•Ao^ '-^^.^ oV^==^^'« ^^v^^ :^^\ ^^^0^ r^'^B': -oV^' '^'^vV -^^m^^. ^t^cS ^'^^mc- '^bv^' :^^^*^ '-^^n-^ ° ,AQ^ v-o^ ^-l^,** ^v-^^ _ . J'X '°'%P'- /% •; 1,. T^ *" '**'^ *' " This Country of Ours 99 NATIONAL HAND BOOK Compiled by M. V. DOLAN Albany, N. Y. PRICE. 50 CENTS CdSb " This Country of Ours " NATIONAL HAND BOOK Compiled by MV'V. DOLAN Albany, N. Y. ■T)&5 PCI,A4451.')5 ■7^ / . TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE American Battles 66 American Wars 65 Associate Judges of the United States Supreme Court. . . .48, 49 Chief Judges of the United States Supreme Court 47 Declaration of Independence 53 Elections of President and Vice-President 36 Electoral and Popular Vote 36 Electoral Vote of States 44 First Paper Money in America 65 Lincoln's Gettysburg Speech 62 jMaiden names of the wives of the Presidents of the United ■States 19 'Manner in which the President and Vice-President are chosen 23 Members of the Presidents' Cabinets 25 Miscellaneous matter pertaining to the Presidents of the United States 19 Monroe Doctrine 52 ISTames of parents of the Presidents of the United States. ... 18 ISTames of Vice-Presidents of the United States, with places of birth, death and wlien elected 24 National Flags 64 Xumber of Soldiers engaged in American Wars 67 Order and dates of admission of States into the Union 50 Presidential succession 22 Presidents of the United States, place of birth, death and terms of service 17 3 PAGE Presidents Pro tern, of tlie United States Senate 4(5 Principal Battles of the Civil War C6 Qualification to eligibility to become President of the United States 22 Senators, Eepresentatives and Electoral Votes of States 44 Speakers of the House of Representatives 47 State Flow^ers 51 States of the Union, with motto, nickname, area, population and capitals 7 Territories and dates of organization 51 Thirteen Original 'States and when they ratified the Con- stitution 4!) The Ping of our Country 63 Washington's Parewell Address 58 THIS COUNTRY OF OURS Introduction The purpose of this book is to present in concise and convenient form many interesting" facts worth knowing about this great country of ours, and about the many distinguished men who have contributed to its greatness. These are times A\hen every wide-awake American citizen feels patriotic, and is proud of the events which have phiced the United States among the foremost nations of the world. Any fact per- taining to our country's history is eagerly sought, and the study of national events is more interesting than ever before. The table of contents wdll show the scope of the collection, and it is believed that a study of them will develop- a healthy spirit of patriotism among our people. It is also thought that the hand- book will be of especial interest to teachers in our public schools, who aim to create in our boys and girls a desire to cultivate the truest and best ideals of good citizenship. Reader, off hand, can you name the last five vice-presidents of the United States ? This book will help you. HISTORICAL DATA The following is a list of tlie States of the Union, with motto, nicknames, area, capital and population. (The population is based on the estimate of the United States Bureau for 1914.) Alabama Nicknamed the '* Land of Flowers." The people at times have been called " Lizards," the streams of the State abounding with them. Its motto: "Here We Rest." Area, 52,250 square miles; population. 2.260,945. Capital, Montgomery. Arizona Is an Indian word meaning '' iSand Hills " or " Blessed Sun." Motto: •' Sitat Deus " (Founded by God). Among the Zuni Indians tradition tells us Arizona was a " M.aiden Goddess " who became the mother of twins, and in time became the progenitor of the Zuni tribe. x\rea, 239,0:53 square miles; population, 113,956. Capital, Phoenix. Arkansas Its name is derived from the Indian words Kansas, " Smoky Water," the French prefix Arc, '' a bow." The Legislature of IS'Sl decreed the pronunciation to be Ar'Kan-Saw, and is nick- named the '' Bear State." The people are called '' Bears " and " Toothpicks," the latter from the universal weapon of the Arkan- san, the dirkknife, called the Arkansas toothpick. Its motto: "Eegnant Populi " (The People Eule). Area, 53,335 square miles; population, 1,68'6,480. 'Capital, Little Eock. California The name is derived from the Spanish " 'Caliente Fornalia " (Hot Furnace), in consequence of the torrid climate of the south- ern part. Nicknamed " The Golden State," in allusion to the gold mines. The people are called " Gold Hunters," which was what the forty-niners were dubbed. Motto : '' Eureka " (I Have Found It). Has a coast line of 700 miles. Average width 200 miles; area, 158,297 square miles; population, 2,757,895. Capi- tal, Sacramento. Colorado From the Spanish word " Red," in consequence of the prevail- ing color of the soil and rocks in many localities. Nicknamed the '' Centennial State," because of the year in which it was admitted to the Union. The people are called " Centennials." Its motto : "ISlil (Sine ISTumine " (There is ISTothing Without Providence). Area, 10-3, 948 square miles; population, 90i9,537. Capital, Denver. Connecticut The name is taken from the Mohigan. It was spelled originally " Quon-eh-ta-cut," meaning '' a long river." It is nicknamed the "Nutmeg State." Area, 4,9 65^ square miles; population, 1,20'2,6€8. Capital, Hartford. People called "Wooden Nut- megs." Motto: "Qui Transtutit Sustinet " (He Who Trans- planted Still Sustains). DELAWARE Name derived from " Lord De La Warr," one time Governor of Virginia. It is called the " Diamond iState " on account of its size. The people are called " Muskrats." Motto : " Liberty and Independence." Area, 2,370 square miles; population, 209,817. Oapital, Dover. Florida The name is taken from the " Pasque de Flores " (Feast of Flowers) — the day it was discovered. It is known as the " Gulf State " and " Peninsula State." The people are known as " Fly- up-the-Ci-eeks." Motto: " In God Wte> Trust." Area, 5'8,666 square miles; population, 848,111. Capital, Tallahassee. Georgia Was named in honor of George II of England. Known some- times as the " Cracker State," but more often " The Empire State of the South." Inhabitants known as " Buzzards " and some- times " Crackers," the word being used to designate a " Poor White." Motto: "Wisdom, Justice and Moderation." Area, 59,26t5 square miles; population, 2,776,513. Capital, Atlanta. Idaho Indian word meaning " Gein of the Mountains." Motto : "Salve" (Hail). Area, 83,888 square miles; population, 395,40'7. Capital, Boise City. IlLIT\"OIS Xamed from Indian word " lllini " (Men). The suffix " ois " — tribe of men — nicknamed "' Sucker State." Inhabitants known as "Suckers." Motto: "National Union, State Sovereignty." Area, 5'6,6'&5' square miles; population, 5,986,781. Capital, Springfield. Indiana Kame " Indian " word. People nicknamed " Hoosiers." No motto. Area, 36,354 squares miles; population, 2,779,467. Capital, Indianapolis. Iowa The name is Indian, meaning " The Drowsy Ones." A Sioux name for the " Gray-Snow Tribe," nicloiamed the " Hawkey© State." People are called " Hawkeyes." Motto : " Our liberties we prize and our rights we will maintain." Area, 5'6,147 square miles; population, 2,221,775. 'Capital, Des Moines. Kansas The name Indian, meaning " Smoky 'Water." People called "' Jayhawkers." Motto: " Ad Astra per A'spera " (To the Stars Through Difficulties). Area, 82,158' square miles; population, 1,784,897. Capital, Topeka. Kentucky Name Indian, meaning " Head of the River," is known as the " Com Cracker State," " Blue Grass State," and the " Dark and Bloody Ground." People known as " Ct)rn Cl-ackers," and " Red Horses." Motto : " United We Stand, Divided We Fall." Area, 40,598 square miles; population, 2,350,731. Capital, Frankfort. Louisiana It tabes its name from Louis XW of France. It is called the " Creole State," also the " Pelican State." Its motto: " Union, 9 Justice and Confidenoe.'' x\rea, 48,506 square miles ; population, 1,773,4182. Capital, Eaton Eouge. Maine Takes its name from the French province Maine, in honor of Queen Henrietta, Queen of Charles I. It has various nicknames, " The Pine Tree State," " The Pole Star State," and the " Lum- ber State." Its people are called '' Foxes." Motto: " Dirigo " (I Direct). Area, 33,040 isquara miles; population, 762,787. Capital, Augusta. Maryland King Charles I of Eingland named it " Marj's Land," in honor of Queen Henrietta (Maria, daughter of Henry Yl of France ; sometimes called " Old Line State." The people are called " Craw Thumpers." 'Motto: " Fatti Maschii Parole Femine " (Manly Deeds, Womanly Words). Area, 12,327 square miles; popula- tion, 1,341,075. Capital, Annapolis. Massachusetts An Indian word, ''The Country A'bout the Hills; " nicknamed "Old Colony," '•' The Old Bay State; " people, ''Bean Eaters." Motto: "Ense Petit Placidim Sub Libertate Quietum " (With the Sword She Seeks Quiet Peace Lender Liberty). Area, 8,266 square miles; population, 3, 605, 5^22. Capital, B^oston. Michigan K'ame derived from the lake. Indian title " Fish Weir or Trap," nickname " Lake State ; " also '' Wolverine State." Inhabitants, " Wolverines." Motto : " Si Quoeris Peninsulam Aucenam Circumspice " (If Thou Seekest a Beautiful Peninsula, Behold it Here). Area, 57,980 square miles; population, 2,976,030. Capital, Lansing. Minnesota Indian word meaning '' AYliitish or Sky Colored Water." I^icknamod - The Xorth Star State," " The ^Gopher State," and "The Lake State." People called "Gophers." Motto: "L'Etoile du Nord" (The Star of the '^^orth). Area, 84,G82 square m'iles; population, 2,213,919. Caipital, St. Paul. 10 Mississippi Its name is derived from the ISTatcihez word from the great river called " The Father of Waters,"' which forms its western frontier. It is nicknamed '^ Bajon State," from the French word " Bajoii; " the people are called ''Tadpoles " and '" Mud Cats." It has no motto. Area, 46,865 square miles ; population, 1,901,882. 'Capital, Jackson. Missouri Name Indian, " Muddy Water." It is called the '" Iron State," from the Iron Mountain in the southern part. In 1827 a great rush of the settlers to the Galina lead mines in Illinois where it was inelegantly said that " Missouri had taken a puke." From this iti has sometimes been called the " Puke State," and the people '' Pukes." Motto : " Salus Populi Suprema Lex Esto " (The Welfare of the People is the Highest Law). Area, 69,420. square miles; population, 3,372,886. C'apital, Jefferson City. Montana The name is taken from the Spanish, meaning " Mountain." Motto : " Oroy Plata " (Gold and Silver). Area, 146,997 square miles; population, 432,614. 'Capital, Helena. Nebraska The word Nebraska is from the Indian '' ne," water, and " bras," shallow water. Mcknamed the " Blackwater State." People are called "Bug Eaters," after a bird, the night jar (Caprimulgus), which feeds on noxious insects. Motto: "Equality Before the Law." Area, 77,52'0i square miles; popu- lation, 1,245,873. Capital, Lincoln. Nevada The word is Spanish, meaning '' Snow 'Covered,'' in allusion to the snowy summits of the 'Sierras. It is known as the " Sliver State;" alsoi the "Sage Brush State." The people are called " Sage Hens." Motto: "All For Our 'Country." Area, 110,690 square miles; population, 98,726 (exclusive of Indians). Capital, 'Carson City. 11 Xew Hampshire Called after Hampshire, England.. Nicknamed " The Granite State;" al&o the "Switzerland of America." The people are called " Granite Boys," and " White 'Mountain Boys." Area, 9,341 square miles; population, ■i3S,G6'2. Capital, Concord. ISTew Mexico It was formally part of '' Old Mexico," hence the New. The word Mexico is from the Mexican God " Mexitli." Motto: "Ci-escit Eundo" (It Increases hj 'Going). Area, 122,634 square miles; population, 3S3,5ol. Capital, Santa Ee. New Jeksey The name is taken from the island Jersey in the English channel. It has seyeral nicknames, "The Garden State, "True Blues," and the " 'Skeeter 'State." Area, 8,224 square miles; population, 2,815,663. Capital, Trenton. New Yoek Named after the Duke of York, brother of Charles II of Eng- land, who afterwards was King James II. It is called the "Empire State." Motto: "Excelsior" (Higher). Area, 49,204 square miles; population, 9,899,761. Capital, Albany. North 'Carolij^a ' Named in honor of Charles I of Eingland. It is known as the "' Old North State ; " also "' The Turpentine State." The people are called " Tuckoes " a corruption of " Tuckahoe Indians " for " Tauquah," meaning '* bread," a yegetable known as " Indian Bread." During the Ciyil War the people were called " Tar Heelers." The State has no motto: Area, 52,426 square miles; population, 2,339,452. Capital, Ealeigh. North Dakota Dakota is a Sioux word, meaning " Many Headed " or " Many in One Goyernment," referring to the seyeral tribes under one chief. Motto : " Liberty and Union, Now and Eoreyer, One and Inseparable." Area, 70,837 square miles; population, 686,966. Capital, Bismarck. 12 Ohio Ohio is a Shawnee (Indian) word, meaning " Beautiful Eiver." Xicknamed the " Buckeye State," in allusion to the Buckeye trees (Aesculis Glabra), the nut of which resembles the eye of a buck. Motto: " Imperium in Imperio " (Al 'Government Within a Government). Area, 41,040' square miles; population, 5,026,S9S, Capital, C'olumbus. Oklahoma Was named by 'Colonel Boudinot, a Cherokee Indian, meaning "Home of the Red Man." Area, Y0,05Y square miles; popula- tion, 2,026,534. Capital, Oklahoma City. Oregon An Indian name, meaning •' River of the West." It is called "The Web Foot Coimtry." People called "Web Feet;" also " Hard Cases." Motto : "Alls A'olat Propriis " (Another Flies on His 0^\Ti Wings). Area, 96,699 square miles; population, 783,239. Capital, Salem. PEiSriSrSYLVANIA Takes its name from William Penn, the word " Sylvania " means " Forests or Woodlands." 'JSTicknamed " The Keystone S^ate." The people are called " Pennanites ; " also " Leather- heads." Motto : " Virtue, Liberty and Independence." Area, 45,126 square miles; population, 8,245,967. Capital, Harrisburg. Rhode Islaxd Conflicting opinion relative to what the title is derived from, compared it w^itli the isle of Rhodes in the Mediterranean, others say the Dutch called it " Rhoode " (red), the Indian name was "Aquidneck," nicknamed " Little Rhody." People were called "Gun Flints." Motto: "Hope." Area, 1,248 square miles; population, 591, 215. Capital, Providence. South Oarolina Known as " The Palmetto State." People are called "Weasels," and " Sandhillers." Motto: "Animis Opibusque Parati " (Prepared in Mind and Resources). Area, 30,989 square miles; population, 1,590,015. Capital, Columbia. 13 South Dakota Motto: " Under God the People Rule." Area, 77,615 square miles; population, 6'61,583, embraced in seventy-eiglit counties. Capital, Pierre. Tennessee An Indian word, meaning '' Eiver of the Big- Bend,"' knowni as the '' Volunteer State" (in consequence of great number of re- cruits it furnished for the Seminole AYar). Inhabitants called '■Butternuts," and " AYhelps." Motto: ''Agriculture, Com- merce." Area, 42,022 square miles; population, 2,254,754. Capital, Xashville. Texas Taken from Tachies. an Indian tribe. The word signiifies " Friends." Called the " Lone Star State." Texas was a republic for ten years prior to its admission into the Union in 1'846. Area, 26'5,896 square miles; population, 4,257,854. 'Capital, Austin. Utah Indian word, meaning " IXvellers in Mountains." The Mor- mons named it '' Dies-eret," meaning " Virtue and Industry." Area, 84,9i90i square miles; population, 414,518. Capital, Salt Lake City. Washington Called for the first Presidient of the United States. Area, 69,127; population 1,407,865. Capital, Olympia. Vermont From the French words "Vert Monts " (Green Mountains). People called " Green Mountain Boys." Motto : " Freedom and Lenity." Area, 9,564 square miles; population, 361.205. Capital, Montpelier. Virginia Xamed for Queen Elizabeth, " Virgin Queen ; " called the " The Old Dominion," sometimes the '' Mother of States," and " Mother of Presidents." People called " Beadles." In colonial days the English beadles were court officers. Motto : " Sic Semper Tyrannis " (Ever so to Tyrants.) Area, 38,348 square miles; population, 2,150,009. Capital, Richmond. 14 West Virginia Like '^ew Hampishire is called " The Switzerland of America." People called "Panhandlers." Motto: " Montani Semper Llberi " (Mountaineers are Always Freemen). It was included in the State of Virginia, but during the Civil War, the people in the western part of Virginia did not favor secession and met in convention, and proposed to erect a State and call it " Kanawha." Finally a compromise was effected between those that favored, and those that opposed agreed to a separation providing the State be called West Virginia. Area, 24,17'0i square miles; population, 1,332,9'10. Capital, Charleston. 'The State is very irregular and borders on lOhio, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia and Kentucky. Wyoming E"ame, Indian, meaning ''Great Plain." Motto: " Cedant Arma Togae " (Let Arms Yield to the Gowri). Area, 97,914 square miles; population, 168, 736. Capital, Cheyenne. Wisconsin Indian word, meaning " Wild or Rushing Channel." Xick- named " The Badger State." The people, " Badgers." Motto : "Forward." Area, 56,096' square miles; population, 2,467.710. Capital, Madison. Alaska Was known as Russian America. Area, 5i90,884 square miles. It was acquired by the United States in 1867 at a cost of $7,200,000. Population, 64,680, of which about 2,500' are whites, rest Indians of various tribes and Eisquimeaux. Capital, Juneau. DiSTEiCT OF Columbia The legislative territory of the United States, the seat of the Federal Government. The land was ceded to the Government by the States of Virginia and Maryland, in all about seventy square miles in area ; the part on the right bank of the Potomac was returned to Virginia ; the Federal Government defrays one-half the expense of the district, the balance being raised by taxation on real estate. Population, 353,378. 15 Hawaii Was acquired by the United Statesi in July 1, 1898. Area, 6,449 square miles; population about 207,74:3, the Japanese pre- dominating, less than 40,000 are Hawaiians, the Portuguese num- ber about 23,000 and 20,000 Chinese. Organized June 14, 1900. Philippine Islands Situate in the Malay Archipelago, in number about 2,000, the largest, Luzon, Mindanao, Panay, ISTegros, Cebu, Samar and Min- doro. Population, 8,650,937. The Visayans, Tagalogs, Ilocanos, numbering, respectively, about 3,25.0,000, 1,500,000, 800,000. Area, 115,026' square miles. The capital is Manila. 16 CO I OQ (0 V *j (6 Q T3 C a a > Oh CO D c C0 CO (A Q c 5 OO QO C - 1:- orj oc oc 00 c S- 2 r"E<» •^ ir.' u:' in (£ ^ ^ f~ X r' ^^ ^ iJ ^'>^ .> t-f.^1^' u 5S . mam o c; 3 3 -S 5 03O (D ID 5S > ^' - t. t, rt > C ^ K OjU! Omffioffi S^wx: ? S E fl o 1^ rt .O 4; OicH CC O 'U tn s-'ij^^'Oqj go3 fco:z;g2;!2;om re g i) u c C o£ o ^3^ffi ma)

^_c o o'>.E S d ^ Q CO ra fcH H;>-3Ng cw S d E t: O) to re c ^¥ -cp.i E • o O !- S ■1) o c 3 ^- 0) rl 3 d.S?d§ t,E5Eo a) re "o re ,3 rHcjcon-'iritct^occj g';:i5^J5^if^SS?^?;?i I C^l C-3 Cl C<1 s? 17 Names of the Parents of the Presidents Father 1. Augustine Washington. 2. John Adams. 3. Peter Jefferson. 4. James Madison. 5. Spence Monroe. 6. John Adams. 7. Andrew Jackson. 8. Abraham Van Bur en. 9. Benjamin Harrison. 10. John Tyler. 11. Samuel Polk. 12. Bichard Taylor. 13. Xathaniel Fillmore. 14. Benjamin Pierce. 15. James Buchanan. 16. Thomas Lincoln. 17. Jacob Johnson. 18. Jesse Root Grant. 19. Rutherford Hayes. 20. Abram Garfield. 21. William Arthur. 22. Richard Falley Cleveland. 23. John Scott Harrison. 25. William ^McKinley. 26. Theodore Roosevelt. 27. Alphonso Taft. 28. Joseph R. Wilson. Mother Mary Bell. Susanne Boylston. Jane Randolph. Nelly Conway. Eliza Jones. Abigail Smith. Elizabeth Hutchinson. Maria Hoes. Elizabeth Bassett. Mary Armestead. Jane Knox. Sarah Strother. Phebe Millard. Anna Kendrick. Elizabeth Speer. Xancy Hanks. Mary McDonough. Harriet 'Simpson. Sophia Birchard. Eliza Ballon, ^falvina Stone. Anna Xeal. Elizabeth F. Irwin, Xancy C. Allison. Martha Bullock. Bouise ^I. Torrey, Jessie Woodrow. Maiden Names of the Wives of the Presidents of the United States 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. Martha Dandridge. Abigail Smith. Martha Wayles. Dolly Payne. Eliza Kortwright. Louisa Catherine Johnson. Rachel Donelson. Hannah Hoes. Anna Symmes. Letitia Christian. Julia Gardiner. Sarah Childress. Margaret Smith. Abigail Powers. Caroline Carniicliael. Jane Means Appleton. IG. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 25. 26. 27. 28. Mary Todd. Eliza McCardle. Julia Dent. I^ucy Ware Webb. Lucretia Rudolph. Ellen Lewis Herndon. Frances Folsom. ( Caroline Jjavinia Scott, cMary Scott Lord. Ida Saxton. ( Alice Lee. !i I Edith Kermit Carow. Helen Herron. f Helen Louise Axsen. j Edith Gait. Washington's wife was widow Custis. Jefferson's wife was widow Skelton. Madison's wife was widow Todd. Eilmore's second wife was widow Mcintosh. Harrison's second wife was widow Dimmick. Wilson's second wife was widow Gait. Jackson's wife was a divorcee, her first husband was Captain Robards. James Buchanan was a bachelor. All the Presidents except James Buchanan and Grover Cleve- land were or had been married when they were inaugurated. Washington and Madison married widows. Jefferson, Jackson and Arthur were widowers. Eilmore and Benjamin Harrison each married a second wife after thev retired from the Presidency. 19 The several Presidents were fathers of 105 children — sixty sons and forty-five daughters. C'leveland was the only President married in the White Honse. Cleveland's second danghter was the only child ever born ' in the White Honse. Washington's first inangnration took place in Xew Yorh, sec- ond inangnration in Philadelphia, as also was that of John Adams. All sncoeeding Presidents were inangnrated in Wash- ington, D. C Chester A, Arthnr took oath of office in Xew York City. Washington, Monroe and Jackson fought in the Revolutionary War; Jackson, Wm. Henry Harrison, Tyler, Taylor and Buchanan participated in the War of 18il2 ; Lincoln was a soldier in the Black Hawk War; Taylor, Pierce and Grant were war- riors in the Mexican War; Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Ben- jamin Harrison and McKinley in the Civil War; Roosevelt was a Colonel in the War with Spain. Monroe's daughter (Mrs. Gouverneur), Grant's daughter (Mrs, Sartoris), Roosevelt's daugiiter (Mrs. Longworth) and two of Wilson's daughters (Mrs. Sayre and Mrs McAdoo) were the only children of a President married in the White House. The first wives of Presidents Tyler, Harrison and Wilson died in the White House. Presidents William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Abra- ham Lincoln, James A. Garfield and William McKinley died while holding the office. On the 29th of January, 1835, Richard Lawrence attempted to shoot President Jackson — the pistol missed fire. On the 14th of April, 1865, President Lincoln, while witness- ing a play in Ford's Theatre, was shot by John Wilkes Booth. He died the following day. The assassin escaped and was dis- covered in a barn near Fredericksburg, Va.. where he was shot by Sergeant Boston Corbett, twelve days after his dastardly act. 20 President Garfield was shot in the Pennsylvania Railroad sta- tion, Washington, D. C, on the 2nd of -July, 1S81, and died Sep- tember 19th, 1881, at Elberon, Long Branch, IST. J.; his assassin Charles Jules Guitean. was hanged at Washington on Jniie 30, 1882. President ^IcKinley, while visiting the Pan-American Exposi- tion at Bnli'alo, N. Y,, was shot on September 6, 1901, and died eight days later at the residence of John G. Milburn in Buffalo, N. Y. ; the assassin, Ijouis Czolgosz, was electrocuted at Auburn, N. Y., October 29, 1901. On the 11th of October, 1912, while ex-President Roosevelt was campaigning in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, an insane man named Schrank shot him. The sixth President, John Quincy Adams, was the son of John Adams, the second President, and the twenty-third President. Benjamin Harrison, was the grandson of William Henry Harri- son, the ninth President. Two Presidents, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, died on the same day — Jnly 4, 1826. The paternal ancestry of the twenty-seven Presidents of the United States are: English, sixteen; Scotch-Irish, five; Scotch, three ; Dutch, two ; Welsh, one. Eight Presidents were from Virginia, six from Ohio, three North Carolina, three New York, two Massachusetts and one each in Kentucky, New Hampshire, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Vermont. In early life fourteen were lawyers, five teachers, three soldiers, two tailors, one each surveyor, publicist, and farm hand. ^^^len elected, nineteen were lawyers, two statesmen, two soldiers, two public officials, one planter and one farmer. James A. Garfield's total vote was only 7,018 over Hancock. Two defeated candidates received a plurality of the popular vote, Samuel J. Tilden over R. B. Hayes, 250,935 ; Grover Cleveland over Benjamin Harrison (1888), 98,017. 21 Presidents who received a majority of the electoral vote but were in minority of popular vote — James K. Polk, Rutherford B. Hayes. Eighteen Presidents were college graduates — nine were not. Grover Cleveland was the Democratic candidate for President three times, elected 1884 and 1892, defeated 1888. A communication to the President should be addressed: To the President of the United States, Washington, D. C. The term of office of the President of the United States is four years. Presidential Succession In accordance with chapter 4 of the acts of the 49th Congress, first session, enacted that in case of the death, removal, resigna- tion or inability of the President, the Vice-President assumes the duties, and in case of his death, resignation, removal or inability, the successor comes in the following order: Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary of War, Attorney General, Postmaster General, Secretary of the Navy, Secretary of the Interior. If Congress is not in session at the time of the assumption of either of the above as acting President, he is to convene Congress in extraordinary session, giving twenty days' notice. The act only applies to such cabinet officers who are eligible under the Constitution, and have been confiraied by the United States Senate. Qualifications To be eligible to the Presidency or Vice-Presidency a candidate must be a natural born citizen of the United States and have attained the age of thirty-five years. 22 Manner in Which the President and Vice-President are Chosen At the general election, held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday of ISTovember, every four years, electors are voted for, each State selects an elector for each United States Senator and Member of the House of Representatives, which their State is entitled to. (Xew York State elects forty-five and the State ot Delaware three.) The electors chosen meet on the same day in the several States and vote by ballot for President and Vice-President of the United States separately, the result is signed by the several electors and certified to and then forwarded to the President of the United States Senate at Washington, D. C, who in the presence of the Senate and House of Representatives opens the certificate, the person receiving a majority of the votes for President and Vice- President will be declared elected to the respective ofiices ; if, in the event of no person receiving a majority, the choice for Presi- dent is made by the House of Representatives, eacli State being allowed one vote — the selection must be made from one of the three highest. In the event of no candidate being elected Vice-President, the scle(dion is made by the United States Senate. The President and Vice-President cannot be selected from the same State. 23 ^3cSt^r^ij;^f^^t-r-t-^o:>::;^if-— r?;^ r-* X 3C X X X X C3c5^223ca xxxxxxxxx- c 0) '5 0) u o 5i#^^i^i lll^f f£ ■ 3C M 1= T- t~r-t~t-t~t-C~t-t~t-t~3Ct-3:X3CXDC3C3C0<:3C0t3C3CaC3COC = > S ' ■ _- X ^- ti:> s^-^ Z .>:- D-xZJiSx <:i:^":_7:x- ^ rEi:S:Z^^_2z--z ;i ->x^- 24 Secretary of War < Presidents' Cabinets Washixgtox Administeatiox r Thomas Jefferson. Va, Secretary of State < Edmund Eandolph. Va, [ Timotliv Pickering, Mass. f Alexander Hamilton. X. Y Secretary of the Treasury. . . . < ^.,. ,„ , ^, ' I Uliyer W olcott, Lonn. Henrv- Knox, Mass. Timothy Pickering, Mass. James McHenry. Md. f Samuel Osgood, Mass. Postmaster General i Timothy Pickering, Mass. I Joseph Habersham. Ga. r Edmund Randolph, Va. Attorney General < William Bradford, Pa. [ Charles Lee, Va. John Adams Admixisteatiox Secretary of State John Marshall, Va. Secretary of the Treasury .... Samuel Dexter, Mass. f John Marshall, Va. Secretary of War ^ Samuel Dexter. Mass. I Roger Griswold, Conn. _, , - ^, ( Georee Cabot, Mass. Secretary oi the Aayy » ." . o. u i. -in ( Renjamm Stoddert, Md. Postmaster General Joseph Habersham. Ga. Attorney General Charles Lee, Va. Jeffeksox Administeatiox Secretary of State James Madison, Va. Secretary of the Treasury .... Albert Gallatin, Pa. Secretary of War Henry Dearborn. Mass. Benjamin Stoddert, Md. Secretary of the Xayy 'i Robert Smith, Md. t Jacob Crowinshield, Mass. Postmaster General Gideon Granger. Conn. Leyi Lincoln. Mass. Attorney General 25 Robert Smith. Md. John Breckeuridge, Ky. ^ Caesar A. Rodney. Del. Madisox Admi^'istkatiox r Robert Smith, Md. I James Monroe, Va. Albert G-allatin, Pa. George W. Campbell, Tenn. Alexander J. Dallas, Pa. AYm. H. Crawford, Ga. Wm. Eustis, Mass. John Armstrong, N. Y. James Monroe, Va. Wm. H. Crawford, Ga. f Paul Hamilton, S. C. Secretary of the !Xavv J William Jones, Pa. I B. W. Crowninshield, Mass. Postmaster General Return J. Meigs, Jr., O. William Pinkney, Md. Richard Rush. Pa. Secretary of State . Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Attorney General MOXROE Administeation Secretary of State John Quincy Adams, Mass. Secretary of the Treasury. . . . William H. Crawford. Ga. Isaac Shelby, Ky. Secretary of War < George Graham, Va. John C. Calhoun, S. C, o , r* 1 -TV- f Smith Thompson, 1^. Y. Secretary oi the JN ayy 3 ^ . ^ ^ / I Samuel L. Southard, JN. .1. Postmaster General John McLean, 0. Attorney General William Wirt, Va. John Quixcy Adams Administkatiox Secretary of State Henry Clay, Ivy. Secretary of the Treasury .... Richard Rush, Pa. James Barbour, Va. Peter B. Porter, N. Y. Secretary of the Xayy Samuel L. Southard. X. J. Postmaster General John McLean. O. Attorney General William Wirt. Va. Secretary of Wai 26 Secretary of State Secretary of the Treasury ....-= Secretary of the ]^ayy < Jackson x^dministkation ' Martin Van Buren, N. Y. Edward Liyingston, La. Louis McLane, DeL John Forsyth. Ga. ''Samuel D. Ingham, Pa. Louis McLane, DeL Wm. J. Duane, Pa. Roger B, Taney, Md. I Levi Woodbury, ^N". H. f John H. Eaton, Tenn. Secretary of War < Lewis Cass, 0. [Benjamin F. Butler, IST. Y. ' John Branch, N. 0. Levi Woodbury. X. H. Mahlon Dickerson, IST. J. fwilliam T. Barry, Ky. Postmaster (jenerai . ^^ i n t^ ( Amos Is^endall, ivy. f John McP. Berrien, Ga. Attorney General J Roger B. Taney, Md. I Benjamin F. Butler, ^ST. Y. Van BtJREN Administeatiox Secretary of State John Forsyth, Ga. (Secretary of the Treasury .... Levi Woodbury, X. H. Secretary of War Joel R. Poinsett, iS. C. iSecretary of the Navy Mahlon Dickerson, JSI". J. Amos Kendall, Ky. John M. ISTiles, Conn, r Benjamin F. Butler, N. Y. Attorney General < Felix Grundy, Tenn. [Henry D. Gilpin, Pa. Willia:\i H. IIakeison Administration Secretary of State Daniel Webster, Mass. Secretary of the Treasury. . . . Thomas Ewing, O. Secretary of War John Bell, Tenn. 'Secretary of the Xavy Geo. E. Badger, ^S". C. 'Postmaster General Francis Granger, N. Y. Attorney General John J. Crittenden, Ky. 27 Postmaster General Secretarv of State < Secretary of tlie Treasury, Tyler Admixistkatiox ' Hugh iS. Legare, S. "C. Abel P. Upsliur, Va. John C. Calhoun, S. C. Thomas Ewing, O. Walter Forward, Pa. John C. Spencer, IST. Y. George M. Bibb, Kj. ' John McLean, 0. John C. Spencer, ]^. Y. James M. Porter, Pa. ^ William Wilkins, Pa. f George E. Badger, IST. C, Abel P. Upshur, Va. David Henshaw, Mass. Thomas W. Gilmer, Va. John Y. Mason, Va. -n t. , n 1 { Francis Granger, N. Y. Postmaster General • ' ^^ ( Charles A. Wicldiffe. Ky. John J. Crittenden, Ky. Attorney General -^ Hugh S. I^egare, S. C. John Xelson, Md. Secretarv of War Secretarv of the Xavv Polk Admixisteation Secretary of State James Buchanan, Pa. Secretary of the Treasury. . . . Robert J. Walker, Miss. Secretary of War William L. Marcy, X. Y. George Bancroft, Mass. John Y. Mason, Va. Postmaster General Cave Johnson, Tenn. John Y. Mason. Va. Attorney General -=( Xathan Cliflford, Me. Isaac Toucey, Conn. ■Secretarv of the Xavv Tayloe Admi^'isteation Secretary of State John M. Clayton, Del. Secretary of the Treasury. . . , William ]\I. Meredith, Pa. o , ,. XT- f Georo-e W. Crawford, Ga. Secretarv of War 3 ^ , ^ , -^^ ^ ,r ( Edward Bates, Mo. 28 Secretary of the Interior Thomas Ewing, 0. Secretary of the Xavy William B. Preston, Va. 'Postmaster General Jacob Collamer, Vt. •Attorney General Beverly Johnson, Md. FiLL:\roKE Admixistkation a , J' a f Daniel Webster, Mass. Secretary oi State ■'„, , ^ -,, [ Jidward iiverett, Mass. Secretary of the Treasury. . . . Thomas Corwin, 0, Secretary of War Charles M. Conrad, La. I Thomas A. Pearce, O. Secretary of the Interior -< Thomas M. T. McKennan. Md. [ Alexander H. H. Stuart, Pa. „ ,. •, -XT C William A. Graham, ^^. C. Secretary oi the JNavv < -r ^ -nr- i ^n ( J ohn P. ivennedy, Md. p p , I Nathan K. Hall, ¥. Y. ( Samuel D. Hubbard, Conn. Attorney General John J. Crittenden, Ky. Pierce Administration^ Secretary of State William L. Marcy. Secretary of the Treasury. . . . James Guthrie, Ky. Secretary of War Jefferson Davis, Miss. Secretary of the Interior Robert McClelland, Mich. Secretary of the Xavy James C, Dobbin, ]^. C. 'Postmaster General James Campbell, Pa. Attornev General Caleb Cushino^, Mass. Buchanan" Administration Secretarv of State Secretary of the Treasury. . . . -< Secretarv of W"ar Lewis Cass, Mich. Jeremiah S. Black, Pa. ' Howell Cobb, Ga. Philip P. Thomas, Md. John A. Dix, N. Y. John D. Floyd, Va. Joseph Holt, Ky. Secretarv of the Interior Jacob Thompson, Miss. Secretary of the l^avy Isaac Toucey, Conn. 29 • C Aaron V. Brown, Tenn. Postmaster General J Joseph Holt, Ky. Horatio King, Me. ( Jeremiah S. Black, Pa. Attorney General | ^^^^.^^ ^^ g^^^^^^^^ ^ Lincoln Administkation Secretary of State William H. Seward, N. Y. r Salmon P. Chase, 0. Secretary of the Treasury. • • • J Wm. P. Fessenden, Me. 1 Hugh MoCulloch, Ind. , Simon Cameron, Pa. Secretary of War ) t^ ^ • ivr o^ j. r^ -^ ■) Edwin M. Stanton, U. c , .----. f Caleb P. Smith, Ind. Secretary oi the interior -^ ^ i t^ x^ n t -■ ( John P. Usher, Ind. Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, Conn. -r, ^ T f Montgomerv Blair, Md. Postmaster General tttmt" -t." • r\ I William Dennison, U. Edward Bates, Mo. Attorney General -< Titian J. Coffey, Pa. James Speed, Ky. Johnson Administeation Secretary of State William H. Seward, N. Y. Secretary of the Treasury. . . . Hugh McfCulloch, Ind. [ Edwin M. Stanton, O. Secretary of War < V. S. Grant, 111. ^ John ]\r. Schofield, N. Y. f John P. Usher, Ind. Secretary of the Interior < James Harlan, la. I Orville H. Browning, 111. Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles, Conn. Postmaster General William Dennison, O. James Speed, Ky. Attorney General .' . . . ^ Henry Stanherry, O. ' I William M. Evarts, N. Y. 30 Grant Administration Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War, Secretary of the Interior Secretary of the ISTayy Postmaster General iVttorney General < Elihu B. Washburn, 111. Hamilton Fish, N. Y. George S. Boutwell, Mass. Wm. A. Richardson, Mass. Bingham H. Bristow, Ky. Lot M. Morrill, Me. John A. Rawlins, 111. Wm. T. Shennan, O. Wm. W. Belknap, la. Alphonso Taft, 0. James Don Cameron, Pa. Jacob D. Cox, 0. Columbus Delano, 0. Zacharias Chandler, Mich. Adolph E. Borie, Pa. George M. Robeson, 'N. J. John A. G. Cl-esswell, Md. James W. Marshall, Va. Marshall Jewell, Conn. James X. Tyner, Ind. Ebenezer R. Hoar, Mass. Amos T. Ackerman, Ga. George H. Williams, Ore. Edwards Pierrepont, 'N. Y. Alphonso Taft, 0. Hayes Administration Secretary of State William M. Evarts, X. Y. Secretary of the Treasury. . . . John Sherman, O. e, . TTT f George W. McCrary, la. Secretary oi V\ ar ) ,, , ^ \^. ^ Alexander liamsey, Jiimn. Secretary of the Interior Carl Schurz, Mo. <-, f Richard W. Thompson, Ind. Secretary o± the ^ avy ] at .i n 4x t w tt ( A'athan Gon, Jr., W. va. -D . , n 1 ( David McK. Key. Tenn. rostmaster (jrenerai > " ( Horace Maynard, Tenn. Attorney General Charles Deyens, Mass. 31 Garfield Admixisteatiox Secretary of State James G. Blaine, Me. Secretary of tlie Treasury .... John Sherman, O. Secretary of War Robert T. Lincoln, 111. Secretary of the Interior Sam'l. J. Kirkwood, la. Secretary of the ISTavy AYilliam H. Hunt, La. Postmaster General Thomas L. James, iST. Y. Attorney General Wayne MacVeagh, Pa. Aethur Administration Secretary of State F. T. Frelinghuysen, X. J. j r Chas. J. Folger, X. Y. Secretary of the Treasury. • - - < Walter Q. Gresham, Ind. . [ Hugh McCulloch, Ind." Secretary of War Eobt. T. Lincoln, 111. Secretary of the Interior Henry M. Teller, Col. Secretary of the Xavy Wm. E, Chandler, X. H. I Timothy 0. Howe, Wis. Postmaster General -s Walter Q. Gresham, Ind. [ Prank Hatton, la. Attorney General Benjamin H. Brewster, Pa. 'CtEVELAXD Administration Secretary of State Thos. F. Bayard. Del. ^ . . rr i Daniel Manning, X. Y. Secretarv ot the Ireasurv. . . . i ^,. ^ o x^ • i -i i -\t ^^ C Charles S. i airchild, JN. i. Secretary of War William C. Endicott, Mass. Secretary of the Interior Lucius Q. C. Lamar, Miss. Secretary of the Xavy William C. Whitney, X^. Y. T, ^ ^ ^ T f William F. Vilas, Wis. Postmaster General ] ^^^._ ■ ^^. ^ ( Don M. Dickinson, Mich. Attorney General Augustus H. Garland, Ark. Secretary of Agriculture Xorman J. Colman, Mo. Harrison Administration James G. Blaine, Me. Secretarv of State iti ttt-t^ -ri t John W. Jjoster, Ind. c, , J. , rr. { William Windom, Minn. Secretarv oi the Ireasury. . • . < ^„ , -^ ^ -^ ( Charles- Foster, O. 32 Secretary of War Kedfiekl Proctor, Vt. Stephen B. Elkins, ^Y. Va. Secretary of the Interior Jno. W. I^oble, Mo. Secretary of the Navy Benj. F. Tracy, 2S[. Y. Postmaster General John Wanamaker, Pa. Attorney General -William H. II. Miller. Ind. Secretary of Agriculture Jeremiah M. Rusk, Wis. Cleveland's Second Administkation c J. c^ C ^Valter Q. Gresham, 111. Secretary oi State ^ tt i i r^^ -vr •^ I Richard Olney, Mass. Secretary of the Treasury. . . . John G. Carlisle, Ky. Secretary of War Daniel S. Lamont, X. Y. c , J- ,1 T X • f Hoke Slnith, Ga. Secretary oi the Interior { ^ . , ^ ' •^ ( David R. Francis, Postmaster General Mo. Wilson S. Bissell, N. Y. Wm. L. Wilson, W. Ya. . „ . ( Richard Olnev, Mass. Attorney General -t -r i tt " r\ I Judson Harmon, U. Secretary of Agriculture J. Sterling Morton, l^eh. McKiNLEY Administkation ' John Sherman, O. Secretary of State -i Wm. R, Day, 0. John Hav, O. Secretary of the Treasury Lyman J. Gage, 111. ( Russell A. Alger, Mich. Secretary oi War ) -m-i -n x t^t ^r. ( Flihu Root, JN. 1. Secretary of the Interior Cornelius N. Bliss, N. Y. Ethan A. Hitchcock, Mo. Secretary of the iSTavy John D. Long, Mass. -n ^ ^ ^ T f James A. Garv, Md. Postmaster General 3 ^ ' ( Charles Lmory Smith, Pa. I Joseph McKenna, Cal. Attorney General < John W. Griggs, X. J. [ Philander C. Knox, Pa. Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson, la. 33 Roosevelt Administration Secretary of State < Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War -= Secretary of the Interior Secretary of the Xavy < Postmaster General Attorney General Secretary of Agriculture. Secretary of Commerce Lahor and John Hay, 0. Elihu Root, X. Y. Robert Bacon, N. Y. Lyman J. Gage, 111. Leslie M. Shaw, la. George B. Cortelyon, N. Y. Elihu Root, IsT. Y. Wm. H. Taft, O. Luke E. Wright, Tenn. Ethan A. Hitchcock, Mo. James R. Garfield, O. John D. Long, Mass, Wm. H. Moody, Mass. Paul Morton, 111. Chas. J. Bonaparte, Md. Victor H. Metcalf, Cal. Truman H. Newberry, Mich. Chas. Emory Smith, Pa. Henry C. Payne, Wis. Robt. J. Wynne, Pa. Geo. B. Cortelyou, K. Y. Geo. von L. Mever, Mass. Philander C. Knox, Pa. William H. Moody, Mass, Chas. J. Bonaparte, Md. James Wilson, la. Geo. B. Cortelyou, X. Y. Victor H. Metcalf, Cal. Oscar S. Strauss, X. Y. Taft Administration Secretary of State Philander C. Knox, "Pa. Secretary of the Treasury. . . . Franklin ]MacVeagh, 111. „ , „. C Jacob M. Dickinson, Tenn. Secretary oi W ar \ -ry ^ ^^ a-^ a^ '^ / Henry L. Stimson, JN . 1 . Secretary of the Interior f Rich. A. Ballinger, Wash. I Walter L. Eisher, 111. 34 Secretary of the Navy George von L. Meyer, Mass. Postmaster General George H. Hitchcock, Mass. Attorney General George W. Wickersham, N. Y. Secretary of Agriculture James Wilson, la. Secretary of Commerce and Labor Chas. Xagel, Mo. Wilson Administeation era C Wm. J. Bryan, Neb. Secretary oi State I -n, ^ t • a- -t- ( jAobert Lansing, jN. x. Secretary of the Treasury. . . . Wm. G. McAdoo, N. Y. o X <> TT- ( Lindlev M. Garrison, N. J. Secretary ol V\ ar I ^ t^ -n . ^, • I Ae>\vton i). Laker, Ohio. Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. Lane, Cal. Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels, N. C. Postmaster General Albert S. Burleson, Texas. Attorney General .1 '^'^"^^^ ^- ^^^cKeynolds, Tenn. [ Thomas Watt Gregory, Texas. Secretary of Agriculture D^yid F. Houston, Mo. Secretary of Commerce Wm. C. Eedfield, N. Y. Secretary of Labor Wm. B. Wilson, Pa. 35 Elections of President and Vice-President The election for President and Vice-President are chosen in- directly. The selection of candidates are made at National Con- ventions ; the people vote for electors, who select the President and Vice-President, The following tables show the nnmber of electoral votes, also (from 1828 to 1912) the popular vote: Prior to 1801 each elector voted for two candidates for Presi- dent. The one receiving the largest nnmber of votes was declared President and the one receiving the next highest nnmber Vice- President, 1789 At this election George Washington received 69 electoral votes and John Adams, 34; John Jav, 9; R. H, Harrison, 6^,' John Rutledge, 6 ; John Hancock. 4 ; George Clinton, 3 ; Samuel Hunt- ington, 2; John Milton, 2; James Armstrong, Benjamin Lincoln and Edward Telfair, one each (4 vacancies), George Washing- ton and John Adams were declared elected President and Vice- President, reispectively. 1792 At this election George Washington received the unanimous vote, 132, The second choice of the electors was: John Adams received T7 votes; George Clinton, 50; Thomas Jefferson, 4; Aaron Burr, 1 (3 vacancies). Washington and Adams were de- clared elected, Washington and Adams were Federalists; iClinton, Jefferson and Burr, Pepublicans. (The Democratic party of to-day are the followers of the Republican party of 1792,) 1796 At this election John Adams received 71 votes; Thomas Jef- ferson, 68>; Thomas Pinckney. 59; Aaron Burr, 30; Samuel Adams, 15; Oliver Ellsworth, 11; George 'Clinton, 7; John Jay, '5 ; James Iredell, 3 ; George Washington, John Henry, Samuel Johnson, 2 each, and Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, 1, John Adams and Thomas Jefferson were declared elected Presi- dent and Vice-President, 36 Jolin Adams, Thomas Pinckney, EUsworth, Jay, Iredell, Wash- ing-ton, Henrv, Johnson and Chas. Coteswortli Pinckney were Federalists; Thomas Jefferson, Aaron Burr, Samuel Adams and George Clinton, Republicans. 1800 At this election Thomas Jefferson received 73 votes ; Aaron Burr, 73; John Adams, -65; Charles C. Pinckney, 64; John Jay, 1. lAs Jefferson and Burr each received 73 votes, according to the 'Constitution the House of Representatives made the selection, each State was entitled to one vote. Jefferson received the vote of ten States and Burr four. Jeft'erson was declared elected President and Burr Vice-Presi- dent. Jefferson and Burr were Republicans; Adams, Pinckney and Jay, Federalists. 1804 The Oonstitution of the United States having been changed, the electors voted for President and Vice-President. Thomas Jefferson and George Clinton, Republicans, were elected President and Vice-President, they having received 162 electoral votes as against l-i received by iCharles C. Pinckney and Rufus King, Federalists. 1808 At this election James Madison received 122' votes for Presi- dent ; Charles 'C. Piuckney, 47, and George Clinton 6. For the office of Vice-President, George 'Clinton received 113 votes; Rufus King, 47 ; John T.angdon, 9 ; James Madison, 3 ; James Monroe, 3 (vacancy. 1). Madison was declared elected President and Clinton Vice- President. Madison and Clinton were Republicans; Pinckney and King, Federalists. 1812 At this election the candidates were James Madison and Elbridge Gerry, Republicans; DeWitt Clinton and Jared Inger- soll. Federalists. Madison received 12S votes and Glinton 89. For Vice-Presi- dent. Gerry received 131 votes and Ingersoll 86 (1 vacancy). 37 i8i6 James Monroe for President and Daniel D. Tompkins for Vice-President were the candidates of the Eepublican party and elected. Rufus King and) John Eager Howard were the Federalist candidates. Monroe and Tompkins received ISo votes; King for President. •34. The vote for Vice-President was distribnted as follows : John Eager Howard, 22; James Poss. 5; John Marshall. 4: Robert G. Harper. 3 (4 vacancies). 1820 At this election James Monroe Avas elected President and Daniel D, Tompkins Vice-President. James Monroe receired 231 votes and John Quincy Adams 1. Daniel D. Tompkins received 21S votes; Richard Stockton. S; Daniel Rodney. 4; Robert G. Harper. 1; Richard Rnsh. 1. 1824 At this election the vote was: Andrew Jackson. 09: John Qnincy Adams, 84; Henry Clay. 37: 'William H. Crawford. 41. Xo one receiving a majority, the Honse of Representatives elected John Qnincy Adams. The vote on Vice-President was: John C. Calhoun. 182; Xathan Sanford, 30; Xathaniel ^Facon, 24; Andrew Jackson, 13; Martin Van Bnren. 9; Henry Clay. 2 (vacancy 1). Calhoun was elected. 1828 Elect. Pop. Elect. For President. Vote. Vote. For Vice-President. Vote. Andrew Jackson ITS &47,231 John C. Calhoun 171 John Q. Adams S3 509,097 Richard Rush S3 William Smith 7 Jackson and Calhonn were the candidates of the Democratic party; Adams and Rnsh. National Reptiblicans ; Smith was a Democrat opposed to Calhonn. 38 1832 Elect. Pop. Elect- For President. Vote. Vote. For Vice-President. Vote. Andrew Jackson 219 687,502 Martin Van Buren 1S9 Henry Clay 49 530,189 John Sergeant 49 John Floyd 11^ 99 ins Henrv Lee 11 William Wirt 7 J "^'^•^"® Amos Ellmaker 7 William Wilkins 30 Jackson and Van Buren were the candidates of tlie Democratic party; Clay and Sergeant, Xational Republicans; Floyd and Lee, Independent ; Wirt and Ellmaker, Anti-Mason ; Wilkins a Demo- crat, opposed to Van Buren. 1836 Elect. Pop. Elect. For President. Vote. Vote. For Vice-President. Vote. Martin Van Buren 170 761,549 R. M. Johnson 147 William Henrv Harrison... 73 ■) Francis Granger 77 Hugh iL. White 26 ( -or /■-« John Tvler 47 Daniel Webster 14 f '"''•'^^'^ William Smith 23 Willie P. Mangum 11 ) Van Bnren and Johnson were the candidates of the Democratic party ; Harrison and Grano-er, 'White and Tyler, Webster and Mangum. AVhigs; Smith a Democrat, opposed to Johnson. 1840 Elect. Pop. Elect. For President. Vote. Vote For Vice-President. Vote. William Henrv Harrison... 234 1,275,017 John Tvler 234 Martin Van Buren 60 1,128,702 R. M. Johnson 48 James G. Birney 7,059 L. W. Tazewell 11 James K. Polk 1 Thomas Earle Harrison and Tyler were candidates of the Whig party ; Van Buren and Johnson, Democratic ; Birney and Earle, Liberal ; Tazewell and Bolk, Democrats. 1844 Elect. Pop. Elect. For President. Vote. Vote. For Vice-President. Vote. James K. Polk 170 1,337,243 George M. Dallas 170 Henry Clay 105 1,299,068 T. Frelinghuysen 105 James G. Birney 62,300 Thomas Morris Polk and Dallas were candidates of the Democratic party; Clay and Frelinghuysen. AYhig; Birney and Morris, Liberal. 1848 Elect. Pop. Elect. For President. Vote. Vote. For Vice-President. Vote. Zacharv Tavlor 163 1,360,101 Millard Fillmore 163 Lewis Cass' 127 1,220,544 William O. Butler 127 Martin Van Buren 291,263 Charles F. Adams Taylor and Fillmore were candidates of the Whig party; Cass and Butler, Democratic; Van Buren and Adams, Free Soilers. 39 1852 For President. Franklin Pierce. Winfield Scott ... John P. Hale.... Daniel Webster . Elect. Pop. Vote. Vote. 254 1, ,601,474 42 1, , 380, 576 156, 149 1,670 For Vice-President. William R, King- William A. Graham.. George W. Julian Elect. Vote. .. 254 42 Pierce and King were candidates of tlie Democratic party; Scott and Graham, W'hig; Hale and Julian, Federal Democrats; Webster, Whig. 1856 Elect. Pop. For President. Vote. Vote. James Buchanan 174 1,838,169 John C. Fremont 114 1,341,264 Millard Fillmore 8 874,538 Elect. For Vice-President. Vote. John C. Breckenridge 174 William L. Dayton 114 A. J. Donelson 8 Buchanan and Breckenridge were candidates of the Democratic party ; Fremont and Dayton, Republican ; Fillmore and Donelson, American. For President. Abraham Lincoln Stephen A. Douglas John C. Breckenridge. John ;Bell Elect. Vote. 180 12 72 39 i860 Pop. Vote. 1,866,3.52 1,375,157 845,763 589, 581 For Vice-President. Hannibal Hamlin Herschel V. Johnson. Joseph Lane Edward Everett Elect. Vote. .. 180 12 72 39 Lincoln and Hamlin were candidates of the Eepublican party ; Douglas and Johnson and Breckenridge and Lane, Democratic; Bell and Everett, Union. 1864 For President. Abraham Lincoln George B. McClellan. Pop. Vote. Elect. Vote. 212 2,216,067 21 1,808,725 For Vice-President. Andrew Johnson George H. Pendleton. Elect. Vote. 212 21 Lincoln and Johnson were candidates of the Republican party, and MciClellan and Pendleton, Democrats. Elect. For President. Vote. Ulysses S. Grant 214 Horatio Seymour SO 1868 Pop. Vote. 3,015,071 2,709,615 Elect. For Vice-President. Vote. Schuyler Colfax 214 Francis P. Blair SO Grant and Colfax were candidates of the Republican party, and Seymour and Blair, Democrats. 40 For President. Ulysses S. Grant Horace Gree'ey Charles O'Conor James Black Thomas A. Hendricks. B. Gratz Brown Charles J. Jenkins David Davis Elect. Vote. 286 1872 Pop. Vote. 3,597,070 2,834,077 29,408 5,608 For -Vice-President. Henry Wilson B. Gratz Brown Jolin Q. Adams John Ru.«sell George W. Julian A, H. Colquitt John M. Palmer T. E. Bramlette W. S. Groesbeck Willis B. Maehen Nathaniel P. Banks... Elect. Vote. .. 286 47 Grant and Wilson were candidates of the Republican party; Greeley and Brown, Democratic and Liberal ; 0''Conor, Hend- ricks, Brown and Jenkins were Democrats; Black, Temperance, and Davis, Independent; Adams, Colquitt, Palmer, Bramlette, iGroesbeck and Maehen, Democrats; Julian and Banks, Liberal, and Russell, Temperance. Many Democrats throughout the country that would not sup- port Greeley nominated various tickets, Oreeley died after the election and before the Electoral Colleo-e assembled. 1876 For Vice-President. Thomas A. Hendricks. William A. Wheeler... Samuel F. Gary Gideon T. Stewart D. Kirkpatrick Elect. Vote. . . 184 .. 185 Elect. Pop. For President. Vote. Vote. Samuel J. Tilden 184 4,284,885 Rutherford B. Hayes 185 4,033,950 Peter Cooper 81,740 Green Clay Smith 9,522 James B. Walker 2,6-36 Tilden and Hendricks were candidates of the Democratic party; Hayes and Wheeler, Republican; Cooper and Gary, Green- back; Smith and 'Stewart, Prohibition; Walker and Kirkpatrick, American. 1880 For President. James A. Garfield Winfleld S. Hancock. James B. Weaver Neal T)ow John W. Phelps Elect. Vote. Pop. Vote. 214 155 4,449,053 4,442,035 307,306 10. 305 707 For Vice-President. Chester A. Arthur William H. English . . B. J. Chambers H. A. Thompson S. C. Pomeroy Elect. Vote. .. 214 . . 155 Garfield and Arthur were candidates of the Republican party; Llancock and English, Democratic ; Weaver and Chambers, Green- back; Dow and Thompson, Prohibitionists; Phelps and Pomeroy, American. 1884 For President. Grover Cleveland James G. Blaine.. John P. ,St. John. Benj. F. Butler... P. D. Wigginton.. Elect. Vote. 219 182 Pop. Vote. 4,911,017 4,848,334 151,809 133, 825 For Vice-President. Thomas A. Hendricks. Joihn A. Logan William Daniel A. M. West Elect. Vote. . . 219 .. 1S2 41 Cleveland and Hendricks were candidates of the Democratic party; Blaine and Logan, Repnblican ; St. John and Daniel, Pro- hibition; Butler and 'AVest, Greenback; AYigginton (no running mate), American — no record of vote. 1888 For President. Grover Cleveland . (Benjamin Harrison Clinton B. Fisk Alson J. Streeter.. R. H. Cowdry James L. Curtis... Elect. Pop. Vote. Vote. 16S 5,538,933 233 5,440,216 249,907 148, 105 2, SOS 1,591 For Vice-President. Allen G. Thurman Levi P. Morton John A. Brooks C. E. Cunning-ham W. H. T. Wakefield.. James B. Greer Elect. Vote. .. 168 .. 233 Cleveland and Thurman were candidates of the Democratic party ; Harrison and Morton. Bepublican ; Fisk ,and Brooks. Pro- hibition ; Streeter and iC'unningham, Union Labor; Cowdrv and Wakefield, United Labor ; 'Ctirtis and Greer, American. 1892 For President. Grover Cleveland . . Benjamin Harrison James B. Weaver.. John Bidwell Simon Wing Elect. Vote. 277 145 Pop. Vote. 5,556,918 5,176,108 1,041,028 264,133 For Vice-President. Adlai Stevenson . . ^Vhitelaw Reid . . . Janaes G. Field James D. Cranfill. Elect. Vote. .. 277 .. 145 22 91,164 Charles H. Matchett. lOleveland and Stevenson were candidates of the Democratic party ; Harrison and Eeid, Eepublican ; Weaver and Field, Peoples ; Bidwell and Cranfill, Prohibitionist ; Wing and Matchett, Social Labor. 1896 For President. Elect. Vote. William McKinley 271 William J. Bryan 176 Joshua Levering John 'M. Palmer Charles H. Matchett Charles E. Bentley Pop. Vote. For Vice-President. 7,104,779 Garrett A. Hobart.... 6,502,925 Arthur Sewell 132,007 Thomas E. M^atson... 133,448 Hale Johnson 36,274 Simon B. Buckner. ... 13,968 Matthew Maguire .... James H. Southgate.. Elect. Vote. 271 149 27 1900 For President. W^illiam McKinley . W'illiam J. Bryan... John G. Wooley Wharton Barker ... Eugene V. Debs Joseph F. Mallonev. J. F. R. Leonar-d... 'Seth H. Ellis Elect. Pop. Vote. Vote. 292 7,207,923 155 6,3.58.133 208, 914 50, .-573 87,814 39,739 1,059 5,698 For Vice-President. Theodore Roosevelt .. Adlal Stevenson Henry B. Metcalf Ignatiua Donnelly — Job Harriman Valentine Remmel ... John G. Wooley Samuel T. Nicholson. Elect. Vote. . . 292 .. 155 McKinley and Roosevelt were candidates of the Republican party; Bryan and Stevenson, Democratic; Wooley and Metcalf, 42 Prohibition ; Barker and Donnelly, Peoples ; Debs and Harriman, Socialists ; Mallonej and Remmel, Socialist Labor ; Leonard and Wooley, L'nited Christian; Ellis and i^icholson, Union Reform. 1904 For President. Theodore Roosevelt . . Alton B. Parker Eugene V. Debs Silas C. Swallow Thomas E. Watson... Charles H. Corrigan. Elect. Vote. Pop. Vote. 336 140 7, 623, 486 5,077,911 402,283 258,536 117,183 For Vice-President. Charles W. Fairbanks. Henry G. Davis Benjamin Hanford George W. Carrell. .. . . . Thomas H. Tibbl-es Elect. Vote. .. 336 .. 140 31,219 William W. Cox. Roosevelt and Fairbanks were candidates of the Repnblican party ; Parker .and iDavis, Democratic ; D'ebs and Hanford, Social- ists ; Swallow and 'Carrell, Prohibition ; Watson and Tibbies, Peoples ; Oorrigan and Cox, Socialist Labor. 1908 For President. William H. Taft.... William J. Bryan... Eugene V. Debs Eugene W. Chafln.. Thomas E. Watson. August Gillhaus ... Thomas L. Hisgen. Elect Pop. Vote. Vote. 321 7,678,90,8 162 6,409,104 420,793 253, 840 29, 100 13, 823 82,872 Elect. For Vice-President. Vote. James S. Sherman 321 John W. Kern 162 Benjamin) Hanford Aaron S. "Watkins Samuel Williams Donald L. Munro John Temple Graves 'Taft and Sherman were candidateis of the Republican party; Bryan and Kern, Democratic; Debs and Hanford, Socialists; Chafin and Watkins, Prohibitionists ; Watson and Williams, Peoples; Grillhaus and Munro, Socialistic Labor; Hisgen and Oraves, Independents. 1912 For President. Woodrow Wilson ... William H. Taft.... Theodore Roosevelt Eugene V. Debs Eugene W. Chafin.. Arthur E. Reimer.. Elect. Pop. Vote. Vote. 435 6,293,019 8 3,484,956 88 4,119,507 901.873 207,928 29, 259 For Vice-President. Thomas R. Marshall.. Nicholas M. Butler Hiram W. Johnson Emil Seidel Aaron S. Watkins August Gillhaus Elec. Vote. . 435 8S Wilson and Marshall were candidates of the Democratic party; Taft and Butler, Republican ; Roosevelt and Johnson, Pro- gressive ; Debs and Seidel, Socialists ; Chafin and Watkins, Pro- hibitionists; Reimer and Gillhaus, Socialistic Labor. 43 Senators, Representatives and Electoral Votes by States. The following is a list of States, with iiiuiiber of Senators and Members of the House of Representatives ; also the Electoral Vote each State is entitled to: STATES. Senators, Members H. of R. Electoral Vole. Ahibama 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 10 1 7 11 I 5 1 4 12 2 27 13 11 8 11 8 4 6 16 13 10 8 16 2 6 1 2 12 1 43 10 3 22 12 Arizona 3 Arkansas 9 California 13 Colorado 6 Connecticut Delaware 7 3 Florida 6 Georffia 14 Idaho lllninis 4 29 Indiana 15 Iowa ]vansa^ 13 10 Kentucky Louisana 13 10 Maine 6 Maryland 8 •7 Massachusetts IS Michiii'an 15 Minnesota 12 Mississippi . 10 Missouri IS Montana 4 Nebraska 8 Xevada 3 Xew Hampshire Xew Jersey 4 14 Xew ^lexico o Xew Vork 45 Xorth Carolina l-"? Xorth Dakota Ohio 5 24 44 Senators, Representatives and Electoral Votes by States — Continued. STATES. Senators. Members H. of R. Electoral Vote. Oklahoma .... Oregon Pennsylvania . . Rhode Island . . South Carolina South Dakota.. Tennessee .... Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington . . . West Virginia. Wisconsin . . . . Wvomino- 8 3 86 3 7 3 10 18 2 2 10 5 6 11 1 10 5 38 5 9 5 12 20 4 4 12 7 8 13 3 Total 531 ; necessary to elect, 266. 45 Presidents Pro Tempore of the United States Senate Years. Years. 17S9-92 John Langdon. X. H. 1826-28 Nathaniel Macon, N. C. 1792 Richard H. Lee, Va. 1 328-32 Samuel Smith, Md. 1792-94 John Langdon, X. H. 1832 L. W. Tazewell, Va. 1794-95 Ralph Izard, S. C. 1832-34 Hugh L. White, Tenn. 1795-96 Henry Trazewell, Va. 1834-35 George Poindexter, Miss. 1796-97 Samuel Livermore,X. H. 1835-36 John Tyler, Va. 1797 William Bingham, Pa. 1836-41 William R. King, Ala. 1797 William Bradford, R. I. 1841-42 Saml. L. Southard, X. J. 1797-98 Jacob Read, S. C. 1842-46 W. P. Mangum, X. C. 1798 Theo. Sedgwick, Mass. 1846-49 D. R. Atchinson, Mo. 1798-99 John Laurence, X. Y. 1850-5'2 Wm. R. King, Ala. 1799 James Ross, Pa. 1852-54 D. R. Atchinson, Mo. 1799-00 Samuel Livermore, X^. H. 1854-57 Jesse D. Bright. Lid. 1800 Uriah Tracy, Ct. 1857 James M. Mason, Va. 1800-01 John E. Howard, Md. 1857-61 Benj. Fitzpatrick,* Ala. 1801 James Hillhouse, Ct. 1861-64 Solomon Foot, Vt. 1801-02 Abraham Baldwin, Ga. 1864-65 Daniel Clark, X. H. 1802-03 Stephen R. Bradley, Vt. 1865-67 Lafayette S. Foster, Ct. 180.3-04 John Brown. Ky. 1867-69 Benjamin F. Wade, O. 1804-05 Jesse Franklin, X. C. 1869-73 Henry B. Anthony. R. I. 180,5 Joseph Anderson, Tenn. 1873-75 M. H. Carpenter, Wis. 1805-08 Samuel Smith, Md. 1875-79 Thos. W. Ferry, Mich. 1808-09 Stephen R. Bradley, Vt. 1879-81 A. G. Thurman, O. 1809 John Milledge, Ga. " 1881 Thomas F. Bayard, Del. 1809-10 Andrew Gregg, Pa. 1881-83 David Davis, 111. 1810-11 John Gaillard, S. C. 1883-8,5 Geo. F. Edmunds, Vt. 1811-12 John Pope, Ky. 1885-87 John Sherman, O. 1812-13 Wm. H. Crawford, Ga. 1887-91 John J. Ingalls, Kan. 1813-14 JosephB.Varnum, Mass. 1891-93 C. F. Manderson, Xeb. 1814-18 John Gaillard, S. C. 189i3-9,5 Isham G. Harris, Tenn. 1818-19 James Barbour, Va. 1895-11 William P. Frye, Me. 1820-26 John Gaillard. S. C. 1913 James P. Clarke, Ark. * Succeeded Thos. J. Rusk, of Texas. Elected March 14, 1857, as President pro tempore. 46 Speakers of the United States House of Representatives Years. Years. 1789-91 F. A. Miihlenbiirg, Pa. 1845-47 1791-93 Jonathan Trumbull, Ct. 1847-49 1793-95 F. A. Muhlenburg, Pa. 1849-51 1795-99 Jonathan Dayton, N. J. 1851-55 1799-01 Theo. Sedgwick, Mass. 1855-57 1801-07 Nathaniel Macon, N. C. 1857-5'9 1807-11 Josephs. Varnum, Mass. 1859-61 1811-14 Henry Clay, Ky. 1861-63 1814-15 Langdon Cheves, S. C. 1863'-69 1815-20 Henry Clay, Ky. 1869-75 1820-21 John W. Taylor, N. Y. 1875-76 18211-23 Philip P. Barbour, Va. 1876-81 1823-25 Henry Clay. Ky. 1881-83 1825-27 John W. Taylor, N. Y. 1883-89 1827-34 Andrew Stevenson, Va. 1889-91 1834-35 John Bell, Tenn. 1891-9,5 1835-39 James K. Polk, Tenn. 1895-99 1839-41 R. M. T. Hunter, Va. 1899-03 1841-43 John White, Ky. 1903-11 1843-45 John W. Jones, Va. 1911 John W. Davis, Ind. R. C. Winthrop, Mass. Howell Cobb, Ga. Linn Boyd, Ky, Nathaniel P. Bank, Mass. James L. Orr, S. C. Wm. Pennington, N. J. Galusha A. Grow, Pa. Schuyler A. 'Colfax, Ind. James G. Blaine, Me. Michael C. Kerr, Ind. Samuel J. Randall. Pa. Joseph W. Kiefer, 0. John G, Carlisle, Ky. Thomas B. Reed, Me. Charles F. Crisp, Ga. Thomas B. Reed, Me. David B. Henderson, la. Joseph G. Gannon, 111. Champ Clark, Mo. Chief Judges of the United States Supreme Court Y'ears. 1789-95 John Ray, N. Y. 1795 John Rutledge, S. C* 1796-00 Oliver Ellsworth. Ct. 1801-3.5 John Marshall, Va. 1836-64 Roger B. Taney, Md. * Served less than one year. Years. 1864-73 Salmon P. Chase, O. 1874-88 Morrison R. Waite, 0. 1888-10 Melville W. Fuller, 111. 1910 Edward D. White, La.f t Now serving. 47 Associate Justices of the U Years. 17S9-91 John Kutledge, S. C. 1789-10 William Gushing, Mass. 1789-98 James Wilson, Pa. 1789-96 John Blair, Va. 1789-90 Eobert H. Harrison, ]\Jd. 1790-9'9 James Iredell, N. C. 1791-93 Thomas Johnson, Md. 1793-0-6 William Patterson, ^^^ j. 1796-11 Samuel Chase, Md. 1798-29 Bushrod Washington, Va. 1799-04 Alfred ^loore, N. C. 1804-34 William Johnson, S. C. 1806-23 Brock Livingstou, :N\ Y. 180'7-26 Thomas Todd, Ky. 1811-45 Joseph Story, Mass. 1811-36 Gabriel Duval, Md. 1823-43 Smith Thompson, N. Y. 1826-28 Robert Trimble, Ky. 1829-61 John McLean. 0. 1830-46 Henry Baldwin, Pa. 1835-67 James M. Wayne. Ga. 1836-41 Philip P. Barbour. Va. 1837-65 .John Catron, Tenn. 1837-52 John :\reTvinley. Ala. 1S41-60 Peter V. Daniel, Va. 1845-72 Samuel ^Telson, N. Y. 1845-51 Levi Woodbury. ^. H. 1846-70 Robert C. Grier, Pa. 18.51-57 Benj. R. Curtis, Mass. 1&53-61 John A. Campbell, Ala. 18.58-81 T^athan Clifford, Me. nited States Supreme Court Years. 1861-81 Xoah H. Swayne, 0. 1862-90- Samuel F. Miller, la. 1862-77 David Davis, 111. 1863-97 (Stephen J. Field, Cah 1870-80- William Strong, Pa. 1870N92 Joseph P. Bradley, N. J. 1872>-82 Ward Hunt, N. Y^ 1877-11 John M. Harlan, Ky. 1880-87 Wm. B. Woods, Ga.^ lS81-8'9 Stanley Matthews, O. 1881-02 Horace Gray, Mass. 1882-9 3 Samuel Blatchf ord, ^.Y. 1888-93 Lucius Q. C. Lamar. Miss. 188,9-10 David J. Brewer, Kan. 189i0-06 Henry B. Brown, Mich. 1892-03 George Shiras, Jr., Pa. 1893-95 Howell E. Jackson, Tenn. 1894-10 Edward D. White, La. 1 895-0i9 Ruf us W. Peckham. 'N. Y. 1898 Jos. McKenna, Cal. 1902 Oliver W. Holmes, Mass. 1903 Wm. R. Day, O. 1906-10 Wm. H. Moody, Mass. 1909^14 Horace H. Lurton, Tenn. 1910-16 Chas. E. Hughes, 'N. Y. l'9a Willis Van.Devanter. Wy, 1910 Joseph R. Lamar, Ga. 1912 Mahlon Pitney. N. J. 1914 J. C. McReynolds. Tenn. 19*16 Louis D. Brandeis, Mass. 1916 John H. Clarke, Ohio. 48 Members of the United States Supreme Court Edward D. White, La. Appointed 1910; born 1S45 ; salary $15,000 per annum. Associate Justices Joseph Melvenna, California, appointed 1895, born 1843. Oliver W. Holmes, Massaclinsetts, appointed 1902, born 1811. William R. Day, Oliio, appointed 1903, born 1819. W. Van Devanter, Wyoming, appointed' 1910, born 1859. Joseph R. Lamar, Georgia, appointed 1910, born 1857. Mahlon Pitney, New Jersey, appointed 1912, born 1858. Jas. C. MoReynolds, Tennesee, appointed 1911, born 1862. Lonis D. Brandeis, Massachusetts, appointed 1916. John H. Clarke, Ohio, appointed 1916. Salary $14,500 per annum. Thirteen Original States, and When They Ratified the Constitution 1 Delaware December 7, 1787 2. Pennsylvania December 12, 1787 3 New Jersey December 18, 1787 4 Georgia ^ January 2, 1788 5 Connecticut . January 9, 1788 6 Massachusetts February 6, 178'8 7 Maryland April 28, 1788 8 South Carolina :May 23, 1788 9 Xew Hampshire June 21, 1788 10 Virgina June 26, 1788 1 1 Xew York July 26. 1788 12 Xorth Carolina November 21. 1789 13 Rhode Island Mav 29, 1790 49 The Following are the Order and Dates the States Were Admitted Into the Union. (From Statistical Abstract of the United States Department of Commerce.) 1 Vermont February IS, 1791 2 Xentucky February 4, 1Y91 3 Tennessee - June 1, 1796 4 Ohio February 19, 1803 5 Louisiana April 8, 1812 6 Indiana December 11, 1816 7 Mississippi December 10, 1817 8 Illinois December 3, 1818 9 Alabama December 14, 1&19 10 Maine March 3, 1820 11 Missouri March 2, 1821 12 Arkansas June 15, 1836 13 Michigan January 26, 1&37 14 Florida March 3, 1845 15 Iowa March 3, 1845 16 Texas December '29, 1845 17 Wisconsin May 29. 1848 18 California September 9, 18-50 19 Minnesota May 11, 1858 20 Oregon February 14, 1859 21 Kansas January 29, 1861 22 West Virginia June 19. 1863 2i3 Nevada ^March 21, 1864 24 Nebraska February 9. 1867 25 Colorado March 3, 1875 26 North Dakota February 22, 1889 27 South Dakota February 22, 1&89 28 Montana February 22, 1889 29 Washington February 22, 18&9 30 Idaho July 3, 1890 31 Wyoming July 10, 18.90 32 Utah July 16. 1894 33 Oklahoma November 16, 1907 34 New Mexico June 20, 1910 35 Arizona June 20, 1910 50 Territories and Dates of Organization District of Columbia July 16, 1790 Alaska July 27, 1868 Hawaii xVpril 30, 1900 State Flowers Alabama Golden Rod Arizona Ocotlllo Arkansas Apple Blossom California Golden Poppy Colorado Columbine Connecticut Mountain Laurel Delaware Peach Blossom Florida Orange Blossoms Georgia Cherokee Rose Idaho Syringa Illinois The Xative Violet Indiana (tarnation Iowa Wild Rose Kansas Sun Flower Kentucky Golden Rod Louisiana ^Nfagnolia Maine Pine Cone and Tassel ]\rarvland Black Eyed Susan Michigan Apple Blossom Minnesota Moccasin Mississippi Magnolia ^Montana Bitter Root ISTebraska Golden Rod Xew Jersey Golden Rod and Violet ^ew Mexico Cactus Xew York Rose Xorth Dakota Wild Rose Ohio Scarlet Carnation Oklahoma Mistletoe Oregon Oregon Grape Pennsylvania Daisy and Violet Rhode Island Violet Sonth Dakota Anemone Patens 51 Tennessee Golden Eod Texas Blue Bonnet Utah Sego Lily Vermont Bed Clover Washington Rhododendron West Virginia Rhododendron Wisconsin Violet Wyoming Blue Fringed Gentian Massachusetts, Missouri, Xevada, New Hampshire, Korth Carolina, South Carolina and Virginia have not adopted a State Flower. Monroe Doctrine President James Monroe transmitted to Congress, December 2, 1823, a message in which he expressed his views in the following language: "We ow^e it to candor and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and the allied powers, to de- clare that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power we have not interfered, and shall not inter- fere. But with the governmentsi which have declared, their inde- pendence and maintained it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration and just principles, acknowledged, we could not view an interposition for oppressing them, or controlling in any other manner their destiny, by any European power, in any other light than as a manifestation of an unfriendly disposition toward the United States." 52 Declaration of Independence Ix CoxGKEss July 4, 1776 The unanimous declaration of the thirteen United States of America. When in the Course of human events, it becomes neces- sary for one people to dissolve the political bands which have connected them with another, and to assume among the" powers of the earth, the separate and equal station to which the Laws of ISTature and of ISTature's God entitles them, a decent respect to the opinions of mankind requires that they should declare the causes which impel them to the separation. AYe hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain un- alienable Rights, that among- these are Life, Liberty and the pur- suit of Happiness, That to secure these rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving tiheir just powers from the con- sent of the governed, That whenever any Form of Government becomes destructive of these ends, it is the Eight of the People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new Government, laying its foundation on such principles and organizing its powers in such form, as to them shall seem most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence, indeed, will dictate that Governments long established should not be changed for light and transient causes ; and accordingly all experience hath shewm, that mankind are more disposed to suffer, while evils are sufferable, than to right themselves by abolishing tlie forms to which they are accus- tomed. But when a long train of abuses and usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object evinces a design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is their right, it is their duty, to throw off such Government, and to provide new Guards for their future security. Such has been the patient sufferance of these Colonies ; and such is now the necessity which constrains them to alter their former Systems of government. The history of the present King of Great Britain is a liistory of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these ,States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world. He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. 53 He has forbidden liis Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance, unless suspended in tlieir operation till his Assent should be obtained ; and when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to them. He has refused to p'ass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, unless those people would relinquish the right of Representation in the Legislature, a right inestimable to them and formidable to tyrants only. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly, for oppos- ing with manly firmness his invasions on the rights of the people. He has refused for a long time, after such dissolutions, to cause others to be elected ; whereby the Legislative powers, incapable of Annihilation, have returned to the People at large for their exer- eise; the State remaining in the meantime exposed to all the dangers of invasion from without, and convulsions within. He has endeavored to prevent the population of these States ; for that purpose obstructing the Laws for j^aturalization of Foreigners ; refusing to pass others to encourage their migrations hither, and raising the conditions of new Appropriations of Lands. He has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary Powers. He has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for the tenure of tlieir offices, and the amount and payment of their salaries. He has erected a multitude of Xew Offices, and sent hither swarms of Officers to harass our people, and eat out their substance. He has kept among us, in times of peace. Standing Armies without the Consent of our legislature. He has affected to render the Military independent of and superior to the Civil power. He has combined with others to subject us to a jurisdiction 64 foreign to our constitution, and unacknowledged by our laws ; giving his Assent to tlieir Acts of pretended Legislation: For quartering large bodies of armed troops among us: For protecting them, by a mock Trial, from punishment for any ^Murders which they should commit on the Inhabitants of these States: For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world : For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent : For depriving us in many cases, of the benefits of Trial by jury : For transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pretended oif ences : For abolishing the free System of English Laws in a neighbor- ing Province, establishing therein an Arbitrary government, and enlarging its Boundaries so as to render it at once an exiample and fit instrument for introducing the same absolute rule into these Colonies : For taking away our iCharters, abolishing our most valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of our Governments : For suspending our o^vn Legislatures, and declaring themselves invested with power to legislate for us in all cases whatsoever. He has abdicated Government here, by declaring us out of his Protection and waging War against us. He has plundered our seas, ravaged our Coasts, burnt our towns, and destroyed the lives of our people. He is at this time transporting large Annies of foreign Mercen- aries to compleat the works of death, desolation and tyranny, already begun with circumstances of 'Cruelty & perfidy scarcely paralleled in the most barbarous ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a civilized nation. He has constrained our fellow-Citizens taken Captive on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to become the executioners of their friends and Brethren, or to fall themselves by their Hands. He has excited domestic insurrections amongst us, and has endeavored to bring on the inhabitants of our frontiers, the 55 merciless Indian Savages, whose known rule of warfare, is an "undistinguished destruction of all ages, sexes and conditions. In every stage of these .Oppressions We have Petitioned for Redress in the most hmnble terms : Our repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated injury. A Prince, whose char- acter is thus marked by every act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the ruler of a free people. N^or have We been wanting in attentions to our British brethren. We have warned them from time to time of attempts by their legislature to extend an iinwarrantable jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of the circumstances of our emigration and .settlement here. We have appealed to their native justice and magiianimity, and we have conjured them by the ties of our (Common kindred to disavow these usurpations, which, would in- evitably interrupt our connections and correspondence. They too have been deaf to the voice of justice and of consanguinity. We p^nust, therefore, acquiesce in the necessity, which denounces our .Separation, and hold them, as we hold the rest of mankind, Enemies in War, in Peace Friends. We, Therefore, the Represea^tatives of the Uxited States OF America, in General Congress, Assembled, appealing to the Supreme Judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions, do, in the ^ame, and by authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly publish and declare, That these United Colonies are, and of Right ought to be free and independent States ; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British .Crown, and that all political connection between thein and the State of Great Britain, is and ought to be totally dissolved ; and that as FREE AND INDEPENDENT STATES, they havc full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts and Things which independent States may of right do. And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm reliance on the protection of Divine Providence, We mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes, and our Sacred Honor. 56 (The foregoing" declaration was. by order of Congress, en- grossed, and signed bj the following members) : JOHX HA^^COCK. jSTew Hampshire — Josiah Bartlett, Wm. ^Mlipple, Matthew Thornton. Massachusetts Baj — Sanil. Adams, John Adams, Robt. Treat Paine, Elbridige Gerry. Rhode Island, etc. — Step. Hopkins, William Ellery. Connecticut — Roger Sherman, Sam'el Huntington, Wm. Williams, Oliver Wolcott. jSTew York — Wm. Floj'^d, Phil. Livingston, Prans. Lewis, Lewis Morris. ]^ew Jersey — Richd. Stockton, Jno. Witherspoon, Fras. Hopkinson, John Hart, Abra. Clark. Pennsylvania — Robt. Morris, Benjamin Rush, Benja. Prank- lin, John Morton. Geo. Clymer, Jas. Smith, Geo. Taylor, James Wilson, Geo. Ross. Delaware — Caesar Rodney, Geo. Read, Theo. M'Kean. Maryland — Samuel Chase, Wm. Paca, Thos. Stone, Charles Carroll of Carrollton. Virginia — George Wythe, Richard Henry Lee, Th. Jeiferson, Benja. Harrison, Thos. jSTelson, jr., Francis Lightfoot Lee, Carter Braxton. ISTorth Carolina — Wm. Hooper, Joseph Hewes, John Penn. South Carolina — Edward Rutledge, Thos. Heyward, junr., Thomas Lynch, junr., Arthur Middleton. Georgia — Button Gwinnett, Lvman Hall, Geo. Walton. 57 Washington's Farewell Address ExTEACTS Fkom His Address Counselling the Maintenance OF THE Union. — Confinement of the General Government to its 'CbNSTiTUTioNAL Limita' tions^ and Avoidance of Relations With Foreign Political Affairs. To the People of the United States on His App7'oaching Retirement from the Presidency. Here, perhaps, I ought to stop; but a solicitude for your welfare;, which cannot end but with mj life, and the apprehension of danger natural to that solicitude, urge me, on an occasion like the present, to offer to jour solemn contemplation, and to recommend to your frequent review, some sentiments, which are the result of much reflection, of no inconsid'erable observation, and which appear to me all-important to the permanency of your felicity as a people. These will be afforded to you' with the more freedom, as you can only see in them the disinterested warnings of a parting friend, who can possibly have no personal motive to bias his counsel ; nor can I forget, as an encouragement to it, your indulgent reception of my sentiments on a former and not dissimilar occasion. Interwoven as is the love of liberty with every ligament of your hearts, no recommendation of mine is necessary to fortify or con- firm the attachment. Preservation of the Union The imity of government, which constitutes you one people, is also now dear to you. It is justly so ; for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence — the support fo your tranquillity at home, your peace abroad, of your safety, of your prosperity, of that very liberty which you so highly prize. But as it is easy to foresee that, from different causes and from difFerent quarters, much pains will be taken, many artifices employed, to weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth ; as this is the point in your political fortress against which the batteries of internal and ex- ternal enemies will be most constantly and actively (though often covertly and insidiously) directed — it is of infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of your national union to your collective and individual happiness; that you should 58 cherish a cordial, hahitual and immovable attachment to it ; accus- toming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety and prosperity ; watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety; dlisoountenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion that it can, in any event, be abandoned ; and indig- nantly frowningi upou the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest, or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various parts. For this you have every inducement of sympathy and interest. Citizens by birth or choice of a common country, that country has a right to concentrate your affections. 'The name of- America, which belongs to you in your national capacity, must always exalt the just pride of patriotism, more than any appellation derived from local discriminations. With slight shades of difference, you have the same religion, manners, habits, and political principles. You have, in a common cause, fought and triumphed together ; the independence and liberty you possess are the work of joint counsels and joint efforts, of common dangers, sufferings, and successes. Encroachments by the Gtoveenment It is important, likewise, that the habits of thinking, in a free country, should inspire caution, in those intrusted, with its admin- istration, to confine themselves within their respective constitu- tional spheres, avoiding,, in the exercise of the powers of one department, to encroach upon another. The spirit of encroachment tends to consolidate the powers of all the departments in one, and thus to create, whatever the form of government, a real despotism. A just estimate of that love of power, and proneness to abuse it which predominates in the human heart, is sufficient to satisfy us of the truth of this position. The necessity of reciprocal checks in the exercise of political power, by dividing and distributing it into different depositories, and constituting each the guardian of the public weal, against invasions by the others, has been evinced by experiments, ancient and! modern; some of them in our own country, and under onr own eyes. To preserve them must be as necessary as to institute them. If, in the opinion of the people, the distribution or modification of the constitutional powers be, in any particular, wrong, let it be corrected) by an amendment in the way which the Constitution designates. But let there be no change 59 or usurpation ; for though this, in one instance, may be, the instru- ment of good, it is the customary weapon by which free govern- ments are destroyed. The precedent must always greatly overbalance, in permanent evil, and partial or transient benefit which the use can, at any time, yield. Observe good faitL and justice toward all nations ; cultivate peace and harmony withi all; religion and morality enjoin this conduct; and can it be that good policy does not equally enjoin it ? It will be worthy of a free, enlightened, and, at no distant period, a great nation, to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a people always guided by an exalted justice and benevolence. Who can doubt that, in the course of times and things, the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any temporary advantages which might be lost by a steady adherence to it ? Can it be that Providence has not connected the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue ? The experiment, at least, is recommended by every sentiment which ennobles human nature. Alas ! is it rendered impossible by its vices ? Entanglements With Foreign Powers Against the insidious wiles of foreign influence (I conjure you to believe me, fellow-citizens) the jealousy of a free people ought to constantly awake; since history and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government. But that jealousy to be useful, must be impartial; else it becomes the instrument of the very influence to be avoided, instead of a defense against it. Excessive partiality for one foreign nation, and excessive! dislike for another, cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side, and serve to veil, and even second, the arts of influence on the other. Peal patriots, who may resist the intrigues of the favorite, are liable to become suspected and odious, while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and confidence of the people, to surrender their interests. The great rule of conduct for us, in regard to foreign nations, is, in extending our commercial relations, to have with them as little political connection as possible. So far as we have already formed engagements, let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith. Here let us stop, 60 Europe has a set of primary interests, whicli to us have none, or a very remote relation. Hence she must he engaged in frequent controversies, the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns. Hence, therefore, it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves, by 'artificial ties, in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics, or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friend- ships or enmities. Our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a diiferent course. If we remain one people under an efficient government, the period is not far off when we may defy material injury from external annoyance; when we may take such an attitude as will cause the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon, to be scrupulously respected; when belligerent nations, under the impossibility of making acquisitions upon us, will not lightly hazard the giving us provocation ; when we may choose peace or war, as our interest, guided by justice, shall counsel. Paeting Oouksels In offering to you, my countrymen, these counsels of an old and affectionate friend, I dare not hope that they will make the strong and lasting impression I could wish; that they will control the usual current of the passions, or prevent our nation from running the course which hitherto has marked the destiny of nations ; but if I mRj even flatter myself, that they may be productive of some partial benefit, some occasional good ; that they may now and then recur to moderate the fury of party spirit, to warn against the mischiefs of foreign intrigues, to guard against the impostures of pretended partiotism; this hope will be full recompense for the solicitude for your welfare by which they have been dictated. United States, September 17, 1Y96. GEORGE WASHINGTON. 61 Lincoln's Gettysburg Speech {Address at the Dedication of Gettysburg Cemetery, November 19, 1863.) Fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. 'Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long- endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We are met to dedicate a portion of it as the final resting-place of those wbo here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But in a larger sense we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract. The world will little note nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work that they have thus far so nobly carried on. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us; that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to the cause for which they here gave the last full measures -of devotion ; that we here highly resolve that the dead shall not have died in vain ; that the nation shall, under God, have a new birth of freedom, and that government of the people, by the people, and for the people, shall not perish from the earth. 62 The Flag of Our Country In 1777 a committee consisting- of General George Washington, Robert Morris and Colonel Ross were appointed to designate a National Flag. After a conference with Mistress Betsy Ross, they made their report to Congress. On June 14, 1777, Congress adopted the following resolution: "Resolved, tkat the flag of the thirteen states be thirteen stripes, alternate red and white, that the Union be thirteen white stars in a blue field, representing a new constellation, the stars to be arranged in a circle." The adopted flag was first used in military service at Fort Stanwix, now Rome, X. Y., and in a skirmish at Cooch's Bridge, near Wilmington, Delaware, received its baptism of fire September 3, 1777. What is supposed to be its first recognition by a foreign power was on February 14, 17'78, when a French commander saluted the '■ Ranger " of Captain John Paul Jones' fleet. Captain Jones received his appointment as Commander of the " Ranger " on the 14th of June, 1777, the day that Congress adopted the flag — he said, "• That flag and I are twins. We cannot be parted in life or in death. So long as we can float, we shall float together ; if we must sink, we will go down as one." In 17'95, two stars and two stripes were added commemorative of the admission of Vermont and Kentucky to the Union. In 1816, the States of Tennessee, Ohio and Louisiana and Indiana were taken into the Union, when a committee appointed to give them, a place on the flag, realized that there must be a limit to the stripes, made a recomimendation which was adopted April 4, 1818, that the flag be permanently thirteen stripes, rep- resenting the original thirteen States, and a new star be added for each State admitted. On the 4th of July, succeeding the admission of a State to the Union, a star is added to tlie field. Dtiring the Revolutionary W^ar, the flag had thirteen stars ; at the time of the Mexican War, two stars had been added, and dur- ing the Civil War there were thirty-five stars. The stars had increased in number to fort;>'^five at the time of the Spanish- American War, and to-day we have in the constellation forty- eight, arranged in six rows of eight each. 63 Our colors are very often called " Old Glory." It was so named by Captain Steplien Driver of iSalem, 'Massacliiisetts, who in 1S31 was presented with an American flag, and as it was raised aloft, lie called it " Old Glory," and wlien lie retired from seafaring, lie brouglit it witli liini to Xasliville, Tennessee, where he died in 1S'S6. National Flags The official flag of th& United' States bears fortv-eight white stars in a blue field, arranged in six rows of eight stars each. T^ie garrison flag of the Army is made of bunting, thirty-six feet fly and twenty feet hoist, thirteen stripes, and in the upper quarter, next the staft", is the field of stars, equal to the number of States, on blue field, over one-third length of the flag, extending to the lower edge of the fourth red stripe from the top. The storm flag is twenty feet by ten feet, and the recruiting flag nine feet nine inches by four feet four inches. The '" American Jack " is the " imion" or blue field of the flag. The Eevenue Marine Service flag, authorized by act of Congress, March 2, 1799, was originally prescribed to " consist of sixteen perpendicular stripes, alternate red and white, the union of the ensign bearing the arms of the United States in dark blue on a white field." The sixteen stripes represented the number of States which had been admitted to the Union at that time, and no change has been made since. June 14th is celebrated as Flag Day, it being the anniversary of the adoption of the flag. The flrst United States flag was raised in battle August 3, 1777. ITews of its adoption was received at Port Staiiwix (now the city of Rome, IST. Y.) ; it was an improvised one, made from the blue camlet cloak of Colonel Swartwout, of Poughkeepsie, X. Y., and a red petticoat of an officer's wife, the white stars and stripes from ammunition bas's. 64 First Paper Money in America, Which Led to the Founding of the American Banking System Tiie American colonists prior to the reign of William and Mary were prohibited from coining money. In 1690^ the colonists of New England and New York sent an expedition against Canada which was successful. On the return of the troops from Bos- ton there was no money with which to pay them. 'The soldiers clamored for payment and were on the verge of mutiny when it was resolved to resort to paper money and a committee was empowered to issue £7,000 in bills from five shillings to five pounds. This was paper money introduced by Massachusetts in 1690. Carolina followed in 1702, in consequence of an ill-advised expedition to St. Augustine, Florida, which entailed a debt of £6,000. In 170^9, New York and Connecticut first issued bills of credit and other Colonies followed in due course, Georgia being the last. Paper money, which had been first authorized to meet the necessities of Colonial treasuries to wage war, soon became generally established in relieving commercial and financial em- barrassment and continued in use until after the close of the Revolutionary War, and in fact, until the establishment of the United States Mint at Philadelphia in 1792-3. Wars in America War of fhe Revolution NortTiwestern Indian "Wars War with France W"ar with Tripoli Creek Indian War War of 1S12 with Great Britain... Seminole Indian War Black Hawk Indian War Creek Indian War or disturbance, Florida Indian War War with Mexico Seminole Indian War Civil W^ar Spanish-American War Philippine Insurrection Cherokee trouble Aroostook trouble Apache, Navajo and Utah April September July June July June November April May December April 1856 1861 April 1899 1836 1836 1849 19, 1775 19, 1790 9, 1798 10, 1801 27, 1813 IS, 1812 20, 1817 21, 1831 5, 1836 23, 1835 24, 1846 21, 1898 April August September June August February October September September August July 1858 1865 August 190O 1837 1839 1853 11, 1783 3, 1795 30, 1800 4, 1805 9, 1814 17, 1815 21, 1818 31, 1832 30, 1837 14, 1843 4, 1848 12, 1898 War Dates French and Indian 1754— May 28 Great Meadows, Pa. 1755— July 9 Braddock's Field. 1755 — September 8... Lake George. 1756— August 11 Oswego, N. Y. 1757— July 6 Fort William Henry 1758— July 6 Ticonderoga. 1857— August 27 Fort Frontenac. 1758— November 25. .Fort Du Quesne. Revolutionary 1775 — April 19 Lexington and Con- cord. 1775— 'May 10 Ticonderoga. 1775— June 17 Bunker Hill. 1775 — December 31. ..Quebec. 177&— June 28 Fort Moultrie. 1776— August 27 Long Island. 1776— October 28 White Plains. 1776— November 16.. Fort Washington, N. Y. 1776— December 26... Trenton. 1777— January 3 Princeton. 1777— August 6 Oriskany. 1777— August 16 Bennington. 1777— September 11. .Brandy wine. 1777— September 19. .Bemis Heights. 1777— October 4 Germantown. 1777— October 7 Saratoga. 1777— October 17 Burgoj-ne's surren- der. 1778— June 28 Monmouth. 1778— July 3 Wyoming massacre. 1778— August 29 Rhode Island. 1778— December 29.. .Savannah. 1779— July 15 Stony Point, N. Y. 1779— October 8 Savannah. 1780— May 12 Charleston captured 1780— May 29 Waxha w. 1780— June 23 Springfield. N. J. 1780— August 16 Camden, S. C. 1780— October 7 King's Mountain. 1781— January 17 Cowpens. 1781^March 15 Guilford Ct. House. 1781— September 8...Eutaw Springs. 17S1 — October 17 Yorktown. 1812 1812— August 16 Detroit (surren- dered). 1812— October 13 Queenstown. 18il3— April 27 York (Toronto). 1813— Mav 9 Fort Meigs. 1813— October 5 The Thames. 1813 — November ]1. .Chrystler's Field. 1814— July 5 Chippewa. 1814 — July 25 Lundy's Lane. 1814— August 15 Fort Erie. 1814- August 24 Bladensburg, Md. 1814— September ll..Plattsburg, N. Y. 1814— September 13.. Fort McHenry, Md. 1814^0ctober 19 Lyon's Creek. 1815— January 8 New Orleans. Principal Battles of the Civil War First Bull Run, Va.July 21, 1861 Fort Donnelson, Tenn February 16, 1862 Shiloh, Tenn April 6, 1862 Seven Days, Va....June 25, 1862 Second Bull Run, Va August 28, 1862 Antietam, Va September 12. 1862 Fredericksburg, Va. December 11, 1862 Stone River, Tenn.. December 31, 1862 Chancellorsville ...Mav 1, 1863 Gettysburg, Pa July 1,1863 Chickamauga September 19,1863 Wilderness Mlav 5,1864 Spottsvlvania May 8,1864 Cold HarlDOr June 1, 1864 Petersburg June 15, 1864 Gettysbiirgh the greatest, Antietam the fiercest. Lee's surrender to Grant, Aipril 9, 186i5. Fort Sumter fired on April 12, 1861. Approximate Number of Soldiers Engaged in American Wars According to F. L. Huiilekoper, " The Military Unprepared- iicss of the United States" (Macmillan, 1915), the comparative figures of forces in the various wars of the United States are as follows : War of 1812 -—United States, 56,032 regulars; 471,622 militia. Total, 527,65-1. England, 67.000. Creek War — ^ United States, 600 regulars; l:o,*J21 militia. Total, 1:1:,521. Indians, 2,000. Seminole War — United States, 1,000 regulars; 5,911 militia. Total, 6,911. Indians, 1,000. Black Hawk War — United States, 1,341 regulars; 4,638 militia. Total, 5,970. Indians, 800-1,000. Florida War — United States, 12,539 regulars; 48.152 militia. Total, 60,691. Indians, 1,200-2,000. Mexican War — United States, 31,024 regulars; 73.532 militia. Total, 104.55'6. Mexico, 46,000. Civil War — United S'tates, 67,000 regulars; 2,606,341 militia. Total, 2,673,341. Confederate States, 1,000,000. Spanish War — United States, 58,688 regulars; 223,235 militia. Total, 281,923. Spain, 228,160. Ratio in favor of United States, fl^ — U 67 1119 89 % .^^°- « . s • • A^ <>