S3BUCA.T2QXSr.&:b SEEISS^ PRACTICAL GRAMMAR ft- THE (■;. i | t By LATIN TONGUE. THOMAS GOODWIN, A.B. Price One Shilling. LONDON: JOHN WSALE, 1854-53 79H I LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. % Chap. ..?A.tM^ Shelf _ c ^.fe.*3 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, i A PRACTICAL GRAMMAR THE LATIN TONGUE, CONTAINING THE INFLECTIONS AND ELEMENTARY PRINCIPLES OF TRANSLATION AND CONSTRUCTION, Intended for Use in Schools, AND ADAPTED TO THE EXIGENCIES OF SELF-INSTRUCTING STUDENTS. THOMAS GOODWIN, A.B. HEAD MASTER OP THE GREENWICH PROPRIETARY SCHOOL. ilotttron: JOHN WEALE, 59, HIGH HOLBOEK MDCCCLIY. ^ LONDON : gilbert and rivington, printers, st. John's square. PREFACE. Notwithstanding that some people, in obedience to utilitarian principles, in many instances falsely so called, have of late years sought to decry the classical languages as a medium of training for the youthful mind, they still retain their place in the curriculum of school studies ; and a knowledge of the Latin language is beginning to be cultivated even by those teachers who conduct national schools, more or less in amount, according as they are anxious to place their schools in a position to entitle them to look for some of the rewards proposed by Government for successful teaching. This is as it should be. Apart from the necessity of a classical education imposed on those designed for professional avocations, the training and discipline of the mind, and the exercise thereof in correct and even deep thinking induced by such studies, enable a youth accustomed thereto to exhibit, according to the testimony of every unprejudiced observer, an amount of intelligence and a vigour of mind, far, very far superior to those of the youth, who, equal to him in respect of every other advantage and endowment, has not had the opportunity of such training. To facilitate a study so useful is the purpose of the following little work. It has long been the opinion of the writer thereof, and of many other teachers known to him, — an opinion confirmed by the practical experience of the school-room for many years, — a 2 IV PREFACE. that something may yet be done to systematize the efforts of the anxious student, and obviate the many difficulties he finds in his path towards the temple of classical learning. To involve a student, after the acquisition by him of some knowledge of the inflections of words, in the perplexing mazes of the " Propria quae maribus" and " As in praesenti" — the asses' bridge, in too many educational establishments, even in this somewhat practical day, of Latin literature — is not only inefficient as a system of instruction, but often creates such discouragement in the mind of many a learner, as causes him to give up in disgust the attempt to acquire a knowledge of Latin as wholly unaccomplishable, and thus not unfrequently tends to swell the tide of prejudice against this often indispensable and always invigorating study. The Delectus commonly in use as the first introduction to Latin translation and construction, is defective in that want of arrange- ment and elucidation of principle after principle progressively, according to the capacity of the learner to understand and follow, which should exhibit themselves in the pages of a book designed for the use of a beginner, and especially for that class of beginners who labour without the assistance of a viva voce teacher. The distinctive plan of the following Treatise has been conceived with a view to obviate this want ; and the conviction in the mind of the writer that the elucidation of a few of the great leading principles of Latin construction, by examples judiciously selected and progressively arranged, is the best method which an ele- mentary work can adopt, has been acted on as an axiom in the execution of the plan. The sentences are from the best Latin authors, and the rules and observations thereon are so system- atized, that a learner never meets with a principle of construction in one sentence, which has not been laid down and explained in some foregoing one. It is not meant to be asserted that rules and principles are seen to result from each other in the construc- tion of a language, as propositions in geometry ; but it is asserted that there exists no reason why, in a work intended to help the PREFACE. V student of a language out of difficulties, there should be presented to him sentences involving, to his great discouragement, prin- ciples never before grappled with. The notes on the passages quoted will be found, it is thought, serviceable to the student in comparing the idioms of the Latin with those of his own language, and, by referring back continually to the principles illustrated by particular forms of words, they make provision whereby such principles may be indelibly impressed on his memory, and at the same time render it necessary for him to think for himself, instead of leaning too much on the ill- directed assistance of others. Philological and theoretical disquisitions have been cautiously avoided, as calculated to confuse rather than inform the learner ; a copia verborum, a matter of primary importance, is supplied in the sentences furnished ; and it is confidently hoped that, when the diligent and anxious student wades through the pages of this and another book to follow on a similar plan, he will have acquired such knowledge of the principles of construction of the Latin tongue as will enable him " to swim without the cork," and master the difficulties which may be presented to him in reading the works of any Latin author. A book, after all, is but a teacher, and the legitimate province of a teacher is but to help out of difficulties. No royal road has as yet been discovered leading to the temple of learning. The writer of this little work has as little faith as any one in the utility and success of works professedly designed to make know- ledge easy, and desires earnestly to impress on the minds of those who may address themselves for assistance to the following pages, that no aid can obviate the necessity of deep and anxious study, and no book, however judiciously written, can supply the place of painstaking and laborious assiduity on their part. It is little more than three months since an arrangement was entered into with the publisher for the publication of this book. The shortness of the time permitted for the writing thereof, and the numerous distractions caused by the conduct, on the part of VI .PREFACE. the writer, of a large and important educational institution, num- bering 270 pupils, together with other professional engagements, will probably cause some imperfections to attach to the work ; but it is hoped that those for whose use it is specially designed will see in it, if no more, the one merit of making a step in a right direction, and of, at all events, seeking to aid the great cause of popular education. T. G. Greenwich, May, 1854. CONTENTS. PAGE Introductory Remarks 1 On the Noun ib. First Declension 2 Second Declension ib. Third Declension 3 Fourth Declension ib. Fifth Declension ib. Exercises on the Declension of Nouns 4 On the Adjective 6 Declension of Adjectives ib. Comparison of Adjectives 7 Exercises on the Declension of Adjectives 8 On the Pronoun 9 On the Verb 11 First Conjugation 12 Second Conjugation 14 Third Conjugation 10 Fourth Conjugation 19 Conjugation of Verbs Passive — First Conjugation 24 Second Conjugation 20 Third Conjugation 28 Fourth Conjugation 30 Exercises on the Verbs 32 Irregular Verbs 35 Defective Verbs 39 The Adverb 41 The Preposition 42 The Conjunction ib. The Interjection ib. Definitions and Explanations of Terms used in the Latin Construction and Translation 43 Latin Construction and Translation 44 First Set of Rules thereon ib. Sentences illustrative thereof 45 Instructions ib. Questions on the Analysis of the foregoing Sentences 48 Vlll CONTENTS. PAGE Observations on foregoing Rules 49 Sentences illustrating the foregoing Observations 50 Notes on foregoing Sentences 53 Questions thereon 56 Second Set of Rules 57 Sentences illustrating the whole of the foregoing Rules and Observations 58 Notes thereon , . . . 62 Third Set of Rules 69 Sentences illustrative thereof 70 Notes thereon 82 Dictionary of Words 97 LATIN GRAMMAR. INTRODUCTORY REMARKS. 1. All the words of the Latin language are subdivided, for the sake of convenience, into eight heads, called classes of words, or parts of speech. 2. These are — noun, pronoun, adjective, verb, adverb, pre- position, conjunction, interjection. 3. Of these the four first admit of inflexion; the adverb, in some instances, admits of comparison ; and the three last named are not modified in any form whatever. 4. The inflexion of a word is the change, generally of termina- tion, it undergoes in order to the expression of a difference of idea. 5. This change, when the noun, pronoun, or adjective is re- ferred to, is usually called declension ; when the verb, conjugation. On the Noun, i.e. the name for any being or thing which may serve as the subject of discourse. 6. To nouns belong gender, number, person, and case. 7. The genders of nouns are three — masculine, feminine, and neuter. 8. Some nouns, the names of animals, which maybe masculine or feminine, are called common, as parens, a parent. Note. — The doubtful gender has no existence in reality, and only means that a particular word is treated by one writer as masculine, by another as feminine. 9. The number of nouns is twofold, singular and plural ; the former is used when one object is denoted, the latter when two or more. 10. The persons of nouns are three — first, second, and third. A noun standing for the speaker is said to be of the first, and for the B 2 ON THE NOUN. person spoken to, of the second person ; all other nouns, however used, are said to belong to the third person. 11. The case of a noun, pronoun, or adjective is the form it takes in its declension. 12. There are six cases in the Latin language — nominative, genitive, dative, accusative, vocative, and ablative. Note. — The participle is sometimes regarded as a distinct class of words, but, practically considered as to its functions and declen- sion, belongs to the class adjective. 13. The nouns of the Latin language, as regards their declen- sion, are subdivided into five classes, distinguished by the termina- tion of their genitive singular. FIRST DECLENSION. The genitive singular ends in ce. SINGULAR. PLURAL. Nom. mensa mensae Gen. mensae mensarum Dat. mensae mensis Ace. mensam mensas Voc. mensa mensae Abl. mensa mensis. Note 1. The nouns of this declension, with few exceptions, are of the feminine gender. Note 2, Filia, nata, anima, socia, serva, and asina make the dative and ablative plural to end in is or abus ; and dea, mula, equa, and liberta terminate in these cases in abus only. SECOND DECLENSION. The genitive singular ends in i. SING. PLUR. Nom. magister magistri Gen. magistri magistrorum Dat. magistro magistris Ace. magistrum magistros Voc. magister magistri Abl. magistro magistris. Note 1. When the nominative singular of this declension ends in us, the vocative will end in e : as, nominative, dominus ; voca- tive, domine. Deus, however, makes deus in the vocative. Note 2. Proper names, that is, the names of particular indi- viduals, ending in ius, form the vocative by omitting the us : as, Virgilius; vocative, Virgili. Filius and genius follow this 'rule in the formation of their vocative. ON THE NOUN. THIRD DECLENSION. The genitive singular ends in is. SING. PLUR. Nom. nubes nubes Gen. nubis nubium Dat. nubi nubibus Ace. nubem nubes Voc. nubes nubes Abl. nube nubibus. Note 1. The genitive plural of this declension in some words makes urn, in others ium, in the termination. Note 2. Nouns of the neuter gender, of whatever declension, make the nominative, accusative, and vocative alike, and these cases in the plural number end in a; in their other cases they follow the termination of their proper declension. This note is appended here, because nouns of the neuter gender, with but few exceptions, belong to the second or third declension. Note 3. When the nominative singular of a noun of the third declension ends in e, if it be of the neuter gender, the ablative will end in i ; and the nominative plural of such will be formed by adding a to the ablative ; the genitive plural also will end in ium : thus, nominative, hastile ; ablative, hastili ; nominative plural, hastilia ; genitive, hastilium. FOURTH DECLENSION, The genitive singular ends in us. SING. PLUR. Nom. manus manus Gen. manus manuum Dat. manui manibus Ace. manum manus Voc. manus manus Abl. manu manibus. FIFTH DECLENSION. The genitive singular ends in ei. SING. PLUR. Nom. acies acies Gen. aciei acierum Dat. aciei aciebus Ace. aciem" acies Voc. acies acies Abl. acie B 2 aciebus. ON THE NOUN. Notes on the jive Declensions, 1. The nominative and vocative singular of a noun, with few exceptions, which obtain mostly in the second declension (see Notes 1 and 2, Second Declension), are alike, so are also the nominative and vocative plural. 2. The dative and ablative singular of the second declension are alike, so also are the dative and ablative plural of all declen- sions. The following table of the terminations of the several cases of nouns may serve in some measure to facilitate the learning thereof : — SING. 1 2 3 4 5 N. may terminate in any manner G. se i is us ei D. £e o i ui ei Ace. am um em urn em Vuc. like the nominative Abh a o e or i u e PLUR. 1 2 3 4 5 se i es us es arum orum um, ium uum erum is or abus is bus ibus ebus as os es us es like the nominative like the dative. EXERCISES ON THE DECLENSION OF NOUNS. Note, — The learner will be careful to attend to the declension and gender of the following nouns : the former will be indicated by the genitive singular, and the latter by the initial letter of the gender of each noun. This, with attention to the notes already given, will be sufficient to ensure accuracy in every instance. Mel, mellis, n. Cor, cordis, n. Aqua, aquae, f. Poeta, poetae, m. Ovum, ovi, n. Agnus, agni, m. Ager, agri, m. Tribus, tribus, f. Lex, legis, f. Corpus, corporis, r Cubile, cubilis, n. Scriba, scribae, m. Virga, virgae, f. Flatus, flatus, m. Versus, versus, m. Acus, acus, f. Os, oris, n. Fides, fidei, f. Species, speciei, f. honey Mus, muris, m. a mouse the heart Sedes, sedis, f. a seat water Glacies, glaciei, f. ice a poet Imago, imaginis, f. an image an egg Sal, salis, m. salt a lamb Pes, pedis, m. a foot a field Digitus, digiti, m. a finger a tribe Leo, leonis, m. a lion a law Dolor, doloris, m. grief a body Mens, mentis, f. the mind a bed Hastile, hastilis, n. a spear a scribe Monile, monilis, n. a necklace a rod M armor, marmoris, n. marble a blast Mons, montis, m. a mountain a verse Rex, regis, m. a king a needle Scurra, scurrae, m. a scoffer a mouth Sponsus, sponsi, m. a bridegroom faith Aper, apri, m. a boar a species Gigas, gigantis, m. a giant ON THE NOUN. Crinis, crinis, m. Brachium, brachii, n. Mas, maris, m. Dens, dentis, m. Arbor, arboris, f. Vas, vasis, n. Calcar, calcaris, n. Ars, artis, f. Caro, carnis, f. Res, rei, f. Currus, currus, m. Facies, faciei, f. Macies, maciei, f. Pellis, pellis, f. Lepus, leporis, m. Lapis, lapidis, m. Grsecia, Grseciae, f. Cupressus, cupressi, i Annus, anni, m. Anna, Annae, f. Anus, anus, f. Capra, caprse, f. hair an arm a male a tooth a tree a vessel a spur a trade flesh a thing a chariot a face leanness the skin a hare a stone Greece a a cypress tree a year Ann an old woman a she-goat Cato, Catonis, m. Cato Cinis, cineris, m. ashes Athleta, athletae, m. a wrestler Bacchus, Bacchi, m. Bacchus Britannia, Britannise, f. Britain Conditor, conditoris,m. a builder Apollo, Apollinis, m. Apollo Callis, callis, m. a path Eboracum, Eboraci, n. York Eremus, eremi, f. a desert Fustis, fustis, m. a club Literae b , literarum, f. an epistle Minse, minarum, f. trifles Nugae, nugarum, f. threats Ferise, feriarum, f. holidays Rostra, rostrorum, n. a pulpit Exta, extorum, n. entrails Athense c , Athenarum, f. Athens Iter, itineris, n. Axis, axis, m. Cyprus, Cypri, f. Caulis, caulis, m. a journey an axle-tree the island Cyprus a stalk Notes. a. Proper names have no plural, except such as want the singular. b. When a noun has no singular, its declension may be ascer- tained by its genitive plural. c. Consult note a. Note also, some nouns are not declined ; that is, have the same form in whatever case they may be used. Such nouns are mostly, if not always, used as nominatives and accusatives, as fas, nefas, nihil, &c. &c. Some nouns, moreover, are used in some cases and not in others: as, genitive, spontis ; ablative, sponte, of one's own ac- cord. Nominative, vis, force ; accusative, vim ; ablative, vi (the latter nouri has all the cases in the plural number, and is regularly declined thus : Nom. vires Gen. virium Dat. viribus Ace. vires Voc. vires Abl. viribus). B 3 6 ON THE ADJECTIVE, ON THE ADJECTIVE. The adjective expresses the state or quality of the noun. The English adjective is not inflected ; the Latin adjective is inflected in gender, number, and case. The Latin adjective is declined according to the declension of nouns. The adjective in Latin is declined with three, two, and one termination. An adjective whose nominative case singular has three termi- nations, is declined like the first and second declension of nouns ; the adjective in the feminine form is declined like the first, in the masculine and neuter form like the second declension. An adjective whose nominative has two terminations or one, is inflected like the third declension of nouns. When an adjective in any of its cases has three terminations, the first is masculine, the second feminine, and the third neuter ; when it has two terminations, the first is masculine and feminine, and the second neuter ; and when it has only one termination, it is of all genders. DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. SING. Nom. bonus bona bonum Gen. boni bonae boni Dat. bono bonse bono Ace. bonum bonam bonum Voc. bone bona bonum Abl. bono bona bono boni bonse bona bonorum bonarum bonorum bonis bonos bonas bona boni bonae bona bonis. Nom. tristis te tristes tia Gen. Dat. tristis tristi tristium tristibus Ace. tristem te tristes tia Voc. tristis te tristes tia Abl. tristi tristibus. Nom. prudens prudentes tia Gen. prudentis prudentium Dat. prudenti prudentibus Ace. prudentem prudens prudentes tia Voc. prudens prudentes tia Abl. prudente or i prudentibus. Note 1. Ambo and duo have no singular, and have a declension peculiar to themselves. ON THE ADJECTIVE PLURAL. Nora. ambo ambse ambo Gen. amborura ambarum amborum Dat. ambobus ambabus ambobus Ace. ambos ambas ambo Voc. ambo ambae ambo Abl. ambobus ambabus ambobus. Note 2. Some adjectives of three terminations, as anus, totus, solus, ullus, nullus, alter, uter, neuter, unlike bonus, make the genitive in ius and the dative in i : thus, unus, una, unum ; geni- tive, unius; dative, uni. In their other cases they follow the declension of bonus. COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. Adjectives have three degrees of comparison — the positive, the comparative, and the superlative. The positive is the adjective in its simple state, as tristis. The comparative is formed from the first case of the positive which ends in i, by adding thereto or to make the masculine and feminine, and us for the neuter: thus, dative, tristi ; comparative, tristior, tristius. Note 1. The first case of an adjective of one or two termi- nations which ends in i is the dative, of an adjective of three terminations is the genitive. The superlative is formed by adding ssimus to the same part ; as, tristi, tristissimus. Note 2. The superlative degree is declined like bonus. The following is a model of the declension of the comparative : — SING. PLUR Nom. tristior tristius tristiores tristiora Gen. tristioris tristiorum Dat. tristiori tristiori bus Ace. tristiorem tristius tristiores tristiora Voc. tristior tristius tristiores tristiora Abl. tristiore or tristiori tristioribus. Note 3. If a vowel precede us in the positive, the degrees are formed usually by prefixing the adverb magis for the comparative, and maxime for the superlative : as, pius, magis plus, maxime pius. Note 4. If the positive end in er, the superlative is formed by adding thereto rimus : as, teter ; superlative, teterrirnus. The following adjectives have a peculiar formation in the superlative : — b4 ON THE ADJECTIVE. POSITIVE. SUPERLATIVE. Agilis Facilis agillimus facillimus Gracilis Humilis gracillimus humillimus Docilis docillimus Similis simillimus. ie following adjectives are irregular in their comparisc POSITIVE COMPARATIVE. SUPERLATIVE. Bonus melior optimus Malus Magnus Parvus pejor major minor pessimus maximus minimus Multus plus plurimus Dives ditior ditissimus Nequam Exterus nequior exterior nequissimus extremus Inferus inferior infimus, imus Posterus posterior postremus Superus superior supremus, summus interior intimus Juvenis junior Senex senior prior primus propior ulterior proximus ultimus deterior deterrimus anterior. Note. — Some adjectives having no superlative of their own, procure it by a combination of words : thus, senex, old, makes maximus natu, the greatest by age, i. e. oldest ; juvenis, young, minimus natu, least by age, i. e. youngest. EXERCISES ON THE DECLENSION OF ADJECTIVES. Durus, a, um, hard Tener, a, um, tender Pulcher, chra, chrum, beautiful Gelidus, a, um, cold Squalidus, a, um, filthy Facillimus, a, um, most easy like bonus. ON THE PRONOUN. Impubis, e, beardless Humilis, e, low or humble Agilis, e, nimble Facilis, e, easy Gravis, e, weighty Iners, Gen. inertis, sluggish Anceps, — ancipitis, doubtful A mans, — amantis, loving Audax, — audacis, daring Ferox, — ferocis, fierce Inops, — inopis, poor Durior, us, Gen. durioris, harder Puchrior, us, — oris, fairer Humilior, us, — — more humble Facilior, us, — — easier Agilior, us, — — more nimble > like tristis. like prudens. like tristior. ON THE PRONOUN. A pronoun (pro, for, nomen, a name) is a word used instead of a noun. Pronouns admit of person, gender, number, and case. They are usually classified into personal, possessive, demonstrative, and relative ; and, unlike the noun and the adjective, are not reducible as to their inflexion to any heads or classes. The personal pronouns are ego, tu, sui, and are thus de- clined : — SING. PLUR. SING. PLUR. Nom. ego nos tu vos Gen. mei nostrum, nostri tui ve^trum, vestri Dat. mihi nobis tibi vobis Ace. me nos te vos Voc. Abl. wanting me wanting nobis. tu te vos vobis. Sui has only some cases, and is the same in both numbers. Gen. sui Ace. se and sese Dat. sibi Abl. se and sese. The possessive pronous are meus, tuus, suus, cujus, noster, vester ; they are declined like bonus, except that meus makes mi in the vocative singular, masculine gender ; and that all the others, except noster, want the vocative. Note. — Nostras, vestras, and cujas are declined like an adjective of one termination : thus, nominative, nostras ; genitive, nostratis, &c. &c. B 5 i 10 ON THE PRONOUN. The demonstrative pronouns are hie, ille, iste, and ipse are thus declined : — and SING. PLUR. Nom. hie haec hoc hi hae haec Gen. hujus horum harum horum Dat. huic his Ace. hunc hanc hoc hos has haec Voc. Abl. hoc wanting hac hoc wanting his. Nom. ille ilia illud illi illse ilia Gen. illius illorum illarum illorum Dat. illi illis Ace. ilium illam illud illos ill as ilia Voc. Abl. illo wanting ilia illo wanting illis. Iste is similarly declined, and also ipse, except that the latter makes ipsum in the nominative, accusative, and vocative singular. SING. PLUR. Nom. is ea id ii eae ea Gen. ejus eorum earum eorum Dat. ei iis or eis Ace. eum earn id eos eas ea Voc. wanting wanting Abl. eo ea eo iis or eis. In like manner is declined idem (for isderri), a compound of is, except that in the accusative singular, masculine gender, it makes eundem. The relative pronoun qui is thus declined :— SING. Nom. qui quae quod Gen. cujus Dat. cui Ace. quem quam quod Voc. wanting Abl. quo qua quo or qui The compounds of qui are similarly declined : quidam, a cer- tain person ; quivis and quilibet, any one ; and quicunque, who- soever. The interrogative quis, who, or what, is declined like qui, ex- cept that it makes quid or quod in the neuter. PLUR. qui quae quae quorum quarum quorum quibus or queis quos quas quae wanting quibus or queis. ON THE VERB. 11 Aliquis, some one, is declined like quis, except that its nomina- tive singular, feminine gender, is aliqua. ON THE VERB. A verb expresses the action of, or the receiving of an action by its subject : when the subject acts, the verb is called active ; when it receives an act, the verb is called passive. These are the two great subdivisions of the verb family. Some verbs are called by other names indicative of some property connected therewith ; these will be considered hereafter. Verbs are inflected with number, person, mood, and tense. The number and person of the verb are the same as the number and person of the noun and pronoun. As far as inflexion is concerned, there are but four moods— the indicative, imperative, potential, and infinitive. Note. — The subjunctive is the same as the potential, and is attached dependency to another verb to express some condition or limitation thereof. The tenses are five — present, imperfect, perfect, pluperfect, and future. Active verbs are classified into four heads, called conjuga- tions, distinguished one from the other by the vowel and its quantity which precedes re, the termination of the infinitive mood. The first conjugation has a long before re, as amdre. The second has e long, as docere. The third has e short, as legere. The fourth has i long, as audire. The radical parts of an active verb, i. e. the parts from which the others are formed, are the present indicative, the perfect indicative, and the first supine. The radical parts of the active verb in the several conjugations are as follows : — 1 amo amavi amatum 2 doceo docui doctum 3 lego legi _ lectum 4 audio audivi auditum. The following will serve as a model of the conjugation of active verbs in the several conjugations. b 6 12 ON THE VERB. FIRST CONJUGATION.— Amo. INDICATIVE MOOD. 1. Present Tense. Sing. am-o, am-as, am-at, Plur. am-amus, am-atis, am-ant, Sing, am-abam, am-abas, am-abat, Plur. am-abamus, am-abatis, am-abant, I love, am loving, or do love thou lovest, art loving, or dost love he loveth, is loving, or doth love we love, are loving, or do love ye love, are loving, or do love they love, are loving, or do love, 2. Imperfect Tense. I did love, or was loving thou didst love, or wast loving he did love, or was loving we did love, or were loving ye did love, or were loving they did love, or were loving. Sing, amav-i, amav-isti, amav-it, Plur. amav-imus, amav-istis, amav-erunt, vel -ere, 3. Perfect Tense. / loved, or have loved thou lovedst, or hast loved he loved, or hath loved we loved,, or have loved ye loved, or have loved they loved, or have loved. Sing, amav-eram, amav-eras, amav-erat, Plur. amav-eramus, amav-eratis, amav-erant, Sing. Plur. am-abo, am-abis, am-abit, am-abimus, am-abitis, am-abunt, . Pluperfect Tense. / had loved thou hadst loved he had loved we had loved ye had loved they had loved. 5. Future Tense. / shall, or will love thou shalt, or wilt love he shall, or will love we shall, or will love ye shall, or will love they shall, or will love. ON THE VERB. 13 IMPERATIVE MOOD. No first Person. Sing. am-a, am-ato, love thou, or do thou love am-et, am-ato, love he> or let him love Plur. am-emus, love we, or let us love am-ate, am-atote , love ye, or do ye love am-ent, am-anto love they, or let them love. POTENTIAL MOOD. 1. Present Tense. Sing. am-em, / may, or can love am-es, thou mayst, or canst love am-et, he may, or can love Plur. am-emus, we may, or can love am-etis, ye may, or can love am-ent, they may, or can love. 2. Imperfect Tense. Sing. am-arem, / might, or could love am -ares, thou might 'si. or could' st love am-aret, he might, or could love Plur. am-aremus, we might, or could love am-aretis, ye might, or could love am-arent, they might, or could love. 3. Perfect Tense. Sing. amav-erim, I should have loved amav-eris, thou should 'st have loved amav-erit, he should have loved Plur. amav-erimus, we should have loved amav-eritis, ye should have loved amav-erint, they should have loved. 4. Pluperfect Tense. Sing. amav-issem, / would have loved amav-isses, thou would'st have loved amav-isset, he would have loved Plur. amav-issemus, we would have loved amav-issetis, ye would have loved amav-issent, they would have loved. 5 Future Tense. Sing. amav-ero, / shall have loved amav-eris, thou shalt have loved amav-erit, he shall have loved Plur. amav-erimus, we shall have loved amav eritis, ye shall have loved amav-erint, they shall have loved. 14 ON THE VERB. INFINITIVE MOOD. Present, and Imperfect Tense. am-are, to love. Perfect, and Pluperfect Tense. amav-isse, to have loved. Future Tense. amatu-rum esse, to be about to love, GERUNDS. aman-di, of loving aman-do, in loving aman-dum, „o love. SUPINES. Active. Passive, amat-um, to love. amat-u, to be loved. participles. Present Tense. Future in rus. amans, loving. amatu-rus, about to love. SECOND CONJUGATION.— Moneo. indicative mood. 1. Present Tense. Sing, mon-eo, / advise, am advising, or do advise mon-es, thou advisest, art advising, or dost advise mon-et, he adviseth, is advising, or doth advise Plur. mon-emus, we advise, are advising, or do advise mon-etis, ye advise, are advising, or do advise mon-ent, they advise, are advising, or do advise. 2. Imperfect Tense. Sing, mon-ebam, / did advise, or was advising mon-ebas, thou didst advise, or wast advising mon-ebat, he did advise, or was advising Plur. mon-ebamus, we did advise, or were advising mon-ebatis, ye did advise, or were advising mon-ebant, they did advise, or were advising. 3. Perfect Tense. Sing, monu-i, / advised, or have advised monu-isti, thou advisedst, or hast advised monu-it, he advised, or hath advised Plur. monu-i mus, we advised, or have advised monu-istis, ye advised, or have advised monu-erunt, v. -ere, they advised, or have advised. ON THE VERB. 15 Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. 4. Pluperfect Tense, monu-eram, / had advised monu-eras, thou hadst advised monu-erat, he had advised monu-eramus, we had advised monu-eratis, ye had advised monu-erant, they had advised, 5. Future Tense. / shall, or will advise thou shalt, or wilt advise he shall, or will advise we shall, or will advise ye shall, or will advise they shall, or will advise. IMPERATIVE MOOD. No first Person. advise thou, or do thou advise advise he, or let him advise advise- we, or let us advise advise ye, or do ye advise advise they, or let them advise. Sii Plur. Sing, mone-bo, mone-bis, mone-bit, Plur. mone-bimus, mone-bitis, mone-bunt, mon-e, mon-eto, mon-eat, mon-eto, mon-eamus, mon-ete, mon-etote, mon-eant, mon-ento, POTENTIAL MOOD. 1. mone- mone- mone- mone- mone- mone- am, as, at, amus, atis, ant, mone- mone- mone- mone- mone-retis, mone-rent, rem, res, ret, remus, monu- monu- monu- monu monu- monu- enm, eris, erit, erimus, eritis, erint, Present Tense. / may, or can advise thou may'st, or canst advise he may, or can advise we may, or can advise ye may, or can advise they may, or can advise. . Imperfect Tense. " / might, or could advise thou might' st, or couloVst advise he might, or could advise we might, or could advise ye might, or could advise they might, or could advise. 3. Perfect Tense. / should have advised thou should'st have advised he should have advised we should have advised ye should have advised they should have advised. 16 ON THE VERB. 4. Pluperfect Tense. Sing, monu-issem, I would have advised monu-isses, thou would'st have advised monu-isset, he would have advised Plur. monu-issemus, we would have advised monu-issetis, ye would have advised monu-issent, they would have advised. 5. Future Tense. Sing, monu-ero, I shall have advised monu-eris, thou shalt have advised monu-erit, he shall have advised Plur. monu-erimus, we shall have advised monu-eritis, ye shall have advised monu-erint, they shall have advised. INFINITIVE MOOD. Present, and Imperfect Tense. mon-ere, to advise. Perfect, and Pluperfect Tense. , monu-isse, to have advised. Future Tense. monitu-rum esse, to be about to advise. GERUNDS. monen-di, of advising monen-do, in advising monen-dum, to advise. SUPINES. Active. Passive, monit-um, to advise. monit-u, to be advised. PARTICIPLES. Present Tense. Future in rus. mo-nens, advising. monitu-rus, about to advise. THIRD CONJUGATION.— 72^0. INDICATIVE MOOD. 1. Present Tense. Sing, reg-o, / rule, am ruling, or do rule reg-is, thou rulest, art ruling, or dost rule reg-it, he ruleth, is ruling, or doth rule Plur. reg-imuSy we rule, are ruling, or do rule reg-itis, ye rule, are ruling, or do rule reg-unt, they rule, are ruling, or do rule. ON THE VERB. 17 Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. rege-bam, rege-bas, rege-bat, rege-bamus, rege-batis, rege-bant, rex-i, rex-isti, rex-it, rex-imus, rex-istis, rex-erunt, v, rex-eram, rex- eras, rex-erat, rex-eramus, rex-eratis, rex-erant, reg-am, reg-es, reg-et, reg-emus, reg-etis, reg-ent, 2. Imperfect Tense. / did rule, or was ruling thou didst rule, or wast ruling he did rule, or was ruling we did rule, or were ruling ye did rule, or were ruling they did rule, or were ruling. 3. Perfect Tense. / ruled, or have ruled thou ruledst, or hast ruled he ruled, or hath ruled we ruled, or have ruled ye ruled, or have ruled -ere, they ruled, or have ruled. 4, Pluperfect Tense. / had ruled thou hadst ruled he had ruled we had ruled ye had ruled they had ruled. 5. Future Tense. / shall, or will rule thou shalt, or wilt rule he shall, or will rule we shall, or will rule ye shall, or will rule they shall, or will rule. IMPERATIVE MOOD. No first Person. reg-e, reg-ito, rule thou, or do thou rule reg-at, reg-ito, rule he, or let him rule reg-amus, rule we, or let us rule reg-ite, reg-itote, rule ye, or do ye rule reg-ant, reg-unto, rule they, or let them rule. POTENTIAL MOOD. 1. Present Tense. / may, or can rule thou may'st, or canst rule he may, or can rule we may, or can rule ye may, or can rule they may, or can rule. reg-am, reg-as, reg-at, reg-amus, reg-atis, reg-ant, 13 ON THE VERB. 2. Imperfect Tense. Sing. reg-erem, / might, or could rule reg-eres, thou might' 'st, or could'st rule reg-eret, he might, or could rule Plur. reg-eremus, we might, or could rule reg-eretis, ye might, or could rule reg-erent, they might, or could rule. 3. Perfect Tense. Sing. rex-erim, / should have ruled rex-eris, thou should' st have ruled rex-erit, he should have ruled Plur. rex-erimus, we should have ruled rex-eritis, ye should have ruled rex-erint, they should have ruled. 4. Pluperfect Tense. Sing. rex-issem, / would have ruled rex-isses, thou would' st have ruled rex-isset, he would have ruled Plur. rex-issemus, we would have ruled rex-issetis, ye would have ruled rex-fssent, they would have ruled, 5. Future Tense. Sing. rex-e?©, / shall have ruled rex-eiis, thou shalt have ruled rex-erit, he shall have ruled Plur. rex-erimus, we shall have ruled rex-eritis, ye shall have ruled rex-erint, they shall have ruled. INFINITIVE MOOD. Present, and Imperfect Tense, reg-ere, to rule. Perfect, and Pluperfect Tense, rex-isse, to have ruled. Future Tense. rectu-rum esse, to he about to rule. GERUNDS. regen-di, of ruling regen-do, in ruling regen-dum, to rule. ON THE VERB. SUPINES. 19 Active, rect-um, to rule. Passive, rect-u, to be ruled. PARTICIPLES. Present Tense. Future in rus. reg-ens, ruling. rectu-rus, about to rule. FOURTH CONJUGATION.— Audio. Sing, aud-io, aud-is, aud-it, Plur. aud-imus, aud-itis, aud-iunt, Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. audie-bam, audie-bas, audie-bat, audie-bamus, audie-batis, audie-bant, audiv-i, audiv-isti, audiv-it, audiv-imus, audiv-istis, audiv-erunt, INDICATIVE MOOD. 1. Present Tense. / hear, am hearing, or do hear thou hearest, art hearing, or dost hear he heareth, is hearing, or doth hear we hear, are hearing, or do hear ye hear, are hearing, or do hear they hear, are hearing, or do hear. 2. Imperfect Tense. / did hear, or was hearing thou didst hear, or wast hearing he did hear, or was hearing we did hear, or were hearing ye did hear, or were hearing they did hear, or were hearing. 3. Perfect Tense. I heard, or have heard thou heard'st, or hast heard he heard, or hath heard we heard, or have heard ye heard, or have heard v. -ere, they heard, or have heard. audiv-eram, audiv-eras, audiv-erat, audiv-eramus, audiv-eratis, audiv-erant, 4. Pluperfect Tense. / had heard thou hadst heard he had heard we had heard ye had heard they had heard. 20 ON THE VERB, 5. Future Tense. Sing. audi-am, / shall, or will hear audi-es, thou shalt, or wilt hear audi-et, he shall, or will hear Plur. audi-emus, we shall, or will hear audi-etis, ye shall, or will hear audi-ent, they shall, or will hear. IMPERATIVE MOOD. No first Person. Sing. aud-i, aud-ito, hear thou, or do thou hear aud-iat, aud-ito, hear he, or let him hear Plur. aud-iamus, hear we, or let us hear aud-ite, aud-itote, hear ye, or do ye hear aud-iant, aud-iunto, hear they, or let them hear. POTENTIAL MOOD. 1. Present Tense. Sing. audi-am, / may, or can hear audi- as, thou may'st, or canst hear audi-at, he may, or can hear Plur. audi-amus, we may, or can hear audi-atis, ye may, or can hear audi-ant, they may, or can hear. 2. Imperfect Tense. Sing. audi-rem, J might, or could hear audi-res, thou might'st, or could'st hear audi-ret, he might, or could hear Plur. audi-remus, we might, or could hear audi-retis, ye might, or could hear audi-rent, they might, or could hear. 3. Perfect Tense. Sing. audiv-erim, / should have heard audiv-eris, thou should'st have heard audiv-erit, he should have heard Plur. audiv-erimus, we should have heard audiv-eritis, ye should have heard audiv-erint, they should have heard. 4. Pluperfect Tense. Sing. audiv-issem, / would have heard audiv-isses, thou would' st have heard audiv-isset, he ivould have heard Plur. audiv-issemus, we would have heard audiv-issetis, ye ivould have heard audiv-issent, they would have heard. ON THE VERB. 21 5. Future Tense. Sing, audiv-ero, / shall have heard audiv-eris, thou shalt have heard audiv-erit, he shall have heard Plur. audiv-erimus, we shall have heard audiv-eritis, ye shall have heard audiv-erint, they shall have heard, INFINITIVE MOOD. Present, and Imperfect Tense. aud-ire, . to hear. Perfect, and Pluperfect Tense. audiv-isse, to have heard. Future Tense. auditu-rum esse, to he about to hear. GERUNDS. audien-di, of hearing audien-do, in hearing audien-dum, to hear. SUPINES. Active. Passive, audit-um, to hear. audit-u, to he heard. PARTICIPLES. Present Tense. Future in rus. audi-ens, hearing. auditu-rus, about to hear. Formation of the several parts (not radical) of Active Verbs. From the perfect indicative are formed the pluperfect indi- cative, amaveram ; perfect, pluperfect, arid future potential, awaverim, amavissem, amavero ; and perfect infinitive, amavisse. From the present indicative are formed the imperfect and future indicative, amabam, amabo ; the imperative mood ; pre- sent and imperfect potential, amem, amarem ; present infinitive, amare ; and present participle, amans. From the first supine in um are formed the second supine, amatu ; future participle (in rus), amaturus ; and perfect or past participle, amatus. Note. — The mode of transition from the radical to the derived part in each conjugation may be easily seen by inspection. The Latin esse serves the same purpose as the English verb to be, by uniting with the past participle to form several tenses of the passive voice ; its inflection, therefore, is necessarily learned before that of the passive verb. 22 ON THE VERB. INDICATIVE MOOD. 1. Present Tense. Sing, sum, I am es, thou art est, he is Plur. sumus, we are estis, ye are sunt, they are. 2. Imperfect Tense. Sing, eram, / was eras, thou wast erat, he was Plur. eramus, we were eratis, ye iv ere erant, they were. 3. Perfect Tense. Sing, fui, I have been fuisti, thou hast been fuit, he hath been Plur. fuimus, we have been fuistis, ye have been fuerunt, vel fuere, they have been. 4. Pluperfect Tense. Sing, fueram, / had been fueras, thou hadst been fuerat, he had been Plur. fueramus, we had been fueratis, ye had been fuerant, they had been. 5. Future Tense. Sing, ero, I shall, or will be eris, thou shalt, or wilt be erit, he shall, or will be Plur. erimus, we shall, or will be eritis, ye shall, or will be erunt, they shall, or will be IMPERATIVE MOOD. No first Person. Sing, sis, es, esto, be thou sit, esto, be he, or let him be Plur. simus, be we, or let us be sitis, este, estote, be ye sint, suntq, g be they, or let them be. ON THE VERB. 23 POTENTIAL MOOD. 1. Present Tense. Sing. sim, I may, or can be sis, thou may'st, or canst be sit, he may, or can be Piur. simus, we may, or can be sitis, ye may, or can be sint, they may, or can be. 2. Imperfect Tense. Sing. essem, vel forem, / might, or could be esses, vel fores, thou might' st, or could'st be esset, vel foret, he might, or could be Plur. essemus, vel foremus, we might, or could be essetis, vel foretis, ye might, or could be essent, vel forent. they might, or could be. 3 Perfect Tense. Sing. fuerim, / may, or should have been fueris, thou may st, or should' st have been fuerit, he may, or should have been Plur. fuerimus, we may, or should have been fueritis, ye may, or should have been fuerint, they may, or should have been. 4. Pluperfect Tense. Sing. fuissem, / might, or would have been fuisses, thou might'st, or would' st have been fuisset, he might, or would have been Plur. fuissemus, we might, or would have been fuissetis, ye might, or would have been fuissent, they might, or would have been. 5 . Future Tense. Sing. fuero, / shall have been fueris, thou shalt have been fuerit, he shall have been Plur fuerimus, we shall have been fueritis, ye shall have been fuerint, they shall have been* INFINITIVE MOOD. Present, and Imperfect Tense, esse, to be. Perfect, and Pluperfect Tense, fuisse, to have been. 24 ON THE VERB. Future Tense, fore, vel futiirum esse, to be about to be. Participle of the future in rus. Futurus, about to be. CONJUGATION OF VERBS PASSIVE. FIRST CONJUGATION.— Amor. INDICATIVE MOOD. 1. Present Tense. Sing. am-or, / am loved am-aris, v. am-are, thou art loved am-atur, he is loved Plur. am-amur, we are loved am-amini, ye are loved am-antur, they are loved. 2. Imperfect Tense. Sing. am-abar, 1 was loved am-abaris, v. -abare, thou wast loved am-abatur, he was loved Plur. am-abamur, we were loved am-abamini, ye were loved am-abantur, they were loved. 3. Perfect Tense. Sing. amat-us sum, v. fui, / have been loved Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. amat-us es, v. fuisti, amat-us est, v. fuit, amat-i sumus, v. fuimus, amat-i estis, v. fuistis, amat-i sunt, fuerunt, v. -ere 4 amat-us eram, v. fueram, amat-us eras, v. fueras, amat-us erat, v. fuerat, amat-i eramus v. fueramus amat-i eratis, v. fueratis, amat-i erant, v. fuerant, thou hast been loved he hath been loved we have been loved ye have been loved they have been loved. Pluperfect Tense. am-abor, am-aberis, v. am-abitur, am-abimur, am-abimini, am-abuntur, / had been loved thou hadst been loved he had been loved we had been loved ye had been loved they had been loved. 5. Future Tense. / shall, or will be loved abere, thou shalt, or wilt be loved he shall, or will be loved we shall, or will be loved ye shall, or will be loved they shall, or will be loved. ON THE VERB. 25 IMPERATIVE MOOD. Sing, am-are, am-ator, am-etur, am-ator, Plur. am-emur, am-amini, am-aminor, am-entur, am-antor, be thou loved let him be loved let us be loved be ye loved let them be loved. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. am-er, am-eris, v. a am-etur, am-emur, am-emini, am-entur, am-arer, am-areris, v. am-aretur, am-aremur, am-aremini, am-arentur, v. amat-us sim, amat-us sis, v. fueris, amat-us sit, v. fuerit, amat-i simus, v. fuerimus, amat-i sitis, v. fueritis, amat-i sint, v. fuerint, POTENTIAL MOOD. 1. Present Tense. / may, or can be loved l-ere, thou mayst, or canst be loved he may, or can be loved we may, or can be loved ye may, or can be loved they may, or can be loved. 2. Imperfect Tense. / might, or could be loved •arere, thou might' 'st, or could 'st be loved he might, or could be loved we might, or could be loved ye might, or could be loved they might, or could be loved. 3. Perfect Tense, fuerim, / should have been loved thou should'st have been loved he should have been loved we should have been loved ye should have been loved they should have been loved. 4. Pluperfect Tense. amat-us essem, v. fuissem, amat-us esses, v. fuisses, amat-us esset, v. fuisset, amat-i essemus, v. fuissemus. amat-i essetis, v. fuissetis, amat-i essent, v. fuissent, / would have been loved thou would st have been loved he would have been loved we would have been loved ye would have been loved they would have been loved. 5. Future Tense. amat-us ero, v. fuero, amat-us eris, v. fueris, amat-us erit, v. fuerit, amat-i erimus, v. fuerimus, amat-i eritis, v. fueritis, amat-i erunt, v. fuerint, / shall have been loved thou shalt have been loved he shall have been loved we shall have been loved ye shall have been loved they shall have been loved. 26 ON THE VERB. INFINITIVE MOOD. Present, and Imperfect Tense. am-ari, to be loved. Perfect, and Pluperfect Tense. amat-um esse, vel fuisse, to have been loved. Future Tense. amat-um iri, to be about to be loved. PARTICIPLES. The Perfect Tense. amat-us, loved, or being loved. The Future in dus. aman-dus, to be loved. SECOND CONJUGATION.— Moneor. INDICATIVE MOOD. 1. Present Tense. Sing, mon-eor, / am advised mon-eris, v. -ere, thou art advised mon-etur, he is advised Plur. mon-emur, we are advised mon-emini, ye are advised mon-entur, they are advised. 2. Imperfect Tense. Sing, mon-ebar, / was advised mon-ebaris, v. -ebare, thou wast advised mon-ebatur, he was advised Plur. mon-ebamur, we were advised mon-ebamini, ye were advised mon-ebantur, they were advised. 3. Perfect Tense. Sing, monit-us sum, v. fui, / have been advised monit-us es, v. fuisti, thou hast been advised monit-us est, v. fuit, he hath been advised Plur. monit-i sumus, v. fuimus, we have been advised monit-i estis, v. fuistis, ye have been advised monit-i sunt, fuerunt, v. fuere, they have been advised. 4. Pluperfect Tense. Sing, monit-us eram, v. fueram, / had been advised monit-us eras, v. fueras, thou hadst been advised monit-us erat, v. fuerat, he had been advised Plur. monit-i eramus, v. fueramus, we had been advised monit-i eratis, v. fueratis, ye had been advised monit-i erant, v. fuerant, they had been advised. ON THE VERB. 27 Sing, mon-ebor, mon-eberis, v. -ebere, mon-ebitur, Plur. mon-ebimur, mon-ebimini, mon-ebuntur 5. Future Tense. I shall, or will be advised thou shalt, or wilt be advised he shall, or will be advised we shall, or will be advised ye shall, or will be advised they shall, or will be advised. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Sing, mon-ere, mon-etor, mon-eatur, mon-etor, Plur. mon-eamur, mon-emini, mon-eminor, mon-eantur, mon-entor, be thou advised let him be advised let us be advised be ye advised let them be advised. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. POTENTIAL MOOD. 1. Present Tense, mon-ear, / may, or can be advised mon-earis, v. mon-eare, thou may'st, or canst be advised mon-eatur, he may, or can be advised mon-eamur, we may, or can be advised mon-eamini, ye may, or can be advised mon-eantur, they may, or can be advised. 2. Imperfect Tense, mon-erer, / might, or could be advised mon-ereris, v* -erere, thou might 'st, or could' 'st be advised mon-eretur, he might, or could be advised mon-eremur, we might, or could be advised mon-eremini, ye might, or could be advised mon-erentur, they might, or could be advised. 3. Perfect Tense. / should have been advised thou should 1 st have been advised he should have been advised we should have been advised ye should have been advised they should have been advised. monit-us sim, v. fuerim, monit-us sis, v. fueris, monit-us sit, v. fuerit, monit-i simus, v. fuerimus monit-i sitis, v. fueritis, monit-i sint, v. fuerint, 4. Pluperfect Tense, monit-us essem, v. fuissem, / would have been advised monit-us esses, v. fuisses, thou would 1 st have been advised monit-us esset, v. fuisset, he would have been advised monit-i essemus,#.fuissemus, we would have been advised monit-i essetis, v. fuissetis, ye would have been advised monit-i essent, v. fuissent, they would have been advised. c2 28 ON THE VERB. 5. Future Tense. Sing. Pli monit-us ero, v. fuero, rcionit-us eris, v. fueris, monit-us erit, v. fuerit, monit-i erimus, v. fuerimus, monit-i eritis, v. fueritis, monit-i erunt, v. fuerint, / shall have been advised thou shalt have been advised he shall have been advised we shall have been advised ye shall have been advised they shall have been advised. INFINITIVE MOOD. Present, and Imperfect Tense, mon-eri, to be advised. Perfect, and Pluperfect Tense, monit-um esse, vel fuisse, to have been advised. Future Tense, monit-um iri, to be about to be advised. PARTICIPLES. The Perfect Tense, monit-us, advised, or being advised. The Future in dus. monen-dus, to be advised. THIRD CONJUGATION.— Regor. INDICATIVE MOOD. 1. Present Tense. Sing. reg-or, / am ruled reg-eris, v. reg-ere, thou art ruled reg-itur, he is ruled Plur. reg-imur, we are ruled reg-imini, ye are ruled reg-untur, they are ruled. 2. Imperfect Tense. Sing. reg-ebar, I was ruled reg-ebaris, v. -ebare, thou wast ruled reg-ebatur, he was ruled Plur. reg-ebamur, we were ruled reg-ebamini, ye were ruled reg-ebantur, they were ruled. 3. Perfect Tense. Sing, rect-us sum, v. fui, I have been ruled rect-us es, v. fuisti, thou hast been ruled rect-us est, v. fuit, he hath been ruled Plur. rect-i sumus, v. fuimus, we have been ruled rect-i estis, v. fuistis, ye have been ruled rect-i sunt, fuerunt, v. fuere, they have been ruled ON THE VERB. 29 4. Pluperfect Tense. Sing, rect-us eram, v. fueram, i" had been ruled rect-us eras, v. fueras, thou hadst been ruled rect-us erat, v. fuerat, he had been ruled Plur. rect-i eramus,y.fueramus, we had been ruled rect-i eratis, v. fueratis, ye had been ruled rect-i erant, v. fuerant, they had been ruled. 5. Future Tense. Sing, reg-ar, / shall, or will be ruled reg-eris, v. reg-ere, thou shalt, or wilt be ruled reg-etur, he shall, or will be ruled Plur. reg-emur, we shall, or will be ruled reg-emini, ye shall, or will be ruled reg-entur, they shall, or will be ruled. IMPERATIVE MOOD. Sing, reg-ere, reg-itor, be thou ruled reg-atur, reg-itor, let him be ruled Plur. reg-amur, let us be ruled reg-imini, reg-iminor, be ye ruled reg-antur, reg-untor, let them be ruled. POTENTIAL MOOD. 1. Present Tense. Sing, reg-ar, / may, or can be ruled reg-aris, v. reg-are, thou mayst, or canst be ruled reg-atur, he may, or can be ruled Plur. reg-amur, we may, or can be ruled reg-amini, ye may, or can be ruled reg-antur, they may, or can be ruled. 2. Imperfect Tense. Sing, reg-erer, / might, or could be ruled reg-ereris, v. reg-erere, thou might' st, or could 'st be ruled reg-eretur, he might, or could be ruled Plur. reg-eremur, we might, or could be ruled reg-eremini, ye might, or could be ruled reg-erentur, they might, or could be ruled. 3. Perfect Tense. Sing, rect-us sim, v. fuerim, / should have been ruled rect-us sis, v. fueris, thou should' st have been ruled rect-us sit, v. fuerit, he should have been ruled Plur. rect-i simus, v. fuerimus, we should have been ruled rect-i sitis, v. fueritis, ye should have been ruled rect-i sint, v. fuerint, they should have been ruled. c 3 30 ON THE VERB. 4. Pluperfect Tense. Sing, rect-us essem, v. fuissem, I would have been ruled rect-us esses, v, fuisses, thou would 'st have been ruled rect-us esset, v. fuisset, he would have been ruled Plur. rect-i essemus, v. fuissemus, we would have been ruled rect-i essetis, v. fuissetis, ye would, have been ruled rect-i essent, v. fuissent, they would have been ruled. 5. Future Tense, Sing, rect-us ero, v. fuero, 1 shall have been ruled rect-us eris, v. fueris, thou shalt have been ruled rect-us erit, v. fuerit, he shall have been ruled Plur. rect-i erimus, v. fuerimus, we shall have been ruled rect-i eritis, v. fueritis, ye shall have been ruled rect-i erunt, v. fuerint, they shall have been ruled, INFINITIVE MOOD. Present, and Imperfect Tense, reg-i, to be ruled. Perfect, and Pluperfect Tense. rect-um esse, vel fuisse, to have been ruled. Future Tense. rect-um iri, to be about to be ruled, PARTICIPLES. The Perfect Tense, rect-us, ruled, or being ruled. The Future in dus. regen-dus, to be ruled. FOURTH CONJUGATION.— Audior. INDICATIVE MOOD. 1. Present Tense. Sing. aud-ior, / am heard aud-iris, v. aud-ire. thou art heard aud-itur, he is heard Plur. aud-imur, aud-imini, aud-iuntur, we are heard ye are heard they are heard. 2. Imperfect Tense. Sing. aud-iebar, I was heard aud-iebaris, v. aud- iebare, thou wast heard aud-iebatur, he was heard Plur. aud-iebamur, aud-iebamini, aud-iebantur, we were heard ye were heard they were heard. ON THE VERB. 31 3. Perfect Tense. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. Sing. Plur. audit-us sum, v. fui, audit-us es, v. fuisti, audit-us est, v. fuit, audit-i sumus, v. fuimus audit-i estis, v. fuistis, audit-i sunt,fuerunt,y.fuere, they have 4. Pluperfect Tense. I have been heard thou hast been heard he hath been heard we have been heard ye have been heard heard. audit-us eram, v. fueram, audit-us, eras, v. fueras, audit-us erat, v. fuerat, audit-i eramus, v. fueramus audit-i eratis, v. fueratis, audit-i erant, v. fuerant, 5 aud-iar, aud-ieris, v. aud-ietur, aud-iemur, aud-iemini, aud-ientur, / had been heard thou hadst been heard he had been heard we had been heard ye had been heard they had been heard. Future Tense. / shall, or will be heard thou shalt, or wilt be heard he shall, or will be heard we shall, or will be heard ye shall, or will be heard they shall, or will be heard. IMPERATIVE MOOD. aud-iere, Sing, aud-ire, aud-itor, aud-iatur, aud-itor, Plur. aud-iamur, aud-imini, aud-iminor, aud-iantur, aud-iuntor, be thou heard let him be heard let us be heard be ye heard let them be heard. Sing, aud- aud- aud- Plur. aud- aud- aud- Sing, aud- aud- aud- Plur. aud- aud- aud- POTENTIAL MOOD. 1. Present Tense, iar, / may, or can be heard iaris, v. aud-iare, thou may'st, or canst be heard iatur, he may, or can be heard iamur, we may, or can be heard iamini, ye may, or can be heard iantur, they may, or can be heard. 2. Imperfect Tense, irer, / might, or could be heard ■ireris, v. aud-irere, thou might' 'st, or could'st be heard ■iretur, he might, or could be heard ■iremur, we might, or could be heard •iremini, ye might, or could be heard ■irentur, they might, or could be heard. c4 32 ON THE VERB. 3. Perfect Tense. Sing. Plur. Sis Plur. Plur. audit-us sim, v. fuerim, audit-us sis, v. fueris, audit-us sit, v. fuerit, audit-i simus, v. fuerimus, audit-i sitis, v. fueritis, audit-i sint, v. fuerint, / should have been heard thou should'st have been heard he should have been heard we should have been heard ye should have been heard they should have been heard. 4. Pluperfect Tense, audit-us essern, v. fuissem, / would have been heard audit-us esses, v. fuisses, thou would' 'st have been heard audit-us esset, v. fuisset, he would have been heard audit-i essemusji'.fuissemus, we would have been heard audit-i essetis, v. fuissetis, ye would have been heard audit-i essent, v. fuissent, they would have been heard. 5. Future Tense, audit-us ero, v. fuero, / shall have been heard audit-us eris, v. fueris, thou shalt have been heard audit-us erit, v. fuerit, he shall have been heard audit-i erimus, v. fuerimus, we shall have been heard audit-i eritis, v. fueritis, ye shall have been heard audit-i erunt, v. fuerint, they shall have been heard. INFINITIVE MOOD. Present, and Imperfect Tense. aud-iri, to be heard. Perfect, and Pluperfect Tense. audit-um esse, vel fuisse, to have been heard. Future Tense. audit-um iri, to be about to be heard. PARTICIPLES. The Perfect Tense, audit-us, heard, or being heard. The Future in dus. audien-dus, to be heard. EXERCISES ON THE VERBS. nj. Pres. Indie. Perf. Indie. Pres. Infin. 1st Supine. 1 damno, / condemn darnnavi damnare damnatum 2 doceo, / teach docui docere doctum 3 duco, / lead duxi ducere ductum 3 incesso, I provoke incessivi incessere incessitum 3 intelligo, / understand intellexi intelligere intellectum 4 haurio, / draw up hausi haurire haustum 2 jubeo, / command jussi jubere jussum 1 do, I give dedi dare datum ON THE VERB. 33 Instructions. 1. If it were required to give the Latin for they will condemn, the first thing to be determined is the mood and tense, the voice, number, and person of the English verb. In the present instance, it is the future tense, indicative mood, third person plural, and the active voice. Next, damno is the first conjugation, and must be treated like amo, the future of which is amabo, and is found by changing the o of the present into abo : thus, the future of damno is damnabo, the third plural of which, according to the model of the inflexion of the persons of this tense in the first conjugation, is damnabunt, which, as the nominative of the pro- noun is not expressed in Latin, except for emphasis' sake, is the literal representative of the English expression, they will con- demn. 2. They would be given. — Here is the passive voice, potential mood, imperfect tense, third plural. Compare the model, amo, which, like do, is the first conjugation, and observe the formation of this part : — Passive, Indie. Pres. Poten. Pres. Poten. Iraperf. same Mood and Tense. Amo amem amarem amarer Do dem darem darer Inflect darer in the persons, and the third plural will be found darentur. 3. They would have been provoked. — The passive voice, poten- tial mood, pluperfect tense, third plural. Observe the formation of the part in question : — 1st Supine. Past Part. Pluperf. Poten. Pass. Auditum auditus auditus essem, vel fuissem Incessitum incessitus incessitus essem, vel fuissem. Inflect the latter according to the model, and the third plural will be incessiti essent, vel fuissent, the part required. By comparing the models of the four conjugations of the active or passive regular verbs, and observing the formation of the several parts, any part required may be found. The following are to be translated into Latin : — 1 I might have been cor demned. 2 Thev would command. 3 Ye might be understood. 4 He might have given. 5 They would be leading. 6 Let them understand. 7 I have been taught. 8 To have been condemned. 9 Let us lead. 10 They would have been given. 11 He might understand. 12 Let us be taught. c i) 34 ON THE VERB. 43: Let us be drawn up. 45 I am leading. 46 To lead (1st supine). 47 To lead (infinitive). 48 Let us be understood. 49 I was given. 50 They would have drawn up, 51 To have been drawn up. 52 Draw ye up. 53 I would have been led. 54 I did give (imperfect). 55 Be ye condemned. 56 To understand (1st supine). 57 I have been teaching. 58 Ye have been taught. 59 To be teaching. 60 Let them be commanded. 61 I had been leading. 62 To be leading (infinitive). 63 To be condemned. 64 Condemn ye. 65 Do ye condemn. 66 Let them draw up. 67 I was drawn up. 68 I would be led. 69 Ye would lead. 70 Ye would be led. 71 To have been leading. 72 Let him understand. 73 I have been provoking. 74 Ye have been given. Key to the foregoing. Note. — The following answers are given, not to obviate the necessity of close and anxious study on the part of the pupil, — ■ nothing can supply the place of such study, — but to assist in some cases, and encourage in all ; the learner having the power to as- certain whether his efforts have been successful. 13 1 was giving. 14 He had been condemned. 15 To be given. 16 Lead ye. 17 I would draw up. 18 Let them be commanded. 19 I would be teaching. 20 To have been drawn up. 21 To have been given. 22 To have condemned. 23 I might teach. 24 They would draw up. 25 Let them provoke. 26 We might command. 27 We might have commanded. 28 Let them be commanded. 29 We understand. 30 They teach. 31 Let them provoke. 32 I have commanded. 33 To be commanded. 34 To have provoked. 35 They would give. 36 I was understood. 37 They were given. 38 He was taught. 39 Let him be leading. 40 They would lead. 41 I had been led. 42 To have been condemned. 43 I am commanded. Answers. 1 Damnatus essem, vel fuis- sem. 2 Juberent. 3 Intelligeremini. 4 Dedisset. 5 Ducerent. 6 Intelhgant, intelligunto. 7 Doctus sum, vel fui. 8 Damnatum e^se, vel fuisse. 9 Ducamus. ON THE VERB. 35 10 Dati essent, vel fuissent. 11 Intelligent. 12 Doceamur. 13 Dabam. 14 Damnatus erat, vel fuerat. 15 Dari. 16 Ducite, ducitote. 17 Haurirem. 18 Jubeantur, jubentor. 19 Docerem. 20 Haustum esse, vel fuisse. 21 Datum esse, vel fuisse. 22 Damnavisse. 23 Docerem. 24 Haurirent. 25 Incessant, incessunto. 26 Juberemus. 27 Jussissemus. 28 See answer 18. 29 Intelligimus. 30 Docent. 31 See 25. 32 Jussi. 33 Juberi. 34 Incessivisse. 35 Darent, 36 Intelligebar. 37 Dabantur. 38 Docebatur. 39 Ducat, ducito. 40 Ducerent. 41 Ductus eram, vel fueram. 42 Damnatum esse, vel fuisse. 43 Jubeor. 44 Hauriamur. 45 Duco. 46 Ductum. 47 Ducere. 48 Intelligamur. 49 Dabar. 50 Hausissent. 51 Haustum esse, vel fuisse. 52 Haurite, hauritote. 53 Ductus essem, vel fuissem. 54 Dabam. 55 Damnamini, damnaminor. 56 Intellectum. 57 Docui. 58 Docti estis, vel fuistis. 59 Docere. 60 Jubeantur, jubentor. 61 Duxeram. 62 Ducere. 63 Damnari. 64 Damnate, damnatote. 65 The same. 66 Hauriant, hauriunto. 67 Hauriebar. 68 Ducerer. 69 Duceretis. 70 Duceremini. 71 Duxisse. 72 Intelligat, intelligito 73 Incessivi. 74 Dati estis, vel fuistis. IRREGULAR VERBS. Irregularities prevail in the conjugation of certain Latin verbs, as in the verbs of other languages. The following is an analysis of the conjugation of the principal irregular verbs of the Latin tongue : — Posse, to be able. Velle, to be willing. Nolle, to be unwilling. Malle, to be more willing. Note. — Malle is compounded of magis, more, and velle, to be willing ; and edere in some parts is conjugated like esse. c 6 Edere, to eat. Ferre, to bear. Fieri, to be made. Ferri, to be carried. 36 ON THI . VERB. INDICATIVE MOOD. 1. Present Tense. SING. PLUR. Possum potes potest possumus potestis possunt Volo vis vult vol um us vultis volunt Nolo nonvis nonvult nolumus nonvultis nolunt Malo mavis mavult malumus mavultis malunt Edo edis, v. es edit,t?. est edimus editis, v. estis edunt Fero fers fert ferimus fertis ferunt Fio fis fit fimus fids fiunt Feror ferris,2?.ferre fertur ferimur ferimini feruntur 2. Imperfect Tense. SING. PLUR. Pot-eram eras erat eramus eratis erant Vole-bam -\ Nole-bam Male-bam Ede-bam > bas bat bamus batis bant Fere-bam Fie-bam Fere-bar baris, v. bare batur bamur bamini bantur 3. Perfect Tense. SING. PLUR. Potu-i -^ Volu-i j Nolu-i n/r 1 • > lstl lt Malu-i [ imus istis erunl , vel ere Ed-i Tul-i J Fact-us 1 sum es est i sumus, estis, sunt, fuerunt, > v. v. v. v. v. v. Lat-us J fui fuisti fuit fuimus, fuistis fuere 4. Pluperfect Tense. SING. PLUR. Potu-eram -^ Volu-eram Nolu-eram Malu-eram >• eras erat eramus eratis erant Ed-eram Tul-eram J Fact-us ~) eram, eras, erat, i eramus, eratis, erant, t •• v. v. v. v. v. Lat-us J fu€ jram - eras -erat fueramus fueratis fuerant ON THE VERB. 5. Future Tense. SING. PLUR Pot-ero eris erit erimus eritis Vol-am ->, Noi-am Mai -am Ed-am > es et emus etis Fer-am Fi-am ■> ■ Fer-ar eris, v. ere etur emur emini 37 erunt ent entur IMPERATIVE MOOD. Possum, volo, and malo have no imperative mood. Present Tense. SING. Noli, nolito. Ede, edito, vel es, esto ; edat, edito, vel esto Fer, ferto ; ferat, ferto Fi, fito ; fiat, fito Fer-re, tor ; feratur, fertor PLUR. nolite, nolitote. edamus ; edite, editote vel este, estote ; ed-ant, -unto feramus ; ferte, fertote ; fer-ant, -unto fiamus ; fite, fitote ; fiant, fiunto feramur; ferimin-i, -or; -antur, -untor POTENTIAL MOOD. 1. Present Tense. SING. Poss-im Vel-im Nol-im Mal-im Ed-am Fer-am Fi-am Fer-ar Poss-em 1 Vell-em Noll-em Mall-em Eder-em vel Ess-em Ferr-em Fier-em Ferr-er as ans, v. are at atur amur 2. Imperfect Tense. SING. > es et ens, v. ere etur PLUR. ltlS atis amini PLUR. mt ant antur emus emur etis ent erami entur 88 ON THE VERB. 3. Perfect Tense. SING. PLUR. Potu-erim ^ Volu-erim Nolu-erim Malu-erim > eris erit erimus eritis erint . Ed-erim Tul-erim - 17 fsim, tact-usl 1 V ' sis, v. sit, v. i simus, v. sitis, v. sint, v. Lat-us L fue-rim vis rit fuerimus fueritis fuerint 4. Pluperfect Tense. SING. PLUR. Potu-issem ~\ Volu-issem Nolu-issem Malu-issem » isses isset issernus issetis issent Ed-issem Tul-issem ■) •c, f essem, Fact-us 1 ' 1 V -' esses, v. esset, v. i essemus, v. essetis, v. essent, v. Lat-us (_ fu-issem isses isset fuissemus fuissetis fuissent 5 . Future Tense. SING. PLUR. Potu-ero -^ Volu-ero Nolu-ero Malu-ero ' eris erit erimus eritis erint Ed-ero Tul-ero J Fact-usf ero > 1 V ' eris, v. erit, v. erimus, v. eritis, v. erunt, v. Lat-us Lfue-ro ris rit fuerimus fueritis fuerint INFINITIVE MOOD. Present, and Imperfect Tense. posse velle edere, vel esse ferre nolle fieri rr alle ferri Perfect and Pluperfect Tense, potuisse edisse voluisse tulisse nolnisse factum esse, vel fuisse maluisse latum esse, vel fuisse ON THE VERB. 39 Future Tense, esururn esse factum iri laturum esse latum iri Possum, volo, nolo, malo, have no future tense of the infinitive mood. Ire, to go, is irregular in some of its parts ; in others it is formed regularly. The radical parts of this verb are — present indicative, eo ; perfect indicative, ivi ; supine, itum. Of this verb, those parts which are formed from the perfect indicative and first supine are regular. The irregular formations are as follow : — INDICATIVE MOOD. SING. PLUR. Present, eo is it imus itis eunt Imperf. ibam ibas ibat ibamus ibatis ibant Future, ibo ibis ibit ibimus ibitis ibunt IMPERATIVE MOOD. i, ito eat, ito | eamus POTENTIAL MOOD. ite, itote eant, eunto Present. earn eas eat eamus eatis eant Imperf. irem ires iret iremus iretis irent GERUNDS. eund i eunc Lo eundum participle, iens (gen. euntis). Note. — The compounds of eo are similarly conjugated ; also queo, to be able, and nequeo, to be unable, except that the two latter have no imperative mood and no gerunds. DEFECTIVE VERBS. Verbs are called defective, that have only some particular tenses and persons : as, Aio, / say. indicative mood. Present, aio ais ait Imperf. aiebam aiebas aiebat Perfect. aisti aiunt aiebamus aiebatis aiebant ■ aistis imperative mood. ai I 40 ON THE VERB. POTENTIAL MOOD. SING. Present. aias aiat PLUR. aiamus — — — aiant participle, aiens. Ausim, / dare. INDICATIVE OR POTENTIAL MOOD. Present, ausim ausis ausit | ausint Ave, hail. IMPERATIVE MOOD. ave, aveto | avete, avetote INFINITIVE MOOD. avere. Salve ! God save you ! INDICATIVE MOOD. Future. salvebis [ — IMPERATIVE MOOD. salve, salveto | salvete, salvetote INFINITIVE MOOD. salvere. Cedo, give me. IMPERATIVE MOOD. cedo — — — I — - — cedite Faxo, or faxim (for faciam), / will, or may do it. INDICATIVE OR POTENTIAL MOOD. Future, (faxo, vel future, (faxo, vel) c ■ c . „ \c ■ > taxis taxit Pres. (faxim J faximus faxitis faxint Quaeso, I fray. INDICATIVE MOOD. Present, quaeso quaesis qua^sit | qsesumus INFINITIVE MOOD. quaesere. participle, quaesens. THE ADVERB. 41 Inquio, or inquam, / say. INDICATIVE MOOD. inquio, vel inquam SING. Present. \ inquis Imperfect. Perfect. inquisti Future. inquies inquit inquiebat inquimus mque mquiet IMPERATIVE MOOD. inquiat, inquito | participle, inquiens. Memini, / remember. IMPERATIVE MOOD. memento Ccepi, / begin. INDICATIVE MOOD. Perfect, ccepi ccepisti Odi, / hate. Perfect, odi odisti Memini, remember. INDICATIVE odit I MOOD. PLUR. inquiunt inquiebant mementote oderunt This verb has the tenses only that are formed from the perfect tense of the indicative mood : as from it are formed memin-eram, -erim, -issem, -ero, -isse. In like manner ccepi and odi also form these tenses. THE ADVERB. The adverb modifies the force of the word with which it is connected in Latin, as in English : as, magnopere cupio discere, I am very anxious to learn ; wherein magnopere modifies the signification of the word cupio. Note. — Some adverbs in Latin admit of comparison : thus, bene, well ; comparative, melius, better ; optime, best. The comparative of the, adverb, in such cases, is the comparative neuter of the adjective agreeing with a noun understood, which is governed by some preposition also understood. 42 THE PREPOSITION, CONJUNCTION, AND INTERJECTION. THE PREPOSITION. The preposition connects words : as, exivit ex urbe, he de- parted from the city ; wherein ex is the preposition, and connects Me, the subject of exivit, or exivit itself, with urbe. Prepositions require after them a noun, or its representative, the pronoun. Such noun or pronoun, except the preposition be in com- position, that is, form a part of another word, will always be in either the accusative or ablative case. Some prepositions govern the accusative, and others the abla- tive case, and some govern both cases ; but a preposition governing different cases varies its signification according to the case it governs. The following are the principal prepositions which govern the ablative case : — A, ab, abs, absque, coram, clam, cum, de, e, ex, prae, pro, sine, tenus. The following are the principal prepositions which govern the accusative : — Ad, adversus, adversum, ante, apud, circa, circum, circiter, cis, citra, contra, erga, extra, infra, inter, intra, juxta, penes, per, pone, post, prseter, prope, propter, secundum, supra, trans, ultra, usque, versus. In, sub, subter, and super are the principal prepositions which, varying their significations, govern the accusative and ablative. THE CONJUNCTION. The conjunction is a particle which unites words or clauses together ; when clauses, the preceding one is modified by the latter in some particular of time, place, manner, &c. &c. : as, eram miser, cum amarem, I was wretched when I loved ; where- in the cum connects the latter with the former clause, the state expressed therein being asserted only of the time in which the act took place expressed in the latter clause. THE INTERJECTION. Any word or particle which is used to express a sudden feel- ing of passion or emotion is called by the name interjection : thus, ah ! oh ! In the Latin, as in the English language, nouns, adjectives, and verbs are frequently used inter) ectionally : as, nefas I mise- rabile ! &c. &c. DEFINITIONS AND EXPLANATIONS, &C. 43 Definitions and Explanations of Terms used in the following Treatise. 1. Translation is the rendering of the words of one language into words in another, so as thereby to express the same idea. 2. The construction of a language (generally) is the putting together (literally piling or building up) its words agreeably to the observed usage thereof. The construction of a particular word is the formula it requires to be used in connexion with it : as, dare librum magistro, to give a book to the master ; from which it appears that the verb dare is constructed with an ac- cusative of the thing given, and a dative of the person or thing which receives it. 3. A transitive verb (transeo, to pass over) is a verb that expresses an act which passes on to or affects an object : thus, condere lunam, to hide the moon ; wherein lunam is the object or the thing affected by the act of hiding. The ear always detects the transitive verb, which leaves a vacuum after it, the sense not being concluded until such vacuum is filled up. 4. The subject of a sentence is the word which is the subject of conversation, that is, the word of which the verb makes the affirmation. This subject is in the nominative case : thus the subject of a verb and its nominative case are identical. 5. The agent is the word which expresses the performer of an act. In an active verb the subject or nominative case and the agent are identical: thus, "I sleep;" where / is the subject or nominative of the verb sleep, and also the agent or performer of the act of sleeping. In the passive verb, on the contrary, the agent and subject are not identical : as, " The house is burned by fire ;" where house is the subject, and fire the agent. 6. The complement of a word (compleo, to fill up) is the word or formula of words connected with or appended to it for the purpose of explanation : thus, " The Queen of England, Eng- land's Queen.;'' wherein of England in the former, and England' s in the latter expression, is the complement of Queen. 7. A deponent verb (deponere, to lay down) is a verb which, though passive in inflexion, lays down, that is, gives up, the passive signification, and is active in sense. 8. A simple sentence has in it but one subject and one verb. Attention is directed in this definition to the force of and, be- cause a sentence having one subject and two verbs, or two sub- jects and one verb, is not simple, being resolvable into as many simple sentences as there are either subjects or verbs. 44 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. A complex sentence is one which may be resolved into two or more simple sentences. 9. A word is said to be syncopated when a letter or syllable is elided from the middle thereof. The mark ( A ) is generally set over the part where the want exists : as, quierant, for quieve- rant. 10. The context of a word or passage is the sentence or sentences which stand connected with it. The context is fre- quently the best commentary as to the meaning of a doubtful word or passage. 11. The influence which one word exercises over another is properly called government, inasmuch as the governed word assumes a definite form, in obedience, as it were, to the word by which such influence is exerted : thus, in the expression Britannice Regina, the former word explaining the latter is said to be governed by it in the genitive case, according to the prin- ciple laid down in Rule 5. 12. Words are said to be disjunctively connected when they are united in the same link by a copula, which shows that the thing asserted is said of one to the exclusion of the other ; and copulatively connected when the assertion is made equally of all. 13. The antecedent is the word for which the relative stands, and is sometimes called the correlative. 14. A periphrasis is a form of expression whereby an idea is represented by many words which could be expressed directly by few : thus, " From the rising to the setting of the sun," i. e. from east to west. 15. Attraction is a species of construction which exhibits itself in various forms, the principal of which is that wherein the rela- tive is put in (attracted to) the case of the antecedent, irrespec- tively of the position of the relative in its own clause. 16. Hendiadis is a figure of speech whereby what is really but one is represented as two things : thus, gemmis auroque, with gems and gold, i. e. with golden gems. 17. Synecdoche is a figure of speech whereby a part is put for the whole. LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. Rules. 1. The verb agrees with its subject in number and person. 2. The adjective agrees with the noun which it qualifies in gender, number, and case. LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 45 3. Transitive verbs govern an accusative case. 4. Some prepositions require the noun after them to be in the accusative, and some in the ablative case. 5. One noun governs another which explains or modifies it in the genitive case. 6. The word which expresses the instrument with which, the cause for which, or the manner in which an act is performed, is put in the ablative case. Note. — The first rule means that the subject and the verb must be in the same number and person ; the second that the adjective and the noun must be in the same gender, number, and case ; and the third rule states a general principle to which there are many exceptions, which will be considered hereafter. The number of the rule will be appended in the following sentences to the word to which, as illustrating it, attention is directed. Sentences, 1. Scipio l fudit 5 Annibalis 3 copias. 2. 5 Lethi vis * rapuit, l rapietque 3 gentes. 3. 2 Cita mors ! venit, aut victoria 2 lseta. 4. Orpheus 6 carmine 3 sylvas et 3 saxa ! duxit. 5. 6 Concordia 2 parvse res ' crescunt, 6 discordia 2 maximae 1 dilabuntur. 6. 6 Dente 2 tenaci anchora * fundabat 3 naves. 7. Neptunus 6 ventis 1 implevit 3 vela 2 secundis. 8. Extemplo 5 Libyse 2 magnas 1 it fama per 4 urbes. 9. Homines 2 proniores 1 sunt ad 4 voluptatem, quam ad 4 vir- tutem. 10. 2 Pallida mors 2 aequo 1 pulsat 6 pede 5 pauperum 3 tabernas, 6 regumque 3 turres. 11. Nox 1 erat, et 2 placidum 1 carpebant 2 fessa 3 soporem cor- pora per 4 terras, silveeque et 2 saava 1 quierant aequora. 12. Navita de 4 ventis, de 4 tauris 2 narrat arator. 13. 1 Cantabit 2 vacuus coram 4 latrone viator. 14. 2 Tres Eurus ab 4 alto in 4 brevia et 4 syrtes l urget. INSTRUCTIONS. Sentences. 1. The first thing to be done in translating a sentence is to look out for all the words thereof in the index or dictionary. 46 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION, The parts of speech to which each belongs, and the case, number, &c. &c. of a noun or pronoun, with the conjugation, number, person, mood, and tense of the verb, can be thus acquired. This done, the subject of the sentence and the verb are next to be found out, and then the other words must follow in translation as the construction or sense, or both together, will dictate. In the case of the present sentence, there are three nouns, one only of which, Scipio, is in the nominative case. This, therefore, may at once be concluded to be the subject of the only verb in the sentence, fudit, which will be found from its inflexion to be in the indicative mood, perfect tense, third person singular. The translation in English of these two words is, therefore, " Scipio has routed (or routed)." This is evidently a transitive verb, as indicated by the ear, because a man cannot rout without routing something. The next thing is to find out that something. The only noun in the sentence which can express the something routed is copias, because it is the only one in the accusative case, and by Rule 3 transitive verbs govern the accusative. The sen- tence thus far is in English, " Scipio routed (the) forces ;" and the remaining word, Annibalis, being in the genitive case, belongs to copias in construction, and so in translation, by Rule 5 ; and the whole sentence, therefore, when rendered into English, is, " Scipio routed the forces of Annibal." In addition to this, the particulars of the declension of each word inflected are to be ascertained ; and as far as the sentence in question is concerned, all is known concerning it which can be exacted from the learner. 2. The subject, according to the principles enunciated under Sentence 1, is vis. The complement of vis is lethi, because lethi can be joined as the genitive complement to no other noun in the sentence so as to make sense. The verb is rapuit, which is connected with rapiet by the conjunction que. The object of these transitive verbs evidently is gentes, and the sentence translated is, " The force of death has carried off, and will carry off nations." 3. Herein are merely involved, in addition to the preceding principles, the concord or agreement between the noun and the adjective, which is laid down in Rule 2. Mors is the noun, citus the adjective. On looking to the index, citus is perceived to be an adjective of three terminations, like bonus. Mors is the no- minative case, singular number, feminine gender ; and citus declined will be found in these three parts to be cita : hence cita, not any other part of the adjective, is properly used to qualify mors. The same principle regulates Iceta, which qualifies victoria, which latter is the subject of the verb venit as well as LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 47 mors. The sentence translated therefore is, " Quick death comes, or joyful victory." Note.— An adjective in Latin, as in English, sometimes quali- fies a noun in the place of the adverb of that adjective qualifying the verb: thus the above sentence is equivalent to "Death comes quickly." 4. Orpheus is evidently the subject (Rule 1), because the verb is singular ; and though saxa may be elsewhere the nomina- tive, yet, because it is plural, it cannot be the nominative to duxit in the singular. Sylvas and saxa are in the same yoke or link, as connected by the copulative que; and carmine, as the ablative, expresses the instrument (Rule 6). Thus the sentence translated will be, " Orpheus led (after him) the woods and rocks by his verse," i. e. by the power of his song. 5. In the first clause there is a subject, which cannot be Con- cordia, the verb being plural, and concordia singular (Rule 1) : hence it must be res. This is qualified hy par vce, and concordia, in the ablative, expresses the instrument, as does discordia in the next clause, of which res understood is the subject, qualified by maximce (see Comparison of Irregular Adjectives). Dilabuntur is a deponent verb, and to be translated as if it were active. The sentence, therefore, stands thus when translated : " Small things increase by concord, the greatest dwindle away by discord." 6. The instructions already given are quite sufficient to enable the learner to translate this sentence : " The anchor moored the ships with its fast-holding fluke." Note. — Tenax means tenacious, i. e. fast-holding, and dens, which literally means a tooth, i. e. any thing which bites or holds in its gripe, is translated fluke, the name of that part of the anchor which catches the bottom and holds fast. Care must be taken to render one language by such words in another as will most neatly and correctly express the sense. 7. The subject is at once seen to be Neptunus. The verb im- plevit is transitive in signification, and must govern vela, not ventis, as the object ; the latter is the instrument, and is qualified by secundis. The sentence, therefore, translated means, " Nep- tune filled the sails with favourable blasts." Note. — The adjective, in Latin, does not immediately precede or succeed the qualified word, as it does in the English lan- guage. 8. Fama, tried by the preceding principles, is the only sub- ject ; it, the verb. Extemplo, an adverb, qualifies this verb. Per, a preposition, cannot govern Libyce in the genitive (Rule 4); therefore it must govern urbes, which is qualified by magnas, and which has Libyce as its genitive complement (Rule 5). This 48 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. sentence, therefore, is thus translated: " A report goes (is spread) immediately through the great cities of Africa." 9. Proniores, from the positive promts, declined like bonus, is the comparative degree (see Comparison of Adjectives), and quali- fies homines. This sentence, rendered into English, is, " Men are more prone to pleasure than (they are) to virtue." 10. Mors is evidently the subject, and pallida can agree with no other word in the sentence. Pulsat is a transitive verb, and has for its object (see Definition 3) tabernas and turres, connected by que, the genitive complement of tabernas being paupervm, and of turres, regum. The translation is, " Pale death knocks at the huts of the poor and the towers of kings with an equal (impar- tial) foot." Pede expresses the manner or instrument (Rule 6). 11. This is a complex sentence, and has in it three simple ones. Nox erat, night was, i. e. it was night ; et connecting this with the succeeding sentence, the verb of which is plural, and the only subject in which is corpora, qualified by fessa. The verb is transitive, and requires an object, which is found in soporem, qualified by placidum. The next sentence has two subjects, silvce and cequora, the latter qualified by sceva ; and the verb quierant is syncopated for quieverant. The English is, " It was night, and wearied bodies were enjoying peaceful sleep through- out the earth (or world), and the woods and boisterous seas had become quiet (had been hushed in silence)." 12. Nothing is required to be said here but that the verb narrat is understood in the first clause to the subject navita, and that the preposition de signifies of, in the sense of concerning or about. 13. Nothing is required to be said as to the construction of this sentence, the meaning of which is, that a traveller having nothing to lose is not afraid to attract the attention of robbers. 14. The subject of urget evidently is Eurus ; and the line itself shows, apart from its context, that tres (three) must have some noun, as naves (ships), agreeing with it understood. In in this sentence signifies into, and governs the accusative, which is brevia and syrtes, connected by et. The English is, " The east wind drives three (ships) into shoals and quicksands." Questions on the Analysis of the foregoing Sentences. 1. What tense and mood is fudit? What number, and why? What conjugation, and how known ? Give its radical parts. Why is copias in the accusative, and Annibalis in the genitive ? 2. Decline vis. What is its complement ? What is the object of rapuit, and what of rapiet ? LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 49 3. Show that citce mors would violate some grammatical principle. 4. Why is carmine in the ablative ? Decline it. 5. Show that parvce and maximce are not the genitives singular. Give the radical parts of crescunt, its mood and tense. What kind of verb is dilabuntur ? Explain this name as applied to a verb. 6. Decline tenax. 7. What case is ventis, and why ? What conjugation is im- plevit ? Give its principal parts. 8. What word is Libyce the complement of? Compare magnas. 9. Compare proniores. What does it qualify ? 10. Show that pallida does not qualify pede. What is pau- perum governed by 1 Reyum ? Why is pede in the ablative ? 11. Would placidam be good Latin? What is the subject of carpebant ? Decline it. Give the principal parts of carpebant. Decline cequora. 13. Why is latrone in the ablative case? What are the prin- cipal parts of cantabit ? 14. Decline brevia. What does tres agree with ? What does in signify here? What nouns are governed by in? What case is alto ? Decline it. Give the principal parts of uryet. What conjugation is it? How known ? What does el connect? Observations on the foreyoiny Rules. Rule 1. 1. Plurality of idea in the subject constitutes the necessity of the plural construction of the verb. The subject is plural when it consists of one or more plural nouns, or two or more singular nouns copulatively connected; it is also plural when it consists of a noun in the singular conveying plurality of idea, (generally called a noun of multitude,) or of a single noun associated with a formula of words, of some of which, though not in the nominative case, the verb affirms. 2. -The infinitive mood, or part, or the whole of a sentence, supplies the place of a nominative. 3. Two singular nouns disjunctively connected have a verb singular. When two nouns, one singular, the other plural, are disjunctively connected, it is manifest that, though the verb affirms of both, it can agree in number only with one ; this one is usually that next to the verb. It may also be the other without any violation of philosophical grammar. 4. When two or more nominatives of different persons are copulatively connected, the verb in the plural will agree in person 50 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. with the first rather than the second, and with the second rather than with the third. Rule 2. 5. If there be several nouns of different genders qualified by one adjective, it cannot agree in gender with them all. It is made in such case to agree with the masculine rather than the feminine, and with the feminine rather than the neuter. Rule 3. 6. To this the construction of many verbs exhibits an excep- tion : misereor and miseresco govern the genitive, potior and utor govern the genitive or ablative. Verbs expressing profit or hurt to any one (except Icedo, juvo, adjuvo, offendo, and delecto), verbs of commanding and obeying, or resistance, verbs of trusting, those which express threats and anger, and many verbs compounded with ad, con, sub, ante, post, ob, in, inter, prce, super, satis, bene, and male, govern the dative case. Rule 4. 7. The preposition tenus, if the noun after it be plural, is usually followed by a genitive case. Rule 5. 8. The genitive complement must express something different from that which governs it. 9. This genitive is frequently changed into the dative. 10. Nouns which are names for the same thing are put in the same case : this is usually called apposition by grammarians. 11. Should the latter of two nouns (one being the complement of the other) have an adjective of praise or dispraise, or, in fact, any qualification joined with it, such noun is more usually ex- pressed in the ablative than the genitive. 12. Opus and usus, when they signify need, are followed by the ablative. Note. — In the following sentences the foregoing observations will be illustrated, and the figure over each word will refer to the number of the observation thereby illustrated. 1. Eo modo inter se duo imperatores, summi 10 viri, *certa- bant. 2. Vestibulum ante ipsum, primisque in faucibus Orci, Luctus et ultrices J posuere cubilia curse ; Pallentesque habitant morbi, tristisque senectus, Et metus, et malesuada fames, et turpis egestas, Terribiles visu 10 formae, letumque, laborque. LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 51 3. Plotius, et Varius, Virgiliusque * occurrunt. 4. Verum ubi, pro labore, desidia, pro continentia et aequitate, lubido atque superbia ! invasere, fortuna simul cum moribus immutatur. 5. Pars ingentem formidine turpi 1 scandunt rursus equum, et nota x conduntur in alvo. 6. Pars calidos latices et ahena undantia flammis * expediunt. 7. At Lentulus cum ceteris * constituerant uti Lucius Bestia, 10 tribunus plebis, quereretur de actionibus Ciceronis, bellique gravissimi invidiam optimo consuli imponeret. 8. Ipse dux cum aliquot principibus ! capiuntur. 9. Bocchus cum peditibus postremam Romanam aciem * in- vadunt. 10. Dulce et decorum est 2 pro patria mori. 11. 2 Prodere patriam est peccatum. 12. Suave est 2 ex magno tollere acervo. 13. 2 Dicere de se ipso est senile. 14. Hone momento cita mors 3 venit, aut victoria laeta. 15. Aut Brutus, aut Triumviri victores 3 erunt. 16. Aut Triumviri, aut Brutus victor 3 erit. 17. Et ego et amicus 4 eramus consules. 18. Tu et Valerius 4 eritis consules. 19. Multi filii et filiae 5 impositi sunt in rogum. 20. Arcadii, quasso, miserescite 6 regis, et patrias audite preces. 21. Si bene quid de te merui, miserere 6 domus labentis, et istam, oro, exue mentem. 22. Si vero 2 cap ere Italiam, 6 sceptrisque 2 potiri contigerit victori, et 2 prcedce ducere sortem. 23. Utere domo 6 mea pro tua. 24. Parvula formica, simul inversum contristat Aquarius | annum, non usquam prorepit, et 6 illis utitur ante 6 quaesitis sapiens. 25. Quam metui, ne Libyae 6 tibi regna nocerent ! 26. Quid tantum 6 te insano juvat indulgere °dolori, on dulcis XMTJUX ! 27. Cave, 6 te ne frigora laedant. d 2 52 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 28. Juvat 6 nos 2 ire, 2 et Dorica castra, desertosque videre locos, littusque relictum. 29. Quid juvat immensum 6 te 8 argenti pondus et 8 auri furtim defossa timidum deponere terra ? 30. Imperat aut servit collecta pecunia 6 cuique. 81. Ecce autem saeva 8 Jovis conjux sese referebat ab Argis, et laetum iEneam classemque ex asthere longe Dardaniam Siculo prospexit ab usque Pachyno. Moliri jam tecta videt, jam fidere 6 tense. 32. Me ne salis placidi vultum fluctusque quietos Ignorare jubes ? Me ne huic confidere 6 monstro ? 33. Octavius non solebat temere irasci 6 amicis. 34. Nunquamne levari obsidione sines ? 6 muris iterum im- minet hostis nascentis Trojse ? 35. Non ego nunc dulci amplexu divellerer usquam, nate, tuo ; neque finitimus Mezentius unquam, huic 6 capiti insultans, tot ferro saava dedisset funera. 36. Hie perpetuis solid patres considere 6 mensis. 37. Jamque ascendebant collem 6 urbi imminentem. 38. Rex, 10 genus egregium Fauni, nee fluctibus actos atra subegit hyems vestris succedere 6 terris, nee sidus regione viae, littusve fefellit. 39. Priusquam dimicarent, fcedus ictum inter Romanes et Albanos est his legibus, ut, cujusque populi cives eo certamine vicissent, is alteri 6 populo cum bona pace imperitaret. 40. Male 9 sustinenti arma gladium superne jugulo defigit, jacentemque spoliat. 41. Movet feroci 9 juveni animum comploratio sororis, in victoria sua tantoque gaudio publico. 42. Atrox visum id facinus Patribus plebique : sed recens meritum (i facto obstabat. 43. Sunt mihi bis septem praestanti " corpore nymphaa. 44. Deiopeiam connubio jungam stabili, propriamque dicabo, omnes ut te cum mentis pro talibus annos exigat et pulchra facial te ll prole parentem. 45. Homines infima " fortuna historia delectantur. 46. Fronte sub adversa u scopulis pendentibus antrum. Intus aquas dulces, vivoque sedilia ll saxo, Nympharum 10 domus. LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 53 47. 12 Auctoritate tua nobis opus est. 48. Ubi testimonia rerum adsunt, quid opus est 1? verbis ? 49. Tantummodo 12 incepto opus est ; cetera res expediet. 50. Curius, ubi intellexit quantum periculum 6 consuli impen- deat, propere per Fulviam dolum paratum enunciat. Notes on the foregoing Sentences. 1. Eo modo — in this manner. Nouns are frequently governed by prepositions understood ; modo is governed by in, or it may be regarded as the ablative expressing the manner. See Rule 6. Duo—summi. For the declension of duo, see the Declension of Adjectives ; and for the comparison of summi, the Com- parison of Irregular Adjectives. 2. Luctus, curce. The combined subject of posuere. Cubilia. The object of this verb : nominative singular, neuter, cubile, genitive cubilis. See Note under Third Declension. 4. Desidia. This is the subject of invasit, understood out of invasere, the subject expressed of which are lubido and superbia. The English translation is, " But when instead of labour, idleness (entered), instead of temperance and a sense of justice, passion and tyrannical insolence entered, their (the Romans') good for- tune together with their morals became changed." Immutatur, literally, is changed. This verb is in the present tense, which is very frequently used by historical writers for the past or im- perfect. 5. Formidine turpi. This is the cause (Rule 6), and governed by scandunt ; in English, " A part scale the horse through (by reason of) base fear." 6. Flammis. The ablative of the means or instrument (Rule 6). It is governed by undantia, which agrees with ahena ; in English, " The caldrons boiling over by the flames." It should be mentioned that participles govern the same cases as the verbs of which they are parts ; and that adjectives generally in Latin, as in English, are to be taken separately as it were from their nouns, when the adjective has connected with it an expression of limitation : thus we say, " The heated earth ;" but " The earth heated by the rays of the sun;" where "The rays of the sun" express a limitation of heated ; and show the means by which, to the exclusion of all others, the heating took place. 7. At Lentulus — but Lentulus with (and) others had deter- mined that Lucius Bestia, a tribune of the people, should prefer a charge concerning the acts of Cicero, and lay the odium of this most troublesome outbreak on the best consul (the best of con- suls). The pluperfect expresses an act prior to some other act d 3 54 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. expressed or implied. This other act cannot be gathered here, as the context is wanted. 9. Posiremam — the rear rank of the Romans, the Roman last line of men. Acies — a body of men in battle array. Agmen — a body in line of march ; and exercitus — a body in a state of training or military exercise. 10. Dulce et decorum. The subject of this sentence is pro patri mori, which serves as a noun qualified by these adjectives. The adjective so placed is always in the neuter gender. 13. " To speak of one's self is senile," i. e. the property of old age. 14. Momento, see Note 1. Victoria is the subject of venit. 21. " If I have deserved well from you (at your hands) pity your falling house, and, I beseech you, give up this intention." The object of a verb is frequently understood : thus oro re- quires te. 22. Et prcedce ducere sortem — and to cast lots for the plunder. 23. " Use my house for (as) your own (house)." 24. " The little ant, as soon as Aquarius saddens the inverted year, never creeps abroad any where ; but wise (the ant wisely) uses those things before acquired." " As soon as Aquarius makes sad," i. e. as soon as winter arrives. Sapiens. In Latin, as in English, an adjective agreeing with the noun is sometimes equivalent to an adverb qualifying the verb: thus in the text, "A wise ant uses," = "An ant wisely uses." Qucesitis. Agreeing as a participial adjective with rebus un- derstood. The participle or adjective is frequently placed alone, the noun being expressed or implied in the context. 29. " Why does it delight you timid (filled with anxiety) to deposit in the ground, secretly excavated, an immense weight of silver and gold ?" 81. Referebat sese — was bringing herself back, i. e. was re- turning. Et icetum — and beheld, far off from the sky, joyful iEneas and the Trojan fleet even as far as from the Sicilian Pachy- nus, she sees them now to build (building) houses, now to trust (put confidence in) the land. 32. Me ne. Ne — whether, an interrogative particle ; this par- ticle need not be translated. "Whether do you order me?" i. e. Do you order me ? " Do you bid me be unacquainted with ?" i. e. Do you think I am unacquainted with ? Confidere monstro — do you bid me put confidence in this monster ? i. e. the sea ; the meaning is, " I will not put con- fidence in it." LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 55 34. Nunquam — will you never permit us to be relieved from this blockade ? Will an enemy once again hang over the walls of rising Troy? i. e. Troy once again being built. 35. " I would not now be ever separated from your sweet embrace, my son. Nor would the neighbouring Mezentius, in- sulting this person of mine, have ever exhibited so many cruel deeds of slaughter with the sword." 36. Soliti. It will have been observed that certain portions of the passive verb are made up of the past participle of the verb itself, and some portion of the verb esse. This portion of esse is determined by the part of the verb required ; the par- ticiple in such case is declined like an adjective of three termina- tions and agrees with the subject, like an adjective, in gender, number, and case. It is to be remarked, moreover, that the portion of esse required is frequently understood : thus, in the present instance, sunt is understood, to agree with patres in number and person. 38. " O king, illustrious descendant of Faunus, neither has the dark storm forced us, driven by the waves, to enter your territories, nor has a star or shore deceived us in (drawn us out of) the track of our way." 39. " Before they engaged, a league was struck up between the Romans and Albans on the following conditions — that of whatever state the subjects should conquer in that conflict, that should rule over the other state in good (firm or honourable) peace." This is the literal translation ; the Latin text is according to a form of expression which cannot be explained at this stage. 40. " He buries from above (by striking down) his sword in the throat of him (ei) badly (scarcely) supporting (able to support) his arms." In Latin every word is not expressed, as it is in English ; pronouns are frequently understood, as here ; so are the Latin equivalents for man and thing, of which more will be said hereafter. 42. Visum. Est is understood. See latter part of Note 36. 43. " Seven nymphs are to me," i. e. 1 have seven nymphs. The verb esse is frequently used for habere, the construction, of which more hereafter, being different. 44. Propriamque dicabo — and will assign (her to you as) your own. 46. Antrum — there is a cave. The subject of est understood. Aquce, subject of sunt; as also sedilia. Vivo saxo— seats of living (natural) stone. 47. " There is need to us," &c. &c, i. e. we have need. See Note 43. d 4 56 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 49. " There is need only of a beginning, every thing else will expedite itself," i. e. push itself on after once set going. 50. Per Fulviam — through the agency of Fulvia. Per with an accusative after it denotes agency in such accusative, and is thus equivalent to the ablative of the instrument. Questions on the foregoing Sentences. 1. Decline duo and se. Account for the case of modo. 2. What is the subject of this sentence ? Decline cubilia. Morbi is the subject of habitant; express the verbs with each of the remaining subjects. Decline metus and senectus. 4. Decline cequitate. Why is invasere plural ? What part of the verb is it? Give its principal parts. Decline moribus. 5. What case is formidine in, and why? What part of the verb is conduntur ? 6. What word in this line shows the gender of latices ? Why ? 7. What may be regarded as the subject of constituerant ? When is the pluperfect used ? What part of the adjective is gravissimi ? How found ? 9. Decline peditibus. The radical parts of invadunt ? 10. Why are dulce and decorum neuter ? 14. What case is momento in, and by what governed ? 17- Why is eramus plural ? Why in the first person ? 18. Account in the same way for the number and person of eritis. 19. The subject of impositi sunt? What part of the verb? Why is impositi in the masculine gender ? State generally the principle involved here. 21. What case is domus in ? Why? What rule is this an ex- ception to ? 22. The subject of contigerit ? What part of the verb is it ? 28. What is the subject ofjuvat? Decline locos. 29. According to the translation what does furtim qualify ? Timidum ? What does defossa agree with ? 32. What is the exact use of ne ? Decline fluctus and monstro, and account for the case of both. 33. Whether does temere qualify solebat or irasci ? 35. Decline funera. What part of the verb is divellerer ? 36. What part of the verb is soliti ? What part of the verb is omitted? What case is mensis ? Why ? 38. Decline genus. What case is it in? Why? What is fluctibus governed by ? What case is terris in ? Why ? Decline sidus, and give the radical parts offefellit. 39. What part of the verb is vicissent? Give its radical parts. What case is populo in ? Why ? LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. £? 40. What does sustinenti agree with ? What principle is in- volved here? What does jacentem agree with ? 42. What is understood with visum? What case is facto in, and why ? 43. Why is corpore in the ablative ? Also prole ? 46. What is aquce the subject of? Decline sedilia. Rules. 7. The infinitive mood takes before it an accusative instead of a nominative as a subject. This accusative is translated into English with the word that prefixed. 8. Any transitive may be changed into a passive verb. The following changes taking place necessarily in the construction of the sentence : — 1. The object of the transitive verb becomes the subject of the passive verb. 2. The' subject of the transitive verb becomes the ablative of the agent. This ablative is introduced with or without a or ab, and is sometimes expressed in the dative. 3. The number and person of the passive verb are determined by those of its own subject. 9. Esse for habere requires a dative case. The following changes necessarily take place in the construction of the sentence : — 1. The object of habere becomes the subject of esse. 2. The subject of habere becomes the dative, the number remaining the same. 3. The number and person of esse are determined by those of its subject. Note. — The mood and tense of the two verbs are always the same. 10. The comparative degree is followed by an ablative case, which is translated into English by the prefix than. Note. — This ablative is equivalent to quam, than, and such case of the noun or pronoun following as the construction of the sentence would naturally require. 11. The relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender, number, and person. Note. — Sometimes they agree in case, but this is not essential, and depends altogether on the construction of the sentence ; that is, on the position which they both occupy therein. 12. The relative is the nominative to the verb when no nomi- native comes between them. Note. — The case of the relative is in all instances the case D 5 58 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. which the noun would be in for which the relative is a substitute. Also, when the relative is connected objectively with the verb, it precedes the verb in Latin, as in English. 13. The verbs sum, fio, existo, verbs passive of naming, and most passive and intransitive verbs, are followed by that case of the noun or pronoun which precedes it. 14. The ablative case is frequently used absolutely, that is, free from the government of any other word : in this case it frequently agrees with the past participle, the word being being understood between them. It most frequently expresses a state of being, and the cause of an expressed act. 15. The feminine noun res, a thing, is frequently omitted, and, in such case, the adjective is made neuter ; also homo, a man, is omitted, and the adjective made masculine. In the following sentences the whole of the foregoing rules and observations will be illustrated. 1. Fcedere icto trigemini, arma capiunt. 2. Priusquam inde digrederentur, roganti Metto ex fcedere icto quid imperaret, imperat Tullus, uti juventutem in armis habeat ; usurum se eorum opera, si bellum cum Vejentibus foret. 3. Ita exercitus inde domos abducti. Princeps Horatius ibat, trigemina spolia prae se gerens. Cui soror virgo, quae desponsa uni ex Curiatiis fuerat, obvia ante portam Capenam fuit ; cogni- toque super humeros fratris paludamento sponsi, quod ipsa con- fecerat, solvit crines, et flebiliter nomine sponsum mortuum ap- pellat. 4. Corripuere viam interea, qua semita monstrat. Jamque ascendebant collem, qui plurimus urbi Imminet, adversasque aspectat desuper arces. Miratur molem iEneas, magalia quondam : Miratur portas, strepitumque, et strata viarum. Instant ardentes Tyrii : pars ducere muros, Molirique arcem, et manibus subvolvere saxa : Pars aptare locum tecto et concludere sulco. 5. Improbus est, qui scit beneficium accipere, nescit reddere. 6. Caesar benefices ac munificentia magnus habebatur, inte- gritate vitae Cato. 7. In mundo Deus est, qui regit, qui gubernat, qui cursum astrorum, qui mutationes temporum, rerum vicissitudines, ordines- que conservat. LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 59 8. Regius, accitu cari genitoris, ad urbem Sidoniam puer ire parat, mea maxima cura, Dona ferens pelago, et flammis restantia Trojse. 9. Forte in duobus turn exercitibus erant trigemini fratres, nee retate, nee viribus dispares, Horatios Curiatiosque fuisse satis constat. 10. Quibus rebus confectis, omnia propere per nuncios consuli declarantur. In the following sentences the contrast will be exhibited be- tween the different constructions refered to in Rules 8, 9, 10. Rule 8. TRANSITIVE. 11. Oves lanam praebent. 12. Scipio vicit Annibalem. 13. Ego cepi lsetitiam ex epistola patris. 14. Pater ventorum regit navem. 15. Fortia taurorum corpora frangit opus. 16. Miles timet sagittam hostis. 17. Sapientem neque pau- pertas, neque mors, neque vin- cula terrent. 18. Literas promisisti. expecto quas PASSIVE. Lana ab ovibus praebetur. Annibal a Scipione victus est. Laetitia a me capta est ex epistola patris. Navis regitur patre ven- torum. Fortia corpora taurorum ab opere franguntur. Sagitta hostis a milite time- tur. Sapiens neque paupertate, neque morte, neque vinculis terretur. Literae a me expectantur, quas promisisti. Rule 9. HABERE. 19. Ego habeo septem nym- phas. 20. Regna Tyri habebat Pygmalion. 21. iEtemumque locus Pali- nuri nomen habebit. 22. Primum regem Athe- nienses habuere Cecropem. d 6 Septem nymphae sunt mihi. Regna Tyri erant Pygma- lioni. iEternumque loco Palinuri nomen erit. Primus rex Atheniensibus fuit Cecrops. 60 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. Rule 10 COMPARATIVE AND ABLATIVE. 23. Nihil est dulcius his li- teris, quibus ccelum, terras, maria cognoscimus. 24. Scientia nulla res est prsestantior. 25. Vilius argentum est auro, virtutibus aurum. COMPARATIVE AND QUAM. Nihil est dulcius quam hse literae (sunt) quibus ccelum, terras, maria cognoscimus. Nulla res est praestantior quam scientia (est). Vilius argentum est quam aurum (est), aurum (est vilius) quam virtutes (sunt). 26. Non debemus quidquam agere, cujus non possimus causam reddere. 27- Pecuniam in loco negligere, maximum interdum est lucrum. 28. Cur me querelis exanimas tuis ? Nee Dis amicum est, nee mihi, te prius obire, Maecenas, mearum grande decus colu- menque rerum. 29. Scandit seratas vitiosa naves cura, nee turmas equitum relinquit, ocior cervis, et agente nimbos ocior Euro. 30. Nempe inter varias nutritur sylva columnas, laudaturque domus longos quae prospicit agros. 31. Nil admirari prope res est una, solaque, quae possit facere et servare beatum. 32. Quando pauperiem, missis ambagibus, horres, accipe, qua ratione queas ditescere. Turdus, sive aliud privum dabitur tibi, devolet illuc, res ubi magna nitet, domino sene. 33. Tile gravem duro terram qui vertit aratro, miles, nautaeque per omnes audaces mare qui currunt, hac mente laborem sese ferre, senes ut in otia tuta recedant, aiunt, cum sibi sint. congesta cibaria. 34. Est modus in rebus, sunt certi denique fines, Quos ultra citraque nequit consistere rectum. 35. Nee diu pax Albana mansit, invidia vulgi, quod tribus militibus fortuna publica commissa fuerit, vanum ingenium dicta- toris corrupit, et quoniam recta consilia haud bene evenerant, pravis reconciliare popularium animos ccepit. 36. Igitur, ut prius in bello pacem, sic in pace bellum quaerens, quia suae civitati animoruin plus quam virium cernebat esse, ad bellum concitat alios populos. LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 61 37. Postquam, regno diviso, legati Africa tliscessere, et Ju- gurtha, contra timorem animi, praemia sceleris adeptum sese videt; certum ratus, quod ex amicis apud Numantiam acceperat, omnia Romae venalia esse, simul et illorum pollicitationibus accensus, quos paullo ante muneribus expleverat, in regnum Adherbalis animum intendit 38. Ceterum fama tanti facinoris per omnem Africam brevi divulgatur. Adherbalem omnesque qui sub imperio Micipsse fuerant, metus invadit ; in duas partes discedunt; plures Adher- balem sequuntur, sed ilium alterum bello meliores. Igitur Jugurtha quam maximas potest copias armat ; urbes, partim vi, alias voluntate, imperio suo adjungit ; omni Numidias imperare parat. 39. Prodigus et stultus donat quae spernit et odit. 40. Fingit equum tenera docilem cervice magister ire viam qua monstret eques. 41. Quo semel est imbuta recens, servabit odorem Testa diu. 42. Invidus, iracundus, iners, vinosus, amator ; Nemo adeo ferus est, ut non mitescere possit, Si modo culturae patientem commodet aurem. 43. Vides, quae maxima credis Esse mala, exiguum censum, turpemque repulsam, Quanto devites animi capitisque labore. Impiger extremos curris mercator ad Indos, Per mare pauperiem fugiens, per saxa, per ignes : Ne cures ea quae stulte miraris et optas, Discere et audire et meliori credere non vis ? 44. Cervus equum pugna melior communibus herbis Pellebat, donee minor in certamine longo Imploravit opes hominis, fraenumque recepit ; Sed postquam victor violens discessit ab hoste, Non equitem dorso, non fraenum depulit ore. Sic qui pauperiem veritus, potiore metallis Libertate caret, dominum vehet improbus, atque Serviet aeternum, quia parvo nesciet uti. Cui non conveniet sua res, ut calceus olim, Si pede major erit, subvertet ; si minor, teret. 45. Hie onus horret Ut parvis animis, et parvo corpore majus ; Hie subit et perfert. Aut virtus noraen inane est, Aut decus et pretium recte petit experiens vir. 62 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 46. Postquam Cato adsedit, consulares omnes, itemque sena- tus magna pars, sententiam ejus laudant, virtutem animi ad coelum ferunt. Alii alios increpantes timidos vocant ; Cato mag- nus atque clarus habetur. 47. Sciebam saepenumero parva manu cum magnis legionibus hostium contendisse ; cognoveram parvis copiis bella gesta cum opulsntis regibus ; ad hoc, ssepe fortunae violentiam toleravisse ; facundia Graecos, gloria belli Gallos ante Romanos fuisse. Ac mihi multa agitanti constabat, paucorum civium egregiam virtu- tern cuncta patravisse, eoque factum, uti divitias paupertas, multitudinem paucitas superaret. 48. Caesar beneficiis ac munificentia magnus habebatur, in- tegritate vitae Cato. Ille mansuetudine et misericordia clarus factus, huic severitas dignitatem addiderat. His genus, aetas, eloquentia prope aequalia fuere. 49. Numae morte ad interregnum res rediit. Inde Tullum Hostilium, nepotem Hostilii, cujus in infima arce clara pugna adversus Sabinos fuerat, regem populus jussit. Patres auctores facti. 50. Sed, confecto praelio, turn vero cerneres quanta audacia, quantaque animi vis fuisset in exercitu Catilinae. Nam fere quern quisque pugna locum ceperat, eum, amissa anima, corpore tegebat. Pauci autem, quos cohors praetoria disjecerat, paullo diversius, sed omnes tamen adversis vulneribus conciderant. Catilina vero longe a suis inter hostium cadavera repertus est, paullulum etiam spirans, ferociamque animi, quam habuerat vivus, in vultu retinens. 51. Sic locutus, cum literis, quas Micipsae redderet, dimisit. Earum sententia haec erat : Jugurthae tui bello Numantino longe maxima virtus fuit ; nobis ob merita carus est, uti idem senatui sit, et populo Romano, summa ope nitemur. Tibi quidem pro nostra amicitia gratulor. Igitur rex, ubi quae fama acceperat, ex literis imperatoris ita esse cognovit, cum virtute viri, turn gratia permotus, flexit animum suum, et Jugurtham beneficiis vincere aggressus est, statimque adoptavit, et testamento pariter cum filiis heredem instituit. Sed ipse paucos post annos, morbo atque aetate confectus, cum sibi finem vitae adesse intelligeret, coram amicis et cognatis, item Adherbale et Hiempsale filiis, dicitur hujuscemodi verba cum Jugurtha habuisse. Notes on the foregoing. 1. Fcedere icto — the league being struck (see Rule 14). The propriety of the usage of the word strike in such case, arises LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 63 from the fact of leagues having been ratified by striking, i.e. sacrificing, a victim. * 2. Ex feeder e icto— according to the struck league, i.e. the league which had been struck. Tullus imperat~Tn\\us commands Mettus inquiring what he (lullus) would command him, according, &c. 3. Abducti (sunt)— were withdrawn to their homes > Cm soror. The order is, Cui soror, virgo, fuit obvia, " whom adadvT' a Virgm ' met : " 1,terally ' WaS meeting * 0bvia g° verns Q«« ^ O ;m/ Mm ^_ w ho had been betrothed to one of the Curiat,, Mark the force of the pluperfect. The betrothal had occurred before the battle. Cognitoque— and having recognized on her brother's shoulders See RulTu ° f ^ SP ° USe ' ^ d0ak ^ reco g nized - Quod ipsa confecerat— which she herself had wrought. See Note under Rule 12, and Rule 12 itself. 4. Qui plurimus— which, very large, very much, i.e. to a great extent hangs over (overlooks) the city. Plurknus agrees with qui, i.e. co//zs. ° ^jpecte*. The subject is ?M i, i.e. collis. "And which looks * the opposite citadels from its top," i.e. commands a view Miratur—Mneas wonders at the vast size of the city, once but Numidian huts. Magalia is in apposition with molem, which is put for the city itself. See Observation 10, Rule 5 Jtrepttumque-the noise of the workmen and the paved streets {strata vtarum). With strata, loca is understood. "The laid down places of the streets." walk™ ^^^ Wmr05 - sorae (P ress °n. ^stant) to raise the ^ptare fern te^o—to fit out or prepare a site for a building and to enclose it with a ditch. s ' 5. AW-knows not how (ne, not, and saVe, to know). The object of reddere is beneficium, understood ; and the antecedent to qui ,s ,/fe, understood, the subject of est and of the sentence. 6. ^^«w acmunificentia. See Rule 6. CWo is the subject ofhabebatur, understood; which latter has magnus, understood, as its complement. " 7. Bens est-* God is in the world: i.e. according to Jthe usage of the English, " There is a God." 8. Mea maxima cura. See Observation 10. Pe%o, flammis, both governed by ex, understood. 9. Cto«*. The subject is the remainder of the sentence 64 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. "That they were the Horatii and the Curiatii is quite well agreed on." 10. Quibus rebus confcctis — which things being accomplished. See Rule 14. Omnia — all things : equivalent to omnes res. See Rule 15. 13. Palris. The complements undergo no change ; the parts changed being the subject, the object, and the verb. 17. Terrent. The verb is plural, to agree with the last-named subject. The verb terret is understood with each of the pre- ceding singular subjects : the learner will observe that this is also the usage of the English language. 18. Quas. The student will pay especial attention to Rules 11, 12, with the Notes under them. 24. Prcestantior (prce, before, and stare, to stand). 27. In loco — in the proper place, i.e. at the proper time. Pecuniam negligere, &c, &c, is the subject of est. See Observa- tion 2. 28. Dis. The mark ( A ) over a word indicates that a letter or syllable is omitted. The word in question is syncopated for divis, the dative atid ablative plural of deus ; the old nominative was divus. See Definition 9. Te obire. Te is the subject. See Rule 7. Nee — nee. Two necs so coming together are translated, the first, neither ; the second, nor. When so situated they are called correlatives ; the first being called the antecedent, and the second the consequent. Decus columen. In apposition with te in the accusative, or Maecenas in the vocative. 29. Cervis, Euro. See Rule 10. Agente nimbos — than the east wind (Euro) driving before it the clouds. " The cloud-driving east wind." 31. Una, solaque — the one and only thing. Nil admirari. The subject of est. " To be struck with ad- miration of nothing." To set one's heart on nothing. Beatum. Hominem is understood. See Rule 15. 32. Missis ambagibus — circumlocution being given up. Rule 14. Jccipe — hear. Auribus is understood. " Take in with the ears." So accipe {oculis) — " see." Qua ratio ne — by what means. Turdus. Understand si. " If or should a thrush or any other private thing (something for your own private use) be given to you, let it fly thither (be speedily sent) where a great property shines, the owner being an old man." (This is a satire on the LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 65 habit of paying court to the rich ; of course the language is ironical.) 33. From Me to miles inclusive is a periphrasis for agricola, a husbandman. " He who turns up the sluggish soil with the hard ploughshare, the soldier, and the sailors who bold (boldly) voyage through every sea, say (aiunt) that they endure toil with this intent, that they (when) old may retire into safe ease (a quiet life of ease) when provisions (a subsistence) have been put up by them." Sibi. The dative after the passive verb congesta sint. See Rule 8, and Observation 2 under it. 35. Invidia vulgi — the dissatisfaction of the common people (the cause of which was) that the public fortune was given up to the keeping of three champions warped (turned from the path of honour) the fickle disposition of the dictator. And, since straight- forward plans had not turned out well, he began to attach (to himself) the affections of his subjects by dishonest (plans, con- 36. Ut prius — as before seeking peace during a period of war (in bello), so (now) seeking war during a time of peace, he rouses to arms other states, because he perceived that his own state had more courage (of courage) than strength. The student will ob- serve that the principal verb does not necessarily come first in the sentence, and that it cannot be in a subsidiary or dependent clause, such as that beginning with quia in this place, the words wherein are employed to give a reason for the act expressed by concitat. Plus animorum is the accusative subject of esse. " He per- ceived that more of courage was to his own state." For the syntax of civitati see Rule 9, with the Observations under it. 37. Regno diviso — the kingdom being divided, i.e. after the division of the kingdom. Et Jugurtha — and (when, postquam) Jugurtha perceived that he had obtained (sese adeptum esse) the reward of his perfidy, thinking that that was true (id esse certum) which he had heard, viz. that all things were saleable (to be had for money) at Rome, and also (simul) fired by the promises of those whom he had a short time before satiated with money, &c. &c. Africa, the ablative governed by ex, understood. Sese, the accusative subject of adeptum esse. See Rule 7. Certum ratus. Supply id (for earn rem) esse. Quod acceperat. See Rules 11, 12, and Notes; also Note on accipe in sentence 32 of the foregoing. Romce — at Rome. The syntax of this and such words will be hereafter laid down in a definite rule. 66 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 38. Facinoris. F acinus is a deed, good or bad ; scelus, a deed always bad. Brevi, an adverb, or the ablative of brevis, agreeing with tempore, understood. Ilium alterum — the other. Ilium supplies the place of the definite article wanted in Latin. Bello meliores — those who were superior in war (follow) the other. Quam maximas copias — as great a number or forces as possible. This is a common phraseology in Caesar, Sallust, and Livy. Partim vi — some by violent measures, others of their own free will. 39. Prodigus, stultus. See Rule 15. Quce spernit — the things which he despises. The antecedent of quce is ea — those things ; and the ea (which is understood) is the object of donat. This is a common usage in the Latin lan- guage, and nearly allied to the conversion of the relative and the antecedent in English into the compound what. 40. Tenera cervice — the docile horse of (possessed of) tender (flexible) neck. See Observation 11, under Rule 5. Ire viam — to go the way. This accusative may be regarded as governed by the intransitive ire, in like manner as intransitive verbs in English are followed by an objective case analogous to the verb in signification : as, " He walked a distance of forty miles." It is evident, however, that the object in both languages is governed by a preposition understood. 41. "Ajar (or vessel) will long retain the odour with which (when) fresh it has once been tinged." 42. Culturce — to learning or philosophy. Governed by com- modet. See Observation 6', under Rule 3. 43. " You see with how much labour of mind and body you shun those misfortunes which you believe (to be) the greatest ;" viz. a small income and degrading rejection (when seeking a political office). Quce maxima credis. Mala is the object of devites, and the antecedent of quce, and this quce is the accusative subject of esse understood : mala is out of its proper clause as the ante- cedent. This is a species of attraction, the name given to a con- struction of which the Latin and especially the Greek writers were very fond. Censum, repulsam, in apposition with mala. Ne cures ea — do you not wish, i. e. will you not learn, and hear, and intrust yourself to a better person (one of more ex- perience, i. e. a philosopher), that you may not (lest you may) LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 67 regard those things which you foolishly admire and wish for. Ne is equivalent to ut non. 44. Minor — until (the horse) worse, i. e. vanquished in the long conflict. Discessit, the subject is equus. Sic qui — in like manner the man (homo, understood) who fearing poverty gives up his liberty (caret libertate), preferable to metals, wretch that he is (improbus agreeing with homo), will carry a master and will be a slave for ever, because he will not know (how) to use a little, i. e. to be content with a competency. Libertate is the ablative governed by caret; it will be laid down hereafter that verbs of abounding and the opposite are followed by the ablative. Metallis, parvo. For the syntax of these words respectively consult Rule 10, and Observation 6, Rule 3. Also with regard to the adjective parvo, consult Rule 15. 45. " One man (hie) fears the load as too great for his little soul and little body (literally, greater than his soul, &c. &c). Another (hie) goes under it, and carries it through. Either vir- tue is an empty name, or the man who has made the attempt justly lays claim to the glory and the reward." 46. Consulares omnes — all persons of consular rank. Magnus atque clarus. See Rules 15 and 13. 47. " I was aware that they (the Romans) had often con- tended against (with, cum) numerous legions of the enemy with small forces (a handful of men). I had known that wars had been waged (gesta esse) against opulent kings with small re- sources ; moreover (ad hoc, in addition to this) that they (I had known that they, the Romans) had often endured the shock (a reverse) of fortune; (I had known) that the Greeks were before (excelled) the Romans in eloquence, that the Gauls (excelled them) in the glory of war (military glory). And to me, ponder- ing over many things, it was evident that the distinguished virtue of a few citizens had accomplished all, and by this means that it had happened that poverty overcame riches, and a few men (paucitas) overcame a great number. Contendisse, gesta esse, toleravisse, fuisse, patravisse, factum esse. The accusative subjects of these infinitives respectively are, Romanos, bella, Romanos, Grcecos, and Gallos, virtutem, the whole sentence from uti to superaret inclusive. Constabat. The subject is the whole sentence from paucorum to superaret inclusive. 48. Cato, the subject of habebatur, understood. Me — huic. The former became (factus est) illustrious by his 68 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. clemency and compassion ; austerity of manner had imparted dignity to the latter (kuic). When hie and Me are so used, hie signifies the latter; Me, the former. His genus— their family extraction, or rank, age, (and) elo- quence were nearly (things) equal. His is the dative for the genitive complement. See Observation 9, under Rule 5. jEqualia is the nominative plural of the adjective, and neuter as qualifying three nouns all neuter. Clarus, magnus. For the syntax of these words consult Rules 13 and 15. 49. " At the death of Numa the government returned to an interregnum." Morte may be regarded as the ablative of the cause. See Rule 6. Inde— after that the people elected as king Tullus Hostilius, the grandson of (that) Hostilius, whose stand (pugna) against the Sabines at the bottom of the citadel had been well known. Patres auctores facti (sunt) — the fathers became approvers (of the act) ; i. e. gave their assent. For the syntax of auctores con- sult Rule 13. 50. Confeeto prcelio — the battle being finished. See Rule 14. Fuisset. See Observation 1, under Rule 1. The principle enunciated in this observation with regard to two singular nouns copulatively connected is more frequently neglected in Latin than in English. Quern quisque. Both quisque and locum are out of their own clause. This also is a species of attraction : the order should be, Nam fere quisque tegebat eum locum corpore, amissa anima, quern eeperat pugna. Amissa anima — his life being lost. " When he had lost his life." Paullo diversius — a little farther asunder. Adversis vulneribus — with adverse wounds. " Wounds in their front." A suis — from his men (militibus). Quam habuerat vivus — which he (when) alive had possessed. 51. "Having thus spoken he dismissed him with a letter, which he should deliver (to deliver, in English) to Micipsa." Literce, in the plural, signifies an epistle ; litera, in the singular, a letter of the alphabet. Earum sententia hcec erat— this was (is, in English) a copy of it. Longe maxima — the valour of your Jugurtha shone forth con- spicuous (was by far the greatest). Summa ope nitemur — we (I) shall endeavour with all my power that he be the same to the senate, &c. &c. i. c, that he be in equal estimation, &c. &c. LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 69 Pro nostra amicitia — in regard of our friendship. Ita esse — when he understood that those things (ea) which he had heard by report were so (as he had heard them). Esse. The subject is ea—eas res, the antecedent of quce. Cum — turn. These are correlative terms, and when so related the former signifies, as well, the latter, as. Filiis. The ablative, which, though plural, is in apposition with Adherbale and Hiempsale, both together making a plural. Rules. 16. An adjective in the neuter gender is followed sometimes by the genitive of the noun which it qualifies. 17. Adjectives which signify desire, knowledge, remembrance, ignorance, care, fear, guilt, and various affections of the mind are followed by a genitive. 18. Adjectives and verbs which signify profit or loss, like- ness and unlikeness, &c. &c. are followed by a dative. 19. Verbal adjectives ending in ax are followed by a genitive; and verbal adjectives ending in bills, and participles in dus, are followed by the dative. 20. Adjectives and verbs signifying plenty or want, govern, sometimes the genitive, sometimes the ablative : the verbs, how- ever, most frequently the ablative. 21. The adjectives dignus, indignus, prceditus, captus, con- tentus, fyc. fyc., require an ablative. 22. The verb esse, implying possession, property, or duty, is followed by a genitive ; which, however, is not governed by esse itself, but is the complement of some noun understood. 23. Verbs of accusing, condemning, acquitting, warning, &c. &c, are followed, in the active voice, by an accusative expressing the person accused, &c. &c, and by a genitive expressing the crime, &c. &c. In the passive voice this genitive only is re- tained. 24. All verbs used acquisitively, that is, expressing something done for, or to a person or thing, require the dative of such person or thing. Some of such verbs take after them, in addi- tion, an accusative, as being transitive verbs. 25. Verbs of asking, teaching, clothing, concealing, admonish- ing, &c &c, govern two accusatives — one of the person, another of the thing. In the passive voice the accusative of the thing only is retained. 26. A preposition in a compound word requires after it the case which the preposition governs when not in a compound. 27. Natus, satus, creatus, ortus, editus, take after them an ablative, with or without the prepositions, e, ex, 8$c. fyc. 70 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 28. The supine in urn follows verbs implying motion, and the supine in u follows adjectives; the former has an active, the latter a passive signification. 29. The part affected is put in the accusative, which, as gram- marians lay down, is governed by quoad or secundum, prepositions implying as to. 30. The gerund in di serves as a genitive case, the gerund in do as a dative or ablative, and the gerund in dum as an accusative. 31. The word which expresses the price of an article is put in the ablative case, except the adjectives tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris, tantivis, quantilibet, quanticunque, which are expressed in the genitive. 32. The name of a town (if of the first or second declension and singular number) is put in the genitive, which answers to the question — where ? Note. — In like manner are used the genitives humi, domi, belli, militice. 33. If the noun be of the third declension, or of the plural number, it is put in the ablative. 34. The name of the place towards which motion is directed is put in the accusative, with or without a preposition governing such case. Sentences. 1. Postremo, omnes quos flagitium, egestas, conscius animus exagitabat ; ii Catilinae proximi familiaresque erant. Quod si quis etiam a culpa vacuus in amicitiam ejus inciderat, quotidiano usu atque illecebris facile par similisque ceteris efficiebatur. 2. Ubi satis explorata sunt, quae voluit, in unum omnes con- vocat, quibus maxima necessitudo et plurimum audaciae. 3. Ceterum juventus sed maxime nobilium, Catilinae inceptis favebat. Quibus in otio vel magnifice, vel molliter vivere copia erat, incerta pro certis, bellum, quam pacem malebant. Fuere item ea tempestate, qui crederent Marcum Licinium Crassum non ignarum consilii fuisse ; quia Cneius Pompeius, invisus ipsi, magnum exercitum ductabat, cujusvis opes voluisse contra illius potentiam crescere, simul confisum, si conjuratio valuisset, facile apud illos principem se fore. 4. Fuere ea tempestate, qui dicerent, Catilinam, oratione habita, humani corporis sanguinem, vino permixtum, in pateris circumtulisse ; inde cum post exsecrationem omnes degustavis- sent, sicuti in solemnibus sacris fieri consuevit, aperuisse consilium suum, atque eo, dictitare, fecisse, quo inter se fidi magis forent, alius alii tanti facinoris conscii. Nonnulli ficta haec, multa prae- LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 7l terea, existimabant, ab lis, qui Ciceronis invidiam, que postea dederant credebant atrocitate sceleris eorum, qui poenas 5. His rebus comparatis, Catilina nihilominus in proximum annum consulatum petebat ; sperans, si designate foreL facile se ex voluntate Antonio usurum. Neque interea quietus erat, sed omnibus modis msidias parabat Ciceroni. Neque illi tamen ad cavendum dolus, aut astutiae deerant, namque, a principio con- sular sui, multa po lhcendo per Fulviam, effecerat, ut Quintus Uurms, de quo paullo ante memoravi, consilia Catilinae sibi proderet. Ad hoc, collegam suum Antonium, pactione provincial perpulerat, ne contra rempublicam sentiret ; circum se presidia amicorum atque cl.entium occulte habebat. Postquam dies comitjorum venit et Catiline neque petitio, neque insidi*. quas consuhbus fecerat prospere cessere, constituit bellum facere et extrema omnia experiri. 6. Igitur, perterritis ac dubitantibus ceteris, Cornelius, eques Komanus, operam suam pollicitus, et cum eo Lucius Vamun- teius, senator, constituere, ea nocte paullo post cum armatis hommibus introire ad Ciceronem ac imparatum confodere Curius ubi mtelligit quantum periculi consul! impendeat, propere Per Fulviam dolum, qui parabatur, enunciat. Interea Manlius in fctruna plebem sollicitare, egestate simul ac dolore injuria* novarum rerum cupidam. *j""<« ,prl ; , De ° S h0mines ^ e te ^amur, nos arma neque contra patriam cepsse neque quo penculum homini faceremus, sed uti corpora Slrr^ qUi miSGri ' egent6S ' violentiaafque fortnl f0er ; eratorum ' P ler 'q«e patriae, sed omnes fama atque fortums expertes sumus ; neque cuiquam nostrum licuit, more majorum, lege uti neque amisso patrimonio, liberum corpus habere ; tanta saevitia fceneratorum atque pratoris fuit. P 8. Igitur Publio Umbreno cuidam negotium dat, uti legatos Alobrogum requirat, eosque, si possit, impellat ad societatem beH ; existimans, publice pnvatimque ere alieno oppressos, praaterea quod natura gens Gallica bellicosa esset, facile eos ad tale consilium adduc. posse. Umbrenus, quod in Gallia nego- tiate, plensque pnncipibus notus erat, atque eos noverat ; ita- que sine mora, ubi primum legatos in foro conspexit, percunc- tatus pauca de statu civitatis, et quasi dolens ejus casum, requirere ?' q^ exitum tantismalissperarent?" Postquam illos Mdet quen de avantia magistratuum, accusare senatum, quod in eo auxih. mhil esset, miseriis suis remedium mortem explctare At ego, mquit, "vobis, si modo viri esse vultis, rationem 72 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. ostendam, qua tanta ista mala effugiatis." Haec ubi dixit, Allobroges, in maximam spem adducti, Umbrenum orare, uti sui misereretur : nihil tarn asperum, neque tarn difficile, quin cupidissime facturi essent, dum ea res civitatem aere alieno libe- raret. Ille eos in doraum Decimi Bruti perducit, quod foro propinqua, neque aliena consilii, propter Semproniam ; nam turn Brutus ab Roma aberat. Praeterea Gabinium arcessit, quo major auctoritas sermoni inesset : eo praesente conjurationem aperit ; nominat socios, praeterea multos cujusque generis, quo legatis animus amplior esset ; dein eos pollicitos operam suam dimittit. 9. Postquam, Caesar dicendi finem fecit, ceteri verbo, alius alii, varie adsentiebantur ; at Marcus Porcius Cato, rogatus sen- tentiam, hujuscemodi orationem habuit. 10. Postquam, ut dixi, senatus in Catonis sententiam discessit, consul, optimum factum ratus, noctem, qua? instabat, antecapere, ne quid eo spatio novaretur, triumviros, quae supplicium postu- labat, parare jubet ; ipse, dispositis praesidiis, Lentulum in carcerem deducit : idem fit ceteris per praetores. Est locus in carcere, quod Tullianum adpellatur, ubi paullulum ascenderis ad laevam. Eum muniunt undique parietes. In eum locum post- quam demissus Lentulus, quibus praeceptum erat, laqueo gulam fregere. Ita ille patricius, ex clarissima gente Corneliorum, qui consulare imperium habuerat, dignum moribus factisque suis exitum vitae invenit. 11. Interea Catilina cum expeditis in prima acie versari, labo- rantibus succurrere, integros pro sauciis arcessere, omnia pro- videre, multum ipse pugnare, saepe hostem ferire, strenui militis et boni imperatoris officia simul exsequebatur. Petreius, ubi videt Catilinam, contra ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, cohortem praetoriam in medios hostes inducit ; eos perturbatos atque alios alibi resistentes interficit. Postquam fusas copias, seque cum paucis relictum videt Catilina, memor generis atque pristinae dignitatis, in confertissimos hostes incurrit, ibique pugnans con- foditur. 12. At Jugurtha manifestus tanti sceleris, non prius omisit contra verum niti quam animadvertit supra gratiam atque pecu- niam suam invidiam facti esse. Igitur, quamquam in priore actione ex amicis quinquaginta vades dederat, regno magis, quam vadibus consulens, clam in Numidiam Bomilcarem dimittit, veri- tus, ne reliquos populares metus invaderet parendi sibi, si de illo supplicium sumtum foret. Et ipse paucis diebus profectus est, jussus ab senatu Italia decedere. Sed postquam Roma egressus LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 73 est, fertur saepe eo tacitus respiciens postremo dixisse, Urbem venalem et mature perituram, si emptorem invenerit. 13. Interea Jugurtha, ubi, quae Metellus agebat, ex nunciis accepit, diffidere suis rebus. Ac turn demum veram deditionem facere conatus est. Igitur legatos ad consulem cum suppliciis mittit, qui tantummodo ipsi liberisque vitam peterent, alia omnia dederent populo Romano. Sed Metello jam antea experi- mentis cognitum erat genus Numidarum infidum, ingenio mobili, novarum rerum avidum. Itaque legatos alium ab alio diversos adgreditur, ac, paullatim tentando, postquam opportunos cogno- vit, multa pollicendo persuadet, uti Jugurtham maxime vivum, sin id parum procedat, necatum sibi traderent, ceterum palam, quae ex voluntate forent, regi nunciari jubet. 14. Aurum per medios ire satellites Et perrumpere amat saxa, potentius Ictu fulmineo. 15. Divis orte bonis, optime Romulge Custos gentis, abes jam nimium diu, Maturum reditum pollicitus patrum Sancto concilio, redi. Lucem redde tuae, dux bone, patriae ; Instar veris enim vultus ubi tuus Affulsit, populo gratior it dies, Et soles melius nitent. Ut mater juvenem, quern Notus invido Flatu Carpathii trans maris aequora Cunctantem spatio longius annuo Dulci distinet a domo, Votis omnibusque et precibus vocat, Curvo nee faciem littore dimovet ; Sic desideriis icta fidelibus Quaerit patria Caesarem. Tutus bos etenim rura perambulat ; Nutrit rura Ceres, almaque Faustitas ; Pacatum volitant per mare navitae ; Culpari metuit Fides. Quis Parthum paveat ? Quis gelidum Seythen ? Quis, Germania quos horrida parturit Foetus, incolumi Caesare ? Quis ferae Bellum curet Iberiae ? Condit quisque diem collibus in suis, Et vitem viduas ducit ad arbores ; Hinc ad vina redit laetus, et alteris Te menses adhibet Deum. E 74 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. Te multa prece, te prosequitur mero Defuso pateris, et Laribus tuurn Miscet nuraen, uti Grsecia Castoris, Et magni memor Herculis. Longas O utinam, dux bone, ferias Praestes Hesperiae, dicimus integro Sicci mane die, dicimus uvidi, Cum sol Oceano subest. 16. Altera jam teritur bellis civilibus aetas, Suis et ipsa Roma viribus ruit : Quam neque finitimi valuerunt perdere Marsi, Minacis aut Etrusca Porsenae manus, iEmula nee virtus Capuae, nee Spartacus acer, Novisque rebus infidelis Allobrox ; Nee fera cagrulea domuit Germania pube, Parentibusque abominatus Annibal, Impia perdemus devoti sanguinis aetas, Ferisque rursus occupabitur solum. Barbarus, heu ! cineres insistet victor, et urbem Eques sonante verberabit ungula ; Quaaque carent ventis et solibus, ossa Quirini (Nefas videre) dissipabit insolens. Forte quid expediat, communiter, aut melior pars, Malis carere quaeritis laboribus ? Nulla sit hac potior sententia ; Phocaeorum Velut profugit exsecrata civitas, Agros atque Lares patrios habitandaque fana Apris reliquit et rapacibus lupis ; Ire pedes quocunque ferent, quocunque per undas Notus vocabit, aut protervus Africus. 17. Qui fit, Maecenas, ut nemo, quam sibi sortem Seu ratio dederit, seu fors objecerit, ilia Contentus vivat : laudet diversa sequentes ? O fortunati mercatores ! gravis annis Miles ait, multo jam fractus membra labore. Contra mercator, navem jactantibus Austris, Militia est potior ; quidenim? Concurritur, horse Momento cita mors venit, aut victoria lasta. Agricolam laudat juris legumque peritus, Sub galli cantum consultor ubi ostia pulsat. Ille, datis vadibus, qui rure extractus in urbem est, Solos felices viventes clamat in urbe. Caetera de genere hoc (adeo sunt multa) loquacem Delassare valent Fabium. LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 75 18. Egressum magna me excepit Aricia Roma Hospitio modico. Rhetor comes Heliodorus, Graecorum linguae doctissimus : inde Forum Appi DifFertum nautis, cauponibus atque malignis. Hoc iter ignavi divisimus, altius ac nos Prsecinctis unum. Minus est gravis Appia tardis. Hie ego propter aquam, quod erat teterrima, ventri Indico bellum, ccenantes haud animo aequo Exspectans comites. Jam nox inducere terris Umbras, et ccelo diffundere signa parabat ; Turn pueri nautis, pueris convicia nautae Ingerere. Hue appelle. Trecentos inseris, ohe, Jam satis est. Dum aes exigitur, dum mula ligatur, Tota abit hora. Mali culices, ranaeque palustres Avertunt somnos. Tandem fessus dormire viator Incipit, ac missae pastum retinacula mulae Nauta piger saxo religat, stertitque supinus. Jamque dies aderat, cum nil procedere lintrem Sentimus : donee cerebrosus prosilit unus, Ac mulae nautaeque caput lumbosque saligno Fuste dolat, quarta vix demum exponimur hora. 19. Nunc ad me redeo, libertino patre natum, Quern rodunt omnes libertino patre natum ; Nunc, quia, Maecenas, tibi sum convictor, at olim Quod mihi pareret legio Romana tribuno. Dissimile hoc illi est, quia non, ut forsit honorem Jure mihi invideat quivis, ita te quoque amicum. Praesertim cautum dignos assumere, prava Ambitione procul. Felicem dicere non hoc Me possum casu, quod te sortitus amicum : Nulla etenim mihi te fors obtulit, optimus olim Virgilius, post hunc Varius, dixere quid essem. Ut veni coram, singultim pauca locutus, (Infans namque pudor prohibebat plura profari). Non ego me claro natum patre, non ego circum Me Satureiano vectari rura caballo, Sed, quod eram, narro. Respondes, ut tuus est mos, Pauca. Abeo, et revocas nono post mense, jubesque Esse in amicorum numero. Magnum hoc ego duco, Quod placui tibi, qui turpi secernis honestum, Non patre praeclaro, sed vita et pectore puro. 20. Ibam forte via sacra, sicut meus est mos, Nescio quid meditans nugarum, et totus in illis ; 6 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. Accurrit quidam notus mihi nomine tantum, Arreptaque manu, Quid agis, dulcissime, rerum ? Suaviter, ut nunc est, inquam, et cupio omnia quae vis. Cum assectaretur, Numquid vis ? occupo. At ille, Noris nos, inquit ; docti suraus. Ut illi Nil respondebam, Misere cupis, inquit, abire, Jamdudum video, sed nil agis. Usque tenebo, Persequar. Hinc quo nunc iter est tibi ? Nil opus est te Circumagi ; quendam volo visere, non tibi notum ; Trans Tiberim longe cubat is, prope Caesaris hortos. Nil habeo quod agam, et non sum piger. Usque sequar te. Demitto auriculas, ut iniquae mentis asellus, Cum gravius dorso subiit onus. 21. Sunt quibus in Satira videor nimis acer, et ultra Legem tendere opus ; sine nervis altera, quicquid Composui, pars esse putat, similesque meorum Mille die versus deduci posse. Trebati, Quid faciam, praescribe. Quiescas. Ne faciam, inquis, Omnino versus ? Aio. Peream male, si non Optimum erat : verum nequeo dormire. Ter uncti Transnanto Tiberim, somno quibus est opus alto, Irriguumque mero sub noctem corpus habento. Aut, si tantus amor scribendi te rapit, aude Caesaris invicti res dicere, multa laborum Praemia laturus. Cupidum, pater optime, vires Deficiunt: neque enim quivis horrentia pilis Agmina, nee fracta pereuntes cuspide Gallos, Aut labentis equo describat vulnera Parthi. Attamen et justum poteras et scribere fortem, Scipiadam ut sapiens Lucilius. Haud mihi deero, Cum res ipsa feret ; nisi dextro tempore, Flacci Verba per attentam non ibunt Caesaris aurem ; Cui male si palpere, recalcitrat undique tutus. Quanto rectius hoc, quam tristi laedere versu Pantolabum scurram, Nomentanumque nepotem ! Cum sibi quisque timet, quanquam est intactus, et odit. 22. Non in caro nidore voluptas Summa, sed in teipso est. Tu pulmentaria quaere Sudando. 23. Pauper Opimius argenti positi intus et auri, Quondam lethargo grandi est oppressus, ut haeres Jam circum loculos et claves lsetus ovansque Curreret. Hunc medicus multum celer atque fidelis LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 77 Excitat hoc pacto ; mensam poni jubet, atque EfFundi saccos nummorum, accedere plures Ad numerandum : hominem sic erigit. Addit et illud : Ni tua custodis, avidus jam haec auferet haeres. Men' vivo ? Ut vivas igitur, vigila : hoc age. Quid vis ? Deficient inopem venae te, ni cibus atque Ingens accedat stomacho fultura ruenti. Tu cessas ? Agedum, sume hoc ptisanarium oryzse. Quantiemptae? Parvo. Quantiergo? Octussibus. Eheu! 24. Protinus ut moneam (si quid monitoris eges tu) Quid de quoque viro, et cui dicas, saepe videto : Percontatorem fugito, nam garrulus idem est ; Nee retinent patulse commissa fideliter aures ; Et semel emissum volat irrevocabile verbum. Qualem commendes, etiam atque etiam aspice, ne mox Incutiant aliena tibi peccata pudorem. Address of Venus to her husband, Vulcan, in which she asks a suit of armour for Mneas. 25. Nox ruit, et fuscis tellurem amplectitur alis : At Venus haud animo nequicquam exterrita mater, Laurentumque minis et duro mota tumultu, Vulcan um alloquitur, thalamoque haec conjugis aureo Incipit, et dictis divinum aspirat amorem : Dum bello Argolici vastabant Pergama reges Debita, casurasque inimicis ignibus arces ; Non ullum auxilium miseris, non arma rogavi Artis opisque tuae ; nee te, charissime conjux, Incassumve tuos volui exercere labores ; Quamvis et Priami deberem plurima natis, Et durum iEneae flevissem saepe laborem. Nunc, Jovis imperiis, Rutulorum constitit oris : Ergo eadem supplex venio, et sanctum mihi numen Arma rogo, genitrix nato. Te filia Nerei, Te potuit lacrymis Tithonia flectere conjux. Aspice qui coeant populi, quae mcenia clausis Ferrum acuant portis, in me excidiumque meorum. 26. Nunc age, Dardaniam prolem quae deinde sequatur Gloria, qui maneant Itala de gente nepotes, Illustres animas, nostrumque in nomen ituras, Expediam dictis, et te tua fata docebo. 27. Cum Publius Rutilius Rufus amici cujusdam injustae roga- tioni resisteret, atque is per summam indignationem dixisset, " Quid ergo mihi opus est amicitia tua, si, quod te rogo, noD e 3 78 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. facis?" " Imo," respondit Rutilius, "quid mihi tua, si propter te aliquid injuste facere me oporteat." 28. Pyrrhus, Epiri rex, orbis imperium spe complexus, Apollinem de bello adversus Romanos consuluit. Ule ambigue respondit : Aio te, iEacida, Romanos vincere posse. Quo dicto incitatus, bellum Romanis intulit. Lsevinum Consulem, magna utrinque clade accepta, elephantorum auxilio, vicit. Amicis gratulantibus, sic respondit : Nae ego, si iterum sic vicero, sine milite revertar in Epirum. Romanos omnes in hostem versos honestis vulneribus oppetiisse cernens, exclamavit : O quam pro- clive mihi erat orbis imperio potiri, Romanos babenti milites ! Tandem a Fabricio superatus, Tarentum refugit. Turn in Gree- ciam regressus, dum Argos oppugnat, ictu tegulae prostratus est. 29. Vix ea fatus erat, cum circumfusa repente Scindit se nubes, et in aethera purgat apertum. Restitit iEneas, claraque in luce refulsit, Os, humerosque Deo similis ; namque ipsa decoram Caesariem nato genitrix, lumenque juventae Purpureum, et lsetos oculis afflarat honores. 30. Haec ubi Romae comperta, senatus Catilinam et Manlium hostes judicat, ceterae multitudini diem statuit, antequam sine fraude liceret ab armis discedere, prseter rerum capitalium con- demnatis. 31. Legati in Africam maturantes veniunt, eo magis, quod Romae, dum proficisci parant, de prcelio facto, et oppugnatione Cirtae audiebatur. 32. Post, ubi silentium ccepit, producto Jugurtha, verba facit, Romae Numidieeque facinora ejus memorat, scelera in patrem fratresque ostendit. 33. Extemplo tentanda fuga canit aequora Calchas, Nee posse Argolicis exscindi Pergama telis, Omina ni repetant Argis, numenque reducant, Quod pelago, et curvis secum advexere carinis. 34. Tunc sic Mercurium alloquitur, ac talia mandat ; Vade, age, nate, voca Zephyros, et labere pennis, Dardaniumque ducem, Tyria Carthagine qui nunc Exspectat, fatisque datas non respicit urbes, Alloquere, et celeres defer mea dicta per auras. 35. Devictis Sabinis, quum in magna gloria magnisque opibus regnum Tulli ac tota res Romana esset, nunciatum regi Patri- busque est in monte Albano lapides cecidisse. Quod quum credi LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 79 vix posset, missis ad id visendum prodigium, in conspectu, haud aliter quarn quum grandinera venti glomeratam in terras agunt, crebri cecidere ccelo lapides. Visi etiam audire vocem ingentera ex surnmi cacuminis luco, ut patrio ritu sacra Albani facerent, quae, velut diis quoque simul cum patria relictis, oblivioni de- derant, et aut Romana sacra susceperant, aut, fortunae, ut fit, obirati, cultum reliquerant deum. Romanis quoque ab eodem prodigio novendiale sacrum publice susceptum est, seu voce ccelesti ex Albano monte missa, (nam id quoque traditur,) seu aruspicum monitu. Mansit certe sollenne, ut, quandoque idem prodigium nunciaretur, feriae per novem dies agerentur. Haud ita multo post pestilentia laboratum est ; unde quum pigritia militandi oriretur, nulla tamen ab armis quies dabatur ab belli- coso rege, salubriora etiam credente militiae, quam donor, juvenum corpora esse, donee ipse quoque longinquo morbo est implicitus. Tunc adeo fracti simul cum corpore sunt spiritus illi feroces, ut, qui nihil ante ratus esset minus regium, quam sacris dedere animum, repente omnibus magnis parvisque superstitionibus obnoxius degeret, religionibusque etiam populum impleret. 36. Inclyta justitia religioque ea tempestate Numae Pompilii erat. Curibus Sabinis habitabat, consultissimus vir, ut in ilia quisquam aetate esse poterat, omnrs divini atque humani juris. 37. Quamvis digressu veteris confusus amici, Laudo tamen vacuis quod sedem figere Cumis Destinet atque unum civem donare Sibyllas. 38. In vallera iEgeriae descendimus, et speluncas Dissimiles veris. 39. Quid Romae faciam ? Mentiri nescio : librum, Si malus est, nequeo laudare, et poscere ; motus Astrorum ignoro, funus promittere patris Nee volo nee possum, ranarum viscera nunquam Tnspexi. 40. Tanti tibi non sit opaci Omnis arena Tagi, quodque in mare volvitur aurum, Ut somno careas, ponendaque praemia sumas Tristis, et a magno semper timearis amico. 41. Da testem Romae tarn sanctum, quam fuit hospes Numinis Idaei, procedat vel Numa, vel qui Servavit trepidam flagranti ex asde Minervam : Protinus ad censum, de moribus ultima fiet Quaestio, quot pascit servos, quot possidet agri Jugera ? quam multa, magnaque paropside ccenat ? e 4 80 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION, Quantum quisque sua nummorum servat in area, Tantum habet et fidei. 42. Agmine facto, Debuerant olim tenues migrasse Quirites. Haud facile emergunt, quorum virtutibus obstat Res angusta domi ; sed Romas durior illis Conatus ; magno hospitium miserabile, magno Servorum ventres, et frugi ccenula magno. 43. Da spatium vitas, multos da, Jupiter, annos, Hoc recto vultu, solum hoc et pallidus optas. Sed quam continuis et quantis longa senectus Plena malis ! deformem, et tetrum ante omnia vultum, Dissimilemque sui, deformem pro cute pellem, Pendentesque genas, et tales aspice rugas, Quales, umbriferos ubi pandit Tabraca saltus, In vetula scalpit jam mater simia bucca. Plurima sunt juvenum discrimina, pulchrior ille Hoc, atque ille alio ; multum hie robustior illo : Una senum facies, cum voce trementia membra, Et jam lasve caput, madidique infantia nasi. Frangendus misero gingiva panis inermi ; Usque adeo gravis uxori, gnatisque, sibique, Ut captatori moveat fastidia Cosso. 44. Nil ergo optabunt homines? Si consilium vis, Permittes ipsis expendere numinibus quid Conveniat nobis, rebusque sit utile nostris. Nam pro jucundis aptissima quasque dabunt Di, Carior est illis homo, quam sibi, nos animorum Impulsu, et caeca magnaque cupidine ducti, Conjugium petimus, partumque uxoris ; at illis Notum, qui pueri, qualisque futura sit uxor. Orandum est ut sit mens sana in corpore sano. Fortem posce animum, et mortis terrore carentem : Qui spatium vitas extremum inter munera ponat Naturae, qui ferre queat quoscunque labores : Nesciat irasci, cupiat nihil, et potiores Herculis aerumnas credat, saevosque labores, Et venere, et ccenis et plumis Sardanapali. Monstro quod ipse tibi possis dare ; semita certe Tranquillae per virtutem patet unica vitas. Nullum numen habes, si sit prudentia ; sed te Nos facimus, Fortuna, deam, cceloque locamus. 45. Sed civitas, incredibile memoratu est, adepta libertate, quantum brevi creverit ; tanta cupido glorias incesserat. Jam LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 81 primum juventus, simul laboris ac belli patiens erat, in castris per usum militiam discebat, magisque in decoris armis et mili- taribus equis quam in conviviis lubidinem habebant. Igitur domi militiaeque boni mores colebantur ; concordia maxima, minima avaritia erat; jus bonumque apud eos, non legibus magis quam natura valebat. 46. Numidae paucis diebus jussa efficiunt : litterae Adherbalis in senatu recitatas, quarum sententia haec fuit : " Non mea culpa saepe ad vos oratum mitto, Patres, sed vis Jugurthae subigit, quern tanta lubido extinguendi me invasit, uti neque vos, neque deos immortales in animo habeat, sanguinem meum, quam omnia, malit." 47. Diis equidem auspicibus reor, et Junone secunda, Hue cursum Iliacas vento tenuisse carinas. Quam tu urbem, soror, hanc cernes ! quae surgere regna Conjugio tali ! Teucrum comitantibus armis, Punica se quantis attollet gloria rebus ! Tu modo posce deos veniam, sacrisque litatis, Indulge hospitio, causasque innecte morandi : Dum pelago dessevit hyems, et aquosus Orion, Quassatseque rates, et non tractabile ccelum. 48. Sed ea animi elatio, quae cernitur in periculis et laboribus, si justitia vacat pugnatque non pro salute communi, sed pro snis commodis, in vitio est. Non enim modo id virtutis non est, sed est potius immanitatis, omnem humanitatem repellentis. Itaque probe definitur a Stoicis fortitudo, cum earn virtutem esse dicunt propugnantem pro aequitate. Quocirca nemo, qui fortitudinis gloriam consecutus est insidiis et malitia laudem est adeptus. Nihil honestum esse potest, quod justitia vacat. 49. Quis desiderio sit pudor, aut modus Tarn cari capitis ? Praecipe lugubres Cantus, Melpomene, cui liquidam pater Vocem cum cithara dedit. Ergo Quinctilium perpetuus sopor Urget ! Cui Pudor, et Justitiae soror Incorrupta Fides, nudaque Veritas, Quando ullum inveniet parem ? Multis ille bonis flebilis occidit, Nulli flebilior, quam tibi, Virgili. Tu frustra pius, heu ! non ita creditum Poscis Quinctilium deos. 50. Otium divos rogat in patenti Prensus iEgaeo, simul atra nubes E 5 82 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. Condidit lunam, neque certa fulgent Sidera nautis : Otium bello furiosa Thrace, Otium Medi pharetra decori, Grosphe, non gem mis neque purpura ve- nale nee auro. 51. Quapropter consuetudo imitanda medicorum est, qui leviter segrotantes leniter curant, gravioribus autem morbis periculosas curationes et ancipites adhibere coguntur. Quare in tranquillo tempestatem adversam optare dementis est ; subvenire autem tempestati quavis ratione sapientis. 52. Justum et tenacem propositi virum Non civium ardor prava jubentium, Non vultus instantis tyranni Mente quatit solida, neque Auster Dux inquieti turbidus Adriae, Nee fulminantis magna Jovis manus : Si fractus illabatur orbis, Impavidum ferient ruinae. 53. Si ad impetrandum nihil causae haberem praeter miseran- dam fortunam, quod paullo ante rex, genere, fama atque copiis potens, nunc deformatus aerumnis, inops, alienas opes exspecto, tamen erat majestatis Romani populi prohibere injuriam, neque cujusquam regnum per scelus cresceret. Verum ego his finibus ejectus sum, quos majoribus meis populus Romanus dedit, unde pater et avus una vobiscum expulere Syphacem et Carthagini- enses. 54. Nam vi quidem regere patriam aut parentes, quamquam et possis et delicta corrigas, tamen importunum est ; cum prae- sertim omnes rerum mutationes caedem, fugam aliaque hostilia portendant ; frustra autem niti, neque aliud fatigando, nisi odium, quaerere, extremae dementiae est. 55. Causa fuit pater his, qui macro pauper agello Noluit in Flavi ludum me mittere, magni Quo pueri magnis e centurionibus orti, Ibant. Sed puerum est ausus Romam portare, docendum Artes, quas doceat quivis eques, atque senator Semet prognatos. Notes on the foregoing Sentences. 1. Conscius animus— a. mind conscious of guilt, a guilty conscience. Sceleris is understood, or some such word, governed by conscius. See Rule 17. LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 83 Ii. This is a mere repetition of omnes. It is usual to sum up all the individuals when situated in this way. The indivi- duals, quos jlagitium, quos egestas, quos conscius animus exagita- bat, may or may not be different characters, and the ii includes them all. A culpa vacuus. See Rule 20. The preposition is thus fre- quently expressed. Par similis. The former implies equality in acts of daring, the latter similarity in disposition. The two are not necessarily com- bined ; hence there is no redundancy. For the syntax of ceteris, see Rule 18. 2. Ubi ea (for eae res) explorata sunt, quae voluit (explorari), in unum (locum) convocat omnes (eos) quibus (erat) maxima necessitudo et plurimum audaciae. Explorata sunt. It has been already remarked that the parti- ciple which combines with esse to form the passive verb agrees, as an adjective, with the subject of such verb in gender, number, and case. Explorata is the nominative plural, neuter gender, to agree with ea. Quce voluit. Quce is the accusative subject of explorarL See Rule 7. Quibus erat. See Rule 9, and Observations under it. Plurimum, audaciae = plurima audacia. Rule 16. 3. Nobilium, governed by juventus, understood. Inceptis. See Observation 6, under Rule 3. Quibus in otio. The antecedent is ii, understood. The order is, " Ii quibus erat copia vivere in otio vel magnifice vel molliter malebant (habere) incerta pro certis, bellum quam pacem," — those who had the means of living in a time of peace, either in a splendid style or luxuriously, were better pleased to have uncertainty than certainty, war than peace. Quibus erat. See Rule 9, and Observations. Incerta. See Rule 15. Qui crederent. The antecedent is homines, understood, or some such word. "There were persons, at that time, who." Consilii. See Rule 17. Invisus ipsi — an enemy to him (Crassus). Voluisse — there were persons who believed that he (Crassus) was desirous that the power of any one should increase in opposition to his (Pompey's) ; trusting moreover (as he did) that if the conspiracy succeeded, he himself (se) would become a leader among them (the conspirators). Confisum, agreeing with Crassum. Principem. See Rule 13. Apud illos. There is no word immediately expressed to which e 6 84 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. this pronoun refers ; it is, however, implied in the word con- juratio. This is a common usage in all languages. 4. Qui dicerent. See note under qui crederent in the pre- ceding sentences. Oratione habita — the speech having been delivered, after he had delivered his speech. See Rule 14. Catilinam, the subject of circumtulisse. Rule 7. Inde. This stands immediately connected with aperuisse. " There were people who believed that then [inde) he opened, &c. when all had tasted after the imprecation." Atque eo — and they likewise said that he asserted that he did so for this reason, in order that they might be more faithful one to another, being conscious, each to the other, of such a deed. Dictitare, fecisse, aperuisse. The subject is Catilinam. Ficta hcec. Hcec, for has res; and multa, for multas res, the subject of ficta (esse). Ciceronis invidiam — the odium under which Cicero laboured. Pcenas dederant — had suffered punishment. 5. His rebus comparatis. See Rule 14. Si designatus foret — if he could become consul elect. Facile se — that he would easily use Antony according to his will, make what use he liked of him. Usurum (esse) Antonio. See Observation 6, Rule 3. Illi tarnen — Cicero. Per Fulviam — by making many promises through the agency ofFulvia. See Rules 30 and 6. Ad hoc — moreover, in addition to this. Ne sentiret. Ne here is equivalent to ut non. " That he should not feel disposed against, side against, the commonwealth." Observe, rempublicam is compounded of the noun res, and the adjective publica, both being declined according to their own declension. Extrema omnia. See Rule 15. 6. Ceteris. See Rule 14. Eques, senator. See Observation 10, under Rule 5. Constituere. See Observation 1, under Rule 1. Ea node. Governed by in, understood. Quantum per iculi. See Rule 16. Consuli impendeat. Observation 6, Rule 3. Im is a modifica- tion of in. Sollicitare — stirred up. Historians frequently use the infini- tive for the past indicative. Egestate, dolore. See Rule 6. Novarum rerum — new things, a revolution. Governed by cupidam. See Rule 17. LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 85 7. Nos cepisse — that we have taken. Rule 7. Homini — that we may offer danger to any man, expose any man to danger. Qui miseri. Qui is the subject of sumus, and takes its number and person, not from an immediate antecedent, but from the possessive nostra in the preceding clause, our bodies being equivalent to the bodies of us. This is a usage of the English as well as the Latin language. Of this the following are examples : "In the general warfare of the age, the advantage was on their side, who were most commonly the assailants." — Gibbon. " In the same year was published my ' Inquiry,' which, in my own opinion, who ought not to judge on that subject, is, of all my writings, incomparably the best." — Hume. " That our bodies may be protected from harm (the bodies of us), who, wretched, needy, are destitute, through the harsh treatment and cruelty of usurers, most of us of our country (the privileges of citizenship), but all of our characters and fortunes." Patrice, fama, fortunis, are all, though differing in case, governed by expertes. See Rule 20. Licuit — nor was it lawful for any of us to take the benefit of the law, agreeably to the custom of our ancestors. The subject of this verb is the whole of the following clause. Uli lege. See Observation 6, under Rule 3. More. See Rule 6. Amisso patrimonii. See Rule 14. 8. Cuidam— to one Publius Umbrenus. See Rule 24. Existimans. The order is, " Existimans eos oppressos aere alieno publice privatimque facile posse adduci ad tale consilium, quod gens Gallica bellicosa esset natura." Eos — that they being overwhelmed. The subject of posse. See Rule 7. JEre alieno — with debt; literally, "other men's brass." This is governed by oppressos. See Rule 14. Publice privatimque — publicly and privately, i. e. their state, and they themselves individually, were overwhelmed with debt. Ad tale consilium. The preposition is often repeated before the governed word, as here. See Rule 26. Natura — by nature. Rule 6. Quod in Gallia negotialus {erat) — because he had carried on business in Gaul. In eo — in it, the senate. Nihil auxilii — nothing of aid, no aid. Uti sui misereretur — that he would take pity on them. See Observation 6, Rule 3. Nihil tarn asperum — saying (understood) that nothing was so 86 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. disagreeable, nor so difficult, but that they would most anxiously do it, provided, &c. Quod foro — because it (the house) was near the forum, and not unacquainted with the plot. In this latter clause the house, by a common figure of speech, is put for the inhabitants. Con- silii is governed by aliena on the principle laid down in Rule 17. Quo major auctoritas — in order that a greater weight would attach to his words. For the syntax of sermoni, see Observa- tion 6, under Rule 3. Eo prcesente — he (Gabinius) being present, in his presence. Rule 14. Eos pollicitos— then he dismisses them, having promised (after they had first promised) their assistance. 9. Dicendi finem. See Rule 30. Ceteri verbo — the rest assented in support of different opinions (varie) one to one speaker, another to another {alius adsentiebatur alii). Ceteri verbo is opposed to Marcus Cato and oratio. Rogatus sententiam. See Rule 25. 10. In sententiam discessit — voted according to the opinion of Cato. Discedere in sententiam alicujus means " to agree with any one's opinion," and is a phraseology adopted on account of the habit of senators going to the same side of the house who agreed in opinion. Optimum factum ratus — believing it (to be) the best deed (he could do) to anticipate the night which was coming on, i. e. to do what was to be done. Quod Tullianum. The more natural antecedent is locus, in which case the relative would be qui. When however the rela- tive is placed between two nouns agrees of different genders, it sometimes, as here with Tullianum, with the latter. Ad Icevam. Supply manum. Quibus prceceptum erat — those persons to whom such com- mand had been issued, &c. Moribus, factis. See Rule 21. 11. Cum expeditis. Supply militibus, light-armed troops. Versari. The historical infinitive for versabatur. Laborantibus succurrere — brought succours to those in distress. See Observation 6, Rule 3. Omnia providere — took all possible precautions. Memor generis. See Rule 17. 12. Manifest us — being clearly guilty of. Prius—quam. These particles are connected in translation : " Did not give up struggling against the truth until." Supra gratiam —beyond the influence of his money ; literally, " beyond his influence and his money." This is a species of LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 87 Hendiadys ; a mode of expression usual, especially in the poets, whereby one thing is represented as two. Parendi sibi. See Rule 30, and Observation 6, Rule 3. Italia decedere. See Rule 26, which also explains the syntax of Roma in the next passage. Perituram. Supply esse. The future infinitive. 13. Accepit. The object is ea, the antecedent of quoe % the object of agebat. Diffidere suis rebus. See Observation 6, Rule 3. Ipsi liberis vitam. See Rule 24. Experimentis. See Rule 6. Cognitum erat genus esse infidum — it had been already known to Metellus by experience that the nation (family) of the Numi- dians was treacherous, (a nation) of a fickle disposition, and fond of change. The subject of cognitum erat is the sentence. Genus, the accusative subject of esse. Ingenio mobili. See the foregoing translation, and Observation 11, Rule 5. Genus is understood. Novarum rerum. Rule 17. Tentando. See Rules 6 and 30. Opportunos — fit for his purpose. Pollicendo. Rules 6 and 30. Jugurtham sibi traderent. Rule 24. Maxime vivum — alive especially ; that is, if possible. Nunciari. The subject is ea, the antecedent of quce. " He orders that such an answer should be openly given to the king as would be according to his (the king's) pleasure;" as would please him. 14. Amat — loves, i. e. is wont. Ictu. See Rule 10, and Sentences 23, 24, 25, given by way of illustration under it. 15. Dims orte. See Rule 27. Pollicitus, agreeing with tu, the subject of abes. Instar veris — your countenance like the spring. Ut mater — as a mother with vows, omens, and prayers calls for her youthful son, whom the south wind with adverse gales {invido flatu) detains from his sweet home, staying longer than a year (annuo spatio) beyond the waters of the Carpathian sea, nor turns her gaze from the curved shore ; in like manner his country, inspired with loyal wishes, seeks for Caesar. Rura perambulat. See Rule 26. Culpari metuit Fides —honour is afraid of being blamed, i. e. does nothing worthy of censure. Scythen, the accusative singular after a Greek declension. " The frozen Scythian." 88 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. Incolumi Ccesare. See Rule 14. Condit diem — finishes his days in his own hills. This is stated as one of the effects of peace. Ft vitem viduas — and marries the vine to the widowed trees ; pursues the peaceful avocation of agriculture. Alteris mensis — and invites you as a deity to his second course. Defuso pateris. See Rule 26. Uti Grcecia. This is the subject of miscuit, understood. Castoris Herculis memor — mindful of, i. e. grateful to. See Rule 17, Ferias Hesperice. See Rule 24. Dicimus integro — we pray (say so) this, fresh and fasting (sicci, agreeing with nos, the subject of dicimus), the day being whole (the ablative absolute), no part being taken therefrom, i. e. early in the morning. 16. Quam neque finitimi. The order is, "(Nos) impia aetas devoti sanguinis perdemus (Romam) quam neque," &c. — (We) an impious age of devoted blood will ruin that Rome which, &c. Novisque — and the Gauls faithless (which they show) by revo- lutions. Novis rebus is the expression of the manner. See Rule 6. Dissipabit — will insolently scatter the bones of Romulus, which want (are now free from the influence of) wind and sun. Carent ventis. See Rule 20. Forte quid expediat — perchance the whole of you, or the better part, are asking what may be expedient (in order) to avoid (carere) these destructive evils. Carere laboribus. See Rule 20. Nulla sit — no opinion can be preferable to (better than) this ^opinion). See Rule 10, and Sentences 23, 24, 25. Velut profugit — in like manner as the state of the Phocaeans fled, having uttered execrations (against such as should return), and left their fields, the homes of their fathers, and temples, to be inhabited by boars and ravenous wolves. Habitanda apris — lupis. See Rule 19. 17. Qui fit — how does it happen ? The sentence is the subject of this verb, and qui is the ablative expressive of the means. See Rule 6. Ut nemo, quam — that no one lives contented with that lot which either reason may have given him, or chance thrown in his way. Sortem is out of its own clause : this is a species of attraction common to the Greek language. The order should be, " Ut nemo vivat contentus ilia sorte, quam seu ratio dederit, seu fors objecerit sibi." LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 89 Quam ratio dederit sibi. See Rule 24. Contentus ilia sorte. See Rule 21. Laudet diversa sequentes — that (every one) commends (men) following different (pursuits, negotid). See Rule 15. Gravis annis — borne down with years. Rule 6. Fractus membra — broken in (as to) his limbs. See Rule 29. Mercator, the subject of ait, understood. Navim, the old form of the accusative for navem. Jactantibus Austris, ablative absolute. Rule 14. Concurritur — men engage. This is a specimen of what is called a verb impersonal. All active verbs may assume this form, their subject being changed into the ablative governed by a or ab. See Rule 8, and Explanation 2 attached thereto. Of this the following examples will suffice : — ENGLISH. ACTIVE VERB. IMPERSONAL. Men engage, Homines concurrunt, Concurritur ab hominibus. We hear, Nos audimus, Auditur a nobis. They read, Illi legunt, Legitur ab illis. They have gone, Illi iverunt, Itum est ab illis. Note. — The impersonal verb is always in the third singular, and in that tense which the personal verb would be expressed in. Juris, legum peritus. See Rule 17. Sub galli cantum — at cockcrow. Rure extractus. See Rule 26. Datis vadibus — having given bail. Ablative absolute. 18. Roma, governed by egressum. Rule 26. Hospitio modico — in an indifferent inn. Heliodorus, the subject offuit, understood. Rhetor. See Observation 10, Rule 5. Linguae doctissimus. See Rule 17. Forum Appi. Appii Forum, the name of a place. Appi is contracted or syncopated for Appii. This is the subject of ex~ cepit, understood. Differtum nautis. See Rule 20. Hoc iter — we, being lazy, made two of this journey, (which is but one) for persons better prepared (girded higher) than we. Minus est — the Appian Way is less troublesome to bad tra- vellers. Quod erat — because it was. Ventri indico bellum — proclaim war on my stomach, i. e. deny it the luxury of water. See Rule 24. Exspectans — awaiting with impatience (haud cequo animo) my companions (whilst) supping. Diffundere signa — to display the stars. 90 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. Ingerere, the infinitive for the imperfect tense. Missce pastum, — let loose to feed. Rule 28. 19. Patre libertino. See Rule 27. Mihi pareret tribuno. Observation 6, Rule 3, and Observa- tion 10, Rule 5. Hoc illi—th\a (last-named reason) is unlike the former. Hie and Me refer, the former to the nearer, the latter to that more remote. Cantum, agreeing with te. Dignos, equivalent to tantum dignos, " but those that are worthy." Priva ambitione procul — depraved ambition being far removed from you; that is, you have no sinister motives in patronizing those whom you admit to your friendship. Hoc quod te sortitus — I cannot pronounce myself happy on this account, because I obtained you as a friend by chance. Under- stand sum with sortitus. Singultim — in a broken, interrupted manner. 20. Nescio quid— thinking on I know not what trifle. Quid nugarum. See Rule 16. Arreptaque manu — and having seized my hand, (he says, inquit) What thing are you doing (How do you do), my dearest friend ? Quid rerum. See Rule 16. Arrepta manu, ablative absolute. Suaviter ut— pretty well as matters are now, and I wish you may have what you desire, i. e. I wish you the same : cupio /ut habeas omnia quae vis habere. Numquid vis ? occvpo — I am beforehand in asking, Do you want any thing 1 But he replies, That you may know me, we are learned, i. e. I am a man of letters. The busybody speaks of himself in the first person plural, as being, in his own estimation* of some importance. Nil agis — you do nothing, i. e. 'tis no use for you. Iter est tibi ? — whither are you going hence ? See Rule 9, and Sentences 19, 20, 21, 22, illustrative thereof. Cum gravius — when a heavier load than usual comes on (is put on) his back. 21. Ultra legem — beyond the law which obtains in such mat- ters. Similes meorum. Adjectives of likeness sometimes are found with a genitive. See Rule 18. Grammarians make this dis- tinction : the dative expresses the external appearance ; the genitive the disposition and character in which the similarity exists. Deduci — spun out ; opposed to the art of good composition. Trebati. See Note 2, under Declension 2. LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 91 Quiescas — you must be quiet : the answer of Trebatius. The following is a dialogue between him and Horace. Ne faciam = ut non faciam — do you say that I am not to com- pose verses at all ? Tiberim. See Rule 26. Somno quibus. Rule 9, and Sentences 19, 20, 21, 22. Sub noctem properly signifies " at the approach of night :" sub, signifying " approach to," governs an accusative. Here the ex- pression is equivalent to our " over night." Amor scribendi. Rule 30. Laturus — about to receive, i. e. sure to receive ; agreeing with tu, the subject of aude. Cupidum, agreeing with me, the object of deficiunt. Gallos pereuntes — the Gauls perishing with the spear broken in them. Labentis equo — falling from his horse. Attamen et justum — nevertheless you may describe him just and brave, as the wise Lucilius (described) Scipio. Res ipsa feret — an occasion itself, a real opportunity will offer itself. Flacci, one of the names of Horace. Cui male si, a metaphor taken from the stable. 22. Sudando. See Rules 6 and 30. 23. Pauper argenti. Rule 20. Multum celer — a man of much energy of character. Men* vivo ? Mene vivo ? — is it whilst I am alive ? Ne, an interrogative particle ; " whether I being alive," the ablative absolute. Vigila — be on your guard. Aceedat stomacho. Observation 6, Rule 3. Quanti, parvo, octussibus. Consult Rule 31. 24. Si quid monitoris — if you want an adviser in any respect. Quid is the accusative neuter, governed by secundum or quoad. See Rule 29. For the syntax of monitoris, consult Rule 20. Quid scepe — often consider what you say, of what man you say it, and to whom. Incutiant pudorem tibi. Consult Rule 24. 25. Haud nequicquam — with good reason. Dum bello — whilst the Grecian kings were devastating in war Pergamus (Troy), due (to them by fate). Ergo eadem — therefore I, the same, (now) come a suppliant, and ask you, a divinity sacred to me (in my eyes), for arms. Rogo te arma. Consult Rule 25. Genitrix nato. " Ego genitrix rogo te arma nato." 26. Quce gloria. Gloria is out of its proper clause ; it should 92 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. be gloriam, the object of expediam : this is a species of attraction already explained. The order is, " Nunc age, expediam dictis gloriam quae deinde sequatur Dardaniam prolem, nepotes qui maneant (nos) de Itala gente, illustres animas, que (animas) ituras in nostrum nomen." Te tua fata docebo. Rule 25. 27. Mihi opus est amicitia. Rules 5, Observation 12, and 9, Sentences 19, 20, 21, 22. Quod te rogo. The antecedent is id, the object offacis. For the syntax of quod and te, consult Rule 25. Oporteat. The subject is the whole clause in which it stands. 28. Bellum Romanis intulit. Rule 24. Amicis gratulantibus, ablative absolute. Honestis vulneribus — with wounds in their breast. Imperio potiri. Observation 6, Rule 3. Mihi erat habenti. The latter agrees with mihi, " for me having," i. e. if I had. Tarentum, in Grceciam. Consult Rule 34. 29. Mthera. The accusative of cether, after a Greek declen- sion. Os, humeros Deo similis. Rules 18 and 29. Ipsa genitrix — his mother herself, Venus. Affldrat, for afflaverat. 30. Romce. Rule 32. Comperta, supply sunt. Sine fraude — with impunity, i. e. with the assurance of safety. Condemn atis. The syntax of this is the same as that of multitudini, governed with diem by statuit. " They appoint a day for the rest of the multitude, except," i. e. it does not so appoint a day for those convicted of capital offences. Rerum capitalium. See Rule 23. 31. In Africam. Rule 34. 32. Romce, Numidice. Rule 32. 33. Tentanda, supply esse — that the seas are to be (must be) attempted in flight. Argis. Consult Rule 33. 34. Carthagine. Rule 33. Defer. Imperative, second singular of fero. Three other verbs omit the e in the same part : these are, facio, dico, duco. 35. Nunciatum est. The subject is lapides cecidisse. Visi, supply sunt — they appeared to hear a voice (directing them). Quae oblivioni. See Rule 24. Fortunce, governed by irati— incensed at fortune, as it usually happens in such cases {ut fit). See Observation 6, Rule 3. LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 93 Hand ita multo post — not very long after. Laboratum est {a Romanis) — the Romans were attacked. They laboured, literally : the verb impersonal, equivalent to Romani laboraverunt. See Note and illustrations on this form of the verb under Sentence 17 of the foregoing. Pigritia militandi — a disinclination to military service. Rule 30. Militice quam domi— in war than in peace. See Note under Rule 32. Obnoxius degeret — became a slave to. 36. Curibus — at Cures. See Rule 33. Consultissimus juris. See Rule 17. 37. Cumis — Cumae, the residence of the celebrated Sibyl. See Rule 33. 38. Dissimiles veris, supply speluncis, and see Rule 18. Fern — the natural caves. 39. Romce. See Rule 32. 40. Tanti. See Rule 31. "Let not all the sand of the Tagus be of so much value in your estimation that (for it) you should want sleep, and accept rewards to be (which ought to be) rejected, and be always the object of suspicion by a friend in power." Somno careas. Rule 20. A magno timearis amico. Note 2, under Rule 8, and Sentences 13, 14, &c. illustrative thereof. 41. Romce. Rule 32. Numinis — the host of the Idasan deity. This was Scipio Nasica, adjudged to be one of the best of men. He was deemed the most worthy to receive the image of the Goddess Cybele into his house, till a temple should be built for it. She was called Idcea, from Ida, a hill in Phrygia, whence her worship was introduced to Rome. Numa — the first king who civilized the Romans, remarkable for his uprightness. Vel qui — Lucius Metellus, who preserved the Palladium, the image of Minerva, when it stood, as it were, trembling for its safety, the temple in which it was being on fire. Protinus ad censum — the first inquiry will be as to his in- come. Quantum nummorum, tantum fidei. Rule 16. 42. Agmine facto, ablative absolute. Migrasse, syncopated for migravisse. Quorum virtutibus obstat domi. For the syntax of quorum, see Note under Rule 12, and Rule 5 ; for virtutibus, Observation 6, Rule 3 ; and for domi, Note under Rule 32. 94 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. Romce conatus. The latter is the subject of est, understood. For the syntax of Romce, see Rule 32. Hospitium, ccenula, ventres, the subjects respectively of constat and constant, understood. Magno, the ablative governed bv the preceding verbs. Rule 31. 43. Plena malis. See Rule 20. Pulchrior ille hoc — this one is fairer than that. Hoc ; for the syntax, see Rule 10, and Examples 23, 24, and 25, illustrative thereof. Frangendus misero — and bread must be broken by the poor wretch with a toothless gum. Misero frangendus. See Rule 19. Captaiori Cosso. See Observations 9 and 10, Rule 5. 44. Nil ergo — the language of an objector. Conveniat nobis. Observation 6, Rule 3. Di, syncopated for Divi, the nominative plural of Divus. Impulsu, cupidine. Rule 6. Notum, supply est. The subject is the following. Qui pueri — what sort the children will turn out (futuri sint). Orandum est. The subject is the following clause. Ut sit — that we may have. Supply nobis, and consult Rule 9, and Observations 19, 20, &c. explanatory thereof. Terrore carentem. Rule 20. Qui ponat — which can reckon. Poiiore venere, ccenis, plumis. Consult Rule 10, and Sen- tences 23, 24, 25, illustrative thereof. Si sit prudentia, supply nobis. See Note under ut sit, above. 45. Incredibile memoratu. See Rule 28. Adepta libertate, ablative absolute. Laboris patiens — able to endure labour. With an accusative this adjective signifies actually enduring. Lubidinem habebani — took pleasure. Domi, militice. Note under Rule 32. Legibus, natura. Rule 6. 46. Recitatce, supply sunt — a letter was read. In the plural number literce, or litterce, as here, signifies " an epistle ;" in the singular litera signifies " a letter of the alphabet." Mea culpa, the ablative of the cause. Rule 6. " Not through my fault I send." " It is not through my fault that I send " is more agreeable to the usage of the English language. Oratum. See Rule 28. Lubido extinguendi. See Rule 30. In animo habeat— regards. LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. 95 Malit. Supply uti from the preceding clause, and habere to govern sanguinem and omnia, and, in reference to the latter, con- sult Rule 15. 47. Diis auspicious — under the auspices of the gods ; literally, "by the gods as the authors." Diis, for Divis, and Junone are the ablatives of the cause, and vento of the instrument, governed by tenuisse. Consult Rule 6. Quam tu urbem — what a city will you see this ! Teucrum, syncopated for Teucrorum. Posce deos veniam. Consult Rule 25. Causas morandi. Rule 30. Orion, ccelum, rates, the subjects respectively of est and sunt, understood. 48. Justitia vacat. See Rule 20. In vitio est — is at fault, i. e. is a crime. Non enim modo — for not only does it not belong to virtue. Virtutis, immanitatis. Consult Rule 22. 49. Quis desiderio — what feeling of shame should there be, or moderation, for the regret of so dear a person, i. e. in regretting. Capitis — the head. By synecdoche for the individual. Cui parem. Consult Rule 18. Bonis jlebilis. Rule 19. Nulli flebilior quam tibi. Rule 19. Frustra pius — affectionate to no purpose. Non ita creditum — not entrusted to you on such conditions, f* e. to live for ever. Poscis Quinctilium deos. Rule 25. 50. Otium divos rogat. Rule 25. Prensus — a person caught in the wide iEgean sea. Supply mari. Gemmis, purpura, auro venale. Consult Rule 31. 51. Dementis est — is the part of a madman. Rule 22. Subvenire tempestati. Observation 6, Rule 3. Sapientis, supply est, and see Rule 22. 52. Tenacem propositi — firm in the execution of his purpose. See Rule 19. 53. Ad impetrandum — to obtain my request. Nihil causce — nothing of a cause, no cause. Erat majestatis, in the sense of esset. See Rule 22. "It would belong to the majesty." His finibus ejectus sum. See Rule 26. Quos majoribus dedit. Rule 24. 54. Parentes — subjects, persons obeying. Extremce dementice est. Rule 22. 55. Causa his — the cause of these things. See Observation 9, Rule 5. 96 LATIN CONSTRUCTION AND TRANSLATION. Flavi, syncopated for Flavii. Portare Romam. Consult Rule 34. Docendum artes — to be taught those accomplishments. Do- cendum agrees with me puerum, the object of portare. For the syntax of artes, consult Rule 25. Quas eques quivis doceat prognatos semet — which any knight might teach (those) sprung from himself, his children. For the syntax of quas, prognatos, consult Rule 25, and Note under Rule 12 ; and for semet, Rule 27. DICTIONARY OF THE WORDS FOREGOING SENTENCES. A, aD, prep.,/rowi, oy. abduco, xi, ctum, 3, I lead away. abeo, ivi, itum, irr., I go away, I depart. abominor, abominatus, abomi- nari, dep., I detest. absum, abfui, abesse, irr., I am absent, I am distant. ac, conj., and. accedo, essi, essum, 3, I go to, accede, acquiesce. accendo, di, sum. 3, I set on fire, burn, excite. accipio, epi, eptum, 3, I receive, take, accept. accitus, us, 4, m., a call, invita- tion. accurro, ri, rsum, 3, I run to, hasten. accuso, avi, atum, 1, I accuse, blame. acer, ris, e, sharp, sour, swift, active, fierce. acervus, i, 2, m., a heap. acies, ei, 5, f., an edge or point, an army in battle array. actio, onis, 3, f., an action, a suit or process at law. actus, a, um, part, of ago, done, performed. acuo, ui, 3, I sharpen, excite, pro- voke. ad, prep., to, towards. addo, didi, ditum, 3, / give to, add. adduco, xi, ctum, 3, / lead to, bring, induce. adeo, adv., so, therefore, very much. adeo, ivi and ii, itum, I go, come to, address. adeptus, part, of adipiscor, having obtained. adgredior, same as aggredior. Adherbal, alis, 3, m., Adherbal. adhibeo, ui, itum, 2, I apply, admit, send for. adhoc, adv., in addition to this, moreover. adipiscor, eptus sum, pisci, dep., J obtain, get. adjungo, nxi, nctum, 3, J add, join to. admiror, ratus sum, mirari, dep., I admire, wonder at. adopto, tavi, tatum, 1, I adopt. adpello, avi, atum, 1, 1 call, name, address. Adria, se, ], f., the Adriatic Sea. adsedeo, edi, sessum, 2, J sit by, close to. adsentior, iri, nsus, dep., I assent or agree to, comply. adsum, fui, esse, / am present. adveho, xi, ctum, 3, I bring to, convey. adverto, ti, sum, 3, 1 turn to, direct, apply. adversus, a, um, part, of adverto. 98 DICTIONARY OF WORDS. ad versus, prep., opposite to, against. JEacidas, ae, 1, m., Achilles, the grandson of JEacus. aedes, is, 3, f., a house, building, temple. JEgsdus, a, um, of or belonging to the JEgean Sea. Mgeriau, ae, 1, f., the name of a goddess. aegroto, I, I am sick. aemulus, a, um, emulous, vying with. iEneas, ae, 1, m., JEneas. aequalis, e, equal. aequitas, tatis, 3, f., equity, justice. sequor, oris, 3, n., the sea, the smooth surface of any thing. aequus, a, um, equal, just, even. seratus, a, um, made of brass. senium a, ae, 1, f., trouble, sorrow, misery. aes, ris, 3, n., brass. aetas, atis, 3, f., age. aeternum, adv., for ever. aeternus, a, um, eternal, everlast- ing. aether, ris, 3, m., the sky, firma- ment, heaven. afflo, avi, atum, 1, I blow, breathe upon. affuigeo, si, sum, 2, / shine upon, favour. Africa, 83, 1, f., Africa. Africus, i, in., the south- wesi wind. agedum!} inter J-' C0 ^ on/ agellus, i, 2, m., a little field. ager, i. 2, m., afield, garden. aggredior, ssus sum v. fui, edi, dep., / come up to, accost, at tuck. agilis, e, nimble, active. agito, avi, atum, 1, I agitate, re- volve, consider. agmen, inis, 3, n., a body of men, an, army in line of march, a number of men, a herd. ago, egi, actum, 3, I do, act, transact. agricoia, ae, 1, m., a husbandman. ahenum, i, 2, n., a brass pot, cal- dron. aio, defect., I say. See Defective Verbs, ala, ae, I, f., a wing. Albanus, a, um, Alban. Albanus, i, 2, m., an Alban. alibi, adv., in another place, else- where. alienus, a, um, what belongs to another, strange, improper. aliquis, a, aliquid or aliquod, someone, somebody. aliquot, pi., indecl. adj., some, a few. aliter, adv., in another way, other- wise. alius, a, ud, another, different. Allobrox, ogis, 3, m. and f., an Allobrogian, an inhabitant of Savoy. alloquor, cutus sum, qui, dep., J address, speak to. almus, a, um, kind, bountiful. alte, adv., highly. alter, era, erum, another. altum, i, 2, n., the deep. . altus, a, um, high. alvus, i, 2, m. and f., the belly, the inside of a thing. amator, oris, 3, m., a lover. ambages, ambagibus (its only- cases), 3, f., a turning, wind- ing, circumlocution, a tedious story. ambigue, adv., in a doubtful man- ner. ambitio, onis, 3, f., ambition. ambo, ae, o, both. See Declension of Adjectives. amicitia, ae, 1, f., friendship. amicus, i, 2, m., a friend. amicus, a, um, friendly. amitto, isi, ssum, 3, I lose, I let go, omit. amo, avi, atum, 1, I love. amplector, xus sum, ti, dep., I embrace. amplexus, a, um, having embraced (part, of amplector). am plus, a, um, large, ample. anceps, cipitis, doubtful, dangerous, deceitful. DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 99 anchora, se, 1, f., an anchor. angustus, a, um, narrow, small, poor. anima, se, 1, f., the soul, life, breath. animadverto, ti, sum, 3, I observe, perceive, punish animus, i, 2, m., the mind, spirit, courage, disposition. Annibal, alis, 3, m., Hannibal. annus, i, 2, m., the year. annuus, a, um, yearly, belonging to the year, happening once a year. ante, prep., before. antea, adv., before, formerly. antecapio, cepi, ceptum, 3, / take beforehand, anticipate. anterior, us, adj., comp, former, in front. Antonius, ii, 2, m., Anthony. antrum, i, 2, n., a cave. aperio, ui, rtum, 4, 1 open, disclose. apertus, a, um, part, of aperio, opened. Apollo, inis, 3, m., Apollo. appelle ! adv. of ejaculation, hither.' hue appelle ! come hither ! appello, avi, atum, 1, I call, name, call to, accuse. appello, puli, pulsum, 3, I drive, force, apply. Appius, ii, 2, m., Appius. Appius, a, um, of or belonging to Appius. apto, avi, atum, 1, I fit, make Jit, adapt. aptus, a, um, fit, adapted. apud, prep., close by, near to, with, among. aqua, se, 1, f., water. Aquarius, ii, 2, m., one of the signs of the zodiac. aquosus, a, um, watery, wet. arator, toris., 3, m., a ploughman. aratrum, i, 2, n., a plough. arbor, oris, 3, f., a tree. area, se, 1, f., a chest, coffer. Arcadius, a, um, of or belonging to an Arcadian. arcesso, sivi, situm, 3, I send for, call, invite. ardens, ntis, part, of ardeo, burn- ing. ardeo, rsi, rsum, 2, I burn, desire greatly, burn with rage. ardor, oris, 3, m., a burning, great desire. arena, se, 1, f., sand, an arena. argentum, i, n., silver. Argolicus, a, um, of or belonging to Argos, Grecian. Argos, eos, n. (declined like a Greek noun; but Argi, Argo- rum, pi. m.), Argos. Aricia, se, 1, f., the name of a city or town. arma, orum, pi., 2, n., arms, im- plements. armatus, a, um, part, of armo, armed. armo, avi, atum, 1, I arm. arripio, pui, ptum, 3, / snatch at, seize, take by force. ars, tis, 3, f., an art, trade; art, artifice, cunning. aruspex, icis, 3, m., a soothsayer. arx, rcis, 3, f , a citadel. ascendo, di, nsum, 3, I ascend. asellus, i, 2, m., a little ass. asina, se, 1, f., a she-ass. aspecto, avi, atum, 1, I look at, have a view of. asper, era, erum, rough, harsh, ill- natured. aspicio, exi, ectum, 3, I behold, see, perceive, regard. assector, tatus sum, tari, dep., I attend, wait upon, follow. assumo, mpsi, mptum, 3, 1 assume, take, admit. astrum, i, 2, n., a star. astutia, se, 1, f., craft, cunning. at, conj., but. ater, ra, rum, black, mournful, fatal. Atheniensis, e, belonging to an Athenian. Atheniensis, is, 3, m. or f., an Athenian. atque, conj., and. atrocitas, tatis, 3, f., atrocity, cruelty. F2 100 DICTIONARY OF WORDS. atrox, ocis, adj., atrocious, cruel. attamen, conj., but, but yet, never- theless. attentus, a, um, attentive, careful. attollo, tuii, 3, I raise or lift up. auctor, oris, 3, m., an author, the doer of a thing, an adviser. auctoritas, tatis, 3, f., authority. audacia, ae, 1, f., boldness, courage, impudence. audax, acis, bold, courageous, im- pudent. audeo, ausus sum, 2, I dare, am bold. audio, ivi, itum, 4, J hear. aufero, abstuli, ablatum (irr. com- pound of fero), I take or carry off- aura, ae, 1, f., air, breath, favour. aureus, a, um, golden, valuable. auricula, a?, 1, f., the ear. auris, is, 3, f., the ear. aurum, i, 2, n., gold. auspex, picis, 3, m., a soothsayer, diviner. Auster, tri, 2, m., the south wind. aut, conj , or, either. autem, conj., but, however. auxilium, ii, 2, n., help, assistance. avaritia, ae, 1, f., avarice. averto, ti, rsum, 3, I turn off, turn away, avert. avidus, a, um, greedy, desirous. B. barbarus, a, um, barbarous. beatus, a, um, happy, blessed. bellicosus, a, um, warlike. bellum, i, 2, n., war. bene, adv., well. beneficium, ii, 2, n., kindness, a benefit. bis, adv., twice. Bocchus, i, 2, m., Bocchus. Bomilcar, ris, 3, m., Bomilcar. bonum, i, 2, n., goodness, virtue, equity. bonus, a, um, good, just, equitable. bos, ovis, 3, m. or f., an ox, a cow. brevi, adv., shortly, in a short time. brevia, ium, 3, n., fords, shallow places. brevis, e, short, brief. Brutus, i, 2, m., Brutus. brutus, a, um, sluggish, inactive. bucca, ae, 1, f., a cheek, a trumpet. a caballus, i, 2, m , a horse. cacumen, inis, 3, n., a top, the highest point. cadaver, eris, 3, n., a dead body. cado, cecidi, casum, 3, I fall, happen. caecus, a, um, blind, secret, dark, obscure. caedes, is, 3, f., slaughter, murder, death. caelestis, e, heavenly, celestial. caeruleus, a, um, blue, azure, sky- coloured. Caesar, aris, 3, m., Coesar. caesaries, ei, 5, f., hair. easterns, a, um, the rest, the other. calceus, i, 2, m., a shoe. Calchas, ntis, 3, m., the name of a diviner. calidus, a, um, warm, hot. cano, cecini, cantum, 3, I sing, prophesy. canto, avi, atum, 1, I sing. cantus, us, 4, m., a song. Capenus, a, um, Capene, Capenian. capio, cepi, ptum, 3, I take. capitalis, e, capital, worthy of death, deadly. captator, oris, 3, m., a person who lies in wait, a flatterer, a syco- phant. Capua, ae, 1, f., the name of a city in Italy. caput, itis, 3, n., the head. career, eris, 3, m., a prison. careo, rui and cassus sum, carere, 2, I want, am without. DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 101 carina, se, 1, f.» the keel of a ship, a ship. carmen, inis, 3, n., a song, verse, incantation, charm. Carpathius, a, um, Carpathian. carpo, psi, ptum, 3, I gather, rob, feed, calumniate. Carthaginiensis, e, Carthaginian. Carthaginiensis, is, 3, m. or f., a Carthaginian. Carthago, inis, 3, f., Carthage. cams, a, um, dear, beloved, costly. Caster, oris, 3, m., Castor. castrum, i, 2, n., a camp. casurus, a, um, part, of cado, about to fall or happen. casus, us, 4, m., a fall, chance, case, a happening. Catilina. se. 1, m., Catiline. Cato, onis, 3, m., Cato. caupo, onis, 3, m., an innkeeper. causa, ae, 1, f., a cause, reason. cautus, a, um, cautious, wary, prudent, safe. caveo, cavi, cautum, 2, 1 take care, am on my guard. Cecrops, opis, 3, m., Cecrops. cedo, ssi, ssum, 3, 1 go, yield, give place to. celer, eris, quick, active, clever. census, us, 4, m., a census, yearly income. centurio, onis, 3, m., a centurion. rerebrosus, a, um, passionate. Ceres, eris, 3, f., Ceres. cerno, crevi, cretum, 3, I perceive, discern. certamen, inis, 3, n., a contest. certe, adv., certainly. certo, avi, atum, 1, I contend. certus, a, um, certain. cervix, icis, 3, f., the neck. cervus, i, 2, m., a stag. charus, a, um, same as carus. cibarium, ii, 2, n., meat, food. cibus, i, 2, m., meat, food. Cicero, onis, 3, m., Cicero. circum, prep, and adv., about, around. circum ago, egi, actum, 3, I turn or go around. circumfero, tuli, latum (irreg. compound of fero), I bear or carry around. circumfusus, a, um, poured around, surrounding. Cirta, se, 1, f., the name of a , town. cithara, se, 1, f., a harp. citra, prep., on this side. citus, a, um, part., moved, pro- voked. citus, a, um, quick. civilis, e, of a city, courteous. civis, is, 3, m. or f., a citizen. civitas, atis, 3, f., a state, city. clades, is, 3, f., loss, defeat, dis- aster. clam, adv., privately. clamo, avi, atum, 1, I cry out, ex- claim. clarus, a, um, clear, well-known, illustrious. classis, is, 3, f., a class, fleet. claudo, si, sum, 3, I shut. clavis, is, 3, f., a key. cliens, tis, 3, m. and f., a client, a dependant. Cneius, ii, 2, m., Cneius. ccelum, i, 2, n., heaven, the sky. ccena, se, I, f., a supper. cceno, avi, atum, 1, I sup. ccenula, se, 1, f., a small supper. ccepi, verb defect., I have begun. cognatus, a, um, allied by blood. cognatus, i, 2, m., a cousin. cognosco, ovi, itum, 3, I know, learn, understand. cogo, egi, actum, 3, I force, com- pel. cohors, tis, 3, f., a cohort, troop, a company of people. collectus, a, um, part, of colligo. collega, se, 1, m. orf., a colleague, partner, htlper. colligo, legi, lectum, 3, I collect, pluck, conclude. collis, is, 3, m., a hill. colo, ui, ultum, 3, I till, cultivate. columen, inis, 3, n., support, stay, assistance. columna, se, I, f., a pillar. f 3 102 DICTIONARY OF WORDS. comes, itis, 3, m. or f., a com- panion. comitium, ii, 2, n., an assembly, place of an assembly. comitor, atus sum, dep., I accom- pany. commendo, avi, atum, 1, I com- mend, entrust. commissus, a, um, part, of com- mitto. committo, isi, issum, 3, I com- mit, entrust, engage in battle. commodo, avi, atum, 1,1 lend, Jit, adapt, profit. commodum, i, 2, n., advantage, benefit. communis, e, common, what be- longs to several. communiter, adv., in common. comparo, avi, atum, 1, I compare, procure. comperio, ri, rtum, 4, I find out, understand. complector, plexus sum, ti, dep., I embrace, comprehend. complexus, a, um, part, of com- plector. comploratio, onis, 3, f., lamenta- tion. compono, sui, situm, 1, I put to- gether, compose. conatus, us, 4, m., an attempt. concido, idi, ioum, 3, I cut off, cut in pieces, kill. concilium, ii, 2, n., an assembly, a council. concito, avi, atum, 1, I stir up, excite. concludo, usi, usum, 3, 1 conclude, finish, infer. Concordia, se, l,f., concord, agree- ment. concurro, ri, rsum, 3, I run to- gether, agree. condo, idi, itum, 3, I hide, finish. condemnatus, a, um, part, of con- demns condemno, avi, atum, 1, I con- confectus, a, um, part, of con- ficio. confertus, a, um, thick. conficio, eci, fectum, 3, I finish, wear out. confido, idi, isum, 3, J confide, trust. confisus, a, um (part, of confido, active in signification), trusting, confiding, confodio, di, ssum, 3, I dig, stab. confusus, a, um, confused, jumbled together. congero, gessi, gestum, 3, 1 heap or pile together. conjectus, a, um, part, of con- jicio. conjicio, eci, ectum, 3, I cast or throw together. conjugium, ii, 2, n., marriage. conjuratio, onis, 3, f., a conspi- racy. conjux, gis, 3, m. or f., a husband or wife. connubium, ii, 2, n., marriage. conor, conatus sum, ari, dep., 2" attempt. conscius, a, um, conscious, aware of consequor, cutus sum, qui, dep., I follow up, reach, obtain. conservo, avi, atum, 1, i" pre- serve. consido, sedi, sessum, 3, I sit down, settle, encamp. consilium, ii, 2, n., counsel, advice, design, purpose. consisto, stiti, stitum, 3, 1 consist, agree, stand together. conspectus, us, 4, m., a sight, view. conspicio, exi, ectum, 3, I view, behold, consider. constat, it is evident (3rd sing, of consto). constituo, ui, utum, 3, 1 constitute, appoint, resolve, agree. consto, stiti, stitum and statum, 1 , / consist, agree with, am evi- dent. consuesco, evi, etum, 3, 1 am ac- customed to. DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 103 consuetudo, inis, 3, f., a habit, custom. consul, ulis, 3, m., a consul. consularis, e, of consular rank. consulatus, us, 4, m., the consul- ship. consulo, sului, sultum, 3, I ask or give advice. consultor, oris, 3, m., one who asks advice, a client. consultus, a, um, part, of consulo, skilled. contendo, ndi, nsum and ntum, 3, I strive, contend, aim at. contentus, a, um, content. continentia, ae, 1, f., continence, moderation, forbearance. eontingo, tigi, tactum, 3, I touch, happen, attain. continuus, a, um, continual, con- stant. contra, prep., opposed to, opposite to, against. contristo, avi, atum, 1, I make sad. convenio, eni, entum, 4, I come together, agree, suit. convicium, ii, 2, n., reproach, abuse. con victor, oris, 3, m., a companion at table, guest. convivium, ii, 2, n., a feast, ban- quet, entertainment. convoco, avi, atum, 1, I call to- gether, convoke, summon. copia, se, 1, f., opportunity, abun- dance, resources, plenty. coram, prep., before, in presence °f- .. Cornelii, orum, 2, m., a family in Rome, the Cornelii. Cornelius, ii, 2, m., Cornelius. corpus, oris, 3, n., a body. corrigo, exi, ectum, 3, I correct, reform. corripio, ui, eptum, 3, I seize, snatch, reprove. corrumpo, upi, ptum, 3, 1 corrupt, waste destroy. Cossus, i, 2, m., Cossus. Crassus, i, 2, m., Crassns. crassus, a, um, thick, stupid. creber, ra, rum, often, frequent, numerous. creditus, a, um, part, of credo. credo, didi, ditum, 3, I believe, trust, entrust. cresco, evi, etum, 3, I grow, in- crease. crinis, is, 3, m., hair. crudelitas, atis, 3, f., cruelty. cubile, is, 3, n., a bed. cubo, ui, itum, 1, J am ill, con- fined to bed. cujas, atis, pron., of what country or sect. cujus, a, um, pron., whose, whereof . culex, icis, 3, m. or f., a gnat, small fly. culpa, se, 1, f., a fault. culpo, avi, atum, 1, I blame. cultura, se, 1, f., culture. cultus, a, um, part, of colo. cultus, us, 4, m., culture, tilling. cum, prep., with. cum, adv., when. Cumse, arum, 1, f., Cumce, a town in Italy. cunctor, tatus sum, ari, dep., I delay, hesitate. cunctus, a, um, all, the whole. cupidissime, adv., most anxi- ously. cupido, inis, 3, f., desire, anxiety, lust. cupidus, a, um, anxious, desirous. cupio, ivi, itum, 3, I covet, desire much. cur, adv., why ? cura, as, 1, f., care, anxiety. curatio, onis, 3, f., a curing, heal- ing, a charge. Cures, ium, 3, a town in Italy. Curiatius, ii, 2, m., one of the Cu- riatii. Curius, ii, 2, m., Curius. euro, avi, atum, 1, 1 care for, tale care of. curro, ri, sum, 3, I run. cursus, us, 4, m., a course, a run- ning. curvus, a, um, crooked. 4 104 DICTIONARY OF WORDS. cuspis, idis, 3, f., the point of a spear, a spear. custodio, ivi, itum, 4, I guard. custos, odis, 3, m. or f., a guard, a guardian. cutis, is, 3, f., the skin. Dardanius, a, urn, Trojan. datus, a, um, part, of do. de, prep., of, from. dea, se, 1 , f., a goddess. debeo, ui, itum, 2, I ought, owe. debitus, a, um, part, of debeo, due, appointed. decedo, essi, essum, 3, 1 leave, de- part. Decimus, i, 2, m., Decimus. declaro, avi, atum, I, I declare, make evident, proclaim. decorus, a, um, graceful, becoming, proper. decus, oris, 3, n., beauty, orna- ment, grace. deditio, on is, 3, f., a surrender. dedo, dedidi, ditum, 3, I submit, yield, surrender, give over. deduco, uxi, ctum, 3, I bring, take from, subtract, spin out. defero, tuli, latum (irreg. com- pound of fero), J bring, carry off, confer, bestow. deficio, feci, tectum, 3, I fail, leave, revolt, am defective, am discouraged. defigo, xi, ixum, 3, I fix, fasten, thrust into. definio, ivi, itum, 4, 1 define, de- termine, limit. defodio, fodi, fossum, 3, I dig, hide in the earth. deformatus, a, um, part., deform- ed, disgraced, fashioned. deformis, e, deformed, ugly, sor- did, unsightly. defossus, a, um, part, of defodio defundo, fudi, fusum, 3, I pour out. defusus, a, um, part, of defundo. dego, gi, 3, I lead, spend, live, dwell. degusto, avi, atum, 1, I taste, touch slightly. dein, deinde, advs., afterwards, then. Deiopeia, se, 1, f., the name of a dejicio, jeci, jectum, 3, / cast down, remove, degrade. delasso, are, 1, J tire out, weary. delecto, avi, atum, 1, I please, de- light. delictum, i, 2, n., a crime, fault, offence. demens, ntis, foolish, mad, out- rageous. dementia, as, 1, f., foolishness, madness. demitto, misi, missum, 3, I send down, dismiss, humble, submit. demum, adv., at length. denique, adv., in fine, at last. depello, puli, pulsum, 3, J drive away, expel, banish. depono, posui, positum, 3, I put off, lay down, fix, plant. descendo, di, ensum, 3, I descena, fall. describo, ipsi, iptum, 3, 1 describe, copy. desero, serui, sertum, 3, I forsake, quit, give up. desertus, a, um, part, of desero. desiderium, ii, 2, n., desire, love, want, absence. desidia, 83, 1, f., slothfulness. designatus, a, um, part , appoint- ed (consul designatus, consul elect).' despondeo, di, I promise, betroth, despair of. destino, are, 1 determine, intend, aim at. desum, fui (compound of sum), I am absent, wanting, fail. desuper, adv., from above, on the top. deterior, us, worse, weaker. devinco, ici, ictum, 2, I overcome, conquer. DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 105 devito, are, 1, I avoid. devolo, are, 1, I fly down, away, leave. devotus, a, urn, part., devoted, doomed, cursed. Deus, ei, 2, m., a god, the Deity. dico, xi, ictum, 3, I say, declare. dictator, oris, 3, m., a dictator. dictito, are, 1, J say often. dictum, i, 2, n., a word, saying. dies, ei, 5, m. or f., a day. differtus, a, urn, part., filled, stuffed. difficilis, e, difficult. diffido, fidi, fidere, 3, I distrust, despair. diffundo, fudi, fusum, 3, 1 pour out, disperse, publish. dignitas, tatis, 3, f., dignity, ma- jesty, grandeur. dignus, a, um, worthy, suitable, be- coming. digredior, gressus sum, gredi, dep., / depart, turn aside. digressus, us, 4, m., a depar- ture. dilabor, lapsus sum, labi, dep., I slip aside, waste. dimico, cavi, care, 1, I fight, en- gage, struggle. dimitto, isi, issum, 3, I dismiss, discharge, let go. dimoveo, movi, motum, 2, I re- move, put away. discedo, essi, essum, 3, I depart, leave, go off. disco, didici, cere, 3, I learn, un- derstand. discordia, a?, 1, f., discord, dis- agreement. discrimen, minis, 3, n., a differ- ence, distinction, danger, a battle. disjicio, jeci, jectum, 3, I dis- perse, overthrow. dispar, paris, unlike. dispono, posui, positum, 3, I dis- pose, set in order, settle. dissimilis, e, unlike, different. dissipo, are, 1, / dissipate, dis- perse, scatter, squander. distineo, nui, tentum, 2, I hinder, keep off. ditesco, cere, 3, I grow rieh. diu, adv., a long time. divello, vulsi, vulsum, 3, J tear asunder, loosen. diversus, a, um, different, contrary, separate. dives, itis, rich, abounding in. dives, itis, 3, m. or f., a rich per- son. divido, visi, visum, 3, 1 divide, dis- tribute, distinguish. divinus, a, um, divine, blessed. divitiae, arum, 1, f., riches, wealth. divulgo, are, 1, I spread abroad, make known. divus, i, 2, m., a god. do, dedi, datum, 1, I give. doceo, cui, ctum, 2, J teach, in- form, tell. docilis, e, easily taught, docile. doctus, a, um, part, of doceo. doleo, lui, litum, 2, / grieve, am displeased. dolo, are, I, I beat, belabour. dolor, oris, 3, m., grief, resent- ment. dolus, i, 2, m , deceit, treachery. dominus, i, 2, m., a master, a ruler, a lord. domo, mui, mitum, ], I tame, subdue, conquer. domus, i and us, 2 and 4, f., a house, a residence. donee, adv., until, as long as. dono, avi, atum, 1, I give, be- stow. donum, i, 2, m., a gift, present. Doricus, a, um, Doric. dormio, ivi, itum, 4, I sleep. dorsum, i, 2, n., the back, ridge of a hill. dubito, avi, atum, 1, I doubt, hesi- tate. duco, xi, ctum, 3, I draw, lead, carry, bring. ducto, avi, atum, 1, I lead. ductus, a, um, part, of duco. dulcis, e, sweet, agreeable. dum, adv., until, whilst. duo, ae, o (see Declension of Ad- jectives), two. F 5 106 DICTIONARY OF WORDS. durus, a, um, hard, difficult, un- pleasant. dux, ucis, 3, m. and f., a leader. efficio, feci, fectum, 3, I effect, bring about, accomplish. effugio, ugi, itum, 3, I escape, shun, avoid. effundo, udi, usum, 3, I pour out, empty, spread abroad. egens, part., needy, in want. egeo, gui, gere, 2, I want, stand in need of. egestas, tatis, 3, f., want, poverty. ego, pron., J. egredior, gressus sum, gredi, dep., I step forth, depart, embark. egregius, a, um, excellent, extra- ordinary. eheu, interj., ah ! alas ! ejicio, jeci, jectum, 3, J cast forth, eject, drive away. elatio, onis, 3, f., greatness of soul, sublimity. elephantus, i, 2, m., an elephant. eloquentia, ae, 1, f., eloquence. emergo, rsi, rsum, 3, 1 arise, rise from, emerge. emissus, a, um, part, of emitto. emitto, isi, issum, 3, I send forth, discharge, throw away. emo, emi, emptum, 3, I buy. emptor, oris, 3, m., a purchaser. emptus, or emtus, part, of emo. enim, conj., for, indeed. enuncio, avi, atum, 1, I speak, proclaim, pronounce. eo, ivi, itum, irreg., I go. eo, adv., therefore, thither, to that end. Epirus, i, 2, f., a country of Greece. epistola, ae, 1, f., a letter. equa, se, 1, f., a mare. eques, itis, 3, m., a horseman, a knight. equidem, adv., indeed. equus, i, 2, m., a horse. ergo, adv., therefore. erigo, rexi, rectum, 3, 1 erect, raise up, promote. et, conj., and, both. etenim, conj., for, because. etiam, conj., also, even, again. Etruria, 89, 1, f., Etruria. Etruscus, a, um. Etrurian. Eurus, i, 2, m., the east wind. evenio, veni, ventum, 4, i" come out, happen. ex, prep., from, out of. exagito, avi, atum, 1, I harass, disturb, rouse up. exanimo, avi, atum, 1, I astonish, kill. excidium, or exscidium, ii, 2, n., destruction, ruin. excipio, cepi, ceptum, 3, I receive, undertake, except. excito, avi, atum, I, I excite, stir up, animate. exclamo, avi, atum, 1, J exclaim. exerceo, cui, citum, 2, I exercise, practise. exercitus, us, 4, m., an army. exigo, egi, actum, 3, / exact, de- mand, drive away. exiguus, a, um, little, scanty. existimo, avi, atum, 1, / think, suppose, esteem. exitus, us, 4, m., an outlet, end, death, result. expecto, avi, atum, 1, I expect, hope, look for. expedio, ivi, itum, 4, I free, de- liver, explain. expeditus, a, um, part, of expedio. expeditus, a, um. speedy, active. expello, puli, pulsum, 3, I drive out, expel. expendo, ndi, nsum, 3, I weigh, examine, value. experiens, part, of experior. experimentum, i, 2, n., an experi- ment, trial. experior, expertus sum, experiri, dep., / try, experiment. expers, tis, free from, having no part in. DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 107 expleo, plevi, pletum, 2, I fill up, complete. exploro,, ploravi, ploratum, 1, I explore, examine. expono, osui, ositum, 3, I expose, set forth. exscindo, ere, 3, I cut off. exsecratio, onis, 3, f., a cursing. exsecror, atus sum, crari, dep., I curse. exsequor, cutus sum, sequi, dep., / execute, do, perform. extemplo, adv., immediately. exterritus, a, urn, part., affrighted. exterus, a, um, strange, foreign, outward. extinguo, nxi, nctum, 3, I extin- guish, destroy. extraho, xi, ctum, 3, I extract, pull out, withdraw. extremus, a, um, extreme, utmost, farthest off. exuo, ui, utum, 3, 1 take off, divest of. Fabius, ii, 2, m., the name of a noble family in Rome. Fabricius, ii, 2, m., the name of a Roman family. facies, ei, 5, f., a face, countenance, appearance, show, resemblance, portrait or picture, make, form, fashion, stature, beauty. facile, adv., easily, readily, with- out much ado, certainly. facilis, e, easy, feasible, gentle, mild, pliant, good-natured, easy to be pleased. facinus, oris, 3, n., a great action, exploit, adventure. facio, feci, factum, cere, 3, I do, perform, execute, commit. factum, i, 2, n., a fact, action, deed, feat, transaction. factus, a, um, part., done, made, formed, framed. /acundia, se, 1, f., eloquence. fallo, fefelli, falsum, lere, 3, I de- ceive, cheat, disappoint, beguile. fama, se, 1, f., fame, report, ru- mour. fames, is, 3, f., hunger, fasting, famine, dearth, a greedy desire. familiaris, e, of the same family or household, familiar, usual, friendly. familiaris, is, 3, m., a servant of the family, an intimate, a friend. fanum, i, 2, n., a temple, a church. farina, se, 1, f., meal, flour, powder. fatum, i, 2, n., fate, God's provi- dence or decree. Faunus, i, 2, m., Faunus, a god of the country. faustitas, tatis, 3, f., good luck. faux, cis, 3, f., the jaw, a strait, narrow passage. faveo, vi, fautum, 2, I favour, be- friend. felix, icis, happy, fortunate, pro- pitious. fera, 33, 1, f., a wild beast. fere, adv., almost, nearly. feria, 33, 1, f., a holiday. ferio, percussi, percussum, 4, I strike, smite, sacrifice. fero, tuli, latum, irr., I bear, carry, report. ferocia, 33, 1, f , ferocity, cruelty^ ferox, ocis, ferocious, cruel, daring. ferrum, i, 2, n., iron, a sword. ferus, a, um, wild, savage. ferus, i, 2, m., a wild beast. fessus, a, um, part., wearied. fidelis, e, faithful. fideliter, adv., faithfully. fides, ei, 5, f., faith, honour, truth. fido, idi, ere, 3, I trust. fidus, a, um, faithful. figo, xi, xum, 3, I fix, shoot, pierce. filia, 33, 1, f., a daughter. lius, ii, 2, m., a son. findo, idi, issum, 3, I cleave, split, divide. fingo, nxi, ictum, 3, 1 form, devise, invent. finis, is, m. or f., 3, an end, limit. finitimus, a, um, bordering near, adjoining. F 6 108 DICTIONARY OF WORDS. fio, factus sum, fieri, irr., I am made, done. Flaccus, i, 2, m., Flaccus. flagitium, ii, 2, n., a crime, dis- grace. flagro, avi, are, 1, I burn, am in a passion. flamma, 33, 1, f., aflame. flatus, us, 4, m., a blast, breath, gale. Flavius, ii, 2, m., Flavins. flebilis, e, mournful, to be lamented. flebiliter, adv., mournfully. flecto, exi, exum, 3, I bend. fleo, evi, etum, 2, I weep. fluctus, us, 4, m., a wave. foedus, eris, 3, n., a league. fcenerator, oris, 3, m., an usurer. foetus, us, 4, m., the young of any creature, a birth. forma, 33, 1, f., shape, form, beauty. formica, se, 1, f., an ant. formido, inis, 3, i.,fear, dread. fors, tis, 3, f., fortune, chance. forsan, ~| forsitan, >advs., perhaps. forsit, J forte, adv., by chance. fortis, e, strong, brave. fortitudo, inis, 3, f., fortitude. fortuna, se, 1, f., fortune. fortunatus, a, urn, fortunate. forum, i, 2, n., the forum, a mar- ket-place. fractus, a, um, part., broken. fraenum, i, 2, n., a bridle, check. frangendus, a, um, part., to be broken. frango, fregi, fractum, 3, J break. frater, tris, 3, m., a brother. fraus, dis, 3, f., fraud, a cheat. frigus, oris, 3, n., cold. frons, tis, 3, f., the front, fore- head. frons, dis, 3, f., the leaf of a tree. frugi, indecl. adj., careful, thrifty. frustra, adv., in vain. fuga, 93, 1, f., flight. fugio, gi, gitum, 3, I flee, escape. fulgeo, lsi, lsum, 2, I shine. fulmineus, a, um, of or belonging to thunder, glittering. fulmino, avi, are, 1, 1 thunder. fultura, 33, 1, f., a prop, support. Fulvia, a?, 1, f., Fulvia. f undo, avi, atum, 1 , 1 found, lay a foundation, establish. fundo, fudi, fusum, 3, I pour out, shed, spill. funus, eris, 3, n., a funeral, death, corpse. furiosus, a, um, furious, mad. furtim, adv., privately, by stealth. fuscus, a, um, brown, tawny, dark. fustis, tis, 3, m , a club, staff. fusus, a, um, part., poured out. futurus, a, um, part., about to be. G. Gabinius, ii, 2, m., Gabinius. Galli, orum, 2, m., the Gauls. Gallia, se, 1, f., Gaul. Gallicus, a, um, Gallic. Gallus, i, 2, m., a Frenchman, a cock. garrulus, a, um, prating, talka- tive. gaudium, ii, 2, n.,joy. gelidus, a, um, cold. gemma, 33, f., a gem, jewel. gena, 33, 1, f., the cheek. genitor, oris, 3, m., a father, be- getter. genitrix, tricis, 3, f., a mother. genius, ii, 2, m., a genius, a good or evil demon. gens, tis, 3, f., a nation, tribe, family. genus, eris, 3, n., a kind, sort, stock, lineage. Germania, 33, 1, f., Germany. gero, ssi, stum, 3, I bear, conduct, wage. gingiva, 33, 1, f., the gum. gladius, ii, 2, m., a sword. glomeratus, a, um, part., wound up like a ball. glomero, avi, atum, 1, I wind up, gather in a heap, collect. gloria, 33, 1, f., glory. DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 100 gnatus, i, 2, m., a son. gracilis, e, slender, slight. Grseci, orum, 2, m., the Greeks. Grsecia. se, 1, f., Greece. grandis, e great, sublime. grando, inis, 3, f., hail. gratia, se, 1, f., grace, favour, in- fluence. gratulor, atus sum, ari, dep., I congratulate. gratus, a, um, grateful, agreeable. gravis, e, weighty, important. Grosphus, i, 2, m., Grosphus. guberno, avi, atum, 1, 1 govern, steer. gula, se, 1, f., the throat. H. ' habeo, ui, itum, 2, J have, esteem, regard, deliver a speech. habitandus, a, um, part., to be in- habited. habito, avi, atum, 1, I dwell, in- habit. haeres, edis, 3, m. or f., an heir. hastile, is, 3, n., a spear. haud, adv., not. Heliodorus, i, 2, m., Heliodorus. herba, se, 1, f., an herb, grass. Hercules, is, 3, m., Hercules. Hesperia, se, 1, f., Hesperia. heu, interj., alas ! hie, hsec, hoc, pron., he, this. hie, adv., here. hicce, hsecce, hocce, pron., this. hiemo, avi, atum, 1, / winter. Hiempsal, alis, 3, m., Hiempsal. hiems, is, 3, f., winter. hinc, adv., hence, from this time. historia, se, 1, f., history. homo, inis, 3, m. or f., a man or woman, a human being. honestus, a,um, honourable, honest. honor, oris, 3, m, honour, re- spect. hora, se, 1, f., an hour. Horatius, ii, 2, m., Horatius. horrens, tis, rough, horrible. horreo, ui, ere, 2, I am rough, look horrid, shudder. horridus, a, um, horrid. hortus, i. 2, m., a garden. hospes, itis, 3, m, or f., a guest, a host. hospitium, ii, 2, n., hospitality, an inn. hostilis, e, hostile. Hostilius, ii, 2, m., Hostilius. hostis, is, 3, m. or {., an enemy. hue, adv., hither. humanitas, tatis, 3, f., humanity, good-nature, politeness. humanus, a, um, polite, human. humerus, i, 2, m., the shoulder. humilis, e, humble, low. hyemalia, ium, 3, n., winter-quar- ters. I. Iberia, 83, 1, f., Spain. ibi, adv., there. ico, ci, ctum, 3, I strike. ictus, a, um, part, of ico. Idseus, a, um, belonging to Mount Ida, Idean. idem, eadem, idem, pron., the same person or thing. igitur, conj., therefore. ignarus, a, um, ignorant, unskilful. ignavus, a, um, indolent, sluggish. ignis, is, 3, m.,fire. ignoro, avi, atum, 1, I don't know, am ignorant of. Iliacus, a, um, Trojan. illabor, psus sum, labi, dep., I slide, fall upon. ille, a, ud, pron., he, she, that. illecebra, se, 1, f., an enticement. illuc, adv., thither. illustris, e, illustrious, famous, noble. imbuo, ui, utum, 3, I imbue, tinge, stain, dye. imitor, tatus sum, tari, dep., I imitate. immanitas, tatis, 3, f., cruelty, savageness. immensus, a, um, immense. 110 DICTIONARY OF WORDS. immineo, ui, ere, 2, / hang over, impend, threaten. immortalis, e, immortal. immuto, avi, atum, 1, / change. imo, adv., yes, nay. imparatus, a, um, part., unpre- pared. impavidus, a, um, fearless, un- daunted. impello, puli; pulsum, 3, I drive, thrust, persuade. impendeo, dere, 2, I threaten, hang over, am near at hand. imperator, oris, 3, m., a comman- der, general, emperor. imperito, avi, atum, 1, I rule, com- mand. imperium, ii, 2, n., military autho- rity, rule, power. impero, avi, atum, 1, 1 command. impetro, avi, atum, 1, I obtain, finish. impiger, gra, gram, active, dili- gent. impius, a, um, impious, wicked. impleo, evi, etum, 2, I Jill up. implico, ui and cavi, citum and catum, 1, J enfold, entangle, attack. imploro, avi, atum, \, I implore, beseech. impono, sui, situm, 3, I impose, put on. importunus, a, um, importunate, troublesome. improbus, a, um, dishonest, wicked, base. impulsus, us, 4, m., an impulse, attack, shock. in, prep., in, upon, into, towards. inanis, e, empty, useless, frivo- lous. incassum, adv., in vain. incedo, essi, essum, 3, I go, walk, enter on. inceptum, i, 2, n., a beginning, undertaking. incertus, a, um, uncertain, doubt- ful. incido, idi, casum, 3, I fall into, happen. incipio, epi, eptum, 3, i" begin, un- dertake, attempt. incitatus, a, um, part., stirred up, incited. incito, avi, atum, 1, / stir up, excite. inclytus, a, um, famous, excellent, renowned. incolumis, e, safe. incorruptus, a, um, uncorrupted, pure. incredibilis, e, incredible. increpo, pui and pavi, pitum, 1, I make a noise, chide, blame. incurro, ri, rsum, 3, I run in or upon, attack. incutio, ussi, ssum, 3, I strike, smite. inde, adv., from thence, from that time, then. Indi, orum, 2, m. and f., the In- dians. indico, avi, atum, 1, I point out, discover. indico, xi, ctum, 3, J proclaim, declare. indignatio, onis, 3, f., indignation. induco, xi, ctum, 3, I induce, pre- vail on, lead into. indulgeo, lsi, ere, 2, I indulge. inermis, e, unarmed, defenceless. iners, tis, inactive, sluggish, stupid. infans, tis, infant, young. infans, tis, 3, m. or f., an infant. infantia, se, 1, f., infancy. infero, tuli, illatum, I bring in, conclude, apply. inferus, a, um, low, inferior. infidelis, e, faithless, unfaithful. infidus, a, um, faithless, treache- rous. infimus, a, um, lowest, contempt- ible. ingenium, ii, 2, n., nature, dis- position, capacity. ingero, ssi, estum, 3, I throw in, or upon, heap up. inimicus, a, um, hostile, unfriendly. iniquus, a, urn, unjust, cruel. injuria, se, 1, f., injury, injustice. injuste, adv., unjustly. DICTIONARY OF WORDS. Ill injustitia, 33, 1, f., injustice. injustus, a, urn, unjust. innecto, exui and exi, exum, 3, I tie, bind, devise. inops, is, poor, destitute. inquam, verb def., I say. inquietus, a, um. unquiet. inquio, verb def., 1 say. insanus, a, um, insane, mad. insero, sevi, situm, 3, 1 sow in, im- plant. insidise, arum, 1, f., snares, am- bush. insisto, stiti, stitum, 3, I insist upon, urge, stand on. insolens, tis, insolent, unusual, un- accustomed. inspicio, pexi, pectum, 3, I look upon, look into, observe. inspiro, avi, atum, 1, I breathe into, inspire, animate. instituo, ui, utum, 3, I institute, appoint, establish. insto, stiti, stitum, 1, I urge, am earnest, threaten. insulto, avi, atum, 1, 1 insult, leap upon. insum, fui, esse, I am in. intactus, a, um, part , untouched, inviolate. integer, gra, grum, entire, whole. integritas, tatis, 3, f., perfectness, integrity. intelligo, exi, ectum, 3, I under- stand. intendo, di, nsum and ntum, 3, I intend, hold, design. » inter, prep., between. interdum, adv., sometimes. interea, adv., in the meantime. interficio, eci, ectum, 3, I kill, slay. introeo, ivi, itum, 4, J enter into. intus, adv., within. invado, asi, asum, 3, I invade, enter on, attack. invenio, ni, ntum, 4, I invent, come into, contrive. inversus, a, um, part., inverted, turned upside down. inverto, ti, rsum, 3. I invert. invictus, a, um, part., nnconquered. invideo, idi, isum, 2, 1 envy, grudge, refuse. invidia, se, 1 , f , envy, odium. invidus, a, um, envious. invisus, a, um, unseen, odious, hated. ipse, a, um, pron., him, her, or itself. iracundus, a, um, passionate. irascor, atus sum, sci, dep., I am angry with. irrevocabilis, e, that cannot be re- called. irriguus, a, um, watered, moist. is, ea, id, pron., he, she, it. iste, a, ud, pron., this, that, he;, that fellow or thing. ita, adv., so. Italia, se, 1, f., Italy. Italicus, a, um, Italian. itaque, adv., therefore. item, adv., likewise. iter, meris, 3, n., a journey, road. iterum, adv., again. iturus, a, um, part., about to go. J. jaceo, ui, ere, 2, / lie, lie down. jactans, part., tossing, boasting. jacto, avi, atum, 1, I toss, boast. jam, adv., now, even. jamdudum, adv., long since. jamque, adv., and now. jubeo, jussi, jussum, 2, Ibid, com- mand, order. jucundus, a, um, pleasant. judico, avi, atum, 1, I judge, ad- judge, determine. jugerum, i, 2, n., an acre. jugulum, i, 2, n., the throat, neck. Jugurtha, as, 1, m., Jugurtha. jungo, nxi, nctum, 3, I join, add, annex. Juno, onis, 3, f., Juno. Jupiter, Jovis, 3, m., Jupiter. jus, juris, 3, n., right, justice, law , jussum, i, 2, n., an order. justitia, 93, 1, t, justice. 112 DICTIONARY OF WORDS. Justus, a, urn, just, reasonable. juvenis, e, youthful, young. juvenis, is, 3, m. or f., a young person. juventa, se, 1, f., youth. juventus, utis, 3, f., youth. juvo, uvi, utum, 1, I help, assist. L. labens, tis, part., falling, sliding. labor, lapsus sum, labi, dep., I fall, slide, slip. labor, and labos, oris, 3, m., la- hour, work, trouble. laboro, avi, atum, 1, I labour, work. lacryma, or lachryma, 33, 1, f., a tear. laetitia, 33, 1, f.,joy, gladness. ketus, a, um, joyful, glad. Lasvinus, i, 2, m., Lcevinus. lsevis, e, smooth, polished. laevus, a, um, left, on the left, foolish. lana, 33, 1, f., wool. lapis, idis, 3, m., a stone. laqueus, i, 2, m., a snare, rope, halter. Lar, ris, 3, m., a household god. latex, icis, 3, m., liquor, spring- water. latro, onis, 3, m., a robber. laturus, a, um, part., about to bring, bear. laudo, avi, atum, I praise, com- mend. Laurens, tis, 3, m. or f., a Lau- ren tine. laus, dis, 3, f., praise. legatus, i, 2, m., an ambassador. legio, onis, 3, f., a legion. lego, gi, ctum, 3, J gather, read. lenio, ivi, itum, 4, 1 ease, mitigate, appease. leniter, adv., softly, gently. Lentulus, i, 2, m., Lentulus. lethargus, i, 2, m., a lethargy. lethum, or letum, i, 2, n., death. leviter, adv., liyhtly, gently. levo, avi, atum, 1, I lift up. lex, gis, 3, f., law. liber, bera, berum, free. liber, bri, 2, m , a book. libero, avi, atum, 1, I free. liberta, 33, 1, f., a freedwoman. libertas, tatis, 3, f., liberty libertinus, i. 2, m., a freedman. libertus, i, 2, m., a freedman. Libya, ae, 1, f., Africa. liceo, cui, citum, 2, J am allowed (in 3rd sing., it is lawful). Licinius, ii, 2, m., Licinius. ligo, avi, atum, 1, / tie, bind. lingua, se, \,i., a tongue, language. linter, tris, 3, m., a boat. liquidus, a, um, liquid. litera, ae, 1 , f., a letter of a book. literae, arum, 1, f., an epistle, letters, learning. lito, avi, atum, 1, I sacrifice. litus, or littus, oris, 3, n., the shore. loco, avi, atum, 1, I place, settle. loculus, i, 2, m., a purse, bag, coffer. locus, i, 2, n. (in plural, loci, and neut., loca), a place, occasion, opportunity. longe, &dv.,far off. longinquus, a, um, remote, far off. longus, a, um, long. loquax, acis, talkative. loquor, cutus sum, loqui, dep., I speak. lubido, inis, 3, f., pleasure, lust. Lucilius, ii, 2, m., Lucilius. Lucius (Bestia), ii, 2, m., Lucius. lucrum, i, 2, n=, gain, profit. luctus, us, 4, m., grief. lucus, i, 2, m., a grove. ludus, i, 2, m., play, a school. lugubris, e, mournful, sad. lumbus, i, 2, m., the loin, the reins. lumen, inis, 3, n., light, bright- ness. luna, ae, 1 , f., the moon. lupus, i, 2, m., a wolf. lux, ucis, 3, f., light. DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 113 M. macer, era, crum, lean, thin. madidus, a, um, wet, moist. magalia, ium, 3, n., cottages, sheds. magis, adv., more. magister, tri, 2, m., a master. magistrates, us, 4, m., a magis- tracy. magnifice, adv., magnificently, nobly. magnus, a, um, large, great. majestas, atis, 3, f., majesty, dig- nity. major, us, greater, elder, import- ant. majores, um, 3, m., elders, ances- tors. male, adv., badly, improperly. malesuadus, a, um, persuading ill. malignus, a, um, malignant, ill- disposed, spiteful. malitia, se, 1, f, malice, vice. malo, lui, malle, irreg., I am more willing, prefer. malum, i, 2, n., an evil, sin, mis- fortune. malus, a, um, bad, evil. mando, avi, atum, 1, / command, bid, entrust. mane, adv., in the morning. maneo, nsi, ere, 2, I remain. manifestus, a, um, manifest, clear, plain. Manlius, ii, 2, m., Manlius. mansuetudo, dinis, 3, f., clemency, gentleness. manus, us, 4, f., a hand, a band of soldiers. Marcus, i, 2, m., Marcus. mare, is, 3, n., the sea. Marsi, orum, 2, m. or f., the Mar si. mater, tris, 3, f., a mother. mature, adv., in time, speedily. maturo, avi, atum, 1, jf ripen, make haste. maturus, a, um, ripe. Maximus, i, 2, m., Maximus. maximus, a, um, greatest. Medi, orum, 2, m. or f., the Medes. medicus, i, 2, m., a physician. meditor, atus sum, tari, dep., I think, meditate, purpose. medius, a, um, the middle. melior, us, better. Melpomene, es (Greek declension), f., Melpomene, one of the Muses. membrum, i, 2, n., a limb, mem- ber. memor, oris, mindful, grateful. memoro, avi, atum, 1, 1 relate, remember. mens, tis, 3, f., the mind. mensa, se, 1, f., a table. mensis, is, 3, m., a month. mentior, itus sum, iri, dep., I lie, feign, pretend. mercator, oris, 3, m., a merchant. Mercurius, ii, 2, m., Mercury. mereo, ui, itum, 2, I deserve. meritum, i, 2, n., merit. merum, i, 2, n., pure wine. metallum, i, 2, n., metal. Metellus, i, 2, m., Metellus. Mettus, i, 2, m., Metius. metuo, ui, ere, 3, I fear, dread metus, us, 4, m.,fear, dread. meus, a, um, pron., mine. Mezentius, ii, 2, m., Mezentius. Micipsa, se, 1, m., Micipsa. migro, avi, atum, 1, / remove, emigrate. miles, itis, 3, m., a soldier. militaris, e, military, warlike. militia, se, 1, f., warfare, war. milito, avi, atum, 1, I wage war, mille. is, 3, n., a thousand. minse, arum, 1, f., threats, battle- ments. minax, acis, threatening. Minerva, se, 1, f., Minerva. minimus, a, um, least. minor, us, less. minus, adv., less. miror, atus sum, ari, dep., I wonder at, admire. misceo, cui, mistum and mixtum, 2, I mix, mingle. 114 DICTIONARY OF WORDS. miser, era, erum, miserable, wretch- ed. miserabilis, e, miserable, unhappy. miserandus, a, um, to be pitied, worthy of pity. misere, adv., wretchedly, very much. misereor, ertus sum, eri, dep., I pity. miseresco, cere, 3, I pity. miseria, se, 1, f., misery, wretched- ness. missus, a, um, part, of mitto. mitesco, cere, 3, I grow mild. mitto, isi, issum, 3, / send. mobilis, e, moveable, fickle. modicus, a, um, moderate. modo, &dv.,just now, only. modus, i, 2, m., a manner, mea- sure. mcenia, ium, 3, n., walls, fortifi- cations. moles, is, 3, f., a mass, any thing huge. molior, itus sum, iri, dep., I under- take, attempt. molliter, adv., softly, tenderly. momentum, i, 2, n., a moment, weight, force. moneo, ui, itum, 2, I advise. monitor, oris, 3, m. or f., an ad- viser. monitus, a, um, part, of moneo. mons, tis, 3, m., a mountain. monstro, avi, atum, 1, I point out. monstrum, i, 2, n., a monster, wonder, prodigy. mora, se, 1, f., delay. morbus, i, 2, m., disease, sickness. morior, mortuus sum, moriri, dep., I die. moror, atus sum, ari, dep., I delay. mors, tis, 3, f., death. mortuus, a, um, dead. mos, oris, 3, m., a custom, morals. motus, a, um, part, of moveo. motus, us, 4, m., motion. moveo, ovi, otum, 2, J move. mox, adv., by and by, shortly. mula, se, 1, f., a she-mule. multitudo, inis, 3, f., a multitude. multo, adv., by much. multum, adv., much. multus, a, um, much, many. mundus, a, um, clean, neat. mundus, i, 2, m., the world. munificentia, se, 1, f., generosity, munificence. munio, ivi. itum, 4, 1 fortify. munus, eris, 3, n., a gift, present. murus, i, 2, m., a wall. mutatio, onis, 3, f., a change. N. Nse, adv., yes, indeed, verily. nam, con]., for, because. nam que, conj., for. narro, avi, atum, 1, 1 tell, relate. nascens, tis, part, of nascor. nascor, natus sum, nasci, dep., I am born, arise, begin. nasus, i, 2, m., the nose. nata, se, 1, f., a daughter. natura, se, 1, f., nature. natus, a, um, part, of nascor. natus, i, 2, m., a son. navis, is, 3, f., a ship. navita, se, 1, m., a sailor. nauta, se, 1, m., a sailor. ne, adv. and conj., not, lest, whether. nee, conj., neither, nor. necatus, a, um, part., killed. necessitudo, inis, 3, f., necessity, friendship. nefas, indecl., n., wickedness, im- piety. negligo, exi, ectum, 3, I neglect. negotior, atus sum, ari, dep., 1 transact business. negotium, ii, 2, n., business. nemo, inis, 3, m. and f., nobody. nempe, adv., namely. nepos, otis, 3, m., a grandson. Neptunus, i, 2, m., Neptunus. nequam, indecl. adj., wicked, worthless. neque, conj., neither, nor. DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 115 nequeo, ivi, itum, 4, I cannot. nequicquain, adv., in vain. Nereus, i, 2, m., Nereus. nervus, i, 2, m., nerve, a cord. nescio, ivi, itum, 4, i" am ignorant, don't know. neuter, tra, trura, neither. ni, conj., unless. nidor, oris, 3, m., a scent, a strong smell. nihil, indecl., n., nothing. nihilominus, adv., notwithstand- nihilum, i, 2, n., nothing. nil, for nihil, indecl. nimbus, i, 2, m., a cloud. nimis, adv., too much. nimium, adv., too much. nisi, conj., if not, unless. niteo, tui, ere, 2, I shine. nitor, nixus and nisus sum, ti, dep., J endeavour, labour. nitor, oris, 3, m., neatness, bright- ness. nobilis, e, noble. nobilis, is, 3, m., a nobleman. noceo, ui, citum, 2, I hurt. nolo, nolui, nolle, irr., I am un- willing. nomen, inis, 3, n., a name, title. Nomentanus, i, 2, m., Nomenta- nus. nomino, avi, atum, 1, I name, nominate. non, adv., not. nonnuilus, a, um, some. nonus, a, um, ninth. nosco, ovi, otum, 3, I know. noster, tra, trum, ours, our. nostras, tis, of our own country, sect, party. Notus, i, 2, m., the south-wind. notus. a, um, part., well known. novem, indecl., nine. novendialis, e, of nine days' con- tinuance. novo, avi, atum, 1, I renew 3 1 make new. novus, a, um, new, late. nox, ctis, 3, f., night. Bubes, is, 3, f., a cloud. nudus, a, um, naked. nugae, arum, 1, f., trifles. nullus, a, um, none. num, adv., whether. Numa, se, 1, m., Numa. Numantinus, a, um, Numantine. numen, inis, 3, n., the deity, will, decree. numero, avi, atum, 1, I number, reckon. numerus, i, 2, m., a number. Numidae, arum, 1, m. and f., the Numidians. Numidia, ae, 1, f., Numidia. nummus, i, 2, m., money. nunc, adv., now. nuncio, avi, atum, 1, I announce, tell. nuncius, ii, 2, m., a messenger. nunquam, adv., never. nutrio, ivi, itum, 4, I nourish. nympha, se, 1, f., a nymph. O ! and oh ! interjs., oh I ob, prep., for, on account of, in the way of. obeo, ivi, itum, 4, 1 go, go through, undertake. objicio, jeci, jectum, 3, I object, throw in the way of. obiratus, part., incensed with. oblivio, onis, 3, i.,forgetfulness. obnoxius, a, um, obnoxious, liable to, subject to. obsidio, onis, 3, f., a siege, block- ade. obsto, stiti, stitum and statum, 1 , 1 stand in the way of, I oppose. obvius, a, um, hindering, opposite to, hostile. occido, idi, isum, 3, I kill, slay, put to death. occulte, adv., secretly. occupo, avi, atum, 1, J occupy, take beforehand, anticipate. occurro, ri, rsum, 3, 1 occur, meet, run in the way of. oceanus, i, 2, m., the ocean. 116 DICTIONARY OF WORDS. ocior, us, swifter. Octavius, ii, 2, m., Octavius. octussis, is, m., eight asses in money. oculus, i, 2, m., the eye. ocyor, us, same as ocior. odi, def. verb, J hate. odium, ii, 2, n., hatred. odor, oris, 3, m., odour, a smell. offero, obtuli, oblatum, irr., 1 offer, present. officium, ii, 2, n., office, business, employment. oh I ohe ! interjs., oh I enough / olim, adv., in time past, long ago, in time to come. omen, inis, 3, n., an omen, sign. omitto, isi, issum, 3, J omit, give up. omnino, adv., in all, entirely, altogether. omnis, e, all. onus, eris, 3, n., a burthen, load. opacus, a, um, shady, dark, gloomy. opera, se, 1, f., work, labour. Opimius, ii, 2, m., Opimius. oporteo, ere, 2, / behove. oppeto, tivi and tii, titum, 3, I un- dergo, die in battle. opportunus, a, um, seasonable, favourable. opprimo, essi, essum, 3, I oppress, overpower, overwhelm. oppugnatio, onis, 3, f., an assault, siege. oppugno, avi, atum, 1, I attack, assault. ops, opis, 3, f., assistance, wealth, resources. optimus, a, um, best. opto, avi, atum, 1, / wish. opulertfus, a, um, wealthy. opus, eris, 3, n., work, labour. opus, indecl., need. orandus, a, um, to be prayed for. oratio, onis, 3, f., an oration, speech. orbis, is, 3, m., an orb, circle, the world. Orcus, i, 2, m., Pluto, the grave, hell. ordo, inis, 3, m., order, regularity. orior, ortus sum, oriri, dep., / arise, begin. oro, avi, atum, 1, I beg, entreat. Orpheus, i, 2, m , Orpheus. ortus, a, um, part., risen. ortus, us, 4, m., a rising. oryza, ae, 1, f., rice. os, oris, 3, n., the mouth, face. os, ossis, 3, n., a bone. ostendo, di, nsum, 3, / show, dis- play. ostium, ii, 2, n., a door, entrance, the mouth of a river. otium, ii, 2, n., leisure, ease. ovans, tis, part., triumphing. ovis, is, 3, f., a pacatus, a, um, part., reduced to peace, pacified. Pachynus, i, 2, m., a promontory of Sicily. paco, avi, atum, 1, I reduce to peace, pacify. pactio, onis, 3, f., a covenant, agreement. pactum, i, 2, n., a covenant, man- ner. palam, adv., openly. Palinurus, i, 2, m., Palinurus. pallens, tis, part., pale, being pale, causing paleness. pallidus, a, um, pale. palpor, atus sum, ari, dep., I stroke gently, soothe, flatter. paludamentum, i, 2, n., a military cloak. paluster, tris, e, marshy. pando, di, nsum and ssum, 3, I open, spread, display. Pantolabus, i, 2, m., Pantolabus. par, is, equal. paratus, a, um, part., prepared. parens, tis, m. and f., a parent. parens, tis, part., obeying. pareo, ui, itum, 2, J appear, obey. paries, tis, 3, m., a wall. pariter, adv., equally. DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 117 paro, avi, atum, 1, 1 prepare. paropsis, idis, 3, f., a dish. pars, tis, 3, f., a part. Parthus, i, 2, m., a Parthian. partim, adv., partly, in part. parturio, ivi, itum, 4, / biing forth in childbirth. partus, us, 4, m., a birth, offspring. partus, a, um, part., brought forth. parum, adv., little. parvulus, a, um, very little. parvus, a, um, small. pasco, avi, stum, 3, I feed, nou- rish, support. pascor, pastus sum, pasci, dep., J feed. patens, tis, part., lying open. pater, tris, 3, m., a father, a sena- tor. patera, ae, 1, f., a goblet. patiens, tis, part., suffering, able to endure. patria, ae, 1, f., one's country. patricius, ii, 2, m , a patrician. patricius, a, um, patrician. patrimonium, ii, 2, n., patrimony, the paternal estate. patrius, a, um, paternal, belonging to a father or to one's coun- try. patro, avi, atum, 1, I commit, effect. patulus, a, um, open, wide. pauci, ae, a, few. paucitas, tatis, 3, f., fewness, a few people. paulatim, adv., by degrees. paulo, adv., by a little. paululum or paullulum, adv., a little. pauper, ris, poor, a poor person. pauperies, ei, 5, f., poverty. paupertas, tis, 3, f , poverty, paveo, vi, vere, 2, I fear, dread. pax, cis, 3, f , peace. peccatum, i, 2, n., sin, a crime. pectus, oris, 3, n., the breast. pecunia, ae, 1, f., money. pedes, itis, 3, m., a foot-soldier. pelagus, i, 2, n., the sea. pellis, is, 3, f., the skin, the hide of a beast. pello, pejiuli, pulsum, 3, J drive, drive away. pendens, tis, part., hanging, de- pending. pendeo, pependi, ere, 2, I hang, depend. penna, ae, 1, f., a feather, quill. per, prep., through, by means of. perambulo, avi, atum, 1, I walk, travel over. percontator, oris, 3, m., an asker, a busybody. percunctor, atus sum, ari, dep., I ask, inquire. perdo, idi, itum, 3, Hose, spend, destroy. perduco, xi, ctum, 3, I carry, bring, lead through. pereo, ivi, itum, 4, I perish. perfero, tuli, latum, irr., I carry, endure. Pergamus, i, 2, f. (in pi. Perga- ma, orum, 2, n.), Pergamus, Troy. periclum, or periculum, i, 2, n., danger, hazard. periculosus, a, um, dangerous. peritus, a, um, skilful, experienced. permisceo, cui, istum and ixtum, 2, / mix, mingle, disorder. permistus, or permixtus, part., mixed, &c. permitto, isi, issum, 3, I allow, permit. permotus, a, um, part., greatly moved, affected. permoveo, ovi, otum, 2, I move greatly, affect. perpello, puli, pulsum, 3, I force, persuade. perpetuus, a, um, perpetual, ever- perrumpo, rupi, ruptum, 3, 1 break through by force. persequor, quutus sum, sequi, dep., I pursue, follow up, exe- cute, perform. persuadeo, asi, dere, 2, I per- suade. 118 DICTIONARY OF WORDS. perterreo, rai, ritum, 2, I frighten. perterritus, a, um, part., fright- ened. perturbatus, a, um, part., dis- turbed, troubled. pes, pedis, 3, m., afoot. pestilentia, as, 1, f., pestilence. petitio, onis, 3, f., a petition, re- quest. peto, ivi, itum, 3, J ask, seek. Petreius, ii, 2, m., Petreius. pharetra, ae, 1, f., a quiver. Phocaei, orum, 2, m. and f., the Phocceans. piger, ra, rum, slow, sluggish, in- active. pigritia, 33, 1, f., slothfulness. pilum, i, 2, n., a javelin. pius, a, um, devout, religious, dutiful, good-natured. placeo, ui, itum, 2, I please. placidus, a, um, calm, mild, placid. plebs, is, 3, f., the common peo- ple. plenus, a, um, full. plerique, pleraeque, pleraque, adj. pi., the most, the greatest part. Plotius, ii, 2, m., Plotius. pluma, ae, 1, f., a feather. plurimus, a, um, very much, very many. plus, adv., more. poena, ae, 1, f., punishment. polliceor, itus sum, ceri, dep., 1 promise. pollicitation onis, 3, f., a promise. pollicitus, a, um, part., having promised. Pompeius, ii, 2, m., Pompey. Pompilius, ii, 2, m., Pompilius. pondus, eris, 3, n., weight. ponendus, a, um, part., to be placed, rejected. pono, sui, situm, 3, I place, lay, lay aside. popularis, e, popular. popularis, is, 3, m. and f., an ac- complice. populus, i, 2, f., a poplar tree. populus, i, 2, m., the people. Porcius, ii, 2, m., Porcius. Porsena, or Porsenna, se, 1, m., Porsena. porta, 33, 1, f., a gate, door. portendo, di, ntum, 3, I portend, betoken. porto, avi, atum, 1, I carry. posco, poposci, cere, 3, I ask, demand. positus, a, um, part., placed. possideo, sedi, sessum, 2, / pos- sess. possum, potui, posse, irr., J am able. post, prep., after, behind. postea, adv., afterwards. posterus, a, um, the next. postquam, adv., after that, since. postremo, adv., finally, at last. postremus, a, um, the last. postulo, avi, atum, 1, J entreat, beseech. potens, tis, part., powerful, able. potentia, 33, 1, f., power. potior, itus sum, iri, dep., I possess, enjoy, get possession of. potior, oris, better, preferable. pra3, prep., before, in comparison of, exceedingly. praebeo, ui, ere, 2, I afford. pr33ceptum, i, 2, n, an order. praecinctus, a, um, girded, equip- ped. praecipio, cepi, ceptum, 3, / pre- vent, instruct, command. prasclarus, a, um, illustrious, very bright, famous. praeda, 33, 1, f., plunder. praelium, ii, 2, n., a battle. praemium, ii, 2, n., a reward. praescribo, psi, ptum, 3, I" pre- scribe,* order, appoint. praesens, tis, present, immtdiate. praesertim, adv., especially. praesidium, ii, 2, n., a safeguard, protection, a garrison. praesto, stiti, stitum and statum, 1, I stand before, excel. praeter, prep., besides, over and above, except. praeterea, adv., besides. DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 119 praetor, oris, 3, m., a prcetor, governor. praetorius, a, um, belonging to a general. pravus, a, um, wicked, depraved. precis, ci, cem, prece; pi., preces, precum, precious, 3, f., a prayer, entreaty. prehendo, di, nsum, 3, I grasp, seize. prendo, di, nsum, 3, I grasp, seize. prensus, a, um, part., grasped. pretium, ii, 2, n., price, reward. Priamus, i, 2, m., Priam. primum, adv., in the first place, especially. primus, a, um, the first, especial. princeps, ipis, chief. princeps, ipis, 3, m., a chief. principium, ii, 2, n., a beginning. prior, us, oris, former, better. pristinus, a, um, ancient, former. prius, adv., before, sooner. priusquam, adv., before that. privatim, adv., privately. privus, a, um, particular, what is one's own. pro, prep., for, on account of. probe, adv., well. procedo, ssi, ssum, 3, I proceed, advance. proclivis, e, down hill, steep, in- clined to. procul, adv., far, far off. prodigium, ii, 2, n., a prodigy, wonder. prodigus, a, um, lavish, prodigal. prodo, didi, ditum, 3, I betray, deliver. produco, xi, ctum, 3, I produce, bring, draw, lead. profaris (no 1st person), fatur, fari, dep., thou speakest. proficiscor, fectus sum, cisci, dep., I go, depart. profugio, ugi, gitum, 3, / fiee, escape. piognatus, a, um, part., born, be- gotten. prohibeo, ui, itum, 2, I prohibit, hinder. proles, is, 3, f., offspring. promitto, isi, issum, 3, I promise. pronus, a, um, prone, inclined to. prope, prep., near to. propere, adv., speedily. propinquus, a, um, near to, neigh- bouring, related to. propior, us, oris, nearer. propositum, i, 2, n., a purpose, design. proprius, a,um, proper, fit, peculiar to an individual. propter, prep., for, on account of. propugno, avi, atum, 1, I fight. prorepo, epsi, eptum, 3, I creep along. prosequor, cutus sum, qui, dep., I pursue, worship prosilio, lui and livi, sultum, 4, 1 hap. prospere, adv., prosperously . prospicio, exi, ectum, 3, I foresee, behold. prosterno, stravi, stratum, 3, I overthrow, strew. protervus, a, um, saucy, wanton. protinus, or protenus, adv., imme- diately, forthwith. provideo, idi, isum, 2, I foresee, provide. provincia, as, 1, f., a province, office. proximus, a, um, nearest, next. prudens, tis, prudent, skilful. prudentia, ae, 1, f., prudence. ptisanarium, ii, 2, n., rice-milk. pubes, is, 3, f., the middle, the waist, youth. publice, adv., publicly, at the public expense. publicus, a, um, public, common. Publius, ii, 2, m., Publius. pudor, oris, 3, m., bashfulness, modesty, shame. puer, ri, 2, m., a boy, child. pugna, ae, 1, f., a fight, battle. pugno, avi, atum, 1, I fight. pulcher, ra, rum, fair, beautiful, honourable. pulmentarium, ii, 2, n., pottage, gruel, delicacies. 120 DICTIONARY OF WORDS. pulso, avi, atum, 1, I beat, knock at. Punicus, a, um, Punic, Cartha- ginian. purgo, avi, atum, 1, I purge, cleanse, excuse, expiate. purpura, ae, 1 , f., purple. purpureus, a, um, purple. parus, a, um, pure, clean. puto, avi, atum, 1 , / think. Pygmalion, onis, 3, m., Pygmalion. Pyrrhus, i, 2, m., Pyrrhus. Q. Qua, adv., where, by which means. quaero, aesivi, aesitum, 3, I ask, seek, look for. quaesitus, a, um, part., sought for. quaeso, verb def., I beseech, pray. quaestio, onis, 3, f., a question, debate, inquiry. qualis, e, such, of what manner. quam, adv., how, than. quamvis, conj., although. quando, adv., when, since. quandoque, adv., one time or other, whensoever. quanquam, or quamquam, conj., although. quanto, adv., by how much. quantum, adv., as much as. quantus, a, um, how great, how many. quapropter, adv., wherefore, why? quare, adv., wherefore, why? quasi, adv., as if, as it were. quassatus, a, um, part., shaken. quatio, assi, assum, 3, I shake. que, conj., and, both. queo, ivi, itum, 4, I am able, I can. querela, ae, 1, f., a complaint. queror, questus sum, queri, dep., I compkin. qui, quEe, quod, pron., which, that, what, who. quia, conj., because. quicunque, quaecunque, quod* cunque, pron., whosoever, whaU soever. quid, neut., used as a noun, what ? quidam, quaedam, quoddam and quiddam, pron., one, some one, such a one. quidem, adv., indeed. quies, etis, 3, f., rest, ease. quiesco, evi, etum, 3, / rest. quietus, a, um, quiet, calm. quilibet, quaelibet, quodlibet, pron., any one, as much as you like. Quinctilius, ii, 2, m., Quinctilius, quinquaginta, indecl., fifty. quintus, a, um, the fifth. Quirinus, i, 2, m., Romulus. Quiris, itis, 3, m. or f., a Roman. quis, quae, quid or quod, pron , who ? which ? what kind ? quisquam, quaequam, quidquam or quicquam, pron., any one, any thing. quisque, quaeque, quodque, pron., every man, every thing, what- soever. quisquis, m. and f., pron., whoso- ever, whoever. quivis, quaevis, quidvis or quodvis, pron., whosoever, any one. quo, adv., whither? on which ac- count, wherefore. quocirca, conj., wherefore. quocunque, adv., whithersoever. quod, conj., that, because. quondam, adv., in time past, for- merly, sometimes. quoniam, conj., since, because. quoque, conj., also. quot, indecl., how many ? so many as. quctidianus, a, um, daily, common. quum, conj., since, whereas. R. Rana, ae, 1, f., a frog. rapax, acis, rapacious, ravenous. rapio, ui, ptum, 3, I snatch, take by force. DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 121 ratio, on is, 3, f., reason, cause, means. ratis, is, 3, f., a ship. ratus, a, um, part., supposing, thinking'. recalcitro, avi, atum, 1, I kick. recedo, ssi, ssam, 3, I recede, with- draw, depart. recens, tis, fresh, late. recipio, cepi, ceptum, 3, I receive, take back, recover. recito, avi, atum, 1, 1 recite, repeat, read over. reconcilio, avi, atum, 1, 1 reconcile, recover. recte, adv., rightly, properly. rectum, i, 2, n., a right line, right, virtue. rectus, a, um, straight, upright. reddo, didi, ditum, 3, I restore, give back, afford. redeo, ivi, itum, 4, J return. reditus, us, 4, m., a return. reduco, xi, ctum, 3, I bring back, restore. refero, tuli, latum, irreg., I bring, turn back, wage. ref'ugio, ugi, itum, 3, 1 flee, escape, avoid. refulgeo, lsi, ere, 2, I shine, smile upon. regio, onis, 3, f., a region, tract, country. regius, a, um, regal, royal. regnum, i, 2, n., a kingdom, a reign. rego, xi, ctum, 3, I" rule. regredior, essus sum, edi, dep., I go back, return. regressus, a, um, returned, having returned. regressus, us, 4, m., a re- turn. relictus, a, um, part., left. religio, onis, 3, f., religion. religo, avi, atum, 1, J bind. . relinquo, iqui, ictum, 3, J leave, forsake, give up. reliquus, a, um, what is left, the remainder. remedium, ii, 2, n., a remedy. reor, ratus sum, reri, dep., I think, suppose. repello, puli, pulsum, 3, 1 repel, reject, throw back. repente, adv., suddenly. reperio, eri, ertum, 4, I find, dis- cover. repeto, tivi or ii, titum, 3, I ask, seek, demand. repulsa, se, 1, f., a repulse, rejec- tion. requiro, isivi, isitum, 3, / ask, seek, search into. res, ei, 5, f., a thing, matter, con- cern. resisto, stiti, stitum, 3, / resist, halt. respicio, exi, ectum, 3, J look back on, regard. respondeo, ndi, nsum, 2, I answer. respublica, reipublicae, 1 and 5, f., the state, commonwealth. resto, stiti, stitum, 1, / stay, re- main, stand forth. retinaculum, i, 2, n., a string, cable, halter. retineo, nui, entum, 2, / hold, keep back, restrain. revertor, rsus sum, rti, dep., I re- turn. revoco, avi, atum, 1, I call back, revoke. rex, egis, 3, m., a king. rhetor, oris, 3, m., a rhetorician. ritus, us, 4, m., a rite, ceremony. robustus, a, um, robust, strong. rodo, osi, osum, 3, / gnaw, wear away. rogatio, onis, 3, f., a question, re- rogo, avi, atum, ] , I ask, desire. rogus, i, 2, m., a funeral pile. Roma, se, 1, f., Rome. Romanus, a, um, Roman. Romanus, i, 2, m., a Roman. Romulus, i, 2, m., Romulus. Romulus, a, um, Roman. ruens, tis, part., rushing, falling to decay. Rufus, i, 2, m., Rufus. ruga, ee, 1, f., a wrinkle, G 122 DICTIONARY OF WORDS, ruina, se, 1, f., ruin, destruction. ruo, ui, itum and utum, 3, / rush, fall down. rursus, adv., again. Rutilius, ii, 2, m., Rutilius. Rutuli, orum, 2, m. and f., the Rutuli. S. Sabini, orum, 2, m. and f., the Sabines. Sabinus, a, um, Sabine. saccus, i, 2, m., a sack, bag. sacer, era, cram, sacred, devoted, cursed. sacrum, i, 2, n., a sacrifice. ssepe, adv., often. ssepenumero, adv., oftentimes, many a time. ssevitia, se, 1, f., cruelty, harsh- ness. ssevus, a, um, cruel. sagitta, se, 1, f., an arrow. sal, is, 3, m., salt, the sea. salignus, a, um, of willow. saltus, us, 4, m., a forest, grove. saluber, bris, e, healthy, whole- some. salus, utis, 3, f., health, safety. sanctus, a, um, holy, pious. sanguis, inis, 3, m., blood. sanus, a, um, sane, healthful. sapiens, tis, 3, m. and f., a wise person. sapiens, tis, wise. Sardanapalus, i, 2, m., Sardana- palus. satelles, itis, 3, m., a body-guard. satira, se, 1, f., a satire. satis, adv., enough. Satureianus, a, um, Satureian. saucius, a, um, wounded. scando, di, nsum, 3, I climb, as- cend. scelus, eris, 3, n., wickedness. sceptrum. i, 2, n., a sceptre. scientia, se, 1, f., science, skill, knowledge. scindo, scidi, issum, 3, I ait, cleave, rend. scio, ivi, itum, 4, I know. Scipiadas, se, I, m., Scipio. Scipio, onis, 3, m., Scipio. scopulus, i, 2, m., a rock. scribo, ipsi, iptum, 3, I write, compose a book. sculpo, psi, ptum, 3, 1 carve, en- grave. scurra, se, 1, m., a scoffer, a buffoon. Scythes, is, 3, m. or f., a Scythian. secerno, crevi, cretum, 3, / sepa- rate, distinguish. seco, cui, ctum and catum, 1, 2" cut. secundus, a, um, second, prosper- ous, propitious. sed, conj., but. sedes, is, 3, f., a seat. sedile, is, 3, n., a seat. semel, adv., once. semita, se, 1, f., a footpath, path. semper, adv., always. Sempronia, se, 1, f., Sempronia. senator, oris, 3, m., a senator. senatus, us, 4, m., the senate. senectus, utis, 3, f., old age. sen ex, is, old. senex, is, 3, m. and f., an old person. senilis, e, belonging to old age. sententia, se, 1, f., a sentence, opinion, decree, purpose. sentio, nsi, nsum, 4, 1 am sensible of, I think, feel. septem, indecl., seven. sequor, cutus sum, sequi, dep., I follow. sermo, onis, 3, m., speech, a dis- course, language. serva, se, 1, f., a female slave. servio, ivi, itum, 4, J serve as a slave. servo, avi, atum, 1, J keep, pre- serve. servus, i, 2, m., a slave, a servant. seu, conj., either, or. severitas, tatis, 3, f., severity, sharpness. si, conj., if, since. Sibylla, se, 1, f., the Sibyl. DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 123 sic, adv., so, this. siccus, a, um, dry, sober, fasting. Siculi, orum, 2, m. and f., the Sicilians. Siculus, a, um, Sicilian. sicuti, adv., just as if. Sidonius, a, um, Sidonian. sidus, eris, 3, n., a star. signum, i, 2, n., a sign, token. silentium, ii, 2, n., silence. silva, £6, 1, f., a wood. simia, se, 1, f., an ape. similis, e, like, similar. simul, adv., together, at the same time. sin, but if, if not. sine, prep., without. singultim, adv., with sobs. sino, sivi, situm, 3, I suffer. sive, conj., whether, if, or if. socia, se, 1, f., a companion, a female partner. societas, tatis, 3, f., society, com- pany. socius, a, um, social, belonging to allies. socius, ii, 2, m., an ally, con- federate. sol, lis, 3, m., the sun. solemnis, or solennis, e, solemn, annual, usual. soleo, ui and solitus sum, ere, J am accustomed. solidus, a, um, solid, the whole. sollicito, or solicito, avi, atum, 1, I solicit, importune, urge, press. solum, i, 2, n., the soil, ground, a floor. solus, a, um, alone, only. solvo, vi, lutum, 3, I loosen, dis- engage. somnus, i, 2, m., sleep. sonans, tis, part., sounding, re- sounding. sono, nui, itum, 1, I sound, re- sound. sopor, oris, 3, m., sleep. soror, oris, 3, f., a sister. sors, tis, 3, f., a lot, chance, for- tune. sortior, titus sum, iri, dep., I cast, draw lots for, share. Spartacus, i, 2, m., Spartacus. spatium, ii, 2, n., space, extent. spelunca, se, 1, f , a cave. sperno, previ, pretum, 3, J despise. spero, avi, atum, 1 , / hope. spes, ei, 5, f., hope, expectation. spiritus, us, 4, m., spirit, breath, the mind, the soul. spiro, avi, atum, 1, J breathe. spolio, avi, atum, ] , 1 spoil, rob. spolium, ii, 2, n , spoil. sponsus, i, 2, m., a bridegroom. stabilis, e,Jirm, durable. statim, adv., still. statuo, ui, utum, 3, I set, place, appoint. status, us, 4, m., a state, condition, position. sterto, tui, tere, 3, I snore. Stoici, orum, 2, m., the Stoics. stoicus, a, um, stoical. stomachus, i, 2, m., the stomach. stratus, a, um, part., spread, laid down, prostrate. strenuus, a, um, active, bold, re- solute. strepitus, us, 4, m., a noise, sound. stulte, adv., foolishly. stultus, a, um, foolish. suavis, e, sweet, pleasant. suaviter, adv., sweetly, agreeably. sub, prep., under, up to. subeo, ivi, itum, irr., I go under, undertake. subigo, egi, actum, I bring under, subdue, compel. subvenio, vem, ventum, 4, I help, relieve, succour. subverto, ti, sum, 3, I subvert, turn upside down. subvolvo, volutum, ere, 3, I roll up. succedo, essi, essum, 3, J succeed, approach to. succurro, ri, rsum, 3, / succour, help. sudo, avi, atum, 1, 1 perspire. sui, pron , sing, and pi., he, she, itself, they. 1*24 DICTIONARY OF WORDS. sulcus, i, 2, m., a furrow, trench. sum, fui, esse, 1 am. eummus, a, um, highest, greatest. sumo, mpsi, ptum, 3, I take. super, prep., upon, beyond, above. superatus, a, um, part., overcome. superbia, se, 1, f., pride, insolence, arrogance. superne, adv., from above. supero, avi, atum, 1, J conquer, surmount. superstitio, onis, 3, f.. supersti- tion. superstito, avi, atum, 1, I survive. superus, a, um, above, upper. supplex, icis, suppliant, humble. supplicium, ii, 2, n., supplication, prayer, punishment. supra, prep., above, beyond. surgo, rrexi, rrectum, 3, I rise. suscipio, cepi, ceptum, 3, I take, raise, receive. sustineo, nui, ntum, 2, I hold up, sustain, support. suus, a, um, his, hers, its. sylva, or silva, se, 1, f., a wood. Syphax, acis, 3, m M Syphax. syrtis, is, 3, f., a whirlpool. T. taberna, 83, 1, f., a shop, tavern. Tabraca, 33, 1, f., a place in Africa. tacitus, a, um, silent. Tagus, i, 2, m., the Tagus. talis, e, such. tam, adv., so, so much. tamen, conj., yet, notwithstanding . tandem, adv., at length. tantum, adv., so much. tantummodo, adv., only. tantus, a, um, so much, so great. tardus, a, um, slow. Tarentum, i, 2, n., Tarentum. Taurus, i, 2, m., Mount Taurus, a bull. tectum, i, 2, n., a roof, a house, a covering. tego, xi, ctum, 3, 1 cover, protect. tegula, se, 1, f., a tile. tellus, uris, 3, f., the earth. telum, i, 2, n , a weapon, dart. temere, adv., rashly, at random. tempestas, tatis, 3, f., a tempest, time, storm. tempus, oris, 3, n., time, oppor- tunity. tenax, acis, tenacious, holding fast. ten do, tetendi, nsum and ntum, 3, 1 stretch, hold,, extend. teneo, ui, ntum, 2, I hold, keep, keep back. tener, era, erum, tender. tentandus, a, um, part., to be tried, attempted. tento, avi, atum, 1, I try, attempt. tenuis, e, small, thin, slender, ter, adv., thrice, three times. tero, trivi, tritum, 3, / rub, bruise, waste, spend. terra, ae, 1, f., the earth. terreo, ui, itum, 2, I frighten, affright. ternbilis, e, terrible, dreadful. terror, oris, 3, m., terror, dread. testa, ae, 1, f., an earthen pot, jar. testamentum, i, 2, n., a testament, a will. testimonium, ii, 2, n., testimony, a proof. testis, is, 3, m. and f., a witness. testor, atus sum, ari, dep., I bear witness. teter, ra, rum, horrible, foul, hide- ous. Teucri, orum, 2, m. and f., the Trojans. thalamus, i, 2, m. s a bedchamber, marriage. Thrace, es, f. (Greek declension), Thrace. timeo, ui, ere, 2, I fear. timidus, a, um, fearful, anxious. timor, oris, 3, m.,fear. Tithonius, ii, 2, m., Tithonius. tolero, avi, atum, 1, I support, tolerate, endure. tollo, sustuli, sublatum, 3, 1 take, lift up. DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 125 tot, indecl., so many. totus, a, um, the whole. tractabilis, e, tractable, gentle. trado, didi, ditum, 3, I deliver, hand over. tranquillus, a, um, tranquil, quiet. trans, prep., beyond, over. trans no, avi, atum, 1, I swim over. Trebatius, ii, 2, m., Trebatius. trecenti, se, a, three hundred. tremens, tis, trembling. tremo, ui, ere, / tremble. trepidus, a, um, trembling. tres, ia, three. tribunus, i, 2, m., a tribune. trigemini, se, a, three born at one birth. tristis, e, sad, gloomy. triumvir, i, 2, m., a triumvir, one of three in office. Troja, se, 1, f., Troy. tu, tui, pron., thou. Tullianum, i, 2, n., the name of a prison in Rome. Tullus, i, 2, m., Tullus. turn, adv., then. turn, conj., both, as well as. tumidus, a, um, swollen, proud, haughty. tumultus, us, 4, m., a tumult, dis- turbance. tunc, adv., then. turbidus, a, um, turbid, muddy, troublesome. turdus, i, 2, m., a thrush. turma, se, 1, f., a troop of horse, a company. turpis, e, base. turris, is, 3, f., a tower. tutus, a, um, safe. tuus, a, um, pron., thy, thine. tyrannus, i, 2, m , a tyrant. Tyrius, a, um, Tyrian. Tyrus, i, 2, f., Tyre. U. ubi, adv., where, when. ullus, a, um, any. ulterior, us, farther. ultimus, a, um, last, utmost, far- thest. ultra, prep., beyond. ultrix, icis, avenging. umbra, se, 1, f., a shade, shadow. Umbrenus, i, 2, m., Umbrenus. umbrifer, a, um, casting a shadow. una, adv., together with. unctus, a, um, part., anointed. unda, se, 1, f., a wave, water. unde, adv., from whence. undique, adv., on every side. undo, avi, atum, 1, / rise in waves, boil over. ungo, or unguo, nxi, nctum, 3, I anoint. ungula, se, 1 , f., a nail, hoof. unicus, a, um, one alone, single, only, excellent. unquam, adv., ever. unus, a, um, one. urbs, bis, 3, f., a city. urgeo, or urgueo, rsi, rsum, 2, I urge. usquam, adv., any where. usque, adv., always, continually. usus, us, 4, m., use, practice, ex- perience. ut, adv. and conj., that, as, when. uter, tra, trum, which, whether of the two. uti, adv., that, in order that. utilis, e, useful. utinam, adv., or interj., that ! I wish. utor, usus sum, uti, dep., I use, enjoy. utrinque, adv., on both sides. uvidus, a, um, moist, in cups. uxor, oris, 3, f., a wife. V. vaco, avi, are, 1, I am empty, void, want. vacuus, a, um, empty, vain. vado, si, sum, 3, J go, march, move. 126 DICTIONARY OF WORDS. valeo, ui, litum, 2, I am well, in good health, am strong. Valerius, ii, 2, m., Valerius. vallis, is, 3, f., a valley. vanus, a, urn, vain, empty. varie, adv., variously, in different ways, at several times. varius, a, um, various, several. Varius. ii, 2, m., Varius. vas, adis, 3, m., a surety, bail. vas, vasis, 3, n., a vessel. vasto, avi, atum, 1, I lay waste, spoil. ve, conj., or, either. vecto, avi, atum, 1, I carry. veho, xi, ctum, 3, I bear, carry. vel, conj., or, even. velum, i, 2, n., a veil, cover- ing. velut, adv., as, even as, as if. vena, se, 1, f., a vein, natural humour. venalis, e, to be sold, venal. venia, se, 1, f., pardon. venio, i, ntum, 4 , I come. venter, tris, 3, m., the belly, sto- mach. ventus, i, 2, m., the wind. Venus, eris, 3, f., Venus, beauty. ver, ris, 3, n., the spring. verbero, avi, atum, 1, J beat, whip, scourge. verbum, i, 2, n., a word. vereor, ritus sum, eri, dep., I fear, stand in awe. Veritas, tatis, 3, f, truth. veritus, a, um, fearing. vero, adv. and conj., truly, but. versor, atus sum, ari, dep., I am turned, conversant with. versus, a, um, part., turned. versus, us, 4, m., a verse, turn- ing. versus, prep., toward. verto, ti, rsum, 3, I turn. verum, i, 2, n., truth. verum, conj., but. verus, a, um, true. vester, tra, trum, pron , your. vestibulum, i, 2, n., a porch, en- try. vestras, atis, pron., of your coun- try. vetulus, a, um, oldish, stale. vetulus, i, 2, m,, an old man. vetus, eris, old. via, as, 1, f., a way. viator, oris, 3, m. and f., a travel- ler. vicissitudo, inis, 3, f., vicissitude, a change. victor, oris, 3, m., a conqueror. victoria, se, 1, f., victory. video, idi, isum, 2, 1 see. videor, visus sum, videri, dep., I seem. viduus, a, um, deprived of, be- reaved. vigilo, are, 1, I watch. vilis, e, cheap, vile. vinclum, or vinculum, i, 2, n., a chain, tie. vinosus, a, um, like wine, drunken. vinum, i, 2, n., wine. violens, tis, violent, vehement. violentia, 33, 1, f., violence. vir, ri, 2, m., a man, husband. Virgilius, ii, 2, m., Virgil. virgo, inis, 3, f., a virgin. virtus, utis, 3, f., virtue. vis, vim, vi ; pi. vires, virium, viribus, 3, f., violence, force, authority. viscera, um, 3, n., the bowels, en- trails. viso, isi, isum, 3, I go to see, visit. visus, a, um, part., seen. visus, us, 4, m , the sight, vision. vita, 93, 1, f., life. vitiosus, a, um, vicious, wicked, depraved. vitis, is, 3, f., a vine. vitium, ii, 2, n., vice. vivo, ixi, ictum, 3, / live. vivus, a^ um, living, alive. vix, adv., scarcely. volito, avi, atum, 1, I fly about. volo, ui, velle, irreg., I wish. volo, avi, atum, 1, I fly- voluntas, tatis, 3, f., the will, wish, pleasure. DICTIONARY OF WORDS. 127 volvo, vi, lutum, 3, I roll, turn over, revolve. voluptas, tatis, 3, f., delight, sen- suality. votum, i, 2, n., a wish, vow. vox, vocis, 3, f., a voice. vulgus, i, 2, n., the vulgar people. vulnus, eris, 3, n., a wound. vultus, us, 4, m., the counte- nance. Zephyrus, i, 2, m., the west wind. THE END. GILBERT AND RIVINGTON, FRINTERS, ST. JOHN'S SQUARE, LONDON. Moxk PUBLISHED BY MR. WEALE. USEFUL TO EXPERIMENTERS AND LECTURERS: A SYSTEM OF APPARATUS USE OF LECTURERS AND EXPERIMENTERS MECHANICAL PHILOSOPHY. BY THE REV. ROBERT WILLIS, F.R.S., Jacksonian Professor of Natural and Experimental Philosophy in the University of Cambridge. For Contents of Work see other side. WITH THEEE PLATES, CONTAINING FIFTY-ONE FIGURES. Price 5s. WORKS PUBLISHED BY MR WEALE. CONTENTS. ARTICLE 1. Introductory Remarks. CHAP. I.— WHEELS AND STUD- SOCKETS. 2. System consists of certain definite parts. 3. Toothed-wheels and other re- volving pieces. 4. Key-grooves. 5. Stud-sockets and Collars (figs. 8, 10, 12). Note.— Double Socket (fig. 9). 6. Stud-sockets of peculiar form (fig. 18). 7. Stud-sockets of peculiar form (fig. 11). CHAP. II.— FRAME-WORK PIECES. 8. Frame-work. 9. Advantages of Studs. 10. Brackets (figs. 1 to 6). 11. Coach-bolts. Note.— Clamps (fig. 7). 12. Slit Tables (fig. 16). 13. Sole-blocks (fig. 17). 14. Beds (fig. 20). 15. Rectangles (fig. 19). 16. Examples of Frames. Base- board (fig. 18). 17. Stools (figs. 23 to 26). 18. Posts. 19. Loops (fig. 22). 20. Positions of the Studs and Brackets. 21. Guide-pulleys. 22. Tripod-stretcher. CHAP. III.— SHAFTS AND TUBE- FITTINGS. 23. Mounting of Shafts. 24. Shafts in carriages (figs. 35, 36, 37). 25. Shafts in Tube-fittings (figs. 29, 39). 26. Shaft-rings. ARTICLE 27. Shafts between centre-screws. 28. Adapters (fig. 33). 29. Pinned Shaft-rings (fig. 30). 30. Flanch (fig. 32). 31. Lever Arm or Handle (fig. 34.) 32. Sets of pieces in definite sizes. Note on Bolts. 33. Short Shafts in single bearings. 34. Example — Link-work (fig. 40). 35. Other Mountings of short Shafts (fig. 21). 36. Many independent pieces on a common axis. 37. Example — Ferguson's Para- dox (fig. 41). 38. Remarks. 39. Recapitulations. Note on Professor Farish's method. CHAP. IV,— APPLICATIONS OF THE SYSTEM. 40. System applied to four pur- poses (as follows) : 41. 1st, Elementary Combinations. Example — 42. Roemer's Wheels (fig. 42). 43. 2nd, Models of Machines. Examples — 44. Repeating Clock (figs. 43, 44). 45. Parallel Motion Curves (fig. 45). 46. Equatorial Clock (figs. 4 7 to 50). 47. Friction Machine (fig. 46). 48. Models in which the general principles of the system are applicable. 49. Looms. 50. Rope-making Machinery. 51. Organ. 52. 3rd, Fitting up of Apparatus for Mechanical Philosophy (figs. 31, 27, 28). 53. Use of Paste-board. 54. Shears (fig. 51). 55. 4th, Trial of original contri- vances. WORKS PUBLISHED BY MR. WEALE. In One Large Volume Octavo, Eleven Hundred Pages, with numerous Engravings, price 11. 8s., A GENERAL TEXT BOOK, CONSTANT USE AND EEFEEENCE OF ARCHITECTS, ENGINEERS, SURVEYORS, SOLICITORS, AUCTIONEERS, LAND AGENTS, AND STEWARDS, IN ALL THEIR SEVERAL AND VARIED PROFESSIONAL OCCUPATIONS,* AND FOR THE ASSISTANCE AND GUIDANCE OP COUNTRY GENTLEMEN AND OTHERS ENGAGED IN THE TRANSFEE, MANAGEMENT, OE IMPEOVEMENT OF LANDED PEOPEETY: CONTAINING THEOREMS, FORMUL/E, RULES, AND TABLES JN GEOMETRY, MENSURATION, AND TRIGONOMETRY J LAND MEASURING, SURVEYING, AND LEVELLING; RAILWAY AND HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING J TIMBER MEASUR- ING; THE VALUATION OF ARTIFICERS' WORK, ESTATES, LEASEHOLDS, L1FEHOLDS, ANNUITIES, TILLAGES, FARMING STOCK, AND TENANT RIGHT ; THE ASSESSMENT OF PARISHES, RAILWAYS, GAS AND WATER WORKS; THE LAW OF DILAPIDA- TIONS AND NUISANCES, APPRAISEMENTS AND AUCTIONS, LANDLORD AND TENANT, AGREEMENTS AND LEASES. ' TOGETHER WITH EXAMPLES OF VILLAS AND COUNTRY HOUSES. BY EDWARD RYDE, Civil Engineer and Land Surveyor, Author of several Professional "Works. TO WHICH ARE ADDED SEVERAL CHAPTERS ON AGRICULTURE AND LANDED PROPERTY. BY PROFESSOR DONALDSON,' Author of several Works on Agriculture. WORKS PUBLISHED BY MR. WEALE. CONTENTS Chapter I. — Arithmetic. 1. Notation — 2. Proof of the First Four Rules — 3. Vulgar Fractions — 4. Decimals — 5. Duodecimals — 6. Powers and Roots — 7. Properties of Numbers — 8. Logarithms and Mathe- matical Tables. IL— Plane and Solid Geometry. 1. Definitions— 2. Of Angles and Right Lines, and their Rectangles — 3. Of Triangles — 4. Of Quad- rilaterals and Polygons — 5. Of the Circle, and Inscribed and Circum- scribing Figures — 6. Of Planes and Solids — 7. Practical Geometry. III. — Mensuration. 1. Compai-ison of English and French Weights and Measures — 2. Mensuration of Superficies — 3. Mensuration of Solids. IV. — Trigonometry. 1. Definitions and Trigonometrical Formulas — 2. General Propositions — 3. Solution of the Cases of Plane Triangles. V. — Conic Sections. VI. — Land Measuring. Including Table of Decimals of an Acre — Table of Land Measure, by dimensions taken in yards. VII. — Land Surveying. 1. Parish and Estate Surveying — 2. Trigo- nometrical Surveying — 3. Traverse Surveying — 4. Field Instruments, the Prismatic Compass; the Box Sextant ; the Theodolite. VIII. — Levelling. Levelling Instruments, the Spirit Level ; the Y Level; Troughton's Level; Mr. Gravatt's Level; Levelling Staves — Examples in Levelling. IX. — Plotting. Embracing the Circular Protractor — The T Square and Semicircular Protractor — Plotting Sections. X. — Computation of Areas. The Pediometer — The Computing Scale — Computing Tables. XL — Copying Maps. Including a description of the Pentagraph. XII. — Railway Surveying. 1. Exploi-ation and Trial Levels; Standing Orders. — 2. Proceedings subsequent to the Passing of the Act; Tables for Setting out Curves ; Tables for Setting out Slopes ; Tables of Relative Gradients ; Specification of Works to be executed in the con- struction of a Railway ; Form of Tender. XIII. — Colonial Surveying. XIV. — Hydraulics in connection with Drainage, Sewerage, and Water Supply. — With Synopsis of Ryde's Hydraulic Tables — Specifications, Iron Pipes and Castings ; Stone-Ware Drain Pipes ; Pipe Laying; Reservoir. XV. — Timber Measuring. Including Timber Tables, Solid Measure, Unequal Sided Timber ; Superficial Measure. XVI. — Artificers' Work. 1. Bricklayers' and Excavators' — 2. Slaters' — 3. Carpenters' and Joiners'— 4. Sawyers' — 5. Stonemasons' — 6. Plasterers' — 7. Ironmongers' — 8. Painters' — 9. Glaziers' — 10. Paper Hangers'. XVII. — Valuation of Estates. With Tables for the Purchasing of Freehold, Copyhold, or Leasehold Estates, Annuities, and Advowsons, and for Renewing Leases for Terms of Years certain and for Lives. XVIII. — Valuation of Tillages and Tenant Right. With Tables for Measuring and Valuing Hay Ricks. WORKS PUBLISHED BY MR. WEALE. CONTENTS (continued):— XIX. — Valuation of Parishes. XX. — Builders' Prices. 1. Carpenters' and Joiners' — 2. Masons' — • 3. Bricklayers' — 4. Plasterers' — 5. Ironmongers' — 6. Drainers' — 7. Plumbers'— 8. Painters' — 9. Paper Hangers' and Decorators' — 10. Glaziers' — 11. Zinc Workers' — 12. Coppersmiths' — 13. Wireworkers'. XXI. — Ditapidations and Nuisances. 1. General Definitions — 2. Dilapidations by Tenants for Life and Years — 3. Ditto by Mortgagee or Mortgagor — 4. Ditto of Party Walls and Fences — 5. Ditto of Highways and Bridges— 6. Nuisances. XXII. — The Law relating to Appraisers and Auctioneers. 1. The Law relating to Appraisements — 2. The Law of Auction. XXIII.— Landloud and Tenant. 1. Agreements and Leases — 2. Notice to Quit — 3. Distress — 4. Recovery of Possession. XXIV. — Tables. Of Natural Sines and Cosines — For Reducing Links into Feet— Decimals of a Pound Sterling. XXV. — Stamp Laws. — Stamp Duties — Customs' Duties. EXAMPLES OF VILLAS AND COUNTRY HOUSES. ON LANDED PKOPERTY, By Pkofessor Donaldson. I. — Landlord and Tenant — their Position and Connections. II. — Lease of Laud, Conditions, and Restrictions; Choice of Tenant and Assignation of the Deed. III. — Cultivation of Land, and Rotation of Crops. IV. — Buildings necessary on Cultivated Lands — Dwelling Houses, Farmeries, and Cottages for Labourers. V. — Laying-out Farms, Roads, Fences, and Gates. VI. — Plantations — Young and old Timber. VII. — Meadows and Embankments, Beds of Rivers, Water Courses, and Flooded Grounds. VIII. — Land Draining, Open and Covered, — Plan, Execution, and Arrangement between Landlord and Tenant. IX. — Minerals — Working and Value. X. — Expenses of an Estate — Regulations of Disbursements— and Relation of the appropriate Expenditures. XL — Valuation of Landed Property ; of the Soil, of Houses, of Woods, of Minerals, of Manorial Rights, of Royalties, and of Fee Farm Rents. XII. — Land Steward and Farm Bailiff: Qualifications and Duties. XIII. — Manor Bailiff, Woodreve, Gardener, and Gamekeeper — their Position and Duties. XIV. — Fixed days of Audit — Half- Yearly Payments of Rents — Form of Notices, Receipts, and of Cash Books, General Map of Estates, and of each separate Farm— Concluding Observations. 6 WORKS PUBLISHED BY MR. WE ALE. THE ART OF PHOTOGRAPHY: INSTRUCTIONS IN THE ART OF PRODUCING PHOTOGRAPHIC PICTURES IN ANY COLOUR, AND ON ANY MATERIAL, FOR THE USE OP BEGINNERS; AND ALSO OP PERSONS WHO HAVE ALREADY ATTAINED SOME PROFICIENCY IN THE ART J AND OF ENGRAVERS ON COPPER, STONE, WOOD, ETC. BY DR. G. C. HERMANN HALLEUR, Late Director of the Royal Technical School at Bochum. WITH PRACTICAL HINTS ON THE LOCALE BEST SUITED FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC OPERATIONS, AND ON THE PROPER POSTURE, ATTITUDE, AND DRESS FOR PORTRAITURE. BY F. SCHUBERT, Painter. Inti an Ippenttx CONTAINING BRIEF EXPLANATIONS OF SOME OF THE CHEMICAL TERMS WHICH OCCASIONALLY OCCUR IN THE WORK. TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN BY G. L. STRAUSS, PH. DR. With Woodcuts. Price 1*. In Folio, with 100 Engravings, price 100 Francs French, or Four Pounds sterling. ANCIENT SMITHEEY OF GOLD, SILVER, COPPER, AND IRON, MEASURED AND DRAWN dFrcm Ancient J$cM#, 9 AND COMPRISED IN ONE HUNDRED FULL-PAGED EXAMPLES, WITH AMPLE DETAILS OF THE MIDDLE AGE, EXAMPLES FOR INTERIOR DECORATIONS FOR DOMESTIC AND ECCLESIASTICAL PURPOSES. JUST ISSUED AT BRUGES, AND NOW SOLD BT JOHN WEALE, 59, HIGH HOLBOKM'. MWLY-XMP0ILTE3) WORKS FROM FRANCE ON DESIGN IN ART. ^TIE following very superior Works, which are elaborately illustrated by Engravings, show, by educational means, the correct mode of Instruction in Design for elementary purposes, and for practice in drawing accurately, with elegance of style, in the Fine and Useful Arts. To the Trustees of Government Schools of Design, Mechanic Institutes, Institutions of Civil and Mechanical Engineers, and to Professional Men, the following list is especially addressed. L COURS ELEMENTAIRES DE LAYIS APPLIQUE A LARCHITECTURE. Folio volume, containing 40 elaborately engraved plates, in Shadows and Colours, very finely executed by the best artists of France. Price 2J. Paris, 50/. n. COURS ELEMENTAIRES DE LAYIS APPLIQUE A MECANIQUE. Folio volume, containing 40 elaborately en- graved plates, in Shadows and Colours, very finely executed by the best artists of France. Price 21. Paris, 50/. in. COURS ELEMENTAIRES DE LAYIS APPLIQUE A ORNEMENTATION. Folio volume, containing 20 elaborately engraved plates, in Shadows and Colours, very finely executed by the best artists of France. Price 11. Paris, 25/. rv. Etudes progressives et completes D'ARCHITECTURE ET DE LA VIS. Par J. B. TRIPON. Largo folio, 24 fine plates, comprising the orders of Architecture, Mouldings with Profiles, Ornaments, and Forms of their Propor- tion, Art of Shadowing Doors, Balusters, Parterres, &c. &c. &c. Price 11. 4s. Paris, 36/. SPECIMENS FOR DRAWING. SHADOWING, AND ELABORATING- THE EXTERIOR AND INTERIOR OF HOUSES, drawn on a large scale in large Atlas folio, consisting of Style Renaissance— Old French, Modern French, Italian, Vene- tian, English, and Parisian. 12 plates, very finely executed. Price 15s. Paris, 20/. . LIBRARY OF CONGRESS III ! 003 037 126 4