s f\6 Issued October 27, 1911. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF STATISTICS^BULLETIN 89. VICTOR H. OLMSTED, Chief of Bureau. MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. BY FRANK ANDREWS, STATISTICAL SCIENTIST AND ASSISTANT CHIEF OP DIVISION OF TRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTTNG OFFICL". 1911. ^ -a, Glass ^ Book- Issued October 27, 1911. U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. BUREAU OF STATISTICS— BULLETIN 89. VICTOR H. OLMSTED, Chief of Bureau. io l^- MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. J^ BY FRANK ANDREWS, STATISTICAL SCIENTIST AND ASSISTANT CHIEF OF DIVISION OP PRODUCTION AND DISTRIBUTION. WASHINGTON: GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1911. 6(H(v-^^ v^ ""SO LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL United States Department of Agricultuee, Bureau of Statistics, Washington, D. C, May 19, 1911. Sir : I have the honor to transmit herewitli a report on the market- ing of grain and Hve stock in the Pacific coast region, prepared by Frank Andrews, statistical scientist and assistant chief of the division of production and distribution. Much of the information was secured through personal inquiry at numerous places in California, Oregon, and Washington, and through correspondence. The chief object of this inquiry was to collect data relating to changes in the costs and methods of marketing during the past 40 years, and to show changes in trade movements within that time. The results of this investigation are not given in any other report made by this department or any other Government department. It is respectfully recommended that this report be published as Bulletin 89 of this bureau. Very respectfully, Nat C. Murray, Acting Chief of Bureau. Hon. James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture, CONTENTS, Introduction 11 Domestic trade 11 Grain surplus 11 Table 1. — Quantity of wheat, oats, and corn marketed in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, and in the entire United States, 1896-1909 12 Stores of wheat at three California centers 13 Table 2. — Mean stocks of wheat at Stockton, Port Costa, and San Francisco on the first day of the month, 1891-1909 13 Northern wheat for California mills 13 Table 3. — Receipts of wheat, barley, and wheat flour at San Fran- cisco from all sources and receipts from Oregon and Wash- ington by sea, 1888-1909 14 Coastwise shipments from Portland and Tacoma 14 Table 4. — Shipments of wheat and barley from Portland and Tacoma to other United States ports, 1906-1910 15 River traffic 15 Table 5. — Tonnage of all freight and of grain and live stock carried on selected inland waterways of the Pacific coast region, 1900-1908 15 Table 6. — Tonnage of grain and of all freight carried on inland water- ways of the United States, 1906 10 Chief river ports 16 Table 7. — Shipments on inland waterways of grain and of all freight from selected ports of the Pacific coast, 1906 17 The Panama route 17 Table 8. — Value of all merchandise and of farm products carried be- tween New York and San Francisco via the Isthmus of Panama, 1871-1892 17 Table 9. — Shipments of domestic and foreign merchandise between New York and San Francisco via the Isthmus of Panama, 1871-1909 18 Tehuantepec and Cape Horn 18 Alaska 19 Table 10. — Shipments of domestic live animals, packing-house prod- ucts, grain, and grain products from other parts of the United States to Alaska, 1903-1910 19 Table 11. — Semiannual shipments of live stock from Seattle and other United States ports to Alaska, from July, 1907, to De- cember, 1910, inclusive 20 Hawaii 20 Table 12. — Shipments of domestic live animals, packing-house prod- ucts, grain, and grain products from other parts of the United States to Hawaii, 1900, 1903-1910 21 5 6 CONTENTS. Domestic trade — Continued. Page. Live stock at Portland 22 Table 13. — Monthly receipts of live stock at Union Stockyards, Port- land, during the year ending September 30, 1910, by routes 23 Table 14. — Monthly shipments of live stock from Union Stockyards, Portland, during the year ending September 30, 1910, by routes 25 Foreign trade 27 Classes of exports 27 Table 15. — Value of gold and silver and of domestic merchandise exported through Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, 1856-1910 27 Table 16. — Value of domestic grain and grain products, packing-house products, and live meat animals exported through Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, 1871-1910. 28 The beginning of a wheat surplus 28 Table 17. — Exports of domestic wheat, wheat flour, and barley through Pacific ports, including Alaska, 1856-1870 29 General trend of exports of wheat and barley 29 Table 18. — Exports of domestic wheat and barley from the United States and through Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, 1871-1910 30 Leading articles and ports compared 30 Table 19. — Value of domestic grain and grain products and of all domestic merchandise exported through Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, 1871-1910, by customs districts 30 Table 20. — Quantity of domestic wheat, wheat flour, barley, and malt exported through Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, 1871-1910 34 British imports 36 Table 21. ^Imports of barley, wheat, and wheat flour into the United Kingdom from Pacific coast ports of the United States, compared with imports from other United States ports and from all sources, 1876-1908 37 Seasonal movement in foreign trade 37 Table 22. — Average monthly exports of domestic barley, wheat, and wheat flour through the Pacific (including Alaska and Hawaii) and other ports of the United States, 1901-1909 . 38 Monthly marketings and exports 38 Table 23. — Monthly marketings of wheat in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and California, and monthly exports of domestic wheat through Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, during the years ending June 30, 1908-1910. . . 39 Table 24. — Average monthly imports of wheat into the United King- dom from the Pacific coast of the United States and from all sources, 1901-1907 40 Indirect imports 40 Table 25. — Value of merchandise imported into Pacific coast ports, 1905-1909, showing amount through "exterior" ports. . 40 OONTENTS. 7 Foreign trade — Continued. Page. Decline of exports in sail vessels 41 Tj\.ble 26.— Percentage of value of domestic merchandise exported in sail and in steam vessels from Pacific (including Alaska and Hawaii) and '. other ports of the United States, 1886-1909 41i Prices.' - - - ■ 42- Review of 40 years. 42_ TABiE 27.— Average farm prices on December 1 for wheat and barley in the Pacific coast region and in the entire United States, 1870-1910... . :-. 42i Table 28. --Average export values of wheat and barley shipjxed through Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, and through all United States p.orts, during the years ending JuneSO, 1871-1910 43 Farm prices in different sections 44 Table 29. — Average farm prices of wheat in regions of large production in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho on the first day of each month, from July, 1908, to December, 1910 45 Table 30. — Average farm prices of wheat in regions of small produc- tion in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho on the first day of each month, from July, 1908, to Decem- ber, 1910 46 Table 31. — Average farm prices of barley in regions of large produc- tion in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho on the first day of each month, from July, 1908, to Decem- ber, 1910 47 Table 32.— Average farm prices of barley in regions of small produc- tion in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho on the first day of each month, from July, 1908, to Decem- ber, 1910 48 Averages for two years 49 Table 33. — Average farm prices of wheat and barley in Oregon, Wash- ington, Idaho, and California for the years ending June, 1909 and 1910, by regions 50 Difference in price between farm and England 50 Gross profit and cost of marketing 50 Comparisons with exchange prices and export values 51 Table 34. — Comparison of average prices of wheat on farms in Ore- gon, Washington, and Idaho with exchange spot prices at Port- land and average export values at Portland and Puget Sound, for seasons of heavy marketings, 1908-1910 52 Selected cargoes 53 Table 35. — Prices paid in England for 10 selected cargoes of wheat shipped from Portland, compared with spot prices at Portland, crop of 1909 - 53 Conditions in California 53 Table 36. — Comparison of average prices of wheat on farms in Cali- fornia with exchange spot prices of No. 1 White wheat at San Fran- cisco, for seasons of heavy marketings, 1908 and 1909 54 8 CONTENTS. Prices — Continued. Page. Portland and San Francisco 54 Table 37. — Monthly spot prices of northern Club, Bluestem, and Red Russian wheat at San Francisco and Portland, 1908-1910 55 Prices in England 56 Table 38. — Average yearly prices of wheat in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, and average import values in the United Kingdom, 1891-1908 57 Prices of live stock 57 Table 39. — Prices of live stock at San Francisco on one day each month, from January, 1909, to December, 1910 58 Table 40. — Prices of live stock at Union Stockyards, Portland, one day each month from September, 1909, to December, 1910 58 Freight rates 59 Average railroad rates 59 Table 41. — Railroad freight rates on grain and live stock over selected routes in Pacific coast States, June, 1910 60 Table 42. — Average number of live stock per car as received at Port- land for three months 61 Table 43. — Average weight per head of cattle, hogs, lambs, and sheep sold at Union Stockyards, Portland, during year ending September, 1910 61 Ton-mile averages for selected railroads 61 Table 44. — Average freight receipts per ton per mile and average length of haul for grain carried in carload lots on five selected rail- roads in Pacific coast States for the year ending June 30, 1909 62 Table 45. — Average freight rates per ton per mile, for different dis- tances, for grain carried on three railroads to Portland, from points in Oregon and Washington, 1910 62 Electric railroads 62 Table 46. — Freight rates for grain and live stock carried in carload lots on electric railroads in Pacific coast States, over selected routes, May, 1910 63 Charges by river 63 Table 47. — Freight rates on wheat and barley carried on inland water- ways in the Pacific coast region, 1910 64 Live stock for Alaska 64 Table 48.— Freight rates on live stock carried by coastwise steamers from Tacoma or Seattle to Alaska, June, 1910 65 Grain for Asia, Mexico, and Alaska 65 Table 49. — Ocean freight rates on flour and grain from Pacific coast ports of the United States over coastwise and trans-Pacific routes for the year ending June 30, 1910 66 United Kingdom 66 Table 50. — Ocean freight rates on wheat from San Francisco to the United Kingdom, for orders, 1873-1910 67 Lower rates to England than to Chicago 68 Table 51. — Freight rates on wheat from four points in the grain- producing regions of the Pacific coast to England and to Chicago for the first half of 1910 68 Rates from various countries 68 Table 52. — Mean monthly quotations of ocean freight rates on wheat from Argentina, India, Australia, and Russia to the United King- dom for the year ending June 30, 1910 69 CONTENTS. 9 Freight rates — Continued. Page. Ton-mile rates of various carriers 69 Table 53. — Average freight charge on Pacific coast wheat per ton per mile, over selected routes, in 1910 70 Charges for nine selected cargoes 70 Table 54. — Duration of voyage, capacity of vessel, size of load, and freight earned for selected cargoes of grain carried from United States Pacific coast ports to Europe, season of 1909-10 70 Transport facilities 71 Routes between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts 71 Time of transit 72 Table 55.— Approximate usual time of freight transit between New York and San Francisco, over various routes, 1910 72 Railroad mileage 72 Table 56. — Mileage of railroads in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and the entire United States, 1888-1909 73 Some conditions of railroad service 73 Table 57. — Tonnage carried, receipts per ton-mile, and average length of haul of freight on railroads west of the Rocky Mountains and in the entire United States, 1890-1909 74 Harbors 75 San Diego and Los Angeles 75 San Francisco Bay 75 Eureka 76 Portland 76 Puget Sound 76 Depth of channels 77 Table 58. — Depth of channel and distance from open sea for selected ports on the Pacific coast of the United States 78 California rivers 78 Inland waterways in Oregon and Washington 79 Carrying capacity of vessels 80 Table 59. — Number and net tonnage of vessels cleared in foreign trade from the customs districts of San Francisco, Willamette, and Puget Sound, 189.5-1910 81 Table 60. — Number and net tonnage of vessels cleared from and for voyages between Atlantic and Pacific ports of the United States, via Cape Horn, 1886-1910 82 Table 61. — Average number of sail and steam vessels cleared in for- eign trade from the customs districts of San Francisco, Willamette, and Puget Sound, 1871-1910 83 Table 62. — Average size of sail and steam vessels cleared in foreign trade from the customs districts of San Francisco, Willamette, and Puget Sound, 1871-1910 83 Costs of marketing 84 Table 63. — Approximate cost for marketing wheat and barley from coun- try shipping points in the Pacific coast region to England, for the year ending June, 1910 84 Methods of marketing 85 Grain 85 The export trade 85 Units of weight 86 Cooperative marketing by farmers 87 Commercial papers 87 Handling grain in sacks 90 Attempta to use elevators 91 10 aONTENTS. Methods of marketjtig^^Cbirtiiiued . Page/. Live stock ._. 91 Cattle and sheep .duiearly days 91 Sales on farm or range. 92 Stockyards > 93 Trailing : 94 Loading cattle on shipboard - v . » 94 1 ILLUSTRATIONS Page. Fig. 1. Average farm prices of wheat, in cents per bushel, in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, for the years ending June, 1909 and 1910 49 2. Average farm prices of barley, in cents per bushel, in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, for the years ending June, 1909 and 1910 51 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. INTRODUCTION. The wheat grown west of the Rocky Mountains enters into a trade distinct from that of the rest of the United States. The farmer of Oregon, Wasliington, or Idaho looks to Liverpool and other European ports, not to Cliicago or Minneapolis, for liis market. Prices in Eng- land, and not in the large grain centers east of the Rocky Mountains, interest him. His product is carried, it is true, some 18,000 miles before it reaches the English miller, but tliis route is cheaper than the 2,000-mile haul across the mountains to milling centers of the Mississippi Valley. Local mills grind considerable quantities and offer an alternative market to the farmer, but the surplus for export is regularly carried by sea to Europe. Hence the production and marketing of grain on the Pacific coast constitute a distinct chapter in the economic history of the United States, The live-stock indus- try of that region also is to a large degree separated from the industry east of the Rocky Mountains. The separation, however, is not so marked in the case of live stock as of grain, for hogs from as far east as Nebraska are killed in the packing houses of the Pacific coast, while cattle and sheep from the interior of Oregon are driven to Baker City, Oregon, and other sliipping points of the same State, thence to be sliipped, some east and some west. In discussing the wheat and live-stock industry of the Pacific coast region Idaho should be included, since the western and parts of the southern portion of that State are in the same river valleys, and hence in the same agricultural region, as the eastern parts of Wash- ington and Oregon. DOMESTIC TRADE. GRAIN SURPLUS. The grain surplus of the Pacific coast region is, roughly, the quan- tity shipped out of the county where grown. Of the four States wliich constitute tliis region, Wasliington leads in the shipments of wheat out of county where grown, CaUfornia is second, Oregon tliird, and Idaho fourth. Shipments from producing counties in Cali- fornia, unhke corresponding movements in the three more northern States, are largely, if not altogether, intended for milling within the State. 11 12 MARKETING GEAIN AND LIVE STOCK The oats and corn marketed in the four States, as shown in Table 1, are relatively unimportant when compared with wheat. No simi- lar data are available for barley marketings. Table 1. -Quantity of wheat, oats, and corn marketed in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho and in the entire United States, 1896-1909. « Year of harvest. 1896 1897 1S98 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 Average: 1896-1900... 1901-1905... 1906-1909... California 20.,'?30,176 15,254,662 10,194,294 295.125,269 367,543,353 406,427,956 0.\TS. 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 Average: 1896-1900 1901-1905 1906-1909 401.978 257,279 194, 330 184, 379 265, 999 977,469 1,904.976 1,611,950 1,709,269 1,275,788 1,495,326 1,959.000 3, 350, 000 2, 700, 000 260, 793 1,495,890 2,376,082 1,156,296 2,187,195 1,684,209 1,637,971 722,209 2,870,814 2,346,711 3, 693, 857 2,018,270 1,562,250 3,175,098 3.906,000 3,808,000 4,681,000 1,477,576 2, 498, 380 3. 892, 524 1,448,531 1,376,110 1,340,701 1,121,827 1,206,490 2,110.183 1,423,015 2,583,383 2,814.735 3,043,990 2,985,414 4, 745, 000 2, 763, 000 4, 256, 000 1,298,732 2,395,061 3,687,354 468, 780 460, 537 384, 989 ■391,4.55 1,115,300 1,262,734 1,3.56,768 1,640,779 1,120,411 1,. 580, 423 2.739,000 2, 906, 000 3,894,000 341.152 1,299.198 2.779,856 3, 475, 585 4,281,121 3,219,240 3,329,166 2, 586, 153 7,073,766 6.9.37.436 9,245,958 8,183,053 7,002,439 9,236,261 13,349,000 12,827,000 15,5.31,000 3, 378, 253 7,688,529 12,735,816 1.82 2.10 1.66 1.49 1.06 4.93 2.68 4.13 3.12 2.53 3.47 6. .33 5.25 4.71 1.60 3.30 4.85 190,642,860 204,147,306 193, 527, 426 223,014,086 242.850,477 143.398.317 258, 438, 248 223,959,467 261,989,446 277,132,976 266,182,194 210,923,000 244,444.000 329. 696, 000 210,536,431 232,983,691 262,811,298 CORN. 1896 396, 463 382, 536 142,085 76, S49 94, 638 37,016 220, 698 3i9,889 280, i28 199,204 259,326 275,000 2i0,000 522,000 11,906 13,258 9,832 17, 845 6,343 3,476 15,954 8,971 4,957 4,038 4,991 4,000 13,000 16, 000 7,636 2,332 416,005 398, 126 151,917 94, 694 100.981 42.210 259,684 331,150 293, 067 216,305 272, 969 291,000 270, 000 561,000 0.07 .10 .04 .03 .02 .03 .05 .08 .05 .03 .04 .06 .05 .09 623,255,914 1897 411. 617, 337 1898 396,005,302 1899 348, 097, 934 1900 478, 417, 202 1901 1,718 23, 032 2,290 4,849 13,063 8,652 10,000 10,000 17,000 153,213,393 1902 557,295,588 1903 419, 877, 256 1904 3,133 551,634.734 1905 681.538,811 1906 679. .5*3. 770 1907 . 2,000 7,000 6, 000 467,675,000 1908 568,129.000 1909 6^0, 405, 000 Average: 1896-1900 218,514 211,387 324,082 11,837 7,479 9,498 1,994 8,990 11,413 232,345 228, 483 348,743 .05 .05 .06 451,478,738 1901-1905 1906-1909 627 3,750 472,711,956 588,938,192 a Compiled from reports of the Bureau of Statistics, United States Department of Agriculture. The quantity "shipped out of county where grown," as given in the bureau's reports, is taken here as the quantity maik&ted.. IlSr THE PACIFIC COAST EEGION, 13 STORES OF WHEAT AT THREE CALIFORNIA CENTERS. Of the three places mentioned in Table 2, Stockton is an important milhng center, wliile Port Costa, whose warehouses are readily accessible to ocean vessels, exports a considerable part of the grain shipped from California to foreign countries. The warehouses at Port Costa, although some 30 miles from San Francisco, may be regarded as part of the export facilities of that city; the list of ware- houses classed as "regular" by the San Francisco Merchants' Exchange includes establishments at Port Costa. The average amount of wheat in the warehouses of the places named (Table 2) declined greatly during the 19 years ending with 1909, the average on the first of each month in 1891-1895 being 6,000,000 bushels, and in 1906-1909 only 900,000 bushels. The development of California's agriculture along more profitable lines than that of grain production may be taken as one cause of the decline in the amount of grain stored at these trade centers. Table 2. — Mean stocks of wheat at Stockton, Port Costa, and San Francisco on the first day of the month, 1891-1909. a Average for 12 months. Calendar year. Stockton. Port Costa. San Francisco. Total bushels. Bushels. Per cent of total. Bushels. Per cent of total. Bushels. Per cent of total. 1891 1892 1,672,600 1,444,567 1,541,733 1,318,800 1,683,467 1,422,600 1,124,733 877,500 1,244,667 2,028,433 1,273,933 1,053,467 629.667 759,633 583,600 571,233 405,267 203,967 226,200 35.7 40.2 32.0 15.2 20.2 42.7 45.9 36.9 29.1 34.9 33.5 42.5 43.4 57.7 59.2 36.2 37.5 37.5 48.9 6 3,012,067 6 2,152,533 6 3,271,933 6 7,330,133 6,336,833 1,827,900 1,230,533 1,356,133 2,892,633 3,748,733 2,. 507, 600 1,384,433 755,600 465,400 299, 133 899, 267 606,900 283,600 199,533 64.3 59.8 68.0 84.8 76.2 54.8 50.3 57.0 67.6 64.4 65.8 55.9 52.1 35.3 30.4 57.0 56.2 52.2 43.2 (^) (<•) 302,533 84,700 93,233 145,733 138,967 41,200 28,133 40,567 64,400 92,333 102, 400 106, 267 67,667 55,733 36,367 (0 ("-) (<•) 3.6 2.5 3.8 6.1 3.3 0.7 0.7 1.6 4.5 7.0 10.4 6.8 6.3 10.3 7.9 4,684,667 3,597,100 4,813,666 8,648,933 8,322,833 3 335 200 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 2,448,499 2,379,366 4 276 267 1898 1899 1900 5 818 366 1901 3,gD9,6()6 2 478 467 1902 1903 1 449 667 1904.. 1 317 366 1905 '985' 133 1906 d 1 576 767 1907.. 1 079 834 1908.. 543 300 1909 462, 100 Average: 1891-1895.. 1,532,233 1,339,587 860,060 351,667 25.5 36.7 42.8 38.4 6 4,481,206 2,211,186 1,082,433 497,325 74.5 60.5 53.9 54.3 100,767 65,567 66,508 2.8 3.3 7.3 6,013,439 3 651 540 1896-1900 1901-1905 2,'00S,'060 915 500 1906-1909 a Compiled from annual reports of the San Francisco Merchants' Exchange. 6 Including San Francisco. c Included in Port Costa. d Eleven months only. NORTHERN WHEAT FOR CALIFORNIA. MILLS. With the growth of population and the diversification of industry, California's wheat croj^s have fallen farther and farther behind home consumption. Many grain ranches which formerly sent 14 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK large quantities of wheat to market have been divided into small fruit and vegetable farms. Hence the California wheat crop is sup- plemented each year from the surplus of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Some of this northern grain comes by rail and some by coastwise vessels. Of the total amount of wheat received at San Francisco during the five years ending June 30, 1910, more than four-fifths came by sea from ports of Oregon and Washington ; prior to this time scarcely one-tenth came by this route. Barley was not brought from the north in such large quantities, at least not over this route. (Table 3.) Table 3. — Receipts of wheat, barley, and wheat flour at San Francisco from all sources, and receipts from Oregon and Washington by sea, 1888-1909 .c- Wheat. Barley. Wheat floxu". Year ending June 30— Bushels. From Oregon and Washington by sea. Bushels. From Oregon and Washington by sea. Barrels. From Oregon and Washington by sea. Bushels. Per cent of total. Bushels. Per cent of total. Barrels. Per cent of total. Average: 1888-1890.. 21,388,277 21,015,518 13,984,0(0 10,275,275 4,314,789 1,438,017 2,322,220 1,139,118 914,460 3,463,199 6.7 11.0 8.1 8.9 80.3 5,124,519 5,574,0.50 8,170,148 10,100,092 7,193,585 1,234,225 1,290,626 1,416,586 1,489,918 895,575 97,849 164,574 3.50,308 367,858 446,9^7 7.9 1891-1895.. 1896-1900.. 1901-1905.. 1906-1910.. 3.50,488 362,248 74,, 578 182,556 6 3 4.4 .7 2.5 12.8 24.7 24.7 49.9 1906 6,184,728 1,713,065 3,901,725 4,558,853 5,215,572 5,239,902 642, 120 2,522,100 4,136,740 4,775,133 84.7 37.5 64.6 90.7 91.6 6,057,246 9,261,425 5,637,023 8,150,915 6,861,317 28,077 42,775 .597,727 242,419 1,781 .5 .5 10.6 3.0 815,612 1,030,679 885,645 907,947 837, 993 354,428 404,899 419,628 542,734 513,197 43.5 1907 39.3 1908. . 47.4 1909. . 59.8 1910 61.2 oCompiled from annual reports of the San Francisco Merchants' Exchange. b Less than 0.05 per cent. COASTWISE SHIPMENTS FROM PORTLAND AND TACOMA. The wheat shipped in coastwise vessels from Portland and Tacoma during the year ending June 30, 1910, amounted to more than 4,600,000 bushels, while barley shipments were comparatively small. (Table 4.) Much of this grain is carried by regular lines of steamers, but when rates are high enough boats usually engaged in the lumber trade may bid against the regular lines for cargoes of grain. IN THE PACIFIC COAST EEGION. 1^) Table 4. — Shipments of wheat and barley from Portland and Tacoma to other United'- States ports, 1906-1910.<^ From Portland. From Tacoma. Year ending June 30 — Wheat. Barley. Wheat. Barley. 1906 Bushels. C) 900,904 2,446,236 3,932,891 3,890,055 Bushels. 5,600 241,608 153,694 10,958 Bushels. 2,374,262 312,012 970,817 967,960 1,725,406 Bushels. 20,096 1907 ; 26, 103 1908 173,724 1909 4,621 1910 2,500 c 2, 792, 522 c 102,965 1,270,091 45,409! a From reports of harbor masters and the Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance. b Not stated. c Average, four years, 1907-1910. RIVER TRAFFIC. The figures in Table 5 are not to be taken to include all freight carried on the waterways named; it may be assumed that some traffic has not been reported. Presuming the um-eported tonnage, to remain about the same, or to vary in the same proportion as that reported, the annual reports may be taken to indicate a general increase or decrease in traffic. Table b.^Tonnage of all freight and of grain and live stock carried on selected inland waterways of the Pacific coast region, 1900-1908 .o- [Tons of 2,000 pounds.] Calendar year. Lower Columbia River (excluding sea-going traffic). Upper Columbia (above Ce- lilo) and Snake Rivers. San Joaquin River. Sacra- mento River;. All freight. Grain. Live stock. All freight. Grain. Live stock. All freight. All freight. 1900 Tms. 1,287,582 1,534,780 1,567,336 1,596,220 1,905,451 2,313,153 2,331,121 2.586,964 2,927,041 Tons. 26,208 48,990 42,039 38,680 31,694 31,250 22,47S 66,385 44,781 Tons. 7,065 6,328 5,848 5,659 6,964 7,013 6,962 8,945 8,207 Tons. 35,920 36, 723 37,824 44,379 43,547 28,380 71,5.56 47,004 47,674 Tons. 25,231 29,131 31,328 34,034 32,348 14,936 40,023 31,596 43,890 Tons. 603 519 130 491 1,205 42 589 503 151 Tons. 270,887 357,746 322,000 366,038 360, 486 373,186 440,300 6 736,472 509,233 T(ms. 461,314 1901 452,965' 1902 404,900' 1903 . 383,724 1904 353,164 1905 365,957 1906 375,000 1907 367,224 1908 394,945 a As reported to United States Army engineers. 6 Does not include lumber and tan bark valued at $1,150,200. On this assumption, traffic on the Columbia, Sacramento, and San Joaquin Rivers, taken together, increased considerably from 1900 to J908. One of the principal commodities on the Columbia is grain; jn 1907 more than 66,000 tons,'^ and in 1908 nearly 45,000 tons, were carried. The tonnage of live stock on the lower Columbia in 1907 would be equivalent to about 16,000 head of cattle or 179,000 head of sheep. ff UnJes? otherwise stated, the ton throughout this bulletin refers to the short ton of 2,000 pounds. 16 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK Although data showing grain traffic on the Sacramento and San Joaquin are but fragmentary, it is known that much wheat and barley are shipped by steamboats and barges down these streams to tidewater. The grain carried on the San Joaquin in 1907 was reported as 137,306 tons, while 109,427 tons were reported in 1906 and 63,457 tons in 1908; live-stock traffic in 1906 amounted to 3,336 tons and to 3,244 tons in 1908. Compared with other systems of inland waterways in the United States, the Pacific coast system (including Alaska) was fourth in the order of total freight carried but second in tonnage of grain, accord- ing to the census report, 1906. (Table 6.) Table 6. — Tonnage of grain and of all freight carried on inland waterways of the United States, 1906 a (Tons of 2,000 pounds.] Grain. All freight. Group of waterways. Tons. Per cent of total United States. Tons. Per cent of total United States. Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River 3,689,329 691,779 530,843 380,721 499,340 63.7 11.9 9.1 6.6 8.7 75,610,690 13,301,293 65,360,958 19,531,093 3,716,765 42 6 Pacific coast, including Alaska 7 5 Atlantic coast and Gulf of Mexico 36.8 Mississippi River and tributaries 11.0 All other 2. 1 Total contiguous United States and Alaska 5,792,012 100.0 177,520,799 100.0 a Special report of the Bureau of the Census on " Transportation by water, 1906," pp. 34 and 35. Data for Great Lakes and St. LavsTence River, quoted by census from reports of the Department of Commerce and Labor on the "Internal commerce of the United States," include freight moved from place to place within harbors; other data exclude harbor traffic. CHIEF RIVER PORTS. The shipments on inland waterways from the principal river ports of the Pacific coast included in 1906 less than one-half of the entire tonnage carried on the inland waterways of this region, and slightly more than one-half of the grain tonnage. This is to be expected, since much of this traffic consists of numerous consignments shipped from a large number of minor ports and landings. As given in Table 7, the grain tonnage on these waterways, excluding seagoing and harbor traffic, amounted to nearly 5 per cent of the total tonnage. IN" THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 17 Table 7. — Shipments on inland waterways of grain and of all freight from selected ports of the Pacific coast, 1906. « [Tons of 2,000 pounds.! Shipped from- San Francisco. Stockton Seattle Portland Tacoma Alaska potts.. Sacramento . . . All other ports Total..., Grain. All freight. Tons. Tons. 117,856 1,656,614 85,461 260,195 58,411 856,988 55,019 492,573 34,137 270, 256 2,944 218,515 2,936 254,023 335,015 9,292,129 691,779 13,301,293 a Special report of the Biu'eau of the Census on "Transportation by water, 1906." Seagoing and harbor traffic not included. THE PANAMA ROUTE. Of the freight crossing the Isthmus of Panama in transit between New York and San Francisco, most of the agricultural produce, at least prior to 1893, was eastbound. Among the chief articles of this class were wool, hides, and skins. Subsequent to 1892 the separate items of this trade were not published in the official returns. The westbound traffic over the Panama route is more valuable than the eastbound; in 1906-1909 the average yearly movement westward amounted to about $3,200,000, while freight carried in the opposite direction was worth about $1,700,000. In addition to the trade between these two cities, there are also movements between other Atlantic and Pacific ports by way of Panama, including Hawaiian sugar on its way to refineries along the North Atlantic seaboard. (Tables 8 and 9.) Table 8. — Value of all merchandise and of farm products carried between Neiv York and San Francisco via the Isthmus of Panama, 187 1-1892. "■ From New York to San Francisco. From San Francisco to New York. Year ending June 30 — Total mer- chandise. Farm products. Total mer- chandise. Farm products. Amount. Per cent of total. Amount. Per cent of total. Average: 1871-1875 $6,314,329 3,372,585 1,053,563 2,005,176 2,560,132 2,123,534 $370,559 226,272 40,913 79,119 52,477 51,442 5.9 6.7 3.9 3.9 2.0 2.4 $2,493,527 2,457,038 2,059,580 1,666,226 1,129,893 1,338,260 $1,212,559 994,029 763,801 1,029,160 891,613 840,120 48 6 1876-1880 40 5 1881-1885 1886-1890 37.1 61 8 1891 78 9 1892 62 8 a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, pub- lished by the United States Department of Commerce and Labor. 99072°— Bull. 89—11 2 18 MARKETING GEAIISr AND LIVE STOCK Table 9. — Shipments of domestic and foreign m,erchandise between Neti) York and San Francisco via the Isthmus of Panama, 187 1-1909. C' Year ending June 30— From New York to San Francisco. From San Francisco to New York. Domestic. Foreign. Total. Domestic. Foreign. Total. Average: 1871-1875 $6,314,329 3,372,585 1,053,563 2,005,176 2,714,962 4,094,791 5,439,810 3,239,442 $141,833 145,404 5,179 58,155 47,307 14,470 2,049 $6,456,162 3,517,989 1,058,742 2,063,331 2,762,269 4,109,261 5,441,859 3,239,442 $2,493,527 2,457,038 2,059,580 1,666,226 1,491,793 1,371,146 2,577,949 1,721,510 $116,607 29,444 20,030 87,447 52, 196 27,548 28,355 20,629 $2,610,134 2,486,482 1876-1880 1881-1885 2,079,610 1886-1890 1,753,673 1,543,989 1891-1895 1896-1900 1,398,694 1901-1905 2,606,304 1906-1909 1,742,039 1906 3,766,489 ''3,302,475 2,372,671 3,516,133 3,766,489 6 3,302,475 2,372,671 3,516,133 2,002,907 c 2, 278, 112 1,409,207 1,195,816 7,100 c 54, 283 17,261 3,471 2,010,007 c 2, 332, 395 1907 1908 1,426,468 1909 1,199,287 a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, pub- lished by the United States Department of Commerce and Labor. 6 From New York to " Pacific ports." c From San Francisco to "Atlantic ports." TEHUANTEPEC AND CAPE HORN. In January, 1907, a new route was opened between the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States. The Tehuantepec National Railwa}^, about 190 niiles long, was completed between Puerto Mexico (until then called Coatzacoalcos), on the east coast of Mexico, and Salina Cruz, on the west coast. At each terniinal connection was niade with steamship lines and through service thereby estab- lished. Freight cars were made with movable roofs, so that articles could be reached by ships' tackle and transferred to or from ocean vessels. The traffic over this route from San Francisco to New York was less than $400,000 in the six months ending June 30, 1907, and more than $4,700,000 in the fiscal year 1909, while goods from Hawaii to Atlantic ports exceeded $18,000,000 in 1909. Shipments from New York to San Francisco in this fiscal year were worth nearly $16,000,000 and to Hawaii nearly $3,000,000. For the old way between the eastern and the western coasts of the United States, the sailing vessels' course around Cape Horn, complete traffic figures are lacking. A constant service is maintained over this route and many of the ships used are built of steel and fitted with modern appliances. The commodities carried from San Francisco by these sailers include wine, wool, canned goods, scrap iron, and miscellaneous package freight. Steamships also engage to some extent in this traffic around South America; they, however, are frequently able to use the shorter passage through the Strait of Magellan instead of going around Cape Horn. Occasionally some grain is carried over this all-water route to United States Atlantic ports. One steamer, leaving San Francisco May 18, 1910, carried about 60,000 bushels of barley as part of its cargo; the destination, New York, was reached July 20. IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 19 The vessels in this trade sometimes include Hawaii in their service, and carry sugar thence to the Atlantic coast. In addition to mis- cellaneous package freight, "general cargo" as it is called, an impor- tant item in this westbound tonnage around Cape Horn is coal. The two preceding paragraphs refer only to trade between United States ports and do not touch upon the large traffic between Pacific coast ports and Europe. Exports of grain to foreign countries are discussed on pages 28 to 40, inclusive. ALASKA. For the past several ^^ears about $6,000,000 worth of farm products has been shipped annually from more southern of the United States ports to Alaska, of which amount about $2,000,000 consisted of grain products, meat, and live animals. (Table 10.) A considerable part of the live stock in this trade moves through Seattle, coming by rail from the interior and being transshipped to coastwise steamers at this port. For the seven semiannual periods shown in Table 1 1 , from 11 to nearly 52 per cent of the number of live animals sent from other parts of the United States to Alaska were loaded out from Seattle. Table 10. — Shipments of domestic live animals, packing-house products, grain, and grain products from other parts of the United States to Alaska, 1903-1910 A Year ending June 30 — Article. ' 19a3 1904 1905 1906 Quan- tity. Value. Quan- tity. Value. Quan- tity. Value. Quan- tity. Value. Live animals: Cattle No.. Horses No.. Sheep No.. Other 1,089 714 11,591 $57,493 71,777 37,720 33,453 1,014 688 11,141 $50,300 81,702 37, 764 21,134 1,540 764 3,089 $88,357 87,654 13,094 24,059 1,875 749 3,101 $118,600 110,871 17,776 30,743 Total live animals 200,443 190,900 213, 164 277, 990 Packing-house products: Beef, canned and cured. 1,547,184 590,532 1,307,323 25,637 54, 149 140, 178 186,001 3,575 237, 704 803,811 2,335,942 1,615,071 199,409 73,069 199, 467 221 903 19,208 173,296 855,589 2,585,218 2,3.55,408 332,636 70, 573 202, 413 314,645 31,356 173, 459 1,000,987 3,916,596 2,855,128 453,557 78,950 294,780 385,158 45,185 220,187 Beef, fresh lbs . . Pork, canned and cured, pounds Pork, fresh lbs. . Other Total packing-house products 621,607 686, 943 792, 446 1,024,260 Grain and grain products: Bread and biscuit lbs. . Oats bush.. Wheatflour bbls.. Other 433,718 176, 456 35,583 24,673 89,010 132,473 133, 545 743,344 176,861 40, 711 45,326 73,891 175,643 98,062 868,005 302,353 51,847 49,254 141,193 230,360 118,225 1,154,205 381,893 60, 773 65,282 178,483 274,698 111,260 Total grain and grain products 379,701 392, 922 539,032 629, 723 Total value, three groups named above... 1,201,751 1,270,765 1,544,642 1,931,973 o Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. 20 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK Table 10. — Shipments of domestic live animals, packing-house products, grain, and grain products from other parts of the United States to Alaska, 1903-1910 — Continued. Year ending June 30— Article. 1907 1908 1909 1910 Quan- tity. Value. Quan- tity. Value. Quan- tity. Value. Quan- tity. Value. Live animals: Cattle No.. Horses No. . Sheep No.. Other 2,223 1,025 5,393 $137,324 200,287 32,850 41,364 1,721 504 2,427 $112,049 70,637 15,914 28,092 2,672 421 4,495 $177, 150 92,845 29,027 24,388 1,654 274 612 $110,277 59,750 3,642 30, 215 Total live animals 411,825 226,692 323,410 203,884 Packing-house products: Beef, canned and cured, 957,965 3,987,665 2,921,761 640, 697 78,325 339, 428 455,873 70,918 251,542 708,749 3,802,667 3,119,753 523,204 62,258 316,020 473,289 59, 185 206,766 787, 661 4,448,510 3,558,643 613,361 72,939 392,371 566,234 70, 447 258, 400 1,247,-343 3,893,205 3,149,361 516,484 123,-320 Beef, fresh lbs. . Pork, canned and cured, 3X)unds 362,573 569, 159 Pork, fresh lbs. . Other 71,045 287,389 Total packing-house 1,196,086 1,117,518 1,360,-391 1,413,486 Grain and grain products: Bread and biscuit lbs. . Oats bush.. Wheat flour bbls . . Other 1,298,219 449,855 63,662 73,341 227,093 281,504 111,430 1,015,672 423,674 48,768 64, 930 206,389 223,596 147,062 1,-323,759 393,881 54,016 78, 102 213, 925 281,306 142,687 1,402,553 349, 836 65,722 88,348 208,565 374,953 155,094 Total grain and grain 693,368 641,977 716,020 826,960 Total value, three groups 2,301,279 1,986,187 2,399,821 2,444,330 Table 11. — Semiannual shipments of live stock from Seattle and other United States ports to Alaska, from July, 1907, to December, 1910, inclusive. Six months ending- From Seattle.a From other United States ports. Number. Per cent of total. Number. Percent of total. 897 28.9 2,212 71.1 1,170 48.5 1,241 51.5 493 U.3 3,874 88.7 1,891 44.0 2,411 56.0 337 19.3 1,405 80.7 494 25.0 1,482 75.0 474 5L8 441 48.2 Total, number. & December, 1907 June, 1908 December, 1908 June, 1909 December, 1909 June, 1910 December, 1910 3,109 2,411 4,367 4,302 1,742 1,976 915 a Reports of the Seattle harbor master. b Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance of the United States. HAWAII. The grain and grain products, packing-house products, and Hve animals shipped from other parts of the United States to Hawaii during the last few years, covered by Table 12, were about the same in value as tlie corresponding shipments to Alaska. The chief items in this movement were bran, middlings and mill feed, wheat flour, and barley. IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 21 Table 12. — Shipments of domestic live animals, packing-house products, grain, and grain products from other parts of the United States to Hawaii, 1900, 1903-1910. C' Year ending June 30— Article. 1900 1903 1904 Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Live animals: Cattle number. . Horses do Mules do Sheep do 75 706 1,200 $4, 215 74, 922 123,333 36 131 213 162 2,009 83,591 14, 870 25, 680 1,618 17,542 2,319 93 67 310 564 4,070 $9,291 9,085 39, 306 2,098 29,092 4,274 Swine do — Other 2,699 18, 427 14, 725 Total live animals 235, 622 65,620 93 146 Packing-house products: Beef, canned and cured.. pounds. . Beef, fresh do Pork, canned and cured. . .do Pork, fresh do 678, 180 593, 148 734,297 98,140 46, 963 86,388 738,920 89, 582 605, 873 167, 670 77,988 7,493 87,982 18. 155 148,234 815,284 31,903 571,, 397 140, 434 76,990 2,707 80, 251 13,957 137 036 Other 71, 943 Total packing-house products . . 303, 434 339, 852 310,941 Grain and grain products: Barley bushels. . Bran, middUngs,and mill feed, tons 657, 763 10, 504 1,909,760 31,674 179,204 16,535 107, 827 275,327 161,248 84, 949 21,149 73,580 11,464 366, 557 30, 324 953,427 11,758 1,181,973 55,683 1.37, 981 38,617 106,029 526,074 250, 363 70,578 48, 158 57, 890 32,310 411,790 73, 290 870,769 11,671 1,1.30,954 41,553 117,313 40, 940 118,615 478,385 257 790 Bread and biscuit pounds. . Oats do Wheat do.... Wheat flour barrels. . Other 67, 043 37,239 49,996 37,098 513,210 84,924 Total grain and grain products. . 1,024,604 1,470,453 1,525,691 Total value, three groups named above 1,563,660 1,875,925 1,929,778 Year ending June 30— Article. 1905 1906 1907 Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Live animals: Cattle number. . Horses do Mules do Sheep do Swine do Other 143 45 270 20 2,236 $10, 125 8,280 35, 610 339 14,075 4,487 119 65 339 123 3,758 $10,355 10, 540 59, 365 818 29, 738 4,381 66 111 352 25 2,199 $6,665 20, 0.50 69, 920 300 22, 724 4,561 Total live animals 72, 916 115,197 124, 220 Packing-house products: Beef, canned and cured. pounds. . Beef, fresh do 798, 841 10,417 514,470 110, 920 76,840 998 67, 467 11,079 136,549 1,128,106 20, 347 602, 683 63, 467 100,260 2,002 78,883 6,877 139,414 503,436 46,602 Pork , canned and cured do Pork, fresh do.. . Other 567, 588 42,352 85,308 •5, 690 153, 213 Total packing-house products . . 292,933 333, 436 290,813 a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. 22 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK Table 12. — Shipments of domestic live animals, packing-house products, grain, and grain products from other parts of the United States to Hawaii, 1900, 1903-1910 — Continued. Year ending June 30— Article. 1905 1906 1907 Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Grain and grain products: Barley bushels. . Bran, middlings, and mill feed. 880, 961 9,353 870, 256 43, 176 84,958 41, 404 99, 590 $501,227 202, 337 57,042 37,293 39,340 39,099 440,217 98, 420 913, 441 11,751 872, 504 57, 404 81,939 45, 969 109, 287 $529, 609 243, 588 58, 517 46, 619 37,820 40,071 444, 158 85,055 830, 635 15, 289 700, 990 51,801 91,614 52,227 106, 715 $470, 433 308,405 52, 533 41,690 35,420 41,895 424, 169 95, 522 Bread and biscuit pounds.. Corn bushels. . Oats do Wheat do Wheat flour barrels. . Other Total grain and grain products. . 1,414,975 1,485,437 1,470,067 Total value, three groups named above 1,780,824 1,934,070 1,885,100 Year ending June 30— Article. 1908 1909 1910 Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Quantity. Value. Live animals: Cattle Horses Mules Sheep Swine Other number. . ...do.... ...do.... ...do.... ....do.... 221 176 540 45 502 $25, 800 38,212 108, 147 410 5, 463 10, 289 119 718 797 39 1,660 $8, 550 124, 891 156,710 424 17,887 6,096 152 136 668 100 411 $16, 980 28, 760 133,995 510 4,637 5,620 Total live animals 188,321 314, 558 190, 502 .pounds.. do Packing-house products: Beef, canned and cured Beef, fresh 678,350 68,014 617,541 237,227 665, 400 155, 293 68,747 22, 284 100,058 19,362 199,710 557,507 58,733 648, 781 49,806 64,814 5,329 Pork, canned and cured Pork, fresh Other ....do.... ....do.... 583, 538 28, 774 87,951 3.971 161,705 116,908 7,375 238, 107 )roducts. . Total packing-house x 321,641 410, 161 432,533 .bushels., nill feed. Grain and grain products: Barley Bran," middlings, and i tons 501,551 22, 234 635,017 49, 340 104, 850 60, 345 113,185 338, 545 549, 226 43, 770 42, 494 52, 052 58,167 502, 488 97, 190 575,819 22,942 469, 877 58,937 152, 695 69, 692 121,838 410, 637 004, 480 37,036 55, 595 81,101 73, 133 567, (503 143,533 781,814 16, 877 326,982 40,967 150. 926 68, 053 103, 548 514,573 452, 349 Bread and biscuit Corn Oats Wheat Wheat flour Other .pounds. . .bushels. . ....do.... ....do.... .barrels. . 25, 693 38, 218 77,245 71,891 535, 732 203,080 iroducts. . Total grain and grain ] 1.683.932 1,973,118 1,918,781 groups Total value, three named above 2,193,894 2, 697, 837 2,541,816 LIVE STOCK AT PORTLAND. Seasons and routes of marketing are illustrated in Tables 13 and 14, which are based upon reports of the new stockyards at Portland. The receipts of cattle are fairly well distributed throughout the year. The lowest relative number for any month of the year ending Sep- tember, 1910, was 5.9 per cent of the total year's receipts, and the m THE PACIFIC COAST EEGIOlsr. 23 highest percentage was 11.0. The receipts of hogs ranged from 3.1 per cent in February, 1910, to 13.6 per cent in October, 1909; while the receipts of sheep ranged from 3.2 per cent for March, 1910, to 14.9 per cent in September, 1910. Grouped by points of origin, by far the greatest number of the cattle was delivered by railroads connecting Portland with the valleys of the Columbia and Snake Rivers, and more than one-half of the sheep came over the same routes. Hogs came chiefly from the east, some of them from points as far away as Nebraska. It will be noted that the cattle and sheep reaching Portland from the south came in largest numbers in the months when receipts from the east were smallest. Table 13. — Monthly receipts of live stock at Union Stockyards, Portland, during the year ending Sept. 30, 1910, by routes."' Route. By rail. By boats. Driven in. Kind and month. East. North and west. South. Total. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. CATTLE. 1909. 7,573 5,504 4,708 8,030 6, 124 6, 167 4,774 1,019 3,310 3,935 4,914 7,387 11.9 8.7 7.4 12.7 9.7 9.7 7.5 1.6 5.2 6.2 7.8 11.6 1,002 744 301 1,814 1,054 1,288 1,637 5,911 5,611 1,807 2,690 976 4.0 3.0 1.2 7.3 4.3 5.2 6.6 23.8 22.6 7.3 10.8 3.9 140 38 62 158 27 15 19 41 16 8 40 247 17.3 4.7 7.6 19.5 3.3 1.8 2.3 5.1 2.0 1.0 4.9 30.5 8,715 6,453 5,388 10,002 7,270 7,749 6,488 7,186 9,014 5,985 7, 786 8,699 9.6 64 189 8.1 24.0 103 128 12.0 14.9 7.1 December 5.9 1910. January 11.0 65 29 21 213 77 150 46 26 7.6 3.4 2.4 24.8 9.0 17.5 5.4 3.0 8.0 March 250 37 2 31.8 4.7 .3 8.6 April 7.2 7.9 9.9 July 85 96 63 11.0 12.0 8.1 6.6 8.6 September 9.6 12 months 63,445 100.0 786 100.0 24,835 100.0 858 100.0 811 100.0 90,735 100.0 CALVES. 1909. October 805 569 858 284 162 287 125 74 1,179 465 417 1,149 12.6 8.9 13.5 4.5 2.5 4.5 2.0 1.2 18.5 7.3 6.5 18.0 133 52 15 10 47 23 138 174 381 334 281 122 7.8 3.0 .9 .6 2.8 1.3 8.1 10.2 22.3 19.5 16.4 7.1 1 1 5.0 5.0 939 622 877 294 209 310 277 266 1,562 821 713 1,272 11.5 November 7.6 December 1 8.3 3 6.4 10.7 1910. January 3.6 February 2.6 March 3.8 April 14 6 ""'26' 4 29.8 12.8 '42.' 5' 8.5 3.4 May.... 12 2 1 2 1 60.0 10.0 5.0 10.0 5.0 3 3 June 19 1 July 1 10 8.3 83.4 10.1 August 8.7 September 15.6 12 months 6,374 100.0 12 100.0 1,710 100.0 47 100.0 20 100.0 8,162 100.0 SHEEP. 1909. October 11,060 3,294 2,256 15.3 4.5 3.1 4,813 4,379 5,111 7.0 6.4 7.4 695 6.0 16.568 7,673 7,851 10 8 November 5.0 December 82 io.o 402 3.4 5.1 o Compiled from the First Annual Report of the Portland Union Stoelcyards Co. 24 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK Table 13. — Monthly receipts of live stock at Union Stockyards, Portland, during the year ending Sept. 30, 1910, by routes — Continued. Route. By rail. By boats. Driven in. Tots Kind and month. East. North and west. South. U. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. SHEEP— continued. 1910. January 6.486 4,285 2,843 1,989 2,139 5,437 4,892 11,920 15,912 9.0 5.9 3.9 2.7 3.0 7.5 6.8 16.4 21.9 151 68 255 178 18.3 8.3 30.9 21.6 1,599 169 1.807 4,241 14,721 16,083 0,929 4,874 3,954 2.3 .3 2.6 6.2 21.4 23.4 10.1 7.1 5.8 457 966 60 264 1,067 784 1,573 2,270 3,108 3.9 8.3 .5 2.3 9.2 6.7 13.5 19.5 26.7 8,693 5,488 4,989 6,798 18,053 22,304 13, 484 19,073 22,997 5 6 February 3 6 March 24 126 126 7.8 40.9 40.9 3 2 April 4 4 May 11 7 June 14 5 July 90 10.9 8 8 August 9 23 2.9 7.5 12 4 September 14 9 12 months 72,513 100.0 824 100.0 68,680 100.0 308 100.0 11,646 100.0 153,971 100.0 HOGS. 1909. October 8,620 8,825 9,780 5,567 2,621 4,471 5,022 9,618 5,812 5,347 5,723 8,105 10.9 11.1 12.3 7.0 3.3 5.6 6.3 12.1 7.3 6.7 7.2 10.2 4,203 3,401 983 885 203 241 419 404 1,021 503 302 1,587 29.7 24.0 6.9 6.3 1.4 1.7 3.0 2.9 7.2 3.0 2.1 11.2 146 69 85 72 96 39 21 10 24 353 212 212 10.9 5.2 6.3 5.4 7.2 2.9 1.6 . 7 1.8 26.4 15.8 15.8 25 40 2 17 7.9 12.7 .6 5.4 12,994 12,335 10,934 6,541 2,938 4,929 5,463 10,057 6,857 6,226 6,416 9,980 13 6 November 12 9 December .. 84 23.8 11 4 1910. January 6 8 February 18 178 5.1 50.4 3.1 March 5 2 April 1 25 .3 8.0 5.7 May 10.5 June 7.2 July 23 0.5 6.5 August 179 26 56.8 8.3 6.7 September 50 14.2 10.4 12 months 79, 511 100.0 353 100.0 14, 152 100.0 1,339 100.0 315 100.0 95,670 100.0 HORSES AND MULES. 1909. October 77 219 111 03 225 101 38 137 203 269 65 75 4.9 13.8 7.0 4.0 14.2 6.4 2.4 8.7 12.8 17.0 4.1 4.7 23 35 28 21.1 32.1 25.7 100 254 176 63 230 207 38 152 232 306 73 80 5.2 November 13.3 December 37 19.1 9.2 1910. 3.3 February 5 7 4.6 6.4 12.0 99 51.0 10.8 2.0 1 26 29 2 .5 13.4 15.0 1.0 14 56.0 8.0 June 3 4 3 1 2.8 3.7 2.7 .9 12.2 July 4 3 4 16.0 12.0 16.0 16.0 3.8 September 4.2 12 months 1,583 100.0 194 100.0 109 100.0 25 100.0 1,911 100.0 ALL UVE STOCK. 1909. October Cars. 440 343 311 401 302 313 253 169 233 254 311 463 Per cent. 11.6 9.0 8.2 10.6 8.0 8.2 6.7 4.5 6.1 6.7 8.2 12.2 Cars. Per cent. Cars. 127 112 71 100 48 69 107 345 355 141 1.53 92 Per cent. 7.4 6.5 4.1 5.8 2.8 4.0 6.2 20.0 20.7 8.2 8.9 5.4 Cars. 567 457 393 502 351 402 363 515 590 400 469 559 Per cent. 10.2 November 2 11 1 1 20 3 1 2 5 5 4 3.6 20.0 1.8 1.8 36.4 5.5 1.8 3.6 9.1 9.1 7.3 8.2 December 7.1 1910. January 9.0 Feburary 6.3 March 7.2 April 6.5 May 9.3 June 10.6 July 7.2 8.4 September 10.0 12 months 3,793 100.0 55 100.0 1,720 100.0 5,508 100.0 IN" THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 25 Table 14. — 3{onthly shipments of live stock from Union Stockyards, Portland, dur- ing the year ending Sept. SO, 1910, by routes^ Route. By rail. By boats. Driven out. Tota Kind and month. East. North and west. South. 1. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Niun- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Nimi- ber. Per cent. CATTLE. 1909. October November 1,320 1,116 549 675 770 845 653 519 699 144 743 260 15.9 13.5 6.6 8.1 9.3 10.2 7.9 6.3 8.4 1.7 9.0 3.1 2,448 1,887 1,925 4,296 3,113 2,499 1,898 2, 278 3,385 2,404 2,331 2,557 7.9 6.1 6.2 13.9 10.0 8.1 6.1 7.3 10.9 7.8 7.5 8.2 1 15 54 513 352 100 301 133 137 140 200 250 "h'.'l 2.5 23.4 16.0 4.5 13.7 6.1 6.2 6.4 9.1 11.4 306 40 53 11.4 1.5 2.0 4,346 3, 502 2,994 3,807 3,490 3,892 3,291 3,577 4,213 3,378 4,537 5,261 9.4 7.6 6.5 8.2 7.5 8.4 7.1 7.7 9.1 7.3 9.8 11.4 8,421 6, 500 5,575 9,291 7,766 7,578 6,741 6,918 8,730 6,525 7,878 8,509 9.3 7.2 6.2 1910. 10.3 41 242 598 411 296 459 67 181 1.5 9.0 22.2 15.2 11.0 17.0 2.5 6.7 8.6 March 8.4 7.4 7.6 June 9.7 July 7.2 8.7 9.4 12 months 8,293 100.0 31,021 100.0 2,196 100.0 2,694 100.0 46,288 100.0 90,492 100.0 CALVES. 1909. 281 362 540 103 101 171 11 72 163 50 110 114 13.6 17.4 26.0 4.9 4.9 8.2 .5 3.5 7.8 2.4 5.3 5.5 276 262 285 120 U 53 151 73 430 344 258 502 10.0 9.5 10.3 4.3 .4 1.9 5.5 2.6 15.6 12.4 9.3 18.2 356 18 52 52 100 82 83 120 744 517 343 605 11.6 .6 1.7 1.7 3.2 2.7 2.7 3.9 24.2 16.8 11.2 19.7 913 648 877 291 212 310 260 269 1,417 978 711 1,239 11.2 6 21.4 8.0 10.8 1910. 16 57.1 3.6 February , 2.6 4 13 1 80 66 2.2 7.1 .5 44.0 36.3 3.8 2 3 7.2 10.7 3.2 May 3.3 17.4 July Aupnst 1 3.6 12.0 8.8 18 9.9 15.3 12 months... . 2,078 100.0 2,765 100.0 28 100.0 182 100.0 3,072 100.0 8,125 100.0 SHEEP. 1909. 1,653 1,075 1,825 3,164 1,108 145 1,183 107 617 767 4,135 1,129 9.8 6.4 10.8 18.7 6.5 .9 7.0 6 3.6 4.5 24.5 6.7 4,713 1,634 3,186 1,725 2,670 2,627 2,952 9,307 10, 394 5,808 4,872 10, 002 7.9 2.7 5.3 2.9 4.5 4.4 4.9 15.5 17.4 9.7 8.1 16.7 909 507 364 29.3 16.3 11.7 9,293 4,452 2,409 3,470 2,111 2,083 2,554 8,685 9,926 6,945 10, 247 10, 594 12.8 6.1 3.3 4.8 2.9 2.9 3.5 11.9 13.6 9.5 14.1 14.6 16, 568 7,673 7,784 8,359 5,889 4,989 6,689 18, 161 21,428 13, 520 19,452 22,321 10.8 5 3.1 5.0 5.1 1910. .January 5.5 3.9 134 4.3 3.3 4.4 May 2 153 1.3 95.6 60 338 1.9 10.9 11.9 June 14.0 July 8.8 198 596 6.4 19.2 12.7 14.6 12 months 16,908 100.0 59, 890 100.0 160 100.0 3,106 1 100.0 72, 709 100.0 152,833 100.0 a Compiled from the First Annual Report of the Portland Union Stock Yards Co. 26 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK Table 14. — Monthly shipments of live stock from Union Stockyards, Portland, dur- ing the year ending Sept. 30, 1910, by routes — Continued. Route. By rail. By boats. Driven out. Tot£ Kind and month. East. North and west. South. il. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. Num- ber. Per cent. HOGS. 1909. October 5,784 6,749 6,732 2,849 1,055 624 226 543 516 401 577 326 21.9 25.6 25.5 10.8 4.0 2.4 .8 2.1 2.0 1.5 2.2 1.2 6,158 5,211 2,962 3,000 1,114 1,116 1,041 1,791 1,804 2,131 1,988 3,615 19.3 16.3 9.3 9.4 3.5 3.5 3.3 5.6 5.6 6.7 6.2 11.3 152 10.2 585 339 495 162 594 240 237 239 201 206 111 303 15.8 9.1 13.3 4.4 16.0 6.5 6.4 6.4 5.4 5.5 3.0 8.2 175 173 221 347 190 2,287 3,695 5, 256 6,982 3,275 3,779 5,005 .6 .6 .7 1.1 .6 7.3 11.8 16.7 22.2 10.4 12.0 16.0 12,854 12, 472 10, 937 6, 358 3,107 4, 267 5,286 7,980 9,685 6, 013 6, 604 9,343 13.5 13.1 527 35.2 11.5 1910. January 6.7 154 10.3 3.3 March 4.5 April 87 151 182 5.8 10.1 12.2 5.6 May 8.4 10.2 July 6.3 August . . 149 94 9.9 6.3 7.0 September 9.9 12 months 26,382 100.0 31,931 100.0 1,496 100.0 3,712 100.0 31,385 100.0 94,906 100.0 HORSES AND MULES. 1909. October 16 131 59 19 161 151 5 50 123 93 47 18 1.8 15.0 6.8 2.1 18.4 17.3 .6 5.7 14.1 10.7 5.4 2.1 1 .3 83 46 14.9 8.3 100 254 149 90 230 207 38 152 213 325 70 81 5.2 November 77 15 27 44.0 8.6 15.4 13.3 December 75 27 21 18 4 77 24.6 8.9 6.9 5.9 1.3 25.2 7.8 1910. January 17 48 34 29 3 64 205 23 4 3.1 8.6 6.1 5.2 .6 11.5 36.9 4.1 .7 4.7 February 12.0 March 4 2.3 10.9 April 2.0 May 22 26 12.6 14.8 8.0 June 11.2 July 27 8.9 17.0 August 3.7 September . . 4 2.3 55 18.0 4.2 12 months 175 100.0 873 100.0 305 100.0 556 100.0 1,909 100.0 ALL LIVE STOCK. 1909. October Cars. 134 135 122 85 53 50 30 32 39 16 71 27 Per cent. 16.9 17.0 15.4 10.7 6.7 6.3 3.8 4.0 4.9 2.0 8.9 3.4 Cars. 181 158 151 211 158 134 105 166 208 153 139 198 Per cent. 9.2 8.0 7.7 10.7 8.1 6.8 5.4 8.5 10.6 7.8 7.1 10.1 Cars. 2 2 14 22 14 7 10 14 9 7 10 13 Per cent. 1.6 1.6 11.3 17.7 11.3 6.6 8.1 11.3 7.3 5.6 8.1 10.5 Cars. 317 295 287 318 225 191 145 212 256 176 220 238 Per cent. 11.0 November . . . 10.3 December 10.0 1910. January 11.0 February 7.8 March. . . 6.6 April 5.0 May 7.4 June 8.9 July 6.1 August 7.6 September 8.3 12 months 794 100.0 1,962 100.0 124 100.0 2,880 100.0 IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 27 FOREIGN TRADE. CLASSES OF EXPORTS. For 15 or 20 years after the discovery of gold in California the exports from the Pacific coast customs districts consisted chiefly of precious metals; in 1856-1860 gold and silver coin and bulUon formed 73 per cent of the total domestic exports, but, beginning with 1867- 1870, the value of the domestic merchandise constituted more than one-half of the total domestic exports, and in 1906-1910 it reached 87 per cent of the total. The largest exports of gold and silver during the period shown in Table 15 were $14,000,000 a year in 1867-1870; in 1906-1910 the average was nearly $13,000,000.' Throughout this bulletin figures applying to the entire group of ''Pacific ports" include Alaska, since its annexation, and Hawaii, since 1899. On the other hand, the value of exports of domestic commodities other than gold and silver increased from $3,000,000 a year in 1856- 1860 to $85,000,000 in 1906-1910. Of these commodities grain and grain products formed more than half from 1871, or earlier, to 1900, inclusive. The increase in the value of other domestic commodities exported, however, was so large that in subsequent years grain and grain products constituted a small proportion of the total exports. In 1906-1910 grain and grain products formed 33 per cent of the exports of all domestic merchandise; packing-house products and live meat animals, 3 per cent; and other merchandise 64 per cent. In 1871-1875 grain and grain products constituted 72 per cent of the total exports of domestic merchandise; packing-house and live meat animals, 1 per cent; and all other merchandise 27 per cent. (Table 16.) Table 15. — Value of gold and silver and of domestic merchandise exported through Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, 1856-1910.O' [All values are gold.] Year ending June 30— Gold and silver coin and bullion. Merchandise (domestic). Total domestic exports. Amount. Per cent of total. Amount. Per cent of total. Average: 1856-1860 . . $8,068,768 12,430,284 14,428,575 10,839,658 9,208,315 5,516,294 8,812,635 4,821,723 6,516,860 7,084,440 12,983,022 73.3 65.6 45.0 34.1 22.4 10.0 17.5 10.0 9.8 8.1 13.2 82.932,389 6,532,058 13.076,091 20,917,427 32,638,973 49,560,219 41,666,560 43,432,007 59,968,717 79,866,439 85,385,869 26.7 34.4 55.0 65.9 77.6 90.0 82.5 90.0 90.2 91.9 86.8 Sll,001,157 18,962,342 27,504,666 1861-1865 1867-1870 1871-1875 1876-1880 1881-1885 41,847,288 55,076,513 1886-1890 1891-1895 1896-1900 48,253,730 66,485,577 86.950,879 98,368,891 1901-1905 1906-1910 a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Not including Alaska and Hawaii prior to annexation. 28 M.-IRKETING GEAlN AND LIVE STOCK Table 16. — Value of domestic grain and grain products, packing-house products, and live meat animals exported through Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, 1871-1910a [All values are gold.] Grain and grain products. Packing-house products. Live meat animals. Other merchandise. Total Year ending June so- Value. Per cent of total. Value. Per cent of total. Value. Per cent of total. Value. Per cent of total. domestic merchan- dise. Average: 1871-1875.... 1876-1880.... 1881-1885 1886-1890 1891-1895.... 1896-1900.... 1901-1905.... 1906-1910 $14,968,923 22,630,810 35,231,318 28,122,015 29,067,572 30.056.823 31,188,212 28,440,017 71.6 69.4 71.1 67.5 68.3 50.1 39.1 33.3 $105,584 443,481 454,044 448,181 676,404 866,888 1,620,306 2,062,689 0.8 1.4 .9 1.1 1.6 1.4 2.0 2.4 $109,577 93,450 153,073 225,743 119,505 123,140 200,882 233,369 0.5 .3 .3 .5 .3 .2 .3 .3 $5,673,343 9,465,232 13,721,784 12,870,621 12,968,526 28,921,866 46,850.979 54, 649, 794 27.1 28.9 27.7 30.9 29.8 48. 3 58. 6 64.0 $20,917,427 32,638,973 49,560,219 4 1,666.. 560 43.432,007 .59.908,717 79,806,439 85,385,869 a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, including Hawaii prior to annexation. Not THE BEGINNING OF A WHEAT SURPLUS. Wheat growing in California developed with the large increase of population which followed the discovery of gold. During the first few years of the rush to the gold fields food supplies, including flour, were brought long distances. The year 1853 recorded the last exten- sive imports of wheat and flour. It is said that 81,322 sacks of wheat, of about 100 pounds average weight, and 99,600,000 pounds of flour were imported in that year. California soon became self-supporting as a wheat grower and had a surplus for export. According to the census, the crop of 1849 was 17,328 bushels; that of 1859, 5,928,470 bushels; 10 years ater the census reported a production of nearly 17,000,000 bushels. As early as 1856, according to official figures, about 33,000 bushels of wheat and 115,000 barrels of flour were exported. From unofficial sources it is learned that in 1855 the exports of wheat was nearly four times that amount, and the flour was 50 per cent greater. An early sliip- ment to New York was by the clipper sliip Adelaide, which arrived at its destination October 14, 1855. The cargo included 10,801 sacks of wheat; 406 barrels, 422 sacks, and 128 casks of flour; 10,054 sacks of barley; and 134 bags and 402 bales of wool; 92 bales of sheepskins; 92 hides; 227 bales of rags, and 100 boxes of tea.'^ During the fiscal years 1861-1865 the exports of wheat (including flour reduced to terms of grain) from Pacific coast ports, cliiefly San Francisco, increased to an annual average of 2,000,000 bushels, and in 1867-1870 (no data are available for 1866) to 7,500,000 bushels. Exports of barley from Pacific coast ports were of small importance a Alta California, November 15, 1855. IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 29 even as late as 1870 when 255,000 bushels were shipped to foreign countries from Pacific ports of the United States. (Table 17.) Table 17. — Exports of domestic wheat, wheat flour, and barley through Pacific ports, including Alaska, 1856-1870.O' Year ending June 30 — 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 Average: 1856-1860 1861-1865 1867-1870 Wheat. Bushels. Value 33.158 35, 932 6,929 9 948, 220 2,380,007 1,540,070 1,777,267 1,793,766 55,809 (6) 4.891,622 5,552,450 5,589,747 7,964,822 204,850 1,509,384 5,999,660 836,818 64,683 12,637 11 449,057 2,551,210 1,696,612 1,957,710 1,707,946 112,767 (6) 5,403,002 7,550,630 6, 290, 608 8, 245, 090 112,641 1,605,249 6,872,332 Wheat flour. Bushels. Value 115, 43, 8, 25, 60, 199, 103, 151, 171, 56, (6) 295, 294, 415, 361, 50,603 136, 506 341,836 $1,075,574 379,687 97,203 269,636 395, 373 1,052,430 614,061 856,886 911,059 514,860 («-) 1,632,534 1,861,602 2,209,796 1,743,832 443,495 789,859 1,861,941 Barley. Bushels. Value C) 9,809 55,440 255,312 80, 140 (fi) $10,977 45,385 140,140 49, 126 a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. including Alaska prior to annexation. b No data. Not GENERAL TREND OF EXPORTS OF WHEAT AND BARLEY. The total exports of wheat, including flour, from Pacific ports of the United States increased from 13,000,000 bushels in 1871-1875 to 29,000,000 bushels in 1906-1910. Throughout the 40 years covered by Table 18, from over one-fourth to less than one-fifth of the total exports of these articles from the United States were from the west- ern coast. In 1871-1875 about 22 per cent of the wheat and flour exported from the United States went through Pacific ports and in 1906-1910, 24 per cent. The exports of barley from the Pacific coast increased from 232,000 bushels in 1871-1875 to 573,000 in 1881-1885, to 2,526,000 in 1891-1895, and to 4,734,000 in 1906-1910. Exports of barley have been irregular. In 1871-1875 the Pacific coast handled 88 per cent of the total exports of barley, including malt; in the next five years, only 27 per cent; in 1881-1885, 96 per cent; in 1896-1900 the figure dropped to 45 per cent, but was raised in 1901-1905 to 81 per cent of the exports from aU United States ports. 30 MARKETIISTG GEAIN AND LIVE STOCK Table 18. — Exports of domestic wheat and barley from the United States and through Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, 1871-1910.f- Wheat, including wheat flour.6 Barley, including malt.c Year ending June 30— United States. Pacific ports. United States. Pacific ports. Amount. Per cent of ITnited States. Amount. Per cent of United States. Average: 1871-1875 Bushels. 61,601,560 110,948,586 140,025,953 113,205,463 166,571,122 179,518,025 163,701,742 121,797,177 Bushels. 13,265,524 19,658,061 36,369,837 32,094,672 36,052,217 36,567,384 37,312,285 29,172,327 Per cent. 21.5 17.7 26.0 28.4 21.6 20.4 22.8 24.0 Bushels. 264, 182 1,455,005 598,380 1,055,790 2,821,946 13,274,640 9,365,472 8,576,531 Bushels. 231,618 395, 196 573,473 942,947 2, 525, 921 5,975.420 7,558,898 4,734,124 Per cent. 87.7 1876-1880 27 2 1881-1885 95.8 1886-1890 89.3 1891-1895 89 5 1896-1900 45.0 1901-1905 80.7 1906-1910 55 2 1906 97,609,007 146,700,425 163,043,669 114,268,468 87.364,318 30,566,5.53 35,308,310 42,489,081 19,173,283 18,324,408 31.3 24.1 26.1 16.8 21.0 18,530,745 8,615,674 4,553,615 6,728,784 4,453,836 2,872,520 6,692,851 4,007,531 6,168,248 3,929,468 15.5 1907 77.7 1908 88.0 1909 91.7 1910 88.2 a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Not including Alaska and Hawaii prior to annexation. b Flour reduced to terms of wheat by assuming 1 barrel of flour to be the product of 5 bushels of wheat prior to 1880, and 4t bushels of wheat in 1880 and subsequent years. c Malt reduced to terms of barley by assuming 1.1 bushels of malt to be the product of 1 bushel of barley. LEADING ARTICLES AND PORTS COMPARED. The value of the leading agricultural exports from each leading Pacific port and each group of smaller ones, including Alaska and Hawaii, is shown in Table 19. An examination of this table will disclose the relative importance of the different ports in their exports of these products. A noteworthy feature of this statement is the great increase in exports of raw cotton from San Francisco, Port- land, and Puget Sound. The decline of San Francisco and the growth of Portland and Puget Sound as wheat ports appear in Table 20. Barley exports from San Francisco, however, increased from a yearly average of 200,000 bushels in 1871-1875 to 4,000,000 bushels in 1906-1910. Table 19. — Value of domestic grain and grain products and of all domestic merchandise exported from the Pacific port^, including Alaska and Haivaii, 1871-1910, by customs districts.^- [All values are gold.] Customs district and article. Average for years ending June 30— 1871-1880 1881-1890 1891-1900 1901-1905 1906-1910 San Francisco. Grain and grain products: Barley 8194,916 32, 659 26,982 5,165 13,208,149 8426, 661 38,799 47, 581 14,200 20,416,983 81, 899, 406 87,839 32, 256 46,851 12,089,730 83,115,653 65,261 28,017 83,921 5, 599, 990 $2,642,864 Com 13,638 Oats 1,241 Rve 553 Wheat 281,621 a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Including Alaska and Hawaii prior to annexation. Not IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 31 rr.«TF iq —Value of domestic grain and grain products and of all domestic merchandise ^S^or^!d thJou^h %aSjic porl, inch^i^g Alaska and Ilawau, 1811-1910, by customs districts — Continued. Customs district and article. Average for years ending June 30— San i^rancisco— Continued. Grain and grain products— Continued. Other small grain and pulse. . . . . Bran, middlings, and mill feed. . . . Bread and biscuit - Breadstull preparations, other... . Malt Corn meal Oatmeal Rye flour Wheat flour • ■ - Other grain and gram products.... Total grain and grain products. . Other important farm products: Cotton Fruit Ginseng Hay Milk - Pacliing-house products Timber and lumber All other merchandise 1871-1880 63 53, 268 29,532 5,753 1,659 60 2,303,861 1881-1890 817,726 4,579 105, 121 119,967 32,748 617 2,660 18 4,368,335 1891-1900 $41,082 105,250 175, 185 68, 218 1,164 1901-1905 1906-1910 $4,014 54,378 136, 653 84,077 461 3, 805, 809 35, 305 Total merchandise. Willamette (Portland). Grain and grain products: Barley Buckwheat Corn Oats Rye Wheat. . . ., - • • ■ - Other small grain and pulse. . . — Bran, middlings, and mill feed Bread and biscuit - BreadstuS preparations, other Malt Corn meal Oatmeal Rye flour Wheat flour ;■■;■• All other grain and gram products. Total grain and grain products. . Other important farm products: Cotton Fruit Ginseng Hay Milk Packing-house products Timber and lumber All other merchandise 15,896,947 981 129, 749 364, 836 15,978 20, 599 266,574 370,951 5,788,929 25,595,995 928 488,817 674, 479 70, 634 36, 847 385,515 542,059 8, 845, 383 18,388,095 844,839 1,340,010 606, 794 110,728 67,971 577,316 564, 842 11,315,213 3, 144, 584 33,080 12,350,094 2,567,867 2, 429, 775 616,204 59, 375 255,929 898,674 900,664 16,860,026 $2, 312 28, 188 172,322 40,653 403 679 7 1,274,202 3,522 2,715 1,666,696 12 2,203 1,098 122 299 3,690,621 897 2,456 2 408,015 2,080,802 3,624 '"'lis 63,036 111 5,906 4,945,741 443 1,373 7,667 40 404 4, 462, 195 3,619,380 2,974,515 684,906 66,072 213,001 987,668 816, 457 18,378,916 461,007 110,172 826 5,148,510 1,403,883 1,631,343 72 4,498,312 2,724 Total merchandise . Puget Sound. Grain and grain products: Bailey Buckwheat Com Oats Rye Wheat Other small grain and pulse Bran, middlings, and mill feed. Bread and biscuit Preadstufl preparations, other . 13,898 9,244 74,889 2, 182, 584 1,580 5,825 1 2,918 4,281 2 26 2,730 13, 256 29,997 4,547,047 1,726 6,656,140 26, 232 3,966 126 49 3,493 60, 428 95, 850 1,928 210 8,211 740 1 10 319,825 257 4 25 '6,'58i,'492 33 1,312 395 1,227 3 161 2, 518, 162 24 8, 249, 801 393,056 12, 347 226 156 80 8,301 3 457,608 338 174 4,440 20,636 6, 846, 284 4,087 8 7,255 41,765 284 2,947,194 20, 956 4,087 42,686 58, 453 1,012 23,289 515,114 528, 292 9,781,364 290,787 315 15, 503 391,319 448 4, 576, 452 2,917,476 9,822,216 85,912 2,854 116 4,020 8,049 1,260,912 297, 698 11,481,777 96,254 166 61,569 268, 476 862 6,625,090 80, 607 3,059 34, 888 51,481 3,337 24,595 a "All other" Pacific ports. 32 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK Table 19. ex_ districts JLE 19. — Value of domestic grain and grain products and of all domestic merchandise cported through Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, 1871-1910, by customs Continued. Customs district and article. Average for years ending June 30— 1871-1880 1881-1890 1891-1900 1901-1905 1906-1910 Puget SoMnd— Continued. Grain and grain products— Continued. Distillers' and brewers' grains and malt sprouts $327 16, 323 3,250 743 566 4,989,014 1,757 $47 Malt «9 137 302 22 136,112 $3,527 1,031 37 256 1,359,779 4,501 14, 450 4 555 Corn meal $12 Oatmeal 1 046 Rve flour 770 Wheat flour 40,694 6, 946, 605 4,209 All other grain and grain products Total grain and grain products 55, 693 629,888 4, 437, 453 10, 405, 358 14,103,512 Other important farm products: Cotton 3 10,486 1,016,478 71,199 12,400 41,507 50, 631 177,691 1,307,535 2,576,197 4, 808, 379 200,433 5,281 246, 219 203, 939 575,903 2, 606, 682 11,455,276 5,164,377 494, 987 439 Fruit 1,716 Ginseng Hav 3,588 1,860 1,351 57,798 885,921 410, 583 244 503 Milk 321 106 Packing-house products 8,120 282, 316 140, 151 940, 736 3,612,400 13 444 515 Timber and lumber All other merchandise Total merchandise 491, 584 1,997,890 9,691,001 30, 507, 470 38,326,575 Los Angeles,a San Diego, and Humboldt. Grain and grain products: Barley 2,096 6,375 1,358 917 90 2 161,045 65 44, 028 772 125 4 106, 800 26, 364 698 83 11 6,878 1,577 Corn 253 98 Rve 7 16, 192 51 3,708 Other small grain and pulse. . 330 1,042 553 6 28 171 1 6,741 88 204 1,900 620 59 53 169 182 Bread and biscuit 43 2 218 537 2,151 Breadstuff preparations, other Malt 1,664 Corn meal 8 110 97 1 2,151 102 Oatmeal 173 Rye flour Wlieat flour 644 2,553 19 5,089 13,263 All other grain and grain products Total grain and grain products 25,411 166,591 160, 689 39,611 28,267 Other important fai'm products: Cotton 299, 588 2, 3S7 4, 048 583 10, 620 159,270 175, 826 113,161 3,363 7,023 1,103 13,577 357, 790 195, 395 Fruit 10 13 3,785 1,575 327 3, 692 122,242 149,067 15, 856 Hay 11,527 3,562 Packing-house products. . 18 125 36,884 21,654 933,295 All other merchandise 565,000 Total merchandise 62,461 447,279 813,011 731,023 1,579,161 Yaquina and Southern Oregon. Grain and grain products: 6 2,514 Oats . . . 124 623, 671 29 148 1 2 115,424 Wheat . 624,805 29 193,684 33, 456 2 Wheat floiu-. 160, 601 23, 544 5,539 Total grain and grain products 739,399 785, 443 217,228 41,509 o Given under "Wilmington, Cal.," prior to 1902. " Los Angeles." From that date Wilmington was included under IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 88 Table 19. — Value of domestic grain and grain products and of all domestic merchandise exported through Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, 1871-1910, by customs districts — Continued . Customs district and article. Average for years endin g June 30— 1871-1880 1881-1890 1891-1900 1901-1905 1906-1910 YaquiJia and Southern Oregon — Continued. Other important farm products: Fruit $440 24 12, 156 13,406 392, 449 $776 $47 $8 Hay 19 23, 336 1, 149, 668 75 40, 160 205,514 50, 477 7,300 $189,576 4,185 'Vll otlier merchandise Total merchandise 1,157,874 1,959,242 463, 024 99,294 193, 761 Alaska and Hawaii. Grain and grain products: 817 24 213 47 336 4 147 424 26,922 394 55 148 Oats 2 1 5 7,313 Wheat 38 Other small giain and pulse 260 92 100 364 1,638 2,831 21,730 1,509 130 14 112 7 9 2,180 1,369 Malt 2,234 Distillers' and brewers' grains and ^ 48 40 1 14 6 998 461 64 43,909 754 316 291 48 3,372 388 1,271 145 9,566 All other grain and grain products 91 Total grain and gi-ain products 4,617 435 2,592 101,841 23,827 Other important farm products: Fruit 1,067 31 1,457 298 841 2,451 2,542 60,964 71,426 142,990 31, 888 108,923 13,136 1,338,470 53, 665 Hay 73, 089 Milk 150 3,766 89 18, 464 38 1,358 5,613 Packing-house products. . . 104, 582 Timber and lumber 23, 790 19,412 1,316,919 Total merchandise 28, 153 21,274 71, 145 1,808,680 1,601,485 Total Pacific ports. Grain and grain products: 199, 430 429, 897 2,010,770 8 96,024 80,388 47, 139 20, 283, 153 3,896,472 315 81,886 556, 513 85,206 15,365,680 3,060,565 423 Corn 39,034 35,648 5,166 15,517,626 39,513 63 55,902 30,901 39, 796 56,272 14, 205 24,751,067 18, 158 4,753 110,683 143,607 75, 612 Oats 277, 153 Rye.. 1,422 13,491,949 Other small giain and pulse Bran, middlings, and mill feed Bread and biscuit. ... 62, 903 111,852 226, 455 88,391 62, 378 202, 102 327 102,768 4,763 1,383 635 10, 703, 761 35, 634 54, 138 37, 168 Breadstuff preparations, other Distillers' and brewers' giains and malt sprouts 200,345 95 Malt 5,753 1,761 32, 757 876 3,082 41 6,071,470 71,791 1,477 1,378 261 6,828,487 40, 111 58, 564 Corn meal 5,379 Oatmeal 2,350 62 2,872,010 825 Wheat flour 11,152,938 Other grain and grain products 21,091 Total grain and grain products 18,802,869 31,676,664 29,862,197 31,188,214 28,440,017 Other important farm products: Cotton 981 136,606 364,836 19, 721 20, 758 304, 532 676, 131 6,451,766 931 506,619 674, 479 74,071 38, 589 451,112 1,586,814 10,604,110 2,187,137 1, 419, 066 619,194 156, 707 120,075 771,646 2, 134, 777 14, 429, 564 7,882,463 2,717,352 621,485 514,066 493, 871 1,620,366 4, 443, 863 30,384,759 8,869,669 3,541,877 Fruit 685, 345 Hay 395,307 547, 302 2, 062, 689 Milk ... Timber qnri Inmbpr, 6, 836, 430 All other merchandise 34,007,233 Total merchandise 26,778,200 45,613,389 51,700,363 79,866,439 85, 385, 869 99072°— Bull. 89—11 3 34 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK Table 20. — Quantity of domestic wheat, wheat flour, barley, and malt exported through Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, 1871-1910.(^ Article, and year ending June 30 — Wheat. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. 1891. 1892. 1893. 1894. 1895. 1896. 1897. 1898. 1899. 1900. 1901. 1902. 1903. 1904. 1905. 1906. 1907. 1908. 1909. 1910. Average: 1871-1875. 1876-1880. 1881-1885. 1886-1890. 1891-1895. 1896-1900. 1901-1905. 1906-1910. Wheat flour. 1871. 1872. 1873. 1874. 1875. 1876. 1877. 1878. 1879. 1880. 1881. 1882. 1883. 1884. 1885. 1886. 1887. 1888. 1889. 1890. Customs district. San Fran- Bushels. 5, 903, 427 2, 263, 085 15,996,162 11,514,578 14,469,958 9,693,231 16, 840, 184 6,627,337 16, 723, 302 17,801.700 22, 029, 331 36, 169, 497 24, 319, 830 18, 729, 733 26,871,453 19,044,030 19,374,520 14, 546, 335 22, 658, 730 22,824,416 23, 232, 719 21,324,631 17, 620, 762 15, 023, 191 15,993,717 17,031.613 16, 460. 629 16,178,521 3,794,890 10, 702, 902 1?, 262,' 796 16,017,169 8, 549, 954 1, 774, 431 1,315,477 413, 963 413,329 716, 452 23,049 42,291 10, 029, 442 13,537,151 25, 623, 969 19, 689. 606 18, 639, 004 12, a33, 711 8, 183, 965 321,817 Barrels. 198, 223 267,083 257, 765 598, 240 452, 984 424, 928 501.653 423, 551 528. 105 467, 170 650, 758 849, 452 1,068,339 1, 234, 745 1,298,043 1,012,219 942, 406 821,384 836, 645 1,139,863 Willamette (Portland). Bushels. 275.661 281.326 711,762 1,289,282 1.326,979 1,785,777 1,820,475 2,699,015 2,069.919 2, 773, 195 2,012,085 4, 734, .565 2, 230, 674 2,871,670 4.678.296 6,037.165 4, 707, 244 4, 706, 730 3. 472, 589 2, 435, 298 4, 172, 768 5, 072, 005 5, 004, 202 5,620,704 8,989,443 5, 494, 297 6,154,970 13. 224. 043 9, 945, 183 8, 955. 544 13, 044. 008 12, 554, 151 8, 657, 931 3. 476, 453 1,474,147 5, 658, 103 7, 198, 844 13,411,581 6,350,033 5, 770, 319 777, 002 2,229,676 3. 305, 458 4, 271, 805 5,771,824 8, 754, 807 7, 841, 338 7, 677, 776 Puget Sound. 44 381 1,260 4,115 5,323 4,178 5,346 6,959 1,472 3,857 76,833 308,628 87, 202 19, 049 272, 885 9,263 839, 392 2, 297, 446 1,735,931 3,674,736 4, 187, 229 3, 783, 781 4,211,722 4, 002, 015 2, 738, 629 2,456,931 8,023,915 5, 409, 017 3, 566, 719 8.619.384 13,854.145 8, 928, 909 1,725,073 1,246.616 8, 352, 911 6,012,732 14, 706, 237 4, 6.30, 174 4, 856, 691 1.160 4.655 99, 114 1,030,983 3,971,897 4, 439, 042 6, 874. 825 7, 711, 749 Barrels. 20, 265 21,592 41, 366 66, 259 109, 994 82, 631 94. 862 47,544 182, 269 146, 828 309,043 380, 048 296, 036 331,894 188. 210 316, 568 410,547 361,035 491,711 387,9,30 Barrels. 598 1,109 700 4.685 9.966 10.667 14, 243 12,658 9.419 5.140 6.538 19, 250 30, 533 29,948 43,444 44, 461 31,863 66,036 20, 345 38, 167 Other. Bushels. 87, 030 74, 635 170, 828 391,555 877, 525 1,104,680 701,134 972, J'Ol 794, 096 690, 047 658, 501 2, 023. 591 854. 187 1,077,593 828, 249 720, 382 766. 282 647,215 1,039,955 461,263 793, 159 984, 286 217. 349 385, 487 155,641 340, 355 45, 462 787. 188 52,017 23,145 17,113 1.55,699 105, 429 40, 241 1,321 12, 582 47 339 57 5.170 320, 315 852, 552 1, 088, 424 727, 020 507, 184 249, 634 63, 961 3,639 Barrels. 5,058 2,415 35, 791 43,512 39, 530 42, 160 4,158 33. 641 27,537 10, 427 124, 348 48. 959 25, 166 2,454 23,187 17, 889 19, 053 63, 199 39, 113 Total Pacific. Bushels. 6,266,118 2,619,090 16,879,133 13,196,675 16,678.577 12,589,011 19,365,971 10, 304, 499 19, 594, 276 21,266,414 24, 703, 774 43,004,486 27,713.319 22, 766, 198 32. 397, 047 26, 074. 462 24.857,309 20,739,672 29, 468, 720 27, 456, 908 31,873.382 31,. 568, 151 26.626.094 25.241,104 29,140.816 25, 604, 894 25,117,992 38, 213, 667 19,201.107 23, 248. 310 34, 943, 301 42.581.164 26, 242, 223 7,016,198 4, 03V, 561 14, 437, .559 13,624.952 28.834,609 11,003,313 10.674.471 11,127,919 16. 624. 034 30.116,965 25,719,414 25, 889, 909 26, 277. 194 22. 964, 089 15,714,981 Barrels. 224, 144 289. 784 302. 246 704.975 616.456 557, 756 652,918 487,911 753, 434 646,675 976, 766 1,373,098 1,443.867 1,621,753 1,532,151 1,396,435 1,402,705 1,267,508 1,411,900 1.605,073 a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, including Alaska and Hawaii prior to annexation. Not IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 35 Table 20. — Quantity of domestic wheat, wheat flour, barley, and malt exported through Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, 1871-1910 — Continued. Customs district. Article, and year ending June 30— San Fran- cisco. Willamette (Portland). Puget Sound. Other. Total Pacific. Wheat ^oMr— Continued. 1891 Barrels. 1,181,872 1,056,057 1,084,561 784,672 878, 701 954,500 1,108.502 802, 223 938, 153 1,069,966 966, 808 1,109,599 872, 941 771.868 676.636 466, 740 393, 220 261.623 205, 172 182, 838 Barrels. 456,974 .338, 226 388, 776 300, 585 339,048 560, 233 .525. 152 638, 172 752, 101 792, 416 692, 573 630, 131 808,605 917, 191 766, 858 1, 013, 975 1,239.704 858. 845 552, 423 217, 469 Barrels. 172.679 103, 596 174.119 277, 173 372, 500 402, 489 508. 620 615. 155 688, 535 1,037,583 1,076,932 1,295.028 1.986.056 1,714,864 1,609.173 2,099,601 3,182,614 1.911.966 1,055,952 1,296,681 Barrels. 38,356 9,229 186 429 380 353 8,294 342 14,026 16, 730 14,912 24, 408 2,742 1,840 3,275 3,905 2,986 1,893 2,002 2,998 Barrels. 1.849.881 1892 1.507.108 1893 1.647,642 1894 1,362,859 1895 1,. 590. 629 1896 1,917.575 1897 2. 150. 568 1898 2,055.892 1899 2.392.815 1900 2,916.695 1901 2,751,225 1902 3,059,160 1903 . 3,670.344 1904 3,405.763 1905 3, 055. 942 1906 3. 584. 221 1907 4.818.524 1908 . . 3,034,327 1909 1, 815, 549 1910 1,699,986 1871-1875 354, 859 469, 081 1.020.267 950. 503 997, 173 974.669 879, 570 301,919 51, 895 110,827 301,046 393, 558 364, 722 653,615 763,072 776, 483 3,412 10, 425 25, 943 40, 174 220,013 650, 476 1,536,411 1,909,363 17,355 29,406 42, 271 32, 487 9,716 7,949 9,435 2,756 427, 521 619, 739 1881-1885 1,389,527 1,416,724 1891-1895 1,591,624 2, 286, 709 1901-1905 3, 188, 488 1906-1910 2,990,521 1871 Bushels. 287,619 33,010 439,564 306,645 79,419 2.56,094 195,229 149,944 597,262 712,631 868,451 194, &35 413,528 639,141 627,757 246,511 1,132,764 531,030 1,433,307 1,044,755 522. 192 2,027,789 2,986.281 4,631,846 1,348,128 4,561,805 7,630,287 6,244,703 961,894 8,220,646 4,117,718 7.831,832 6.379,540 8,0.38.808 3,301.142 2,196,455 6,598,342 2,916,250 5,169.451 3,326,461 Bushels. Bushels. 34 373 770 5.892 4.696 4,869 615 2,350 4,505 945 Bushels. Bushels. 287, 653 1872 33,383 1873 . ... 440,334 1874 27 312,564 40 35,000 5,641 688 3,269 1,564 240 293 90 11 84,155 1876 1877 18 295,981 201,485 1878 160 42 153,142 1879 1880 605,078 715, 140 979 775 869,670 1882 1883 3,473 9, 243 1,402 967 4,495 5,602 199, 176 422, 861 1884 50 640,604 628,724 1886 140 21 1,872 13,231 5,127 3,576 6,565 342 103 461,418 2,785 94, 237 272,371 256,863 531 7,117 8,940 33,557 6,302 223.525 15,218 2,992 5,057 3,211 866 562 251,167 1,140,238 1888 544, 261 1,050 60 418 1,439,484 1890 1,048,391 529,175 1892 2,028,131 2,986,384 1894 . . . 14,610 142.775 91,080 8,501 333 243,914 789,113 690.090 503.029 1,107,150 1,. 320, 969 857,202 314,655 19,194 15,180 19,942 5,273 6,999 16,493 20,571 121.679 109,431 293,250 971,037 1,206,348 277,214 3,117 244,210 102,968 112,118 5,127,068 1 , 508, 868 1896 4.767,064 7,916,4.32 1898 6,508,898 1899 1.222,832 1900 1901 9.037,447 4,938,427 1902 8,477,849 1903 7,786,242 1904 10,554,339 1905 . ... 5,379,910 1906 2,791,316 1907 6,606,516 1908 795, 275 822,510 445,940 3,958,946 1909 6,095,795 1910 3,885,081 36 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK Table 20. — Quantity of domestic wheat, wheat flour, barley, and malt exported through Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, 1871-1910 — Continued. Customs district. Article, and year ending June 30— San Fran- cisco. Willamette (Portland). Puget Soimd. Other. Total Pacific. JSar/ey— Continued. Average: 1871-1875 Bushels. 229,251 382,232 548,702 877,673 2,303,247 5,523,867 5,933,808 4,041,392 Bushels. 5 44 361 28 31,477 226, 588 895, 688 475, 676 Bushels. 2,353 2,657 3,017 2,241 6,958 13,856 540,349 147,925 Bushels. 9 9,232 127 4,766 94, 243 126,224 57,508 2,538 Bushels. 231,618 1876-1880 394, 165 1881-1885 552,207 1886-1890 . . 884,708 1891-1895 2,435,925 1896-1900 5,890,535 1901-1905 7,427.353 1906-1910 4,667,531 Malt. 1871-1879 1880 5,672 8,246 12,882 22, 103 38,243 35, 493 44,988 41,039 80,281 72,299 81,574 95, 950 93,244 94,084 82,335 126,262 82,669 88,271 81,625 84, 746 84,500 141,388 146,192 120,635 103, 500 82,767 39,023 39,814 46,312 70,279 45, 508 5,672 1881 8,246 1882 12,882 1883 . . . 22, 103 1884 38,243 1885 35, 493 1886 44,988 1887 41,039 1888 80,281 1889 136 72,435 1890 81,574 1891 95,950 1892 346 153 93,590 2.484 109 96,721 1894 13 82, 457 126, 262 1896 118 82,787 1897 88,271 1898 10,511 18,144 16,279 15,714 9,109 25,025 30, 669 31,772 44,020 46, 583 4,653 5,048 2, 458 10 92, 146 1899 102,890 1900 100,779 157,102 1902 96 231 1,449 8,994 3,096 2,411 2,479 4,371 860 155,397 145,891 1904 135,618 1905 5,955 3, 185 6,161 129,488 1906 89,324 1907 94,969 1908 53,444 1909 79,698 48,826 1876-1880.. a 5, 672 23,393 64,036 98,375 84,362 118,896 48,187 a 5, 672 23,393 1886-1890 27 519 9,010 22, 458 20,552 64,063 100 2 3 2,154 2,643 98,996 1896-1900 93,375 1,191 1,869 144,699 1906-1910 73,251 a 1880 only. BRITISH IMPORTS. The relative importance of the Pacific coast in the British barley and wheat trade is indicated in Table 21. During the 13 years 1896-1908, inclusive, 9 or 10 per cent of the barley imported into the United Kingdom came from the Pacific coast, while from 2 to 6 per cent came from other ports of the United States. The impor- tance of the Pacific coast region as a source of England's wheat supply declined considerably from 1881 to 1908. In 1881-1885,21 per cent of the imports of wheat into the United Kingdom was from United States Pacific ports and in 1906 only 6 per cent. IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 37 Table 21.^ — Imports of barley, wheat, and wheat fiour into the United Kingdom from Pacific coast ports of the United States, compared ivith imports frorti other United States ports and from all sources, 1876-1908.(^ United States. » Article and calendar year. Pacific coast ports. Other United States ports. Other countries. Total bushels. Bushels. Per cent of total. Bushels. Per cent of total. Bushels. Per cent of total. Barley. Average: 1892-1895 2,407,730 4,126,920 5, 780, 674 3, 976, 778 12,519,396 22,489,412 19,501,626 17, 404, 843 16,301,936 11,468,575 10,404,178 Barrels. 257, 939 867, 828 724, 357 416,662 290, 788 116, 733 62,286 4.5 8.8 10.1 8.9 12.7 20.5 18.7 13.4 13.1 7.1 5.9 5.3 10.6 7.9 3.8 2.4 1.1 .8 527,673 2,971,766 943,076 1,875,066 40,495,263 31,368,896 19, 337, 180 35, 640, 937 47,311,234 33,952,299 33,345,013 Barrels. 2, 192, 780 4,713,066 6,237,223 8, 545, 802 9,274,591 7,283,125 5,445,457 1.0 6.4 1.7 4.2 41.2 28.5 IS. 5 27.4 38.0 20.9 19.1 45.2 57.5 68.1 77.5 76.9 71.4 70.7 50, 720, 853 39, 032, 098 50,307,273 39,025,405 45,352,947 56,025,763 65,517,476 77, 080, 650 60, 818, 703 116,698,020 131,261,017 Barrels. 2, 400, 912 2,610,219 2, 193, 695 2, 008, 237 2,493,114 2, 799, 213 2,198,452 94.5 84.8 88.2 86.9 46.1 51.0 02.8 59.2 48.9 72.0 75.0 49.5 31.9 24.0 18.7 20.7 27.5 28.5 53, 656, 256 1896-1900 46, 730, 784 1901-1905 57,031,023 1906-1908 44,877,249 Wheat. Average: 1876-1880 98, 367, 606 1881-1885 109, 884, 071 1886-1890 1891-1895 104,356,282 130,126,430 1896-1900 124,431,873 1901-1905 162,118,894 1906-1908 175,010,208 Wheat flour. Average: 1876-1880 Barrels. 4,851,631 1881-1885 8,191,113 1886-1890 9,155,275 1891-1895 11,030,701 1896-1900 12, 058, 493 1901-1905 10, 199, 071 1906-1908 7, 706, 195 o Compiled from Annual Statements of the Trade of the United Kingdom with Foreign Countries and British Possessions. Data for barley not given prior to 1892. SEASONAL MOVEMENT IN FOREIGN TRADE. Exports of barley from the Pacific coast during the period covered by Table 22 were made mostly during the months of September, October, and November; as a rule, August and December were also months of heavy movement. Taking an average for 1901-1909, inclusive, 51.5 per cent of the barley exported from this coast was shipped in the three fall months, and in the five months ending December the exports averaged 72.9 per cent of the total for the year. From other ports of the United States the export movement during these nine years did not become heavy, on an average, until October, and the large shipments lasted throughout February. In these five months 67.2 per cent of the total exports in the Atlantic, Gulf, and Lake regions were moved. Annual exports of wheat from Pacific ports during 1901-1909 were greatest, on an average, in the five months beginning with October, during which 67.6 per cent of the total exports were made. The heaviest movement from the other ports of the United States com- menced earlier in the year. During the five months beginning August their exports of wheat were 58.2 per cent of the year's total. 38 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK Table 22. — Average monthly exports of domestic barley, ivheat, and wheat flour through the Pacific (including Alaska and Hawaii) and other ports of the United States, 1901- 1909. a Article and month. Barley. January February March April May June July :.. August Septem))er October November December The year. Wheat. January February March April May June July August September October November December The year. Wheat flour. January , February March , April May June , July , August Septemlier October November December The year. Average for 1901-1909. Quantity exported. Pacific (including Alaska and Hawaii). Bushels. 509, 904 245. 653 357, 2.58 225, 579 112,809 103,616 121,499 650, 373 1 , 094, 791 1,176,029 929,713 677,086 Other. Bushels. 292,811 340, 093 2.33, 417 160, 726 133,643 75, 141 25, 042 72, 732 124,094 273,1.56 417,898 372,919 6,204,310 2,734,687 2,249,992 1,586,576 1,339,053 1,008,572 683, 139 452, 328 253, 209 990, 472 2,739,499 2, 444, 787 2,987.211 19,469,525 249,091 260, 164 233, 9V5 247, 500 245, 810 229, 545 189,217 225, 536 277,780 348, 030 351,876 344,787 3,203,311 2,521.172 3,881,063 2,577,565 2,558,014 3,413,980 4, 528, 680 3.312.582 4,323,693 8, 828, 992 8,271.015 7,351,031 5,551,973 4, 249, 274 58,847,862 1,055,263 864,931 893. 899 968, 266 87S, 501 819,357 730,715 832, 276 1,056,970 1,093,317 1,031,832 1,148,773 11,374,100 Total. Bushels. 802, 715 585, 746 590, 675 386,305 246, 452 178, 7.57 146,541 723, 105 1,218.885 1,449,185 1,347,111 1,050,005 8, 725, 482 6,615,750 4,827,557 4,144,590 4,753,033 5,537,252 3,995,721 4,776,021 9, 082, 201 9,261,487 10,090,530 7.996.760 7,236,485 78,317,387 1,304,354 1,125,095 1,127,. 874 1,215,766 1,124,311 1,048,902 919,932 1,057,812 1.334,750 1,^41,. 347 1,383,708 1,493,560 14,577,411 Percentage of year's total exported each month. Pacific (includ- ing Alaslca and Ha- waii). Per ct. 8.2 4.0 5.8 3.6 1.8 1.7 2.0 10.5 17.6 18.9 15.0 10.9 100.0 14.0 11.6 8.1 6.9 5.2 3.5 2.3 1.3 5.1 14.1 12.6 15.3 100.0 7.8 8.1 7.3 7.7 7.7 7.2 5.9 7.0 8.7 10.9 11.0 10.7 100.0 Other. Per ct. 11.6 13.5 9.3 6.4 5.3 3.0 1.0 2.9 4.9 10.8 16.5 14.8 Total. Perct. 9.2 6.7 6.8 4.4 2.8 2.1 1.7 8.3 14.0 16.6 15.4 12.0 100.0 6.6 4.4 4.3 5.8 7.7 5.6 7.4 1,5. 14.1 12.5 9.4 7.2 100.0 9.3 7.6 7.9 8.5 7.7 7.2 6.4 7.3 9.3 9.6 9.1 10.1 100.0 8.4 6.2 5.3 6.1 7.1 5.1 6.1 11.6 11.8 12.9 10.2 9.2 100.0 9.0 7.7 7.7 8.3 7.7 7.2 6.3 7.3 9.2 9.9 9.5 10.2 100.0 100.0 Percentage of month's total exported from each group of ports. Pacific (includ- ing Alaska and Ha- waii). Perct. 63.5 41.9 60.5 58.4 45.8 58.0 82.9 89.9 89.8 81.2 69.0 64.5 71.1 41.3 46.6 38.3 28.2 18.2 17.1 9.5 2.8 10.7 27.1 30.6 41.3 24.9 19.1 23.1 20.7 20.4 21.9 21.9 20.6 21.3 20.8 24.1 25.4 23.1 22.0 Other. Per ct. 36.5 58.1 39.5 41.6 54.2 42.0 17.1 10.1 10.2 18.8 31.0 35.5 28.9 .58.7 53.4 61.7 71.8 81.8 82.9 90.5 97.2 89.3 72.9 69.4 58.7 75.1 80.9 76.9 79.3 79.6 78.1 7.8.1 79.4 78.7 79.2 75.9 74.6 76.9 78.0 Total. Perct. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 a Monthly bulletins of the Bureau of Statistics, Department of Commerce and Labor, showing exports from "principal customs districts." These exports comprised in the calendar years 1901-1909 97.4 per cent of the barley, 99.1 per cent of the wheat, and 99.1 per cent of the wheat flour exported from the United States. MONTHLY MARKETINGS AND EXPORTS. The percentage of the wheat crop marketed each month and the percentage exported in three crop years are shown in Table 23. In the year ending June 30, 1908, the heaviest movement from the farm occurred during August, September, and October, wliile the heaviest IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 39 exporting did not begin until November and continued through February. In 1909 the heaviest exporting began in September, the month in which the most marketing was done by the farmers. The movement from the farm, of course, had begun early, 9 per cent having been sold in July, 16 in August, and 26 in September. Market- ing began to decline after October, wliile the comparatively heavy exports continued through December. Of the crop of 1909 marketed during the year ending June 30, 1910, more than 50 per cent had been delivered by farmers before the exports were well begun. By the end of October 69 per cent of the crop had been sold by farmers and 36 per cent of the exports of the season had been made. Tliis was a short season for exporters, lasting practically but three months. The imports of wheat into the United Kingdom do not vary to any large extent from month to month; an average for the 7 years end- ing with 1907 shows that the lowest montld}^ imports were 5.3 per cent of the total and occurred in February, wliile the highest were 9.9 per cent of the total, and were made in July. The receipts from the Pacific coast were heaviest in March, April, and May. It has been noted in Table 23 that the heaviest exports from that coast began in October. The time of transit is over 4 months. (Table 24.) Table 23. — Monthly marketings of wheat in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and California, and monthly exports of domestic wheat through Pacific ports, including Alaska and Hawaii, during the years ending June 30, 1908-1910.'^ Month. Year ending June 30 — 1908 Marketings by farmers. Mil- lion bush- els. Per cent of total. Domestic exports, ex- cluding flour. Mil- lion bush- els. Per cent of total. Marketings by farmers. MU- lion bush- els. Per cent of total. Domestic exports, ex- cluding flour. Mil- lion bush- els. Per cent of total. 1910 Marketings by farmers. Mil- lion bush- els. Per cent of total. Domestic exports, ex- cluding flour.ft Mil- lion bush- els. Per cent of total. July August September. October November. December. . January February . . March April May June 2.14 8.03 14.98 10.70 4.28 2.14 2.14 1.61 2.14 1.61 2.14 1.60 (0 0.13 .64 2.30 3.53 6.46 4.66 5.13 2.32 1.76 .95 .95 1 2 4.10 7.29 11.84 5.46 3.64 2.73 1.82 2.73 2.28 1.37 1.37 .91 0.20 .01 2.82 2.79 1.39 1.72 1.15 .55 .34 .03 26 25 13 16 10 5 3 1.57 6.29 18.35 9.96 5.76 2.62 2.10 1.05 1.05 1.57 1.05 1.05 0.01 .06 .56 3.18 2.38 1.34 .50 .14 .40 .85 .84 .41 {d) 12 months 53.51 28.83 45.54 11.00 100 52. 42 100 a " Marketings by farmers" taken from reports of the Bureau of Statistics, United States Department of Agriculture; exports from the Monthly Summary of Commerce and Finance of the United States. b Preliminary. cLess than 5,000 bushels. d Less than 0.5 of 1 per cent. 40 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK Table 24. — Average monthly imports of wheat into the United Kingdom from the Pacific coast of the United States and from all sources, 1901-1907. <^ Month. January February March April May June July August September October November December 12 months, Average for 1901-1907. Quantity imported. From Par ciflc coast of the United States. Bushels. 468,854 654, 651 1,384,417 1,383,039 1, 498, 459 963,265 1,013,557 695, 610 749,239 830, 351 430,213 316,480 From other countries. Bushels. 10,362,281 8,142,202 12,220,658 12,089,962 13, 680, 703 15,337,962 15, 435, 722 15,208,201 14,638,140 13,780,096 13,477,548 11,738,843 Total. Bushels. 10,831,135 8,796,853 13,605,075 13,473,001 15,179,162 16,301,227 16,449,279 15,903,811 15,387,379 14, 610, 447 13, 907, 761 12,055,323 10,388,135 156,112,318 166,500,453 100.0 100.0 Percentage of year's total imported each month. From Pacific coast of the United States. Per ct. 4.5 6.3 13.3 13.3 14.4 9.3 9.8 6.7 7.2 8.0 4.1 3.1 From other coun- tries. Per ct. 6.6 5.2 7.8 7.8 8.8 9.8 9.9 9.8 9.4 8.8 8.6 7.5 Total. Per ct. 6.5 5.3 8.2 8.1 9.1 9.8 9.9 9.5 9.2 8.8 8.4 7.2 Percentage of month's total imported from each source. From Pacific coast of the United States. Perct. 4.3 7.4 10.2 10.3 9.9 5.9 6.2 4.4 4.9 5.7 3.1 2.6 6.2 From other coun- tries. Perct. 95.7 92.6 89.8 89.7 90.1 94.1 93.8 95.6 95.1 94.3 96.9 97.4 93. Total. Per ct. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 a Compiled from monthly Accounts Relating to Trade and Navigation of the United Kingdom. INDIRECT IMPORTS. The principal steamship Hues plying between the Pacific coast and foreign countries have a terminus at San Francisco or Seattle. At these two ports the bulk of the trade with foreign countries is carried on directly by water. At some other ports a considerable amount of foreign commodities is received through other customs districts. Table 25. — Value of merchandise imported into Pacific coast ports, 1905-1909, showing amount through "exterior" ports."- Customs district, Total. Through "exte- rior" ports. Customs district, and year ending June 30— Total. Through "exte- rior" ports. and year ending June 30— Amount. Per cent of total. Amount. Per cent of total. San Diego: 1905 $275,631 464,634 653, 789 722,359 535,257 810,000 827,059 1,559,322 1.538,199 1,305,341 46,675,545 44,433,271 54,094,570 48,251,476 49,998,111 1,821 4,283 1,173 10, 736 4,862 5 $15,939 10,278 15,059 26,055 16,359 459,351 534, 721 1,076,560 1,018,805 789,808 3.835,871 4,217,810 5,285,030 4,090,115 2,858,702 5.8 2.2 2.3 3.6 3.1 56.7 64.7 69. 66.2 60.5 8.2 9.5 9.8 8.5 6.7 Oregon: 1905 $38,847 7,068 21,364 31,928 16,551 2,611,339 2,852,636 4,170,313 3,758,752 2,460,912 7,378,328 13,6i4,t38 25,3o3,373 22,208,814 26,959,891 57,791,516 62,203,389 85,853,904 76,522,264 81,280,925 $11,262 2,072 1,181 11,777 8,278 587,702 635,363 696,378 850,931 899,812 165,427 258,798 432,302 376,365 253,860 5,075,552 5,659,042 7,506,510 6,374,048 4,826,819 29.0 1906 1906 29.3 1907 1907 5.5 1908 1908 . ... 36.9 1909 1909 50.0 Los Angeles: 1905.. Willamette (Port- land): 1905 1906 22.5 1907 1906 22.3 1908 1907 16.7 1909 1908 22.6 San Francisco: 1905 1909 36.6 Puget Sound: 1905 1906 1.9 1907 1908 1909 .9 Humboldt: 1905 Total Pacific coast ports: 1906 8.8 9.1 8.7 8.3 5.9 1907 1906 1908 1909 Yaquina: 1909 1905 a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 41 Some merchandise is landed at New York and transferred thence to Pacific coast ports. During the five years shown in Table 25 from 6 to nearly 10 per cent of the total merchandise imported at San Francisco was landed at other ports ; at Los Angeles, from 57 to 69 per cent; and at all Pacific coast ports from 6 to 9 per cent. DECLINE OF EXPORTS IN SAIL VESSELS. In 1886-1890 nearly three-fourths and in 1906-1910 less than one- fifth of the exports from the Pacific coast were carried in sail vessels. Vessels of this type engage chiefly in the grain and lumber trade, but even in that traffic they are being supplanted by steamers. The trade with Asia is carried on largely by steamships, many of which belong to regular lines and carry passengers as well as freight. The decline of San Francisco as a grain port and its development in general com- merce has done much to reduce its export trade by sail. (See Table 26.) In Puget Sound customs district the percentage of freight car- ried in sail vessels is still lower than at San Francisco. In 1886-1890 nearly 94 per cent of the exports from Portland was by sail and in 1906-1910 over 41 per cent. The relatively large exports of wheat from Portland make sail vessels still an important means of trans- portation to and from that place. On other coasts of the United States sailing ships share but little in the foreign trade; of the exports for 1906-1910 from other coasts than the Pacific 99 per cent was by steam. Table 26. — Percentage of value of domestic merchandise exported in sail and in steam vessels from Pacific {including Alaska and Haxvaii) and other ports of the United States, 1886-1910fi Year ending June 30— Pacific customs districts. San Fran- cisco. Willamette (Portland). Puget Sound. Other. Total Pacific, including Alaska and Hawaii. All other. Total United States. Average: 1886-1890. . 1891-1895. . 1896-1900. . 1901-1905. . 1906-1910. . 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 P.ct. 71.5 69.4 57.9 35.0 16.5 P.ct. 28.5 30.6 42.1 65.0 83.5 P.ct. 93.9 91.2 76.9 59.1 41.1 P.ct. 6.1 8.8 23.1 40 9 58.9 P.ct. 71.4 70.1 34.3 19.7 14.4 P.ct. 28.6 29.9 65.7 80.3 85.6 P.ct. 91.0 84.4 36.4 16.2 16.9 P.ct. 9.0 15.6 63.6 83.8 83.1 P.ct. 74.9 72.5 54.5 31.5 18.9 P.ct. 25.1 27.5 45.5 68.5 81.1 P.ct. 16.9 8.6 5.3 2.8 1.3 P.ct. 83.1 91.4 94.7 97.2 98.7 P.ct. 20.3 11.8 7.9 4.4 2.2 12.4 16.1 18.6 18.4 18.4 87.6 83.9 81.4 81.6 81.6 38.7 26.6 47.5 40.5 52.0 61.3 73.4 52.5 59.5 48.0 16.3 10.1 17.6 14.8 12.3 83.7 89.9 82.4 85.2 87.7 33.8 10 9 15.0 16.9 13.2 66.2 89.1 85.0 83.1 17.4 14.4 23.4 20.1 19.4 82.6 85.6 76.6 79.9 80.6 1.7 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.0 S.3 2.6 2.0 2.3 2.0 1.8 P.ct. 79.7 88.2 92.1 95.6 97.8 97.4 98.0 97.7 98.0 98.2 a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. including Hawaii prior to anne.xation. i> Including exports carried across the border in railroad cars and other land vehicles. Not 42 MABKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK PRICES. REVIEW OF 40 YEARS. The average December 1 value of wheat, on farms in the United States was much lower during 1905-1909 than during the period 1870-1874. The period of lowest prices, as shown in Table 27, for both wheat and barley, was during 1895-1899. For a single year the highest farm price on December 1 , for the group of four States taken to represent the Pacific coast region, was Si. 365 in 1871, and the lowest price in the 41 years covered by the table was 50.6 cents per bushel in 1894. For barley on the Pacific coast the year of highest farm price in the period covered was also 1871, barley being then quoted on December 1 at $1,073 per bushel, and the lowest price was 41.8 cents per bushel in 1893 and also in 1901. It is to be noted that the average farm values (Table 27) refer to only one day of the year. For this reason a fair comparison can not be made between the farm prices in Table 27 and the average export values of wheat and barley as shown in Table 28, since the latter figures cover the entire 12 months. Table 27. — Average farm -prices on December 1 of wheat and barley in the Pacific coast region and in the entire United States, 1870-1910.'^ [All values ai-e gold.] Wheat. Barley. ! Wheat Barley. Si ■a c^ •d p-^ 13 c'S ■« OJ o g a> a) § s (U MiS ...A ati'3 4^ ailrt +j tXi ^ 4J> On Decem- a . . On Decem- H a ^1 . ber 1— to P!fi PS ber 1— S t-SP PJ 2 9 n CS .sq . ^ n.2 .2.F5 . •s.g . S3 n Ph o W X, O W 119.8 119.1 119.2 56.4 65.1 57.7 138.9 132.5 133. 2 81.3 60.6 68.5 108.0 129.9 120.5 66. 7 61.5 66.2 127.4 130.6 130.0 65.3 75. 2 65.6 91.9 ;o8.i 103. 03.7 99.1 66.4 118.0 no. 6 112.3 63.3 93.4 65.4 107.2 no. 7 112.1 58.2 55.7 56.1 131.5 131.0 131.0 87.5 63.0 63.9 102.7 107.4 lOtl. 6 56. 1 55.7 56. 114.6 125.9 124.3 66. 5 74.8 69.5 85.2 116.5 111.4 61.8 77.2 62.0 98.2 135.3 118.5 73.3 81.3 73.6 104.2 115. 7 112.7 68.5 93.3 69.1 101.5 109.1 106. 6 52.7 77.9 5.5.7 77.5 91.4 86.2 55.0 86.7 55.0 80.9 92.0 87.0 65.8 93.7 66.0 85.5 90.0 89.0 64.0 75.2 65.4 84.2 86.1 85.5 57.3 76.6 57.6 87.6 93.5 89.7 59.2 61.8 59.3 78.5 88.1 83.2 55.6 47.7 53.6 85.5 103.9 93.3 70.7 66.5 68.8 100.3 103.2 102. 6 62.1 63.7 62.5 76.8 80.8 79.9. 48.1 64.6 48.4 60.5 69.8 67.2 45.2 64.8 45.6 50.5 61.9 57.6 48.3 69.0 49.1 Year ending June 30- 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 Mean: 1871-1875 . 1876-1880 . 1881-1885. 1886-1890 . 1891-1895 . 1896-1900 . 1901-1905. 1906-1910 . Wheat. tascs .535 60.0 76.4 85.6 64.6 .59. 2 59.9 62.9 76. 2 79.6 88.2 76.3 71.9 91.0 92.5 117.2 114.8 93.3 83.3 74.7 69.2 73.4 85.5 69.5 74.8 102.7 76.4 75.6 78.1 76.7 77.1 81.3 96. 7 86.4 80.1 102.7 103. 6 104.3 124.0 118.3 113.6 89.9 8.3.9 79.8 82.0 95.4 |D a 65.5 75.3 98.3 74.8 71.8 73.3 72.9 76.9 81.1 88.9 82.2 78.6 99.4 101.8 102.4 121.2 117.3 107.1 86. 9 80.1 77.1 78.6 92.9 Barley. a ^ ere 40.7 43.1 55.7 60.8 47.3 44.9 45.1 55.3 67.6 56.9 56.8 56.0 73.1 71.1 71.7 66.7 66.3 62.3 60.4 54.9 49.5 52.0 65.7 39.9 35.0 40.6 60.4 47.5 49.3 72.6 55. 6 66.2 47.8 47.3 52.4 79.5 69.4 62.4 72.3 68.5 83.3 71.0 65.7 44.7 .58.3 62.2 40.4 38.2 49.3 60.7 47.4 45.8 45.8 55.3 57.8 52.4 48.8 55.3 73.7 71.0 70.8 64.9 62.2 63.1 60.4 54.9 47.2 51.4 63.9 a From annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Averages for the two groups of ports are here weighted according to quantities exported. Not inchiding Hawaii prior to annexation. 44 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK FARM PRICES IN DIFFERENT SECTIONS. Owing to the marked difference in prices of wheat in different sec- tions of Cahfornia, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, it is advantageous to classify the reports of farm prices by regions of large or of small production. In California about one-half of the counties of the State produce some 20 times as much wheat as the other half, while in Washington, Oregon, and Idaho four groups of counties produce more than 30 times as much wheat as all the other counties, which in this bulletin are classified into five groups. The same classification of counties in the four States is used for barley, the regions of large pro- duction having crops many times as great as the other regions. The regions of large production are generally the great river valleys and the agricultural areas near the seacoast. In California the valleys of the San Joaquin and Sacramento Rivers, and the coast plain extending from Sonoma County to and including Santa Barbara County, include the regions of large production, as shown in Tables 29 and 31, while in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho the regions of large production comprise the counties located in the valleys of the Columbia, Snake, Willamette, and Rogue Rivers. These regions are the ones, of course, whose prices are significant in the large markets, while in those of small production, many of which do not produce much or any grain for sale in distant markets, higher prices are paid to the farmer than are paid in the counties of large production, (Tables 30 and 32.) IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 45 Table 29. — Average farm prices o/ wheat in regions 0/ large production in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho on the first day of each month, from July, 1908, to December, IdlOfi [Cents per bushel.] 1908 1909 Region. 6 3 3 < ft i !z; d Q d 03 < i "3 1-5 3 < ft w Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Western interior counties of Oregon... Upper Columbia and lower Snake Kiver Valleys 85 77 85 78 79 97 85 91 94 93 85 83 75 102 74 78 92 90 93 89 91 85 85 75 75 77 77 95 87 94 86 91 84 87 76 70 78 78 105 87 97 95 98 87 87 77 71 80 79 99 82 95 91 94 86 87 73 66 80 76 95 95 91 94 93 84 89 76 68 79 79 95 89 100 107 100 ~89" 89 88 82 86 87 95 97 104 110 103 95 98 92 87 100 93 117 89 107 107 108 100 101 98 93 96 98 109 101 109 110 109 103 105 105 103 103 105 118 106 118 123 111 112 108 116 108 109 129 128 123 125 125 117 105 107 123 120 109 104 116 129 119 119 114 105 99 113 100 101 116 HI 117 124 118 109 92 76 63 Middle Columbia River Valley 80 79 California. 113 Central coast region 102 104 San Joaquin Valley 110 108 92 190 9-C on. 1910 Region. > ft X2 ft < 1-5 >> 3 1-5 ti 3 < ft 0) 4-» > d Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Western interior counties of Oregon... Upper Columbia and lower Snake 91 77 72 77 79 105 94 100 96 100 89 91 81 79 85 83 107 95 100 103 102 92 88 88 90 89 88 121 102 103 109 109 98 100 96 90 95 96 109 110 110 111 110 103 100 99 94 103 99 115 112 114 117 115 106 102 95 97 99 97 116 112 114 115 115 105 102 93 89 98 95 108 107 108 114 110 102 99 81 102 80 82 104 88 102 105 102 93 89 76 81 77 85 95 88 98 101 97 88 88 68 77 69 72 90 80 84 102 90 81 87 79 77 72 80 97 90 88 96 92 86 88 81 62 83 82 99 88 92 98 95 88 86 73 66 78 75 94 85 88 89 89 12" 89 74 63 76 76 98 89 85 98 92 84 83 67 Upper Snake River Valley 60 Miadle Columbia River Valley Average, 4 regions 73 70 California. Region of San Francisco Bay 89 Central coast region 80 Sacramento Valley 85 San Joaquin Valley 94 Average, 4 regions 88 Average, 8 regions 79 a Compiled from reports made to the Bureau of Statistics, United States Department of Agriculture. In computing these averages the price for each county was weighted in proportion to the production of 1899, as given in the census. b The counties included in the respective regions are as follows: Oregon, Wasliington, and Idaho: Western interior counties of Oregon.— Benton, Clackamas, Douglas, Jackson, Josephine, Lane, Linn, Marion, Polk, Washington, Yamhill. (Total, 11.) Region of upper Columbia and lower Snake Rivers.— In Oregon: Baker, Umatilla, Union, Wal- lowa. (Total, 4.) In Washington: Adams, Asotin, Columbia, Douglas, Franklin, Garfield, Grant, Lincoln, Spokane, Walla WaUa, Whitman. (Total, 11.) In Idaho: Ada, Canyon, Idaho, Latah, Nez Perces, Washington. (Total, 6.) Region of upper Snake River (Idaho).— Bannock, Bear Lake, Bmgham, Fremont, Oneida. (Total, 5.) Region of middle Columbia River.— In Oregon: Gilliam, Hood River, Morrow, Sherman, Wasco. In Washington: Benton, Klickitat, Yakima. (Total, 8.) California: Region of San Francisco Bay.— Alameda, Contra Costa, Marin, Napa, San Francisco, San Joaquin, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Solano, Sonoma. (Total, 11.) Central coast region.— Monterey, San Benito, San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara. (Total, 4.) "■ " 1, Glenn, Placer, Sacramento, Sutter, Tehama, Yolo, Yuba. (Total, 9.) Sacramento Valley.— Butte, Colusa (Total, 9.) , . San Joaquin Valley.- Fresno, Kern, Kings, Madera, Merced, Stanislaus, Tulare. (Total, 7.) 46 MARKETING GEAIN AND LIVE STOCK Table 30. — Average farm prices 0/ wheat in regions 0/ small production in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho on the first day of each month from July, 1908, to December, 1910 a [Cents per bushel.] 1908 1009 Region. 6 si 3 < in 1 > i ►-5 0) 1 < a 3 1-3 < Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Ocean counties and lower Columbia. . Puget Sound counties. 88 97 87 79 92 88 101 103 120 126 109 100 94 94 82 80 75 85 97 100 105 122 103 95 92 89 85 88 82 88 99 85 120 115 99 94 88 100 85 77 65 82 88 114 112 116 107 97 88 90 81 94 80 86 114 114 115 120 115 103 94 86 85 89 81 88 101 111 108 120 109 100 98 92 88 91 83 92 97 95 120 127 104 99 116 90 80 120 74 98 95 120 io5' 110 104 103 107 108 118 88 105 101 140 120 120 124 116 107 107 95 104 95 101 102 121 120 128 117 110 116 130 150 122 85 125 111 123 127 136 122 123 124 115 148 125 110 127 120 116 120 147 122 124 119 ,115 125 ,134 141 144 119 145 114 122 124 130 116 115 104 108 Northern and northeastern Washing- ton and northern Idaho Central and southeastern Oregon Central and southwestern Idaho Average 5 regions 123 122 92 110 California. Southern coast and southeastern counties 107 Northern interior 110 120 149 118 115 120 142 119 Northern coast 1?0 Eastern mountain 139 Average 4 regions 119 Average 9 regions 121 124 115 1909— Con. 1910 Region .6 > "A 1 ,0 S S ft < >> 0) I-' 3 3 < ft m > Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Ocean counties and lower Columbia. . . Puget Sound counties 97 88 88 90 76 89 102 95 122 138 107 100 104 97 92 98 94 90 101 103 120 134 110 101 101 93 100 108 102 102 118 107 120 127 115 109 106 108 115 126 88 109 119 124 135 135 126 119 104 108 112 120 96 108 113 110 i33' 114 111 116 100 117 95 102 109 110 95 120 135 108 109 104 107 112 118 88 106 115 110 120 129 116 111 87 100 105 95 90 95 112 108 120 116 112 105 116 101 112 109 110 110 106 101 120 131 110 92 88 74 110 128 96 90 92 88 117 94 100 92 85 105 78 93 99 92 95 102 96 94 94 92 96 105 94 96 98 95 120 123 104 101 90 94 98 101 82 93 96 108 120 112 108 101 91 89 103 86 78 91 100 100 105 108 102 97 96 85 Northern and northeastein Washing- ton and nortliern Idaho 95 Central and southeastern Oregon Central and southwestern Idaho Average, 5 regions. . 99 76 9? California. Southern coast and southeastern counties 84 Northern interior 104 Northern coast 105 Eastern mountain 111 Average, 4 regions ion Average, 9 regions 110 1 95 97 ' a Compiled from reports made to the Bureau of Statistics, United States Department of Agriculture. In computing these averages the price for each county was weighted in proportion to the production of 1899, as given in the census. 6 The counties included in the respective regions are as follows: Oregon, Washington, and Idaho: Ocean counties and lower Columbia.— In Oregon: Clatsop, Columbia, Coos, Curry, Lincoln, Mult- nomah, Tillamook. (Total, 7.) In Washington: Chehalis, Clallam, Clarke, Cowlitz, Jefferson, Lewis, Pacific, Skamania, Wahkiakum. (Total, 9.) Puget Sound counties. — Island, King, Kitsap, Mason, Pierce, San Juan, Skagit, Snohomish, Thurston, Whatcom. (Total, 10.) Northern and northeastern Washington and northern Idaho.— In Washington: Chelan, Ferry, Kittitas, Okanogan, Stevens. (Total, 5.) In Idaho: Bonner, Kootenai, Shoshone. (Total, 3.) Central and southeastern Oregon.— Crook, Grant, Harney, Klamath, Lake, Malheur, Wheeler. (Total, 7.) Central and southwestern Idaho.— Blaine, Boise, Cassia, Custer, Elmore, Lemhi, Lincoln, Owyhee, (Total, 8.) California: Southern coast and southeastern counties. — Imperial, Los Angeles, Orange, Riverside, San Ber- nardino, San Diego, Ventura. (Total, 7.) Northern interior.— Lassen, Modoc, Plumas, Shasta, Siskiyou, Trinity. (Total, 6.) Northern coast —Del Norte, Humboldt, Lake, Mendocino. (Total, 4.) Eastern Mountain.— Alpine, Amador, Calaveras, El Dorado, Inyo, Mariposa, Mono, Nevada, Sierra, Tuolumne. (Total, 10.) IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 47 Table 31. — Average farm -prices o/ barley in regions 0/ large production in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho on the first day of each month from July, 1908, to December, 1910. « [Cents per bushel.] 1908 1909 Region. b . ^ ^ ^ r^ -; ■5 >-> si < 03 1? s c ^ 3 3 1-1 3 Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Western interior counties of Oregon . . Upper Columbia and lower Snake 62 51 65 54 61 50 70 52 58 50 62 53 54 54 58 54 62 54 60 61 61 55 60 53 70 59 60 59 68 73 62 59 68 67 62 70 68 67 50 69 66 84 85 65 78 77 88 77 80 77 60 79 69 72 83 70 60 64 Upper Snake River Valley Middle Columbia River Valley 45 57 Average, 4 regions 51 51 50 54 55 55 59 72 68 67 82 77 77 72 64 California. Region of San Francisco Bay 66 55 6.3 75 66 6S 64 64 72 63 59 54 69 58 60 68 75 73 58 66 72 65 70 73 72 69 70 70 64 71 67 75 70 54 67 70 75 69 68 72 79 77 71 66 86 88 66 61 71 74 70 73 69 65 65 61 70 fifi 64 San Joaquin Valley 82 Average, 4 regions 64 66 64 64 69 70 71 68 66 72 75 78 72 66 69 Average, 8 regions 62 63 "62~ 62 66 67 68 68 66 71 76 78 73 67 68 1909— Con. 1910 Region. 6 > 8 p d .0 P. < >> 03 i 3 1-5 >> 3 ti 3 Ph i 52; Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Western interior counties of Oregon. . Upper Columbia and lower Snake River Valleys fi4 57 60 57 57 64 60 63 63 63 62 70 50 58 62 56 67 59 63 72 65 63 62 60 70 64 60 70 63 66 62 66 65 74 60 65 65 61 73 70 67 72 71 69 70 65 66 78 66 64 65 63 70 65 65 73 68 50 75 68 70 84 66 68 71 71 78 60 53 69 61 67 68 65 70 67 66 84 65 58 68 66 66 60 58 63 62 63 66 59 55 61 59 64 70 55 64 63 62 64 47 45 56 48 55 70 43 55 55 53 70 47 50 52 48 55 48 48 48 51 50 62 50 '56' 50 49 52 46 50 49 49 58 49 43 48 49 54 46 46 51 50 50 60 46 44 43 46 49 44 46 51 47 47 66 48 Upper Snake River Valley Middle Columbia River Valley 36 48 48 California. Region of San Francisco Bay .54 Central coast region 57 48 48 Average, 4 regions Average, 8 regions . . 52 51 a Compiled from reports made to the Bureau of Statistics, United States Department of Agriculture. In computing these averages the price for each county is weighted in proportion to the production of 1899, as given in the census. b See note *, Table 29. 48 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK Table 32. — Average farm prices of barley in regions of small production in Cali- fornia, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho on the first day of each month from July, 1908, to December, IQlOfi [Cents per bushel.] 1908 1909 Reglon.6 3 a m O > o d d 1 ft < i 01 a 3 3 1-5 3 < i Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Ocean counties and lower Columbia. . 64 55 60 60 68 63 84 65 71 85 79 76 51 65 62 68 59 60 83 75 78 81 81 78 64 70 64 82 60 68 72 73 72 77 73 72 68 80 56 69 44 62 66 60 68 89 67 67 63 72 62 75 69 67 73 68 63 79 72 71 55 55 70 76 63 68 72 87 74 83 75 59 95 63 63 86 99 83 83 74 84 75 82 73 74 64 75 65 97 83 80 74 73 70 92 75 76 75 112 92 97 75 86 84 86 78 123 87 87 90 100 1C2 74 95 84 82 88 109 86 87 148 84 112 106 105 118 99 82 85 120 97 100 68 88 125 103 71 95 73 75 72 135 79 81 75 Northern and northeastern Washing- 66 76 55 65 75 74 60 83 74 73 100 98 60 93 83 75 '96' 82 84 S6 Central and southeastern Oregon Central and southwestern Idaho 86 70 78 California. Southern coast and southeastern 69 78 Northern coast 66 97 Average, 4 regions 72 73 1909— Con. 1910 Region.^ O > o d d SI i s < § Hi 3 D < ft d Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Ocean counties and lower Columbia. . 70 60 72 67 54 67 70 73 75 108 74 74 60 48 72 67 78 69 71 65 72 92 72 72 77 60 85 78 60 78 81 76 75 102 82 81 70 80 99 102 53 86 72 81 72 83 74 76 70 60 80 84 83 80 75 74 ■75' 75 76 66 76 74 54 68 81 64 72 78 78 76 69 68 85 91 70 80 82 76 78 98 82 82 64 68 110 89 60 81 79 73 74 89 79 79 124 66 60 93 73 88 66 70 71 72 68 71 65 65 80 96 92 83 67 67 54 60 65 68 74 60 '88' 60 78 67 52 52 71 57 59 69 62 96 75 66 77 53 65 60 81 55 58 58 80 80 79 62 70 65 70 50 78 59 60 59 65 67 65 60 63 56 69 48 73 59 59 82 .58 Northern and northeastern Washing- 76 Central and southeastern Oregon Central and southwestern Idaho 76 65 72 California. Southern coast and southeastern 49 70 55 71 54 57 a Compiled from reports made to the Bureau of Statistics, United States Department of Agriculture. In computing these averages the price for each county is weighted in proportion to the production of 1899, as given in the census. 6 See note 6, Table 30. IlSr THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 49 AVERAGES FOR TWO YEARS. The average price of wheat for the two crop years ending June, 1909 and 1910, has been computed for each of the 17 regions into which these four States are di\dded. The figures for each month have been weighted according to the proportion of the crop marketed that month, in order to give due importance to the prices which governed during periods of heavy and of light mar- keting. The averages ob- tained by this process are shown in Table 33, and also in figures 1 and 2. The map (fig. 1) illus- trating the prices of wheat in the various • regions shows that the lowest farm prices in the years ending June, 1909 and 1910, were in the valleys of the Co- lumbia and Snake Rivers, and the highest in the eastern mountain region of California. It will be noted that there is no region in California where farm prices were as low as in the great wheat country of the Pacific Northwest. In connection with this, at- tention is called to the fact that large shipments of wheat are made from Ore- gon and Washington to San Francisco. This movement down the coast is discussed more in detail on page 14. It will be noted on the barley map (fig. 2) that in at least one region in California prices are nearly as low as in any region in Wash- ington, Oregon, or Idaho, and it is also a fact that shipments of barley to San Francisco from the more northern States are relatively small compared with the wheat shipments. a For explanation of Roman numerals, see Table 33. 99072°— Bull. 89—11 4 Fig. 1. — Average farm prices of wheat, in cents per bushel, in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, for the years ending June, 1909 and 1910.a 50 MAE.KETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK Table 33. — Average farm prices of ivheat and barley in Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and California for the years ending June, 1909 and 1910, by regions. o- [Cents per bushel.] Ncft I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII Region.c Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Puget Sound counties Northern and northeast Washington and northern Idaho Ocean counties and lower Columbia region... Middle Columbia River Valleys Upper Columbia and lower Snake River Valleys Western interior (Oregon) Central and southeastern Oregon Central and southwestern Idaho Upper Snake River Valley (western Idaho) . . California. Northern coast region Northern interior Sacramento Valley Region of San Francisco Bay Central coast region San Joaquin Valley Eastern mountain region Southern coast and southeastern counties Wheat. Year ending June— 1909 109 104 97 99 90 95 120 100 105 113 105 86 83 95 114 95 119 110 106 111 102 109 137 108 Mean, 1909 and 1910. 101 100 84 81 92 102 114 107 102 105 96 102 128 104 Barley. Year ending June— 1909 1910 70 75 65 69 66 70 104 76 Mean, 1909 and 1910. a Compiled from reports made to the Bureau of Statistics, U. S. Department of Agriculture. In com- puting these averages, the price is for the first day of each month and is weighted in proportion to the quantity marketed by farmers that month. This table is the basis for the maps on pp. 49 and 51. b Corresponding with Roman numerals on maps, pp. 49 and 51. c For list of counties in each region, see note b, Tables 29 and .30. DIFFERENCE IN PRICE BETWEEN FARM AND ENGLAND. GROSS PROFIT AND COST OF MARKETING. The producer and consumer are interested indirectly in tlie costs of marketing, but they are affected more by the actual difference between what the one receives and the other pays than either is concerned with the costs incurred by the middleman in handling the commodity. But the costs of marketing bear a ce]-tain rela- tion to the margin between what the producer receives and what the consumer pays. The middleman must make expenses and a fair profit or he can not continue in the business, hence for the greater part of the transactions affecting a given commodity in a series of markets the difference between the price received by the producer and that paid by the consumer must equal at least the cost of marketing. In the wheat export trade of the Pacific coast it is difficult if not impossible to obtain comparable data for computing the above- mentioned difference. Wlieat purchased from farmers is of various kinds and qualities, wliich are not differentiated in the published quotations of farm prices. An approximate comparison betw^een farm prices of wheat in the Pacific Northwest and wholesale market prices paid by English buyers may be made in this way. IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 51 COMPARISONS WITH EXCHANGE PRICES AND EXPORT VALUES. In Table 34 a comparison was made between average farm prices in regions wliich contribute to the Portland market and exchange prices of certain kinds of wheat at that city. To avoid as much as practi- cable the use of merely nominal prices, the quotations taken in tliis table were only for seasons of heaviest marketings; for the crops of 1908 and 1909, respectively, the six months beginning with August were taken and for the crop of 1910 as much of the corresponding period as was covered by figures available when the table was compiled. The figure taken for the farm price each month in Table 34 was the mean of the farm prices on the first day of the month named and the fii'st day of the follo^\ing month; the farm price for the month of August was computed by adding the quotation for August 1 wdth that for September 1 and di\4ding the result by 2. The same method was fonowed in obtaining the farm prices given in Table 36, To secure an approxi- mate average price for all kinds of wheat sold in Portland, quotations for each week for Bluestem, Club, and Red Russian were averaged by months. Since the wheat sold in regions of small produc- tion has probably but lit- tle if any influence in the large wholesale markets, the farm prices used to compare with exchange prices at Portland and ex- port values at Portland and Puget Sound ports are those quoted in regions of large production. Of the 16 months represented in Table 34, the average monthly spot prices at Portland ranged from 2 to 19 cents above farm prices, while the smallest cUfFerence between farm prices and average export values at Portland in any one of the 13 months given was 4 cents per bushel, and the greatest difference was 14.5 cents per bushel. Taking the average monthly export values at Puget Sound ports (cliiefly Fig. 2.— Average farm prices of barley, in cents per bushel, in California, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, for the years ending June, 1909 and 1910.o a For explanation of Roman numerals, see Table 33. 52 MABKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK Tacoma), the smallest margin between farm and seaport for any one of the 16 months given was 0.5 cent per bushel and the greatest margin was 19 cents per bushel. The averages for each season, as covered in Table 34, show a dif- ference between farm and Portland exchange prices of 12.2 cents per bushel for the crop of 1908, 12 cents for that of 1909, and 7.5 cents per bushel for most of the seasons in which the crop of 1910 was mar- keted. The average seasonal differences between farm prices and export values, as computed in Table 34, ranged from 9.2 to 14.5 cents per bushel. These differences may be taken to represent possible if not probable conditions, for the margins shown are sufficient to allow for expenses of marketing. The cost of shipping wheat from country railroad stations and steamboat landings to Portland and Tacoma, including freight, warehouse charges, insurance, and minor expenses, ranged in 1910 from about 5 to about 17 cents per bushel. Table 34. — Comparison of average prices of wheat on farms in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho with exchange spot prices at Portland and average export values at Portland and Puget Sound, for seasons of heavy marketings, 1908-1910. <^ Average farm price in Oregon, Washington,and Idaho. Mean exchange spot price at Port- land of Club, Bluestem, and Red Russian. Average export value of all kinds exported. Portland. Puget Sound. Year and month. In regions of small produe- tion.6 In regions of large produc- tion, c Price. Excess over farm price for regions of large produc- tion. Price. Excess over farm price for regions of large produc- tion. Price. Excess over farm price for regions of large produc- ' tion. 1908 Cents. ■ 80. 5 85.0 84.0 87.0 90.0 95.0 Cents. 11. h 11. b 78.5 77.5 77.5 83.0 Cents. 88.0 90.0 89.0 91.0 92.0 95.0 Cents. 10.5 12.5 10.5 13.5 14.5 12.0 Cents. Cents. Cents. 93.0 94.0 94.0 94.0 95.0 92.0 Cents. 15.5 91.0 90.0 88.0 92.0 94.0 13.5 11.5 10.5 14.5 11.0 16.5 October 15.5 November 16.5 17.5 1909. January 9.0 Average 87.9 78.6 90.8 12.2 d91.0 dl2.2 93.7 15.1 1909. 120.0 99.5 89. 5 96.0 105.5 108.5 90.0 79.0 81.0 85.5 92.0 97.5 92.0 89.0 93.0 100.0 111.0 112.0 2.0 10.0 12.0 14.5 19.0 14.5 98.0 98.0 93.0 94.0 108.0 98.0 8.0 September. . 93.0 85.0 97.0 102.0 104.0 14.0 4.0 11.5 10.0 6.5 19.0 October 12.0 November 8.5 December 16.0 1910. January .5 Average 103. 2 87.5 99.5 12.0 d96.2 d9.2 98.2 10.7 1910. 94.5 94.5 92.0 91.5 81.0 78.5 75.5 73.0 90.0 86.0 84.0 78.0 9.0 7.5 8.5 5.0 96.0 93.0 89.0 88.0 15.0 91.0 89.0 82.0 12.5 13.5 9.0 14.5 October 13.5 November 15.0 Average 93.1 77.0 84.5 7.5 e87.3 ell. 6 91.5 14.5 ■ Railroad. Miles from Port- land. Railroad. Miles from Port- Low- est. \. F. G. A. F. G. land. High- est. Low- est. High- est. Low- est. High- est. Low- est. High- est. Low- est. High- est. Low- est. High- est. 1-20 21-40 CIS. 6.25 5.00 2.50 Cts. 8.89 5.00 2.50 Cts. 8.00 3.68 Cts. 8.00 4.55 Cts. 7.69 4.55 3.21 2.63 2.24 Cts. 15.00 4.55 3.21 2.63 2.24 201-220.. 221-240. . 241-260. . 261-280. . 281-300. . 301-320. . 321-340. . 341-360.. 361-380. . 381-400.. Cts. 1.27 1.19 1.19 1.19 1.17 1.13 1.09 1.05 1.02 .99 Cts. 1.34 1.19 1.21 1.20 1.19 1.16 1.10 1.08 1.04 1.01 Cts. 1.27 Cts. 1.27 Cts. 1.74 1.63 Cts. 1.74 L63 41-60 1.13 1.13 61-80 2.21 2.37 1.68 1.69 1.52 1.48 2.21 2.45 2.56 2.44 1.52 1.48 81-100 . . 1.78 1.71 1.65 1.60 1.53 1.42 1.89 1.80 1.68 1.63 1.55 1.42 1.05 1.05 101-120 1.31 1.31 121-140 1.95 1.81 1.79 1.81 1.95 1.82 1.80 .95 .89 .91 .95 .89 .91 141-160 161-180. 181-200. . oCompiled from official tariffs. The railroad indicated here by A is the same as A in Table 44. ELECTRIC RAILROADS. The rates charged by interurban electric Unes for carrying grain and Uve stock in the Pacific coast region are ilhistrated by the figures in Table 46. All the rates in this table apply to local traffic confined to the line on which it originates and represent conditions on purely electric routes. Many of the electric roads of this region make joint rates with con- necting steam roads or steamboat lines, thus facilitating long-distance traffic. IlSr THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 63 Table 46. — Freight rates for grain and live stock carried in carload lots on electric rail- roads in Pacific coast States over selected routes, May, WlOA Grain. Cattle and horses. Hogs and sheep. Destination and distance. 1 Rate per ton (2,000 pounds). O to Rate per car (36§ feet long). g 3 Rate per car (364 feet long). 1 o 1 5 > < a u o X! a 3 h1 6jO 2 < 1 3 XJ bO § > < To Los Angeles from points distant— 1 10 miles 3 3 2 3 $0.75 .85 1.00 1.00 $0.75 .85 1.00 1.00 $0.75 .85 1.00 1.00 1 $5.90 $5.90 $5.90 11-20 miles To Sacramento from points distant — 11-20 miles 21-30 miles 1 17.00 17.00 17.00 1 $13.00 $13.00 $13.00 31-40 miles 41-50 miles 4 2 2 3 1 1 4 9 8 6 9 8 7 3 15 16 14 16 11 11 9 6 3 1.00 1.70 1.75 1.75 1.95 1.60 .60 .80 .80 1.00 .60 .80 .80 1.00 .60 .80 1.20 1. 10 1.80 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.20 1.65 1.75 1.85 1.95 1.95 1.60 .60 .80 1.00 1.00 .80 .80 1.00 1.00 .60 1.20 1.40 1.80 1.80 2.00 2.20 2.20 2.25 1.31 1.72 1.80 1.85 1.95 1.60 .60 .80 .95 1.00 .64 .80 .91 1.00 .60 .94 1.34 1.58 1.80 1.93 2.11 2.20 2.23 1 2 1 1 1 1 20.00 25.00 31.00 35.00 38.00 18.92 20.00 28. 00 31.00 35. 00 38.00 18.92 20.00 26.50 31.00 35.00 38.00 18.92 1 2 1 1 1 1 16.00 20.00 24.00 28.00 30.00 18.92 16. 00 22. 00 24.00 28. 00 30.00 18.92 16.00 51-€0 miles 21.00 61-70 miles 24.00 71-80 miles 28.00 81-90 miles 30.00 To Portland from points dis- tant— 41-50 miles 18.92 To Tacoma from points dis- tant— 1-10 miles . 11-20 miles 21-30 miles 31— 10 miles To Seattle from points dis- tant— 1-10 miles 11-20 miles 21-30 miles 31-40 miles To Spokane from points dis- tant — 1-10 miles ; 15 16 14 16 11 11 9 6 3 10.00 12.00 14. 00 18. 50 21.60 23.20 25.00 29.00 29.00 10.00 14.00 18.50 23.00 29.00 29.00 29.00 29.00 10.00 12. 86 15 16 10.00 12.00 14.00 18. .50 21.60 23. 20 25.00 29.00 29.00 10.00 14.00 18.50 23.00 29.00 29.00 29.00 29.00 29.00 10.00 11-20 miles 12.86 21-30 miles ... . 16.66 1 14 16.66 31-40 miles 21.27 23.00 26.67 28.61 2Q no 16 11 11 9 6 3 21.27 41-50 miles . 23.00 51-tiO miles 26.67 61-70 miles 28.61 71-80 miles 29.00 81-90 miles 29.00 1 29.00 29.00 1 o Compiled from official tariffs. CHARGES BY RIVER. Freight rates charged by steamboat Unes for carrying grain to Portland and to three California markets are shown in Table 47. On the upper Sacramento River the rate from Red Bluff, the head of navigation, to San Francisco, a distance of about 387 miles, was in 1910 equivalent to 9 cents per bushel for wheat or 7.2 cents for barley. The rate from Stockton to San Francisco was less than 2 c.ents per bushel for wheat and slightly more than 1.5 cent for barley. River steamers (and the portage railway around the falls) charged for wheat 9.6 to 10.5 cents per bushel between Lewiston, Idaho, and Portland. 64 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK Table 47. — Freight rates on ivheat and barley carried on inland watenvays in the Pacific coast region, 1910.°' Route. Per ton (2,000 pounds). Cents per bushel. Wheat. Barley. To San Francisco from— San Joaquin River and its tributaries- Stockton Dollars. .10. 65 1.24 3.00 2.30 2.00 1.25-1.50 1.10 1.24 2.50 1.25 1.10 3.20-3.50 2.50-2.80 1.50 Cents. 1.95 3.72 9.00 6.90 6.00 3.75-1.50 3.30 3.72 7.50 3.75 3.30 9.60-10.50 7.50- 8.40 4.50 Cents. 1 56 Average, 94 landings 2 98 Sacramento River and its tributaries- Upper river- Red Bluff 7 20 Marysville 5 52 Colusa 4 80 Sacramento 3 00-3 60 Lower river- Walnut Grove, Rio Vista, and Courtland 2.64 To Stockton from— 93 landings on San Joaquin River and tributaries (average) 2.98 To Sacramento from— Upper Sacramento River and its tributaries- Red Bluff 6 00 Colusa 3.00 Lower Sacramento River- Walnut Grove, Rio Vista, and Courtland 2.64 To Portland from— 7 08 8.40 Wallulu, Wash 6 00-6.72 The Dalles, Oreg 3.60 a As quoted by transportation companies. LIVE STOCK FOR ALASKA. Conditions of transport are such that high freight rates are paid on hve stock over the coastwise routes from Seattle and Tacoma to Alaska. The published rates for cattle in June, 1910, ranged from $17 per head for shipments to southeastern Alaska to $50 per head for cattle sent to Nome, St. Michael, and the other Bering Sea ports indicated in Table 48. It is reported that the quality of the animals shipped to Alaska is high, for it costs as much to ship a poor animal as a good one, and the additional price is relatively small compared with the total cost of the animal delivered in Alaska. IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 65 Table 48. — Freight rules on live stock carried by coastwise steamers from Tacoma or Seattle to Alaska, June, 1910S'' [Dollars per head.] To- $20. 00 , 125. 00 Southeastern Alaska: Ketchikan Juneau, Douglas, Tread- well, and W range 11 . Haines and Skagway.. \V rangell common points, including Prince of Wales Is- land Juneau common points, including Sitka Skagway common points, including Pyramid Harbor Southwestern Alaska: Cordova, Seward, and common points Port Graham and com- mon points Hiamna and common points Kodiak and common points I 25.00 Bering Sea ports': Nome, Solomon, Dick- son Bluff, and St. Michael Minor ports (not in- cluding lighterage). . . Bulls, stal- lions, and jacks. 6.0 oo2 5 a o a . 2o 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 Calves. a . o2 $5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 $10.00 10.00 10.00 So Cattle, don- keys, and Shetland ponies (not elsewhere specified). isa $17. 00 17.00 17.00 10.00 10.00 7.50 7.50 7.50 7.50 $17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 17.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 25.00 17.00 30.00 .30.00 30.00 30.00 < 50.00 « 50.00 f 50.00 Colts. $10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00 12.00 12. 00 12.00 12.00 a-« J3o .$15.00 15.00 15.00 1.5.00 15.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 16.00 $5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 $3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 7.50 7.50 a ft 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 20.00 $2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 /60.00 /60.00 2.00 3.00 3.50 4.00 3.50 5.00 5.00 a As quoted by steamship companies, b Under 12 months classed as calves or colts. c Over 12 months classed as cattle. d Over 12 months classed as horses and mules, e Cattle only. / When carried on freight steamers. The rate for horses and mules carried on passenger steamers was $75 per head. GRAIN FOR ASIA, MEXICO, AND ALASKA. A relatively small amount of grain is exported to China and Japan. Of the total amount of wheat shipped to foreign and domestic desti- nations from Portland and Puget Sound during the four years ending June 30, 1909, about 10 per cent was consigned to Asia. In 1910 the shipments to Asia from these ports amounted to only about 1.5 per cent of the total. Practically no barley has been exported recently from these ports across the Pacific ; hence, many of the rates quoted in Table 49 represent either nominal quotations or apply to small shipments. The rates to Salina Cruz represent the cost over one of the three principal parts of the Tehuantepec route. '^ 99072°— Bull. 89—11- a See p. 18. 66 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK Kates on grain to Alaska are among the highest quoted in the table, the charge to southeastern Alaska from Puget Sound being from $4 to $9 per ton, and to southwestern Alaska from $11 to $16 per ton, while the rate on barley to Bering Sea ports was quoted at $17 per ton, equivalent to about 41 cents per bushel. All grain rates in this bulletin refer to grain in sacks. Rates on flour to the points mentioned in Table 49 were approximately the same in most cases as wheat. Table 49. — Ocean freight rates on flour and grain from Pacific coast ports of the United States over coastwise and trans-Pacific routes, for the year ending June 30, 1910. <^ Route. From Tacoma and Seattle to — Alaska — Southeastern ports.. Southwestern ports. Bering Sea ports California — San Francisco San Pedro San Diego Hawaii — Honoluki Mexico — Salina Cruz From Portland to— California — San Francisco . Hawaii— Honolulu Mexico— Salina Cruz From San Francisco to- Hawaii — Honolulu... Mexico — Salina Cruz. From San Francisco, Portland, Tacoma, and Seattle - .38 .41 .05 .10 .10 .08 .11- .12 .11 .14- .22 .06- .08 .10- .17 .13 .13 .13 o Rates as quoted by steamship companies. UNITED KINGDOM. Freight rates to the United Kingdom, the principal destination of the wheat exported from the Pacific coast, declined from an average of 5 1 cents per bushel in 1873-1875 to 15 cents per bushel during the five years ending in the summer of 1910. The exports from California were relatively unimportant for the last several years mentioned in Table 50, but the comparison just made shows a great reduction in freiglit within 40 years. Rates from Portland and Puget Sound during the last few years shown in the table were approximately 4 shillings per long ton (about 2^ cents per bushel) more than from San Francisco to the same destinations. The traiiic from the northern IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 67 ports being relatively new, it is not possible to compare recent rates with those of the seventies. The rates quoted in Table 50 apply to wheat in sacks carried from San Francisco to any one of a number of ports in the United Kingdom and the northern part of the continent of Europe. Among the ports included are practically all those of the United Kuigdom easily accessible to deep-draft vessels, also Havre, Antwerp, Dunkirk, and Hamburg. Table 50. — Ocean freight rates on wheat from San Francisco to the United Kingdom, for orders, 1873-1910 a [All values are gold.] Year ending June— Original quotations, shillings and pence per ton (2,240 pounds). Equivalent, cents per bushel.6 Average. Highest. Lowest. Average. Highest. Lo wrest. 1873 s. d. 85 82 6 70 50 60 40 50 55 59 11 66 5 45 1 30 1 36 1 30 10 27 1 25 10 30 11 35 4 40 4 31 5 21 1 26 5 26 3 26 9 25 20 8 26 37 6 38 9 30 17 3 14 9 21 8 22 6 23 23 9 23 6 23 9 s. d. 113 105 91 6 62 6 72 6 50 60 70 84 86 6 61 3 57 6 47 6 37 6 34 32 6 42 6 41 3 45 50 28 9 35 6 35 38 9 31 3 36 3 33 9 41 3 50 .38 9 28 18 9 24 3 23 9 23 9 25 26 3 25 s. d. 60 70 40 40 37 6 32 6 30 39 57 6 43 9 32 6 20 25 25 22 6 21 3 22 6 29 3 33 9 16 6 15 21 3 22 6 20 16 3 17 22 6 31 3 .32 6 22 10 6 10 6 16 3 Cents. 54.6 53.0 45.0 32.1 38.6 25.7 32.1 35.4 38.5 42.7 29.0 19.3 23.2 19.8 17.4 16.6 19.9 22.7 25.9 20.2 13.6 17.0 16.9 17.2 16.1 13.3 16.7 24.1 24.9 19.3 11.1 9.5 13.9 14.5 14.8 15.3 15.1 15.3 Cents. 72.6 67.5 58.8 40.2 46.6 32.1 38.6 45.0 54.0 55.6 39.4 37.0 30.5 24.1 21.9 20.9 27.3 26.5 28.9 32.1 18.5 22.8 22.5 24.9 20.1 23.3 21.7 26.5 32.1 24.9 18.0 12.1 15.6 15.3 15.3 16.1 16.9 16.1 Cents. 38.6 1874 45.0 1875 25.7 1876 25.7 1877. 24.1 1878 20.9 1879 . 19.3 1880 25.1 1881 37.0 1882. 28.1 1883 20.9 1884 12.9 1885. 16.1 1886 16.1 1887. 14.5 1888 • 13.7 1889 14.5 1890 18.8 1891 21.7 1892 10.6 1893 9.6 1894 13.7 1895 14.5 1896 12.9 1897 10.4 1898 .. 10.9 1899 14.5 1900 20.1 1901. 20.9 1902 14.1 1903 6.8 1904 6.8 1905 10.4 1906. 1907 22 6 20 13 9 15 14.5 1908 12.9 1909 8.8 1910 9.6 Average: 1873-1875 79 2 51 47 6 30 29 1 27 2 24 6 23 4 103 2 63 67 4 37 7 38 10 36 3 31 11 23 9 56 8 35 10 35 9 24 1 21 10 21 5 18 4 17 10 50.9 32.8 30.5 19.3 18.7 17.5 15.7 15.0 66.3 40.5 43.3 24.1 25.0 23.3 20.5 15.9 36.4 1876-1880 23.0 23.0 1886-1890 15.5 14.0 1896-1900 13.8 11.8 1906-1910 11.4 a Compiled from the annual report of the San Francisco Merchants' Exchange for 1908-9. i> Reduced to cents by taking 1 pound sterling as equivalent to $4.80, in accordance with a commercial custom. 68 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK LOWER RATES TO ENGLAND THAN TO CHICAGO. Comparisons in Table 51 show that the cost of transporting wheat from four leading sliipping points of the Pacific coast grain region in the first part of 1910, and no doubt in earlier years, was greater to Cliicago than to the ports in England and on the continent of Europe to which the general rate to "Cork for orders" applies. Table 51. — Freight rates on wheat from four 'points in the grain-producing regions of the Pacific coast to England and to Chicago for the first half of 1910. [Rates are in cents per bushel.) To England ("Cork for orders"). From— Via— From point of origin to United States seaport. From United States seaport to " Cork for orders." Total to England.^ To Chi- Ocean freiglit rate.a Marine insur- ance, mean of high and low.o cago. 6 San Francisco... ] Portland, Ta- } coma, or Se- ] attle. Cents. c 3. 75-4. 50 ( b 8. 25 \ 6 10.2 I 68.25 Cents. 10-15 13-18 13-18 13-18 Cents. 3 3 3 3 Cents. 16. 75-22. 5 24. 25-29. 25 26.2-31.2 24. 25-29. 25 Cents. 39.0 Pendleton, Oreg Spokane Walla Walla 34.5 34.5 34.5 a Approximate. b By railroads. Rates from official tariflfs. c By river boats. RATES FROM VARIOUS COUNTRIES. For the year ending June 30, 1910, the published rates on wheat cargoes from Australia to England ranged from 13.6 to 17.5 cents per bushel, not wddely diflerent from the freights of that season on shipments from Portland and Puget Sound to the United Kingdom. The rates to the same country from Odessa averaged slightly less than those from Buenos Aires and other ports on the lower River Plate, and about 1 cent less than the rates from Argentine ports on the upper River Plate. From Kurrachee, one of the principal wheat ports of India, the rates for the year covered by Table 52 were generally about 9 or 10 cents per bushel. IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 69 Table 52. — Mean monthly quotations of ocean freight rates on wheat from Argentina, India, Australia, and Russia to the United Kingdom, for the year ending June 30, WlO.a Year and month. 1909. July August September October November December 1910. January February March April May June Mean for year.... Original quotations in shillings and pence per ton of 2,240 pounds. From Argentina to the United King- dom, for orders. Upper Kiver Plate. s. d. 12 51 9 3 9 3 8 4J 10 44 12 5i 11 "i 10 33 8 3 8 -i 8 1^ 9 7i Lower River Plate. s. d. 10 7J 7 6 7 81 7 8 8g 10 4^ 10 3J 9 3 6 n 7 81 8 4.9 Bahia Blan- ca. s. d. 11 2i 8 5§ 8 4i 7 n\ 9 ^ 11 6 11 4J 9 9| 8 Og 8 Hi 8 n 8 41 9 3.5 From Kurra- chee, India, to United King. dom. s. d. 14 16 15 15 6 14 11 From Aus- tralia to United King dom. s. d. 27 3 26 9 21 U 22 7J 14 4. 5 24 5. 25 From Odessa to Lon- don, Hull, Ant- werp, .or Rot- ter dam. s. d. 8 9} 8 U 8 3 7 9 8 9 8 10 7 6 3 Equivalent, cents per bushel of 60 jiounds.^ From Argentina to the United King- dom, for orders. Upper River Plate. Cents. 8.0 5.9 5.9 5.4 6.7 8.0 7.5 6.6 5.3 5.5 Lower River Plate. Cents. 6.8 4.8 5.0 4.5 5.6 6.7 6.6 5.9 4.7 4.9 4.4 4.9 Bahia Blan- ca. Cents. 7.2 5.4 5.4 5.1 6.0 7.4 7.3 6.3 5.2 5.7 5.2 5.4 From Kurra- chee, India, to U nited King- dom. Cents. 9.0 10.3 9.6 10.0 10.0 9.0 9.0 7.1 From Aus- tralia to United King- dom. Cents. 17.5 17.2 13.6 From Odessa to Lon- don, Hull, Ant- werji, or Rot- ter- dam. Cents. 5.7 5.6 5.2 5.3 4.8 5.0 5.1 5.8 5.7 4.5 4.0 5.2 n Compiled from Broomhall's Corn Trade News. t> Reduced to cents by taking 1 pound sterling as equivalent to 84.80, in accordance with a commercial custom. TON-MILE RATES OF VARIOUS CARRIERS. Tlie vast difference in the cost of transport per ton per mile for different carriers, all of wliich share in moving Pacific coast wheat to market, is illustrated in Table 53. The highest rates are those com- puted upon the average cost to the farmer for hauling Ms wheat to the sliipping point. Tliis ranged in 1906 from about 14 cents per ton-mile in Cahfornia to about 25 cents in Washington. The other extreme is illustrated by the rate of from 0.02 to 0.03 of 1 cent per ton-mile from Tacoma to Liverpool. 70 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK Table 53. — Average freight charge on Pacific coast wheat per ton per mile, over selected routes, in 1910. [Based upon tons of 2,000 pounds and statute miles.] Route. Cents per ton per mile. By wagon, from farms to shipping points (in 1906): a Washington Idaho Oregon California By electric railroad: From Salem, Oreg., to Portland, Oreg From Marysville, Cal. , to Sacramento, Cal From Chico, Cal., to Sacramento, Cal From Moscow, Idaho, to Spokane, Wash By steam railroad: From EUensburg, Wash. , to Tacoma, Wash From Merced , Cal. , to San Francisco, Cal From Lewiston, Idaho, to Portland, Oreg From Portland, Oreg., to San Francisco, Cal By river: From The Dalles, Oreg., to Portland, Oreg From Sacramento, Cal., to San Francisco, Cal From Red Bluff, Cal. , to Sacramento, Cal From Lewiston, Idaho, to Portland, Oreg By coastwise steamships: From Seattle, Wash., to Skagway, Alaska From Portland, Oreg., to San Francisco, Cal By steamships: From Tacoma, Wash., to Liverpool, England, via Magellan Straits. By sail vessels: From Tacoma, Wash., to Liverpool, England, via Cape Horn 24.841 20. 952 17. 388 14 331 3.219 2.392 2.205 1.429 L870 1.513 .952 .402 1. 316 1. 000-1. 200 1.020 .823- .900 .505 . 16&- . 266 . 0363-. 0373 . 0210-. 0294 o Bulletin No. 49, Bureau of Statistics, United States Department of Agriculture. Page 33. CHARGES FOR NINE SELECTED CARGOES. The higher rates charged by steamers as compared with sail vessels are shown in Table 54. The steamers also earned more freight per cargo, since they carried heavier loads; and, on account of the shorter time of transit, the gross earnings of the steamers averaged much more per day. Table 54. — Duration of voyage, capacity of vessel, size of load, and freight earned for selected cargoes of grain carried from United States Pacific coast ports to Europe, season of 1909-lO.a SAIL VESSELS. Item. Kind of grain carried. Departed: From Date Called for orders: At Date Ordered to discharge at Length of* voyage to port of call. Approximate total length of voyage. Capacity of vessel Size of cargo Freight: Rate Total amount Earnings per day of voyage. La Rocheja- quelein. Wheat. Portland Dec. 19, 1909 . Falmouth, England. Apr. 18, 1910. Barry, Wales. 121 days. 127 days. 1,954 tons 6.... 2,967 tons c 27s.6d.pertonc. 17.68 cents per bushel. S19,600 $154 Duquesne. Wheat. Portland Oct. 26, 1909.. Falmouth, England. Apr. "18, 1910. Antwerp, Bel- gium. 175 days 182 days 1,926 tons6 2,961 tonsc 27s.6d.pertonc. 17.68 cents per bushel. $19,500 $107 Zenita. Wheat. Tacoma Oct. 29, 1909.. Queensto wn, Ireland. Apr. 21, 1910., Antwerp, Bel- gium. 175 days 182 days.... 1,625 tons 6.. 2,689 tonsc. 27s. 6d. per tone. 17.68 cents per bushel. $17,700 $97 Leon Blum. Barley San Francisco. Jan. 18, 1910... Falmouth, England. May 30,1910... Grimsby, England. " 133 days 140 days. 2,316 tons 6 3,089 tonsc 23s.9d.pertonc. 12.21 cents per bushel. $17,600 $126 Buflon. Wheat. Tacoma. Nov. 5, 1909. Queens town, Ireland. May 7, 1910. Cardiff, Wales. 184 days. 185 days. 1,771 tons. 6 3,251 tons.c 27s.6d.perton.c 17.68 cents per bushel. $21,500. $116. o Compiled from Dornbusch's Floating Cargoes Evening List (London) and the Daily Commercial News (San Francisco). b Net tons of 100 cubic feet, c Tons of 2,240 pounds. IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 71 Table 54. — Duration of voyage, capacity of vessel, size of load, and freight earned for selected cargoes of grain carried from United States Pacific coast ports to Europe, sea- son of 1909-10— Continued. STEAMERS. Item. Baron Napier. Riverton. Earl of Douglas. Titania. Kind of grain carried . . Departed: From Date Called for orders: At Date Ordered to discharge at Length of voyage to port of call. Approximate total length of voyage. Capacity of vessel Size of cargo Freight: Rate Total amount Earnings per day of voyage. Wheat Tacoma Nov. 7, 1909 St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands. Jan. 13, 1910 Hull, England... 68 days 83 days 3,159 tons a 0,597 tons 6 28s. per ton^ 18 cents per bushel. $44,300 S534 Wheat Tacoma Dec. 10, 19(iO St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands. Jan. 24, 1910 Antwerp, Belgium 46 days 61 days 2,236 tons a 3,738 tons 6 28s. 9d.per tonb... 18.48 cents per l)ushel. $25,800 S423 Wheat Portland Oct. 10, 1909 St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands. Dec. 17,1909 Belfast, Ireland . . 69 days 84 days 2,761 tons a 6,220 tons* 27s. 6d per ton& ... 17.68 cents per bushel. $41,100 Wheat. Portland. Oct. 26, 1909. St. Vincent, Cape Verde Islands. Jan. 9, 1910. Cardiff, Wales. 76 days. 91 days. 2,315 tons.a 5,159 tons. 6 28s. 9d per ton.6 18.48 cents per bushel. $35,600. a Net tons of 100 cubic feet. ^ Tons of 2,240 pounds. Nevertheless, freight rates on grain over tliis route have not been sufliciently high to attract many steamers. In recent years their number has increased, but the coal consumption and the cost of the engine room force for voyages of from 2 to 3 months tend to discourage steamships from bidding for this traflic. TRANSPORT FACILITIES. ROUTES BETWEEN THE ATLANTIC AND PACIFIC COASTS. The lines of transportation connecting the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States may be divided into three classes — all- water routes, combined water and rail, and all-rail lines. The last- named are comparatively new; the first through railroad line to the Pacific coast was completed in 1869, within the memory of many persons now livmg. About four years later the first transcontinental railroad to enter Portland was opened for traffic, and in a few more years the line between that city and San Francisco w^as completed. A simple way to enumerate the different railroad lines which con- nect the Pacific coast wdth the Mississippi Valley is to follow, on a map, the crest of the Rocky Mountains from north to south, noting the different transcontinental railroad lines wdiicli cross the Great Divide. There are at least eight in all, including one in Canada. Ihree cross the Rockies in Montana, three others use mountain passes in southern Wyoming, Colorado, and northern New Mexico, respec- tively, and another follows a route across southern New Mexico. 72 MAEKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK There are at least four rail-and- water lines over which considerable traffic passes between the East and the Pacific coast. The most northerly of these is the line of which the Great Lakes form a part. California fruits and many other commodities, transferred to boats at Duluth, are carried to such eastern ports as Cleveland, and for- warded thence by rail to their destinations; there is a contrary movement of some commodities over this route. A second route is by coastwise vessels between North Atlantic ports and Galveston, and by rail between Galveston and the Pacific coast; a third crosses the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in Mexico; and a fourth, the Isthmus of Panama. The third class of routes between tlie two coasts extends around the southern part of South America. Sailing vessels regularly go around Cape Horn, but steamers may use the shorter passage through the Strait of Magellan. TIME OF TRANSIT. The time required to carry freight between San Francisco and New York varies from 11 to 12 days by fast freight trains; a period about 10 times as long is required by ships sailing around Cape Horn. The rail-and-water routes by Tehuantepec or Panama require about one month. (Table 55.) Table 55. — Approximate usual time of freight transit between New York and San Francisco, over various routes, 1910." Days. Fast freight, all rail Coastwise steamers, New York to Galveston, thence by rail . Isthmus of Panama Isthmus of Tehuantepec Cape Horn, by sail vessels: San Francisco to New York New York to San Francisco 11-12 14-15 25-30 30 110-120 120-130 a Chiefly as reported by transportation companies. RAILROAD MILEAGE. The length of railroads in California, Oregon, Wasliington, and Idaho increased from less than 7,000 miles in 1888 to more than 16,000 miles in 1909, a rate of increase greater than that for the United States as a whole. In 1888 less than 5 per cent of the railroad mileage of the United States was in the four States just mentioned, and in 1909 they had almost 7 per cent of the total mileage. (Table 56.) IN THE PACIFIC COAST EEGION. 73 Table 56. — Mileage of railroads in California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, and the entire United States, 1888-1909. o- On California. Oregon. Washington. Idaho. Total Califor- nia, Oregon, Washington, and Idaho. Total United June 30— Miles. Per cent of United States. Miles. Per cent of United States. Miles. Per cent of United States. Miles. Per cent of United States. Miles. Per cent of United States. States (miles). 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 3,713 4,250 4,356 4,574 4,648 4,771 4,861 4,853 5,055 5,274 5,468 5,532 5,751 5,838 5,979 6,100 6,263 6,507 6,655 6,836 7,222 7,529 2.48 2.69 2.66 2.73 2.71 2.70 2.72 2.69 2.77 2.86 2.94 2.92 2.97 2.96 2.95 2.93 2.93 2.98 2.97 2.97 3.09 3.18 1,312 1,504 1,428 1,448 1,523 1,504 1,529 1,526 1,513 1,530 1,599 1,613 1,724 1,684 1,685 1,720 1,737 1,813 1,898 1,956 1,996 2,160 88 95 87 86 89 85 85 84 83 83 86 85 89 85 83 83 81 83 85 85 85 91 986 1,357 1,783 2,096 2,211 2,767 2,811 2,840 2,837 2,830 2, 829 2,839 2,914 3,005 3,158 3,275 3,356 3,388 3,599 3,807 4,208 4,651 0.66 .86 1.09 1.24 1.29 1.57 1.57 1.57 1.55 1.53 1.52 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.56 1.57 1.57 1.55 1.60 1.66 1.80 1.96 806 845 941 949 991 1,084 1,088 1,085 1,085 1,107 1,094 1,134 1,261 1,333 1,446 1,448 1,462 1,465 1,578 1,764 1,946 2,134 0.54 .54 .58 .56 .58 .61 .61 .60 .59 .60 .59 .60 .65 .68 .71 .70 .68 .67 .70 .77 .83 .90 6.817 7,955 8,509 9,066 9,372 10, 125 10, 289 10,299 10,491 10,741 10,991 11,117 11.650 11,861 12,269 12,542 12,817 13,174 13,729 14,362 15,372 16,473 4.56 5.04 5.20 5.39 5.47 5.73 5.75 5.70 5.74 5.82 5.91 5.87 6.02 6.01 6.05 6.03 5.99 6.03 6.12 6.25 6.57 6.95 149,902 157, 759 163,597 168,403 171,564 176,461 178,709 180,657 182,777 184,428 186,396 189,295 193,346 197,237 20'' 472 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 207,977 213,904 218,101 224,363 229,951 233,468 236,869 a "Mileage owned," single track, as reported by the Interstate Commerce Commission. SOME CONDITIONS OF RAILROAD SERVICE. Conditions in that part of the United States west of the Rocky Mountains, referred to as Group X, in Table 54, may be taken to repre- sent general conditions in California, Oregon, Wasliington, and Idaho, The data in Table 57 show changes in the quantity of freight moved, the average rate of charge for hauling it, and the average length of haul for railroads of Group X and of the entire United States. For the year ending June 30, 1890, the traffic oil the railroads of Group X was equivalent to about 2 billion short tons hauled each an average of 1 mile. In the fiscal year 1909 the traffic had reached practically 1 1 billion ton-miles or five and a half times the traffic of 1890. For the United States as a whole the traffic in 1909 was nearly three times that of 1890, an increase considerably less than that of the region west of the Rocky Mountains. Changes in the average revenue for freight per ton per mile may be due to various causes. A change in actual rates for certain com- modities may be one leading cause of fluctuations in revenue per ton-mile. On the other hand, an increase in tonnage of commodities which pay low freight rates or a decrease in those paying high rates would tend to make the average receipts for all commodities lower. Again, a marked increase in such articles as groceries and dry goods or a decline in the tonnage of ore and coal would result in a higher 74 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK average income per ton-mile. There has been a dedine in the ton- mile receipts for both the United States and that part of it west of the Rocky Mountains since 1890. At least part of this decline for the railroads in Group X is due to lower freight rates. The average length of haul for each railroad is considerably greater in Group X than in the entire United States. Averages for sliipments traced from their origin to final destination over different railroads — that is, averages for all railroads taken as one system — are not avail- able for the separate groups; but for the United States as a whole this average was about twice that for individual railroads during 1890-1909. But it may be assumed that such an average would be much nearer the average haul per inchvidual road for the region west of the Rocky Mountains than for the United States as a whole, for the principal railroads of Group X are of such length and so located that a great part of their long-distance traffic may be carried witliin the boundaries of this group without transfer from one line to another. Table 57. — Tonnage carried, receipts -per ton-mile, and average length of haul of freight on railroads icest of the Rocky Mountains and in the entire United States, 1890-1909.°' Group X.6 United States. Year ending June 30— Quantity of f reiglit. (000,000 omitted.) Average receipts per ton per mile. Average lengtti of haul for each railroad. Quantity of freight. (000,000 omitted.) Average receipts per ton per mile. Average length of haul for — Each railroad. All rail- roads as one system. 1890 Ton- miles. 1,944 2,028 2,545 2, 723 2^610 2,962 3,109 3.134 4,445 4,841 5,887 6,809 7,794 8,725 8,902 8,867 10,151 11,252 11,023 10,944 Cent. 1.651 1.631 1.646 1.507 1.343 1.261 1.254 1.275 1.146 1.136 1.067 1.055 1.037 1.005 1.036 1.098 1.103 1.163 1.204 1.223 Miles. 193. 55 190. 00 194.31 204. 86 213.88 227. 02 211.21 210. 05 233. 66 233. 13 237. 07 238. 77 230. (i8 225. 86 208.11 209. 67 209. 84 204. 08 198.58 181.49 Ton- miles. 76.207 81,074 88, 241 93,. 588 80,335 85, 228 95, 328 95, 139 114,078 123.667 141,597 147,077 1.57,289 173, 221 174,522 186. 463 215,878 236,601 218,382 218,803 Cent. 0.941 .895 .898 .878 .860 .839 .806 .798 .753 .724 .729 .750 .757 .763 .780 .766 .748 .759 .754 .763 Miles. 119. 72 120. 00 124. 89 125. 60 125. 88 122. 32 124. 47 128. 27 129. 78 128. 85 128. 53 135.03 131.04 132. 80 133. 23 130. 60 132.33 131.71 143. 83 141.87 Miles. 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 246. .08 1900 242. 73 1901 251.98 1902 239. 10 1903 242. 35 1904 244. 30 1905 237.56 1906 240.89 1907 242.05 1908 2.53.94 1909 251.10 Mean: 1891-1895 2,694 4, 2,s3 8,219 10, 842 1.478 1.176 1.046 1. 173 206.01 225.02 222. 62 198. 50 85, 093 113,962 167, 714 222, 416 .874 .762 .763 .756 123.74 127.98 132. 54 137.44 1896-1900 1901-1905 243.06 1906-1909... . 247.00 a Compiled from Statistics of Railways in the United States, Interstate Commerce Commission. 6 Comprising the railroads of Idaho, Utah, Nevada, western New Mexico, Arizona, Washington, Oregon, and California. IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 75 HARBORS. SAN DIEGO AND LOS ANGELES. The southernmost port of the United States Pacific coast is San Diego, Cal. San Diego Bay affords a good harbor, the shallowest point in the entrance being 25 feet deep at what is called ''mean lower low water" and 29f feet deep at mean liigh water. The harbor lines as they were in May, 1910, could accommodate a wharf frontage of 79,000 feet, or about 15 mUes, and the wharves then constructed had a total frontage of possibly 4,000 or 5,000 feet. The wharves included one coal pier, one lumber wharf, and three merchandise piers, one of which had raUroad tracks on each side to facilitate the transfer of freight between cars and vessels. North of San Diego is the port of San Pedro. The entrance to the harbor of San Pedro is protected by an artificial breakwater, extend- ing from the north side of the harbor into the ocean. At mean high water the shallowest part of the channel leading to San Pedro is 25 feet and at mean lower low water is 20 feet deep. The wharf frontage at San Pedro in 1910 was 33,312 feet, and there was room along the established harbor lines for more than 100,000 feet in addition. San Pedro, the principal harbor of Los Angeles, is now within the municipal boundaries. Another liarbor of Los Angeles is Redondo Beach. The landing facilities here consist of a wharf extending out into the open sea and terminating where the water is from 36 to 48 feet deep. A third port at Los Angeles and one nearer to the busi- ness part of the city than San Pedro or Redondo Beach bears the name Port Los Angeles. Here, as at Redondo Beach, the landing facilities consist of a pier extending out into the open sea; the depth at mean lower low water is about 34 feet. A fourth port of Los Angeles is Long Beach, where also a wharf extends out into the open sea and where the depth of water at mean lower low water is given as 25^ feet and at mean high water 30^ feet. Thus Los Angeles has no less than four ports, three of which are especially convenient to coasting vessels or to others which may desire to make but a short stop on the way to other points. In time of storm, however, the harbor of San Pedro would afford a safer landing place. Between Los Angeles and San Francisco there are several note- worthy ports, among wliich are Santa Barbara, Port Harford, and Monterey. Port Harford is an important shipping point for oil, situated not far from the oil region of California. Many steamers, especially those in the coastwise trade, burn oil instead of coal. SAN FRANCISCO BAY. The entrance to San Francisco Bay may be made tlu'ough any one of three channels. At mean lower low water the entrance through 76 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK the south channel is 36 feet deep on the bar; in the main channel 33 feet, and through the Bonita Channel, on the north side of the entrance, the depth is reported as deep enough for any draft. The wharves of San Francisco, which are under the control of the State Harbor Commission, had in May, 1910, approximately 53,751 linear feet of berth space, and the area of water surface of the docks or slips was 2,871,150 square feet. The seagoing traffic of San Francisco Bay is shared by Oakland and Alameda, opposite San Francisco, and by a considerable number of minor ports on this bay and its branches, including South Vallejo, Port Costa, and even Antioch, on the San Joaquin River, some 50 miles from San Francisco. An important port of Cahfornia north of San Francisco Bay is Eureka. At mean liigh water the channel leading into the harbor here is reported to be 24 feet deep, and the distance from the center of the water front of Eureka out to the end of the jetties at the harbor entrance is about 5^ nautical miles. PORTLAND. The greatest fresh-water port of the Pacific coast is Portland, Oreg. It is situated on the Willamette River about 97 nautical miles from the open sea, and is reached by a channel wliich is reported as 27^ feet deep at mean high water and 20 feet at mean lower low water. The wharves of Portland are parallel to the banks of the river; there are few, if any, shps cut into the bank or piers projecting into the river. The harbor front is divided into two general sections, the one above a highway drawbridge being used cliiefly by river boats and the other below this bridge having wharves for ocean vessels. Among the ports of Oregon near the ocean are Marsliiield, on Coos Bay, Yaquina, TiUamook, and Astoria. Astoria is at the mouth of the Columbia River and has a harbor, the approach to which is 31^ feet deep in the shallowest place at mean high water and 21 feet deep at mean lower low water. The wharves of the city are about 11 nautical miles from the open sea. PUGET SOUND. The leading seaports on Puget Sound are Seattle and Tacoma. The harbor of Seattle is formed by Elliott Bay and is about 122 nautical miles from the open sea. The city's water front extends for about 5f miles along the shore. Many of the wharves consist of piers built out at right angles to the shore or having slips dredged between. In 1910 a project was under way to open a ship channel IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 77 between Elliott Bay and the fresh-water lakes, Union and Washing- ton, that extend around the north and east sides of the city. The harbor at Tacoina, about 20 nautical miles south of Seattle, consists of Commencement Bay and an inlet called the City Water- way. The wharves, with a few exceptions, are parallel to the shore. The other seaports of Puget Sound include Port Townsend on the western shore, about 86 nautical miles from the open sea; Belling- ham and Everett on the eastern shore, Anacortes on Fidalgo Island, and Olympia at the south about 166 nautical miles from the ocean. Vancouver, on the Columbia River near the mouth of the Willa- mette, South Bend on Willapa Bay, and Ocosta in Grays Harbor are seaports of Washington not situated on Puget Sound. DEPTH OF CHANNELS. The depths of the channels leading to the harbors mentioned in Table 58 refer only to the time for which the oflB.cial report, mentioned in the footnote of the table, applies. These depths may be varied from year to j^ear by artificial means or by the working of natural forces. In general, especially for the larger ports, it may be ex- pected that the channel will not be allowed to decrease in depth and will probably be improved to meet the needs of a growing commerce. The distance from open sea is measured usually from a point at a safe distance outside the entrance of the river, bay, or sound to a central point in the harbor or at the wharves of the port. Owing to the great depth of Puget Sound and San Francisco Bay, the exact depth of channel in its shallowest place leading to the wharves of such ports as Seattle, Tacoma, San Francisco, and Oakland is some- times omitted from official reports; the statement "Deep enough for any draft" is substituted instead of exact figures. 78 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK Table 58. — Depth of channel and distance from open sea for selected ports on the Pacific coast of the United States." Location. Distance from open sea. Depth of channel. State and port. Mean lower low water. Mean Wgh water. Remarks. WASHINGTON. OlviDpia Puget Sound. . . . Nautical miles. 166.0 142. 1 122.4 114.7 85.7 3.7 15. 91.2 97.3 11.1 10.6 3.7 11.8 5.5 12.6 14.8 ''3.0 Feet. 12 Fcrt. 22 Tacoma do Deep enough for any draft. Seattle do 1 ....ido. 26 41 Port Townsend do Do. Ocosta Grays Harbor Wiliapa Bay 19 16 9 20 24 3'. 15' 12 18.^ 271 South Bend Columbia River Willamette River Columbia River Tillamook Bay Yaqnina Bav OREGON. Portland 271 ■iU 22i 17" 24 Tillamook Yaquina Marshfleld Coos Bav CALIFOROTA. Humboldt Bay Do. Oakland do Do. Monterey Bay of Monterey On the sea At wharves, 15 to Port Harford 27 25 34 36 feet deep. do Los Angeles ports: do ....do At wharves, 36 to San Pedro Harbor San Diego Bay 1.9 6.1 20 25 25 29i 48 feet. a United States Coast and G eodetic Survey: Depth as given in " Table of depths for channels and harbors" (1910); distances as given in memorandum dated Aug. 2, 1910. b United States Coast Pilot: California, Oregon, and Washington, second edition, 1909, p. 64. CALIFORNIA RIVERS. There are three principal systems of inland waterways which afford transportation for the grain and live-stock products of the Pacific Coast States. One system is formed by San Francisco Bay, the Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and their tributaries. The Sacramento is navigable as far Red Bluff, 262 miles above its mouth, while the San Joaquin is navigable, at high water, as far as Hills Ferry, 195 miles from the mouth. The channel up to Stockton is open throughout the year. The capacity of a typical steamboat of these rivers may average not far from 30 carloads of grain or potatoes. Often a steamer will tow one or more barges laden with grain or other commodities. In addition to the steamboat and barge lines, a num- ber of launches are engaged in the freight and passenger service be- tween Sacramento or Stockton and the smaller river landings. One line is operated between Stockton and Sacramento. In May, 1910, there were at least nine or ten different lines of steamboats and launches carrying passengers or freight to and from Sacramento. IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 79 Another kind of river craft is the scow schooner, a sail vessel common on these rivers and San Francisco Bay. This water service is especially valuable to a considerable area of rich farming land situated on islands in the deltas of the two rivers. Not only is grain an important product, but potatoes, beans, aspara- gus, and other vegetables are also sliipped in large quantities. Some of these islands have been protected from floods by means of dikes or levees similar to those along the Mississippi River, and at some seasons of the year the level of the river is above the adjoining fields. The Sacramento and San Joaquin Rivers and the waters connect- ing them wdth the ocean formed a highway for gold seekers between San Francisco and such points as Sacramento and Stockton, whence overland journeys were made to the mines. The time of steamboat transit between San Francisco and Sacramento was probably about the same in the early days as now; in 1910 the schedule time for local day boats was 10 hours upstream and 9 hours downstream. Wlien conditions required it, this time could be shortened greatly; in 185 1** the steamer New ^Yorld made the trip from Sacramento to San Francisco in 6 hours and 20 minutes. In 1851 the fare from San Francisco to Sacramento was $25; in 1910, it was $1.50. In 1850 the steamer Senator advertised freight rates from San Francisco to Sacramento: For heavy goods, $2 per 100 pounds; for goods charged according to measurement, 75 cents per cubic foot; for "wet" barrels $6 each and for "dry" barrels S4 each. At this time the bark. Janet was used as a terminal warehouse and landing place in San Francisco Harbor, wharf facilities being inadequate for the traffic. In 1853 the principal articles carried on the Sac- ramento River downstream included coal, lumber, and vegetables, while the freight upstream consisted of general merchandise, grain, and fruit. INLAND WATERWAYS IN OREGON AND WASHINGTON. Another important system of waterways is that formed by the Columbia, lower Willamette, and Snake Rivers. They afford, with a single interruption at Celilo Falls, a passage for boats as far upstream as Wenatchee in central Washington, on the Wenatchee River, and to a point on Snake River above Lewis ton, Idaho. The Willamette is regarded as navigable for about 164 miles, but most of the traffic is confined to that part of the river below Portland. There are some isolated waterways near the main system of the Columbia and Snake Rivers. One of these consists of Lake Coeur d'Alene and the St. Jo River. Tins waterway is traversed by small wood-burning steamers which carry package freight and passengers and which connect at Coeur d'Alene with steam and electric railroads. a Alta California, April 20, 1851. 80 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK A third principal system of inland waterways consists of Puget Sound and its niinieroiis arms. On some of the inlets of the Sound, stern-wheel steamers are used, but many of the local steamers are equipped with screw propellers. One of the steamers in the service between Tacoma and Seattle was brought from Superior customs district, through the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence River to the Atlantic Ocean, around South America, and up to Puget Sound. In the passenger service between Tacoma and Seattle, some of the boats make a round trip every two hours. CARRYING CAPACITY OF VESSELS. The shifting of the wheat export trade from San Francisco to more northern })orts may be taken as one of the reasons for the slight decline in the total tonnage of vessels clearing from San Fran- cisco in the foreign trade and the great increase for Portland and Puget Sound. The total carrying capacity of vessels leaving San Francisco for foreign ports in the fiscal year 1896 was about 1,200,000 net registered tons,<^ and in 1910 almost 900,000 tons. The tonnage clearing for the United Kingdom declined from 300,000 tons to 60,000 tons in the same period, but the tonnage clearing for Asia decreased 30 per cent. On the other hand, tonnage from Portland and Puget Sound to the United Kingdom, a considerable part of which may be assumed to have served in the grain trade, increased considerably, according to Table 59. Shipping to Asia from these northern ports also increased, the total for 1896 being about 67,000 and for 1910 352,000 net registered tons." In the trade around C^ape Horn between the Atlantic and Pacific ports of the United States the number of voyages decreased from an annual average of from 65 in 1886-90 to 32 in 1906-10; during the same time the average size of a vessel was nearly doubled. (Table 60.) a Net registered tonnage includes the entire inner cubical capacity of a vessel after deducting space used for crew accommodations, propelling power, and such items as steering gear, chart house, supplies, sails, donkey engine (for jiump), and accommodations for master of vessel, as determined by official measurement and expressed in tons of 100 cubic feet. IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 81 Table 59. — Number and net tonnage of vessels cleared in foreign trade from the customs districts of San Francisco, Willamette, and Pug et Sound, 1895~1910.<^ FROM SAN FRANCISCO. Number of vessels cleared for— Net tonnage of vessels cleared for — China, China, Year ending June 30— United Japan. Korea, Other All United Japan, Korea, Other countries. All countries. King- dom. and Philip- coun- tries. coun- tries. King- dom. and Philip- pine pme Islands. Islands. 1896 • 174 40 589 803 328, 725 104,639 7.32,415 1,165,779 1897 161 44 613 818 300, 585 111,548 774,485 1,186,618 1898 166 37 564 767 305,375 98, 164 716,020 1,119,559 1899 57 72 574 703 99,905 163, 741 714, 181 977,827 1900 151 119 610 880 273,662 285,882 780, 104 1,339,648 1901 137 41 441 619 265,570 107, 4fi3 695, 521 1,068,554 1902 188 82 77 44 24 48 49 45 58 28 404 413 382 370 330 640 544 504 472 382 331,503 150,094 143,699 83,232 48,682 140,594 ia3,216 167,463 243,501 114,810 708, 578 733,985 703.642 690, 779 625,673 1,180,675 1903 1,047,295 1904 1,014,804 190.5 1,017,512 1906 789, 165 1907 46 29 31 40 311 314 388 383 91,193 59,241 &3,424 122,316 025,015 707,827 799,6.32 1908 889, 384 1909 33 36 291 360 64, 428 120,390 684,119 868, 937 1910 29 22 313 364 60,696 72,622 764,282 897, 600 FROM WILLAMETTE (PORTLAND). 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 46 12 23 81 63 15 17 95 112 16 29 1.57 88 13 22 123 88 19 8 115 112 32 25 169 106 27 23 156 43 38 54 135 27 44 25 96 18 46 14 78 40 S3 18 111 35 57 29 121 81 40 40 161 40 25 34 99 37 29 27 93 69,026 98,411 192, 683 151,668 157,310 199,962 180, 408 81,985 51,594 34, 592 77, 295 71,797 161,215 82, 184 78,628 16,952 22, 563 30,750 20, 905 37,997 71,056 69, 784 69, 527 94, 727 87, 964 129,681 155, 136 114,340 70,411 94,890 20,802 20,230 39,446 31,226 11,713 41,884 46,539 88, 480 42, 177 27,028 32, 526 62, 770 104,968 83,882 63,902 106,780 141,204 262, 879 203, 799 207,020 312,902 296,731 239,992 188, 498 149,584 239,502 289, 703 380, 523 236, 477 237, 420 FROM PUGET SOUND. 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 23 38 2,070 2,131 35 51 2,220 2,306 58 50 1,756 1,864 40 56 1,561 1,657 33 81 1,802 1,916 61 77 2,194 2,332 78 92 2,400 2,570 47 91 2,054 2, 192 32 70 1,951 2,053 24 77 1,930 2,031 77 68 1,975 2,120 40 75 2,161 2,276 66 83 2,494 2,643 38 56 2,728 2,822 36 60 2,538 2,634 43,554 66,875 111,916 76, 430 59, 571 118,411 152, 888 105,3.36 97,617 72. 601 194, 203 124, 429 171,071 113,796 119,046 49,604 70,894 92, 953 95, 329 154, 928 164, 397 214, 957 243, 615 195, 506 247,978 278, 924 347,608 322, 419 240, 445 256,856 1,074,527 1,013,919 978,050 943, 131 959,024 1,065,411 972, 920 991,788 1,060,403 1,115,795 1,049,017 1,265,795 1,574,071 1,714,283 1,687,250 1,167,685 1,157,688 1,182,919 1,114,890 1,173,523 1,. 348, 219 1.340,705 1,340,7.39 1,353,526 1,436,374 1,522,744 1,737,832 2,067,561 2, 068, 524 2,063.152 a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of tlie United States. For definition of net tonnage see note a, p. 80. 99072°— Bull. 89—11 6 82 MARKETING GEAIN AND LIVE STOCK Table 59. — Number and net tonnage of vessels cleared in foreign trade from the customs districts of San Francisco, Willamette, and Puget Sound, 1895-1910 — Continued. TOTAL, FROM THE THREE CUSTOMS DISTRICTS. Number of vessels cleared for— Net tonnage of vessels cleared for— Year ending June 30— United Kius- dom. China, Japan, Korea, and Philip- pine Islands. Other coun- tries. All coun- tries. United Kmg- dom. China, Japan, Korea, and Philip- pine Islands. Other countries. All countries. 1896 243 259 336 185 272 310 372 172 136 86 141 121 176 111 102 90 110 103 141 219 150 167 178 159 181 149 163 163 117 111 2,682 2,850 2,349 2,157 2,420 2,660 2,827 2,521 2,358 2,314 2,323 2,501 2,848 3,053 2,878 3,015 3,219 2,788 2,48:5 2,911 3,120 3, .366 2,871 2,653 2,581 2,613 2,785 3,187 3,281 3,091 441,305 465,871 609.974 328. 003 490,543 583,943 664, 799 337,415 292, 910 190,425 320, 180 287, 419 391, 527 260,408 258,370 171, 195 211.005 221,867 279,975 478,807 342, 916 425, 335 470,358 457,696 579,443 523, 415 586, 168 559,075 431,246 424,368 1,827,744 1,808,634 1, 733, 516 1,688,538 1,750,841 1,802,816 1,728,037 1,814,253 1,806,222 1,833,602 1, 707, 816 1,953,580 2.386,866 2. 482. 284 2,515,434 2,440,244 2,485,510 2, 565, 357 2, 296, 516 2, 720, 191 2, 729, 675 2.818.171 2, 628, 026 2,556,828 2 603 470 1897 1898 1899 1900. . 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 2 551 411 1907 2, 827, 167 3, ,337, 468 3 173 938 1908 1909 . .. 1910 3, 198, 172 Table 60. — Number and net tonnage of vessels cleared from and for voyages between Atlantic and Pacific ports of the United States, via Cape Horn, 1886-1910.0- Cleared from Atlantic ports. Cleared from Pacific ports. Total clearances. Year ending Jime so- Num- ber. Net tons of 100 cubic feet. Num- ber. Net tons of 100 cubic feet. Num- ber. Net tons of 100 cubic feet. Total. Average per vessel. Total. Average per vessel. Total. Average per vessel. Average: 1886-1890. . 1891-1895.. 1896-1900. . 1901-1905.. 1906-1910. . 50 .58 32 24 20 81,168 102,492 55,342 74,686 55,995 1,623 1,767 1,729 3,112 2,800 15 21 11 14 12 24,4.52 38,716 22, .543 46,359 32,010 1,630 1,844 2,049 3,311 2,668 65 79 44 38 32 105,620 141,208 77,885 . 121,045 88,005 1,625 1,787 1,770 3,186 2,750 1906 27 35 20 6 11 92,804 99,872 43,108 14,0.50 30, 143 3,437 2,853 2,155 2,342 2,740 25 10 9 6 11 62,595 31,475 24,171 16,607 25, 201 2,504 3,148 2 686 2,768 2,291 52 45 29 12 22 1.55,399 131,347 67,279 30,657 55,344 2,988 2,919 1907 1908 2,320 2,. 5.55 1909 1910 2,516 a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States, definition of net tonnage see note a, p. 80. For Two of the striking features of Tables 61 and 62 are the decrease in the number of sailing vessels engaged in foreign trade at San Francisco and the increase in the average size of all vessels. During 1906-1910 the sailing vessels leaving this port in foreign trade were scarcely 15 per cent of the number in 1871-1875, and at the same IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 83 time the average space for freight and passengers on these vessels increased from 700 to nearly 1,800 tons. Increases in the size of both sail and steam vessels are recorded for Portland. The relatively small average size of vessels and the great number of clearances in foreign trade from Piiget Sound ports is caused to a large degree by the frequent coastwise movements to and from British Columbia. Many of the boats in this trade would naturally be much smaller than the ocean steamers. Table 61. — Average mtmber of sail and steam vessels cleared in foreign trade from the customs districts of San Francisco, Willamette, and Puget Sound, 1871-1910.O- Year ending June 30— San Francisco. Willamette (Portland). Puget Sound. Sail. Steam. SaU. Steam. Sail. Steam. Average: 1871-1875 482 503 621 524 507 448 210 72 100 130 210 254 311 346 346 .303 32 65 66 96 70 94 95 60 20 17 14 26 31 20 32 57 120 131 150 215 237 295 352 365 186 1876-1880 223 1881-1885 447 1886-1890 744 1891-1895 1,306 1896-1900 1,680 1901-1905 1,883 1906-1910 2, 1.34 1906 73 98 79 57 54 309 290 304 303 310 63 48 89 52 48 48 73 72 47 45 419 347 355 315 387 1,701 1907 1,929 1908. 2,288 2,507 1909 1910 2,247 a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. Table 62. — Average size of sail and steam vessels cleared in foreign trade from the cus- toms districts of San Francisco, Willamette, and Puget Sound, 1871-1910.''' [In tons of 100 cubic feet net measurement.] Year ending June 30— San Francisco. WUlamette (Portland). Puget Soiuid. Sail. Steam. Sail. Steam. SaU. Steam. Average: 1871-1875 746 877 1,006 1,116 1,190 1 149 1,507 1,736 2,136 2,198 1,647 1,494 1,649 1,859 2,165 2,389 595 889 918 1,158 1 416 1 618 1,660 1,915 544 573 1,240 744 799 1 612 2,495 2,840 393 375 570 791 1,003 961 937 752 385 1876-1880 586 1881-1885 1886-1890 1891-1895 1896-1900 449 653 598 521 1901-1905 1906-1910 549 758 1906 1,568 1,838 1,620 1,851 1,798 2,184 2,136 2,505 2,520 2,582 1,790 2,004 1,953 1,798 2,044 2,640 2,651 2,871 3,042 3,096 903 807 833 695 515 673 1907 756 1908 774 1909 738 1910 829 a Compiled from annual reports of the Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States. definition of net measurement see note a, p. 80. For 84 MARKETING GKAIN AND LIVE STOCK COSTS OF MARKETING. A rough estimate is made in Table 63 of the principal items of cost in buying wheat and barley from farmers in the Pacific coast region and selling it in England. It will be noted that some of the costs were based upon quantity and some upon value. Freight and warehouse charges depended upon the quantity carried, but insur- ance rates were based upon the value of the grain. " The items shown in this table must not be regarded as a complete list of the expenses of any one transaction; and, on the other hand, there are transactions which do not involve all the items listed in the table. Large dealers and exporters in the Pacific Northwest fre- quently if not usually pay salaries to their agents at country ship- ping points and pay no commission on wheat wliicli these agents buy from farmers. Again, fees for inspection in the State of Washington, which may not be paid on grain purchased by exporters from farmers, are not mentioned in Table 63. The wide range of cost is due chiefly to differences in rates of freight and marine insurance. Railroad freight charges vary in general according to length of haul, while ocean freights vary with supply and demand as to ships and cargo. Among the costs of marketing not shown in Table 63 are dealers' gross profits, including interest on money invested. Table 63. — Approximate cost for marketing wheat and barley from country shipping points in the Pacific coast region to England for the year ending June, 1910. o- [Cents per bushel.] Item. Wheat from Oregon, Wash- ington, and Idaho. Low. High I5arley from California. Low. High. Commission for buying from farmer b Railroad freight charge Fire insurance (if for 60 days) Weighing Warehouse charges Marine insurance (L375 to 4.5 per cent; wheat price assumed at 95, bar- ley at 70 cents per bushel) Ocean freight Brokerage for selling in England (0.5 per cent; wheat price assumed at $1.10, barley at 86 cents per bushel) Cents. 0.125 2.000 .125 Cents. 1. 000 15. 000 .200 1.500 1.306 13. 000 .550 1.500 4.275 18. 000 .550 Cents. 0.480 2.000 .035 .600 1.200 .962 9.000 .430 Total of items specified. Cents. 0.600 12.000 .045 .600 1.200 3.15 16.000 .430 14. 707 i 34. 025 aRailroad freight rates from ofticial tariffs; ocean freight rates from Daily Commercial News (San Fran- cisco); other data from reports made by marine insurance agents and grain dealers. b In the case of wheat this item applies to a small part of the trade only. It is reported that in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho most purcliases of wheat from farmers are made by agents who are paid salaries and not commissions. IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 85 METHODS OF MARKETING. GRAIN. THE EXPORT TRADE. Grain sent to Europe from the Pacific coast is regularh' shipped in full cargoes. A single consignment of wheat may contain 100,000 or more bushels and may be worth at the port of shipment from $75,000 to $100,000 or more. Grahi bought and shipped in October may not reach its destination until late in February or some time in March. Meanwhile, market conditions may have changed so that the exporter or importer may meet with a loss. These difficulties have probably contributed to the concentration of a large part of the grain-export trade of the Pacific coast in the hands of a few strong firms. These exporters are more or less closely connected with grain dealers located in European markets, and who represent there the men who export from the United States; this relation is in some cases revei-sed — some Pacific coast exporters are representatives of European firms. The European representative of the Pacific coast exporter may sell a given lot of wheat before the exporter buys it for shipment or the exporter may buy it first and look for a purchaser afterwards. In either case, it is said, both transactions are usually made within a short time of each other, and the exporter runs less risk of a fall in price than if he held his wheat a longer time before sellmg it. If he did not sell the wheat until it reached Ein-ope, he would have to wait at least four or five months before he could close the transaction on each cargo. The Pacific coast exporter, unlike the grain exporters east of the Rocky Mountams, frequently if not usually buys grain direct from farmers. He then manages the shipment to the seaboard and attends to the details of chartering a ship and loading the cargo; in these matters his work is similar to that of exporters at such eastern points as Duluth, Chicago, New York, and Baltimore. The exporter pays the marine insurance and, after the consignment is delivered at its destination, the ocean freight. However, prices quoted in England for cargoes of Pacific coast wheat "to arrive," regidarly include ocean freight and marine insurance, so the exporter, in drawing upon the European buyer to obtain pa3Tiient for the cargo, must deduct in his draft the amount to be paid for ocean freight. The deduction made from the gross invoice value, as illustrated in the sample docu- ment on page 89, was £3,937 10s., leaving the net amount due from the English buyer as £22,942 10s. This latter sum was named in the sample draft made upon the importer by the exporter, shown on page 90. 86 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK In sales made according to the "Oregon and Washington wheat contract" of the London Corn Trade Association it is stipulated that the grain bought should "average at the time of shipment about equal to the official standard of the Portland (Oreg.) Chamber of Commerce" of the crop. After the buyer examines the wheat on its arrival in England, if he is not satisfied with the trade, he may appoint an arbitrator and call upon the seller to appoint another, the two having power to choose a third. The board thus chosen decides the matter in controversy. Either party may, and frequently does, exercise his right of appeal to the arbitration committee of the London Corn Trade Association. Shipments to Europe are frequently made to a port of call. Sail vessels are often chartered to go to Falmouth, Queenstown, or Plymouth, in the British Isles, where orders will be given as to final destination. For steamships the port of call is usually St. A^incent, in the Cape Verde Islands, or Gibraltar. Of the occasional disasters in the export grain trade over these long routes, three will serve as examples. The British sailing ship Matterhorn left Portland on November 26, 1909, and five days later foundered ofi' the mouth of Columbia River, causing the loss of the ship and 61,700 centals of barley. In the same season the German steamer Utgard left Portland with a cargo of 1.32,496 centals of wheat consigned to St. Vincent for orders. On December 16 the vessel was broken in two in the Strait of Magellan and was lost with its cargo. The British ship Cromyton sailed from Tacoma in the summer of 1910 and reached the Irish coast in safety, but was lost within a few days' sail of its intended destination. UNITS OP WEIGHT. In CaUfornia wheat and barley are quoted locally by the 100 pounds, while in Oregon, Washington, and Idaho wheat is sold by the bushel of 60 pounds and barley often by the cental or by the short ton (2,000 pounds). Freight rates on railroads and river boats in these four States are based on the short ton, and so are charges made by steamships in the coastwise and the trans-Pacific trade, but rates to Europe are quoted by the long ton (2,240 pounds). The price of Pacific coast wheat sold "to arrive," as quoted in England, is based on the quarter of 500 pounds gross weight, including sacks, and the price of barley on quarters of 448 pounds gross. Wheat from Chile also, when sold subject to contracts of the London Corn Trade Association, is quoted by the quarter of 500 pounds, gross weight. In the trade with Australia, Argentina, and the Atlantic coast of the United States the quarter of wheat is taken as 480 pounds, while the quarter of British Indian wheat is reckoned at 492 pounds net weight. IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 87 COOPERATIVE MARKETING BY FARMERS. In 1874 the members of the State Grange of California undertook to export their own grain. About 20 vessels were loaded, by the farmers, but the firm which acted as their agent failed and the farmers are said to have lost heavily. Two years later, in 1876, two or more ships were dispatched with grain to Europe by the Grangers' Business Association of Calif ornia.« In 1881 the Wlieat Growers' Association of California held a series of meetings in Grangers Hall, Sacramento. The association was organized about this time for the purpose of collectmg statistics relating to crops,, stocks of grain, prices, freight rates, and shipping, as well as other matters of impor- tance to the members, but apparently no attempt was made by the organization to make sales.^ Twenty years later a freight blockade caused by a strike prevented wheat from being moved to the seaboard and exported. Much of it was piled along river banks awaiting transportation to Port Costa and other seaports. The wheat not being in warehouses, the farmers were unable to secure warehouse certificates for use in obtainino- loans. To relieve these conditions a meeting at Sacramento w^as called by the Sacramento Valley Development Association and the San Joaquin Valley Commercial and Development Association, and was attended by about 200 wheat growers from a dozen or more counties. The Grain Growei-s' Association of California was thus organized; it investigated the conditions of transportation and marketing, and claimed to have caused better prices to be paid the farmers.'' In Oregon, Washington, and Idaho about 200 farmers' cooperative grain warehouses were reported in operation in 1910, some of which had been established about two years. Each warehouse was operated by a separate local organization, but sales were made through a large union which included members in a number of States. This union had one agent in Seattle who sold to exporters, but most of its trans- actions were made with mills in the United States or with dealers who supplied these mills. COMMERCIAL PAPERS. The following set of commercial papers was kindly furnished by a prominent exporter of the Pacific coast. In addition to these papers there may be a negotiable warehouse certificate, a fire insurance poHcy on the wheat before it is exported, a marine insurance policy, a charter party, and possibly others. The charter party contains the agreement between the masters or owners of the vessel and the a E. F. Carr's The Patrons of Husbandry on the Pacific. b Alta California, September and October, 1881. c Sacramento Record-Union, September, 1901, and August, 1902. 88 MARKETING GEAlN AND LIVE STOCK person who liires it. The usual form used for grain shipped from Portland begins somewhat as follows: Portland, Oreg., September 12, 1910. This charter party, this day made and concluded upon between Henry Brown, master and agent, for owners of the ship or vessel called the Portland of the measure- ment of 1,518 tons register, or thereabouts, now lying at the port of Seattle, of the first part, and John Doe, of the second part, etc. Then follow 19 sections of the contract, below which the contract- ing parties and their witnesses sign their names. The first section requires the grain to be in sacks and makes specifications as to the condition of the vessel; the rate is also named in this section. Sec- tion 9 fixes the dates within which the contract is to be executed, and other sections provide a penalty against the vessel in case of delay in arriving, and against the charterer for delay in loading. Credit Statement. Tacoma, July SO, 1909. Mr. John Jones, Pullman, Wash., in account with John Doe, Tacoma, Wash. Contract No. 101, dated June 1, 1909. 111,500 bushels, at 95^. 51,000 sacks No. 1 Club, weighing 6,690,000 lbs. ; net, say 111,500 bushels, at 95(i $105, 925. 00 Deductions as per statement, 7,000 bu., at 3^ 210. 00 105, 715. 00 Mem.: Freight as per bills herewith, $10,597.00. Account with Farmer. John Jones, Pullman, Wash., in account with John Doe, Tacoma, Wash. To sundry drafts paid $85, 000. 00 To freight from Pullman on 100 cars containing 51,000 sacks wheat weighing 6,728,250 lbs., at 15^^ 10, 597. 00 To State inspection fees on 100 cars 75. 00 To discount on 7,000 bushels smutty wheat at 3(i 210. 00 To check to balance 10, 043. 00 By 51,000 sacks No. 1 Club wheat weighing. . 6, 728, 250 lbs. Less tare, | lb. per sack 38, 250 lbs. 6, 690, 000 lbs. Say 111,500 bushels, at 95^ $105,925.00 105, 925. 00 105, 925. 00 E. and O. E. Tacoma, July .JO, 1909. Note. — The farmer generally pays warehouse charges at shipping station of 50 cents per ton and some exchange on drafts. " E. and O. E."=errors and omissions excepted. IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 89 Invoice. (John Doe. Shipping, commission, and warehousing.) Invoice of a cargo of fair average quality White Walla wheat shipped per British ship Arethusa by order and for account and risk of Messrs. Brown, Smith and Co., Liverpool, England. £. s. d. 51,000 sacks, f. a. q., "^Tiite Walla wheat, weighing 6,720,000 pounds, gross, say 13,440 quarters (of 500 pounds each), at 40 s 26, 880 Less freight on 3,000 tons, at 26s. 3d 3^ 937 10 E. and O. E. Tacoma, July 30, 1909. 22. 942 10 Bill of Lading. John Doe, San Francisco, Cal.; Port- land, Oreg.; Tacoma, Wash. Richard Roe, Liverpool. Marks. Sacks. Contents. Pounds. JJ 51, 000 Wheat 6,720,000 Shipped, in good order and condition, by John Doe, of Tacoma, Wash., in and upon the British ship called the Arethusa, whereof Nelson is master for this present voyage, and now lying in this port, and bound for Queenstown, Falmouth, or Plymouth for orders to discharge at a safe port in the United Kingdom or on the Continent between Havre and Hamburg, both ports inclusive, fifty-one thousand sacks wheat, being marked and numbered as per margin, and which are to be deliv- ered in the like good order and condition at the port of discharge as above (subject to the London Conference Rules of Af- freightment, 1893, as endorsed hereon) unto order, or to his assigns, freight for the said goods payable in cash without dis- count at the rate of (26/3) twenty-six shillings and three pence sterling per ton of 2,240 lbs. gross weight delivered, if discharged in the United Kingdom, or at Havre, or at Antwerp, or at Dunkirk, or at Hamburg; two shillings and six pence (2/6) sterling per like ton extra, if dis- charged on the Continent, as above, other than Havre, or Antwerp, or Dunkirk, or Hamburg, with average accustomed and all other conditions as per charter party. In witness whereof the master or purser of the said ship or vessel hath affirmed to two bills of lading, all of this tenor and date, one of the said bills being accom- plished, the other to stand void. Dated in Tacoma, Wash., this 30th day of July, 1909. Weight and contents unknown to (Signed) H. Nelson, Master. 90 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK Draft. £22,942 10s Od. Tacoma, SOth July, 1909. Sixty days after sight of this First of Exchange (second and third unpaid) pay to the order of The Bank of California twenty-two thousand nine hundred and forty-two pounds, ten shillings; value received, and charge the same as advised. (Signed) John Doe. To Messrs. Brown, Smith and Co., Liverpool. Payable in London. Profit and Loss Account ov a Cargo of Wheat Shipped at Tacoma per Arethusa TO United Kingdom. To cost of 111,500 bushels No. 1 Club wheat, at 95^ |105, 925. 00 Less discount on 7,000 bushels smutty, at 3^ 210. 00 105, 715. 00 Buying agent's commission, \<^ per bu 139. 25 Wharfage, 3,360 tons, at 50(i 1, 680. 00 Cleaning 210 tons smutty, at 50(f 105. 00 Fire insurance, 60 days on $100,000, at 51^ 510. 00 Marine insurance, £23,400, at $4.86=$113,724 at 1J% . . 1, 990. 00 Selling brokerage, £26,880=1130,636.80 at i% 653. 18 Balance of profit 708. 12 By proceeds, draft on London at 60 days, £22,942 10s. Od., at $4.86 $111, 500. 55 111, 500. 55 111, 500. 55 E. and O. E. Tacoma, July 30, 1909. Note — Gross weight wheat bought pounds. . 6, 728,250 Gross weight wheat shipped pounds. . 6, 720, 000 Loss in cleaning 210 tons pounds. . 8, 250 handling grain in sacks. Grain exported from the Pacific coast is regularly carried in sacks. It is not considered safe to load a vessel with bulk grain for this long voyage; the cargo might shift and endanger its own safety and that of the ship. Hence one condition of a marine insurance policy and of a charter party is that grain cargoes shall be in sacks. This require- ment makes it hard to change the custom of handling the grain crop of the Pacific coast region in sacks from the farm to foreign or domestic mills. There are some advantages of this method over handhng grain in bulk, one of which is that a single lot of grain may easily be kept separate and identified by the marks on the sacks. However, when the grain reaches the warehouse at the seaport it is frequently emptied from the sacks, run through an elevator for the purpose of cleaning or mixing, and is sacked again for shipment. IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION. 91 The grain warehouses require relatively httle machinery, compared with elevators, since the sacks may be handled easily by hand trucks. It has been found convenient, however, to make use of conveyors, operated by steam or electricity, for the purpose of stacking the sacks in warehouses and loading them on shipboard. In loading on sliips it is common to use conveyors to carry the sacks to the top of a shde, whence they are allowed to move by gravity into the hold of the vessel. Wheat makes a cargo of sufficient weight to ballast a ship safely, but a full cargo of barley is rather light unless stowed in a careful manner. The loss of the Matterhorm (p. 86), with its full cargo of barley, occasioned an inquiry on the part of one or more insurance companies as to safer methods of carrying tliis grain; and one expert advised that the sacks be ''bled;" that is, be caused to leak enough grain to fill in the interstices among the sacks, and thus make a cargo of greater weight per cubic unit than ordinary sacked barley. ATTEMPTS TO USE ELEVATORS. Occasionally a car of bulk grain is received at a terminal ware- house. The agent of an exporting firm tells of a bulk consignment received at one of its terminal warehouses, and which was unloaded from the car by means of shovels and wheelbarrows. Some attempts have been made in the Pacific coast region to estab- lish elevator systems and handle grain in bulk. About 20 or 25 years ago a number of elevators for handhng bulk grain are said to have been erected at various railroad stations in Oregon and Wash- ington, and a terminal elevator at Portland. The grain was received in sacks from the farmers, as they were not prepared to haul in bulk; it was emptied at the elevator, hauled in bulk to the seacoast and sacked again when exported. Tliis practice did not continue many seasons. Some of the elevators were cUsmantled, their macliinery being removed to give more room for storing the grain in sacks. The terminal elevator at Portland burned and was never rebuilt. In 1910 there were elevators at Tacoma and Seattle, so that bulk grain could, if desired, be transferred from cars into ships, and a project was reported for the estabhshment of a line of elevators for the coastwise trade, some houses being erected at northern ports for handhng shipments and at southern California ports for handhng receipts. LIVE STOCK. CATTLE AND SHEEP IN EARLY DAYS. The cattle industry was a main support of California for at least a half century prior to 1848. Before the discovery of gold an occa- sional sliip would enter San Francisco Bay and receive a consign- 92 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK nient of hides. When once the crowds began to enter the State in the early fifties, however, there were not enough cattle for home consumption and supphes were brought from Texas and even Mis- souri. It is reported that 60,000 head were driven into California from the East in 1854. The chive from the JVIissouri River usually- occupied several months. A quick trip, as recorded by the Sacramento Union, was made in 1854 by a party of 20 men who brought 400 head of cattle to California from Missouri. They left the JVIissouri State line on May 1 and reached Sacramento on August 22. Sheep also were driven to California from regions east of the Sierra Nevada Mountains. Some were brought from New Mexico to south- ern California to stock the ranches and some came from Mexico. As early as 1852 it was reported by the San Joaquin Republican "that most sheep we have hitherto killed" came from Sonora, N. Mex. An item in the Placerville Herald in 1853 describes the route foUowed by a party of men who brought 1,800 sheep from New Mexico to ranches near Carson River. The party left Taos, N. Mex., January 29, 1853; on March 16 they reached Fort Laramie, on Platte River; thence they took the sheep over South Pass, encountering snow as they went through the mountains. At Green River the first green pasturage was found. The sheep were taken along Green River, thence along the Humboldt and to the Sink. For the last 150 miles on the way to the Sink the sheep lived on wild sage and other plants. Only 50 were lost on the entire trip. SALES ON FARM OR RANGE. The most usual method of buying live stock on the Pacific coast is direct from the stock grower. Frequently the buyer drives liis animals from the farm or range to the sliipping point, but at times the seller may make this delivery. One of the principal meat packers in San Diego, Cal., in 1910 had representatives as far away as Arizona, where purchases were made directly from the stock raisers during about one-half of the year; during the rest of the time a supply came from regions witliin about 50 miles of San Diego, being driven in on foot. Colorado and Texas also contributed to his supply. For shipments from Phoenix to San Diego the stock are usually stopped twice for rest, water, and feed. If shipped over the Southern Pacific line the animals may be fed at Yuma, Ariz., and again at Colton, Cal.; if over the Sante Fe Railway they may be fed at Ashfork, Ariz., or Needles, Cal., and again at Barstow, Cal., or Los Angeles. A large number of the California cattle are fattened on grass, but some are finished on by-products of the beet-sugar factories. One feeding company is said to bring cattle from its ranch in Utah to be fattened in western California on beet pulp. IN THE PACIFIC COAST REGION, 93 One of the important cattle regions of California is the San Joaquin Valley, wliich contributes to the beef supply of Los Angeles, San Francisco, Portland, Tacoma, Seattle, and other markets. In tliis valley not only native cattle but feeders, brought from a distance, are prepared for market. During the year entUng October 31, 1909, accorcUng to the records of the county clerk, 25,000 beef cattle were shipped out of Kern County, which forms part of tliis valley. Some of the Cahfornia stock raisers and meat packers board their cattle on ranches, paying the ranchers to feed them. Cattle are often pastured in valleys in the mnter, and, when the grass dries out in late spring, are driven to the mountain pastures, from wliich snow has but recently melted. In 1910 the movement to the mountains was taking place about the last of May. They may be taken from the mountains for slaughter, or, after another winter in the valleys, they may be returned to the mountains for more pasturage in the spring. STOCKYARDS. Of the few public live-stock markets on the Pacific coast one is at San Francisco and another at Portland. The Portland market is at Union Stockyards, wliich were opened in September, 1909. They are located on a slough of the Columbia River near the mouth of the Willamette and a few miles from the business section of Portland. Stock is received and shipped by water as well as by rail. In June, 1910, the finished yards covered about 20 acres and accommodated about 200 carloads of animals. There was a considerable area adjoin- ing the yards for which the stockyards company was said to have an option to purchase. The unloachng })latforni was built of concrete and extended along the front of about 24 receiving pens. A considerable number of sales and purchases are reported to be made here through commission men, although stock growers and packers may deal direct with each other. The market here begins about 8 a. m. and is over about 4 p. m. In adtUtion to serving as a market place the Portland stockyards are used as a feeding station for animals on the way from CaHfomia to Washington. Stock is often transferred from these yards to the city proper by barges towed by gasoHne launches. A barge may hold two or three carloads of animals. Beginning with the latter part of June, 1910, two hve-stock trains were to be run to the Portland stockyards — one train from Hunting- ton, Oreg., a distance of about 400 miles, the other from Cahfornia. The train from Huntington was to leave that point Saturday and Tuesday of each week at 8 p. m., and was due to reach the stock- yards at 2.30 ]). lu. on the following day. 94 MARKETING GRAIN AND LIVE STOCK TRAILIKG. The extension of railroads in the Pacific coast region is gradually reducing the length of the hve-stock trails. Where railroad trans- portation is available it regularly takes the place of trailing. The exact course followed in trailing stock depends to some extent on the pastures and watering places, and also on the location of cultivated and inclosed lands. Among the railroad points to which animals are reported to be driven from the ranges of central and southern Oregon are: To the west, Ontario and Huntington; to the north, La Grande, Pendleton, Pilot Rock, Heppner, and Shaniko; to the southeast, Klamath Falls, all of which are in Oregon; and some trails leacUng to the southwest reach the railroad at Alturas, Cal. Stock brought to shipping points from central Oregon may be driven as far as 100 to 200 miles. One route followed in bringing cattle from central Oregon to the packing house at Walla Walla was given as follows by a man who rode the trail : Starting from Seneca, in Grant County, the route led nearly due north, past the post offices of Beach Creek and Long Creek, to a crossing of the middle fork of the John Day River; then proceeding past Range to the north fork of the John Day River at Dale, on the southern border of Umatilla County; thence past Ukiah, Pilot Rock, and Pendleton, to the Oregon State hne. Thence the course was over the Blue Mountains to Walla Walla. The entire distance was about 200 miles. Sheep are reported to be trailed sometimes from Arizona, southern Nevada, and Utah into the summer ranges of Idaho; and in the fall they are brought into central California, beginning to arrive in the Sacramento Valley about the last of September. In Alaska, cattle and sheep shipped from southern ports are often driven as far as 400 miles from the seacoast to an interior point before they are slaughtered. LOADING CATTLE ON SHIPBOARD. Some methods used in loading cattle on shipboard were illustrated by a consignment loaded at Seattle in June, 1910, and destined for Alaska. The vessel, a coasting steamer 182 feet long and 36 feet wide, had the upper part of the hold divided into pens, each large enough for 10 or 12 cattle. The animals were brought in railroad cars to the pier, and a temporary runway was made from the car door across the pier and down tlu-ough the forward hatchway of the steamer; the sides of the runway were liigh enough to keep the animals from looking over it and becoming frightened at any unusual sight. There were eight carloads, each consisting of about 20 cattle, and usually it required about five minutes to transfer one carload from the train to the pens in the steamer. o ■i: LB '12 i