedes the figurare and 
 formare, see 448; Confingere, forming that things fit to- 
 gether, to one another ; Effing e r e, forming after an original ; 
 Conflare, melting metals together: Aves fin gun t nidos ; 
 fingere aliquid e cera. Cic. Apes favos confingunt 
 et ceras. Plin. Icarus bis conatus erat casus effingere in 
 auro. Virg. Augustus argenteas statuas, olim sibi positas, 
 conflavit omnes. Suet. — Fictor, the fashioner, he who 
 fashions some substance, e. g. wax, clay, wood, stone, and 
 the like, into a figure, an image, &c. ; Plastes, the fash- 
 ioner of soft substance, as wax, clay ; yet for this, fictor is 
 more common : Faber quum quid cedificaturus est, materia 
 utitur ea, qua sit. parata : fictor que item cera. Cic. — 
 Figularis, proper for the potter (figulus), e. g. rota, creta ; 
 Fictilis, earthen, made of clay: Vasa fictilia. — If 
 fingere takes as substance something unreal, merely im- 
 agined, it signifies treating a fiction poetically (German er- 
 dichten) ; the inventing of this subject, the thinking it out, is 
 expressed by Comminisci ; hence Fictus, invented, ficti- 
 tious, put on by way of hypocrisy (German erheuchelt) : Pro 
 non incauto, fictum astutumque vocamus. Hor. Commen- 
 ticius, invented by way of fiction, for pleasure or entertain- 
 ment, e. g. crimen; ficta et commenticia fabula. Cic. 
 Simulatus, only apparent, not real : In amicitia tenen- 
 dum, ne quid fictum sit neve simulatum. Cic, no sim- 
 ulation. 
 
 450. Finis, Modus, Terminus, Limes, Meta ; Finire, 
 Terminare, Definire, Determinare. Fi n is, the limit of 
 a thing as the end of its extension, the end, where something 
 ceases in time or space ; Fines, the limits of a country, and 
 the land comprised within them itself: Ligures ad extremum 
 fin em provincice Gallice venerunt. Liv. Domus finis est 
 usus. Cic, the object, the end. Dumnorix a Sequanis impe- 
 trot, ut per fines suos Helvetios ire patiantur. Caes. Mo- 
 dus, the measure to determine a magnitude, and by which 
 something is limited, according to space, time, and degree : 
 Mo dos, quibus metirentur rura, alius alios constituit. Varr. 
 

 212 451. Flaccesccre. 
 
 Modum porter e orationi. Tac, not allowing it to become 
 too long ; fin em ponere, to make an end to it, stopping. 
 Terminus, the sign or mark of limit, the limit-stone, as the 
 final aim not to be trespassed, in reference to the space on the 
 other side: Certos mihi fines terminosque constituam, 
 extra quos egredi non possim. Cic. Limes, a cross- way, 
 cross-path, boundary, limits, the old mere, the strip of un- 
 ploughed land between two fields (in German, Rain), and 
 every landmark for the purpose of dividing land, a post, tree, 
 stone: Ante Jovem ne signare quidem out partiri limit e 
 campnm fas erat. Virg. Met a, a conically formed hay- 
 stack, the cone at the end of the Roman circus, and, in gen- 
 eral, the aim, term, where we turn again : Famum siccatum 
 in met as exstruere. Colum. Sol ex cequo met a distabat 
 iitraque. Ovid., at noon, because there the chariot of Phoebus 
 turns again, if not back, at least down. — Finire, limiting, 
 ending, finishing, concluding : Populi Romani imperium 
 Rhenus finit. Cses. Termin are, drawing the limits, be- 
 yond which something shall not go: Mare terras termin at 
 omnes. Lucret. Bellum finire, bringing to an end; Ter- 
 min are helium, putting a stop to it, not allowing it to con- 
 tinue any longer. Definire, showing, indicating accurately 
 the limits, how far a thing extends and no further, or how far 
 it is to extend : Fundi extremam partem olece directo or dine 
 definiunt. Cic, they indicate the limits of the land from 
 within outward; — terminant, they make the limit with 
 regard to the things without, surrounding land. Deter mi- 
 nare, reducing the limits to a certain mark or to certain 
 bounds, boundaries: Yates scipione determinavit templi 
 imaginem in solo. Plin. 
 
 451. Flaccescere, Tabescere ; Flaccidus, Marcidus. 
 Flaccescere, becoming flaccid, slack (flagging), wither- 
 ing; Tabescere, melting away by dissolution, diminishing 
 imperceptibly, vanishing : Fozniculum sub tecto exponito, dum 
 flaccescat. Colum. Sol altas nives radiis tabescere 
 cogit. Lucret. Diuturno morbo tabescere. Cic. — Flac- 
 cidus, withered, slack, limber, e. g. folium ; Marcidus, 
 friable, brittle (this is the nearest, I believe, that our language 
 can approach, though marcidus expresses that lack of con- 
 sistency and solidity which we observe in wood with dry rot, 
 or the ice of sea water, while brittle would indicate the ease 
 with which glass can be broken), e. g. asseres obruti vetus- 
 tate. Vitruv. Caper flaccidis et praigravantibus auribus. 
 
452. Flare. 455. Fluere. 213 
 
 Colum., naturally flabby; Equis fessis mures marcidce. 
 Plin., slack, pending, from fatigue. 
 
 452. Flare, Spirare, Halare. Flare, blowing, is the 
 forcible exhalation of air in one direction, and in one blast, 
 one exertion : Simul flare sorbereque haud facile est. 
 Plaut Spirare, breathing, blowing, of the motions of the 
 atmosphere, every perceptible draft of air : Nee Zephyros 
 audis spirare secundos? Virg. Hal are, a soft streaming 
 of air from within the body ; that breathing which is stronger 
 than the common breathing, but less forcible than blowing, if 
 expressed by flare : Be gelidis halabat vallibus aura. 
 Ovid. 
 
 453. Flectere, Plectere, Plicare ; Movere, Afficere. 
 Fleet ere, bending, changing the straight direction into a 
 curved: Flectitur obsequio curvatus ah arbor e ramus. 
 Ovid. Flectere, braiding, entwining, according to order 
 or not, pliable bodies, is only used in the partic. prat, and 
 in compounds. Flores plexi corollis. Catull. Plicare, 
 folding: Charta plicetur altera. Martial. — Flectere, 
 giving a different direction to one's opinion or disposition, 
 moving to compassion, to yield : Commutare animos atque 
 omni ratione flectere. Cic. Movere, moving from the 
 spot: Glebce coepere moveri. Ovid., and moving the soul, 
 the heart, producing in them a change, exciting pleasure or 
 displeasure, inclination or disinclination, joy or grief: Mo- 
 vere risum, indignationem, odium, misericordiam. Flec- 
 tere si nequeo super os, Acheron t a movebo. Virg. Affi- 
 cere animum, influencing the soul in a manner that it is 
 placed in a disposition corresponding to our intentions, influ- 
 encing : Forum, qui audiunt, sic afficiuntur animi, ut 
 eos affici vult orator. Cic. Animi spectantur aut quemad- 
 modum affecti sint, virtutibus, vitiis, artibus, inertiis, 
 aut quemadmodum commoti, cupiditate, metu, voluptate, 
 molestia. Id. 
 
 454. Florere, Vigere. Flor ere, blowing, flourishing: 
 Arbor lentisci una ter floret. Cic. Regina Berenice, flo- 
 rens cetate formaque. Tac. Vigere, being in its vigor, in 
 full power, alacrity, and activity, being alive : Jacet corpus 
 dormientis, ut mortui ; viget aut em et vivit animus. Cic. 
 
 455. Fluere, Labi, Manare ; Fluctus, Unda, Fluen- 
 tum ; Fluxus, Fluidus, Caducus. Fluere, flowing, mov- 
 ing along, as liquid body, without reference to direction or 
 course; Labi, 156, running, easily gliding along, slightly 
 
214 456. Fluvius. 
 
 downward; Man are, running, coursing, streaming, from a 
 given point in one uninterrupted course, and extending fur- 
 ther : Fluunt lachrimcB more perennis aquce. Ovid. Adspice 
 jucundo labentes murmur e rivos. Id. Gutta labitur ex 
 oculis. Id., glides down. Sudor ad imos man at talos. Hor. 
 Man a bat saxo vena perennis aquce. Ovid. Multa a luna 
 man ant et fluunt, quibus animantes alantur. Cic. — Flue- 
 tus. properly, the waving, the wave, the large mass of water 
 which is forcibly heaving and apparently moving along on the 
 agitated sea, the billow : lnsani feriant sine litora flue tus. 
 Virg. Un d a, the wave, smaller than the previous one, the 
 ever-movable, mostly smaller mass of water which heaves on 
 a moved mass of water: Sonat undarum incur su gravis 
 unda ; fluctibus erigitur ccelumque cequare videtur pon- 
 tus. Ovid. Fluentum, the heaving mass in its natural state, 
 while flue tus is caused from without by storm, earthquake. 
 Fluent a, the billows, heavings, as an aggregate (German, 
 die Fluthen) : llle (Eridanus) caput placidis sublime flue n- 
 tis extulit. Claudian. — Fluxus, that by which the flowing 
 becomes perceptible: Purpurce fluxos habent succos. Plin. 
 Vas fluxum pertusumque. Lucret. Flux a fortuna, fides, 
 inconstant. Fluidus, liquid, fluid: Contrarium est terre- 
 num fluid o. Colum. Mollia et fluid a corpora. Liv,, 
 lax, incapable of resistance. Caducus, that in which the 
 falling shows itself as prominent quality, fallen, falling, ripe 
 for falling, e. g. folium : Res humance fragiles caducceque 
 sunt. Cic, frail, transient, apt or destined to fall (the German 
 hinfdllig). 
 
 456. Fluvius, Flumen, Amnis, Rivus, Torrens. Flu- 
 vius, river (properly, the flow) considered simply materially, 
 as ever-flowing mass of water: Fluvius Eurotas is, qui 
 propter Lacedcemonem fluit. Cic. Hence also as river-god, 
 personified quality of flowing. Flumen, river, inasmuch as 
 we perceive in it the flowing as a permanent state : Indus est 
 omnium fluminum maximus. Cic. Hence also used of 
 rivulets: Nos flumina arcemus, dirigimus, avertimus. Cic. 
 Flumen orationis : Flumen aliis verborum volubilitasque 
 cordi est. Id., flow of words. Amnis, the stream, larger 
 than Fluvius, and flowing with greater rapidity, e. g. Mce- 
 ander : Pars magna Carpetanorum flu mine (Tago) ab- 
 sumta ; quidam vorticoso amni delati in hostes, ab elephan- 
 tis obtriti sunt. Liv. Rivus, a small running water, rivulet : 
 E rivo flumina magna facis. Ovid. Sudor fluit undique 
 
 
457. Foztidus. 461. For em. 215 
 
 rivis. Id. Tor r ens, properly, boiling of heat (torrere), 
 streaming with velocity, tearing rapidity : Urbs cingitur 
 amne torrent i. Curt. Hence a wild freshet, which in- 
 creases rapidly, becomes torrens and dries up again : Rapi- 
 dus montano flu mine torrens sternit sata. Virg. 
 
 457. Fgetidus, Putidus. Foztidus, stinking, the evil 
 smell of which causes disgust: Ore foetid o teterrimam no- 
 bis popinam inhalabas. Cic. Putidus, rotten, putrid, smell- 
 ing of rottenness: Putida caro. Cic. Put idee paludis 
 vorago. Catull. 
 
 458. Folium, Frons. Folium, the leaf, of all kinds of 
 leaves ; Fr ons, properly, the young sprout of leaves ; the 
 branch with the leaves, and foliage : In arboribus truncus, 
 rami, folia sunt. Cic. Folia ccepcE, chartarum. Plin. 
 In nemoribus virgulta et frons multa. Varr. Bobus prce- 
 stabit villicus Octobri frond em et ficulnea folia. Colum. 
 
 459. Fons, Scaturigo, Scatebra, Puteus. Fons, the 
 well, in reference to its origin from the earth : Rivorum a 
 fonte deductio. Cic. Causa atque fons mo?roris. Id. 
 Scaturigo, the well, as the water gushing forth with vio- 
 lence from the earth : Vix deducta summa arena erat, quum 
 scaturigines primo tenues emicare, dein mult am f under e 
 aquam cozperunt. Liv. Scatebra, spouting, gushing forth 
 from the earth, and rising to some elevation: Scatebra 
 fonticuli semper emicante, lacus non augetur. Plin. Puteus, 
 a pool, a well, artificially dug, where water collects : Mise- 
 rum est opus demum fodere puteum, ubi sitis fauces tenet. 
 Plaut. Aqua hausta de jugi puteo. Cic. 
 
 460. Forare, Perforare, Terebrare, Cavare. Fo- 
 rare, making a hole, as passage: Forata arbore lapidem 
 adigito. Colum. P erf or at ense latus. Ovid., through and 
 through. P erf or are is Forare with the idea of quite 
 through. Terebrare, boring with a gimlet or similar in- 
 strument, which is turned: Arbor es terebrare Gallica tere- 
 bra. Colum. Cavare, hollowing, making a cavity: Saxa 
 cavantur aqua. Ovid., poetical: Parmam gladio, galeam- 
 que cavari videt. Id. 
 
 461. Forem, Essem ; Fore, Futurum esse. For em, 
 I should, would be, and Fore, to become (see 447), infini- 
 tive future of the verb being, designates a being (i. e. " to 
 be," a state) which depends upon circumstances, with regard 
 to which first something else must happen before it can be 
 realized, can appear as reality ; Essem, I may be, a being 
 

 216 462. Forfex. 465. Formula. 
 
 ("to be," a state) which is supposed, indeed, yet supposed as 
 something actual, real; Futurum esse, sl being, a state, 
 which does not yet exist, but is now becoming, growing : Si 
 scecla for en t antiquis grata puettis, ess em ego, quod nunc 
 tu : tempore vincor ego. Propert. Neque ego ea, qua facta 
 sunt, for e quum dicebam, divinaham futura : sed quod et 
 fieri posse, et exitio sum fore, si evenisset, videbam, id ne 
 accideret, timebam. Cic. Gavium eum futurum esse puto, 
 qui esse debet. Id. 
 
 462. Forfex (Forpex), Forceps, Volsella. For p ex, 
 the scissors of the barbers, is only corrupted pronunciation 
 of Forfex, the scissors; Forceps (fervum- caper e, 164, 
 properly, fire tongs) ; Forfice fila : pilos cape for pice : 
 Forcipe ferrum. Isidor. Vitiosa grana uvarum forfici- 
 bus amputant. Colum. Compressam forcipe linguam abs- 
 tulit ense. Ovid. Volsella, tweezers, a pair of nippers, 
 to tear out (evellere, French epiler) hairs, and for similar 
 use. 
 
 463. Fori, Transtra, Juga. Fori, 186, the passages on 
 the deck, from aft to the bow: Fori, tabulata navium: ab 
 eo, quod incessus fer ant. Servius. Transtra, the benches 
 for the oarsmen, in the hold abeam the vessel : Navium 
 transtra pedalibus in latitudinem trabibus confixa clavis 
 ferrets. Gees. Juga, the same benches, inasmuch as they 
 reach across the vessel, from one side to the other : Animas, 
 quce per juga longa sedebant, deturbat, laxatque foros. 
 Virg. 
 
 464. Foris, Foras. For is (instead of a f oris partibus, 
 from forus, i. e. quod fertur extra), without, and from with- 
 out, opp. intus, intra; Foras (for ad foras partes), out- 
 ward, direction toward without : Adversarii et intra vallum 
 et foris cadebantur. Nep. TJt apud te exemplum experi- 
 undi habeas, ne petas foris. Plaut. Inccenatum senem fo- 
 ras extrudunt mulieres. Id. 
 
 465. Formula, Norma, Regula. Formula, the pre- 
 scribed, generally ancient words, which were used in certain 
 kinds of legal transactions, and in the sense of which the 
 latter must be executed, when they should be valid, e. g. 
 Formula testamentorum, juris consultorum. Sunt jura, 
 sunt formula de omnibus rebus constitutes, ne quis aut in 
 genere injuria, aut ratione actionis errare possit. Cic. P. 
 Scipio Mmilianus Africam in formulam rede git provin- 
 cia. Vellei., giving the accustomed organization of a Roman 
 
466. Fornix. 467. Forte. 217 
 
 province. Norma, square (of the carpenter), and Regula, 
 a rule (the instrument for ruling) ; tropically, the rule, that 
 by which we regulate our free actions. Norma determines 
 the measures and proportions which we observe in so doing ; 
 Regula, the whole procedure which we follow or observe: 
 Nee sunt hcec rhythmicorum ac musicorum acerrima norma 
 dirigenda. Cic. Habere regula?n, qua vera et falsa jndi- 
 centur. Id. 
 
 466. Fornix, Camera, Testudo, Tholus, Lacunar, 
 Laquear. Fo r n i x, the single arch-way ; Camera ( which 
 is more correct than the later Camara), the ceiling, consisting 
 of arches, vault: Tullianum (in carcere Romano) muniunt 
 undique parietes, atque insuper camera lapideis fornici- 
 bus vincta. Sail. Testudo, a vault of low and long arches, 
 in the form of the shell of a turtle. Tholus, the inner cen- 
 tral point of a vault, in which the arches meet ; generally a 
 cupola : Par ( Terra rotunda) fades templi : nullus procur- 
 rit in illo angulus : a pluvio vindicat imbre tholus. Ovid. 
 Lacunar, the inlaid ceiling, inasmuch as it is provided with 
 embellishing squares, hollows (lacus) ; Laquearia, plur. 
 the lines similar to drawn cords (laqueus) which define these 
 entablatures of a ceiling; hence the ceiling itself: Non ebur 
 neque aureum mea renidet in domo lacunar. Hor. De- 
 pendent lychni laquearibus aureis. Virg. 
 
 467. Forte, Fortutto — tu, Fors, Forsan, Forsit, 
 Forsitan, Fortasse, Fortassis. Forte, as form of the 
 Ablative, by a chance, by chance, of an event, the causes 
 and connexion of which we are unable to explain: Forte 
 evenit, ut in Privernati essemus. Cic, hence perhaps, after 
 si, nisi : Nemo fere saltat sobrius, nisi forte insanit. Cic. 
 Fortuito, only with later writers Fortuitu, accidentally: 
 Fa, qua gignuntur, donata consulto nobis, non fortuito 
 nata videntur. Cic. Fors, 183, as adverb, Forsan, For- 
 sit (fors -sit), poetical, and Forsitan, it may, it might be 
 that, are used if something is imagined as possible : Et fors 
 aquatis cepissent prcemia rostris, ni Cloanthus divos in vota 
 vocasset. Virg., at a boat-racing. Aliquis forsan me putet 
 non putare hoc verum. Ter. Forsitan quaratis, qui isle 
 terror sit. Cic, expecting. Neque id facio, ut forsitan 
 quibusdam videor, simulatione. Id. Fortasse, as Accusa- 
 tive, rarer Fortassis, as Genitive, perhaps, if the supposi- 
 tion is pronounced with a belief in the probability of the 
 event : Habes epistolam verbosiorem fortasse, quam vellem. 
 
 19 
 

 218 468. Forum. 471. Fr •anger -e. 
 
 Cic. Sed ego fort as se vaticinor et hcec omnia meliores 
 habehint exitus. Id., for which older editions have ego for- 
 t as sis. 
 
 468. . Forum, Velabrum, Macellum ; Conciliapulum, 
 Emporium. Forum, market, market-place, whither com- 
 modities were carried (ferre) for sale, e. g. boarium, pisca- 
 torium. Erat Vaga, oppidum Numidarum, forum rerum 
 venalium totius regni maxime celebratum. Sail. Velabrum, 
 places or squares in Rome, at the foot of the Aventine, Pala- 
 tine, and Capitoline hills, where oil and cheese sellers offered 
 their commodities. Between the larger and lesser Velabrum 
 was situated the Macellum, the food market, where meat, 
 fowls, vegetables, &c. were sold. — Forum Romanum, 
 chief square in Rome, where all public magisterial acts were 
 performed ; hence also were called For a those provincial 
 places where, on account of the conflux of people, market- 
 days and courts were held, e. g. Forum Julii, Forum Vo- 
 conii; Co nciliabulum, properly a club ; generally, smaller 
 market-places, with courts, in the Roman provinces : Decem- 
 viri supplicationem in biduum in urbe et per omnia for a, 
 conciliabulaque edixerunt. Liv. Emporium, properly, 
 a commercial place : Creusa Thespiensium emporium, in 
 intimo sinu Corinthiaco retractum. Liv. 
 
 469. Fossa, Fovea, Scrobs. Fossa (fodere), a long 
 ditch, fosse (as being dug, as the German Graben, from the 
 corresponding verb, and etymologically the same with the 
 English word grave) : Pomarium circummunire fossa prce- 
 cipiti. Colum. Fovea (fodere), a. short ditch, a hole dug 
 in the ground, an excavation to catch or keep wild beasts : 
 Anates in foveas, quibus f eras venamur, delapscB evadunt. 
 Plin. Scrob s, obsolete Scrobis, a hole to put something 
 in: Viti ponendce scrobis in longitudinem altitudinemque 
 defossus tripedaneus. Colum. 
 
 470. Fovere, Calefacere. Fov ere, warming, keeping 
 warm: Aves pullos pennis fov en t, ne frigore Icedantur. 
 Cic, hence, fostering, 433. Quasi fov eb am dolor es me os. 
 Id. Calefacere, making warm, heating: Arborum con- 
 sectione ad calefaciendum corpus, igni adhibito, uti- 
 mur. Cic. 
 
 471. Frangere, Rumpere ; Fragmentum, Frustum, Seg- 
 mentum. Frangere, breaking something solid by a violent 
 pressure, blow, &c. : cervices, patinam ; alicujus furorem 
 petulantiamque. Cic. Perfidiosum et nefarium est fidem 
 
472. Frenum. 474. Fruges. 219 
 
 fr anger e. Id. Rump ere (from rapere, plucking), tear- 
 ing , separating by violent extension : Nodos et vinculo, linea 
 rupit. Virg. Inflata rumpuntur vesiculce. Cic. Fr an- 
 ger e faidus, designates the sacrilegious violation of that 
 which is sacred in the fczdus; Rump ere, the violent sepa- 
 ration and dissolution of the part. — Fragmentum, part of 
 something broken, fragment, e.g. lapidis, fastis ; Frustum 
 (rumpere), a piece torn off from a whole: Frustum offce 
 cadit ex pulli ore, quum pascitur. Cic. Viscera in frusta 
 secant. Virg. Segmentum (secare), a piece cut off, a seg- 
 ment ; this is even on the side of the cut, and thus may be 
 fitted to the whole again, which the frustum cannot : Plu- 
 ra sunt segmenta mundi, qua nostri circulos appellavere. 
 Plin. Quid de veste loquar? nee vos, segmenta, requi- 
 ro. Ovid. 
 
 472. Frenum, Lupi, Lupata, Capistrum ; Habena. 
 Frenum, plur. Freni and Frena, bridle, bit; the latter is 
 the original meaning: Equum coegit frenos invitum pati. 
 Phsedr. Frena injicere licentice. Hor. Lupi, " wolf-bit," 
 a sort of frenum with iron teeth, like those of wolves; 'more 
 frequently hup at i and hup at a : Asper equus duris con- 
 tunditur ora lupatis. Ovid. Capistrum, cavesson (from 
 the French cavesson, German Kappzaum, literally, Cap- 
 bridle), also halter: Pullos asinorum noctibus leniter capis- 
 tris habent vinctos. Varr. Habena, halter, something by 
 which we may retard, relax, lead something, bridle of horses : 
 Tempore paret equus lentis animosus habenis, et placido 
 duros accipit ore lupos. Ovid. 
 
 473. Frigus, Algor (Algu), Gelu, Rigor. Frigus, 
 the cold, which causes congealing: Tectis frigorum vis 
 pellitur. Cic. Algor, the cold which is felt, the feeling 
 cold: Hostis confectus algor e atque inedia. Tac. Algu, 
 antiquated, the cold which withers, makes limber: Crepitans 
 dentibus algu. Lucret. Gelu, the cold which makes coag- 
 ulate, congeal, the frost : Gelu que flumina constiterint acuto. 
 Hor. Rigor, the stiffness of frost: Bruma nives ajfert 
 pigrumque rigor em reddit. Lucret. 
 
 474. Fruges, Fructus, Fetus, Frumentum ; Frugi, 
 Frugalis. Fruges, all fruit of the field, also of trees, as 
 productions of the soil: Natura fruges ad spicam perducit 
 ab herba. Cic. Fructus (frui), the fruit, which can be 
 enjoyed, eaten; the produce, and every enjoyment, use, 
 which we derive from a thing: Fructum, arbitror, esse 
 

 220 475. Frustra. 476. Fugere. 
 
 fundi eum, qui ex eo satus nascitur utilis ad aliquant rem 
 Varr. Fr ugum fr uctuum que reliquorum perceptio et con 
 servatio sine hominum opera nulla esse potest. Cic, of the 
 fruits of the field, and of the produce of meadow land, gar- 
 dens, and pastures. Gloria est fructus vera virtutis. Id. 
 Fetus, 4A5, the fruit as something produced by the process 
 of generation : Ager aratur, quo meliores fetus possit et 
 grandiores edere. Cic. Fetus arborei, vinece. Virg. Fru- 
 men turn, grain, as means of nourishment : Frumentum ex 
 agris in loca tuta comportatur. Cic. Fru gum sunt duo 
 genera : fr umentum, ut triticum, hordeum ; et legumina, 
 ut faba, cicer. Plin. — Frugi, properly, useful ; acting ra- 
 tionally : L. Piso tanta virtute atque integritate fait, ut solus 
 Frugi nominaretur. Cic. Proverbii locum obtinet ; homi- 
 nem frugi omnia recte facer e. Id. Frugalis is only used 
 as comparative and superlative of frugi : Optimus colonus, 
 parcissimus, modestissimus, fr ugalissimus. Cic. 
 
 475. Frustra, Incassum, Nequidquam, Gratis, Gra- 
 tuito ; Cassus, Irritus. In vain is given by Frustra 
 (fraiis), if deceived expectation and unsuccessful exertion is 
 to be expressed : Obsecro, ne me in Icetitiam frustra con- 
 jicias. Ter. Hcec si verbis explicare conemur, frustra 
 suscipiatur labor. Cic. Incassum, without effect and use: 
 Galli vana incassum jactare tela. Liv. Incassum pati 
 labor es. Virg. Nequidquam, without coming to the ob- 
 ject, effecting any thing : Res nequidquam erantrepetit.ee. 
 Liv. Nequidquam sapit sapiens, qui ipse sibi prodesse 
 non quit. Ennius ; while Gratis, also Gratiis, is gratis, 
 without taking or giving remuneration : Gratis rei publicce 
 servire. Cic. Habitare gratis in alieno. Id. Gratuito, 
 gratuitously, from mere kindness, to render himself obliging : 
 Multorum causas non gravate et gratuito defendere. Cic. 
 — Cassus, empty, of something hollow, e. g. nux, glans ; 
 hence, in vain: Cassi labores et infructuosce preces. Plin, 
 Irritus, properly, invalid: Quod modo erat ratum, irri- 
 turn est. Ter., hence, in vain, as well as not done, frustrated : 
 Slernuntur segetes, longique labor perit irritus anni. Ovid. 
 Irritce preces. Plin., without effect, useless. 
 
 476. Fugere, Subterfugere, Vitare, Facere fugam, 
 Tergum vertere, Solum vertere ; Fuga, Exsilium ; Fu- 
 gax, Fugitivus, Profugus. Fugere, flying, retiring in 
 haste from a place, and striving to get rid of a thing, with- 
 drawing from it, e. g. conspectum multitudinis, labor em. 
 
477. Fulcire. 221 
 
 Subterfugere, stealing away from, e. g. periculum : Ulys- 
 ses simulation^ insanice militiam subterfugere voluit. Cic. 
 V it are, avoiding, going out of the way : Eum locum si qui 
 v it are voluerit, sex millium circuitu in oppidum perveniet. 
 Cces. Columbce, quum scepe effugissent miluum, et celeri- 
 tate pennce ev it as sent necem. Phsedr. Periculum fu gere, 
 flying the danger, is if we do not expose ourselves to it ; v i- 
 t are, escaping it, by not falling into it. Fug am facer e, 
 making flight, i. e. running away, becoming runaways : Fun- 
 dam tibi nunc vellem dari, ut tu illos procul hinc ex occulto 
 zcederes : facerent fug am. Ter. Fug a confestim ex 
 acie, duce amisso, fieri cozpta est. Liv., and making that 
 one runs away : Anguis elapsus terror em fug am que fecit. 
 Liv. Terga vert ere, turning the back, i. e. turning to 
 flight: Hostes terga verterunt, neque prius fug ere 
 destiterunt, quam ad flumen Rhenum pervenerint. Cses. So- 
 lum vert ere, changing the soil (i. e. our country), means 
 going into a foreign or other country, generally of voluntary 
 exile : Qui volunt poznam aliquam subterfugere, out calamita- 
 tem, eo solum vertunt, hoc est, sedem ac locum mutant. 
 Cic, emigrating. — Fug a, flight from one's country, as mere 
 removal : Ob invidias multitudinis civium expulsiones, ca- 
 lamitates, fug (2. Exsilium (see 416), the residence with- 
 out one's country, in order to escape punishment, and as 
 punishment, exile: Exsilium non supplicium est, sed per- 
 fugium portusque supplicii. Cic. Camillus damnatus in ex- 
 silium abiit. Liv. — Fug ax, given to flight, apt to fly, he 
 who does not stand, and easily runs away, e. g. cervus : Fu- 
 gaces labuntur anni. Hor. Fugitivus, fugitive, being on 
 the flight, also a runaway slave : Dicitur tuus servus fugi- 
 tivus cum Vardaiis esse: ego, terra marique ut conquirere- 
 tur, prcemandavi. Cic, Profugus, he who flies on in the 
 wide world : Profugi Scythce. Hor., who have no stationary 
 place, erring: Hannibal, patria profugus, pervenerat ad 
 Antiochum. Liv., far away from his country. 
 
 477. Fulcire, Sustinere, Sustentare ; Ftjltus, Nixtts, 
 Fretus. Fulcire, propping, supporting, giving support: 
 Fulcire opus trabibus. Plin. Imperium gloria debet ful- 
 tum esse et benevolentia sociorum. Cic. Sustinere, 441, 
 holding upright (as we use the noun upright for a support) ; 
 holding up, supporting : Senex ferula titubantes artus sus ti- 
 ne t. Ovid. Milo humeris sustinebat bovem vivum. Cic. 
 Caesar labentem excepit, fulsit et sustinuit re, fortuna, 
 19* 
 

 222 478. Fulgere. 
 
 fide. Cic. Sustentare, tropical, keeping up something 
 from perishing, preserving, and bearing, enduring : Valetudo 
 sustentatur notitia sui corporis et observatione, qua res 
 aut prodesse soleant, aut obesse. Cic. Sapientes labor em spe 
 otii sustentant. Sail. — Fultus, supported, held up by a 
 support: Bomus fulta columnis. Propert. Nixus or Ni- 
 sus, resting on something, leaning : Scavola, confectus senec- 
 tute, hastili nixus. Cic. Fret us, properly, resting on 
 something ; confiding in something, relying on (which is the 
 same trope): Hac scripsi liberius, fretus conscientia of- 
 ficii mei benevolenticeque. Cic. Miles, ferro et animis fre- 
 tus. Liv. 
 
 478. Fulgere, Splendere, Lucere, Nitere, Corus- 
 care, Radiare, Micare ; Fulgere, Fulgurare ; Fulgor, 
 
 FULGUR, FULGETRUM, FuLGURATIO, FuLMEN. Fulglre, 
 
 emitting a bright, blinding light, shining in a high degree, e. g. 
 ebore et auro, purpura: Micantes fulsere gladii. Liv. 
 Splendere, emitting a pure, shining light: Splendens 
 Pario marmore purius. Hor. Splendens stella Candida. 
 Plaut. Lucere, giving light, emitting a light which makes 
 things visible : Luna luce lucet aliena. Cic. Nitere, 
 shining, of the mild shine of a pure, smooth, bright, or oily 
 surface: Nitent unguentis, fulgent purpura. Cic. 2Era 
 nitent usu. Ovid. Coruscare, properly of the quivering 
 of the lightning, flame, rays of light ; glittering, corruscating : 
 Flamma inter nub es cor us cat. Cic, of the lightning ; hence 
 it is used of the quivering motion of slender, pointed bodies : 
 Longe cor us cat sarraco veniente abies. Juvenal., active: 
 Hastamque coruscat. Virg., shakes. Radiare, radiating, 
 sending forth rays : Radiantis imagine lance. Virg. Mi- 
 care, of rays suddenly darting forth and vanishing: Qualis 
 gemma mi cat. Virg. Mi cat ignibus atlier. Id., hence of 
 similar movements: Aures micantes pavidis eqais. Plin. 
 — (The reader will have observed, that the English language 
 is peculiarly destitute of words designating with nicety either 
 the degree, effect, or movement of light. Indeed, there are 
 yet many other notions respecting light to be expressed, and 
 are actually expressed by other languages, for which we have 
 no words in English. For the varieties of sound, the English 
 seems peculiarly rich. May not the reason be, that light is not 
 a very prominent ingredient in the English sky, but that the 
 sea-girt isle has the greatest variety of sounds daily sounding 
 up to her shore ? Be that as it may, the remark applios to 
 
479. Fundere. 223 
 
 the subsequent part of this section likewise.) — Fulg ere y 
 obsolete, lightning, of the sudden dart of the single flash of 
 lightning : Antiqui ad significandum lianc e nubibus subitce 
 lucis eruptionem dicebant fulg ere. Senec. Fulgur are, 
 the flashing of the electric fluid in the skies, without a partic- 
 ular line in which the light is concentrated, diffusive flashing : 
 Noctu magis, quam inter diu sine tonitribus fulgur at. Plin. 
 — Fulg or, the bright splendor of the lightning, and of sim- 
 ilar flashes of light which suddenly vanish, and of emission 
 of dazzling light, e. g. armor um ; Fulgur, the lightning as 
 fiery meteor which precedes the thunder, and with equal 
 rapidity darts forth and vanishes; Fulgetrum, the light in 
 the skies which lasts longer and is without thunder ; also the 
 flash of lightning merely as fiery phenomenon ; Fulgur a- 
 tio, the same, as act; Fulmen, the flash of lightning with 
 brilliant light and annihilating power : Prospera Juppiter his 
 dextris fulgoribus edit. Enn. Stella solis fulg ore 
 obumbrantur. Senec. Credas et rapidum Mtnao fulgur 
 ab igne jaci. Ovid. Si in nube flatus out vapor erumpit ar- 
 dens, fulmina oriuntur ; si longiore tractu nititur, ful- 
 getra. Plin . Fulgur at io est late ignis explicitus ; Fu Z- 
 men est coactus ignis et impetu j actus. Senec. 
 
 479. Fundere, Profligare, Sternere, Prosternere ; 
 Fundus, Pr_edium, Rus, Villa. Fundere, pouring on the 
 ground: Mer curium e patera sanguinem visum esse fun- 
 dere, qui quum terrain attigisset, refervescere videretur. 
 Cic, hence scattering, dispersing an army already beaten : 
 Ex Uteris hostium exercitum cazsum fu sum que cognovi. Cic. 
 Legiones, item classes fusai fugatceque. Sail. Profli- 
 gare, beating down to the ground along before one : Aciem 
 hostium. Cic. Classem hostium primo impetu profligavi. 
 Cses. Commissum ac profligatum bellum conficere. Liv., 
 pretty nearly finishing. Sternere, strewing (German streu- 
 en, which is of the same root with the Latin) on the ground, 
 extending, stretching on the ground : Semitam saxo quadrato 
 straverunt. Liv. Stravit pelliculis hadinis lectulos. 
 Cic, and forcibly, violently stretching on the ground, throw- 
 ing to the ground: Turbam invadite, ac sternite omnia 
 ferro. Liv., see Torrens, 456. Prosternere, stretching 
 down to the ground, cutting down : Se ad pedes ; corpora, 
 humi. Liv. Communis Mars belli utramque aciem pari ccede 
 pro stravit. Id. He who is profligatus, has been deprived 
 of the power of resistance ; the prostratus, of the courage 
 
224 480. Funus. 
 
 and energy. — Fundus, the soil, inasmuch as it is the 
 ground and substratum ; and a real estate (as this is called 
 in German, likewise, a Grundstiick, a ground-piece ; it is 
 also called lying property, i. e. not movable ; and the Latin 
 Fundus leads to the same original meaning, fundere, see 
 above) : Fundus dicitur ager, quod planus sit ad similitu- 
 dinem fundi vasoj~um. Festus. Fundum alienum arat, 
 incultum familiar em deserit. Plaut. Mancipio fundum ac- 
 cept. Cic, a farm with the appertaining land ; Prcedium, a 
 farm, which as free property (fee simple) of a Roman citizen 
 {dominium quiritarium) , might be pledged as bail, mortgage, 
 &c, for which reason it must lie in Italy, or at least in a 
 province which had Jus Latii : Patres, si quibus argenlum 
 in prcesentia deesset, dandam ex cerario pecuniam mutuam, 
 prcedibusque ac prcediis cavendum populo, censebant. Liv. 
 Rus, a farm, with regard to its rurality, i. e. contradistinction 
 to the residence in town, with its privation of pure air, rural 
 scenery, &c. ; see 50. Villa, a country seat, with the pre- 
 dominating idea of the edifice, villa : Accepit agrum tempori- 
 bus Us, quum jacerent pretia prcediorum : qui ager neque 
 v ill am habuit, nequefuit cultus. Cic. Fundi appellatione 
 omne cedificium et omnis ager continetur : sed in usu urbana 
 cedifcia, cedes; rustica, villa dicuntur. Digg. 
 
 480. Funus, Exsequi^e, Pompa, Sepultura, Humatio, 
 justa ; funebris, funereus, funestus, feralis ; fera- 
 lia, Inferi^e. Funus (Gothic Fun, for fire, which is the 
 root of the German Funke, spark), funeral, inasmuch as the 
 body was burnt; see 155. Huic vivo funus ducitur. Cic. 
 Exsequice, sc. res, the funeral procession, with every thing 
 belonging to it ; properly, the funeral suit (the following) 
 Mater exsequias illius funeris prosecuta. Cic. Pom 
 pa, is the same, yet with the idea of solemnity and pomp 
 pompous or magnificent funeral: Publici funeris pompa, 
 Tac. Spoliatum cadaver imaginibus, exsequiis, pompa 
 laudatione, canibus dilaniandum reliquisti. Cic. Sepultu 
 ra, the mode in which a dead body is brought under ground 
 the peculiar manner of burying, the burial : Antiquissimo 
 sepultures genere redditur terrce corpus, et ita locatum ac 
 situm operimento matris obducitur. Cic. Humatio, inter- 
 ment, as action ; Just a, the last marks of honor or reverence, 
 prescribed by law or custom, which we feel bound to pay to 
 a departed person: Nondiun omnia paterno funeri just a 
 solvit. Cic. — Funebris, that which is becoming for a 
 
481. Fungi. 482. Fur. 225 
 
 corpse relating to it : laudatio, epulum, vestimenti genus. Cic. 
 Funereus, peculiar to a corpse, belonging to it: Ter omen 
 fun e reus bubo let all carmine fecit. Ovid. Pyram fronde 
 coronat fun ere a. Virg., with cypresses. Funestus, mourn- 
 fu I : Familia fu nest a fratris morte. Li v. Funestus dies 
 Alliensis. Cic. Fe r a lis, agreeing with a funeral: Tu ta- 
 men exstincto feralia munera ferto. Ovid., hence, — Fe- 
 ralia sc. sacra, the annual feast of the dead: Hanc quia 
 justa ferunt, dixere Feralia lucem. Ovid. Infer ice, 
 sacrifices which brought on the feralia, on the seventeenth 
 or twenty-first of February, on the tombs of the departed : 
 Inferias exstincto mittere Phoco. Ovid. 
 
 481. Fungi, De — Perfungi, Administrate, Obire. 
 Fungi, getting through with something, finishing it; per- 
 forming an office, business, with pleasure and satisfaction on 
 account of success : Functus erat dapibus. Ovid. Consu- 
 lentibus respondents senectutis non inertis grato atque honesto 
 fungebar munere. Cic. Defungi, getting through with 
 something entirely, getting off, especially off from something 
 onerous, e. g. honoribus, cura, labore, pozna : Maximo se 
 affectum beneficio putavit, quum tribus decumis pro una de- 
 fungeretur. Cic. Perfungi, getting through a thing 
 entirely, passing through a sufferance, at last having it be- 
 hind one's self, serving through a difficulty, as it were, sur- 
 mounting : Eis favemuSy qui eadem pericula, quibus nos 
 perfuncti sumus, ingrediuntur. Cic. Administrare, 
 making the minister, i. e. the servant in some affair or busi- 
 ness, directing, administering it by one's services, attention, 
 handling a business, e. g. bellum, navem: A dministrat 
 ad rem divinam tibi. Plaut. Postulat, rem publicam susci- 
 piant atque una secum administrent. Cses. Toti officio 
 maritimo M. Bibulus propositus cuncta administrabat. 
 Id. Obire, tending, keeping, attending, e. g. sacra, bellum, 
 negotium, res suas : Rex certamini non adfuit, quum impera- 
 tor Romanus omnia militaria munera ipse impigre obiret. 
 Liv. 
 
 482. Fur, Latro, Pr^edo, Pirata; Furari, Rapere, 
 Diripere. Fur (ferre, carrying off), a thief, he who car- 
 ries off the property of others secretly and with bad intent of 
 appropriation: XII tabula nocturnum furem interfici im- 
 pune voluerunt. Cic. Latro (Gallic Ladrau, robber), high- 
 way robber, he who publicly and forcibly, and armed, attacks 
 others and takes property from them : Subito latrones ex 
 

 226 483. Furice. 485. Garrulus. 
 
 insidiis advolant, inter que ccedem diripiunt nummos. Phsedr. 
 Prcedo, 334, a robber, he who goes out and robs, on land 
 or water: Maritimos p reed ones consectando mare tutum 
 reddidit. Nep. Pirata, one who ranges (tiuqw) the sea 
 with the view of robbing, a pirate, corsair : Belli more, non 
 latrociniorum, orbem classibus piratce terrebant. Vellei. — 
 Furari, stealing: Solet hcec, quae rapuit et fur at us 
 est, nonnunquam dicere, se emisse. Cic. Rap ere, robbing, 
 hastily and forcibly : Vivebat latronum ritu, ut tantum habe- 
 re!., quantwn rap ere potuisset. Cic. D irip ere, 131, plun- 
 dering : Expilare socios,d irip ere provincias. Cic. Mith- 
 ridates res ex tota Asia direptas in suum regnum conges- 
 serat. Id. 
 
 483. Furle, Dir^e, Eumenides. The furies, furious 
 spirits of torment, were called Furice, as avengers of evil 
 deeds, by causing disquiet within the malefactor ; they are 
 the personified bad conscience; they are called Dirce, 122, 
 as bringing woe, the terrific; Eumenides, the gracious, 
 poetic, when, from reverential fear, their true name was not 
 pronounced: Furice dece sunt speculatrices et vindices fa- 
 cinorum et scelerum. Cic. Vltricesque sedent in limine Di- 
 rce. Virg. 
 
 G. 
 
 484. Ganeo, Nepos, Asotus. Ganeo (ganeum, a cook's 
 shop, where people satisfied their palate and gave themselves 
 up to voluptuousness), the glutton, the dissipated fellow, who 
 is always to be found where there is dissipation, where peo- 
 ple administer to their sensual appetites, in whatever way that 
 may be: Ganeones nostri, quibus modulus est vitce culina. 
 Varr. Nepos, properly, nephew, grandchild ; a rake, spend- 
 thrift : Perditus ac profusus nepos, qui non adesa jam, sed 
 abundanti pecunia sic dissolutus fuit. Cic. Asotus, an in- 
 satiate and insatiable voluptuary : Si jinitas cupiditates habe- 
 rent luxuriosi non essent asoti. Cic. (From the Greek 
 aotoTog, of «-<jcJ£co, not to be saved.) 
 
 485. Garrulus, Loquax. Garrulus (garrire), chat- 
 tering, making a noise like a rivulet, of no great rapidity, if 
 slightly but repeatedly beating against rocks ; it is the open 
 sound, not the subdued one expressed by murmuring ; the a 
 
486. Gaudere. 488. Genius. 227 
 
 in garrulus, chattering, the Scottish clabbering, the German 
 plappern, and similar words of so many other languages, in- 
 dicates the open sound ; hence, making much noise of this or 
 Borne similar sort, e. g. hirundo, rivus ; talkative, garrulous, a 
 talker, a chatter-box: Percontatorem fugito ; nam garru- 
 lus est. Hor. Loquax, loving or ready to speak, also 
 talkative: Senectus est natura lo quad or. Cic. The Gar- 
 rulus chatters away without thought or sense ; the Loquax 
 finds always some subject or other to talk upon. 
 
 486. Gaudere, L^etaei ; Hilaeis, Lcetus. Gaudere 
 rejoicing at, indicates the emotion which is caused by the 
 delight at a real or imagined good; L atari, being glad, 
 rejoicing, indicates the state when joy affects us ; it is the 
 consequence of joy within : Quum privamur dolore, ipsa libe- 
 ratione molestia gaud emus : omne antem id, quo gaud e- 
 mus, voluptas est. Cic. L at arts tu in omnium gemitu, et 
 triumphas. Id. — Hilaris, obsolete Hildrus (the same 
 root with the German hell, i. e. bright, shining, serene), glad, 
 gladly disposed, happy, if this indicates our feeling : Hilar i 
 animo esse et prompt o ad jocandum. Cic. Latus, glad, in a 
 higher degree, merry, frolicsome, used of the effects of joy, 
 which show themselves in exciting our spirits, and the exter- 
 nal manifestation of this effect, happy, as used in this sense : 
 Lcetus sum laudari me a laudato viro. Cic. Videbant 
 Catilinam alacrem atque latum. Id. 
 
 487. Generalis, Universalis. Generalis, general, 
 with reference to the kind (genus) ; generalis, therefore, is 
 that which is constituted like all the species of the same 
 genus; Universalis, common, referring to a whole, so 
 constituted, or of such a character, as all individuals which 
 belong to a whole (universum) must be, are: Generale 
 quoddam decorum intelligimus, quod, in omni honestate versa- 
 tur. Cic. In constitutionibus principum nihil inveniebam aut 
 proprium, aut universale, quod ad Bithynos ferretur. 
 Plin. 
 
 488. Genius, Lares, Penates ; Genialis, Genitalis, 
 Genitivus. Genius, the protecting or directing, influenc- 
 ing spirit which presides over human nature, and watches 
 over the procreation, birth, and life of a human being, and 
 even after death continues to act protectingly in the Lar ; 
 hence the constant endeavour to keep him well-disposed, and 
 to reconcile him in misfortune which had befallen the indi- 
 vidual : Scit Genius, natale comes qui temper at astrum, 
 

 228 489. Gens. 
 
 natures deus humance. Hor. Suum genium defraudare. 
 Ter., not to allow one's self any comfort, denying one's self 
 the necessary things. Lares, house and family gods of the 
 Romans, whose little images stood upon the hearth, sacred to 
 them, and under which the families paid honor to their de- 
 parted forefathers. There were likewise public Lares, as 
 patrons of cities, streets, and peasants: Ego Lar sum Fa- 
 miliaris, ex hac familia, unde exeuntem me adspexistis. hanc 
 domum jam multos annos est quum possideo. Plaut. Parvo 
 sub I are pauperum camce. Hor., the house itself. Penates 
 (compare Penes, 22.), private deities, of which every family 
 chose for patrons, while the Lares were only worshipped 
 men ; they were also worshipped as publici in the Atrium or 
 Impluvium (Jupiter, Juno, Minerva, Vesta), on the Capitoli- 
 um, and from them were expected blessing, nourishment, 
 prosperity : Dii patrii ac penates, qui huic urbi atque huic 
 imperio prcesidetis. Cic. Exterminabit cives Romanos edicto 
 consul a suis penatibus? Id., out of their houses. — Ge- 
 nial is, constituted agreeably or conformably to the Genius, 
 as the giver of joy and all comfort, festival-like, e. g. lectus, 
 the marriage bed: Invitat genialis hiems, curasque resol- 
 vit. Virg., the time when the farmer rests and enjoys comfort. 
 Genitalis, that which has the capacity of procreation or 
 generation: Quatuor genitalia corpora mundus continet. 
 Ovid. Elements. Dies genitalis. Tac, birthday, inas- 
 much as from its constellation the astrologer or reader of 
 nativity divines the future fate of an individual; natal is 
 birthday, inasmuch as it is the day on which he was born. 
 Genitivus, that which has remained ever since the birth, 
 that which we brought with us into the world : Augustus cor 
 pore traditur maculoso, dispersis per pectus atque alvum 
 genitivis notis. Suet., moles. (Innate, when applied to 
 inborn ideas, must be given by innatus ; genitivus is only 
 that which we have from our generation, the procreation of 
 the individual.) 
 
 489. Gens, Familia, Genus, Stirps, Prosapia ; Ge 
 nus, Natio, Populus ; Gentilis, Gentilicius, Genticus. 
 Gens, a clan or race, as a multitude of persons who are able 
 to prove their descent, through all possible degrees of consan- 
 guinity, to the same progenitor (geuitor) ; Familia, 372, 
 that branch of the gens who belong, as nearest kinsmen (re- 
 lations by consanguinity), to a descendant of such a genitor, 
 in direct line. Those who belonged to one gens had the 
 
489. Gens. 229 
 
 common name of the genitor (nomen) ; those that belong to 
 the same familia, have in addition the name of the family 
 father (cognomen). Thus the Gens Cornelia, descending 
 from one Cornelius, branched out in the families, Cornelii 
 Scipiones, Cornelii Dolabellce, Cornelii Cethegi, Cornelii 
 Sidlce, Cornelii CinncB, etc. Ex gente Domitia duce fa- 
 milice claruerunt, Calvinorum et Mnobarborum. Suet. Ge- 
 n ws, the race or kind, genus, with reference to the common 
 qualities or distinctions which all individuals of the same pro- 
 creator have, e. g. genus humanum, genus acre leonum ; 
 Non idem mihi licet, quod Us, qui nobili gen ere nati sunt. 
 Cic. Stirps, trunk, chief part of a plant, and of a whole 
 race or people, i. e. the two first progenitors, from which, as 
 from a trunk, all descendants, like branches, went forth ; and 
 these descendants themselves, inasmuch as they form one 
 whole: Atticus Juniam familiam a stirpe ad hanc ceta- 
 tem enumeravit. Nep. Horatius orabat, ne se, quern paulo 
 ante cum egregia stirpe conspexissent, orbum liberis face- 
 rent. Liv., with his stock or race. Prosapia, properly, the 
 distant relationship ; an ancient, extensive clan, inasmuch as 
 an individual descends from it: Homo veteris prosapice ac 
 multarum imaginum. Sail. — A whole people is called Gens, 
 as race descending from the same founder, parent : Segni 
 Condrusique ex genie et numero Germa.norum. Cass. Sue- 
 vorum gens est longe maxima et bellicosissima Germauorum 
 omnium. Id. Genus, as a genus of people, a species of 
 nations, distinguished by characteristics common to all mem- 
 bers, from other nations : Nostrorum virtuti consilia Gallo- 
 rum occurrebant, ut est siunmce genus sollertice atqite ad 
 omnia imitanda et efficienda, quce ab quoque iraduntur, aptis- 
 simum. Cses. Natio, a people, with regard to their birth in 
 a common country, and the peculiar character which res u Its 
 from this fact : Suevorum non una, ut Chattorum Tenctero- 
 rumve, gens, majorem enim Germanice partem obtinent, pro- 
 priis adliuc nationibus nominibusque discreti, quamquam 
 in commune Sueui vocantur. Insigne gent is, obliquare 
 crinem nodoque substringere. Tac. Natio est omnium Gal- 
 lorum admodum dedita religionibus. Cses. (Hence does 
 natio signify a set of people who agree in character, as con- 
 sequence of the same profession, endeavour, &c, e. g. natio 
 candidatorum.) Populus r a people, as state, or inasmuch 
 as it is a society of free citizens, kept together by the com- 
 mon band of government : Populus est coitus multitudinis, 
 20 
 
230 490. Gestire. 492. Gladius. 
 
 juris consensu et utilitatis communione consociatus. Cic. 
 Na tiones ferce et populi ingentes vi subacti. Sail. Scipio 
 llergetum gent em quum infesto exercitu invasisset, Athana- 
 giam urbem, quce caput ejus populi erat, circumsedit. Liv., 
 gent em, as a people of a common descent, which, however, 
 as political body, populus, had their capital. — Gentilis, 
 one of the same race or stock, gens ; akin by gens: Phe- 
 recydes Syrius fuit meo regnante gent Hi. Cic. The gen- 
 til is of Tullius Cicero was Tullius Hostilius. Gentilicius, 
 peculiar or common to gentiles: Gentilicia sacra. Liv., 
 family sacrifices. Genticus, common or peculiar to a tribe, 
 people, as of common descent {gens), national : Servitia, 
 quibus more gentico continuum f err i tegimen. Tac. 
 
 490. Gestire, Exsilire, Exsultare. Gestire, 301, 
 giving to understand, manifesting by position, bearing, and 
 movement (gestus), of the body one's emotions, especially 
 joy, desire : Licet ora ipsa cernere eorum, qui voluptate 
 nimia gestiunt : quorum vultus, voces, motus statusque mu- 
 tantur. Cic. Gestit animus aliquid agere in re publica. 
 Id. Exsilire, leaping out of, up, leaping for joy: Literis 
 perlectis, exsilui gaudio. Cic. Exsultare, jump, re- 
 peatedly and wildly, of delight : Vacca ex suit at in herbis. 
 Ovid. Alacris ex suit at improbitas in victoria. Cic, ex- 
 ulting. 
 
 491. Gig-nere, Generare, Parere, Procreare. Gig- 
 nere (from geno : Principium genendi. Varr.), producing 
 something out of itself, begetting: Pisces ova quum genue- 
 runt, relinquunt. Cic. Artis proprium est creare et gig- 
 nere. Id. Generare, producing something begotten, pro- 
 ducing, generating; it designates the effect of gignere: 
 Placet Stoicis, quce in terra gignantur, ad usum hominum 
 omnia creari, homines autem hominum causa esse genera- 
 tos, ut ipsi inter se aliis alii prodesse possent. Cic. Pare 
 re, giving birth, bringing forth : Ut ea liber os ex sese pare- 
 ret, quos quum videret, laztaretur. Cic. Gallina peperit 
 ovum. Id. Cui laurus honor es peperit. Hor. Procreare 
 (see 286.), producing something, giving it existence and pre- 
 senting it as something produced, something having come 
 forth, without reference to begetting : Hcec terra, quce te 
 procreavit, est p atria tua. Cic. 
 
 492. Gladius, Ensis, Acinaces, Sica, Pugio. Gla- 
 dius, the sword for cut and thrust; Ensis, the longer 
 sword, more adapted for the blow or cut, hence with heroes 
 
493. Gradus. 494. Gramen. 231 
 
 and gigantic people: Graviter gladio caput per cussit. Hirt. 
 Stricto gladio transfigit puellam. Liv. Hector eo per culsus 
 concidit ense. Cic. A cin aces, the crooked Persian sabre ; 
 Slca (secare), a short cutlass used by banditti; Pugio 
 (pungere), a stiletto, dirk: Tibi extorta est sic a de mani- 
 bus. Cic. Ccesare interfecto statim cruentum alte extollit 
 Brutus pugionem. Id. 
 
 493. Gradus, Gressus, Passus, Incessus ; Gradatim, 
 Pedetentim, Sensim, Paulatim. Gradus, the step which 
 a walker makes : Gradu m accelerare ; Aciem pleno gradu 
 in hostem inducer e. Liv., quicker than in the gradus mill- 
 taris and gradus modicus. Stabili gradu impetum hos- 
 tium excipere. Id., in a position stepping forward ; hence the 
 step of a staircase, of a ladder, and the measure of the steps 
 of a person walking to and fro : Elatum e curia in inferiorem 
 partem per gradus dejicit. Liv. Honorum gradus sum- 
 mis hominibus et infimis sunt pares. Cic. Gressus, Supinal 
 form, the stepping, the making steps : Veniebat gressu 
 languido. Pheedr. Passus, the step, the extension of the 
 legs from one another in walking, and, as measure, five Ro- 
 man feet ( pedes) : Sequiturque patrem non passibus cequis. 
 Virg. Ut ab urbe abesset millia passuum ducenta. Cic. 
 Incessus, the walk, as peculiar manner of walking : Tenero 
 et molli in gressu suspendimus gradum: non ambulamus, 
 sed incedimus. Senec. — Gradatim, step by step, and 
 gradually, signifies slowly one thing or act after the other, in 
 measured points of rest or stops: Gradatim adscendere 
 vocem utile et suave est. Cic. Pedetentim, foot after foot, 
 step by step, slowly, gradually, and cautiously : Viam pede- 
 tentim tentabam. Cato. Nihil condone tua sapientius : ita 
 pedetentim et gradatim turn accessus a te ad causam 
 facti, turn recessus. Cic. Sensim, gradually, imperceptibly ; 
 of a continuous yet hardly perceptible following upon one 
 another: Sensim sine sensu cetas senescit. Cic. Nilus in- 
 cipit crescere sensim modiceque. Plin. P aulatim, grad- 
 ually, slowly, a continuous following upon one another, yet 
 so that each time the state or position of the thing changes 
 but very little : P aulatim adnabam terrce. Virg. 
 
 494. Gramen, Herba, Fgenum. Gramen, grass in 
 general, as fresh, green, and growing, with narrow leaves and 
 blades, on which each blossom brings but one grain ; Herba, 
 herb, the sprouts of the grass or any other plant which come 
 directly out of the ground, before it has a blade, stalk, 
 
232 495. Grains, 496. Gravis. 
 
 stem, or trunk: Jacere in tenaci gr amine. Hor. Injussa 
 virescunt gramina. Virg. Fetialis ex arce graminis 
 herb am pur am attulit. Liv. Ut sulcis frumenti queer eret 
 herb am. Virg. Foznum, hay, mown and dried grass: 
 Foznum siccatum in metas exstruere. Colum. 
 
 495. Gratus, Memor ; Grates s. Gratias agere, Gra- 
 tiam habere, referre, reddere, facere. gratus, 377, 
 grateful, thankful, one who manifests his gratitude ; Memor, 
 he who remembers a benefaction, who does not forget kind 
 acts: Bene de me meritis gratum me prcebeo. Cic. Socios 
 Bithynia, si Us commodaris, memor es esse et gratos cog- 
 ?iosces. Id. — Grates, poetical, and Gratias agere, ex- 
 pressing thanks, orally or by writing : Mihi senatus singula- 
 ribus verbis gratias egit. Cic. Gratiam habere, 
 having grateful feelings, feeling one's self obliged, being con- 
 scious of kindness bestowed upon one's self, and feeling 
 grateful consequently; refer re, returning a kind act, prov- 
 ing one's gratitude: Inops etiam si refer re gratiam non 
 potest, habere certe potest. Cic, also, Maximas tibi, P an- 
 sa, gratias omnes et habere et agere debemus. Id. 
 Gratiam redder e, returning an act of kindness with an 
 equivalent or similar one, paying off one's debt of gratitude : 
 Quoad vives, nunquam redditam gratiam putaveris. Sail., 
 requiting entirely, perfectly. Gratiam facer e, giving up 
 something, claim, &c, from kindness : Omnium tibi, qua 
 impie nefarieque es ausus, gratiam facio. Liv. 
 
 496. Gravis, Onerosus ; Gravare, Gravari ; Gravi- 
 dus, Fetus, Prjegnans. Gravis, heavy by its weight, 
 also, oppressive, difficult to be borne : Aureum amiculum 
 Jovis Olympii grandi ponder e astate grave esse. Cic. 
 Graves ho stilibus spoliis naves. Liv., heavily laden. Gra- 
 ve omne insuetis onus. Phsedr. Verebar, ne mihi gravis 
 esses. Cic. Onerosus, onerous, if something is a heavy 
 load for us, e. g. prada: Onerosa gravis que esse potest 
 imbellibus hasta lacertis. Ovid. — Gravare, making heavy, 
 adding weight: Poma grav antia ramos. Ovid. Midi 
 gravati sarcinis. Phsedr. Gravari, going with difficulty 
 to a task, shunning: Non gravabor de amicitia disputare. 
 Cic. — Gravidas, full of something, and thus being heavy, 
 pregnant, e. g. arista, pecus : Qui manus attulit steriles intro, 
 gravidas for as exportat. Plaut. Fetus, that which is 
 provided with generative power, capacity of procreation 
 that which can produce a fruit, has produced it, or is produc- 
 
497. Gubernaculum. 500. Gutta. 233 
 
 ing it, e.g. pregnant with it: Ubi visceribus gravida 
 ielluris imago effecta est hominis, feto consurgit in arvo. 
 Ovid., capable of producing, fecund. Pr agnans (prce — 
 gignere), in the last stages of pregnancy, near delivery. 
 
 497. Gubernaculum, Clavus. Gub em aculum, the 
 rudder; Clavus, properly, a nail, plug; the helm of the 
 rudder, and the rudder itself with the helm : Naufragus ad 
 gubernaculum accessit el nam est opitulatus. Cic. Gu- 
 bernalor clavum tenens sedet in puppi. Id. Clavum im- 
 perii lenere el gubernacula rei publico, traclare. Id. 
 
 498. Gurges, Vorago, Barathrum. Gurges, eddy: 
 Rheni fossa, gurgilibus redundans. Cic. Vorago, a 
 depth, a very deep abyss, which devours every thing which 
 falls into it, i. e. every thing that falls into which perishes; 
 applied to water, it means a vortex, an extensive eddy, which 
 draws things in, whirling them to the centre, and thence to 
 the ground : Forum medium specie vasto collapsum in immen- 
 sam altiludinem dicilur, neque earn v or a gin em conjectu 
 terra expleri potuisse. Liv. Dionysius quum equum demisis- 
 set in Jlumen, submersus equus voraginibus non exstitit. 
 Cic. Gurges ac vorago patrimonii. Id. Gurges, re- 
 specting the quantity which the spendthrift makes pass 
 through his gullet; Vorago, an. insatiable vortex. Bara- 
 thrum, a bottomless abyss, respecting the enormous depth: 
 Imo barathri gurgite vaslos sorbet in abruptum Jluctus. 
 Virg. 
 
 499. Gustus, Gustatus, Sapor. Gustus, the taste, the 
 sensation on the tongue in tasting something : Dominus ipse 
 panis bonitatem gustu suo exploret. Colum. Gustatus, 
 the taste or tasting, as effect of the tasted thing upon the 
 nerves of taste and the sense of taste, the faculty of taste : 
 Pomorum jucundus non gustatus solum, sed odoratus etiam. 
 Cic. Gustatus sentire eorum, quibus vescimur, genera 
 debet. Id. Sapor, taste of a thing, that quality of producing, 
 by contact with the nerves of taste, an effect peculiarly per- 
 ceived by them : Mel suo proprio genere sap oris dulce 
 esse sentilur. Cic. 
 
 500. Gutta, Stilla, Stiria. Gutta, the drop in a 
 globular form : Numerum in cadentibus gut lis, quod inter- 
 vallis distinguuntur, notare possumus. Gutta car at lapi- 
 dem non vi, sed s&pe cadendo. Ovid. Stilla, the drop 
 falling down, and which in so doing becomes extended, 
 oval, or long: Interit magniludine maris JEgcei stilla 
 
 20* 
 

 234 501. Habena. 503. Habitus. 
 
 muriai. Cic Stiria, the pending, also the frozen drop ' 
 Turpis db inviso pendebat stir i a naso. Martial. Stir i a* 
 que induruit horrida barbis. Virg. 
 
 H. 
 
 501. Habena, Lorum, Corrigia, Amentum. Habena, 
 472, the thong for holding (habere) or pulling, of a sling, 
 shoes: Equus liber habenis. Virg. Fundam Mezentius 
 adducta circum caput egit habena. Id. Lorum, a thong 
 to tie or bind, to hold something together or fast, also for the 
 rein: Lor is caidere, equos ducere. Id. Co rrigia, a thin 
 thong for tying, pulling together, a string : Pedis offensio et 
 abruptio corrigice. Cic. A m en turn, a thong in the mid- 
 dle of the spear, for throwing, to give it more force by a 
 swing: Inserit am en to digitos et tor sit jaculum. Ovid. 
 
 502. Habere, Possidere, Tenere, Esse alicui ; Habi- 
 lis, Capax. Habere, having, of every sort of property; 
 Possidere, possessing, inasmuch as we alone have the 
 thing, may freely use it, and freely dispose of it ; Tenere, 
 holding, in the hands, or by way of possessing, inasmuch as 
 we maintain our possession of a thing, are actually holding 
 it; Mi hi est, I have, when merely the existence of a pos- 
 session for me is meant: Domus tibi deer at 7 At habebas. 
 Cic, as proprietor. Iste turn, quum omnia tenebat, non est 
 ausus meam domum possidere. Id., as sole owner, master; 
 tenebat, he who would not allow himself to be dispossessed. 
 Danao quinquaginta fuerunt Jllice. Cic, they were there 
 for him, extant; habuit jilias, they belonged to him. — 
 Habilis, 14, that which is easily held, which allows itself 
 easily to be treated ; comfortable, because it fits well : Calcei 
 habiles et apli ad pedem. Cic. Capax, capacious, spa- 
 cious, that which can contain, hold much, e. g. domus : Puer 
 animi ad prcecepta capacis. Ovid. 
 
 503. Habitus, Vestitus, Amictus. Habitus, the pe- 
 culiar manner of dress, according to substance and form 
 dress, e. g. scenicus, triumphalis ; Vestitus, the dress itself, 
 inasmuch as it covers the body, garment; Amictus, the 
 outer dress, which strikes the eye, garb, ornamenting or em- 
 bellishing dress: Vestitu calceatuque et cetero habitu ne 
 
504. Harere. 507. Heu. 235 
 
 virili quidem usus est. Suet. Appuleius specie et motu atque 
 ipso amiclu capiebat homines. Cic. 
 
 504. ELerere, Pendere. Hcerere, hanging to some- 
 thing, adhering, not to be able to separate from it: Hceret 
 os fauce ; senex in equo ; laxus in pede calceus. Hor. P e n- 
 dere, hanging in a pending position, pending, hanging down : 
 Me ndent poma in arbore. Virg. 
 
 505. Haurire, Sorbere. Haurire, taking part of a 
 larger mass up and out: Aqua e puteo hausta. Cic. Mul- 
 tos hausit flamma, gurges. Liv., devouring in mass. Sor- 
 bere, drawing in a liquid, not in large draughts, but with 
 half-closed lips, gradually, and with pleasure. I believe the 
 only word which comes near it is sucking; it is between 
 sipping and drawing (in German sclilurferi) : Animalia, qui- 
 bus continui denies, sorb en t, ut equi, boves. Plin. Medicus 
 obiit, dum mulsi potionem haurit; alius, quum mulsum bi- 
 bisset ovumque s orb ere t. Id. 
 
 506. Hereditas, Patrimonium, Peculium ; Hereditatem 
 cernere, adire. Hereditas {her es, heir ; originally, the 
 acquirer of a piece of earth ; in German, the former Erbe, 
 the latter Erde), inheritance in general: Hereditas est 
 pecunia, quce morte alicujus ad quempiam pervenit jure. Cic. 
 P atrimonium, patrimony, the property which the freeborn 
 Roman father left to his children as lawful property : Optima 
 hereditas a patribus traditur liberis, omnique patrimo- 
 nio prcestantior, gloria virtutis rerumque gestarum. Id. 
 Peculium (pecus), the peculiar small property which one 
 has saved, especially a son as soldier (castrense), by other 
 occupations or pursuits {quasi castrense^), by paternal grants 
 or allowances (profecticium), by inheritance on the maternal 
 side {adventicium), or what a slave saves with the permission 
 of the master : Servi cupiditate peculii nullum conditionem 
 recusant durissimce servitutis. Cic. — He reditatem cer- 
 nere, viewing the inheritance, examining it, meant, if the 
 heir by testament (neither son nor slave of the testator), de- 
 clared solemnly, only after a period of five days, that he was 
 willing to become heir; adire, when he solemnly took pos- 
 session of the inheritance : Pridie Nonas Februarias crevi 
 hereditatem. Cic. Archias adiit hereditates civium 
 Romanorum. Id. 
 
 507. Heu, Heus. Heu, alas! ah! is the exclamation 
 of pain; Heus, hah! listen! if some one's attention is 
 called to listen : Heu me miserum ! Ter. A. Heus Getal 
 

 236 508. Tliare. 509. Hie. 
 
 — G. Hem tihi! Id. Heus ! ubiestis? ecquis hoc aperit 
 ostium ? Plaut, holla ! 
 
 508. Hiare, Hiscere, Dehiscere, Fatiscere ; Hiatus, 
 Rictus. Hi a re, yawning, opening wide the mouth: Hi a- 
 vit humus multa vasta et profunda. Sail., also opening the 
 mouth wide from surprise or greediness : Emtorem inducere 
 hiantem. Hor. Hiscere and Dehiscere, designates th% 
 beginning of this action, opening itself, yawning, as we use 
 it of an abyss: Respondebisne ad hcec 7 aut omnino hiscere 
 audebis? Cic., opening the mouth. In dehiscentem in- 
 tervallis hostium aciem equites emisit. Liv. Fatiscere 
 (fatis, 10.), properly, bursting of too much ; cracking, 
 getting crevices from dryness, &c. : Naves rimis fatis- 
 cunt. Virg. 
 
 509. Hie, Ille, Is, Iste ; Hie, Illic, Ibi, Inibi, Ibidem, 
 Istic. By Hie, this, the speaker points at an object; by 
 Hi c, here, at a condition near, locally and in mind ; by Il- 
 le, that, and Illic, there, he points at the opposite, more 
 remote object ; hence Hi c is used, also, for present, and that 
 which is at present ; Ille, famous, renowned by the tradition, 
 report, &c, which tells of remote things, speaking of some- 
 thing which everybody knows, and hence may be pointed at 
 at once: Tu si hie sis, aliter censeas. Ter., this one here, 
 i. e. on the spot where he stands, pointing at himself. Negli- 
 genter scribimus adversaria ; diligenter conficimus tabulas. 
 Hcec delentur statim ; ilia servantur sancte. Cic. Is, he, 
 that one, the one, points, for the benefit of the addressed per- 
 son, at an object only as known, already mentioned; Iste, 
 that one there, as one to whom he ought to direct now his 
 particular attention : Fuit olim hinc quidam mercator ; navem 
 is fregit apud Andrum insulam: is obiit mortem. Ter. At 
 i s t o s rastros tamen inter ea adpone, ne labor a. Id. Si ami- 
 citiam adfructum nostrum refer emus, non erit ista amicitia, 
 sed mercatura qucedam utilitatum suarum. Cic. Hi c segetes, 
 illic veniunt felicius uvce, arbor ei fetus alibi. Virg. Ibi 
 (is, in the ancient dative form), there, even there, at the spot : 
 Demaratus fugit Tarquinios Corintho, et ibi fortunas suas 
 constituit. Cic. Inibi, in the place, in the thing itself, ex- 
 pressing in a stronger way its existence : Hannibalem Capua 
 corrupit, et superbia nata inibi esse hcec videtur. Cic, even 
 there. Ibidem, at the same spot: Si Thessalonicce erit 
 causa, aut ibidem opperiar, aut me ad te confer am. Cic 
 Istic, there, at that place, where the addressed person is 
 
510. Hirtus. 513. Horreum. 237 
 
 Ibi malis esse, ubi aliquo numero sis, quam is tic, ubi solus 
 sapere videare. Cic. 
 
 510. Hirtus, Hirsutus, Hispidus, Pilosus, Villostjs, 
 Setosus. Hirtus, properly applies to hair standing up; 
 that which is rough to the touch: Barba viros hirtceque 
 decent in corpore setce. Ovid. Hirsutus, provided with 
 stiff hair, bristles, pricks: Bestice spinis hirsutce. Cic, and 
 of the hair itself, if singly the hairs stand upward : Comce 
 hirsntcB et intonsce sunt. Curt. Hispidus, VII, rough, of 
 stiff hair standing close together, e. g. sus : Tiberini frons 
 hispid a manat imbribus. Claudian. In the words Pilo- 
 sus, full of hair, V ill o sus, shaggy, Setosus, full of bris- 
 tles, the species of covering hair is more particularly indi- 
 cated : Pilosce gence ; Pellis villosi leonis ; Setosa 
 frons. 
 
 511. H0310, Vir. Homo, man, as the nobler, rational 
 creature, in contradistinction to the brute; Fir, man, inas- 
 much as he is distinguished by peculiar qualities from other 
 men (mares, 260.) by strength, courage, intrepidity, merits, 
 honorable offices : Mar ins tulit doloremut vir; et, ut homo, 
 major em ferre sine causa necessaria noluit. Cic. 
 
 512. Honos, Honores, Munus ; Honestare, Honorare. 
 Hon os (Ho n or only from the third century; originally 
 spite, German Holin, Gell. 12. 9.), honor, mark of honor, by 
 which we manifest our esteem and approbation to a person 
 on account of his worth or merit : Ho nos est premium vir- 
 tutis, judicio studioque civium delatum ad aliquem. Cic. ; 
 hence, a public office, connected with honor and authority, 
 generally in the plural. Honor es, places of honor, which, 
 in Rome, were without salary: Hie ipse honos, delatus ad 
 me, testis est innocentia mea. Liv. Munus, 373, an office, 
 inasmuch as it is connected with burden and expense, without 
 reference to dignity: Non surdus judex hide muneri atque 
 officio pr&est. Cic. — Honestare, making honorable, giv- 
 ing honor and authority; Honor are, honoring, showing 
 honor to: Domino domus honest an da est. Cic. Am- 
 phiaraum sic honor av it fama Grraiciai, ut deus habere- 
 tur. Id. 
 
 513. Horreum, Granarium, Cumera. Horreum, the 
 barn ; every storehouse, magazine, but especially of grain : 
 lllius immensa ruperunt horrea messes. Virg. Deripere 
 horreo amphoram. Hor. Granarium, granary, larger 
 building for the preservation of considerable quantities of 
 
238 514. Hortari. 516. Hospes. 
 
 grain : Triticum condi oportet in gr anuria sublimia. Varr. 
 Camera, a large basket or earthen vessel for the preserva- 
 tion of grain with farmers: Cur tua plus laudes cumeris 
 granaria nostris? Hor 
 
 514. Hortari, Monere, Admonere, Suadere. Hor- 
 tari (horiri, excite, belongs to oriri), encouraging, stirring, 
 by representations and impressive words : Ad artem impellere 
 atque hortari. Cic. Mon ere, admonish to think of some- 
 thing, reminding, warning: Pluribus te hortari non debeo : 
 tantum moneo, magis idoneum tempus, si hoc amiseris, te 
 esse nullum unquam reperturum. Cic. Admonere, re- 
 minding on occasion, also urgently : Leo contexit asinum 
 frutice et admonuit simul, ut insueta voce terreret feras. 
 Phsedr. Suadere, advising, in pointing out the reasons and 
 with the intention of persuading to do something : An Tre- 
 bonio persuasi? cui ne suadere quidem ausus essem. 
 Cic. Monere, expresses an action which influences the 
 intellect; Hortari, the volition ; Suad ere, conviction. 
 
 515. HORTUS, HORTI, POMARIUM, VlRlDARIUM, VlRETUM. 
 
 Hortus, a kitchen, fruit, flower garden, as a place fenced 
 in; Horti, in plural, a large pleasure garden, park: Pria- 
 pus, custos pauperis horti. Virg. Epicuri horti. Cic. 
 P omarium, orchard: Arboribus consita Italia est, ut tola 
 pomarium videatur. Varr. Viridarium, a pleasure 
 garden with rare plants and trees, as they were behind the 
 cellce on both sides of a Roman domus (we have the same 
 idea of green prevailing in greenhouse) ; V ire turn, a charm- 
 ing spot, where there is a great deal of green, i. e. verdure, 
 e. g. clumps of trees ; it also signifies a fine lawn, a green (in 
 England): Amozna vireta nemorum. Virg. 
 
 516. Hospes, Caupo, Deversor ; Hospitus, Hospita- 
 lis. Hospes, 32, the "stranger," as guest, and the host, 
 who receives him ; especially the guest with whom one had 
 concluded the relation of hospitality for mutual kind recep- 
 tion, according to antique custom: Adeone hospes hujusce 
 urbis es, ut hcec nescias 7 Cic. Dexter am hospes hospiti 
 porrexisti. Id. Caupo, also Copo, a wine-seller, who, for 
 money, receives strangers in his booth (caupona, taberna) and 
 refreshes them ; Deversor, one who puts up with a friend, 
 or in a tavern (who turns in) : Homo multorum hospitum, 
 copo de via Latina. Cic. — Hospitus, as fern, and neut. 
 for Hospes: Pomponia, Ego sum,inquit, hie ho spit a. 
 Cic Quo tutior ho spit a lustres cequora. Virg. Hospi- 
 
517. Hostia. 519. Humus. 239 
 
 talis, hospitable, and where guests are well received, e. g. 
 secies: Cimon in suos curiales hospitalis fuit. Cic. 
 
 517. Hostia, Victima. Hostia, a sacrifice of atone- 
 ment; Victima, a costly sacrifice of thanksgiving, for 
 which well fed cattle were taken: Victima, quce dextra 
 cecidit victrice, vocatur. Hostibus amotis, hostia nomen 
 habet. Ovid. 
 
 518. Humor, Sudor, Uligo ; Humidus, Madidus, Uvi- 
 dus, Udus ; Humectare, Rigare, Irrigare. Humor, hu- 
 midity, in general, with which a body is penetrated, e. g. 
 narium : Humor et color, qui est fusus in corpore. Cic. 
 Humor. Terra et bibit humor em, et, quum milt, ex se ipsa 
 remittit. Ovid. Sudor, perspiration, sweating, as exhala- 
 tion on a surface, sweat : Humor, allapsus extrinsecus, su- 
 dor em videtur imitari. Cic. Uligo (for udiligo), natural 
 humidity or marshy quality of soil : Venetia agros arbustat 
 salice propter uliginem soli. Plin. — Humidus, humid, 
 penetrated, in a less degree, by watery particles ; 31 a did lis, 
 wet, from without, and dripping : Ignem ex lignis viridibus 
 atque humi dis fieri jussit. Cic. Madid is Notus evolat 
 alls. Ovid. Uvidus, contracted Udus, very moist, a higher 
 degree of humidus, more rarely used : Vides me, ornatus id 
 sim vestimentis uvidis. Plaut., instead of madidis. Uda 
 pomaria rivis. Hor. — Humectare, moistening, so that 
 something is penetrated in a less degree by moisture: Hu- 
 mect at Lucifer agros, roranti prceuectus equo. Claudian. 
 Rig are, watering, with rain or artificially; Irrigare, irri- 
 gating : zEstate seminaria conspergi scepius, quam rigari 
 debent. Colum. JEgyptum Nilus irrigat. Cic. 
 
 519. Humus, Terra, Tellus, Solum ; Humare, Sepe- 
 
 LIRE, TuMULARE ; HlJMILIS, De SuMMISSUS, AbJECTUS, 
 
 Supplex. Humus, earth, as the moist and low soil : Repere 
 per humum. Hor. Procumbit humi bos. Virg., down on 
 the ground. Mulier humi jacebat. Pbcedr., on the ground. 
 Terra, earth, as element, in contradistinction to water and 
 fire, as an original substance of the universe, pervading it, as 
 firm land, country, and as substance: Aquam terramque 
 alicui adimere. Cic. Terra locata in media sede mundi, 
 solida et globosa. Id. Manibus sagulisque terrain exhau- 
 rire. Cass. Tellus, the earth, as body in the universe, gen- 
 erally as goddess, poetically also for the ground, surface of 
 the earth, land. ZEdes Telluris. Cic. Solum, properly 
 ihe foundation ; the soil, as the base of produce, property 
 

 240 520. Jacere. 
 
 and home: Terrce pingue solum fortes invertant tauri. 
 Virg. — Hum are, covering with earth, and interring, as 
 general expression : Quod nunc communiier in omnibus se- 
 pultis ponitur, ut hum at i dicantur, id erat proprium turn in 
 iis, quos humus injecta contegeret. Cic. Sepelire (properly, 
 setting aside [se]), interring: Atticus sepultus est juxta 
 viam Appiam in monumento avunculi sui. Nep., hence bring- 
 ing into total oblivion : Sepultum helium, sepultus dolor. 
 Tumulare, covering a grave with a hill: Injecta tumula- 
 hor mortua terra. Catull. — Humili s, near the ground, 
 low, lowly: Vites ea, qua sunt humiliora neque se tollere 
 a terra altius possunt. Cic. Humili atque ohscuro loco 
 natus. Id. Animi humiles formidine divum, depressique 
 ad terram. Lucret. Bemissus, properly, let down; de- 
 pressed, bent by misfortune; Summissus, lowering one's 
 self, humble : Erigebat animum, jam demissum et oppres- 
 sum. Cic. Cum civibus vivere neque summissum et ab- 
 jectum, neque se efferentem. Id. Abjectus,26S, thrown 
 to the ground, without courage, despairing : Sum animo per- 
 culso et abjecto. Cic. Sup pi ex, with bent knee, humble 
 and urgently praying: Sup pi ex te ad pedes abjiciebas. Cic. 
 Humili s, designates the manifestation of our feeling of 
 distance from a superior; Bemissus, humility and resigna- 
 tion of our worth; Summissus, subjection; Abj ectus, 
 feeling of insufficiency of worth; Sup pi ex, the feeling of 
 dependence upon the mercy of a powerful one, manifested 
 by position of body. 
 
 i, j. 
 
 520. Jacere, Mittere, Conjicere, Jaculari, Collineare. 
 Jacere, throwing, by propelling through the air : scyphum in 
 aliquem de manu. Cic. ; lapides post terga ; ancoras, funda- 
 mentum. Mi tt ere, throwing in sending, e. g. pila ; send- 
 ing: Tela tormentis missa. Cses. Conjicere, throwing 
 together ; hence opining, surmising, from materials thrown 
 together, bringing various indications together (combination) : 
 sarcinas in acervum. Liv. Brutus de matte suavianda ex 
 oraculo argute conjecit Id., and throwing an object against 
 something : Pila in hostes ; aliquem in vincula, throwing 
 into fetters; maledicta in aliquem. J a culari, throwing, by 
 
521. Jactatio. 523. Icere. 241 
 
 swinging with the hand, throwing by the sling : Rector 
 Olympi jaculatur fulmina dexlra. Ovid. Collineare, 
 also Collimare (from limis), aiming the missile in a straight 
 line, aiming well, true : Quis est, qui totum diem j aculans, 
 non aliquando collineet? Cic. 
 
 521. Jactatio, Jactantia, Ostentatio, Venditatio. 
 Jactatio, properly, the repeated throwing to and fro; the 
 repeated and boasting mention of one's performances, boast- 
 ing, as action; Jactantia, the same, as quality, bragging: 
 Jactatio eruditionis. Quinctil. Abolita retinere est fri- 
 voice in parvis jactantia. Id. Ostentatio, bragging, 
 ostentatiously showing one's superiority, real or not : Vitanda 
 est ingenii o stent ationis suspicio. Cic. Venditatio, 
 a still higher degree, downright bragging: Ostentatio ar- 
 tis et portentosa scientice venditatio manifesta est. Plin. 
 
 522. Jam, Jamjam, Nunc, Mox, Tum, Tunc ; Jam nunc, 
 Nunc jam, Etiam nunc. Jam, now, already, compares a 
 present, past, or future moment, as consequence of the past, 
 with this latter ; Nunc (for num-ce), at present, now, points 
 at the real circumstances of the present, inasmuch as they 
 are closely following upon the past: Nestor tertiam j am 
 cetatem hominum vivebat. Cic. Discebamus pueri XII, quas 
 jam nemo discit. Id. Jam te premet nox fabulceque ma- 
 nes. Hor. Jamjam, increases the strength of jam, in this 
 moment, directly: Claudius senatum, jamjam inclinatum, 
 a Pyrrhi pace revocavit. Liv. Nondum hoe c, qua nunc te- 
 net sceculum, negligentia Deum venerat. Id. Mox, within 
 the shortest possible time, soon: Be summo bono mox, ut 
 dixi, videbimus. Cic. Tum, then, and stronger Tunc (turn 
 — ce), at that time, points at a past or future fact, relating 
 back to the correlative Quum, when, or to the demonstrative 
 Nunc: Quum inimici nostri venire dicentur, tum in Epi- 
 rum ibo. Cic. Verres quum rosam viderat, tunc incipere 
 ver arbitrabatur. Id. Seder at tunc excusatio oppressis : 
 nunc nulla est. Id. — Jam nunc, already now; Nunc 
 j am, now, even now ; Etiamnum and Etiamnunc, still 
 now: Hermce, de quibus ad me scr^ipsisti, jam nunc me 
 delectant. Cic. Habui paululum mora: nunc jam sum 
 expeditus. Id. Etiamnum credis te ignorari aut tua 
 facta? Ter. 
 
 523. Icere, Ferire, Percutere, Verberare, Vapulare, 
 Pulsare, Tundere, Pavire. Icere, reaching with a blow 
 or thrust, hitting: Laurus fulmine sola non icitur. Plin 
 
 21 
 

 242 524. Idiota. 526. Ignominia. 
 
 Ferire, carrying a heavy blow, beating severely, knocking 
 hard: Cornu ferit caper. Virg. Murum arietibus feriri 
 vident. Sail. Per cuter e, shaking through and through by 
 a blow or knock : Januam plena per cuter e manu. Tibull. 
 Lapide ictus ex muro periit. Cass., is the one hit; per- 
 cussus, who has received a severe contusion. Fulmine, 
 securi ferire, hitting; per cuter e, slaying, executing. 
 Verber are, beating repeatedly with a swung scourge (ver- 
 her) rod, giving blows and knocks, threshing ; Vapulare, 
 designates the shaking, tremulous motion caused by repeated 
 beating upon a soft and elastic body ; receiving a beating : 
 Ego v apulando, Me verier an do usque ambo defessi 
 sumus. Ter. Pulsar e, obsolete Pultare (pellere), giving 
 repeated knocks and blows with something that is roundish, 
 like a butt: Fores puis are, with the comic writers, pul- 
 tare; Lictores valentissimi et ad puis and os verber an- 
 dosque homines exercitatissimi. Cic. Tun d ere, repeatedly 
 and violently knocking, pounding, and thus violently shaking 
 a body or crushing it : Linum textum tunditur clavis. Plin., 
 knocking ; ferrum tundere. Id., welding; grana tundere 
 in pila lignea. Id. Pdvire, properly, causing a surface to 
 elevate itself by beating upon it, reverberating, rebounding : 
 Quum aves pascuntur, aliquid ex ore cadit et terram pavit. 
 Cic, hence, also, making a surface denser, by beating, beat- 
 ing firmer: Pavimenta primum facta in Italia f studs pa- 
 vita. Plin. 
 
 524. Idiota, Rcjdis. Idiota, an uneducated person, ig- 
 norant, especially in the branch on which the conversation 
 dwells, an ignorant person in general, ignoramus; Rudis, 
 rude, such as nature furnishes a thing, without further prepa- 
 ration : Signa pulcherrima, quce quemvis riostrum, quos iste 
 idiot as appellat, delectare possent. Cic. Rudis ad pedes- 
 tria bella est gens Numidarum, equis tantum habilis. Liv. 
 
 525. Ignis, Flamma, Ardor. Ignis, fire, as freed and 
 luminous caloric; Flamma, flame, the movable mass of fire 
 which rises from burning bodies ; Ardor, 164, burning heat, 
 glowing substance (German Gluth): Ignem sic distulit ven- 
 tus, ut omnia flammam conciperent. Cass. Mea domus 
 ardore suo dejlagrationem urbi minabatur. Cic. 
 
 526. Ignominia, Infamia, Dedecus, Probrum, Oppro- 
 brium. Ignominia, ignominy, the loss of a good name 
 (nomen), civil honor, and marks of honor or distinction, con- 
 nected with or effecting public shame, caused from without, 
 
527. Ignorare. 243 
 
 inflicted by some one: Animadversio Censoris ignominia 
 dicta est. Cic. Infamia, the evil repute, reputation, opinion 
 of the public respecting one's morality, and the shame ensu- 
 ing from it: Crudelitatis infamiam effugere. Cic. Be- 
 decus, that by which we injure our honor, dishonor, contu- 
 mely: Ampla domus dedecori domino jit, si est in ea 
 solitudo. Cic. Quod privatarum rerum dedecus non hceret 
 infamiaJ Id.; dedecus, disgrace; ignominia, state of the 
 disgraced one. Probrum (pro, IX, 1. c), a disgraceful 
 action, by which we injure our morality and reputation ; a 
 shameful act, and the shame it brings upon a man itself: 
 Curium censor es senatu probri gratia mover ant. Sail. In- 
 gerere probra. Liv., uttering abusive speech against some 
 one. Opprobrium, reproach we make to some one, on 
 account of dishonorable actions: Majoris fugiens op pro- 
 bria culpa. Hor. 
 
 527. Ignorare, Non nosse, Nescire, Non scire ; Ig- 
 norantia, Inscientia, Inscitia ; Ignarus, Ignotus, Incog- 
 nitus ; Inscius, Nescius. Ign or are, not knowing, having 
 no knowledge or information whatever of a subject, indicating 
 a lack of our own experience, or that of others, or informa- 
 tion : Res erat prcetoribus nota solis : ignorabatur a cete- 
 ris. Cic. Non nosse, not knowing something, i. e. not 
 having learned to distinguish it by its proper marks of dis- 
 tinction : Vesperascit, et non nov erunt viam (ancilla). 
 Ter. Not knowing, that is, not having a distinct notion of 
 something, of subjects of the understanding and memory (in 
 German, nicht wissen), is Nescire, if the idea expressed by 
 the verb is negatived; Non scire, if the fact is negatived, 
 and the negation is directly opposed to the affirmation, see 
 540, d. Non tarn prceclarum est scire Latine, quam turpe 
 nescire. Cic. Tu nescis, id quod scis, Dromo, si sapies. 
 Ter., you act as if you did not know it, pretend not to know 
 it. Pacisci modo scis : sed qua pacta es, non scis solvere. 
 Plaut. Non sciunt pueri viam, qua domum redeant. Ter., 
 signifies the existence and direction ; non norunt, the state 
 and environs of the street, if we cannot find our way in it, or 
 if we run in danger in it. — Ignorantia, the not being- 
 known, as inherent quality of a thing : Munitionem cohortes, 
 ignorantia loci, sunt secuta, quum portam quarerent. Caes. 
 Inscientia, the subjective ignorance, lack of knowledge, 
 which memory stores up in ourselves; Insci tia, practical 
 ignorance, want of skill, which has its foundation in want of 
 

 244 528. Ignoscere. 
 
 proper knowledge and practice, in keensightedness and pres- 
 ence of mind, or also in natural clownishness, helplessness, 
 clumsiness : Vitam ornnem perturbari videmus error e et in- 
 scientia. Cic. Ins cities mece et stultitia ignoscas. Plaut. 
 — Ignarus, wanting in knowledge, he who has no knowl- 
 edge of facts and subjects of sensual perception, of active use 
 (in German unkundig) : Ignarus legum, radis in jure 
 civili. Cic. ; and passive, unexplored, not known : Regio 
 hostibus ignara. Sail. Ignotus, active, one who has not 
 yet become acquaiuted with something, does not know it yet : 
 llli artifices corporis simulacra ignotis nota faciebant. 
 Cic, and passive, unknown, one we do not yet know : In 
 tiavem omnibus ignotus nautis escendit. Nep. Incogni- 
 tus, not yet inquired into, one we are not yet acquainted 
 with: Hoc vitandum est, ne incognita pro cognitis habea- 
 mus. Cic. — Inscius, ignorant, designates the absence of 
 knowledge; Nescius, ignorant, not knowing, the want of 
 knowledge : Artem si subtraxeris, qui distingues artificem ah 
 inscio ? Cic, he who has not the rules and principles of the 
 art in his memory ; ignarus artis, who does not understand 
 the procedure, mode of practising the art. Nescia mens 
 hominum fati sortisque futurce. Virg. In prose, with pre- 
 ceding negation, Iratum te regi fuisse, non erant nes- 
 cii. Cic. 
 
 528. Ignoscere, Indulgere, Parcere ; Indulgentia, Ob- 
 sequium, Venia. Ignoscere, not taking notice of some- 
 thing; hence, pardoning faults and omissions, from generosity : 
 Et pr arteritis ignoscis, et concedis futura. Cic, see 192. 
 Indulgere (dulcis), being indulgent toward some one, or 
 something, having indulgence with faults, from kindness of 
 heart, also from weakness : Epicurei sibi indulgentes et 
 corpori deservientes. Cic, who indulge themselves, do not 
 deny themselves anything. Spemere veteres amicitias, in- 
 dulgere novis. Id., cultivating. Parcere, moderating 
 something, e. g. irce, labori, periculo ; and bestowing the 
 greatest care upon the preservation of something, saving : 
 Parcere subjectis, et debellare superbos. Virg., sparing, 
 from humanity. — Indulgentia, long-suffering, indulgence: 
 Si ferai partus suos diligunt ; qua nos in liber os nostros i n~ 
 dulgentia esse debemus ? Cic. Obsequium, yielding, if 
 we regulate our actions according to the will and desire of 
 another: Flectitur obsequio curvatus ab arbore ramus. 
 Ovid. Legatus officii terminos, obsequium erga Impera* 
 
529. Illusbrare. 531. Imbuere. 245 
 
 torum exuit. Tac. Indulgen tia, does not offer obstacles; 
 Obsequium, yields, does not resist. Ve n i a, pardon, shown 
 to supplicating and guilty persons: Veniam et impunitatem 
 dare. Cic, and the indulgence which is connected with par- 
 don, permission: Dedi veniam homini impudenter ps- 
 tenti. Id. 
 
 529. Illustrate, Illuminare. Illustrars, making 
 something light, throwing light upon it, opp. obscurars ; Il- 
 luminare, giving light, illuminating, shining upon : Qua sol 
 habit abiles illustrat or as. Hor. Luna a Sole illumi- 
 nata. Cic. 
 
 530. Imago, Effigies, Simulacrum, Signum, Sigillum, 
 Statua, Toreuma. Imago, the imitating, image of a sub- 
 ject, presenting its form in all its details, if it makes an im- 
 pression upon the imagination; hence, Imagines, images 
 of ancestors; Effigies, the image, as plastic work of art, 
 especially with reference to faithfulness and truth of expres- 
 sion ; Simulacrum, the similar image or representation, 
 inasmuch as it is formed similar to the original, of a formed 
 image as well as an illusion in the air, dream ; hence of im- 
 ages of gods, which can be formed similar only to the qual- 
 ities of the deities ; Signum,, every image as sign of the 
 original, hence of images of deities, as their symbols ; Si- 
 gillum, & small image of this sort; Statua, a standing 
 image, statue, representing the whole body, and is worked 
 round ; only used of human figures ; Toreuma, every half 
 or entirely elevated image, relievo, as ornament of golden or 
 silver vessels, also such a vessel itself: Qicitm statu as et 
 imagines, non animorum simulacra, sed corporum, stu- 
 diose multi sinnmi homines reliquerint, consiliorum relinquere 
 ac virtutum nostrarum effigiem multo mails debemus, sum- 
 mis ingeniis expressam et politam. Cic. Est signum no- 
 tum, imago avi tui. Id., of the seal. Signum Isidis, in 
 modum Libunuv fguratum. Tac. In patella si gill a era/it 
 egregia. Cic, little images of embossed work, which were 
 fixed to the vessel. Diodorus habebat perbona toreumata; 
 in his pocula duo, summo artificio facta. Id. 
 
 531. Imbuere, Inficere, Infusc^re. Imbuere, nn- 
 merging a body in a liquid, so that the latter penetrates it : 
 Quo semel est imbuta recens, servabit odorem testa diu. 
 Hor., hence, Pueri animum tenerum his opinionibus imbu- 
 as. Cic, imbuing. Inficere, mixing some ingredient with a 
 substance in such a manner that it changes its natural property, 
 
 21* 
 
246 532. Imilatio. 535. Imperium. 
 
 dyeing: Britanni se vitro inficiunt, quod cceruleum efficil 
 color mi. Caes. Puerum inficere artibus. Cic, making 
 them part of himself. Infuse are, making dark, dark col- 
 ored, soiling: Ne maculis infuse et vellera pullis. Virg. 
 Omnes, quos non aliqua barbaries domestica infus caver at, 
 recte loquebantur. Cic. 
 
 532. Imitatio, ^Emulatio, Rivalitas. Imitatio, im- 
 itation, without passion : Excellentium civium virtus imita- 
 tione digna est, non invidia. Cic. & mulatto, the pas- 
 sionate endeavour of equalling another in his envied superior- 
 ity, emulation from ambition, and jealousy from ambition : 
 JEmulantis est angi alieno bono, quod ipse non habeat. 
 Cic. Et imitatio virtutis cemulatio dicitur : et est cemu- 
 latio cegritudo, si eo, quod concupierit, alius potiatur, ipse 
 careat. Id. Rivalitas, rivalship in matters of love: Quin 
 sine rivali teque et tua solus amares. Hor. Vitiosa cemu- 
 latio, quce riv alitati similis est. Cic. 
 
 533. Imminere, Impendere. Imminere, towering above 
 something, bordering closely upon something, and being near 
 at hand, of time, striving for something, threatening some- 
 thing, in order to pounce upon it; Impendere, hanging- 
 over something and threatening to fall, threatening to befall, 
 of near evils pending over us: Quercus prcetorio im mine- 
 bat, cujus umbra opaca sedes erat. Liv. Mors quotidie 
 imminet. Id. Mors, quasi saxum Tantalo, semper imp en- 
 det. Id. 
 
 534. Immundus, Spurcus, Obsccenus, Impurus ; Obscce- 
 nitas, Turpitudo. Immundus, not cleanly, unclean, where 
 dirt, stains, and soiled spots are, e. g. sus : Pauperies im- 
 munda domus procul absit. Hor. Spurcus, filthy, nasty, 
 of disgusting uncleanliness for the sense of sight and smell : 
 Si quid est urina spurcius. Gell. Tempestas spur c is- 
 sima. Cic. Obsccenus, also Obscenus, giving an evil 
 indication, e. g. aves ; ugly, nasty, foul, exciting disgust, hor- 
 ror, and loathing in seeing or hearing it: Obscceni interpres 
 funestique ominis auctor. Varr. Torquet ab obsccenis 
 sermonibus aurem. Hor. Impurus, impure, unclean, vicious, 
 unchaste: Persona lutulenta, impura. Cic. — Obscceni- 
 t a s, obscenity, as quality; Turpitudo, ugliness, as prop- 
 erty, which disgraces, immorality, shamelessness : llliberalis 
 jocus est, si rerum turpitudo adhibetur, aut verborum ob- 
 sccenitas. Cic. 
 
 535. Imperium, Principatus, Dominatus, Regnum ; Im- 
 
536. Impius. 537. hnplicare. 247 
 
 peria, Magistrates. Imperium, properly, the command, 
 which demands implicit obedience ; the command, as of an 
 army, &c, i. e. highest authority ; supreme authority, which 
 unites with supreme power irresistible will: Imperium ali- 
 cujus exsequi. Ter. Galli sub populi Romani imperium 
 ditionemque ceciderunt. Cic. Principatus, supreme place, 
 precedence: Cingetorigi principatus (in civitate) atque 
 imperium est traditum. Cses. Dominatus, mastership, 
 as a state of things, when one can command over something 
 as if it were his property, when he is lord of it : Dominatu 
 unius omnia tenentur, neque est usquam consilio aut auctori- 
 tati locus. Cic. Regnum, autocracy, regal dignity, govern- 
 ment ; with the republican Romans, also used for tyranny : 
 Duces (Romulus et T. Tatius) regnum consociant, imperi- 
 um omne conferunt Romam. Liv. — Imperium, empire, the 
 whole district or territory which stands under the supreme 
 authority of an individual or a people : In tuo toto imperio 
 ac provincia. Cic, i. e. Western Asia, where Thermus was 
 praetor. Fines imperii populi Romani. Id. Regnum^ 
 the district within which one, as master, ordains and directs 
 every thing, and a realm, kingdom, as country : Id nisi hie 
 in tuo regno essemus, non tulissem. Cic, where thou alone 
 hast the command. — Imperia, the places of commanders, 
 as offices, and in the persons of the commanders-in-chief; 
 Magistratus, the superior political or civil offices, under 
 the authority of which public affairs and institutions stood ; 
 also used for single superior magistrates: Vacua ab impe- 
 riis provincice. Cic. Imperia ex urbe exeunto. Id. Ut 
 magistratibus leges, ita populo prcesunt magistra- 
 tus. Id. 
 
 536. Impius, Nefarius, Sacrilegus. Impius, impious, 
 unconscientious, i. e. showing no conscience against God, 
 country, or one's relations; Nefarius, of impious temerity, 
 he who trespasses the divine and natural laws ; Sacrilegus, 
 a robber of temples, a dishonorer of temples : Qui affinem 
 fama ac forlunis spoliare conatus est, impium se esse fate- 
 atur. Cic. Moliri nefaria mulier ccepit insidias filio. Id. 
 Sacrilego poena est, qui sacrum abstulerit. Id. 
 
 537. Implicare, Im — Pr^epedire, Obstare, Officere ; 
 Impedimentum, Obstaculum, Difficultas ; Impedimenta, 
 Sarcin^e. Implicare, putting into folds, entwining, en- 
 tangling, e. g. crinem auro : Quod male implicuisti, sol- 
 vas potius, quam abrumpas. Senec Impedire, entangling 
 

 248 538. Importunus. 539. Impudens. 
 
 the feet, keeping off, hindering : TJt exercitum eadem, qua 
 impedierat, fortuna expediret. Liv. Prcepedire, 
 drawing something before the feet that will hinder, stopping, 
 checking, detaining : Sine modo sese prceda p r cep ediant. 
 Liv. Ob st are, standing in the way, and thus detaining, 
 e. g. currenti : Conferti in portis, obstando magis, quam 
 pugnando, castra tutabantur. Liv. Off i cere, working 
 against, and thus being in the way or doing injury : Umbra 
 terra soli officiens noctem efficit. Cic. Cur meis commo- 
 dis officis et obstas? Id. — Imp e dim en turn, hin- 
 drance, impediment, the thing by which we are prevented 
 from advancing; Obstaculum, the obstacle which places 
 itself in our way, and interferes with our progress ; of rare 
 use; Difficult as, difficulty, expresses the exertion and 
 application of great force and many means to bring about our 
 object : Demosthenes i mp edimenta natures diligentia in- 
 dustriaque superavit. Cic. Ego hcec propter magnitudinem 
 rerum ac difficult at em assequi non potui. Id. — Imped- 
 imenta, are the baggage of an army, inasmuch as they im- 
 pede military movements ; the impedimenta are constituted 
 by the baggage, the people attending it, wagons, and beasts 
 of burden; Sarclna, a bundle of things tied together for 
 travelling; in plural, the bundles which the Roman soldiers 
 carried on the march : Consistit agmen ; impedimenta 
 intra legiones recipiuntur. Cses. Sarcinas colligam ante 
 quam proficiscar e vita. Varr. 
 
 538. Importunus, Molestus, Intempestivus. Imp or- 
 tunus, opp. opportunus, is partly he who allows one no quiet, 
 who is unkind, impetuous, and insufferable : Uxor imp or- 
 tuna atque incommoda. Plaut. Importunus atque aniens 
 tyr annus. Cic. Molestus, pressing, inconveniencing, mo- 
 lesting, e. g. onus, labor ; also surprising by artificiality, &c. 
 Latine loquendi accurata, et sine moles tia diligens ele- 
 gantia. Cic, — partly unfitting, respecting place and circum- 
 stances, inconvenient, importune : Aggeribus turribusque 
 locus importunus. Sail. Cur sum ingenii tui premit hcec 
 importuna clades civitatis. Cic. Intempestivus, un- 
 fit, respecting the time, untimely, improper, that which hap- 
 pens or is done at an improper time : Amicitia nunquam in- 
 terna estiva, nunquam molesta est. Cic. 
 
 539. Impudens, Inverecundus ; Impudicus, Incestus. 
 Impudens, without shame, shameless, impudent, e. g. men- 
 dacium. Inverecundus, he who has no regard for decorum 
 
540. In. 249 
 
 and propriety, who shows no esteem or regard for anybody, 
 indecorous, e. g. from: Legirupa, impudens, impurus, 
 inverecundissimus. Plaut. — Imp udJcus, shameless, 
 insensitive against the violation of natural feeling of shame : 
 Mulieres impudicm. Cic. Incestus (castus), unchaste, 
 impure with regard to religion and purity of morals, e. g. 
 sermo : Incestus par at sacrificium, non ante perfusus flu- 
 mine. Liv. 
 
 540. In, De, Ne, Non. a. In, as preposition, signifies 
 in, toward, on, into ; as negation, it signifies the English un, 
 but only with nouns and verbs, formed of nouns substantive, 
 e. g. Incommodare, causing incommodity. Incoquere 
 aqua, cooking in water ; succum, boiling down ; plumbum 
 album incoquitur aereis operibus. Plin., adding by boil- 
 ing, as it were, tinning over: Incoctus, uncooked. Inau- 
 dire, hearing as a secret; inauditus, wraheard of, and 
 unheard: In audit i atque indefensi perierant. Tac. In- 
 cogitare, thinking of something, meditating it, e. g. frau- 
 dem ; Incogitans, acting zmthinkingly ; Inco gitatus, 
 thoughtZess, w?zreflecting, e. g. opus. Infringer e, breaking 
 in two in the middle, into several pieces, by knocking against 
 something, e. g. ollam in caput. Plaut. Infr actus remus. 
 Cic, broken (never, unbroken). — In, as preposition, also 
 strengthens the meaning, e. g. Canus, silver-gray, 55. In- 
 canus, very gray : Barbas in can a que menta tondent hirci. 
 Virg. See Incolumis. 
 
 b. In, as preposition, into, away from us and toward us, 
 designates the direction toward the most inner point; De, off, 
 away, of a straight line, surface, away from it, downward, 
 313. Inflect ere, bending in: bacillum a summo inf lex- 
 urn; Deflect ere, bending off, downward, e. g. ramum 
 oliva; oculos aliorum {in se) inflect ere, attracting; de- 
 flect ere, turning away. Imminutus, diminished by a 
 certain magnitude: Siet, plenum est; sit, imminutum. 
 Cic. Deminutus, diminished, of decrease, weakened: 
 Aliquid de libertate mea deminulum est. Cic. In the 
 words designating dressing, dyeing, in signifies a putting on, 
 or drawing over, or adhering to it, at it : De, a coating over 
 downward, covering over: Inauratus, covered over with 
 gold, e. g. statua ; Deauratus, lighter gilt, rarely used, 
 e. g. balteus. De alb are, white-washing, e. g. columnam ; 
 In alb are, putting on white paint, rare. 
 
 c. In, un, designates a reversion of the notion into its 
 

 250 540. In. 
 
 opposite ; De, a decrease, lack in perfection : Juvenes adhuc 
 confusa qncedam non indecent. Plin., disfigure : Falli, 
 errare, decipi dedecet. Cic, not befitting, which is unbe- 
 coming. Indecorant bene nata culpa. Hor., dishonoring; 
 Dedecoras familiam. Ter., bringing shame upon. In- 
 dignari, considering something unworthy, feeling indignant 
 at it; De dignari, considering something unworthy of us, 
 disdaining. Insuetus, unaccustomed; Desuetus, disac- 
 customed. Insipiens, the unwise, who does not know how 
 to act in every situation rightly and decorously ; Desipiens, 
 silly, who betrays want of intellect. 
 
 d. In, un, designates as negation at the same time the 
 opposite or the contrary quality of the notion expressed by 
 the original word ; Ne and No n, merely negative : Ne, not, 
 negatives the taking place of the notion ; Non, no, negatives 
 the fact. Ne, relates to the meaning of the word ; Non, to 
 the fact which it expresses: Infandus, unspeakable, so 
 horrid, that it cannot be sufficiently expressed in words, inex- 
 pressible, e. g. dolor, f acinus ; Nefandus, that which we 
 dare not pronounce, or ought not to speak out, e. g. arma, 
 domiis : Nefas, that which must not be permitted, must not 
 be done, considers the consequences of the breach of the 
 commandment; Non fas est, means, it is really not per- 
 mitted, has reference to the commandment itself. Ino pi- 
 nans, active, and Inopinatus, passive, unexpected, that 
 which happens when least expected ; Necopinans, he who 
 cannot suppose something; Necopinatus, who cannot be 
 supposed: Germani inscios in opin antes que Menapios op- 
 presserunt. Caes. Hoc mihi improvisum inopinantum- 
 que accidit. Cic. Hostes necopin antes oppressimus. Id., 
 stronger than inopinantes, expressing the surprise. Omnia 
 repentina et necopinata sunt graviora. Id. Innocens y 
 uninjurious, innocent, who has no share in the injury done or 
 to be committed; Non nocens, he who does not injure, 
 really does not do any harm. Iiidemnatus, uncondemned, 
 is quality; Non damnatus, not condemned, designates 
 action or condition. Inhonestus, dishonorable, immoral; 
 Non hojiestus, not moral, not dutiful : Nihil a diis petcre, 
 quod sit injustum atque inh on es turn. Or. p. Domo. Multa, 
 qua lion est a natura videntur esse, temporibus fiunt non 
 ho nest a. Cic. Ne quire, not being able, not being in the 
 situation that we can do a thing, negatives the idea of the 
 verb; Non quire negatives the action itself, which is thus 
 
541. In prcssens. 544. Incola. 251 
 
 opposed to the real being able ; being unable. After nequeo y 
 the being able does not take place ; after non queo the being 
 unable takes place : Antonius, pedibus esger, prozlio adesse 
 nequibat. Sail. Non queo omnia s crib ere. Cic. 
 
 541. In pr^sens, In pr^senti, In pr^sentia, foiPRjs- 
 sentiarum. In prcssens {tempus), for the present, for the 
 present moment; and In prcesenti sc. tempore, at present, 
 now, only of time : Causa peccandi in prcesens minus sup- 
 petebat. Sail. Hoc ad te in prcesenti scripsi. Cic. In 
 pr essentia, in the present time, for the present, of the 
 present position and circumstances : Vestrce ecsnes non solum 
 in pr essentia, sed etiam poster o die jucundes sunt. Cic. 
 Impr ce sent i arum, and In prcesenti arum (contraction 
 of in pr essentia rerum), for the present: Hannibal cupivit 
 in prcesenti arum helium componere. Nep. 
 
 542. Inanis, Vacuus. Inanis, empty, in which there 
 is nothing, indicates want; Vacuus, empty, indicates the 
 existence of space for the reception of something : Domum 
 ornatum atque instructam reddiderat nudam atque in an em. 
 Cic. Inane s Uteres. Id., empty, barren of any thing w T orth 
 knowing. Prolapsorum equitum equi vacui. Liv. 
 
 543. Inclinare, Vergere ; Acclinis, Acclivis. Incli 
 nare, properly, leaning upon something : Bos genua incli- 
 nat arenis. Ovid., bending, deviating from the straight line : 
 Inclinavit acies. Liv. Sol, for tuna se inclinat. Cses. 
 Vergere, bending toward ; of the direction, oblique, down- 
 ward, toward something: Tectum vergit in tectum inferi- 
 oris porticus. Cic. — A eeli nis, leaning against : Corpusque 
 levabat (Mezentius) arboris acclinis trunco. Virg. Ac- 
 clivis, ascending: Leniter acclivis aditus. Cses. 
 
 544. Incola, Indigena, Inquilinus. Incb la, inhabitant, 
 who dwells at a certain place: Peregrini atque in coles 
 officium est, nihil prcster suum negotium agere. Cic. Indi- 
 gena (indu- gignere), native, who is born in the place or 
 country where he lives: Ne majores quidem G alio rum in- 
 digent, sed advenes Italics cultores, Alpes transmiserunt. Liv. 
 Inquilinus (for incolinus), the inhabitant of a foreign place, 
 where he does not enjoy the privilege of holding property, 
 and who, on that account, continues to be considered a stran- 
 ger ; an alien : Catilina postulat, ne P aires existimarent, 
 sibi patricio homini perdita re publica opus esse, quum 
 earn servaret. M. Tullius inquilinus civ is urbis Romee. 
 Sail., because Cicero was a native of Arpinum. Inquilini 
 
252 545. Incorruptus. 547. Indoles. 
 
 privatarwn cedium atque insularum. Suet., lodgers, in con- 
 tradistinction to Domini i freeholders. 
 
 545. Incorruptus, Sincerus. Incorruptus, unspoiled, 
 with reference to the natural good quality; Since r us (be- 
 longs to semel, singuli), without foreign addition or alloy, 
 genuine, such as something is by nature : Spina incorrupta 
 etiam in aquis durat. Plin. In c orrup t i aique integri testes. 
 Cic. Sincerum est nisi vas, quodcunque infundis, acescit. 
 Hor. Nulli sincera voluptas, sollicitique aliquid Icetis in- 
 tervenit. Ovid. 
 
 546. Indagare, Qu^erere, Scrutari, Eimari, Vesti- 
 gare, Investigare, Expiscari. In d ag ar e, XIX, 1., trac- 
 ing out: Ad indagandum canis natus est. Cic. Quee- 
 rer e, inquiring into, searching with pains and attention : 
 Mgre qucerit,et nihil invenit. Plaut. Scrutari, searching 
 by rummaging and " overhauling," accurately and carefully : 
 Non excutio te, si quid forte ferri habuisti, non scrutor. 
 Cic. Arcanum scrutari. Hor. Rimari, searching in 
 all the cracks and fissures : Rastris terram rimantur. Virg. 
 Ve stig a re, tracking ; Investigare, following the track, 
 until the object searched for be found, tracing out : Causas 
 rerum vestigabimus. Cic. Adhuc investigare non 
 possum, ubi Lentulus sit. Id. ■ Expiscari, fishing out, 
 properly, of course, of fish, but also, in general, bringing out, 
 to light, by careful search and investigation: Proinde ex- 
 pis care, quasi non nosses. Ter. 
 
 547. Indoles, Ingenium, Natura. Indoles, natural 
 endowments, capable of growth, i. e. perfection by cultiva- 
 tion, industry, and practice : animi, ingeniique. Liv. Cum 
 hac indole virtutum atque vitiorum Hannibal triennio sub 
 Hasdrubale meruit. Id. Ingenium, the peculiar gifts, 
 powers, and qualities which an individual has received at its 
 first origin ; with men, their peculiarities of temper, charac- 
 ter, and dispositions, and those of the mind, talent, genius, 
 understanding, and wit : Cceli mores solique ingenia. Plin. 
 Suum quisque noscat ingenium^ acremque se et bonorum et 
 vitiorum suorum judicem prcebeat. Cic. Natura, the pecu- 
 liar mode and way in which, with a being, its bodily compo- 
 nent parts, as well as also its mental faculties, have been 
 constituted and combined from its birth (nasci) or origin ; its 
 nature, natural state and organization, the nature of a thing • 
 Qualis esset natura montis, qui cognoscerent, misit. Cses. 
 Medico natura corporis cognoscenda est. Cic. Mitis in 
 nos Hannibal contra naturam suam est. Liv. 
 
548. Induere. 549. Industries 253 
 
 548. Induere, Vestire, Velare, Amicire, Obnubere, 
 Vestis, Vestimentum, Amiculum, Tunica, Subucula, In- 
 dusium. Induere, putting on, and putting in, into [doing 
 on and in): Loricam induam mihi. Plaut. Tu te in la 
 queum induas. Id. Vest ire, covering with a dress, cov 
 ering with something, be it for protection or ornament : Alere 
 it vestire aliquem. Cic. Terra vest it a fioribus, arbori- 
 bus, frugibus. Id. Velare, covering, hiding something 
 with a kerchief or garment, so that it cannot be seen, envel- 
 oping : Augur capite v el a to. Liv. Toga v el at us process 
 sit. Id. A m l c ir e {dd-mlcire, belongs to mitra), properly, 
 dressing up, clothing, of external garments, which strike the 
 eyes, e. g. toga : Eleus Hippias gloriatus est, pallium, quo 
 amictus, soccos, quibus indutus esset, se sua manu confe- 
 cisse. Cic. Obnubere, properly, drawing fog over some- 
 thing; veiling: I, lictor, caput obnube liber atoris urbis 
 kujus. Liv. — Vestis, gown, inasmuch as it covers nudity, 
 or covers, in general (as we use coat still more generally) : 
 Datames hominem optima veste texit. Nep. Vestimen- 
 turn, inasmuch as it serves as dress : Milo calceos et vesti- 
 m enta mutavit. Cic. Amiculum, the outer garment : 
 FemincB PersiccE in conviviis summa quaique amicula exu- 
 unt. Curt. Tunica, the white woollen under-dress, which 
 the Romans wore under the toga ; with men, as low down as 
 below the knees, and fastened with a girdle ; with women, 
 longer, wider, and with sleeves ; Subucula, a sort of shirt 
 worn by men, and Indusium (according to Varro In tu sl- 
 um, from intus), a shift worn by women near the skin, of 
 linen or cotton: Si forte subucula pexce trlta subest tu- 
 nic ce. Hor. 
 
 549. Industria, Assiduitas, Sedulitas, Labor, Dili- 
 gentia : Industrius, Navus, Impiger ; De — Ex industria, 
 Data, Dedita opera : Consilio, Consulto, Sedulo. In- 
 dustria (indu, XIII, 2.), the activity which operates in the 
 interior of a business, an affair, an activity which has entirely 
 entered into the object to which it is applied, which is not su- 
 perficial, industry : antelucana opificum. Cic. Assiduitas, 
 116, assiduity, the uninterrupted, lasting, and persevering 
 diligence, e. g. medici : Id assiduitate et virtute conse- 
 quere. Cic. Sedulitas, 304, the zealous industry which 
 strives to make the best possible use of the time, especially in 
 order to be obliging to others : qfficiosa. Hor. Pauper, sed 
 mundce sedulitatis, amis. Ovid. Labor fatiguing labor 
 
 22 
 

 254 550. Infans. 551. Infensus. 
 
 pains, trouble: Labor, est functio qucedam vel animi vel 
 corporis, gravioris operis et muneris. Cic. Dili genii a, 
 the accuracy, punctuality, diligence with which we carry on 
 an affair : Curatce hcec magna diligentia. Plaut. Ars 
 (oratoris) demonstrat tantum, ubi quaras ; reliqua sunt in 
 cur a, attentione animi, cogitatione, vigilantia, assiduitate, 
 labor e ; complectar uno verbo, diligentia. Cic, applica- 
 tion. Industrius, he who finds his very element in indus- 
 try, work ; active, industrious : Dionysius in rebus gerendis 
 vir acer et industrius. Cic. Navus, ancient Gnavus 
 (geno, nascor, IV, 4.) properly, he who has native talent, 
 skill for something, natural impulse for some certain activity > 
 active: Ex inerti parent e navus filius. Cic. Navus ope- 
 rarius ignavo et cessatore multum pr&stat. Colum. Impi- 
 ger, undaunted, he who goes to work with alacrity, and does 
 not lose cheerful activity though the task may be laborious : 
 Vir ad labor es belli impiger. Cic. — Be, Ex industria, 
 with diligence, with careful reference to the object in view : 
 Injuria, qua, nocendi causa de industria infer entur. Cic. 
 Romulus ludos ex industria par at. Liv. Data, Dedi- 
 ta opera, on purpose, taking pains : TJt hcec scirem, d edit a 
 opera has ad te literas misi. Cic. Consilio, intentionally; 
 Consulto, considerately, with forethought : Consul, seu 
 forte, seu consilio, Venusiam perfugit. Liv. Consulto 
 et cogitate fit injuria. Cic. Sedulo, sedulously, with great 
 pains and activity in details : In ducendo bello sedulo tern- 
 pus terere. Liv. 
 
 550. Infans, Mutus, Elinguis. Infans, who cannot 
 speak, as the infant, or who does not dare to speak : Mutus, 
 speechless, dumb, as natural deficiency; Elinguis, who 
 has no tongue, or one that is palsied: Infantes pueri et 
 muta bestia. Cic. Timebam, si nihil dixissem, ne infan- 
 tissimus existimarer. Id. Testem convicit et elinguem 
 reddidit. Id. 
 
 551. Infensus, Infestus. Infensus, irritated against 
 some one from hatred or ire, incensed, embittered against 
 him: Pro offensione hominum, qui illi inimicl infensique 
 sunt. Cic. Infestus (belongs to Manifestus, 210.), hostile, 
 ever ready to commit hostilities against some one : Tutus ab 
 infestis latronibus. Hor. Infestis signis ad hostem ire 
 Cses., directed toward the enemy for attack ; passive, it 
 means unsafe, exposed to hostilities (infested) : Via excursion 
 nibus barbarorum est infest a. Cic. 
 
552. Infer us. 553. Inf or mare. 255 
 
 552. Inferus, Infimus, Imus ; Inferi, Orcus. Infe- 
 rus [in, VIII, 1., with f as digamma), below, being below, 
 and the lower one : Limen super um infer urn que vale. Plaut. 
 In the superlative, Infimus, contracted, Imus, the lowest; 
 originally both words had the same meaning, but generally 
 Infimus signifies the lowest; Imus, the deepest: Infi- 
 maz montis radices. Cses. Perditissima atque infima fax 
 populi. Cic. Imo Nereus ciet cequora fundo. Virg. Ah 
 imis unguibus usque ad verticem summum ex fraude constat. 
 Cic. — Inferi, those that are in the lower regions, the de- 
 parted, inasmuch as they dwell there : Orator non ab infe- 
 ris mortuos excitabit. Cic. Orcus, the lower region, inas- 
 much as it contains the dead, the realm of the dead : Minos 
 sedet arbiter Orci. Propert. 
 
 553. Informare, Instituere, Instruere, Pr^cipere ; 
 In — Conformatio. Info rmare, forming into something ; 
 properly, a substance into a plastic work of art : Cyclopum 
 informatum manibus jam parte polita fulmen erat. Virg. 
 Artes, quibus cetas puerilis ad humanitatem inf or mar i so- 
 let. Cic. Instituere, properly, placing there, down, estab- 
 lishing, e. g. civitates ; establishing or organizing for a certain 
 purpose, object ; instructing one how he ought to do a certain 
 thing: Plane rudem instituere ad dicendum. Cic. In- 
 struere, placing in good order, upon and by one another, 
 properly arranging, providing with every thing necessary, 
 e. g. agrum, cedes ; and furnishing with knowledge, instruct- 
 ing, artibus, Uteris, doctrinis, consiliis, or the subject of in- 
 struction is indicated by the accompanying words : Mulier 
 instituit accusatores, instruit testes. Cic, she appoints 
 accusers, and tells them what they have to do ; she furnishes 
 the witnesses with documents and evidence. Senectus ado- 
 lescentulos docet, instituit, ad omne officii munus in- 
 struit. Id., furnishes them with knowledge, gives direction 
 as to what they have to do now and in the future, provides 
 them with necessary preparatory knowledge for every affair. 
 Prcecipere, directing beforehand, prescribing how some- 
 thing and what is to be done : Portu solventibus ii, qui jam in 
 portum ex alto invehuntur, pracipere solent et tempestatum 
 rationem et pradonum et locorum. Cic. Philippus et Anti- 
 pater Ji litis prcecipiu7it, ut oratione benigna multitudinis 
 animos ad benevoleniiam alliciant. Id. — Inf or matio, the 
 image which the soul forms of something : Habebam in ani- 
 mo insitam inf or matio n em quondam dei. Cic. Confor- 
 
256 554. Ingenuus. 556. Initium. 
 
 matio, the formation of a whole in respect of the harmoniz- 
 ing composition of its parts, conformation : Ipsius theatn 
 •t o nfo rmatio sic est facienda. Vitruv. Est qucedam con- 
 formatio insignita et impressa intelligentice, quam notionem 
 voco. Cic. 
 
 554. Ingenuus, Liber, Liberalis. Ingenuus, that 
 which we have by our procreation, which belongs to the in- 
 dividual from the moment of its being engendered, e. g. in- 
 doles ; naturally free, freeborn : Eari* in genu a an festuca 
 facta e serva libera est? Plaut. Artes in genua et huma- 
 nee, Cic, befitting a freeborn man, noble. Liber, civilly 
 free, he who is no slave ; hence frank, open : Jure civili qui 
 est matre libera, liber est. Cic. Vocem liber am miU 
 tere. Liv. Liberalis, 146, worthy of a freeman, decorous 
 for him, proper for him : Omnis liberalis et digna homine 
 nobili doctrina. Cic. 
 
 555. Ingredi, Intrare, Introire. Ingredi, walking 
 along, walking toward something: Si stas, ingredere. 
 Cic, going toward a place in order to enter; Intrare, so 
 far entering into an enclosed place that we are within (intra), 
 passing the threshold ; Introire, going into the interior: 
 In vitam, tamquam in viam ingredi. Cic Tu ingredi 
 illam domum ausus es? tu illud limen intrare! Id. Me 
 fuerat cequius, ut prius introieram, sic prius exire de 
 vita. Id. 
 
 556. Initium, Origo, Ortus, Principium, Exordium, 
 Primordium, Procemium. Initium (inire), beginning, ac- 
 cording to space and time, inasmuch as something follows 
 after: Gallia pars initium capit ajlumine Rhodano. Cses. 
 In i Hum belli, vitce. Id mihi proposiium initio non fuit. 
 Cic, in the beginning. Hoc tibi et est antiquissimum et ah 
 initio fuit. Id., from the beginning. Initia, the first be- 
 ginnings, the elements or rudiments of a science, upon which 
 more difficult problems follow: Ut male posuimus initia, 
 sic cetera sequentur. Cic Aer, et ignis, et aqua, et terra 
 prima sunt. Ergo ilia initia et elementa dicuntur. Id. 
 Mysteriis ex agresti immanique vita exculti ad humanitatem 
 mitigatique sumus : Initia que ut appellantur, ita re vera 
 principia vitce cognovimus. Id., the secret service of 
 Ceres and Bacchus. Origo (oriri), the origin, $, descent; 
 Ortus, the origin, the beginning of the existence ol a thing, 
 with reference to the question, whence ? A primo animan- 
 Hum ortu petitur origo summi boni. Cic Principium 
 
557. Injuria. 257 
 
 [princeps), the beginning, considered materially, inasmuch 
 as that which follows has its foundation in it ; that from which 
 something takes its rise : Omnium rerum magnarum a diis 
 immortalibus principia ducuntur. Cic. ; hence, Princi- 
 pi a, the original substances, the first fundamental doctrines 
 of a science, on which the others rest: Rejourn principia, 
 ? quibus omnia constant. Cic. Juris principia. Id., and 
 die first files in front of an army, where the colors were. In 
 {his sense also, Hoc principio est in omni quastione con- 
 tiderandum. Cic, in the beginning, first of all. Vellem a 
 principio te audisse amicissime monentem. Id., from the 
 beginning, with reference to order and series. Exordium, 
 properly, the edge or list of something woven ; the first part 
 of a whole, from which the other parts start, or to which they 
 attach themselves: Hujus quoque exordium mali, quoniam 
 principium boni diximus, explicemus. Cic. P Wim or- 
 dium, the very first beginning, origin, with which the exist- 
 ence of a thing begins : A Diis immortalibus sunt nobis 
 agendi capienda primordia. Cic. Procemium {nqool- 
 tiiov), properly, the prelude ; the preface, introduction of a 
 speech, essay: In singulis libris utor prooemiis. Cic. 
 
 557. Injuria, Noxa, Noxia, Contumelia, Maledictum, 
 Convicium ; Injuriam facere, Nocere, Obesse. Inju- 
 ria, the wrong, every action by which the rights of another 
 are violated : Duobus modis, aul vi aut fraude, Jit injuria. 
 Cic. Noxa, the injury, damage done to some one, and in 
 this respect, also, the guilt ; and the injury, damage which 
 we suffer, and in this respect, also, the punishment, see 289. 
 Nocte nocent pota (aqua): sine noxa luce bibuntur. Ovid. 
 Ne quis, nisi qui noxam meruisset, donee poznam lueret, in 
 compedibus teneretur. Liv. Noxia, sc. res, the injury done, 
 hence also the crime (done to the suffering party) and the 
 guilt, crime: Noxia poena par esto. Cic. Hence, Noxam 
 factam sarcire, noxa dare, dedere ; but noxiam sarcire, 
 in noxia esse, teneri. Contumelia, the wanton abuse 
 of another, with disgrace to his honor, contumely, affront : 
 Paticr facile injuriam, si est vacua a contumelia. 
 Pacuv. Maledictum, an expression which affects the 
 honor of another, or an imprecating, cursing expression, gen- 
 erally during a fit of high passion, an abusive word, an invec- 
 tive imprecation: Maledictum est, si vere objicitur, vehe* 
 mentis accusatoris : sin falso, maledici conviciatoris. Cic. 
 Convicium {vox), properly, the wild screaming of many 
 22* 
 

 258 558. Innocens. 560. Inquietus. 
 
 together ; hence the violent scream against some one, accom- 
 panied with or consisting of reproaches and invectives, the 
 abusing of a person: Maledictio nihil habet propositi, 
 prceter contumeliam : qua si petulantius jactatur, con- 
 vicium nominator. Cic. — Inj uri am facer e, committing 
 a wrong, interfering with the rights, privileges of others ; 
 No cere, injuring, causing injury to another; O besse, be- 
 ing in the way, being a hindrance to another, opp. promoting, 
 injuring by hindrance : Alienum est a sapiente non modo in- 
 jur i am cui facer e, verum etiam no cere. Cic. Pudor is 
 fait in Crasso, qui non modo non obesset ejus orationi, 
 sed etiam probitatis commendatione prodesset. Id. 
 
 558. Innocens, Innocuus, Innoxius, Insons, Integer. 
 Innocens, properly, without injuriousness ; he who does 
 nothing wicked, has no share in a crime, innocent and guilt- 
 less : Innocens, si accusatus sit, absolvi potest. Id. In- 
 nocuus, uninjurious, innocuous; active, incapable of injur- 
 ing, innocuous ; and passive, uninjured, who has received no 
 injury: Aves, assuetum silvis innocuumque genus. Ovid. 
 Seder e carina omnes innocua. Virg. Innoxius, free of 
 injury ; active, uninjurious, harmless ; passive, uninjured, not 
 exposed to danger: Anguis innoxius imo successit tumulo. 
 Virg., without injuring anybody. Sic condita faba a curcu- 
 lionibus erit innoxia. Colum. Innocens, is the negative 
 of the action of injuring; Innocuus, continuation of the 
 state; In no x ius, indicates a quality. Insons (properly, 
 unsinful), innocent, guiltless, upon whom the guilt of a pun- 
 ishable action does not rest : Quid Perseus, novus rex, omnis 
 injuria insons, meruit? Liv. Integer (tangere), blame- 
 less, spotless, respecting the moral state, righteous : Integer 
 vita scelerisque purus. Hor. In te grit a tern atque i n n o- 
 centiam singular em esse oportet in eo, qui alterum accu- 
 se!.. Cic. 
 
 559. Innuptus, Innubus, Calebs. Innuptus, unmar- 
 ried, not yet ever having married ; Innubus, remaining 
 without marriage, unmarried, inasmuch as it indicates a state, 
 not only the negation of being married (in German, ehelos) ; 
 both used of women: Pueri innuptaque puella. Virg. 
 Innuba permaneo. Ovid., the Cumsean Sibyl says. Calebs, 
 without matrimony, of men ; one who has never married, or 
 lost his wife, bachelor or widower : Pygmalion sine conjuge 
 calebs vivebat. Ovid. 
 
 560. Inquietus, Irrequietus, Anxius, Sollicitus. In- 
 
561. Inquit. 563. Instare. 259 
 
 quietus, obsolete Inquies, restless, where we cannot get 
 settled, obtain quiet, and he who cannot settle or obtain quiet, 
 who is in continual activity: Lux noctem inquietam inse- 
 cuta est. Liv. Hispanorum inquieta avidaque in novas 
 res sunt ingenia. Id. Irre quietus, who never rests after 
 previous activity : Siderum irrequieta semper agifatio 
 nunquam in eodem vestigia manet. Senec. Anxius, anxious : 
 His anxius curis helium gessit Hamilcar. Liv. Pnilippus 
 desiderio anxius filii et poznitentia crudelitatis suce. Id. 
 Sollicitus (solium- ciere), excited, agitated, disquieted: 
 Mare sollicitum stridit. Virg. Solliciti eramus de 
 tua valetudine. Cic. 
 
 561. Inquit, Ait, Dicit. Inquit {in, — Gothic quithan, 
 speaking, saying ; inquit, therefore, he speaks into, the con- 
 versation ; inquam, is conjunctive form), he says, says he, 
 and quite general as a formula of introducing words of an- 
 other : Hoc libro quasi ipsos induxi loquentes, ne inquam 
 et inquit saipius* inter poneretur. Cic. Ait, he assures, 
 asserts, maintains, as a formula of citing the assertion of 
 another, which we cite by way of narration, and as contradis- 
 tinction to negat : he affirms. But if not only mere negation 
 and affirmation are opposed to each other, but whole affirm- 
 ing or negativing sentences, the words Dicit — negat are 
 used; besides this use, dicit is simply an indicating and 
 prefatory formula of citing the words of, others : Ne faciam, 
 in qui s, omnino versus? Aio. Hor. Sthenium educunt : 
 aiunt ab eo liter as piiblicas esse corruptas. Cic. Considius 
 ad Ccesarem accurrit ; dicit, montem, quern a Labieno occu- 
 pari voluerit, ab hostibus teneri. Cses. 
 
 562. In — Exsomnis, Vigil. Insomnis, sleepless, he 
 who cannot sleep : Nodes non sine multis insomnis lacri- 
 mis agit. Hor. Exsomnis, not sleepy, awake, that is, 
 sprightly, active, who allows no sleep to come into his eyes : 
 Maecenas, vir, ubi res vigiliam exigeret, sane exsomnis. 
 Vellei. Vigil, watchful, hence the watchman: Vigilum 
 canum excubia. Hor. Milites oberr about tentoriis, in so ni- 
 nes magis, quam pervigiles. Tac. The insomnis is 
 prevented from sleeping by disturbances, he is deprived of 
 sleep; the exsomnis has no desire to sleep, because he is 
 not tired ; the vigil will not sleep, suppresses it, because it 
 is his will to be attentive and active. 
 
 563. Instare, Urgere, Premere, Deprimere. Instare, 
 properly, standing upon something, being quite near in a 
 

 260 564. Instaurare. 565. Institor. 
 
 hostile sense ; being near at hand, of an event : Vicit hostis ; 
 ferociter ins tat victis. Liv. Nox, dies ins tat; Bruto 
 iter in stab at et subitum et longum. Cic. TJrgere, or 
 Vrguere, harassing, violently and repeatedly attacking : 
 magna vi host es. Sail. Malis omnibus urgeri. Cic. Pre- 
 mere, pressing: P res sit pede exanimem. Virg. Aere ali- 
 eno premi. Cses. Deprimere, pressing down : Lanx in 
 libra , ponderibus impositis, deprimitur. Cic. Improbitate 
 depress a Veritas. Id. In stare, signifies a continued har- 
 assing and pressing from above ; TJrgere, from in front, or 
 that which drives into great difficulty ; Premere, something 
 molesting; Depri me re, something pressing to the ground, 
 and rendering useless all resistance. 
 
 564. In — Restaurare, Renovare, Integrare, Redin- 
 tegrare, Sarcire. Instaurare, holding a solemn per- 
 formance in due form, causing it to be held : Ludos votivos, 
 sacrificium. Instauremus novum de integro bellum. Liv., 
 i. e. with all formalities. Restaur are, reestablishing, sol- 
 emnizing again ; only used with later writers: cedem vetustate 
 dilapsam. Tac, more common for this, is instaurare and re- 
 stituere. Renovare, renovating, making that which is old 
 new again, and beginning anew : bellum, memoriam inter- 
 mortuam. Cic. Integrare (tangere), making intact, i. e. 
 as if untouched, i. e. completing, reestablishing in the former 
 sound state, rebeginning : Animus defessus audiendo, admi- 
 ratione integratur. Cic. Equites, relictis equis, pro- 
 volant ante signa, et novam integrant pugnam. Liv. 
 Redintegrare, reestablishing something entirely: copias 
 deminutas, vires : Per enumerationem commonemus, quibus de 
 rebus verba fecerimus, breviter ; ut renovetur, non re din- 
 tegretur oratio. Ad Herenn. Sarcire, reestablishing 
 something defective : acceptum detrimentum. Cses. Discidit 
 vestem ; resarcietur. Ter. 
 
 565. Institor, Mercator, Negotiator. Institor, a 
 merchant's servant, who for his master, or a pedler, who for 
 himself, carries about, offers, and sells merchandise : Insti- 
 tor ad dominam veniet emacem, expedietque merces suas. 
 Ovid. Mercator, the merchant, who buys commodities in 
 foreign countries and brings them home for sale, and the 
 retailer, shopkeeper, which profession was followed in Rome 
 by low people and manumitted slaves only : Sordidi putandi, 
 qui mercantur a mercatoribus, quod statim vendant. Cic. 
 Negotiator, banker, who carries on money transactions 
 
566. Instrumentum. 568. Integer. 261 
 
 and exchange business in the provinces, or who carries the 
 produce of his large estates to the capital for sale, as rich 
 Roman knighls and plebeians did: Negotiatores putant 
 esse turpe, id forum sibi iniquum ejurare, ubi negotien- 
 tur. Cic. 
 
 566. Instrumentum, Supellex, Vasa, Utensilia. In- 
 strumentum, that which serves to put a thing in its com- 
 plete state, to arrange and establish it properly ; tool, imple- 
 ments used as instruments or tools : Arationes conductas 
 magno instrumento tuebatur. Cic. Implements for agri- 
 culture. Belli instrumentum et apparatus : in strum en- 
 ta virtutis. Id. Specific kinds are: Supellex, Gen. Su- 
 pellectilis (superlectus), properly, the covers, blankets 
 (stragulce) over the places of repose; furniture: Supellex 
 est domesticum patris familim instrumentum, quod neque 
 argento aurove facto, vel vesti adnumeretur. Pompon. Fuit 
 permagnum optimi pondus argenti, pretiosa vestis, multa et 
 lauta supellex. Cic. Vas, Gen. Va s is, a vessel, a uten- 
 sil, especially to contain liquid, e. g. vinarium ; plur. Vasa, 
 orum : Parare vestem egregiam, v as a pretiosa. Cic, drink- 
 ing vessels generally, plates, &c, also other utensils, e. g. of 
 a soldier : Jussi milites vasa colligere. Liv. Utensilia, 
 every thing wanted or useful for the daily support, and, in 
 domestic economy, utensils and stores which are using : 
 Utensilia, quibus out alitur hominum genus, aut etiam ex- 
 colitur. Colum. Exutus omnibus utensilibus miles. Liv. 
 
 567. Insumere, Impendere, Erogare. Insumere, 
 taking for some object, applying ; it indicates the destination 
 of that which has been taken for a certain object : QucejHtur, 
 quibus rationibus vixerit (homo), quid sumtus in earn rem aut 
 laboris insumserit. Cic. Impendere, applying to, or 
 employing for ; indicates the real use : Non operam, curam, 
 pecuniam impendent in eas res, quas vobis gratas fore 
 non arbitrentur. Cic. Erogare, spending, paying out: 
 Pecunia in classem est erogata. Cic. 
 
 568. Integer, Incolumis, Salvus, Sanus, Sospes ; So- 
 lidus, Totus dies. Integer, 558, yet untouched, hale, 
 upon which nothing from without has had any influence, 
 neither for its advantage or disadvantage: Rudem me et in- 
 tegrum discipulum doce. Cic, who has not yet learned any 
 thing; Re integra, when nothing in the matter has yet 
 been done; Integri milites defessis succedunt. Cses., sol- 
 diers yet unused, fresh troops. Incolumis, 64, uninjured, 
 

 262 569. Intelligere. 
 
 as good as in the previous good state : Ccesar omnibus navi- 
 bus ad unam incolumibus, milites exposuit. Cses. Et 
 urbem et cives integros incolumesque servavi. Cic. 
 Salvus, safe, respecting the existence, well-placed, saved : 
 Salvum atque incolumem exercitum, nulla omnino nave, 
 desiderata, transduxL Cses. Sanus, sound in body and 
 soul, feeling well, opp. agrotus : Orandum est, ut sit mens 
 sana in corpore sano. Juvenal. Sospes, safely escaped 
 from danger by divine assistance : Vix una sospes navis 
 ab ignibus. Hor. — Integer dies, the whole day, the en- 
 tire day which lies yet before us, on which we have done 
 nothing yet, the unbroken day, as it were: Dicimus inte- 
 gro sicci mane die. Hor. Solidus die s, the whole, com- 
 plete day, at the entireness of which nothing is wanting (a 
 solid day): Hodiernus dies solidus est; nemo ex illo 
 mihi quidquam eripuit. Senec. Totus dies, the whole 
 day, as to its duration, all day : Totos dies scribo. Cic. 
 
 569. Intelligere, Per — Concipere, Comprehendere. 
 Intelligere, understanding, obtaining a clear, distinct, and 
 correct notion of a thing : Explicari mihi tuum consilium 
 plane volo, ut penitus intelligam. Cic. P ercipere, 
 properly, to perceive and understand every thing which is 
 necessary for the clearest possible idea of something : Artis 
 prcecepta percipere. Cic. Id si* minus intelligitur, 
 quanta vis amicitice concordiceque sit, ex dissensionibus atque 
 discordiis percipi potest. Id. Concipere, taking to- 
 gether, by embracing all: Terra concipit semina. Cic, 
 receives ; hence receiving, forming a notion, an idea of some- 
 thing, imagining something : Quod ita juratum est, ut mens 
 conciperet fieri oportere, id servandum est. Cic. Com- 
 prehendere, grasping together; with the memory, obtain- 
 ing a proper impression, taking care to remember ; grasping 
 together, with the mind, the marks of distinction of a thing, 
 to form an idea of it: Has disputationes memoria compre- 
 hendamus. Cic. Concludunt philosophi, nihil esse, quod 
 nosci, percipi, comprehendi possit. Id. Noscere, be- 
 coming acquainted with, and thus knowing a phenomenon, 
 something which appears to us; percipere, perceiving, 
 comprehending its various marks of distinction; compre- 
 hend ere, uniting these marks of distinction into one notion. 
 D is cere, learning, obtaining by instruction knowledge, 
 ideas, notions, skill, which so far we did not possess : Tarn 
 diu discendum est, quamdiu nescias. Senec. Didici 
 
 
570. Inter. 263 
 
 ex Uteris tuis, I have learned, i. e. seen from your letter ; 
 intellexi, I have understood from it, by closer atten- 
 tion. 
 
 570. Inter, Intra, Per ; Intus, Intrinsecus, Intro, In- 
 trorsum ; Inter, Super cgenam ; Inter, Per manus. In- 
 ter, between, among, being in the row or series of several 
 others, or between two: Jura mons est inter Sequanos et 
 Helvetios. Cses., and during, falling into the course of a 
 period, and moving along with this: Germani inter annos 
 XIV tectum non subierant. Cses. In t r a, within a surrounded 
 or limited space : Qui regnat intra montem Taurum, is non 
 solum in monte Tauro regnat, sed in his etiam regionibus, 
 qua Tauro monte clauduntur. Gell. Modice hoc faciam, aut 
 etiam intra modum. Cic. Of time within the limits of a 
 period, not going beyond them : Romani XLI oppida Mquo- 
 rum intra dies L ceperunt. Liv. Per, through, of place 
 and time, during, during a whole period, uninterruptedly en- 
 during: Me per jo cum divitias orationis habere dicis. 
 Cic, in joke, jocosely, of the form ; Supplicium minatus in- 
 ter j o cum fuerat. Suet., during the joke, of the duration. 
 Tenuisti provinciam per X annos a te ipso per vim et 
 per f actionem datos. Cic, during — through force. Dies 
 XIV inter binos ludos tolluntur, per quos solos judi- 
 cium fieri posset. Id., between — during. — Inter, between, 
 i. e. in the centre, limited on several, at least two sides ; In- 
 tra, within, enclosed on all sides, opp. extra; Intus, therein, 
 in the inner part, or in the centre of a space enclosed all 
 round, inasmuch as something is in the same, goes thither or 
 comes thence : Mamibus in patriis atque inter tuta domo- 
 rum confixi exspirant animos. Virg. lliacos intra muros 
 peccatur et extra. Hor. Milites extra et intus ho stem ha- 
 bebant. Cses., i. e. in castris. In portum naves introduxe- 
 runt. Quo simul atque intus est Hum, Auster in Africum 
 se vertit. Id., there, in the most inner port of the harbour. 
 Pulta dum fores atque evocato aliquem intus ad te. Plaut., 
 from within outward. Intrinsecus, turned within, to the 
 inner part: Aviaria intrinsecus et extrinsecus poliantur 
 opere tectorio. Colum. Intro, into, moving into the exte- 
 rior of an enclosed spot: Introrsum, Introrsus, toward 
 within, directed toward this point, either resting or moving in 
 this direction: Ibo intro, atque intus subducam raliuvxu- 
 lam. Plaut. Hostem introrsum in media castra accipiuni. 
 Cses. — Inter coznam, during the eating and drinking, of 
 

 264 571. Inter cedere. 572. Inter esse. 
 
 something that is brought into connexion with the meal ; 
 Super coznam, at table, at dinner, while one lies at table 
 (or sits), used of something accidentally happening at this 
 time: Hcec inter coznam Tironi diclavi. Cic Tiberius 
 solebat ex lectione quotidiana qucEstiones super coznam 
 proponere. Suet. Inter manus, under the hands, when 
 several stretch their hands for it at the same time; Per 
 manus, from hand to hand, when one gives it to the other, 
 and so on: Inter manus e convivis, tamquam e prozlio, 
 auferebatur. Cic. Sextius, gravibus acceptis vulneribus, 
 cegre per manus tr actus servatur. Cses. Traditce per 
 manus religiones. Liv., handed down from father to son. 
 
 571. Intercedere, Intervenire. Inter cedere, step- 
 ping between, and thus separating two things, or preventing 
 something; Intervenire, coming between, coming to a 
 thing, by which something may happen to be prevented, im- 
 peded, &c, intervening : Hostes -non longius prosecutus est, 
 quod silvce paludesque inter cedebant. Cass. De his rebus 
 senatus auctoritas gravissima inter cessit ; cui quum Cato 
 et Caninius inter ces sis sent, tamen est perscripta. Cic, 
 the tribunes of the people interfered with their veto against 
 the decrees of the senate. Plures cecidissent, ni nox prozlio 
 intervenisset. Liv. 
 
 572. Interesse, Differre, Distare ; Interest, Eefert. 
 Inter esse, being between, designates that which lies be- 
 tween two things, by which they are distinguished from one 
 another; Differre, differing, relates to the subjects which 
 may be distinguished by their different qualities ; Distare, 
 standing from one another, designates the distance, the dif- 
 ference of two things : Inter hominem et beluam hoc maxime 
 interest, quod hcec ad id solum, quod adest quodque prcesens 
 est, se accommodat : homo autem facile totius vita cursum 
 videt. Cic, is this chief difference. Quid est illud, quo po- 
 eta differ unt ab oratoribus? Cic. Mirabile est, quum 
 plurimum in faciendo inter sit inter doctum et rudem, 
 quam non multum differ at in judicando. Id., how small a 
 difference exists. Multum inter se distant istce facultates 
 (senatoris atque oratoris), longeque sunt diver see at que se- 
 jumctce. Id. — Inter est, it is important, depends upon, has 
 reference to our own interest we feel in the subject ; Refer t, 
 to greater or less advantage, profit, utility : Magni mea in- 
 terest, hoc tuos omnes scire. Cic. Non refert, quam 
 multos libros, sed quam bonos habeas. Senec. 
 
573. Interficere. 574. Internuntius. 265 
 
 573. Interficere, Conficere, Inter — Perimere, Oc- 
 cidere, Necare, Enecare, Trucidare, Jugulare, Obtrun- 
 care. Interficere, properly, causing that something per- 
 ish, and in this sense killing : Fer stabulis inimicum ignem, 
 atque interfice messes. Virg. Conficere, cutting 
 down of living and resisting beings : Postumum Agrippam 
 ignarum inermumque quamuis firmatus animo centurio cpgre 
 confecit. Tac. Interim ere, properly, taking away out 
 of the middle and carrying off; getting rid, i. e. killing, if 
 applied to animate objects which molest, or of other evils . 
 Amulius stirpem fratris virilem inter imit. Li v. Calo 
 ipse suis manibus se inter emit. Hirt. B. Afr. Per (mere, 
 getting rid entirely, annihilating, extinguishing the existence 
 of something: Ludi non intermissi, sed peremti atque sub- 
 lati sunt. Cic. Si supremus ille dies per imit ac delet om- 
 nino. Id. Decider e, properly slaying, that is, killing by 
 blows; killing in general : Nullus modus est hominis occi- 
 dendi, quo ille non aliquot oc cider it, multos ferro, mullos 
 veneno. Cic. Necare, killing violently and purposely, with 
 the additional idea of hardhearted ness, want of feeling : vir- 
 gis ferroque. Hor. Imperii severitatem addit : igni atque 
 omnibus tor mentis nee at. Cses. Enecare, killing slowly 
 in the same manner: Octavia prafervidi bahiei vapore ene- 
 catur. Tac. Specific modes of depriving of life are desig- 
 nated by: Trucidare, 122, cutting to pieces in a horrid 
 manner, murdering: hide non jam pugna, sed trucidatio 
 velui y ec or um fieri. Liv., carnage. Pleminius tribunos viili- 
 tum verberatos, servilibusque omnibus suppliciis cruciatos 
 true iri an do occidit. Id. Jugulare, properly, killing 
 by apclfing the means to the neck, throat, e. g. suem ; in 
 genera), murdering, dirking: Tit jugulent homines, sur~ 
 gunt de hocle latrones. Hor. Obtruncare, surprising, and 
 thus killitig, assassinating : Tribunos militares inter epulas 
 obtruncant. Sail. See Str angular e, Sujfocare, 390. 
 
 574. Internuntius, Interpres, Sequester. Internun- 
 tius, the messenger between two parties, as negotiator: Al- 
 cibiades cum Pisandro prcetore per inter nuntios collo- 
 quitur. Nep. Interpres, the mediator, who endeavours to 
 settle disputed points between two parties : Hcec non per 
 amicos atque interpretes, sed palam agebat. Cic. ; hence, 
 the interpreter, explainer : Nee verbum verbo reddere cura- 
 bis fidus interpres. Hor. Sequester, one with whom 
 money was deposited by two litigating parties, in order to 
 
 23 
 
266 575. Interpolare. 576. Interrogare. 
 
 pay it over to whom the sentence of the court should legally 
 assign it ; also, one who acted as go-between, in cases of 
 bribing judges or at elections: Sequester a sequendo fac- 
 tum est, quod ejus, qui electus sit, utraque pars jidem sequa- 
 tur. Gell. 
 
 575. Interpolare, Interlinere, Corrumpere, Vitiare, 
 Adulterare, Transscribere. Interpolare, giving a new 
 appearance to a thing by dressing it up anew, e. g. to gam ; 
 falsifying a document by erasures and additions, not easily to 
 be detected : Hoc mo do iste sibi prospexit, refer endo in tabu- 
 las, quod gestum non esset, iollendo, quod esset, et semper 
 aliquid demendo, mutando, interpolando. Cic. Inter- 
 linere, writing between; in documents, writing a word be- 
 tween others imperceptibly, striking out : Totum hoc nomen 
 est in litura; quid fait istic antea scriptum? Cic. Cor- 
 rumpere and Vitiare, 281, falsifying, adulterating, cor- 
 rupting, vitiating in general. Adulter are, admixing spu- 
 rious or bad substances with the genuine, and thus corrupting, 
 e. g. nummos ; more rarely used of documents. Trans- 
 scribere, imitating by writing, falsifying by copying : 
 Transscripsit tabulas publicas, quum chirographum Sex 
 — primorum imitatus est. Cic. 
 
 576. Interrogare, Rogare, Qujerere, Percontari, 
 Sciscitari, Scitari. The interrogator announces his inten- 
 tion by Queer o, I ask, pronounced with emphasis, if he de- 
 sires more accurate information on the spot, or if he means 
 to bring the interrogated person to a confession ; Rogo, I 
 ask, if he addresses his question to the good will of the per- 
 son interrogated ; In t err ogo, if he addresses himself to his 
 understanding, hence, in conversation, if the object is mutual 
 communication; Percontari, obsolete Per cunc tar i, in- 
 quiring, expresses the question of one who desires information 
 respecting something not, or not sufficiently, known to him ; 
 Sciscitari, rarer Scitari, desiring to know something, 
 endeavouring to learn by inquiry, of the desire of knowledge 
 as well as curiosity, which, following up an interesting subject, 
 makes more and more penetrating queries, tracing or follow- 
 ing up questions, questioning: Me nemo adhuc rogavit, 
 num quid in Sardiniam vellem : te, puto, scepe habere, qui : 
 numquid Romamvelis, queer ant. Cic. Racilius me primum 
 sententiam rogavit. Cic. Visne, ut tu me Greece soles or- 
 dine interrogare, sic ego te vicissim eisdem de rebus La- 
 tine interrogem? Id. Ego Masinissam de suo regno, ille 
 
577. Invenire. 579. Invidia. 267 
 
 me de nostra re publico, per contains est. Id. Confusam 
 filiam quum pater forte vidisset, percunctatus, satin* 
 salvce? elicuit comiter sciscitando, nt fateretur causam 
 doloris. Liv. Non te id scitari, qualem ego in inveniendo 
 summum esse orator em vellem, sed id mihi qu air ere vide- 
 bare, quod genus ipsius orationis optimum judicarem. Cic. 
 
 577. Invenire, Reperire, Nancisci, Offendere, De- 
 prehendere. Invenire, happening to meet with something 
 which lies in the way, or finding by searching, inventing and 
 finding out: Quod quairitabam, filiam inveni meant. Ter. 
 Praisidia contra feras invenire. Cic. Reperire (pa- 
 rere), finding something which exists already, but has not yet 
 been known, finding out, discovering : Eo projiciscitur cum 
 legionibus : locum reperit natura atque opere munitum. 
 Cses. Nancisci (naco, in German nahen, i. e. nearing, 
 approaching), properly, coming, getting near ; obtaining, 
 getting, possessing ourselves of a thing after endeavour : 
 Feras beluas nanciscimur venando. Cic. Occasionem 
 reperire, finding an opportunity, which exists already, but 
 must be improved, seizing upon it; nancisci, meeting with 
 an opportunity which happens to present itself; by the addi- 
 tional idea of approach, it differs from Assequi and Adipisci, 
 115. Off end ere, properly, stumbling upon something 
 lying across ; happening to meet with something, unexpect- 
 edly finding: Non offend es eundem bonorum sensum, quern 
 reliquisti. Cic. Deprehendere, catching on the spot, 
 surprising in the very fact : In aliquo manifesto scelere de- 
 prehensus. Cic. 
 
 578. Invicem, Vicissim, Mutuo. Invicem and In vi- 
 cem, for exchange, alternately, i. e. if several actions follow 
 upon one another, directly changing, or if one action takes 
 the place of another, instead : Dicamus invicem audiamus- 
 que. Liv. Defatigatis in vicem integri succedunt. Caes. 
 Vicissim, again, in a similar manner, as the other has done 
 something before: Hanc veniam petimusque damusque vi- 
 cissim. Hot., namely, when it will be our turn to requite 
 the act of kindness by a similar one. Mutuo, 63, mutually, 
 when two do the same to one another : Fac valeas meque 
 mutuo diligas. Cic. 
 
 579. Invidia, Invidentia, Livor ; Invidus, Invidiosus. 
 jEmulus. Invidia, the dislike at the advantages or supe- 
 riority of others ; envy, as fault, active and passive: Invi- 
 dia non in eo, qui invidet, solum dicitur, sed etiam in eo y 
 

 268 580. Invitare. 582. Inultus. 
 
 cui invidetur. Cic. Excellentium civium virtus imitatione 
 digna est, non invidia. Id. ; passive, hatred, discontent 
 with some one : Sullanus ager, a certis hominibus latissime 
 continuatus, magnam habet invidiam. Cic. Invidentia, 
 the envying, as quality, by which the vice of envy manifests 
 itself : Invidentia agritudo est ex alterius rebus secundis. 
 Cic. Liv or, properly, the lead-like or bluish color caused 
 by contusion, lividness ; pale envy, in the highest degree of 
 passion: Summa malevolentia et livore impediuntur. Cic. 
 — Invidus, envious against some one, grudging: Invidus 
 alterius macrescit rebus opimis. Hor. Invidiosus, full of 
 envy, active : Invidiosa vetustas, omnia destruens. Ovid.; 
 passive, envied, hated: Fuit invidiosa senatus potentia. 
 Cic, the English invidious. Mmulus (see 532), one who 
 with ill-feeling observes the advantages or preference of 
 others, which he might enjoy himself; emulous, rival : Mmu- 
 lus mearum laudum exstitit. Cic, or who sees with displeas- 
 ure such advantages as he possesses himself, jealous : Mise- 
 num cemulus Triton spumosa immerserat unda. Virg. 
 
 580. Invitare, Illicere, Prolectare, Inescare, Dele- 
 nire. Invitare, inviting, calling upon, in a friendly way, 
 for participation: Benigne salutare, domum invitare. Liv. 
 Illicere, by allurements, charms : Eos ad bellum spes rapi- 
 narum illexerat. Sail. Prolectare, inducing the bash- 
 ful, retiring person to come forth : Adolescens homines egentes 
 et leves, ne sibi adversentur, spe legationis et viatico publico 
 prolectat. Cic. Inescare, decoying the inexperienced: 
 Animalia cibo inescantur. Petron. Nos cceci, specie parvi 
 beneficii, inescamur. Liv. Delenire, winning by blan- 
 dishments, flattery, or cunning, the resisting, gaining : homi- 
 num animos prceda, pretio, oratione benigna. Cic 
 
 581. Invitus, Coactus. Invitus, dislikingly, yet if we 
 conquer our own dislike against something unpleasurable, 
 reluctant; Coactus, forced, if we are compelled to perform 
 something not by our own free resolution, but by the authority 
 of some one else : Solus sapiens nihil facit invitus, nihil 
 dolens, nihil coactus. Cic. 
 
 582. Inultus, Impunitus. Inultus, unavenged, if the 
 offended party has not obtained satisfaction for the suffered 
 injury; Impunitus, unpunished, if the evil-doer does not 
 suffer that punishment which he deserves : Marcius excitabat 
 manipulares, ne inultos imperatores suos jacere sinerent. 
 Liv. Tibi uni direptio sociorum imp unit a fuit ac libera. 
 
583. Invocare. 585. Ira. 269 
 
 Cic. Id agis, ut ceterorum quoqwe injuria sint impunitce 
 atque inultce. Id. 
 
 583. Invocare, Implorare. Invocare, invoking some 
 one, directing the call to his person : Deos testes, Deorum 
 opem. Implorare, imploring with tears and urgently for 
 aid % Vestram i mp loro jidem, qui auditis clamor em ?neum, 
 ferte suppetias. Plaut. 
 
 584. Jocus, Joci, Joca, Ludus, Lusus, Ludicrum ; Jo- 
 eosus, J ocularis, Ridiculus, Ludicrus. Jocus (juvare, 
 juvenis), the jest to laugh at, and the joke, fun, for serene 
 and happy entertainment ; in the plural, Joci, certain definite 
 jests ; Joca, jokes in general : Sed mehercules, extra jo cum, 
 homo bellus est. Cic, joke apart, otherwise remoto joco. 
 Horatium Augustus sape inter alios jo cos homuncionem 
 lepidissimum appellat. Suet. Quam multa joca solent esse 
 in epistolis. Cic. Ludus, the game, sport, as pleasing occu- 
 pation for recreation : Ludo et joco uti licet turn, quum 
 gravibus seriisque rebus satisfecerimus. Cic. Ludi, public 
 games in Rome ; Circenses, races in the chariot ; Scenici, 
 theatrical; Gladiatorii, in amphitheatres. Lusus, play, 
 playing, as the state of him who plays: Puer Icarus lusu 
 suo patris impediebat opus. Ovid. Ludicrum, a specific 
 game, as entertainment, play: Nunc versus etcetera ludi- 
 era pono. Hor., trifles. Ludicrum fuit in Circo maximo 
 equi pugilesque. Liv. — Jocosus, full of fun, that which 
 gives a good deal to laugh at, sermo. Jocularis, belong- 
 ing to those things which entertain others, amusing : J ocu- 
 lar e istud quidem est, et a multis seppe derisum. Cic. Ri- 
 di cuius, laughable, that which causes laughing, that which 
 is to be laughed at, worthy of nothing better, ridiculous : 
 Invent ridicula et salsa multa Gracorum. Cic. Sicinius, 
 homo impurus, sed admodum ridiculus. Id. Ludicrus 
 (not extant in the nom. sing, masc), that which is done for 
 entertainment, amusement, amusing: Ars ludi era armo- 
 rum et gladiator i et militi prodest aliquid. Cic. (not ludi- 
 crous). 
 
 585. Ira, Indignatio, Indignitas, Iracundia, Excan- 
 descentia, Bilis ; Iracundus, Stomachosus. Ira, ire, 
 wrath, rage, the violent emotion or affection produced by the 
 wrong and injuries which others have committed against us, 
 and which incites to revenge : Ira, in the plural, the different 
 manifestations of ire in several individuals: Ira est libido 
 vozniendi ejus, qui videatur Icesisse injuria. Cic. Quam 
 
 23* 
 
270 586. Ire. 
 
 minimum irarum inter nos illosque relinqui velim. Liv 
 Indignatio, indignation, anger at unworthy, indecorous 
 things: Si natura negat, facit indignatio versum. Juve- 
 nal. Indignitas, unworthiness, indecorous deportment, 
 indecorousness, as cause of indignatio ; stands likewise for 
 displeasure, irritation at something: Patres indignitate 
 rerum cesser ant in agros. Liv. Indignitas, atque ex ea 
 ira animos cepit. Id. Irakis passing; Iracundia, iras- 
 cibility, the lasting disposition to be wrathful, quick-tempered, 
 choleric ; and also the violent anger, ire, which breaks forth 
 into revengeful passion, heat of passion: Prce iracundia 
 non sum apud me. Ter. Excandescentia, the getting 
 into a passion: Excandescentia est ira nascens et mo do 
 existens. Cic. Bilis, bile, choler, the anger which disturbs 
 and excites more within than manifesting itself in fits, erup- 
 tions of passions : Bilem id commovet latoribus legis. Cic. 
 — Iracundus, of hot, quick, passionate temper, e. g. leo: 
 Ariovistus homo barbarus, iracundus, temerarius. Cses. 
 Stomachosus, who has a touchy stomach, that is, because 
 the ancients believed this to be the seat of choler, cross, ill- 
 tempered, of angry temper : Stomachosiores meas liter as 
 quas dicas esse, non intelligo. Cic. 
 
 586. Ire, Gradi, Grassari, Incedere, Vadere, Meare, 
 Pergere, Scandere, Con — In — E — Adscendere, Ex- 
 scensionem facere. Ire, going, in general : pedibus, equis, 
 trans mare; Incipit res melius ire, quam putaram. Cic. 
 Gradi, stepping, designates the equal extending or stretch- 
 ing of the legs, the equal, measured, firm step; and Gras- 
 sari, moving along with equal steps, stalking ; Incedere, 
 192 (properly, parting along, i.e. leaving space behind), 
 walking along, the manner of walking and carriage of a man , 
 Vadere, wandering, the striving rapidly forward, onward, 
 without allowing ourselves to be detained by obstacles ; Me* 
 are walking all the time, continually, indicates the uniform 
 course in a certain path, direction; Pergere (anegxsiv), go- 
 ing away, hastening away, the pursuing of one's object or 
 aim without resting; Scandere, the lifting the feet and 
 firmly placing them, in order to rise or descend by steps one 
 above the other, walking or going with reference to ascent 
 or descent (in German steigen) : Gallus gallinaceus gradi- 
 tur ardua cervice. Plin. Animus ad gloriam virtutis via 
 grassatur. Sail. Ast ego, qua divom incedo regina. 
 Virg. Vadunt in prozlium et locum, ex quo cesserant, re- 
 
587. Ita. 588. Itaque. 271 
 
 petunt. Liv. Docebat Pythagoras, qua sidera lege me a- 
 rent. Ovid. Concessum est, ad castra uti contendant. Qua 
 re concessa, lati ad castra per gun t. Cses. Victorem Tar- 
 peias scandere in arces Roma videbit. Ovid. C ons Gen- 
 der e, ascending, when we arrive upon the ascended thing 
 itself (in German besteigen, as if we had a word he-walking, 
 or be-scending) ; Inscendere, ascending and going in, 
 entering (we might have inscending) ; Escendere, ascend- 
 ing, both as ascending a mountain and for rising; A dscen- 
 dere, ascending, up to a given height: Pompeius navem 
 frumentarium conscendit. Cses. Mihi navem paro : in- 
 seen do, ut earn rem NoAtpactum ad herum nuntiem. Plaut. 
 In navem omnibus ignotus adscendit. Nep. Constabat 
 Eumenem, ut sacrificaret Apollini, Delphos adscensurum. 
 Liv. Legati Delphos quum escendissent, oraculum adie- 
 runt. Id. Exscensionem facer e, stepping on shore, 
 landing (never exscendere) : Philippus rex quinqueremibus 
 sex profectus ad Erythras Mtolorum escensionem fe- 
 cit. Liv. 
 
 587. Ita, Sic. Ita (is, id), thus, so, points at something 
 present in the mind, something thought: Sic, thus, so, at 
 something in reality before us, something in the sensual 
 world: Est, judices, ita, ut dicitur. Cic. Heus tu, Dore, 
 cape hoc flab ellum, et ventulum huic sic facito, dum lavamus. 
 Ter., showing to the eunuch how he ought to fan. 
 
 5S8. Itaque, Igitur, Ergo ; Eo, Ideo, Idcirco, Prop- 
 
 TEREA, PROINDE ; QuARE, QuAMOBREM, QuAPROPTER, QuO- 
 
 circa. a. Sentences or parts of sentences which express 
 consequences or conclusions derived or founded upon preced- 
 ing notions, and are acknowledged as true, either as neces- 
 sary conclusions or consequences, or at the same time, accord- 
 ing to our judgment, are united to their preceding part of the 
 sentence by the demonstrative particles Itaque, Igitur, 
 Ergo, hence, therefore, consequently, now: Itaque has 
 reference to the conclusion, as founded in the fact ; Igitur 
 refers to that which precedes, as absolutely necessary ; Er- 
 go shows the obligation of conviction that the drawn conclu- 
 sion is correct : Hecuba omnia mala ingerebat, quemquem 
 adspexerat. Itaque adeo jure cozpta appellari est Ca?iis. 
 Plaut. Staphyla: Li gna hie apud no s nulla sunt. Coci: 
 Sunt asseres? St.: Sunt pol. Co.: Sunt igitur ligna ; 
 ne quceras foris. Id. Albano non plus animi erat, quam 
 jidei. nee manerz ergo, nee transire aperte ausus, sensim ad 
 
272 598. Item. 590. Iter. 
 
 montes succedit. — b. In demonstrative minor positions, in 
 which a certain state of things is mentioned as a consequence 
 of a reason or cause at which we point by a particle, Eo (for 
 ea re), and more emphatically Ideo, therefore, hence, points 
 at a course directly influencing, and as the sole cause ; Id- 
 circo, on this account, points at circumstances as causes of 
 a state of things, inasmuch as the moving agency of the same 
 is drawn into particular account ; Propterea, therefore, on 
 this account, points at the nearness of such moving causes ; 
 Proinde, hence, therefore, points at the proper, correct re- 
 lation in which the consequence or effect stands to its reason 
 or cause : Hoc anno pestilentia fait, eo nihil dignum memo- 
 ria actum. Liv. Verres, quod ubique erit pulcherrimum, 
 atiferet? idcirco nemo superiorum attigit, ut iste tolleretl 
 ideo C. Claudius Pulcher retulit, ut C. Verres posset au~ 
 ferre? Cic. Quia mihi est natalis dies, propterea te 
 vocari ad cainam volo. Plaut. Duces barbarorum pronun- 
 tiari jusserunt, illis reservari, qucecunque Romani reliquis- 
 sent: proinde omnia in victoria posita existimarent. Cses. 
 — c. In active minor positions, which contain a consequence 
 or effect and refer this back to a reason given in the ante- 
 cedent, the following relative particles are used : Quare, on 
 which account, by, through which, if the given reason is to 
 be considered the means or as existing secondary circum- 
 stance ; Quamobrem, on which account, if the given reason 
 is meant to be taken as a general motive ; Quapropter, on 
 account of which, if this reason is to be considered as a near 
 motive, lying close at hand; Quo circa, on which account, 
 why, if the effective agent is to be indicated as lying in the 
 circumstances, which are given as reason : Alcibiades et po- 
 tentior et major, quam privatus, existimabatur. Quare 
 Jiebat, ut omnium oculos ad se converter et. Nep. Tuas epis~ 
 tolas quum lego, emergit rursum dolor. Quam ob rem ob- 
 secro te, mi Tite, eripe mihi hum dolorem aut minue saltern. 
 Cic. Stoici fortitudinem virtutem esse dicunt propugnantem 
 pro aquitate. Quocirca nemo, qui fortitudinis gloriam 
 consecutus est insidiis et malitia, laudem est adeptus. Id. 
 
 589. Item, Itidem. Item, in the same manner, just so, 
 also; with increased force, Itidem, precisely so, entirely 
 so: Solis defectiones it em que lunce pradicuntur in multos 
 annos. Cic. Ea qua movent sensus nostros, itidem movent 
 omnium. Id. 
 
 590. Iter, Via, Meatus, Actus, Semita, Callis, Tra- 
 
591. Juba. 273 
 
 mes, Angiportus ; Iter, Viam facere, Viam munire. 
 Iter (ire, itum), the walk which we take, make toward a 
 place, march, journey : Iter pedibus conficere. Cic., and 
 hence the walk or road, in as far as it leads, goes to a place : 
 Erant omnino itinera duo, quibus itineribus Helvetii 
 domo exire possent. Cass. Via (obsolete Vea, Veil a, from 
 vehere), the road for vehicles, road, way, street : Via Appia. 
 Dejotarus rex perscepe revertit ex it in ere, quum jam pro- 
 gressus esset multorum dierum viam. Cic, a journey which 
 had required many days; but novem dierum iter. Ca's., 
 nine days' journeys. Meatus (see 586), the path on which 
 a moving body passes along in its regular course, with the 
 additional ideas of the narrow and hollow : Danubius in Pon- 
 ticum mare sex meatibus erumpit. Tac. Actus, a field- 
 way, a way for cattle, also a field-road for vehicles: Iter 
 est, qua quis pedes vel eques commeare potest: Actus vero, 
 ubi et armenta trajicere et vehiculum ducere liceat. Digg. 
 S emit a (se-meare), a foot-path in streets and lanes, the 
 part for passengers : De via in s emit am degredere. Plaut. 
 Call is, a narrow path over hills and mountains, especially 
 a mountain path only used by the cattle, &c., cow-path : 
 Nos hie pecorum modo per aistivos saltus deviasque calles 
 exercitum ducimus. Liv. Trames [trans -meare), a path, 
 a cross-path near a large road, for foot-passengers, on which 
 one may come shorter and less observed to the desired place : 
 Uti per tramites occulte perfugeret in Galliam. Sail. 
 Angiportus, Gen. us, and Angiportum, Gen. i, a nar- 
 row passage between two houses, a narrow lane : Id quidem 
 angiportum non est pervium. Ter. — Iter facere, 
 making a journey, designates the movement toward the place 
 of destination: Iter ad te in Apidiam facer e caipi. Cic. 
 Viam facere, walking in the street : Ad senem etiam alte- 
 ram facias viam. Plaut., and making way, opening one: 
 Virginius ferro, quacunque ibat, viam facere, donee ad 
 portam perrexit. Liv. Viam munire, paving a road, 
 breaking a road: Appius ille Ccecus viam muni v it, qua 
 populus uteretur. Cic. 
 
 591. Juba, Crista. Juba, the mane, comb, plumes, of 
 hair and feathers on the top of the head, and on the neck, if 
 they hang down, e. g. leonis, equi ; Crista, the comb, plu- 
 mage on the head of birds, and the crest on the helmet, if 
 the feathers or hairs stand up: Gallinaceorum jubce per 
 colla cervicesque in humeros diffusa. Colum. Gallinace- 
 
274 592. Judicare. 594. Jurare. 
 
 orum sublimes sanguine aque nee obliqua crista. Id. Galea 
 cristis decora. Virg. 
 
 592. Judicare, Dijudicare, Judicium facere, Judicatio, 
 Jurisdictio ; Judicium dare, reddere, exercere, facere. 
 Judicare, judging, in thought and orally : Id ita perspi- 
 cuum est, ut oculis judicare possitis. Cic. Dijudicare, 
 dividing two things, by one's judgment, deciding, distinguish- 
 ing : Non facile dijudicatur amor verus et fictus. Cic. 
 Judicium facere, forming a judgment, opinion, inasmuch 
 as one is capable of doing it, generally giving a favorable 
 opinion of some one : Ut primum per atatem judicium fa- 
 cere poluisti. Cic. Legio Casari gr atlas egit, quod de se 
 optimum judicium fecisset. Cses. — Ju dicatio, the 
 opinion of a thing ; in legal matters, the chief point in a liti- 
 gation : Judicatio est, qua ex injirmatione, et confirma- 
 tione rationis (i. e. causa) nascitur controversia. Cic. Ju- 
 risdictio, the administration of justice, which was in the 
 hands of the praetors in Rome and in the provinces, but only 
 in civil actions, because in these they proceeded according to 
 their edicts ; they directed public processes {causa publico) 
 pro imperio : An hoc dubitabit quisquam, quin Verres vena- 
 lent in Sicilia jurisdictionem habuerit, qui Roma totum 
 edictum atque omnia deer eta vendiderit? Cic. — Judicium 
 dare, reddere, granting and instituting a legal inquiry, 
 trial, is said of a prsetor, who gave the formula for the first 
 steps and the adjournment of an action, and appointed the 
 judges ; for the prsetor did not decide himself either in judi- 
 ciis privatis or in publicis ordinariis s. quastionibus perpe- 
 tuis, but had the fact decided by sworn judges, Judicium 
 exercebat, and afterwards pronounced the judgment given 
 by them (dicebat sc. jus, s. sententiam). Judicium facer e, 
 is said of the judges, if they give a legal opinion on the fact 
 before them, giving a verdict: Gravia judicia pro rei 
 publica dignitate, multa de conjuratorum scelere fecistis. 
 Cic. 
 
 593. Jungere, Sociare. Jung ere (jugum), uniting, 
 joining, so that several appear as a whole : Navibus junc- 
 tis pontem imper ant fieri. Cses. Sociare, making one a 
 partner, associate, ally: Homines conjurare out sociari 
 facinoribus noluerunt. Liv. 
 
 594. Jurare, Dejerare. Jurare, swearing: Magna 
 voce juravi verissimum jusjurandum. Cic. JOejerare 
 and Dejurare, daring, placing one's existence at stake by 
 
595. Juris consultus. 596. Jus. 275 
 
 an oath, if it be not true; firmly asseverating: Per omnes 
 deos et deas dejuravit, occisurum eum hac node, quicum 
 cubaret. Plaut. 
 
 595. Jurisconsultus, Jurisperitus, Leguleius. Juris- 
 co n suit us and Jure consultus, the learned jurist, who is 
 asked respecting law cases, and gives his opinion, counsel : 
 Est domus jur is consult i totius oraculum civitatis. Cic. 
 Jurisperitus, the experienced person in the knowledge of 
 law and legal procedures; Leguleius, a legai pedant, who 
 studies but the letter of the law, not the philosophy of the law, 
 as a public orator and sound jurist ought to do : Leguleius 
 quidam cautus et acutus, prceco actionum, cantor formularum 
 auceps syllabarum. Cic. 
 
 596. Jus, ^Equitas, Justitia ; Lex ; Fas ; Jus dicere, 
 Jus, De jure respondere. Jus, the right, that which is 
 according to law, as subject of the administration of justice, 
 and demanding strict attention and obedience; Mquitas 
 and 2Equum, fairness, equity, which brings the use we make 
 of our rights and privileges and our duties into harmony, and 
 moderates, tempers the strictness of the law, especially by 
 humanity: Galba multa pro a quit ate contra jus dicere. 
 Cic. Justitia, justice, according to which we satisfy our 
 duties, without yielding up our rights or those of others : 
 Justitia est habitus animi, communi utilitate conse§paia, 
 suam cuique tribuens dignitatem. Cic. — Jus, right, as the 
 authorization of action founded in nature, on law and custom, 
 and as the aggregate of all binding laws, law ; Lex, a. law, 
 or binding precept of superior authority, for actions of free 
 agents; it is a species of the genus Jus: Natura jus est, 
 quod quadam innata vis inseruit, ut religionem, pietatem, 
 gratiam, vindicationem, observantiam, veritatem. Cic, hence 
 suo jure, rightfully, in virtue of his personal right ; jus gen- 
 tium, international law, the aggregate of all the rights, cus- 
 toms, and obligations sanctioned by common consent and 
 long usage ; j us civile, civil law, all the positive laws, which 
 every citizen of a state has to follow : Hoc si minus civ ill 
 jure perscriptum est, lege tamen naturce, communi jure 
 gentium sancitum est, ut nihil mortales a diis usu caper e 
 possint. Cic. — Jus, right, that which is right and permitted 
 according to human laws; Fas (fari), divine law, that 
 which is right before God, hence also according to natural 
 law : Quod eorum judicum major pars judicavit, id jus 
 ratumque esto. Cic. Sanctis his ora resolvere fas est Ma 
 
276 597. Jusjurandum. 598. Juxta. 
 
 nibus. Virg. — Jus dicer e, deciding according to law, giv- 
 ing sentence, is only used of the praetor, generally, in as far 
 as he administered his office, in doing which he used the 
 words do, dico, addico, and especially when he gave judg- 
 ment or sentence : Siculi dixerunt, se Verri pecuniam ob jus 
 dicundum dedisse. Cic. Jus, Be jure respondere, 
 giving a legal opinion, of a Juris consultus, 595. Se ad jus 
 respondendum dare : Rutilius magnum munus de jure 
 respondendi sustinebat. Cic. 
 
 597. Jusjurandum, Juramentum, Sacramentum. Jus* 
 jurandum, rarely Jur amentum, the oath by which we 
 strengthen our assertion as being in accordance with truth ; 
 Sacramentum, oath, by which one subjects himself to the 
 avenging gods, if the promise should be broken ; hence the 
 oath of fidelity, which the soldiers were obliged to take on 
 their being enlisted : Jusjurandum est qffirmatio religiosa. 
 Quod autem affirmate, quasi deo teste, promiseris, id tenen- 
 dum est, Cic. Aliquem obligare militia Sacramento, Cic. 
 Sacramentum dicer e apud aliquem. Cses., and Sacra- 
 mento dicer e alicui. Liv. 
 
 598. Juxta, Instar; Secundum, Propter. Juxta (jun- 
 gere), by a thing, by the side, close by: Furiarum maxuma 
 juxta adcubat. Virg., hence, just so, as good as, of similar- 
 ity of^dnd and mode of circumstances : Juxta hieme atque 
 mstate bella gerere. Liv. Instar (belongs to histrio),. some- 
 thing which bears a remarkable or striking likeness to some- 
 thing else, and may be compared to it ; a form, an image, 
 picture, in Virgil only of objects which attract much atten- 
 tion ; in the Accusative, after the image, i. e. as great, as 
 good as, like, used of similarity of outward marks and qual- 
 ities : Volat atri turbinis instar exitium dirum hasta fe- 
 rens. Virg. Accepi epistolam, qua voluminis instar erat. 
 Cic. — Juxta, as preposition, very close by : Atticus sepul- 
 tus est juxta viam Appiam. Nep. Juxta deos, in tua 
 manu positum est. Tac, nearest to the gods, i. e. after the gods. 
 Secundum, designates a following, partly according to the 
 longitudinal extension of a body, along: Iter secundum 
 mare faciunt. Cic, partly immediately after, close behind 
 something, next after: Proxime et secundum deos homi- 
 nes hominibus maxime utiles esse possunt. Cic, hence, after, 
 consistently, agreeably, conformably to: Secundum arbi- 
 trium tuum testes dabo. Id. Propter (prope) near, 
 coming near, in the neighbourhood, as contradistinguished 
 
599. Labefacere. 600. Lobes. 2TI 
 
 from the distance, expresses the mode and manner; prope, 
 however, only the locality: Adolescentia voluptates prop- 
 ter intuens magis fortasse Icetatur, sed delectatur etiam se~ 
 nectus procul eas spectans. Cic. Fluvius Eurotas propter 
 Lacedcemonem Jluit. Id., pretty near. 
 
 L. 
 
 599. Labefacere, Labefactare, Convellere, Quatere, 
 Quassare, Concutere. Labefacere, making that which 
 is firm loose, shaking; Labefactare, doing the same vio- 
 lently, with repeated blows: Omnes denies labefecit mihi. 
 Ter. Demoliri signum ac vectibus lab efa ctare conantur. 
 Cic. Leges ac jura lab efa ctat. Id. Convellere, tear- 
 ing off, separating with violence firmly united things, by tear- 
 ing and blows, e. g. repagula valvarum : Milites vectibus 
 infima saxa turris, quibus fundamenta continebantur, con- 
 vellunt. Cses. Quatere, making vibrate, and unsettling 
 by percussion, by shaking and blows; Quassare, shaking 
 frequently and violently, giving shocks: Quatere in aere 
 pennas. Ovid. Carthaginis mcenia quatit ariete. Liv. 
 Quassat caput. Plaut. Concutere, shaking by concus- 
 sion: Terra ingenti concussa motu est. Liv. Te ipsum 
 con cute. Hor., examine thyself, inquire into thyself. 
 
 600. Labes, Macula, Nota, N^vus. Labes (labi), 
 properly, the falling together, downfall ; the spot, stain by 
 which something becomes soiled, spoiled, the spot caused by 
 something shameful (as we use the word in spotless char- 
 acter) : Sit sine labe toga. Ovid. Macula, a speck, which 
 is distinguished by a different color from the rest of a surface, 
 whether this be by way of embellishment or disgrace : Va- 
 rice tigres ma cut is. Plin. Maculas e veste eas nonnisi 
 urina ablui. Id. Delenda vobis est ilia macula, Mithrida- 
 tico bello superior e suscepta. Cic. Not a, the mark of dis- 
 tinction, mark, by which we make an object to be known and 
 distinguished from others of the kind, or by which we our- 
 selves wish to remember something : Sonos vocis liter arum 
 not is terminare. Cic. Omnibus insignis notis turpitudi- 
 nis. Id. Ncevus (obsolete Gnceus, from gignere),an excres- 
 cence of the body, a wart, a mole: Ncevus in articulo 
 pueri delectat Alcceum. Cic. 
 
 24 
 
278 601. Labium. 602. Labor. 
 
 601. Labium^ Labrum, Labellum. Labium, the an- 
 cient form, more common Lab rum, the lip, the rim of a 
 deep vessel, and the latter itself, e. g. for bathing : Senex in- 
 curvus, lab its demissis. Ter. Tantalus a labris fugi- 
 entia capiat jlumina. Hor. Lab rum si in balineo non est, 
 ut sit. Cic. Labellum, a little lip and a small vessel, the 
 basin: Platoni in cunis dormienti apes in lab ell is conse- 
 derunt. Cic. 
 
 602. Labor, Opus, Opera ; ^Eritmna, Molestia, Dolor ; 
 Laborare, Operam dare, navare, Elaborare, Lucubrare, 
 Elucubrare. Labor, 549, the labor, as fatiguing exertion : 
 Se ex labor e reficere. Caes. Opus, 109, the work, as pro- 
 duce of practice, skill, of the practised workman, artificer : 
 Habeo opus magnum in manibus. Cic. Opera, the activ- 
 ity, used to produce a work (opus), the pains we take, labor 
 in as far as it indicates this : Quod in op ere faciundo ope- 
 ra consumis tuce. Ter. In Opera, is intention and free 
 resolution ; in Opus, this is not considered in the least, hence 
 it is used of animals too ; but of gods, Op e, e. g. Deorum 
 ope opus est. Liv. — Labor, the toil, hardship, misery, in- 
 asmuch as we resist and labor through : Vir fortissimus 
 multis variisque perfunctus laboribus. Nep. 2Erv,mna, 
 poverty, misery, connected with grief: Mrumna est mgri- 
 tudo laboriosa. Cic. Ubi virtus est, ibi esse miser 'a et 
 cerumna non potest, tamen labor potest, potest moled < a. 
 Id. Molestia, the weariness, enduring difficulties with he 
 feeling of burdensomeness, dislike; Dolor, 369, pain, die 
 painful feeling caused by misfortune or contrary events : Do- 
 lor est cegritudo crucians. Cic. — Laborare, exerting one's 
 self with great fatigue, fatiguing one's self, and being embar- 
 rassed, grieved, being in great want of assistance, suffering 
 severely : In enodandis nominibus, quod miserandum sit, 
 labor at is. Cic. Laborare animo, morbo, ex re frumen- 
 taria. Cses. Operam dare, taking pains, being active for 
 some one; navare, serving one with industry and zeal, 
 with zealous endeavour: Plus opera Grcecis dedisti rebus, 
 quam putaramus. Cic. Certatum ab utrisque est, ut ad recon- 
 ciliandam pacem consult opera navaretur. Liv. Elabo- 
 rare, fatiguing one's self to exhaustion, working one's self 
 fairly down ; bringing about something with pains, elaborat- 
 ing : Ornati elaboratique versus. Cic. Lucubrare, 
 working by candlelight; Elucubr are, with a greater de- 
 gree of carefulness : Orationes diligenter el ab or at as et 
 tamnuam elucubr at as ^^rebamus. CiV. 
 
603. Lacerare. 606. Lacus. 279 
 
 603. Lacerare, Laniare, Dilaniare, Discerpere. La- 
 cerare, lacerating, separating the outer and softer parts of 
 a body by disfiguring wounds: Dilacer are, tearing asun- 
 der by laceration: Tergum lac era turn virgis. Liv. La- 
 cerare aliquem verborum contumeliis. Cic. Laniare, 
 tearing to pieces with many deep wounds, with a higher de- 
 gree of cruelty and fury; Di I an i are, cutting, tearing the 
 flesh of some animal body into pieces and asunder : Cadaver 
 canibus dilaniandum reliquisti. Cic. Discerpere, 
 tearing to pieces by pulling violently in two directions, tear- 
 ing : Bacchce discerptum juvenem spar sere per agros. 
 Virg. 
 
 604. Lacessere, Provocare, Irritare. Ldcessere 
 (lacio, lacere), inducing to fight, or something of the kind, by 
 teazing, taunting ; challenging, irritatingly inciting, e. g. in- 
 juria, maledictis : Etrusci lacessere ad pugnam : primo 
 obequitando castris provocandoque, postremo qua consu- 
 les, cia exercitum increpando. Liv. Provocare, chal- 
 lenging, calling out, forth, for a battle : ad certamen ; male- 
 dictis aliquem. Cic. Irritare, irritate, by exciting impres- 
 sions to rage, battle, &c, e. g. crabrones. Plaut. Pueri et 
 cupiditas et licentia potius est irritata, quam repressa. 
 Cic. 
 
 605. Lacrimare, — ri, Flere, Plorare, Lugere. La- 
 crimare, giving vent to tears, allowing tears to flow; La- 
 crimari, as Deponens, being moved to tears, becoming 
 affected to crying : Quis fait tarn inhumanus, quin illorum 
 miseria commoveretur ? ecquis fuit, quin lacrimaretur? 
 Cic. Flere, crying with a drawn mouth (in German 
 jiennen, greinen) ; in general, crying when the tears are in- 
 terrupted by sounds indicating grief, weeping bitterly : Fie- 
 bat uterque, pater defilii morte, de patris jilius. Cic. Plo- 
 rare, crying, i. e. shedding tears with much noise, with 
 accents of great misery or agony : TJxorem tuam neque ge- 
 mentem, neque plorantem audivimus. Plaut. Lugere, 
 mourning, manifesting one's sadness by external signs, espe- 
 cially by peculiar dress, bemourning : Luctus est agritudo 
 ex ejus, qui carus fuerit, interitu acerbo. Cic. Matronce 
 annum, ut parentem, Brutum luxerunt. Liv. 
 
 606. Lacus, Lacuna, Palus, Stagnum. Lacus, a deep 
 reservoir, a lake, natural or artificial : Lacus vinarii et tor- 
 cularii. Colum. Lacus Albanus, Fucinus. Lacuna, a 
 ^ough, standing water, without outlet, having run into some 
 
280 607. Lcedere. 610. Lampas. 
 
 low place: Lacuna, aqua collectio. Festus. Pdlus, a 
 pool of less extent, a morass, a "swamp," flat water on 
 marshy ground : Ccesar paludes (Pomptinas) siccare volu- 
 it. Cic. Stagnum (stag/tare, from stare), a stagnating 
 mass of water of an overflowed river, a puddle : Super ripas 
 Tiber is effusus lenibus stagnis adiri non poterat amnis. 
 Liv. 
 
 607. L^edere, Sauciare, Vulnerare ; Saucius, Vulne- 
 ratus. Lcedere, violating, wounding, injuring in such a 
 manner that the completeness, perfection, or beauty of a thing 
 suffers thereby : Herbas morsu Icesere juvencce. Ovid. Sau- 
 ciare, wounding deeply and vitally : Sauciat ungue genas, 
 Ovid. Ccesar em Brutus noster sauciavit. Cic. Vulne- 
 rare, wounding lightly, by tearing, separation (vellere) of 
 external parts: Ab Neoptolemo Eumenes aliquot plagis vul- 
 neratur, neque eo magis ex prcelio excessit, sed acrius 
 hostes institit. Nep. Servi nonnulli vulnerantur ; ipse 
 Rubrius in turba sauciatur. Cic, hence Saucius, the 
 severely wounded man, who is thus rendered incapable for 
 battle, non-combatant. ; Vulneratus, any one who is wound- 
 ed, only as such, though he may be only slightly wounded : 
 Gladiatori Mi confecto el saacio consules vestros opponite. 
 Cic. Graviier vulneratus Prcefectus refertur in castra. 
 Hirt. 
 
 608. LiEvus, SciEVus, Sinister. Lcevus, left, opp. right, 
 left-handed, clumsy: Dextrd montibus, Icevd Tiberi amne 
 septus. Liv., sc. manu, parte. O ego lcevus! Hor. Scce- 
 vus, obsolete, in the sense of left: Mucins Sccev ola. Liv., 
 generally reversed, unhappy: Sccevus profecto et ccecus 
 animi forem, si issem magis ad. alium, quam ad te. Gell. 
 Sinister, left, at the left hand ; hence, at the inconvenient 
 time, illy applied, injurious : Gerens dextra manu clavam, 
 sinistra copulam. Nep. Sinistra liberalitas. Ca.tull. 
 
 609. Lambere, Lingere, Ligurire. Lamb ere (labium) ^ 
 licking a thing all round, seizing it with the stretched out 
 tongue and the lips: Canes tribunal meum vides lambere. 
 Cic. Lingere, licking, gliding with the tongue over some- 
 thing: Quia te tango, met mild videor lingere. Plaut. 
 Ligurire, also Ligurrire, with appetite slightly licking 
 a thing ; also, tasting something delicate : Si quis eum ser- 
 vum, qui tepidum ligurierit jus, in cruce suffigat. Hor., 
 junketing. 
 
 610. Lampas, Lucerna, Lychnus, Lychnuchus, Later- 
 
611. Languere. 613. Lapis. 281 
 
 NA. Lamp as (Xafxnac), a torch of metal in the form of a 
 trumpet, in the opening of which pitch was burned : Multum 
 Jlammarum et cena I amp as. Juvenal. Lucerna, a burn- 
 ing light, a lamp : ardens ; defectu olei restincta. Plin. 
 Lychnus (Xv/voq) a pending lamp: Dependent lychni la- 
 quearibus aureis incensi. Virg. Lychnuchus {h>zvov%og, 
 light-bearer), the instrument to hold a light, a candlestick : 
 Epistolam scripsi ante lucem ad ly chnuchum ligneolum. 
 Cic. L at em a, a lantern : Dux I at em a via clausis feror 
 aurea Jlammis, et tuta est gremio parva lucem a meo. 
 Martial. 
 
 611. Languere, Marcere, Torpere ; Languor, Veter- 
 nus, Torpor, Torpedo. Languere, properly, being slow; 
 being fatigued, weak, exhausted, e. g. de via: Tristi Ian- 
 guebunt corpora morbo. Virg. Mar cere, being withered, 
 without strength, e. g. corona, lilia infracta : Qui pugnant, 
 mar cent Campana luxuria. Liv. Torpere, being without 
 sensation, immovable, inactive, torpid : Corpora rigentia gelu 
 torpebant. Liv. — Languor, exhaustion: Me deambula- 
 tio ad languor em dedit. Ter. Vetemus, sc. morbus, 
 the irresistible disposition to fall asleep, as it appears with 
 aged people ; hence sleepiness, the sleepy, drowsy disposi- 
 tion and state of mind, dreaming disposition: Vetemus 
 civitatem occupavit. Cic. Torpor, the state of being with- 
 out feeling, the state when one has been made torpid ; it is 
 the effect of Torpedo, the stiffening, the torpidness which 
 befalls one, the natural inclination to inactivity and want of 
 feeling, hence the name for the cramp-fish (torpedo), which 
 causes torpedo : Torpor gravis alligat artus. Ovid. Tor- 
 pedo animas oppressit. Sail. Tutantur se torpor e tor- 
 pe dines. Plin. 
 
 612. Lanius, Macellarius. Lanius, rarer Lanio, the 
 butcher who sells but meat of larger cattle ; Macellarius, 
 the butcher, with the idea of the killing, the meat-dealer, who 
 sold all sorts of meat, even birds, fish, &c. : Lanii ad cul- 
 trum bovem emunt. Varr. Ornithonem fructus causa ma- 
 cellar ii habent. Id. 
 
 613. Lapis, Saxum, Silex, Cautes s. Cos, Calculus. 
 Lapis, the stone, according to its nature, as an earthlike, 
 heavy, inanimate mass ; the stone, inasmuch as it is distin- 
 guished as such from other things : Me lapidem, non homi- 
 nem putas. Ter. Saxum, a stone with sharp point, a piece 
 of rock, that which the farmer often calls " a rock," differs 
 
 24* 
 
282 614. Laqueus. 616. Lascivus. 
 
 from lapis by greater density, its capacity of wounding, and 
 as a body of a certain form: Ex spelunca saxum in crura 
 Icadii incidit. Cic. Est viridis silex, igni resistens, et 
 ubi invenitur, lapis, non saxum est. Plin., not so rough 
 and hard as saxum. Silex (hence silere, 193.), a pebble, 
 quartz, especially of flints : Vias sterner e silice. Liv. 
 Cautes, contract. Cos, Gen. Cotis, a hard mass of rocks 
 with pointed corners, cliff: Naves nihil sax a et c antes 
 timebant. Cses., al. cotes. Generally Cos is hone: Cotes 
 ad ferri aciem deterendam. Plin. Calculus, a small round 
 pebble, a little stone, also used for reckoning, making calcu- 
 lation, and a stone in the game at checkers : Demosthenes, 
 conjectis in os calculis, summa voce versus pronuntiabat. 
 Cic. 
 
 614. Laqueus, Tendicula. Laqueus (lacere, 604.), 
 a rope, a noose : Laqueis capture feras. Virg. Collum in 
 laqueum inserere. Cic. Tendicula, a gin, springe, only 
 tropical: Aucupia verborum et liter arum tendiculas in 
 invidiam vocant. Cic. 
 
 615. Larva, Persona. "Larva, a mask of frightful, 
 horrid, or caricature-like form ; Persona, a, mask represent- 
 ing a character, with a wide, funnel-like opening for the 
 mouth, to strengthen the voice of the actor in the theatre ; 
 this mask covered the whole head of the actor : At illi fozda 
 cicatrix setosam Icevi frontem turpaverat oris: nil erat lar- 
 va aut tragicis opus cothurnis. Hor. Personam tragicam 
 Vulpes viderat : O quanta species, inquit, cerebrum non ha- 
 let! Phsedr. 
 
 616. Lascivus, Petulans, Procax, Protervus ; Disso- 
 lutus. Lascivus, loose, full of fun, disposed to dally: 
 Vellunt Ubi barbam las civ i pueri. Hor. Petulans, 
 wanton, who from light-heartedness or wantonness teazes 
 others and becomes offensive, especially with words : lllis 
 liber os suos integros ab istius petulantia conservare non 
 licitum est. Cic. Procax (procare, asking intrusively), in- 
 trusive in demands and in speaking : Vernce procaces. Hor. 
 Tertiadecimanos, ut sunt procacia urbana plebis ingenia, 
 petulantibus jurgiis illuserant. Tac. Protervus ( pro- 
 terere), disregarding every thing, shameless in words and 
 deeds: Homo honestas non audet cuiquam aut dicto pro- 
 tervo aut facto nocere. Cic. — Lascivus, gay without 
 bounds, with the feeling of perfect physical and mental 
 health: Florentem cytisum sequitur I as civ a capella. Virg. 
 
617. Later. 620. Laus. 283 
 
 Dissolutus, he who does not restrict himself by decorum 
 and order, negligent as to care and attention, and dissolute, 
 rakish, who in his unbridled appetites does not observe the 
 laws of decency and respectability : Cupio in tantis rei pub- 
 Uccb periculis non dissolution videri. Cic. Negligere, 
 quid de se quisque sentiat, non solum arrogantis est, sed om- 
 nino dissoluti. Id. 
 
 617. Later, Tegula, Imbrex; Cementum. Later, the 
 flat brick: Macerice Jiunt e lateribus coctilibus. Varr. 
 Tegula, the tile (of the roof, hence the name); Imbrex 
 (imber), the hollow or curved tile, that the rain may run 
 down: Disslpatis imbricum fragminibus ac testes tegu- 
 larum. Sisenna. — C amentum (belongs to cadere), a stone- 
 mass hewn off; plural, quarries, the particles of hewn stones 
 which were used for mortar (mortarium) : Mortario c amen- 
 tum addatur. Vitruv. Lapicidina, de quibus et quadrata 
 saxa et ccementorum ad adificia eximuntur copia. Id. 
 
 618. Latere, Delitescere ; Latet, Fugit, Preterit. 
 Latere, being or lying hidden; Delitescere, hiding, con- 
 cealing one's self somewhere : Inclusum atque abditum late- 
 re in occulto. Cic. Mulier constitui locum jussit, ut eo 
 mitteret amicos, qui delitescerent, deinde repente prosi- 
 UrenL Id. Latet, it is hidden, it is a secret, with Cicero 
 without case governed by it. Id qua ratione consecutus sit^ 
 latet. Nep. Fugit, it escapes my attention, I cannot re- 
 member it; Prater it, it escapes my observation, I do not 
 perceive it, I do not see it: De Dionysio, fugit me ad te 
 antea scribere. Cic. Te non prater it, quam hoc sit dif- 
 ficile. Id. 
 
 619. Latine, Romano more loqui. Both are more em- 
 phatic expressions for simpliciter, haud dissimulanter, aperte 
 loqui, yet with this difference, Latine loqui, is speaking 
 so that every one can understand it, intelligibly, so as the 
 words are commonly taken, without exaggeration, plain ; 
 Romano more loqui, speaking earnestly, sincerely, 
 straightforwardly, plainly, and openly, without dissimulation 
 or reserve : Gladiatorem ita appellavi, ut appellant ii, qui 
 plane et Latine loquuntur. Cic. De hoc tibi homine 
 hac spondeo more Romano, quomodo homines non inepti 
 loquuntur : probiorem hominem esse neminem. Id. 
 
 620. Laus, Gloria, PRiEcoNiuM, Elogium ; Laudare, 
 Pr^dicare, Celebrare. Laus, praise as expression of the 
 good opinion of another on account of his excellences, 
 
284 621. Laxare. 622. Lectus. 
 
 especially those which have their foundation in morality ; 
 Gloria (connected with glowing, i. e. shining, brightness), 
 glory, widely extending opinion of great and uncommon 
 talents and powers, and their effects: Trahimur omnes I au- 
 di s studio, et optimus quisque maxime gloria ducitur. Id. 
 Prceconium, properly, the office of a public crier; the 
 making known with glory, the lauding: Prceconium ab 
 Homer o Achilli tributum est. Cic. Elogium, the words of 
 a passage of a testament, of a witness, of a dictum, of an in- 
 scription : Solonis sapientis elogium est, quo "se" negat 
 "velle suam mortem dolore amicorum et lamentis vacare." 
 Cic. — Laudare, praising, expressing a favorable opinion 
 of a person, his good qualities and actions, especially in a 
 moral point of view : Quis vituperare improbos, quis lau- 
 dare bonos ornatius potest? Cic. Prcedicare, saying 
 loud and publicly, with particular force as to the subject ; 
 praising, making known the praise of some one by public 
 declaration among other persons : Deforme est de se ipsum 
 pr medicare, falsa prcesertim. Cic. C el ebr are, 194. 210, 
 making known something by repeated praise, rendering some- 
 thing famous : Tribuni plebis legem omnibus concionibus suis 
 celebrabant. Liv., they extolled it. 
 
 621. Laxare, Solvere ; Laxus, Prolixus. Laxare, 
 making loose, widening, making more spacious : Argilius 
 vincula epistolce laxavit. Nep. Solvere (solus), freeing, 
 making free, dissolving: Omne colligatum solvi potest. Cic, 
 hence, freeing one's self from a debt, dissolving the obliga- 
 tion, i. e. paying. — Laxus (lacere, 604.), loose, e. g. arcus, 
 opp. tensus, wide, spacious, opp. tight, narrow : Male laxus 
 in pede calceus Tueret. Hor. Domus laxior. Plin. Pro- 
 lixus, loose, hanging down, e. g. capillus. Ter., hence 
 willing (not stiff and resisting), yielding, obliging: Interest 
 nostra Plancum hoc animo libenti prolixoque facer e. Cic. 
 
 622. Lectus, Cubile, Thalamus, Stratum, Torus, Gra- 
 batus, Sponda. Lectus, the place destined and arranged 
 for lying (laying down), as the frame, and with the couches 
 on it, as the sofa, dinner-sofa, and bier of the dead : Lectus 
 ad quietem datus. Cic. Cubile, the place of resting, as a 
 remaining place, of laying down : Terra cubile erat Scythes 
 Anacharsidi. Cic. Thalamus (dalupoo), the bed-room, 
 poetical, the marriage bed : Thai ami que diu consorte care- 
 bat Ovid. Stratum, every thing which is spread on a sur- 
 face in order to lie on it, e. g. mattress, bolster : Collapsa 
 
623. Legare. 624. Legio. 285 
 
 memhra referunt th alamo, stratisque reponunt. Virg. 
 I'd r us (torquere), a soft pillow, every soft, downy place to 
 sit or lie, also a seat of turf: In medio torus est de molli- 
 bus ulvis impositus lecto, sponda pedibusque salignis. 
 Ovid. Grabatus (xqafiaios), a small, low sofa, with feet, 
 generally with poor people : Ibat tripes grabatus et bipes 
 mensa. Martial. Sponda, bedposts and other frame part 
 of a bed. 
 
 623. Legare (Legatum), Allegare, Delegare, Mit- 
 tere ; Legatio libera, votiva. Legare, selecting one 
 for a particular business, sending one as public ambassador, 
 and appointing one as sub-commander, assistant of com- 
 mander-in-chief: Legantur in Africam ad Jugurtham 
 majores natu, nobiles, amplis honoribus. Sail. Ccesar Cas- 
 sium sibi legavit. Cic, and bequeathing part of one's 
 property to another, making a legacy : Proca Numitori reg- 
 num SUvcb gentis leg at. Liv. Hence, Legatum, a be- 
 quest, a legacy, which the testator binds his heir to give to a 
 certain person : In tesiamento Augusti leg at a non ultra civ- 
 ilem modum. Tac. A 11 eg a re, sending one with particular 
 charges as mediator to some one : Petit a me Rabonius, et ami- 
 cos all e gat : facile impetrat. Cic. Delegare, delegating 
 some one to something, or something to some one to transact 
 instead of myself: Hunc labor em alteri delegavi. Cic. 
 Post dele gat am mihi hanc provinciam. Id., especially 
 when the debtor directs the creditor to another (per attribu- 
 tionem). — Mittere, 520, sending, despatching, in general: 
 Helvetii legatos de deditione ad Ccesar em miserunt. 
 Caes. — Legatio libera was the permission granted by the 
 senate to a senator to undertake a private journey in the 
 character of a legate ; votiva, if the object of such a jour- 
 ney was the fulfilment of a vow in the province, which, fre- 
 quently, was but an ostensible and pretended object : Anicius 
 negotiorum suorum causa legatus est in Africam legatione 
 libera. Cic. 
 
 624. Legio, Cohors, Manipulus, Vexillum, Caterva, 
 Manus militum, Phalanx, Tcjrma. Legio, properly, a 
 selection ; a legion, from the times of Romulus, three thou- 
 sand men (thirty centuries) on foot, to which belonged three 
 hundred (three centuries) cavalry ; under the consuls, four 
 thousand two hundred on foot, divided into hasiates, princi- 
 pes, and triarii ; from the times of Marius, who introduced 
 the division into cohortes, five to six thousand men. Cohors, 
 
286 625. Lenire. 626. Lentus. 
 
 an orgamzea troop of infantry ; from Marius, a tenth of a le- 
 gion, or from five to six hundred men; the cohors pra- 
 tori a, body guard of the commander-in-chief, containing 
 generally four turmce (one hundred and sixty horse) and two 
 cohortes (six hundred and seventy-two men) on foot. Ma- 
 nipulas (properly, a handful), a company of infantry, three 
 of which made a cohors : Pertica suspensos portabat longa 
 maniplos (foeni),unde maniplaris nomina miles habet. 
 Ovid. Vexillum, a little flag, as each of the three divisions 
 of the third order of battle, the triarii, rorarii, and the ac- 
 censi had ; hence this species of soldiers, mostly veterans, 
 were called Vexillarii, and their divisions Vexilla Legi- 
 onum. Vexillum designated, likewise, a troop of volunteers 
 or picked men, who, with such a flag, marched off for some 
 particular undertaking. Caterva,n troop of soldiers brought 
 together without order : Dum fugiunt equitum turmcz pedi- 
 tumque catervce. Hor. Man us mil i turn, a corps of sol- 
 diers, destined for some military undertaking or for defence : 
 Octavianus Romam veniet cum manu magna. Cic. Pha- 
 lanx (q>aXay$), an army in the Macedonian order of battle, 
 an oblong generally of sixteen thousand foot, though the 
 number varied. Turma, a company of horse, of which ten 
 (each of thirty men, and divided into three decuries) belonged 
 to one legion ; at later periods it contained forty horse. 
 
 625. Lenire, Mitigare, Placare, Sedare. Lenire 
 (making lenient), diminishing the violent sensation of any 
 thing disagreeable, assuaging, e. g. dolores, miseriam, agri- 
 tudinem. Mitigare (properly, making soft, mild), miti- 
 gating, diminishing the external cause of that which is pain- 
 ful : Materia igni adhibito ad mitigandum album uiimur. 
 Cic. Dolores mitigantur vetustate. Id. Placare, mak- 
 ing flat, even, of the agitated sea ; calming violent painful 
 sensations, especially appeasing excited wild passions and 
 their eruptions: Tumida cequora placat. Yirg. Impius ne 
 audeto placare donis iram Deorum. Cic. Sedare, making 
 that something sinks to the bottom, entirely ceases, stilling, 
 quieting : At aliquando incenditur populus. — Et quidem 
 scepe sedatur. Cic. Sedare bellum maximum, controver- 
 siam, pavorem. Li v. 
 
 626. Lentus, Flexilis, Flexibilis ; Tardus, Serus ; 
 Lentitudo, Lenitudo. Lentus, tough, flexible, that which 
 with ease may be stretched, extended, or bent without tearing 
 or breaking, e. g. salix, habena. Flexilis, that which, 
 
627. Lepos. 287 
 
 already bent, may be bent still further, which may be used 
 for twisting, braiding; Flexibilis, that which maybe bent, 
 flexible, pliable : Vhnus et fraxinus lent a, sed facile pan- 
 dantur : flexile s tamen. Plin., yet they may be bent straight 
 again. Excogitatum est vitri temper amentum, ut flexibile 
 esset. Id. — Lent us, slow, from want of energy, excitability, 
 opp. quick (of temper), hasty: Belus amnis lentus fluit. 
 Plin. Quum publicas injurias lente tulisset, suam non tu« 
 lit. Cic. Tardus, indolent, slow from want of zeal, opp. 
 active, quick: Tarda et languida pecus. Cic. Stellce er- 
 rantes turn celerius moventur, turn tardius. Id., they require 
 much time for it. Lente gradiens asellus. Ovid., he takes 
 a good deal of time for it, walking draggingly. Serus, late, 
 happening or being performed after the usual or proper time, 
 opp. tempestivus : Tarde,imojam sero intellexi. Petron., 
 too late. — Lentitudo, slowness, especially in effect, long- 
 suffering, which bears with calmness and indulgence the 
 offences &c. of others ; Lenitudo, kindheartedness, prop- 
 erly, soft or mildheartedness, which is not severe with others, 
 and passes over many things from goodness of heart : Rests- 
 tere iracundia, est non solum gravitatis, sed nonnunquam 
 etiam lentitudinis. Cic. Virum videri negant Peripa- 
 tetici, qui irasci nesciat ; quam lenitatem nos dicimus. Id. 
 627. Lepos, Sal, F acetic, Cavillatio, Dicacitas, Fes- 
 tj vitas, Urbanitas. Lip os (not Lepor, from libet), the 
 Zoreableness, amiableness, agreeableness, especially in man- 
 ners, politeness, agreeableness in social intercourse, converse, 
 where it is the habit to apply at the proper moment, and 
 to clothe in a pleasing way, well chosen wit with delicate 
 taste : Ludi paruni leporis habuerunt : apparatus enim 
 spectatio tollebat omnem hilaritatem. Cic. In utroque genere 
 leporis excellens, et illo, quod in perpetuitate sermonis, et 
 hoc, quod in eeleritate at que dicto est. Id. Sal, salt, spicy, 
 piquant joke, wit, the refined irony : llle delectatur Bioneis 
 sermonibus et sale nigro. Hor., in the most biting and 
 sharpest satire. Facet ice (facetus, from fades), fine, droll, 
 witty conceits, which manifest themselves in the speech and 
 the whole acting and being of a person : Sale et facetiis 
 Casar vicit omnes. Cic. Facetiis maxime homines delec- 
 tantur, si quando risus conjuncte, re verboque, movetur. Id. 
 Cavillatio {cavtre), that species of wit, if we substitute a 
 jocose meaning to words. Liv. 10, 19, 6., especially that 
 species of bantering and rallying, if we mean to say the con- 
 
288 
 
 628. Lev are. 629. Lex. 
 
 
 trary of what our words would mean in their direct significa- 
 tion. This is shown or expressed by the whole speech ; but 
 Dicacitas is the quickness of witty sparks, the readiness 
 to surprise by hitting wit, repartees, allusions, and pointed or 
 bit=ng sallies: Quum duo genera sint facet i arum, alteram 
 cequabiliter in omni sermone fusum, alterum peracutum et 
 breve: ilia superior cav ill alio, hcec altera dicacitas 
 nominata est. Cic. Salium duo genera sunt, unum face- 
 tiarum, alterum dicacitatis : alter o utetur orator in 
 narrando aliquid venuste, altero in jaciendo mittendoque 
 ridiculo. Id. Festivitas (festivus, properly, where it is 
 feast-like, hence that which disposes to gayety), the serene, 
 jocose, happy disposition, good-natured sportiveness : Hilari- 
 tatis plenum judicium ac Icetiticefuit : in quo tibi dicendi vis 
 egregia, summa festivitate et venustate conjuncta profuit. 
 Cic. Urbanitas, 231, well-behaved manners, polished 
 demeanor, polished pronunciation, manner of expression, 
 and delicate wit, as they are found in a man of careful edu- 
 cation, and one who is accustomed to the best society : In 
 hominum fa cetorum urbanitatem incurrere. Cic. 
 
 628. LEVARE, E SlJBLEVARE, ToLLERE, ExTOLLERE, 
 
 Erigere. Lev are, making light by lifting, propping, alle- 
 viating the pressure of a thing, lifting, lifting off: membra 
 cubito. Ovid. Dies non lev at luctum hunc. Cic, diminish- 
 ing that which is oppressive or molesting in mourning. Ele- 
 v are, taking away the pressure entirely, depriving a thing 
 of its weight (tropically referring to the balance), diminishing 
 one's weight, authority, detracting : Facere qua non possunt, 
 verbis elevant. Phsedr. Sublevare, aiding up by lifting, 
 giving a lift, assisting in supporting : Centurio, a manipula- 
 ribus sublevatus, murum adscendit. Eos ipse rursus ex- 
 ceptans, in murum extulit. Cees. Nasidius vicinos suos 
 facultatibus suis sublevavit. Cic. Toilers, 131, 386, 
 lifting up: saxa de terra. Cic. Extollere, lifting out, lift- 
 ing entirely from below and to a considerable height : pedem 
 domo, porta: Fortuna et extollere animos et minuere po- 
 test. Liv. Erigere, uprighting, placing in an upright 
 position, erecting : scalas ad mcenia. Natura solum hominem 
 erexit, ad ccelique conspectum excitavit. Cic. 
 
 629. Lex, Institutum ; Conditio ; Rogatio, Populis- 
 citum, Plebiscitum. Lex, 596, a law as settled, binding 
 prescription of a superior authority for a certain species of 
 actions ; Institutum, institute, according to which a certain 
 
629. Lex, 289 
 
 object is to be obtained by a fixed procedure ; the arranged 
 order, observance, according to which a settled procedure is 
 observed in certain actions: Ex instituto legati Romcs 
 loca, lautia accipieba?it. Liv. Civitatis leges, instituta, 
 mores, jura nosse. Cic. — Lex, the settled rule, specific pre- 
 script, which we have to observe in the performance of an 
 affair, the practice of an art, the prescribed rule of action in 
 a contract : His I e gibus pacem fecerunt. Liv. Homines 
 ea lege nati sunt, ut omnibus telis fortunes proposita sit 
 vita eorum. Cic, they have their destination from the time 
 of their birth. Conditio (condere), condition, upon the 
 fulfilment of which the validity and duration of the contract 
 depends : Sempronius conditio nes paces dixit, ut Par- 
 thini Romanorum essent. Liv. — Lex, a law, of itself, with 
 reference to its contents; Rogatio, as bill directed to the 
 comitiai of the assembled people, whether they approve of it 
 or not by the majority of votes : Velitis, jubeatis, Quirites 1 
 For the bill the vote was expressed by the two letters U. R. 
 (uti rogas) on a tablet ; against it, by A. (antiquo s. antiqua 
 probo), hence the expressions, Legem rogare, asking the 
 people on account of a \slw ; ferre, laying it before them 
 (bringing in a bill) ; abrogare, abrogating a law; Legem 
 s. de lege derogare, also exrogare, partially abrogat- 
 ing, altering; obrogare, making a law invalid by a new 
 and opposed law; legem perferre, carrying a law (i. e. a 
 bill), causing it to be passed, adopted by the people. — Of the 
 assembled people it is said, Legem sciscere, approving of 
 it by majority of votes; antiquare, voting that it shall re- 
 main with things as it has been, i. e. rejecting the bill; ju- 
 bere, ordaining the senate to confirm or approve of the de- 
 "cree of the people, so that the law may have universally 
 binding power. Considered as decree of the people, the law 
 was called Populiscitum, if the centuries of the whole 
 people approved of it; Plebiscitum, if the tribes of the 
 plebs approved of it, see 321. M. Duilius, tribunus plebis, 
 plebem rogavit, plebesque s civ it : Qui plebem sine tribu- 
 nis reliquisset, tergo ac capite puniretur. Liv. — Of the sen- 
 ate or consults, Legem sane ire, confirming a law, making 
 it sacred and inviolable, sanctioning it, on account of which 
 they were preserved in the state archives in the temple of 
 Saturn; promulgare (promulgating it), making it publicly 
 known, which was done before the rogation in the comitice, 
 for three market-days (per trinundinum), by placarding it 
 25 
 
290 630. Libare. 632. Liberi. 
 
 publicly somewhere ; fig ere, placarding it by the senate for 
 general observance, after it had been approved of. — Legem 
 irrogare alicui, asking for a law or resolve against some 
 one at the hands of the people; Legem imponere ali- 
 cui, imposing a law for observance upon some one. 
 
 630.- Libare, Gustare ; Litare, Perlitare, Sacrificare, 
 Parentare. Libare (leo, levi, in delere, 330.), wetting 
 only the lips on the surface of some liquid, and generally 
 touching but slightly the surface of a thing : Apes flumina 
 lib ant summa. Virg. Gus t are, 385, tasting : Ubi immo- 
 latur, exta prcegusto Deum, et matronarum casta delibo 
 oscula. Phsedr., of the fly. — Libare, pouring off the upper- 
 most and first part of a liquid in honor of a deity, and dedi- 
 cating it to it. The Romans tasted nothing without first con- 
 secrating part of it to the gods ; for them a little wine was 
 first poured on the table, and at sacrifices, first on the head 
 of the victim (libatio prima), and afterwards on the burning 
 pieces {libatio secunda) : Et summas carpens media inter 
 cornua setas, ignibus imponit sacris, libamina prima, Virg. 
 Litare, sacrificing successfully; Perlitare, receiving 
 happy omina throughout from the sacrifice : Ea omnia sacri- 
 jflcia Iceta fuerunt, primisque hostiis perlitatum est. Liv. 
 Sacrificare, sacrificing, celebrating a sacrifice, and offer- 
 ing the sacrifice solemnly to the gods : Turn Jupiter faciat, 
 ut semper sacrificem, nee unquam litem. Plaut. Pa- 
 rentare, sacrificing to parents and relations on their tombs : 
 Hostia maxima parentare, pietati est adjunctum. Cic. 
 
 631. Libertas, Licentia, Immunitas. Libert as, 554, 
 the freedom of doing and saying what one likes, without being 
 limited from without ; Li centi a, the want of restraint, if we 
 follow our appetites without bridle, licentiousness : Amo vere- 
 cundiam ; tu libertatem loquendi. Cic. Libertas est 
 potestas vivendi, ut velis. Id. Deteriores omnes sumus li- 
 centia. Ter. Immunitas, freedom from services and 
 taxes by law, immunity : Druides militice vacationem omnium- 
 que rerum habent immunit at em. Cses. 
 
 632. Liberi, Nati, Filii; Filius familias. Libert, 
 freemen, children of freemen (the idea of freedom by birth), 
 opp. Servi, Vernm ; Nati, issue, the children, inasmuch as 
 they are issue of their parents; Filii, sons (the daughters 
 included), with reference to their nearest descent from their 
 parents or family. Hence, Liberi legitimi, illegitimi ; but 
 as to talent, Peducceus reliquit ejfigiem humanitatis et probi- 
 
633. Liberties. 636. Licere. 291 
 
 tatis sua f ilium. Cic. Terra filius. Id. Caritas, qua 
 est inter natos et parentes. Id. Filius familias, a son 
 under age, who yet stands under parental authority : Ilium 
 f ilium familias, patre parco ac tenaci, habere devinctum 
 non potes. Cic. 
 
 633. Libertus, Libertinus. Libertus, a freed man, 
 i. e. manumitted slave, one with whom the act of manumis- 
 sion {manu missio ) had been performed ; Libertinus, be- 
 longing to the kind of the liberti, a freed man, with reference 
 to his present condition. Up to the fifth year, the children 
 of the manumissi were called Libertini ; their grandchil- 
 dren, Ingenui (free-born), 554. Afterwards, the manu- 
 mitted man was called Libertus, as such, e. g. Phadrus, 
 Augusti libertus ; but in reference to their present condi- 
 tion, Libertinus, and their children Ingenui. Under the 
 emperors, however, the Liberti became perfect freemen or 
 Ingenui, see Suet. Claud. 24. Trebonius heredem fecit 
 suum liber turn. Equiti Romano libertinus sit homo 
 heres? Cic. Me libertino patre natum, Horace calls 
 himself, as the son of a manumitted slave. 
 
 634. Libra, Statera, Trutina, Lanx. Libra, the 
 pound, and the balance with two scales : Critolaus in alteram 
 libra lane em animi bona imponit, in alteram corporis. 
 Cic. Statera, the balance, inasmuch as by it one body is 
 placed in equilibrium with another, generally the steelyard ; 
 Trutina, properly the hole in which the tongue of the bal- 
 ance plays, and the balance in general, in as far as it indi- 
 cates that which is equal or not : Hac non aurificis stater a, 
 sed quadam populari t rut in a examinantur. Cic. Lanx, 
 the scale of the balance. 
 
 635. Libum, Placenta. Libum, a small thick cake, in 
 form of a loaf, a bun, customary in sacrifices ; Placenta, 
 a thin, flat cake: Sacerdotis lib a recuso ; pane egeo, jam 
 mellitis potior e placentis. Hor. 
 
 636. Licere, Liceri, Licitari ; Licet, Fas est, Libet. 
 Licere, being permitted, and being venal for some price ; 
 Liceri, deponens, bidding for something ; Licitari, doing 
 the same repeatedly and with zeal : Omnia venibunt, quiqui 
 licebunt, prasenti pecunia. Plaut. Dumnorige licente 
 contra liceri audet nemo. Caes. Quum arma habeatis, li- 
 citamini hostium capita. Curt., putting a price upon it. — 
 Licet, it is permitted (to our will) ; Fas est, 596, it is le- 
 gally permitted: Licere id dicimus, quod legibus, quod 
 
292 
 
 637. Ligare. 639. Ligo. 
 
 
 more majorum institutisque conceditur. Cic. Clodium nihil 
 delectabat, quod aut per naturam fas esset, aut per leges 
 liceret. Id. Libet, it is the pleasure, used of things to do 
 which we feel inclination : Non lubet mild deplorare vitam. 
 Cic, I do not like, do not wish to, &c. 
 
 637. Ligare, Viere, Vincire, Nectere, Nexare ; Nex- 
 us, Nexum, Mancipium. Ligare, binding, winding a band 
 round that which may be separated, that it may not separate, 
 e. g. vuhiera, bandaging; vitta ligare crines ; Viere, 
 tying tightly, lashing fast : Serunda vimina, ut habeas, wide 
 viendo quid facias, ut sirpeas, crates, Varr. Vincire, 
 binding, fettering, keeping firm that which resists : Catenis 
 vine turn trahere. Cses. Ne ctere, knotting, entwining flex- 
 ible bodies, and stringing them to one another : fores, coro- 
 nam: Deducit aranea filum, quum leve nee tit opus. Ovid. 
 Nexare, the same, with increased force of expression, 
 expressing greater exertion : Serpentem retentat nexan- 
 tern nodis, seque in sua membra plicantem. Virg. — Nex- 
 us, us, the rightful, legal junction, and Nexum, a pos- 
 session, to which, by contract, we have a right, without being 
 able to consider it as our property, e. g. a mortgage, pledge ; 
 hence the legal obligation of the seller to furnish guaranty , 
 Mancipium, the solemn buying in presence of five wit- 
 nesses, and the right of property thus obtained ; a possession 
 with perfect right of ownership, fee simple : Attici proprium 
 te esse scribis mancipio et nexo, meum autem usu et 
 fructu. Cic. 
 
 638. Lignum, Materia, Sarmentum. Lignum, wood, 
 according to its nature, the substance, the firm, inanimate 
 body called wood : Olim truncus eram, inutile lignum. Hor. 
 Materia, wood, as useful substance, and also as fresh, green 
 wood: Omnis materia et culta et silvestris partim ad cale- 
 faciendum, partim ad cedifcandum. Cic. Sarmentum^ 
 brushwood, copse : Galli sarmentis virgultisque fossas 
 Romanorum complent. Caes., with stiff branches and thin 
 switches. 
 
 639. Ligo, Marra, Rastrum, Bidens, Sarculum, Pas- 
 tinum. Ligo, a long hoe with a curved iron, widening 
 toward the edge: Longis pur gar e ligonibus arva. Ovid. 
 Marra, a hoe used for hoeing the vineyard or other fields, 
 with a curved iron, ending in a point of a triangle; Ras- 
 trum,a. mattock with one or several teeth, to sever the glebes, 
 or similar work; hence, also, Bidens (the double-tooth) 
 
640. Limbics. 642. Liquor. 293 
 
 and Sarculum, inasmuch as it is used for breaking the 
 ground and weeding : Rastri, quibus dentatis eradunt ter- 
 rain atque eruunt. Varr. Rastri quadridentes. Cato. Sine 
 hove montancB gentes sarculis arant. Plin. P astinum, 
 vineyard hoe, with two teeth, distinguished by longer and 
 stronger teeth, used by the vigneroles : Pastinum vocant 
 ferramentum bifurcum, quo semina panguntur ; unde repasti- 
 nari dictce vince, qua refodiebantur. Colum. 
 
 640. Limbus, Fimbria, Instita. Limb us, a stripe woven 
 in, around the bottom of a dress ; Fimbria, the fibred seam, 
 fringes ; Instita, the full trimming, the flounce sewn on 
 women's gowns: Indutus clilamydem Tyriam, quam limbus 
 obibat aureus. Ovid. Mappa laticlavia, fimbriis, hinc 
 atque illinc pendentibus. Petron. Qucequce tegis medios, in- 
 stita longa, pedes. Ovid. 
 
 641. Linquere, Re — Derelinquere, Deserere, De- 
 stituere, Deesse, Prodere. Linquere, leaving: Mari- 
 us, linquens earn terram, quam servaverat. Cic. Re lin- 
 quere, leaving behind, leaving (by testament), leaving (a 
 rest of the whole) : testamento heredem. Cic. Multis non 
 mo do granum nullum, sed ne palce quidem ex annuo labor e 
 r elinqueb antur. Id. Derelinquere, going away from 
 something and leaving it behind, without taking further notice 
 of it, neglecting, disregarding it; Deserere, separating one's 
 self from something, which precedes the action of abandon- 
 ing : Omnes me amici deserunt. Ter. Accidit, ut per- 
 multi aratores agros fertiles desererent totasque arationes 
 derelinquerent. Cic, deserting. Destituere, placing 
 as destitute, placing bare, i. e. exposed, exposing : Palus 
 destitutus est in foro. Gell. Multitudo defensor es suos 
 in prcecipitem locum favore tollit, deinde in ipso discrimine 
 periculi destituit. Liv. Deesse alicui, 3, not existing 
 for some one, i. e. denying one's services to one : Vitupera- 
 bor, quod rei publicce defuerim tarn gravi tempore. Cic. 
 Prodere (giving forth), giving up, giving up to danger, 
 betraying : conscios facinoris. Cic. 
 
 642. Liquor, Latex, Succus ; Liquidus, Limpidus, Pu- 
 rus; Liquet, Constat, Stat. Liquor, a liquid: Abun- 
 dabit Jluidus liquor. Virg. Latex (laraS), that which 
 makes wet (the wet, if we could say so) : Latices manare 
 perennes. LucreU Liber liquor is vitigeni laticem mor- 
 talibus instituit. Id. Su c cus, also 5 ucus, juice, the liquid 
 in the animal body which promotes its strength and growth : 
 
 25* 
 
294 643. Litera. 645. Locare. 
 
 Amisimus omnem sue cum ac sanguinem. Cic. — Liquidus, 
 liquid, undisturbed, pure or clear : Ignis liquidum facit as 
 aurumque resolvit. Lucret. Vox liquid a. Hor., clear and 
 soft, without impure and hard tones. Limpidus (lympha), 
 limpid, clear and transparent, indicates a higher degree of 
 clearness, also of liquids : Limits quum habuerit quo subsidat, 
 limpidior aqua Jlet. Vitruv. Purus, pure, without for- 
 eign addition, spotless, unsoiled : Puree rivus aqua. Hor. 
 Pur a mente atque integra, nullo scelere imbutus. Cic. — 
 Liquet, it is clear ; of things which one understands at once : 
 Id, de quo Pancetio non liquet, reliquis soils luce videtur 
 clarius. Cic. Constat, it is settled, as result of several 
 trials or experiments, or according to the equal opinion of the 
 experienced: Perspicuum est const at que inter omnes, esse 
 deos. Cic. Mihi quidem constat, nee meam contumeliam, nee 
 meorum ferre. Id., I am settled in my mind, I am resolved. 
 Stat, it is firmly resolved, it is the firm purpose : Stat sen- 
 teniia. Ter. 
 
 643. LlTERJE, HUMANITAS, LiTERATURA, ErUDITIO. \Lt- 
 
 tera, 394, the learned, scientific cultivation, as result of 
 learned study ; Hum an it as, the more delicate cultivation, 
 which is the result of familiar knowledge of the poets, orators, 
 and historians, and the effect of which is taste and cultivated 
 sentiment: Communium liter arum et politioris humanita- 
 tis expers. Cic. Literatura, elementary knowledge, the 
 first instruction in language: Prima ilia literatura, per 
 quam pueris elementa traduntur. Senec. Eruditio, 367, 
 learnedness, as comprehensive, extensive science : Praclara 
 eruditione atque do carina instructus. Cic. 
 
 644. Litus, Ora, Acta, Ripa. Litus, the shore or 
 bank, inasmuch as it protects the firm land against the inroads 
 of the water, the seashore : Timebam Oceanum, timebam 
 litus insula (Britannia). Cic, and the banks of a river: 
 Hostias constituit in litore,ut qui trans jlumen essent, vi- 
 dere possent. Id. Ora, the seashore, considered from the 
 land, as the rim and border to which it extends : Tribuni 
 dextrorsus maritimam or am atque Antium pergunt. Liv. 
 Acta (dxTr)), a littoral country extending into the sea, which 
 affords a distant view and charming residence, as near Syra- 
 cuse, a foreland ; Ripa, the shore, as a rim, border, or edge, 
 limiting, elevated and extending longitudinally, as along rivers 
 and brooks : Magni Jluminis ripa. Cic. 
 
 645. Locare, Elocare, Conducere. Lo car e, properly, 
 
646. Loculi. 648. Longus. 295 
 
 placing a thing at a certain spot ; letting a thing, farming it 
 out ; Elocare, letting out a farm, so that the farmer has the 
 thing for entire free use, e. g. fundum : Locus est, ubi loca- 
 tion quid est. Varr. Virginem locare cuiquam. Plaut. Ver- 
 ves majore pecunia quatuor columnas dealbandas, quam ille 
 omnes adificajidas locavit. Cic. Conducere, hiring, farm- 
 ing, undertaking to restore something for a price agreed upon, 
 by contract: Codius conduxit in Palatio, non magno, do- 
 mum. Cic. Redemtor columnam illarn de Torquato con- 
 luxerat faciendam. Id. 
 
 646. Loculi, Marsupium, Crumena, Pera, Mantica. 
 Loculi, a little chest for money and ornaments, with divi- 
 sions inside: Gemma, loculis qua custoditur eburnis. Ju- 
 venal. Marsupium, a leathern money-bag, to put like a 
 girdle round the loins ; otherwise, Zona, Cingulum, 202 : Il- 
 ia piscina potius marsupium domini exinaniunt, quam 
 implent. Varr. Zona se aureorum plena circumdedit. Suet. 
 Crumena and Crumina, a purse for common expenses, 
 worn round the neck: Homo cruminam sibi de collo de- 
 trahit, minas viginti mihi dat. Piaut. Pera, a leathern 
 travelling-bag, which hung down from the shoulders to the 
 thighs, or w T as carried on the neck; Mantica, a saddle-bag, 
 portmanteau: Mantica cui lumbos oner e ulcer et. Hor. 
 
 647. Locus, Loci, Loca; Ordo. Locus, the place, 
 which contains something, or where something is placed ; 
 plural, Loci, certain places; Loca, place in general, coun- 
 tries, regions : Cenomani, ubi nunc Brixia ac Verona urbes 
 sunt {locos tenuere Libui) considunt. Liv. Iter per agros 
 et loca sola faciebat. Cic. — Locus, the place, standing, 
 rank, class, to which one belongs, or which one occupies : 
 Summo, haud obscuro, infimo loco natus. Cic. Ordo, or- 
 der, a well arranged line according to certain relations : 
 hence, a class of citizens in a state, as in Rome the three 
 estates or orders, Ordo senatorius, equester, plebeius. The 
 ordo in which a citizen had his place gave him his rank. 
 locus: Princeps legationis adeptus est or din em senato- 
 rium. Cic. 
 
 648. Longus, Longinquus ; Longe, Procul, Eminus. 
 Longus, long, in space and time, e. g. navis, iter, epistola, 
 nox ; Longinquus (for longlcus V, 2.), stretching far out 
 in length, far distant, and wearisome : Ea, qua in longin- 
 quis nationibus geruntur, ignoratis. Cic, remote. Lon- 
 g in quam oppugnationem sustinere non posse. Cses. — Lon- 
 
296 
 
 649. Lorica. 651. Luctari. 
 
 
 ge, long, far, designates the proportion to other shorter ex- 
 tents : Domus a foro longe abest. Cic. Procul (pro- 
 o cuius), distant, the line from the beginning of the line of 
 vision to its termination : Perseus in conspectu patris procul 
 constitit. Liv. E minus (mince, see 230.), from a distance, 
 the aim or distance of shooting: Utrimque e minus fundis, 
 sagittis, reliquisque telis pugnabatur. Cses. 
 
 649. Lorica, Thorax. Lorica, a cuirass, reaching 
 down to the girdle: Lorica, quod e I or is de corio crudo 
 pectorialia faciebant ; postea ex annulis ferream tunicam. 
 Varr., also a bulwark of besieged soldiers : Turres contabu- 
 lantur, pinnae loricce que ex cratibus attexuntur. Cses. Tli o- 
 rax, every covering of the breast, especially the plate of 
 bronze, which the soldiers wore on the breast, to do the ser- 
 vice of a cuirass: Hasta volans thoraca simul cum pectore 
 rumpit. Virg. 
 
 650. Lucrum, Qu^stus, Commodum, Compendium, Emo- 
 lumentum (Emolimentum). Lucrum, the gain, that which 
 we obtain by attentive management of favorable opportuni- 
 ties, good luck, chances, and savings : Quern sors dierum 
 cunque dabit, lucro appone. Hor. Qucestus, the gain or 
 profit which we have sought for, i. e. meant to make, wages, 
 &c, e. g. mercenariorum : In mercatu ludorum alii emendi 
 aut vendendi qucestu et lucro ducuntur. Cic. Commo- 
 dum, 149, the advantage, which one has above others, e. g. 
 in an office: Tribunatus commoda, demto labor e militice, 
 contemsisti. Cic. Si quid factum dicetur alicujus retinendi, 
 augendi, adipiscendive commodi causa. Id. Compendi- 
 um, profit, the saving produced by careful management, opp. 
 dispendium, loss in weight, loss : Cut homini dii propitii 
 sunt, aliquid objiciunt lucri: nam ego hodie compendi 
 feci linos panes in dies. Plaut. Emolumentum (molere) , 
 the advantage, use which we make of a thing in using it : 
 Nusquamnec opera sine emolumento, nee emolumentum 
 ferme sine impensa opera est. Liv, Emolimentum (mo- 
 liri), is something that is connected with much labor and ex- 
 ertion, the trouble, difficulty : Neque se exercitum sine magna 
 commeatu atque emolimento in unum locum controller o 
 posse. Cses. 
 
 651. Luctari, Contendere. Luctari, ringing with an- 
 other, striving to throw another to the ground by clasping the 
 arms around him, despite of his resistance : Nondum satis 
 viriumhabes ut ego tecum luctari et congredi debeam. Cic, 
 
652. Ludere. 654. Lumen. 297 
 
 hence endeavouring to overcome difficulties with great exer- 
 tion, struggling against, with : Non luctabor tecum amplius. 
 Id. Contendere, 269, endeavouring, measuring one's self 
 with another in a struggle : Prcdio equestri inter duas acies 
 contendebatur. Cses. Contra vim gravitatemque morbi 
 contendit. Cic. 
 
 652. Ludere, Illudere, Ludificari. hud ere, playing: 
 far impar. Hor., making game, fun of another : aliquem 
 dolis. Ter. Illudere, making play, game of another, and 
 making him the subject of one's wanton sport, inasmuch as 
 he is the object of the game or sport: Certant illudere 
 capo. Virg. Ego te pro isiis dictis etfactis ulciscar probe, 
 ne impune nos illuseris. Ter. Ludificare, making 
 another the game; Ludificari, misleading another as to 
 myself, if, by cunning, I deceive him as to myself, and thus 
 frustrate his intentions or plans : Jugurtha belli modo, modo 
 pads mora consulem ludificabat. Sail., mystifying. Tac* 
 farinas irritum fessumque Romanum impune ludificaba- 
 tur. Tac. 
 
 653. Luere, Pcenas dare. Luere, washing off the guilt 
 of an offence by suffering^punishment, suffering for an offence ; 
 Poznas dare, undergoing punishment, as criminal, inas- 
 much as the aggrieved individual thus obtains revenge (as if 
 we were to say, affording punishment, granting to the other 
 his revenge) : Quod piaculum commiserunt, suo sanguine et 
 publica clade luunt. Liv. In facinore depreliensus, pcenas 
 legibus et judicio dedit. Cic. 
 
 654. Lumen, Lux, Jubar. Lumen, light, as illuminating 
 substance, substance of light, as it appears in bodies which 
 shed light; Lux, light, as contradistinguished from darkness, 
 lightness (if we might say so ; what in German is expressed 
 by Helle), the mass of light which emanates from an efful- 
 gent body, by which the surrounding objects become visible ; 
 hence, daylight: Solis lumine luna collustrari putatur. 
 Cic. Nicias pictor lumen et umbras custodivit, ut emine- 
 rent e tabulis picturce. Piin. Obscuratur et offunditur luce 
 solis lumen lucernce. Cic. Luna lucet luce aliena. Id., 
 hence great men and important cities are called Lumina, 
 as beaming lights; Luces, inasmuch as they give comfort, 
 protection, salvation, similar to joyful and vivifying light of 
 the day : Corinthus, totius Gratia lumen. Cic. Roma, 
 lux orbis terrarum atque arx omnium gentium. Id. Jubar 
 (from juba, properly, the morning star), the effulgent bright- 
 
298 655. Luridus. 658. Mactare. 
 
 ness of the heavenly bodies, poetical : Nitidum jubar extu- 
 lit undis Lucifer. Ovid. 
 
 655. Luridus, Lividus, Pallidus. Luridus (lorum), 
 pale, like death ; used of the highest degree of paleness 
 (properly, like uncurried leather) : Fugit juventas et color 
 reliquit ossa pelle amicta lurid a. Hor. Lividus, 579, 
 lead-color; hence, jealous: Livid a gestat armis brachia. 
 Hor. Pallidus, pale, pallid: Membra sunt cera palli- 
 diora nova. Ovid. 
 
 656. Luxus, Luxuria. Luxus (luere, luxum, solving) 
 dissipation, immoderate waste in furniture, dress, food, as the 
 state of the individual; Luxuria, Luxuries, disposition to 
 splendor and delicate sensual enjoyments, voluptuousness, 
 dissipation, as the quality of the individual : Domus regali 
 splendida luxu instruitur. Virg. Luxu atque desidia ci- 
 vitas corrupta est. Sail. Turpe est diffluere luxuria et 
 delicate ac molliter vivere. Cic. 
 
 657. Lyra, Cithara, Barbitos. Lyra, the lyre, made 
 of a turtle-shell covered with leather, and two arms attached 
 to this body, and united by a yoke or saddle, so that its seven 
 chords, as those of a harp, were played with the hand : At 
 tu, inventor curvce Jidis, septena putaris, Pleiadum numerum, 
 fila dedisse lyrce. Ovid., i. e. Mercurius. Cithara, orig- 
 inally likewise a turtle-shell covered over with a skin (hence, 
 also, Testudo, Chelys), on which there were four chords strung 
 over a bridge ; their tone was modified with the left hand, 
 while the right hand played the tune, as we do with the guitar. 
 Barbitos, the lute, differing from the cithara in its deeper 
 tone and more numerous strings ; originally it had but three. 
 
 M. 
 
 658. Mactare, Immolare ; Macte, Euge. Mactare 
 (mactus), magnifying a deity by a sacrifice of animals, cele- 
 brating, glorifying it : Puerorum extis deos manes mactare 
 soles. Cic; hence, Ferunt laudibus, m act ant honoribus. 
 Id., and making of something a sacrifice of blood and atone- 
 ment, slaughtering: M act ant lectas de more bidentes Ce- 
 reri patrique LycBo. Virg. Perfidos et ruptores pads ultioni 
 et glorice mactandos. Tac. Immolare, strewing the 
 meal of sacrifice on the head of the doomed animal, and thus 
 
659. Magis. 660. Magnus. 299 
 
 consecrating it to a deity, after which it was slaughtered ; 
 the sacred meal (mola salsa), consisting of far, a sort of 
 wheat, and salt, was prepared by the priestesses of Vesta ; 
 hence, sacrifices in general, e. g. hostias : Immanis ac bar- 
 bar a consuetudo hominum immolandorum. Cic. — Made 
 (Vocative of mdgere, mactum, inus.), be praised as happy ! 
 (be blessed !) an exclamation directed to the deity during 
 sacrifices, and a formula of well-wishing in praising a person : 
 Jupiter, macte fercto esto ! Cato. Made virtute ! Cic. 
 Madi virtute, milites, este ! Liv. Eugef exclamation of 
 joy : Euge, jam lepidus vocor. Ter. [Macte, the same root 
 with magan, old high German, making more, great.] 
 
 659. Magis, Plus, Amplius ; Maximi ^stimahe, Plu- 
 rimi jestimare, facere. Magis, obsolete Mage (ma- 
 ger e, 658.), more, of intensity, and in the sense of strength- 
 ening the meaning, stands with reference to qualities and 
 conditions; Plus, more, according to measure, is used of 
 quantitative magnitudes, in reference to plurality, mass, in 
 short, every thing which can be measured or increased, where 
 in the positive multum would be used ; Amplius, more, still 
 more, according to space and time, of extensive magnitudes, 
 refers to circumference, extension, and duration : Nil videtur 
 mundius, nee magis compositum quicquam, nee magis ele- 
 gans. Ter. Romce plus triduo fuit. Cic. Virtus plus 
 prqficit ad misericordiam commovendam. Id. Amplius 
 sunt sex menses. Id. — Maximi astimare, esteem the 
 highest, very highly, designates the value of itself, incapable 
 of still greater increase; Plurimi astimare, facere, 
 esteem the highest, designating the preference of the esteemed 
 subject before others : Est hominis magni atque sapientis, 
 maximi astimare conscientiam mentis suce. Cic. He- 
 phastionem unum Alexander plurimi fecer at. Nep. 
 
 660. Magnus, Ingens, Grandis, Amplus, Procerus, 
 Vastus, Enormis ; Major, Major natu, Grandis natu ; 
 Magnitudo, Amplitudo, Majestas, Magnificentia. Mag- 
 nus (magere, 658., XI, 1,), large, great, in general, with 
 reference to extension and power, e. g. acervus, ingenium ; 
 Ingens (going beyond all of the same gens, that is, of the 
 same kind), uncommonly, very, exceedingly large : De ge- 
 nere omni maxuma quce vidit quisque, hcec ingentia fingit. 
 Lucret. Ingenium ingens. Hor. Grandis, large, ac- 
 cording to growth or cubic capacity, that is, bulk : Grandia 
 mandavimus hordea sulcis. Virg., large grains. Grandem 
 
300 661. Malus. 
 
 orationem pro Tonga dicimus. Cic. Ampins, wide, spacious, 
 large, according to external circumference and capaciousness 
 within, e. g. domus ; theatrum magnitudine amplissimum. 
 Cic. In amplissima civitate, amplissimo loco natus. 
 Id. Procerus, 64, tall, large, as to height, and slender, 
 very high, very tall, e. g. alnus, populus ; Vastus, im- 
 mensely large, used of largeness which creates fear, horror, 
 unpleasant feeling : Belua v asta et immanis. Cic. Vastus 
 homo atque fcedus. Id., colossal, clumsily shapen. In vultu 
 moiuque corporis vastus atque agrestis. Id., clumsy, clown- 
 ish. Enormis, irregular, beyond measure large, huge ; 
 met with only in later writers, e. g. hasta : Statura fait emi- 
 nenti, corpore en or mi. Suet, i. e. quod justam staturam 
 cxcederet. — Major, the eldest of sons and brothers, in con- 
 tradistinction to the later born, e. g. Balbus minor, major. 
 Cic. Major natu, he who stands in higher years, older: 
 Aliquot annis major natu; Ennius fuit major natu, 
 quam Plautus et Ncevius. Cic. Grandis natu, old, of 
 advanced age: Grandes natu matres. Cic. — Magni- 
 tudo, the magnitude, that is, extent or extension of whatever 
 the subject may be, e. g. mundi, ceris alieni, animi. Am- 
 plitude o, imposing magnitude, by its circumference (vast- 
 ness) or elevation (height): Egregia corporis amplitudo 
 et species. Suet. Amplitudo est potentice, aut majestatis, 
 aut aliquarum copiarum magna abundaniia. Cic. Majes- 
 tas, elevation, greatness of elevated, dignified subjects, sub- 
 jects worthy of our fullest consideration : Majestas est am- 
 plitudo ac dignitas civitatis. Cic. Ea amplitudo Jovis 
 templi, qua ipsius etiam loci maj estate esset digna. Liv. 
 Magnificentia, the greatness and elevation of character 
 in our mode of thinking, acting, and arrangements : verborum, 
 cedium regiarum, epularum: Magnificentia est rerum 
 magnarum et excelsarum cum animi ampla quadam et splen- 
 dida propositione agitatio atque administrate. Cic. 
 
 661. Malus, Malignus, Malitiosus, Improbus, Pra- 
 vus, Nequam ; Malum, Calamitas, Infortunium, Miseria. 
 Malus, bad, wicked, physically and morally, e. g. vinum, 
 animus, consuetudo ; Malignus, malign, ill-disposed, unfa- 
 vorable, grudging, opp. benignus, e. g. oculi, suspicio : Mili- 
 tum ira ex malignitate prcedce partita. Liv. Maliti- 
 osus, malicious, disposed to hurt in a crafty manner, taking 
 satisfaction in thus hurting : Ma litiosa juris interpretation 
 Cic. Improbus, that which does not hold the proof, test, 
 
662. Mandare. 301 
 
 e. g. merces ; in general that which, according to universal- 
 opinion, cannot be approved, unjust, flagitious, criminal : Im- 
 proborum facta insequitur accusator, turn judex. Cic. 
 Minister improbissimce crudelitatis. Id. Prdvus, that 
 which is mis-bent, crippled, e. g. membrum ; Jumenta prava 
 atque deformia. Cses., deviating irregularly from the rule, 
 bad as to form: Interest inter rectum et pravum. Cic. 
 Prava adolescentium consilia. Cees. Catilina fuit ingenio 
 malo pravoque. Sail., of innate vicious character, to which 
 he remained faithful in his mode of action. Pravus signi- 
 fies what we express in many cases by vicious, when it does 
 not designate full of vice, but a high degree of deviation from 
 the norma, evil. Nequam, one who is fit for nothing, a 
 good-for-nothing, opp. frugi, 474. Nequam non malum 
 significat, sed inutilem. Vel. Long. — Malum, evil of every 
 kind, inasmuch as it is felt or inflicted, evil, misfortune ; Ca- 
 I a mi t as, 296, properly, injury done by season or weather, 
 a misfortune connected with great injury and loss, a calamity : 
 Locus ex calamitate populi Romani et internecione exer- 
 citus nomen capit. Cses. Infortunium, the misfortune in- 
 flicted by fate, hence unavoidable : Ni paret patri filius, 
 habiturus est infortunium. Liv. Miseria, misery, 
 affliction, the effect of great and enduring evil, which makes 
 us feel unhappy: In miseria esse. Cic, but in malis 
 esse, is being in misfortune, e. g. in poverty, disease, perse- 
 cution, &c, by which the miseria is caused. 
 
 662. Mandare, Jubere, Imperare, Pr^icipere. Man- 
 dare, 385, giving a charge, a commission with the plainest 
 possible words (perhaps just as the Germans have the ein- 
 kauen, in this sense, chewing the subject into small particles, 
 and thus making it plain) ; ordering, commanding something 
 to be done : Ccesar Labieno m and at, Belgas adeat atque in 
 officio contineat. Caes. Diem memories mandare. Cic. Ju- 
 bere, ordaining lawfully, in virtue of law, because it is right, 
 or because we have a right: Lex jubet ea, qua facienda 
 sunt. Cic. Legem populus Romanus jus sit de civitate tri- 
 buenda. Id. Imperare, ordain from authority, the plenitude 
 of power, with supreme power and irresistibly, for absolute 
 observance of the order or command : Qui bene imperat 
 paruerit aliquando necesse est. Cic. Quod jussus sum, 
 eo tempore atque ita feci, ut appareret, invito i mp era turn 
 esse. Id. Prcecipere, 553, to prescribe, which one ma) 
 do who has neither power nor the right to do it : Mud 
 26 
 
302 663. Manere. 665. Manus. 
 
 prcecipiendum fuit, ut diligeritiam adhiberemus in ami- 
 citiis comparandis. Cic. 
 
 663. Manere, Remanere, Commorari, Habitare, Co- 
 lere, Incolere ; Permanere, Perseverare, Persistere, 
 Perstare. Man ere, remaining, not leaving a place, and 
 in general not changing the condition: Manere in patria, 
 in officio ; Remanere, remaining behind, if others leave the 
 place : Qui per cansam valetudinis remanserunt. Cses. 
 Commorari, tarrying at a place ; remaining, of longer du- 
 ration ; Habitare, dwelling, living at a place, having it for 
 permanent residence ; Co mm or audi natura deversorium 
 nobis, non habitandi dedit. Cic. Col ere, 30, to inhabit 
 a place, inasmuch as we cultivate it, or have our calling there : 
 Volca co hint circa utramque rip am Rhodani. Cses. In- 
 colere, 544, having one's customary residence in a place or 
 country, being at home there. — Permanere, remaining 
 with something, not changing in the least one's condition for 
 a certain period; Persev erare, persevering in a thing with 
 firmness in one's purpose, aespite of obstacles, difficulties, and 
 external resistance ; continuing in a subject without paying 
 attention to disturbances : Athenis jam ille mos a Cecrope 
 permansit. Cic. Egregie ad ultimum in audacter com- 
 misso certamine per sever avit. Liv. Insipieniis est, in 
 errore perseverare. Cic. Persistere, persisting in 
 something, in passion, obstinacy (Perseverare, from prin- 
 ciple, and with conviction) ; Perstare, standing firm, per- 
 severing in something, by no means deviating from it, or giv- 
 ing it up ; it is the consequence of persistere : Pertinacissi- 
 mus fueris, si in eo perstiteris, ad corpus ea, qua dixi, 
 referre. Cic. P erst at in sententia Saturius. Id. 
 
 664. Mantele, Mappa. Mantele, M ant tie, M ante- 
 Hum, a cloth of linen, and like fustian, as towel and napkin ; 
 Mappa, the proper napkin, shorter than the mantele, which 
 the host furnished ; the mappa was brought by the guest : 
 Attulerat mappam nemo, dum furta timentur : man tile e 
 mensa surripit Hermogenes. Martial. 
 
 665. Manus, Palma, Pugnus, Vola ; Manus ferrea, 
 Harpago. Manus, the hand, inasmuch as it can grasp 
 something with the fingers, and can perform something with 
 them; manum, manus conserere, to come to strokes, to 
 fight man to man; Palma, the palm, the inner surface of 
 the hand, if stretched out; Pugnus, the fist: Zeno quum 
 compresserat digitos pugnumque fecera 1 , dialecticam aiebat, 
 
666. Mare. 668. Margo. 303 
 
 quxirn aid em didiixerat et man urn dilator at, pal ma illius 
 similem eloquentiam esse dicebat. Cic. Vol a, the hollow 
 hand, also the hollow, vault of the foot, the bending of the 
 sole of the foot. — Manus ferrea, an iron hook fastened to 
 a chain; Harp a go, a bar or pole with an iron hook fast- 
 ened to a chain ; both used for entering vessels: Ferrets 
 manibus injeciis naves religaver ant. Cees. Asseres ferreo 
 unco prafxi [harp agones vocant) ex Punicis navibus in- 
 jici in Romanas coepti. Liv. 
 
 666. Mare, Oceanus, Pontus, Pelagus, ./Equor, Salum, 
 Fretum. Mare, the sea, in contradistinction to the conti- 
 nent or land, terra; Oceanus, the ocean, which, according 
 to the ancients, was a vast stream flowing around the earth ; 
 Pontus, the open sea, especially some particular part of the 
 sea, or some particular sea, e. g. the Mediterranean ; but by- 
 way of excellence, the Black Sea was called Pontus, P on- 
 tus Euxinus : Ecce m aris magna claudit nos objice pontus: 
 deest jam terra fug ce. Virg. Pelagus (nskayog), the high 
 sea, depth of the sea, contradistinguished to the sea near the 
 shore: Ut pelagus tenuere rates, nee jam amplius ulla 
 occurrit tellus. Virg. 2Equor, the plain of the sea, the 
 main: Quid tarn planum videtur, quam mar el e quo etiam 
 cequor illud poetce vocant. Cic. Sdlum, the agitated, heav- 
 ing sea: Nee tarn cerumnoso navigavissem salo. Cic. Fre- 
 tum, the roaring sea, pressed between two approaching 
 coasts, the strait ; poetically, also, for a certain sea : zEstus 
 maritimi fret o rum que angustice ortu et obitu lunce commo- 
 ventur. Cic. 
 
 667. Margarita, Unio. Margarita, rarer Marga- 
 ritum {^irxQyuQiTr^), the pearl in general ; Unio, the single 
 pearl, as unique on account of size and beauty : Gignit et 
 Oceanus mar gar it a, sed subfusca et liventia. Tac. Vitel- 
 Hits ex aure matris detractum union em pigneravit ad itine- 
 ris impensas. Suet. 
 
 668. Margo, Ora, Crepido. Mar go , the rim, margin, 
 which limits something, encloses it, e. g. scuti, libri : Flumen 
 per v illam fiuit mar ginibus lapideis. Varr. Ora, 644, 
 the end of a long, thin body, the outermost broad border, 
 where a surface ends: Galli or am extremal silua circumse- 
 derant. Liv. Crepido, the rim as elevated, firm border, 
 enchasing, as protection ; a wall near a river, high road, a 
 high shore : Myoparo usque ad forum, et ad omnes urbis 
 (Syracusarum) crepidines accessit. Cic, dams against the 
 inroads of the sea. 
 
304 669. Mater. 671. Mederi. 
 
 669. Mater, Genitrix. Mater, the mother, who has 
 given birth to children, young ones; Genitrix, antique 
 Genetrix, the genitress, the mother, inasmuch as children 
 or a race descend from her: Geminos mater ipsa inter- 
 nosse non poterat, quce illos pepererat. Plaut. Mater om- 
 nium bonarum rerum est sapientia. Cic. Frugum genitrix. 
 Ovid., i. e. Ceres. Magna deiim genetrix. Virg. 
 
 670. Maturus, Tempestivus, Coctus ; Pr^maturus, 
 Precox. Maturus (meter e, properly, fit to be mown), 
 ripe, of fruits, which have arrived at perfection: Maturis 
 albescit messis aristis. Ovid. Progenies matura militia. 
 Liv. Tempestivus, 257, of fruits, when they have attained 
 the proper age, time for maturity, untimely, somewhat like 
 seasoned: Tempestivos fructus ex bestiis caper e. Cic. 
 Nondum tempestivo ad navigandum mari Siciliam adiit. 
 Id. Coctus, cooked, brought to perfect maturity by the 
 heat of the sun : Poma matura et cocta decidunt. Cic. — 
 Prcematurus, premature, ripe before the proper time, un- 
 timely, e. g. fructus cucumeris ; Prematura mors, hiems. 
 Prazcox, Pracoquis, and Prceco quus, ripening before 
 the time, of fruits which attain to maturity earlier than others 
 of the same species: Pira prcecocia. Colum. 
 
 671. Mederi, Medicare — ri, Sanare, Curare; Medi- 
 cina, Medicamen, Medicamentum, Remedium. Mederi, 
 helping the suffering, or subduing the evil from which he 
 suffers : Fuerunt, qui morbis, alii, qui vulneribus, alii, qui 
 oculis mederentur. Cic. Medicare, strengthening the 
 natural vital power by artificial means, adding it as condiment 
 to something, dying: Semina medicant serentes et nitro 
 prius perfundunt. Virg. Medicare tuos desiste capillos. 
 O^id. Medicari, becoming physician to some one, curing 
 by the application of healing means: Non Dardania medi- 
 cari cuspidis ictum evaluit. Virg. San are, making sound, 
 the effect of mederi and medicari : Pherai Jasonis vomicam 
 sanare medici non potuerunt. Cic. Curare, reestablish- 
 ing health by care and attention : Vomitione canes, purgatione 
 autem alvos ibes Mgyptia cur ant. Cic. — Medicina, sc. 
 ars, the healing art ; sc. res, the healing means, medicine in 
 both its adaptations: An medicina ars non putanda est? 
 Cic. Medicinam adhibere rei publican. Id. Medica- 
 men, a physic, a poison, as medical substance; Medica- 
 mentum, as medical means: Medicamine tacta defluxere 
 coma. Ovid. Si qui medicamentum cuipiam dederit ad 
 
672. Medius. 674. Meminisse. 305 
 
 aquam inter cutem. Cic. Remedium, a remedy, a physic 
 which is effective against a complaint, cures it : Temporibus 
 hibernis ad magnitudinem frigorum sibi remedium com' 
 pararat. Cic. 
 
 672. Medius, Dimidius, Dimidiatus, Dividuus ; Medio- 
 cris, Modicus. Medius, in the middle, at equal distance 
 from both ends of opposite sides or two extremes : Versus 
 (Eque prima, et media, et extrema pars attenditur. Cic. 
 Medium erat in Anco ingenium, et Numce, et Romuli me- 
 ntor . Liv. Medium, the middle, centre : diei, campi. Di- 
 midius, half, the one part of a thing divided in the middle, 
 i. e. equally divided : Luna est major, quam dimidia pars 
 terra. Cic. Dimidium pecunice. Id. Dimidiatus, di- 
 vided by halves, halved: Dimidium est, quod ex dimidi- 
 ato pars altera est. Gell. Exemit ex anno unum dimidia- 
 turn que mensem. Cic. Dividuus, divided, separated, of 
 a permanent state: Candida dividud colla tegente coma. 
 Ovid. — Mediocris, that which holds the mean between 
 two extremes, with the idea of the common, vulgar; not un- 
 like our mean. Modicus, that which is within the proper 
 measure, just right, moderate : Mea pecunia est ad vulgi 
 opinionem mediocris ; ad meam mo die a. Cic. 
 
 673. Membrum, Artus, Articulus. Membrum (mo- 
 ver e), the limb, as movable and essential part of the body: 
 Membrorum, id est, partium corporis, alia propter eorum 
 usum sunt donata, ut manus, crura, pedes, ut ea, quce sunt 
 intus in corpore. Cic. Artu s, the joint, the movable con- 
 nexion of the bones in animal bodies: Artus dicti, quod 
 membra membris artentur. Fest., hence the larger limbs, as 
 limbs united by joints : Ambusti multorum artus vi frigo- 
 ris. Tac. Articulus, the joint in the narrowest sense, in 
 plants the knot, also the single joint between two of these 
 joints: Ipso in articulo, quo jungitur capiti cervix. Liv. 
 Hominis digiti articulo s liabent ternos, pollex binos. 
 Plin. 
 
 674. Meminisse, Reminisci, Recordari. Meminisse, 
 remembering, having received something into one's memory, 
 and not yet having forgotten it: Meminisse est rem com- 
 missam memoricB custodire : at contra scire, est et sua fa- 
 cere quaque, nee ab exemplari pendere. Senec. Reminisci, 
 calling back into the memory , collecting one's mind, thinking 
 of something; Recordari, recalling something in one's 
 mind, and meditating upon it: Memini, quid milxi turn 
 
 26* 
 
306 675. Menda. 677. Mensa. 
 
 suaseris, idque scepe ingemiscens sum recordatus. Cic. 
 Quum in loca aliqua post tempus r ever si sumus, non ipsa ag- 
 noscimus tantum, sed etiam, quce in his fecerintus, r e minis- 
 cimur. Quinctil. 
 
 675. Menda, Mendum, Vitium. Menda, a blemish, 
 spot, which diminishes the proper qualities, e. g. a mole, 
 wart, a short limb; Mendum, such a blemish in general, 
 something faulty : Rara tamen men do fades caret: occule 
 mend as. Ovid. Libri sunt effecti : tantum librariorum 
 menda tolluntur. Cic. Vitium, 40, a fault, by which 
 something becomes defective, spoiled, a deformity or defect : 
 Quod vituperabile est per se ipsum, id eo ipso vitium nomi- 
 natum puto. Cic. Nihil est in parietibus aut in tecto vi- 
 tii. Id. 
 
 676. Mendacium, Falsum, Fictum, Vanum ; Mendacium 
 dicere, Mentiri, Ementiri. Mendacium {mendax, of 
 lying disposition), a lie, a false statement, invented with the 
 intention to deceive: Improbi hominis est, mendacio fal- 
 lere. Cic. Falsum, 427, the falsity, that which is false, the 
 untruth, if something is not that which it appears to be, or if 
 words do not agree with the thing itself: Fama, qua veris 
 adder e fa Is a gaudet, et a minimo sua per mendacia cres- 
 cit. Ovid. Fictum, that which is fictitious; it maybe in- 
 vented also by thoughtlessness, sportiveness, &c. : Fama, tarn 
 ficti pravique tenax, quam nuntia veri. Virg. Vanum, 
 108, that which is empty, vain, without sterling contents, as 
 that which the story-teller, the boastful, &c. say, or he who 
 makes empty promises: Mozrenti vana quadam atque in- 
 ania, falsa spe inductus, pollicebar. Cic. — Mendacium 
 dicere, telling a lie, merely pronouncing it; Mentiri, ly- 
 ing, with thoughtfulness : Dixeram seni mendacium et 
 de hospite et de auro. Plaut. Erat Epaminondas adeo veri- 
 tatis diligens, ut ne joco quidem mentiretur. Nep. — 
 Mentiri rem, lying something, pretending falsely, and giv- 
 ing a false appearance to a thing; Ementiri, stronger,, 
 designates boldly lying, asserting with effrontery something 
 radically untrue : Pullarius auspicium mentiri ausus est. 
 Liv. Mentiris juvenem tinctis capillis. Martial. Vanitas 
 ementiendai stirpis. Liv. 
 
 677. Mensa, Abacus. Men s a, table in general: Ciba- 
 ria apposita in mens am. Cic. Syracusice, mensa. Id. 
 richly covered tables. Abacus, a smaller table for making 
 calculations, for games, drawing mathematical figures ; espe- 
 
 
 
678. Mensura. 681. Merere. 307 
 
 cially a toilet-table, with costly vases, &c. : Abacos ornavit 
 argento auroque ccdato, Cic. 
 
 678. Mensura, Modus, Modulus. Mensura, the meas- 
 ure, as definite proportion of magnitude in a body : Mensu- 
 ra roboris ulnas quinque ler implebat. Ovid. Modus, the 
 measure, by which a magnitude is measured : Modi, quibus 
 metiuntur rura. Varr. Modulus, the stick, the rod with 
 which we measure : Metiri se quemque suo modulo ac pede 
 verum est. Hor. 
 
 679. Mercatura, Commercium ; Mercatus, Nundin-e. 
 Mercatura, trade, traffic, the exchange of commodities, as 
 action of the merchant; Commercium, the business of the 
 merchant, commercial intercourse, the commerce, as the 
 great branch of industry: Cives mercaturas faciebant. 
 Cic. Mare magnum commercia prohibebat. Sail. — 
 Mercatus, the trading with goods as a state, the public sale, 
 a fair; Nundince, the market-day: libitum comitia habe- 
 bant, ibi nunc Jit mercatus. Varr. Cremonce magna pars 
 Italia, stato in eosdem dies mercatu, congregata. Tac. 
 Minucius f arris pretium in trinis nundinis ad assem re- 
 degit. Plin. 
 
 680. Merces, Pretium, Stipendium, Salarium, Pensio. 
 Merces, Gen. cedis (merx, mercari), the agreed wages for 
 services performed, the hire ; in general every compensation, 
 reward, recompense for good or bad deeds: Mercede di- 
 urna conductus. Hor. Operis mercedem negare. Ovid. 
 Pretium, price, as value of a commodity, and as a com- 
 pensation in conformity to the value of a thing : Ager magno 
 pretio coemtus. Cic. Magni pretium certaminis. Ovid. 
 Stipendium, the pay of a soldier, and the military service 
 itself: Stipendium militibus numerare ; Milites, qui jam 
 stipendiis confectis erant, dimisit. Cic. Salarium, a 
 pay in kind, originally in salt, later in other articles of food, 
 and finally in money : Senatorum nobilissimo cicique, sed a 
 re familiari destituto, annua sal aria constituit. Suet. 
 Pensio, the payment: Carthaginienses stipendium plu- 
 ribus pensionibus in multos annos debebant. Liv. 
 
 681. Merere — ri, Dignum esse, De — Promereri. 
 Mer ere, acquiring, earning something: Nee mininum me- 
 ruere (Poetce) decus, ausi celebrare domestica facta. Hor., 
 hence merere stipendia, doing military service ; merere 
 pedibus, equo, serving on foot, on horse ; Mereri, deserving, 
 having a title to reward, or being guilty of something, e. g 
 
308 682. Mergere. 685. Merx. 
 
 laudem, poznam: Mereri derepublica; male mereri de 
 aliquo. Dignum esse, being worthy of, having a claim of 
 reward on account of and proportionate to certain advantages, 
 merits, &c, and being proportionate as reward to these mer- 
 its or recompense, &c. : Dignum esse hospitio, honoribus, 
 exsilio, odio ; and Qui mozror dignus inveniri in calami- 
 tale tanta potest ? Cic. Demereri, obliging another by our 
 merit: Demerendi beneficio tarn potentem civitatem nun- 
 quam par em occasionem dabunt dii. Liv. Promereri, re- 
 ceiving as proportionate compensation for services performed : 
 Lev ius reus punitus, quam est promeritus. Cic. 
 
 682. Mergere, Demergere, Urinari. Mergere, dip- 
 ping into, placing a body into a liquid ; Demergere, letting 
 down something into a depth, making it sink so far that it 
 becomes invisible to us (German versenken) : Brachia mer- 
 sit in aquas. Ovid. Naves demergere, sinking them. 
 Urinari, immerging, remaining for a longer period under 
 the water: Si quando nos demersimus, ut qui urinan- 
 tur, aut nihil superum, aut admodum obscure cernimus. Cic. 
 
 683. Mertdies, Medius dies. Mertdies, noon, as the 
 point and time when the sun stands highest, also the south, as 
 region, as in many languages the south is called the noon ; 
 Medius dies, mid-day, the middle time of the day: A 
 meridie prope ad solis occasum pugnabatur. Cses. Me dio 
 die greges ad vallem perducamus. Colum. 
 
 684. Merum, Vinum, Temetum. Merum, the unmixed 
 wine, i. e. unmixed with water, entire wine [it is not contra- 
 distinguished from adulterated wine, or otherwise mixed wine, 
 as our "juice of the grape" is, but only from the mixture of 
 wine and water] ; Vinum, wine; Time turn, wine, as in- 
 toxicating liquor: Cras genium mero curabis. Hor. ; more 
 commonly merum vinum. Mulieres Romai vino semper, 
 quod t erne turn prisca lingua appellatur, abstinuisse di- 
 cunt. Gell. 
 
 685. Merx, Mercimonium, Scruta. Merx, generally in 
 the plural Merces, ware, commodity, as the movable sub- 
 ject of traffic ; Mercimonium, as good, commodity in gen- 
 eral, the object of traffic in general ; Scruta, old, half-broken 
 ware, somewhat like our trumpery : Prceco, ad merces tur- 
 bam qui cogit emendas. Hor. Nisi mancipio accipio, quid eo 
 mihi opus mercimonio? Plaut., of a female slave. Scru- 
 ta ut vendat scrutarius laudat, prafractam strigilem, soleam 
 dimidiatam. Lucil. 
 
686. Metiri. 689. Ministrare. 309 
 
 686. Metiri, Metari. Metiri, measuring, e. g. mundi, 
 magnitudinem, frumentum ; Met art, determining the extent 
 of a measured place by marks of limit, marking off a place, 
 e. g. agrum : Expositis copiis Romani castra in proximis 
 tumults metantur. Liv. 
 
 687. Metuere, Timere, Vereri, Formidare, Trepi- 
 dare, Tremere, Pavere. Metuere, apprehending an evil, 
 fearing, designates the apprehension of the calculating and 
 cautious; Timere, fearing, designates the fear of the dis- 
 pirited and coward (timidus): Ameinsidias metuunt. Cic. 
 Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes. Virg. Vere ri, shunning, 
 from fear of evil consequences, from esteem or reverence : 
 Ccesar quum ipse abesset, motum Gallia verebatur. Cses. 
 Appium metuebant servi, verebantur liberi. Cic. Fo r- 
 m i dare (formido, a scare-crow, an image of horror), feel- 
 ing lasting and violent fear, used of fear which has risen to 
 horror, with excited imagination, e. g. alicujus iracundiam. 
 Trepidare, showing anxiety, running to and fro, is used 
 of all manifestations of sudden fear, anxiety, and appre- 
 hension : Quum victi mures artos circum trepidarent 
 cavos. Phaedr. Tremere, trembling from fear and fright, 
 the effect of the violent passion upon the nervous system : 
 Totus tremo horreoque, postquam adspexi hanc. Ter. Pa- 
 vere (in German beben), differs from tremere by the slower 
 yet greater vacillations in the inner organs, and designates 
 the anxiety which causes a higher pulsation of the heart, and 
 disturbs the proper functions of the soul : Navem horrisono 
 freto noctem pav entes timidi adnectunt nautce. Cic. 
 
 688. Migrare, Peregrinari, Proficisci, Iter facere. 
 Migrare {ineare), emigrating, that is, choosing another 
 domicile: Lucumonem consilium migrandi ah Tarquiniis 
 cepit. Liv. Peregrinari (being a peregrinus, 32, that 
 is), sojourning or travelling without the place or country of 
 one's home: Peregrinari in aliena civitate, non in tua 
 magistratum gerere videris. Cic. Proficisci, travelling, 
 designates the continued progress on one's way ; Iter fa- 
 cere, 590, designates only the movement, making way : 
 Capua profectus sum Formias. Cic. 
 
 689. Ministrare, Apparere, Servire, De — Inservire ; 
 PrjEBEre, Suggerere, Suppeditare. Ministrare, af- 
 fording to some one the necessary aid in obtaining his object, 
 serving some one : Fac ut ministres mild, quum mihi 
 sacrificem. Plaut. Apparere, waiting upon another, appear- 
 
310 690. Minuere. 691. Mirari. 
 
 ing before one's superior to await his directions and to exe- 
 cute the m : Quatuor et viginli lictores apparere consuli* 
 bus. Liv. Servire, serving, doing service; properly, being 
 a slave (servus): Huic domino usque serviamus. Catull. 
 Servire tempori,famce, paying great attention to it, shaping 
 one's course accordingly. Deservire, designates the ob- 
 ject of the serving person, being entirely ready to be at the 
 disposition of some one : Officio, mea, opera, vigilice deser- 
 viunt amicis, prcesto sunt omnibus. Cic. Inserv ire, using 
 one's service for another, designates the direction of the en* 
 deavour: A quo plurimum sperant, ei potissimum inservi' 
 unt. Cic. — Ministrare, waiting upon with something, 
 offering something as servant, assistant : Ganymedes pocula 
 mi?iistrans. Cic. Prceb e re, holding forth, out, affording, 
 to the satisfaction of the receiver, according to his desire or 
 want: Corpora prceh emus plagis. Ovid. Locus lautiaque 
 1 eg atis prceb erijussa. Liv. Sugger ere, furnishing, more 
 than our suggesting: Flamma virgea suggeritur aeno. 
 Virg. Qui causas docent, argumentorum copiam sugge- 
 runt. Cic. Suppeditare (pes), properly, footing firmly ; 
 keeping one's stand bravely : Si, omissis his rebus omnibus, 
 quibus nos suppeditamus, eget ille (Catilina). Cic, by 
 which we can stand Catiline, can brave him ; hence, furnish- 
 ing something in sufficient plenty, procuring : luxurice sum- 
 tus. Lucret. Suppeditabit nobis Aiticus testes. Cic. 
 
 690. Minuere, Tenuare, Rarefacere. Minuere, min- 
 isliing, lessening, according to extent, number, or intensity : 
 Faces ramaliaque minuit, parvoque admovit aeno. Ovid. 
 Minuere labor em, auctoritatem alicui ; opp. auger e. Te- 
 nu a re, thinning, i.e. making thin : Assiduo vomer tenua- 
 tur ab usu. Ovid. Tenuare iram, weakening, the inner 
 power and strength; minuere, lessening the violence, the 
 eruptions of rage. R a refa cere, separating the single par- 
 ticles of a thing, which lie close together, rarefying, e. g. 
 vapors, air: Sol radiis terram dimovit obortis et rare fe- 
 cit. Lucret, making it loose. 
 
 691. Mirari, Ad — Demirari, Suspicere, Stupere. 
 Mirari, wondering, being in a state of wonderment, and 
 admiring; Admirari, gazing at something, showing one's 
 wonder at something uncommon ; Demirari, occupying 
 one's self entirely with a subject of wonder or admiration, and 
 remaining thus for a time: Cervus ramosa mirans laudat 
 cornua. Phcedr. Admirantur omnia, qua magna et prater 
 
692. Miser. 694. Moderari. 311 
 
 opinionem suam animadverterunt. Cic. Me, propter quern 
 ceteri liberi sunt, tibi liberum non visum, d emir or. Id. 
 Suspicere, looking from below up to something great, with 
 admiration, esteeming highly, opp. despicere : Eos viros 
 suspiciunt, in quibus existimant se excellentes quasdam et 
 singulares perspicere virtutes. Cic. St up ere, properly, 
 being dull, i. e. being stupefied by sudden fright, wondering, 
 so that we have lost our senses for the time : Pavida puella 
 stupet. Liv. Hunc versum ita agit Roscius, ut proximos 
 adspiciat, admiretur, stupescat. Cic. 
 
 692. Miser, Infelix, Laboriosus ; Misereri, Miserari, 
 Miserescere. Miser, one who suffers from an evil so 
 much that he creates interest and compassion, wretched (as 
 to situation) : Miser is et labor antibus nihil negare possu- 
 mus. Cic. Infelix, incapable of production, sterile ; and 
 unlucky, one who does not succeed in any thing : Salsa tel~ 
 lus, frugibus infelix. Virg. Crux infelici et cerumnoso 
 parabatur. Cic. Laboriosus, full of toil and misery, 
 worried down, plagued (not tormented, for torment may ex- 
 cite the energy of resistance) : Magnos ille cruciatus perfe- 
 rebat : nee tamen miser esse, quia summum id malum non 
 erat, tantummodo laboriosus videbatur. Cic. — Misereri, 
 feeling compassion at the misfortune and misery of another ; 
 Mis ere t me, I feel the deepest pity, I pity sincerely ; Mi- 
 ser ari, showing one's compassion, deploring, commiserat- 
 ing; Miserescere, becoming compassionate, being moved, 
 expresses the gradual growth of this state of compassion : 
 llli etiam quum misereri mei debent, non desinunt invi- 
 dere. Cic, passive: Commune est, ut supplicum mis ere a- 
 tur. Id. Tumi sort em miser antur iniquam. Virg. Ar- 
 cadii, quceso, miser escite regis. Id. 
 
 693. Missio, Exauctoratio. Missio, the mission, the 
 sending away or despatching, discharge of soldiers : honesta 
 s. justa, after the lawful time of service, with foot soldiers 
 twenty years, with cavalry ten ; causaria, on account of age 
 or physical unfitness ; gratiosa, by peculiar favor ; ignomini- 
 osa, with disgrace. Exauctoratio, the absolution of a 
 soldier from his oath, and his discharge, entire or partial, by 
 the authority of the commander : Exercitum pur gar e mis- 
 si o nib us turbulentorum hominum. Liv. Delectus omissus 
 est; exauctor ati, qui sacramento dixerant. Id. 
 
 694. Moderari, Regere, Dirigere, Gubernare. Mo- 
 dera i, moderating, giving the right measure to power, 
 

 312 695, Modificari. 697. Mola. 
 
 violence, rapidity ; Reg ere, righting, giving the right direc- 
 tion to some activity, and keeping it therein; Dirtgere, 
 directing entirely right, e. g. cursum navis, steering directly 
 for a point; res ad rationem civitatis. Cic, hence rectus, 
 straight, not crooked, right: Recta perge. Cic, sc. via. 
 A recta conscientia non discedere. Id. Directus, placed 
 in a straight direction, running, proceeding in it, e. g. acies : 
 Ductce et directce vice. Cic. Gubernare, properly, guid- 
 ing the rudder ; influencing or changing the direction of a 
 species of activity, according to circumstances, guiding it : 
 Piso naves solvit, moderabaturque cursui, quo propius 
 regrederetur. Tac, he sailed slower. Non voluptate, sed 
 officio consilia moder antes ; moderari irce. Cic. Se- 
 quitur victam, non regit arte, ratem. Ovid. Deus mundi 
 modum regit atque tuetur. Cic. Rector et moderator 
 mundi. Id., the ruler and guide, who assigns the true course 
 to the things, maintains them in it, and who assigns the proper 
 sphere to every thing, thus bringing all things into their just 
 relation and proportion. Aura dabit cursum: ipse guber- 
 nab it (ratem) residens in puppe. Ovid. Fortunce motum 
 ratione quadam gubernabimus. Cic. Consilio ac sapi- 
 entia r eg ere ac gubernare rem publicam. Id. 
 
 695. Modificari, Temperare. Modificari, measur- 
 ing something according to a certain measure, in order to 
 bring into harmony with the whole; Temper are, moderat- 
 ing, mitigating that which is too large, too much in a thing : 
 Pythagoras, quanta longinquitas corporis mensurce pedis 
 conveniret, modificatus est. Gell., passive: Membra 
 orationis modificata esse debebant. Cic. Solis turn ac- 
 cessus modici, turn recessus et frigoris et caloris modum 
 temper ant. Cic. Temper are manibus, a lacrimis, ab- 
 stain. 
 
 696. Modo, Nuper. Mo do, 379, only, just now, i. e. 
 past, near or close to the point of (actual or already men- 
 tioned) present time ; Nuper (novus-per), lately, not dis- 
 tant from the present time: Nuper homines nobiles ejus- 
 modi; et quid dico nuper ? immo vero modo, ac plane 
 paulo ante vidimus. Cic. 
 
 697. Mola, Pistrinum. Mola, the # mill for grinding, 
 which in ancient times consisted of a firm cone (meta), and a 
 movable funnel (catinus) of lava; Pistrinum, the place 
 where the grain was beaten in mortars, but after the inven- 
 tion of hand mills, was ground : Plautus ob queer endum victum 
 
698. Mollis, 701. Mori. 313 
 
 ad circumagendas molas, qua trusatiles appellantur, 
 operant pistori locavit. Gell. 
 
 698. Mollis, Tener ; Effeminatus. Molli s, soft, pli- 
 able, that which easily yields to pressure, without breaking or 
 cracking: cera caseas : Gallorum mens mollis ac minime 
 resistens ad calamitates perferendas. Cces. Tener, tender, 
 that which can be easily injured on account of its thin, weak 
 component parts : Segetum tener a herba. Virg. Ten^ra 
 ceias. Ovid. Effeminatus, effeminate, having become loo 
 tender, spoiled, e. g. homo, vox: In actione fugiendum es/, 
 ne quid effeminatum aut molle, et ne quid durum aut 
 rusticum sit. Cic. 
 
 699. Momentum, Punctum. Momentum (movere), the 
 small particle or division of time within which something 
 moves, happens: Horce moment o cita mors venit. Hor. 
 Punctum (pungere), point, the smallest particle of time, as 
 limit : Puncto temporis eodem mihi reique publicce pernicies 
 rogata est. Cic. 
 
 700. Monumentum, Sepulcrum, Tumulus. Monumen- 
 turn, a. monument, a tomb, inasmuch as it reminds of a de- 
 parted one ; Sepulcrum, a vessel to preserve the ashes and 
 bones of the same, a grave : Tumulus, a grave of elevated 
 earth, a hill over a grave : Placet mihi eis, qui una pugnan- 
 tes occiderunt, monumentum fieri quam amplissimum. Cic. 
 Me quoque conde sepulcro. Ovid. 
 
 701. Mori, Exspirare, Ob — Inter — Perire, Occi- 
 dere, Cadere, Oppetere, Occumbere ; Mors, Letum, 
 Nex; Mortalis, Letalis, Mortiferus. Mori, dying, 
 ceasing to live; Exspi rare, expiring, ceasing to breathe, 
 breathing the last : In balneis, fervore atque cestu anima in- 
 terclusa, exspirarunt. Liv. Animam exspiravit. Ovid. 
 Ob ire, appearing somewhere and at something in order to 
 attend to it ; for instance, at a fixed place or time, in conse- 
 quence of judgment ; hence, going to attend to the last day 
 fixed by fate, — a solemn and mitigating expression ; mortem, 
 diem suum: Dionysius ceger, ut somno sopitus, diem obiit 
 supremum. Nep. Interire, ceasing to exist, of entire 
 annihilation; Perire, perishing, only of the ceasing of the 
 external conditions of existence, e. g. igni, fame, naufragio : 
 Vel te interisse, vel perisse pradicent. Plaut. Oc ci- 
 der e, visibly falling, perishing before the eyes of others: 
 Sunt, qui censeant, una o.nimum et corpus occidere. Cic. 
 Eudemus prcelians occidit. Id. Cadere, 150, falling, 
 
 27 
 
314 
 
 702. Mortarium. 705. Mundus. 
 
 only of the wounded: Cadit in prozlio adolescens. Nep. 
 Oppetere mortem, meeting death, going to meet it, seek- 
 ing it: Ajax millies oppetere mortem, quam ilia perpeti 
 maluisset. Cic. Occumbere mortem, morti, and mor- 
 t e, succumb to death, sinking into the arms of death : Pro 
 patria mortem occumbere. Cic. Cacus, ictus clava, 
 morte occubuit. Liv. Other expressions are, Dece de- 
 re, Discedere, Excedere, Defungi, Exstingui. — 
 Mors (the same root with the German Mord, English mur* 
 der), death, as destroyer, the severer of the soul from the 
 body : Dissolutione, id est morte, sensus omnis exstinguitur. 
 Cic. Letum {de-lere), death, as annihilator: Eodem sibi 
 leto, quo ipse interisset, esse pereundum. Cic. Nex, death, 
 as murderer, the violent death : Latroni quce potest inferri 
 injusta nex? Cic. — Mortalis, mortal, subject to death, 
 e. g. animal", Letalis, mortal, so constituted that it causes 
 death (German todtlich) : Vulnus let ale in pectore accepe- 
 rat. Suet. Mortiferus and Mortifer, mortal, so con- 
 stituted that it brings death : Accepit Sulla vehemens vulnus 
 et mortiferum. Cic. 
 
 702. Mortarium, Pila. Mortarium, the mortar, in 
 which something is crushed ; Pila, in which it is pounded. 
 
 703. Mucus, Pituita. Mucus, the thick slime in the 
 nose; Pituita and Pituita (with three syllables), the con- 
 sistent yet more liquid slime, also in other parts of the body : 
 Abest saliva, mucus que et mala pituita nasi. Catull. 
 
 704. Multi, Complures ; Multitudo, Vis, Copia. Mul- 
 ti {moles), many, in the sense of accumulation ; Complures, 
 more than many, several in the sense of multiplication : Non 
 fuit orator unus e mult is. Cic. Sunt alii complures, 
 qui idem fecerint. Id. Terentius still uses the obsolete com- 
 parative meaning. — Multitudo, multitude, as a large num 
 bar ; Vis, as mass, referring to circumference and space 
 which it occupies ; Copia, as store and provender for use : 
 Nationes numero hominum ac multitudine in nostras pro- 
 vincias redundant. Cic. Vim lacrimarum profudi. Id. 
 Pabuli copia non suppetebat. Cass. 
 
 705. Mundus, Nitidus, Lautus, Splendidus. Mun- 
 dus, 297, cleanly, neat, of surfaces on which no dirt or spot 
 can be perceived: Splendet focus et munda supellex. Hor. 
 Nitidus, 478, shining, polished, neat, with a pure yet feeble 
 reflexion of light, e. g. ebur. Lautus, washed, for which 
 lotus is generally used ; neat, exquisite, e. g. supellex : 
 
706. Munus. 708. Mutare. 315 
 
 Mensa lauta, dapibusque instrucla. Martial. Lautum et 
 copiosum patrimonium. Cic. Splendidus, splendid, orig- 
 inally, shining so that it blinds ; hence, shining, that is, dis- 
 tinguishing one's self by magnificence, expense, talent : In 
 Curii villa ac domo nihil splendidum, nihil ornatum fuit, 
 prater ipsos. Cic. 
 
 706. Munus, Officium, Munia, Pensum, Ministerium. 
 Munus, office, as the aggregate of ordained and dutiful per- 
 formance of services : Prcetor urbanos, quod consules abe- 
 rant, consular *e munus sustinebat. Cic. Officium, the 
 obligation imposed upon us by our peculiar relations, and the 
 performance of duty : Ab religione officii declinare. Cic. 
 Masinissa omnia exsequitur regis officia et munera. Id. 
 Munia (only in the Nominat. and Accusat.), the perform- 
 ances and affairs which an office requires, with the idea of 
 the laborious, and requiring exertion, by which it differs from 
 Munera: Patres arguebat, quod publica munia desere- 
 rent. Tac. Pensum, the quantity of wool daily weighed 
 out to the female slaves for spinning, the performance as 
 task: Ad reliqua progrediar, meque ad meum munus pen- 
 sum que revocabo. Cic. Ministerium, the office of a min- 
 ister, the performance of service by way of office, or in order 
 to aid some one, e. g. scribarum: Verna ministeriis ad 
 nutus aptus heriles. Hor. 
 
 707. MURMURARE, MuTIRE, MuSSARE, MuSSITARE, Su- 
 
 surrare. Murmur are, murmuring, of human voices and 
 all similar low tones : Fremitus murmur ant is maris. Cic. 
 Mutire, Mutt ire {muttering), uttering a weak, inarticu- 
 lated, yet immediately again suppressed sound : Etiam mut- 
 lis 7 — Jamtacebo. Plaut. [in German muchsen.] Mussa- 
 re, speaking softly, murmuring so low that hardly any one but 
 the utterercan hear it: JEtoli id decretum clam mussantes 
 carpebant. Liv. Mussitare, murmuring something half 
 loud, checking it at the same time: Ego hac mecum mus- 
 sito : Bona mea inhiant. Plaut. Susurrare, whispering : 
 Nutu pars mihi signifcat ; pars, quid velit, aure s u sur- 
 ra t. Ovid. 
 
 708. Mutare, Variare. Mutare, causing that two 
 things change for one another, or that the state of a thing 
 passes into another, exchanging, altering : Prcedus mutare 
 cum mercatoribus vino advecticio. Sail. Mutare testamen- 
 turn. Cic. Variare } making varied, varied colored, vary- 
 ing: Variabant tempora cani. Ovid. Variari voluptas 
 distinguique potest. Cic, varying the pleasures. 
 
316 709. Mysterium. 713. Nasxis. 
 
 709. Mysterium, Arcanum. Mysterium (^vuti]qiov), 
 a secret, as something sacred, as matter of conscience ; Ar- 
 canum, something secret, which nobody else shall know, a 
 thing kept secret: Epistolce tantum habent mysteriorum, 
 ut eas ne librariis quidem committamus. Cic. Arcanum 
 commissum tegere. Hor. 
 
 N. 
 
 710. Nam, Namque, Enim, Etenim. Nam, for, also 
 namely, justifies the antecedent assertion by a more definite 
 exposition and a statement of its reason or cause; Enim, 
 for, stands with emphasis after the word upon which the true 
 point of reason rests, of the cause upon which the possibility 
 or reality of the antecedent assertion is founded. Such sen- 
 tences, which by their contents do not stand in direct connex-- 
 ion with the antecedent, are joined in the first case by Nam- 
 que, in the second by Etenim. 
 
 711. Narrare, Memorare, Commemorare. Narrare, 
 narrating, telling, representing an event circumstantially by 
 words, in order to inform another of it: Tu isti narra omne 
 or dine, ut factum sit. Ter. Me morare, making something 
 by narration memorable to another, that is, so that he may 
 remember it: Honor at orum virorum laudes in condone me- 
 morentur. Cic. Commemorare, calling back into our 
 memory, reminding ourselves or others at the same time ; 
 mentioning something boastfully : Quid quoque die egerim, 
 commemoro vesperi. Cic. Beneficia non debet commemo- 
 rare is, qui contulit. Id. 
 
 712. Nasci, Oriri ; Nativus, Natalis. Nasci, orig- 
 inating by procreation, being born, designates the beginning 
 of animal existence ; Oriri, properly, rising, of stars; orig- 
 inating, having its origin, designates the ground : Ipsu?n amare 
 a se oritur et sua sponte nascitur. Cic. — Nativus, orig- 
 inated by birth and continuing as such : Beluai ad saxa na- 
 tivis testis inhcerentes. Cic. Nativi col oris p annus. Plin., 
 not dyed by art. Natalis, standing in connexion with the 
 born (natus), according to condition, e. g. dies, solum, birth- 
 day, land of birth. 
 
 713. Nasus, Naris. Nasus, nose, as prominent part 
 of the face; Naris, the nostril, and the nose as olfactory 
 
714. Navicularius. 716. Ne. 317 
 
 organ: Lucilius facetus, emunctm naris. Hor., of sharp and 
 fine observation. 
 
 714. Navicularius, Nauarchus, Magister, Guberna- 
 tor. Navicular ius, sc. vir, the ship-owner, he who car- 
 ries on shipping as a trade: Nauarchus, the captain of a 
 ship ; Magister, the person to whom the superintendence 
 of the vessel, procuring of provisions, and freighting were in- 
 trusted : Magistrum navis accipere debemus, cui totius 
 navis cur a mandata est. Ulpian. Gubernator, he who 
 holds the helm, guides the vessel: Gubernator clavum te- 
 nens sedet in puppi. Cic. 
 
 715. Navis, Navigium, Alveus, Ratis, Carina, Puppis ; 
 Linter, Scapha, Cymba ; Celox, Lembus. Navis (nare), 
 a vessel, as swimming, floating body, generally a larger ves- 
 sel, as we use ship for the largest class; Navigium (navi- 
 gare), a ship, as provided with oars and sails, a vessel : Quid 
 tarn in navigio necessarium, quam later a, quam antennce, 
 quam vela, quam mali ? Cic. Poetical for the same, Alveus, 
 a hollowed trunk, the hold of a vessel : Alveos navium in- 
 verse- s pro tuguriis habuere. Sail. jR a ti s, a raft, also a frail 
 bark: Navibus ab Hannibale incensis, rates ad trajici- 
 endum exercitum in magna inopia materia agre compared. 
 Liv. Carina, keel, on which the fabric of the vessel rests : 
 Navium longarum carince positce. Liv. Puppis, poop, 
 see Gubernator, 714. — Smaller vessels: Linter, a small 
 bark or boat, craft without deck, of boards or a hollow trunk : 
 Idfiumen Helvetii ratibus ac lintribus transibant. Cses. 
 Scapha, a boat, larger than Linter: Funiculus a puppi 
 religatus s cap ham annexam trahetat. Cic. Cymba, a 
 small bark: Cymbarum ante oculos multitudo. Cic, fish- 
 ing barks. Celox, a small hunting bark, with two or three 
 oars only on one side (?) ; Lembus, a small, low vessel, 
 pointed at the prow, with many oars, for swift sailing, a sort 
 of cutter: Apparuit, piraticas celoces et lembos esse, 
 Liv. The other specific terms for vessels are Greek. 
 
 716. Ne, Quo minus, Quin ; Ne non, Ut ; Ut ne, Ut 
 non, a. After negative sentences which express a prevent- 
 ing, a standing in the way, Ne signifies that not, so that not, 
 the intention that the action be entirely omitted ; Quo mi- 
 nus, that not, that the action be stopped in its progress ; 
 Quin, that not, that the action nevertheless has happened : 
 Jmperatores erant impediti, ne triumph arent. Sail. JEtas 
 non impedit, quo minus literarum studia teneamus. Cic. 
 
 27* 
 

 318 
 
 717. Nebulo. 719. Negare. 
 
 Hanno prohiberi non poterat, quin erumperet. Liv. -~- 
 b. After the expressions of apprehending, fearing, N e signi* 
 fies that, that it may or might, the expression of a desire of 
 avoiding a threatening evil. Ne non, it might, may not, 
 lest, the desire not to lose an endangered good ; Ut, that not, 
 the desire to obtain an endangered good : Verendum est, ne 
 brevi tempore fames in urbe sit. Cic. Veremur, ne beatus 
 esse non possit. Id. Vereor, ut Dolabella satis nobis pro- 
 desse possit. Id. — c. Ne, that not, so that not, is used only 
 to designate an object, and in an averting sense ; Ut, that, 
 used as well to designate an object, an end, as also a cause 
 and effect ; in both cases follows Ne, not, before a single 
 part of such a sentence, which is to be taken as negative in 
 an averting sense ; non, not, in a negativing sense. Qua 
 ne spes eum fallat, vehementer te rogo. Cic. Non peto, ut 
 decernatur aliquid novi, sed ut ne quid novi decernatur. Id. 
 Opera datur, u t judicia n e jiant. Id. Veieres milites di- 
 mitti placuit, ita ut in singulas Romanas legiones ne plus 
 sena millia peditum, treceni equites essent. Liv. Spatium 
 relinquatur, ut gemma libera vinculo non urgeatur. Colum., 
 speaking of the engrafted tree. 
 
 717. Nebulo, Vappa, Verbero. Nebulo, he who envel- 
 opes in fog, i. e. who carries on his deeds in the dark, a cheat, 
 rogue, scoundrel: Nos ab isto nebulon-e facetius eludimur, 
 quam putamus. Cic. Vapp a, properly turned wine ; a de- 
 generate man: Vappa, nomen probrosum etiam, quum de- 
 generaverit animus. Plin. Verbero, one that cannot get 
 blows enough, an abusive name applied to slaves. 
 
 718. Necessitas, Necessitudo. Nece ssit a s, necessity, 
 if something cannot be different according to the laws of na- 
 ture or urgency of circumstances; Necessitudo, the con- 
 dition, the state of coercion, which originates from the neces- 
 sity : Tempori cedere, id est, necessitati parere. Cic. Puto 
 esse hanc necessitudinem, cui nulla vi resisti potest, quo 
 ea secius id, quod facere potest, perficiat ; qua neque mutari, 
 neque leniri potest. Id. Justa causa conjungenda necessi- 
 tudinis, Id., the close connexion between relations and 
 friends. See 48. 
 
 719. Negare, Abnegare, Denegare, Abnuere, Renu- 
 ere, Recusare, Infitiari, Infitias ire, Diffiteri. Ne- 
 gare, negativing, 561 ; hence, denying a request : Titus non 
 negavit quidquam petentibus. Suet. Abnegare, declin- 
 ing, denying briefly ; Denegare, denying a request entirely, 
 
720. Negotium. 319 
 
 depriving the petitioner of hopes of grant : Rex tibi conjugium 
 abnegat. Virg. Datum deneg ant, quod datum est. Plaut, 
 denying, that is, asserting that it is not so. Expetita collo- 
 quia et denegata commemorat. Cses., cf. C. Phil. 11, 8, 19. 
 Abnuere, opp. adnuere, manifesting our disinclination by 
 signs, and Renuere, our decided opposition against consent ; 
 both refer rather to our disposition and will : Manu a b unit, 
 quidquam in se opis esse. Liv. Quum intelligas, quid quis- 
 que concedat, quid abnuat. Cic. Haud equidem abnuo, 
 egregium ducem fuisse Alexandrum. Liv. Credere me tamen 
 hoc oculo renuente negavi. Ovid., of opposite opinion. 
 Nullum convivium renuit. Cic. Recusare, declining 
 something expected of us, from counter-reasons [causa), de- 
 nying : Timoris causa pro se quisque id munus legationis 
 r ecu sab at. Cses. Infitiari (fateri), not confessing the 
 truth, denying something by words, in our own interest : 
 Multi in tormentis mori maluerunt falsum fatendo, quam 
 infitiando dolere. Cic. In f it i as ire, intending, desir- 
 ing to deny something, not to confess it ; refers to the begin- 
 ning of the action: Si infiiias ibit, testis mecum est an- 
 nulus. Ter., in prose with a negation : Nos plebis commodis 
 adversatos esse neque nego, neque infitias eo. Liv., nor 
 do I wish to deny. Diffiteri, {mis-confessing, that is,) 
 making a false confession, contrary to truth : Pudor obsccenum 
 diffiteatur opus. Ovid. 
 
 720. Negotium, Res. Negotium, occupation, opp. 
 otium : In otio esse potius, quam in negotio. Ter., the 
 occupation or affair as the task for a free activity to obtain an 
 object, especially used of an official, professional, and in gen- 
 eral of a dutiful business: Negotium magistratibus est 
 datum, ut currarent, ut sine vi mihi cedijicare liceret. Cic. 
 Res, 190, every subject of which we can rei, that is, every 
 thing which can be supposed to exist (reor is connected with 
 the German reden, to speak, for speaking and thinking or 
 judging coincide originally) ; the thing, as generic term for 
 something, the more definite determination of which is to be 
 known from its accompaniments, e. g. divina, militaris : Non 
 re ductus es, sed opinione. Cic. Rem agere, transacting, 
 attending to an affair, which touches the interest of some one ; 
 Negotium agere, attending to an affair, business, which 
 claims our attention on account of some duty or obligation. 
 Res est mihi tecum, I have to do with you, to fight it out 
 with you ; Negotium, I have something to settle with you. 
 
320 
 
 721. Nemo. 724. Nomen. 
 
 
 [The deficiency in the English language, that we have but 
 one word, thing, for the German Ding and Sache, renders it 
 always difficult for one who has not entered entirely into the 
 spirit of Latin to comprehend the whole and full meaning of 
 res ; because, though the Latin has, like the English, but one 
 word, res signifies infinitely more than the English term 
 thing. 1 
 
 721. Nemo, Nullus. Nemo, nobody, no one, opp. some- 
 body, some one, excludes every person ; Nullus, none, opp. 
 one, excludes every individual of a certain kind : Hominem 
 n eminent pluris facio. Cic. Elephanto beluarum nulla 
 prudentior. Id. 
 
 722. Neque 5. Nec, Et non, Ac non. Neque, or Nee, 
 and not, connects, with the antecedent, an entire sentence 
 taken negatively; Et non, Ac non, and not, connects a 
 sentence in which a single notion is contradistinguished to the 
 antecedent : Papiriumferunt cibi vinique capacissimum, nec 
 cum ullo asperiorem fuisse militiam. Liv. Ea scripsi ad te, 
 quce et saluti tuce conducere arbitrarer, et non alien a esse 
 ducerem a dignitate. Cic. 
 
 723. Nihil, Nihilum ; Nihilo secius, segnius, minus. 
 Nihil, nothing, is the abbreviated Nihilum, a nothing, the 
 nothing (if the expression be allowed) : Nihil agis. — Erit 
 aliquid, quod aut ex nihilo oriatur, aut in nihilum su- 
 bito occidat. Cic. — Nihilo seciu s, differing nothing, just 
 so, designates equality of mode of action : Hcec dicta nihilo 
 mihi esse videntur secius, quam somnia. Plaut. Nihilo 
 segnius, nothing slower, as lively as : Oppidani, insolita re 
 perculsi, nihilo segnius bellum par are. Sail. Nihilo 
 minus, notwithstanding, nevertheless, refers to equality of 
 enduring force or action : Legati projiciscantur : helium ni' 
 hilominus paretur. Cic. 
 
 724. Nomen, Vocabulum, Verbum, Vox; Prjenomen, 
 Cognomen, Agnomen. Nomen, the name, by which we 
 make a subject recognisable and distinguishable from others, 
 the name of a person : Rebus novis nova ponenda sunt no- 
 mina. Cic. Vocabulum, the appellation of an object 
 according to its marks of distinction, which it has in common 
 with others of the kind, the generic name or noun : Non idem 
 Oppidum et Roma, quum Oppidum sit vocabulum, Roma 
 nomen. Varr. Verbum, a word, a whole consisting of 
 articulated sounds, which designates something thought, every 
 part of speech; otherwise, Verbum designates a verb, a 
 
725. Non. 726. Notio. 321 
 
 word which is conjugated ; Verba, in the plural, designates 
 words in connexion, as we use, likewise, icords : Verbum 
 non amplius addam. Hor. Vox, the voice, the sound, which 
 is breathed forth from the mouth ; a word as sound, single 
 and in connexion : Sunt verba et voces, quibus hunc lenire 
 dolor em possis. Hor. Hcec una vox omnium est. Cic. — 
 The Eoman had generally three names, see 489. No- 
 ?n en, the name of the gens, e. g. Cornelius ; Prcenomen, 
 the individual name, by which the different members of the 
 family were distinguished, e. g. Caius, Marcus; Cogno- 
 men, the surname, or family name, e. g. Scipio, Lentulus ; 
 Agnomen, a surname given for some distinguished action, 
 or by adoption, e. g. Publius Cornelius Scipio Africanus, 
 JEmilianus, the second agnomen of which came from his 
 adopted father, L. JEmilius Paullus. 
 
 725. Non, Ne, Haud. Non, no, not, negation of that 
 which is really, contradistinguishes existence from nonexist- 
 ence ; Ne, not, that not, for the purpose that not, 716, nega- 
 tion of that which is thought, intended, contradistinguishes 
 that which ought to be from that which ought not to be ; 
 Haud, more correctly Haut, perhaps not, probably not, 
 better not, entirely not, is a condition of negation, which 
 leaves it to option in which sense it may be taken ; hence its 
 ironical use, and before negative compounds, e. g. haud 
 ignotce belli artes : Necesse est, id aut esse, aut non esse. 
 Cic. Agesilaum, quod mel non habebant, cera circumfude- 
 runt. Nep., no honey; not mel nullum. Impius ne audeto 
 placare donis iram deorum. Cic. Eo profciscentem haud 
 sane quis facile retraxerit. Id. Tuum esse periclum non 
 vis: haud stulte sapis. Ter. 
 
 726. Notio, Notitia, Cognitio, Perceptio. Notio, 
 the making one's self acquainted with something ; the com- 
 prehending of the marks perceived in an object, into one 
 representation in the mind, the notion, e. g. veri et falsi ; 
 Notitia, the clear and distinct presentation of a thing, which 
 originates out of the notio, the knowledge, e. g. antiquitatis, 
 sui corporis ; the acquaintance with a subject. No tio Dei, 
 is the notion we form, the idea of God ; Notitia Dei, the 
 knowledge of God, that which we know of him, to distinguish 
 him from other beings. Cognitio, the obtaining knowledge 
 of a thing, as art, by which we arrive at a clear and distinct 
 notion of a thing, and also the knowledge thus obtained : Tot 
 rerum notiones non haberemus, nisi animus in rerum 
 
322 727. Novus. 729. Nubes. 
 
 
 cognitione viguisset. Cic. Perception the receiving, the 
 reception of the distinctions requisite for a clear notion, the 
 perceiving as act of the understanding, the conception of an 
 idea or a thought: Ars ex multis animi perceptionibus 
 constat. Cic. Out of the cognitio and perceptio originates 
 the scientia. 
 
 727. Novus, "Recens; Novicius, Tiro. Novus, new, 
 according to time, that which has begun only a short time ago 
 to exist, opp. ahtiquus : In epistola nihil erat ?iovi. Cic. 
 Genus pcence novum decernere. Sail., unheard of. Recens, 
 fresh, according to condition, that which retains its perfect 
 quality, is unimpaired: In prcrtio integri et re cent es fati- 
 gatis succedebant. Cses. Recentes injuria. Id., yet fresh 
 in memory. Homines recentes, newly (freshly) created; 
 n o v i, newly nobilitated : Recentissima liter a. Cic, the 
 just written ones; novissimce, with reference to several 
 earlier ones. — Novicius, belonging to new things of a cer- 
 tain kind or genus, generally used of slaves : Novicii servi 
 emti in magna familia. Varr. Tiro, a young soldier, who 
 is now only learning the service, a recruit : Veteribus militi- 
 bus tirones immisceantur. Liv. Orator nulla in re tiro 
 ac rudis esse debet. Cic, novice [freshman, in its original 
 meaning]. 
 
 728. NuBERE, UXOREM DUCERE, In MATRIMONIUM DUCERE. 
 
 Nub ere, marrying a man ; because the Roman bride, at her 
 wedding, covered her face with a flame-colored veil (flam- 
 meum) : Venerem Syriam Adonidi nupsisse proditum est. 
 Cic. Octavianus Juliam jiliam Mar cello nuptum dedit. 
 Suet., he married her to him. Uxor em due ere, wedding 
 a wife, taking a wife ; used of the husband who, on the day 
 of marriage, led his bride to his home: Sextius dux it uxo- 
 rem C. Scipionis Jiliam. Cic. ; also, Qua ratione inopem 
 potius ducebat domum? Ter. In matrimonium du~ 
 cere, taking in matrimony, equally of the man, see 260. 
 Dumnorix JEduus Orgetorigis Jiliam in matrimonium 
 dux erat. Cses. 
 
 729. Nubes, Nimbus, Nebula. Nubes, cloud, as a 
 hiding mass of vapor: Aer concretus in nubes cogitur, hu- 
 moremque colligens terram auget imbribus. Cic. Nubes 
 pulveris, locustarum. Liv. Nimbus, the thicker, lower, 
 dark cloud, bringing storm or rain : Subito coorta tempestas 
 tarn denso regem operuit nimbo, ut conspectum ejus concioni 
 abstulerit. Liv. Nebula, fog, the thick vapor rising from 
 
730. Nudare. 733. Nuntius. 323 
 
 the ground : Fluviis ex omnibus et simul ipsa surgere de terra 
 nebulas videmus. Lucret. 
 
 730. Nudare, Exuere, Detegere, Retegere, Deve- 
 lare, Revelare. Nudare, making naked, uncovering, 
 exposing, by taking away the covering, clothes : Hominem in 
 medio foro nudari ac deligari jubet. Cic. Nudare gla- 
 dium. Exuere, undressing, stripping, taking off the neces- 
 sary clothes : tunicam, jugum, mores antiquos ; hostem castris. 
 Detegere, taking off, withdrawing the cover which hides 
 something from the eyes of others; Retegere, pushing it 
 aside, and thus making visible : Detegant conditas insidias. 
 Liv. Ret eg it sacros, scisso velamine, vultus. Lucan. De- 
 v el are, taking down that which veils; Revelare, lifting it, 
 taking it away, unveiling: Capite involuto atque ibidem re- 
 vel a to. Suet. 
 
 731. Numerare, Recensere. Nu mer are, counting the 
 units contained in a multitude: Per digitos numerare so- 
 lemus. Ovid. Qucestor pecuniam numeravit a mensa pub- 
 lica. Cic, paying. Recensere, examining a number of in- 
 dividuals piece by piece, mustering them, e. g. exercitum; also, 
 accounting according to the whole series : Equites et pedites^ 
 coacti recensebantur numerusque inibatur. Cses. Tolle 
 animos et fortia facta re cense. Ovid. [ Telling and counting 
 are ideas so nearly related (because telling is mentioning the 
 single facts in their proper order), that the words designating 
 these ideas are nearly related in all the original languages ; 
 in German, zahlen, counting ; erz'dhlen, relating, telling. So 
 does our word teller express the counter ; the same we find 
 in the two different meanings of our word account.] 
 
 732. Nummus, Numisma, Moneta. Nummus and Nu- 
 mus, a piece of money of a fixed value, for use in traffic : 
 Nescis, quo valeat nummus, quern prcebeat usum? Panis 
 ematur, olus. Hor. Numisma (v6[uofia), the coin, as coined 
 and passing money in the abstract : Retulit acceptos, regale 
 nomisma, PJiilippos. Hor. Moneta, coin, as the coined 
 metal, and the place where the metal is coined : JEra dabant 
 olim, melius nunc omen in auro est, victaque concedit prisca 
 moneta novce. Ovid. Mdes atque officina Monetce. Liv. 
 
 733. Nuntius, Tabellarius ; Nuntiare, Indicere, Pro- 
 mulgare. Nuntius (iiovus), the news orally delivered, in- 
 formation, and the messenger who brings it; Tabellarius, 
 the letter-messenger, carrier: Nuntii de Casaris victoria 
 per dispositos equites sunt allati. Cses. Mercurius, deorum 
 
324 734. Ob. 735. Obedire. 
 
 nuntius. Hor. Epistolam attulerat Phileros tabellarius. 
 Cic. — Nuntiare, communicating news, making known: 
 Equites ex statione nuntiant, magna auxilia equitum pedi- 
 tumque Uticam venire. Cses., and informing, that is, pronounc- 
 ing a command for future observance : Tiberius deligit cen- 
 turionem, qui nuntiaret regibus, ne armis disceptarent. 
 Tac. In die ere, notifying, declaring, proclaiming some- 
 thing fixed for execution at a certain time, so that the persons 
 concerned are prepared for it ; ferias, bellum : In diem cer- 
 tarn ut ad lucum Ferentince conveniant Latinorum proceres 
 indicit. Liv. Pro mulg are, proclaiming, by placarding, 
 iegen*, 629. Promulgari leges dicuntur, quum primum in 
 vulgus eduntur. Fest. 
 
 o. 
 
 734. Ob, Per, Propter, De, Causa, Gratia, Ergo. 
 Ob, on account of, 85, designates something as the object : 
 
 •Ob rem publicam suscepti labores. Cic. Per, 570, on ac- 
 count of, in the sense of dependence on something : Aliquid 
 per avaritiam appetere. Cic, from avarice. Per cetatem 
 ad pugnam inutilis. Cses. Per me id fieri licet. Id. 
 Propter, 598, on account of, in the sense of lying near, i. e. 
 of a cause, motive, reason : Propter f rigor a frumenta in 
 agris matura non erant. Cass. Copies propter exiguitatem 
 non facile diducebantur ; ob earn causam minus commode 
 frumentum supportabatur. Id. De, 1. on account, in consid- 
 eration of, respecting something : Mettuntur d e his rebus ad 
 Ccesarem legati. Cass. Causa, on account, indicates some- 
 thing intentional as the cause of some action : Legatos pads 
 pet en dee causa mittunt. Caes. Gratia, on account of 
 i. e. in favor of, in consideration: jEtatis atque honoris 
 gratia hoc fiet tui. Plaut. E rgo, in fact, 588, on account 
 of, in consideration of a fact: (Pausaniam) ejus victor ice 
 ergo Apollini donum dedisse. 
 
 735. Obedire, Dicto audientem esse, Obtemperare, 
 Obsequi, Parere, Morem gerere, Morigerari, Obsecun- 
 dare. Obedire (audire), listening to some one's counsel 
 or will, in order to do what he demands ; lending an ear, e. g. 
 legi, imperio : Quibus rex maxime obedit, eos habet inimi- 
 cissimos. Nep. [The German for obeying is gehorchen, 
 
736. Obligare. 737. Obsidere. 325 
 
 which is listening with great attention ; and belonging to, is 
 gehoren, to listen to, i. e. obey, over which I have free dis- 
 posal.] Dicto audientem esse, 128. Obtemperare, 
 shaping one's mode of action so according to the will of an- 
 other, that we do not act contrary to it, strictly complying : 
 unius hominis voluntati. Cses. Ad verba nobis obediunt 
 servi, non ad id, quod ex verbis intelligi possit, obtempe- 
 rant. Cic. Obsequi, obeying with self-denial, especially 
 the irregular, whimsical, imperious, severe will of another, 
 yielding: Mquum est senibus obsequi. Ter. Parere, be- 
 ing ready to obey superior commands, obeying in the con» 
 sciousness of necessity : Etiam leges latronum esse dicuntur, 
 quibus pare ant, quas observent. Cic. Mo rem gerere, 
 manifesting by behaviour that we yield to the wish of another, 
 acting according to his wish, or permitting him to act accord- 
 ing to his desire: Ut homo est, ita mo rem geras. Nam 
 quid tu hie agas, ubi, si quid bene prcecipias, nemo ob tem- 
 per et? Ter. Morigerari, proving one's readiness by 
 deed, accommodating one's self to another : Si nunc de patris 
 jure concessisses paululum atque adolescenti esses mori- 
 geratus. Ter. Obsecundare, favoring and seconding 
 the intentions and plans of another, from voluntary resolution : 
 Pompeii voluntatibus etiam venti tempestatesque obsecun- 
 darunt. Cic. Respecting the declared will of another, 
 Ob e dire refers to the attentive and willing person; Ob- 
 temper are, to the punctually willing and ready person; 
 Obsequi, to the patient and obliging person; Par ere, to 
 the obedient; Morem gerere and Morigerari, to the 
 ready person, who is willing to let our will be done. 
 
 736. Obligare, Obstringere, Devincire. Obligare, 
 tying up from above, dressing and bandaging, e. g. vulnus ; 
 and obliging another : Orjium tua liber alit ate tibi obliges. 
 Cic. Obstringere, tying tightly, stringing, pinioning; 
 also, obliging much, e. g. laqueo collum ; civitatem jureju- 
 rando, legibus : Existimes, quibuscunque qfficiis Atticum o b- 
 strinxeris, iisdem me tibi obligatum fore. Cic. De- 
 vincire, fettering, so that it cannot be torn, indissolubly : 
 Hunc tollant et domi devinciant. Plaut. Sanguinis con- 
 junctio benevolentia devincll homines et caritate. Cic. 
 
 737. Obsidere, Oppugnare; Occupare. Obsidere, he- 
 sieging, surrounding with a camp ; Oppugn are, assaulting, 
 attempting to conquer by attacks from without : Curio Uticam 
 obsidere et vallo circummunire instituit. Cses. Id oppidum 
 
 28 
 
326 738. Obsonium. 741. Odium. 
 
 oppugnare conatus, propter latitudinem fossa murique al- 
 titudinem, paucis defendentibus, expugnare non potuit. Id. 
 Obsidio per paucos dies magis, quam oppugnatio fuit, 
 dum vulnus duds curaretur. Id. — Obsidere, keeping 
 garrisoned, occupied, holding: Omnes aditus armati ob si- 
 deb ant. Cic. Decemviri totam Italiam suis opibus ob si- 
 deb unt. Id. Occupare, anticipating: Occupat Tullus 
 in agrum Sabinum transire. Liv., and in seizing a thing, an- 
 ticipating another, taking a place : Tiberius Gracchus regnum 
 occupare conatus est. Cic. In theatro ejus est locus , quern 
 quisque occupavit. Id. 
 
 738. Obsonium, Pulmentum, Pulmentarium, Panis. 
 Obsonium (chjjojvlov), 311, culinary articles except bread: 
 Themistocli rex Myuntem donarat, ex qua urbe obsonium ha- 
 beret. Nep., i. e. fishes. Pulmentum, food prepared to 
 be eaten; Pulmentarium, something belonging thereto: 
 Quod edebant cum pulte, ab eo Pulmentum. Varr. Mul- 
 lum in singula minuas pulmenta necesse est. Hor., in single 
 pieces. Tu pulmentaria queer e sudando. Hor. Panis, 
 bread, as mass and as body : Fici panis simul et obsonii 
 vicem siccatce explent. Plin. Bini panes in dies. Plaut. 
 
 739. Obtutus, Adspectus. Ob tutus, the firm direction 
 of the eyes to one point, the fixed look; Adspectus, the 
 looking at ; the glance, passing, in order to see what is there : 
 Obtutus oculorum in cogitando ; obtutum in aliqua re 
 jigere. Cic. Natura oculos fecit mobiles, ut adspectum, 
 quo vellent, facile converterent. Id., passive, the look of a 
 figure, i. e. that which we see : Britanni horridiore sunt in 
 pugna adspectu. Caes. 
 
 740. Occasio, Opportunitas, Ansa. The execution of 
 an enterprise and realization of a plan are facilitated by Oc- 
 casio (falling together), coincidence of favorable circum- 
 stances, opportunity which offers itself: Ut primum occasio 
 data est, rem publicam defendi. Cic. By Opportunitas, 
 the convenience of locality, time, and other circumstances : 
 Fluminum opportunitates. Cic. By Ansa, 175, the oc- 
 casioning, the motive, which we take or receive from some- 
 thing for an action : Optandum est, ut quam scepissime peccet 
 amicus, quo plures det tamquam ansas ad reprehendendum. 
 Cic. 
 
 741. Odium, Simultas, Inimicitije ; Odiosus, Invisus, 
 Offensus. Odium, hatred, strong dislike against a person 
 on account of his displeasing moral qualities, opp. amor : In 
 
742. Odor. 327 
 
 odium alicujus adducemur, si quod ejus spurce, superbe, ma- 
 litiose factum prof eretur. Cic. Si mult as, the reserve be- 
 tween two persons who, with the appearance of friendship, dis- 
 agree, without being precisely enemies ; also, grudge, deep, 
 but secret, hostile disposition : Hi perpetuas controversias inter 
 se habebant et de loco summis simultatibus contendebant. 
 Cses. Inimicitice, enmity, disposition to injure another, 
 from hatred, opp. amicitia: Inimicitia est ira ulciscendi 
 tempus observans. Cic. Thus in the singular in this place 
 only. Inimicitias per annos multos vobis ipsis graves et 
 atroces geritis. — Has ut hodie finiatis simultates (ill-will), 
 qucBsumus vos universi. Liv. — Odiosus, hated, odious, that 
 which is the object of violent dislike : Odiosum genus ho- 
 minum, officia exprobrantium. Cic. Invisus, that which we 
 dislike to see, displeasing: Lepidus adeo est invisus mihi, 
 ut nihil non acerbum putem, quod commune cum illo sit. Cic. 
 Offensus (offensive), he who has offended against others, 
 and is consequently disliked: O invidiosum off e?i sum que 
 paucorum culpa atque indignitate ordinem senatorium ! Cic. 
 
 742. OlDOR, NlDOR, SUFFIMENTUM, FcETOR, ODORATUS, 
 
 Olfactus ; Odorari, Olfacere, Olere, Fragrare. Odor^ 
 the scent, which is smelied : Odor teterrimus oris. Cic. ; in 
 the plural, Odores, fine scents, fragrant scents: Incendere 
 odores. Id. Nidor, the smoke and smell of roasted, 
 burnt, especially fat substances : Recens exstinctum lumen 
 acres nidore offendit nares. Lucret. Suffimentum^ 
 frankincense, by which pleasing scents are produced : Lau- 
 rus suffimentum est cadis hostium et purgatio. Plin. 
 Foztor, stench, the smell which creates disgust, e. g. oris. 
 Odoratus, the smelling, if we draw the scent of a body in, 
 and the organ of smell, the smell : Pomorum jucundus gusta- 
 tus et odoratus. Cic. Insecta habent odoratum. Plin. 
 Olfactus, the scent by which a body affects the olfactory 
 nerves: Cape olfactu ipso et delacrimatione oculorum ca- 
 ligini medentur. Plin. Piscibus foramina tantum ad o If a c- 
 tus, sine naribus. Id. — Odorari, perceiving something by 
 smelling, the short inhalation, in rapid succession, suspecting : 
 Odor or, quam sagacissime possum, quid existiment judi- 
 ces. Cic. Olfacere, smelling, perceiving a smell : Res 
 sensibus percipiuntur ; eas guslamus, olfacimus. Cic. 
 01 ere, issuing, sending forth a scent: Male olet omne 
 ccenum. Cic. Fr agrari, exhaling a strong, agreeable scent : 
 Redolentque thymo fr agrantia mella. Virg. 
 
328 743. Offenders 746. Omnis. 
 
 743. Offendere, Violare. Offendere, 577, offend- 
 ing, causing, by a wrong or fault, the feeling of unmerited 
 injury in another, e.g. contumelid aliquem ; Violare, ill- 
 treating, with violence: JustAtice partes sunt, non violare 
 homines; verecundice, non off end ere. Cic. Virtutem sus- 
 picione violare. Liv. 
 
 744. Officium, Studium ; Officia, Merita, Beneficia. 
 Officium, 706 (properly, the doing toward one, the coming 
 forward to one in acting), the return of kindness; in general, 
 every thing to which we feel bound, to correspond to our re- 
 lations to another ; Studium, the interest we take in a sub- 
 ject, zeal and endeavour of obliging another, and favoring his 
 wishes in every manner: Nullum officium referenda gra- 
 tia magis necessarium est. Cic. Ccesar facere pontem insti- 
 tute : magno militum studio paucis diebus opus efficitur. 
 Cses. — Officia, kind turns, services ; services from a feel- 
 ing of duty, friendship, &c. Merita, services, the value of 
 which is acknowledged, acts of importance done for another : 
 Magna sunt Lamice in me, non dico officia, sed merit a. 
 Cic. Beneficia, benefices, free actions, from pure good- 
 will, for the benefit of another: Magno beneficio Lamice 
 magnoque merit o sum obligatus. Cic. 
 
 745. Omen, Ostentum, Monstrum, Portentum, Pro- 
 mgium. Omen, 134, an indication, sign, to which we may 
 or may not pay attention: Nee omen abnuit Mneas. Virg. 
 Express signs, as extraordinary phenomena, are, Ostentum, 
 something premonitory, as a hint of the deity : Multa osten- 
 tis admonemur. Cic. Monstrum, something unnatural, 
 exciting horror, indicating evil ; hence, a monster : Polyphe- 
 mus, monstrum horrendum, informe, ingens, cui lumen 
 ademtum. Virg. Portentum, something exciting fright: 
 Horribili visu portenta. Virg. Prbdigium, something 
 miraculous and indicating a great event, which may also re- 
 fer to happy occurrences: Multa scepe prodigia vim Ce- 
 rcris numenque declarant. Cic. 
 
 746. Omnis (Unusquisque), Totus, Cunctus, Univer 
 sus. Omnis, every one ; plural, Omnes, all, inasmuch as 
 all separate and separately thought as units, taken together, 
 form a whole: Non omnem arbor em in omni agro repe- 
 rire possis. Cic. ; hence, entire, separately from all others, 
 existing for itself: Quod omne est, id non cernitur ex alio 
 extrinsecus. Id. Gallia omnis in paries divisa tres. Cees. 
 (But Unusquisque, is every one> i. e. each one of a certain 
 
747. Opinio. 748. Orare. 329 
 
 kind, e. g. unusquisque regum. Cic.) Tot us, entire in 
 respect to its parts, complete : Ccesar, equitatu prcemisso, sub' 
 tequebatur omnibus copiis : post eas totius exercitus im- 
 pedimenta collocarat. Cass. Cunctus, altogether; plural, 
 Cuncti, all taken together; of assembled, actually united, 
 \>r thought as such, opp. sejuncti ; hence, in the singular it is 
 Dnly used with collectives : Senatus cunctus consur git. Cic. 
 Datamem unum pluris, quam se omnes fieri videbant aulici : 
 \uo facto cuncti ad eum opprimendum consenserunt. Nep. 
 TJniversus (properly, turned toward one), all, without ex- 
 ception ; of equal participation in the same subject, opp. sin* 
 guli : Hcec loquor de universis ; nihil excipio. Cic. Nee 
 pars, nee universi postea tentaverunt tale pugnce genus. 
 Liv. 
 
 747. Opinio, Sententia. Op inio, 94, opinion, the judg- 
 ment of something according to reasons of probability : Opi- 
 nio nib us vulgi rapimur in err or em. Cic. Bellovacorum 
 civilas maximam habet opinionem virtutis. Cses., he stands 
 in the reputation, see Judicium, 93. Sent en ti a, the opin- 
 ion which we happen to have, our view of the matter, the 
 opinion we give upon a subject : Aperte odisse magis ingenui 
 est, quam occultare sententiam. Cic. De amicitia tres 
 video sententias ferri. Id. 
 
 748. Orare, Verba facere ; Eogare, Qujeso, Obse- 
 crare, Obtestari, Supplicare, Precari ; Oratio, Lingua, 
 Sermo, Contentio ; Orator, Rhetor. Orare (os), speak- 
 ing solemnly, in an oratorical delivery : capitis causam. Cic. 
 Verba facere, speaking at large, in detail, on something: 
 Verba apud senatum fecit ; docuit, ad se nihil pertinere. 
 Cic. — Orare, begging loudly and earnestly: Id parent es 
 suos liberi erabant, ut levaretur cruciatus suus. Cic. Ro- 
 gare, 576, begging in asking, leaving the accomplishment 
 of our request to the favor of the other, requesting : Te rogo, 
 si opus erit, ad Caisarem meam causam agas. Cic. ; hence 
 only, Rogo atque oro; rogat oratque te. Id. Quce- 
 so,l beg, expresses an urgent request, with claims upon the 
 kind fulfilment : Has ut ho die, ut in isto templo finiatis si- 
 multates, qucesumus vos universi. Liv. Obsecrare, beg- 
 ging by all that is sacred, conjuring : Obsecravit per fra- 
 tris sui cinerem, per nomen propinquitatis. Cic. Or at atque 
 ob seer at. Id. Obtestari, begging, conjuring, in calling 
 on God as a witness, by every thing that is dear to us : Per 
 omnes deos te obtestor; Vos obsecrat obtestaturqm 
 
 28* 
 

 330 749. Orbare. 750. Ordo. 
 
 per senectutem ac solitudinem suam. Cic. Supplicare, 
 519, begging with bent knees, humbly begging, in the con- 
 sciousness of the great power of him to whom we beg, and 
 our own great misery : Ut prosternerent se et populo Romano 
 fracto animo atque humili supplicarent. Cic. Preca- 
 ri, begging, praying, as we pray to God: Perseum sororem 
 dedisse Prusice precanti ac oranti. Liv. — Oratio, 
 speech, as gift of speaking, distinction of man : Ferce sunt 
 rationis et orati o/i i s expertes. Cic. Lingua, the tongue ; 
 the language peculiar to an individual or a tribe or nation : 
 Lingua Latina locupletior est, quam Grceca. Cic. Sermo, 
 the simple, calm language, as that of common life, of daily 
 intercourse: Sermo non potest in uno homine esse solo, sed 
 ubi oratio cum altero conjuncta. Varr. Contentio, 62, 
 the language of an orator, full of effect: Sermo est oratio 
 remissa, et finitima quotidiance locutioni: contentio est 
 oratio acris, et, ad conjirmandum et ad confutandum accom- 
 modate. Ad Herenn. — Orator, the orator, speaker, who 
 delivers publicly a speech ; Rhetor, -a. teacher of rhetoric : 
 Quid, si rhetor ille te disertum facere potuisset ? Cic. 
 
 749. Orbare, Privare, Viduare ; Orbus, Pupillus. 
 Orbare (the root of this word, orb, is the same with rob), 
 depriving another of his nearest and most natural aids, making 
 one lonely and helpless: Or bat us filio, patre, luce, spe 
 salutis. Priv are, properly, making single, placing out of 
 connexion with something; emptying of, depriving of: Pri- 
 vare dolor e, vita. Ea philosophia spoliat nos judicio, pri- 
 vat approbaiione, orb at sensibus. Cic. Viduare, making 
 a widow, lonely and forlorn : Servilia, marito in exsilimn 
 pulso viduata desolataque. Tac. — Orbus (belongs to or- 
 bis), the parentless orphan : Censa sunt civium capita prater 
 orbos orbasque. Liv. Pupillus, the orphan under age: 
 Pupillus relictus sub tutorum cura. Senec. 
 
 750. Ordo, Series, Tenor. Or do, the order, the agree- 
 ment of the parts of a whole in their local relations according 
 to some rule ; hence the whole series arranged according to 
 a common rule : Ordo est compositio rerum aptis et accom- 
 modatis locis. Cic. Terno consurgunt or dine remi. Virg. 
 Series, a row, the sequence of several things of the same 
 kind, e.g. laborum : Fatum appello or din em seriemque 
 causarum. Cic; or din em, because they take their propei 
 place one by another; seriem, because they form a consec- 
 utive series, row. Tenor, the equal, even drift, tenor, in 
 
751. Ornare. 754. Pactum. 331 
 
 which something proceeds consecutively: Interrumpi teno- 
 rem rerum, in quibus peragendis continuatio ipsa efficacissi- 
 ma esset. Liv. 
 
 751. Ornare, Comere, Concinnare. Ornare, prop- 
 erly, making light, i. e. bright, shining ; ornamenting and 
 equipping, furnishing with something, which serves for orna- 
 ment, support, or completion : sepulcrum floribus ; rem laudi- 
 bus; classem ornare atque armare. Cic. Comere (coma) 
 combing, ornamenting the hair: Secto cojnentem denle ca- 
 pillos. Martial. Concinnare, 245, laying, placing right, 
 so that all parts fit properly: Concinnavi tibi munuscu- 
 lum. Cic. 
 
 752. Osculum, Basium, Suavium. O senium, kiss, in 
 general ; derived from the contraction of the mouth (little os, 
 mouth), in kissing: Oscula Jigere. Virg. Basium, kiss 
 of tenderness : Jactat basia tibicen, gratulari fautores pu- 
 tat. Phaedr., throwing kisses at one another. Suavium, kiss 
 of love, producing sweet sensations : Attica, quoniam hilarula 
 est, meis verbis suavium des. Cic. 
 
 p. 
 
 753. Pacare, Pacificare ; Pacatus, Placatus. Pa ca- 
 re, reestablishing peace and quiet, bringing, reducing to 
 peace : His rebus gestis omni Gallia pacata. Cass. P a- 
 cificare, making peace, concluding it; P acificatum 
 legati a Volscis venerunt. Liv. — P acatus, peaceable, 
 where no war or civil commotions exist: Eloquentia in pa- 
 c at i s tranquillisque civitatibus pracipue floruit. Cic. PI a- 
 catus, calmed, respecting violent passions: Ilium sape in- 
 censum ira vidi, scepe placatum. Cic. 
 
 754. Pactum, Conventum, Induci^e, Pax, Sponsio, Pac- 
 tio, Fozdus. Pactum, that which is settled and mutually 
 promised by several persons after previous agreement, to the 
 performance of which they bind themselves according to law ; 
 the formally concluded contract, which has become legal : 
 Pactum est, quod inter aliquos convenit, quod jam ita jus- 
 turn putatur, ut jure prastare dicatur. Cic. Conventum, 
 that on which people agree for the present, without having 
 settled and fixed it unalterably ; an agreement, an under- 
 standing : Fides est dictorum conventorum que constantia 
 
332 755. Pagus. 756. Palam. 
 
 et Veritas. Cic. Pactum conventum, a stipulator.', ac- 
 commodation, settlement agreed upon. Inductee (inducere) 
 sc. ferice, armistice, when, according to agreement, the open 
 war is suspended for a fixed time: Induct at sunt belli fe- 
 rice. Varr. Pax, peace, as well the settled agreement 
 that henceforth war between the respective parties shall cease, 
 as that state of quiet in which we are protected against hos- 
 tilities : Consules pacem cum Samnitibus fecerunt. Cic. 
 Pace tua dixerin\. Id., with thy permission. Sponsio, the 
 wager, a compact, alliance concluded by mutual agreement 
 of the commanders of armies, without approbation or confir- 
 mation of superior authorities; P actio, the formally con- 
 cluded and legal contract, on which litigating parties have 
 agreed; Feed us, a. public alliance of two or more nations 
 for social purposes, confirmed by the authority of the state 
 and people : Consules, quum de feed ere victor agitaret, ne- 
 garunt injussu populi fcedus fieri posse, nee sine fetialibus 
 ccerimoniaque alia sollemni. Itaque non feed ere pax Cau- 
 dina, sed per sponsionem facta est. Liv. Si res ad p ac- 
 tio nem non venit, longius bellum puto fore. Cic. 
 
 755. Pagus, Vicus, Platea. Pagus (pangere), a num- 
 ber of dwellings built closely together, a village, borough, 
 with their inhabitants ; and a number of farmed districts 
 contiguous to one another, with villages and towns, a district, 
 canton: Pagus agatfestumipagumlustratecoloni. Ovid. 
 
 Omnis civitas Helvetia in quatuor pagos divisa est. Cses. 
 
 Vicus, a part, ward of a town, separated by a street from 
 the rest : Nullum in urbe vicum esse, in quo Miloni non 
 esset conducta domus. Cic, and a village, as smaller commu- 
 nity, contradistinguished from pagus : Reliqui omissis pagis 
 vicisque in silvas disper guntur . Tac. Platea, a wide 
 road between two rows of houses, a street: Si te in platea 
 offender o, quod dicas, iter hac habui, periisti. Ter. 
 
 756. Palam, Aperte, Publice, Vulgo. Palam, pub- 
 licly, before all the people, so that every one can perceive it, 
 opp. clam: Luce, pal am in deorum hominumque conspeciu 
 est occisus. Cic. Aperte, open, openly, known by every 
 one, and without reserve or dissimulation, opp. occulte : 
 Aperte falsum. Cic. Turn palam pugnare poteratis, 
 quum liostem aperte videretis. Id. Publice, under pub- 
 lic authority, caused by or with the knowledge of the state 
 or some authority, opp. privatim : Navis cedificata est pub- 
 lids operis, publice coactis, eique cedificandce publice 
 
757. Palumbes. 761. Pandere. 333 
 
 senator prcefuit. Cic. Vulgo, general, by every one: Vul- 
 go loquebantur, Antonium mansurum esse Casilird. Cic. 
 
 757. Palumbes, Columba. Palumbes, a large species 
 of ring-dove, which travels from one country to another, fol- 
 lowing the crop; Columba, the smaller, domesticated one, 
 or pigeon. 
 
 758. Palpebr^:, Cilium, Supercilium. Palpebrce, 
 eyelids ; Cilium, eyelashes ; Super cilium, eyebrows, 
 also used for dark graveness, pride, overbearing: Palpe- 
 brce sunt tegmenta oculorum, munitceque*sunt tamquam vallo 
 pilorum. Cic. Ira contractis super ciliis, tristitia deduc- 
 tis, hilaritas remissis ostenditur. Quinctil. 
 
 759. Palus, Sudes, Stipes, Sublica, Bjdica, Vallus. 
 Palus, the straight, thin pole or post, to hold firm that which 
 is tied to it : Servi ad palum alligantur. Cic. Sudes, a 
 post to stick in the ground : Ripa erat acutis sudibus prce- 
 Jixa. Cses. Stipes, a post as thick as a tree, rough, driven 
 firmly and deep into the ground: In fossis sudes stipi- 
 tesque prceacutos defigit. Cses. ; hence, stupid, like a stick, 
 a stick (in stupidity) : Consul tamquam truncus atque stipes. 
 Cic. Sublica (sublevare, making lighter, easing), a prop- 
 ping post, which supports a weight, a pile of a bridge : Pons 
 sublicius. Liv. Ridic a, a stick in the vineyard, split and 
 cornered, while the palus is round : Vinece stabiliendce melior 
 est ridic a palo ; prcecipua est cuneis jissa olea, quercus et 
 suber. Colum. Vallus, the camp or fortification post, with 
 branches, 51 : Romanus bifurcos et trium aut quatuor ramo- 
 rum vail os ccedit. Liv. 
 
 760. Pampinus, Palmes, Flagellum, Sarmentum. Pam- 
 pinus, the young sprout of leaves of the vine, the foliage of 
 a vine : Uva vestita pampinis. Cic. Palmes, vine, and 
 a sprout of a vine : Palmitum duo genera sunt : alterum, 
 quod ex duro provenit, alterum, quod ex anniculo palmite 
 procreatur. Colum. Flagellum, the thin, fragile points of 
 a vine, the creepers: Vitem vocant minorem flagellum; 
 majorem,undeuvcenascuntur, palmam. Varr. Sarmentum, 
 the part of the vine which bears leaves alone : Vitem ferro 
 amputat, ne silvescat sarmentis. Cic. 
 
 761. Pandere, Aperire, Reserare, Recludere, Pate- 
 facere. P arid ere, opening, by expanding, unfolding, e. g. 
 brachia ; A per ire, opening something covered, hidden, so 
 that it may be seen, uncovering, discovering, opp. bperire : 
 caput involutum, ostium, cerarium, res latentes ; Reserare^ 
 
v\ 
 
 334 762. Pangere. 765. Parens. 
 
 pulling back the bolt, unbolting : Urbem alii reserare ju« 
 bent et p and ere portas Dardanidis. Virg. Recludere, 
 unlocking, and thus making that which is well kept and pre- 
 served accessible, e. g. portas: Ebrietas operta re dud it. 
 Hor. P at If a cere, opening wide, leaving ajar : Transfosso 
 pariete iter in urbem pat ef a cere. Liv. Viam aperire, 
 opening, breaking a way, removing that which impedes ; pa- 
 tefacere, making it practicable. 
 
 762. Pangere, Figere, Configere, Defigere. Pa n- 
 gere, packing t inserting firmly, and attaching firmly : Pan- 
 gi ramulum placuit. Suet., planting. Figere, fixing, affix- 
 ing, attaching : mucrones in hoste. Cic. Clavum pangere, 
 beating firmly in; figere, beating in, so that it remains in ; 
 Legem, tabulam figere. Cic, fixing it to something, like a 
 handbill, placarding. C onfig ere, piercing : capras sagit- 
 lis; Defigere, thrusting into something: sicam in corpore 
 consulis. Cic. 
 
 763. Papyrus, Charta, Membrana. Papyrus (rarely 
 papyrum), the Egyptian papyrus plant; Charta, paper 
 made of the fine inner layers of the same, glued together 
 with the thick Nile water : Papyrum nascitur in palustribus 
 Mgypti. Prceparantur ex eo chart ce, diviso acu in prate- 
 nues philuras. Plin. Membrana, 309, skin prepared and 
 smoothed for writing, parchment : Homeri carmen in mem- 
 brana scriptum. Cic. 
 
 764. Parare, Adparare, Comparare, Acquirere. Pa- 
 rare, making ready, placing in readiness: Nervii turres, 
 falces testudinesque par are ac facer e cozperunt. Cses. Ju- 
 mentis Gallia delectatur, eaque impenso par ant pretio. 
 Cses., procuring. Adparare, obtaining all that is necessary 
 in order to effect and execute a certain thing, making prepa- 
 rations for something : Agesilaus qfficinis, armorum institutis, 
 magna industria bellum adparavit. Nep. Comparare, 
 getting something ready, by bringing together all requisites : 
 Principes senatus suadendo sex tribunos ad inter cessionem 
 comparavere. Liv. Ornare et apparare convivium. 
 Cic, preparing the viands beforehand. Acquirere, obtain- 
 ing by the application of pains, exertion, gaining with labor : 
 Sibi, quod ad usum vita pertinet, acquirere. Cic. 
 
 765. Parens, Pater, Genitor ; Patres, Senatores, 
 Majores ; Patricius, Nobilis, Novus homo. Parens, is 
 the father, inasmuch as the son derives his existence from 
 him; hence, Parentes, parents. Pater, is the father, as 
 
766. Tardus. 768. Pars. 335 
 
 the procreator, nourisher, and provider, hence used in the 
 civil sense; Genii or, as procreator, in the physical sense 
 alone, see 669. Romulus, parens urbis. Liv. Ingenuo 
 jp at re natus. Hor. Homine nihil ab optimo et prcestantis- 
 simo genitore melius procreatum. Cic. — P aires, ances- 
 tors, from whom we descend, up to the founder of the race 
 or family; Major es, ancestors, inasmuch as they have 
 lived before us (German Vorfahren) ; the English forefathers 
 is often used for major es ; frequently majores designates the 
 earlier ancestors, contradistinguished from the later ones ; 
 hence, apud pat res nostros, pat rum memorid, at the time 
 of our fathers ; more majorum concessum est, according to 
 old usage, custom. — P aires, the title of the assembled 
 Roman senators, in contradistinction to populus and plebs ; 
 Senator es, as old and experienced people : In agris erant 
 turn senator es, id est, senes. Cic. P atricius, one of 
 the hereditary nobility, i. e. a descendant from an old sena- 
 torial family ; N oh His, one whose ancestors had been vested 
 with high offices ; what in modern Europe would be called 
 nobility of merit, contradistinguished from hereditary nobility. 
 As since the year 346, A. U. C. plebeians could obtain high 
 places, they could likewise become nobiles ; but they did not 
 obtain thereby the privileges of the patrician and the patron- 
 age connected with it. If a plebeian obtained a high political 
 dignity, and was the first of his family who did so, he was 
 called Ho mo novus : Romulus centum creat senator es. 
 Patres ab honor e, pair icii que progenies eorum appellati. 
 Liv. Videmus, quanta sit in invidia apud quosdum homines 
 nobiles novorum hominum virtus et industria. Cic. 
 
 766. Pardus, Panthera. Pardus, leopard, panther; 
 Panther a, the female of the same. 
 
 767. Paries, Maceria, Murtts, Mcenia. Paries, the 
 wall, which separates (sepdrare, from which the word) a room 
 or house from the other space : Nam tua res agitur, paries 
 quum proximus ardet. Hor. Maceria (mdcer), a garden 
 or vir.eyard wall : Debent horti esse clausi ; quibus copia 
 suppeiit, macerias luto et lapide excitant. Pallad. Mu- 
 rus, a wall for protection, with the idea of height, firmness ; 
 Moznia, city wall, especially the highest part of it, as bul- 
 wark, fortification : Circumjecta multitudine hominum totis 
 m&nibus, undique lapides in murum jaci ccepti sunt, mu- 
 r us que defensoribus nudatus est. Cses. 
 
 768. Pars, Portio. Pars, part, refers to the whole to 
 
336 769. Parum. 770. Parvus. 
 
 which it belongs : bonorum, corporis; hence, partes, parts 
 of a drama, which fall to an actor, his part, e. g. primas par- 
 tes agere ; and the obligation we have taken upon ourselves : 
 Tuum est hoc munus, tua partes. Cic. Portio, part, in- 
 asmuch as he that divides means to bring it in a certain pro- 
 portion to the whole : Mamertinis frumentum pro porti- 
 one imperabatur. Cic, their proportionate part; but Aliquid 
 opis fortasse ego pro mea, tu pro tua, pro sua quisque parte 
 ferre potuisset. Id., every one for his part, what every one 
 was able to do, according to his ability. Only with later 
 writers is Portio used for portion, or share which belongs 
 to some one, or is destined for him : Festinat decurrere bre- 
 vissima vita portio. Juvenal. 
 
 769. Parum, Paulum, Modice ; Parumper, Paulisfer. 
 Parum (belongs to parcere), little, too little, not enough; 
 designates lack of sufficiency, opp. nimiura : Satis eloquentice, 
 sapientice parum. Sail. Pau lum (navsiv), little, not much, 
 and P aululum, a very little, in the sense of yielding, opp. 
 multum: Paulum abfuit, quirt Varum interjiceret Fabius. 
 Cses. ; also, haud multum abfuit. Haic paulum immutata 
 cohcerere non possunt. Cic. Mo dice, 672, a little, not par- 
 ticular, in a little degree : Mince Clodii modice me tangunt. 
 Cic. — Parumper, for a short time, in the sense of short- 
 ening, abbreviating; P aulisper, during a short period, in 
 the sense of quietly persevering: Discedo parumper a 
 somniis, ad quce mox revertar. Cic. P aulisper mane. 
 Ter. 
 
 770. Parvus, Exiguus, Brevis, Minutus, Pusillus. 
 Parvus {parcere), sparingly, small, in the sense of not full, 
 entire; hence, parvi, the little ones: Ex par vis sape 
 magnarum momenta rerum pendent. Liv. Exiguus (exi- 
 gere, that which must first be searched out from among oth- 
 ers), inconsiderable, puny, e. g. mus : Agesilaus statura fuit 
 humili et corpore exiguo. Nep., unimportant appearance. 
 Exiguum, sed plus quam nihil illud erit. Ovid. Brevis, 
 short, small as to circumference, length, and width : Previa 
 vad.a. Virg., shallow fords. Rus breve. Ovid. Statura 
 brevis. Suet. Minutus, most puny, hardly observable, 
 in the sense of detracting: Myrmecides, minutorum opus- 
 culorum fabricator. Cic. Pusillus, very small, dwarf-like, 
 in the sense of the crippled : Pusillus testis processit. Hie 
 Granius : P erpusillum rogabo. Ridicule. Sedebat ju- 
 dex, brevior ipse, quam testis. Cic. 
 
771. Passim. 774. Patronus. 337 
 
 7?], Passim, Hue illuc, Ultro citro. Passim (pan- 
 der e), here and there, far and wide, strewn about : Milites, 
 alii agmine, alii palati passim per agros, Canusium per- 
 fugerunt. Liv. Hue illuc, hither and thither, now in this 
 direction, now in that direction, refers to a movement opposite 
 in direction to the speaking person: Ne cur son hue illuc 
 via deterrima. Cic. Ultro citro, the other side and this 
 side, i. e. to and fro, hither and thither, refers to the change 
 of a locality remote from the speaker, and the opposite point 
 near him: Internuntii ultro citro que missi. Cic. Bene- 
 ficia ultro citro data accepta. 
 
 772. Patere, Porrigi ; Patens, Patulus, Propatulus. 
 P at ere, standing open, being opened : Apud Germanos hos- 
 pitibus omnium domus patent. Cses. ; of a country lying 
 open before one, so that it may be viewed, and extending : 
 Planities circiter millia passuum III in latitudinem pate- 
 bat. Id. Ars ea late patet et ad multos pertinet. Cic. 
 Porrigi, 406, extending, of countries which draw along, as 
 it were, far out before the eye of the observer : Pars Suevo- 
 rum in secretiora Germanic porrigitur. Tac. — Patens, 
 standing open, as an accidental thing: Codum ex omni 'parte 
 patens atque apertum. Cic. Patulus, wide open, extend- 
 ed, wide asunder, as enduring circumstance or quality, e. g. 
 aures : Patulis iniit tectum fenestr is. Ovid., always open ; 
 patens fenestra, on the other hand, that which happens to 
 be open. Platanus ad opacandum hunc locum patulis est 
 diffusa ramis. Cic. Propatulus, open into the wide dis- 
 tance, so that everybody may see or go thither ; of free, 
 open places of considerable length and breadth: In pro pa- 
 tulis epulati sunt. Liv., in the open street. 
 
 773. Patina, Lanx, Magis, Catinus, Patella, Scutula. 
 The larger dishes on the tables of the Romans were : Pati- 
 na, wide and deep, also with a cover ; La?ix, deeper, sweep- 
 ing out; Magis, idis, and Magida, cb, similar to the 
 Lanx; Catinus and Catinum, a basin or similar vessel 
 for semi-liquids, gravies, &c. Smaller were the Patella, 
 and the four-cornered Scutula or Scut ell a. 
 
 114. Patronus (Cliens), Advocatus, Causidicus, Cog- 
 nitor, Procurator ; Patrocinium, Clientela, Tutela. 
 Patronus, in the early times, a patrician, who, as protector, 
 had received a plebeian, in order to defend him in every legal 
 case, for which the latter, as Cliens, honored him as father, 
 served him with his fortune and even life ; neither was per- 
 29 
 
338 775. Patrnus. 
 
 mitted to act in any way hostilely against the other. At later 
 periods, a similar relation existed in Rome between the mas- 
 ter, as P atronus, and his manumitted slave, as Cliens ; 
 in the Jus applications, if a foreigner attached himself to 
 one of the Koman magnates as client, or entire places or 
 countries placed themselves under the patronship of a power* 
 ful family, as the Sicilians had the Marcelli for patrons, 
 through whom their affairs were carried on. We have seen 
 something not quite unlike, though but passing, with reference 
 to Canada and some members of Parliament. Hence, in gen- 
 eral, a protector, and the legal assistant who spoke in court 
 for the client : Clarissimi viri nostra civitatis hoc sibi am- 
 plissimum ducebant, ab hospitibus clientibusque suis inju- 
 rias propulsare eorumque fortunas defendere. Cic. Tanto 
 opere apud nostros justitia culta est, ut, qui civitates aut na- 
 tiones devictas bello in fidem recepissent, earum patroni 
 essent more majorum. Id. Ego huic causae patronus ex- 
 stiti, uti ne omnino desertus esset Sex. Roscius. Id. Advo- 
 catus, a legal assistant, counsel, who made himself useful to 
 a party in an action, by his presence and advice in court. 
 The Advocati sat by the accused while the accuser spoke, 
 until one of them rose to speak (Patronus) : Or at reus, 
 urgent advocati, ut invehamur. Cic. Causidicus, a 
 common lawyer, who is no good speaker, a talker : Inutilem 
 litium advocatum, quern causidicum vulgo vocamus. 
 Quinctil. In judiciis privatis, the Cognitor was the agent, 
 mandatarius, who managed in court the case of a party pres- 
 ent; Procurator, 303, of a party not present. — Patro- 
 cinium, the business, the paternal protection of a patronus ; 
 in general, protection, if we interest ourselves for an affair, 
 e. g. aquitatis. Client el a, the relation of a cliens to his 
 protector ; in the plural also for the clients themselves : Se 
 in fidem et client el am alicujus conferre. Cic. Scis, quam 
 diligam Siculos, et quam illam client el am honestam judi- 
 cem. Id. Tut el a, the protection, as care and watching over 
 the protected : In alicujus fide et client el a esse. Cic, be- 
 ing some one's client. Sit in ejus tut el a Gallia, cujus vir- 
 tuti commendata est. Id., standing under the superintendence 
 and protection ; hence, the guardianship, the legal authority 
 to take the person and property of a minor under protection 
 and superintendence: Tut el a ad eorum utilitatem, qui com- 
 missi sunt, gerenda est. Cic. 
 
 775. Patruus, Avunculus ; Frater patruelis, ger- 
 
776. Paucus. 778. Peculatus. 339 
 
 manus. Patruus, brother of the father, uncle; Avuncu- 
 lus, brother of the mother, uncle; Avunculus ma gnus, 
 major, brother of the grandmother : Ne sis patruus mild. 
 Hor., meaning a moralizer, on account of the severity of the 
 uncles compared to the indulgence at the hands of the fathers. 
 Octavianus Ccesaris cognomen assumsit testamento majoris 
 avunculi. Suet. — Frater (soror) patruelis, son of the 
 patruus, used of the children of two brothers; Frater ger- 
 m anus {soror germ an a), the brother, if children have the 
 same parents, or at least have the same father or mother : 
 Una nobiscum erat L. Cicero, frater nosier cognatione pa- 
 truelis, amore germ anus. Cic. Marcus, the father of the 
 orator M. Cicero, and Lucius, father of L. Cicero, were 
 brothers, sons of the elder M. Cicero. 
 
 776. Paucus, Rarus. Paucus, generally in the plural 
 Pauci (belongs to paulum, 769), few, in no considerable 
 number, opp. multi ; Rdrus, standing singly and far apart, 
 opp. densus,frequens ; rare, not frequently occurring : Pan- 
 els temeriias est bono, multis malo. Phcedr. Britanni nun- 
 quam conferti, seal rari magnisque intervallis prortiabantur. 
 Cses. Raros colligis hinc et hinc capillos. Martial. 
 
 777. Pauper, I:\digus, Egenus, Inops, Mendicus. Pau- 
 per (for pauber, belongs to paulum, properly, he who has 
 been reduced to the very ceasing), the poor, who has not 
 much for his support, and has to limit his expenses, opp. di- 
 ves : JEqua lege pauperi cum divite non licet. Plaut. In- 
 digus, 177, in great want, one who has a distinct, specific, 
 urgent want, for which, in prose, in dig en s : Canes Colo- 
 plwniis erant jidelissima auxilia, nee stipendiorum in dig a. 
 Plin. E genus, 177, indigent, he who suffers want in the 
 necessary, or at least in the indispensable, things of life ; more 
 common egens, opp. abundans : Egena aquarum regio. 
 Tac. Inops, helpless, one who stands in need of help and 
 assistance: Inops auxilii humani. Liv. Samnites, coacti 
 in opes ad opulentiorum auxilium confugere. Id. Mendi- 
 cus (menda), poor, like a beggar, a beggar, of the highest 
 degree of destitution: JEquo mendicus atque ille opulen- 
 tissimus censetur mortuus. Plaut. 
 
 778. Peculatus, Repetundje. Peculatus (peculari, 
 embezzling or otherwise unlawfully appropriating common 
 property), a theft of state property, originally of cattle (be- 
 longing to the community), later also of money ; hence, 
 Peculator and Depeculator, who embezzles public, 
 
340 779. Pejerare. 782. PeneSrare. 
 
 and also private money, one who keeps it faithlessly : Sester* 
 tium septies millies avertisse Antonium pecuniae publicce judi- 
 cavistis. Num fraude poterit car ere peculatusl Cic. 
 Peculator Veientance prcedce reus f actus. Liv. Repe* 
 tunda, sc. res, pecunice, extortions by Roman magistrates in 
 the provinces ; when they had levied unlawful taxes, accepted 
 presents, arrogated precious articles and other things of value ; 
 if they were convicted of this offence, they were obliged to 
 refund: Silius et uxor Sosia repetundarum criminibus 
 hcerebant. Tac. L. Piso Frugi legem de pecuniis repe* 
 tundis primus tulit. Liv. 
 
 779. Pejerare, Falsum jurare. Pejerare, also Per* 
 jurare, being perjured, or becoming so, knowingly taking 
 a false oath, or breaking an oath ; Falsum jurare, swear- 
 ing something false without intention or knowledge, affirming 
 with an oath an untruth which we consider true : Qui mentiri 
 solet, pejerare consuevit. Cic. Non enim falsum jura- 
 re per jurare est; sed, quod ex animi tui sententia 
 juraris, id non facere perjurium est. Id. 
 
 780. Pellere, Fugare. Pell ere, pushing, thrusting, or 
 driving away, e. g. possessore^ suis sedibus : Hostium acies 
 pulsaatqueinfugamconversaest. Cses. Fug are, putting 
 to flight, chasing away: Hostes fusi et fug at i. Cic. Si 
 mihi defendendum sit, eum, qui pulsus fug atus que sit, 
 non esse dejectum. Id. 
 
 781. Pendere, Pensare, Pensitare, Trutinari. Pen* 
 dere {dis-pennere, tentering), keeping in a pending posi- 
 tion, weighing, weighing out, see 706 ; paying (which con- 
 sisted originally in weighing out) : Tributum populo Romano 
 pendere. Liv., and intransitive weighing, having a certain 
 weight : Talentum ne minus pondo octoginta Romanis pon- 
 deribus p end at. Tropical, estimating, judging : Te ex vir- 
 tute tua pendimus ; Res spectatur, non verba p en dun* 
 tur. Cic. Pensare, Pensitare, weighing out and off, 
 with greater accuracy and care : Centurionem, pensantem, 
 aurum, occiderent. Liv. Monent, ut ex factis, non ex dictis, 
 amicos pens en t. Id. Concilia, pensitanda magnis ani* 
 mis atque ingeniis. Id., weighing (in the sense of the German 
 erwdgen). Trutinari, 634, weighing a subject with the 
 finest observation : Exporrecto trutinantur verba labello, 
 Pers. 
 
 782. Penetrare, Permanare, Pervadere. Penetrare 
 entering with exertion, arriving at the inner space of a thing 
 
783. Per. 341 
 
 by exertion against the resistance offered by the sides of a 
 thing, penetrating : Ostium Ponti viderunt, et eas angustias, 
 per quas penetravit Argo. Cic. Res penetrat in am- 
 nios. Id. P er ra an are, flowing through a passage, arriving 
 at a place, as far as that place ; is used of gradual, progressive 
 motion in a certain course : Ex alco succus is, quo alimur, 
 per man at ad jecur per quasdam vias. Cic. Pervadere, 
 penetrating through and as far as a place, working through 
 difficulties : Arminio Gallica cohortes signa objecerunt ; nisu 
 tamen corporis et impetu equi pervasit. Tac. Fama urbem 
 pervasit. Li v., diffusing. 
 
 783. Per, Trans. Per, through, of a motion along the 
 inner space of a thing, from one end to another, refers espe- 
 cially to the centre of the space to be penetrated, the passage, 
 transit ; Trans, on the other side, beyond, of a motion as far 
 as, and to the end of a thing on the other side, the obtaining 
 of this final point, and the beginning of that which is beyond, 
 the getting over, beyond : Erat iter unum per Sequanos, vix 
 qua singuli carri ducerentur. Cass. ; also over, if we speak 
 of surfaces, on which much space remains on both sides of 
 the course of him who passes over them ; otherwise the mere 
 Ablative is used: Iter per Alpes patefacere. Cses. Hostes 
 circumventi se per munitiones dejicere et fuga salutem pe- 
 tere intenderunt. Id. In foro pompa constitit, inde vico 
 Tu sco Velabro que, per Boarium forum in cedem Junonis 
 perrectum. Liv. Servium elatum e curia in inferiorem par- 
 tem per gradus dejicit. Id., down the stairs. Veliierni sunt 
 jussi trans Tiberim habitare. Id. Nuntii trans mare 
 missi. Cic. Multas aves frigidus annus trans pontum fu- 
 gat. Virg. 
 
 In compounds, per signifies sometimes the continuation of 
 an action up to its completion, e. g. peragere, per or are ; some- 
 times the highest degree of perfection, as our through and 
 through, throughout, e. g. pervelle, pernegare ; sometimes to 
 the carrying out of an action until the entire destruction of its 
 object, e. g. perdere, perimere, perjidus. Trans retains its 
 meaning unchanged, and shows it by orthography ; but, if its 
 own meaning unites with the radical signification of the verb 
 in such a manner that a new idea is produced, the sounds of 
 this particle likewise are fused with the verb ; hence we have 
 only transcurro, transgredior, generally also, transmitto, 
 transveho ; but trado, trano, trajicio, and, with Cicero now 
 and then, tramitto,traveho,traverto. 
 29* 
 
342 783. Per. 
 
 1. P erfuga, deserter, from faithlessness and bad inten- 
 tion ; Transfuga, from dissatisfaction with his party, or 
 thoughtlessness: Perfuga, qui societatem cum ipsis adver- 
 saries coiit. Cic. Numidce specie trans fug arum in cas- 
 tra venerunt, ut inde, tempore capto, abireni. Liv. — 2. Per- 
 fidus, perfidious, faithless, who intentionally acts contrary 
 to his obligation voluntarily entered upon, and thus injures the 
 rights of another ; Infidus, unfaithful, who abandons or de- 
 viates from a voluntary obligation, in general not to be de- 
 pended upon in words or deeds : Perfidos amicos ulciscar 
 nihil credendo atque omnia cavendo. Cic. Tarquinium exsu- 
 laniem ferunt intellexisse, quos Jidos amicos habuisset, quos 
 infidos, quum jam neutris gratiam referre posset. Id. — 
 3. Permutare, changing throughout, exchanging in barter- 
 ing ; Commutare, changing for another thing; by Per- 
 mutare, the places of two things are changed; by Commu- 
 tare, the one thing is placed on the spot of the other; 
 Immutare, altering, designates the passing over into another 
 state: Numidce appellati Nomades a per mutandis pabu- 
 lis. Plin. India ces et plumbum gemmis suis ac margaritis 
 permutat. Id. Fures earum rerum, quas ceperunt, signa 
 commutant. Cic. Adjuncti verbi primam liter am praipo- 
 sitio commutavit,ut suffugit, summutavit. Cic. Regv- 
 lus de captivis commutandis Romam missus est. Id . Non 
 exspectata a Fabio senatus auctoritas est in per mutandis 
 captivis. Liv., there they should be exchanged, here they 
 were ransomed. Plato negat mutari posse musicas leges 
 sine immutatione legum publicarum. Cic, giving a differ- 
 ent form befitting to that which has been changed. Testes 
 mutare, putting on different, generally mourning dress; 
 commutare or vestem cum aliquo mutare, exchanging 
 dress with one another: lllico Amphitruo jio et vestitum im- 
 muto meum. Plaut., changing them. — 4. Perspicere, see- 
 ing through a thing, to the ground of it; Prospicere, see- 
 ing out into a distance, foreseeing a thing : Sepes effecerant, 
 que nonmodo intrari, sed ne perspici quidem posset. Cass. 
 Ex vultu meum erga te amor em perspicere potuisses. Cic. 
 Ex superioribus locis prospicere inurbem. Cses. Pro- 
 spicere futura. Ter. Consulite vobis, prospicite pa- 
 trice. Cic, watching over. — 5. Pervertere, reversing, so 
 that something perpendicular is placed in an oblique, wrong 
 position, upsetting : Coqui aulas pervertunt, ignem restin- 
 guunt aqua. Plaut. Ccesar omnia jura pervertit propter 
 
784. Percellere. 786. Perdere. 343 
 
 prlnclpatum. Cic. Pervertere allquem, throwing down, 
 ruining. Evertere, 339. Subvertere, subverting, up- 
 setting, by exertion from below upward : Galbce imagines 
 discordia temporum subv ersas, in omnibus municipiis re- 
 coil jussit. Tac. 
 
 784. Percellere, Percutere. Percellere, throwing 
 to the ground by a severe, violent blow, thrust : Ventus plaus- 
 trum oneratum percellit. Cato. Duodeclm adolescentu- 
 lorum paucitate perculsa est Lacedce?no?iioru?n potentla. 
 Nep. ; hence, Perculsus, surprised, stupefied, embarrassed 
 and stupefied by sudden and violent impressions, e. g. pavo- 
 re, metu, clade, deorum ira : Gratia jam diu suis conciliis 
 perculsa et afflicta est, Cic. Percutere, 523, shaking 
 through and through by one blow or thrust; Percussus, 
 hit, of a more transitory, acute impression : Percussus vir- 
 ga ; turres de cozlo percusses. Cic. Fortunce gravissimo 
 perculsus vulnere. Id., al. percussus. Non dublto, quin 
 tales vlrl, suspiclone aliqua percussi repentlna, de statu 
 suo declinarint. Id., al. perculsi. 
 
 785. Percussor, Interfector, Sicarius, Homicida, Par- 
 ricida. Percussor, murderer, who kills by thrusts, pon- 
 iard : Percussor,ab isto missus, deprehensus cum sica. Cic. 
 Inte rfe ctor, one who kills violently : Cum inte rfe cto- 
 ris gloria interfici. Cic. Sicarius, an assassin, bandit, 
 who only used the dirk, stiletto : Vetus sicarius, homo 
 audax et scepe in ccede versatus. Cic. Ho mi eld a, a man- 
 slayer, a homicide (as person) ; P arricida, a father-slayer, 
 parent-slayer, and in general, every malefactor who commits 
 crimes as black as parricide : Fateor Brutos et Casslos, nisi 
 liberatores populi Romani sint, plus quam sicarios, plus 
 quam ho ml ci das, plus etlam quam parrlcldas esse: 
 slquldem est atroclus patrlce parentem, quam suum occlde- 
 re. Cic. 
 
 786. Perdere, Pessum dare ; Perire, Pessum ire ; Per- 
 ditus, Profligatus. Perdere, spoiling, ruining: Jupiter 
 fruges perdidit. Cic. Rem paternam luxurla perdere. 
 Plaut., wasting, squandering. Pessum {foot-ward, \. e. 
 downward, to the bottom) dare, allowing a thing to go to the 
 ground, destroying it: Ita pessum dare alterum vult, ut 
 etlam navem perforet, in qua ipse navigat. Cic. Animus ad 
 inertiam et voluptates corporis pessumdatus est. Sail. 
 Perire, 701, perishing ; Pessum ire, going to destruction : 
 Pompelus, Scipio fcede perierunt ; at Cato pr cedar e. Cic. 
 
344 787. Peristroma. 790. Peroratio. 
 
 In quibusdam stagnis ne lapides quidem pes sum eunt. Se« 
 nee. Pes sum ituros fecundissimos Italics campos, si am- 
 nis Nar super •stagnavisset. Tac. — Perditus, ruined, lost 
 without hope, respecting fortune or morality: Plane perdi- 
 tus cere alieno egensque. Cic. Adolescens perditus ac 
 dissolutus. Id. Profligatus, 479, thrown to the ground, 
 ruined to exhaustion, abandoned: Mozrore affiictus et pro- 
 fligatus. Cic. Nemo est inventus tarn profligatus, tarn 
 perditus, tarn ah omni non modo lionestate, sed etiam simu- 
 lations honestatis relictus. Id. 
 
 787. Peristroma, Stragulxjm, Tapes s. Tapetum, Pe- 
 ripetasma, Auljeum, Siparium. Peristroma (tisqiotqco- 
 ^a), and Stragulum, Stragula vestis, a cover, which 
 was spread over the bed, generally costly : Lecti conchyliatis 
 peristromatis strati. Cic. Tapes, Tapetum, a car- 
 pet, generally woolly, with colored figures woven in, to cover 
 tables, walls, floors, &c. Est et hirtce lanai pilo crasso in 
 tapetis antiquissima gratia. Aliter hcec Galli pingunt, 
 aliter Parthorum gentes. Plin. P eripetasma, an orna- 
 mental carpet for walls and floors : Ilia Attalica totd Sicilia 
 nominata peripetasmata. Cic. Aulceum, the curtain or 
 drop in the theatre: Mimi est jam exitus, non fabulcs : au- 
 Iceum tollitur. Cic, rises; at the beginning of the piece it 
 was let down. Siparium, the curtain in the comedy : Si- 
 parium, quo in scenis mimi uluntur. Fest. 
 
 788. Perna, Petaso. Perna, the ham, as hind-quarter; 
 Petdso, as fore-quarter, down to the knee: Olus fumosce 
 cum pede per nee. Hor. 
 
 789. Pernicies, Exitium, Huina. Per nicies (nex), 
 - the violently destroying, that is, ruining of a living being, the 
 
 making it perishing, opp. salus ; Exitium, the end and exit, 
 the tragical end, destruction, also of inanimate bodies ; Ru- 
 in a, the breaking together, downfall, fall which is accompa- 
 nied with the destruction of the thing falling, e. g. conclavis ; 
 Verres, lobes atque pernicies provincial Sicilies. Cic. hen- 
 lulus de pernicie poyuli Romani et exitio liujus urbis 
 acerbe crudeliterque cogitavit. Id . Ruin as fortunarum tua- 
 rum impendere tibi proximis Idibus senties. Id. 
 
 790. Peroratio, Conclusio, Epilogus, Clausula. The 
 last, especially elaborate part of a speech, according to the 
 rules of art, is Peroratio, inasmuch as the oration is now 
 carried through; Conclusio, as conclusion, which compre- 
 hends the chief points and moments ; Epilogus, as addi- 
 
791. Perversus. 794. Petered 345 
 
 tion, after-speech: Conclusio (et quasi per or alio) est 
 exitus et determinatio totius orationis. Cic. Orator in epi- 
 log o misericordiam movet. Id. Clausula, the concluding 
 formula, e. g. of a letter ; also a short passage in a document, 
 which is peculiarly excepted, or receives a peculiar destina- 
 tion, e. g. edicti : Utar ea clausula, qua soleo. Cic. 
 
 791. Perversus, Pr^posterus. Perversus, 783, 5, 
 reversed, not as it should be ; oculi, unnaturally turned ; per- 
 verso more. Cic, perverse, wicked. Prceposterus, that 
 which ought to be behind, or at the end, if it is not there, out 
 of order, in a perverse manner, said or done at a wrong time, 
 preposterous, e. g. gratulatio : Prceposteris utimur con- 
 siliis et acta agimus. Cic. 
 
 792. Pervigil, Pernox. Pervigil, very, always watch- 
 ful : Custos opaci pervigil regni canis. Senec. Pernox, 
 lasting through the whole night: Luna pernox erat. Liv. 
 
 793. Pestis, Pestilentia, Lues, Contagio, Contagium. 
 Pestis (belongs to pejor, bestia), every pernicious, disastrous 
 evil, bringing ruin ; in concreto, imagined as fiend, angel of 
 death; Pestilentia, pest, and every similar malignant and 
 devastating malady in the abstract, also as a quality of places, 
 atmosphere, and weather, which creates such maladies, pesti- 
 lence : Alii alia peste absumti. Liv., i. e. clade. Ilia fu- 
 ria ac pestis patrice. Cic, i. e. Clodius. Pestilentia 
 eo anno aliarum rerum otium prcebuit. Multa duumviri 
 avertendcE a populo pestis causa fecere. Liv. Lues, the 
 widely diffused, impure, and slowly destroying substance of 
 malady, infection : Gravevi populis luem sparsura pestis. 
 Martial. Contagio, poetical Contagium (t anger e), the 
 contagious substance: Nee mala vicini pecoris contagia 
 Icedent. Virg. 
 
 794. Petere, Postulare, Flagitare, Poscere. Pete- 
 re, desiring, striving to reach, obtain something, and, in this 
 sense, begging, e. g. consulatum, honores, asking for a thing; 
 A te opem petimus. Cic. Per liter as ille precious a 
 Sulla petit, ut. Id. Reliquum est, ut te hoc rogem et a te 
 petam,ne temere naviges. Id. Postulare {poscere), de- 
 manding with reasons of right and equity, making claims, 
 postulating : Quum tempus necessitasque postulat, decertan- 
 dum manu est. Cic. Darius postulabat magis, quam pe- 
 tebat, ut, accepta pecunia, suos sibi restitueret. Curt. Fla- 
 gitare, demanding urgently, impetuously, admonishing: 
 Postulatur a te jam diu, vel flagitatur polius his- 
 
846 
 
 795. Piare. 796. PigeU 
 
 
 toria. Cic. Qui metuo ne te forte flag it en t : ego autem 
 mandavi, ut rogarent. Id. Poscere, demanding something 
 absolutely, in the expectation that it must be granted, fur- 
 nished, &c. : Nemo inventus est tarn audax, qui illud argen- 
 turn tain nobile poscere t ; nemo tarn impudens, qui postu- 
 laret, ut venderet. Cic. Iste unus inventus est, qui parent es 
 pretium pro sepultura liber um posceret. Id. Ex strength- 
 ens these meanings: Expetuntur divitice ad usus vitce 
 necessarios. Cic, desiring strongly, 301. Vix tu ab aliquo 
 hoc expostulare auderes, et impetr are posses. Id., earnest- 
 ly, urgently asking. Vester honos petit us, nee diuturnis 
 precibus efflagitatus esse videtur. Id., assaulting with 
 demands, forced out by begging. Admetus, quum Themis- 
 tocles ab Atheniensibus exposceretur publice, supplicem 
 non prodidit. Nep., urgently asking for delivery. 
 
 795. Piare (Piaculum), Expiare, Proctirare, Lustra- 
 re. Piare, showing one's self as pious, religious, and thus 
 endeavouring to avert the wrath of the gods : Principes fid- 
 gura pianio. Cic. Silvanum lacte piabant. Hor., recon- 
 ciling ; hence Piaculum, a. sacrifice of atonement : Pyrrhus 
 cum magno piaculo sacrilegii sui manubias retulit. Liv. 
 Expiare, reconciling by a sacrifice, freeing from sin : Mari 
 omnia, quce violata sunt, expiari putantur. Cic. Pro cu- 
 rare, taking care that the evil consequences of a bad omen 
 be averted : Prodigia parum credita, quia, per quos ea pro- 
 curarent, aruspices non erant. Liv. Lustrare (lucere), 
 properly, shedding light upon a thing, viewing; purifying 
 something by a sacrifice of purification, which sacrifice was 
 led around the object to be purified : Rex instructum exercitum 
 omnem suovetaurilibus lustravit. Liv. 
 
 796. PigeTj Pcenitet, Tcedet, Pudet. Pi get (belongs 
 to pangere), it is mortifying, causes displeasure, distaste: 
 Referre pi get, quid crediderint homines. Liv. Ne quid 
 faxit, quod nos post pig eat. Ter. Pcenitet, it is painful, 
 it makes us regret, repent: Sapientis est, nihil, quod p ce ni- 
 ter e possit, facer e. Cic. (Milites) pcenitet in posterum 
 diem dilatum certamen. Liv., they felt pain from impatience 
 and desire to fight. Tcedet, it disgusts, effect of surfeit, dis- 
 taste at uniformity: Tcedet quotidianarum harum forma- 
 rum. Ter. Tcedet audire eadem millies. Id. Pud ere, 
 being ashamed, used of the feeling of displeasure at our ex- 
 posure, in whatever way : Me non solum pi get stultitice meet 
 $ed etiam pudet. Orat. p. Domo. 
 
 
797. Pila. 801. Placet. 347 
 
 797. Pila, Follis, Globus, Spil&ra. Pila, a ball in 
 general, especially for game: Pila ludere. Cic. Follis, 
 properly, bellows ; the balloon or ball filled with air, which 
 was propelled by the arm or the fist: Ego te foil em pugi- 
 latorium faciam. Plaut. Globus, a ball, as firm, round 
 body, globe : Globus terra JLxus in medio mundi loco. Cic. 
 Splicer a, a perfectly round globe, especially an artificial 
 globe of the earth or heaven. 
 
 798. Pileus, Petasus, Galerus, Apex, Tutulus, Cu- 
 cullus. P Ileus, a cap of felt, similar to the half of an egg, 
 used as general name: Servi ad pileum vocati. Liv., the 
 sign of manumission. Petasus (ntraaog), a travelling hat, 
 with a wide rim: Petasati veniunt tabellarii. Cic. Ga- 
 lerus, a cap of fur: Lupi de pelle galeros tegmen hatent 
 capiti. Virg. Apex, 89 (apere, apisci), a high, conical hat, 
 provided with a small stick at the top : Apex sacerdotum in- 
 signe. Fest. Tutulus, a woollen cap, similar to a pyramid 
 (met a), as the famines and pontifices wore; Cucullus, a 
 cowl, pointed, and fastened to the dress : Tempora Santonico 
 velas adoperta cucullo. Juvenal. 
 
 799. Pingere, Adumbrare, Delineare. Ping ere (be- 
 longs to pangere), putting colors on, painting: Britanniam 
 pin gam coloribus tuis. Cic. Pingere acu. Ovid., em- 
 broidering. Adumbrare, throwing shade upon something, 
 taking the shade of something, that is, making a hasty draw- 
 ing, sketching, as to the chief traits : Consectatur non eminen- 
 tem effigiem, sed adumbratam imaginem. Cic. Deline- 
 are, making a sketch : Apelles, arrepto carbone, imaginem 
 in pariete delineavit. Plin. 
 
 800. Pinguis, Opimus, Obesus. Pinguis (pangere), 
 fat, of thick, solid mass of flesh, opp. macer, e. g. agnus : 
 Ager pinguis ac l&tus. Colum. ; hence heavy, clumsy: 
 Cordubce nati poetce, pingue quiddam sonantes ac perigri- 
 num. Cic. Agamus pingui Minerva. Id., not taking it too 
 nicely. Opimus, of heaithy fulness, plump, e. g. boves : 
 Non tarn habitus corporis opimos, quam gracilitates consec- 
 tantur. Cic. Opimum et tamquam adipale dictionis genus. 
 Id., very clumsy. Spolia opima, arms which a general 
 had taken from his enemy. Obesus, corpulent, well-fed, 
 thick and round : In equo generoso brevis alvus obesa que 
 terga. Virg. 
 
 801. Placet, Libet. Placet, it pleases, it is found 
 good, designates pleasure in something which we recognise as 
 
348 802. Plagce. 803. Plaga. 
 
 right; Libet, designates pleasure in something which we 
 desire : Placet mihi, monumentum fieri quam amplissimum. 
 Cic., I am for. Placitum, ut epistolce nomine Principis 
 scriberentur. Tac., it was found well, it was resolved. Non 
 Zibet plura scribere. Cic. I do not like, have no disposition. 
 Libitum est vobis ad hcec impeller 'e. Id., it has been 
 pleased. 
 
 802. Plagle, Retia, Casses ; Verriculum, E verriculum. 
 Plagce, a smaller, strong hunter's net, to catch larger ani- 
 mals, in hollow roads, passages ; properly, the ropes with 
 which the Retia was put up ; Retia (Rete, obsolete Retis, 
 a net of gridiron form in general), is a larger net with wider 
 meshes, for game of all kinds, birds, &c. ; Casses, a net, so 
 arranged that larger animals would entangle their head : Aut 
 trudit cane apros in obstantes pi a gas; aut amite levi rara 
 tendit retia, turdis edacibus dolos. Hor. Decidit in cas- 
 ses prceda petita meos. Ovid. — Verriculum, generally 
 Everriculum, a net, seine, a net surrounding a large part 
 when the ends are drawn together or out on shore, to catch 
 fish ; Rete and Rete j aculum, a throwing net, also called 
 Fun da, of the form of a funnel, with leaden balls at the 
 wider end, which in pulling out could be drawn together by a 
 string : Everriculo in litus educere pisces. Varr. In pis- 
 cinam rete qui jaculum par at, quando abiit rete pessum, 
 turn adducit sinum. Plaut. 
 
 803. Plaga, Vulnus, Cicatrix, Ulcus ; Plague, Ictus, 
 Verbera. Plaga, the blow, stroke, stripe, thrust of him 
 who gives them, and the wound caused thereby; Vulnus, 
 ancient Volnus (vellere), the open wound (in the wounded 
 person) : Ccedebatur virgis, quum interea nullus gemitus inter 
 dolor em crepitumque pi a g arum audiebatur. Cic. Vulnus 
 obligare. Id. ; hence, an acute injury, disgrace, loss, and 
 grief about it, as we use the word in the same way : Flami- 
 nius cecidit apud Trasimenum cum magno rei publicce vul- 
 nere. Cic. Cic atrix, the wound grown over, scar, seam, 
 cicatrice : Luculentam mirmillo pi a gam accepit, ut declarat 
 cicatrix. Cic. Ulcus, an ulcer hid under the skin, a 
 wound, the matter of which extends deeper and further : Si 
 parum medicamenta projiciunt, totum ulcus usque ad sanam 
 carnem excidi oportet. Cels. — Plagce, are the blows, inas- 
 much as they injure, wound: Ictus, inasmuch as they hit 
 (tell); Fer& era, stripes, with reference to the instrument, 
 which is swung: Aliquot plagis Eumenes vulneratur, Nep. 
 
804. Plaudere. 807. Pluma. 349 
 
 Ab ictu telorum tuti remiges. Cass. Hos non Centaurus 
 ictus corpori inflixit meo. Cic. Nudari juvenem jubet, 
 verb era que adferri. Liv. 
 
 804. Plaudere, Plangere, Explodere, Supplodere. 
 The beating together of two surfaces, producing a sound, is 
 called Plaudere, clapping, if it indicates joy; Plangere 
 (plaga), beating, if it indicates mourning : Manus in pi au- 
 di en do consumere. Cic, manifesting approval or satisfaction 
 by the clapping of hands. Morientes adspicit Alphenor, 
 pectora plangens. Ovid. Explodere, driving away by 
 clapping, stamping ; hence, showing dissatisfaction in the 
 theatre, &c, what we call hissing. Explosa sententia, 
 thrown aside ; Supplodere, stamping strongly. 
 
 805. Plenus, Refertus ; Im — Com — Opplere. Ple- 
 nus, full ; Refer tus (farcire), crammed full, entirely full : 
 Aquam ingere, fac plenum aenum sit. Plaut. Numerus 
 plenus; adolescens ingenii plenus. Cic. Cupce tceda ac 
 pice refer tee. Caes. Insula refertadivitiis. Cic. — Im- 
 plere, filling something that is empty, hollow: mero pate- 
 ram. Virg. Co mplere, filling completely: cavernas armato 
 milite. Virg. Omnia clamor e ac fetu. Cses. Opplere, to 
 the very brim, overfilling, and covering some surface by fill- 
 ing something: Nives omnia oppleverant. Liv. Vetus 
 opinio GrcBciam opplevit. Cic. 
 
 806. Plerique, Plurimi ; Plerumque, Plurimum. Fie- 
 ri que (as quisque, uterque), most of them, the largest num- 
 ber, or very many, in the meaning of insulation; see Com- 
 plures, 704. Plurimi, most of them, taken together, as 
 the largest number referring to smaller ones ; it is the super- 
 lative oimultus: Multi nihil prodesse philosophiam, pleri- 
 que etiam obesse arbitrantur. Cic, imagined separately ; 
 hence, Quod plerique omnes faciunt adolescentuli, ut 
 animum ad aliquod studium adjungant. Ter., inasmuch as to 
 all constituting the largest number, the same can be ascribed, 
 but not plurimi omnes. Anseribus supponuntur ova paucis- 
 sima septem, plurima quindecim. Colum. Deum ipsum 
 multi perhibent Msculapium ; quidam Osirim, plerique 
 Jovem, plurimi Ditem patrem conjectant. Tac Accord- 
 ingly, Plerumq ue, generally, very often : Fit plerumque 
 casu, sape natura. Cic Hcec ipsa for tuita sunt: plerum- 
 que enim, non semper eveniunt. Id. Plurimum, mostly : 
 Purpura vivunt annis plurimum septenis. Plin. 
 
 807. Pluma, Penna, Pinna. P lum a, the down-feather : 
 
 30 
 

 350 808. Pluvia. 811. Polliceri. 
 
 Plum a versicolores columbis data sunt. Cic. Penna, the 
 larger wing-feather, also the wing itself: Pulverem pennis 
 deter gere. Plin. Galli?ice pullos pennis fovent. Cic. Pin- 
 na, a thick, stiff, and longer feather: Galli caudis magnis, 
 frequentibus pinnis. Varr. Pinna, data piscibus. Plin., 
 fins. 
 
 80S. Pluvia, Imber, Nimbus. Pluvia, sc. aqua, rain- 
 water, the rain, inasmuch as it is moistening, irrigating : 
 Aquas pluvias arcere. Cic. Tenues pluvia. Virg. Im- 
 ber, the heavy, pouring shower, which is violent, but does 
 not last long: Vehemens imber Jit impete venti : at pluvia 
 longum morari consuerunt. Lucret. Nimbus, 729, the 
 gushing rain from dark clouds, with storm : Densi funduntur 
 ab atliere nimbi. Ovid. 
 
 809. Poeta, Vates. Poet a (noislv), the poet, who 
 makes, produces, creates poems ; Vates, properly, a proph- 
 et ; the poet, as inspired person : Hac conficta arbitror a 
 poet is esse. Cic. Sic honor et nomen divinis vatibus 
 atque carminibus venit. Hor. 
 
 810. Polire, Limara, Dolare, Levigare. Polire, 
 making smooth, polishing, making bright by rubbing and pol- 
 ishing, e. g. arma; Orationem polire. Cic, polishing, by 
 the removal of every thing defective and objectionable. Lt- 
 mare, filing: gemmas. Plin., grinding. Homo urbanitate 
 limatus. Cic. [The Germans use, in this case, precisely 
 their word for ground.] D 61 are, hewing, lopping, with an 
 axe or similar large instrument,, or similar exertion : robur. 
 Cic, of a less degree of smoothness than is indicated by poli- 
 re : Calius non tractu orationis leni et aquabili perpolivit 
 illud opus, sed ut homo neque doctus neque maxime aptus ad 
 dicendum, sicut potuit, do lav it. Id. Lev are and Levi- 
 gare, smoothing, removing roughness and unevenness : Le- 
 vigatur falce truncus. Plin. 
 
 811. Polliceri, Promittere (Condicere), Spondere, 
 Despondere, Stipulari, Recipere. Polliceri, promis- 
 ing, in the sense of offering one's self to something from a 
 free action of the mind : Operam suam alicui polliceri, is 
 the offer with words; off err e, the offer of prompt services 
 in deed. Promittere, promising for the future, and 
 obliging one's self to some performance, in contradistinction 
 to the prompt performance : Atticus, quidquid rogabatur, 
 religiose promittebat ; quod levis arbitratur, pollice- 
 
 *i, quoa prastare non posset. Nep. Polliceri desig- 
 
812. Pomum. 813. Pondus. 351 
 
 nates only willingness; promittere, the realization of the 
 promise, but delayed for some future period. Promittere 
 alicui ad ccenam, accepting an invitation for the cama; con- 
 dicer e, inviting one's self, without invitation on the part of 
 the other, sending word that we will take our dinner with a 
 friend. Spondere, vowing, solemnly promising or engag- 
 ing, with guaranty and legally binding power ; pro aliquo, 
 becoming bail for another, guaranty, e. g. in money matters. 
 Stipulari, asking another, in a legal form, whether lie is 
 willing to promise something legally and formally, making 
 another solemnly promise : Phcedromus. Spondesne, 
 miles, mihi hanc uxor em J Mi les. Sp ondeo. Plaut., by this 
 the contract was legally binding. Fenoris tui, quod stipu- 
 lanti spoponderam tibi, reliquam pensiunculam percipe. 
 Colum. Despondere (properly, giving away from one: 
 Gives desponderant animos. Liv., giving up, away, the 
 courage), giving a formal, solemn promise, used in matrimo- 
 nial vows, when, after proper asking (stipulatio) , the father 
 of the bride promised (spondebat) the hand of his daughter, 
 and thus gave her away (despondebat) ; and when the per- 
 son who wished to marry accepted (despondebat) the promise 
 of the father; hence it can never be said despondere ado- 
 lescentem : Tulliolam Pisoni despondimus. Cic. Corni- 
 jicius adolescens Orestillce filiam sibi despondit. Id. Re- 
 cipere alicui, taking something upon one's self for another, 
 giving the assurance that we will stand guaranty for the ful- 
 filment of the promise or engagement of another, guaranty- 
 ing : Promitto in me que recipio, fore Varronem tibi et 
 voluptati et usui. Cic. 
 
 812. Pomum, Malubi, Bacca. Pomum, every edible 
 tree fruit: Pom a mensis non interdicta secundis. Ovid., 
 nuts. Malum, larger fruits with kernels, apples, pomegran- 
 ates, peaches, lemons, with the exception of pears (pirum) : 
 Puero aurea mala decern misi. Virg., quinces. Bacca, 
 ancient Baca, berry, every smaller sort of round berry of 
 trees and shrubs, olives, fruit of cedars, juniper, &c. : Lauri 
 bacca. Virg. 
 
 813. Pondus, Pondo, Momentum, Onus. Pondus, a 
 body which has weight, gravity, as weight to measure, and 
 the weight or measure of heaviness of a body : In terram fe- 
 runtur omnia nntu suo ponder a. Cic. Pondo (indeclina- 
 ble), pound, and as Ablative, in weight; it is only measure 
 of weight : Auri quinque pondo absiulit. Cic. Mo men 
 
352 814. Pone. 816. Popina. 
 
 ium, 699, the body which, placed in one of the balanced 
 scales, gives the preponderance to the latter : Chrysippus 
 omnia verborum momentis, non rerum ponder ibus ex- 
 amined. Cic. Onus, burden, the weight, inasmuch as it 
 weighs upon the supporter, offering resistance to it : Asellius 
 gravius dorso subiit onus. Hor. 
 
 814. Pone, Post, A. P one, behind, only of locality, in 
 the back, rear of a subject, obsolete; Post, after, behind, 
 local of order and rank, and of time ; A, after, from behind, 
 only in the sense of distance : Animal et ante et pone pro- 
 cedebat. Cic, backward. Pone castra pabulatum ibant. 
 Liv. Post tergum adorire hostem. Cses., in the rear, in 
 the back, designates the position of the attacking behind the 
 enemy; a tergo adoriri, Id., the situation of the enemy 
 endangered in the direction of his rear. Quartus a vic- 
 toria mensis. Tac, after, since, from the victory. 
 
 815. Ponere, Deponere, Reponere, Collocare, Sta- 
 tuere. Ponere, putting, placing, assigning a place, per- 
 manent for some time, to a thing, e. g. mensam, pedem, arma, 
 laying down arms ; the expression deponere arma is stronger. 
 Deponere, placing, depositing at a certain place for safe 
 keeping, e. g. pecuniam apud aliquem : Tabula testamenti 
 quum in cerario poni non potuissent, apud Pompeium sunt 
 depositee. Cses. Reponere, replacing something in its 
 proper place, and depositing, placing something in a certain 
 place, that it may rest there : Grues in tergo prcevolantium 
 capita reponunt. Cic. Collocare, 645, placing a thing 
 on a selected spot, proportionate to the things around it, 
 making it take its proper, respective place : suo quidque in 
 loco; Ponere castra, establishing a camp; locare, select- 
 ing a fit place for it, locating it. Propugnatores in portis 
 ponere. Liv., placing; milites in acie locare, drawing up 
 the lines; in summo jugo duas legiones c olio cat. Caes., 
 posting them by each other. Spem ponere in aliquo, firm 
 hope, with confidence; collocare in incerto iemporis 
 eventu, calculated on circumstances; St a t ue re, giving the 
 stand to a thing : Captivos vinctos in medio statuit. Liv. 
 
 816. Popina, Caupone, 'J aberna. Popina, a cooking 
 and eating shop, in the neighbourhood of a bath, where cooked 
 victuals and delicacies were sold; Caupona, properly a 
 wine-house; a tavern on the road; Tab em a, a drinking- 
 oooth, where, however, a person might likewise find meals 
 and lodging. 
 
817. Populus. 819. Posse. 353 
 
 817. Populus, Plebs, Vulgus ; Populari, Vastare, Vex- 
 are. Populus, the whole people of a city, a capital with 
 its territory, of a whole country, as state, that is, political so- 
 ciety, 489, in contradistinction to their magistrates (princeps, 
 senatus) ; and as commons, the aggregate of the citizens, in 
 contradistinction to the commonalty {plebs) : Populum 
 Campanum in vestram, P aires Conscripti, populique Ro- 
 mani ditionem dedimus. Liv. Plebs, ancient Plebes, Gen. 
 plebei, the common people, opp. populus and patricii, 765 ; 
 also, the rabble, in the sense of contempt : Tribunum non 
 populi, sed pi eh is magistratum esse. Liv. Vulgus, the 
 large, rude multitude, in contradistinction to the educated and 
 nobly born : Sapientis judicium a judicio vulgi discrepat. 
 Cic. — Populari, devastating a place, fields, e. g. agros ; 
 Vastare, laying waste, making it unfit for man to dwell 
 there: Omnia f err o ignique vastantur. Liv. Vex are, 
 ill-treating, causing injury and misery: P opulatam, vex- 
 at am que provinciam. Cic. sc. a Verre. 
 
 818. Porta, Janua, Fores, VALViE, Ostium, Limen ; 
 Janitor, Ostiarius. Porta, the gate, the entrance or gate 
 to a city, camp: Ante port as est helium. Liv. Janua, 
 entrance to the house, house door; For is, the door which 
 turns on hinges, and opens toward within, e.g. cubiculi ; 
 plural Fores, a folding door, e. g. portarum : Fores in 
 liminibus profanarum cedium januce nominantur. Cic. Va I- 
 v ce, a door consisting of two parts, which could be placed one 
 over the other : Bifores valvce. Ovid. Ostium (for ositi- 
 um, from os), the opening, mouth, e. g. fluminis ; the door, 
 as opening of an inner room: Aperto ostio dormire. Cic. 
 Limen, the threshold, also the door, the entrance: Extra 
 ostium limen que career is. Cic. — Janit or, door-keeper, 
 who was chained by his legs to the door : Heus ! ecquis hie 
 est janit or ■ ? Aperite. Plaut. Ostiarius, the servant who 
 opened the door, waiting at the door. 
 
 819. Posse, Quire, Pollere, Valere ; Potius, Satius, 
 Posse (infinitive of I can), designates the possibility of ef- 
 fecting something, which possibility is founded in the speaker 
 himself; Quire, the possibility offered to him from without, 
 if it is not prevented from thence ; something that is possible 
 according to circumstances ; finding one's self in the position 
 and situation to do a certain thing: Non queo reliqua scri- 
 bere, tanta vis lacrymarum est. Cic. Maritimus hostis ante 
 adesse potest, quam quisquam venturum esse suspican 
 
 30* 
 
354 820. Potestas. 821. Prceceps. 
 
 -r' 
 
 que at. Id. Poll ere, being able to do much, effect a great 
 deal, of superiority, of power and means compared to others : 
 Plus pollet potiorque est patre. Cic. Veil ere, 129, des- 
 ignates the existence of the full measure of strength for feel- 
 ing well, or in order to effect something : Nos hie valemus 
 recte. Cic, feeling well. Pecunia, armis, gratia p oiler e, 
 being superior to others; Quamvis ingenio non valet, arte 
 valet. Ovid., proving efficient. — Potius, rather, better, des- 
 ignates choice ; Satius, better, more satisfactory, designates 
 satisfaction, used only as adjective : Depugna p otitis, quam 
 servias. Cic. Mori satius fait, quam ejusmodi necessitu- 
 dini obtemperare. Id. 
 
 820. Potestas, Potentia ; Magistratus ; Imperium, 
 Ditio. Potestas (potis), power for, over something, as a 
 subjective quality, according to which we have the capacity 
 and right to act: Petis a me, quod in tua pot est ate est. 
 Cic, i.e. quod potes. Interrogandi tibi pot est at em fa- 
 ciam. Id. P otentia (potens), power, as state and circum- 
 stance, the capacity of effecting something : Plebis opes im- 
 minutce, paucorum potentia crevit. Sail. — Potestas, the 
 power (authority) through which a person is authorized to do 
 certain acts ; hence, the power of the state, a power of the 
 state which exercises legally certain rights, e. g. patria ; tri- 
 bunicia; Magistratus, 535, a public office, the aggregate 
 of lawful performances, duties and privileges of an officer : 
 Magistratum peter e, caper e, gerere. Cic. — Potestas, 
 the power with which a magistrate is invested ; Imperium, 
 535, the power which a commander-in-chief exercises as 
 such: Erit consul Hortensius cum summo imperio et po- 
 test ate. Cic. The consuls, dictators, and praetors had both ; 
 the cediles, qucestores, tribuni plebis, had only potestas. Di- 
 tio (more correctly Dicio, from dicere, command, like 
 legio), the territory subject to the same authority (as the 
 Germans use in the same sense the word Gebiet, from 
 gebieten, to command), the power and authority of a master 
 over others under him ; the territorial extent of the authority 
 of a court: Sub populi alicujus ditio ne atque imperio 
 esse. Cses. 
 
 821. Pr^ceps, Declivis, Devexus, Pr^ruptus, Abrup- 
 tus, Abscisus (Abscissus). Prceceps (see 326), head- 
 foremost, dashing down, precipitating: se pr cecipitem da- 
 re. Hor. ; and where one may be precipitated from, steep : 
 Viam pr cecipitem et lubricam plance et stabili prceponere* 
 
822. Pracipuus. 823. Prcedictio. 35S 
 
 Cic. De cliv is, sloping : In declivi ac prcecipiti loco 
 incitatos equos sustinere. Cses. Devexus (see 244), sloping, 
 with less inclination, perhaps, downward, coming down : Am* 
 nis devexus ab Indis. Virg. A s + eep surface is designated 
 by Pr&ruptus, if there are rough protuberances and eleva 
 tions on it : Difficilis et prceruptus descent is. Cses. Ab 
 ruptus, properly, torn off, more perpendicular: Locus, jam 
 ante prceceps, lapsu terra in pedum M altitudinem abrup 
 tus erat. Liv. Absclsus, properly, cut off; if the surface 
 is almost as if produced by a cut : Petra in altitudinem emi* 
 net, undique abscisa et abrupt a. Curt. (Abscisst $ 
 violently severed, torn off, with a maiming, lacerating instru 
 ment, e. g. caput.) 
 
 822. Pr^cipuus, Princeps, Primarius ; Pr^ecipue, Pr^e- 
 sertim, Inprimis, Cumprimis, Apprime, Cum maxime. 
 Prcecipuus, that which we have in advance of others, ex- 
 cellent : Propriam fortunam et prcecipuam postulare, 
 communem recusare. Cic . Princeps ( pri - caper e) , he 
 who occupies a forward place, or makes the beginning in a 
 thing, especially as to rank: Principibus placuisse viris 
 non ultima laus est. Hor. Exordium princeps omnium 
 esse debet. Cic. Primarius, belonging to the kind or 
 species of the first, of the first rank and dignity : Plotius sena- 
 tor, vir primarius. Cic. — Prcecipue, particularly, sep- 
 arately from and before others: Nihil sibi appetit prceci- 
 pue. Cic. Prasertim, especially, distinguishes more 
 accurately, and heightens the effect : Non me sapiential fama 
 delectat, falsa prasertim. Cic. Imprimis, Cumpri- 
 mis, among the first, with the first, chiefly, in preference of 
 all others : Omnes hoc cupimus, ego in primis. Cic. Homo 
 domi suai cum primis locuples. Id. Cum maxime, as 
 much as it possibly can be: Cum maxime vow te dare 
 operam ut fat. Cic. 
 
 823. Pr^dictio, Vaticinatio, Vaticinium, Oraculum, Ke- 
 sponsum. Prcedictio, prediction ; Vaticinatio, proph- 
 esying, as action: Habet fiem nostra pr&dictio. Cic. 
 Vaticinationes Sibyllina. Id. Va ticinium, the proph- 
 ecy according to its contents : Plena vita est his vaticiniis. 
 Plin. Oraculum, something spoken by the gods, is called 
 Re spon sum, when the oracle was given by the priests as 
 answer to the person who asked the advice, permission, &c. 
 of the gods (consulentibus) : Scitatum oracula Phozbi mit- 
 timus. Virg. Testimonia divina, ut oracula, ut responsa 
 sacerdotum* haruspicum. Cic. 
 

 356 824. Praditus. 827. Prajudicium. 
 
 824. PuiEDiTtjs, Instructus, Ornatus. Praditus. } 
 gifted, by nature or good fortune, e. g. opibus, virtute, auda- 
 cia, auctoritate, magisiraiu ; Ins true tits, furnished with 
 something for use, and generally for any object : doctrinis, 
 a pliilosopkia, a jure civ Hi ; instructus ad ccedem. Cic. 
 Ornatus (see 389, 751), provided with things which serve 
 for greater beauty, dignity, or perfection : Domicilia omata 
 signis atque picturis, in struct a que rebus Us omnibus, qui- 
 bus abundant ii, qui beati putantur. Cic. 
 
 825. Pr^eesse, Prjssidere ; Prjeficere, Prjeponere ; 
 PrjEFectus, Praetor, Legatus. Praesse, being the head 
 of an institution, with superintendence; Prasidere, with 
 judicial authority and protecting superintendence : Quum hide 
 quastioni judex praesses. Cic, as praetor, who superin- 
 tended the trial; Vobis armatis et huic judicio prasiden- 
 tibus hac tanta virtus ex hac urbe expelletur? Id. Centu- 
 rions and soldiers, who have placed themselves around the 
 court, shall prove their authority. — Pr aficere, appointing 
 as superior, superintendent, commander, designates the activ- 
 ity ; Praponere, the rank of the place for which a person 
 is appointed: Sacerdos praposita oraculo. Cic. Deme- 
 trius sepulcrorum procurationi cerium magistratum prafe- 
 cerat. Id. Prafectus, a superior, in general: moribus 
 o.r morum; ararii, classis, equitum. Prat or, was origin- 
 ally the name of the consul ; from the year 3S7, A. V. C, 
 the chief judge or justice ; with the Greeks, the Romans called 
 the oTQajrrfog prsetor : Prat or Atlieniensium et Dioxippus, 
 prafectus cohortis auxiliorum. Li v. Legatus, 623, a 
 public ambassador, deputy ; the highest assistant and repre- 
 sentative of a commander-in-chief or governor of a province, 
 a general second in command : Pompeius Hispaniam provin- 
 dam per legatos administravit. Cic. 
 
 826. Prjeferre, Prjeponere. Prefer re, carrying be- 
 fore one, preferring, used of the selection according to rea- 
 sons ; Prcep on ere, of the actual execution, 825. Se p ree- 
 fer re aliis propter abundantiam fortuna. Cic. Sulpicius 
 salutem rei publica vita sua praposuit. Id. 
 
 827. Pr^judicium, Opinio pr^ejudicata. Prajudici- 
 um, a preliminary opinion, one we have made up preceding 
 another yet to be formed more accurately, impression : De 
 Verve non prajudici u m., sed plane judicium jam factum 
 videtur. Cic. Opinio prajudicata, having a prejudiced 
 opinion of a thing before proper inquiry into it, a prejudice ; 
 
828. Prasepe. 832. Prisons. 357 
 
 Tantum opinio prcejudicata poterat, ut etiam sine ra- 
 tione valeret auctoritas. Cic. 
 
 828. Prasepe, Stabulum. Prasepe, Prasepes, a 
 fold, pen, a place fenced in, to keep cattle within : Pasti re- 
 petent prasepia tauri. Virg., especially the manger, rack. 
 Stabulum, a place where cattle stand, whether it be cov- 
 ered and shut up or not: Ardua tecta petit stabuli. Virg., 
 of the hut of the shepherd. 
 
 829. Prater, Trans. Prater, past, of a motion by or 
 past the front side of a thing and away from it ; and Trans, 
 783, over, from a point this side over a thing, to a point on 
 the other side, in compounds: Praterire terram, passing 
 a country, leaving it to the side ; transire, passing through 
 it, beyond its frontier on the other side. Rem silentio pra- 
 ter ire, leaving it aside, not mentioning it, neglecting it; 
 transire, passing over in silence, passing over, in order to 
 arrive at something else. Tempus prateriit, the time is 
 past as to fit opportunity as well as to its existence; trans- 
 iit, it is past, as to its duration, beyond which we are now ; 
 hence, transire modum, going beyond the measure, not 
 praterire. 
 
 830. Pr^termittere, Omittere, Relinquere. Pra- 
 termitter e, leaving aside, with consciousness neglecting, 
 e. g. occasionem ; Omittere (allowing something to pass 
 above), giving up, considering not any further, e. g. tristitiam: 
 Libo discessit a Brundisio, obsessionemque omisit. Goes. 
 Omitto, quid ille tribunus fecerit. Cic, not mentioning. 
 Relinquere, 641, Cades relinquo. Cic, not mentioning, 
 in the sense of letting them alone. 
 
 831. Primores, Proceres, Optimates. Primores, the 
 first, who among the highest or foremost occupy the first 
 place ; the noblest, most distinguished, and most esteemed or 
 honored: Brutus Patrum numerum, primoribus equestris 
 gradus lectis, explevit. Liv. Proceres (procus), the no- 
 bles, who, by their rank, occupy places above others, top 
 above them : Proceres Latinorum, cum quibus Servius rex 
 hospitia junxerat. Liv. Op timate s, the patriots ; in Rome, 
 those of the party for the senate : Qui ita se gerebant, ut sua 
 consilia optimo cuique probarent, optimates habebantur. 
 Cic 
 
 832. Priscus, Pristinus, Antiquus, Vetus, Vetustus. 
 Priscus (pris, see Pridem, 360), belonging to the early 
 age : Credendum est veteribus et priscis, ut aiunt, viris 
 
358 
 
 833. Privatus. 834. Prius. 
 
 qui se progeniem deorum esse dicebant. Cic. Pr is tin us, 
 former, that which existed earlier than that which now exists : 
 Fac ut tuam pristinam dignitatem consequare. Cic. An- 
 1 1 quits, old, belonging and conformable to a period preceding 
 the present one: Tres epistolas tuas accepi. Itaque anti- 
 quissimce cuique primum respondebo. Cic, everyone, ac- 
 cording to its arrival before the succeeding one. Civitates 
 in antiquam imperii for mulam redigere. Li v., not pristi- 
 nam, which excludes quality and only relates to time. Cotus, 
 antiquissima familia natus. Cs&s., not prisca, which 
 would exclude continuance to the present day. Vitus (cetas), 
 old, respecting the length of time, existing long since, e. g. 
 vinum: Vetus est maceria, later es si veteres ruunt. Plaut. 
 Senator es veteres et moris ant i qui memores. Liv. Ve- 
 tus t us, that which, despite of its long duration, still continues 
 to exist, e. g. templum ; Hospitium vetus, founded long since ; 
 vetus turn, existing long since, and maintained, supported, 
 preserved. 
 
 833. Privatus, Peculiaris, Proprius, Suus. Privatus, 
 confined to a single individual, belonging to it, distinguishes 
 that which belongs to the individual from public things: Pe- 
 culiaris, peculiar, distinguished in its kind, selected and 
 separated from the common; Proprius, own, exclusively 
 belonging to a person, separate from what may be possessed 
 in common with others; Suus, his, that which is his, that 
 which is due and belongs to an individual of right, distinguishes 
 from others or individuals that have nothing to do with it : 
 Privatus illis census er at brevis, commune magnum. Hor. 
 Servum dedit gnato suo peculiar em. Plaut. Exoritur 
 peculiar e edictum repentinum. Cic. , quite a particular, relat- 
 ing to this subject alone. Redeas ad consuetudinem tuam 
 solius ac propriam. Id. Prcedia Capitoni propria tra- 
 duntur, quae liodie possidet. Id. In suam rem aliena con- 
 verter e. Id. Sua cuique virtuti laus propria debe- 
 tur. Id. 
 
 834. Prius, Potius, Antiquius ; Citius, Ocius. Prius, 
 prior, according to time and rank ; P otitis, preferable, with 
 regard to choice : Nihil prius, nee potius, visum est. Liv. 
 Antiquius, that which in my opinion is preferable to all 
 others, lies nearest to my heart, more urgent: Nihil ei an- 
 tiquius amisitia nostra fuit. Cic. — Prius, ere, sooner, 
 previous: Prius tua opinione adero. Plaut. Citius, 
 quicker, according to willingness and exertion: Vicinum ci- 
 
 L 
 
835. Pro. 836. Prolare. 359 
 
 tius adjuveris, quam fratrem. Cic. Ocius, soon, with the 
 least possible delay: Serins ocius. Hor., later or earlier. 
 Ocius omnes surgimus. Ovid., quickly, speedily. 
 
 835. Pro, Loco, Vice, Numero, Nomine ; Pro, in com- 
 pounds. For instead stands Pro, 85, referring to a relation ; 
 Loco, 647, in the place of, refers to representation, taking 
 the place of something else; Vice, to exchange, when one 
 thing is substituted for another ; Numero, under the nurnber, 
 refers to rank, relative place; Nomine, under the name, 
 title, exchange of denomination : Liberum appellare pro 
 vino Cic, intentional; loco, by mistake. Pro prcemio 
 accipere, to view it as reward; in prcemii loco, as real re- 
 ward. Esse pro cive, being considered ; pro hoste habere, 
 considering as an enemy, and treating as such; patris loco 
 habere, having in the place of a father. Stipulis ligni vice 
 uii, using instead of wood, letting it take the place of wood ; 
 more common in vicem, e. g. Defatigatis in vicem inte- 
 gri succedunt. Caes. Tibi parentis loco fait, he took the 
 place of your father; parentis numero, he stood with you 
 in the rank of a father; thus, In hostium numero habere, 
 in hostium numero loco que ducere. Cic. Omnia, quce 
 mulieris fuerunt, virifiunt dotis nomine. Id., as dowry. — 
 Pro, in compounds, see 85, fore (as in forefather) : Prod- 
 vus (fore-grandfather, i. e ) great-grandfather, his father and 
 grandfather Abdvus, and his father At a vus. — Instead of, 
 of the representative of an officer, what we express by acting : 
 Prom agister societatis, the vice-director of a society of 
 farmers general. Proconsules, Propratores, Proqucesto- 
 res, were the respective magistrates, when, after their one 
 year's official term as consul, &c, they became governors of 
 provinces; but pro console, pro prcetore, is used when the 
 preposition is connected with the predicate, and has an em- 
 phatic meaning: Nee legionem proconsul ejus anni P. 
 Dolabella retinere ausus erat. Tac. L. Volumnium pro 
 console ducem consulibus adjiciunt. Liv. 
 
 836. Probare, Adprobare, Comprobare ; Probatus, 
 Spectatus. Probare, making a thing proof, so that it 
 gives satisfaction, proving, and declaring a thing to be such, 
 approving of: Libros meos tibi probabo. Cic. Judicibus 
 probabo, Verrem contra leges pecuniam cepisse. Id. Cen- 
 sores villain publi cam probaverunt. Id., declaring free of 
 blame. Video meliora proboque. Ovid. Adprobare, 
 making something worthy of approval with others, making 
 
360 837. Proclivis. 840. Pronus. 
 
 another satisfied with it : qfficium suum alicui. Cic, and pay- 
 ing one's approval to something: Approbata laudataque 
 Cottce sententia. Id. Compro b a re, giving entire approba- 
 tion, used of several, and confirming something by one's ap- 
 probation : Omnium assensu comprobata est oratio. Liv. 
 Honor em meum sententia tna comprobabis. Cic. — Pro- 
 bat us, that which has stood the proof and received approba- 
 tion, of proved value ; Spectatus, accurately viewed , exam- 
 ined, without the idea of approving opinion : Ceterarum 
 homines artium spectati et probati. Cic. 
 
 837. Proclivis, Propensus, Pronus. Proclivis, lean- 
 ing forward and down ; descending, of the walker (declivis, 
 821, refers to the mountain itself). Dictu est pro dive. 
 Cic, easy. Tropical, procliv is, favorable, natural inclina- 
 tion, susceptibility for something; Propensus, properly, 
 hanging forward, used of a stronger degree of inclination, 
 disposition of the faculty of desiring, of the appetite ; Pro- 
 nus, 840, the decided, still stronger inclination and disposition 
 for something: ZJt aliquis natura ad aliquem morbum pro- 
 clivior, sic animus alius ad alia vitia propensior. Cic. 
 In obsequium plus cequo pronus. Hor. 
 
 838. Prgelium, Pugna, Acies, Certamen, Dimicatio. 
 Prcelium, engagement, battle, designates the fighting of the 
 many, the animated battle, to and fro; Pugna, the fight of 
 two armies, considered as the two great bodies; Acies> 19, 
 the order of battle, inasmuch as both the armies are drawn 
 up ; Certamen, 62, as contest, struggle for victory ; Dimi- 
 catio, 355, as contest, the end of which is yet undecided. 
 Prozlium committer e, conserere. Liv. In pr allium ruunt, 
 priusque pugna cozpit, quam signum ab ducibus daretur. Id. 
 Triplici instruct a acie. Cses. Consul cum Hannib ale acie 
 conflixit. Obscura ejus pugna fama est. Liv. Fit proz- 
 lium acri certamine. Hirt. Nos jam in aciem dimi- 
 catio nem que descendamus. Cic. 
 
 839. Progenies, Proles, Suboles. Progenies, the 
 race or house, as the series of descendants from one founder 
 and forefather : Memoriter progeniem db avo atque atavo 
 proferens. Ter. Proles (the sprout: olivce), as branch, 
 successors: Brutorum. Sail. Proles ilia futur or um homi- 
 num. Cic. Suboles, more correctly than Sobole s (a sprout 
 from the root : Suboles ex imo stirpe nata. Colum.), as in- 
 crease : Expulsa ojnnis suboles juventutis. Cic. 
 
 840. Pronus, Supinus, Cernuus. Pronus, leaning 
 
841. Propago. 845. Prov erbium, 361 
 
 forward to fall, inclined to sink : Imponere equo puerum p ro- 
 nton in ventrem. Varr. ; the contrary is Supinus, bent 
 backward, or lying so : Ebrius cubat in faciem, mox deinde 
 supinus. Juvenal. Cernuus, turned with the face toward 
 the ground : Equus incumbit cernuus armo. Virg. 
 
 841. Propago, Malleolus, Viviradix, Talea, Stolo. 
 Propago, properly, the propagator; a shoot of a vine, any 
 layer ; Malleolus, a sprig without roots, used for planting ; 
 Viviradix, a seedling with roots; Talea, a little sprig 
 from a branch, used for planting ; Stolo, a sucker, a scion, 
 torn off with the radical fibres, and used for planting. 
 
 842. Prope, Propemodum, Pene, Fere, Ferme, Tan- 
 tum non. Prope, near, nearly, and Pr op embd u m, near- 
 ly wholly, designates an approach to completion ; Pene, al- 
 most, to the completeness of a state ; Fere (ferre), about, 
 generally, almost, pretty nearly, to the full meaning of an 
 expression, if the same is not taken quite accurately ; Ferme, 
 generalizes this meaning; Tan turn wow, I will not say so 
 much, that is, almost : Prope annos XC natus. Cic. Quid 
 est sors ? Idem propemodum, quod micare. Id. Flumen 
 pene totum oppidum cingit. Cses. In oratore verba prope 
 poetarum, gestus pene summorum actorum est requirendus. 
 Cic. Eodem fere tempore. Caes. Vulgus quid absit a per- 
 fecto, non fere intelligit. Cic. Haud fere quisquam in- 
 teritum talem ejfugit. Id. Ab externis ferme bellis otium 
 fuit. Liv., pretty generally. Tan turn non jam capta La- 
 cedcemon est. Liv. 
 
 843. Prorsus, Omnino, Penitus. Prorsus, Pror- 
 sum, forward, straight forward, throughout : Prorsum ob- 
 litus sum mei. Ter. Omnino, in every thing, so that nothing 
 is wanting, entirely ; in general, through and through : Labo- 
 ribus aut omnino, aut magna ex parte, eram liber atus. Cic. 
 Penitus, to the innermost, from within and without, out and 
 out: Res penitus perspectce planeque cognitce. Cic. 
 
 844. Proturbare, Propellere, Protrudere. Protur- 
 bare, 255, driving away before one, with impetuosity and 
 disorder; Propellere, pushing and beating; Protrudere, 
 by pushing and forcibly pressing the hesitating : Telis missi- 
 libusque saxis proturbare hostes. Liv. Propellerena- 
 
 m vem remis. Cic. Protrudere cylindrum ; aliquem for as. 
 Phcedr. 
 
 845. Proverbium, Adagium. Prov er b ium, a proverb, 
 as a maxim well proved by experience in the mouth of every 
 
 31 
 
362 
 
 846. Provocare. 849. Pulcher. 
 
 
 body; Addgium, as a rule of life, or containing a useful 
 principle: Tritum sermone proverbium. Cic. Vetus ada- 
 gium est, Nihil cum Jldihus graculo. Gell. 
 
 846. Provocare, Apellare. Provocare, calling forth, 
 making application, that a case be adjudged before a higher 
 court, with reference to the opponent, who is called before a 
 superior court : Lex est, ut de vi et de maj estate damnati ad 
 populum provocent, Cic. App ell are, asking protective 
 aid from a superior person, with reference to the judge 
 who was appealed to, that is, petitioned for help or revision 
 of judgment: Tribunos plebis appello et provoco ad 
 populum. Liv. 
 
 847. Prudens, Sapiens, Cordatus. Prudens, prudent, 
 intelligent, and consequently acting with circumspection and 
 considerately : Vir natura peracutus et prudens. Cic. Vir 
 ad usum ac disciplinam belli peritus, ad consilia prudens. 
 Id. Juris prudens, the theoretic lawyer ; juris per it us, 
 367, the practical, well-practised lawyer. Sapiens (prop- 
 erly, he who has taste, sense), wise, he who has discovered 
 the reasons of truth and moral actions, and therefore subor- 
 dinates the dictates of prudence to the higher objects of mo- 
 rality : Sapientis est proprium, nihil, quod poznitere pos- 
 sit, facer e, nihil invitum. Cic. Sapiens, is the practical 
 sage ; Philosophus, the speculative thinker. Cordatus, 
 sensible, honest, man of probity, both of worldly prudence and 
 morality: Egregie cordatus homo. Enn. 
 
 848. PUBLICARE, VULGARE, DlVULGARE ; PrOSCRIBERE. 
 
 Public are, communicating something to the public (the 
 community), for its use or benefit: De Aventino publican- 
 do lata lex est. Liv. Publicare librum. Plin. Vulgar e, 
 bringing something among the common people, making it 
 common to all: Cereris ritus profanis. Ovid. Vulgatur 
 rumor. Liv. Divulgare, diffusing into all directions. — 
 Publicare, making a thing state property, confiscating: 
 Su?it multi agri lege Cornelia public at i. Cic. Proserin 
 bere, making known by public handbill, placard, especially 
 that the goods of a person condemned to confiscation are to 
 be sold publicly : Mancipium venale pr os crib ere. Cic. 
 
 849. Pulcher, Formosus, Venustus, Speciosus, Bel- 
 lus ; Venustas, Dignitas. Pulcher, beautiful, exciting* 
 pleasure to admiration by its perfections and advantages : ar- 
 gentum, domus, vastis, dies ; Formosus, 448, well-formed, 
 by its external form and formation, especially causing pleasure 
 
850. Plus. 852. Pyra. 363 
 
 by its soft transitions and regular proportions of undulating 
 lines; hence, not for mo s a or at io, vestis : Formosus homo, 
 an deformis. Cic. Nihil est virtute formosius, nihil pul- 
 chrius. Id. Venustus, pleasurable in a high degree, full 
 of charm, of attracting beauty, also in works of art : Fuit in 
 Sulpicio gesius et motus corporis ita venustus. Cic. Ado- 
 lescentula vultu modesto et venusto. Ter. Speciosus, as 
 extremely beautiful, striking the eyes, looking ; it designates 
 a higher degree of beauty than formosus : Se quoque det 
 populo mulier speciosa videndam. Ovid. Dictu speci- 
 os a. Liv. Bellus, fine, handsome, of the agreeableness 
 which borders closely on the beautiful (pulchrum) : Vasa 
 figura bella. Varr. Puella bellissima. Cic. — Venus- 
 tas, charming beauty, attractive by grace, especially in the 
 features and movements of female beauty : Ex Venere v e- 
 nustas dicta est. Cic. Dignitas, dignified beauty, which 
 lends appearance to a thing, proper to its character and that 
 pleases, especially the beauty of man: Pulchritudinis 
 duo sunt genera: venustatem muliebrem ducere debemus, 
 dignitatem virilem. Cic. 
 
 850. Puls, Polenta. Puis, a thick pap, which in early 
 times took the place of bread (as we find to this day with 
 many Indian tribes of North America): Pulte, non pane, 
 vixisse longo tempore Romanos manifestum. Plin. Polenta, 
 a dish made of roasted barley, pounded and then moistened, 
 with the Greeks (entirely different from what is now called 
 polenta in Italy). 
 
 851. Purpura, Murex, Ostrum. Purpura, the purple 
 snail, with rounded opening and an elongated beak ; Murex, 
 with wider opening, and without elongated mouth, near Tyre ; 
 Ostrum, the juice or blood of these animals; generally used 
 of the purple dye and substances dyed therein : Affers pur- 
 pur am Syriam. Cic. Murice tinctce lance. Hor. Ostro 
 perfuses vestes. Virg. 
 
 852. Pyra, Rogus, Bustum. Pyra, a pile of wood put 
 together to be lighted, a funeral pile, pyre, poetical ; in prose, 
 Kogus: Inscendere in rogum ardentem. Cic. Bustum 
 {urere), the place where the dead body was burned and 
 buried: Bust or um Gallicorum nomine insignem locum fe- 
 cere. Liv. If the dead body was buried in another place, the 
 spot of combustion was called Ustrina. Fest. 
 
364 853. Quando. 854. Quercus. 
 
 Q. 
 
 853. Quando, Quum ; Quandoque, Quandocunque. 
 Quando, token once, designates an indefinite point of time 
 in the past or future, and is used interrogatively, indefinite, 
 and relative as a particle indicative of time as well as cause : 
 Quando me ista cogitasse arbitramini ? Cic. Num quan- 
 do vides aliquem de C atone gloriari? Id., perhaps, perhaps 
 upon a time. Non intelligitur, quando obrepat senectus. 
 Id., when. Quando non potest fieri, quod vis, id velis, 
 quod possit. Ter., i. e. since, as cause originating from casual 
 circumstances. Quum, ancient Quom, when, designates 
 with its predicate a real fact as secondary circumstance of a 
 definite time, which may be simple (when, at the time that), 
 or repeated (so often as), and is only used relative as indica- 
 tion of the time of another occurrence, or as causative parti- 
 cle for then : Zenonem, quum Athenis ess em, audiebam 
 frequenter. Cic. Verres quum rosam viderat, tunc in- 
 cipere ver arbitrabatur. Id., as often as. Quid verba audiam, 
 quum facta videaml Id., since. — Quandoque, stands in 
 distributive sense relative for whenever, and indefinite for each 
 time whenever ; Quandocunque, is used in a generalizing 
 sense, relative for whenever, may that be at any time, and in- 
 definite, sometime, whenever, be this whenever it may ; in 
 Quandoque, we leave to the accident, to casual occurrence, 
 each imagined point of time separate; in Quandocunque, 
 all points of time are taken together, and we leave to casualty 
 the selection of one of these: Indignor, quandoque bonus 
 dormitat Homerus. Hor. Ego ibi commorabor, quoad ille 
 quandoque veniat. Cic, whenever, some time or other. 
 Hoslibus, quandocunque se moverint, ab ter go erimus. 
 Liv. 
 
 854. Quercus, Ilex, jEsculus, Robur. Quercus, the 
 common European forest oak, with the largest acorns : glan- 
 difera. Cic. Ilex, evergreen, with oval, edible acorns, and 
 oval leaves: Civica corona fit e fronde quern a, quoniam 
 cibus victusque antiquissimus quernus capi solitus sit: 
 etiam ex ilice, quod genus superiori proxinmm est. Gell. 
 Ms cuius, the winter-oak, prospering in the mountains, with 
 acorns with short pedicles, and broad leaves with long pedi- 
 cles ; according to others, the oak with narrower leaves and 
 
855. Questus. 856. Qui. 365 
 
 sweet acorns attached close to the branch : Civica iligna pri* 
 mo fiuit, postea magis placuit ex cesculo Jovi sacra. Plin. 
 Rbbur, the stone-oak, with small acorns and very firm 
 wood, indestructible in water: Innata rupibus altis rob or a. 
 Ovid. 
 
 855. Questus (Querela, Queremonia), Lamentum, 
 Plangor, Planctus, Gemitus. Questus, complaint, ex- 
 'ves.sion of dissatisfaction and suffering, stating grievance at 
 pai£, external pressure and oppression, injustice, and the like, 
 as state of things : Qui questus, qui mceror digitus inveniri 
 in calamitate tanta potest 1 Cic. (Querela, complaint, ac- 
 cording to its external condition, inasmuch as words, tone, and 
 expression have a peculiar character in proffering it : Cycni 
 quum tollant lugubri voce querelam. Lucret. Quid intuis 
 Uteris fuit 'prater querelam temporwn? Cic. Queri- 
 mo nia, the complaint of itself (in abstracto), as utterance of 
 words of a certain meaning : Versibus impariter junctis que- 
 rimonia priraum inclusa est. Hor. Multa querimonia 
 ultro citroque jactata. Liv.) Lamentum, expression of 
 painful sensations and affliction by sounds of complaint and 
 words ; it is the expression considered of itself ; the act of 
 lamenting, Ldmentatio, lamentation : Solon se negat velle 
 suam mortem dolore amicorum et lament is vacare. Cic. 
 PI an g or, 804, the beating of the breast and other parts, as 
 sign of affliction, inasmuch as it is something perceived by 
 others through hearing; Planctus, the same, as continued 
 state of the afflicted : Plangore et lamentatione imple- 
 vimus forum. Cic. Iter asti pectore planctus. Stat. Ge- 
 mitus, sighing, the natural vent of a heart oppressed by pain, 
 secret grief : Quid faciam infelix 7 G emit us dolor edere 
 cogit. Ovid. 
 
 856. Qui, Quis ; Quidam, Quisquam, Quispiam, Ali- 
 quis ; Quilibet, Quivis, Quicunque, Quisque, Unusquis- 
 que, Quisquis. Qui, qua, quod, who, which, designates 
 one undetermined subject of the number of a kind, or adjec- 
 tively, indefinite, one, some one; interrogative, which ? and 
 relative, who, that ; Quis (qua), quid, who, designates one 
 indeterminate, in general and without reference to the kind, 
 only indefinite, some one, something, and interrogative, who ? 
 what? Quis, in the Nominative, hence it is generis com- 
 munis, and qua is only used in this case when the sex is dis- 
 tinctly to be understood ; as likewise the indefinitum, qua, in 
 the Norn. sin. as feminine, and Nom.' Ace. plural, as neuter, 
 
 31* 
 
366 857. Qui. 
 
 points more distinctly at the kind : Si qu i rex, si qua natio 
 fecisset aliquid ejus modi. Cic. Acies, qualis qua instruct 
 tissima esse potest. Liv. Si quod est admissum f acinus. 
 Cses. Si qua, in membris prava sunt, occultant homines. 
 Cic. Danda opera est, ne qua amicorum discidia fiant. Id. 
 Qui cantus dulcior inveniri potest? quod carmen aptius? 
 Id. Si cui naviganti deus quis dixerit. Id., i. e. one who 
 is a god. Quis rex unquam fuit, quis populus, qui non 
 uteretur pradictione divina? Id. Quis tu es mulier, qua 
 me nuncupasti ? Varr. Relinquesne amicum ? qua ista ami' 
 citia est? — Quid am, a certain (neuter quod dam, a cer- 
 tain, quid dam, something certain, some certain thing) one 
 of a certain kind or species, whose characteristic distinctions 
 as individual are of no importance to the matter. Without 
 reference to the kind, is Quisquam, one, if he exist any- 
 where, relative and in the negative sense ; Quispiam, in a 
 positive sense, one who exists somewhere, opp. nemo, nihil ; 
 AH quis, another than quis, i. e. one who has more or less 
 of the distinctions, considered in general only, of a multitude, 
 some one, many a one : Accurit quid am, notus mihi nomi- 
 ne tantum. Hor. Estne quisquam omnium, de quo melius 
 existimes tu? Cic. Hereditas est pecunia, qua morte ali- 
 cujus ad quempiam pervenit jure. Id. Aude aliquid 
 carcere dignum, si vis esse aliquis. Juvenal., one of con- 
 sideration. Est aliquis, qui se astimare fastidiat. Liv., 
 many a one. — Quilibet, any one you choose, if the choice 
 is left to mere inclination; Quivis, every one you choose, 
 if the choice is determined by will; Qui cum que, any one, 
 no matter who, expresses indifference at the choice of the in- 
 dividual from among its kind; Quisque, each one, refers 
 to each individual as unit of a multitude; Unusquisque, 
 746, every single one in the whole number, every single one 
 taken singly; Quisquis, any one, is used if no distinction 
 is made between the individuals of the number : Apud majo- 
 res nostros adhibebatur peritus, nunc quilibet. Cic. Ves- 
 trum quivis formidat malum. Plaut. Spe tu, quicunque 
 casus est futurus, car ere non debes. Cic. Sibi quisque 
 ruri metit. Plaut. Signiferi orbis una qua que pars alia 
 alio movet immutatque ccelum, perinde ut qua que Stella in 
 Us Jinitimisque partibus sunt quo que tempore. Cic. O ado- 
 lescens, salve, qui me servasti, quisquis es. Plaut., as an 
 address to utterly unknown persons. 
 
 857. Qui, Quomodo, Quemadmodum, Ut, Sicut, Velttt ; 
 
858. Quies. 859. Quin. 367 
 
 Quasi, Sicbti, Veluti, Tamquam, Ceu. a. To designate 
 comparisons absolutely expressed, there are used: Qui (an- 
 cient Ablative of quis), as, taken entirely general, interrogat- 
 ing; Quomodo, as, compares with the mode of an existing 
 state the mode of something already formed; Quemadmo- 
 dum, as, the mode of a thing yet to be formed or to be 
 taken into consideration; Ut, Uti, as, compares condition in 
 general ; Sicuti, such as, the relation of the condition of a 
 state to that of another already existing, at which the speaker 
 points ; Velut, Veluti, as, for example, compares the dif- 
 ference of the condition, i. e. the similitude of the present 
 case with one arbitrarily taken for example's sake from real 
 existence : Qui Jit, ut ego nesciam, sciant omnes ? Cic. Me 
 consulem iia fecistis, quo mo do pauci facti sunt. Id. 
 Quemadmo dum sunt in se ipsos animati, eodem modo sunt 
 erga amicos. Id. Ut res gesta est, narrabo ordine. Ter. Me 
 si cut alt erum parent em diligit. Cic. Bestice aquatiles, qua 
 gignuntur in terra, veluti crocodili. Id. — b. For compar- 
 isons expressed conditionally, are used : Quasi (quam-si, as 
 if, i. e. about), about as, as if, compares a state of things with 
 another, according to a merely seeming similitude ; Si cut i, 
 as, like, refers to a fact ; Veluti, similar to, such as, gives an 
 instance ; Tamquam, as much, as well as, according to de- 
 gree, by pointing at an equal effect in something similar; 
 Ceu, as, as if, compares similar things in general, but it is 
 used only with poets and later writers : Quasi decern Jisci. 
 Cic, about. Fuit olim, quasi ego sum, senex. Plaut. Tu, 
 quasi concessum sit, ita deliberas. Cic, as if. Gloria vir- 
 tut em tamquam umbra sequitur. Cic Tamquam de regno 
 dimicaretur, ita concurrerunt. Liv. Situs picece in excelso 
 montium, ceu maria fugeret. Plin. 
 
 858. Quies, Requies; Quietus, Tranquillus. Quies, 
 the rest before labor, rest of itself; Requies, rest as recrea- 
 tion, with reference to previous exertion : Mors laborum ac 
 miseriarum quies est. Cic. Animus defatigatus nunc re- 
 quiet em quarit ex magnis occupationibus. Id. — Quietus, 
 quiet, calm, being at rest, in contradistinction to exertion ; 
 Tranquillus, still, tranquil, without violent motion: Otiosa 
 cetas et qui eta sine ullo labore et contentions Cic. Gentes 
 agitare quietas. Virg. Maris tranquillitas. Cic 
 Tranquillus ad quietem locus. Id. 
 
 859. Quin, Qui — Ut — Cur non ? Quin, who not 
 (qui-ne), and> that not (qut-ne), annihilates again the effect 
 
368 860. Quippe. 863. Quotus. 
 
 of an antecedent negative sentence upon the following subor- 
 dinate ; the same effect has Qui non, who not, only with 
 stronger negation, and TJt non, that not, indicating an effect 
 or consequence : In condone adest nemo, quin vitia in di- 
 cente videat. Cic. Nihil abest, quin sim miserrimus. Id. 
 Nullus annus est, quo non acie dimicetur. Liv. Non potu- 
 isti facer e, ut mini epistolam non mitteres. Cic. — In sen- 
 tences which do not depend upon others, Quin (qui ne), 
 expresses an urgent, impatient desire, with the apprehension 
 that the addressed person be unfavorably disposed, interroga- 
 tive and indefinite for why! eh! Quin igitur expergisci- 
 mini ? Sail., how not? i. e. well, don't you wake ? Quid hie 
 conterimus operam frustra? quin abeo? Ter., well, don't I 
 go ? Pa mp hilus. Jam hoc opus est (argento). Davus. 
 Quin jam habeo. Id., why, I have it already. Cur non? 
 302. 
 
 860. Quippe, Utpote. Quippe, of course, certainly, 
 confirms in ceding; Utpote (with qui and quum), as, since, 
 explains the possibility of an antecedent assertion in giving a 
 reason : Sol Democrito magnus videtur, quippe homini eru- 
 dito. Cic. Pater meus puerulo me, utpote non amplius no- 
 vem annos nato, in Hispaniam profectus est. Nep. 
 
 861. Quod, Quia, Quoniam. Quod, that, because, gives, 
 with reference to an expressed or implied demonstrative, the 
 real cause of an effect, or the nearest ground of a consequence 
 arising directly out of it; Quia, because, gives the more re- 
 mote reason, which causes the consequence; Quoniam 
 (quom-jam), because, a reason taken from circumstances of 
 the present time : Non ea res me deterruit, quo minus liter as 
 ad temitterem, quod tu ad me nullos miser as, sed quia ni- 
 hil, quod scriberem f reperiebam. Cic. Quoniam jam nox 
 est, in vestra tecta discedite. Cic. 
 
 862. Quotidie, Singulis diebus, In dies singulos. 
 Quotidie, daily, when something is omitted or interrupted 
 on no day, quotidian ; Singulis diebus, on every day of 
 a certain number of days, each one taken singly ; In singu- 
 los dies, for every single day, distributed for every day of 
 a certain number: Quotidie, vel potius in dies singu- 
 los breviores liter as ad te mitto. Cic. Flavius singulis 
 diebus ediscendos fastos populo proposuit. Id. 
 
 863. Quotus, Quotusquisque. Quotus, which in num 
 ber of rank and order? (in German, der wie vielste.) Quo- 
 tusquisque, of how many one, if you divide a number into 
 
864. Radere. 867. Ratio. 369 
 
 several equal parts ? or, of how many one in this whole num- 
 ber? (in German, der je wie vielste?) distributive, i. e. how 
 few! Hora quota est? Hor. Quotusquisque disertus 
 est ? Cic. To each man in a company the question quotus 
 would apply ; if, after a mutiny, it had been decreed that 
 each tenth man should be executed, the question quotusquis- 
 que would apply. 
 
 • 
 
 864. Radere, Scabere, Rodere. Radere, scratching, 
 scraping, e. g. genas : Margine in extremo liter a rasa. Ovid. 
 Modo tondere (with the pincers) modo radere barbam. 
 Suet., with the razor. Scabere, shaving (not of the beard), 
 shearing, grating : Laminas scab en do purgare. Plin. R a- 
 d ere makes a surface rough ; Sc a b ere, smooth. Rodere, 
 gnawmg, grating off, as it were, with the teeth, something of 
 a solid body: Caput scaberet vivos et roderet ungues. 
 Hor. 
 
 865. Ramus, Surculus, Termes. Ramus, the larger, 
 stronger branch; Surculus, the tender sprig, an engrafting 
 twig ; Termes, the fruit-branch : Avulsus e palma termes 
 cum fructu. Gell. 
 
 866. Rapina, PRiEDA, Furtum, Latrocinium. Rap in a, 
 the robbery, as the act of robbing, and poetical for that which 
 is robbed, i. e. goods hastily, violently, and unlawfully taken 
 from the possessor; P reed a, booty, the gain of the hunter 
 and the plundering warrior: Spem prcedce et rapinarum 
 sequi. Cic. Furtum, theft, clandestine removal of foreign 
 property, and the stolen property, without violence : Fur to 
 obsides subduxistis. Liv. Cogi a magistratu furtum red- 
 dere. Cic. Latrocinium, highway robbery, robbing in 
 the open street or on the highway with violence : Fines suos 
 ab excursionibus hostium et latr ociniis tueri. Cic. 
 
 867. Ratio, Modus ; Ratiojmem habere, Respicere. 
 Ratio, 190, properly, the calculation; the rational proce- 
 dure in an affair, calculated, that is, reasoned according to 
 sufficient grounds; Modus, 450, the proper measure, the 
 way and manner of proceeding : Existima,modo et ratio ne 
 omnia Roma Ncevium fecisse, si hoc recte atque ordine fac- 
 tum videtur. Cic, where the last sentence explains the first. 
 
370 868. Re. 871. Reddere. 
 
 Pictoris rati one et modo, formarum varietate locos dis- 
 tinguentis. Id. — Rati on em habere, counting over, making 
 account ; hence, having regard, paying attention to something, 
 taking it into calculation, e. g. famce suce : Haberi ratio- 
 nem oportet hominum,rei temporis ne quid jocus de gravitate 
 decerpat. Cic. Res pi cere, looking back, retrospectively ; 
 considering something in the calculation of a thing (precisely 
 as the Germans have Rilcksicht, literally translated, back- 
 sight), taking care of some one, e. g. commoda alicujus : 
 Nisi qui deus nos respexerit. Cic. In consilio capiendo 
 omnem Galliam respiciamus, quam ad nostrum auxilium 
 concitavimus. Cses. 
 
 868. Re, Retro. Re, back, backward, in compounds 
 designates a direction opposite to that of forward, as in pror- 
 sum rursum, forward, backward; in verbs which in them- 
 selves express a going forward, or indicate this direction, re 
 indicates a repetition of the action, because repetition is the 
 coming back once more to the same thing, as in repetere, re- 
 quires, reverti; Retro, backward or returning motion or 
 situation toward a point, from which the motion started ; hence 
 we find retro re spicere : Pergeret protinus : quid retro 
 atque a tergo fieret, ne labor aret. Cic, behind, behind him. 
 Marcellus retro, unde venerat, Nolam redit. Li v. 
 
 869. Recidivus, Redivivus. Re cidivus, one that falls 
 back, returns, e. g. febris ; that which after its fall is rees- 
 tablished, which rises out of its own ruins: Recidiva 
 posuissem Pergama victis. Virg. Redivivus (re-vivus, 
 as redhibeo), that which, as old and worn out, is used anew, 
 e. g. old building-materials : Columnam efficere ab integro 
 novam nullo lapide redivivo. Cic. 
 
 870. Recte, Bene, Rite. Recte, 694, right, in straight 
 line: Atomi suo nutu recte ferentur. Cic, perpendicular, 
 opp. oblique. Recte atque ordine exque re publica facer e. 
 Id. Bene, well, good, to satisfaction: Bene facis, quod 
 me adjuvas. Cic. Rite, in proper manner, according to ob- 
 servance, custom, usage: Sacrijicio rite perpetrato. Liv. 
 
 871. Reddere, Restituere. Redd ere, returning what 
 we have received, giving back : depositum, mutuum ; Resti- 
 tuere, replacing something in its former place, reestablishing 
 something in its former state : Si cedes corruerunt, heres re- 
 stituere non debet, nee reficere. Cic. Ccesar hospitem, 
 ereptum e manibus hostium, sibi restitutum videbat. Cses. 
 Reddere, is merely giving back; restituere, returning it 
 in the former state. 
 
S72. Redemptor. 874. Regio. 371 
 
 872. Redemtor, Manceps, Publicanus. Redemtor, 
 the undertaker, in its primitive sense (French, entrepeneur), 
 one who undertakes, for a sum stipulated by contract, to raise 
 a building, to procure provisions, or any thing, a contractor : 
 Rede m tor; qui columnam de Torquato conduxer at facien- 
 dum. Cic. Manceps, 637, the person who buys articles, 
 &c, at auction, obtains by the highest bidding, the farming 
 out of things, with a view to make profit upon these things : 
 Ccepit cogitate, si res abiret ab eo mancipe, quern ipse ap- 
 posuisset, sibi nullam prcedam esse. Cic. Publicanus, a 
 farmer-general of state revenues ; they were Roman knights, 
 who*, joined in a societas, partly as mancipes, partly as con- 
 tractors, partly as praides, who became guarantees for the 
 former, obtained the farming out of duties and imposts of a 
 province. There were other members still of these societies, 
 called socii, connected with the others as partners for com- 
 mon gain and loss. When any sort of revenue is farmed out, 
 the farmer pays a fixed sum to government, for which the 
 revenue is signed over to him-. It is still done in some Euro- 
 pean countries ; nowhere, however, where the finances are 
 regulated and organized as they ought to be : Flos equitum 
 Romanorum, publicanorum or do. Cic. 
 
 873. Redire, Reverti ; Rediens, Redux ; Reditus, 
 Proventus. Re dire, going back, to the place from which 
 we started ; Reverti, returning, from the place away toward 
 which we had moved, e. g. ex itinere. Casar eodem, unde 
 redierat, revertitur. Caes. Ad interregnum res rediit. 
 Liv., came back to it. Brutus reditu vel potius rever- 
 si one mea Icetatus est. Cic. Reditus supposes the reach- 
 ing of the object; rever sio, change of intention. Mecum 
 rediit in gratiam, reconciling ; rev ertit, changing one's 
 hostile intention or disposition. — Rediens, the returning 
 one, coming back; Redux, the fortunately returned one, 
 from a distant journey, danger, captivity : Video rure rede- 
 untem. Ter. T'lbi reduces socios classemque relatam 
 nuntio. Virg. — Reditus, revenue which the owner enjoys 
 (the idea of returning, i. e. from the outlay, is likewise ex- 
 pressed in our revenue); Proventus, produce of landed 
 property, &c, that which comes forth: Re di turn hominibus 
 confice. Cic, obtain for them an income. Annus proventu 
 onerat sulcos. Virg. 
 
 874. Regio, Provincia, Plaga, Tractus. Regio, re- 
 gion, a country according to its direction, situation, limits. 
 
372 875. Relaxatio. 878. Reparare. 
 
 before the eyes of the observer: Ccepi regiones circum- 
 circa prospicere. Cic. Provincia, a country without Italy 
 proper, as Roman conquest : Sicilia primo omnium provin- 
 cia est appellata. Cic. Pldga, the zone, as a land defined 
 in the heavens or on the earth, as a stripe, e. g. septemtriona- 
 lis: Cceli scrutantur pi a gas. Cic. Tr actus, a tract, a 
 space extended longitudinally, of indefinite magnitude : Totus 
 Ule tr actus Venafranus, tota ilia aspera et montuosa re- 
 gie*. Cic. 
 
 875. Relaxatio, Remissio. Relaxatio, the making 
 loose that which is fastly tied ; Remissio, the making 
 yield, or slackening that which is drawn tight, e. g. the 
 cord of a bow : Animi relaxatio, is recreation by leisure ; 
 remissio animi, is recreation by a cheerful occupation, 
 game, &c. 
 
 876. Religio, Superstitio. Religio, properly the 
 scruple of conscience ; the awe and fear of that which is 
 sacred, holy ; religion, externally as well as internally ; Cum 
 pietate simul et sanctitaiem et religionem toller e. Su- 
 perstitio (superstes, that which has remained of olden 
 times), ancient usage, traditional custom in sacred rites ; an- 
 tiquated belief, ancient superstition : In super stitione in- 
 est timor inanis deorum, religio deorum cultu pio conti- 
 netur. Cic. 
 
 877. Remus, Remulcus, Contus. Remus, the oar; 
 Remulcus, or Remulcum, a tow-barge, the contrivance 
 by which one vessel was pulled along by other vessels with 
 oars: Navem remulco quadriremis tralii jussit. Liv. Con- 
 tus, a pole, for poling a vessel: Acuta cuspide contos ex- 
 pediunt. Virg. 
 
 878. Reparare, Recuperare ; Reficere, Recreare. 
 Reparare, reprocuring something we have possessed be- 
 fore : res amissas ; Recuperare, ancient Reciperare, 
 receiving again what was lost, obtaining again something in 
 the same number and measure : erepta, libertatem. Cic. — 
 Reparare, repairing, replacing in the former state, reestab- 
 lishing entirely : collisumvas. S nee. Reft cere, re- making, 
 repairing of dresses, &c, effecting reestablishment gradually, 
 repairing, strengthening : naves, cedes labentes. Hor. Vires 
 reparare, renovating for new, fresh exertions, when the 
 strength had sunk entirely : cibo reficere, re-strengthening, 
 refreshing after exhaustion. Recrearo, causing that one 
 comes to strength again, reviving, refreshing: Ego recre- 
 
879. Repenaere. 883. Residere. 373 
 
 avi affiictos animos bonorum, unumquemque confirmans, ex- 
 titans. Cic. Me reficit et re ere at tuus in me amor. Id. 
 
 879. Rependere, Compensare. Rependere, weighing 
 out with equal weight, requiting, retaliating; Compensare, 
 weighing one thing with another, counting one against the 
 other, restoring, compensating: Ingenio formce damna re- 
 pen do mece. Ovid. Compensabatur cum summis dolo- 
 ribus Icetitia. Cic. 
 
 880. Repere, Serpere. Rep ere, creeping, movzig 
 along on the belly: Per angustam vulpecula rimam repse- 
 rat in cumeram frumenti. Hor. Murcence in slcco repunt, 
 Plin. Serpere, glide, of animals without feet, and more 
 slow, noiseless, and imperceptible movement: Videmus ser- 
 pere anguiculos. Cic. Simulalio serpebat in dies. Id. 
 
 881. Reprobare, Repudiare, Respuere, Rejicere. Re- 
 pro bar e, rejecting as being insufficient, unjust, or by way 
 of disapprobation: Ipsa natura reprobat dolor em. Cic. 
 Repudiare, thrusting away as worthless, hateful; disdain- 
 ing : uxorem, repudiating. Non repudiabis in honore, 
 quern in periculo recepisti. Cic. Respuere, thrusting away 
 with contempt, dislike, disgust : Cibi reliquice, quas natura 
 respuit. Cic. Respuere defensionem et pro nihilo pu- 
 tare. Id. Rejicere, declining, not allowing something to 
 take place : Judices reus rejecit. Cic. 
 
 882. Resciscere, Comperire, Certiorem fieri. Re- 
 sciscere, learning again, receiving information of something 
 disagreeable, which was not expected : Primus sentio mala 
 nostra: primus rescisco omnia. Ter. Comperire, re- 
 ceiving information upon undeniable evidence: Comperi 
 ex Us, qui fuere conscii. Ter.; hence, Compertus, known 
 from proof, certain: Facinus manifesto compertum atque 
 deprehensum. Cic. Certiorem fieri, becoming more cer- 
 tain than we were before, receiving certain intelligence : 
 Caisar ab exploratoribus certior f actus est, Ariovisti 
 copias non longe abesse. Caes. 
 
 883. Residere, Residere ; Residuus, Reliquus, Stjper- 
 stes ; Restare, Superesse. Residere, sitting downlink- 
 ing down: Mediis residunt cedibus. Virg. Si monies 
 residissent. Cic. Residere, sitting firmly, remaining 
 sitting : Ut, quum in mentem veniret, residere t, deinde spa- 
 tiaretur. Cic. Rcsidet spes in virtute tua. Id. — Resi- 
 duus, that which remains sitting, settled, that which remains, 
 arrears: Residues pecunice exactce. Liv. Reliquus. re- 
 
 32 
 
I 
 
 ■ I 
 
 374 884. Respondere. 887. Ridere. 
 
 maining, that which has been left, which has not yet been 
 taken up : Reliquce disputationis cursum teneamus. Cic. 
 Reliquas pecunias exigere, getting, exacting the rest or 
 arrears of a sum. Super stes, surviving: Vitce et dignita- 
 tis sua superstitem relinquere. Cic. — Rest are, remain- 
 ing behind at a certain place : Reliqua conjuratorum turba, 
 qui restiterunt. Cic, who remained behind, and did not 
 follow the commander-in-chief. Longa sunt, qua rest ant. 
 Id,, what yet remains to be treated. Super esse, being over 
 and above, of abundance ; hence, also, of that which we have 
 yet in readiness, opp. deesse : Qui tanta erat res, et super- 
 erat. Ter. Partes, qucemihi super sunt, illustrandce or a- 
 tionis. Cic. 
 
 884. Respondere, Responsare, Referre. Respon- 
 dere, answering a question, giving explanation, information : 
 Ad ea, qua qucesita erant, respondebat. Cic. ; hence, cor- 
 responding, answering, in the sense of satisfying certain given 
 conditions : Paribus paria respondent. Id. Respon- 
 sare, answering spitefully: Antilles responsant. Plaut., 
 being saucy ; hence, opposing, defying : Fortunes superbce. 
 Hor. Referre, replying, meeting or refuting an objection : 
 Anna refert, etc. Virg. 
 
 885. Restis, Funis, Rudens, Retinaculum. Restis, 
 a cord, a thin rope, line : Restim cape ac suspende te. Plaut. 
 Funis, stronger, hence funambuli : Demissum lapsi per fu- 
 nem. Virg. Rudens, a ship's rope, sail ropes: Conscen- 
 dcre antemnas, prensoque rudente relabi. Ovid. Retina- 
 culum,^ rope by which something is held fast, back (halter) : 
 Ut pelago suadente retinacula solvas. Ovid. 
 
 886. Reus, Nocens, Sons. Reus, a person accused 
 before a court; Nocens, 557, he who injures, guilty of an 
 evil deed, offence: Reis, tarn innoxiis, quam nocentibus, 
 absolutiones venditare. Suet. Sons, the punishable person : 
 Punire sontes. Cic. Quid jiet sonti, quum rea laudis 
 agar? Ovid. 
 
 887. Ridere, Renidere, Cachinnari. Ridere, laugh- 
 ing, laughing at (aliquem) : Crassus semel in vita risit. 
 Cic. Apollonius ir risit philosophiam atque contemsit. Id. 
 Omnes istos deridete atque contemnite. Id., deriding, scoff- 
 ing. Subridens hominum sat or atque deorum vultu. Virg., 
 smiling. Ren id ere, smiling forcibly and maliciously : Eg- 
 natius, quod candidos habet denies, renidet. Catull. Tor- 
 vus aut falsum renidens vultu. Tac. Cachinnari, 
 
 m 
 
888. Rima. 893. Rusticus. 375 
 
 laughing loud, right out, so that the laugher is shaken : Ri- 
 der e convives: cachinnari ipse Apr onius. Cic. 
 
 888. Rima, Hiatus, Rictus. Rima, crag, fissure of a 
 solid body lengthwise and into the depth of it : Fissus erat 
 tenui rima paries. Ovid. Hiatus, the cleft, wide open 
 and deep: Repentini terrarum hiatus. Cic. Cihus oris 
 hi a tu caper e. Id. Rictus, mazard, wide-open jaws : Ric- 
 tus ad aures dekiscens. Plin. 
 
 889. Rostrum, Proboscis. Rostrum, beak and snout 
 or trunk to dig up, uproot: Rostro vultur obunco. Virg. 
 Sus rostro si humi A liter am impresserit. Cic. Probos- 
 c i s, the trunk of the elephant : Proboscidem elepliantorum 
 amputare. Pi in. 
 
 890. ROTARE, ROTUNDARE, ToRNARE ; RoTUNDUS, Te- 
 
 res. Rot are, wheeling, turning like a wheel: Learchum 
 rapit et per auras more rot at fundce. Ovid. Rotundar e, 
 rounding, i. e. giving the form of a ball, making it spherical : 
 Deus mundum ad volubilitatem rotundavit. Cic. To r- 
 nare, making round with the turning tool {tornus^, turning, 
 e. g. versus: Mundum ita tornavit, ut nihil effici possit 
 rotundius. Cic. Rotundus (wheel-like), round, globular: 
 Mutat quadrata rotundis. Hor. Teres, rounded off and 
 smooth, of thick and long bodies, opp. angular, rough : Te- 
 retes stipites, feminis crassitudine. Cses. 
 
 891. Ruber, Rufus, Russus, Purpureus. Ruber, red, 
 blood-red, e. g. sanguis; Rufus, light-red, fox-red, both of 
 natural color : Aurora rubra. Prop. Rufam illam virgi- 
 nem. Ter. Russus, red, of artificial color: Lutea russa- 
 que vela. Lucret. Purpureus, purple-colored, brilliant 
 and shining; hence, in general, of beautiful, splendid colors: 
 Pallium pur pur eum ; Purpurei olores. Hor. 
 
 892. Rupes, Scopulus, Petra. Rupes, the steep rock, 
 appearing like torn off or broken off: Ex magnis rwpibus 
 nactus planitiem. Cses. Scopulus, cliff in the sea, from 
 which we may see far: Remigum pars ad scopulos allisa. 
 Cass. Petra, rock, as rocky mass, and as the hard stone; 
 only with later writers : Alga in petris nascitur. Plin. 
 
 893. Rusticus, Agrestis, Vicanus. Rusticus, rural, 
 being in the country and conformable to it, e. g. prcedium ; 
 hence, one who cultivates the country and inhabits it, and 
 who has manners accordingly simple ; also, by way of blame, 
 clownish: Homo imperitus morum, agricola et rusticus. 
 Cic. Agrestis, that which is in the field, growing wild, 
 
376 
 
 894. Sacer. 895. Sacerdos. 
 
 e. g. palma; hence, morally wild, boorish, immoral, unciv- 
 ilized : Sollicitant homines imperitos ipsi rustici atque 
 agrestes. Cic. ; rustici, of intellectual rudeness ; agres- 
 tes, of moral. Rustica vox et agrestis quosdam delec- 
 tat. Id., the strong, coarse language of the boor, rustic. Vi~ 
 c anus, a villager, inhabitant of a village : Lacedcemonii vicum 
 maritimum improviso occupavere. Vicani primo territi 
 sunt. Liv. 
 
 s. 
 
 894. Sacer, Sanctus, Sacrosanctus, Augustus, Reli- 
 giosus ; Sacrum, Sacrificium. Sacer, sacred, as the prop- 
 erty of the gods, acknowledged as such by public authority, 
 opp. prof anus, not sacred, that which is destined for common 
 use, without reference to a deity: Mdes sacra; Sacra 
 profanaque omnia polluere. Sail., and consecrated to the gods 
 below, i. e. to death, accursed: Intestabilis et sacer eslo. 
 Hor. Sanctus, holy, of moral perfection, pure, spotless, 
 virtuous, and inviolable, as placed under the protection of a 
 deity: S an c ti s simus et justissimus judex. Cic. Legato- 
 rum nomen ad omnes nationes sanctum inviolatumque sem- 
 per fait. Goes. Sacrosanctus, that which must not be 
 violated by high penalty, most holy : Sacrosancta potestas 
 Tribunorum. Liv. Augustus, inspiring admiration and 
 reverence by superhuman external perfection, venerable, 
 magnificent: Ornatus habitusque humano augustior. Liv. 
 Templum augustissimum. Id. Religiosus, he who 
 conscientiously avoids touching sacred things, religious, e. g. 
 testis ; senatores sancti et religiosi. Cic, and of objects 
 which we consider with religious veneration : Signa sacra 
 et religiosa. Cic. — Sacrum, something holy, a sacrifice 
 as something sacred: Sacrum piaculare ; Romulus sacra 
 Diis aliis facit. Liv. Sacrificium, a sacrifice, as sacred 
 action : Sacrificium lusirale in posterum diem par at. 
 Liv. 
 
 895. Sacerdos, Pontifex, Antistes. Sacerdos, a 
 priest or priestess of superior rank, inasmuch as they perform 
 holy rites, as a general signification; Pontifex, a high- 
 priest, who had the superintendence over the service and the 
 other orders of priests. The college of the pontiffs consisted 
 
896. Satire. 899. Sancire. 377 
 
 originally of four patricians, later of eight, half plebeians, by 
 Sulla of fifteen, under a Pont if ex maximus : Numa Pom- 
 pilius sacris e principium numero pont ifi ces quinque prce- 
 fecit. Cic. Antistes, fern. Antistita, superintendent of 
 x temple and its holy rites, which he assists in celebrating : 
 Sac er dotes Cereris at que illius fani antistitce. Cic. 
 
 896. Salire, Saltare, Tripudiare. Salire, hopping, 
 leaping: demuro; but Desilire ex equis. Liv. Saltare, 
 making leaps, jumping, dancing: Salire alacritatis est; 
 saltare elegantiai. Cic. Tripudiare, stamping the ground 
 In dancing: In funeribus rei publicaz exsultans ac tripudi- 
 ans. Cic. 
 
 897. Salus, Valetudo, Sanitas. Sains, the deshed 
 condition and state, uninjured, state of well-being, in contra- 
 distinction to that which is not agreeable ; hence, the preser- 
 vation and salvation from perils, the weal : rei publicce. Me- 
 dicis non ad salutem, sed ad necem uti. Cic. Vdletudo, 
 health, i. e. state of health as continued condition, and as 
 which it may be good or bad: bona, adversa, mala. Sani- 
 tas, health, which is undisturbedness of the natural and desir- 
 able state of body and soul, uncorruptedness of either : Sani- 
 tas incorrupta. Cic. 
 
 898. Salutare, Persalutare, Salvere. Sdluiare, 
 greeting, manifesting our esteem, &c, by the expression of 
 our wishes for the welfare of another ; P er salutare, greet- 
 ing all, one by one: Domus te nostra salutat. Cic. Om- 
 nes vos nosque quotidie per salutat. Id. Salv ere, being 
 in health, feeling well ; wishing this to some one : Salv eb is 
 a meo Cicerone. Cic, Cicero wishes to be remembered. 
 
 899. Sancire, Sciscere, Cavere. Sancire, placing 
 something under the protection of the gods, and thus securing 
 it against all violations of its perfections, as sacred, inviolate, 
 irrevocable, decreeing as absolute, e. g. leges : Lege natural, 
 communi jure gentium sancitum est. Cic. Solon capite 
 sanxit, si qui in seditione non alterius utrius partis fuis- 
 set, Id., he ordained by penalty of death. Sciscere, ac- 
 knowledging something, and confirming by one's vote ; 
 decreeing by majority of votes, legem, 629. Athenienses 
 sciv erunt, ut Mginetis, qui classe valebant, pollices prceci- 
 derentur. Cic. Cavere, ordering, providing, in so doing, 
 for the future, that something be done or not be done : Epi- 
 curus testamento cavit, ut dies ejus natalis post mortem age- 
 retur. Cic. 
 
 32* 
 

 378 900. Sanguis. 902. Satiare. 
 
 900. Sanguis, Cruor, Sanies, Pus, Tabum, Tabes. 
 Sanguis, blood, as vital principle and component part of 
 the body, inasmuch as it gives spirits and strength, and flows 
 in the body : Sanguis per venas in omne corpus diffunditur. 
 Cic. Cruor, the blood which flows from a wound, which 
 came originally from some hurt: Cruor em inimici quam 
 recentissimum telumque e corpore extractum ostendere. Cic. 
 Sdni es, spoiled blood, bloody juice or water; Pus, Gen. 
 puris, matter in an ulcer; Tabum, dissolved and putrefying 
 blood, and every similar liquid: Exit sanguis ex vulnere 
 recenti aut jam sanescente ; sanies est inter utrumque tern- 
 pus ; pus ex ulcere jam ad sanitatem spectante. Cels. Di- 
 lapsa cadaver a tabo. Virg. Tabes, the sharp, corrosive 
 liquid into which a body gradually dissolves and corrodes (as 
 it appears), the gradual vanishing of a body by melting, pu- 
 trefaction, disease: Lentdque miserrima tabe liquitur, ut 
 glacies incerto saucia sole. Ovid., by a slow poison. 
 
 901. Satelles, Stipator, Apparitor, Lictor, Accen- 
 sus. Satelles, satellite, is a soldier of a prince, always at 
 his side, to execute his orders; Stipator, commander of a 
 body-guard, to protect the person of another; Apparitor, 
 an official servant, a person who is always present with his su- 
 perior, to execute his orders; hence, also, St at or ; both are 
 general designations. Lictor es, the persons who, as a 
 guard of honor, carry the fasces before a dictator, consul, and 
 prsetor, and execute the punishment of death ; Accensus, a 
 supernumerary, who is added to the regular number of ser- 
 vants or persons in waiting, e. g. to the lictors ; it is used also 
 of young, newly-enlisted soldiers : Vides tyranni satel- 
 lites in imperiis. Cic. Stipator es corporis constituit, 
 eosdem ministros et satellites potestatis. Id. Sit lictor 
 non sua, sed turn lenitatis apparitor. Id. 
 
 902. Satiare, Saturare ; Satias, Satietas, Fastidium, 
 Nausea. Satiare, satisfy, so that one has taken enough 
 of nourishment ; Saturare (satur, satisfied and full), satis- 
 fying to such a degree that no further food can be received ; 
 what in coarse language we would express by crammed full : 
 Cibus satiat. Curt. Exsatiati cibo vinoque. Liv. Nee 
 cytiso saturantur apes, nee fronde capellce. Virg. — Sa- 
 tias, Gen. satidtis, ancient, and Satietas, satiety, the be- 
 ing satisfied ; surfeit, when a thing has no longer charm for 
 attraction, has no longer any interest for us : Satias amoris 
 eum cepil Liv. Omnibus in rebus similitudo est satietatis 
 
903. Satisdare. 905. Scire. 379 
 
 mater. Cic. Fasti dium, disgust, dislike, as consequence 
 of satiety: Cibi sail etas et fastidium subamara aliqua re 
 relevatur. Cic. Nausea, nauseousness, the feeling sick, 
 inclination to vomiting, sea-sickness : Navigavimus sine nau- 
 sea. Cic. 
 
 903. Satisdare, Satisfacere, Pr^stare. Satisdare, 
 giving bail, guaranty, opp. Cavere sibi, causing that sufficient 
 bail or guaranty be given to us, and Satis accipere, re- 
 ceiving bail : Postulabatut procurator judicatum solvi satis- 
 daret. Cic. ; the mandatarius was asked to bring guaranty 
 for the payment of the sum which the convicted person would 
 eventually be obliged to pay. Satisfacere, procuring sat- 
 isfaction, satisfying, e. g. by paying damages, bail, making 
 payment : Heraclides pecuniam Hermippi fide sumsit a Fu- 
 fiis : Hermippus Fufiis sati sfa cit et fidem suam liber at. 
 Cic. Prcestare, standing good for something, performing 
 something, which we have taken upon ourselves, to which we 
 have obliged ourselves : Istam culpam, quam vereris, ego 
 prcestabo. Cic, I will take the responsibility upon myself. 
 Prcestitimus, quod debuimus. Id. 
 
 904. Scamnum, Scabellum, Sedile, Sella, Subsellium, 
 Cathedra. Scamnum, a bench, a coarse chair; Scabel- 
 lum, Scabillum, a low bench, a footstool : Ante fo cos olim 
 longis consider e scamnis mos erat. Ovid. Sedile, every 
 seat fit to sit upon: Vivoque sedilia saxo. Virg. Sella 
 (for sedela), a chair : curulis. Subsellium, a lower bench 
 near an elevated seat, as those of the senators in the curia, 
 in front of the tribune of the prsetor, before the rostra : Se- 
 dere in accusatorum subselliis. Cic. Cathedra (y.ad-- 
 sdga), every chair, also a sedan chair, as Sella; generally 
 an arm-chair: Poznituit multos vanes sterilisque cathedrce. 
 Juvenal. 
 
 905. Scire, Noscere, Callere; Sciens, Scitus. Scire, 
 knowing (in German wissen), having a clear perception of 
 something and having this ready in the memory: Non sciunt 
 {pueri) ipsi viam, domum qua redeant? Plaut. Noscere, 
 becoming acquainted with (in German kennen lernen), obtain- 
 ing knowledge of something; nosse, knowing (in German 
 kennen), being acquainted with the marks of distinction of some- 
 thing : Apollo quum monet, ut se quisque no scat, non id prce- 
 cipit,ut membra nostra aut staluramfiguramque noscamus. 
 Cic. Nosse, is the knowledge as result of external or internal 
 perception ; Scire* as of memory or understanding, which 
 
380 906. Scribere. 908. Scurra. 
 
 makes application of it. Call ere, being full of calluses 
 (callum, see Callis, 590), having a thick, hard skin, from 
 working or walking ; hence, having gained an accurate 
 knowledge or perfect skill in something, by dint of applica- 
 tion and practice ; being perfectly versed in something : Pee- 
 novum jura non calles. Cic. — Sciens, knowing : Quis 
 hoc homine scientior (rei militarist unquamfuit? Cic, 
 who did understand better military matters? Scitus, wise 
 clever, he who applies and practises well what he knows, 
 skiiful and that which is made, contrived, with intelligence, 
 fine, nice: Scita Thalia lyrce. Hor. Scitce interroga- 
 tiones. Quinctil. 
 
 906. Scribere, Perscribere, Conscribere, Componere ; 
 Scriba, Notarius, Actuarius, Librarius. Scribere, 
 writing, drawing up in writing ; Perscribere, writing down 
 punctually and minutely, informing in writing: Scribere 
 epislolam; Indicum dicta, responsa, senaius consultum per- 
 scribere. Cic. Conscribere, writing together, respect- 
 ing the local relation, e. g. volumen ; milites, upon a list, i. e. 
 enlisting; Componere, placing together, with reference to 
 order and art: res gestas. Hor. Scriba, a, scribe, secre- 
 tary ; generally, manumitted slaves, who received public ap- 
 pointments with salary from the senate and high magistrates : 
 S crib arum or do est honestus, quod eorum hominum Jidei 
 tabula publicce periculaque magistratuum committuntur. Cic. 
 Notarius, a stenographer, short-hand writer, who, with ab- 
 breviations (notce), writes speeches and transactions while 
 proceeding, reporter; also A ctuariu s (agere), a stenogra- 
 pher : Oratio ab actuariis excepta, male subsequentibus 
 verba dicentis. Suet. Librarius, one who copies and sells 
 books. 
 
 907. Scriptura, Portorium, Decumje. Scriptura, the 
 tax on pastures in Roman provinces, for the use of which the 
 graziers had themselves with the amount of their cattle 
 entered at the publican's; Portorium, port-duty on import 
 and export : Syracusanorum p or turn et scripturam eadem 
 societas habebat. Cic. Decumce, tithe of the grain, which 
 was paid by the farmers of Roman lands in the provinces : 
 Pro singulis decumis ternas decumas dare. Cic. 
 
 908. Scurra, Sannio, Parrasitus. Scurra, a merry- 
 and re w : facetus ; Sannio, buffoon : Ridiculus sannio 
 vultu, imitandis moribus, voce, denique corpore ridetur ipso. 
 Cic. Parasitus (nag da nog), properly, a co-eater ; a par- 
 
909. Scutica. 912. Securis. 381 
 
 asite, one who flatters others, and allows every thing to be 
 done with him, in order to a free table : Parasitorum in 
 comozdiis assentatio faceta. Cic. 
 
 909. Scutica, Flagrum, Flagellum, Verber, Lorum. 
 Scutica, a whip of thongs ; Flagrum and Flagellum, 
 a whip to chastise slaves and criminals, often furnished with 
 pricks (scorpiones) : Ne scutica dignum horribili seder e 
 flag ell o. Hor. Verber, a scourge, as flexible and to be 
 swung, rare: Gradivus ictu verier is increpuit. Ovid. 
 L or um, a thong, cowhide : Mdilem servi publici lor is ce- 
 ciderunt. Cic. 
 
 910. Secessus, Recessus, Secretum, Solitudo ; Secre- 
 tus, Sejunctus, Seclusus. Secessus, a place remote 
 from noise, solitary : Carmina secessum scribentis et otia 
 qucerunt. Ovid. Recessus, a receding, remote corner: 
 MiJii solitudo et recessus provincia est. Cic. Secre- 
 tum, a secluded, hidden place, where we are secure against 
 intruders: Seer eta Sidyllce, antrum immane. Virg. Soli- 
 tudo, solitude, place where we are quite alone. — Secretus, 
 secluded, remote and hidden: Seer eta voiles. Tac. Se- 
 junctus, placed out of connexion with other things, separ- 
 ate : Bonum ab Jwnestate non sejunctum. Cic. Seclusus, 
 secluded, separated as if by a partition : Videt in valle re- 
 ducta seclusum nemus. Virg. 
 
 911. , Secundus, Proximus. Secundus, the second, the 
 one who follows after the first, according to number and 
 rank; Proximus, the nearest among others, near to an ob- 
 ject: Id secundum erat de tribus. Cic. Hcec fuit altera 
 persona Thebis, sed tamen secunda, ita ut proxima esset 
 Epaminondce. Nep. 
 
 912. Securis, Bipennis, Ascia, Dolabra, Securis, 
 an axe, hatchet: Ida securibus ilex. Virg. Bipennis, 
 a double axe, with two wings, as it were, used by the wood- 
 man, and in war: Ilex tonsa bipennibus. Hor. Ascia, 
 the instrument used by carpenters to lop and square the wood, 
 the broad surface of which intersects perpendicularly the 
 plain of the helm, as used at present: Rogum ascia ne po- 
 lito. XII Tabb. Dolabra, a similar instrument, with a 
 long helm, the iron of which, however, which is opposite to 
 the edge, is pointed, to clear away trees, tear down walls, 
 and also used as a weapon: Miles correptis securibus et 
 dolabris, ut si murum perrumperet, ccedere tegmina et cor- 
 pora. Toe. 
 
382 
 
 913. Sed. 916. Semen. 
 
 913. Sed, Verum, Vero, At, Atqui, Autem. The an- 
 tecedent sentence is connected with another position opposed 
 to its meaning, by Sed, but, separating the positive from the 
 negation, that which is more definite from the indefinite ; 
 Verum (the truth is), but, correcting by the statement of the 
 still more accurate truth ; Vero (as adverb, in truth, verily, 
 even), but, and in particular, adding still more by an addition, 
 expressed confirrningly, of something still more important and 
 weighty; At, ancient Ast, but, on the other hand, opposing 
 something different or the entire contrary ; hence, when we 
 make objections, resolutions, or call upon a person to do a 
 thing; Atqui (at-qui), yet, nevertheless, against this, con- 
 firming the contrary ; hence, in conclusions, if a specific minor 
 position is opposed to the general major; Autem, the but 
 which continues, distinguishes only the antecedent from the 
 opposite, which, as continuation, stands in connexion with it : 
 Non numero hcec judicantur, sed pondere. Cic. Non cesti- 
 matione census, verum victu atque cultu terminatur pecunice 
 modus. Id. In vita plena Italicarum mensarum sapiens nemo 
 efficietur unquam, moderatus vero multo minus. Id. Tu ere- 
 bras a nobis liter as exspecta : ast plures etiam mittito. Id. 
 O rem, inquis, difficilem atque inexplicabilem ! Atqui expli- 
 canda est. Id. Crozsus hostium vim sese perversurum putavit, 
 pervertit autem suam,. Id. 
 
 914. Seditiosus, Turbulentus, Tumultuosus. Sedi- 
 tiosus, seditious, inclined to sedition, making, causing it; 
 Turbulentus, stormy, turbulent, exciting disorder and con- 
 fusion, e. g. condones: Seditiosus civis et turbulentus. 
 Cic, a citizen who causes riots and disturbances everywhere. 
 Tumultuosus, riotous, full of riot and noisy disorder: In 
 otio tumultuosi, in bello segnes. Liv., noisy and riotous. 
 
 915. Seges, Messis. Seges, the field with corn sown, 
 and the corn from the time of germination to the maturity of 
 the grain: Seges dicitur quod aratum satum est. Varr. 
 Luxuriem segetum depascit. Virg. Messis, the mown 
 grain, and the crop ready to be mown : Gravidis onerati 
 messibus agri. Ovid. 
 
 916. Semen, Sementis. Semen, seed, the seed-grain: 
 Sulcis committere semina. Virg. Sementis, the sown 
 seed, when it is strewing out on the field, and when it has 
 been sown; and the season of sowing: Ut sementem fece- 
 tis, ita metes. Cic. Turn semente prohibita, fructus an- 
 nuus interibat. Id. 
 
917. $emianimus. 919. Sententiam dicere. 383 
 
 917. Semianimus — is, Seminex, Semivivus. Semi a* 
 n i m u s and S e m i a n i m i s, half-dead, almost without life : 
 Semianimes volvuntur equi. Virg. Seminex, half-dead 
 from external injury, half-killed : Seminecem in acervo 
 ccesorwn corporum invention. Liv. Semivivus, almost 
 without life, and without power or strength of life : Ibi homi- 
 ?iem, fumo excruciatum, semivivum reliquit. Cic. 
 
 918. Senex, Senior, Annosus, Long^vus, Vetulus ; 
 Senescere, Vetustiscere, Inveterascere. Senex, an age 
 above sixty years, an old man, with the conditions peculiar to 
 this age. Senior, the elder one, is used only in reference 
 to junior : Vetus prov erbium monet, mature fieri sen em, si 
 diu velis esse senex. Cic. Centurice seniorum ac jun io- 
 rum. Liv., i. e. to the seventieth year. Annosus (in Ger- 
 man bejalirt, literally translated, be-y eared), burdened with 
 years; it is more than senex: Pontificum libros, anno s a 
 volumina vatum. Hor. Longcevus, of very high age (in 
 German hochbetagt, literally translated, high-be-dayed), poet- 
 ical, as is likewise grandcevus, with the idea of venerable- 
 ness : Conjux longceva Dorycli. Virg. Vetulus, pretty 
 old, oldish ; as substantive, also, in a detractive sense : Sero 
 sapiunt. Tu tamen, mi ve title, non sero. Cic. — Senes- 
 cere, growing old in age, and according to quality : Tacitis 
 senescimus annis. Ovid.; hence, growing too old, that is, 
 gradually losing powers and good qualities (the first, in Ger- 
 man, allern ; the second, veraltern) : Oratorum laus jam 
 senescit. Cic. Vetustiscere, growing old, according to 
 existence, and thus growing in strength: Vina vetustis- 
 cunt. Colum. Inveterascere, growing old in something, 
 according to duration, settling firmly, taking root firmly, root- 
 ing in: Macula penitus jam insedit at que inveteravit in 
 populi Romani nomine. Cic. Inveter aver ant milites 
 bellis. Cses. (the German ergrauen, growing gray in, during 
 some state of things.) 
 
 919. Sententiam dicere, ferre, pronuntiare ; Suf- 
 fragium, Suffragia ferre. Sententiam dicere, say- 
 ing, stating one's opinion, judgment, distinguishes the judging 
 person from others : Sententiam ferre, giving one's judg- 
 ment, vote ; Votum, voting, distinguishes the opinion or judg- 
 ment of others ; Pronuntiare, pronouncing the opinion, 
 judgment, distinguishes the mode and manner of publication 
 or utterance : Senatui placet, C. Ccesarem senatorem esse, 
 sententiam que loco prcetorio dicere. Cic. In senaiu 
 
384 
 
 920. Separatim. 923. Servare* 
 
 sine ulla cupiditate de hello, de pace sententiam ferat. 
 Id. Prator palam de sella ac tribunali pronuntiat [sen- 
 tentiam). Id. — Suffragium (sujfrago, properly, the 
 striving up for something), and Suffragia ferre, giving a 
 vote for or against something, voting, and obtaining votes 
 from others; Suffragium refers to the result of voting; 
 Suffragia, to the voters : Suffragii ferundi causa con- 
 veniunt. Cic. Ego te suffragium tulisse in ilia lege, non 
 credidi. Id. Quasitum est, suffragia magistratu man- 
 dando clam, an palam f err e melius esset. Id. Indicas, te 
 ne gratuita quidem eorum suffragia tulisse. Id. 
 
 920. Separatim, Seorsum, Singulatim. Separatim, 
 separate, removed or separated from the rest, opp. conjunc- 
 tim ; Seorsum, Seorsus (se — versus), on a place situate 
 to the side, removed from the neighbourhood of others, opp. 
 una,simul ; Singulatim, singly, each one for itself : Medio- 
 cribus intervallis separatim copias collocaverat. Caes. 
 Seorsum arma ac tela seponebantur. Cic. Ad ea, qua, 
 dixerunt, singulatim unicuique respondeo. Id. 
 
 921. Seqtji, Insequi, Insectari. Sequi (connected with 
 the root of seeking), following, going behind : Hos tota ar- 
 menta sequuntur atergo.Yirg. Insequi, following close 
 behind, upon the heel, pursuing sharply : fugientem, aliquem 
 gladio stricto. Cic. Insectari, pursuing hotly, pressing : 
 Impios agitant insectanturque Furies. Cic. 
 
 922. Serere, Seminare, Plantare, Spargere. Sere- 
 re, sowing, planting, placing seed, seedlings, or shoots in the 
 ground, for the purpose of propagating the plant : hordea cam- 
 pis. Virg. ; arboris. Cic; hence, Consitio, the sowing or 
 planting a field, bed, &c. (in German bes'den, bepflanzen) ; 
 Insi tio, engrafting, inoculation of trees : Venerit insitio ; 
 fac ramum ramus adoptet. Ovid. Seminare, sowing, cov- 
 ering with seed: agrum. Colum. Hordeum seminari de- 
 bet post cequinoctium. Id. Plantare, planting a vegetable, 
 plant, in the ground : Hoc modo plantantur Tunica, co- 
 ryli, vites. Plin. Spargere, strewing out, about, manu 
 semen. Cic. — Litera humanitatis spars a sale. Id. 
 
 923. Servare, Ad — Conservare, Custodire. Ser- 
 vare, paying attention to something, taking care of it, that it 
 may not suffer injury, saving, preserving : Or turn Canicula 
 diligenter quotannis servare, conjecturamque caper e, salu- 
 brisne on pestilens annus futurus sit. Cic. Hunc ordinem 
 laboris quietisque milites servarunt. Liv. Servare 
 
924. Servus. 925. Sestertius. 385 
 
 fidem, keeping faith, keeping one's promise, being attentive 
 that we do not act against it ; Stare in fide, being constant 
 in one's faith. Adservare, watching something, preserv- 
 ing something with one's self: tabulas, aliquem privatis cus- 
 todiis. Cic. Conserv are, keeping something together and 
 protecting it against injury, diminution, or ruin : rem famili- 
 arem diligentia et parsimonia. Cic. ; hence, Servator, the 
 saver, preserver : rei publicce ; Conservator, the protector 
 and supporter: imperii. Custodire, watching over, pro- 
 tecting against injury, and watching that something do no in- 
 jury, or withdraw from superintendence or watch : corpus, 
 domumque ; aliquem ut parricidam. Cic. 
 
 924. Servus, Mancipium, Verna, Puer, Famulus, Mi- 
 nister ; Serva, Ancilla, Famula ; Servus a manu, ad 
 manum. Servus, slave, serf, as belonging with his body to 
 a master; Mancipium, as property by captivity of war or 
 sale ; Verna, as property by birth, born in the house of the 
 master of his parents ; Puer, as a young fellow, lad (as the 
 word boy is frequently used in English where slavery exists) ; 
 Famulus, as waiter, servant who belongs to the house-people 
 (familia) ; Minis ter, as servant, assistant officially, on ac- 
 count of his office : Servorum jus,fortuna, conditio infima 
 est. Cic. Mancipia sunt dominorum facta nexu, aui ali- 
 quo jure civili. Id. Hie, qui verna natus est. Plaut. Mi- 
 ni venit obviam tuus puer. Cic. Heris adhibenda savitia 
 in famulos. Id.; but also Famulus sacrorum. Id. Mi- 
 ni stri dapibus mensas oner ant et pocula ponunt. Virg. — 
 Serva, the female slave, as bodily belonging to her owner ; 
 Ancilla, the house-maid, the servant who performs domes- 
 tic Tabor; Famula, the servant, as serving, waiting female : 
 Inter an c ill as seder e jubeas, lanam carrere. Plaut. — Ser- 
 vus a manu, a pedibus, designates the peculiar service of 
 the servant, a scribe, a messenger, or boy for errands; ad 
 manum, ad pedes, the casual position in which a slave hap- 
 pens to be locally: Servum a pedibus meum Romam 
 misi. Cic. Potes audire ex cliente tuo, quern servum sibi 
 ille habuit ad manum. Cic; otherwise, the destination of a 
 slave, or for what he is employed : Servos ad remum daba- 
 mus. Liv., i. e. remiges. 
 
 925. Sestertius, — a, um. Sestertius, the small ses- 
 tertius, worth originally two and a half asses, and hence 
 marked LLS, IIS (2 libra et semis), afterwards HS, a silver 
 coin, according to which a sum below and above one thousand 
 
 33 
 
386 926 St. 927. Sibilart. 
 
 was expressed: Sestertia sc. pondo, counted only the en 
 tire thousands of smaller sestertii, from two to nine hundred 
 and ninety-nine ; Sestertium sc. pondus, was an entire one 
 hundred thousand of small sestertii, which from ten were 
 counted with numeral adverbs: Sexcenta sestertia, that is, 
 six hundred thousand; decies sestertium, or only de- 
 cies, was said instead of decies centum millia sestertium s. 
 nummum === one million. Superficium cedium cestimarunt HS 
 vicies ; Formianum HS ducentis quinquaginta millibus. Cic. 
 
 926. Si, Quum ; Si non, Si minus, Sin, Nisi. Si, if, 
 is used with an antecedent position, which indicates the con- 
 dition, the supposed existence of a state as ground of the con- 
 sequence contained in the succeeding position ; Quum, when, 
 so often as, states an occurrence as actual case, with refer- 
 ence to a contemporary consequence : Si valebis, quum 
 recte navigari poterit, turn naviges. Cic. — By Si non, if 
 not, we distinctly negative the reality of a single notion in 
 opposition to the affirmation, in such a conditional position ; a 
 less positive negation is expressed by Si minus, if not en- 
 tirely, at least if not ; Sin, if however, provided however, in- 
 dicates the contrary to the antecedent condition, Si express- 
 ing apprehension of the contrary ; Ni, Nisi, if not, provided 
 not, except if, expresses that condition without which that 
 which is stated would not take place ; hence, the if not can 
 only be taken in the sense of apprehension : Dolor era si non 
 pot er o fr anger e, occultabo. Cic. Si feceris id, magnam 
 habebo gratiam ; si non feceris, ignoscam. Id. Si pos- 
 sent, castellum expugnarent : si minus potuissent, agros 
 Remorum popularentur. Cses. Equidem ego vobis regnum 
 trado firmum, si boni eritis ; sin mali, imbecillum. Sail. 
 Meus hie est homo, ni omnes dz-atque homines deserunt. 
 Plaut. Memoria minuitur, nisi earn exerceas. Cic, if thou 
 dost not practise it; si earn non exerces, would designate 
 an actually not practising, in opposition to si exerces, as 
 appears from the following sentences : Fuit apertum, si Co- 
 non non fuisset, Agesilaum Asiam regi fuisse erepturum. 
 Nep. Habuisset tanto impetu cozpta res fortunam, nisi unus 
 homo Syracusis ea tempestate fuisset. Archimedes is erat. 
 Liv. 
 
 927. Sibilare, Stridere, Fremere, Frendere. Sibi- 
 lare, hissing, whizzing, of a tone which proceeds from a 
 narrow opening, or is produced by a small body cutting the 
 air rapidly : serpens, aura ; Populus me sib Hat. Hor. 
 
928. Signare. 930. Signum. 387 
 
 Stridere, screaming, loud and pipingly, disagreeable: Bel- 
 lua Lernce horrendum stridens. Virg. Foribus car do 
 sir id eh at cenis. Id. Fr enter e, gnarling, snarling, growl- 
 ing: leo, currus : Arrius consulatum sibi ereptum f remit. 
 Cic. Frendere, gnashing, grating : dentibus. 
 
 928. Signare, Notare. Sign are, signing, that is, pro- 
 viding with a sign,^i sign-manual, seal, stamp : Ms, argentum 
 publice signanto. XII Tabb. Notare, signing, i. e. 
 making marks of distinction on or in an object, in order to 
 know it again, or to remember certain things by it : Digitis 
 charta notata meis. Ovid. Diem mihi notaveram. Cic, 
 hence, Censoria notatio, disgrace, and notio, the inquiry, 
 by the censor. 
 
 929. Significare, Declarare, Indicare ; Indicium, Ves- 
 tigium. Significare, giving to understand by signs: 
 Galli, ubi major atque illustrior incidit res, clamore per 
 agros significant. Caes. Declar are, making that some- 
 thing be seen clearly, demonstrating with clearness and per- 
 spicuity : Luculentam plagam accepit, ut declar at cicatrix. 
 Cic. Monstrare, showing to the senses, pointing out, to 
 make something discernible and known: Monstra, quod 
 bibam. Plaut. In di care, indicating, informing of, against : 
 Puer rem omnem domince indicavit. Cic. Quemadmodum 
 animo affecti sumns, vultus in die at. Id. — Indicium, in- 
 dication, by which we arrive at the knowledge of something 
 unknown, hidden ; Vestigium, footstep, trace, track, trail: 
 Indicia et vestigia veneni. Cic. 
 
 930. Signum, Insigne, Specimen ; Vexillum. Signum, 
 a sign, mark, by which we know a thing, or from which we 
 conclude upon something: morbi, doloris ; Insigne, the 
 prominent sign, which is known by its prominence, and 
 through which something distinguishes itself: Bulla, indici- 
 um atque insigne fortune. Cic; hence, the sign or em- 
 blem of honor, of an office or of merit : Rex sedebat cum 
 purpurea et illis insignibus regiis. Cic. Specimen, 
 that by which we judge the quality of a thing, proof, pattern : 
 popularis judicii. Cic. — Signum, the field-sign, ensign of 
 the foot ; with the legions, a golden eagle on a hasta ; with 
 the manipulus, it was a hand stretched out, on a pole, under 
 which were the name of the cohors and medallions with the 
 images of the gods; Vexillum, a standard for a smaller 
 body of infantry, 624 ; with the cavalry and allies, a square 
 piece of cloth hanging down from a spear: Sign a in hostes 
 
388 931. Silva. 934. Singuli. 
 
 inferre. Cass. Cornelius manu monstrabat, vexilla se suo* 
 rum cernere equitum. Liv. Vitellius urbem introiit inter 
 sign a atque vexilla. Tac. 
 
 931. Silva, Saltus, Nemus, Lucus. Silva (vltj, and 
 the German Hoh), wood, forest, with a thick growth of trees: 
 Me in silvam abstrudo densam et asperam. Cic. Saltus, 
 the leap, and a mountainous country, where many leaps are 
 to be made, in order to proceed ; mountain wood with pas- 
 tures, a mountain-chain covered with forests : Pyrenai, 
 Thermopylarum ; Furcula Caudina saltus duo alii, angusti 
 silvosique sunt, montibus circa per 'p etuis inter sejuncti. Liv., 
 mountain-chains with passes. Nemus, a low pasture wood, 
 opp. silva; also, a pleasure-grove, nursery: Est nemus 
 Hamonia, prarupta quod undique claudit silva: vocant 
 Tempe. Ovid. Lucus, a grove or forest sacred to a deity, 
 a sacred grove: Templum erat Lacinia Junonis. Lucus 
 ibi, frequenti silva et proceris abjetis arboribus septus, in 
 medio pascua habuit. Liv. 
 
 932. Simplicitas, Candor, Sinceritas. Simplicitas, 
 simplicity, naturalness, naivete, frankness; C a nd or, bright 
 whiteness, faithfulness, true-heartedness, is without dissimula- 
 tion and confiding, while simplicitas is open and without 
 reserve; Sinceritas, the purity, probity, without falseness 
 or malice : Convivalium fabularum s i mp licitatem in cri- 
 men ducere. Tac. Animi candor in caris amicis cognitus. 
 Ovid. Vtilius homini nihil est quam recte loqui : sed ad per- 
 niciem agi solet sinceritas. Phsedr. 
 
 933. Simulare, Dissimulare, Adsimulare. Simulare 9 
 making similar, pretending that something be as it is not in 
 reality : cegrum, playing the patient, pretending to be ill ; see 
 449, and prce se ferre, 85. Dissimulare, making dissim- 
 ilar, doing as if a thing were as it is not, not allowing some- 
 thing to be perceived: metum : Res diutius iegi dissimu- 
 larique non potuit. Cses., concealing. Qua non sunt, 
 simulo ; qua sunt, ea dissimulantur. Assimulare, 
 A s si milar e, comparing, imitating: grandia parvis. Ovid., 
 giving the appearance to a thing, as if it were so, pretending, 
 of the endeavour to produce an imitation so perfect that it 
 deceives : Assimulata familiaritas. Cic. 
 
 934. Singuli, Universi. Singuli, all taken singly, 
 every one, each in particular ; Universi, 746, all, without 
 exception, all together: Dum singuli pugnant, universi 
 vincuntur. Tac. 
 
 
 
935. Sinus. 940. Solus. 389 
 
 935. Sinus, Gremium. Sinus, every sinking, half-round 
 hollow, oV deepening of a surface ; the bosom, the folded part 
 of a garment, which covers the breast, the deep fold of the 
 toga, which originated from the grasping and holding of the 
 same with the left arm; a gulf: Algentis manus est calfaci- 
 enda sinu. Ovid. Gremium, the lap, the curvature of a 
 sitting person, produced by the abdomen and the upper thighs : 
 Puerum in gremio patris ponere. Ter. tttolia in sinu 
 pads posita medio fere G?*cecice gremio continetur. Cic. 
 
 936. Sitire, Ardere. St tire rem, thirsting, designates 
 violent desire; Ardere rem and re, burning, indicates the 
 violence of an appetite, of a passion: Nee sitio honor es, 
 nee desidero gloriam. Cic. Ardere studio historice, invi- 
 dia, dolore, ira. Id. 
 
 937. Situla, Sitella, Urna. Situla, Si t ell a, a bucket 
 to draw water, the vessel to receive the votes at election : 
 Sit ell am afferto cum aqua. Plaut. Urna, a water-pot, a 
 vessel to keep the ashes of the dead, and for the vote-tablets 
 at elections: Amnem fundens Inachus urna. Virg. Ossa 
 refer antur in urna. Ovid. 
 
 938. Solere, Suevisse, Consuevisse. Solere, being 
 wont to do, repeating the same action under the same circum- 
 stances ; Suescere, becoming accustomed ; Suevisse, be- 
 ing accustomed, wont, repeating something regularly, because 
 it gives us pleasure : Fieri solet; Has Grceci Stellas Hya- 
 das vocitare suerunt. Cic. Co ns ue visse, being familiar 
 with a custom : Qui mentiri solet, pejerare consuevit. 
 Cic. 
 
 939. Solium, Tribunal, Thronus. Solium, an ele- 
 vated place, throne: regale Jovis. Ovid. Tribunal, an 
 elevated staging, bent out arch-like in front, in the open mar- 
 ket, where the magistrates, who administered justice, were 
 sitting in their sella curulis : Prcetor de sella ac tribunali 
 pronuntiat. Cic. Thronus, for solium, not used before 
 Pliny. 
 
 940. Solus, Unus, Unicus. Solu s, sole, alone, without 
 company or companion : Solus errdbat in litore Pompeius. 
 Cic. Unus, one, not several or many : Pompeius plus po- 
 test unus, quam ceieri omnes. Cic. Si tu solus, aut quivis 
 unus cum gladio impetwn in me fecisset. Id. Untcus, the 
 only one as to number and kind, that is, excellent: Qua 
 tanta vitia fuerunt in unico filio ? Cic. Archimedes, uni* 
 cus spectator cozli siderumque. Liv. 
 
 33* 
 
390 941. Somnus. 944. Spectare. 
 
 941. Somnus, Sopor; Somnitjm, Insomnium ? Visum 
 Somnus (sopire), natural, sound sleep; Sopor, the fast, 
 deep sleep, as that of the intoxicated, ill, exhausted : Junci 
 semine somnum allici, sed modum servandum, ne sopor 
 fiat, Plin. — Somnium, the dream, the vivid but confused 
 representations in the sleep: S omnia fallaci ludunt teme- 
 raria node. Tibull. Insomnium, the image or phantom 
 of the dream, as vapid, unreal appearance ; more common is 
 Visum, a sight in the dream : Atlantes insomnia non vi- 
 sunt. Plin. Visa somniantium, somniorum. Cic. 
 
 942. Sonus, Sonor, Sonitus, Fragor. Sonus, the 
 sound of the voice, of a musical instrument; Sonor, the 
 tone or sounding, inasmuch as the ear is affected thereby ; 
 Sonitus (sonare), the noise, the continued state of a strong 
 sounding: Nervorum ac tibiarum sonos elicere. Cic. Suo 
 quisque periculo intentus so no rem alterius prozlii non ac- 
 cipiebat. Tac. Sonitus imitatur Olympi. Virg. Fra- 
 gor, the cracking noise of breaking bodies : Propulsa fra- 
 gor em silva dat. Ovid. Cozlum tonat frag ore. Virg., 
 thunder-clap. 
 
 943. Sors, Caput; Pecunia. So r s, 183, capital invested 
 and bearing interest; Caput, as capital, in contradistinction 
 to interest; Pecunia, as money in general; hence it is 
 always used with more definite distinctions, e. g. creditce 
 pecunice : Cures, ut salva sit non sors modo, sed etiam 
 usura plurium annorum. Plin. Quinas hie capiti mer cedes 
 exsecat. Hor., he deducts at once five per cent from the cap- 
 ital, i. e. per month ; annually, therefore, sixty per cent. 
 
 944. Spectare, Speculari, Conspicere, Conspicari, 
 
 TUERI, CONTEMPLARI, CoNSIDERARE ; SPECTACULUM, Mu- 
 
 nus, Ludi. Spectare {specere, in German sp'dhen, in Con- 
 spicere), continuedly, repeatedly looking at, being spectator 
 of, from desire of information and interest: Spectatum ve- 
 niunt ; veniunt spectentur ut ipsa. Ovid. Speculari, 
 repeatedly and intently, sharply looking toward, at something, 
 in order to discover something, to espy it, waiting and look- 
 ing intently until it be seen (German erlauern) ; Spectare, 
 is the open, frank viewing ; Speculari, by stealth, cunning: 
 Speculabor, ne quis consilio venator adsit. Plaut. Con- 
 spicere, seeing something which suddenly appears to the 
 eye, beholding suddenly, at last (in German erblicken) ; Con- 
 spicari, distinguishing clearly in the distance, perceiving : 
 Trans vallem et rivum muliitudinem hostium conspica- 
 
945. Sperare. 947. Stamen. 391 
 
 tur. Caes. Tueri, gazing at, staring at, in order to see it 
 rightly, beholding: Tuens oculis immitem PJiinea torvis. 
 Ovid. Ccelum tueri. Id. Contemplari, dwelling on an 
 object in looking at it, beholding with interest, pleasure, ad- 
 miration ; the beholding, connected with mental action or 
 sensations, contemplating : Oculis contemplari pulchritu- 
 dinem rerum ccelestium. Cic. Consider are, beholding, 
 viewing considerately and with reflection : Pictores et poetce 
 suum quisque opus a vulgo consider ari vult. Cic. — Sp e c- 
 taculum, something which is arranged to be beheld, and for 
 beholders, a seat in the theatre, and a spectacle, inasmuch as 
 it interests the beholder: Lunce. siderumque. Munus, a 
 public spectacle, especially the gladiatorial games, as present 
 to the people: Antioclius rex gladiatorum munus majore 
 cum terrore hominum, insuetorum ad tale spectaculum, 
 quam voluptate, dedit. Liv. Ludi, public and solemn games, 
 inasmuch as they were brought about and performed : Romu- 
 lus ludos par at, Consualia: indici deinde finitimis spec- 
 taculum jubet. Liv. 
 
 945. Sperare, Confidere, Suspicari ; Spes, Exspec- 
 tatio. Sperare, hoping, looking forward to something de- 
 sirable, with reasons of probability ; Confidere, hoping for, 
 expecting something with certainty, with confidence : De 
 Miltiade non solum bene sperare, sed etiam confidere 
 ewes poterant sui, talem futurum, qualem cognitum judica- 
 rant. Nep. Suspi cari, expecting something desirable se- 
 cretly, supposing : Me consolatur spes, quod valde suspicor 
 fore, ut infringatur hominum improbitas. Cic. ; more fre- 
 quently, suspecting. — Spes, expectation of; properly, view 
 at something desired, with interest, hope; Exspectatio, 
 expectation of something which is to happen (properly, view 
 at it) : Si spes est exspectatio boni, ?nali exspectatio- 
 nem esse necesse est metum. Cic. 
 
 946. Spina (Spinus), Acus, Aculeus. Spina, thorn, 
 prick of plants and of the hedgehog, and the like, e. g. rosa- 
 rum ; animantes spin is hirsutce. Cic. ( Sp Inus, a thorny 
 bush, tree : Spini pruna ferentes. Virg., hawthorn.) Acus, 
 a needle, sewing-needle, or for embroidery: Pingere dcu. 
 Ovid. Aculeus, the sting of insects, point of an arrow 
 e. g. vespcB, sagittcB : Aculei contumeliarum. Cic. 
 
 947. Stamen, Subtemen, Trama, Tela. Stamen, the 
 warp, the longitudinal threads inwoven cloth; Subtemen, 
 the woof or weft, the cross-thread ; Trama, the throwing in 
 
392 948. Statio. 950. Stomachari. 
 
 or drawing through of the weft (?) ; Tela, the wholo tissue, 
 cloth, which was woven perpendicularly before the weaver, 
 from below upward (in Egypt, from above down): Tela 
 jugo vincta est : stamen secernit arundo. Inseritur medi- 
 um radiis subtemen acutis. Ovid. 
 
 948. Statio (Presidium), Vigilia, Excubi^: ; Portus 
 Navale. Statio, a post, place where soldiers are quar- 
 tered, in order to watch or defend it ; also, the watching sol- 
 diers themselves, a piquet; (as outpost, this was called Pre- 
 sidium, 139.) li, qui pro portis castrorum in statio ne 
 erant. Coes. Marcellus stationes prcesidiaque dispo- 
 suit, ne quis impetus in castra fieri posset. Liv. Vigilia, 
 night-watch, watch, the keeping watch in the night for secu- 
 rity's sake, especially in the camp, on account of which the 
 night was divided into four equal parts {prima — quarta vi- 
 gilia) ; in the plural, the watching soldiers, soldiers on guard, 
 contradistinguished from St ationes, day- watches, guards: 
 Fore, ut minus inienta in custodiam urbis diurnce stationes 
 ac nocturnce vigilice essent. Liv. Ex cub ice, the watch- 
 ing without doors, the camp, generally during night ; also 
 those who are on guard : Vigilum ex cub its' obsidere por- 
 tas. Virg. Vino madentes excubice. Claudian. — Statio, 
 an anchorage, place where vessels may ride at anchor ; Por- 
 tus, haven, port, for the reception and protection of vessels: 
 Aypius naves ad ostium portus in si a ti one habere cce- 
 pit. Liv., ride at anchor. Nav a le, a wharf where vessels 
 are built, docks, where repaired, and a naval port, naval ar- 
 senal : Naves Antiatium in nav alia Romce subductce. Liv. 
 
 949. Sterilis, Infecundus. St erilis, sterile, that which 
 does not bear fruit, designates the effect ; Infecundus, des- 
 ignates the cause, the want of productive power, energy : 
 Sterilis vacca, arena; Princeps infecunditati terra- 
 rum obviam Ut. Tac. 
 
 950. Stomachari, Indignari, Irasci, Succensere. Sto- 
 machari, being angry, is the displeasure {stomachus) at in- 
 justice, wrong ; In dign a ri, 540, becoming indignant, dis- 
 pleased, a less internal displeasure at unworthy treatment ; 
 Irasci, enraging, being enraged, the effect, the breaking 
 out, as violent effect of that displeasure, risen to a high de- 
 gree ; Succensere, being agitated and in great rage, desig- 
 nates the continuation of the state of mind excited by wrong : 
 Amariorem me senectus facit : stomach or omnia. Cic. Et 
 casum insontis mecum indignabar amid. Virg. Iras- 
 
951. Str amentum, 953. Sub. 393 
 
 cimur intempestive accedentibus aut impudenler roganti- 
 bus. Cic. Ex perfidia et malitia dii hominibus irasci et 
 succensere consuerunt. Id. 
 
 951. Stramentum, Palea, Gluma, Acus. St r amen- 
 tum, poet. Stramen, straw of blades; Stramentis incu- 
 bat undeoctoginta annos natus. Hor. P a le a, chaff, threshed 
 husks and straw leaves: Pale (2 jactantur inanes. Virg. 
 Gluma, the husk around the grain, in its natural state; 
 Acus, Gen. Aceris, the pointed, hair-like prolongation of the 
 ears : Gluma, folliculus grant. Varr. Argilla mixto dcere 
 e frumento. Id. 
 
 952. Studere, Operam dare, Vacare literis, Discere. 
 Stud ere literis, arti, 433, studying a science, art, desig- 
 nates the zealous endeavour of becoming master of it ; Op e- 
 ram dare, taking pains, designates the exertion in doing so ; 
 Vacare, having leisure for sciences, the time which we 
 employ for the study; Discere, learning: Studium est 
 animi assidua et vehemens ad aliquam rem applicata magna 
 cum voluptate occupatio, ut philosophic, poeticce, literarum. 
 Cic. Qui eloquential vera dat operam, dot prudential. Id. 
 Aihenis domicilium remanet studiorum, quibus vacant 
 cives. Id. 
 
 953 Sub, Subter, Infra, Sus, Susum, Sursum, Super, 
 Supra. Sub, under, in the direction toward the lower part 
 of a thing, with the Accusative ; with the Ablative, under, of 
 the situation of a higher object above or close by : Sub mon- 
 tern succedere ; sub muro consistere. Cass. Sub vespe- 
 rum portas claudere. Id., toward, close to evening. Sub 
 liter as Lepidi statim recitata sunt tuce. Cic, immediately 
 after. In compounds, Sub signifies under, e. g. subcenturio ; 
 upward, from below up, e. g. subvehere, sub ire; close by, 
 approaching, e. g. succedere; and from below up toward us, up- 
 ward, e. g. subnasci; hence, imperceptibly, under the hand, 
 secretly, a little, in sub dolus, subviridis, subtristis. Sub- 
 ter, under, below, opp. supra; in a region below, moving 
 along in the direction under the lower surface of a higher 
 object: Grues dormiunt capite subter alam condito. Plin. 
 Omnes ferre subter dens a testudine casus. Virg. In- 
 fra, below downward, in the direction to, toward the lower 
 side of a higher object: Infra Saturni stellam Jovis Stella 
 fertur. Cic. Infra scriptum est. Id., as postscript. Sus, in 
 compounds, otherwise Susum, generally Sursum, up, up- 
 wards : Sus que deque ferre, not caring for it; Sus pen- 
 
394 
 
 954. Subinde. 956. Sufficere. 
 
 dire, hanging up, hanging, i. e. suspending : Tignis nidum 
 suspendit hirundo. Virg. Suspensus, suspended, anx- 
 ious, irresolute : Civitas suspensa metu, between fear and 
 hope. Nares, eo quod omnis odor ad supera fertur, rede 
 sursum sunt. Cic, going upward. Super, over, there- 
 over, beyond : Super terra tumulum statuere columellam. 
 Cic. Requiescere fronde super viridi. Virg. Supra, 
 over, above, situate toward the upper side of a thing, opp. in- 
 fra: Mare supra terrain est. Cic. Murus supra cete- 
 ra modum altitudinis emunitus erat. Liv. Tibi ea polli- 
 ceor, qua supra scripsi. Cic, above, locally. 
 
 954. Subinde, Interdum, Identidem. Subinde, imme- 
 diately after, the case may happen once or repeatedly : Hac 
 sedata contentions alia subinde exorta est. Liv. Trans- 
 fuga dimissi cum donis, ut subinde, ut quceque res nova 
 deer eta esset, exploratam perferrent. Id., every time immedi- 
 ately after. Interdum, sometimes, now and then: Inter- 
 dum Jio Jupiter, quando lubet. Plaut. Identidem, at 
 repeated times, one time upon the other : Animadvertit so- 
 rorem sponsi nomen appellantem identidem. Cic. 
 
 955. SuBSTITUERE, SUFFICERE, SuBRQGARE ; SuPPONERE, 
 
 Subjicere, Subdere. Substituere, placing instead of 
 another; Sufficere, 286; Subrogare, proposing a per- 
 son to the people for election, in the place of another (asking, 
 begging the people): Nunc pro te Verrem substituisti 
 alterum civitati. Cic, a second Verres, worse, perhaps, than 
 thou art. Valerius nee collegam subrogaver at in locum 
 Bruti. Liv. — Suppo nere, laying under: anatum ova gal- 
 linis. Cic. Decs Paridis arbitrio formam corporum suorum 
 supposuerunt. Cic, subjecting. Testamenta amicorum ne 
 exspectas quidem, atque ipse supponis. Id., falsely substi- 
 tuting. Subjicere, throwing under, signifies the same, 
 only with less care : gallinis ova. Plin. ; cervices suas securi; 
 bona civium voci prceconis. Cic. Testamenta subjiciunt. 
 Id. But, Subjiciunt se homines imperio alicujus et potes- 
 tati. Cic, not supponunt. Subdere, putting under, below, 
 to the lower part, in the sense of adding: Jugo subdidit 
 leones. Plin. Si cui honores subdere spiritus potuerunt. 
 Liv., animating, inspiring. Majestatis crimina sub deb an- 
 tur. Tac, charging falsely with it. 
 
 956. Sufficere, Suppetere, Suppeditare. Sufficere 
 (putting under close to it), giving assistance, furnishing help, 
 comfort, e. g. umbras pastor ibus. Virg., is also used as intran- 
 
957. Suffrago. 960. Supplicatio. 395 
 
 sitive for being in a condition to serve us in whit we want, 
 sufficing: Nee jam vires sufficere aliquant, nee ferre 
 operis labor em posse. Cses., they are not sufficient. Scribce 
 sufficere non potuerunt. Cic, they could not write enough. 
 Suppetere, coming close up to it, being there for use, ready 
 for want: Pauper non est, cut rerum sup pet it usus. Hor. 
 Nee jam arma nostris, nee vires suppetunt. Cses., they 
 have none left. Suppeditare (see 690), of things, being 
 in sufficient quantity: Par are ea, quce suppeditent ad 
 cultum et ad victum. Cic. Manubice vix in fundamenta fani 
 suppediiavere. Liv. 
 
 957. Suffrago, Poples. Suffrago, the bend or curve 
 of the hind-quarters, also of birds : Aves, ut quadrupedes, alas 
 in prior a curvant, stiff r agin es in posterior a. Plin. Po- 
 ples, knee-hollow, the part of the leg behind and opposite to 
 the knee, with men and animals: Elephas poplites intus 
 flectit, hominis modo. Plin. 
 
 958. Sulcus, Lira, Porca, Elix, Collici^e. Sulcus, 
 furrow, as impression, deepening; Lira, the side of the 
 furrow, made by the board of the plough; Porca, the ele- 
 vation made by ploughing, and its surface; Elix, a water- 
 furrow, gully; Colliciaz, a gutter, or the ditch into which 
 the gullies empty, also the gutter of the roof, which otherwise 
 is called Deliquia. 
 
 959. Sumtus, Impensa, Impendium. Sum t us, expense, 
 by which our own fortune is diminished ; Impensa, ex- 
 penses, incurred to obtain something, or to effect it; Impen- 
 dium, the expenses, costs, which are paid, inasmuch as they 
 are considered as loss ; hence, also, the interests we have to 
 pay upon borrowed capital: Sum turn in rem militar em fa- 
 cere. Cic. Servi, qui opere rustico faciundo facile sum turn 
 exercent suum. Ter., gaining back the expenses. Arationes 
 magna impensa, magno instrumento tuebatur. Cic. Quazs- 
 tum sibi instituit sine impendio. Id. 
 
 960. Supplicatio, Gratulatio, Obsecratio. Suppli- 
 catio, 748, a public, extraordinary feast of prayer and 
 thanksgiving, when all the temples were open, processions 
 and prayers were held, games exhibited, and lectisternia were 
 prepared for the gods ; as feast of joy and thanks especially, 
 it was called Gratulatio (properly, wishing joy, gratula- 
 tion : Sera gratulatio reprehendi non solet. Cic), gener- 
 ally in honor of an absent general, on account of great victo- 
 ries ; Obsecratio (properly, a solemn prayer for mercy 
 
396 961. Supremus. 964. Suspicio. 
 
 and grace of the gods), as public feast of prayer to divert 
 impending evil, which, for instance, was feared on account 
 of bad signs: Quoniam ad omnia pulvinaria supplicatio 
 decreta est, celebratote illos dies cum conjugibus ac liberis 
 vestris. Cic. Gratulationem tuo nomine ad omnia deo- 
 rum templa fecimus. Id. Civitas religiosa, in principiis 
 maxime novorum bellorum, supplicationibus habitis jam, 
 et obsecratione circa omnia pulvinaria facta, ludos Jovi 
 donumque vovere consulem jussit. Liv. 
 
 961. Supremus, Summus, Maximus. Supremus, the 
 highest, supreme in relation to lower ones : Supremus vita 
 dies, the day of death as the last, highest end of life, as we 
 say a high age; Summus, the highest, greatest, most per- 
 fect, with relation to high and superior ones : Sum mum, quo 
 nihil sit superius. Cic. Gracchus omnia infima summis 
 paria fecit. Id. ; not supremus, which designates the highest 
 point. Vixit ad sum mam senectutem. Id. Summa salus 
 reipublicce; Summa res publica. Id. (not summa rei pub- 
 licce.) Supremus and Summus designate only the third 
 dimension from the base to the vertex; Maximus, the 
 greatest, largest, extension in all directions or dimensions, 
 and intensively the highest degree and superiority of strength : 
 Rescripsi epistolce maxima. Audi nunc de minuscula. Cic. 
 Maximus dolor brevis est; summus dolor plures dies 
 manere non potest. Id. 
 
 962. SuRGERE, EXSURGERE, ExORIRI, ExSISTERE. Sur- 
 
 gere, rising, giving one's self a direction upward, rising from 
 a lying or sitting posture: e lecto, a mens a ; Exsur gere, 
 rising from the place where we were lying or sitting : Manus 
 mihi date, exsur gite a genibus amba. Plaut. ; hence, rising 
 again, as to condition, rising, as to the career of a person or 
 thing : Auctoritate vestra res publica exsurget et in aliquo 
 statu tolerabili consistet. Cic. Exoriri, originating out of, 
 coming forth, making one's or its appearance': Exoriare 
 aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor. Virg. Sol exoriens. Id. 
 Exsistere, 414, stepping forth. 
 
 963. Sus, Porcus, Verres, Aper. Sus, hog, name of 
 the genus, of wild and domestic swine : Immundi sues. Virg. 
 Porcus, fern. Pore a, a young, or at least not old, tame 
 hog: Porco bimestri. Hor. Verres, a boar, uncut; 
 Aper, the wild hog, wild boar: Erymanthius. 
 
 964. Suspicio, Conjectura, Conjectio. Suspicio, the 
 suspicion, that behind the external appearance of a thing 
 
965. Tabula. 966. Talus. 397 
 
 there is something concealed which is not clearly percepti- 
 ble ; active, suspicion which we have ; passive, suspicion 
 created by a thing: Suspicio artificii apud eos, qui res 
 judicant, or at or i adversaria est. Cic. Infidelitatis susjiici- 
 on em sustinere. Cses. Conjectura, conjecture, a suppo- 
 sition on grounds of probability upon facts, a conjectured 
 opinion, judgment: Ex ipsa re conjecturam fecimus. 
 Ter. Conjectio, the guessing, the interpretation: somni- 
 orum. Cic. 
 
 T. 
 
 965. Tabula, Pictura ; Tabulatum, Tabulatio, Con- 
 tignatio. Tabula, a picture, as body, substance, i. e. the 
 tablet, &c. on which something is painted: Tabulas bene 
 pictas collocare in bono lumine. Cic. Pictura, painting, 
 as process, the picture, as product of art: Pictura in ta- 
 bula, textilis. Cic. — Tabula, a board ; Tabulatum, a 
 story of a building, because the stories are divided by boards : 
 Turris tabulatorum quatuor. Cses. Tabulatio, the 
 flooring, the boarding of a story : Ne tela missa tabulatio- 
 nem perfringerent. Cses. Contignatio, the juncture or 
 joining of the beams for a floor or roof; also the beams thus 
 joined themselves: Ea contignatio, qua turri tegimento 
 esset futura. Cass. 
 
 966. Talus, Calx ; Tessera, Alea ; Tessera, Testa. 
 Talus (doTQayalog), the ankle-bone; Calx, the ankle (with 
 the idea of tightness, hardness ; hence, Calculus, a little stone, 
 and Callis) : Amictus atque usque ad talos demissa purpu- 
 ra. Cic Nudis calcibus anguem premere. Juvenal. — 
 Tdlus, the ankle-bone of the hind-feet of quadrupeds with 
 cloven hoofs, which unites the shin with the foot, and, used 
 as dice, had marks on the four flat sides only ; one was 
 marked with 1, Unio s. As, the opposite with 6, Senio, the 
 two others with 3 and 4, ternio, quaternio ; Tessera (rta 
 gsq(x, neut.), a die (of cubic form), with all six sides marked. 
 The ancients played with four tali, and with three tessera ; 
 the luckiest throw with the tali, was, if each one showed a 
 different number ; with the tessera, if they presented three 
 sixes ; these best throws were called Venus ; Canis was the 
 worst throw, when each talus showed the same number, or 
 
 34 
 
398 967. Tangere. 969. Tegere. 
 
 each tessera presented an As : Nobis ex lusionibus multis t a 
 los relinquunt et tesseras. Cic. Ut quisque Can em aut 
 Senionem miser at, in singulos talos singulos denarios in 
 medium confer el at : quos tollebat universos, qui Venerem 
 jecerat. Suet. Alea, game at dice, in general : Jacta ale a 
 esto. Suet., let the die be thrown ! let 's dare the throw ! — Tes- 
 sera, a small tablet, mark, marked among soldiers with the 
 watchword, by which those on guard knew their party; with 
 those who stood in the relation of hospitality, to know again 
 their friends: Tesseram conferre si vis hospitalem, eccam 
 attuli. Plaut. Testa, an earthen vessel, a fragment of it, 
 especially as verification, proof (testis) of voters and persons 
 in the relation of hospitality : Testarum suffragia. Nep. 
 
 967. Tangere, Tractare, Palpare ; Tangit, Spectat, 
 Pertinet, Attinet. Tangere, touching, used of a light 
 collision of two bodies : aliquem digito ; Non omnia dicam et 
 leviter unumquodque tan gam. Cic. Tractare, touching 
 repeatedly and on several sides, with more surface of the 
 fingers or hand (in German betas ten ; in English we have no 
 single word to express the sense of tractare, but it is in part 
 in the words fingering, handling, grabbing, fumbling, though 
 each of these has an additional and specific meaning) : Sen 
 puerunctis tract av it calicem manibus. Hor. ; hence, treat- 
 ing of a subject : artem musicam. Ter. ; gubernacula rei pub- 
 lican. Cic. P alp are, patting, caressing by stroking with the 
 palm: Taurus pectora prabet palp an da manu. Ovid. — 
 Tan git me res, cur a, it touches me, designates a very near, 
 sensible, and personal interest ; Spectat me, it has reference 
 to me, I am interested in it, the object for which the thing is 
 intended; Pertinet ad me, it belongs to my province, has 
 reference to me, a nearer relation of the thing to me : Bene- 
 Jicia, quce ad singulos sped ant ; quce ad universos perti- 
 nent. Cic. Attinet ad me, it relates to me, a relation to 
 me only in a certain respect : Incensus studio, quod ad agrum 
 colendum attinet. Cic. Ego, quod ad me attinet, ta- 
 ceo. Id. 
 
 968. Tantisper, Tamdiu. Tantisper, so long as, so 
 long until, designates the idea while, during; Tamdiu, so 
 long as, designates the wearisome duration: Latendum tan- 
 tisper ibidem, dim defervescat hcec gratulatio. Cic. Totos 
 dies scribo ; tantisper impedior. Id. Ego te abfuisse 
 tamdiu a nobis dolui. Id. 
 
 969. Tegere, Operire, Cooperire ; Tegumentum, Oper- 
 
970. Telum. 399 
 
 culum, Tectoeium. Teg ere, covering, with a cover, for 
 protection and safety ; Operire (ob-perire), covering over, 
 covering entirely, with the cover of a vessel, for instance, 
 opp. aperire ; Co operire, covering all over: Ferce latibulis 
 se tegunt. Cic. Cui pellis humeros o per it. Virg. Ubi 
 abiere intro, operuere ostium. Ter. Opertus dedecore 
 et infamia. Cic. Co operire aliquem lapidibus. Liv. — 
 Tegumentum, the cover serving to cover over: Tegu- 
 ment a corporum vel texta vel suta. Cic. Operculum, a 
 cover, with which a vessel is covered, or which is placed over 
 some article : Cadus cereo obturaias operculo. Plin. Tec- 
 tor ium, a coat of liquid with which a body is covered, 
 painted over: Ex columna tectoriam vetus delitum est, et 
 novum inductum. Cic. 
 
 970. Telum, Tormentum, Hasta, Sarissa, Lancea, 
 GiEsuM, Sparus, Tragula, Framea, Pilum, Spiculum, 
 Sagitta, Jaculum, Falarica, Verutum. Telum, 104, an 
 offensive arm in general, arms which wound ; Tormentum, 
 a projectile thrown from a machine for projection : Tantum 
 prima acies aberat, uti ne in earn telum tormentumve 
 adigi posset. Cses. Has t a (originally a pole, branch ; Teu- 
 tonic Asi), a pike, of the Roman hastati, with the iron, four- 
 teen feet long; Sarissa, the long, Macedonian spear; 
 Lancea, the lance, which was also thrown; Gee sum, the 
 light and short hunting-javelin of the Gallic mountaineers ; it 
 was thrown: Jere pastorali habitu, agrestibus telis, falci- 
 bus gcesisque armati. Liv. Sparus and Sparum, a 
 spear with a long thin point; similar is Tragula, a short 
 javelin: Galli inter carros rotasque mataras ac tragulas 
 subjiciebant, nostrosque vulnerabant. Ca?s. Framea, the 
 short spear of the Germanic tribes : Rari gladiis aut majori- 
 bus lanceis utuntur hast as, vel ipsorum vocabulo fra- 
 me as, gerunt, angusto et brevi ferro, sed ita acri et ad usum 
 tiabili, ut eodem telo vel cominus vel eminus pugnent. Tac. 
 Pilum, the spear of the Roman foot, the wood five feet and 
 a half, of wild cherry (cormis), and the point three quarters 
 of a foot, of the thickness of a finger, which Marius, however, 
 ordered to be made shorter and somewhat like an angle, so 
 that it could not be taken out of the wounded body without 
 lacerating it. Every heavily-armed man had two pila, with 
 the throwing of which the battle began. Cses. 1, 52. Spt- 
 culum, every point, the iron point of the spear or arrow, and 
 the spear or arrow itself ; Sagitta, arrow : Alexander sa- 
 
400 
 
 971. Temeritas. 975. Testis. 
 
 gitta ictus est, qua in medio crure jixa reliquerat spicu- 
 lum. Curt. Jdculum, a javelin, as general name; Fdld- 
 rica, a larger throwing spear, which was thrown by ma- 
 chines, sometimes also by the hand; Verutum, a spear 
 similar to the veru (spit), which penetrated deeply: Pilis 
 plerisque in scuta, verutis in corpora ipsa jixis. Liv. 
 
 971. Temeritas, Inconsiderantia. Temerit as, thought- 
 lessness, which acts without reflection, with haste and boldness 
 or temerity, opp. sapientia: Multifaciunt mult a temerita- 
 te quadam, sine judicio vel modo, vel repentino quodam im- 
 petu animi concitati. Cic. Inconsiderantia, want of 
 reflection and thought, of proper consideration, inconsiderate- 
 ness : Milonis in hoc uno inconsider anliam ego sustine- 
 bo, ut potero. Cic. 
 
 972. Tempestas, Procella. Tempestas, the time, as 
 quality, the season, and the weather, bad weather, storm, 
 tempest: Fozda tempestas, cum grandine ac tonitribus 
 cozlo dejecta. Liv. Procella, the storm, which pushes 
 along, makes quake, the high gale of wind at sea : Temp es- 
 tates sunt imbres, nimbi, procella,, turbines. Cic. 
 
 978. Tentorium, Tabernaculum. Tentorium, the 
 tent of extended cloth, skins, as in a Roman camp {sub pelli- 
 bus durare. Liv.). Tiberius s ape sine tentorio pernocta- 
 bat. Suet. Tabernaculum, every lightly built hut or tent 
 erected only for a passing purpose, for protection against rain 
 or ^sunbeams ; also of the camp tents and camp huts : Han- 
 nibal profectus est nocte, tab em a culls paucis in speciem 
 reliclis. Liv. 
 
 974. Terere, Fricare, Tergere, Verrere. Terere, 
 rubbing, rubbing off; lapidem lapide, lignum ligno ; in 
 area fruges, threshing; viam, stepping on the way. Fri- 
 care, rubbing, in producing a feeling on an animate body, 
 and in making smooth: caput, corpus oleo ; Sus fricat ar- 
 bor e costas. Virg. Tergere, wiping, drying or cleaning 
 by wiping: Hie leve argentum, vasa aspera t erg eat al- 
 ter. Juvenal. Verrere, sweeping with a broom, brush : 
 Verre pavimentum, nitidas ostende columnas. Juvenal. 
 
 975. Testis, Arbiter, Conscius; Testari, Testificari, 
 Antestari ; Testamentum, Codicilli. Testis f 125 (prop- 
 erly, one who himself is a proof, testa, 966, of the truth of a 
 thing), the witness, as confirming: Mearum ineptiarum tes- 
 tis et spectator. Cic. Arbiter, the observing witness, 
 listener, 93. Conscius, one who knows of something, a 
 
976. Texere. 978. Tignum, 401 
 
 person privy to a thing, a fellow-criminal : Accusator ejus 
 facinoris multos dixerit testes et conscios esse. Ad He- 
 renn. — Testari, becoming a witness, giving evidence, and 
 testifying to one's last will, directing by testament : Campus 
 sepulcris prcelia testatur. Hor. Test or omnes deos. Cic, 
 calling upon all the gods as witnesses : De filii pupilli re 
 testari. Id. Testificari, calling upon one as witness, 
 and proving by one's own assertion, by efficient proofs : Deos 
 hominesque testificor, me tibi prcedixisse. Cic. Feci hoc 
 testificandi amoris mei causa. Id. Antestari, calling 
 upon one to be witness, in doing which, the person who called 
 upon the other, touched him by the ear-lap : Inclamat : Licet 
 an testari? Ego vero oppono auriculam. Hor. — T es ta- 
 rn en tum^ the testament, as legal written direction, by which 
 a person pronounces his last will respecting his property, and 
 the actions he imposes upon his heirs: Mulier testamento 
 her edem fecit Jiliam. Cic. Co dicilli, a direction in form 
 of a letter, in which the testator requested the heir, already 
 appointed by the testament, to do one or another thing after 
 the testator's death, to pay a legacy, &c. ; an addition to the 
 testament : Seneca sine ullo funeris solemni crematur. ita 
 codicillis prcescripserat. Tac. 
 
 976. Texere, Nere. Texere, weaving, making a tissue, 
 designates the alternating covering of the thread, and, in gen- 
 eral, the connexion, juncture of parts braided and entwined 
 with one another : telam ; fiscinam virgis ; carinam ; Paullus 
 basilicam texuit iisdem antiquis columnis. Cic. Nere, 
 spinning, and weaving (connected with the Teutonic nah, 
 near, nahen, bringing near together, keeping it so, see Nee- 
 tere, 637): Nerunt fat ales fortia fila Dea. Ovid. Tuni- 
 cam, molli mater quam never at auro. Virg. 
 
 977. Tibia, Fistula. Tibia, the flute, a straight reed 
 with holes bored in it, into which the air was blown at the 
 upper end in a straight direction, not as is the case with our 
 common flute : Tibia dextra unum habet foramen, sinistra 
 duo : quorum unum acutum sonum habet, aUerum gravem. 
 Varr. The tibicen played two flutes at the same time. Fis- 
 tula, the shepherd's or Pan's flute, consisting of from three 
 to seven reeds, one by the other, and successively shortened : 
 Dispar septenis fistula cannis. Ovid. 
 
 978. Tignum, Trabs. Tignum, the hewn beam, a piece 
 of building material; Trabs, old Trabes, the beam before 
 it has been under the hands of the carpenter, also as tree : 
 
 34* 
 
402 979. Tirocinium. 981. Toga. 
 
 Sordida terga suis, nigro pendentia tig no. Ovid. Itinera 
 duo, qua ad portum ferebant, maximis prcefixis trabibus, 
 atque eis prceacaiis, prcesepit. Cses. Securibus ccesa accides- 
 set abiegna ad terram trabes. Cic. 
 
 979. Tirocinium, Rudimentum, Elementum. Tiroci- 
 nium, the occupation of an apprentice, apprenticeship, the 
 years of this period, the proof- piece to be made by an ap- 
 prentice : Tirocinium ponere et documentum eloquentice 
 dare. Liv. Rudimentum, the first principles, first instruc- 
 tion in an art, as means of un-ruding, removing rudeness, 
 524 : Imbutus rudimentis militia. Veil . Elementum, 
 the original substance, first elements of a science or branch 
 of knowledge: Aqua valentissimum elementum est. hoc 
 fuisse primum putat Tholes. Senec. Hcec forsitan puerorum 
 element a videantur. Cic. 
 
 980. Titulus, Index. Tttulus, inscription, by which 
 we know what a thing is or contains : libri legis, imaginis ; 
 the name of one's office, also an assumed name of something 
 high, pretext : Consulem requirebam, qui tamquam truncus 
 atque stipes, posset sustinere tamen tiiulum consulates. Cic. 
 Titulum belli prcetendere. Liv. Index, indicator, index, 
 that which betrays something: Vultus indices oculi. Cic, 
 the book-title, which indicates the contents. 
 
 981. Toga, Stola, Palla, Trabea, Pallium, Sagum, 
 
 PALUDAMENTUM, CHLAMYS, LiENA, Lacerna, P^nula. 
 Over-garments are: Toga, the solemn dress, or full dress 
 article of the Romans in times of peace, a white, round man- 
 tle, which was thrown over the head, and covered the whole 
 body from the shoulders down to the knees, for men and 
 women: Pads est insigne et otii toga,. Cic. Toga prce- 
 texta, with a purple stripe around the lower end, for free cit- 
 izens' children, priests, and superior magistrates ; virilis, 
 pura, recta, communis, the simple white toga, from the seven- 
 teenth year ; Candida, colored with chalk, worn by those who 
 electioneered for high offices (candidati), and at festivals; 
 pulla, 119, sordida, the unwashed and worn off toga, used by 
 accused persons. Stola, the wide, folded gown, down to 
 the ankles, with pointed sleeves, worn by married ladies of 
 distinction, a tunica, below with a wide, full flounce (instita) ; 
 Pall a, the equally long lady's mantle, open in front, and 
 kept together by hooks, worn over the stola : Ad talos stola 
 demissa et circumdata pall a. Hor. Trabea, a mantle 
 round the body, open in front, and kept together above by a 
 
982. Torquere. 983. Torris. 403 
 
 hook and a noose, white, with wide purple stripes, a dress of 
 honor of the knights, of scarlet for augurs and images of 
 gods : Trabeati equites. Tac. Pallium, the Greek 
 mantle, wide and comfortable, peculiar to philosophers ; Sa- 
 gum, the short, soldier's mantle, of a square piece of coarse 
 cloth, and hooked together on the breast, also for farmers, 
 &c. : Sagulo gregali amictus. Liv. Consulates to gati so- 
 lent esse, quum est in sagis civitas. Cic. P alii dam en- 
 turn, the warrior's, especially the general's, mantle, differing 
 from the sagum in length, substance, and color : Coccum im- 
 peratoriis dicatum paludamentis. Plin. Chlamys, the 
 Greek sagum, shorter and closer. . Cloaks against rain and 
 for travelling, of closer texture, are : Lain a, long and wide, 
 was also worn over the toga; Lacerna, lined with fringes, 
 and provided with a cap (cucullus) to cover the head; P ce- 
 nula, also Penula, very similar to the toga, only closer and 
 shorter, sometimes also of leather (scortea), and at the upper 
 end with a cover for the head. 
 
 982. Torquere, Angere, Cruciare, Fatigare. Tor- 
 quere, turning, bending, twisting, throwing with a sling, be- 
 cause this is turned or wheeled around before the missile is 
 thrown, e. g.funem, capillos, jaculum ; and racking, plaguing, 
 tormenting: In dolor e est, qui tor que tur. Cic. Angere, 
 narrowing the throat, throttling : guttur ; causing anguish : 
 Angor animo, non consilii armis egere rem publicam. Cic. 
 Cruciare (crucifying), cruelly tormenting: vigiliis et fame. 
 Cic. Tucb libidines te torquent; tu dies noctesque cru- 
 ciaris. Id. Torquere, designates the excruciating pain, 
 continually rising; Angere, the same, oppressing, as if 
 strangling; Cruciare, the same, as subjecting to torture, 
 changing degrees of violence. Fdtigare (fatis, 10), driv- 
 ing down, occupying to fatigue, exhaustion, worrying: Mi- 
 lites magno astu fatigati. Cses. Sicarii, fur es, pecula- 
 tor es sunt vinclis et verberibus fatigandi. Cic. 
 
 983. Torris, Titio. Torris, a firebrand, as a dry body 
 easily ignitable, a burning piece of wood ; Titio (belongs to 
 tada), as a body which contains and gives fire : Funereum 
 tor rem conjecit in ignis. Ovid. Rapit mediis flagran- 
 tem ab~ aris prunicium lor rem. Id. Quum e foco in 
 titione ex felici arbor e ignis allatus esset. Varr. Ar- 
 dent em titionem gerens. Appul. Fomenta calida sunt 
 exstincli titione s, involuti panniculis, et sic circumdati. 
 Cels. 
 

 404 
 
 984. Trans. 987. Trepidatio. 
 
 
 984. Trans, Ultra. Trans, 783, 829, on the othei 
 side,. along above that which is this side to that which is on 
 the other side ; Ultra, the other side, beyond that which ia 
 on the other side : Trans Tiberim hortos par are. Cic. 
 Ariovistus prater castra Ccesaris suas copias transduxit, et 
 millibus passuum duobus ultra eum castra fecit. Cses., first 
 he had the camp of Csesar on this side ; now he encamped 
 far beyond it, on the other side. 
 
 985. Transgredi, Transire, Transmittere, Trajicere ; 
 Transitus, Trajectus. With reference to seas and rivers, 
 Transgredi signifies passing, a slow, considerate motion; 
 Transire, the common or also quicker movement : Cum 
 quibus copiis prcetor in Corsicam transgressus helium 
 gereret. Liv. Crassus, nisi eguisset, nunquam Euphratem, 
 nulla belli causa, transire voluisset. Cic. Transmittere, 
 sending over, causing to be carried over ; and passing, sailing 
 over, referring to our own activity, and the final object on the 
 other side : Ad jlumen quum esset ventum, exercitus celeriter 
 transmittitur. Cses. Cur Pythagoras tot mar ia trans- 
 mi sit ? Cic. Satis constabat fama, jam Iberum Poznos 
 transmisisse. Liv. Tr ajicere, throwing over, carrying 
 over, getting over ; and, if se is supposed to have been left 
 out, passing over ; it is used rather of the passive state of the 
 passing person: Dum elephanti trajiciuntur. Liv. Si 
 quo casu Isaram se traj ecerint. Cic. Hannibal Tagum 
 amnem vado trajecit. Liv., that is, with much trouble. — 
 Transitus, the passage: Clauso transitu fiuminis. Liv. 
 Trajectus, the passing over: Inde erat hrevissimus in 
 Britanniam transj ectus. Cses. 
 
 986. Transversus, Obliquus, Limits. Transversus, 
 cross, lying across, passing across through, when one line in- 
 tersects the other in a right angle : Urbis partes una lata via 
 perpetua, multisque transversis divisce sunt. Cic. Ob- 
 liquus, oblique, when the line across the other does not in- 
 tersect it in a right-angle, going sideways : Montem ohliquo 
 itinere petebant. Cses. Limus, crooked, that which has 
 another direction than that which it ought to have : Adspicito 
 limis oculis, ne ille nos se videre sentiat. Plaut., squinting. 
 
 987. Trepidatio, Terror. Trepidatio, trepidation, 
 shaking, anxiety, which manifests itself by movements and 
 actions which have no object (properly, the trippling) ; Ter- 
 ror, fright, the involuntary affection of our whole system, 
 produced by sudden perception of great danger, and of which 
 
988. Tribus. 405 
 
 Trepidatio maybe a consequence : Mqui tanto cum tu- 
 multu invasere fines Romanos, ut ad urbem quoque terro- 
 rem pertulerint, necopinata etiam res plus trepidationis 
 fecit, quod nihil minus timeri poterat. Liv. 
 
 988. Tribus, Curia, Classis ; Tributum, Vectigal ; 
 Tributarius, Vectigalis, Stipendiarius. Tribus, a tribe, 
 national tribe, or branch of a nation, of which Rome had 
 originally three, each in a different quarter of the city ; at 
 later periods, the number of divisions called tribes amounted 
 to thirty -five : Ager Romanus primum divisus in partes ires ; 
 a quo tribus appellatce Ramnensium, Titiensium, Lucerum. 
 Varr. Curia, a number of ten noble gentes ; also the tem- 
 ple of a curia, where they met. Rome originally contained 
 three hundred of these gentes (which see), therefore thirty 
 curice, of which there were in each tribus ten : Romulus quum 
 populum in curias triginta divider 'et, nomina curiis im- 
 posuit. Liv. Curia Saliorum in Palatio. Cic. Classis, 
 a division of Roman citizens according to property. After 
 King Servius had ordained the census, according to which 
 each citizen should accurately state the amount of his prop- 
 erty, his age, and family, he placed the knights at the head, 
 as the richest ; the other citizens, who served on foot in the 
 field, were, according to their property, divided into five 
 classes, these again into centuries, so that the whole people, 
 including those who had no property at all, and who formed 
 but one century, consisted of one hundred and ninety-three 
 centuries, each one with one vote in elections of magistrates, 
 the adoption of proposals for laws, and other chief political 
 measures ; but the knights with the first class were stronger 
 than the rest together, because they were divided into a ma- 
 jority of centuries. Thus the richest citizens had to pay 
 most taxes, but had likewise the greatest influence in govern- 
 ment. Cic. Rep. 2,22., Liv. 1,43. — Tributum, the con- 
 tribution which each citizen ^aid toward the expenses of gov- 
 ernment ; at the beginning, one hundred asses annually ; 
 from the times of Servius, according to proportion of his 
 property {census): Unius imperatoris (Paulli JE711UU) prceda 
 fnem attulit tributorum. Cic. Vectigal, duty, or all 
 other taxes besides the tributum, which the state took as rev- 
 enue, e. g. Ex metallis, Ex salinis, see 907. Neque ex por- 
 tu, neque ex decuniis, neque ex scriptura vectigal conser- 
 ve aiH potest. Cic. — Tributarii populi, were those provin- 
 cials who as subjects paid to their masters, i. e. the Romans, 
 

 406 
 
 989. Triumphus. 992. Tubus. 
 
 I 
 
 taxes of the landed property, of the produce of their fields 
 according to the crop; Vectigales, those who as inhabit- 
 ants paid various and changing taxes to the Romans as their 
 sovereigns; Stipendiarii, those who paid settled taxes 
 one year as the other. 
 
 989. Triumphus, Ovatio. Triumphus, the solemn 
 entrance and procession of a peculiarly victorious general 
 into Rome, during which he drove in a magnificent triumphal 
 car, himself crowned with laurel; Ovatio, the lesser tri- 
 umph, during which the victor, crowned with a myrtle crown, 
 went on foot or on horseback into the city, which was granted 
 for a less important or also for an inglorious war, e. g. against 
 slaves: Me ovantem et prope triumph ant em populus 
 Romanus in Capitolium dorao tulit. Cic. 
 
 990. Trudere, Pellere. Trudere, driving, pushing 
 with violence forward, on; supposes a continued resistance 
 against the power; Pellere, pushing away, giving such an 
 impulse to a body by repeated blows, that it moves, though 
 not any longer in contact with the impelling power : Socrates 
 non ad mortem trudi videbatur. Cic. Adlapsa sagitta est, 
 incertum, qua puis a manu. Virg. 
 
 991. Tuba, Lituus, Cornu, Buccina. Tuba, trumpet, 
 a blown instrument, consisting of a straight tube with funnel- 
 like opening, producing deep yet thrilling sounds, used with 
 the foot: Milites legionum, non exaudito tuba, sono, tamen 
 retinebantur. Cses. Lituus, smaller, curved, and of higher, 
 sharper sound, used with the horse: Inde lituus sonitus 
 effudit acutos. Enn. Cornu, the horn, with which signals 
 (classicum) near the ensigns were given : Cornu a quce nunc 
 sunt ex are, tunc jieb ant bibulo e cornu. Varr. Buccina, 
 a horn, wound snail-like, as our cornets, with which the signal 
 {classicum) for attack, beginning of the march, change of 
 guards, &c. was given in the neighbourhood of the general : 
 Equitibus denuntiatum, ut ad m tertiam buccinam prcesio 
 essent. Li v., at the beginning of the third night-watch. 
 
 992. Tubus, Canalis, Fistula, Sipho. Tubus, tube, 
 hollow cylindrical body : Picece ad aquarum ductus in tubos 
 cavantur. Plin. Canalis, canal, the conduit for the recep- 
 tion and leading on of a passing liquid ; Fistula, a narrower 
 tube, through which a liquid is forcibly carried along and ex- 
 pelled by the pressure of the air ; Sipho, a. siphon, or tube 
 to draw the liquid out of a vessel by lifting it in the tube, also 
 a spout through which water rises to some height after having 
 
 L 
 
993. Tueri. 995. Turba. 407 
 
 left it: Ductus aqua funt rivis per can ales structiles, aut 
 fistulis plumbeis, sen tubulis Jictilibus. Vitruv. Aqua 
 in summis jugis interior e spiritu acta et terra pondere ex* 
 pressa, siphonum modo emicat. Plin. 
 
 993. Tueri, Tutari, Protegere, Defendere, Propug- 
 nare ; Munire ; Tutus, Securus. Tueri, 944, keeping 
 under superintendence and protection, guarding against pos- 
 sible dangers: concordiam ; 2Edem Castoris habuit tn en- 
 dam. Cic. Tutari, protecting against real, threatening 
 dangers : Ut potui, accuratissime te tuamque causam tut at us 
 sum, Cic. Protegere, protecting, defending: Africanus 
 in act Allienum scuto protexit. Cic. Locus naves prote- 
 git aventis. Cses. Defendere, pushing off, parrying, de- 
 fending; presupposes a real attack: Hunc defende furo- 
 rem. Virg. Ab hoc periculo defendite civem. Cic. Pro- 
 pugnare, fighting for something to protect it, taking up 
 arms for something : Bestia pro suo partu ita propugnan t, 
 ut vulnera excipiant. Cic. — Munire, protecting by firm- 
 ness, and by fortification, surrounding with protection : Ccesar 
 ad Jlumen Axonam castra posuit : qua res lotus unum castro- 
 rum ripis fluminis muni eb at. Cees. Oppidum natura loci 
 muniebatur. Id. — Tutus, secured against danger and 
 injury, protected : Testudo ubi collecta in suum tegumen est, 
 tut a ad omnes ictus est. Liv. Securus, he who believes 
 himself safe, without fear, care : Tut a scelera esse possunt ; 
 secura non possunt. Senec. 
 
 994. Tumere, Turgere ; Tumor, Tuber. Turner e, 
 being puffed up, swelled, by vapors, watery parts, generally 
 by disease : Corpus tumet omne veneno. Ovid. Turgere, 
 protuberating with fulness, being swelled with juice : Jam 
 Iceto t urgent in palmite gemma. Virg. — Tumor, the 
 swelling, e. g. oculorum, crurum ; Tuber, properly, a truffle ; 
 a protuberating excrescence on an animal body, a hunch, a 
 boil: Colaphis tuber est totum caput. Ter. 
 
 995. Turba, Multitudo ; Tumultus. Turba, a swarm, 
 especially of men, with the idea of disorder : Fugiens deci- 
 dit pradonum in turbam. Hor. Multitudo, the multi- 
 tude, great number, merely as number : Quanta m ulti t u d o, 
 quanta vis hominum convenisse dicebatur ! Cic. — Turba, 
 noise, confusion, when every thing is in wild disorder: Quid 
 turba apud forum est ? quid litigant ? Ter. Tu mult us, 
 145, a tumult, a mob, the impetuous running to and fro, and 
 irregular noise of a concourse of people : Turba ac tumul- 
 tus concitatores. Liv. 
 
408 
 
 996. Turibulum. 1000. Vallis. 
 
 996. Turibulum, Acerra. Turibulum, incensory, cen- 
 ser ; Acerra, a box for frankincense: Turibulis ante 
 januas positis, atque accenso ture. Liv. Acerra turis 
 plena. Hor. 
 
 u, v. 
 
 £97. Valens, Validus, Vegetus, Vigens. Valens-, 
 j i9, efficient, strong, as state, opp. imbecillus : Lictores cir- 
 cumsistunt v alentissimi. Cic, strong, powerful lictors. 
 Validus, powerful, very strong, as quality, opp. infirmus : 
 Mente minus validus, quam corpore toto. Hor. Nondum 
 ex morbo satis validus. Liv., who is not yet entirely recov- 
 ered ; valens est, is manifestation of power, he who may 
 get along again. Vegetus, awake, lively in body and 
 mind : mens ; Vegetus prcescripta ad munia surgit. Hor., of 
 the person who just awoke. Exact ce cetatis Camillus erat ; sed 
 vegetum ingenium in vivido pectore vigebat. Liv. Vi- 
 gens, alive, he in whom the active spirits of life show them- 
 selves in body and mind : Homines rationem habent a natura 
 datam, mentemque et acrem et vigentem celerrimeque mulla 
 simul agitantem. Cic. Arbor em dicimus et novellam et vetu- 
 lam, et vigere, et senescere. Id. 
 
 998. Valgus, Varus, Scaurus. Valgus, one who has 
 misplaced calves, and legs which are bent out below, and in- 
 cline to each other above; Va rus, he who has outwardly 
 turned legs, so that both form the figure of the signs of a pa- 
 renthesis () ; Scaurus, who has large and disproportionate 
 ankles, large bony protuberances on the feet: Hunc Varum 
 distortis cruribus, ilium balbutit Scaurum pravis fultum 
 male talis. Hor. 
 
 999. Vallare, Sepire. Vallare, fortifying with palli- 
 sadoes ; Sepire, Scepire, hedging in, fencing in, and used 
 of every sort of marking off and separating from others, a 
 piece of ground : Vallare castra ; vail at us sicariis. Cic. 
 Muris scepire templa. ^Nep. Natura oculos membranis 
 vestivit et sap sit. Id. 
 
 1000. Vallis, Convallis. Vallis, the valley, a low 
 situation between two mountains; Conv allis, surrounded 
 with mountains, a place where many valleys like branches 
 join, a valley right between a number of mountains, basin : 
 
1001. Vapor. 1002. Vas. 409 
 
 Roma in montihus posita et conv allihus. Cic. Also, Vi- 
 cus positus in valle, non magna adjecta planitie, altissimis 
 montihus undique continetur. Cses., where no attention is had 
 to the junction of several valleys. 
 
 1001. Vapor, Exhalatio, Ftnius, Fuligo. Vapor 
 vapor, visible steam of warmed liquids: Vapor es, qui a 
 sole ex agris tepefactis et ex aquis excitantur. Cic. Exha- 
 latio, exhalation, evaporation, which, more or less visibly, 
 rises from humid bodies, e. g. of spirituous liquids : Caelum 
 caliginosum est propter exhalationes terrce. Cic. F li- 
 mits, the smoke'; Fuligo (for fumiligo), soot, deposit of 
 the smoke on the walls along which it rises: Fumi incendi- 
 orum procul videbantur. Cses. Adsidua postes fuligine 
 nigri. Virg. 
 
 1002. Vas, Vindex, Pr^s, Sponsor, Obses ; Vadiiho- 
 nium promittere, facere, Vadari. Va s, Gen. Vadis, 
 bail in a criminal case (causa capitis), who personally an- 
 swers for the appearance of the accused at the proper period 
 for trial : Quum is, qui morti addictus esset, paucos sibi dies 
 commendandorum suorum causa postulavisset, vas f actus est 
 alter ejus sistendi, ut, si ille non revertisset, moriendum esset 
 ipsi. Cic. Vindex, one who frees an illegally accused per- 
 son from the obligation to appear before court: Frees, Gen. 
 Fraidis, surety, one who guaranties with his own fortune 
 the payment of a person sentenced to fine, or of a farmer ; 
 Sponsor, 125, 811, one who guaranties something, who 
 gives surety, guaranty, for the action of others or his own ; 
 used for cases of common life ; one who answers for it : 
 Pompeius idem miki testis de voluntate Ccesaris, et sponsor 
 est illi de mea. Cic. Obses, a hostage, a person given to 
 the hostile party, in war, as a pledge for the fulfilment of 
 contracted obligations, while the v as has to do with legal 
 affairs at home only: Ob sides lit inter sese dent, perficit 
 (Dumnorix) : Sequani, ne itinere Helveiios prohibeant ; 
 Helvetii, ut sine maleficio et injuria transeant. Cars. — Va- 
 dimonium, the assurance, guarantied by proper persons, 
 bails, to appear at the fixed time before the court ; and the 
 appearance, as well as the appointed time; hence, V a- 
 dimonium pro mitt ere, promising to appear; obire, 
 sister e, to appear at the proper and fixed time; deserere, 
 staying away, not appearing at the proper time, as bad payers 
 did; V a dimonium facere, appointing a term, when a 
 person has to appear before court: Quasivit a te Quintius, 
 
 35 
 
410 1003. Vastus. 1006. Vehiculum. 
 
 quo die vadimonium istuc factum esse diceres. Re* 
 spondisti, Nonis Februariis. Cic. Vadari, obliging one 
 to give bail and bring guaranties for the appearance before 
 court at a certain term ; calling another before court, and 
 upon him to give bail: Decern vadibus accusator vadatus 
 est reum. Liv. 
 
 1003. Vastus, Desertus. Vas tus, desolate, waste ; the 
 English has no single word which expresses all that vastus in 
 Latin or ode in German means; vastus is that place where 
 we see no human being far and wide, and no object which 
 might attract us: Mons vastus ab natura m et liumano cultu. 
 Sail. Desertus, desert, i. e. abandoned by living beings, 
 by man, lonely, whither no one goes, where no one any 
 longer dwells : solitudo, domus : Genus dgrorum propter pes- 
 tilentiam vas turn atque desertum. Cic. 
 
 1004. Ubique, Ubivis, Ubiubi, Ubicunque. Ubique, 
 everywhere, in all places, each place imagined singly : Om- 
 nes elves Romania qui adsunt et qui ubique sunt. Cic. 
 Ubivis, wherever you choose, in every place you may 
 choose or think of: Nemo est, quin ubivis, quam ibi, ubi 
 est, esse malit. Cic. Ubi ubi, wherever, abandoning any 
 more accurate determination of locality : Ego illam requiram 
 jam, ubiubi est. Plaut. Ubicunque, everywhere, in all 
 and every places which there may be : Virtutem qui adeptus 
 erit, ubicunque erit gentium, a nobis diligetur. Cic. 
 
 1005. Vectis, Pertica, Longurius, Contus. Vectis, 
 the pole to carry or lift, lever: Saxa vectibus promovent. 
 Cses. ; hence, also, the bolt: Portas cerei claudunt vectes. 
 Virg. Pertica, a pole, a thin, bending body : Pertica 
 suspensos portabat longa maniplos. Ovid. Olivas perticis 
 decutiunt. Plin. Longurius, a long pole: Falces adjlxce 
 longuriis. Cses. Contus, 877, a long pole, for the pur- 
 pose of thrusting, pike: Prajixa contis capita gestabantur 
 inter signa cohortium. Tac. 
 
 1006. Vehiculum, Plaustrum, Carrus ; Currus, Esse- 
 dum ; Cisium, Rheda, Carruca, Petorritum ; Carpentum 
 Pilentum, Tensa. Vehiculum, a vehicle, i. e. any con- 
 trivance whatever to drive or sail : Juncto vehiculo vehi ; 
 v ehiculum Argonautarum ; vehiculo portari. Nep., se- 
 dan-chair, instead of Sella gestatoria, on which the person 
 was carried sitting ; Led lea, on which the person is carried 
 in a lying posture (palanquin). Vehiculum is every machine 
 for conveying burden, be this human or not. Wagons, that 
 
1007. Velum. 411 
 
 is, vehicles (in the English sense) for burdens alone, are : 
 Plaustrum, for burdens of all sorts, wide and uncovered, 
 with two and four wheels ; Carru s, at a later period Car- 
 ruin, the Gallic four-wheeled wagon, for baggage of war : 
 Helvetii ad impedimenta et carros suos se contulerunt. 
 Cses. ; hence, carrago, the fortification of wagons and cars, 
 so often erected by the Gallic and Teutonic tribes. — For 
 races and battle, we have the following: Cur r us, every 
 vehicle contrived for quick movement, with two wheels, and 
 with two or four horses (bigce, quadrlgce) : Curru quadri- 
 garum vehi. Cic. Ruunt effusi car cere cur r us. Virg. 
 Currus falcati. Liv., sickle-cars in battle. Curru aurato 
 per urbem vectus. Id., the triumphal car. Essedum, the 
 light battle-car of the Gauls and Britons, in which they darted 
 among their enemies, and which, as occasion might require, 
 they left to fight on foot. Cses. 4, 33 ; afterward also in Rome 
 as state carriage. — Travelling vehicles : Clsium, light, with 
 two wheels, and basket-work (capsus) : Decern horis LV1 
 millia passuum cisiis pervolavit. Cic. Rheda, larger, 
 with four wheels, on which there was room for several per- 
 sons and baggage : Tola domus rheda componitur una. Ju- 
 venal. Carriica, a covered and embellished rheda for 
 persons of quality: Nero nunquam minus mille rarrucis 
 fecisse iter traditur. Suet. Petoritum and hetorri- 
 tum, an open Gallic travelling and baggage wagon, with four 
 wheels : Esseda festinant, pilenta, petorrita, naves. 
 Hor. — Vehicles destined for festival use: Carpentum, 
 two wheels, for women and some orders of priests (with the 
 Flamines, covered : currus arcuatus. Liv.) ; later used as a 
 state equipage; Pilentum, four-wheeled, hanging high in 
 springs, and with a flat roof, which left the sides open, for 
 matrons: Honor em ferunt matronis habitum, ut pilento ad 
 sacra ludosque, carpentis festo prof esto que uterentur. Liv. 
 Tens a, T hens a, a vehicle with four wheels and four horses, 
 ornamented with ivory and silver, on which, when the Circen- 
 sian games were performed, the statues of the gods were sol- 
 emnly brought into the circus ; after which they were depos- 
 ited in a certain place, pulvinar : Dii omnes, qui vehiculis 
 tens arum sollemnes coitus ludorum initia. Cic. 
 
 1007. Velum, Velamentum ; Velum (Lintea, Carbasa), 
 Dolon, Supparitm. Velum, a cover, which hides, a cover- 
 ing, a curtain, as a larger piece of cloth : Tabernacula, car- 
 baseis intenta velis. Cic. Velamentum, poetical Vela- 
 

 412 1008. Venerium. 1010. Venter. 
 
 men, the cover, inasmuch as it covers over : Rami olece ac 
 v el amenta alia supplicum. Liv. — Velum, the sail in gen- 
 eral, especially the main-sheet, generally of linen substance ; 
 hence, poetically, in the plural, Lint e a, Carbasa (prop- 
 erly, fine linen): Malum erigi, vela fieri imperat. Cic. 
 Prcebebis carbasa ventis. Ovid. Do Ion (doXwv), the small 
 foresail, only used in favorable wind : Postquam prcetoriam 
 vela dantem videre, sublatis raptim dolonibus {et erat 
 secundus ventus), capessunt fugam. Liv. Suppdrum, top- 
 sail. 
 
 1008. Venenubi, Virus, Toxicum, Aconitum. Vene- 
 num, every artificial liquid which produces physical effects 
 generally prepared poison; hence with the jurists: Qui ve- 
 nenum malum fecit fecerit. XII Tabb., and Veneficus, 
 a poisoner, one who makes, administers poison : Locusta, 
 ven efi cii damnata. Tac. , on account of poisoning. Vi r u s, 
 the natural, consistent liquid, of corrosive, dying, and offensive 
 animal or vegetable juices, natural poison, or poison as sub- 
 stance : Malum virus serpentibus addidit atris. Virg. De- 
 coquitur virus cognitis antea ven en is rapidum. Tac. ; ve- 
 nenis, of the poisonous ingredients ; virus, the liquid impreg- 
 nated therewith. Toxicum, poison with which arrows were 
 poisoned; Aconitum (dxovnog), a poisonous plant growing 
 on high rocks, a violent poison, quickly affecting: Aconi- 
 tum Medece. Ovid. 
 
 1009. Venire, Venum ire ; Venttm dare, Vendere, Ven- 
 ditare, Mancipare. Venire, being sold, when the prop- 
 erty goes from the former owner, for money, to another; 
 Venum ire, standing for sale, being offered for sale : Ve- 
 nit vilissima rerum hie aqua. Hor. Pileati servi venum 
 soliti ire. Gell. — Venumdare, exposing for sale, having 
 for sale ; Vendere, selling; Venditare, praising up the 
 merchandise for sale, offering for sale by word of mouth ; 
 Mancipare, giving something to another, henceforth to be 
 his property, which has been formally sold in presence of 
 five witnesses of age : Pileus impositus demonstrabat, ejus- 
 modi servos venum dari, quorum nomine emtori vendi- 
 tor nihil prastaret. Gell. Quintus J rater Tusculanum v e n- 
 ditat,ut emat Pacilianam domum. Cic. Vend it is hortis 
 statuam Augusti simul manciparat. Tac. 
 
 1010. Venter, Pantices, Ventriculus, Stomachus, Al- 
 vus, Abdomen. Venter, belly, as vessel or cavern which 
 contains the stomach and entrails, also used of the stomach : 
 
 L 
 
1011. Vernaculus. 1012. Vertere. 413 
 
 Pant ex, plur. Pantices, the hanging belly, pot-belly, used 
 in a derogatory sense : Faba venter injlatur. Cic. Quid- 
 quid qucesierat, ventri dondbat avaro. Hor., to the stomach. 
 Vestros pant ices usque madefacitis, quum ego sim hie sic- 
 cus. Plaut. Ventriculus, stomach: Ventriculus, qui 
 receptaculum cibi est. Cels. Stomachus (arofia^og), the 
 gullet or throat, the opening of the stomach, and the stomach 
 itself, as means of digestion, by its warmth ; hence, as the 
 seat of irritability, irascibility, of rage and anger. 585. Con- 
 chas stomachi colore concoquere. Cic. Alvus (alere), 
 the lower cavity of the belly, where the nutritious particles 
 of the food are separated from the excrements, and the chief 
 channel through which the latter are led off: Alvi natura, 
 subjecta stomacho. Cic. Alvi purgatio. Id. Abdomen, 
 the soft, fat, abdominal coverings around the navel. 
 
 1011. Vernaculus, Domesticus. Vern a cuius, inland- 
 ish, domestic, if* it is contradistinguished from foreign, as to 
 the country, home-bred, native : Vernaculi artifices. Lie. 
 Domesticus, relating to our house, family, or home, opp. 
 externus : Domestici parietes, tabellarii. Cic. 
 
 1012. Vertere, Versare ; Convertere, Transferre, 
 Reddere, Interfretari. Vertere, turning: terga ; Per- 
 ro vertere terram. Virg. In crimen vertere. Liv. Ver- 
 sare, turning frequently, turning about: turbinem ; Orator 
 verset scepe multis modis eandem et unam rem. Cic. — Ver- 
 tere, translating from one language into another, the general 
 expression: Ex Grceco in Latinum sermonem. Liv. Con- 
 vertere, translating, with reference to connexion and style : 
 Converti orationes JEschinis, nee converti ut interpres, 
 sed ut orator. Cic. Transferre, carrying over, trans- 
 ferring, from one language into another (from which our 
 translating) : Istum ego locum totidem verbis a Diccearcho 
 transtuli. Cic, otherwise, generally, using a word tropic- 
 ally : Quod declarari vix verbo proprio potest, id translato 
 quum est dictum, illustrat ejus rei, quam alieno verbo posui- 
 mus, similitudo. Cic. R edd ere, translating literally : Quum 
 ea, quce legerem Greece, hat in e redder em. Cic. ; also, 
 Verbum de verbo expressum extulit. Ter. Quce e x- 
 press a ad verbum dixi. Cic. Interpretari, making 
 the meaning of an expression in an unknown language clear 
 by words in a known one. interpreting, in which the only ob- 
 ject is giving the sense : Epicuri epistolam modo totidem 
 fere verbis interpretatus sum. Cic. The English word 
 
 35* 
 
414 
 
 1013. Verus. 1016. Videlicet 
 
 
 II 
 
 translation must be circumscribed in Latin, e. g. Hcec ubi 
 ex Grceco carmine interpretata recitavit. Liv. 
 
 1013. Verus, Verax ; Vere, Vero. Verus, true, agree- 
 ing with reality, contradistinguished from that which is only- 
 apparent, or that which is false ; Verax, true, truth-loving: 
 JDe vera et perfecta amicitia loquor. Cic. Tiresias verax 
 vates. Ovid. — Vere, verily, conformably to truth, confirms 
 the truth or reality of a condition; Vero, in truth, in fact, 
 confirms the reality of a state of things : Honestum, quod pro- 
 prie ve re que dicitur. Cic. Est vero, inquam, notum sig- 
 num, imago avi tui. Id. 
 
 1014. Vetare, Interdicere. Vet are, implicitly and 
 lawfully prohibiting ; Interdicere, 65, directing, ordering 
 that something be not done, by the person who has power : 
 Lex peregrinum vet at in murium adscendere. Cic. Magna 
 arrogantia usus Ariovistus omni Gallia Romanis inter- 
 dixit. Cses. 
 
 1015. Veteranus, Emeritus, Evocatus, Exauctora- 
 tus, ^Ere dirutus. Veteranus, one who has grown old 
 in a certain occupation, and has acquired practice and expe- 
 rience in the same ; an old, well-tried soldier, in Rome, from 
 the forty-fifth year; Emeritus, one who has served out his 
 period of service : Firmissimum exercitum ex invicto genere 
 veteranorum militum comparavit. Cic. Rusticus emeri- 
 tum palo suspendat aratrum. Ovid. The miles emeritus 
 had served twenty years on foot, or ten on horse ; if such a 
 one enlisted for further service, he was called Evocatus ; 
 but Exauctor at us was the dismissed soldier; Mre di- 
 rutus, a soldier whose pay was stopped by way of punish- 
 ment : Milites exauctor atos dimisit. Liv. 
 
 1016. Videlicet, Scilicet, Nimirum, Nempe. Vide- 
 licet, clearly, refers to something which is evident of itself; 
 Scilicet, know, points at something which had not been 
 considered or known, to wit, both endeavouring to prevent a 
 mistake, error: Caste jubet lex adire ad deos : animo vide- 
 licet, in quo sunt omnia. Cic. Quamquam quid tu in eo 
 potes? Nihil scilicet. Id. Nimirum, doubtless, ques- 
 tionless, if the person addressed is expected to find something 
 quite natural, right, and not place any doubt in our assertion : 
 titer melior dicetur orator 7 Nimirum, qui homo quoque 
 melior. Quinctil. Nempe, half-asking, in which, sure of the 
 thing we believe, we expect the other to agree with us ; must 
 be translated in a variety of ways : Penes quos igitur sunt 
 auspicia more majorum ? ne nip e penes Patres. Liv. 
 
1017. Videre. 1020. Vindicare. 415 
 
 1017. Videre, Cernere ; Visere, Invisere, Visitare. 
 Videre, seeing, perceiving by the sense of sight: TJt (Han- 
 nibal) eum quoque oculum, quo bene videre t, amitteret. Cic. 
 Cernere, distinguished by the sense of sight, seeing dis- 
 tinctly: Quum agmen Pompeii procul cerneretur. Cses. 
 Nos ne nunc quidem oculis cernimus ea, quce videmus. 
 Cic. — Videre, seeing, simply refers to the organs; Vise- 
 re, looking, from curiosity; Invisere, looking into, atten- 
 tively, inquiringly, and visiting, as we use even the simple 
 word seeing a friend for visiting; Visitare, frequently vis- 
 iting, and also visiting, without further determinative to express 
 a greater degree of interest : Constitui ad te venire, ut et 
 viderem te, et viserem et coznarem etiam. Cic. Licet fun- 
 dos nostros obire out invisere tamen. Id. Mihi quidem tu 
 jam eras mortuus, quia te non visitavi. Plaut. 
 
 1018. Vigilare, Excubare. Vigil are, watching, i. e. 
 not sleeping, being awake, and being watchful, keeping one's 
 self watchful : ad multam noctem ; Vigilare pro re alteri- 
 us. Cic, being uninterruptedly attentive to the preservation 
 of a thing. Excubare, keeping watch without doors, espe- 
 cially outside of a camp, and during night : Node cives in 
 muris ex cub ab ant. Liv. 
 
 1019. Villicus, Actor, Procurator, Mag-ister. Vil- 
 li c us, the manager of a farm, a manumitted slave, who, as 
 Actor, overseer, with his wife, Villi c a, had the direction 
 of a Roman farm, and assigned the proper work to each 
 slave; he himself was under the Procurator, the account- 
 ant, steward, who presided over the whole farming business, 
 interest of a landowner, kept the books, and had the money 
 under his care ; from this superior Procurator villce we 
 have to distinguish inferior ones, e. g. procurator apum, 
 the bee-manager. Magister, a special superintendent over 
 the hands engaged in one of the branches of the farm, e. g. 
 over the vigneroles, the common field slaves ; the most im- 
 portant or highest of these was the magister pecoris, or 
 superintendent over the herdsmen, shepherds, &c., and all 
 that appertained to the cattle. 
 
 1020. Vindicare, Adserere ; Ulcisci, Vindicta, Vin- 
 dioe. Vindicare {yis-dicare), insisting upon one's own, 
 of which another has wrongfully possessed himself; claiming 
 something as one's property, vindicating one's rights against 
 aggression : Vindicatur Virginia, spondentibus propin- 
 quis. Liv. she whom Appius intended to make a slave, was 
 
416 
 
 1021. Vinea. 
 
 
 saved by the guaranty of her relations. Adserere, taking 
 to one's self; aliquem manu, appropriating, claiming one le- 
 gally and formally as one's property, by laying hand on him : 
 Appius clienti negotium dedit, ut virginem in servitutem ad' 
 sereret. Liv., he should lay hold of her, and thus appropri- 
 ate her as his slave. The lawful owner of a slave grants him 
 liberty from his own free choice, in libertatem asserit; 
 he restores liberty to one who has been brought into slavery 
 against law, in libertatem vindicate — Vindicare, re- 
 venging, punishing, making satisfaction to the law : Dolus 
 mains legibus erat vindicatus ; Judices quam acerrime 
 maleficia v in die an t. Cic. Ulcisci (ulcere, a lost verb) , 
 pursuing, i. e. persecuting an injury, disgrace ; revenging, 
 punishing it, if the offended party procures satisfaction : Ego 
 te pro istis dictis et factis ulciscar. Ter. Statuerunt is- 
 tins injurias per vos ulcisci et persequi. Cic. — Vin dic- 
 ta, the staff with which the praetor touched the head of the 
 slave when he was freed ; revenge, punishment, executed in 
 order to revenge the law: Tibi suscepta est v in diet a legis 
 sever 'ce. Ovid. Vindicia, every object the lawful posses- 
 sion of which is the subject of litigation : Secundum libertatem 
 postulare vindicias. Liv. 
 
 1021. Vinea, Vitis, Vinetum ; Crates, Pluteus, Tes- 
 tudo, Musculus. Vine a, sc. arbor, the vine, as wine-pro- 
 ducing plant, and as generic term, rather poetical, and with 
 later writers ; Vitis, the vine, respecting its physical quality 
 as plant : Ant equam vinea jlor ere incipiat. Plin. Religatio 
 et propagatio vitium. Cic. Vi n e a, sc. terra, the vineyard, 
 as landed property of the owner ; Vinetum, a vine-nursery, 
 the place where vines stand together: Pratis et vineis et 
 arbustis res rustics lata sunt. Cic. V in eta, oliveta. Id. 
 Ut v in eta egomet cadam mea. Hor., injuring one's self. — 
 Vinea, sc. porticus, a bower of vines; hence, a light roof 
 for protection of besiegers, resting on pointed poles : Vites 
 liominis altitudine adminiculate sudibus vine am faciunt. 
 Plin. Contextce viminibus vinea. Cses. Crates, a hurdle, 
 fold, of willow branches, also of protective wall and shelter; 
 Pluteus, a perpendicular shelter of boards and branches, 
 half-round, upon three wheels, behind which the soldiers ad- 
 vanced toward a wall, to dislodge its defenders : Vitelliani 
 pluteos, crates que et vine as suffodiendis muris prote- 
 gendisque oppugnatoribus expediunt. Tac. Testudo, the 
 shelter of soldiers, when they placed their shields above then 
 
1022. Vinosus. 1026. Vis. 417 
 
 heads close together, and a machine employed in sieges, with 
 an arched, solid roof, projecting sides, and wheeled along, 
 under which the aries (the wall-breaker) was used ; Mus- 
 culus, a similar contrivance for the same purpose, only with 
 a triangular roof, and upon rollers. Cses. C. 2, 2. 10. 
 
 1022. Vinosus, Vinolentus, Potus, Temulentus. Vi- 
 nos us, loving wine: convivium. Ovid. Vinolentus, full 
 of wine, drunk : Inter sobrios bacchatur vinolentus. Cic. 
 Potus, he who has drunk well, fully: Domum bene potus 
 redieram. Cic. Temulentus, intoxicated, excited with wine : 
 Thais temulenta. Curt., where ebrius and mero oneratus 
 are used for the same. 
 
 1023. Virere, Virescere, Viridari, Vernare. Virere 
 {vis), being green, being in its full vigor and action of the 
 principles of life : Perpetuo virens buxus ; Virent genua. 
 Hor. Vires cere, becoming green : gramina ; Viridari 
 taking, getting a green color : Vada subnatis imo viridan- 
 tur ab herbis. Ovid. Vernare, making spring, rejuvenat- 
 ing: Vemat humus, fioresque et mollia pabula surgunt. 
 Ovid. 
 
 1024. Virgo, Puella, Virago. Virgo, the maiden in 
 her full vigor; Puella, a girl, refers to the early youthful 
 age of the female : Virgo adulta, incorrupta. Cic. Verba 
 pu ell arum, folds leviora caducis. Ovid.; both words are 
 used likewise of young married women : Ah, virgo infelix, 
 iu nunc in montibus err as. Virg., of Pasiphae, wife of Minos. 
 Poppcea, puella vicesimo cetatis anno. Tac. Virago, a 
 masculine woman, a heroine : Belli metuenda virago. Ovid., 
 i. e. Minerva. 
 
 1025. Virtus, Fortitudo. Virtu s, manliness, signifies 
 the energy of action, which with firmness is directed to every 
 thing great and good, in .order to undertake and perseveringly 
 execute it ; hence, courage, valor, talents, virtue, merit, &c. 
 Omnes recta animi affectiones virtutes appellantur. Ap- 
 pellata est autem ex viro virtus. Cic. Fortitudo, firm- 
 ness of soul, fortitude, which prevents us from losing courage 
 in undertakings of great difficulty, exertion, and danger ; 
 valor, which perseveres bravely : Fortitudo animi affec- 
 tio, turn in adeundo periculo et in labore ac dolore pattens, 
 turn procul ab omni metu. Cic. 
 
 1026. Vis, Vires, Robur ; Significatio, — tus, Potes- 
 tas. Vis, power, force, which operates as active principle, 
 and with superior effect, power : Nostra omnis vis in animo 
 
418 1027. Viscera. 1029. Vix. 
 
 et in corpore sita est. Sail. Vis ingenii, animi. Id. Vi 
 vis illata defenditur. Cic. Vires, powers: animi atque 
 in genii ; corporis; Urlris vires. Liv., forces. Robur, 
 854, strength, which has risen to a superior degree, and firm- 
 ness, solidity, with reference to the resistance to be made : 
 Ut in veteribus castris major pars et omne robur virium 
 esset. Liv. — Vis, the essence of a thing, which depends 
 upon the aggregate of its powers : Juslitia semper allicit v i 
 sua atque natura. Cic. ; hence, the force, power, meaning, 
 true sense, which lies in a word, expression : Diligenter 
 oportet exprimi, quce vis subjecta sit vocibus. Cic. Signi- 
 fication Significatus, the signification, in which the 
 speaker uses a word : Licet eo trahere signification em 
 scripti, quo expediat. Cic. Ve particula dnplicem signi- 
 fication capit. Gell. P otestas, the signification which 
 a word may have, used only by later writers : Atque parti- 
 cula quasdam potestates habet non satis notas. Gell. 
 
 1027. Viscera, Intestina, Ilia, Exta, Piuecordia. 
 Viscera, intestines, in the most comprehensive sense; in 
 general, every thing in the body between skin and bone : Ita 
 verberibus excipiuntur, ut multus e visceribus sanguis ex- 
 eat. Cic. Intestina, the entrails : Reliquice cibi depellun- 
 tur turn adstringentibus se intestinis, turn relaxantibus. 
 Cic. Ilia, thighs and loins, flanks: Ilia inter coxas et pu- 
 bem imo ventre posita sunt. Cels. ; poetically, also, for the 
 viscera. Exta, the entrails, taken out of the animal and 
 spread out, especially of sacrificed animals; the heart, lungs, 
 liver, and kidneys belonged to it : Lancibus fumantia reddi- 
 mus exta. Virg. Prazcordia, the diaphragm; also used 
 for the breast. 
 
 1028. Vita, Victus ; Vivere, Vitam degere. Vita, 
 life, the state in which a being manifests activity; Victus, 
 297, way of living, by which we support life, sustenance, and 
 the requisites of life : Fuit quoddam tempus, quum homines 
 sibi victu fero vitam propagabant. Cic. — Vivere, liv- 
 ing, performing the functions of life ; Vitam degere, pass- 
 ing the life, with reference to time, residence, mode of living, 
 and relations in which we live: Et vivere vitem, et mori 
 dicimus. Cic. Vitam in egestate degere. Id. 
 
 1029. Vix, Vixdum, ^Egre. Vix, hardly, almost not, 
 when something is on the point not to be brought about : Ga- 
 binius collegit ipse se, vix, sed collegit tamen. Cic. Vix- 
 dum, hardly still, hardly yet; it refers the hardly to a point 
 
 L 
 
1030. Ultra. 1033. Ungere. 419 
 
 of time immediately antecedent : Postero die, vixdum luce 
 certa, deditio fieri cozpta. Liv. Mgre, hardly hardly, but 
 just, with much trouble and difficulty : Mgre me ienui. 
 Cic. 
 
 1030. Ultro, Sponte. Ultro (see 984), in addition, 
 above expectation, even, used of free actions which go beyond 
 the natural limit of their relations : Mithridatem Asia mm 
 modo recipiebat suis urbibus, verum etiam ultro vocabat. 
 Cic. Sponte, spontaneously, from free impulse, with the 
 consent and assent of some one, by itself, of itself, without 
 cause: Sua sponte et voluntate quidpiam facer e. Cic. Sua 
 sponte, nulla adkibita vi, consumtus ignis exstinguitur. Id. 
 
 1031. Umbile, Manes, Lemures, Larvae, Spectrum, 
 Simulacra. Umbra, shades, the souls of the departed in 
 an airy body, similar to the person when living ; Maries, the 
 good, the name of the shades so long as it was yet undecided 
 whether they belonged to the peaceful or evil spirits; Le- 
 mures, departed spirits, as soon as they had left the body, 
 when they either received the office of a Lar, 488, or be- 
 came Larva, haunting spirits, represented as skeletons. 
 Spectrum, a phantasma, appearing as visible form ; Simu- 
 lacra, 530, such images of the imagination, if they resemble 
 certain objects, and appear to the waking person ; hence, 
 also used of shades in the lower regions : Umbra ibant te- 
 nues, simula era que luce carentum. Virg. Manes elicere, 
 animas responsa daturas. Id. Nocturnos lemures rides, 
 Hor. Larva agitant senem. Plaut. 
 
 1032. Undique, Undecunque. Undique, from all sides, 
 *l11 points, from every one ; Undecunque, from everywhere 
 be it from whencesoever, generalizing: Totis castris undi- 
 que ad consules curritur. Liv. Rupem fluctus non desinunt 
 undecunque moti sunt, verb er are. Senec. 
 
 1033. Ungere, Linere ; Unctus, Delibutus, Oblitus 
 Unguentum, Nardus. Ungere, anointing, covering and 
 rubbing with a greasy substance, especially scenting oil 
 olivo. Hor. Liner e, covering with an adhesive, sticking sub 
 stance : pice, Into, cera. — Unctus, anointed, only of the ap 
 plication of the substance: Capilli uncti. Hor. Delibii 
 tus, well anointed, when the substance has well entered 
 unguento. Phsedr. Multis medicamentis propter dolor em 
 artuum delibutus. Cic. Ipse composito et delibuto ca< 
 pillo per forum volitat. Id., streaming, dripping with unctu< 
 ous matter. Oblitus (oblinere), besmeared with something 
 

 420 1034. Unguis. 1037. Vortex. 
 
 adhesive, soiled : Non cera, sed coeno obliti. Cic. Inertes 
 homines, sertis redimiti, unguentis obliti. Id., in a sense of 
 disgust, contempt. — Unguentum, salve, a scented oil or 
 fat, serving for an ointment ; Nardus, the well-scenting 
 Nard-oil, balm of Nardus, which was used for anointing : 
 Assyria nardo uncti. Hor. 
 
 1034. Unguis, Ungula. Unguis (uncus), nail of the 
 fingers and toes ; with animals, the single claw, the single 
 part of the hoof : Cultello purgare ungues. Hor. Prcedam 
 rapuisti unguibus. Phsedr., of the eagle. Carmen casti- 
 gare ad unguem. Hor., with the utmost accuracy, Un- 
 gula, hoof entire, claw: Solido graviter sonat ungula 
 cornu. Virg. Ungula que in quinos dilapsa absumitur un- 
 gues. Ovid., of Io, as cow. Coquus milvinis aut aquilinis 
 ungulis. Plaut, claws. 
 
 1035. Vocare, Apellare, Nominate, Citare, Compel- 
 lare. Vocare, calling, naming, referring to the sound of 
 the name: Septem qui sapientes vocareniur. Cic. Ap- 
 p ell are, 846, addressing. Calling something by the right 
 name, so that thereby it becomes entirely distinguishable : 
 suo quamque rem nomine. Cic. Id ex similitudine jloris lili- 
 urn appellabant. Cses. Nominare, giving a name, 
 naming, that is, mentioning by name : Romulus urbem e suo 
 nomine jussit nominari. Cic. Ad Jlumen Sabim, quod 
 supra nominavimus. Cses. Citare, calling by name to 
 appear, citing before some one, as witness, surety : reum, 
 s en a turn ; testem, auctorem. Compellare, addressing some 
 one personally, talking to a person : Blande hominem com- 
 pellabo. Plaut. 
 
 1036. Volare, Volitare, Subvolare. Vo lar e, flying : 
 Vol at per acre remigio alarum. Virg, Volitare, flying 
 to and fro, fluttering about : Volucres videmus passim ac 
 liber e solutas opere volitare. Cic. Subvolare, flying 
 heavenward, and flying a little, beginning to fly, flapping, see 
 953: Partes ignece sursum rectis lineis sub vol ant. Cic. 
 Pulli rolumbarum prius quam subvolent, paucas detr alias 
 pinnas. Colum. 
 
 1037. Vortex, Turbo. Vortex (also Vertex), a whirl 
 in the water as well as the air, by which things caught in it 
 are drawn from the circumference in a spiral line to the cen- 
 tre, where they are ingulfed or destroyed ; hence, a whirlpool 
 and whirlwind : Navem torquet agens circum, et rapidus 
 vorat cequore vertex. Virg. Turbo, whirlwind, which 
 
1038. Votafacere. 1040. Uti. 421 
 
 carries things away, or tears them down, tornado : Interdum 
 vortice torto (venti res) corripiunt, rapidique rotanti tur- 
 bine portant. Lucret. 
 
 1038. VOTA FACERE, SUSCIPERE, NUNCUPARE ; VoTI COM- 
 POS, reus, damnatus. Vo t a fa cere, making vows, vowing, 
 declaring, that something has been promised to a deity, if it 
 fulfil a desire ; also merely pronouncing wishes to a deity : 
 
 Vos vota faciebatis, ut Miloni uti virtute sua liber et. 
 Cic. Vota suscipere, taking vows upon one's self, oblig- 
 ing one's self to them; nuncupare, making solemn vows 
 in the forms adopted for that purpose, e. g. for blessing upon 
 important undertakings ; these were written down : Quum 
 prcetor paludatus exisset, votaque pro imperio suo communi- 
 que re publica nuncupasset. Cic. — Voti compos, one 
 who has obtained his desire : Ejus me compotem voti vos, 
 dii, facer e potestis. Liv. Voti reus, one bound by a vow, 
 after having made it; Voti damnatus, having obtained 
 what one desired, and therefore bound to pay one's vow : 
 Precabantur, ut Fabiis felix pugna esset, damnarentur que 
 ipsi votorum, qua pro Us suscepissent. Liv. 
 
 1039. Usque, Semper ; Tenus, Fine. TJsq ue (properly, 
 at every spot or place of a long series or row), always, con- 
 tinually, in one train within certain limits : Ne abeas, prius- 
 quam ego ad te venero. — Usque opperiar. Plaut., namely, 
 until you come back. Semper, always, without reference 
 to the limits of the period: Cito rumpes arcum, semper si 
 tensum habueris. Phsedr. — Usque, throughout in one train, 
 from one point to another, locally ; and with reference to the 
 final point, to, as far as: Profectus est Tarsum usque La- 
 odicea ; Dona usque ad Numantiam misit ex Asia; Ami- 
 citia usque ad extremum vita permanet. Cic. Tenus, as 
 far as, up to, from the other side, only locally ; Fine, as far 
 as, from this side, both referring to the object or aim to which : 
 Milites per aquam, ferme genu tenus alt am, sequebantur. 
 Liv. Per mare umbilici fine ingressi. Hirt. in Afr. 
 
 1040. Uti, Abuti, Deuti, Frui, Potiri ; Usurpare, 
 Usu capere ; Usucapio, Ususfructus, Possessio. Uti, 
 26, using, using something and deriving advantage or pleas- 
 ure from it: Istoc ego oculo utor minus. Plaut. Abuti, 
 wearing off, out ; using in a manner as it ought not to be, 
 abusing: Abutendum err ore hostium. Liv. Libert ate ilh 
 in acerbissimo supplicio abusus est. Cic. Deuti, using 
 badly, ill-treating : victo. Nep. Frui, enjoying a thing, 
 
 36 
 
422 
 
 1041. Utrobique. 1042. Uva. 
 
 using with pleasure, interest, advantage : Commoda, quibus 
 utimur, lucemque, qua fruimur, a deo nobis dari videmus. 
 Cic Pbtiri (potts), becoming master of a thing, making 
 one's self master of it, and having in one's power : Macedo- 
 nian gaza potitus est Paullus. Cic. Voluptatibus bona 
 (Etas fruitur, quibus senectus, si non abunde potitur, non 
 omnino caret. Id. — TJti re, using, inasmuch as the article is 
 useful to the using person; Usurpare rem (usura), making 
 use of something, using it as means for an object : Hoc genus 
 poena* sape in improbos cives usurp a turn est. Cic; espe- 
 cially making unlawful use, arrogating a thing : Possessionem 
 honoris, usurp at i modo a plebe per paucos annos, recupe- 
 rasse in perpetuum Patres. Liv. TJsu cap ere, obtaining the 
 right of property over a thing by a long and uninterrupted 
 use, becoming owner by prescription : Nihil mortales a diis 
 immortalibus usucapere possunt. Cic. — Usucapio, the 
 right of property, ownership, obtained by uninterrupted pos- 
 session of a thing during a period fixed by law : Finium usu- 
 capionem XII tabulce intra quinque pedes esse noluerunt. 
 Cic, the limit of five feet between two pieces of property 
 could not be claimed. Ususfructus, the use of something 
 without being the owner or having hired it, usufruct : Fulci- 
 nius usum fructum bonorum suorum Ccesennice legal, ut 
 frueretur una cum jilio. Cic. Possessio, possession, and 
 the thing possessed, without ownership : Quid hereditatum 
 possessiones datas, quid ereptas proferam? Cic Pos- 
 sessio est usus agri aut adijicii. Fest. But that which be- 
 longs as property to the possessor, is called, with reference to 
 him, his ager. 
 
 1041. Utrobique, Utrimque, Utroque. Utrobique, 
 on each of the two sides : Utrobique magnos inimicos ha- 
 bebam. Cic Utrimque, horn both sides: Paucis utrim- 
 que procurrentibus contendebatur. Hirt. B. G. Utroque^ 
 toward both sides: Hinc Scyrum, inde Delum, utroque 
 citius, quam vellemus, cursum confecimus. Cic. 
 
 1042. Uva, Corymbus, Racemus, Acinus. Uv a, grape ; 
 Corymbus, grape of ivy, and other similar ones: Hederce 
 gravidis distringunt vela corymb is. Ovid. Rdcemus, 
 the part of the grape to which the berries are attached : Va- 
 riat liventibus uva racemis. Prop. Acinus and Aci- 
 num, the single berry and its grain ; wine-berry (different 
 from bacca, 812) : Mago prcecipit, uvam bene maturam le- 
 gere, a etna decerpere, mucida aut vitiosa rejicere. Colum. 
 
1043. Vulgaris. 1044. Maleficium. 423 
 
 1043. Vulgaris, Vilis, Solitus. Vulgaris, appear- 
 ing, being the case with everybody, characteristic of the 
 common people, common, vulgar: Mitto artes vulgar es] 
 coquos, pistores. Cic. Vulgare amid nomen, sed rara est 
 fides. Phsedr. Vilis, 268, cheap, that which may be had 
 for a low price, without value, worthless : Vilia poma. Virg. 
 Solitus, commonly, usually, that which for a long period 
 has repeatedly been done, without any important exception : 
 Verba excusandce valetudini so lit a. Liv. 
 
 1044. Maleficium, Facinus, Flagitium, Scelus, Ne- 
 fas. Maleficium, the evil deed, with refei-ence to its 
 character as effect of wicked intention, opp. beneflcium ; Fa- 
 cinus, the deed according to its genus, that is, its prominent 
 feature, a great deed, an awful deed ; different from malef ac- 
 tum, evil deed, evil act. Factum, the deed as done, as 
 something that has happened : Temper are ab injuria et ma- 
 lef icio. Cses., of doing, causing injury. Accipite aliud 
 Verris facinus nobile, et ejusmodi, ut in uno omnia male- 
 ficia inesse videantur. Cic. Flagitium (flagitare, sup- 
 plicating; properly, slavishly bending and turning), an act 
 connected with great disgrace, by which the actor dishonors 
 himself, a shameful act, an infamy: Factum f la gitii ple- 
 num et dedecoris. Cic. Quod facinus a manibus iniquam 
 tuis, quod flagitium a toto corpore abfuit ? Cic. Scelus, 
 an impious, horrid, awful deed, maliciously performed, with 
 disregard of religion and laws - % also, the malice and wicked- 
 ness which produced the deed: Scelus legatorum contra 
 jus gentium inter fectorum. Liv., perpetrated against ambas- 
 sadors. Inaudita facinora sceleris, audacice, perfidies. 
 Cic. Vice, wickedness, inasmuch as they injure ; flagitium, 
 inasmuch as it disgraces. Nefas, a crime against the law 
 of nature, and against that which is sacred : Patrice irasci 
 nefas esse ducebat. Nep. Mer curium Mgyptii nefas ha* 
 lent nominare* Cic. 
 

INDEX. 
 
 A, ab, 1. 36. 814. 
 ab integro 333. 
 abacus 677. 
 abavus 835. 
 abdere 2. 
 
 abdomen XV, 1. 1010. 
 abesse 3. 
 abhorrere 5. 
 abire 4. 
 
 abjectus 268. 519. 
 ablegare 65. 
 abligurire 320. 
 abnegare 719. 
 abnuere 719. 
 abolere 330. 
 abominari 5. 
 abruptus 821. 
 abscedere 4. 
 abscisus, abscissus, 821 
 absolvere 6. 
 absonus 7. 
 absque 8. 
 abstinens 9. 
 abstrudere 2. 
 absurdus 7. 143. 
 abundanter, abunde, 10. 
 abundantia 276. 
 abundare, abunde, 10. 
 abuti 1040. 
 ac 397. 
 
 ac non, et non, 722. 
 accedere 11. 
 accendere 12. 
 accensus 901. 
 acoidit 13. 
 accipere 172. 
 acclinis, acclivis, 543. 
 accommodare 14. 
 accubare, accumbere, 15. 
 36* 
 
 accusare, accusator, 16. 
 
 acer, acerbus, 17. 
 
 acerra 996. 
 
 acervus 18. 
 
 acies 19. 838. 
 
 acinaces 492. 
 
 acinus 1042. 
 
 aconitum 1008. 
 
 acquirere 764. 
 
 acrimonia XV, 3. 
 
 acta, Subst 644. 
 
 acta, Partic. 422. 431. 
 
 actio, actionem dare, intendere 
 
 422. 
 actor 16. 20. 1019. 
 actitare XIX, 10. c. 
 actuarius 906. 
 actus 422. 590. 
 actutum 271. 
 acuere XVI, 6. 
 aculeus 946. 
 acumen 19. 
 acus 946. 
 acus, aceris, 951. 
 acutus 21. 
 ad 22. 
 
 adsequare 41. 
 adagium 845. 
 adeo 23. 
 adeps 24. 
 adesse 25. 
 adgravescere 22. 
 adhaerere, adhaerescere, XVI, 8 
 adhibere, 26. 
 adbuc 27. 
 adimere 131. 
 adipisci 115. 
 adire 11. 
 adjumentum 139. 
 
426 
 
 Index. 
 
 adjuvare 139. 
 administrare 481. 
 admirari 691. 
 admittere 22. 
 admodum 28. 
 admonere 514. 
 adnuere 22. 
 adolescens 29. 
 adolescere 132. 
 adorare 30. 
 adoriri 31. 
 adparare 764, 
 adprobare 836. 
 adscendere 22. 586. 
 adsciscere 172. 
 adserere 1020. 
 adservare 923. 
 adsidere, — ere, XVII. 
 adsimulare 933. 
 adspectus 739. 
 adspergo, II, 1. 
 advena 32. 
 aaventicius V, 3. 
 adventorius, adventicius, 
 
 3.6. 
 adversari 33. 
 adversaria 34. 
 adversarius 35. 
 adversus, adversum, 36. 
 adulari 37. 
 adulterare 575. 
 adultus 29. 
 adumbrare 799. 
 aduncus 307. 
 advocatus 774. 
 sedes 38. 
 sedificare 39. 
 sedificium 38. 
 sedituus, seditimus, XI, 3. 
 seger 40. 
 eegre 1029. 
 
 fegritudo, segrimonia, 40. 
 segrotatio segrotus, 40. 
 aemulatio 532. 
 aemulus 579. 
 eequabilis, aequalis,41. 
 sequare, sequiparare, 41. 
 sequitas 596. 
 aequor 666. 
 
 VIII, 
 
 sequus 41. 
 
 aer 42. 
 
 aararii 174. 
 
 aerarium 43. 
 
 sere dirutus 1015 
 
 aerugo 44. 
 
 aerumna 602. 
 
 aesculus 854. 
 
 aestimare 45. 
 
 aestimatio 45 
 
 aestivus IV, 4. 
 
 aestuare 442. 
 
 eestus 164. 
 
 eetas 46. 
 
 ge te rims 47 
 
 aether 42. 
 
 aevum 46. 
 
 affatim 10. 
 
 afficere 453. 
 
 affinis 48. 
 
 affirmare 49. 
 
 affluere 10. 
 
 ager 50. 
 
 agere 422. 
 
 agere bellum 422. 
 
 agere concilium, conventum, 423. 
 
 agere diem festum 194. 
 
 agere fabulam 422, 
 
 agere gratias 495. 
 
 agger 51. 
 
 aggredi 31. 
 
 agilis 195. 
 
 agitare XIX, 10. a. diem festum, 
 
 194. 
 agmen 19. 
 agnatus 52. 
 agnomen 724. 
 agnoscere 224. 
 agrestis 893. 
 agricola 53. 
 ait 561. 
 ala 54. 
 alacer 195. 
 alapa 226. 
 alatus XII, 2. 
 
 albedo, albugo, albor, III, 1. 
 albere, albescere,albicace,XIX,2 
 albus, album 55. 
 alea 966. 
 
Index. 
 
 427 
 
 aleator, aleo, III, 2. 
 
 a] ere 56. 
 
 ales, alites, 133. , 
 
 algor, algu, 473. 
 
 alias 57. 
 
 alicubi, alicunde, XXIII, 4. 
 
 alienigena 32. 
 
 alii 61. 
 
 alimentum, alimonia, alimonium, 
 
 XV, 3. 
 alio qui, — in, 57. 
 aliquamdiu 58. 
 aliquando XXIII, 4. 59. 
 aliquantisper 58. 
 aliqui, aliquot, 60. 
 aliquis XXIII, 4. 856. 
 &liter 56. 
 alites 133. 
 aliunde XXIII, 4. 
 alius 61. 
 allegare 623. 
 almus XI, 3. 
 altare 91. 
 alter VIII, 1. 61. 
 altercatio 62# 
 al tern us 63. 
 altus 64. 
 
 alucinari XIX, 8. 
 alveus 715. 
 alumnus XV, 1. 
 aluta 309. 
 alvus 1010. 
 amandare 65. 
 am are 66 
 amaror, amaritas, amaritudo, III, 
 
 1. 
 amarus 17. 
 amb 67. 
 ambigere 68. 
 ambiguus 68. 
 amb ire 202. 
 ambitio, ambitus, 69. 
 ambo 70. 
 
 ambulacrum, ambulatio, IX, 2. b. 
 ambulare 71. 
 amburere 12. 
 amens 72. 
 amentum 501. 
 amicire 548. 
 
 amictus 503. 
 
 amiculum 548. 
 
 amicus 66. 
 
 amittere 73. 
 
 amnis 456. 
 
 am 0311 us 377. 
 
 amor 66. 
 
 amphora 368. 
 
 ampliare, amplificare, 74. 
 
 amplitudo, amplus,660. 
 
 amplius 659. 
 
 am pu tare 75. 
 
 an? 76. 
 
 anatocismus 437. 
 
 anceps 68. 
 
 ancile 216. 
 
 ancilla 924. 
 
 angere 982. 
 
 angiportus 590. 
 
 anguis 77. 
 
 angustise 78. 
 
 angustus 78. 
 
 anima 79. 
 
 animadvertere, animum adver- 
 
 tere, 80. 
 animadvertere in aliquem 181. 
 animal, animans, X, 3. a. 
 animi, animis pendere, 68. 
 animosus 81. 
 animus 79. 
 annales 431. 
 anne? 76. 
 anniversarius 83. 
 an non ? 76. 
 annona 82. 
 annosus 918. 
 annotinus, annuus, XI, 1. 
 annuus 83. 
 anquirere 84. 
 ansa 175. 740. 
 ants 229. 
 ante 85. 
 antequam 86. 
 antestari 975. 
 anticus, antiquus, V, 2. 
 antique, antiquitus, XX, 3. 
 antiquius 834. 
 antiquus 832. 
 antistes 895. 
 
428 
 
 Index. 
 
 antrum 188. 
 
 annus, podex, 87 
 
 anus, vetula, 88. 
 
 anxius 560. 
 
 aper 963. 
 
 aperire 761. 
 
 aperte 756. 
 
 apex 89. 798. 
 
 apologus 421. 
 
 apparare 764. 
 
 apparere 90. 689. 
 
 apparitor 901. 
 
 appellare 846. 1035. 
 
 appetentia, appetere, appetitus, 
 
 301. 
 apprime 822. 
 appropinquare 11. 
 apricus V, 2. 
 aptare, aptus, 14. 
 apud 22. 
 ara 91. 
 arare 92. 
 arator 53. 
 arbiter 93. 975. 
 arbitrari 94. 
 arbitrium 93. 
 area 95. 
 arcanum 709. 
 arcere 96. 
 ardere 97. 
 ardere re 936. 
 ardor 164. 525. 
 arduus 64. 
 area 98. 
 arena 99. 
 argentarius 100. 
 argillaceus V, 3. 
 arguere 16. 
 argumentatio 101. 
 argumentum 405. 
 argutus 21. 
 aridus 102. 
 ariolus 132. 
 arista 103. 
 arma 104. 
 armarium 95. 
 armentum 105. 
 armus 106. 
 aroma 251. 
 
 arra, arrabo, 107. 
 
 arrogans 108. 
 
 arrogare sibi 172 
 
 ars, artes, 109. 
 
 arteria 110. 
 
 articulus 673. 
 
 artifex 111. 
 
 artificium 109. 
 
 artus, Subst. 673. 
 
 artus, Adj. 78. 
 
 arvina 24. 
 
 arundo 296. 
 
 aruspex 132. 
 
 arvum IV, 4, c. 50. 
 
 arx 112. 
 
 ascia 912. 
 
 asotus 484. 
 
 asper 17. 113. 
 
 asperitas, aspredo, asperitudo, II, 
 
 5. 
 aspernari 338. 
 aspis 77. 
 
 assecla, assectator, 114. 
 assentari 37. 
 assequi 115. # 
 
 asserere 1020. 
 asseverare 49. 
 assiduitas 549. 
 assiduus 116. 
 
 assimulare (assimilare) 933 
 assumere 172. 
 assus 277. 
 astrum 117. 
 
 astus, astutia, astutus, 16t' 
 asylum 118. 
 at 913. 
 atavus 835. 
 ater 119. 
 athleta 120. 
 atque 397. 
 atqui 913. 
 atrium 121. 
 atrox 122. 
 attendere 80. 
 at,t3ntus 304. 
 stttaet 967. 
 avarus 123. 
 auctio 124. 
 auctor 125. 
 
Index. 
 
 429 
 
 auctoritas 126. 
 
 audax, audens, 127. 
 
 audere 127. 
 
 audientem esse 128. 
 
 audientia, auditio, XIV, 1. a. 
 
 auditus VII, 2. c. 
 
 audire 128. 
 
 auditorem esse 128. 
 
 ave 129. 
 
 avere 301. 
 
 averruncare 130. 
 
 aversari 5. 
 
 a vert ere 130. 131. 
 
 auferre 131. 
 
 augere 74. 
 
 augescere 134. 288. 
 
 augmen, augmentum, XV, 2. 
 
 augur, augurium, 132. 
 
 augustus 894. 
 
 aviditas 301. 
 
 avidus 123. 
 
 avis 133. 
 
 avius 135. 
 
 aula 121. 
 
 aulaeurn 787. 
 
 aura 136. 
 
 auscultare 128. 
 
 auspex, auspicium, 132. 
 
 austerus 17. 137. 
 
 aut 138. 
 
 autem XXIV, 8.913. 
 
 autumare XIX. 
 
 avunculus magnus, major, 775. 
 
 auxiliari 139. 
 
 auxiliaris, auxiliarius, VIII, 3. b 
 
 auxilium X, 1. B. c. 139. 
 
 B. 
 
 Bacca 812. 
 
 baculum, baculus, 140. 
 
 bajulare 440. 
 
 balbus, balbutire, XVII, 3. 
 
 balinese, balineum, balnese, bal- 
 neum, 141. 
 
 balUsta 184. 
 
 barathrum 498. 
 
 barbarismus 142. 
 
 barbarus 122. 
 
 barbitos 657. 
 
 bardus 143. 
 
 basium 752. 
 
 beatus 144. 
 
 bellaria311. 
 
 bellua 147. 
 
 bellum 145. 
 
 bellum componere, conficere, du- 
 cere, patrare, profligare, 145. 
 
 bellum agere, facere, gerere, 145. 
 
 bellus, 849. 
 
 bene 870. 
 
 beneficia 744. 
 
 beneficus 146. 
 
 benignus 146. 
 
 bestia 147. 
 
 bibax, bibosus, V, 2. 
 
 bibere 148. 
 
 bidens 639. 
 
 bifariam XX, 10. 13. 
 
 bilis 585. 
 
 bini 70. 
 
 bipartito XX, 13. 
 
 bipennis 912. 
 
 blandiri 37. 
 
 bonum, bonus, 149. 
 
 bos 150. 
 
 brachium 106. 
 
 bractea 151. 
 
 brevi, breviter, 152. 
 
 brevia 770. 
 
 brevis 770. 
 
 bruma 153. 
 
 brutus 143. 
 
 bubulcus V, 1. a. 
 
 bubulus, buculus, X, 1. A. a. 
 
 bucca 154. 
 
 buccina 991. 
 
 bus turn 852, 
 
430 
 
 Index* 
 
 C. 
 
 Caballus 395. 
 
 cachinnari 887. 
 
 cacumen 89. 
 
 cadaver 155. 
 
 cadere 156. 701. 
 
 cadivus IV, 4. 
 
 caduceator 444. 
 
 caducus 455. 
 
 cadus 368. 
 
 coecus, csecutire, 157 
 
 credere, caedes, 158. 
 
 caeduus IV, 3. 
 
 cselare 159. 
 
 caslebs 559. 
 
 caelum 159. 
 
 caementum 617. 
 
 cgerimonia 160. 
 
 cseruleus 161. 
 
 csesaries 173. 
 
 cassius 161. 
 
 calamitas 661. 
 
 calamus 296. 
 
 calathus 278. 
 
 calcar 162. 
 
 calceamentum, calceus, 163. 
 
 calcitrare XIX, 4. 
 
 calculus 613. 
 
 calefacere 470. 
 
 calendarium 431. 
 
 calere 164. 
 
 caliga 163. 
 
 caligare 157. 
 
 caligo 165. 
 
 calix 285. 
 
 callere 905. 
 
 calliditas 166. 
 
 callidus \66. 
 
 callis 590. 
 
 calo J 67. 
 
 calor 164. 
 
 calvities, calvitium, XII, 1. c. 
 
 calumniari 168. 
 
 calx 966. 
 
 camera 466. 
 
 caminus 169. 
 
 campester XIII, 2. 
 
 campus 50. 98. 
 
 canalis 992. 
 
 cancelli 436. 
 
 candela 435. 
 
 candelabrum IX, 1. e. 
 
 candere 55. 
 
 cauere 170. 
 
 candidus 55. 
 
 candor 932. 
 
 canere 55, 
 
 cani 55. 
 
 canis 966. 
 
 canistrum 278. 
 
 canna 296. 
 
 canor 170. 
 
 cantamen, cantare, 170. 
 
 canterius 395. 
 
 cantharus 285. 
 
 canticum, cantilena, 170 
 
 cantillare XIX, 6. 
 
 cantio, cantus, 170. 
 
 can us 55. 
 
 capax 502. 
 
 caper 171. 
 
 capere 172.286. 
 
 capere fructum 440. 
 
 capessere, capere, XVI, "* 
 
 capillitium XII, 1. c. 
 
 capillus 173. 
 
 capis VII, *] 
 
 capistrum 472. 
 
 capite censi 174. 
 
 caprea IV, 3. b. 
 
 capsa 95. 
 
 captare XIX, 10. b. 
 
 captiosus 166. 
 
 captivus, captus, IV, 4. 
 
 captura, captus, VIII, 2. # ] 
 
 capulus 175. 
 
 caput 206. 943. 
 
 carbasa 1007. 
 
 carbo 176. 
 
 career, carceres, 308. 
 
 carere 177. 
 
 carina 715. 
 
 caritas 66. 177. 
 
Index, 
 
 431 
 
 carmen 170. 
 
 carnificina 290. 
 
 carp en turn 1006. 
 
 carpere 178. 
 
 carruca 1006. 
 
 carrus 1006. 
 
 casa 179. 
 
 casses 802. 
 
 cassis, cassida, 180. 
 
 c ass us 475. 
 
 castellum 112. 
 
 castigare 181. 
 
 castimonia, castitas, XV, 3. 
 
 castra, castrum, 112. 
 
 castas 182. 
 
 casus 183. 
 
 catapulta 184. 
 
 catellus 445. 
 
 catena 185. 
 
 caterva 624. 
 
 cathedra 904. 
 
 catinus 773. 
 
 catulus 445. 
 
 cavare 460. 
 
 cavea 186. 
 
 cavere 187. 899. 903. 
 
 caverna 188. 
 
 cavillari XIX, 6. 
 
 cavil latio 627. 
 
 caula 189. 
 
 caupo 516. 
 
 eaupona 816. 
 
 causa, causari, 190. 
 
 causa 734. 
 
 causidicus 774 
 
 cautes 613. 
 
 cautio, cautionem habere, 187. 
 
 cautus 191. 
 
 cavus, Subst. cavum, IV, 3. &. 
 
 ce, enclit XXIV, 4. 
 
 cedere 192. 
 
 cedo 429. 
 
 celare 193. 
 
 celeber, bris, 194. 210. 
 
 celebrare 194 620. 
 
 celer, celerare, 195. 
 
 celox 715. 
 
 celsus 64. 
 
 censere 94. 
 
 cento 196. 
 
 cereus, Subst. 435. 
 
 cernere 1017. 
 
 cernuus 840. 
 
 certamen 62. 838. 
 
 certare 269. 
 
 certe, certo, certus, 197. 
 
 certiorem fieri, 882. 
 
 cespes XII, 1, *] 
 
 cessare 198. 
 
 ceteri 61. 
 
 ceteroqui, — in, 57. 
 
 cetra 216. 
 
 ceu 857. 
 
 charta 763. 
 
 chlamys 981. 
 
 cibaria 199. 
 
 cibus 199. 
 
 cicatrix 803. 
 
 cicur VIII, 1. 200. 
 
 ciere 201. 
 
 cilium 758. 
 
 cincinnus 173. 
 
 cinctutus, cinctus, XII, 2. 
 
 cingere, cingulum, — lus, - 
 
 202. 
 cinis 203. 
 circa 67. 
 circiter 67. 
 circulus 204. 
 circum, circumcirca, 67. 
 circumcidere 75. 
 circum dare 202. 
 circumfluus IV, 3. 
 circumscribere 318. 
 circumspectus 191. 
 circumvenire 318. 
 circus 204. 
 cirrus 173. 
 cis 205. 
 cisium 1006. 
 cista 95. 
 
 cisterna XI, 1. b. 
 citare 1035. 
 cithara 657. 
 citius 834. 
 citra 8. 205. 
 citus 195. 
 civicus, civilis, V, 1. 
 
 -la, 
 
432 
 
 Index. 
 
 civis 206. 
 
 civitas 206. 
 
 clades 158. 
 
 clam XX, 7. 207. 
 
 clamare, clamator, 208. 
 
 clamor III, 1. 
 
 clanculum 207. 
 
 clandestinus XI, 2. 
 
 clangor 209. 
 
 clarus 210. 
 
 classiarius, classicus, 211. 
 
 classis 988. 
 
 claudere 212. 
 
 claudere, claudicare, 213. 
 
 claudus 306. 
 
 clavis 214. 
 
 claustrum 214. 
 
 clausula 790. 
 
 clavus 497. 
 
 clemens 215. 
 
 cliens, clientela, 774. 
 
 clipeus 216. 
 
 clivus 227. 
 
 cloaca V, 2. &. 
 
 clunes 87. 
 
 coactus 581. 
 
 coagulari 250. 
 
 cochlea 217. 
 
 codes 157. 
 
 coctilis X, I. 
 
 coctus 670. 
 
 codex 218. 
 
 codicilli 218. 394. 975. 
 
 cceles, ccelitis, XII, 1. 
 
 ccelestis XIII, 1. 
 
 coalum 42. 
 
 coemere 392. 
 
 coena 219, 
 
 coenaculum, coenatio, 219. 
 
 coenum 220. 
 
 coepisse 221. 
 
 coercere. 225. 
 
 coetus 233. 
 
 cogere 222. 
 
 cogi 250. 
 
 cogitare 223. 
 
 cogitate, cogitato, XX, 13. 
 
 cognatus 52. 
 
 cognitio 726. 
 
 cognitor 774. 
 
 cognomen 724. 
 
 cognoscere 224. 
 
 cohibere 225. 
 
 cohors 624. 
 
 coinquere. coinquire, coinqu 
 
 nare, XIX, 7. 
 coire 259. 
 colaphus 226. 
 colere 30.663. 
 cole re agrum 92. 
 collegium 114. 
 collicise 958. 
 colligare 258. 
 colligere 222. 
 collimare, collineare, 520. 
 collis 227. 
 collocare 815. 
 colluvies, colluvio, II, 2. 
 colonia 206. 
 colonus 53. 
 color 228. 
 coluber 77. 
 columba 757. 
 columen 89. 229. 
 columna 229. 
 colurnus XI, 1. 
 coma 173. 
 combibo 148. 
 comburere 12. 
 comedere 385. 
 comere 751. 
 comes 114. 
 cominus 230. 
 comis 231. 
 comitari 232. 
 comitia 233. 
 commeatus 82. 
 commemorare 711. 
 commemoratio 234. 
 commendare 235. 
 commentari, 236. 
 commentaria, — rii, 34. 431. 
 cornmenticius 449. 
 commercium 679. 
 commissura 237. 
 committere 22. 235. 
 commodare 238. 
 commodum 149. 650, 
 
Index. 
 
 43d 
 
 commodus 14. 239. 
 commorari 663, 
 communicare 240. 
 communio, communitas, IT, 2. 
 communis 240. 
 commutare 783, 3. 
 comcedus 20. 
 compages, coinpago, 237. 
 comparare 241. 764. 
 comparere 90. 
 compellare 1035. 
 compellere 222. 
 compendium 650. 
 compensare 879. 
 comperendinare 74. 
 comperire, compertus, 882. 
 compes 185. 
 compescere 225. 
 compitum 242, 
 complere 805. 
 complures 704. 
 componere 241. 906. 
 compos 243. 
 compos voti 1038. 
 composite, composito, ex compo- 
 site, XX, 13. 
 comprehendere 569. 
 comprimere 225. 
 comprobare 836. 
 con, in Compos. XXIV, 10. 
 conari 127. 
 concavus, 244. 
 concedere 192. 
 concertatio 62. 
 concha 217. 
 concidere 156. 
 conciliabulum 468. 
 concilium X, 1, B, c. 233. 
 concinere 249. 
 concinnare 751. 
 concinnus 245. 
 concio 233. 246. 
 concionari XIX, 7 
 concipere 569. 
 concitare 247. 
 conclave 248. 
 conclusio 790. 
 concordare 249. 
 concrescere 250. 
 
 37 
 
 concubia nox 287. 
 
 concupiscere 301. 
 
 concutere 599. 
 
 condere 2. 39. 
 
 condicere 811. 
 
 condimentum 251. 
 
 conditio 252. 629. 
 
 conditor 125. 
 
 condocefacere 370. 
 
 condon are 312. 
 
 conducere 645, 
 
 conductus, conducticius, V, 3. 
 
 conferre 241. 
 
 confestim 271. 
 
 conficere 6. 222. 573. 
 
 conndentia 446. 
 
 confidere 945. 
 
 conflgere 762. 
 
 confingere 449. 
 
 confinis, confinium, 270. 
 
 confirmare 49. 
 
 confiteri 432. 
 
 conflare 449. 
 
 confligere 253. 
 
 con form are 448. 
 
 conformatio 553. 
 
 confragosus 113. 
 
 confugere 254. 
 
 confundere 255. 
 
 confutare 256. 
 
 congelari 250. 
 
 congiarium 257. 
 
 congruere 249. 
 
 conjectio, conjectura, 964. 
 
 conjicere 520. 
 
 conjugare 258. 
 
 conjugium 260. 
 
 conjuncte, conjunctim, 298. 
 
 conjungere 258. 
 
 conjurare 259. 
 
 conjux 260. 
 
 connectere 258. 
 
 connivere 192. 
 
 connubium 260. 
 
 consanguineus 48. 
 
 conscendere 22. 586. 
 
 conscius 975. 
 
 conscribere 906. 
 
 conscribere milites 329. 
 
434 
 
 Index. 
 
 consecrare 261. 
 
 consentaneus, consentiens, 273. 
 consentire 249. 
 consequi 115. 
 
 conservare, conservator, 923 
 considerare 944. 
 consideratus 191. 
 consiliarius 125. 
 consilio 549. 
 consilium 233. 262. 
 consitio 922. 
 consobrinus 263. 
 consors 264. 
 
 conspicere, conspicari, 944. 
 conspirare 259. 
 conspurcare 267. 
 constans 265. 
 constat 642. 
 
 consternare, consternere, XIX. 
 constringere 258. 
 construere 39. 
 consuetudo 266. 
 consuevisse 938. 
 consul IV, 1. 
 
 consulere, consultare, 262. 
 consulte, consulto, XX, 13. 549. 
 consultum 126. 321. 
 consummare XIX, 9. 
 contagio, contagium, 793. 
 contaminare 267. 
 contemnere 338. 
 contemplari 944. 
 contemtus 268. 
 contendere 241. 269. 651. 
 contentio 62. 748. 
 conterminus 270. 
 contignatio 965. 
 contiguus 270. 
 continens 9. 270. 
 continenter 116. 
 continere 225. 
 contingit 13. 
 continuo 271. 
 
 continuo, e, continuus, 116. 
 contra 36. 
 contrahere 222. 
 contrarie, e contrario, XX, 13. 
 contremere, contremiscere, XVI, 
 8. 
 
 controversia 62. 
 
 contubernium 260. 
 
 contumacia 272. 
 
 continue lia 557. 
 
 contus 877. 1005. 
 
 convallis 1000. 
 
 convellere 599. 
 
 conveniens 273. 
 
 convenire 249. 
 
 convenit 316. 
 
 conventum 754. 
 
 conventus 233. 
 
 convertere 1012. 
 
 convexus 244. 
 
 conviciari 168. 
 
 convicium 557. 
 
 convictor 275. 
 
 convincere 274. 
 
 conviva, convivator, convivium, 
 
 275. 
 convivium, tempestivum, intern 
 
 pestivum, 275. 
 cooperire 969. 
 cooptare 286. 
 copia 276. 704. 
 copise 149. 
 copulare 258. 
 coquere 277. 
 coram 85. 
 corbis 278. 
 cordatus 847. 
 Corinthiacus, Corinthiensis,XIV, 
 
 4. 
 corium 309. 
 cornu 54. 991. 
 corona 279. 
 corpus 155. 
 corrigere 280. 
 corrigia 501. 
 corruere 156. 
 corrumpere 281. 575. 
 corruptela, corruptio, X, 3. b. 
 cortex 282. 
 coruscare 478. 
 corymb us 1042. 
 cos 613. 
 cothurnus 163. 
 coxa, coxendix, 283. 
 crapula 383. 
 
Index, 
 
 435 
 
 eras XX, 6. 
 
 crassus 284. 
 
 crater 285. 
 
 crates 1021. 
 
 craticius V, 3. 
 
 ere are 286. 
 
 creber 194. 
 
 crebrescere 288. 
 
 crebro 194. 
 
 credere 94. 235. 
 
 credibilis, credulus, X, 2. 
 
 cremare 12. 
 
 erepida 163. 
 
 crepido 668. 
 
 crepitus 209. 
 
 crepusculum 287. 
 
 crescere 134. 288. 
 
 cribrum IX, 1. c. 
 
 crimen 289. 
 
 criminari, crimini dare, 289. 
 
 crinis 173. 
 
 crista 591. 
 
 cruciamentum, cruciatus, 290. 
 
 eruciare 982. 
 
 crudelis 122. 
 
 crudus VII. 
 
 cruentus XIV, 1. 
 
 crumena 646. 
 
 cruor 900. 
 
 crusta, crustum, 282. 
 
 crux 291. 
 
 crystallinus XI, 1. 
 
 cubare 292. 
 
 cubiculum 248. 
 
 cubile 622. 
 
 cubitus 293. 
 
 cucullus 798. 
 
 cudo 180. 
 
 cujas, cujatis, cujus, XII, 2. 
 
 culcita 294. 
 
 culeus 295. 
 culmen 89. 
 culmus 296. 
 culpa, culpare, 289. 
 cultura, cultus, cultio, 
 
 VIII, 2. 
 
 cultus 297. 
 
 cum, Praspos. XXIV, 10. 298. 
 
 cumera 513. 
 
 cum maxime, cum primis, 822. 
 
 cumulus 18. 
 
 cunabula 299. 
 
 cuna3 299. 
 
 cunctari 300. 
 
 cunctus 746. 
 
 cumque, cunque, enclit. XXIV, 
 
 6. 
 cunei 186. 
 cupa 368. 
 cupedia 311. 
 cupere 301. 
 cupiditas, cupido, 301 
 cur, cur non ? 302. 859. 
 cura 303^ 
 curare 671. 
 curator 303. 
 curia, 988. 
 curiosus 304. 
 currere, curriculum, 305. 
 currus 1006. 
 curtus 306. 
 
 curvamen, curvatura, XVI, 1. 
 curulis X, 3. 
 curvus 307. 
 cuspis 19. 
 custodia 308. 
 custodire 923. 
 cutis 309. 
 cyathus 285. 
 cymba 715. 
 
 D. 
 
 Da 429. 
 
 damnatus voti 1038. 
 damnum 310. 
 danista XIII, 1. *] 
 daps, dapes, 311. 
 
 dare 312. 
 dare fidem 423. 
 data, dedita opera, 549. 
 de 1. 313. 540. 734. enclit 
 XXIV, 12. 
 

 436 
 
 Index. 
 
 rie, ex industria, 549. 
 tie integro 333. 
 de sententia 399. 
 deal bare 540. 
 iieauratus 540. 
 debellare 413. 
 debere 314. 
 (lebilis 315. 
 decedere 4. 
 <lecentia316. 
 decernere 269. 317. 
 uecertare 269. 
 decet 316. 
 decidere 317. 
 deciduus IV, 4. 
 decipere 172.318. 
 declamare 319. 
 decJarare 286. 929. 
 declivis 821. 
 decolor 313. 
 decoquere 320. 
 decor, decorum, 316. 
 decretum 126. 321. 
 decretum senatus 126. 
 decumae 907. 
 decumbere 15. 
 decus 316. 
 
 dedecere, dedecorare, 540. 
 de decus 526. 
 dedere 312. 
 dedicare 261. 
 dedignari 540. 
 dediscere 322. 
 dedita opera 549. 
 dediticius, deditus, V, 3. 
 deducere 313. 323. 
 deese 3. 641. 
 • defectio 324. 
 defendere 993. 
 deferre rem ad aliquem 440 
 leficere 3. 324. 
 defigere 762. 
 definire 335- 450. 
 deflagrare 97. 
 deflectere 540. 
 de for mis 325. 
 de fungi 481. 
 dehinc 327. 
 dehiscere 508. 
 
 dejerare 594. 
 
 dejicere 326. 
 
 dein, deinceps, deinde. 327 
 
 delabi 313. 
 
 delectamentum, delectare, 328* 
 
 delectum habere 329. 
 
 delegare 623. 
 
 delenire 580. 
 
 delere 330. 339. 
 
 deliberare 223. 262. 
 
 delibutus 1033. 
 
 deliciaB 328. 
 
 delictum 289. 
 
 deligere 286. 
 
 delineare 799. 
 
 deliquise 958. 
 
 delirare 331. 
 
 delirus 72. 
 
 delitescere 618. 
 
 delubrum 38. 
 
 deludere 318. 
 
 dem in idem XXIV, a 
 
 demens 72. 
 
 demereri 681. 
 
 demergere 682. 
 
 deminuere 313. 
 
 deminutus 540. 
 
 demirari 691. 
 
 demissus 519. 
 
 demittere 313. 
 
 demoliri 339. 
 
 demon strare 406 
 
 demovere 313. 
 
 demum 332. 
 
 denegare 719. 
 
 denique 332. 
 
 densus 284. 
 
 denuo 333. 
 
 depacisci 317. 
 
 depeculari 334. 
 
 deperdere 73. 
 
 deponere 815. 
 
 deportatus 416. 
 
 depravare 281. 
 
 deprehendere 577 
 
 deprimere 563. 
 
 depugnare 269. 
 
 derelinquere 641, 
 
 deridere 887. 
 
 I 
 
Index. 
 
 437 
 
 derivare 323. 
 
 desciscere 324. 
 
 describere 335. 
 
 deserere 641. 
 
 desertus 1003. 
 
 deservire 689. 
 
 deses 336. 
 
 desiderare, desiderium, 301. 
 
 desidia 336. 
 
 designare 286. 335. 
 
 desinere 198. 
 
 desipere 331. 
 
 desipiens 540. 
 
 desistere 198. 
 
 desperare 337. 
 
 despicere 338. 
 
 despondere 811. 
 
 destinare XIX, 7. 
 
 destituere 641. 
 
 destruere 339. 
 
 desuetus 540. 
 
 detegere 730. 
 
 deterior 340. 
 
 determinare 450. 
 
 detestari 5. 
 
 detinere 341. 
 
 detrectare 342. 
 
 detrimentum 310. 
 
 deturbare 326. 
 
 develare 730. 
 
 deversorium, deverticulum, 343. 
 
 devertere, deversari, 343. 
 
 deversor 516. 
 
 devexus 821. 
 
 devincire 736. 
 
 devius 135. 
 
 devortium 343. 
 
 devovere 312. 
 
 Deus 344. 
 
 deuti 1040. 
 
 diadema 345. 
 
 die 429. 
 
 dicacitas 627. 
 
 dicare 312. 
 
 dicere 286. 429. 
 
 dicit 561. 
 
 dictio 346. 
 
 dicto audientem esse 128. 735. 
 
 diducere 313. 
 
 37* 
 
 dies fasti, festi, nefasti, profesti, 
 
 comitiales, intercensi, 347. 
 dies fem. 46. 
 diffarreatio 364. 
 differentia 355. 
 differre 348. 572. 
 diffioilis 349. 
 difficultas 537. 
 diffidere 337. 
 diffindere 348. 
 diffiteri 719. 
 digerere 350. 
 digiadiari 253. 
 dignatio II, 3. 
 dignitas 351. 849. 
 dignoscere 224. 
 dignum esse 681. 
 digredi 4. 
 dijudicare 592. 
 dilabi 313. 
 dilacerare 603. 
 dilaniare 603. 
 dilapidare 352. 
 diligens 304. 
 diligentia 549. 
 diligere 66. 
 diluculum 287. 
 dimicare 253. 
 dimicatio 355. 838. 
 dimidiatus, dimidius, 672. 
 diminuere 313. 
 dimovere 313. 
 Dira3 483. 
 directus 694. 
 
 diribere, diribitor, 335. 363. 
 dirigere 694. 
 dirimere 363. 
 diripere 131. 482. 
 diruere 339. 
 dims 122. 
 dis 313. 
 discedere 4. 
 disceptatio 62. 
 disc ere 569. 952. 
 discernere 353. 
 discerpere 603. 
 discidiuin 358. 
 disciplina 354. 
 discolor 313. 
 
438 
 
 Index. 
 
 discordia 358. 
 
 discrepant! a, discrime n, 355. 
 
 discumbere 15. 
 
 disertus 356. 
 
 dispar, disparilis, 357. 
 
 dispensare 335. 
 
 dispertire 335. 
 
 disponere 350. 
 
 disputatio 62. 
 
 dissensio 358. 
 
 dissertatio 62. 
 
 dissidium 358. 
 
 dissimilis 357. 
 
 dissimulare 933. 
 
 dissipare 352. 
 
 dissolutus 616. 
 
 distantia 359. 
 
 distare 3. 572. 
 
 distinere341. 
 
 distinguere 353. 
 
 distribuere 335. 
 
 distringere 341. 
 
 dido 820. 
 
 diu 360. 
 
 diversitas 355. 
 
 diversus 361. 
 
 divertere, diverti, diverticulum, 
 
 343. 
 dives 362. 
 dividere 363. 
 dividuus 672. 
 divinatio 132. 
 divine, divinitus, XX, 3. 
 divitise 149. 
 divortium 343. 364. 
 diurnus 365. 
 diutinus, diuturnus, 366. 
 eivulgare 848. 
 divus 344. 
 docere 367. 
 doctor 125. 367. 
 doctrina 354. 
 
 doctus 367. 
 
 documentum 405. 
 
 dolabra 912. 
 
 dolare 810. 
 
 dolium 368. 
 
 dolon 1007. 
 
 dolor 369. 602. 
 
 dolus 166. 289. 
 
 domare 370. 
 
 domesticus 1011. 
 
 domi, in domo, XX, 5. 
 
 domicilium X, 1. B. c. 372. 
 
 dominatus 535. 
 
 dominus 371. 
 
 domus 38. 372. 
 
 donare 312. 
 
 donarium 373. 
 
 donativum 257. 
 
 donee 378. 
 
 donum 373. 
 
 dormire, dormitare, 374. 
 
 dorsum 375. 
 
 dotes 109. 
 
 draco 77. 
 
 dubitare 68. 
 
 dubius 68. 
 
 ducere, ductare, 376. 
 
 ducere in matrimonium 728. 
 
 dudum 360. 
 
 dulcedo, dulcitudo, II, 5. 
 
 dulcis 377. 
 
 dum 378. enclit. XXIV, 10. 
 
 dumtaxat 379. 
 
 dumus 380. 
 
 duo 70. 
 
 duplex, duplus, 381. 
 
 dupliciter, bifariam, XX, 13. 
 
 dure, duriter, XX, 1. 
 
 duritas, duritia, durities, 382. 
 
 durus 122. 
 
 dynastaXIII, 1, *] 
 
 E. 
 
 E,ex, I. 
 e in equidem, ecastor, edepol, 
 XXIII, 2. 
 
 ex industria 549. 
 ex integro 333. 
 e regione 36. 
 
Index. 
 
 439 
 
 ex sententia 399. 
 
 ex tempore 271. 
 
 eboreus, eburneus, XI, 1. 
 
 ebrietas, ebriositas, 383. 
 
 ebullire 442. 
 
 ecce 384. 
 
 ecquis, ecquando, ecquo ? XXIII, 
 
 3. 
 edax 385. 
 edere 385. 
 e die ere 429. 
 edictum 321. 
 edictus 64. 
 
 educare, educere, 386. 
 edulia 199. 
 edulis X, 3. 
 effari 429 
 efferuinatus 698. 
 effervescere 442. 
 efficere 6. 
 effigies 530. 
 effingere 449. 
 efflagitare 794. 
 effugere 402. 
 egens, egenus, 777. 
 egere 177. 
 egregius 387. 
 ejulare 388. 
 eiaborare 602. 
 elegans 245. 389. 
 elementura, a. 394. 979. 
 elevare 628. 
 elidere 390. 
 eligere 286. 
 elinguis 550. 
 elix 958. 
 elixus 277. 
 elocare 645. 
 elogium 620. 
 eloquens 356. 
 elucubrare 602. 
 emancipare 391. 
 emax, emtor. V, 2. 
 emendare 280. 
 emeriti ri 676. 
 emere 392. 
 emergere 414. 
 emeritus 1015. 
 eminere 41 
 
 eminus 648. 
 emissarius 412. 
 emolumentum, emolimentum, 
 
 650. 
 emporium 468. 
 emturire XVII, 1. 
 en XXIV, 8. 384. 
 enecare 573. 
 enervis 315. 
 enimXXiV,8. 710. 
 enodare 393. 
 enormis 660. 
 ensis 492. 
 enucleare 393. 
 eo 588. 
 ephebus 29. 
 epilogus 790. 
 e pis tola 394. 
 epulse, epulum, 275. 
 equester XIII, 2. 
 equidem XXIII, 2. 
 equus 395. 
 erga 36. 
 
 ergastulum, 308. 
 ergo 588. 734. 
 erigere 628. 
 erogare 567. 
 
 erraticus, errare, erro, 396. 
 erroneus XI 5 2, 
 erudire 367. 
 eruditio 643. 
 eruditus 367. 
 erumpere 402. 
 esca 199. 
 escendere 22. 586. 
 esculentus XIV, 3. 
 esse 414. 
 esse alicui 502. 
 essem, forem, 461 
 essedum 1006. 
 est mihi 502. 
 esurire XVII, 1. 
 et 397. 
 
 et non, neque, 722. 
 etenim 710. 
 etiam 27. 397. 
 etiam nunc 522. 
 etiam si 398. 
 etiam turn XXIV, 10. 
 

 440 
 
 Index, 
 
 etsi 398. 
 
 evadere 402. 447. 
 evenit 13. 
 eventus 183. 
 everriculum 802. 
 evertere 339. 783. 5. 
 euge 658. 
 evidens 210. 
 Eumenides 483. 
 evocatus 1015. 
 examinare 400. 
 exanimis, — mus, 401. 
 exauctoratio 693. 
 exauctoratus 1015. 
 exaudire 128. 
 excandescentia 585. 
 excedere 402. 
 excidere 339. 
 excire, excitare, 201. 
 excors 72. 
 excubare 1018. 
 excubise 948. 
 excudere 403. 
 excursor 412. 
 excusare 404. 
 excutere 403. 
 exemplar 405. 
 exemplum X, 1. B. c. 405. 
 exercitatio, exercitium, XII, 
 
 I.e. 
 exercitus, Subst. 19. 
 exhalatio 1001. 
 exhibere 406, 
 exigere 400. 
 exiguus 770. 
 exilis 407. 
 eximius 387. 
 exin 327. 
 exinde 327. 
 existimare 45. 94. 
 existimatio 45. 93. 351. 
 exitium 789. 
 exitus 183. 
 exordium 556. 
 exoriri 962. 
 expedire 408. 
 expergefacere, expergefactus, 
 
 409. 
 experiri 410. 
 
 experrectus 409. 
 
 expers 264. 
 
 expetere 301. 794. 
 
 expiare 795. 
 
 expiscari 546. 
 
 explanare 411. 
 
 explicare 411. 
 
 explodere 804. 
 
 explorare, explorator, 412. 
 
 exponere 411. 
 
 exposcere, expostulare, 794 
 
 exprimere 335. 
 
 exprobrare 289. 
 
 expugnare 413. 
 
 exquirere 412. 
 
 excensionem facere 586. 
 
 exsecrari 5. 
 
 exsequi 6. 
 
 exsequise 480. 
 
 exsilire 490. 
 
 exsilium 476. 
 
 exsistere 414. 962. 
 
 exsomnis 562. 
 
 exsors 264. 
 
 exspectare 415. 
 
 exspectatio 945. 
 
 exspirare 701. 
 
 exstare 414. 
 
 exstimulare 247. 
 
 exstinguere 330. 417. 
 
 exstruere 39. 
 
 exsullV, 1.416. 
 
 exsultare 490. 
 
 exsurgere 962. 
 
 extaXII, 1. a. 1027. 
 
 extemplo 271. 
 
 exterus, externus, VIII, 1. XI, 2L 
 
 extimus 419. 
 
 extispex 132. 
 
 extollere 628. 
 
 extorris 416. 
 
 extra 418. 
 
 extraneus, extrarius, XI, 2. 
 
 extremus 419. 
 
 extricare 408. 
 
 extrinsecus 418. 
 
 exturidere 403. 
 
 exuere 730. 
 
 exuviae 866. 
 
Index. 
 
 441 
 
 F. 
 
 Faber 111. 
 
 fabrica, V, 1. b. fabricator, 420. 
 
 fabula421. 
 
 facere 286. 422. 
 
 facere, agere fabulam, 422. 
 
 — _ bellum 145. 422. 
 
 — habere fiderri, concilium, 423. 
 
 — fugam 476. 
 
 — gratiam 495. 
 facessere 4. 
 facetiee 627. 
 facies 424. 
 facihs 239. 
 facilitas 425. 
 
 facinus, factum, XI, 1. 1044. 
 
 factio 324, 
 
 facultas 425. 
 
 facilitates 149. 
 
 facundus 356. 
 
 fex 426. 
 
 fageus, faginus, XI, 1. 
 
 falarica 970. 
 
 falcatus 307. 
 
 fallacia 166. 
 
 fall ax 427. 
 
 fallere 318. 
 
 falso 427. 
 
 falsum 676. 
 
 falsum jurare 779. 
 
 falsus 427. 
 
 fama 428. 
 
 famelicus V, 1. 
 
 familia372. 489. 
 
 familiaris VIII, 3. 66. 
 
 farnosus 428. 
 
 famula, famulus, 924. 
 
 fan urn 38. 
 
 fari 429. 
 
 fas 596. 
 
 fas est 636. 
 
 fascia 430. 
 
 fasti 431. 
 
 fastidiosus 108. 
 
 fastidire 338. 
 
 fastidium 108.902. 
 
 fastigium 89. 
 
 fastus 108. 
 
 fateri 432. 
 
 fatigare 982. 
 
 fatigatus 443. 
 
 fatiscere 508. 
 
 fatum 183. 
 
 fatuus 143. 
 
 fauces 78. 
 
 favere 433. 
 
 favilla 203. 
 
 favor 126. 
 
 favorabilis. faustus, 433. 
 
 faux 78. 434. 
 
 fax 435. 
 
 fecundus 438. 
 
 felix 144. 
 
 femina 260. 
 
 femur 283. 
 
 fenebris, feneratorius, 437. 
 
 fenestra 436. 
 
 fenus 437. 
 
 fera 147. 
 
 feralia, feralis, 480. 
 
 ferax 438. 
 
 furculum 311. 
 
 fere, ferme, 842. 
 
 ferise, feriatus, 439. 
 
 ferire 523. 
 
 ferocia, ferocitas, IV, 3. b. 
 
 ferox 17. 
 
 ferramentum XV, 2. 
 
 ferre 440. 441. 
 
 ferre fructum, rem ad aliquem, 
 
 440. 
 ferri 156. 
 ferrugo 44. 
 ferruminare XIX, 7. 
 fertilis 438. 
 fervere 442. 
 fervor 164. 
 ferula .140. 
 ferus 122. 
 fessus 443. 
 
 festinare, festinus, 195. 
 festivitas 627. 
 festuca V, 2. b. 
 
442 
 
 Index. 
 
 
 festus 347. 
 
 fetialis 444. 
 
 fetus, Subst. 445. 474. 
 
 fetus, Adject. 496. 
 
 fictilis, fictor, Actus, 449. 
 
 fictum 676. 
 
 fidei commissum 623. 
 
 fidelis, fidus,446. 
 
 fidelitas, fides, 446. 
 
 fidentia, fiducia, 446. 
 
 fieri 447. 
 
 figere 762. 
 
 fi guiaris 449. 
 
 iigura, figurare, 448. 
 
 filii, films familias, 632. 
 
 fimbria 640. 
 
 fimus 220. 
 
 findere 158. 
 
 fine 1039. 
 
 fingere 449. 
 
 finire, finis, 450. 
 
 finitimus 270. 
 
 firme, firmiter, XX, 1. 
 
 firmus 265. 
 
 fiscella, fiscina, 278. 
 
 fiscus 43. 
 
 fistuca V, 2. b. 
 
 fistula 977. 992. 
 
 flabrum 136. 
 
 flaccescere, flaccidus, 451. 
 
 flagellum 760. 909. 
 
 flagitare 794. 
 
 flagitium 1044. 
 
 flagrare 97. 
 
 flagrum 909. 
 
 flamen 136. 
 
 flamma 525. 
 
 flare 452. 
 
 flatus 136. 
 
 flectere 453. 
 
 flere 605. 
 
 flexibilis, flexilis, 626. 
 
 florere 454. 
 
 floreus, floridus, VII. 
 
 fluctus, fluentum, 455. 
 
 fluere 455. 
 
 fluidus 455. 
 
 fluitare XIX, 10. a. 
 
 flumen, fluvius, 456. 
 
 fluxus 455. 
 
 focillare XIX, 6. 
 
 focus V, 1. a. 
 
 fodere, fodicare, XIX, 2. 
 
 fredus, Adj. 325. 
 
 fcedus, Subst. 754. 
 
 foenisex V, 1. 
 
 fcenum 494. 
 
 foatidus 457. 
 
 fcetor 742. 
 
 folium 458. 
 
 follis 797. 
 
 fons 459. 
 
 forare 460. 
 
 foras 464. 
 
 forceps 462. 
 
 forda 150. 
 
 fore, forem, 461. 
 
 fores 818. 
 
 forfex 462. 
 
 fori 186. 463. 
 
 foris 464. 
 
 forma 424. 448. 
 
 formare 448. 
 
 formidare 687. 
 
 formido II, 4. 
 
 formosus 849. 
 
 formula 465. 
 
 fornax 169. 
 
 fornix 466. 
 
 forpex 462. 
 
 fors, fors fortuna, 183. 
 
 fors, forsan, forsit, forsitan, for- 
 
 tasse, fortassis, forte, 467. 
 fortis 81. 
 fortitudo 1025. 
 fortuito, fortuitu, 467. 
 fortuitus XII, 3. 
 fortuna 183. 
 fortunse 149. 
 fortunatus 362. 
 forum 468. 
 fossa 469. 
 fossilis X, 1. 
 fovea 469. 
 fovere 433. 470. 
 fragmentum 471. 
 fragor 942. 
 fragrare 742. 
 
Index. 
 
 443 
 
 framea 970. 
 
 frangere 471. 
 
 frater germanus, frater patruelis, 
 775. 
 
 fraud are 318. 
 
 fraus 166. 
 
 fremere 927. 
 
 frenare 225. 
 
 frendere 927. 
 
 frenum 472. 
 
 frequens, frequentare, frequen- 
 ter, 194. 
 
 iretum 666. 
 
 fretus 477. 
 
 fricare 974. 
 
 frigerare XIX, 3. 
 
 frigere 277. 
 
 frig us 473. 
 
 frivclus X, 1. 
 
 frons, — dis, 458. 
 
 frons, — tis, 424. 
 
 fructus, fruges, 474. 
 
 frugalis, frugi, 474. 
 
 frui 1040. 
 
 frumentum 474. 
 
 frustra 475. 
 
 frustrari 318. 
 
 frustum 471. 
 
 fruticetum, frutectum, XII, 2. b. 
 
 fucus 228. 
 
 fuga 476. 
 
 fugare 780. 
 
 fugax, fugitivus, 476. 
 
 fugere 476. 
 
 fugit 618. 
 
 fulcire 477 
 
 fulcrum 229. 
 
 fulgere, fulgere, 478. 
 
 fulgetrum 478. 
 
 fulgor, fulgur, fulguratio, fulmen, 
 
 478. 
 fulsrurare 478. 
 fuHgo 1001. 
 fultura VIII, 2, *] 
 fultus, 477. 
 fumare, fumificare, fumigare, 
 
 XIX, 1. 
 fumus XI, 3, *] 1001. 
 funale 435. 
 funda 802. 
 fundare 39. 
 fund ere 479. 
 funditor III, 2. 
 funditus XX, 3. 
 fundus 479. 
 funebris, funereus, funestuy, 
 
 480. 
 fungi 481. 
 funis 885. 
 funus 155. 480. 
 fur, furari, 482. 
 furca 291. 
 furere 331. 
 furise 483. 
 furnace us V, 3. 
 furnus 169. 
 furor 331. 
 furtim 207. 
 fur turn 866. 
 fuscina XI, 1. b. 
 fuscus 119. 
 futurum esse 461. 
 
 G. 
 
 Gaesum 970. 
 
 galea 180. 
 
 galerus 798. 
 
 Gallicanus, Gallicus, Gallus, V, 1. 
 
 gallinaceus V, 3. 
 
 ganeo 484. 
 
 garrulus 485. 
 
 gaudere 486. 
 
 gelare, gelascere, XVI, 8. 
 
 gelu 473. 
 
 gemellus, geminus, 381. 
 
 gemitus 855. 
 
 gena 154. 
 
 generalis 487. 
 
 generare 491. 
 
 genialis, genitalis, genitivus, 488 
 
 genitor 765. 
 
 genitrix 669. 
 
444 
 
 Index. 
 
 
 genius 488. 
 
 gens 489. 
 
 genticus, gentilis, gentilicius, 
 
 489 
 gentilis 52. 
 genus 489. 
 gerere 422. 440. 
 gerere bellum 422. 
 germanus frater 775. 
 gesta, gestae res 422. 
 gesticulari XIX, 5. b. 
 gestio 422. 
 gestire 301. 490. 
 gestus 422. 
 gignere 491. 
 giaber IX, 1. 
 gladiator 120. 
 gladius 492. 
 g J area 99. 
 glaucus 161. 
 gliscere 288. 
 globus 797. 
 gloria 620. 
 glum a 951. 
 
 gluten, glus, glutinum, XI, 1. c. 
 guar us 367. 
 gnavus 549. 
 grabatus 622. 
 
 gracilens, gracilentus, XIV, 3. 
 gracilis 407. 
 gradatim 493. 
 gradior, gradi. 586. 
 gradus 186. 493. 
 Grsecanicus, Greecus, V, 1. 
 
 grsecissare XIX, 12. 
 
 gramen 494. 
 
 granarium 513. 
 
 grandis, grandis natu, 660. 
 
 grass ari 586. 
 
 grates agere 495. 
 
 gratia 126. 
 
 gratia i. e. propter 734. 
 
 gratiam habere, referre, reddere 
 
 facere ; gratias agere 595. 
 gratiflcari 31 2. 
 gratis, gratuito, 475. 
 gratulatio 960. 
 gratus 377. 495. 
 gratuitus XII, 3. 
 gravare, gravari, 496. 
 gravate, gravatim, XX, 7. 
 gravidus, gravis, 496. 
 gregalis, gregarius, VIII, 3. b. 
 gremium 935. 
 gressus 493. 
 grex 105. 
 
 gubernaculum 497. 
 gubernare 694. 
 gubernator 714. 
 gula 434. 
 gnlosus 385. 
 g urges 498. 
 gustare 385. 630. 
 gustatus, gustus, 499. 
 gutta 500. 
 guttur 434. 
 gyrus 204. 
 
 
 H. 
 
 Habena 472. 
 habere 376. 502. 
 
 habere concilium, conventum, 
 423. 
 
 fidem 423. 
 
 gratiam 495. 
 
 habilis 14. 502. 
 
 habitare 663. 
 
 habitatio 372. 
 
 habitatio, habitaculum, X, 1. B. c. 
 
 habitus 503. 
 
 hactenus 27. 
 hsdus 171. 
 habere 504. 
 hgssitare 300. 
 halare 452. 
 haiucinari XIX, 
 hariolus 132. 
 harpago 665. 
 haruspex 132. 
 hasta 970. 
 baud 725. 
 
Index. 
 
 445 
 
 have 129. 
 
 haurire 505. 
 
 hebes 143. 
 
 heluari 320. 
 
 hem XXIV, 8. 
 
 herb a 494. 
 
 herbaceus, herbeus, V, 3. 
 
 herbidus, herbosus, VII. 
 
 hereditas 506. 
 
 hereditatem adire, cernere, 506. 
 
 herus 371. 
 
 he a, heus, 507. 
 
 hiare 508. 
 
 hiatus 888. 
 
 hiberna, hibernaculum, X, 1. B, c. 
 
 hibe'rnus XI, 1. 
 
 hie 509. 
 
 hie, iliic, 509. 
 
 aiems J 53. 
 
 hilare, hilariter, XX, 1. 
 
 hilaris VIII, 1. 486. 
 
 hinnus, hinnuleus, 445. 
 
 hircus 171. 
 
 hirsutus, hirtus, 510. 
 
 hiscere 508. 
 
 Hispaniensis, Hispanus, XIV, 4. 
 
 hispidus 510. 
 
 historia 431. 
 
 histrio 20. 
 
 hiulcus V, 1. 
 
 homicida 785. 
 
 homo 511. 
 
 honestare 512. 
 
 honestas 351. 
 
 honestas, honestum, 316. 
 
 honestus, honoratus, XIII, 1. 
 
 honorare, honos, honores, 512. 
 
 hornus, hornotinus, XI, 1. 
 
 horreum 513. 
 
 horribilis, horridus, horrendus, X, 
 
 2. 
 hortari 514. 
 horti, hortus, 515. 
 hospes 32. 516. 
 hospitalis 516. 
 hospitium 343. 
 hospitus 516. 
 hostia 517. 
 
 hosticus, hostilis, X,3. 
 hostis 35. 
 hue illue 771. 
 hucusque 27. 
 humane, humaniter, humanitiH, 
 
 XX, 3. 
 humamtas 643. 
 humanus 231. 
 humare 519. 
 humatio 480. 
 humectare 518. 
 humerus 106. 
 humidus 518. 
 humilis 519. 
 humor 518. 
 I humus 519. 
 
 i, j. 
 
 Jacere 520. 
 
 jacere 292. 
 
 jactantia 521. 
 
 jactare, jactitare XIX, 10. c. 
 
 jactatio 521. 
 
 jactura 310. 
 
 jaculan 520. 
 
 jaculum 970. 
 
 jam, jamjam, jam nunc, 522. 
 
 janitor, janua, 818. 
 
 ibi, ibidem, 509. 
 
 icere 523. 
 
 ictus 803. 
 
 idcirco 588. 
 
 38 
 
 idem 397. 
 
 identidem 954. 
 
 ideo588. 
 
 idiota 524. 
 
 idoneus 14. 
 
 jejunus XI, 2. 
 
 jentaculum 219. 
 
 igitur 588. 
 
 ignarus 527. 
 
 ignavia 336. 
 
 ignis 525. 
 
 ignominia 526. 
 
 ignorantia, ignorare, 527. 
 
 ignoscere 528. 
 
446 
 
 Index. 
 
 ignotus 527. 
 
 ilex 854. 
 
 ilia 1027. 
 
 ille 509. 
 
 illic 509. 
 
 illicere 580. 
 
 illico 271. 
 
 illudere 652. 
 
 illuminare, illustrare, 529. 
 
 illustris 210. 
 
 illuvfes 220. 
 
 imago 530. 
 
 imbecillis, imbecillus, 315. 
 
 imbellis 315. 
 
 imber 808. 
 
 imbrex 617. 
 
 imbuere 367. 531. 
 
 imitatio 532. 
 
 immanis 122. 
 
 imminere 533. 
 
 immmutus, deminutus, 540. 
 
 immolare 658. 
 
 immundus 534. 
 
 immunis 264. 
 
 immunitas 631. 
 
 immutabilis, immutatus, XII, 2. 
 
 immutare 783. 3. 
 
 impar 357. 
 
 impedimenta,impedimentum,537. 
 
 impedire 537. 
 
 impendere" 567. 
 
 impendere 533. 
 
 impensa, impendium, 959. 
 
 impense 28. 
 
 imperare 662. 
 
 imperium, imperia, 535. 820. 
 
 impertire 240. 
 
 impetrare 115. 
 
 impiger 549. 
 
 impius 536. 
 
 implere 805. 
 
 implicare 537. 
 
 implorare 583. 
 
 imponere ilicui 318. 
 
 impo-rtunus 538. 
 
 imprsesentiarum 541. 
 
 imprimis 822. 
 
 improbus 661. 
 
 impudens, impudicus, 539. 
 
 mpumtus, 582. 
 
 mpurus 534. 
 
 mus 552. 
 
 n 22. 36. 540. 
 
 n praesens, in prsesenti, in prae - 
 
 sentia, 541. 
 n sententiam 399. 
 n singulos dies 862. 
 naccessus 135. 
 nalbare, dealbare, 540. 
 nanimus 401. 
 nanis XI, 2. 542. 
 naudire 128. 
 naudire, inauditus, 540. 
 naugurare 261. 
 nauratus 540. 
 ncanus 540. 
 ncassum 475. 
 ncedere 586. 
 ncendere 12. 
 
 ncendium, incensio, IV, 3. c. 
 ncertus 68. 
 ncessus 493. 
 ncestus, Adject. 539. 
 nchoare, incipere,221. 
 ncitare 247. 
 nclinare 543. 
 nclitus 210. 
 ncogitare, incogitans, incogita- 
 
 tus, 540. 
 ncognitus 527. 
 ncola 206. 544. 
 ncolere 663. 
 ncolumis XI, 3. 568. 
 ncommodum 310. 
 neonsiderantia 971. 
 ncoquere, incoctus, 54^. 
 ncorruptus 545. 
 ncrepare 289. 
 ncunabula 299. 
 ncurvus 307. 
 ncusare 16. 
 ndagare 546. 
 ndecere 540. 
 
 ndemnatus, non damnatus, 540. 
 ndex 980. 
 ndicare 929. 
 ndicere 733. 
 ndicium 929. 
 
Index. 
 
 447 
 
 indidem XXIV, 8 
 
 mdigena 544. 
 
 indigere 177. 
 
 indignari, dedignari, 540. 950. 
 
 indignatio, indignitas, 585. 
 
 indigus 777. 
 
 indoles 547. 
 
 inducere 330. 
 
 induciee 754. 
 
 induere 548. 
 
 indulgens 215. 
 
 indulgentia 528. 
 
 indulgere 528. 
 
 indusium 548. 
 
 industria, industrius, £>49. 
 
 ineptus 143. 
 
 inertia 336. 
 
 ine scare 580. 
 
 infamia 526. 
 
 infamis 428. 
 
 infandus 540. 
 
 infans 29. 550. 
 
 infecundus 949. 
 
 infelix 692. 
 
 infensus 551. 
 
 inferi 552. 
 
 inferise 480. 
 
 infernus, inferus, XI, 1. 
 
 inferus 552. 
 
 infestus 551. 
 
 infieere 531. 
 
 infidus 783. 2. 
 
 infimus 552. 
 
 infirmus 315. 
 
 infit 221. 
 
 infiiiari, infitias ire, 719. 
 
 inflammare 12. 
 
 inflectere, deflectere, 540. 
 
 informare, informatio, 553. 
 
 infortunium 661. 
 
 infra 953. 
 
 infringere, infractus, 540. 
 
 infula 345. 
 
 infuscare 531. 
 
 ingeniosus 21. 
 
 ingenium 547. 
 
 ingens 660. 
 
 ingenuus 554. 633. 
 
 ingredi 535. 
 
 ingravescere 22. 
 
 inhibere 225. 
 
 inhonestus, non honestus, 540. 
 
 inibi 509. 
 
 inimicitiae 741. 
 
 inimicus 35. 
 
 initium, initia, 556. 
 
 injuria, injuriam facere, 557. 
 
 innoceus, non nocens, 540. 
 
 innocens, innocuus, innoxius, 
 
 558. 
 innubus 559. 
 innuere 22. 
 
 innumerus, innumerabilis, X, 2. 
 innuptus 559. 
 inopia 177. 
 
 inopinans, inopinatus, 540. 
 inops 777. 
 
 inquies, inquietus, 560. 
 inquilinus 544. 
 inquinare 267. 
 inquirere 84. 
 inquit 561. 
 
 insania, insanire, 331. 
 insanus 72. 
 inscendere 22. 586. 
 inscientia, inscitia, 527. 
 inscius 527. 
 insectari, insequi, 921. 
 inservire 689. 
 insigne 930. 
 insignis 210. 
 insimulare 16. 
 insipiens 143. 540. 
 insitio 922. 
 
 insiticius, insitivus, V. 3. 
 insolens 108. 
 insomnis 562. 
 insomnium 941. 
 insons 558. 
 instar 598. 
 instare 563, 
 instaurare 564. 
 instigare 247. 
 instita 640. 
 institor 565. 
 instituere 553. 
 institutum 629. 
 instructus 824. 
 
448 
 
 Index. 
 
 instruere 553. 
 
 instrumentum 566. 
 
 insuetus 540. 
 
 insula 372. 
 
 insulsus 143. 
 
 insumere 567. 
 
 integer, integer dies, 558. 568. 
 
 integrare 564. 
 
 intelligere 569. 
 
 intempesta nox 287. 
 
 intempestivus 538. 
 
 inter, inter coenam, 570. 
 
 inter manus 570* 
 
 intercapedo 198. 
 
 intercedere 571. 
 
 interdicere 1014. 
 
 interdicere aqua et igni 65, 
 
 interdum 954. 
 
 interesse, interest, 25. 572 
 
 interfector 785. 
 
 interficere 573. 
 
 interimere 573. 
 
 interire 701. 
 
 interlinere. 575. 
 
 intermissio, intermittere, 198. 
 
 internecio 158. 
 
 internoscere 353. 
 
 internuntius 574. 
 
 interpolare 575. 
 
 interpres 574. 
 
 interpretari 411. 1012. 
 
 interrogare 576. 
 
 intertrirnentum 310. 
 
 intervallum 359. 
 
 intervenire 571. 
 
 intestina 1027, 
 
 intra 570. 
 
 intrare 555. 
 
 intrinsecus 570. 
 
 intro 570. 
 
 introire 555. 
 
 introrsura 570. 
 
 intus 570. 
 
 invadere 31. 
 
 invalidus 315. 
 
 invenire 577. 
 
 inverecundus 539. 
 
 investigare 546. 
 
 inveterascere 918. 
 
 invicem 578. 
 
 invidentia, invidia, 579. 
 
 invidiosus, invidus, 579. 
 
 invisere 1017. 
 
 invisus 741. 
 
 invitare 580. 
 
 invitus 581. 
 
 invius 135. 
 
 inultus 582. 
 
 invocare 583. 
 
 jocosus, jocularis, 584. 
 
 jocus, joci, joca, 584. 
 
 ira, iracundia, iracundus, 585. 
 
 irasci 950. 
 
 ire 586. 
 
 irrequietus 560 
 
 irridere 887. 
 
 irrigare 518. 
 
 irritare 604. 
 
 irritus 475. 
 
 is, iste XXIV, 3. 509. 
 
 istic 509. 
 
 ita 587. 
 
 itaque 588. 
 
 item, itidem, XXIV, 8. 589. 
 
 iter, iter facere, 590. 688. 
 
 iter urn 333. 
 
 juba 591. 
 
 jubar 654. 
 
 jubere 662. 
 
 jucundus 377. 
 
 judex 93. 
 
 judicare, judicatio, 592. 
 
 judicialis, judiciarius, X, 3. 
 
 judicium 93. 
 
 judicium dare, reddere, exercere, 
 
 facere, 592. 
 juga 463. 
 jugis 47. 
 jugulare 573. 
 jugulum 434. 
 jugum227. 
 jumentum 105. 
 jungere 593. 
 juramentum 597. 
 jurare 594. 
 jurgium 62. 
 jurisconsultus 595. 
 jurisdictio 592. 
 
Index. 
 
 449 
 
 jurisperitus 595. 
 
 jus 596. 
 
 jus dicerc,jus,dejure respondere, 
 
 596. 
 jusjurandum 597. 
 jussum321. 
 justa 480 
 
 justitia 596. 
 
 justitium 439. 
 
 Justus 41. 
 
 juvencus, juvenca, 150. 
 
 juvenis 29. 
 
 juventa, juventas, juventus, I, 2. 
 
 juxta 598. 
 
 K. 
 
 Kalendarium 431. 
 
 Labefacere, labefactare, 599. 
 
 lanius 612. 
 
 labes 600. 
 
 lanugo II, 6. 
 
 labi 156. 455. 
 
 lanx 773. 
 
 labium, labellum, 601. 
 
 lapis 613. 
 
 labor 549. 602. 
 
 laquear 466. 
 
 lab or are 602. 
 
 laqueus 614. 
 
 laboriosus 349. 692. 
 
 Lar, Lares, 488. 
 
 labrum 601. 
 
 lardum 24. 
 
 labrusca, labruscum, V, 1. c. 
 
 large, largiter, XX, 1. 
 
 lace rare 603. 
 
 largiri 312. 
 
 lacerna 981. 
 
 largitio, largitas, II, 3. 
 
 lacertus 106. 
 
 largus 146. 
 
 lacessere 604. 
 
 laridum 24. 
 
 lacinia 196. 
 
 larva 615. 
 
 lacrimare 605. 
 
 larvse 1031. 
 
 lactans, lactens, XIV, L 
 
 lascivus 616. 
 
 lacuna 606. 
 
 lassus 443. 
 
 lacunar 466. 
 
 latebra, latibulum, X, 2. c 
 
 lacus 606. 
 
 later 617. 
 
 lsedere 607. 
 
 latere 61 8. 
 
 lsena 981. 
 
 laterna 610. 
 
 lsetari, lsetus, 486. 
 
 Iatet618. 
 
 laevus 608. 
 
 latex 642. 
 
 lagena 368. 
 
 latibulum, latebra, X, 2. c. 
 
 lamb ere 609. 
 
 latine loqui 619. 
 
 lamentatio, lamentum, 855. 
 
 latorlegis 125. 
 
 lamina, lamna, 151. 
 
 latro 482. 
 
 lampas 610. 
 
 latrocinari XIX, 8. 
 
 lance a 970. 
 
 latrocinium 866. 
 
 languere 611. 
 
 latus, teris,VIII, 1. b. 
 
 languidus 443. 
 
 lavatio, lavacrum, 141. 
 
 languor 611. 
 
 laudare 620. 
 
 Ian i are 603. 
 
 laurea, laurus, IV, 3. 6. 
 
 laniena XI, 2. b. 
 
 laureus, laurus, XI, 1. 
 
 lanistaXIII,!.*] 120. 
 
 Iaus620. 
 
 38* 
 
 
450 
 
 Index. 
 
 lautus 705. 
 
 laxare, laxus, 621. 
 
 lectica 1006. 
 
 lectio II, 3. 
 
 lectus 622. 
 
 legare 623. 
 
 legatio libera, votiva,623* 
 
 legatum 623. 
 
 legatus 825. 
 
 legem ab — de — ex — ir — ob- 
 rogare, antiquare, ferre, per- 
 ferre, flgere, imponerejubere, 
 promulgare, rogare, sancire, 
 seiscere, 629. 
 
 legere 178. 286. 
 
 legere milites 329. 
 
 legio II, 3. 624. 
 
 leguleius 595. 
 
 legumen XV, 1. 
 
 lembus 715. 
 
 lemniscus 430. 
 
 Lemures 1031. 
 
 lenire 625. 
 
 lenis 200. 
 
 lenitudo 626. 
 
 lenocinari 37. 
 
 lente, lentus, 626. 
 
 lentitudo 626. 
 
 lepos 627. 
 
 letalis, letum, 701. 
 
 levare 628. 
 
 levigare 810. 
 
 levis 195. 
 
 lex 596. 629. 
 
 lib are 630. 
 
 libelli 394. 
 
 liber 218. 
 
 liber 282. 
 
 liber, Adj. 554. 
 
 liberalis 146. 554. 
 
 liberi 632. 
 
 libertas 631. 
 
 libertinus, libertus, 633. 
 
 libet 636. 801. 
 
 libido, libidines, 301. 
 
 libra 634. 
 
 librare 400. 
 
 librarius 906. 
 
 libum 635. 
 
 licentia 631. 
 
 licere, liceri, licitari, 636. 
 
 licet 636. 
 
 licet (obschon) 398. 
 
 licitatio 124. 
 
 lictor 901. 
 
 ligamen, ligatura, XV, 1 
 
 ligare 637. 
 
 lignum 638. 
 
 ligo 639. 
 
 ligurire 609. 
 
 limare 810. 
 
 limbus 640. 
 
 limen 818. 
 
 limes 450. 
 
 limpidus 642. 
 
 limus 220. 
 
 limus, Adj. 986. 
 
 linere 1033. 
 
 lingere 609. 
 
 lingua 748. 
 
 linguere 641. 
 
 lintea 1007. 
 
 linter 715. 
 
 liquet, liquidus, liquor, 642. 
 
 lira 958. 
 
 lis 62. 190. 
 
 litare 630. 
 
 liter a, liter re, 394. 
 
 literse 643. 
 
 literator, literatus, 367. 
 
 literatura 643. 
 
 litigium 62. 
 
 litus 644. 
 
 lituus 991. 
 
 lividus 655* 
 
 livor 579. 
 
 lixa 167. 
 
 lixivium IV, 4. c. 
 
 locare 645. 
 
 loco 835. 
 
 loculi 646. 
 
 locuples 362. 
 
 locus, loci, loca, 647* 
 
 longsevus 918. 
 
 longe 648. 
 
 longinquus 648. 
 
 longurius 1005. 
 
 longus 648. 
 
Index. 
 
 451 
 
 loquax 485. 
 
 loquela, locutio, X,3. b. 
 
 loqui 429. 
 
 lorica 649. 
 
 lorum 501. 909. 
 
 lubido 301. 
 
 lubricus V, 1. 
 
 lucere 478. 
 
 lucerna 610. 
 
 luci XX, 5. 
 
 lucrum 650. 
 
 luctari 651. 
 
 luctns 369. 
 
 lucubrare 602. 
 
 lucus 931. 
 
 ludere 652. 
 
 ludibrium IX, 1. c. 
 
 ludicrura, ludicrus, 584. 
 
 ludificare, ludificari, 652. 
 
 ludi 944. 
 
 ludio, ludius, 20. 
 
 ludus 584. 
 
 luere 653. 
 
 lues 793. 
 
 lugere 605. 
 
 lumbricus V, 2. a. .. 
 
 lumen 654. 
 
 lupata, lupi, 472. 
 
 luridus 655. 
 
 luscus 157. 
 
 lustralis, lustricus, X, 3. 
 
 lustrare XIX, 11. 795. 
 
 lustrum, lustrum, XIII, 2. c. 
 
 lusus 584. 
 
 lutum 220. 
 
 lux 654. 
 
 luxareXIX,10.&. 
 
 luxuria, luxus, 656. 
 
 lychnus, lychnuchus, 610. 
 
 lyra 657. 
 
 M. 
 
 Macellarius 612. 
 
 macellum 468. 
 
 macer 407. 
 
 maceria 767. 
 
 machina XI, 1. b. 
 
 machinator 420. 
 
 mactare, macte, 658. 
 
 macula 600. 
 
 madere, madescere, madefieri, 
 
 XVI, 8. 
 madidus 518. 
 magis 659. 
 magis, magida, 773. 
 magister 125. 367. 714. 1019. 
 magi stratus 535. 820. 
 magni facere, mngnificare, XIX. 
 magniflcentia 660. 
 magnitude) 660. 
 magnopere 28. 
 magnus 660. 
 majestas 660. 
 major, major natu, 660. 
 majores 765. 
 mala 154. 
 male dictum 557 
 
 maleficium 1044. 
 
 malignus, malitiosus, 661. 
 
 malleolus 841. 
 
 malum, malus, 661. 
 
 malum ( Obst) 812. 
 
 manare 455. 
 
 manceps 872. 
 
 mancipare 1009. 
 
 mancipium 637. 924. 
 
 mancus 306. 
 
 mandare 662. 
 
 mandere, manducare, 385. 
 
 mane 287. 
 
 man ere 663. 
 
 Manes 1031. 
 
 manica V, 1. b. 185. 
 
 manifestus 210. 
 
 m ampul us 624. 
 
 maim us 395. 
 
 mansio 372. 
 
 mansuetus 200. 
 
 mantele, mantelium, mar.tile, 
 
 664. 
 mantica 646. 
 manubise 866. 
 
452 
 
 Index. 
 
 manubrium 175. 
 
 manumittere 39 J. 
 
 manus, manus ferrea, 665. 
 
 manus militum 624. 
 
 mapale 179. 
 
 mappa 664. 
 
 marcere 611. 
 
 marcidus 451. 
 
 mare 666. 
 
 margarita 667. 
 
 margo 668. 
 
 marinus, maritimus, XI, 3. 
 
 marita, maritus, 260. 
 
 marra 639. 
 
 marsupium 646. 
 
 mas 260. 
 
 mater 669. 
 
 materfamilias 260. 
 
 materia 638. 
 
 matrimonium 260. in matrimoni- 
 
 um ducere 728. 
 matnmus XI, 3. 
 matrona 260. 
 maturare 195. 
 maturus 670. 
 maxilla 154. 
 maximi sestimare 659. 
 maximus 961. 
 meare 586. 
 meatus 590. 
 medela X, 3. b. 
 mederi 671. 
 
 medicamen, medicamentum, 671. 
 medicare, medicari, medicina, 
 
 671. 
 mediocris 672. 
 meditari 236. 
 medium, medius, 672. 
 medius dies 683. 
 membrana 309. 763. 
 membrum 673. 
 meminisse 674. 
 memor 495. 
 memorare 711. 
 menda, mendum, 675. 
 mendacium, mendacium dicere, 
 
 676. 
 mendicus 777. 
 
 mens 79. 
 
 mensa 677. 
 
 mensarius 100. 
 
 menstrualis, menstruus, XIII, 2. 
 
 mensura 678. 
 
 mente captus 72. 
 
 mentio 234. 
 
 mentiri 676. 
 
 meracus V, 2. 
 
 mecari 392. 
 
 mercator 565. 
 
 mercatura, mercatus, 679. 
 
 mercenarius 111. 
 
 merces 680. 
 
 mercimonium 685. 
 
 merda 220. 
 
 merenda 219. 
 
 merere, mereri, 681. 
 
 mergere 682. 
 
 meridies 683, 
 
 merita 744. 
 
 merum 684. 
 
 merx 685. 
 
 messis 915. 
 
 met, enclit. XXIV, 1. 
 
 meta 450. 
 
 metari 686. 
 
 metere 178. 
 
 metiri 686. 
 
 metuere 687. 
 
 micare 478. 
 
 migrare 688. 
 
 miles XII, I. *] 
 
 mimus 20. 
 
 minime, minimum, XX, 9. 
 
 minister XIII, 2. 924. 
 
 ministerium 706. 
 
 ministrare 689. 
 
 minuere 690. 
 
 minutus 770. 
 
 mirabilis, mirandus, mirus, XIV, 
 
 2. a. 
 mirari 691. 
 
 mirum quantum XX, 9. 
 mirus, mirabilis, mirandus, XIV, 
 
 2. a. 
 miscere 255. 
 miser VIII, 1. 692. 
 
Index. 
 
 453 
 
 miseran, miseren, miserescere, 
 
 692. 
 miseria 661. 
 misericors 215. 
 missiculare XIX, 5. b. 
 missio 693. 
 mitigare 625. 
 mitis 200. 
 mitra 345. 
 mittere 520. 623. 
 mitnlus 217. 
 
 moderari, moderator, 694. 
 modestus 9. 
 mo dice 769. 
 modicus 672. 
 modificari 695. 
 modo 379. 696. 
 modulari 170. 
 modulus 678. 
 modus 450. 678. 867. 
 masnia 767. 
 mceror, moestitia, 369. 
 mola 697. 
 
 molaris, molarius, VIII, 3. 
 moles 51. 
 molestia 602. 
 molestus 538. 
 moliri J 27. 
 mollis 698. 
 
 mollitia, mollities,XII, 1. &. 
 momentum 699. 8 13. 
 monere 514. 
 moneta 732. 
 monile 185. 
 mons 227. 
 
 monstrare XIX, 11.406. 929. 
 monstrum 745. 
 montanus, montosus, montuosus, 
 
 XIV, 4. 
 monumentum 700. 
 morari 300. 341. 
 morbus 40. 
 mordicus XX, 3. 
 morem gerere 735. 
 w>ori 701. 
 
 moriens, monbundus, moriturus, 
 
 XIV, 2. b. 
 morigerari 735. 
 morosus 349. 
 mors, mortalis, 701. 
 mortarium 702. 
 mortiferus 701. 
 mos, mores, 266. 
 motus, motio, II, 3. 
 movere 453. 
 
 mox 522. 
 
 mucro 19. 
 
 mucus 703. 
 
 mule are 181. 
 
 Mulciber IX, 1. a. 
 
 mulctra, mulctrum, mulctrale, X, 
 
 3. a. 
 mulier 260. 
 multa, multare, 181. 
 multi 704. 
 multitudo 704. 995. 
 muuditia, mundities, 297. 
 mundus, Adj. 705. 
 munia 706. 
 municipium 206. 
 munificus 146. 
 mummen, munimentum, munitio, 
 
 XV, 2.112. 
 munire 993. 
 
 munus 373. 512. 706. 944. 
 
 murex 851. 
 
 murmurare 707 
 
 murus 767. 
 
 musculus 217. 1021. 
 
 muss are, mussitare, XIX, 10. cu 
 
 707. 
 mutare 708. 783. 3. 
 mutilare 75. 
 mutilus 306. 
 mutire 707. 
 mutuo 578. 
 mutus 550. 
 mutuum dare 238. 
 mutuus 63. 
 mysterium 709. 
 
454 
 
 Index. 
 
 N. 
 
 Njevus 600. 
 
 nam, namque, 710. enclit, XXIV, 
 
 nancisci 577. 
 
 nardus 1033. 
 
 naris 713. 
 
 narrare 711. 
 
 narratio 421. 
 
 nasci 712. 
 
 nasus 7i3. 
 
 nasutus XII, 2. 
 
 natalis 712. 
 
 nates 87. 
 
 nati 632. 
 
 natio 489. 
 
 nativus 7 1 2. 
 
 natura 547. 
 
 navale 948. 
 
 navarchus 714. 
 
 navare operam 602. 
 
 navicularius 714. 
 
 navigium, navis, 715. 
 
 nausea 902. 
 
 nautse, nautici, 211. 
 
 navus 549. 
 
 ne ? 76. 
 
 ne 398. 540. 716. 725. 
 
 ne non 716. 
 
 nebula 729. 
 
 nebulo 717. 
 
 nee 722. 
 
 necare 573. 
 
 necessarius 48. 66. 
 
 necesse est 314. 
 
 necessitas, necessitudo, 718. 
 
 nee ne ? 76. 
 
 necopinans, necopinatus, 540. 
 
 nectere 637. 
 
 nefarius 536. 
 
 nefandus 540. 
 
 nefas 540. 1044. 
 
 negare 561. 719. 
 
 negligere 338. 
 
 negotiator 565. 
 
 negotium 720. 
 
 nemo 721. 
 
 nempe 1016. 
 
 nemus 931. 
 
 nepos 484. 
 
 nequam 661. 
 
 nequaquam XXIV, 9. 
 
 neque 722. 
 
 nequidquam 475. 
 
 nequire, non quire, 540. 
 
 nere 976. 
 
 nervus 185. 
 
 nescire, non scire, 527. 
 
 nescius 527. 
 
 neve, neu, 138. 
 
 neutiquam XXIV, 9. 
 
 nex 701. 
 
 nexare, nexum, nexus, 637. 
 
 nidor 742. 
 
 niger 119. 
 
 nigrare, nigricare, XIX, 2. 
 
 nigredo II, 4. 
 
 nihil, nihilum, 723. 
 
 nihilominus, nihilo secius, nihi 
 
 segnius, 723. 
 nimbus 729. 808. 
 nimirum 1016. 
 nimis, nimium, XX, 4. 
 nisi 926. 
 nitere 478. 
 niti 127. 
 nitidus 705. 
 nixus, Adject. 477. 
 nobilis 210. 765. 
 nocens 886. 
 nocere 557. 
 
 nocivus, nocuus, noxius, IV, 4. 
 nomen 724. 
 nomine 835. 
 nominare 1035. 
 non 540. 725. 
 non fas, non honestus, non que 
 
 540. 
 nonne ? 76. 
 nonnisi 379. 
 
 non nosse, non scire, 527. 
 nonnulli 60. 
 norma 465. 
 
Index. 
 
 455 
 
 noscere, nosse, 905. 
 
 nota 600. 
 
 notare 928. 
 
 notarius 906. 
 
 notatio, notio, 928. 
 
 notio, notitia, 726. 
 
 novicius, novus, 727 
 
 novus homo 765. 
 
 nox 165. 
 
 noxa, noxia, 289. 557, 
 
 noxius IV, 4. 
 
 nu be re 728, 
 
 nubes 729. 
 
 nudare 730. 
 
 null us 721. 
 
 num? 76, st. nunc XXIV, 10. 
 
 numen 344. 
 numerare 731. 
 numero 835. 
 numerus VIII, 1. c. 
 numisma 732. 
 nummularius 100. 
 nummus 732. 
 numne? 76. 
 nunc, nunc jam, 522. 
 nuncupare 286. 
 nundinal 679. 
 nundinari 392. 
 nuntiare, nuntius, 733. 
 nuper 696. 
 nuptise XII, 1. b, 
 nutrire 56. 
 
 O. 
 
 Ob 85. 734. 
 
 obedire 735. 
 
 obesse 557. 
 
 obesus 800. 
 
 obex 214. 
 
 obire 481. 7C1. 
 
 objurgare 289. 
 
 oblectare 328. 
 
 obligare 736. 
 
 obliquus 986. 
 
 obliterare 330. 
 
 oblitus 1033. 
 
 oblivisci 322. 
 
 obluctari 33, 
 
 obniti 33. 
 
 obnubere 548. 
 
 obscoenitas, obsccenus, 534. 
 
 obscuritas 165. 
 
 obsecrare 748. 
 
 obsecratio 960. 
 
 obsecundare 735. 
 
 obsequi 735 
 
 obsequium 528. 
 
 obserare 212. 
 
 observantia,observatio,XlV 1. a. 
 
 observare 30. 80. 
 
 obses 1002. 
 
 obsessio, obsidio, obsidium, II, 2. 
 
 obsidere 737. 
 
 obsistere 33. 
 
 obsonium 311. 
 
 obstaculum 537. 
 
 obstare 537. 
 
 obstinatio 272. 
 
 obstringere 736. 
 
 obstruere 212. 
 
 obtemperare 735. 
 
 obtestari 748. 
 
 obtinere 115. 
 
 obtingit 13. 
 
 ob tree tare 168. 342. 
 
 obtruncare 573. 
 
 obturare 212. 
 
 obtutus 739. 
 
 obvenit 13. 
 
 occasio 740. 
 
 occidens, occidentalis, ocoiduus, 
 
 IV, 3. 
 occldere 573. 
 occldere 156. 701. 
 occidio 158. 
 occulere, occultare, 2. 
 occumbere 701. 
 occupare 341.737. 
 ocean ns 666. 
 ocius 834. 
 ocrea 163. 
 odiosus 741. 
 
456 
 
 Index. 
 
 odium 741. 
 
 odor, odores, odorari, 742. 
 
 odoratus, 742. 
 
 odoratus, Adject, odoras, XII, 2. 
 
 offendere 577. 743. 
 
 offensa, ofFensio, II, 3. 
 
 offensus 741. 
 
 offerre 406. 
 
 olh'cere 537. 
 
 officia 744. 
 
 officina 420. 
 
 officiosus 304. 
 
 officium 706 744. 
 
 olea, oleum, oliva, IV, 4. b. c. 
 
 olere 742. 
 
 olfacere, olfactus, 742. 
 
 olim 59. 
 
 olitor III, 2, 
 
 oliva, olivum, IV, 4. h. c. 
 
 omen 134. 745. 
 
 omittere 830. 
 
 omnifarium XX, 10. 
 
 omnino 843. 
 
 omnis 746. 
 
 onager 184. 
 
 onerosus 496. 
 
 oneratus, onustus, XIII, 1. 
 
 onus 813. 
 
 opacus 165. 
 
 opera 602. 
 
 opera? 111. 
 
 operam dare, navare, 602. 952. 
 
 operari 422. 
 
 operarius 111. 
 
 operculum, operire, 969. 
 
 operosus 349. 
 
 opes 149. 
 
 opiflx 111. 
 
 opimus 800. 
 
 opinari XIX, 7. 94. 
 
 opinio 747. 
 
 opitulari 139. 
 
 oportere 314. 
 
 opperiri 415. 
 
 oppetere 701. 
 
 oppido 28. 
 
 oppidum 206. 
 
 oppilare 212. 
 
 opplere P05. 
 
 opportunitas 740. 
 
 opportunus 239. 
 
 opprimere 31. 417. 
 
 opprobrare 289. 
 
 opprobrium 526. 
 
 oppugn are 737. 
 
 ops 139. 
 
 optare 301. 
 
 optimates 831 
 
 opulentus 362. 
 
 opus 109. 602. 
 
 opus esse 314. 
 
 ora 644. 668. 
 
 oraculum 823. 
 
 orare 748. 
 
 oratio 246. 748. 
 
 orator 748. 
 
 orbare 749. 
 
 orbis 204. 
 
 orbita XIT, 1. cr. 
 
 orb us 749. 
 
 ore a 368. 
 
 ore us 552. 
 
 ordinare 350, 
 
 ordiri 221. 
 
 ordo 647. 750. 
 
 origo 556. 
 
 oriri 712. 
 
 oriundus, ortus, XIV, 2. «. 
 
 oruare 751. 
 
 ornatus 297. 
 
 ornatus, Adject. 389. 824. 
 
 ortus, Subst. 556. 
 
 ortus, oriundus, XIV, 2. a. 
 
 os, oris, 78. 424. 
 
 oscines 133. 
 
 oscuium 752. 
 
 ostendere, ostentare, 406. 
 
 ostentatio 520. 
 
 ostentum 745. 
 
 ostiarius, ostium, 818. 
 
 ostrum 851. 
 
 otiosus 439. 
 
 otium 336. 
 
 ovatio 989. 
 
 ovile 189. 
 
Index. 
 
 457 
 
 P. 
 
 Pabulari 385. 
 pacare, pacatus, 753. 
 pacificare 753. 
 pacisci 317. 
 pactio, pactum, 754. 
 psedagogus 367. 
 pssdor 2*20. 
 pasnula 981. 
 partus 157. 
 pagus 755. 
 palam XX, 10.756. 
 palari 396. 
 pale a 951. 
 palla 981. 
 pallidus 655. 
 pallium 981. 
 palma XT, 3. *] 665. 
 palmes 760. 
 palpare XXI, 2. 967. 
 palpebra 758. 
 paludamentum 981- 
 palumbes 757. 
 palus, i 759. 
 pal us — udis 606. 
 pampinus 760. 
 pandere 761. 
 pandus 307. 
 pangere 762. 
 panis XI, 2. 738. 
 pannus 196. 
 panthera 766. 
 pantices 1010. 
 pantomimus 20. 
 papyrus 763. 
 par 41 70. 
 parare 764. 
 parasitus 908. 
 pare ere rei 528. 
 parcus 123. 
 pardus 766. 
 parens 765. 
 parentare 630. 
 parere 491. 
 parere 735. 
 paries 767. 
 pariter 298. 
 
 39 
 
 parma 216. 
 
 parricida 785. 
 
 pars 768. 
 
 partes 324. 
 
 particeps 264. 
 
 participare 240. 
 
 partiri 363. 
 
 parturire XVII, 1. 
 
 parum, parumper, 769. 
 
 parvus 770. 
 
 pascere, pasci, 56. 385. 
 
 pascua, paseuum, IV, 3. c. 
 
 passim 771. 
 
 passus 493. 
 
 pastinum 639. 
 
 pastio, pastus, IV, 3. c. 
 
 pastorius, pastoralis, pastoncius, 
 
 V,3. 
 pate fac ere 761. 
 patella 773. 
 patens 772. 
 pater 765. 
 paterfamilias 260. 
 pater patratus 444. 
 patera VIII, 1. c. 285. 
 pate re 772. 
 
 paternus, patrius, XI, 1. 
 pati 441. 
 patibulum 291. 
 patina 773. 
 patrare 6. 
 patres 765. 
 patricius 765. 
 patrimonium 506. 
 patrimus XI, 3. 
 patrissare XIX, 12. 
 patrocinium 774. 
 patronus 774. 
 patruelis, patruus, 775. 
 patulus 772. 
 paucus 776. 
 pavere 687. 
 pavira 523. 
 paulatim 493. 
 
 paulisper, paulurn, paululum, 769. 
 pauper 777. 
 
458 
 
 Index. 
 
 pax 754. 
 
 pe, enclit. XXIV, 7. 
 
 peccatum 289. 
 
 peculator, peculates, 778. 
 
 peculiaris 833. 
 
 peculium 506. 
 
 pecunia 943. 
 
 pecus 105. 
 
 pedester XIII, 2. 
 
 pedetentim 493. 
 
 pedica 185. 
 
 pejerare 779. 
 
 pejor 340. 
 
 pelagus 666. 
 
 pellax 427. 
 
 pellere 780. 990. 
 
 pellis 309. 
 
 pelta 216. 
 
 penas, penates, XII, 2. 488. 
 
 pendere 504. 
 
 pendere 706. 781. 
 
 pene s. psene 842. 
 
 penes 22. 
 
 penetrare 782. 
 
 penitus 843. 
 
 penna 807. 
 
 pensare, pensitare, 781. 
 
 pensio 680. 
 
 pensum 706. 
 
 penula 981. 
 
 penuria 177. 
 
 penus 82. 
 
 per 570.734. 783.enclit.XXIV,12. 
 
 per manus 570. 
 
 pera 646. 
 
 peragere 6. 
 
 percellere 784. 
 
 perceptio 726. 
 
 percipere 569. 
 
 percontari, percunctari, 576. 
 
 perculsus, percussus, 784. 
 
 percussor 785. 
 
 percutere 523. 784. 
 
 perdere 73. 786. 
 
 perditus 786. 
 
 perduellis 35. 
 
 peregrinari 688. 
 
 peregrinus 32. 
 
 perennis 47. 
 
 perferre 441. 
 perficere 6. 
 perfidus 783. 2. 
 perforare 460. 
 perfuga 783. 1. 
 perfugere 254. 
 perfugium 113. 
 perfungi 481. 
 pergere 586. 
 perhibere 376. 429. 
 periclitari 410. 
 periculum 218. 355. 
 perimere 573. 
 peripetasma 787. 
 perire 701.786. 
 peristroma 787. 
 peritus 367. 
 perjurare 779. 
 perlitare 630. 
 permanare 782. 
 permanere 663. 
 permittere 235. 441. 
 permutare 783. 3. 
 perna 788. 
 pernicies 789. 
 pernix 195. 
 pernox 792. 
 pero 163. 
 peroratio 790. 
 perpendere 223. 
 perperam 427. 
 perpetrare 6. 
 perpeti 441. 
 perpetuus 47. 116. 
 perquam 28. 
 persalutare 898. 
 perscribere 906. 
 perseverare, persistere , 663. 
 persona 615. 
 perspicax 21. 
 perspicere 783. 4. 
 perspicuus 210. 
 perstare 663. 
 persuadere 274. 
 pertica 1005. 
 pertinacia 272. 
 pertinet 967. 
 perturbare 255. 
 pervadere 782. 
 
Index. 
 
 459 
 
 perversus 791. 
 
 pervertere 783.5. 
 
 pervicacia 272. 
 
 pervigil 792. 
 
 pessulus 214. 
 
 pessum dare, pessum ire, 786. 
 
 pestilentia, pestis, 793, 
 
 petaso 788. 
 
 petasus 798. 
 
 petere 794. 
 
 petessere, petissere, XVI, 7. 
 
 petitor 16. 
 
 petorritum 1006. 
 
 petra 892. 
 
 petulans 616. 
 
 petulcus V, 1. 
 
 phalanx 624. 
 
 philosophus 847. 
 
 piaculum, piare, 795. 
 
 pictura 965. 
 
 pietas 66. 
 
 pi get 796. 
 
 pigmentum 228. 
 
 pignerare, pignerari, XIX, 3. 
 
 pignus 107. 
 
 pigritia 336. 
 
 plla (Ball) 797. 
 
 plla229.702. 
 
 pilentum 1006. 
 
 pileus 798. 
 
 pilosus 510. 
 
 pilum 970. 
 
 pilus 173. 
 
 pingere 799, 
 
 pingue 24. 
 
 pinguis 800. 
 
 pinna 807. 
 
 pirata 482. 
 
 piscosus, pisculentus, XIV, 4. 
 
 pistrina, pistrinum, XI, 2. c. 697. 
 
 pituita XII,.3. 703. 
 
 placare 625. 
 
 placatus 753. 
 
 placenta 635. 
 
 placet 801. 
 
 placidus 215. 
 
 plaga 874. 
 
 plagge 802. 
 
 plaga, plagse, 803. 
 
 planctus, plangor, 855. 
 
 plangere 804. 
 
 planities 98. 
 
 plantare 922. 
 
 planus 41. 
 
 plastes 449. 
 
 plate a 755. 
 
 plaudere 804. 
 
 plaustrum 1006. 
 
 plebiscitum 321. 629. 
 
 plebs 817. 
 
 plectere 181. 453. 
 
 plenus 805. 
 
 plerique, plerumque, 806. 
 
 plicare 453. 
 
 plorare 605, 
 
 pluma 807. 
 
 plurimi, plurimum, 806. 
 
 plurimi sestimare, facere, 659. 
 
 plus 659. 
 
 pluteus 1021. 
 
 pluvia 808. 
 
 poculum 285. 
 
 podex 87. 
 
 poema 170. 
 
 poena 181. 
 
 pcenas dare 653. 
 
 poenas petere, repetere, sumere, 
 
 181. 
 poemtet 796. 
 poeta 809. 
 polenta 850. 
 polire 810. 
 pollere 819. 
 polliceri 81 1. 
 pollubrum IX, 1. c. 
 polluere 267. 
 pomarium 515. 
 pompa 480. 
 pomum 812. 
 ponderare 400. 
 pondus, pondo, 813. 
 pone 814. 
 ponere 815. 
 pontifex 895. 
 pontus 666» 
 popina 816. 
 poples 957. 
 populari 817. 
 
460 
 
 Index. 
 
 XX, 9. 
 
 popularis 206. 264. 
 
 populiscitum 321. 629. 
 
 populus 489. 817. 
 
 por 85. 
 
 porca 958. 
 
 porca, porcus, 963. 
 
 porrigere 406. 
 
 porrigi 772. 
 
 porta 818. 
 
 porta re 440. 
 
 portendere 406. 
 
 portentum 745. 
 
 portio 768. 
 
 por tori urn 907. 
 
 portus 948 
 
 poscere 794. 
 
 posse 819. 
 
 possessio 1 040. 
 
 possidere 502. 
 
 post, postea, 327. 814. 
 
 posticus V, 2. 
 
 postremum, ultimum 
 
 postremo 332. 
 
 postremus 419. 
 
 postridie XX, 5. 
 
 postulare 794. 
 
 postumus 419. 
 
 potare, potato r, 148. 
 
 potens 243. 
 
 potentia, potestas, 820 
 
 potiri 1040. 
 
 potius 819. 834. 
 
 potor 148. 
 
 potulentus XIV, 3. 
 
 potus, Adj. 1022. 
 
 prae 85. 
 
 praebere 312. 689. 
 
 praeceps 821. 
 
 praeceptor 367. 
 
 praeceptum 262. 354. 
 
 praecidere 75. 
 
 praecipere 553. 662. 
 
 praecipitare 326. 
 
 praeeipue, praecipuus 
 
 praeconium 620. 
 
 praecordia 1027. 
 
 praecox, praecoquis, preecoquus, 
 
 670. 
 praeda 866. 
 
 1026. 
 
 822. 
 
 praedari 334. 
 
 prsgdicare 620. 
 
 praedictio 823. 
 
 praeditus 824. 
 
 praedium 479. 
 
 prae do 482. 
 
 praeesse 825. 
 
 praefectura 206. 
 
 praefectus 825. 
 
 praeferre 826. 
 
 prseficere 825. 
 
 p'raegnans 496. 
 
 praajudicata opinio, praejudicium, 
 
 827. 
 praematurus 670. 
 praemium 373. 
 praenomen 724. 
 prae pe dire 537. 
 prae pes IV, 1. 
 praepetes 133. 
 praeponere 825. 826. 
 praeposterus 791. 
 praeruptus 821. 
 praes 1002. 
 praesagium 132. 
 praesentem esse 25. 
 pi'cesepe 828. 
 praesertim 822. 
 praesidere 825. 
 prassidium 139. 948. 
 praestare 903. 
 praesto esse 25. 
 praestolari 415. 
 praesul IV, 1. 
 praetendere 190. 
 praeter 418. 829 
 pragterire 829. 
 praeterit 618, 
 praetermittere 830. 
 prseterquam 418. 
 praetexere 190. 
 praetor 825. 
 prandium 219. 
 pratensis XIV, 4. 
 pravus 661. 
 praecari 748. 
 prehendere, prendere, prensare, 
 
 prehensare, XIX, 10. 6. 
 premere 563. 
 
Index, 
 
 461 
 
 pretium 680. 
 
 pride m 360. 
 
 primarius 822. 
 
 primo, primum, XX, 13. 9. 
 
 primordium 556. 
 
 prim ores 831. 
 
 primus, prior, XI, 3. 
 
 prince ps 125. 822. 
 
 principatus 535. 
 
 principium, principia, 556. 
 
 priscus, pristinus, 832, 
 
 privare 749. 
 
 privatus 833. 
 
 prius 834. 
 
 priu squum 86. 
 
 pro 85. 435. 
 
 pro concione, pro rostris, 85. 
 
 pro magistro, pro consule, 835. 
 
 proavus 835. 
 
 probare, probatus, 836. 
 
 proboscis 889. 
 
 probrum 526. 
 
 probus 149. 
 
 procax 616. 
 
 procella 972. 
 
 proceres 831. 
 
 procerus 64. 660. 
 
 proclivis 837. 
 
 proconsul 835. 
 
 procrastinare 348. 
 
 procreare 491. 
 
 procul 648. 
 
 procumbere 156. 
 
 procurare 795. 
 
 procurator 303. 774. 1019. 
 
 prodere 286. 641. 
 
 prodigialis, prodigiosus, XIV, 4. 
 
 prodigium 745. 
 
 prodigus 146. 
 
 producere 74. 
 
 prcelium 838. 
 
 profecrto 197. 
 
 proferre 348. 
 
 professor 367. 
 
 proficisci 688. 
 
 profiteri 432. 
 
 profligare 479. 
 
 profligatus 786. 
 
 profugus 476. 
 
 39* 
 
 profundus 64. 
 profusus 146. 
 progenies 839. 
 prohibere 96. 
 proinde 588. 
 prolatare 348. 
 prolectare 580. 
 proles 839. 
 prole tarii 174. 
 prolixus 621. 
 promereri 681. 
 prominere 414. 
 promittere 811. 
 promontorium VIII, 3. 6. 
 promtus 195. 
 promulgare 733. 
 pronuntiare 319. 
 pronus 837. 840. 
 procemium 556. 
 propagare 74. 
 propago 841. 
 propatulus 772. 
 prope 230. 842. 
 propediem 152. 
 propellere 844. 
 propemodum 842. 
 propensus 837. 
 properare, properus, 195. 
 propinquus 48. 
 propitius 433. 
 proprius 833. 
 propter 598. 734. 
 propterea 588. 
 propugnare 993. 
 propulsare 96. 
 prorogare 74. 
 prorsus 843. 
 prosapia 489. 
 proscribere 848. 
 prosequi 232. 
 prosper 433. 
 prospicere 783. 4. 
 prosternere 479. 
 protegere 993. 
 protervus 616. 
 protinus 271. 
 
 protrudere, proturbare, 844. 
 proventus 873. 
 proverbium 845. 
 
462 
 
 Index. 
 
 providus 191. 
 
 provincia 874. 
 
 provocare 604. 846. 
 
 proximus 911. 
 
 prudens 847. 
 
 pruna 176. 
 
 pse, pte, enclit. XXIV, 2. 
 
 pubes 29. 
 
 publicanus 872. 
 
 public are 848. 
 
 publice 756. 
 
 publicus 240. 
 
 pudens, pudibundus, XIV, 2. b. 
 
 pudet 796. 
 
 pudicus 182. 
 
 pudor, pudicitia, XII, 1. b. 
 
 puella 1024. 
 
 puer 29. 924. 
 
 puerulus, puellus, X, 1. A. a. 
 
 pugil X, 1. 120. 
 
 pugio 492. 
 
 pugna 838. 
 
 pugnus 665. 
 
 pulcher, pulchritudo, 849. 
 
 pullulare XIX, 5. a. 
 
 pull us 445. 
 
 pullus, Adj. 119. 
 
 pulmentarium, pulmentum, XV, 
 
 2. 738. 
 puis 850, 
 
 pulsare, pultare, 523. 
 pulvereus, pulverulentus, XIV, 
 
 3. 
 pulvinar, pulvinus, 294. 
 punctum 699. 
 pungere 162. 
 punire 181. 
 
 pupilla, pupula, X, 1. A. b 
 pupillus 749. 
 puppis 715. 
 pupus XXI, 1. 
 purgare 404. 
 purpura 851. 
 purpureus 891. 
 pur us 642. 
 pus 900. 
 pusillus 770. 
 putare 94. 
 puteus 459. 
 putidus 457. 
 putridus, putris, VII. 
 pyra 852. 
 
 a 
 
 Quadrare 249. 
 
 quadrupes, quadrupedans, XIV, 
 
 1. 
 quae r ere 546. 576. 
 qusesitor 93. 
 queeso 748. 
 qusestus 650. 
 qualis X, 3. 
 qualus 278. 
 quam 28. 
 quam ob rem 588. 
 quamvis, quamquam, 398. 
 quando, quandoque, quandocun- 
 
 que,XXIV, 11. 853. 
 quantillus X, 1. 
 quapropter 588. 
 quare 588. 
 quare? 302. 
 quasi 857. 
 
 quasillus 278. 
 
 quassare 599. 
 
 quatere 599. 
 
 que, enclit. XXIV, 5. 
 
 que, Conjunct. 397. 
 
 quemadmodum 857. 
 
 que reus 854. 
 
 querela, querimonia, 855. 
 
 questus 855. 
 
 qui 856. 
 
 qui 857. 
 
 quia 861. 
 
 quicunque, quidam, 856. 
 
 quidam, Plur. 60. 
 
 quiddam, quoddam, XXIV, 9. 
 
 quidem XXIV, 8. 
 
 quidni? 302. 
 
 quies, quietus, 858. 
 
 quilibet 856. 
 
Index. 
 
 463 
 
 quin 716. 
 
 quin, qui non, 859. 
 
 quinquennalis, quinquennis, X, 3. 
 
 quippe 860. 
 
 quire 819. 
 
 quiritare 388. 
 
 quis, quispiam, quisquam, XXIV, 
 
 9. 856. 
 quisque, quisquis, quivis, 856. 
 quisquilise 220. 
 quoad 378. 
 quocirca 588. 
 
 quod 861. 
 
 quominus 716. 
 
 quomodo 857. 
 
 quondam 59. 
 
 quoniam 861. 
 
 quoque 397. 
 
 quotcunque, quotquot, XXIV, 6. 
 
 quotidianus 365. 
 
 quotidie 862. 
 
 quotus, quotusquisque, 863. 
 
 quum XXIV, 10. 853. 926. 
 
 R. 
 
 Rabies 331. 
 
 rabula208. 
 
 racemus 1042. 
 
 radere 864. 
 
 radiare 478. 
 
 radicitus XX, 3. 
 
 radix V, 2. 
 
 ramus 865. 
 
 rap ax V, 2. 
 
 rapere 172. 482, 
 
 rapina 866 
 
 rare fa cere 690. 
 
 rarus 776. 
 
 rastrum 639. 
 
 ratio 190. 867. 
 
 ratiocinari XIX, 8. 
 
 ratiocinatio 101. 
 
 rationem habere, respicere 867. 
 
 ratis 715. 
 
 ratus 197. 
 
 re in Compos. 868. 
 
 rebellare 324. 
 
 recens 727. 
 
 recensere 731. 
 
 recessus 910. 
 
 reeidere 158. 
 
 recidivus 869. 
 
 recipere 811. 
 
 reciprocus 63. 
 
 recitare 319. 
 
 redudere 761. 
 
 recordari 674. 
 
 recreare 878. 
 
 recte 870. 
 
 rector, rectus, 694. 
 
 recuperare 878. 
 
 recuperator 93. 
 
 recurvus 307. 
 
 recusare 719. 
 
 redargue re 256. 
 
 reddere 422. 871. 1012. 
 
 reddere gratiam 495. 
 
 redemtor 872. 
 
 rediens 873. 
 
 redimiculum, redimire, 202. 
 
 redintegrare 564. 
 
 redire, reditus, 873. • 
 
 redivivus 869. 
 
 re dune us 307. 
 
 redundare 10. 
 
 redux 873. 
 
 refellere 256. 
 
 referre 884. 
 
 referre rem, ad aliquem, de re 
 
 440. 
 referre gratiam 495. 
 refert 572. 
 refertus 805. 
 reficere 878. 
 refragari 33. 
 refugium 118. 
 refutare 256. 
 regalis, regius, X, 3. 
 regere 694. 
 regimen XV, 1. 
 regio 874. 
 
4CA 
 
 Index. 
 
 regius, regalis, X, 3. 
 regnum 535. 
 regula 465. 
 rejieere 881. 
 relaxatio 875. 
 relegare 65. 
 relegatus 416 
 religio 876. 
 religiosus 894. 
 relinquere 641. 830. 
 reliqui 61. 
 
 reliquise, reliqua, IV, 3. &. 
 , reliquus 883. 
 reluctari 33. 
 remanere 663. 
 remedium 671. 
 
 remigatio, remigium, IV, 3. c. 
 remiges 211. 
 reminisci 674. 
 remissio 875, 
 remulcus V, 1. a. 877. 
 remus 877. 
 renidere 887. 
 rerriti 33. 
 renovare 564, 
 renuere 719. 
 repagulum 214. 
 repandus 307. 
 reparare 878. 
 rependere 8?9. 
 repente 271. 
 repere 880. 
 reperire 577. 
 repetundes 778. 
 reponere 815. 
 reprehendere 289. 
 reprobare 881. 
 repudiare 881. 
 repudium 364. 
 repugnare 33. 
 repulsa, repulsus, XII, 1. d, 
 reputare 223. 
 Fequies 858. 
 icquirere 412. 
 reri 94. 
 res 190. 720 
 *es, res familiaris, 149. 
 rescindere 158. 
 reeciscere 882. 
 
 resecare 75. 
 
 reserare 761. 
 
 reses 336. 
 
 resex V, 1. 
 
 residere, residere, 883. 
 
 residuus 883. 
 
 resistere 33. 
 
 respicere 867. 
 
 respondere, responsare, 884. 
 
 responsum 823. 
 
 respuere 881. 
 
 restare 883, 
 
 restaurare 564. 
 
 restis 885. 
 
 restituere 871. 
 
 restrictus 123. 
 
 rete 802. 
 
 retegere 730. 
 
 retia 802. 
 
 retinaculum 885. 
 
 retro 868. 
 
 retrudere 2. 
 
 revelare 730. 
 
 revereri 30. 
 
 reverti 873. 
 
 revincere 274. 
 
 reum agere, facere, Id 
 
 reus 886. 
 
 reus voti 1038. 
 
 rheda 1006. 
 
 rhetor 748. 
 
 rictus 888. 
 
 ridere 887. 
 
 ridica 759. 
 
 ridiculus 584. 
 
 rigare 518. 
 
 rigidus 137. 
 
 rigor 382. 473. 
 
 rima 888. 
 
 rimari 546. 
 
 ripa 644. 
 
 rite 870. 
 
 ritus 160. 
 
 rivalitas 532 
 
 rivus 456. 
 
 rixa 62. 
 
 robigo 44. 
 
 robur 854. 1026. 
 
 rodere 864. 
 
Index. 
 
 465 
 
 rogare 576. 748. 
 
 rogatio 629. 
 
 rogus 852. 
 
 Romano more loqui 619. 
 
 roseus, rosaceus, V, 3. 
 
 rostrum 889. 
 
 rotare, rotundare, 890. 
 
 rotundus 890. 
 
 ruber 891. 
 
 rubeta, rubetum, XII, 2. a. b. 
 
 rubicundus, rubidus, XIV, 2. c, 
 
 rubigo 44. 
 
 rubus 380. 
 
 ructare XIX, 10. a. 
 
 rudens 885. 
 rudimentum 979. 
 rudis 524. 
 ruere 156. 305. 
 rufus 891. 
 ruina 789. 
 rumor 428. 
 rumpere 471. 
 rupes 892. 
 rursum, rursus, 333. 
 rus 50. 479. 
 russus 891. 
 rusticus 893. 
 
 S. 
 
 Sabulum, saburra, 99. 
 
 saccus 295. 
 
 sacer 894. 
 
 sacerdos 895. 
 
 sacramentum 597 
 
 sacrificare 630. 
 
 sacrirlcium 894. 
 
 sacrilegus 536. 
 
 sacrosanctus 894. 
 
 sacrum 894. 
 
 saepe 194. 
 
 ssevus 122. 
 
 sagax 21. 
 
 sagitta 970. 
 
 sagum 981. 
 
 sal 627. 
 
 salarium 680. 
 
 salebrosus 113. 
 
 salina, salinum, XI, 2. c. 
 
 salire, saltare, 896. 
 
 salsamentum XV, 2. 
 
 salsilago, salsugo, salsedo, salsi- 
 
 tudo, II, 6. 
 saltus 931. 
 
 saluber, salutaris, IX, 1. 
 salve 129. 
 salvere 898. 
 salum 666. 
 sal us 897. 
 salutare 898, 
 ealvus 568. 
 
 sanare 671. 
 
 sancire 899. 
 
 sanctimonia, sanctitas, XV, 3. 
 
 sanctus 894. 
 
 sandalium 163. 
 
 sane 197. 
 
 sanguis 900. 
 
 sanies 900. 
 
 sanitas 897. 
 
 sannio 908. 
 
 sanus 568. 
 
 sapiens 847. 
 
 sapor 499. 
 
 sarcina537. , 
 
 sarcire 564. 
 
 sarculum 639. 
 
 sarissa 970. 
 
 sarmentum 760. 
 
 sat, satis XX, 4. 
 
 satelles 901. 
 
 satiare, satias, satietas, 902. 
 
 satis accipere, dare, facere, 903. 
 
 satisdatio 187. 
 
 satius 819. 
 
 sativus IV, 4. 
 
 saturare 902, 
 
 sauciare, saucius, 607. 
 
 saxum 6 J 3. 
 
 scabellum 904. 
 
 scabere 864. 
 
 scaevus 608. 
 
466 
 
 Index. 
 
 scalpere, scalprum, 159. 
 
 scamnum 904. 
 
 scandere 586. 
 
 scapha 715. 
 
 scatebra 459. 
 
 scatere, scaturiaa, XVII, 2. 
 
 scaturigo 459. 
 
 scaurus 998. 
 
 sceleratus, scelerosus, scelestus. 
 
 XIII, 1. 
 scelus 1044. 
 sceptrum 140. 
 sciens 905. 
 scientia 109. 
 scilicet 1016. 
 scindere 158. 
 scintilla 203. 
 scipio 140. 
 scire 905. 
 sciscere 899. 
 sciscitare, scitari, 576. 
 scitum 321. 
 scorpio 184. 
 scitus 905. 
 scopulus 892. 
 scriba, scribere, 906. 
 scrinium 95. 
 scriptor 125. 
 scriptura 907. 
 scrops 469. 
 scruta 685. 
 scrutari 546. 
 sculpere 159. 
 scurra 908. 
 scutica 909. 
 scutula 773. 
 scutum 216. 
 scyphus 285 
 se, in Compos. 313. 
 sebum 24. 
 secare 158. 
 secernere 353. 
 secessio 324. 
 secessus 910. 
 seclusus 910. 
 secreto 207. 
 secretum, secretus, 910. 
 sectari XIX, 10. a. 
 sectilis, sectivus, X, 1. 
 
 sectio, sector, 124. 
 secundare 433. 
 secundum 598. 
 secundus 61. 433. 911. 
 secundus, sequens, sequendus, 
 
 XIV, 2. 10. 
 securis 912. 
 securus 993. 
 sec us 57. 
 sed 913. 
 sedare 625. 
 sedes 372. 
 sedile 904. 
 seditio 324. 
 seditiosus 914. 
 seducere 313. 
 sedulitas, sedulo, 549. 
 sedulus 304. 
 seges 915. 
 segmentum 471. 
 segnitia, segnities, 336. 
 sejunctus 910. 
 sella 904. 1006. 
 semen, sementis, 916. 
 semianimus — is 917. 
 seminare 922. 
 seminex, semivivus, 917. 
 semita 590. 
 semper 1039. 
 sempiternus 47. 
 senaculum X, 1- B. c. 
 senatores 765. 
 senatus auctoritas, senatus con- 
 
 sultum, senatus decretum, 126. 
 
 321. 
 senecta, senectus, 1. 2. 
 senectus, Adject. XII, 1. 
 senescere, senex, senior, 918. 
 senium 1. 2. 
 sensim 493. 
 
 sensum, sensus, XII, 1. d. 
 sententia 747. 
 sententiam dicere, ferre, pronun- 
 
 tiare, 919. 
 sentes 380. 
 sentina 426. 
 sentire 94. 223. 
 seorsum 920. 
 separare 363. 
 
Index. 
 
 467 
 
 separatirn 920. 
 
 sepelire 519. 
 
 sepire 999. 
 
 sepulcrum 700. 
 
 sepultura 480. 
 
 sequens, sequendus, secundus, 
 
 XIV, 2. b 
 sequester XIII, 2. 574. 
 sequi 921. 
 6era 214. 
 serenus XI, 2. 
 serere 922. 
 seria 368. 
 series 750. 
 serius 137. 
 sermo 428. 748 
 sermocinari XIX, 8. 
 sero 626. 
 serotinus XI, 1. 
 serpens 77. 
 serpere 880. 
 sertum 279. 
 serva 924. 
 
 servare, servator, 923. 
 servire 689. 
 
 servitium,servitus, servitudo, 11,5. 
 serus 626. 
 servus, servus a manu, ad manum, 
 
 924. 
 sestertius, sestertia, sestertium, 
 
 925. 
 seta 173. 
 setosus 510. 
 seu 138. 
 se Veritas 382. 
 severus 137. 
 si, si non, si minus, 926. 
 sibilare 927 
 
 sibilus, sibilum, IV, 2. c. 
 sic 587. 
 sica 492. 
 sicarius 785. 
 siccus 102. 
 
 Siciliensis, Siculus, XIV, 4. 
 sicut, sicuti, 857. 
 sidere, sedere, XVII. 
 sidus 117. 
 sigillum 530. 
 signare 928. 
 
 significare 929. 
 
 significatio, significatus, 1026. 
 
 signum 530. 930. 
 
 silentium XIV, 1. b. 
 
 silere 193. 
 
 silex 613. 
 
 silva93L 
 
 similis 41. 
 
 simplicitas 932. 
 
 simul 298. 
 
 simulacra 1031. 
 
 simulacrum 530. 
 
 simulare 932. 
 
 simulatus 449. 
 
 simultas 741. 
 
 simus 307. 
 
 sin 926. 
 
 sinceritas 932. 
 
 sincerus VIII, 2. 545. 
 
 sine 8. 
 
 sinere 441. 
 
 singulatim 920. 
 
 singuli 934. 
 
 singulis diebus 862. 
 
 sinister 608. 
 
 sinuatus 307. 
 
 sinus 935. 
 
 siparium 787. 
 
 sipho 992. 
 
 sitire aliquid 936. 
 
 situla, sitella, 937. 
 
 situm esse 292. 
 
 situs, squalor, 220. 
 
 sive, seu, 138. 
 
 soboles 839. 
 
 sobrinus 263. 
 
 sobrius 102. 
 
 soccus 163. 
 
 sociare 593. 
 
 societas.114. 
 
 socii navales 211. 
 
 socius 114. 264. 
 
 socordia 336. 
 
 sodalis 114. 
 
 sodalitium 114. 
 
 solatium, solamen, XV, 1« 
 
 sole a 163. 
 
 sol ere 938. 
 
 solidus 265. 
 
468 
 
 Index. 
 
 solidus dies 568. 
 
 solitudo 910. 
 
 solitus 1043. 
 
 solium 939. 
 
 sol le ranis 83. 
 
 sellers 21. 
 
 sollicitare 247. 
 
 sollicitudo 303. 
 
 sollicitus 560. 
 
 sol oecis mus 142. 
 
 solstitium 153. 
 
 solvere 621. 
 
 solum 519. 
 
 solum, solummodo, 379. 
 
 solum vertere 476. 
 
 solus, 940. 
 
 somniculosus, somnolentus, XVI, 
 
 3. 
 somnium, somnus, 941. 
 sonitus, sonor, 942. 
 sonorus VIII, 2. 
 sons 886. 
 sonus 942. 
 sopire 374. 
 sopor 941. 
 sorbere 505. 
 sordes 220. 
 
 sordidatus, sordidus, XII, 2. 
 sordidus 123, 
 
 soror patruelis, germana, 775. 
 sors 183. 943. 
 sospes 568. 
 spargere 922. 
 sparus 970. 
 spatiari 71. 
 spatium 46. 359. 
 species 424. 448. 
 specimen XV, 1. 930. 
 speciosus 849. 
 spectaculum 944. 
 spectare 944. 
 spectat *967. 
 spectatus 836. 
 spectrum 1031. 
 specula X, 1. B 6. 
 speculari 944. 
 speculator 412. 
 
 speculum, specillum, X, 1. B. c. 
 specus, spelunca, 188. 
 
 sperre 945. 
 
 spernere 338. 
 
 spes 945. 
 
 sphaera 797. 
 
 spica 103. 
 
 spiculum 97C 
 
 spina, spinus, 946, 
 
 spirare 452. 
 
 spiritus 79. 136. 
 
 spissus 284. 
 
 splendere 478. 
 
 splendidus 705. 
 
 spolium 866. 
 
 spoliare 334. 
 
 sponda 622. 
 
 spondere 811. 
 
 sponsio 754. 
 
 sponsor 125. 1002. 
 
 sponte 1030. 
 
 sporta 278. 
 
 spurcare 267. 
 
 spurcus 534* 
 
 squalor 220. 
 
 stabilis 265. 
 
 stabulum 828. 
 
 stadium 305. 
 
 stagnum 606. 
 
 stamen 947. 
 
 stare in fide 923. 
 
 stat 642. 
 
 statarius, stativus, IV, 4. 
 
 statera 634. 
 
 statim 271. 
 
 statio 948. 
 
 stator 901. 
 
 statu a 530. 
 
 statuere 317. 815. 
 
 statura, status, VIII, 2.*] 
 
 status 252. 
 
 Stella 117. 
 
 stercus 220. 
 
 sterilis 949. 
 
 sternere 479. 
 
 stertere 374. 
 
 stilla 500. 
 
 stilus 346. 
 
 stimulare, stimulus, 162. 
 
 stipare 232. 
 
 stipator 901. 
 
Index. 
 
 469 
 
 stipendiarius 988. 
 stipeudium 680. 
 stipes 759. 
 stipula 296. 
 
 stipulari, stipulatio, 811. 
 stiria 500. 
 stirps 489. 
 stola 981. 
 stolidus 143. 
 stolo 841. 
 stomachari 950. 
 stomachosus 585. 
 stomachus 1010. 
 strabo 157. 
 strages 158. 
 stragulum 787. 
 stramentum 951. 
 strangulare 390. 
 stratum 622. 
 strena 373. 
 strenuus 81. 
 strepitus 209, 
 stribligo 142. 
 strictim 152. 
 stridere 927. 
 stridor 209. 
 struere 39. 
 studere 433. 952. 
 studiosus 304. 
 studium 744. 952. 
 stultus 143. 
 stupere 691. 
 stupiditas, stupor, III, 1. 
 stupidus 143. 
 suadere 514. 
 suasor 125. 
 suavis 377. 
 su avium 752. 
 sub 953. 
 sub d ere 955. 
 subdolus 166* 
 subigere 370. 
 subjicere 955. 
 subinde 954. 
 subitaneus XI, 2. 
 subito 271. 
 sublevare 139. 628. 
 sublica 759. 
 sublimis 64. 
 
 40 
 
 suboles 839. 
 
 subripere 131, 
 
 subrogare 955. 
 
 subsellium 904. 
 
 subsidium 1-39. 
 
 substituere 955. 
 
 subtemen 947. 
 
 subter 953. 
 
 subterfugere 476. 
 
 subtilis 21. 245. 
 
 subtus XX, 3. 
 
 subucula X, 1. B. 6. 548. 
 
 subvenire 139. 
 
 subvertere 783. 5. 
 
 subulcus V, 1. a. 
 
 subvolare 1036. 
 
 succendere, succensere, XVIII, 
 
 950. 
 succurrere 139. 
 succus 642. 
 sudes 759. 
 sudor 518. 
 
 suescere, suevisse, 938. 
 suffarcinare XIX, 7. 
 sufficere 286. 955. 956. 
 suffimentum 742. 
 suffocare 390. 
 
 suffragia, sufrragium ferre, 919. 
 suffrago 957. 
 suggerere 689. 
 sulcus 958. 
 sumere 172. 
 
 sumere supplicium, poenas, 181. 
 summatim, summum, XX, 7. 
 summissus 519. 
 summus, supremus, 961. 
 sumtuarius, sumtuosus, XIV, 4. 
 sumtus, sumtum facere, txer- 
 
 cere, 959. 
 supellex 566. 
 super 953. 
 super ccenam 570. 
 superare 413. 
 superbus, superbia, 108. 
 supercilium 758. 
 superesse 883. 
 supernus, superus, XI, 1. 
 superstes 883. 
 superstitio 876. 
 
470 
 
 Index. 
 
 supervacaneus, supervacuus, XI, 
 
 2. 
 supinus 840. 
 supparum 1007. 
 suppeditare 689. 956. 
 suppetere 956. 
 suppetiae 139. 
 supplex 519. 
 supplicare 748. 
 supplicatio 960. 
 supplicium 290. 
 supplicium sumere, 181. 
 eupplodere 804. 
 supponere 955. 
 supra 953. 
 supremus 961. 
 surculus 865. 
 
 surdus, surdaster, XIII, 2. 
 
 surgere 962. 
 
 sursum 953. 
 
 sus, suis, 963. 
 
 sus in Compos. 953. 
 
 suscitare 409. 
 
 suspectus, suspicax, suspiciosus, 
 
 XIX, 4. 
 suspicari 945. 
 suspicere 691. 
 suspicio 964. 
 
 sustentare, sustinere, 477. 
 sustinere 441. 
 susum 953. 
 susurrare 707. 
 suus 83a 
 
 Tabellarius 933. 
 
 taberna420. 816. 
 
 tabernaculum 973. 
 
 tabes, tabum, 900. 
 
 tabescere 451. 
 
 tabula, tabulatio, tabulatum, X, 
 
 1. B. b. 965. 
 tabulae 34. 
 tacere 193. 
 
 taciturn us, tacitus, 193. 
 tactus XII, 1. d. 
 taeda 435. 
 tsedet 796. 
 taenia 430. 
 
 talaris, talarius, VIII, 3. b. 
 talea 841. 
 talis X, 3. 
 talus 966. 
 tarn XXIV, 9. 2a 
 tamdiu 968. 
 tametsi 398. 
 
 tamquam, tanquam, 857. 
 tandem 332. 
 tangere, tangit, 967. 
 tantillus, tantulus, X, 1. 
 tantisper 968. 
 tantum, tantummodo, 379. 
 tantum non 842. 
 
 tantundem XXIV, 8. 
 
 tapes, tapetum, 787. 
 
 tardare 341. 
 
 tarde, tardus, 626. 
 
 taurus 150. 
 
 te enclit. XXIV, 3. 
 
 tectorium 969. 
 
 tectum 372. 
 
 tegere, tegumentum, 969. 
 
 tegula 617. 
 
 tegimen,tegumen, tegmen, teges^ 
 
 tegulum, XV, 1. 
 tela 947. 
 tellus 519. 
 telum, tela, 104. 970. 
 temerarius 127. 
 temeritas 971. 
 temetum 684. 
 temnere 338. 
 temperans 9. 
 temperamentum, temperatura, 
 
 XV, 2. 
 temperare 695. 
 temperatio, temperies, II, 3. 
 tempestas 972. 
 tempestivus 670. 
 templum 38. 
 tempori, temperi, XX, 5. 
 
Index. 
 
 471 
 
 tempus, in tempore, 46. 
 
 temulentia 383. 
 
 temulentus 1022. 
 
 tenax 123. 
 
 tendere XVI, 1. 
 
 tendicula 614. 
 
 tenebrae 165. 
 
 tenebrosus, tenebricus, tenebri- 
 
 cosus, XIV, 4. 
 tenellus X, 1. 
 tener 698. 
 tenere 502. 
 tenor 750. 
 tensa 1006. 
 tentare 410. 
 tentorium 973. 
 ten u are 690. 
 tenuis 407. 
 tenus 1039. 
 tepere, tepor, 164. 
 terebra IX, 1. b, 
 terebrare 460. 
 terere 974. 
 teres 890. 
 
 tergere, tergere, 974. 
 tergum, tergus, 375. 
 tergum vertere 476. 
 tergus 309. 
 termes 865. 
 
 terminare, terminus, 450. 
 ternio II, 1. 
 terra 519. 
 
 terrenus, terreus, XI, 2. 
 terrestris XIII, 2. 
 territorium VIII, 3. b. y. 
 terror 987. 
 
 tertio, tertium, XX, 13. 9. 
 tessera 966. 
 testa 966. 
 testamentum, testari, testificari, 
 
 975. 
 testimonium dare, dicere, pro tes- 
 
 timonio dicere, XV, 3. 
 testis 125. 975. 
 testudo II, 4. 466. 1021. 
 teter 122. 
 tetricus 137. 
 texere 976. 
 thalamus 622. 
 
 40* 
 
 thermae 141. 
 
 tholus 466. 
 
 thorax 649. 
 
 thronus 939. 
 
 tibia 977. 
 
 tignum 978. 
 
 timere 687. 
 
 tinnire, tintinnire, XXI, 1. 
 
 tiro 727. 
 
 tirocinium 979. 
 
 titillare XX, 1. 
 
 titio 983. 
 
 titubare XXI. 1. 
 
 titulus 980. 
 
 toga, Candida, pura, pulla, sordi- 
 
 da, virilis, prsetexta, 981. 
 tolerare 441. 
 tollere 131. 386. 628. 
 tondere 75. 
 torcular VIII, 3. a. 
 toreuma 530. 
 tormentum 290. 970. 
 tornare 890. 
 tornus 159. 
 torpedo, torpor, 611. 
 torpere 611. 
 torquere 982. 
 torques 185. 
 torrens 456. 
 torrere 277. 
 torris 983. 
 torus 622. 
 torvus 122. 
 totidem XXIV, 8. 
 totus 746. 
 totus dies 568. 
 toxicum 1008. 
 trabea981. 
 trabes, trabs, 978. 
 tr acta re 967. 
 tractus 874. 
 tradere 312, 
 tragoedus 20. 
 tragula 970. 
 trahere 376. 
 trajicere, trajectus, 985. 
 trama 947. 
 trames 590. 
 tranquillus 858. 
 
472 
 
 Index. 
 
 trans 783. 829. 984. 
 
 transenna 436. 
 
 transferee 1012. 
 
 transfurga 783. 1. 
 
 transgredi 985. 
 
 trans igere 317. 
 
 transire 829. 985. 
 
 transitus 985. 
 
 transmittere 985. 
 
 transscribere 575. 
 
 transtra 463. 
 
 transversus 986. 
 
 tremere 687. 
 
 trepidare 687. 
 
 trepidatio 987. 
 
 tribuere 312. 
 
 tribunal 939. 
 
 tribus, tributum, tributarius, 988. 
 
 triclinium 219. 
 
 tripudiare 896. 
 
 tristis 137. 
 
 tristitia 369. 
 
 trivium 242. 
 
 triumph us 989. 
 
 tropus 448. 
 
 trucidare 573. 
 
 truculentus 122. 
 
 trudere 990. 
 
 trullissare XIX, 12. 
 
 truncare 75. 
 
 truncus 306. 
 
 trutina 634. 
 trutinari 781. 
 trux 122. 
 tuba 991. 
 tuber 994. 
 tubus 992. 
 tueri 944. 993. 
 tugurium 179. 
 turn 327. 522. 
 tumere, tumor, 994. 
 tumulare 519. 
 tumultuosus 914. 
 tumultus 145. 995. 
 tumulus 227. 700. 
 tunc 522. 
 tundere 525. 
 tunica 548. 
 turba 995. 
 turbare 255. 
 turbo 1037 
 turbulentus 914 
 turgere 994. 
 turibulum 996. 
 turma 624. 
 turpis 325. 
 turpitudo 534. 
 tutari 993. 
 tutela 774. 
 tutor 303. 
 tutulus 798. 
 tutus 993. 
 
 u,v. 
 
 Vacare 177. 
 
 vacare literis 952. 
 
 yacca 150. 
 
 vacillare XIX, 6. 
 
 vacuus 542. 
 
 vadari 1002. 
 
 vadere 586. 
 
 vadimonium promittere, dese- 
 
 rere, obire, sistere, facere, 
 
 1002. 
 vadum, IV, 2. c. 
 vafer 166. 
 vagari 396. 
 vagi re 388. 
 
 vagus 396. 
 
 vaide 28. 
 
 vale 129. 
 
 valens, validus, 997. 
 
 valere 819. 
 
 valetudo 897. 
 
 valgus 998. 
 
 vallare 999. 
 
 vallis 1000. 
 
 vallum, vallus, 51. 759 
 
 valvse 818. 
 
 vanum 676. 
 
 vanus 108. 
 
 vapor 1001. 
 
Index. 
 
 473 
 
 vappa 717. 
 
 vapulare 528. 
 
 variare 708. 
 
 varius 361. 
 
 varus 998. 
 
 vas, vadis, 1002. 
 
 vasa 566. 
 
 vastare 817. 
 
 vastus 660. 1003. 
 
 vates 809. 
 
 vaticinari XIX, 8. 
 
 vaticinatio, vaticinium, 823. 
 
 Uber, Adject. 438. 
 
 ubertas 276. 
 
 ubique, ubicunque, ubiubi, ubi- 
 
 vis, 1004. 
 udus 518. 
 ve 138. 
 vecors 72. 
 
 vectigal, vectigalis, 988. 
 vectis 1005. 
 vector 211. 
 vegetus 997. 
 vehemens 17. 
 vehementer 28. 
 vehens 440. 
 vehere 440. 
 vehiculuml006. 
 vel, ve, 138. 
 velabrum 468. 
 
 velamen, velamentum, 1007. 
 velare 548. 
 velle 301. 
 vellicare 178. 
 velox 195. 
 velum 1007T 
 velut, veluti, 857. 
 vena 110. 
 
 vendere, venditare, 1009. 
 venditatio 520. 
 venenum XI, 2. c. 1008. 
 venerari 30. 
 venia 528. 
 venire (ventare,) ventitare, XIX, 
 
 10. c. 
 venire 1009. 
 venter 1010. 
 ventilabrum IX, 1. c. 
 
 ventilare XIX, 5. a. 
 
 ventriculus 1010. 
 
 ventus 136. 
 
 venum ire, venum dare, 1009. 
 
 Venus 966. 
 
 venustas, venustus, 849. 
 
 vepres 380. 
 
 verax 1013. 
 
 verba dare 318. 
 
 verba face re 748. 
 
 verber 909. 
 
 verb era 803. 
 
 verberare 523. 
 
 verbero 717. 
 
 verbum 724. 
 
 vere 1013. 
 
 verecundus 182. 
 
 veredus 395. 
 
 vereri 687. 
 
 vergere 543. 
 
 Veritas, verum, I, 2. 
 
 verna 924. 
 
 vernare 1023. 
 
 vernaculus 1011. 
 
 vernus XI, 1. 
 
 vero 913. 10ia 
 
 verrere 974. 
 
 verres 963. 
 
 verriculum 802. 
 
 veruncare XIX, 2. 
 
 versare 1012. 
 
 versatilis X, 1. 
 
 versura, versuram facere, vesu 
 
 ra solvere, 437. 
 versus 36. 
 versutus 166. 
 vertere 1012. 
 
 vertere solum, tergum, 476. 
 vertex 89. 1037. 
 vertigo II, 6. 
 verum 913. 
 verus 1013. 
 verutum 970. 
 vesanus 72. 
 vesci 385. 
 vescus 407. 
 vesper, vesperum, vespere, — L 
 
 287. 
 
474 
 
 Index. 
 
 vestibulum 121. 
 
 vestigare XIX, 1. 546. 
 
 vestigium 929. 
 
 vestire 548. 
 
 vestimentum, vestis, 548. 
 
 vestitus 503. 
 
 vetare 1014. 
 
 veteranus 1015. 
 
 veterator 166. 
 
 veternus 611. 
 
 vetula 88. 
 
 vetulus 918. 
 
 vetus, vetustus, 832. 
 
 vetustiscere 918. 
 
 vexare 817. 
 
 vexillum, vexillarii, 624. 930. 
 
 via 590. 
 
 viam facere, munire, 590. 
 
 vicanus XI, 2. 893. 
 
 vice 835. 
 
 vicinia, vicinus, 270. 
 
 vicissim 578. 
 
 victima 517. 
 
 victus 297. 1028. 
 
 vie us 755. 
 
 videlicet 1016. 
 
 videre 1017. 
 
 videri 94. 
 
 viduare 749. 
 
 viere 637. 
 
 vigens 997. 
 
 vigere 454. 
 
 vigil X, 1. 562. 
 
 vigilare 1018. 
 
 vigilia 948. 
 
 vilis 268. 1043. 
 
 villa 479. 
 
 villaticus V, 1. 
 
 villicus 1019. 
 
 villosus 510. 
 
 villus 173. 
 
 vincere 413. 
 
 vincire 637. 
 
 vinculum 185. 
 
 vindex 1002. 
 
 vindicare 1020. 
 
 vindicige, vindicta, 1020. 
 
 vinea, vinese, 1021. 
 
 vinetum 1021. 
 
 vinolentia 383. 
 
 vinolentus, vinosus, XIV, 4. 
 
 1022. 
 vinum 684. 
 violare 743. 
 
 violens, violentus, XIV, 3. 
 vipera 77. 
 vir5U. 
 virago .1024. 
 virere, virescere, 1023. 
 vi return 515. 
 virgo 1024. 
 viridari 1023. 
 viridarium 515. 
 viridis VII. 
 virtus 1025. 
 virus 1008. 
 vis 704. 1026. 
 vires 1026. 
 viscera 1027. 
 visere, visitare, 1017. 
 visio, visus, visum, II, 3. 941. 
 vita 1028. 
 vitam degere 1028. 
 vitare 476. 
 vitiare 281. 575. 
 vitio dare 289. 
 vitium 40. 674. 
 vitis 1021. 
 vitium 40. 674. 
 vitta 430. 
 vituperare 289. 
 vivere 1028. 
 viviradix 841. 
 vix, vixdum, 1029. 
 ulcisci 1020. 
 ulcus 803. 
 uligo 518. 
 ulna 293. 
 
 ultimum, postremum, XX, 9. 
 ultimo XX, 13. 
 ultimus 419. 
 ultra 984. 
 ultro 1030. 
 ultro, citro, 771. 
 ultroneus XI, 2. 
 ululare 388. 
 umbilicus V, 2. a. 
 umbras 1031. 
 
Index. 
 
 475 
 
 umbrosus 165. 
 
 una 298. 
 
 unctus 1033. 
 
 uncus 307. 
 
 unda 455. 
 
 undique, undecunque, 1032s 
 
 ungere, unguentum, 1033. 
 
 unguis, ungula, 1034. 
 
 unio 667. 
 
 universalis 487. 
 
 universi 934. 
 
 universus 746. 
 
 unquam XXIV, 10. 59. 
 
 unus, unicus, 940. 
 
 unusquisque 746. 856. 
 
 vocabulum 724. 
 
 vocare 1035. 
 
 vociferari 208. 
 
 vola 665. 
 
 volare 305. 1036. 
 
 volaticus V, 1. 
 
 volemus XI, 3. 
 
 volitare 1036. 
 
 volsella 462. 
 
 volucris 133. 
 
 volvere XVI, 6. 
 
 volumen 218. 
 
 volupis VI. 
 
 voluptas 328. 
 
 vorago 498. 
 
 vorare, vorax, 385. 
 
 vortex 1037. 
 
 vota facere,nuncupare,suscipere, 
 
 1038. 
 vovere 312. 
 vox 724. 
 urbanitas 627. 
 urbanus XI, 2. 231. 
 urbs 206. 
 urceus 368. 
 urere 12. 
 
 urgere 563. 
 
 urinari 682. 
 
 urna 937. 
 
 uspiam, usquam, XXIV, 9. 
 
 usque 1039. 
 
 ustrina 852. 
 
 ustuiare XIX, 5. a. 
 
 usucapere, usucapio. 1040. 
 
 usura VIII, 2, *]. 437. 
 
 usurpare 1040. 
 
 usu veLit 13. 
 
 us us 266. 
 
 Uous est. 314. 
 
 us us fructus 1040. 
 
 ut 716. 
 
 ut, utut, 398. 
 
 ut, sicut, 857. 
 
 ut, ut ne, ut non, 716. 
 
 ut non, quin, 959. 
 
 utensilia X, 1. 566. 
 
 uter, Adj. VIII, 1. 
 
 uter, Subst. 295. 
 
 uterque 70. 
 
 uti 26. 1040. 
 
 utilis 239. 
 
 utique XXIV, 6. 
 
 utpote XXIV, 2. 860. 
 
 utrum ? 76. 
 
 utrinque, utroque, utrobique, 
 
 1041. 
 uva 1042. 
 uvidus 518. 
 vulgare 848. 
 vulgaris 1043. 
 vulgo 756. 
 vulgus 817. 
 
 vulnerare, vulneratus, 607. 
 vulnus 803. 
 vultus 424. 
 uxor 260. 
 uxorem ducere 728. 
 
 Zona 202. 646. 
 
^y'30 
 
: CONGRESS 
 
 ' I *40t i