Book -. T^ 6 H G THE ^ t. HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. WISCONSIN, CONTAINING A HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY, ITS EARLY SETTLEMENT, GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, RESOURCES, ETC., ETC., AN EXTENSIVE AND MINUTE SKETCH OF ITS CITIES, THEIR IMPROVEMENTS, INDUSTRIES, MANUFACTORIES, CHURCHES, SCHOOLS, SOCIETIES, ETC., ETC., WAR RECORD, BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES, PORTRAITS OF PROMINENT MEN AND EARLY SETTLERS, ETC., ETC., ETC.; ALSO HISTORY OF WISCONSIN, CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES AND ■ OF WISCONSIN, CONDENSED ABSTRACT OF LAWS OF WISCONSIN, MISCELLA- NEOUS, ETC., ETC. ILLTJSTiej^^TIE ID. CHICAGO: WESTERN HISTORICAL COMPANY. MDCCCLX-XX. H \ %£ ^0 i PREFACE The history of Dodge County is one which contains many features identical with the history of Wisconsin, the preservation of which is essential to the truthful record of the State's life. The publishers of this volume have fully appreciated that fact and have so arranged the order of compilation as to give each prominent characteristic due place. There is no eifort herein to reach literary excellence, but rather a decided attempt to capt- ure vagrant items of interest, and weave them together upon the thread of system. Many men will say that their own acts are not sufficiently expatiated upon, or commensurate credit given certain friends of theirs ; but the publishers have not aimed merely to please individuals. The work engaged in by them was of a higher nature. They have concentrated records for benefit of posterity, rather than for the selfish gratification of the vanity of certain pai'ties. In this volume, we believe we have given the present generation an invaluable reflex of the times and deeds of pioneer days, and to those pioneer men and women a monument far moi'e lasting than cold marble. In order to be accurate, we have sent proofs of every page herein published to competent citizens of Dodge County, which they have corrected and approved. The compilers desire to express their sense of obligation to the Press, the Pulpit and the Pioneers, for the cordial co-operation, and also to venture the hope that the product of their labors may not prove unacceptable. It would be impossible to name all the individuals who have aided us in the preparation of this work, but it would be an injustice to not particularly thank Hiram Barber, Esq., of Hor- icon; Ldther A. Cole, Esq., of Watertown; Hon. E. C. Lewis and Richard Mertz, Esq., of Juneau; Hon. H. W. Lander, Hon. D. C. Gowdey, Hon. B. F. Sherman, Thomas Hughes, Esq., S. P. K. Lewis, Esq., and J. E. Hosmer, Esq., of Beaver Dam ; Hon. Ben- JAMtiN I!»KKTCHES. Page. Ashippun 760 Beaver Dam 673 Burnett 748 Chester 638 Calamus 6J'3 Clyman 719 Elba 745 Emmet, including Watertown 665 Fox Lake 698 Page. Hubbard 655 Herman 676 Hustisford 723 Le Roy.: 677 Lomira 672 Lebanon 764 Lowell 733 Oak Grove 602 Page. Portland 743 Rubicon 766 Shields 729 Trenton ...^ 710 Theresa 681 Waupun City 618 Westford 687 Williamstown 643 Map oFl€ffl€l€Q),Wis. •,«EE]>r LAKE CO RISE ^%'AlrKESUA CO. HISTOKY OF WISCONSIN. BY C. W. BUTTERFIELD. I.— WISCONSIN ANTIQUITIES. The first explorers of the valleys of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi and its tributaries, seem not to have noticed, to any considerable extent, the existence within these vast areas of monuments of an extinct race. Gradually, however, as the tide of emigration broke through the barriers of the AUeghanies and spread in a widely extended flow over what are now the States of the Northwest, these prehistoric vestiges attracted more and more the attention of the curious and the learned, until, at the present time, almost every person is presumed to have some general knowledge, not only of their existence, but of some of their striking peculiarities. Unfortunately, these signs of a long since departed people are fast disappearing by the never ceasing operations of the elements, and the constant encroachments of civilization. The earliest notices of the animal and vegetable kingdom of this region are to be found in its rocks ; but Wisconsin's earli- est records of men can only be traced in here and there a crumbling earth-work, in the fragment of a skeleton, or in a few stone and copper implements — dim and shadowy relics of their handicraft. The ancient dwellers in these valleys, whose history is lost in the lapse of ages, are desig- nated, usually, as the Mound-Builders ; not that building mounds was probably their distinctive employment, but that such artificial elevations of the earth are, to a great extent, the only evi- dences remaining of their actual occupation of the country. As to the origin of these people, all knowledge must, possibly, continue to rest upon conjecture alone. Nor were the habitations of this race confined to the territory of which Wisconsin now forms a part. At one time, they must have been located in many ulterior regions. The earth-works, tumuli, or "mounds," as they are generally designated, are usually symmetrically raised and often inclosed in mathematical figures, such as the square, the octagon, and the circle, with long lines of circumvallation. Besides these earth-works, there are pits dug in the solid rock ; rubbish heaps formed in the prosecution of mining operations; and a variety of implements and utensils, wrought in copper or stone, or moulded in clay. Whence came the inhabitants who left these evidences to succeed- ing generations .' In other words, who were the Mound-Builders .' Did they migrate from the Old World, or is their origin to be sought for elsewhere.' And as to their manners and customs and civilization — what of these things.? Was the race finally swept from the New World to give place to Red men, or was it the one from which the latter descended .' These momentous ques- tions are left for the ethnologist, the archaeologist, and the antiquarian of the future to answer — if'they can. 20 HISTORY or WISCONSIN. Inclosures and mounds of the prehistoric people, it is generally believed, constituted but parts of one system; the former being, in the main, intended for purposes of defense or religion; the latter, for sacrifice, for temple sites, for burial places, or for observatories. In selecting sites for many of these earth-works, the Mound-Builders appear to have been influenced by motives which prompt civilized men to choose localities for their great marts; hence, Cincinnati, St. Louis, Chicago, Milwaukee and other cities of the West are founded on ruins of pre-existing structures. River terraces and river bottoms seem to have been the favorite places for these earth-works. In such localities, the natural advantages of the country could be made available with much less trouble than in portions of the country lying at a distance from water-courses. In Wisconsin, therefore, as in other parts, the same general idea of selecting points contiguous to the principal natural thoroughfares is found to have prevailed with the Mound-Builders ; for their works are seen in the basin of the Fox river of the Illinois, in that of Rock river and its branches, in the valley of Fox river of Green bay, in that of the Wisconsin, as well as near the waters of the Mississippi. While a few circumvallations and immense mounds, such as are common to certain other portions of the United States, are discoverable in Wisconsin, yet by far the largest number of earthworks have one peculiarity not observable, except in a few instances, outside the State. This characteristic is a very striking one The fact is revealed that they are imitative in form — resembling beasts, reptiles, birds, fish, man. All these, for convenience, are usually classed under the general name of "animal mounds," although some are in the similitude of trees, some of war clubs, others of tobacco pipes. Generally, these figures are in groups, though sometimes they are seen alone. For what purpose these earth-works were heaped up — they rise above the surface two, four, and sometimes six feet — or what particular uses they were intended to subserve, is unknown. It is, however, safe to affirm that they had some significance. A number resemble the bear; a few, the buffalo; others, the raccoon. Lizards, turtles, and even tadpoles, are out- lined in the forms of some. The war eagle, and the war club has each its representative. All this, of course, could not have been a mere happening — the work of chance. The sizes of these mounds are as various as their forms. One near Cassville, in Grant county, very complete in its representation of an animal, supposed to be of the elephant species, was found, upon measure- ment, to have a total length of one hundred and thirty-five feet. Another in Sauk county, quite perfect in its resemblance to the form of a man, was of equal length — a veritable colossus ; prone, it is true, and soon to disappear, if it has not already been destroyed, by ravages of a superior civilization. In portions of Wisconsin, as well as in a few places outside the State, are found earth-works of another kind, but quite as remarkable as the "animal mounds," which, from their supposed use, have been styled "garden beds." They are ridges, or beds, about six inches in height and four feet in width, ranged, with much apparent method, in parallel rows, sometimes rectangular in shape, sometimes of various but regular and symmetrical curves, and occupying fields of from ten to a hundred acres. The Mound-Builders have left many relics, besides their earthworks, to attest their presence in Wisconsin in ages past. Scattered widely are found stone and copper axes, spear-heads, and arrow-heads, also various other implements — evidently their handiwork. As these articles are frequently discovered many feet beneath the surface, it argues a high antiquity for the artificers. Whether they had the skill to mould their copper implements is doubtful. Such as plainly show the work of hammering, indicate an art beyond that possessed by the Red men who peopled America upon its first discovery by Europeans. In a few instances, fragments of human skulls have been found so well preserved as to enable a comparison to be drawn between the crania of THE IXDIAN TEIBES OF WISCONSIN. 21 this ancient race and those of modern ones ; the results, however, of these comparisons throw iittle, if any, light upon "the dark backward and abysm" of mound-building times. The evidences of an extinct people of superior intelligence is very strikingly exhibited in the ancient copper mines of the Lake Superior region. Here are to be found excavations in the solid rock; heaps of rubble and dirt ; copper utensils fashioned into knives, chisels, and spear and arrow-heads; stone hammers; wooden bowls and shovels; props and levers for raising and supporting the mass copper; and ladders for ascending and descending the pits. These mines were probably worked by people not only inhabiting what is now the State of Wisconsin, but territory farther to the southward. The copper was here obtained, it is believed, which has been found in many places, even as far away as the northern shore cf the Gulf of Mexico, wrought into various implements and utensils. But there are no traces in Wisconsin of a " copper age " succeeding a " stone age," discernadle in any prehistoric relics. They all refer alike to one age — the indefinite past ; to one people — the Mound-Builders. II.— THE INDIAN TRIBES OF WISCONSIN. When, as early, it is believed, as 1634, civilized man first set foot upon the territory now included within the boundaries of Wisconsin, he discovered, to his surprise, that upon this wide area met and mingled clans of two distinct and wide-spread families — the Algonquins and Sioux. The tribes of the former, moving westward, checked the advance of the latter in tlieir excursions eastward. As yet there had been no representatives of the Huron-Iroquois seen west of Lake Michigan — the members of this great family, at that date dwelling in safety in the extensive regions northward and southward of the Erie and Ontario lakes. Already had the French secured a foot-hold in the extensive valley of the St. Lawrence ; and, naturally enough, the chain of the Great Lakes led their explorers to the mouth of Green bay, and up that water- course and its principal tributary. Fox river, to the Wisconsin, an affluent of the Mississippi On the right, in ascending this bay, was seen, for the first time, a nation of Indians, lighter in complexion than neighboring tribes, and remarkably well formed, now well known as the Menomonees. This nation is of Algonquin stock, but their dialect differed so much from the surrounding tribes of the same family, it having strange guttural sounds and accents, as well as peculiar inflec- tions of verbs and other parts of speech, that, for a long time, they were supposed to have a distinct language. Their traditions point to an emigration from the East at some remote period. When first visited by the French missionaries, these Indians subsisted largely upon wild rice, from which they took their name. The harvest time of this grain was in the month of September. It grew spontaneously in little streams with slimy bottoms, and in marshy places. The harvesters went in their canoes across these watery fields, shaking the ears right and left as they advanced, the grain falling easily, if ripe, into the bark receptacle beneath. To clear it from chaff and strip it of a pellicle inclosing it, they put it to dry on a wooden lattice above a small fire, which was kept up for several days. When the rice was well dried, it was placed in a skin of the form of a bag, which was then forced into a hole, made on purpose, in the ground. They then tread it out so long and so well, that the grain being freed from the chaff, was easily winnowed. After this, it was pounded to meal, or left unpounded, and boiled in water seasoned with grease. It thus became a very palatable diet. It must not be inferred that this was the only food of the Menomonees; they were adepts in fishing, and hunted with skill the game which abounded in the forests. For many years after their discovery, the Menomonees had their homes and hunting 22 HISTORY OF AVISCONSIN. grounds upon, or adjacent to, the Menomonee river. Finally, after the lapse of a century and a quarter, down to 1760, when the French yielded to the English all claims to the country, the territory of the Menomonees had shifted somewhat to the westward and southward, and their principal village was found at the head of Green bay, while a smaller one was still in existence at the mouth of their favorite stream. So slight, however, had been this change, that the country of no other of the surrounding tribes had been encroached upon by the movement. In 1634, the Menomonees probably took part in a treaty with a representative of the French, who had thus early ventured so far into the wilds of the lake regions. More than a score of years elapsed before the tribe was again visited by white men, — that is to say, there are no authentic accounts of earlier visitations. In 1660, Father Rene Menard had penetrated the Lake Superior country as far, at least, as Kewenaw, in what is now the northern part of Michigan, whence some of his French companions probably passed down the Menomonee river to the waters of Green bay the following year ; but no record of the Indians, through whose territory they passed, was made by these voyagers. Ten years more — 1670 — brought to the Menomonees (who doubtless had already been visited by French fur-traders) Father Claudius Allouez, to win them to Christianity. He had previously founded a mission upon the bay of Chegoimegon, now Chaquamegon, or Ashland bay, an arm of Lake Superior, within the present State of Wisconsin, in charge of which, at that date, was Father James Marquette. Proceeding from the " Sault" on the third of November, Allouez, early in December, 1669, reached the mouth of Green bay, where, on the third, in an Indian village of Sacs, Pottawattamies, Foxes and Winnebagoes, containing about six hundred souls, he celebrated the holy mass for the first time upon this new field of his labors, — eight Frenchmen, traders with the Indians, whom the missionary found there upon his arrival, taking part in the devotions. His first Christian work with the Menomonees was performed in May of the next year. Allouez found this tribe a feeble one, almost exterminated by war. He spent but little time with them, embarking, on the twentieth of that month, after a visit to some Pottawattamies and Winnebagoes, " with a Frenchman and a savage to go to Sainte Mary of the Sault." His place was filled by Father Louis Andre, who, not long after, erected a cabin upon the Menomonee river, which, with one at a village where his predecessor had already raised the standard of the cross, was soon burned by the savages; but the missionary, living almost con- stantly in his canoe, continued for some time to labor with the Menomonees and surrounding tribes The efforts of Andre were rewarded with some conversions among the former ; for Mar- quette, who visited them in 1673, found many good Christians among them. The record of ninety years of French domination in Wisconsin — beginning in June, 1671, and ending in October, 1761 — brings to light but little of interest so far as the Menomonees are concerned. Gradually they extended their intercourse with the white fur traders. Gradually and with few interruptions (one in 1728, and one in 1747 of a serious character) they were drawn under the banner of France, joining with that government in its wars with the Iroquois; in its contests, in 1712, 1729, 1730, and 1751, with the Foxes; and. subsequently, in its conflicts with the English. The French post, at what is now Green Bay, Brown county, Wisconsin, was, along with the residue of the western forts, surrendered to the British in 1760, although actual possession of the former was not taken until the Fall of the next year. The land on which the fort stood was claimed by the Menomonees. Here, at that date, was their upper and principal village, the tower one being at the mouth of the Menomonee river. These Indians soon became reconciled to the English occupation of their territory, notwithstanding the machinations of French traders who endeavored to prejudice them against the new comers. The Menomonees, at this time, were very much reduced, having, but a short time previous, lost three hundred of their warriors THE IXDIAN TRIBES OF AVISCONSIN. 23 by the small pox, and most of their chiefs in the late war in which they had been engaged by the then French commander there, against the English. They were glad to substitute English for French traders ; as they could purchase supplies of them at one half the price they had previously paid. It was not long before the sincerity of the Menomonees was put to the test. Pontiac's War of 1763 broke out, and the post of Mackinaw was captured. The garrison, however, at Green bay was not only not attacked by the savages, but, escorted by the Menomonees and other tribes, crossed Lake Michigan in safety to the village of L'Arbre Croche ; thence making their way to Montreal. The Menomonees continued tlieir friendship to the English, joining with them against the Colonies during the Revolution, and fighting on the same side during the war of 1812-15. When, in July, 181 6, an American force arrived at Green bay to take possession of the country, the Menomonees were found in their village near by, very peaceably inclined. The commander of the troops asked permission of their chief to build a fort. " My Brother!" was the response, " how can we oppose your locating a council-fire among us .' You are too strong for us. Even if we wanted to oppose you we have scarcely got powder and ball to make the attempt. One favor we ask is, that our French brothers shall not be disturbed. You can choose any place you please for your fort, and we shall not object." No trouble had been anticipated from the Menomonees, and the expectations of the government of the United States in that regard were fully realized. What added much to the friendship now springing up between the Menomonees and the Americans was the fact that the next year — 1817 — the annual contribution, which for many years had been made by the British, consisting of a shirt, leggins, breech-clout, and blanket for each member or the tribe, and for each family a copper kettle, knives, axes, ^uns and ammunition, was withheld by them. It was found by the Americans, upon their occupation of the Menomonee territory, that some of the women of that tribe were married to traders and boatmen who had settled at t'.e head of the bay, there being no white women in that region. Many of these were Canadians of French extraction; hence the anxiety that they should be well treated, which was expressed by the Menomonees upon the arrival of the American force. At this period there was a consider- able trade carried on with these Indians at Prairie du Chien, as many of them frequently win- tered on the Mississippi. The first regular treaty with this tribe was " made and concluded" on the thirtieth day of March, 1817, "by and between William Clark, Ninian Edwards, and Auguste Chouteau, commissioners on the part and behalf of the United States of America, of the one part," and the chiefs and warriors, deputed by the Menomonees, of the other part. By the terms of this compact all injuries were to be forgiven and forgotten ; perpetual peace established; lands, heretofore ceded to other governments, confirmed to the United States ; all prisoners to be delivered up ; and the tribe placed under the protection of the United States, "and of no other nation, power, or sovereign, whatsoever." The Menomonees were now fully and fairly, and for the first time, entitled to be known as " American Indians," in contradistinction to the term which had been so long used as descriptive of their former allegiance — " British Indians." The territory of the Menomonees, when the tribe was taken fully under the win^- of the Gen- eral Government, had become greatly extended. It was bounded on the north by the dividini' ridge between the waters flowing into Lake Superior and those flowing south into Green bay and the Mississippi; on the east, by Lake Michigan ; on the south, by the Milwaukee river, and on the west by the Mississippi and Black rivers. This was their territory; though they were prac- tically restricted to the occupation of the western shore of Lake Michigan, lying between the mouth of Green bay on the north and the Milwaukee river on the south, and to a somewhat indefinite area west. Their general claim, as late as 1825, was north to the Chippewa country: 24 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. east to Green bay and L.ake Michigan; south to the Milwaukee river, and west to Black river. And what is most surprising is that the feeble tribe of 1761 had now, in less than three quarters of a century, become a powerful nation, numbering between three and four thousand. The Menomonee territory, as late as 1831, still preserved its large proportions. Its eastern division was bounded by the Milwaukee river, the shore of Lake Michigan, Green bay. Fox river, and Winnebago lake; its western division, by the Wisconsin and Chippewa rivers on the west ; Fox river on the south ; Green bay on the east, and the high lar\ds whence flow the streams into Lake Superior, on the north. This year, however, it was shorn of a valuable and large part by the tribe ceding to the United States all the eastern division, estimated at two and one half million acres. The following year, the Menomonees aided the General Government in the Black Hawk war. That the Menomonees might, as much as possible, be weaned from their wandering habits, their permanent home was designated to be a large tract lying north of Fox river and east of Wolf river. Their territory farther west, was reserved for their hunting grounds until such time as the General Government should desire to purchase it. In 1836, another portion, amounting to four million acres, lying between Green bay on the east and Wolf river on the west, was dis- posed of to the United States, besides a strip three miles in width from near the portage north, on each side of the Wisconsin river and forty-eight miles long — still leaving them in peace- able possession of a country about one hundred and twenty miles long, and about eighty broad. Finally, in 1S4S, the Menomonees sold all their lands in Wisconsin to the General Govern- ment, preparatory to their movement to a reservation beyond the Mississippi of six hundred thousand acres ; but the latter tract was afterward re-ceded to the United States; for, notwith- standing there were treaty stipulations for the removal of the tribe to that tract, there were obstacles in the way of their speedy migration, resulting, finally, in their being permitted to remain in Wisconsin. Lands, to the amount of twelve townships, were granted them for their permanent homes, on the upper Wolf river, in what is now Shawano and Oconto counties — a portion, but a very small one, of what was once their extensive possessions. To this reservation they removed in October, 1852. Thus are the Menomonees, the only one of the original tribes of Wisconsin who, as a whole, have a local habitation within its limits. This tribe refused to join the Sioux in their outbreak in 1861, and several of their warriors served as volunteers in the United States army during the late civil war. It is now over two centuries since the civilized world began to gain knowledge of the exist- ence, in the far West, of a tribe of Indians known as the Winnebagoes — that is, men of the sea; pointing, possibly, to their early migration from the shores of the Mexican gulf, or the Pacific. The territory now included within the limits of \V'isconsin, and so much of the State of Michigan as lies north of Green bay, Lake Michigan, the Straits of Mackinaw and Lake Huron were, in early times, inhabited by several tribes of the Algonquin race, forming a barrier to the Dakotas, or Sioux, who had advanced eastward to the Mississippi. But the Winnebagoes, although one of the tribes belonging to the family of the latter, had passed the great river, at some unknown period, and settled upon the head waters of Green bay. Here, this "sea-tribe," as early, it is believed, as 1634, was visited by an agent of France and a treaty concluded with them. The tribe afterward called themselves Hochungara, or Ochunkoraw, but were styled by the Sioux, Hotanke, or Sturgeon. Nothing more is heard of the Ouenibigoutz, or Winnebegouk (as the Winnebagoes were early called by the Jesuit missionaries, and the Algonquin tribes, meaning men from the fetid or salt water, translated by the French, Puants) for the next thirty-five years, although there is no doubt that the tribe had been visited meanwhile by adventurous Frenchmen, when on the second of December, 1669, some of that nation were noted at a Sac (Sauk or Saukis) village on Green bay, by Father Allouez. THE INDIAX TRIBES OF WISCOXSIX. 25 As early at least as 1670, the French were actively engaged among the VVinnebagoes trading. " We found affairs," says one of the Jesuit missionaries, who arrived among them in September of that year, " we found aff;iirs there in a pretty bad posture, and the minds of the savages much soured against the French, who were there trading ; ill-treating tliem in deeds and words, pillag- ing and carrying away their merchandise in spite of them, and conducting themselves toward them with insupportable insolences and indignities. The cause of this disorder," adds the mis- sionary, " is that they had received some bad treatment from the French, to whom they had this year come to trade, and particularly from the soldiers, from whom they pretended to have received many wrongs and injuries." It is thus made certain that the arms of France were carried into the territory of the Winnebagoes over two hundred years ago. The Fox river of Green bay was found at that date a difficult stream to navigate. Two Jesuits who ascended the river in 1670, had "three or four leagues of rapids to contend with," when they had advanced " one day's journey " from the head of the bay, " more difficult than those which are common in other rivers, in this, that the flints, over which" they had to walk with naked feet to drag their canoes, were so " sharp and so cutting, that one has all the trouble in the world to hold one's self steady against the great rushing of the waters." At the falls they found an idol that the savages honored ; " never failing, in passing, to make him some sacrifice of tobacco, or arrows, or paintings, or other things, to thank him that, by his assistance, they had, in ascending, avoided the dangers of the waterfalls which are in this stream ; or else, if they had to ascend, to pray him to aid them in this perilous navigation." The devout missionaries caused the idol " to be lifted up by the strength of arm, and cast into the depths of the river, to appear no more " to the idolatrous savages. The mission of St. Francis Xavier, founded in December, 1669, by AUouez, was a roving one among the tribes inhabiting the shores of Green bay and the interior country watered by the Fox river and its tributaries, for about two years, when its first mission-house was erected at what is now Depere, Brown county. This chapel was soon after destroyed by fire, but was rebuilt in 1676. The Winnebagoes, by this time, had not only received considerable spiritual instruction from the Jesuit fathers, but had obtained quite an insight into the mysteries of trading and trafficking with white men; for, fojlowing the footsteps of the missionaries, and sometimes preceding them, were the ubiquitous French fur traders. It is impossible to determine precisely what territory was occupied by the Winnebagoes at this early date, farther than that they lived near the head of Green bay. A direct trade with the French upon the St. Lawrence was not carried on by the Winne- bagoes to any great extent until the beginning of the eighteenth century. As early as 1679, an advance party of La Salle had collected a large store of furs at the mouth of Green bay, doubtless in a traffic with, this tribe and others contiguous to them ; generally, however, the surrounding nations sold their peltries to the Ottawas, who disposed of them, in turn, to the French. The commencement of the eighteenth century found the Winnebagoes firmly in alliance with France, and in peace with the dreaded Iroquios. In 17 18, the nation numbered six hundred. They were afterward found to have moved up Fox river, locating upon Winne- bago lake, which stream and lake were their ancient seat, and from which they had been driven either by fear or the prowess of more powerful tribes of the West or Southwest. Their inter- course with the French was gradually extended and generally peaceful, though not always so, joining with them, as did the Menomonees, in their wars with the Iroquois, and subsequently in their conflicts with the English, which finally ended in 1760. When the British, in October, 1761, took possession of the French post, at the head of 26 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Green bay, the Winnebagoes were found to number one hundred and fifty warriors only ; their nearest village being at the lower end of Winnebago lake. They had in all not less than three towns. Their country, at this period, included not only that lake, but all the streams flowing into it, especially Fox river; afterward extended to the Wisconsin and Rock rivers. They readily changed their course of trade — asking now of the commandant at the fort for English traders to be sent among them. In the Indian outbreak under Pontiac in 1763, they joined with the Menomonees and other tribes to befriend the British garrison at the head of the bay, assisting in conducting them to a place of safety. They continued their friendship to the English during the Revolution, by joining with them against the colonies, and were active in the Indian war of 1790-4, taking part in the attack on Fort Recovery, upon the Maumee, in the present State of Ohio, in 1793. They fought also on the side of the British in the war of 1812-15, aiding, in 1814, to reduce Prairie du Chien. They were then estimated -at 4,500. When, in 1816, the government of the United States sent troops to take possession of the Green bay country, by establishing a garrison there, some trouble was anticipated from these Indians, who, at that date, had the reputation of being a bold and warlike tribe. A deputation from the nation came down Fox river and r.emonstrated with the American commandant at what was thought to be an intrusion. They were desirous of knowing why a fort was to be established so near them. The reply was that, although the troops were armed for war if necessary, their purpose was peace. Their response was an old one : " If your object is peace, you have too many men ; if war, you have too few." However, the display of a nutnber of cannon which had not yet been mounted, satisfied the Winnebagoes that the Americans were masters of the situation, and the deputation gave the garrison no farther trouble. On the 3d of June, 1816, at St. Louis, the tribe made a treaty of peace and friendship with the General Government; but they continued to levy tribute on all white people who passed up Fox river. English annuities also kept up a bad feeling. At this time, a portion of the tribe was living upon the Wisconsin river, away from the rest of the nation, which was still seated upon the waters flowing into Green bay. In 1820, they had five villages on Winnebago lake and fourteen on Rock river. In 1825, the claim of the Winnebagoes was an extensive one, so far as territory was concerned. Its southeast boundary stretched away from the source of Rock river to within forty miles of its mouth, in Illinois, where tliey had a village. On the west it extended to the heads of the small streams flowing into the Mississippi. To the northward, it reached Black river and the upper Wis- consin, in other words, to the Chippewa territory, but did not extend across Fox river, although they contended for the whole of Winnebago lake. In 1829, a large part of their territory in southwest Wisconsin, lying between Sugar riveT and the Mississippi, and extending to the Wis- consin river, was sold to the General Government; and, three years later all the residue lying south and east of the Wisconsin and the Fox river of Green bay ; the Winnebago prophet having before t'lat date supported the Sacs in their hostility. Finally, in the brief language of the treaty between this tribe (which had become unsettled and wasteful) and the United States, of the first of November, 1837, "The Winnebago Nation of Indians " ceded to the General Government " all their lands east of the Mississippi." Not an acre was reserved. And the Indians agreed that, within eight months from that date, they would move west of " the great river." This arrangement, however, was not carried out fully. In 1842, there were only 756 at Turkey river, Iowa, their new home, with as many in Wisconsin, and smaller bands e' ewhere. All had become lawless, and roving. Some removed in 1848; while a party to the number of over eight hun- dred left the State as late as 1873. The present home of the tribe is in Nebraska, where they have a reservation north of and adjacent to the Omahas, containing over one hundred thousand acres. However, since their first removal beyond the Mississippi, they have several times THE IXDIAX TRIBES OF WISCONSIN. 27 changed their place of abode. Their number, all told, is less than twenty-five hundred. When the territory, now constituting the northern portion of Wisconsin, becai..o very generally known to the civilized inhabitants of the eastern part of the United States, it was found to be occupied by Indians called the Chippew.as. Their hunting-grounds extended south from Lake Superior to the heads of the Menomouee, the Wisconsin and Chippewa rivers; also farther eastward and westward. At an early day they were engaged in a war with the Sioux — a war indeed, which was long continued. The Chippewas, however, persistently maintained their position — still occupying the same region when the General (Government extended its jurisdiction over the whole country south of the Great Lakes and west to the Mississippi. By treaties with the Chippewas at different periods, down to the year 1827, the General Gov- ernment had recognized them as the owners of about one quarter of which is now the entire State. The same policy was pursued toward this tribe as with neighboring ones, in the purchase of their lands by the United States. Gradually they parted with their extensive possessions, until, in 1842, the last acre within what is now W^isconsin was disposed of It was the intention of the General Government to remove the several bands of the Chippewas who had thus ceded their lands to a tract reserved for them beyond the Mississippi; but this determination was afterward changed so as to allow them to remain upon certain reservations within the limits of their old- time hunting grounds. These reservations they continue to occupy. They are located in Bay- field, Ashland, Chippewa and Lincoln counties. The clans are known, respectively, as the Red Cliff band, the Bad River band, the Lac Courte Oreille band, and the Lac de Flambeau band. Of all the tribes inhabiting what is now Wisconsin when its territory was first visited by white men, the S,\cs (Sauks or Saukies) and Foxes (Outagamies) are, in history, the most noted. They are of the Algonquin family, and are first mentioned in 1665, by Father Allouez, but as separate tribes. Afterward, however, because of the identity of their language, and their asso- ciations, they were and still are considered as one nation. In December, 1669, Allouez found upon the shores of Green bay a village of Sacs, occupied also by members of other tribes; and early in 1670 he visited a village of the same Indians located upon the Fox river of Green bay, at a distance of four leagues from its mouth. Here a device of these Indians for catching fish arrested the attention of the missionary. "From one side of the river to the other," he writes, "they made a barricade, planting great stakes, two fathoms from the water, in such a manner that there is, as it were, a bridge above for the fishes, who by the aid of a little bow-net, easily take sturgeons and all other kinds of fish which this pier stops, although the water does not cease to flow between the stakes." When the Jesuit father first obtained, five years previous, a knowledge of this tribe, they were represented as savage above all others, great in numbers, and without any permanent dwelling place. The Foxes were of two stocks : one calling themselves Outagamies or Foxes, whence our English name; the other, MusqMakink, or men of red clay, the name now used by the tribe. They lived in early times with their kindred the Sacs east of Detroit, and as some say near the St. Lawrence. They were driven west, and settled at Saginaw, a name derived from the Sacs. Thence they were forced by the Iroquois to Green bay ; but were compelled to leave that place and settle on Fox river. .\llouez, on the twenty-fourth of April, 1670, arrived at a village of the Foxes, situated on Wolf river, a northern tributary of the Fox. "The nation," he declares, "is renowned for being numerous ; they have more than four hundred men bearing arms ; the number of women and children is greater, on account of polygamy which exists among them — each man having commonly four wives, some of them six, and others as high as ten." The missionary found that the Foxes had retreated to those parts to escape the persecutions of the Iroquois. Allouez established among these Indians his mission of St. Mark, rejoicing in the fact that in less thatv 28 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. two years he had baptized "sixty children and some adults." The Foxes, at the summons of De la Barre, in 1684, sent warriors against the Five Nations. They also took part in Denonville's more serious campaign ; but soon after became hostile to the French. As early as 169.3, they had plundered several on their way to trade with the Sioux, alleging that they were carrying arms and ammunition to their ancient enemies — frequently causing them to make portages to the southward in crossing from Lake Michigan to the Mississippi. Afterward they became recon- ciled to the French; but the reconciliation was of short duration. In 1712, Fort Detroit, then defended by only a handful of men, was attacked by them in conjunction with the Mascou- tens and Kickapoos. However, in the end, by calling in friendly Indians, the garrison not only protected themselves but were enabled to act on the offensive, destroying the greater part of the besieging force. The nation continued their ill will to the French. The consequence was that their territory in 1 7 16 had been invaded and they were reduced to sue for peace. But their friendship was not of long continuance. In 17 18, the Foxes numbered five hundred men and "abounded in women and children." They are spoken of at that date as being very industrious, raising large quantities of Indian corn. In 1728, another expedition was sent against them by the French. Meanwhile the Menomonees had also become hostile; so, too, the Sacs, who were now the allies of the Foxes. The result of the enterprise was, an attack upon and the defeat of a number of' Menomonees; the burning of the wigwams of the Winnebagos (after passing the deserted village .of the Sacs upon the Fox river), that tribe, also, at this date being hostile ; and the destruction of the fields of the Foxes. They were again attacked in their own country by the French, in 1730, and defeated. In 1734, both the Sacs and Foxes came in conflict with the same foe; but this time the French were not as successful as on previous expeditions. In 1736, the Sacs and Foxes were "connected with the government of Canada; " but it is certain they were far from being friendly to the French. The conflict between France and Great Britain commencing in 1754, found the Sacs and Foxes allied with the former power, against the English, although not long previous to this time they were the bitter enemies of the French. At the close of that contest so disastrous to the interests of France in North America, these tribes readily gave in their adhesion to the con- querors, asking that English traders might be sent them. The two nations, then about equally divided, numbered, in 1761, about seven hundred warriors. Neither of the tribes took part in Pontiac's war, but they befriended the English. The Sacs had migrated farther to the west- ward ; but the Foxes — at least a portion of them^still remained upon the waters of the river of Green bay, which perpetuates their name. A few years later, however, and the former were occupants of the upper Wisconsin ; also, to a considerable distance below the portage, where their chief town was located. Further down the same stream was the upper village of the Foxes, while their lower one was situated near its mouth at the site of the present city of Prairie du Chien. At this date, 1766, the northern portion of what is now Wisconsin, including all that part watered by the streams flowing north into Lake Superior, was the home of the Chippewas. The country around nearly the whole of Green bay was the hunting ground of the Menomonees. The territory of Winnebago lake and Fox river was the seat of the Winnebagoes. The region of the Wisconsin river was the dwelling place of the Sacs and Foxes. During the war of the Revolution, the Sacs and Foxes continued the firm friends of the English. At the commencement of the nineteenth century, only a small part of their territory was included in what is now Wisconsin, and that was in the extreme southwest. In 1804, they ceded this to the United States ; so that they no longer were owners of any lands within this State. From that date, therefore, these allied tribes can not be considered as belonging to the PRE-TEKRITORIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. 29 Indian nations of Wisconsin. A striking episode in their subsequent liistory — the Black Hawk \\'ar — comes in, notwithstanding, as a part, incidentally, of the annals of the State. Deserving a place in a notice of the Indian tribes of Wisconsin is the nation known as the POTTAWATTAMiEs. As early as 1639, they were the neighbors of the Winnebagoes upon Green bay. They were still upon its southern shore, in two villages, in 1670; and ten years subsequent to that date they occupied, at least in one village the same region. At the expiration of the first quarter of the eighteenth century, a part only of the nation were in that vicinity — -upon the islands at the mouth of the bay. These islands were then known as the Pottawattamie islands, and considered as the ancient abode of these Indians. Already had a large portion of this tribe emigrated southward, one band resting on the St. Joseph of-Lake Michigan, the other near Detroit. One peculiarity of this tribe — at least of such as resided in what is now Wisconsin — was their intimate association with neighboring bands. When, in 1669, a village of the Pottawattarnies, located upon the southeast shore of Green bay, was visited by Allouez, he found with them Sacs and Foxes and Winnebagoes. So, also, when, many years subsequent to that date, a band of these Indians were located at Milwaukee, with tliem were Ottawas and Chippewas. These "united tribes" claimed all the lands of their respective tribes and of other nations, giving the United States, when possession was taken of the western country by the General Government, no little trouble. Finally, by a treaty, held at Chicago in 1833, their claims, such as they were, to lands along the western shore of Lake Michigan, within the present State of Wisconsin, extending westward to Rock river, were purchased by the United States, with permission to retain possession three years longer of their ceded lands, after which time this " united nation of Chippewas, Ottawas and Pottawattamies " began to disappear, and soon were no longer seen in southeastern Wisconsin or in other portions of the State. Besides the five tribes — Menomonees, Winnebagoes, Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes, and Pottawattamies — many others, whole or in part, have, since the territory now constituting the State was first visited by white men, been occupants of its territory. Of these, some are only known as having once lived in what is now Wisconsin; others — such as the Hurons, Illinois, Kickapoos, Mascoutens, Miamis, Noquets, Ottawas and Sioux, are recognized as Indians once dwelling in this region ; yet so transitory has been their occupation, or so little is known of their history, that they scarcely can be claimed as belonging to the State. Commencing in 1822, and continuing at intervals through some of the following years, was the migration to Wisconsin from the State of New York of the remains or portions of four tribes : the Oneidas, Stockbridges, Munsees and Brothertowns. The Oneidas finally located west of Green Bay, where they still reside. Their reservation contains over 60,000 acres, and lies wholly within the present counties of Brown and Outagamie. The Stockbridges and Munsees, who first located above Green Bay, on the east side of Fox river, afterward moved to the east side of Winnebago lake. They now occupy a reservation joining the southwest township of the Menomenee reservation, in Shawano county, and are fast becoming citizens. The Brothertowns first located on the east side of Fox river, but subsequently moved to the east side of Winnebago lake, where, in 1839, they broke up their tribal relations and became citizens of Wisconsin territory. III.— PRE-TERRITORIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. When, in 1634, the first white man set foot upon any portion of the territory now consti- tuting the State of Wisconsin, the whole country was, of course, a wilderness. Its inhabitants, the aboriginal Red men, were thinly but widely scattered over all the country. Jean Nicolet, a Frenchman, who had been in Canada since 1618, and had spent several years among the 30 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Indians, was the first of civilized men to unlock the mystery of its situation and people. French authorities upon the St. Lawrence sent him as an ambassador to the Winnebagoes, of whom he had heard strange stories. On his outward voyage he visited the Hurons — allies of the French — a tribe seated upon the eastern side of the lake which bears their name, and Nicolet was empowered to negotiate a peace with them. " When he approached the ^\'innebago town, he sent some of his Indian attendants to announce his coming, put on a robe of damask, and advanced to meet the expectant crowd with a pistol in each hand. The squaws and children fled, scream- ing that it was a manito, or spirit, armed with thunder and lightning ; but the <. 83 James Gorrell, in command, with one sergeant, one corporal and fifteen privates. There also remained at the post a French interpreter and two English traders. The name of the fortifica- tion was changed to Fort Edward Augustus. This post was abandoned by the commandant on the twenty-first of June, 1763, on account of the breaking out of Pontiac's War and the capture of the fort at Mackinaw by the savages. Tlie cause of this war was this : The Indian tribes saw the danger which the downfall of the French interests in Canada was sure to bring to them. They banded togetlier under Pontiac to avert their ruin. The struggle was short but fierce — full of " scenes of tragic interest, with marvels of suffering and vicissitude, of heroism and endur- ance ; " but the white man conquered. The moving incidents in this bloody drama were enacted to the eastward of what is now Wisconsin, coming no nearer than Mackinaw, which, as just mentioned, the savages captured; but it resulted in the evacuation of its territory by British troops, who never after took possesfion of it, though they continued until 1796 a nominal military rule over it, after Mackinaw was again occupied by them. .Vn early French Canadian trading station at the head of Green bay assumed finally the form of a permanent settlement — the first one in Wisconsin. To claim, however that any French Canadian is entitled to the honor of being the first permanent white settler is assuming for him more than the facts seem to warrant. The title of " The Father and Flounder of Wis- consin" belongs to no man. After Pontiac's War, one of the noted events in this region was the journey of Jonathan Carver, who, in 1766, passed up Fox river to the portage, and descended the Wisconsin to the Mississippi. He noticed the tumbling-down post at what is now Green Bay, Brown county. He saw a few families living in the fort, and some French settlers, who cultivated the land opposite, and appeared to live very comfortably. That was the whole e.vtent of improvements in what is now Wisconsin. The organization of the Northwest Fur Company ; the passage of an act by the British Parliament by which the whole Northwest was included in the Province of Quebec ; the joining of the Indians in this region with the British, against the Americans, in the War of the Revolution; the exploration of the lead region of the Upper Mississippi by Julian Dubuque; the passage of the ordinance of 1787; the first settlement of the territory northwest of the River Ohio; and the Indian war which followed, are all incidents, during British occu- pation, of more or less interest for the student of Wisconsin history. He will find that, by the treaty of 1783 and of 1795, with Great Britain, all the inhabitants residing in this region were to be protected by the United States in the full and peaceable possession of their property, with the right to remain in, or to withdraw from it, with their effects, within one year. All who did not leave were to be deemed American citizens, allowed to enjoy all the privileges of citizenship, and to be under the protection of the General Government. He will also find that less than two years was the whole time of actual military occupation of what is now Wisconsin by British soldiers, and that English domination, which should have ended at the close of the Revolu- tion, was arbitrarily continued until the Summer of 1796, when the western posts, none of which were upon territory circumscribed by Lakes Michigan and Superior and the Mississippi river, were delivered into the keeping of the United States. Thus the supremacy of Great Britain over the Northwest was, after an actual continuance of thirty-five years, at an end. Although the General Government did not get possession of the region northwest of the Ohio, throughout its full extent, for thirteen years subsequent to its acquirement by the treaty of peace of 17S3 with Great Britain, nevertheless, steps were taken, very- soon, to obtain concessions from such of the colonies as had declared an ownership in any portion of it. None of the claimants, seemingly, had better rights than Virginia, who, by virtue of conquests, largely her own, of the Illinois settlements and posts, extended her jurisdiction over that country, erecting into a county 84 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 60 much of the region northwest of the Ohio, as had been settled by Virginians or might after- ward be settled by them. But as, previous to her yielding all rights to territory beyond that river, she had not carried her arms into the region north of the Illinois or made settlements upon what is now the soil of Wisconsin, nor included any portion of it within the bounds of an organ- ized county, it follows that her dominion was not actually e.xtended over any part of the area included within the present boundaries of this State; nor did she then claim jurisdiction north of the Illinois river, but on the other hand expressly disclaimed it. Virginia and all the other claimants finally ceded to the United States their rights, such as they were, beyond the Ohio, except two reservations of limited extent ; and the General Govern- ment became the undisputed owner of the "Great West," without any internal claims to posses- sion save those of the Indians. Meanwhile, the United States took measures to extend its juris- diction over the whole country by the passage of the famous ordinance of 1787, which established a government over "the territory of the United States, northwest of the River Ohio." But this organic law was, of course, nugatory over that portion of the region occupied by the British, until their yielding possession in 1796, when, for the first time, Anglo-American rule commenced, though nominally, in what is now Wisconsin. By the ordinance just mentioned, "the United States, in congress assembled," declared that the territory northwest of the Ohio should, for the purposes of temporary government, be one district , subject, however, to be divided into districts, as future circumstances might, in the opinion of Congress, make it expedient. It was ordained that a governor, secretary and three judges should be appointed for the Territory; a general assembly was also provided for; and it was declared that religion, morality, and knowledge, being necessary to good government and the happiness of mankind, schools and the means of education should forever be encouraged. It was also ordained that there should be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude in the said Territory, " otherwise than in the punishment of crimes whereof the party shall have been duly convicted." Thus was established the first Magna Charta for the five great States since that time formed out of " the territory northwest of the River Ohio," and the first rules and regulations for their government. Under this act of Congress, Arthur St. Clair was appointed governor of the Northwestern Territory, as it was called, and Samuel H. Parsons, James M. Varnum, and John Armstrong, judges, — the latter not accepting the office, John Cleves Symmes was appointed in his place. Winthrop Sargeant was appointed secretary. At different periods, counties were erected to include various portions of the Territory. By the governor's proclamation of the 15th of August, 1796, one was formed to include the whole of the present area of Northern Ohio, vifest of Cleveland ; also, all of what is now the State of Indiana, north of a line drawn from Fort Wayne " west-northerly to the southern part of Lake Michigan ; " the whole of the present State of Michigan, except its extreme northwest corner on Lake Superior ; a small corner in the north- east, part of what is now Illinois, including Chicago ; and so much of the present State of Wis- consin as is watered by the streams flowing into Lake Michigan, which of course included an extensive portion, taking in many of its eastern and interior counties as now constituted. This vast county was named Wayne. So the few settlers then at the head of Green bay had their local habitations, constructively at least, in " Wayne county. Northwestern Territory." It was just at that date that Great Britain vacated the western posts, and the United States took quiet possession of them. But the western portion of what is now Wisconsin, including all its territory watered by streams flowing northward into Lake Superior, and westward and southwestward into the Mississippi, was as yet without any county organization ; as the county of St. Clair, including the Illinois country to the southward, reached no farther north than the mouth of Little Macki- naw creek, where it empties into the River Illinois, in what is now the State of Illinois. The PRE-TERKITORIAL ANJfALS OF AVISCOXSIN'. 35 "law of Paris," which was in force under French domination in Canada, and which Ijy the Britisli Parliament in 1774, had been continued in force under English supremacy, was still " the law of the land " west of Lake Michigan, practically at least. From and after the fourth day of July, 1800, all that part of the territory of the United States northwest of the Ohio river, which lay to the westward of a line beginning upon that stream opposite to the mouth of Kentucky river and running thence to what is now Fort Recovery in Mercer county, Ohio ; thence north until it intersected the territorial line between the United States and Canada, was, for the purposes of temporary government, constituted a separate territory called Indiana. It included not only the whole of the present State of Illinois and nearly all of what is now Indiana, but more than half of the State of Michigan as now defined, also a considerable part of the present Minnesota, and the whole of what is now Wis- consin. The seat of government was established at "Saint Vincennes on the Wabash," now the city of Vincennes, Indiana. To this extensive area was added "from and after" the admission of Ohio into the Union, all the territory west of that State, and east of the eastern boundary line of the Territory of Indiana as originally established ; so that now all " the territory of the United States, northwest of the River Ohio," was, excepting the State of Ohio, included in Indiana Ter- ritory. On the thirtieth day of June, 1805, so much of Indiana Territory as lay to the north of a Hue drawn east from the southerly bend or extreme of Lake Michigan to Lake Erie, and east of a line drawn from the same bend through the middle of the first mentioned lake to its north- ern extremity, and thence due north to the northern boundary of the United States, was, for the purpose of temporary government, constituted a separate Territory called Michigan. Of course no part of the present State of Wisconsin was included therein ; but the whole remained in the Territory of Indiana until the second day of March, 1809, when all that part of the last men- tioned Territory which lay west of the Wabash river, and a direct line drawn from that stream and " Post Vincennes," due north to the territorial line between the United States and Canada, was, by an act approved on the third of February previous, constituted a separate Territory, called Illinois. Meanwhile jurisdiction had been extended by the authorities of Indiana Territory over the country lying west of Lake Michigan, to the extent, at least, of appointing a justice of the peace for each of the settlements of Green Bay and Prairie du Chien. All of what is now Wisconsin was transferred to the Territory of Illinois, upon the organization of the latter, except a small portion lying east of the meridian line drawn through Vincennes, which remained a part of Indiana Territory. This fraction included nearly the whole area between Green bay and Lake Michigan. When, in 1816, Indiana became a State, "the territory of the United States northwest of the River Ohio," contained, besides Ohio and Indiana, the Territories of Illinois and Michigan, only ; so the narrow strip, formerly a part of Indiana Territory, lying east of a line drawn due north from Vincennes, and west of the western boundary line of Michigan Territory, belonged to nei- ther, and was left without any organization. However, upon the admission of Illinois into the Union, in 1818, all "the territory of the United States, northwest of the River Ohio," lying west of Michigan Territory and north of the States of Indiana and Illinois, was attached to and made a part of Michigan Territory ; by which act the whole of the present State of Wisconsin came under the jurisdiction of the latter. During the existence of the Territory of Illinois, a kind of jurisdiction was had over the two settlements in what is now Wisconsin — rather more ideal than real, however. In 1834, Congress greatly increased the limits of the Territory of Michigan, by adding to it, for judicial purposes, a large extent of country west of the Mississipi)i — reaching south as far as 36 HISTORY OF WISCOSrSIN. the present boundary line between the present States of Iowa and Missouri ; north, to the terri- torial line between the United States and Canada ; and west, to the Missouri and White Earth rivers. It so continued down to the fourth of July, 1836. A retrospective glance at the history of this region for forty years previous to the last men- tioned year, including the time which elapsed after the surrender of the western posts, in 1796, by the British, discloses many facts of interest and importance. The Anglo-Americans, not long after the region of country west of Lake Michigan became a part of Indiana Territory, began now and then to cast an eye, either through the opening of the Great Lakes or the Mississippi, upon its rolling rivers, its outspread prairies, and its dense forests, and to covet the goodly land ; but the settlers at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien were mostly French Canadians at this date, although a few were Americans. The General Govern- ment, however, began to take measures preparatory to its occupation, by purchasing, in 1804, a tract in what is now the southwest portion of the State, of the Indians, and by holding the various tribes to a strict account for any murders committed by them on American citizens passing through their territories or trading with them. Comparative peace reigned in the incipient settle- ments at the head of Green bay and at the mouth of the Wisconsin, which was changed by the breaking out of the war of 181 2, with Great Britain. The English early succeeded in securing the Wisconsin Indian tribes as their allies in this war ; and the taking of Mackinaw by the British in July, 1812, virtually put the latter in posses- sion of what is now the eastern portion of the State. Early in 1814, the government authorities of the United States caused to be fitted out at St. Louis a large boat, having on board all the men that could be mustered and spared from the lower country, and sent up the Mississippi to protect the upper region and the few settlers therein. The troops landed at Prairie du Chien, and immediately proceeded to fortify. Not long after, Colonel McKay, of the British army, crossing the country by course of the Fo.x and Wisconsin rivers, with over five hundred British and Indians, received the surrender of the whole force. The officers and men were paroled and sent down the river. This was the only battle fought upon Wisconsin soil during the last war with England. The post at Prairie du Chien was left in command of a captain with two compa- nies from Mackinaw. He remained there until after the peace of 1815, when the place was evacuated by the British. When it became generally known to the Indian tribes in what is now Wisconsin, that the contest between the United States and Great Britain was at an end, they generally expressed themselves as ready and willing to make treaties with the General Government — eager, in fact, to establish friendly relations with the power they had so recently been hostile to. This was, therefore, a favorable moment for taking actual possession of the country between the Missis- sippi and Lake Michigan ; and United States troops were soon ordered to occupy the two prom- inent points between Green Bay and Prairie du Chien. At the former place was erected Fort Howard ; at the latter Fort Crawford. At Green Bay, half a hundred (or less) French Cana- dians cultivated the soil; at Prairie du Chien, there were not more than thirty houses, mostly occupied by traders, while on the prairie outside the village, a number of farms were cultivated. Such was Wisconsin when, at the close of the last war with Great Britain, it began in earnest to be occupied by Americans. The latter were few in number, but in 1818, they began to feel, now that the country was attached to Michigan Territory and the laws of the United States were extended over them, that they were not altogether beyond the protection of a government of their own, notwithstanding they were surrounded by savage tribes. Their happiness was increased upon the erection, by proclamation of Lewis Cass, governor of the Territory of Michigan, of three Territorial counties: Michilimackinac, Brown and Crawford. Their establishment dates PKE-TERRITORIAL AXNALS OF AVISCONSIN. 37 the twenty-sixth of October, 1818. The county of Michilimackinac not only included all of the present State of Wisconsin lying north of a line drawn due west from near the head of the Little Noquet bay, but territory east and west of it, so as to reach from Lake Huron to the Missis- sippi river. Its county seat was established "at the Borough of Michilimackinac." The whole area in Michigan Territory south of tlie county of Michilimackinac and west of Lake Michigan formed the two counties of Brown and Crawford: the former to include the area east of a line drawn due north and south through the middle of the portage between the Fox river of Green bay and the Wisconsin ; the latter to include the whole region west of that line. Prairie du Chien was designated as the county seat of Crawford; Green Bay, of Brown county. On the 22(1 of December, 1826, a county named Chippewa was formed from the northern portions of .Ndchilimackinac, including the southern shores of Lake Superior throughout its entire length, and extending from the straits leading from that lake into Lake Huron, west to the western boundary line of Michigan Territory, with the county seat " at such point in the vicinity of the Sault de Ste. Marie, as a majority of the county commissioners to be appointed shall designate." Embraced within this county, — its southern boundary being the parallel 46° 31' north latitude, — was all the territory of the present State of Wisconsin now bordering on Lake Superior. Immediately upon the erection of Brown and Crawford counties, they were organized, and their offices filled by appointment of the governor. County courts were established, consisting of one chief and two associate justices, either of whom formed a quorum. They were required to hold one term of court annually in their respective counties. These county courts had origi- nal and exclusive jurisdiction in all civil cases, both in law and equity, where the matter in dis- pute exceeded the jurisdiction of a justice of the peace, and did not exceed the value of one thousand dollars. They had, however, no jurisdiction in ejectment. They had exclusive cog- nizance of all offenses the punishment whereof was not capital, and the same power to issue remedial and other process, writs of error and mandamus excepted, that the supreme court had at Detroit. Appeals from justices of the peace were made to the county courts. The establishing of Indian agencies by the General Government ; the holding of treaties with some of the Indian tribes; the adjustment of land claims at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien ; the appointment of postmasters at these two points, were all indications of a proper interest being taken by the United States in the affairs of the country. But a drawback to this region, was the fact that, in all civil cases of over a thousand dollars, and in criminal cases that were capital, as well as in actions of ejectment, and in the allowance of writs of error, and man- damus, recourse must be had to the supreme court at Detroit ; the latter place being the seat of government of Michigan Territory. However, in January, 1823, an act of congress provided for a district court, and for the appointment of a judge, for the counties of Brown, Crawford, and Michilimackinac. This court had concurrent jurisdiction, civil and criminal, with the supreme court of the Territory, in most cases, subject, however, to have its decisions taken to the latter tribunal by a writ of error. The law provided for holding one term of court in each year, in each of the counties named in the act ; so, at last, there was to be an administration of justice at home, and the people were to be relieved from all military arbitrations, which frequently had been imposed upon them. James Duane Doty was appointed judge of this court at its organiza- tion. A May term of the court was held in Prairie du ChTen ; a June term in Green Bay; a July term in " the Borough of Michilimackinac," in each year. In 1824, Henry S. Baird, of Brown county, was appointed district attorney. Doty held the office of judge until May, 1832, when he was succeeded by David Irvin. This court continued until 1836, when it was abrogated by the organization of the Territory of Wisconsin. For a long time it had been known that there were lead mines in what is now the south- 38 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIN. western portion of the State; but it was not until the year 1825, and the two following years, that very general attention was attracted to them, which eventuated in the settlement of different places in that region, by Americans, who came to dig for lead ore. This rapid increase of settlers awakened the jealousy of the Winnebago Indians, at what they deemed an unauthorized intrusion upon their lands, which, with other causes operating unfavorably upon their minds, aroused them in June, 1S27, to open acts of hostility. Murders became frequent.' Finallv, the militia of Prairie du Chien were called out. On the twenty-ninth of August, Brigadier-General Henry Atkinson, of the United States army, with a strong force of regulars, ascended the Wis- consin river to put an end to any further spread of Winnebago disturbances. He was joined on the first of September, by one hundred and thirty Galena volunteers, mounted, and under com- mand of General Henry Dodge. The Winnebagoes were awed into submission. Thus ended the " Winnebago War." It was followed by the erection at the portage of Fort Winnebago, bv the United States. After the restoration of tranquillity, the United States proceeded by treaty with the Indians, to secure the right to occupy the lead regions. This was in 1828. The next year, the General Government purchased of the Winnebagoes, Southwestern Wisconsin, which put an end to all trouble on account of mining operations. On the ninth of October, 1829, a county was formed, by the legislative council of the Territory of Michigan, comprising all that part of Crawford county lying south of the Wisconsin river. This new county was called Iowa. The county seat was temporarily established at Mineral Point. Following this was a treaty in 1831, with the Menomonees, for all their lands east of Green bay, Winnebago lake, and the Fo.x and Milwaukee rivers. There was now a crisis at hand. The most prominent event to be recorded in the pre-Ter- ritorial annals of Wisconsin is known as the Black Hawk War. This conflict of arms between the Sacs and Foxes and the United States arose from a controversy in regard to lands. By a treaty made at Fort Harmar, just across the River Muskingum from Marietta, Ohio, in January, 1789, the Pottawattamie and Sac tribes of Itidians, among others, were received into the friend- ship of the General Government, and a league of peace and unity established between the con- tracting parties On the third of November, 1804, a treaty at St. Louis stipulated that the united Sac and Fox tribes should be received into the friendship of the United States, and also be placed under their protection. These tribes also agreed to consider themselves under the pro- tection of the Cxeneral Government and of no other power whatsoever. At this treaty lands were ceded which were circumscribed by a boundary beginning at a point on the Missouri river opposite the mouth of the Gasconade, and running thence in a direct course so as to strike the River Jefferson at the distance of thirty miles from its mouth, and down that stream to the Missis- sippi. It then ran up the latter river to the mouth of the Wisconsin, and up that stream to a point thirty-six miles in a direct line from its mouth ; thence by a straight course to a point where the Fox river of the Illinois leaves the small lake then called Sakaegan, and from that point down the Fox to the Illinois, and down the latter to the Mississippi. The consideration for this cession was the payment of goods to the value of two thousand two hundred and thirty-four dollars and fifty cents, and a yearly annuity of one thousand dollars — six hundred to be paid to the Sacs and four hundred to the Foxes — to be liquidated in goods valued at first cost. After- ward, Fort Madison was erected just above the Des Moines rapids in the Mississippi, on the ter- ritory ceded at the last mentioned treaty. Then followed the war with Great Britain, and the Sacs and Foxes agreed to take no part therein. However, a portion afterward joined the English against the Americans along with other Western tribes. At the restoration of peace the Sacs and Foxes held treaties with the United States. There was a renewal of the treaty of 1804. PRE-TERRITORIAL ANNALS OF WISCONSIN. 39 Such in brief is a general outline of affairs, so far as those two tribes were concerned, down to the close of the last war with England. From this time, to the year 1830, several additional treaties were made with the Sacs and Foxes by the General Government : one in 1822, by which they relin- quislied their right to have the United States establish a trading house or factory at a convenient point at which the Indians could trade and save themselves from the imposition of traders, for which they were paid the sum of one thousand dollars in merchandise. Again, in 1S24, they sold to the General Government all their lands in Missouri, north of Missouri river, for which they received one thousand dollars the same year, and an annuity of one thousand dollars for ten years. In 1830, they ceded to the United States a strip of land twenty miles wide from the Mis- sissippi to the Des Moines, on the north side, of their territory. The time had now come for the two tribes to leave the. eastern shore of the Mississippi and retire across the " great water." Keokuk, the Watchful Fox, erected his wigwam on the west side of the river, and was followed by a large part of the two tribes. But a band headed by Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiah, or the Black Sparrow Hawk, commonly called Black Hawk, refused to leave their village near Rock Island. They contended that they had not sold their town to the United States ; and, upon their return early in 1831, from a hunt across the Mississippi, finding their village and fields in possession of the whites, they determined to repossess their homes at all hazards. This was looked upon, or called, an encroachment by the settlers; so the governor of Illinois took the responsibility of declaring the State invaded, and asked the United States to drive the refractory Indians beyond the Mississippi. The result was, the Indian village was destroyed by Illinois volunteers. This and the threatened advance across the river by the United States commander, brought Black Hawk and his followers to terms. They sued for peace — agreeing to remain forever on the west side of the Mississippi. But this truce was of short duration. Early in the Spring of 1832, Black Hawk having assembled his forces on the Mississippi, in the vicinity of the locality where Fort Madison had stood, crossed that stream and ascended Rock river. This was the signal for war. The governor of Illinois made a call for volunteers; and, in a brief space of time, eighteen hundred had assembled at Beardstown, Cass county. They marched for the mouth of Rock river, where a council of war was held by their officers and Brigadier-General Henry Atkinson, of the regular forces. The Indians were sent word by General Atkinson that they must return and recross the Mississippi, or they would be driven back by force. " If you wish to fight us, come on," was the laconic but defiant reply of the Sac chief. When the attempt was made to compel these Indians to go back across the "great river," a collision occurred between the Illinois militia and Black Hawk's braves, resulting in the dis- comfiture of the former with the loss of eleven men. Soon afterward the volunteers were dis- charged, and the first campaign of Black Hawk's War was at an end. This was in May, 1832. In June following, a new force had been raised and put under the command of General .\tkin1son, who commenced his march up Rock river. Before this, there had been a general "forting" in the lead region, including the whole country in Southwest Wisconsin, notwithstand- ing which, a number of settlers had been killed by the savages, mostly in Illinois. Squads of volunteers, in two or three instances, had encountered the Indians ; and in one with entire suc- cess — -upon the Pecatonica, in what is now Lafayette county, Wisconsin — every savage (and tliere were seventeen of them) being killed. The loss of the volunteers was three killed and wounded. Atkinson's march up Rock river was attended with some skirmishing; when, being informed that Black Hawk and his force were at Lake Koshkonong, in the southwest corner of what is now Jefferson county, Wisconsin, he immediately moved thither with a jjortion of his army, where the wliole force was ordered to concentrate. But the Sac chief with his people had flown. Colonels Henry Dodge and James D. Henry, with the forces under them, discovered the 40 HISTORY OF WlSCOXSIJSr. trail of the savages, leading in the direction of the Wisconsin river. It was evident that the retreating force was large, and that it had but recently passed. The pursuing troops hastened their march. On the twenty-first of July, 1S32, they arrived at the hills which skirt the left bank of that stream, in what is now Roxbury town (township), Dane county. Here was Black Hawk's whole force, including women and children, the aged and infirm, hastening by every effort to escape across the river. But that this might now be effected, it became necessary for that chief to make a firm stand, to cover the retreat. The Indians were in the bottom lands when the pursuing whites made their appearance upon the heights in their rear. Colonel Dodge occupied the front and sustained the first attack of the Indians. He was soon joined by Henry with his force, when they obtained a complete victory. The action commenced about five o'clock in the afternoon and ended at sunset. The enemy, numbering not less than five hundred, sustained a loss of about sixty killed and a large number wounded. The loss of the Americans was one killed and eight wounded. This conflict has since been known as the battle of Wis- consin Heights. During the night following the battle, Black Hawk made his escape with his remaining force and people down the Wisconsin river. The women and children made their way down stream in canoes, while the warriors marched on foot along the shore. The Indians were pursued in their flight, and were finally brought to a stand on the Mississippi river, near the mouth of the Bad Axe, on the west boundary of what is now Vernon county, Wisconsin. About two o'clock on the morning of the second of August, the line of march began to the scene of the hist con- flict in the Black Hawk War. Dodge's command formed the advance, supported by regular troops, under Colonel Zachary Taylor, afterward president of the United States. Meanwhile an armed steamboat had moved up the Mississippi and lay in front of the savages ; so they were attacked on all sides by the exasperated Americans. The battle lasted about two hours, and was a complete victory for the whites. Black Hawk fled, but was soon after captured. This ended the war. The survey of public lands by the General Government ; the locating and opening of land offices at Mineral Point and Green Bay; the erection of Milwaukee county from a part of Brown, to include all the territory bounded on the east and south by the east and south lines of the present State, on the north by what is now the north boundary of Washington and Ozaukee counties and farther westward on the north line of township numbered twelve, and on the west by the dividing line between ranges eight and nine ; and the changing of the eastern boundary of Iowa county to correspond with the western one of Milwaukee county; — are some of the important events following the close of the Black Hawk war. There was an immediate and rapid increase of immigration, not only in the mining region but in various other parts of what is now Wisconsin, more especially in that portion bordering on Lake Michigan. The interior was yet sparsely settled. By the act of June z8, 1834, congress having attached to the Territory of Michigan, for judicial purposes, all the country "west of the Mississippi river, and north of the State of Missouri," comprising the whole of what is now the State of Iowa, all of the present State of Minnesota west of the Mississippi river, and more than half of what is now the Terri- tory of Dakota, the legislative council of Michigan Territory extended her laws over the whole area, dividing it on the 6th of September, 1S34, by a line drawn due west from the lower end of Rock island to the Missouri river into two counties : the country south of that line constituting the county of Des Moines; north of the line, to be known as the county of Dubuque. This whole region west of the Mississippi was known as the Iowa district. Immediately after the treaty of 1832 with the Sacs and Foxes, the United States having come into ownership of a large tract in this district, several families crossed the Mississippi, and settled on the purchase, but as WISCONSIX TERRITORY. 41 the time provided for tiie Indians to give possession was the first of June, 1833, these settlers were dispossessed by order of the General Government. So soon, however, as the Indians yielded possession, settlements began, but, from the date just mentioned until September, 1834, after the district was attached, for judicial purposes, to Michigan Territory, it was without any municipal law whatever. The organization of the counties of Dubuque arid Des Moines on the sixth of that month, secured, of course a regular administration of justice. In 1835, in order to facili- tate intercourse between the two remote military posts of Fort Howard at Green Bay, and Fort Crawford at Prairie du Chien, a military road was commenced to connect the two points; so, one improvement followed another. On the 9th of January, 1836, a session (the first one) of the seventh legislative council of Michigan Territory — that is, of so much of it as lay to the westward of Lake Michigan — was held at Green Bay, and a memorial adopted, asking Congress for the formation of a new Territory west of that lake ; to include all of Michigan Territory not embraced in the proposed State of Michigan. Congress, as will now be shown, very soon com- plied with the request of the memorialists. IV.— WISCONSIN TERRITORY. The establishing of a separate and distinct Territory west of Lake Michigan, was the result of the prospective admission of Michigan into the Union (an event which took place not until the twenty-sixth of January, 1837), as the population, in all the region outside of the boundaries determined upon by the people for that State, would otherwise be left without a government, or, at least, it would be necessary to change the capital of the old Michigan Territory farther to the westward ; so it was thought best to erect a new territory, to be called Wisconsin (an Indian word signifying wild rushing water, or channel, so called from the principal eastern tributary of the Mississippi within its borders), which was done by an act of congress, approved April 20, 1836, to take effect from and after the third day of July following. The Territory was made to include all that is now embraced within the States of Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, and a part of the Territory of Dakota, more particularly described within boundaries commencing at the north- east corner of the State of Illinois, running thence through the middle of Lake Michigan to a point opposite the main channel of Green bay ; thence through that channel and the bay to the mouth of the Menomonee river ; thence up that stream to its head, which is nearest the lake of the Desert ; thence to the middle of that lake ; thence down the Montreal river to its mouth ; thence with a direct line across Lake Superior to where the territorial line of the United States last touches the lake northwest; thence on the north, with the territorial line, to the White Earth river; on the west by a line drawn down the middle of the main channel of that stream to the Missouri river, and down the middle of the main channel of the last mentioned stream to the northwest corner of the State of Missouri ; and thence with the boundaries of the States of Missouri and Illinois, as already fixed by act of congress, to the place or point of beginning. Its counties were Brown, Milwaukee, Iowa, Crawford, Dubuque, and Des Moines, with a portion of Chippewa and Michili- mackinac left unorganized. Although, at this time, the State of Michigan was only engaged, so to speak, to the Union, to include the two peninsulas (many of its citizens preferring in lieu thereof the lower one only, with a small slice off the northern boundary of the State of Ohio as now constituted), yet the marriage ceremony was performed, as has been stated, a few months afterward. The act of congress establishing the Territorial government of Wisconsin was very full and complete. It first determined its boundaries; then it declared that all authority of the govern- ment of Michigan over the new Territory should cease on the fourth day of July, 1836, with a 42 HISTORY OF WISCOiSrSrN". proper reservation of rights in favor of the Indians. It provided for subsequently dividing tne Territory into one or more, should congress deem it wise so to do. It also declared that the executive power and authority in and over the Territory should be vested in a governor, at the same time defining his powers. It provided for the appointment of a secretary, stating what his duties should be. The legislative power was vested in the governor and legislative assembly, the latter to consist of a council and house of representatives, answering respectively to the senate and assembly, as states are usually organized. There was a provision for taking the census of the several counties, and one giving the governor power to name the time, place, and manner of holding the first election, and to declare the number of members of the council and house of representatives to which each county should be entitled. He was also to determine where the first legislative assembly should meet, and a wise provision was that the latter should not be in session in any one year more than seventy-five days. One section of the act declared who should be entitled to vote and hold office ; another defined the extent of the powers of the legislature, and a third provided that all laws should be submitted to congress for their approval or rejection. There was a section designating what offices should be elective and what ones should be filled by the governor. There were others regulating the judiciary for the Territory and declaring what offices should be appointed by the United States, providing for their taking the proper oaths of office and regulating their salaries. One, perhaps the most important of all, declared that the Territory should be entitled to and enjoy all the rights, privileges, and advantages granted by the celebrated ordinance of 1787. There was also a provision for the election of a delegate to the house of representatives of the United States; and a declaration that all suits- and indictments pending in the old courts should be con- tinued in the new ones. Five thousand dollars were appropriated for a library for the accommo- dation of the legislative assembly of the Territory and of its supreme court. For the new Territory, Henry Dodge was, on the 30th of April, 1836, by Andrew Jackson, then President of the United States, commissioned governor. John S. Horner was commissioned secretary; Charles Dunn, chief justice; David Irvin and William C. Frazer, associate judges; W. W. Chapman, attorney, and Francis Gehon, marshal. The machinery of a territorial gov- ernment was thus formed, which was set in motion by these officers taking the prescribed oath of office. The next important step to be taken was to organize the Territorial legislature. The provisions of the organic' act relative to the enumeration of the population of the Territory were ■ that previously to the first election, the governor should cause the census of the inhabitants of the several counties to be taken by the several sheriffs, and that the latter should make returns of the same to the Executive. These figures gave to Des Moines county, 6,257 ; Iowa county, 5,234; Dubuque county, 4,274; Milwaukee county, 2,893; Brown county, 2,706; Crawford county, 850. The entire population, therefore, of Wisconsin Territory in the summer of 1836, as given by the first census was, in precise numbers, twemty-two thousand two hundred and four- teen, of which the two counties west of the Mississippi furnished nearly one half. The apportion- ment, after the census had been taken, made by the governor, gave to the different counties thir- teen councilmen and twenty-six representatives. Brown county got two councilmen and three representatives; Crawford, two representatives, but no councilmen; Milwaukee, two councilmen and three representatives ; Iowa, Dubuque and Des Moines, each three councilmen ; but of repre- sentatives, Iowa got six; Dubuque, five, and Des Moines, seven. The election was held on the tenth of October, 1836, exciting considerable interest, growing out, chiefly, of local considera- tions. The permanent location of the capital, the division of counties, and the location of county seats, were the principal questions influencing the voters. There were elected from the county of Brown, Henry S. Baird and John P. Arndt, members of the council; Ebenezer Childs, Albert WISCONSIN" TEKRITORY. 43 G. Ellis and Alexander J. Irwin, members of the house of representatives ; from Milwaukee, the councilmen were Gilbert Knapp and Alanson Sweet ; representatives, William B. Sheldon, Madison W. Cornwall and Charles Durkee : from Iowa, councilmen, EbenezerBrigham, JohnB. Terry and James R. Vineyard; representatives, William Boyles, G. F. Smith, D. M. Parkinson, Thomas McKnight, T. Shanley and J. P. Cox : from Dubuque, councilmen, John Foley, Thomas McCraney and Thomas McKnight; representatives, Loring Wheeler, Hardin Nowlin, Hosea T. Camp, P. H. Engle and Patrick Quigley : from Des Moines, councilmen, Jeremiah Smith, Jr., Joseph B. Teas and Arthur B. Ingliram ; representatives, Isaac Leffler, Thomas Blair, Warren L. Jenkins, John Box, George W. Teas, Eli Reynolds and David R. Chance : from Crawford, repre- sentatives, James H. Lockwood and James B. Dallam. Belmont, in the present county of LaFayette, then in Iowa county, was, by the governor, appointed the place for the meeting of the legislature ; he also fixed the time — the twenty-fifth of October. A quorum was in attendance in both branches at the time decided upon for their assembling, and the two houses were speedily organized by the election of Peter Hill Fngle. of DubuqJl, speaker of the house, and Henry S. Baird, of Brown, president of the council. Each of the separate divisions of the government — the executive, the judicial, and the legislative — was now in working order, except that it remained for the legislature to divide the Territory into judicial districts, and make an assignment of the judges ; and for the governor to appoint a Ter- ritorial treasurer, auditor and attorney general. The act of congress establishing the Terri- tory required that it should be divided into three judicial districts. The counties of Crawford and Iowa were constitued by the legislature the first district, to which was assigned Chief Justice Dunn. The second district was composed of the counties of Des Moines and Dubuque ; to it was assigned Associate Judge Irvin. The third district was formed of the counties of Brown and Milwaukee, to which was assigned Associate Judge Frazer. Governor Dodge, in his first message to the Territorial legislature, directed attention to the necessity for defining the jurisdiction and powers of the several courts, and recommended that congress should be memorialized to extend the right of pre-emption to actual settlers upon the public lands and to miners on mineral lands; also, to remove the obstructions in the rapids of the Upper Mississippi, to construct harbors and light-houses on Lake Michigan, to improve the navigation of Fox river and to survey the same from its mouth to Fort Winnebago, to increase the amount of lands granted to the Territory for school purposes, and to organize and arm the militia for the protection of the frontier settlements. The first act passed by the legis- lature was one privileging members from arrest in certain cases and conferring on themselves power to punish parties for contempt. The second one established the three judicial districts and assigned the judges thereto. One was passed to borrow money to defray the expenses of the session ; others protecting a^l lands donated to the Territory by the United States in aid of schools, and creating a common school fund. A memorial to congress was adopted request- ing authorization to sell the school-section in each township, and appropriate the money arising therefrom for increasing the fund for schools. During this session, five counties were "set off " west of the Mississippi river: Lee, Van Buren, Henry, Louisa, Muscatine, and Cook ; and fifteen east of that stream : Walwortli, Racine, Jefferson, Dane, Portage, Dodge, Washington, Sheboygan, Fond du Lac, Calumet, Manitowoc, Marquette, Rock, Grant and Green. The principal question agitating the legislature at its first session was the location of the capital. Already the people west of the Mississippi were speculating upon the establishment of a Territory on that side the river, prospects for which would be enhanced evidently, by placing the seat of government somewhat in a central position east of that stream, for Wisconsin 44 HISTORY OF WlSCOlSrSlN. Territory. Now, as Madison was a point answering such requirements she triumphed over all competitors; and the latter numbered a dozen or more — including, among others, Fond du Lac, Milwaukee, Racine, Belmont, Mineral Point, Green Bay, and Cassville. The struggle over this question was one of the most exciting ever witnessed in the Territorial legislature. Madison was fixed upon as the seat of government, but it was provided that sessions of the legislature should be held at Burlington, in Des Moines county, until the fourth of March, T839, unless the public buildings in the new capital should be sooner completed. After an enactment that the legislature should thereafter meet on the first Monday of November of each )'ear, both houses, on the ninth day of December, 1836, adjourned siiie die. In the act of congress establishing the Territory of Wisconsin it was provided that a delegate to the house of representatives of the United States, to serve for the term of two years, should be elected by the voters qualified to elect members of the legislative assembly-, and that the first election should be held at such time and place or places, and be conducted in such manner as the governor of the Territory should appoint and direct. In pursuance of this en^ment. Governor Dodge directed that the election for delegate should be at the time and places appointed for the election of members of the legislative assembly — the loth of October, 1836. The successful candidate for that office was George W. Jones, of Sinsinawa Mound, Iowa county — in that portion which was afterward "set off " as Grant county. Jones, under the act of 1S19, had been elected a delegate for Michigan Territory, in October, 1835, and took his seat at the ensuing session, in December of that year. By the act of June 15, 1836, the consti- tution and State government which the people of Michigan had formed for themselves was accepted, ratified and confirmed, and she was declared to be one of the United States of America, so that the term of two years for which Jones had been elected was cut short, as, in the nature of the case, his term could not survive the existence of the Territory he represented. But, as he was a candidate for election to represent the new Territory of Wisconsin in congress as a delegate, and was successful, he took his seat at the commencement of the second session of the twenty-fourth congress — December 12, 1836, notwithstanding he had been elected only a little over two months. The first term of the supreme court of the Territory was held at Belmont on the 8th day of December. There were present, Charles Dunn, chief justice, and David Irvin, associate judge. John Catlin was appointed clerk, and Henry S. Baird having previously been commissioned attorney general for the Territory by Governor Dodge, appeared before the court and took the oath of office. Causes in which the United States was party or interested were looked after by the United States attorney, who received his appointment from the president; while all cases in which the Territory was interested was attended to by the attorney general, whose commission was signed by the governor. The appointing of a crier and reporter and the admission of several attorneys to practice, completed the business for the term. The annual term appointed for the third Monday of July of the following year, at Madison, was not held; as no business for the action of the court had matured. At the time of the complete organization of the Territory of Wisconsin, when the whole machinery had been put fairly in motion; when its first legislature at its first session had, after passing forty-two laws and three joint resolutions, in forty-six days, adjourned; — at this time, the entire portion west of the Mississippi had, in round numbers, a population of only eleven thousand; while the sparsely settled mineral region, the military establishments — Fort Craw- ford, Fort Winnebago, and Fort Howard — and the settlements at or near them, with the village of Milwaukee, constituted about all there was of the Territory east of that river, aggregating about twelve thousand inhabitants. There was no land in market, except a narrow strip along / WISCONSIN TERRITORY. 45 the shore of Lake Michigan, and in the vicinity of Green bay. The residue of the country south and east of the Wisconsin and Fox rivers was open only to preemption by actual settlers. The Indian tribes still claimed a large portion of the lands. On the north and as far west as the Red river of the north were located the Chippewas. The southern limits of their posses- sions were defined by a line drawn from a point on that stream in about latitude 46° 30' in a southeasterly direction to the liead of Lake St. Croix; thence in the same general direction to what is now Stevens Point, in the present Portage county, Wisconsin ; thence nearly east to Wolf river; and thence in a direction nearly northeast to the Menomonee river. The whole country bounded by the Red river and Mississippi on the east; the parallel of about 43° of latitude on the south; the Missouri and \Vhite Earth river on the west; and the Territorial line on the north, was occupied by the Sioux. In the southwest part of the Territory, lying mostly south of latitude 43° — in the country reaching to the Missouri State boundary line south, and to the Missouri river west — were the homes of the Pottawattamies, the lowas, and the Sacs and Foxes. Between the Wisconsin river and the Mississippi, and extending north to the south line of the Chippewas was the territory of the Winnebagoes. East of the Winnebagoes in the country north of the Fox river of Green bay were located the Menomonees, their lands extending to Wolf river. Such was the general outline of Indian occupancy in Wisconsin Territory at its organization. A portion of the country east of Wolf river and north of Green bay and the Fox river ; the whole of the area lying south of Green bay, Fox river and the Wisconsin ; and a strip of territory immediately west of the Mississippi, about fifty miles in width, and extending from the Missouri State line as far north as the northern boundary of the present State of Iowa, constituted the whole extent of country over which the Indians had no claim. The second session of the first legislative assembly of the Territory began at Burlington, now the county seat of Des Moines county, Iowa, on the 6th of November, 1837. The governor, in his message, recommended a codification of the laws, the organization of the militia, and other measures of interest to the people. An act was passed providing for taking another census, and one abolishing imprisonment for debt. By a joint resolution, congress was urged to make an appropriation of twenty thousand dollars in money, and two townships of land for a " University of the Territory of Wisconsin." The money was not appropriated, but the land was granted — forty-six thousand and eighty acres. This was the fundamental endowment of the present State university, at Madison. A bill was also passed to regulate the sale of school lands, and to prepare for organizing, regulating and perfecting schools. Another act, which passed the legislature at this session, proved an apple of discord to the people of the Territory. The measure was intended to provide ways and means whereby to connect, by canals and slack- water, the waters of Lake Michigan with those of the Mississippi, by way of Rock river, the Catfish, the four lakes and tlie Wisconsin, by the incorporation of the Milwaukee and Rock river canal company. This company was given authority to apply to congress for an appro- priation in money or lands to aid in the construction of the work, which was to have its eastern outlet in the Milwaukee river, and to unite at its western terminus with Rock river, near the present village of Jefferson, in Jefferson county. The result was that a grant of land of odd- numbered sections in a strip of territory five miles on each side of the line of the proposed canal was secured, and in July, 1839, over forty thousand acres were sold at the minimum price of two dollars and fifty cents per acre. However, owing mainly to the fact that purchasers were compelled to pay double the government price for their lands — owing also to the circumstance of an antagonism growing up between the officers of the canal company and the Territorial officers intrusted with the disposition of the lands, and to conflicts between'the beneficiaries of 46 HISTOEY OF WISCOXSIX. the grant and some of the leading politicians of the time — the whole scheme proved a curse and a blight rather than a blessing, antl eventuating, of course, in the total failure of the project. There had been much Territorial and State legislation concerning the matter ; but very little work, meanwhile, was done on the canal. It is only within the year 1875 that an apparent quietus has been given to the subject, and legislative enactments forever put at rest. Fourteen counties were set off during this session of the legislature at Burlington — all west of the Mississippi. They were Benton, Buchanan, Cedar, Clinton, Delaware, Fayette, Jackson, Johnson, Jones, Keokuk, Linn, Slaughter, Scott and Clayton. One hundred and five acts and twenty joint resolutions were passed. On the 20th of January, 1838, both houses adjourned until the second Monday of June following. The census of the Territory having been taken in May, the special session of the first legis- lature commenced on the eleventh of June, 1838, at Burlington, juirsuant to adjournment, mainly for the purpose of making a new apijortionment of members of the house. This was effected by giving twelve members to the counties east of the Mississippi, and fourteen to those west of that stream, to be contingent, however, upon the division of the Territory, which measure was not only then before congress, but had been actually passed by that body, though unknown to the Territorial legislature. The law made it incumbent on the governor, in the event of the Terri- tory being divided before the ne.\t general election, to make an apportionment for the part remaining, — enacting that the one made by the act of the legislature should, in that case, have no effect. Having provided that the next session should be held at Madison, the legislative body adjourned sine die on the twenty-fifth of June, 1S38, the public buildings at the new capital having been put under contract in April, previous. Up to this time, the officers of the Territory at large, appointed by the president of the United States at its organization, had remained unchanged, except that the secretary, John S. Horner, had been removed and his place given to William B. Slaughter, by appointment, dated February 16, 1837. Now there were two other changes made. On the nineteenth of June, Edward James was commissioned marshal, and on the fifth of July, Moses M. Strong was commissioned attorney of the United States for the Ter- ritory. By an act of congress, approved June 12, 1838, to divide the Territory of Wisconsin, and to establish a Territorial government west of the Mississippi, it was provided that from and after the third day of July following, all that part of Wisconsin Territory lying west of that river and west of a line drawn due north from its headwaters or sources to the Territorial line, for the purposes of a Territorial government should be set apart and known by the name of Iowa. It was further enacted that the Territory of Wisconsin should thereafter extend westward only to the Mississippi. It will be seen therefore that all that portion of the present State of Minnesota, extending eastward from the Mississippi to the St. Croix and northward to the United States boundary line, was then a part of Wisconsin Territory, even after the organization of the Terri- tory of Iowa. The census taken in May, just previous to the passage of this act, gave a total population to the several counties of the Territory, east of the Mississippi, of 18,149. On the third Monday of July, 1838, the annual terms of the supreme court — the first one after the re-organization of the Territory of Wisconsin — was held at Madison. There were present Chief Justice Uunn and Associate Judge Frazer. After admitting five attorneys to practice, hearing several motions, and granting several rules, the court adjourned. All the terms of the Supreme Court thereafter were held at Madison. At an election held in the Territory on the tenth day of September, 1838, James Duane Doty ' received the highest number of votes for the office of delegate to congress, and was declared by Governor Dodge duly elected, by a certificate of election, issued on the twenty-seventh day of October following. Upon the commencement of the third session of the twenty- fifth congress ■t WISCONSIN" TERRITORY. 47 on AFonday, December lo, 1S3S, Isaac E. Crary, member from Michigan, announced to the chair of the house of representatives that Doty was in attendance as delegate from Wisconsin Terri- tory, and moved that he be qualified. Jones, the former delegate, then rose and protested against Doty's right to the seat, claiming that his (Jones') term had not expired. The basis for his claim was that under the act of 181 7, a delegate must be elected only for one congress, and not for parts of two congressional terms; that his term as a delegate from Wisconsin did not commence until the fourth of March, 1837, and consequently would not expire until the fourth of March, 1S39. The subject was finally referred to the committee of elections. This com- mittee, on the fourteenth of January, 1839, reported in favor of Doty's right to his seat as dele- gate, submitting a resolution to that effect which passed the house by a vote of one hundred and sixty-five to twenty-five. Whereupon Doty was qualified as delegate from Wisconsin Territory, and took his seat at the date last mentioned. On the Sth of November, Andrew G. Miller was appointed by Martin Van Buren, then president of the United States, associate judge of the supreme court, to succeed Judge Frazer, who died at Milwaukee, on the 18th of October. During this year, Moses M. Strong succeeded W. W. Chapman as United States attorney for the Territory. On the 26th day of November, 1838, the legislature of the re-organized Territory of Wis- consin — being the first session of the second legislative assembly — met at Madison. Governor Dodge, in his message, recommended an investigation of the banks then in operation, memorial- izing congress for a grant of lands for the improvement of the Fox river of Green bay and the Wisconsin; the revision of the laws; the division of the Territory into judicial districts; the justice of granting to all miners who have obtained the ownership of mineral grounds under the regulations of the superintendent of the United States lead mines, either by discovery or pur- chase, the right of pre-emption; and the improvement of the harbors on Lake Michigan. The attention of this Legislature was directed to the mode in which the commissioners of public buildings had discharged their duties There was an investigation of the three banks then in operation in the Territory — one at (ireen Bay, one at Mineral Point, and the other at Milwaukee. A plan, also, for the revision of the laws of the Territory was considered. A new assignment was made for the holding of district courts. Chief Justice Dunn was assigned to the first district, composed of the counties of Iowa, Grant and Crawford; Judge Irvin to the second, composed of the counties of Dane, Jefferson, Rock, Walworth and Green; while Judge iVIiller was assigned to the third district, composed of Milwaukee, Brown and Racine counties — includ- ing therein the unorganized counties of Washington and Dodge, which, for judicial purposes, were, when constituted Ijy name and boundary, attached to Milwaukee county, and had so remained since that date. The legislature adjourned on the 22d of December, to meet again on the 2ist of the following month. "Although," said the president of the council, upon the occasion of the adjournment, '" but few acts of a general character have been passed, as the discussions and action of this body have been chiefly confined to bills "of a local nature, and to the passage of memorials to the parent government in behalf of the great interests of the Territory; yet it is believed that the concurrent resolutions of the two houses authorizing a revision of the laws, is a measure of infinite importance to the true interests of the people, and to the credit and charac- ter of the Territory." Tbe census of the Territory having been taken during the year 1838, showed a population of 18,130, an increase in two years of 6,447. The second session of the second legislative assembly commenced on the twenty-first day of January, 1839, agreeable to adjournment. The most important work was the revision of the laws which had been perfected during the recess, by the committee to whom the work was intrusted. 48 HISTORY OF WISCONSIIT. consisting of three members from each house : from the council, M. L. Martin, Marshall M. Strong, and James Collins ; from the house oi representatives, Edward V. Whiton, Augustus Story, and B xrlow Shackleford. The act legalizing the revision, took effect on the fourth day of July following. The laws as revised, composed the principal part of those forming the Revised Statutes of 1839, a valuable volume for all classes in the territory — and especially so for the courts and lawyers — during the next ten years. The sine die adjournment of this legislature took place on the nth of March, 1839. On the 8th of March of this year, Henry Dodge, whose term for three years as governor was about to expire, was again commissioned by the president of the United States, as governor of the Territory of Wisconsin. At the July term of the supreme court, all the judges were pre- sent, and several cases were heard and decided. A seal for the court was also adopted. The attorney general of the lerritory at this time was H. N. Wells, who had been commissioned by Governor Dodge, on the 30th of March previous, in place of H. S. Baird, resigned. Wells not being in attendance at this term of the court, Franklin J. Muiiger was appointed by the judge attorney general for that session. The clerk, John Collin having resigned, Simeon Mills was selected by the court to fill his place. From this time, the supreme court met annually, as pro- vided by law, until Wisconsin became a State. The next legislature assembled at Madison, on the second of December, 1839. This was the third session of the second legislative assembly of the Territory. The term for which mem- bers of the house were elected, would soon expire ; it was therefore desirable that a new appor- tionment should be made. As the census would be taken ihe ensuing June, by the United States, it would be unnecessary for the Territory to make an additional enumeration. A short session was resolved upon, and then an adjournment until after the completion of the census. One of the subjects occupying largely the attention of the members, was the condition of the capitol, and the conduct of the commissioners intrusted with the money appropriated by. congress to defray the cost of its construction. The legislature adjourned on the thirteenth of January, 1840, to meet again on the third of the ensuing August. The completion of the census showed a population for the Territory of thirty thousand seven hundred and forty-four, against eighteen thousand one hundred and thirty, two years previous. Upon the re-assembling of the legisla- ture — which is known as the extra session of the second legi~lative assembly — at the time agreed upon, some changes were made in the apportionment of members to the house of representa- tives ; the session lasted but a few days, a final adjournment taking place on the fourteenth of August, 1840. At the July term of the supreme court, Simeon Mills resigned the office of clerk, and La Fayette Kellogg was appointed in his place. Kellogg continued to hold the posi- tion until the state judiciary was organized. At the ensuing election, James Duane Doty was re-elected Territorial delegate, taking his seat for the first time under his second term, on the eighth day of December, 1840, at the commencement of the second session of the twenty-sixth congress. The first session of the third legislative assembly commence^- on the seventh of December, 1840, with all new members in the house except three. All had recently been elected under the new apportionment. Most of the session was devoted to the ordinary routine of legislation. There was, however, a departure, in the passage of two acts granting divorces, from the usual current of legislative proceedings in the Territory. There was, also, a very interesting contested election case between two members from Brown county. Such was the backwardness in regard to the building of the capitol, at this date, that a large majority of the members stood ready to remove the seat of government to some other place. However, as no particular point could be agreed upon, it remained at Madison. The legislature adjourned on the nineteenth of February, WISCONSIN TKRRITORY. 49 184 r, having continued a term of seventy-five days, the maxinnim time limited by the organic act, Francis J. Dunn, appointed by Martin Van Ruren, was commissioned in place of William B. Slaughter, as secretary of the Territory, on the 25th of January, 1841, but was himself super- ceded by the appointment of A. P. Field, on the 23d day of April following. On the 15th of March, Daniel Hugunin was commissioned as marshal in place of Edward James, and on the 27th of April, Thomas W. Sutherland succeeded Moses M. Strong as United States attorney for the Territory. On the 26th of June, Governor Dodge commissioned as attorney general of the Territory, M. M. Jackson. On the 13th of September following. Dodge was removed from office by John Tyler, then president of the United States, and James Duane Doty appointed in his place. The appointment of Doty, then the delegate of the Territory in congress, by the president of the United States as governor, and the consequent resignation of the latter of his seat in the house of representatives, caused a vacancy which was filled by the election of Henry Dodge to that office, on the 27th of September, 1841; so that Doty and Dodge changed places. Dodge took his seat for the first time, at the commencement of the second session of the twenty- fifth congress — Monday, December 7, 1841. About this time, the Milwaukee and Rock river canal imbroglio broke out afresh. The loan agent appointed by the governor to negotiate a loan of one hundred thousand dollars for the work, reported that he had negotiated fifty-six thousand dollars of bonds, which had been issued ; but he did not report what kind of money was to be received for them. Now, the canal commissioners claimed that it was their right and duty not to recognize any loan which was to be paid in such currency as they disapproved of. This dispute defeated the loan, and stopped all work on the canal. During the year 1841, Thomas W. Sutherland succeeded Moses M. Strong as United States attorney. The second session of the third legislative assembly began at Madison, on the sixth of December, 1841. Governor Doty, in his message to that body, boldly avowed the doctrine that no law of the Territory was effective, until expressly approved by congress. "The act," said he, "establishing the government of Wisconsin, in the third sec- tion, requires the secretary of the Territory to transmit annually, on or before the first Monday in December, ' two copies of the laws to the speaker of the house of representatives, for the use of congress.' The sixth section provides that 'all laws of ,the governor and legislative assembly shall be submitted to, and, if disapproved by the congress of the United States, the same shall be null and of no effect.' " "These provisions," he added, "it seems to me, require the laws to be actually submitted to congress before they take effect. They change the law by which this country was governed while it was a part of Michigan. That law provided that the laws should be reported to congress, and that they should ' be in force in tiie district until the organization of the general assembly therein, unless disapproved of by congress.' " The governor concluded in these words: "The opinion of my predecessor, which was expressed to the first legislature assembled after the organization of this government, in his message delivered at Belmont on the twenty-sixth day of October, 1836, fully sustains this view of the subject which I have presented. He said: 'We have convened under an act of congress of the United States establishing the Territorial government of Wisconsin, for the purpose of enacting such laws as may be re<[uired for the government of the people of this Territory, after their approval by con- gress.'" This construction of the organic act resulted in a lengthy warfare between the gov- ernor and the legislative assembly. At this session, the Milwaukee and Rock river canal again raised a tumult. "Congress had made a valuable grant of land to the Territory in trust. The Territory was the trustee; the canal company the cestui que trust. The trust had been accepted, and a large portion of the lands h-.d been sold, one tenth of the purchase money received, and ample securities held 50 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. for the balance." The Territory now, by its legislature, repealed all the laws authorizing a loan, and all which contemplated the expenditure of any money on its part in constructing the canal. The legislature resolved that all connection ought to be dissolved, and the work on the canal by the Territory abandoned, and that the latter ought not further to execute the trust. They resolved also that the congress be requested to divert the grant to such other internal improvements as should be designated by the Territory, subject to the approval of congress; and that, if the latter should decline to make this diversion, it was requested to take back the grant, and dispose of the unsold lands. On the eleventh of February, 1842, a tragedy was enacted in the legislative council, causing great excitement over the whole Territory. On that day, Charles C. P. Arndt, a member from Brown county, was, while that body was in session, shot dead by James R. Vineyard, a member from Grant county. The difficulty grew out of a debate on motion to lay on the table the nomination of Enos S. Baker to the office of sheriff of Grant county. Immediately before adjournment of the council, the parties who had come together, after loud and angry words had been spoken, were separated by the by-standers. When an adjournment had been announced, they met again ; whereupon Arndt struck at Vine- yard. The latter then drew a pistol and shot Arndt. He died in a few moments. Vineyard immediately surrendered himself to the sheriff of the county, waived an e.xamination, and was committed to jail. After a short confinement, he was brought before the chief justice of the Territory, on a writ oi /laln-as corpus, and admitted to bail. He was afterward indicted for man- slaughter, was tried and acquitted. Three days after shooting Arndt, Vineyard sent in his resignation as member of the council. That body refused to receive it, or to have it read even; but at once expelled him. The second and last session of the third legislative assembly came to a close on the eighteenth of February, 1842. The first session of the fourth legislative assembly commenced on the fifth day of Decem- ber, 1842. The members had been elected under a new apportionment based upon a census taken in the previous June, which showed a total population for the Territory of forty-six thou- sand six hundred and seventy-eight — an increase of nearly ten thousand in two years. A politi- cal count showed a decided democratic majority in each house. Governor Doty's political proclivities were with the whig party. The contest between him and the legislature now assumed a serious character. He refused to "hold converse" with it, for the reason that, in his opinion, no appropriation had been made by congress to defray the expenses of the session, and, as a consequence, none could be held. The legislature made a representation to congress, then in session, of the objections of the governor, and adjourned on the tenth of December, to meet again on the thirteenth of January, 1843. I' ^^^-s not until the fourth of February following that a quorum in both houses had assembled, when the legislature, through a joint committee, waited on the governor, and informed him that they had again met according to adjournment, and were then ready to proceed to business. Previous to this time, congress had made an appropriation to cover the expenses of the legislature now in session, which- it was supposed would remove all conflict about its legality. But the governor had, on the thirtieth day of January previous, issued a proclamation, convening a special session of the legislature on the sixth of March, and still refused to recognize the present one as legal. Both houses then adjourned to the day fixed by the executive. A final adjournment took place on the seventeenth of April following. The term of two years for which Henry Dodge was elected as delegate, having expired at the close of the third session of the twenty-seventh congress, he was, on the twenty-fifth of Sep- tember, 1843, re-elected, taking his seat for the first time on his second term at the commence- ment of the first session of the twenty-eighth congress, Monday, December 4, 1843. O"^ the thirtieth of October of this year, George Floyd was commissioned by President Tyler as WlSCOXSIiSr TERRITORY. 51 secretary of the Territory, in place of A. P. Field. The second session of the fourth legislative assembly of the Territory, commencing on the fourth of December, 1843, and terminating on the thirty-first of January, 1S44 — a period of f.l'ty- nine days — accomplished but little worthy of especial mention, except the submission of the question of the formation of a State government to a vote of the people, to be taken at the gene- ral election to be held in September following. The proposition did not succeed at the ballot- box. The third session of the fourth legislative assembly did not commence until the sixth of January, 1845, as the time had been changed to the first Monday in that month for annual meet- ings. Governor Doty having persisted in spelling Wisconsin with a "k" and an "a" — Wis- l-onsan — and some of the people having adopted his method, it was thought by this legislature a matter of sufficient importance to be checked. So, by a joint resolution, the orthography — • Wisronsm — employed in the organic act, was adopted as the true one for the Territory, and has ever since been used. Before the commencement of this session Doty's term of office had expired. He was superseded as governor of the Territory by N. P. Tallmadge, the latter having been appointed on the twenty-first of June, 1844. On the thirty-first of August, Charles M. Prevost was appointed marshal of the Territory, in place of Daniel Hugunin. There was the utmost harmony between Governor Tallmadge and the legislature of the Territory at its session in 1845. His message, which was delivered to the two houses in person, on the seventeenth of January, was well received. Among other items of interest to which he called the attention of the legis- lative assembly, was one concerning the construction of a railroad to connect Lake Michigan with the Mississippi. "The interests of the Territory," said he, "seem inperiously to demand the con- struction of a railroad, or otber communication, from some suitable point on Lake Michigan to t)ie Mississippi river. Much difference of opinion seems to exist as to what it shall be, and how it is to be accomplished. There is a general impression," continued the governor, " that the con- struction of the Milwaukee and Rock river canal, which was intended to connect those waters, is abandoned. It remains to be seen what shall be substituted for it." The session terminated on the twenty-fourth of February, 1845. James K. Polk having been inaugurated president of the United States on the fourth of March, 1845, Henry Dodge was again put into the gubernatorial chair of the Territory, receiving his appointment on the eighth of April, 1845. Other changes were made by the president during the same year, John B. Rockwell being, on the fourteenth of March, appointed marshal, and W. P. Lynde, on the fourteenth of July, United States attorney for the Territory, Governor Tall- madge, on the twenty-second of January of this year, having commissioned the latter also as attorney general. On the twenty-second of September, Morgan L. Martin was elected delegate to the twenty-ninth congress, as the successor of Henry Dodge. The fourth and last session of the fourth legislative assembly was organized on the fifth of January, 1846. This session, although a short one, proved very important. Preliminary steps were taken for the formation of a State government. The first Tuesday in April next succeeding was the day fixed upon for the people to vote for or against the proposition. When taken it resulted in a large majority voting in favor of the measure. An act was passed providing for taking the census of the Territory, and for the apportionment by the governor of delegates to form a State constitution, based upon the new enumeration. The delegates were to be elected on the first Monday in September, and the convention was to assemble on the first Monday in October, 1846. The constitution when formed was to be submitted to the vote of the people for adoption or rejection, as, at the close of the session, the terms of members of the council who had been elected for four years, and of the house, who had been elected for two years, all ended. The legislature 52 HISTORY OF WISCONSIK. re-organized the election districts, and conferred on the governor the power and duty of making an apportionment, based on the census to be taken, for the next legislative assembly, when, on the third of February, 1846, both houses adjourned sine die. On the twenty-second of January, Governor Dodge appointed A. Hyatt Smith attorney general of the Territory. On the twenty- fourth of February, John Catlin was appointed Territorial secretary by the president. The census taken in the following June showed a population for the Territory of one hun- dred and fifty-five thousand two hundred and seventy-seven. Delegates having been elected to- form a constitution for the proposed new State, met at Madison on the fifth day of October. After completing their labors, they adjourned. This event took place on the sixteenth of December, 1846. The constitution thus formed was submitted to a popular vote on the first Tuesday of April, 1847, and rejected. The first session of the fifth legislative assembly com- menced on the fourth of January of that year. But little was done. Both houses finally adjourned on the eleventh of February, 1847. John H. Tweedy was elected as the successor of Morgan L. Martin, delegate to the thirtieth congress, on the sixth of September following. On the twenty-seventh of that month. Governor Dodge issued a proclamation for a special session of the legislature, to commence on the eighteenth of the ensuing month, to take action concern- ing the admission of Wisconsin into the Union. The two houses assembled on the day named in the proclamation, and a law was passed for the holding of another convention to frame a constitution; when, after nine days' labor, they adjourned. Delegates to the new convention were elected on the last Monday of November, and that body met at Madison on the fifteenth of December, 1847. A cen-us of the Territory was taken this year, which showed a population of two hundred and ten thousand five hundred and forty-six. The result of the labors of the second constitutional convention was the formation of a constitution, which, being submitted to the people on the second Monday of March, 1848, was duly ratified. The second and last session of thefifth legislative assembly- — the last legislative assembly of Wisconsin Territory — commenced on the seventh of February, 1848, and adjourned sine die on the thirteenth of March following. On the twentieth of the same month, J. H. Tweedy, delegate from Wisconsin, introduced a bill in congress for its admission into the Union. The bill was finally passed; and on the twenty-ninth of May, 1848, Wisconsin became a State. There had been seventeen sessions of the legislative assembly of the Territory, of an average duration of forty days each : the longest one lasted seventy-six days ; the shortest, ten days. So long as the Territory had an existence, the apportionment of thirteen members for the council, and twenty-six for the house of representatives, was continued, as provided in the organic act. There had been, besides those previously mentioned, nine additional counties " set off " by the legislative assembly of the Territory, so that they now numbered in all twenty-eight : Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson, Racine, Walworth, Rock, Green, Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Calu- met, Brown, Winnebago, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Sauk, Portage, Columbia, Dodge, Dane, Iowa, La Fayette, Grant, Richland, Crawford, Chippewa, St. Croix, and La Pointe. v.— WISCONSIN AS A STATE. First Administration. — Nelson Dewey, Governor — 1848, 1849. The boundaries prescribed in the act of congress, entitled "An Act to enable the people of Wisconsin Territory to fijrm a Constitution and State Government, and for the admission of such State into the Union," approved August 6, 1846, were accepted by the convention which formed the constitution of Wisconsin, and are described in that instrument as " beginning at the north- east corner of the State of Illinois — that is to say, at a point in the center of Lake Michigan WISCOJ^SI?^ AS A STATE. 53 where the line of forty-two degrees and thirty minutes of north hititude crosses the same ; thence running with the boundary line of the State of Michigan, through Lake Michigan [and] Green bay to the mouth of the Menomonee river ; thence up the channel of the said river to the Brule river; thence up said last mentioned river to Lake Brule; thence along the southern shore of Lake Brule, in a direct line to the center of the channel between Middle and South islands, in the Lake of the Desert; thence in a direct line to the head waters of the Montreal river, as marked upon the survey made by Captain Cram ; thence down the main channel of the Mon- treal river to the middle of Lake Superior; thence through the center of Lake Superior to the mouth of the St. Louis river ; thence up the main channel of said river to the first rapids in the same, above the Lidian village, according to Nicollett's map ; thence due south to the main branch of the River St. Croi.x ; thence down the main channel of said river to the Mississippi ; thence down the center of the main channel of that river to the northwest corner of the State of Illinois ; thence due east with the northern boundary of the State of Illinois to the place of beginning " The territory included within these lines constitutes the St.\te of Wisconsin, familiarly known as the "Badger State." All that portion of Wisconsin Territory, as formerly constituted, lying west of so much of the above mentioned boundary as extends from the middle of Lake Superior to the mouth of the St. Croix river, not being included in Wisconsin, the limits of the State are, of course, not identical with those of the Territory as they previously existed. The State of Wisconsin, thus bounded, is situated between the parallel of forty-two degrees thirty minutes and that of forty-seven degrees, north latitude, and between the eighty-seventh and ninety-third degrees west longitude, nearly. For a portion of its northern border it has Lake Superior, the largest body of fresh water in the world ; for a part of its eastern boundary it has Lake Michigan, almost equal in size to Lake Superior ; while the Mississippi, the largest river in the world but one, forms a large portion of its western boundary. The State of Michi- gan lies on the east ; Illinois on the south ; Iowa and Minnesota on the west. Wisconsin has an average length of about two hundred and sixty miles; an average breadth of two hundred and fifteen miles. The constitution of Wisconsin, adopted by the people on the second Monday of March, 1848, provided for the election of a governor, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, treasurer, attorney general, members of the State legislature, and members of congress, on the second Monday of the ensuing May. On that day — the 8th of the month — the election was held, which resulted in the choice of Nelson Dewey, for governor ; John E. Holmes, for lieutenant governor ; Thomas McHugh, for secretary of state ; Jairus C. Fairchild, for state treasurer ; and James S. Brown, for attorney general. The State was divided into nineteen senatorial, and sixty-six assembly districts, in each of which one member was elected ; it was also divided into two congressional districts, in each of which one member of congress was elected- - William Pitt Lynde in the first district, composed of the counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson, Racine, Walworth, Rock, and Green ; Mason C. Darling, in the second district, composed of the counties of Washington) Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Calumet, Brown, Winnebago, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Sauk, Portage, Columbia, Dodge, Dane, Iowa, La Fayette, Grant, Richland, Craw- ford, Chippewa, St. Croix, and La Pointe — the counties of Richland, Chippewa and La Pointe being unorganized. The first session of the legislature of Wisconsin commenced at Madison, the seat of govern- ment for the State, on Monday, the 5th day of June, 1S48. Ninean E. Whiteside was elected speaker of the assembly, and Henry Billings president of the senate, /rt; tempore. The democrats were largely in the majority in both houses. The legislature, in joint convention, on the 7th of June, canvassed, in accordance with the provisions of the constitution, the votes given on the 8th of May previous, fur the State officers and the two representatives in congress. On the same 54 HISTOEY OF WISCOXSIN. day, the governor, lieutenant governor, secretary ot state, treasurer, and attorney general, were sworn into office in presence of both houses. All these officers, as well as the representatives in congress, were democrats. Dewey's majority over John H. Tweedy, whig, was five thousand and eighty-nine. William P. Lynde's majority in the first district, for congress, over Edward V. Whiton, whig, was two thousand four hundred and forty-seven. Mason C. Darling's majority in the second district, over Alexander L. Collins, whig, was two thousand eight hundred and forty- six. As the thirtieth congress, to which Lynde and Darling were elected would expire on the 4th of March, 1849, their terms of office would, of course, end on that day. The former took his seat on the sth of June, the latter on the 9th of June, 1848. The constitution vested the judicial power of the State in a supreme court, circuit courts, courts of probate, and in justices of the peace, giving the legislature power to vest such juris- diction as should be deemed necessary in municipal courts ; also, conferring upon it the power to establish inferior courts in the several counties, with limited civil and criminal jurisdiction. The State was divided into five judicial circuits; and judges were to be elected at a time to be provided for by the legislature at its first session. It was provided that there should be no election for a judge or judges, at any general election for State or county officers, nor within thirty days either before or after such election. On the Sth of June, 1848, Governor Dewey delivered his first message to a joint convention of the two houses. It was clear, concise, and definite upon such subjects as, in his opinion demanded immediate attention. His views were generally regarded as sound and statesmanlike by the people of the State. " You have convened," said he, " under the provisions of the con- stitution of the State of Wisconsin, to perform as representatives of the people, the important duties contemplated by that instrument." " The first session of the legislature of a free people," continued the governor, " after'assuming the political identity of a sovereign State, is an event of no ordinary character in its history, and will be fraught with consequences of the highest importance to its future welfare and prosperity. Wisconsin possesses the natural elements, fostered by the judicious system of legislation," the governor added, " to become one of the most populous and prosperous States of the American Union. With a soil unequaled in fertility, and productive of all the necessary comforts of life, rich in mineral wealth, with commercial advantages unsurpassed by any inland State, possessing extensive manufacturing facilities, with a salubrious climate, and peopled with a population enterprising, industrious, and intelligent, the course of the State of Wisconsin must be onward, until she ranks among the first of the States of the Great West. It is," concluded the speaker, " under the most favorable auspices that the State of Wisconsin has taken her position among the families of States. With a population numbering nearly one quarter of a million, and rapidly increasing, free from the incubus of a State debt, and rich in the return yielded as the reward of labor in all the branches of industrial pursuits, our State occupies an enviable position abroad, that is highly gratifying to the pride of our people." Governor Dewey then recommended a number of measures necessary, in his judgment, to be made upon changing from a Territorial to a State government. The first important business of the legislature, was the election of two United • States senators. The successful candidates were Henry Dodge and Isaac P. Walker, both democrats. Their election took place on the Sth of June, 1848, Dodge taking his seat in the senate on the 23d of June, and Walker on the 26th of June, 1S48. The latter drew the short term ; so that his office would expire on the 4th day of March-, 1849, at the end of the thirtieth congress : Dodge drew the long term, his office to expire on the 4th day of March, 1851, at the end of the thirty-first congress. The residue of the session was taken up in passing such acts as were deemed necessary to put the machinery of the new State government, in all its branches, in fair \\^sco^fSI^' as a state. 55 running order. One was passed providing for tlie annual meeting of the legislature, on the second Wednesday of January of each year ; another prescribing the duties of State officers ; one dividing the State into three congressional districts. The first district was composed of the counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Walworth, and Racine ; the second, of the counties of Rock, Green, La Fayette, Grant, Dane, Iowa, Sauk, Richland, Crawford, Adams, Portage, Chijjpewa, La Pointe, and St. Croix ; the third, of the counties of Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Brown, Winnebago, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Dodge, Jefferson, and Columbia. Another act provided for the election of judges of the circuit courts, on the first Monday of August, 184S. By the same act, it was provided that the first term of the supreme court should be held in Madison on the second Monday of January, 1849, and thereafter at the same place on the same day, yearly ; afterward changed so as to hold a January and June term in each year. An act was also passed providing for the election, and defining the duties of State superintendent of public instruction. That officer was to be elected at the general election to be holden in each year, his term of 'office to commence on the first Monday of January succeeding his election. .\nother act established a State university ; another exempted a homestead from a forced sale ; another provided for a revision of the statutes. The legislature, after a session of eighty-five days, adjourned sine die on the twenty-first of August, 1848. The State, as previously stated, was divided into five judicial circuits : Edward V. Whiton being chosen judge at the election on the first Monday in August, 1848, of the first circuit, com- posed of the counties of Racine, Walworth, Rock, and Green, as then constituted ; Levi Hubbell of the second, composed of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Jefferson, and Dane ; Charles H. Larrabee, of the third, composed of Washington, Dodge, Columbia, Marquette, Sauk, and Portage, as then formed; Alexander W. Stow, of the fourth, composed of Brown, ^lanitowoc, Sheboygan, Fond du Lac, Winnebago, and Calumet ; and Mortimer M. Jackson, of the fifth circuit, composed of the counties of Iowa, LaFayette, Grant, Crawford and St. Croix, as then organized ; the county of Richland being attached to Iowa county; the county of Chippewa to the county of Craw- ford; and the county of LaPointe to the county of St. Croix, for judicial purposes. In the ensuing Fair there was a presidential election. There were then three organized political parties in the State : whig, democratic, and free-soil — each of which had a ticket in the field. The democrats were in the majority, and their four electors cast their votes for Lewis Cass and William O. Butler. At this election, Eleazer Root was the successful candidate for State superintendent of public instruction. In his election party politics were not considered. There were also three members for the thirty-first congress chosen : Charles Durkee, to represent the first district; Orsamus Cole, the second; and James D. Dotv, the third district. Durkee was a free-soiler; Cole, a whig ; Doty, a democrat — with somewhat decided Doty proclivities. The act of the legislature, exempting a homestead from forced sale of any debt or liability contracted after January i, 1849, approved the twenty-ninth of July previous, and another act for a like exemption of certain personal property, approved August 10, 1848, were laws the most liberal in their nature passed by any State of the Union previous to those dates. It was prophe- sied that they would work wonderful changes in the business transactions of the new State — for the worse ; but time passed, and their utility were soon evident : it was soon very generally acknowledged that proper exemption laws were highly beneficial — a real good to the greatest number of the citizens of a State. So much of Wisconsin Territory as lay west of the St. Croix and the State boundary north of it, was, upon the admission of Wisconsin into the Union, left, for the time being, without a government — unless it was still "Wisconsin Territory." Henry Dodge, upon being elected to the United States senate from Wisconsin, vacated, of course, the office of governor of this fraction. John H. Tweedy, delegate in congress at the time Wisconsin became a State, made a formal 66 HISTORY OF 'WISCONSIlSr. resignation of Iiis ofifice, thus leaving the fractional Territory unrepresented. Thereupon John Catlin, secretary of the Territory of Wisconsin as a whole, and now claiming, by virtue of that office, to be acting governor of the fractional part, issued a proclamation as such officer for an election on the thirtieth of October, 1848, of a delegate in congress. Nearly four hundred votes were polled in the district, showing "Wisconsin Territory" still to have a population of not less than two thousand. H. H. Sibley was elected to that office. On the fifteenth of January, 1849, he was admitted to a seat as "delegate from Wisconsin Territory." This hastened the formation of the Territory of Minnesota — a bill for that purpose having become a law on the third of March, when " Wisconsin Territory" ceased finally to exist, being included in the new Territory. The year 1848 — the first year of the existence of Wisconsin as a State — was one of general prosperity to its rapidly increasing population. The National Government effected a treaty with the Menomoneee Indians, by which their title was extinguished to the country north of the Fox river of Green bay, embracing all their lands in the State. This was an important acquisition, as it opened a large tract of country to civilization and settlement, which had been for a consid- erable time greatly desired by the people. The State government at the close of the year hac been in existence long enough to demonstrate its successful operation. The electric telegraph had already reached the capital ; and Wisconsin entered its second year upon a flood tide of prosperity. Under the constitution, the circuit judges were also judges of the supreme court. An act of the legislature, approved June 29, 1848, providmg for the election of judges, and for the classification and organization of the judiciary of the State, authorized the election, by the judges, of one of their number as chief justice. Judge Alexander W. Stow was chosen to that office, and, as chief justice, held, in conjunction with Associate Judges Whiton, Jackson, Larrabee, and Hubbell, the first session of the supreme court at Madison, commencing on the eighth day of January, 1849. The second session of the State legislature commenced, according to law, on the tenth of January, 1849, Harrison C. Hobart being elected speaker of the assembly. Governor Dewey, in his message, sent to both houses on the nth, referred to the rapidly increasing population of the State, and the indomitable energy displayed in the development of its productive capacity. He recommended the sale of the university lands on a long credit, the erection of a State prison, and the modification of certain laws. On the seventeenth of January, the two houses met in joint convention to elect an United States senator in place of Isaac P Walker, who had drawn the short term. The democrats had a small majority on joint ballot. Walker was re-elected; this time, for a full term of six years, from the 4th of March, 1849. The legislature at this session passed many acts of public utility; some relating to the boundaries of counties; others, to the laying out of roads ; eighteen, to the organization of towns. The courts were cared for ; school districts were organized; special tax:: were authorized, and an act passed relative to the sale and superintendence of the school and university lands, prescribing the powers and duties of the commissioners who were to have charge of the same. These commissioners, consisting of the secretary of state, treasurer of state, and attorney general, were not only put in charge of the school and university lands held by the State, but also of funds arising from the sale of them. This law has been many times amended and portions of it repealed. The lands at present subject to sale are classified as school lands, university lands, agricultural college lands, Marathon county lands, normal school lands, and drainage lands, and are subject to sale at private entry on terms fixed by law. Regulations concerning the apportionment and investment of trust funds are made by the commissioners in pursuance of law. All lands now the property of the State subject to sale, or that have been State lands and sold, were derived from the Gen- ■VyiSCOXSIN" AS A STATE. 57 eral Government. Lands owned by the State amount, at the present time, to about one and one half million acres. A joint resolution passed the legislature on the 31st of March, 1849, instructing Isaac P. Walker to resign his seat as United States senator, for " presenting and voting for an amend - jnent to the general appropriation bill, providing for a government in California and New Mexico, west of the Rio Grande, which did not contain a provision forever prohibiting the introduction of slavery or involuntary servitude " in those Territories. The senator refused to regard these instructions. The legislature adjourned on the second of April, 1849, after a session of eighty- three days. In July, 1848, the legislature of Wisconsin elected M. Frank, Charles C. Jordan, and A. W. Randall, commissioners to collate and revise all the public acts of the State, of a general and permanent nature in force at the close of the session. Randall declining to act, Charles M. Baker was appointed by the governor in his place. The commissioners commenced their labors in August, 1848, and were engaged in the revision the greater part of the time until the close of tlie session of the legislature of 1849. It was found impossible for the revisers to conclude their labors within the time contemplated by the act authorizing their appointment; so a joint select committee of the two houses at their second session was appointed to assist in the work. The laws revised by this committee and by the commissioners, were submitted to, and approved by, the legislature. These laws, with a few passed by that body, which were introduced by individual members, formed the Revised Statutes of Wisconsin of 1849 — a volume of over nine hundrf4 pages. At the general election held in November of this year, Dewey was re-elected governor. S. W. Beall was elected lieutenant governor; William A. Barstow, secretary of state; Jairus C. Fairchild was re-elected treasurer; S. Park Coon was elected attorney general; and Eleazer Root, re-elected superintendent of public instruction. All these officers were chosen as dem- ocrats, except Root, who ran as an independent candidate, the term of his office having been changed so as to continue two years from the first day of January next succeeding his election. By the revised statutes of 1849, all State officers elected for a full term went into office on the first of January next succeeding their election. The year 1849 developed in an increased ratio the productive capacity of the State in every department of labor. The agriculturist, the artisan, the- miner, reaped the well-earned reward of his honest labor. The commercial and manufacturing interests were extended in a manner highly creditable to the enterprise of the people. The educational interest of the State began to assume a more systematic organization. The tide of immigration suffered no decrease during the year. Within the limits of Wisconsin, the oppressed of other climes continued to find welcome and happy homes. Second Administration. — Nelson Dewey, Governor (Second Term) — 1850, 1851. On the first day of January, 1850, Nelson Dewey took the oath of office, and quietly entered upon his duties as governor, for the second term. The third legislature convened on the niniii. AFoses M. Strong was elected speaker of the assembly. Both houses had democratic majorities. Most of the business transacted was of a local character. By an act approved the fifth of Feb- ruary, the " January term " of the supreme court was changed to December. The legislature adjourned after a session of only thirty-four days. An act was passed organizing a sixth judicial circuit, from and after the first Monday in July, 1850, consisting of the counties of Crawford, Chippewa, Bad Axe, St. Croix and La Pointe, an election for judge to be holden on the same day. Wiram Knowlton was elected judge of that circuit. 58 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIK. The first charitable institution in Wisconsin, incorporated by the State, was the " Wisconsin Institute for the Education of the Blind." A school for that unfortunate class had been opened in Janesville, in the latter part of 1S59, receiving its support from the citizens of that place and vicinity. By an act of the legislature, approved February 9, 1S50, this school was taken under the care of the Institute, to continue and maintain it, at Janesville, and to qualify, as far as might he, the blind of the State for the enjoyment of the blessings of a free government; for obtaining the means of subsistence ; and for the discharge of those duties, social and political, devolving upon American citizens. It has since been supported from the treasury of the State. On the seventh of October, 1850, it was opened for the reception of pupils, under the direction of a board of trustees, appointed by the governor. The Institute, at the present time, has three departments: in one is given instruction such as is usually taught in common schools; in another, musical training is imparted ; in a third, broom-making is taught to the boys, — sewing, knitting and various kinds of fancy work to the girls, and seating cane-bottomed chairs to both boys and girls. On the thirteenth of April, 1874, the building of the Institute was destroyed by fire. A new building has since been erected. The taking of the census by the United States, this year, showed a population for Wisconsin of over three hundred and five thousand — the astonishing increase in two years of nearly ninety- five thousand! In 1840, the population of Wisconsin Territory was only thirty thousand. This addition, in ten years, of two hundred and seventy-five thousand transcended all previous experience in the settlement of any portion of the New World, of the same extent of territory. It was the result of a steady and persistent flow of men and their families, seeking permanent homes in the young and rising State. Many were German, Scandinavian and Irish; but the larger proportion were, of course, from the Eastern and Middle States of the Union. The principal attractions of Wisconsin were the excellency and cheapness of its lands, its valuable mines of lead, its extensive forests of pine, and the unlimited wa*er-power of its numerous streams. By the Revised Statutes of 1849, Wisconsin was divided into three congressional districts — the second congressional apijortionment — each of which was entitled to elect one representative in the congress of the United States. The counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Walworth and Racine constituted the first district; the counties of Rock, Green, La Fayette, Grant, Iowa, Dane, Sauk, Adams, Portage, Richland, Crawford, Chippewa, St. Croix and La Pointe, the second district; the counties of Washington, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Brown, Winnebago, Calumet, Fond du Lac, Marquette, Columbia, Dodge and Jefferson, the third district. At the general election in the Autumn of this year, Charles Durkee, of the first district ; Benjamin C. Eastman, of the second ; and John B. Macy, of the third district, were elected to represent the State in the thirty-second congress of the United States. Durkee, it will be remembered, represented the same district in the previous congress : he ran the second time as an independent candidate. Eastman and Macy were elected upon democratic tickets. The General Government this year donated to the State all the swamp and overflowed lands within its boundaries. The year 1850 to the agriculturist of Wisconsin was not one of unbounded prosperity, owing to the partial failure of the wheat crop. In the other branches of agriculture there were fair returns. The State was visited during the year by cholera ; not, however, to a very alarming extent. The fourth session of the legislature of the State commenced on the 8th of January, 1851. Frederick W. Horn was elected speaker of the assembly. The majority in the legisla- ture was democratic. Governor Dewey, in his message, referred to the death of the president of the United States, Zachary Taylor; said that the treasury and finances of the State were in a WISCO??"SIN AS A STATE. 69 sound condition ; and then adverted to many topics of interest and importance to the people of Wisconsin. It was an able document. One of the important measures of the session was the election of an United States senator, in the place of Henry Dodge, whose term of office would expire on the 4th of March, next ensuing. In joint convention of the legislature held on the zoth of January, Dodge was re-elected for a full term of six years. On the 2 2d, the governor approved a joint resolution of the legislature, rescinding not only so much of the joint resolu- tion of the legislative assembly of Wisconsin, passed March 31, 1849, as censured Isaac J. Walker, but also the instructions in those resolutions relative to his resigning his seat in the senate of the United States, Among the important bills passed at this session of the legislature was one providing for the location and erection of a State prison. Another one — the apportionment bill — was vetoed by the governor, and having been passed on the last day of the session, failed to become a law. The legislature adjourned on the eighteenth of March, 1851, after a session of seventy days. On the ist day of January, 185 1, Timothy O. Howe took his seat as one of the associate judges of the supreme court, he having been elected judge of the fourth circuit in place of Alex- ander W. Stow. The office of chief justice of the supreme court, which had been filled by Judge Stow, therefore became vacant, and so remained until the commencement of the next term — June 18, 1 85 1 — when Levi Hubbell, judge of the second circuit, was, by the judges present, jiursuant to the statute, elected to that office. By an act of the legislature approved March 14, 185 1, the location and erection of a State prison for Wisconsin was provided for — the point afterward determined upon as a suitable place for its establishment being Waupun, Dodge county. By a subsequent act, the prison was declared to be the general penitentiary and prison of the State for the reformation as well as for the punishment of offenders, in which were to be confined, employed at hard labor, and governed as provided for by the legislature, all offenders who might be committed and sentenced accord- ing to law, to the punishment of solitary imprisonment, or imprisonment therein at hard labor. The organization and management of this the first reformatory and penal State institution in Wisconsin, commenced and has been continued in accordance with the demands of an advanced civilization and an enlightened humanity. On the 29th of September, 185 1, Judge Hubbell was re-elected for the full term of six years as judge of the second judicial circuit, to commence January i, 1852. At the general election in November, 1851, Leonard J. Farwell was chosen governor; Timothy Burns, lieutenant governor; Charles D. Robinson, secretary of State; E. H. Janssen, State treasurer; E. Estabrook, attorney general; and Azel P. Ladd, superintendent of public instruction. All these officers were elected as democrats except Farwell, who ran as a whig ; his majority over D. A. J. Upham, democrat, was a little rising of five hundred. Third Administration. — L. J. F.xrwell, Governor — 1852-1853. Governor Farwell's administration commenced on the fifth day of January, 1852. Previous to this — on the third day of the month — Edward V. Whiton was chosen by the judges of the supreme court, chief justice, to succeed Judge Hubbell. On the fourteenth of that month, the legislature assembled at Madison. This was the beginning of the fifth annual session. James McM. Shafter was elected speaker of the assembly. In the senate, the democrats had a majority ; in the assembly, the whigs. The governor, in his message, recommended the memorial- izing of congress to cause the agricultural lands within the State to be surveyed and brought into market; to cause, also, the mineral lands to be surveyed and geologically examined, and offered for sale; and to make liberal appropriations for the improvement of rivers and harbors. The question of " bank or no bank " having been submitted to the people in November previous. 60 HISTORY OF WISCOIirSIN". and decided in favor of banks, under the constitution, the power was thereby given to the legis- lature then in session to grant bank charters, or to pass a general banking law. Farwell recom- mended that necessary measures be taken to carry into effect this constitutional provision. A larger number of laws was passed at this session than at any previous one. By a provision of the constitution, the legislature was given power to provide by law, if they should think it exjie- dient and necessary, for the organization of a separate supreme court, to consist of one chief justice and two associate justices, to be elected by the qualified electors of the State, at such tirrlfe and in such manner as the legislature might provide. Under this authority, an act was passed at this session providing for the election of a chief justice and two associates, on the last Monday of the September following, to form a supreme court of the State, to supplant the old one, provision for the change being inserted in the constitution. There was also an act passed to apportion and district anew the members of the senate and assembly, by which the number was increased from eighty-five to one hundred and seven: twenty-five for the senate; eighty- two for the assembly. An act authorizing the business of banking passed the legislature and was approved by the governor, on the igth of April. By this law, the office of bank-comptroller was created — the officer to be first appointed by the governor, and to hold his office until the first Monday in January, 1854. At the general election in the Fall of 1853, and every two years thereafter, the office was to be filled by vote of the people. Governor Farwell afterward, on the 20th of Noveirber, appointed James S. Baker to that office. The legislature adjourned on the nineteenth of April, 1852. The second charitable institution incorporated by the State was the "Wisconsin Institute for the Education of the Deaf and Dumb." It was originally a private school for deaf mutes, near, and subsequently in, the village of Delavan, Walworth county. By an act of the legislature approved April 19, 1852, it was made the object and duty of the corporation to establish, con- tinue and maintain this school for the education of the deaf and dumb, "at or near the village of Delavan, to qualify, as near as might be, that unfortunate class of persons for the enjoyment of the blessings of a free government, obtaining the means of subsistence, and the discharge of those duties, social and political, devolving upon American citizens." It has since been sup- ported by annual appropriations made by the legislature. A complete organization of the school was effected in June, 1852, under the direction of a board of trustees appointed by the governor of the State. The institute has for its design the e ucation of such children of the State as, on account of deafness, can not be instructed in common schools. Instruction is given by signs, by the manual alphabet, by written language, and to one class by articulation. Two trades are taught: cabinet-making and shoe-making. During this year, considerable interest was manifested in the projecting of railroads. At the September election, E. V. Whiton was elected chief justice of the new supreme court and Samud Crawford and Abram D. Smith associate justices. ' Under the law, the chief justice was to serve a term of four years from the first day of June next ensuing; while the two associates were to cast lots — one to serve for six years, the other for two years, from June i, 1853. Craw- ford drew the short term — Smith the long term. At the subsequent general election for mem- bers to the thirty-third congress, Daniel Wells, Jr., was chosen from the first district , B. C Eastman from the second.' and J. B. Macy from the third district. All were democrats. A democratic electoral ticket was chosen at the same time. The electors cast their votes for Pierce and Butler. During 1852, the citizens of Wisconsin enjoyed unusual prosperity in the ample products and remuneration of their industry and enterprise. Abundant harvests and high markets; an increase in moneyed circulation, and the downward tendency of the rates of interest; a prevail- ing confidence among business men and in business enterprises; a continual accession to the WISCOlSrSIT^ AS A STATE. 61 population of the State by immigration; the energetic prosecution of internal improvements under the skillful management of companies; the extension of permanent agricultural improve- ments ; and the rapid growth of the various cities and villages ; were among the encouraging prospects of the year. The sixth session of the Wisconsin legislature commenced on the twelfth of January, 1853. On the twenty-sixth of the same month, William K. Wilson, of Milwaukee, preferred charges in the assembly against Levi Hubbell, judge of the second judicial circuit of the State, of divers acts of corruption and malfeasance in the discharge of the duties of his office. A resoli>- tion followed appointing a committee to report articles of impeachment, directing the members thereof to go to the senate and impeach Hubbell. Upon the trial of the judge before the senate, he was acquitted. An act was passed to provide for the election of a State prison commis- sioner by the legislature at that session — to hold his office until the first day of the ensuing January. The office was then to be filled by popular vote at the general election in November, 1853 — and afterwards biennially — the term of office to be two years from the first day of Jan- uary next succeeding the election by the people. On the 28th of March, the legislature, in joint convention, elected John Taylor to that office. The legislature adjourned on the fourth day of April until the sixth of the following June, when it again met, and adjourned sine die on the thirteenth of July, both sessions aggregating one hundred and thirty-one days. By an act of the legislature approved February 9, 1853, the "Wisconsin State Agricultural Society," which had been organized in March, 185 1, was incorporated, its object being to promote and improve the condition of agriculture, horticulture, and the mechanical, manufacturing and household arts. It was soon after taken under the fostering care of the State by an appropria- tion made by the legislature, to be expended by the society in such manner as it might deem best calculated to promote the objects of its incorporation; State aid was continued down to the commencement of the rebellion. No help was extended during the war nor until 1873 ; since which time there has been realized annually from the State a sum commensurate with its most pressing needs. The society has printed seventeen volumes of transactions and has held annually a State fair, except during the civil war. Besides these fairs, its most important work is the holding annually, at the capital of the State, a convention for the promotion of agriculture gen- erally. The meetings are largely participated in by men representing the educational and industrial interests of Wisconsin. By an act of the legislature approved March 4, 1853, the "State Historical Society of Wisconsin " was incorporated — having been previously organized — the object being to collect, embody, arrange and preserve in authentic form, a library of books, pamphlets, maps, charts, manuscripts, papers, paintings, statuary and other materials illustrative of the history of the State; to rescue from oblivion the memory of its early pioneers, and to obtain and preserve narratives of their exploits, perils, and hardy adventures; to exhibit faithfully the antiquities, and the past and present condition, and resources of Wisconsin. The society was also author- ized to take proper steps to promote the study of history by lectures, and to diffuse and publish information relating to the description and history of the State. The legislature soon after took the society under its fostering care by voting a respectable sum for its benefit. Liberal State aid has been continued to the present time. The society, besides collecting a library of historical books and pamphlets the largest in the West has published eight volumes of collections and a catalogue of four volumes. Its rooms are in the capitol at Madison, and none of its property can be alienated without the consent. of the State. It has a valuable collection of painted por- traits and bound newspaper files; and in its cabinet are to be found many prehistoric relics. On the first day of June, 1853, the justices of the new supreme court went into office: Associate 62 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. Justice Crawford, for two years; Chief Justice Whiton, for four years, Associate Justice Smith for six years as previously mentioned. The first (June) term was held at Madison. La Fayette Kellogg was appointed and qualified as clerk. On the 21st of September, Timothy Burns, lieu- tenant governor of Wisconsin, died at La Crosse. As a testimonial of respect for the deceased the several State departments, in accordance with a proclamation of the governor, were closed for one day — October 3, 1S53. In the Fall of this year, democrats, whigs and free-soiiers, each called a convention to nominate candidates for the various State offices to be supported by them at the ensuing election in November. The successful ticket was, for governor, William A. Bars- tow ; for lieutenant governor, James T. Lewis ^ for secretary of State, Alexander T. Gray, for State treasurer, Edward H. Janssen ; for attorney general, George B. Smith ; for superintendent of public instruction, Hiram A. Wright; for State prison commissioner, A. W. Starks; and for bank comptroller, William M. Dennis. They were all democrats. The year 1853 was, to the agriculturists of the State, one of prosperity. Every branch of industry prospered. The increase of commerce and manufactures more than realized the expec- tations of the most sanguine. Fourth Administration. — William A. Barstow, Governor — 1S54-1S55. On Monday, the second of January, 1S54, William A. Barstow took the oath of office as governor of Wisconsin. The legislature commenced its seventh regular session on the eleventh of January. Fred- erick W. Horn was elected speaker of the assembly. Both houses were democratic. The legislature adjourned on the 3d-of April following, after a session of eighty-three days. In the early part of March, a fugitive slave case greatly excited the people of Wisconsin. A slave named Joshua Glover, belonging to B. S. Garland of Missouri, had escaped from his master and made his way to the vicinity of Racine. Garland, learning the whereabouts of his personal chattel, came to the State, obtained, on the 9th of March, 1854, from the judges of the district court of the United States for the district of Wisconsin, a warrant for the apprehension of Glover, which was put into the hands of the deputy marshal of the United States. Glover was secured and lodged in jail in Milwaukee. A number of persons afterward assembled and rescued the fugitive. Among those who took an active part in this proceeding was Sherman M. Booth, who was arrested therefor and committed by a United States commissioner, but was released from custody by Abram D. Smith, one of the associate justices of the supreme court of Wisconsin, upon a writ of habeas corpus. The record of the proceedings was thereupon taken to that court in full bench by a writ of certiorari to correct any error that might have been committed before the associate justice. At the June term, 1854, the justices held that Booth was entitled to be discharged, because the commitment set forth no cause for detention. Booth was afterward indicted in the United States district court and a warrant issued for his arrest. He was again imprisoned; and again he applied to the supreme court — -then, in term time — for a writ of habeas corpus. Tliis was in July, 1854. In his petition to the supreme court. Booth set forth that he was in confinement upon a warrant issued by the district court of the United States and that the object of the imprisonment was to compel him to answer an indictment then pending against him therein. The supreme court of the State held that these facts showed that the district court of the United States had obtained jurisdiction of the case and that it was apparent that the indictment was for an offense of which the federal courts had exclusive jurisdiction. They could not therefore interfere; and his application for a discharge was denied. Upon the indictment. Booth was tried and convicted, fined and imprisoned, for a violation of thi fugitive slave law. Again the prisoner applied to the supreme court of Wisconsin, — his WTSCOXSIX AS A STATE. 63 last application bearing date January 26, 1.S55. He claimed discharge on the ground of the unconstitutionality of the law under which he had been indicted. The supreme court held that the indictment upon which he had been tried and convicted contained three counts, the first of which was to be considered as properly charging an offense within the act of congress of Septem- ber 18, 1850, known as the "fugitive slave law," while the second and third counts did not set forth or charge an offense punishable by any statute of the United States; and as, upon these last- mentioned counts he was found guilty and not upon the first, he must be discharged. The action of the supreme court of Wisconsin in a second time discharging Booth, was afterward reversed by the supreme court of the United States ; and, its decision being respected by the State court. Booth was re-arrested in 1S60, and the sentence of the district court of the United States executed in part upon him, when he was pardoned by the president. By an act of the legislature, approved March 30, 1S54, a "State Lunatic Asylum " was directed to be built at or in the vicinity of Madison, the capital of the State, upon land to be donated or purchased for that purpose. By a subsequent act, the name of the asylum was changed to the " Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane.' This was the third charitable institution established by the State. The hospital was opened for patients in July, 1S60, under the direction of a board of trustees appointed by the governor. All insane persons, residents of Wisconsin, who, under the law providing for admission of patients into the hospital for treatment, become resi- dents therein, are maintained at the expense of the State, provided the county in which such patient resided before being brought to the hospital pays the sum of one dollar and fifty cents a week for his or her support. Any patient can be supported by relatives, friends or guardians, if the latter desire to relieve the county and State from the burden, and can have special care and be provided w-ith a special attendant, if the expense of the same be borne by parties interested. The hospital is beautifully located on the north shore of Lake Mendota, in Dane county, about four miles from Madison. At the general election in the Fall of 1854, for members from Wisconsin to the thirty-fourth congress, Daniel Wells, Jr. was chosen from the first district ; C. C. Washburn, from the second, and Charles Billinghurst from the third district. Billinghurst and Washburn were elected as republicans — that party having been organized in the Summer previous. Wells was a democrat. The year 1854 was one of prosperity forjWisconsin, to all its industrial occupations. Abund- ant crops and increased prices were generally realized by the agriculturist. It was a year also of general health. It was ascertained that the amount of exports during the year, including lumber and mineral, exceeded thirteen millions of dollars. The eighth regular session of tlie State legislature commenced on the loth of January, 1855. C. C. Sholes was elected speaker of the assembly. The senate was democratic ; the assembly, republican. On joint ballot, the republicans had but one majority. On the istof February, Charles Durkee, a republican, was elected United States senator for a full term of six years from the 4th of March next ensuing, to fill the place of Isaac P. Walker whose term would expire on that day. Among the bills passed of a general nature, was one relative to the rights of married women, providing that any married woman, whose husband, either from-drunkenness or profligacy, should neglect or refuse to provide for her support, should have the right, in her own name, to transact business, receive and collect her own earnings, and apply the same for her own support, and education of her children, free from the control and interference of her husband. The legislature adjourned sine die on the second of April, after a session of eighty-three days. Orsamus Cole having been elected in this month an associate justice of the supreme court in place of Judge Samuel Crawford, whose term of office would expire on the thirty-first of May of that year, went into office on the first day of June following, for a term of six years. His office would therefore end on the thirty-first of May, 1861. 64 HISTORY or WISCONSIN. On the 27th of May, 1855, Hiram A. Wright, superintendent of public instruction, died at Prairie du Chien. On the 18th of June following, the governor appointed A. Constantine Barry to fill his place. On the 5th of July, Garland, the owner of the rescued fugitive slave Glover, having brought suit in the Un.ted States district court for the loss of his slave, against Booth, the trial came on at Madison, resulting in the jury bringing in a verdict under instructions from the judge, of one thousand dollars, the value of a negro slave as fixed by act of congress of 1850. The constitution of the State requiring the legislature to provide by law for an enumeration of the inhabitants in the year 1855, an act was passed by that body, approved March 31, of this year, for that purpose. The result showed a population for Wisconsin of over five hundred and fifty-two thousand. In November, at the general election, the deniocratic ticket for State offi- cers was declared elected: William A. Barstow, for governor; Arthur McArthur, for lieutenant governor; David W. Jones, for secretary of State; Charles Kuehn, for State treasurer; Wil- liam R. Smith, for attorney general; A. C. Barry, for superintendent of public instruction; William M. Dennis, for bank comptroller; and Edward McGarry for State prison commissioner T.ie vote for governor was very close; but the State canvassers declared Barstow elected by a s nail majority. The opposing candidate for that office was Coles Bashford, who ran as a republican The year 1855 was a prosperous one to the farmers of Wisconsin as well as to all industrial occupations. There were abundant crops and unexampled prices were realized. Fifth Administration. — Coles Bashford, Governor — i856-i8!;7. On the seventh day of January, 1856, William A. Barstow took and subscribed an oath of office as governor of Wisconsin, while Coles Bashford, who had determined to contest the right of Barstow to the governorship, went, on the same day, to the supreme court room, in Madison, and had the oath of office administered to him by Chief Justice Whiton. Bashford afterward called at the executive office and made a formal demand of Barstow that he should vacate the gubernatorial chair; but the latter respectfully declined the invitation. These were the initiatory steps of " Bashford 2's. Barstow," for the office of governor of Wisconsin. The fight now commenced in eir.isst. On the eleventh, the co.insel for Bashford called upon the attorney general and requested him to file an information in the nature of a ^ui^ ic'irranto against Barstow. On the fifteenth that officer complied with the request. Thereupon a summons was issued to Barstow to appear and answer. On the twenty-second, Bashford, by his attorney, asked the court that the information filed by the attorney general be discontinued and that he be allowed to file one, which request was denied by the court. While the motion was being argued, Barstow, by his attorneys, entered his appearance in the case. On the second of February, Barstow moved to quash all proceedings for the reason that the court had no jurisdiction in the matter. This motion was denied by the court ; that tribunal at the same time deciding that the filing of the motion was an admission by Barstow that the alle- gations contained in the information filed by the attorney general were true. On the twenty-first of February, the time appointed for pleading to the information, Bar- stow, by his attorneys, presented to the court a stipulation signed by all the parties in the case, to the effect that the board of canvassers had determined Barstow elected governor; that the secre- tary of State had certified to his election ; and that he had taken the oath of office. They submit- ted to the court whether it had jurisdiction, beyond the certificates, of those facts and the canvass so made to inquire as to the number of votes actually given for Barstow,^Bashford offering to prove that the certificates were made and issued through mistake and fraud, and that he, instead of Barstow, received the greatest number of votes. This stipulation the court declined to enter- tain or to pass upon the questions suggested ; as they were not presented in legal form. Barstow WISCOXSIN" AS A STATE. 65 was thereupon given until the twenty-fifth of February to answer the information that had been filed against him by tlie attorney general. On the day appointed, Barstow filed his plea to the effect that, by the laws of Wisconsin regulating the conducting of general election for State officers, it was the duty of the board of canvassers to determine who was elected to the office of governor; and that the board had found that he was duly elected to that office. It was a plea to the jurisdiction of the court. A demurrer was interposed to this plea, setting forth that the matters therein contained were not sufficient in law to take the case out of court ; asking, also, for a judgment against Barstow, or that he answer further the information filed against him. The demurrer was sustained ; and Barstow was required to answer over within four days ; at the expiration of which time the counsel for Barstow withdrew from the case, on the ground, as they alleged, that they had appeared at the bar of the court to object to the jurisdiction of that tribunal in the matter; and the court had determined to proceed with the case, holding and exercising full and final jurisdiction over if, and that the) could take no further steps without conceding the right of that tribunal so to hold. Thereupon, on the eighth of March, Barstow entered a protest, by a communication to the supreme court, against any further interference with the department under his charge by that tribunal, "' either by attempting to transfer its powers to another or direct the course of executive action." 'I'he counsel for Bashford then moved for judgment upon the default of Barstow. A further hearing of the case was postponed until March 18, when the attorney general filed a motion to dismiss the proceedings ; against which Bashford. by his counsel, protested as being prejudicial to his rights. It was the opinion of the court that the attorney general could not dismiss the case, that every thing which was well pleaded for Bashford in his information was confessed by the default of Barstow. By strict usage, a final judgment ought then to have fol- lowed ; but the court came to the conclusion to call upon Bashford to bring forward proof, showing his right to the office. Testimony was then adduced at length, touching the character of the returns made to the State canvassers; after hearing of which it was the opinion of the court that Bashford had received a plurality of votes for governor and that there must be a judgment in his favor and one of ouster against Barstow ; which were rendered accordingly. The ninth regular session of the legislature of Wisconsin commenced on the ninth of January, 1856. William Hull was elected speaker of the assembly. The senate had a repub- lican majority, but the assembly was democratic. On the eleventh Barstow sent in a message to a joint convention of the two houses. On the twenty-first of March he tendered to the legisla- ture his resignation as governor, giving for reasons the action of the supreme court in " Bashford c's. Barstow," which tribunal was then hearing testimony in the case. On the same day Arthur McArthur, lieutenant governor, took and subscribed an oath of office as governor of the State, afterwards sending a message to the legislature, announcing that the resignation of Barstow made it his duty to take the reins of government. On the twenty-fifth, Bashford called on Mc.\rthur, then occupying the executive office, and demanded possession — at the same time intimating that he preferred peaceable measures to force, but that the latter would be employed if necessary. The lieutenant governor thereupon vacated the chair, when the former took the gubernatorial seat, exercising thereafter the functions of the office until his successor was elected and qualified. His right to the seat was recognized by the senate on the twenty-fifth, and by the assembly on the twenty-seventh of March, 1856. This ended the famous case of " Bashford rs. Barstow," the first and only " war of succession " ever indulged in by Wisconsin. The legislature, on the thirty-first of March, adjourned over to the third of September, to dispose of a congressional land grant to the State. Upon re-assembling, an important measure was taken up — that of a new apportionment for the legislature. It was determined to increase the 66 HISTORY OF ^VTSCOSrSIN. number of members from one hundred and seven to one hundred and twenty-seven. The session closed on the thirteenth of October. The general election for members to the thirty-fifth congress, held in November, resulted in the choice of John H. Potter, from the first district ; C. C. Washburn from the second ; and Charles Billinghurst, from the third district. They were all elected as republicans. The presidential canvass of this year was an exciting one in the State. The republicans were successful. Electors of that party cast their five votes for Fremont and Dayton. The year 1856 was not an unprosperous one, agriculturally speaking, although in some respects decidedly unfavorable. In many districts the earlier part of the season was exceedingly dry, which materially diminished the wheat crop. Other industrial interests were everywhere in a flourishing condition. The legislature commenced its tenth regular session at Madison, on the fourteenth day of January, 1857, with a republican majority in both houses. Wyman Spooner was elected speaker of the assembly. For the first time since the admission of the State into the Union, a majority of the members of both houses, together with the governor, were opposed to the democratic par'y. On the twenty-third the senate and assembly met in joint convention, for the purpose of elecimg a United States senator in place of Henry Dodge, whose term of office would expire on the fourth of March next ensuing. James R. Doolittle, republican, was the successful candidate for that office, for a full term of six years, from the fourth of March, 1857. The legislature adjourned on the ninth of March, 1857. At the Spring election, Judge Whiton was re-elected chief justice of the supreme court for a term of six years. The second reformatory State institution established in Wisconsin, was, by an act of the legislature, approved March 7, 1857, denominated a House of Refuge for Juvenile Delinquents, afterward called the State Reform School, now known as the Wisconsin Industrial School for Boys, and is located at Waukesha, the county seat of Waukesha county. The courts and several magistrates in any county in Wisconsin may, in their discretion, sentence to this school any male child between the ages of ten and sixteen years, convicted of vagrancy, petit larceny, or any misdemeanor; also of any offense which would otherwise be punishable by imprisonment in the State prison ; or, of incorrigible or vicious conduct in certam cases. The term of commit- ment must be to the age of twenty-one years. At the State election held in November of this year, the republicans elected A. W. Randall governor; S. D. Hastings, State treasurer, and Edward M. McGraw, State prison commis- sioner. The democrats elected E. D. Campbell, lieutenant governor ; D. W. Jones, secretary of State ; Gabriel Bouck, attorney general ; L. C. Draper, superintendent of public instruc- tion, and J. C. Squires, bank comptroller. The year 1 85 7 was a disastrous one to Wisconsin, as well as to the whole country, in a finan- cial point of view. Early in the Fall a monetary panic swept over the land. A number of prominent operators in the leading industrial pursuits were obliged to succumb. Agriculturally the year was a fair one for the State. Sixth Administration. — Alexander W. Randall, Governor — 1858-1859. Randall's administration began on the fourth day of January, 1858, when for the first time he was inaugurated governor of the State. On the eleventh of January the legislature commenced its eleventh regular session, with a republican majority in both houses. Frederick S. Lovell was elected speaker of the assembly. The legislature adjourned sine die on the seventeenth of March, after an unusually long session of one hundred and twenty-five days. " That a large majority of the members were men of integrity, and disposed for the public weal, can not WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 67 be doubted ; but they were nearly all new members, and without former legislative experience. They set out to accomplish a groat good, by holding up to public scorn and execration the whole- sale bri'ljeries and iniquities of the immediate past ; but they lacked concentration of effort and. for want of union and preconcerted action, they failed to achieve the great triumph they sought by providing a ' sovereign remedy ' for the evils they exposed." At the regular session of the legislature of 1856, an act was passed for a general revisi-n of the laws of the State. Under this, and a subsequent act of the adjourned session of that year three commissioners — David Taylor, Samuel J. Todd, and F. S. Lovell — were appointed "to collect, compile and digest the general laws " of Wisconsin. Their report was submitted to the legislature of 185S, and acted upon at a late day of the session. The laws revised, which received the sanction of the legislature, were published in one volume, and constitute what is know as the Revised Statutes of i8j8. At the Fall election, John F. Potter from the first district, and C. C. Washburn from the second district, both republicans, were elected to the thirty-sixth congress ; while C. H. Larrabee, democrat, was elected to represent the third district. The twelfth regular session of the Wisconsin legislature commenced on the twelfth of January, 1859, with a republican majority in both houses. AVilliam P. Lyon was elected speaker of the assembly. The legislature adjourned siiu- die on the twenty-first of March, 1859, after a session of sixty-nine days. At the regular spring election, Byron Paine was chosen associate justice of the supreme court, for a full term of six years, as the successor of Associate Justice Smith. As it was a question when the term of the latter ended — whether on the 31st day of Maj', 1859, or on the first Monday in January, i860 — he went through with the formality of resigning his office, and the governor of appointing Paine as his successor, on the 20th of June, .1859. On the twelfth of April, 1859, Edward V. Whiton, chief justice of the supreme court, died at his residence in Janesville. The office was filled by executive appointment on the 19th of the same month — the successor of Judge Whiton being Luther S. Dixon. Late in the Sum- mer both political parties put into the field a full state ticket. The republicans were successful — electing for governor, Alexander W. Randall; for lieutenant governor, B. G. Noble; for secretary of state, L. P. Harvey ; for state treasurer, S. D. Hastings, for attorney general, James H. Howe; for bank comptroller, G. Van Steenwyck ; for superintendent of public instruction, J. L. Pickard; for state prison commissioner, H. C. Heg. Seventh Administration. — ^ilexander W. Randall, Governor (second term), 1860-1861. Alexander W. Randall was inaugurated the second time as governor of Wisconsin on Monday, January 2, 1S60. One week subsequent, the thirteenth regular session of the legis- lature commenced at Madison. For the first time the republicans had control, not only of all tiie State offices, but also of both branches of the legislature. William P. Lyon was elected speaker of the assembly. A new assessment law was among the most important of the acts passed at this session. The legislature adjourned on the second of .\pril. At the sprin<^ elec- tion, Luther S. Dixon, as an independent candidate, was elected chief justice of the supreme court for the unexpired term of the late Chief Justice Whiton. In the presidential election which followed, republican electors were chosen — casting their five votes, in the electoral college, for Lincoln and Hamlin. At the same election, John F. Potter, from the first district; Luther Hanchett, from the second, and A. Scott Sloan, from the third district, were elected members of the thirty-seventh congress. Hanchett died on the twenty-fourth of November, 1862, when, on the twentieth of December following, W. I). Mclndoe was elected to fill the vacancy. .Ml these congressional representatives were republicans. Wisconsin, in 1S60, was a strong repub- 68 HISTORY OF WISCONSIlSr. lican State. According to the census of this yea", it liad a population of over seven hundred and seventy-seven thousand. On the ninth of January, 1861, the fourteenth regular session of the State legislature coni- menced at Madison. Both branches were repulilican. Amasa Cobb was elected speaker of the assembly. On the tenth, both houses met in joint convention to hear the governor read his annual message. It was a remarkable document. Besides giving an excellent- synopsis of tlie operations of the State government for i860, the governor entered largely into a discussion of the question of secession and disunion, as then proposed by some of the southern states of the Union. These are his closing words : " The right of a State to secede from the Union can never be admitted. The National Government can not treat with a State while it is in the Union, and particularly while it stands in an attitude hostile to the Union. So long as any State assumes a position foreign, inde- pendent and hostile to the government, there can be no reconciliation. The government of the United States can not treat with one of its own States as a foreign power. The constitutional laws extend over every Stat^ alike. They are to be enforced in every State alike. A State can not come into the Union as it pleases, and go out when it pleases. Once in, it must stay until the Union is destroyed. There is no coercion of a State. But where a faction of a people arrays itself, not against one act, but against all laws, and against all government, there is but one answer to be made : ' The Goivrmncnt must be sustained ; the tuu's shall be enforced ! ' " On the twenty-third of January the legislature met in joint convention to elect a United States senator to fill the place of Charles Durkee, whose term of office would expire on the fourth of March next ensuing. The successful candidate was Timothy O. Howe, republican, who was elected for a full term of six years from the 4th of March, 1861. One of the important acts passed at this session of the legislature apportioned the State into senate and assembly districts, by which the whole number of members in both houses was increased from one hun- dred and twenty-seven to one hundred and thirty-three. Another act apportioned the State into six congressional districts instead of three. By this — the third congressional apportionment — • each district was to elect one representative. The first district was composed of the counties of Milwaukee, Waukesha, Walworth, Racine, and Kenosha ; the second, of the counties of Rock, Jefferson, Dane, and Columbia; the third, of Green, La Fayette, Iowa, Grant, Crawford, Ricli- land, and Sauk; the fourth, of Ozaukee, Washington, Dodge, Fond du Lac, and Sheboygan; tlie fifth, Manitowoc, Calumet, Winnebago, Green Lake, Marquette, Waushara, Waupaca, Outa- gamie, Brown, Kewaunee, Door, Oconto, and Shawano; and the sixth, of the counties of Bad Axe, La Crosse, M nroe, Juneau, Adams, Portage, Wood, Jackson, Trempealeau, Buffalo, Pepin, Pierce, St. Croix, Dunn, Eau Claire, Clark, Marathon, Chipi)ewa, Dallas, Polk, Burnett, Douglas, LaPointe, and Ashland. The legislature adjourned on the seventeenth of April, 1861. At the spring elections of this year, Orsamus Cole was re-elected as associate justice of the supreme court. On the ninth of May following. Governor Randall issued a proclamation convening the legislature in extra session on the fifteenth of the same month. " The extraordinary condition of the country," said he, " growing out of the rebellion, against the government of the United States, makes it necessary that the legislature of this State be convened in special session, to provide more completely for making the power of the State useful to the government and to other loyal States." The fifteenth or extra session began on the fifteenth of May, as designated in the governor's proclamation. The message of the governor was devoted entirely to the war. '' At the close of the last annual session of the legislature," said he, " to meet a sudden emer- gency, an act was passed authorizing me to respond to the call of the president of the United States, ' for aid in maintaining the Union and the supremacy of the laws, or to suppress rebellion TTTSCONSIN AS A STATE. 69 or insurrection, or to repel inva ion within the United States,' and I was autiiori/cd, and it was made my duty, to take such measures as, in my judgment, should jjrovide in the speediest and most efficient manner for responding to such call : and to this end 1 was authorized to accept the services of volunteers for active service, to be enrolled in companies of not less than seventy-five men each, rank and file, and in regiments of ten comi)anies each. I was also authorized to provide for uniforming and equipping such companies as were not provided with uniforms and equipments." " The first call of the president for immediate active service," con- tinued the governor, " was for one regiment of men. My proclamation, issued immediately after the passage of the act of the legislature, was answered within less than ten days, by companies enough, each containing the requisite number of men, to make up at least five regiments instead of o. e. I then issued another proclamation, announcing the offers that had been made, and advising that thereafter companies might be enrolled to stand as minute men, ready to answer further calls, as they might be made, but without e.\pense to the State, except as they were mustered into service. In less t'.uin one month from the date of my first proclamation, at least five thou- sand men, either as individuals or enrolled companies, have offered their services for the war, and all ap[)ear an.xious for active service in the field." " 'I'he time for deliberation," concludes the governor, "must give way to the lime for action. The constitution of the United States must be sustained in all its first intent and wholeness. The right of the people of every State to go into every other State and engage in any lawful pursuit, without unlawful interference or molestation; tiie freedom of speech and of the press; the right of trial by jury; security from unjustifiable seizure of persons or papers, and all constitutional privileges and immunities, must receive new guarantees of safety." The extra session of the legislature passed, wtih a single exception, no acts except such as appertained to the military exigencies of the times. Both houses adjourned sine die on the twenty-seventh of May, 1861. As the administration of Governor Randall would close with the year, and as he was not a candidate for re-election, there was much interest felt throughout the State as to who his successor should be. Three State tickets were put in nomination : union, republican, and democratic. The republican ticket was successful, electing Louis P. Harvey, governor; Edward Salomon, lieutenant governor ; James T. Lewis, secretary of state ; S. D. Hastings, state treasurer; James H. Howe, attorney general; W. H. Ramsey, bank comp- troller; J. L. Pickard, superintendent of public instruction; and A. P. Hodges, state prison commissioner. The War of Secession — L.'vst Year of Randall's Ad.ministratiox. When Wisconsin was first called upon to aid the General Government in its efforts to sustain itself against the designs of the secession conspirators, the commercial affairs of the State were embarrassed to a considerable degree by the depreciation of the currency. The designs of the secessionists were so far developed at the ending of the year i860 as to show that resistance to the national authority had been fully determined on. It is not a matter of wonder, then, that Governor Randall in his message to the legislature, early in January, 1861, should have set forth the dangers which threatened the Union, or should have denied the right of a State to secede from it. " Secession," said he, " is revolution ; revolution is war ; war against the government of the United States is treason." " It is time," he continued, "now, to know whether we have any government, and if so, whether it has any strength. Is our written constitution more than a sheet of parchment .' The nation must be lost or preserved by its own strength. Its strength is in the patriotism of the people. It is time now that politicians became Datriots; that men show their love of country by every sacrifice, but that of principle, and by 70 HISTOEY OF WISCONSIN. unwavering devotion to its interests and integrity." "The hopes," added the governor, most eloquently, " of civilization and Christianity are suspended now upon the answer to this question of dissolution. The capacity for, as well as the riglit of, self-government is to pass its ordeal, and speculation to become certainty. Other systems have been tried, and have failed ; and all along, the skeletons of nations have been strewn, as warnings and land-marks, upon the great highway of historic overnment. Wisconsin is true, and her people steadfast. She will not destroy the Union, nor consent that it shall be done. Devised by great, and wise, and good men, in days of sore trial, it must stand. Like some bold mountain, at whose base the great seas break their angry floods, and around whose summit the thunders of a thousand hurricanes have rattled — strong, unmoved, immovable — so may our Union be, while treason surges at its base, and passions rage around it, unmoved, immovable — here let it stand forever." These are the words of an e,\alted and genuine patriotism. But the governor did not content himself with eloquence alone. He came down to matters of business as well. He urged the necessity of legislation that would give more efficient organization to the militia of the State. He warned the legislators to make preparations also for the coming time that should try the souls of men. "The signs of the times," said he, " indicate that there may arise a contingency in the condition of the government, when it will become necessary to respond to a call of the National Government for men and means to maintain the integrity of the Union, and to thwart the designs of men engaged in organized treason. While no unnecessary expense should be incurred, yet it is the part of wisdom, both for individuals and States, in revolutionary times, to be prepared to defend our institutions to the last extremity." It was thus the patriotic governor gave evidence to the members of both houses that he " scented the battle afar off." On the 1 6th of January, a joint resolution of the legislature was passed, declaring that the people of Wisconsin are ready to co-operate with the friends of the Union every where for its preservation, to yield a cheerful obedience to its requirements, and to demand a like obedience from all others ; that the legislature of Wisconsin, profoundly impressed with the value of the Union, and determined to preserve it unimpaired, hail with joy the recent firm, dignified and patriotic special message of the president of the United States ; that they tender to him, through the chief magistrate of their own State, whatever aid, in men and money, may be required to enable him to enforce the laws and uphold the authority of the Federal Government, and in defense of the more perfect Union, which has conferred prosperity and happiness on the American people. " Renewing," said they, " the pledge given and redeemed by our fathers, we are ready to devote our lives, our fortunes, and our sacred honors in upholding the Union and the constitution." The legislature, in order to put the State upon a kind of "war footing," passed an act for its defense, and to aid in enforcing the laws and maintaining the authority of the General Government. It was under this act that Governor Randall was enabled to organize the earlier regiments of Wisconsin. By it, in case of a call from the president of the United States to aid in maintaining the Union and the supremacy of the laws to suppress rebellion or insurrection, or to repel invasion within the United States, the governor was authorized to provide, in the most efficient manner, for responding to such call — to accept the services of volunteers for service, in companies of seventy-five men each, rank and file, and in regiments of ten companies each, and to commission officers for them. The governor was also authorized to contract for uniforms and equipments necessary for putting such companies into active service. One hundred thousand dollars were appropriated for war purposes ; and bonds were authorized to be issued for that amount, to be negotiated by the governor, for raising funds. It will be seen, therefore, that the exigencies of the times — for Fort Su.nter had not yet been surrendered — WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 71 were fully met by the people's representatives, they doing tlieir whole duty, as they then under- stood it, in aid of the perpetuity of the Union. Having defended Fort Sumter for thirty-four hours, until the quarters were entirely burned, the main gates destroyed, the gorge-wall seriously injured, the magazine surrounded by flames, and its door closed from the effects of the heat, four barrels and three cartridges of powder only being available, and no provisions but pork remaining, Robert Anderson, major of the first artillery. United States army, accepted terms of evacuation offered by General Beauregard, marched out of the fort on Sunday afternoon, the fourteenth of Ajsril, 1861, with colors flying and drums beating, bringing away company and private property, and saluting his flag with fifty guns. This, in brief, is the story of the fall of Sumter and the opening act of the War of the Rebellion. " Whereas," said Abraham Lincoln, president, in his proclamation of the next day, " the laws of the United States have been for some lime past, and now are, opposed, and the e.xecution thereof obstructed, in the States of South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas, by combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, or by the powers vested in the marshals by law." Now, in view of that fact, he called forth the militia of the several States of the Union, to the aggregate number of seventy-five thousand, in order to suppress those combinations, and to cause the laws to be duly executed. " A call is made on you by to-night's mail for one regiment of militia for immediate service," telegraphed the secretary of war to Randall, on the same day. In Wisconsin, as elsewhere, the public pulse quickened under the excitement of the fall of Sumter. " The dangers which surrounded the nation awakened the liveliest sentiments of patriotism and devotion. For the time, party fealty was forgotten in the general desire to save the nation. The minds of the people soon settled into the conviction that a bloody war was at hand, and that the glorious fabric of our National Government, and the principles upon which it is founded, were in jeopardy, and with a determination unparalleled in the history of any country, they rushed to its defense. On eyery hand the National flag could be seen displayed, and the public enthusiasm knew no bounds ; in city, town, and hamlet, the burden on every tongue was war." "We have never been accustomed," said Governor Randall, " to con»ider the military arm as essential to the maintenance of our government, but an exigency has arisen that demands its employment." "The time has come," he continued, " when parties and plat- forms must be forgotten, and all good citizens and patriots unite together in putting down rebels and'traitors." "What is money," he asked, "what is life, in the presence of such a crisis .' " Such utterances and such enthusiasm could but have their effect upon the legislature, which, it will be remembered, was still in session ; so, although that body had already voted to adjourn, sine lite, on the fifteenth of April, yet, when the moment arrived, and a message from the governor was received, announcing that, owing to the extraordinary exigencies which had arisen, an amend- ment of the law of the thirteenth instant was necessary, the resolution to adjourn was at once rescinded. The two houses thereupon not only increased the amount of bonds to be issued to two hundred thousand dollars, but they also passed a law exempting from civil process, during the time of service, all persons enlisting and mustering into the L'nited States army from Wis- consin. When, on the seventeenth, the legislature did adjourn, the scene was a remarkable one. Nine cheers were given for the star spangled banner and tliree for the Governor's Guard, who had just then tendered their services — the first in the State — ^under the call for a regiment of men for three months' duty. " For the first time in the history of this federal government," are the words of the gover- nor, in a proclamation issued on the sixteenth of .Vpril, "organized treason has manifested itself within several States of the Union, and armed rebels are making war against it." " The treasuries of the country," said he, "must no longer be plundered; the public property must be 72 HISTORY OF "WTSCOXSm. protected from aggressive violence ; that already seized must be retaken, and the laws must be executed in every State of the Union alike." " A demand," he added, " made upon Wiscon- sin by the president of the United States, for aid to sustain the federal arm, must meet with a prompt response." The patriotism of the State was abundantly exhibited in their filling up a regiment before some of the remote settlements had any knowledge of the call. On the twenty- second. Governor Randall reported to the secretary of war that the First regiment was ready to go into rendezvous. The place designated was "Camp Scott," at Milwaukee; the day, the twenty-seventh of April. Then and there the several companies assembled — the regiment after- ward completing its organization. With a wise foresight, Governor Randall ordered, as a reserve force and in advance of another call for troops by the president, the formation of two more regiments — the Second and Third, and, eventually, the Fourth. Camps at Madison, Fond du Lac, and Racine, were formed for their reception, where suitable buildings were erected for their accommodation. Companies assigned to the Second regiment were ordered to commence moving into "Camp Randall," at Madison, on the first day of May. On the seventh, the secretary of war, under call of the presi- dent of the United States for forty-two thousand additional volunteers — this time for three years, or during the war — telegraphed Governor Randall that no more three months' volunteers were wanted; that such companies as were recruited must re-enlist for the new term or be disbanded. At the extra session of the legislature of Wisconsin, which, as already mentioned, com- menced on the fifteenth of May, called by Governor Randall immediately upon his being notified of the second call of the president for troops, on the third of May, the law hurriedly passed at the close of the regular session, and under which the governor had organized the First regi- ment, was found inadequate to meet the second call for troops. " A bill was introduced, and became a law, authorizing the governor to raise six regiments of infantry, inclusive of those he had organ^ ized or placed at quarters. When the six regiments were mustered into the United States service, he was authorized to raise two additional regiments, and thus to keep two regiments continually in reserve to meet any future call of the General Government. He was authorized to quarter and subsist volunteers at rendezvous — to transport, clothe, subsist and quarter them in camp at the expense of the State. Arms and munitions were to be furnished by the United States. Recruits were to be mustered into State service, and into United States service, for three years. Two assistant surgeons to each regiment were to be appointed, and paid by the State. The regi- ments, as they came into camp, were to be instructed in drill and various camp duties, to secure efficiency in the field. The troops, so called in, were to be paid monthly by the State, the same pay and emoluments as the soldiers in the United States army, from the date of enlistment. The paymaster general was authorized to draw funds from the State treasury for the payment of the State troops, and the expense incurred in subsisting, transporting and clothing them. The governor was authorized to purchase military stores, subsistence, clothing, medicine, field and camp equipage, and the sum of one million dollars was appropriated to enable the governor to carry out the law." Other laws were passed relating to military matters. One authorized the governor to pur- chase two thousand stand of arms ; and fifty thousand dollars were appropriated to pay tor the same. Another authorized counties, towns, cities and incorporated villages to levy taxes for the purpose of providing for the support of families of volunteers residing in their respective limits. The one passed at the previous session, exempting volunteers from civil process vhile in the service, was amended so as to include all who might thereafter enlist. One granted five dollars per month as extra pay to enlisted volunteers having families dependent upon them for support, payable to their families. Another authorized the governor to employ such aids, clerks and WISCONSI^T AS A STATE. 73 messengers, as he deemed necessary for the public interests. Still another authorized the pay- ment of those who had enlisted for three months, but had declined to go in for three years. The expenses of the extra session were ordered to be paid out of the " war fund." One million dollars in bonds were authorized to be issued for war purposes to form that fund. The governor, secretary of state and state treasurer were empowered to negotiate them. By a joint resolu- tion approved the twenty-first of May, the consent of the legislature was given to the governor to be absent from the State during the war, for as long a time as m his discretion he might think proper or advisable, in connection with the military forces of the State. For liberality, zeal and genuine patriotism, the members of the Wisconsin legislature, for the year iS6i, deserve a high commendation. All that was necessary upon their final adjournment at the close of the extra session to place the State upon a " war footing," was the organization by the governor of the various military departments. These he effected by appointing Brigadier General William L. Utley, adjutant general; Brigadier General W. W. Tredway, quartermaster general; Colonel Edwin R. Wadsworth, commissary general ;' Brigadier General Simeon Mills, paymaster gen- eral; Brigadier General E. B. Wolcott, surgeon general ; Major E. L. Buttrick, judge advocate ; and Colonel William H. Watson, military secretary. On the seventeenth of May, the First regiment, at "Camp Scott," was mustered into the United States service, and the war department informed that it awaited marching orders. The regimental officers were not all in accordance with the law and mode adopted afterwards. On the seventh of the month Governor Randall had appointed Rufus King a brigadier general, and assigned the First, Second, Third and Fourth regiments to his command as the Wisconsin brigade; although at that date only the First and Second had been called into camp. This brigade organization was not recognized by the General Government. The secretary of war telegraphed the governor of Wisconsin that the quota of the State, under the second call of the president, was two regiments — so that the whole number under both calls was only three — one (the First) for three months, two (the Second and Third) for three years. Notwithstanding this. Governor Randall proceeded to organize the Fourth. As a number of the companies ordered into " Camp Randall " on the first day of May to form the Second regiment had only enlisted for three months, the order of the secretary of war of the seventh of that month making it imperative that all such companies must re-enlist for three years or during the war, or be disbanded, the question of e.xtending their term of enlist- ment was submitted to the companies of the regiment, when about five hundred consented to the change. The quota of the regiment was afterward made r.p, and the whole mustered into the service of the United States for three years or during the war, under the president's second call for troops. This was on the eleventh of June, 1861. The Third regiment having had its companies assigned early in May, they were ordered in June into "Camp Hamilton" at Fond du Lac, where the regiment was organized, and, on the twenty-ninth of June, mustered into the United States' service as a three years regiment. This filled Wisconsin's quota under the second call of President Lincoln. By this time war matters in the State began to assume a systematic course of procedure — thanks to the patriotism of the people, the wisdom of the legislature, and the untiring energy and exertions of the governor and his subordinates. The determination of the secretary of war to accept from Wisconsin only two three-years regiments under the second call for troops was soon changed, and three more were authorized, making it necessary to organize the Fourth, Fifth and Si.xth. The Fourth was called into "Camp Utley " at Racine on the si.xth of June, and was mustered into the service of the United States on the ninth of the folio- .ing month. By the twenty-eighth of June, all the companies of the Fifth had assembled at " Camp Randall," and on the thirteenth of July were mustered in as "^■^ HISTORY OF WTSCOIsrSIN. United States troops. By the first of July, at the same place, the complement for the Sixth regiment had been made up, and the companies were mustered for three years into the service of the General Government, on the sixteenth of the same month. Governor Randall did not stop the good work when six regiments had been accepted, but assigned the necessary companies to form two more regiments — the Seventh and Eighth; however, he wisely concluded not to call them into camp until after harvest, unless specially required to do so. " If they are needed sooner," said the governor, in a letter to the president on the first of July, " a call will be imme- diately responded to, and we shall have their uniforms and equipments ready for them." " By the authority of our legislature," added the writer, 'I shall, after the middle of August, keep two regiments equipped and in camp ready for a call to service, and will have them ready at an earlier day if needed." About the latter part of June, W. P. Alexander, of Beloit, a good marksman, was commis- sioned captain to raise a company of sharpshooters for Berdan's regiment. He at once engaged in the work. The company was filled to one hundred and three privates and three officers. It left the State about the middle of September under Captain Alexander, and vi^as mustered into the service at Wehawken on the twenty-third day of that month, as Company "G " of Berdan's regiment of sharpshooters. On the twenty-sixth of July, a commission was issued to G. Van Deutsch, of Milwaukee, to raise a company of cavalry. He succeeded in filling his company to eighty-four men. He left the State in September, joining Fremont. The company was after- ward attached to the fifth cavalry regiment of Missouri. About the 20th of August, Governor Randall was authorized to organize and equip as rapidly as possible five regiments of infantry and five batteries of artillery, and procure for them necessary clothing and equipments according to United States regulations and prices, subject to the inspec- tion of officers of the General Government. The five regiments were to be additional to the eight already raised. One regiment was to be German. During the last week of August the companies of the Seventh regiment were ordered into " Camp Randall," at Madison. They were mustered into the service soon after arrival. On the 28th of August orders were issued for the reorganization of the First regiment for three years, its term of three months having expired. The secretary of war having signified his acceptance of the regiment for the new term, its mus- tering into the service was completed on the nineteenth of October. This made six infantry regi- ments in addition to the eight already accepted, or fourteen in all. On the same day orders were issued assigning companies to the Eighth regiment, — the whole moving to " Camp Randall," at Madison, the first week in September, where their mustering in was finished on the thirteenth. The Ninth, a German reginent, was recruited in squads, and sent into camp, where they were formed into companies, and the whole mustered in on the 26th of October, i86i,at " Camp Sigel," Milwaukee. Companies were assigned the Tenth regiment on the 18th of September, and ordered into camp at Milwaukee, where it was fully organized about the first of October, being mustered into the service on the fourteenth of that month. The Tenth infantry was enlisted in September, 1S61, and mustered in on the fourteenth of October, 1S61, at "Camp Holton," Mil- waukee. The Eleventh regiment was called by companies into " Camp Randall " the latter part of September and first of October, 1861, and mustered in on the eighteenth. The Twelfth was called in to the same camp and mustered in by companies between the twenty-eighth of October and the fifth of November, 1861. The Thirteenth rendezvoused at "Camp Treadway," Janes- ville, being mustered into the United States service on the seventeenth of October, 1861. These thirteen regiments were all that had been accepted and mustered into the United States serv^'^e while Randall was governor. From the commencement of the rebellion a great desire had been manifested for the orfan- WTSCONREST AS A STATE. 75 ization of artillery companies in Wisconsin, and this desire was finally gratified. Each battery was to number one hundred and fifty men, and, as has been shown, five had been authorized by the General Government to be raised in Wisconsin. The First battery was recruited at La Crosse, under the superintendence of Captain Jacob T. Foster, and was known as the " La Crosse Artillery." It rendezvoused at Racine^early in October, 1861, where on the tenth of that month, it was mustered into the United States service. The Second battery. Captain Ernest Herzberg, assembled at " Camp Utiey," Racine, and was mustered in with the First battery on the tenth. The Third, known as the " Badger Battery," was organized by Captain L. H. Drury, at Madison and Berlin, and was mustered into the service on the same day and at the same place as the First and Second. The Fourth battery, recruited and organized at Beloit, under the supervision of Captain John F. Vallee, was mustered in on the first of October, 1S61, at Racine. The Fifth battery was recruited at Monroe, Green county, under the superintendence of Captain Oscar F- Pinney, moving afterward to " Camp Utley," Racine, where, on the first of October, it was mus- tered in, along with the Fourth. So brisk had been the recruiting, it was ascertained by the governor that seven companies had been raised instead of five, when the secretary of war was telegraphed to, and the extra companies — the Sixth and Seventh accepted ; the Sixth, known as the " Buena Vista Artillery," being recruited at Lone Rock, Richland county, in September, Captain Henry Dillon, and mustered in on the second of October, 1S61, at Racine; the Seventh, known as the "Badger State Flying Artillery," having organized at Milwaukee, Captain Richard R. Griffiths, and mustered in on the fourth of the same month, going into camp at Racine on the eighth. This completed the mustering in of the first seven batteries, during Governor Randall's administration ; the whole mustered force being thirteen regiments of infantry; one company of cavalry ; one of sharpshooters ; and these seven artillery companies. " Wisconsin," said the gov- ernor, in response to a request as to the number of regiments organized, " sent one regiment for three months, — officers and men eight hundred and ten. The other regiments i n the war up to the Thirteenth (including the First, re-organized), will average one thousand men each; one company of sharpshooters for Berdan's regiment, one hundred and three men ; and seven companies of light artillery." Of cavalry from Wisconsin, only Deutsch's company had been mustered into the United States, although three regiments had been authorized by the General Government before the close of Randall's administration. The governor, before the expiration of his office, was empowered to organize more artillery companies — ten in all ; and five additional regiments of infantry — making the whole number eighteen. On the tenth of December, he wrote : " Our Fourteenth infantry is full and in camp. * * * Fifteenth has five companies in camp, and filling up. Sixteenth has eight companies in camp, and will be full by the 25th of December. Seventeenth has some four hundred men enlisted. Eighteenth will be in camp, full, by January i. Seven maximum companies of artillery in camp. * * * Three regiments of cavalry — two full above the maximum ; the third, ahout eight hundred men in camp." It will be seen, therefore, that a considerable number of men in the three branches of the service was then in camp that had not been mustered into the service ; and this number was considerably increased by the 6th of January, 1S62, the day that Randall's official term expired; but no more men were mustered in, until his successor came into office, than those previously mentioned. The First regiment — three months' — left " Camp Scott," Milwaukee, on the ninth of June, 1861, for Harrisburg, Pennsylvania — eight hundred and ten in number; John C. Starkweather, colonel. The regiment returned to Milwaukee on the seventeenth of August, 1S61, and was mustered out on the twenty-second. The First regiment re-organized at "Camp Scott," Milwaukee. Its mustering into the service, as previously mentioned, was completed on the nineteenth of October. On the twenty- 76 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. eighth, it started for Louisville, Kentucky — nine hundred and forty-five strong — under command of its former colonel, John C. Starkweatjier. The Second regiment, with S. Park Coon as colonel, left " Camp Randall," Madison, for Washington city, on the eleventh of June, 1861 — numbering, in all, one thousand and fifty-one. The Third regiment started from " Camp Hamilton," Fond du Lac, for Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, under command of Charles S. Hamilton, ■ as colonel, on the twelfth of July, 1861, with a numerical strength of nine hundred and seventy- nine. The Fourth regiment — Colonel Halbert E. Payne — with a numerical strength of one thousand and fifty-three, departed on the fifteentji of July, 186 1, from "Camp Utley," Racine, for Baltimore, Maryland. The Fifth regiment left " Camp Randall," Madison, one thousand and fifty-eight strong, commanded by Colonel Amasa Cobb, on the twenty-fourth of July, 1861, for Washington city. On the twenty-eighth of July, 1861, the Sixth regiment, numbering one thousand and eighty-iour, moved from Madicon, having been ordered to Washington city. It was commanded by Colonel Lysander Cutter. The Seventh regiment — Joseph Van Dor, Colonel — with a numerical strength of one thousand and sixteen men — officers and privates, received orders, as did the Fifth and Sixth, to move forward to Washington. They started from Madison on the morning of the twenty-first of September, 1861, for active service. The Eighth infantry, nine hundred and seventy-three strong, commanded by Colonel Robert C. Murphy, left Madison, en route for St. Louis, Missouri, on the morning of the twelfth of October, 1861. The Ninth, or German regiment, with Frederick Salomon in command as colonel, did not leave " Camp Sigel," for active service, while Randall was governor. The Tenth infantry moved from " Camp Holton," Milwaukee, commanded by Colonel Alfred R. Chapin, on the ninth of November, 1S61, destined for Louisville, Kentucky, with a total number of nine hundred and sixteen officers and privates. On the twentieth of November, 1861, the Eleventh regiment "broke camp" at Madison, starting for St. Louis, under command of Charles L. Harris, as colonel. Its whole number of men was nine hundred and sixteen. The Twelfth regiment, at " Camp Randall," Madison — Colonel George E. Bryant, and the Thirteenth, at " Camp Tredway," Janesville — Colonel Maurice Maloney — were still in camp at the expiration of the administration of Governor Randall : these, with the Ninth, were all that had not moved out of the State for active service, of those mustered in previous to January 6, 1861, — making a grand total of infantry sent from Wisconsin, up to that date, by the governor, to answer calls of the General Government, for three years' service or during the war, of nine thousand nine hundred and ninety-one men, in ten regiments, averaging very nearly one thousand to each regiment. Besides these ten regiments of infantry for three years' service, Wisconsin had also sent into the field the'First regiment, for three months' service, numbering eight hundred and ten men; Alexander's company of sharp- shooters, one hundred and six; and Deutsch's company of cavalry, eighty-four: in all, one thousand. Adding these to the three years' regiments, and the whole force, in round numbers, was eleven thousand men, furnished by the State in 1861. Eighth Administration. — Lnuis P. Harvey and Edward S.\lomon, Governors — 1862-1863. Louis P. Harvey was inaugurated governor of Wisconsin on the sixth of January, 1862. The fifteenth regular session of the legislature of the State began on the eighth of the same month. In the senate, the republicans were in the majority; but in the assembly they had only a plurality of members, there being a number of " Union " men in that branch — enough, indeed, to elect, by outside aid, J. W. Beardsley, who ran for the assembly, upon the " Union " ticket, as speaker. Governor Harvey, on the tenth, read his message to the legislature in joint convention. " No previous legislature," are his opening words, " has convened under equal incentives to a disinterested zeal in the public service The occasion," he adds, "pleads wisco:srsiN" as a state. 77 with you in rebuke of all the meaner passions, admonishing to the exercise of a conscientious patriotism, becoming the representatives of a Christian- people, called in God's providence to pass through the furnace of a great trial of their virtue, and of the strength of the Government." On the seventh of .\prii following, the legislature adjourned until the third of June next ensuing. Before it again assembled, an event occurred, casting a gloom over the whole State. The occasion was the accidental drowning of Governor Harvey. Soon after the battle of Pittsburgh Landing, on the seventh of April, 1862, the certainty that some of the Wisconsin regiments had suffered severely, induced the governor to organise a relief party, to aid the wounded and suffering soldiers from the State. On the tenth, Harvey and others started on their tour of benevolence. Arriving at Chicago, they found a large num- lier of boxes had been forwarded there from different points in the State, containing supplies of various kinds. At Mound City, Paducah, and Savannah, the governor and his party adminis- tered to the wants of the sick and wounded Wisconsin soldiers. Having completed their mission of mercy, they repaired to a boat in the harbor of Savannah, to await the arrival of the Minne- haha, which was to convey them to Cairo, on their homeward trij). It was late in the evening of the nineteenth of April, 1862, and very dark when the boat arrived which was to take the governor and his friends on board ; and as she rounded to, the bow touching the Dunleith, on which was congregated the party ready to depart. Governor Harvey, by a misstep, fell overboard l>etween the two boats, into the Tennessee river. The current was strong, and the water more than thirty feet deep. Every thing was done that could be, to save his life, but all to no purpose. His body was subsequently found and brought to Madison for interment. Edward Salomon, lieutenant governor, by virtue of a provision of the constitution of the State, upon the death of Harvey, succeeded to the office of governor of Wisconsin. On the third day of June, the legislature re-assembled in accordance with adjournment on the seventh of April previous. Governor Salomon, in his message of that day, to the senate and assembly, after announcing the sad event of the death of the late governor, said : '' The last among the governors elected by the people of this State, he is the first who has been removed by death from our midst. The circumstances leading to and surrounding the tragic ;md melancholy end of the honored and lamented deceased, are well known to the people, and are, with his memory, treasured up in their hearts." He died," added Salomon, " while in the exercise of the highest duties of philan- thropy and humanity, that a noble impulse had imposed upon him." The legislature, on the thirteenth of June, by a joint resolution, declared that in the death of Governor Harvey, the State had "lost an honest, faithful, and efficient public officer, a high-toned gentleman, a warm hearted philanthropist, and a sincere friend." Both houses adjourned siiu die, on the sevententh of June, 1862. Business of great public importance, in the judgment of the governor, rendering a special session of the legislature necessary, he issued, on the twenty-ninth of August, 1862, his proc- lamation to that effect, convening both houses on the tenth of September following. On that day he sent in his message, relating wholly to war matters. He referred to the fact that since the adjournment of the previous session, six hundred thousand more men had been called for bv the president of the United States, to suppress the rebellion. " It is evident," said he, "' that to meet further calls, it is necessary to rely upon a system of drafting or conscription, in Wisconsin.' The governor then proceeded to recommend such measures as he deemed necessary to meet the exigencies of the times. The legislature levied a tax to aid volunteering, and passed a law giving the right of suffrage to soldiers in the military service. They also authorized the raising of money for payment of bounties to volunteers. The legislature adjourned on the twenty- sixth of September, 1862, after a session of sixteen days, and the enacting of seventeen laws. 78 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. On the yth of October, James H. Howe, attorney general, resigned his office to enter the army. On the 14th of that month, Winfield Smith was appointed by the governor to fill the vacancy. At the general election in the l'"all of this year, si.x congressmen were elected to the thirty- ei"hth congress: James S. Brown from the first district; I. C. Sloan, from the second; Amasa Cobb, from the third ; Charles A. Eldredge, from the fourth ; Ezra Wheeler, from the fifth ; and \V. D. Mclndoe, from the sixth district. Sloan, Cobb, and Mclndoe, were elected as republi- cans ; Brown, Eldridge, and Wheeler, as democrats. The sixteenth regular session of the Wisconsin legislature, commenced on the fourteenth of January, 1863. J. Allen Barber was elected speaker of the assembly. The majority in both houses was republican. Governor Salomon read his message on the fifteenth, to the joint convention, referring, at length, to matters connected with the war of the rebellion. A large number of bills were passed by the legislature for the benefit of soldiers and their families. On the twenty-second, the legislature re-elected James R. Doolittle, to the United States senate for six years, from the fourth of March next ensuing. The legislature adjourned sine die on the second of April following. In the Spring of this year, Luther S. Dixon was re-elected chief justice of the supreme court, running as an independent candidate. By a provision of the Revised Statutes of 1858, as amended by an act passed in 1862, and interpreted by another act passed in 1875, the terms of the justices of the supreme court, elected for a full term, commence on the first Monday in January next succeeding their election. At the Fall election there were two tickets in the field : democratic and union republican. The latter was successful, electing James T. Lewis, governor ; Wyman Spooner, lieutenant governor; Lucius Fairchild, secretary of state; S. D. Hastings, state treasurer; Winfield Smith, attorney general ; J. L. Pickard, state superintendent ; W. H. Ramsay, bank comp- troller; and Henry Cordier, state prison commissioner. War of Secession — Harvey and Salomon's Administration. When Governor Randall turned over to his successor in the gubernatorial chair, the military matters of Wisconsin, he had remaining in the State, either already organized or in process of formation, the Ninth infantry, also the Twelfth up to the Nineteenth inclusive ; three regiments of cavalry ; and ten batteries — First to Tenth inclusive. Colonel Edward Daniels, in the Summer of 1861, was authorized by the war department to recruit and organize one battalion of cavalry in Wisconsin. He was subsequently authorized to raise two more companies. Governor Ran- dall, in October, was authorized to complete the regiment— the First cavalry — by the organiza- tion of six additional companies. The organization of the Second cavalry regiment was author- . ized in the Fall of 1861, as an "independent acceptance," but was finally turned over to the State authorities. Early in November, 1861, the war department issued an order discontinuing enlistments for the cavalry service, and circulars were sent to the different State executives to consolidate all incomplete regiments. Ex-Governor Barstow, by authority of General Fremont, which authority was confirmed by the General Government, had commenced the organization of a cavalry regiment — the Third Wisconsin — when Governor Randall received information that the authority of Barstow had been revoked. The latter, however, soon had his authority restored. In October, Governor Randall was authorized by the war department to raise three additional companies of artillery — Eighth to Tenth inclusive. These three batteries were all filled and went into camp by the close of 1S61. Governor Randall, therefore, besides sending out of the State eleven thousand men, had in process of formation, or fully organized, nine regiments of infantry, three regiments of cavalry, and ten companies of artillery, left behind in ■WISCOXSTX AS A STATE. 79 various camps in the State, to be turned over to his successor. The military officers of Wisconsin were the governor, Louis P. Harvey, commander-in- chief; Brigadier General Augustus Gaylord, adjutant general ; Brigadier General \V. W. Tred- way, quartermaster general; Colonel Edwin R. Wadsworth, commissary general; Brigadier Gen- eral Simeon Mills, paymaster general; Brigadier General E. B. Wolcott, surgeon general; Major M. H. Carpenter, judge advocate; and Colonel William H. Watson, military secretary. As the General Government had taken the recruiting service out of the hands of the executives of the States, and appointed superintendents in their place, the offices of commissary general and paymaster general were no longer necessary; and their time, after the commencement of the administration in Wisconsin of 1862, was employed, so long as tliey continued their respective offices, in settling up the business of each. The office of commissary general was closed about the first of June, 1862; that of paymaster general on the tenth of July following. On the last of August, 1S62, Brigadier General Tredway resigned the position of quartermaster general, and Nathaniel F. Lund was appointed to fill liis place. Upon the convening of the legislature of the State in its regular January session of this year— 1862, Governor Harvey gave, in his message to that body, a full statement of what had been done by Wisconsin in matters appertaining to the war, under the administration of his predecessor. He stated that the State furnished to the service of the General Governmciu under the call for volunteers for three months, one regiment — First Wisconsin ; under the call for volunteers for three years, or the war, ten regiments, numbering from the First re-organizeJ to the Eleventh, excluding the Ninth or German regiment. He gave as the whole number of officers, musicians and privates, in these ten tliree-year regiments, ten thousand one hundred and seventeen. He further stated that there were then organized and awaiting orders, the Ninth, in " Camp Sigel," Milwaukee, numbering nine hundred and forty men, under Colonel Frederick Salomon; the Twelfth, in " Camp Randall," one thousand and thirty-nine men, under Colonel George E. Bryant; the Thirteenth, in "Camp Tredway," Janesville, having nine hundred and nineteen men, commanded by Colonel M. Maloney ; and the Fourteenth, at " Camp Wood," Fond du Lac, eight hundred and fifty men, under Colonel D. E. Wood. The Fifteenth or Scandinavian regiment. Colonel H. C. Heg, seven hundred men, and the Sixteenth, Colonel Benjamin Allen, nine hundred men, were at that time at "Camp Randall," in near readiness for marching orders. The Seventeenth (Irish) regiment, Colonel J. L. Doran, and the Eighteenth, Colonel James S. Alban, had their full number of companies in readiness, lacking one, and had been notified to go into camp — the former at Madison, the latter at Milwaukee. Seven companies of artillery, numbering together one thousand and fifty men, had remained for a considerable time in " Camp Utley," Racine, impatient of the delays of the General Govern- ment in calling them to move forward. Three additional companies of artillery were about going into camp, numbering three hundred and thirty-four men. Besides these, the State had furnished, as already mentioned, an independent company of cavalry, then in Missouri, raised by Captain Von Deutsch, of eighty-one men ; a company of one hundred and four men for Bcr- dan's sharpshooters; and an additional company for the Second regiment, of about eighty men. 'I'hree regiments of cavalry — the First, Colonel E. Daniels; the Second, Colonel C. C. Washburn; and the Third, Colonel W. A. Barstow; were being organized. They numbered together, two thou- sand four hundred and fifty men. The Nineteenth (independent) regiment was rapidly organ- izing under the direction of the General Government, by Colonel H. T. Sanders, Racine. Not bringing this last regiment into view, the State had, at the commencement of Governor Harvey's administration, including the First, three-months' regiment, either in the service of the United States or organizing for it, a total of twenty-one thousand seven hundred and eighty-three men. 80 HISTORY or WISCONSIN. The legislature at its regular session of 1862, passed a law making it necessary to present all claims which were made payable out of the war fund, within twelve months from the time they accrued ; a law was also passed authorizing the investment of the principal of the school fund in the bonds of the state issued for war purposes ; another, amendatory of the act of the extra session of T^6i, granting exemption to persons enrolled in the military service, so as to except persons acting as fiduciary agents, either as executors or administrators, or guardians or trustees, or persons defrauding the State, or any school district of moneys belonging to the same; also author- izing a stay of proceedings in foreclosures of mortgages, by advertisements. " The State Aid Law" was amended so as to apply to all regiments of infantry, cavalry, artillery and sharpshooters, defining the rights of families, fixing penalties for the issue of false papers, and imposing duties on military officers in the field to make certain reports. These amendments only included regi- ments and companies organized up to and including the Twentieth, which was in process of organization before the close of the session. A law was also passed suspending the sale of lands mortgaged to the State, or held by volunteers ; another defining the duties of the allotment com- missioners appointed by the president of the United States, and fixing their compensation. One authorized the issuing of bonds for two hundred thousand dollars for war purposes ; one author- ized a temporary loan from the general fund to pay State aid to volunteers ; and one, the appoint- ment of a joint committee to investigate the sale of war bonds; while another authorized the governor to appoint surgeons to batteries, and assistant surgeons to cavalry regiments. The legislature, it will be remembered, took a recess from the seventh of April to the third of June, 1862. Upon its re-assembling, .... act was passed providing . jr the discontinuance of the active services of the paymaster general, quartermaster general and commissary general. Another act appropriated twenty thousand dollars to enable the governor to care for the sick and wounded soldiers of the State. There was also another act passed authorizing the auditing, by the quartermaster general, of bills for subsistence and transportation of the Wisconsin cavalry regiments. At the extra session called by Governor Salomon, for the tenth of September, 1862, an amendment was made to the law granting aid to families of volunteers, by including all regi- ments of cavalry, infantry, or batteries of artillery before that time raised in the State, or that might afterward be raised and mustered into the United States service. It also authorized the levying of a State tax of two hundred and seventy-five thousand dollars to be placed to the credit of the war fund and used in the payment of warrants for "State Aid" to families of volunteers. -Vnother law authorized commissioned officers out of the State to administer oaths and take acknowledgments of deeds and other papers. One act authorized soldiers in the field, although out of the State, to e.xercise the right of suffrage ; and another gave towns, cities, incorporated villages and counties the authority to raise money to pay bounties to volunteers. On the fifth of August, 1862, Governor Salomon received from the war department a dispatch stating that orders had been issued for a draft of three hundred thousand men to be immediately called into the service of the United States, to serve for nine months unless sooner discharged ; that if the State quota under a call made July 2, of that year, for three hundred thousand vol- unteers, was not filled by the fifteenth of August, the deficiency would be made up by draft ; and that the secretary of war would assign the quotas to the States and establish regulations for the draft. On the eighth of that month, the governor of the Stale was ordered to immediately cause an enrollment of all able-bodied citizens between eighteen and forty-five years of age, by counties. Governor Salomon was authorized to appoint proper officers, and the United States promised to pay all reasonable expenses. The quota for Wisconsin, under the call for nine months' men, was eleven thousand nine hundred and four. The draft was made by the governor in obedience tu the order he had received from Washington ; but such had been the volunteering under the stim- WISCONSIN" AS A STATE. 81 ulus caused by a fear of it, that only four thousand five hundred and tliirty-seven men were drafted. This was the first and only draft made in Wisconsin by the Stale authorities. Subsequent ones were made under the direction of the provost marshal general at Wash- ington. The enlisting, organization and mustering into the United States service during Randal/s administration of thirteen regiments of infantry — the First to the Thirteenth inclusive, and the marching of ten of them out of the State before the close of 1861, also, of one company of cavalry under Captain Von Deutsch and one company of sharpshooters under Captain Alexander, con- stituted the effective aid abroad of Wisconsin during that year to suppress the rebellion. But for the year 1S62, this aid, as to number of organizations, was more than doubled, as will now be shown. The Ninth regiment left " Camp Sigel," Milwaukee, under command of Colonel Freder.ck Salomon, on the twenty-second of January, 1862, numbering thirty-nine officers and eight hun dred and eighty-four men, to report at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas. The Twelfth infantry left Wisconsin under command of Colonel George E. Bryant, ten hundred and forty-five strong, the eleventh of January, 1862, with orders to report at Weston, Missouri. The Thirteenth regiment — Colonel Maurice Maloney — left "Camp Tredway," Janesville, on the eighteenth of January, i862j nine hundred and seventy strong, under orders to report at Leavenworth, Kansas, where it arrived on the twenty-third. The Fourteenth regiment of infantry departed from " Camp Wood," Fond du Lac, under command of Colonel David E. Wood, for St. Louis, Missouri, on the eightii of March, 1862, it having been mustered into the United States service on the thirtieth of January previous. Its total strength was nine hundred and seventy officers and men. It arrived at its destination on the tenth of March, and went into quarters at " Benton Barracks." The Fifteenth regiment, mostly recruited from the Scandinavian population of Wisconsin, was organized at " Camp Randall," Madison — Hans C. Heg as colonel. Its muster into the United States service was completed on the fourteenth of February, 1862, it leaving the State for St. Louis, Missouri, on the second of March following, with a total strength of eight hundred and one officers and men. The Sixteenth regiment was organized at "Camp Randall," and was mustered into the service on the last day of January, 1862, leaving the State, with Benjamin Allen as colonel, for St. Louis on the thirteenth of March ensuing, having a total strength of one thousand and sixty-six. The reg. mental organization of the Seventeenth infantry (Irish), Colonel John L. Doran, was effected at " Camp Randall," and the mustering in of the men completed on the fifteenth of March, 1862, the regiment leaving the State on the twenty-third for St. Louis The Eighteenth regiment organized at " Camp Trowbridge," Milwaukee — James S. Alban, colonel — completed its muster into the United States service on the fifteenth of March, 1862, and left the State for St. Louis on the thirtieth, reaching their point of destination on the thirty- first. The Nineteenth infantry rendezvoused at Racine as an independent regiment, its colonel, Horace T. Sanders, being commissioned by the war department. The men were mustered into the service as fast as they were enlisted. Independent organizations being abolished, by an order from Washington, tiie Nineteenth was placed on the same footing as other regiments in the State. On the twentieth of April, 1S62, the regiment was ordered to " Camp Randall " to guard rebel prisoners. Here the mustering in was completed, numbering in all nine hundred and seventy-three. They left the State for Washington on the second of June. 82 HISTORY OF WlSCONSESr. The muster into the United States service of the Twentieth regiment — Bertine Pinckney, colonel — was completed on the twenty-third of August, 186;?, at "Camp Randall," the original strength being nine hundred and ninety. On the thirtieth of August the regiment left the State for St. Louis. The Twenty-first infantry was organized at Oshkosh, being mustered in on the fifth of Sep- tember, 1862, with a force of one thousand and two, all told — Benjamin J. Sweet, colonel — leaving the State for Cincinnati on the eleventh. The Twenty-second regiment — Colonel William L. Utley — was organized at " Camp Utley," Racine, and mustered in on the second of September, 1862. Its original strength was one thou- sand and nine. It left the State for Cincinnati on the sixteenth. On the thirtieth of August, 1862, the Twenty-third regiment — Colonel Joshua J. Guppey — was mustered in at "Camp Randall," leaving Madison for Cincinnati on the fifteenth. The Twenty-fourth infantry rendezvoused at " Camp Sigel," Milwaukee. Its muster in was completed on the twenty-first of August, 1862, the regiment leaving the State under Colonel Charles H. Larrabee, for Kentucky, on the fifth of September, one thousand strong. On the fourteenth of September, 1862, at " Camp Salomon," LaCrosse, the Twenty-fifth regiment was mustered into the service — Milton Montgomery, colonel. They left the State on the nineteenth with orders to report to General Pope, at St. Paul, Minnesota, to aid in suppress- ing the Indian difficulties in that State. Their entire strength was one thousand and eighteen. The regiment, after contributing to the preservation of tranquillity among the settlers, and deterring the Indians from hostilities, returned to Wisconsin, arriving at " Camp Randall " on the eighteenth of December, 1862. The Twenty-sixth — almost wholly a German regiment — was mustered into the service at "Camp Sigel," Milwaukee, on the seventeenth of September, 1862. The regiment, under com- mand of Colonel William H. Jacobs, left the State for Washington city on the sixth of October, one thousand strong. The Twenty-seventh infantry was ordered to rendezvous at "Camp Sigel," Milwaukee, on the seventeenth of September, 1862; but the discontinuance of recruiting for new regiments in August left the Twenty-seventh with only seven companies full. An order authorizing the recruiting of three more companies was received, and under the supervision of Colonel Conrad Krez the organization was completed, but the regiment at the close of the year had not been mustered into the service. On the twenty-fourth of October, 1862, the Twenty-eighth regiment — James M. Lewis, of Oconomowoc, colonel — -was mustered into the United States service at "Camp Washburn," Mil- waukee. Its strength was nine hundred and sixty-one. In November, the regiment was employed in arresting and guarding the draft rioters in Ozaukee county. It left the State for Columbus, Kentucky, on the twentieth of December, where they arrived on the twenty-second ; remaining there until the fifth of January, 1863. The Twenty-ninth infantry — Colonel Charles R. Gill — was organized at " Camp Randall," where its muster into the United States service was completed on the twenty-seventh of Sep- tember, 1862, the regiment leaving the State for Cairo, Illinois, on the second of November. The Thirtieth regiment, organized at "Camp Randall" under the supervision of Colonel Daniel J. Dill, completed its muster into the United States service on the twenty-first of October, 1862, with a strength of nine hundred and six. On the sixteenth of November, one company of the Thirtieth was sent to Green Bay to protect the draft commissioner, remaining several weeks. On the eighteenth, seven companies moved to Milwaukee to assist in enforcing the draft in Mil- waukee county, while two companies remained in " Camp Randall" to guard Ozaukee rioters. WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 83 On the twenty-second, six companies from Milwaukee went to West Bend, Washington county, one company returning to "Camp Randall." After the completion of the draft in Washington county, four companies returned to camp, while two companies were engaged in gathering up the drafted men. The final and complete organization of the Thirty-first infantry — Colonel Isaac E. Mess- more — was not concluded during the year 1862. The Thirty-second regiment, organized at "Camp Bragg," Oshkosh, with James H. Howe as colonel, was mustered into the service on the twenty-fifth of September, 1862 ; and, on the thirtieth of October, leaving the State, it proceeded by way of Chicago and Cairo to Memphis, Tennessee, going into camp on the third of November. The original strength of the Thirty- second was nine hundred and ninety-three. The Thirty-third infantry — Colonel Jonathan B. Moore — mustered in on the eighteenth of October, 1862, at " Camp Utley," Racine, left the State, eight hundred and ninety-two strong, moving by way of Chicago to Cairo. The Thirty-fourth regiment, drafted men, original strength nine hundred and si.\ty-one — Colonel Fritz Anneke — -had its muster into service for nine months completed at " Camp Wash- burn," Milwaukee, on the last day of the year 1862. Of the twenty-four infantry regiments, numbered from the Twelfth to the Thirty-fourth inclusive, and including also the Ninth, three — the Ninth, Twelfth, and Thirteenth — were mus- tered into the United States service in 1861. The whole of the residue were mustered in during the year 1862, except the Twenty-seventh and the Thirty-first. All were sent out of the State during 1862, except the last two mentioned and the Twenty-fifth, Thirtieth, and Thirty-fourth. The First regiment of cavalry — Colonel Edward Daniels — perfected its organization at " Camp Harvey," Kenosha. Its muster into the United States service was completed on the eigluh of March, 1862, the regiment leaving the State for St. Louis on the seventeenth, with a strength of eleven hundred and twenty-four. The muster of the Second Wisconsin cavalry was completed on the twelfth of March, 1862, at "Camp Washburn," Milwaukee, the regiment leaving the State for St. Louis on the twenty- fourth, eleven hundred and twenty-seven strong. It was under the command of Cadwallader C. Washburn as colonel. The Third Wisconsin cavalry — Colonel William A. Barstow — was mustered in at " Camp Barstow," Janesville. The muster was completed on the 31st of January, 1862, the regiment leaving the State on the 26th of March for St. Louis, with a strength of eleven hundred and eighty-six. The original project of forming a regiment of light artillery in Wisconsin was overruled by the war department, and the several batteries were sent from the State as independent organizations. The First battery — Captain Jacob T. Foster — perfected its organization at "Camp Utley," where the company was mustered in, it leaving the State with a strength of one hundred and fifty-five, on the 23d of January, 1862, for Louisville, where the battery went into "Camp Irvine," near that city. The Second batter) — Captain Ernest F. Herzberg — was mustered into the service at "Camp Utley," October 10, 1861, the company numbering one hundred and fifty- three. It left the State for Baltimore, on the 21st of January, 1862. The Third battery — Cap- tain L. H. Drury — completed its organization of one hundred and seventy at " Camp Utley," and was mustered in October 10, 1861, leaving the State for Louisville, on the 23d of January, t862. The Fourth battery — Captain John F. Vallee — rendezvoused at "Camp Utley." Its muster in was completed on the ist of October, 1861, its whole force being one hundred and fifty one. The company left the State for Baltimore on the 21st of January, 1862. The Fifth bat- 84 HISTOEY or WISCOKSIN. tery, commanded by Captain Oscar F. Pinney, was mustered in on the ist of October, 1861, ui " Camp Utley," leaving the State for St. Louis, on the 15th of March, 1862, one hundred and fifty-five strong. The Sixth battery — Captain Henry Dillon — was mustered in on the 2d of October, 1861, at " Camp Utley," leaving the State for St. Louis, March 15, 1862, with a numer- ical strength of one hundred and fifty-seven. The Seventh battery — Captain Richard R. Grif- fiths — was mustered in on the 4th of October, 1S61, at " Camp Utley," and proceeded on the 15th of March, 1862, with the Fifth and Sixth batteries to St. Louis. The Eighth battery, com- manded by Captain Stephen J. Carpenter, was mustered in on the 8th of January, 1862, at "Camp Utley," and left the State on the i8th of March following, for St. Louis, one hundred and sixty-one strong. The Ninth battery, under command of Captain Cyrus H. Johnson, was organ- ized at Burlington, Racine county. It was mustered in on the' 7th of January, 1862, leaving " Camp Utley " for St. Louis, on the i8th of March. At St. Louis, their complement of men — one hundred and fifty-five — was made up by the transfer of forty-five from another battery. The Tenth battery — Captain Yates V. Bebee— after being mustered in at Milwaukee, on the loth of February, 1862, left "Camp Utley," Racine, on the i8th of March for St. Louis, one hundred and seventeen strong. The Eleventh battery — Captain John O'Rourke — was made up of the "Oconto Irish Guards " and a detachment of Illinois recruits. The company was organized at " Camp Douglas," Chicago, in the Spring of 1862. Early in 1862, William A. Pile succeeded in enlisting ninety-nine men as a company to be known as the Twelfth battery. The men were mustered in and sent forward in squads to St. Louis. Captain Pile's commission was revoked on the i8th of July. His place was filled by William Zickrick. These twelve batteries were all that left the State in 1862. To these are to be added the three regiments of cavalry and the nineteen regi- ments of infantry, as the effective force sent out during the year by Wisconsin. The military officers of the State, at the commencement of 1863, were Edward Salomon, governor and commander-in-chief; Brigadier General Augustus Gaylord, adjutant general; Colonel S. Nye Gibbs, assistant adjutant general; Brigadier General Nathaniel F. Lund, quartermaster general; Brigadier General E. B. Wolcott, surgeon general; and Colonel W. H. Watson, military secretary. The two incomplete regiments of 1862^ — • the Twenty-seventh and Thirty-first volunteers — were completed and in the field in March, 1863. The former was mustered in at " Camp Sigel " — Colonel Conrad Krez — on the 7th of March, and left the State, eight hundred and sixty-five strong, on the i6th for Columbus, Kentucky; the latter, under command of Colonel Isaac E. Messmore, with a strength of eight hundred and seventy-eight, left Wisconsin on the ist of March, for Cairo, Illinois. The Thirty-fourth (drafted) regiment left "Camp Washburn," Milwaukee, on the 31st of January, 1863, for Columbus, Kentucky, numbering nine hundred and sixty-one, commanded by Colonel Fritz Anneke. On the 17th of February, 1863, the Twenty-fifth regiment left "Camp Randall" for Cairo, Illinois. The Thirtieth regiment remained in Wisconsin during the whole of 1863, performing various duties — the only one of the whole thirty-four that, at the end of that year, had not left the State. On the 14th of January, 1863, the legislature of Wisconsin, as before stated, convened at Madison. Governor Salomon, in his message to that body, gave a summary of the transac- tions of the war fund during the calendar year; also of what was done in 1862, in the recruiting of military forces, and the manner in which the calls of the president were responded to. There were a number of military laws passed at this session. A multitude of special acts authorizing towns to raise bounties for volunteers, were also passed. No additional regiments of infantry besides those already mentioned were organized in 1863, although recruiting for old regiments continued. On the 3d of March, 1S63, the congress of the United States passed the "Conscription Act." Under this act, Wisconsin was divided WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 85 into six districts. In the first district, I. M. Bean was appointed provost marshal; C. M. I'.aker, commissioner; and J. B. Dousinan, examining surgeon. Headquarters of this district was at Milwaukee. In the second district, S. J. M. Putnam was appointed provost marshal ; L. B. Caswell, commissioner; and Dr. C. R. Head, examining surgeon. Headquarters of this district was at Janesville. In the third district, J. G. Clark was appointed provost marshal; E. E. Byant, commissioner ; and John H. Vivian, examining surgeon. Headquarters at Prairie du Chien. In the fourth district, E. L. Phillips was appointed provost marshal; Charles r.urchard, commissioner; and L. H. Cary, examining surgeon. Headquarters at Fond du Lac. In the fifth district, C. R. Merrill was appointed provost marshal ; William A. Bugh, commissioner ; and H. O. Crane, examining surgeon. Headquarters at Green Bay. In the sixth district, B. F. Cooper was appointed provost marshal; L. S. Fisher, commissioner; and D. D. Cameron, examining surgeon. Headquarters at LaCrosse. The task of enrolling the State was commenced in the month of May, and was proceeded with to its completion. The nine months' term of service of the Thirty-fourth regiment, drafted militia, having expired, the regiment was mustered out of service on the Slh of September. The enrollment in Wisconsin of all persons liable to the "Conscription" amounted to 121,202. A draft was ordered to take place in November. Nearly fifteen thousand were drafted, only six hundred and twenty-eight of whom were mustered in ; the residue either furnished substitutes, were discharged, failed to report, or paid commutation. In the Summer of 1S61, Company " K," Captain Langworthy, of the Second Wisconsin infantry, was detached and placed on duty as heavy artillery. His company was designated as "A," First Regiment Heavy Artillery. Tiiis was the only one organized until the Summer of 1863; but its organization was effected outside the State. Three companies were necessary to add to company " A " to complete the battalion. Batteries " B," "' C " and " D " were, therefore, organized in Wisconsin, all leaving the State in October and November, 1863. Ninth Admixist ration — J.^mes T. Lewis, Governor — 1S64-1865. James T. Lewis, of Columbia county, was inaugurated governor of Wisconsin on the fourth of January, 1864. In an inaugural address, the incoming governor pledged himself to use no executive patronage for a re-election; declared he would administer the government without prejudice or partiality ; and committed himself to an ecoaomical administration of affairs con- nected with the State. On the thirteenth the legislature met in its seventeenth regular session. W. W. Field was elected speaker of the assembly. The republican and union men were in the majority in this legislature. A number of acts were passed relative to military matters. On the ist day of October, J. L. Pickard having resigned as superintendent of public instruction, J. G. McMynn was, by the governor, appointed to fill the vacancy. On the fif- teenth of November, Governor Lewis appointed Jason Downer an associate justice of the supreme court, to fill a vacancy caused by the resignation of Judge Byron Paine, who had resigned his position to take effect on that day, in order to accei)t the position of lieutenant colonel of one of the regiments of Wisconsin, to which he had been commissioned on the tenth of August previous. The November elections of this year were entered into with great zeal by the two parties, owing to the fact that a president and vice president of the United States were to be chosen. The republicans were victorious. Electors of that party cast their eight votes for Lincoln and Johnson. The members elected to the thirty - ninth congress from Wisconsin at this election were : from the first district, H. E. Paine ; from the second, I. C. Sloan ; from the third, Amasa Cobb; from the fourth, C. A. Eldredge; from the fifth, Philetus Sawyer; and 86 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. from the sixth district, W. D. Mclndoe. All were^ republicans except Eldredge, who was elected as a democrat. The Eighteenth regular session of the Wisconsin legislature began in Madison on the elev- enth of Januarj', 1865. W. W. Field was elected speaker of the assembly. The legislature was, as to its political complexion, "Republican Union." On the tenth of April, the last day of the session, Governor Lewis informed the legislature that General Lee and his arrhy had' sur- rendered. " Four years ago," said he, "on the day fixed for adjournment, the sad news of the fall of Fort Sumter was transmitted to the legislature. To-day, thank God! and next to Him the brave officers and soldiers of our army and navy, I am permitted to transmit to you the official intelligence, just received, of the surrender of General Lee and his army, the last prop of the rebellion. Let us rejoice, and thank the Ruler of the Universe for victory and the pros- pects of an honorable peace." In February preceding, both houses ratified the constitutional amendment abolishing slavery in the United States. At the Spring election, Jason Downer was chosen associate justice of the supreme court for a full term of six years. The twentieth of April was set apart by the governor as a day of thanksgiving for the overthrow of the rebellion and restoration of peace. At the Fall election both parties, republican and democratic, had tickets in the field. The republicans were victorious, electing Lucius Fairchild, governor; Wyman Spooner, lieutenant governor; Thomas S. Allen, secretary of state; William E. Smith, state treasurer; Charles R. Gill, attorney general; John G. McMynn, superintendent of public instruction; J. M. Rusk, bank comptroller; and Henry Cordier, state prison commis- sioner. War of Secession — Lewis' Administration. The military officers for 1864 were besides the governor (who was commander-in-chief) Brigadier General Augustus Gaylord, adjutant general; Colonel S. Nye Gibbs, assistant adju- tant general ; Brigadier General Nathaniel F. Lund, quartermaster and commissary general, and chief of ordnance; Brigadier General E. B. Wolcott, surgeon general; and Colonel Frank H. Firmin, military secretary. The legislature met at Madison on the 13th of January, 1864. "In response to the call of the General Governlnent," said the governor, in his message to that body, " Wisconsin had sent to the field on the first day of November last, exclusive of three months' men, thirty - four regiments of infantry, three regiments and one company of cavalry, twelve batteries of light artillery, three batteries of heavy artillery, and one company of sharp- shooters, making an aggregate of forty-one thousand seven hundred and seventy-five men." Quite a number of laws were passed at this session of the legislature relative to military matters : three were acts to authorize towns, cities and villages to raise money by tax for the payment of bounties to volunteers; one revised, amended and consolidated all laws relative to extra pay to Wisconsin soldiers in the service of the United States ; one provided for the proper reception by the State, of Wisconsin volunteers returning from the field of service; another repealed the law relative to allotment commissioners. One was passed authorizing the gov- ernor to purchase flags for regiments or batteries whose flags were lost or destroyed in the service : another was passed amending the law suspending the sale of lands mortgaged to tlie State or held by volunteers, so as to apply to drafted men; another provided for levying a State tax of $200,000 for the support of families of volunteers. A law was passed authorizing the governor to take care of the sick and wounded soldiers of Wisconsin, and appropriated ten thousand dollars for that purpose. Twq other acts authorized the borrowing of money for repel- ling invasion, suppressing insurrection, and defending the State in time of war. One act pro- hibited the taking of fees for procuring volunteers' extra bounty ; another one defined the resi- dence of certain soldiers from this St:;,te in the service of the United States, who had received WISCONSIN AS A STATE. 87 local boiuities from towns other than their proper places of residence. At the commencement of 1864, there were recruiting in the State the Thirty-fifth regiment of infantry and the Thirteenth battery. The latter was mustered in on the 29th of December, 1863, and left the State for New Orleans on the 28th of January, 1864. In February, authority was given by the war department to organize the Thirty-si.xth regiment of infantry. On the 27th of that month, the mustering in of the Thirty-fifth was completed at " Camp Washburn " — Colonel Henry Orfl" — the regiment, one tliousand and sixty-si.\ strong, leaving the State on the i8th of April, 1864, for Alexandria, Louisiana. The other regiments, recruited and mustered into the service of the United States during the year 1864, were: the Thirty-sixth — Colonel Frank A. Haskell; the Thirty-seventh — Colonel Sam Harriman ; the Thirty-eighth — Colonel James Bintliff; the Thirty -ninth — Colonel Edwin L. Buttrick; the Fortieth — Colonel W. Augustus Ray; the Forty-first — Lieutenant Colonel George B. Goodwin; the Forty-second — Colonel Ezra T. Sprague; the Forty-third — Culonel .\masa Cobb. The regiments mustered into the service of the United States during the year 1865 were: the Forty-fourth — Colonel George C. Symes ; the Forty-fifth — Colonel Henry F. Belitz; Forty- sixth — Colonel Frederick S. Lovell ; Forty-seventh — Colonel George C. Ginty ; Forty-eighth — Colonel Uri B. Pearsall ; Forty-ninth — Colonel Samuel Fallows; Fiftieth — Colonel John G. Clark; Fifty-first — Colonel Leonard Martin; Fifty-second — Lieutenant Colonel Hiram J. Lewis ; and Fifty-third — Lieutenant Colonel Robert T. Pugh. All of the fifty-three regiments of infantry raised in Wisconsin during the war, sooner or later moved to the South and were engaged there in one way or other, in aiding to suppress the rebellion. Twelve of tliese regiments were assigned to duty in the eastern division, which con- stituted the territory on both sides of the Potomac and upon the seaboard from Baltimore to Savannah. These twelve regiments were: the First (three months). Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Nineteenth, Twenty-sixth, Thirty-sixth, Tliirty-seventh, and Thirty-eighth. Ten regiments were assigned to the central division, including Kentucky, Tennessee, Northern .\labama, and Georgia. These ten were: the Tenth, Twenty-first, Twenty-second, Twenty- fourth, Thirtieth, Forty-third, Forty-fourth, Forty-fifth, Forty-sixtii, and Forty-seventh. Added to these was the First (re-organized). Thirty-one regiments were ordered to the western division, embracing the country west and northwest of the central division. These were: the Eighth, Ninth, Eleventh, Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fourteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seventeenth, Eighteenth, Twentieth, Twenty-third, Twenty-fifth, Twenty-seventh, Twenty-eighth, Twenty-ninth, Thirty-first, Thirty-second, Thirty-third, Thirty-fourth, Thirty-fifth, Thirty-ninth, Fortieth, Forty-first, Forty- second, Forty-eighth, Forty-iiinth, Fiftieth, Fifty-first, Fifty-second, and Fifty-third. During the war several transfers were made from one district to another. There were taken from the eastern division, the Third and Twenty-sixth, and sent to the central division; also the Fourth, which was sent to the department of the gulf. The Twelfth, Thirteenth, Fifteenth, Sixteenth, Seven- teenth, Eighteenth, Twenty-fifth, Thirtieth, Thirty-first and Thirty-second were transferred from the western to the central department. The four regiments of cavelry were assigned to the western division — the First regiment being afterward transferred to the central division. Of the thirteen batteries of light artillery, the Second, Fourth, and Eleventh, were assigned to the eastern division ; the First and Third, to the central division ; the Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, Eighth, Ninth, Tenth, Twelfth, and Thirteenth, to the western division. During the war, the First was transferred to the western division ; while the Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, Tenth, and Twelfth, were transferred to the central division. Of the twelve batteries of the First regiment of heavy artillery — "A," "E," "F," "G," "H," "I," "K," "L," and "M," were assigned to duty in the eastern division ; "B" and "C," to the central 88 illSTORY OF WISCOXSIX. division; and "D," to tlie western division. Company "G," First regiment Berdan's sharp- shooters, was assigned to the eastern division. The military officers of the State for 1865 were the same as the previous year, except that Brigadier General Lund resigned his position as quartermaster general, James M. Lynch being appointed in his place. The legislature of this year met in Madison on the nth of January. "To the calls of the Government for troops," said Governor Lewis, in his message, " no State has responded with greater alacrity than has Wisconsin. She has sent to the field, since the commencement of the war, forty-four regiments of infantry, four regiments and one company of cavalry, one regiment of heavy artillery, thirteen batteries of light artillery, and one company of sharpshooters, making an aggregate (exclusive of hundred day men) of seventy-five thousand one hundred and thirty-three men." Several military laws were passed at this session : one authorizing cities, towns, and villages to pay bounties to volunteers; another, incorporating the Wisconsin Soldiers' Home; two others, amending the act relative "to the commencement and prosecution of civil actions against persons in the military service of the country." One was passed authorizing the payment of salaries, clerk hire, and expenses, of the offices of the adjutant general and quartermaster general from the war fund ; another, amending the act authorizing commissioned officers to take acknowledg- ment of deeds, affidavits and depositions; another, amending the act extending the right of suffrage to soldiers in the field. One act provides for correcting and completing the records of the adjutant general's office, relative to the military history of the individual members of the several military organizations of this State; another fixes the salary of the adjutant general and the quartermaster general, and their clerks and assistants; another prohibits volunteer or sub- stitute brokerage. One act was passed supplementary and explanatory of a previous one of the same session, authorizing towns, cities, or villages, to raise money to pay bounties to volunteers ; another, amending a law of 1864, relating to the relief of soldiers' families; and another, pro- viding for the establishment of State agencies for the relief and care of sick, wounded, and disabled Wisconsin soldiers. There was an act also passed, authorizing the borrowing of money for a period not exceeding seven months, to repel invasion, sujipress insurrection, and defend the State in time of war, — the amount not to exceed $850,000. On the 13th of April, 1865, orders were received to discontinue recruiting in Wisconsin, and to discharge all drafted men who had not been mustered in. About the! first of May, orders were issued for the muster out of all organizations whose term of service would expire on or before the first of the ensuing October. As a consequence, many Wisconsin soldiers were soon on their way home. State military officers devoted their time to the reception of returning regiments, to their payment by the United States, and to settling with those who were entitled to extra pay from the State. Finally, their employment ceased — the last soldier was mustered out —the War of the Rebellion was at an end. Wisconsin had furnished to the federal army during the conflict over ninety thousand men, a considerable number more than the several requisitions of the General Government called for. Nearly eleven thousand of these were killed or died of wounds received in battle, or fell victims to diseases contracted in the military service, to say nothing of those who died after their discharge, and whose deaths do not appear upon the mili- tary records. Nearly twelve million dollars were expended by the State authorities, and the people of the several counties and towns throughout the State, in their efforts to sustain the National Government. Wisconsin feels, as well she may, proud of her record made in defense of national existence. Shoulder to shoulder with the other loyal States of the Union, she stood — always ranking among the foremost. From her workshops, her farms, her extensive pineries, she poured forth stalwart WISCOA^SIX AS A STATE. 89 men, to fill up the organizations which she sent to the field. The blood of these brave men drenched almost every battle-field from Pennsylvania to the Rio Grande, from Missouri to Georgia. To chronicle the deeds and exploits — the heroic achievements — the noble enthusiasm — of the various regiments and military organizations sent by her to do battle against the hydra- headed monster secession — would be a lengthy but pleasant task ; but these stirring annals belong to the history of our whole country. Therein will be told the story which, to the latest time in the existence of this republic, will be read with wonder and astonishment. But an out- line of the action of the State authorities and their labors, and of the origin of the various military organizations, in Wisconsin, to aid in the suppression of the rebellion, must needs contain a reference to other helps employed — mostly incidental, in many cases wholly charitable but none the less effective : the sanitary operations of the State during the rebellion. Foremost among the sanitary operations of Wisconsin during the war of the rebellion was the organization of the surgeon general's department — to the end that the troops sent to the field from the State should have a complete and adequate supply of medicine and instruments as well as an efficient medical staff. In 1861, Governor Randall introduced the practice of appoint- ing agents to travel with the regiments to the field, who were to take charge of the sick. The practice was not continued by Governor Harvey. On the 17th of June, 1862, an act of the legislature became a law authorizing the governor to take care of the sick and wounded soldiers of Wisconsin, and appropriated twenty thousand dollars for that purpose. Under this law several expeditions were sent out of the State to look after the unfortunate sons who were suffering from disease or wounds. Soldiers' aid societies were formed throughout the State soon after the opening scenes of the rebellion. When temporary sanitary operations were no longer a necessity in Wisconsin, there followed two military benevolent institutions intended to be of a permanent character : the Soldiers' Home at Milwaukee, and the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at Madison. The latter, however, has been discontinued. The former, started as a State institu- tion, is now wholly under the direction and support of the General Government. Whether in the promptitude of her responses to the calls made on her by the General Govern- ment, in the courage or constancy of her soldiery in the field, or in the wisdom and efficiency with which her civil administration was conducted during the trying period covered by the war of the rebellion, Wisconsin proved herself the peer of any loyal State. TABULAR STATEMENT. We publish on the following pages the report of the Adjutant General at the close of the war, but before all the Wisconsin organizations had been mustered out. It shows that 85,000 brave men were ready to forsake home, friends and the comforts of peaceful avocations, and offer their lives in defense of their country's honor. Twenty-two out of every hundred either died, were killed or wounded. Thirteen out of every hundred found a soldier's grave, while only 60 per cent of them marched home at the end of the war. Monuments may crumble, cities fall into decay, the tooth of time leave its impress on all the works of man, but the memory of the gallant deeds of the army of the Union in the great war of the rebellion, in which the sons of Wisconsin bore so conspicuous a part, will live in the minds of men so long as time and civilized governments endure. 90 s i mo eSjiiqosid CDCO:^OOC0030'-HCDC^cD--r--^CCOOiOiO(Nf--tCCr-'~t.'tC^GC^Tj*Ol^C;0 t--«t'»^GO (-•GiO'^Oi— t^(NOi<--'r--Mc^oOQO"^:D'^c^:ooiXcC':ccc-*c-)aO'*— aDt~oot----c:o c^"*0'*u3'^cCf--'cocoo;co'^c^co'^c<)coc^c^-HC^i^iT-iC"iC^(:Nt-icOf--ii-Hi--«,-Hi--.rir-«c>i •jejsa«x 'nDi;j3S3»io-*cccicc CS'M(NC^COCOC^i-HC^CO(M.-'• t™ -^ Ci '— 1^ C^. ~. 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S ;S a S a ■£ "ri a ^^ . t: a - ^ ^ -^ S fe s _ vj pu * t>»^ a a c '5 4) i) O " -- £ >^ „ •^ "a ^ 5 J t -S 5 !S I ^ -g taw-fcitt-i^ooinajCja •5 «= w J .s .i .S S .? .b .? .? i r -E jqja-ajqPH-a-ajqj3 o o o E-IHH6H* E-iE->S GO® o . d = <£•§ .2 = i ■a JS ._ «M ua ;- i< & 000 b b( ts< 91 00 X 'xt^cioci'— cot-i^i— 'C^coc^^c^osoiCNoc^ooO(^J•-'»-0'(P- 70>O>— -1^ "**'C0i:0Q0OC0':0U3»0^i— -t c^ ci<:0'-'C0'^ r* ,-. ->) ^ t- O 00 o Oi CO O— ' O CO O X o r- ^f cs .-H !■- lO uo c; CO c» CO i-< CO C^ FN CO T-< Tl< 00 X : o ^ t. c C r3 3 O s = B'3 ^ ^" C = a b B — s s *5 ^ 1-- X :i> 'M — -^ O 1— NC^X-V-^XX c. jsxciaix-^co ^r-ot-ooocoO'-'i-ot— Xi-«oi--t^c:o C^C^X-^XOOr-iOi-OiOiOfXJOrliXOliO .-.1— .1-hO .-i.-(FHi-.r-.i-.i-Hr-«.-H r-t 9 c s o e: tct = >, 9t a = -~ a >> - 't: •5S I „ .a — "c P-a- « S M = — m S. J;^ ^ o) a) 4* V to V t* ^ -511.2 M- te tK-RjS 3 12 .S? (^ .5P-J J -" .£p-£f :: J J J >. " fc> L. t. b^ t. b o} r. a> : u .«! o . "^ «S ■» ffl " -*- fU *^ >* "^ ^^ _i t- <<<< >> >. B»> ;>» >. . ^ &■ u ^ u (^ >% >, t^ ^ s -a d a — E— -S3^wC"E - *'^ ^ T3 3«-o fcfc':'=<=;>=— t- t 5 •= = .-= Ui :r^ r- b« K^ >- -^ i: :i *• i S 1= » a > ^ a r P% >> j>^ >. >. .2--~ — 2-SMa-,a- - - - ,* ^ 3 "^ C ^ ee ^ >>>>>-»>%>»' U. fc. t* u t« t- (-■' «3"ao I ii.al§.5 §-"■-- = = = = "= = = = = = = = _« Cj .?:0 ^ cfl ci c! =; - 92 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Tenth Administration. — Lucius Fairchild, Governor — 1866-1867. The inauguration of the newly elected State officers took place on Monday, January j, 1866. The legislature, in its nineteenth regular session, convened on the tenth. H. D. Barron was elected speaker of the assembly. The " Union " and " Republican " members were in a majority in both branches of the legislature. " Our first duty," said Governor Fairchild in his message, "is to give thanks to Almighty God for all His mercies during the year that is past." " The people of no nation on earth," he continued, " have greater cause to be thankful than have our people. The enemies of the country have been overthrown in battle. The war has settled finally great questions at issue between ourselves." Among the joint resolutions passed at this session was one submitting the question of a constitutional convention to frame a new constitution for the State, to the people. The legislature adjourned on the twelfth of April, having been in session ninety-three days. At the general election in November of this year, there were elected t> the Fortieth congress : H. E. Paine, from the first district; B. F. Hopkins, from the second ; Amasa Cobb, from the third ; C. A. Eldredge, from the fourth ; Philetus Sawyer, from the fifth, and C. C. Washburn, from the sixth district. All were republicans except Eldredge, who was elected as a democrat. The proposition for a constitutional conven- tion was voted upon by the people at this election, but was defeated. The twentieth session of the legislature commenced on the ninth of January, 1867. Angus Cameron was elected speaker of the assembly. The legislature was strongly " Repub- Hcan-Union." The message of Governor Fairchild was read by him in person, on the tenth. On the twenty-third, the two houses, in joint convention, elected Timothy O. Howe United States senator for the term of six years, commencing on the fourth of March next ensuing. This legislature pissed an act submitting to the people at the next Fall election an amendment to section twenty-one of article four of the constitution of tiie State, providing for paying a salary of three hundred and fifty dollars to each member of the legislature, instead of a per reefs. TOPOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. 119 there seem to have been extensive calcareous sand flats and areas over which fine calcareous mud settled, the former resulting in a ijure granular dolomite, the latter in a compact close-textured stone. The rock of the reefs is of very irregular structure. Of other portions of the formation, some are coarse heavy beds, some fine, even-bedded, close-grained layers, and some, again, irregu- lar, impure and cherty. All are highly magnesian, and some are among the purest dolomites known. The Niagara limestone occupies a broad belt lying adjacent to Lake Michigan. Lower Hei.dkrhkrg Limestone. On Mud creek, near Milwaukee, there is found a thin-bedded slaty limestone, that is believed to represent this period. It has negle::ted, however, to leave us an unequivocal record of its history, as fossils are extremely rare, and its stratigraphical relations and lithographical character are capable of more than one interpretation. Near the village of Waubeka in Ozaukee county, there is a similar formation, somewhat more fossiliferous, that seems to repre- sent the same period. The area which these occupy is very small and they play a most insignifi- cant part in the geology of the state. They close the record of the Silurian age in Wisconsin. During its progress the land had been gradually emerging from the ocean and increasing its amplitude by concentric belts of limestone, sandstone and shale. There had been no general disturbance, only those slight oscillations which changed the nature of the forming rock and facilitated deposition. At its close the waters retired from the borders of the state, and an interval supervened, during which no additions are known to have been made to its substructure. DEVONIAN AGE. H.^MiLioN Cement Rock. After a lapse of time, during which the uppermost Silurian and the lowest Devonian strata, as found elsewhere, were formed, the waters again advanced slightly upon the eastern margin of the state and deposited a magnesian limestone mingled with silicious and almuninous material, forming a combination of which a portion has recently been shown to possess hydraulic properties of a high degree of excellence. With this deposition there dawned a new era in the life-history of Wisconsin. While multitudes of protozoans, radiates, moUusks and articulates swarmed in the previous seas, no trace of a vertebrate has been found. The Hamilton period witnessed the introduction of tlie highest type of the animal kingdom into the Wisconsin series. But even then only the lowest class was represented — the fishes. The lower orders of life, as before, were present, but the species were of the less ancient Devonian type. Precisely how far the deposit originally extended is not now known, as it has undoubtedly been much reduced by the eroding agencies that have acted upon it. That portion which remains, occupies a limited area on the lake shore immediately north of Milwaukee, extending inland half a dozen miles. The cement rock proper is found on the Milwaukee river just above the city. At the close of the Hamilton period the oceanic waters retired, and, if they ever subsequently encroached upon our territory, they have left us no permanent record of their intrusion. The history of the formation of the substructure of the state was, it will be observed, in an unusual degree, simple and progres;,ive. Starting with a firm core of most ancient crystalline rocks, leaf upon leaf of stony strata were piled around it, adding belt after belt to the margin of *he growing island until it extended itself far beyond the limits of our state, and coalesced with the forming continent. An ideal map of the state would show the Archjean nucleus surrounded by concentric bands of the later formations in the order of their deposition. But during all the 120 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. vast lapse of time consumed in their growth, the elements were gnawing, carving and channeling the surface, and the outcropping edges of the formations were becoming more and more jagged, and now, after the last stratum had been added, and the whole had been lifted from the waters that gave it birth, there ensued perhaps a still vaster era, during which the history was simply that of surface erosion. The face of the state became creased with the wrinkles of age. The edges of her rocky wrappings became ragged with the wear of time. The remaining Devonian periods, the great Carboniferous age, the Mesozoic era, and the earlier Tertiary periods passed, leaving no other record than that of denudation. THE GT..\CI.'M, PERIOD. With the approach of the great Ice Age, a new chapter was opened. An immense sheet of ice moved slowly, but irresistibly, down from the north, planing down the prominences, filling up the valleys, polishing and grooving the strata, and heaping up its rubbish of sand, gravel, clay and bowlders over the face of the country. It engraved the lines of its progress on the rocks, and, by reading these, we learn that one prodigious tongue of ice plowed along the bed of Lake Michi- gan, and a smaller one pushed through the valley of Green bay and Rock river, while another immense ice-stream flowed southwestward through the trough of Lake Superior and onward into Minnesota. The diversion of the glacier through these great channels seems to have left the southwestern portion of the state intact, and over it we find no drift accumulations. With the approach of a warmer climate, the ice-streams were melted backward, leaving their debris heaped promiscuously over the surface, giving it a new configuration. In the midst of this retreat, a series of halts and advances seem to have taken place in close succession, by which the drift was pushed up into ridges and hills along the foot of the ice, after which a more rapid retreat ensued. The effect of this action was to produce that remarkable chain of drift hills and ridges, known as the Kettle range, which we have already described as winding over the surface of the state in a very peculiar manner. It is a great historic rampart, recording the position of the edge of the glacier at a certain stage of its retreat, and doubtless at the same time noting a great climatic or dynamic change. The melting of the glacier gave rise to large quantities of water, and hence to numerous torrents, as well as lakes. There occurred about this time a depression of the land to the north- ward, which was perhaps the cause, in part or in whole, of the retreat of the ice. This gave origin to the great lakes. The waters advanced somewhat upon the land and deposited the red clay that borders Lakes Michigan and Superior and occupies the Green bay valley as far up as the vicinity of Fond du Lac. After several oscillations, the lakes settled down into their present positions. Wherever the glacier plowed over the land, it left an irregular sheet of commingled clay, sand, gravel and bowlders spread unevenly over the surface. The depressions formed by its irregularities soon filled with water and gave origin to numerous lakelets. Probably not one of the thousands of Wisconsin lakes had an existence before the glacial period. Wherever the great lakes advanced upon the land, they leveled its surface and left their record in lacustine clays and sandy beach lines. With the retreat of the glacier, vegetation covered the surface, and by its aid and the action of the elements our fertile drift soils, among the last and best of Wisconsin's formations, were produced. And the work still goes on- Beloit, Aug. 15, 1877. CLIMATOLOGY OF WISCONSIN. By Prof. H. H. OLDENHAGE. The climate of a country, or that peculiar state of the atmosphere in regard to heat and moisture which prevails in any given place, and which directly affects the growth of plants and animals, is determined by the following causes: ist. Distance from the equator. 2d. Distance from the sea. 3d. Height above the sea. 4th. Prevailing winds; and 5th. Local influences, such as soil, vegetation, and proximity to lakes and mountains. Of these causes, the first, distance from the equator, is by far the most important. The warmest climates are necessarily those of tropical regions where the sun's rays are vertical. But in proceeding from the equator toward the poles, less and less heat continues to be received by the same extent of surface, because the rays fall more and more obliquely, and the same amount of heat-rays therefore spread over an increasing breadth of surface ; while, however, with the increase of obliquity, more and more heat is absorbed by the atmosphere, as the amount of air to be penetrated is greater. If the earth's surface were either wholly land or water, and its atmosphere motionless, the gradations of climate would run parallel with the latitudes from the equator to the poles. But owing to the irregular distribution of land and water, and the prevail- ing winds, such an arrangement is impossible, and the determination of the real climate of a given region, and its causes, is one of the most difficult problems of science. On the second of these causes, distance from the sea, depends the difference between oce- anic and continental climates. Water is more slowly lieated and cooled than land; the climates of the sea and the adjacent land are therefore much more equable and moist than those of the interior. A decrease of temperature is noticeable in ascending high mountains. The rate at which the temperature falls with the height above the sea is a very variable quantity, and is influenced by a variety of causes, such as latitude, situation, moisture, or dryness, hour of the day and season of the year. As a rough approximation, however, the fall of 1° of the thermometer for every 300 feet is usually adopted. Air in contact with any part of the earth's surface, tends to acquire the temperature of that surface. Hence, winds from the north are cold ; those from the south are warm. Winds from the sea are moist, and winds from the land are usually dry. Prevailing winds are the result of the relative distribution of atmospheric pressure blowing //c/w places where the pressure is high- est, toward places where it is lowest. As climate practically depends on the temperature and moisture of the air, and as these again depend on the prevailing winds which come charged with the temperature and moisture of the regions they have traversed, it is evident that charts show- ing the mean pressure of the atmosphere give us the key to the climates of the different regions of the world. The effect of prevailing winds is seen in the moist and equable climate of West- ern Europe, especially Great Britain, owing to the warm and moist southwest winds; and in the extremes of the eastern part of North America, due to the warm and moist winds prevailing in summer and the Arctic blasts of winter. 122 HISTORY OF AVISCONSTN. Among local influences which modify climate, the nature of the soil is one of tlie,most important. As water absorbs much heat, wet, marshy ground usually lowers the mean tempera- ture. A sandy waste presents the greatest extremes. The extremes of temperature are also modi- fied by extensive forests, which prevent the soil from being as much warmed and cooled as it would be if bare. Evaporation goes on more slowly under the trees, since the soil is screened from the sun. And as the air among the trees is little agitated by the wind, the vapor is left to accumulate, and hence the humidity of the air is increased. Climate is modified in a similar man- ner by lakes and other large surfaces of water. During summer the water cools the air and reduces the temperature cf the locality. In winter, on the other hand, the opposite effect is pro- duced. The surface water which is cooled sinks to lower levels; the warmer water rising to the surface, radiates heat into the air and thus raises the temperature of ihc neighboring region. This influence is well illustrated, on a great scale, in our own state by Lake Michigan. It is, lastly, of importance whether a given tract of country is diversified by hills, valleys and mountains. Winds with their warm vapor strike the sides of mountains and are forced up into higher levels of the atmosphere, where the vapor is condensed into clouds. Air coming in con- tact, during the night or in winter, with the cooled declivities of hills and rising grounds becomes cooled and consequently denser and sinks to the low-lying grounds, displacing the warmer and lighter air. Hence, frosts often occur at these places, when no trace of them can be found at higher levels. For the same reason the cold of winter is generally more intense in ravines and valleys than on hill tops and high grounds, the valleys being a receptacle for the cold-air currents which descend from all sides. These currents give rise to gusts and blasts of cold wind, which are simply the out-rush of cold air from such basins. This is a subject of great practical impor- tance to fruit-growers. In order to understand the principal features of the climate of Wisconsin, and the conditions on which these depend, it is necessary to consider the general climatology of the eastern United States. The chief characteristic of this area as a whole is, that it is subject to great extremes — to all those variations of temperature which prevail from the tropical to the Arctic regions. This is principally due to the topographical conditions of our continent. The Rocky mountains con- densing the moisture of the warm winds from the Pacific and preventing them from reaching far inland, separate the climate of the Mississippi valley widely from that of the Pacific slope. Between the Gulf of Mexico and the Arctic sea there is no elevation to exceed 2,000 feet to arrest the flow of the hot southerly winds of summer, or the cold northerly winds of winter. From this results a variation of temperature hardly equaled in any part of the world. In determining the climates of the United States, western Europe is usually taken as the basis of comparison. The contrast between these regions is indeed very great. New York is in the same latitude with Madrid, Naples and Constantinople. Quebec is not so far north as Paris. London and Labrador are equi-distant from the equator ; but while England, with her mild, moist climate, produces an abundance of vegetation, in Labrador all cultivation ceases. In the latitude of Stockholm and St. Petersburg, at the 60th parallel, we find in eastern North America vast ice- fields which seldom melt. The moist and equable climate of western Europe in high latitudes is due to the Gulf Stream and the southwest winds of the Atlantic, which spread their warmth and moisture over the western coast. Comparison, however, shows that the climate of the Pacific coast of North America is quite as mild as that of western Europe ; and this is due to the same kind of influences, namely, to the warm, moist winds and the currents of the Pacific. And to con- tinue the comparisoii still further, in proceeding on both continents from west to east, or from ocean into the interior, we find a general resemblance of climatic conditions, modified greatly, it is true, by local influences. CLIMATOLOOY OF WISCONSIN. 12^ rhe extreme summer climate of the eastern United States is owing to the southerly and southwesterly winds, which blow with great regularity during this season, and, after traversing great areas of tropical seas, bear the warmth and moisture of these seas far inland, and give this region the peculiar semi-tropical character of its summers. The average temperature of summer varies between 80° for the Gulf states, and 60° for the extreme north. While in the Gulf states the thermometer often rises to 100°, in the latitude of Wisconsin this occurs very seldom. During winter the prevailing winds are from the northwest. These cold blasts from the Arctic sea are deflected by the Rocky mountains, sweep down unopposed into lower latitudes, and produce all the rigors of an arctic winter. The mean temperature for this season varies between 60° for the Gulf coast and 15° for the extreme northern part of Wisconsin. In the northern part of the valley the cold is sometimes so intense that the thermometer sinks to the freezing point of mercury. The extreme of heat and cold would give a continental climate if this extreme were not accom- panied by a profusion of rain. The southerly winds, laden with moisture, distribute this moist- ure with great regularity over the valley. The amount of rainfall, greater in summer than in winter, varies, from the Gulf of Mexico to Wisconsin, from 63 inches to 30 inches. On the At- lantic coast, where the distribution is more equal throughout the year on account of its proximity to the ocean, the amount varies, from Florida to Maine, from 63 to 40 inches. The atmospheric movements on which, to a great extent, the climatic conditions of the eastern United States depend, may be summed up as follows : "i. That the northeast trades, deflected in their course to south and southeast winds in their passage through the Carribean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, are the warm and moist winds which communicate to the Mississippi valley and the Atlantic slope their fertility. "2. That the prevalence of these winds from May to October communicates to this region a sub-tropical climate. "3. That in the region bordering on the Gulf of Mexico, the atmospheric disturbances are propagated from south to north ; but in the northern and middle states, owing to a prevailing upper current, from west to east. " 4. That while this upper current is cool and dry, and we have the apparent anomaly of rain storms traveling from west to east, at the same time the moisture supplying them comes frorr\ the south. , "5. That, in the winter, the south and southeast winds rise into the upper current, while the west and northwest winds descend and blow as surface winds, accompanied by an extraor- dinary depression of temperature, creating, as it were, an almost arctic climate. " 6. That the propagation of the cold winds from west to east is due to the existence of a. warmer and lighter air to the eastward. "7. That in summer the westerly currents seldom blow with violence, because, in passing over the heated plains, they acquire nearly the same temperature as the southerly currents, but in winter the conditions are reversed." The line of conflict of these aerial currents, produced by unequal atmospheric pressure, shift so rapidly that the greatest changes of temperature, moisture, and wind, are experienced within a few hours, these changes usually affecting areas of great extent. In the old world, on the other hand, the mountain systems, generally running from east to west, offer an impediment, especially to the polar currents, and the weather is therefore not so changeable. Wisconsin, situated in the upper and central part of the Mississippi valley, is subject to the same general climatic conditions which give this whole area its peculiar climate. The highest mean summer temperature is 72" Fahrenheit in the southwestern part of the 124 HISTOBY OF WISCONSIX. State, and the lowest 64° at Bayfield, Lake Superior. During the months of June, July and August, the thermometer often rises as hig's as 90°, seldom to 100". In 1874 the mercury reached this high point twice at LaCrosse, and three times at Dubuque, Iowa. There are usually two or three of these " heated terms " during the summer, terminated by abrupt changes of temperature. The isotherm of 70° (an isotherm being a line connecting places having the same mean tem- perature) enters this state from the west, in the northern part of Grant county, touches Madison, takes a southerly direction through Walworth county, passes through southern Michigan, Cleveland, and Pittsburg, reaching the Atlantic ocean a little north of New York city. From this it is seen that southern Wisconsin, southern and central Michigan, northern Ohio, central Pennsylvania, and southern New York have nearly the same summer temperature. Northwestward this line runs through southern Minnesota and along the Missouri to the foot of the mountains. Eastern Ore- gon, at 47° 30' north latitude, has the same average summer temperature ; the line then returns and touches the Pacific coast at San Diego. The remarkable manner in which so large a body of water as Lake Michigan modifies the temperature has been carefully determined, so far as it relates to Wisconsin, by the late Dr. Lap- ham, of Milwaukee. It is seen by the map that the average summer temperature of Racine is the same as that of St. Paul. The weather map for July, 1875, in the signal service report for 1876, shows that the mean temperature for July was the same in Rock county, in the souihern part of the state, as that of Breckenridge, Minn., north of St. Paul. The moderating effect of the lake during hot weather is felt in the adjacent region during both day and night. Countries in the higher latitudes having an extreme summer temperature are usually charac- terized by a small amount of rain-fall. The Mississippi valley, however, is directly exposed in spring and summer to the warm and moist winds from the south, and as these winds condense their moisture by coming in contact with colder upper currents from the north and west, it has a profusion of rain which deprives the climate largely of its continental features. As already stated, the average amount of rain-fall in Wisconsin is about 30 inches annually. Of this amount about one-eighth is precipitated in winter, three-eighths in summer, and the rest is equally dis- tributed between spring and autumn — in other words, rain is abundant at the time of the year when it is most needed. In Wisconsin the rainfall is greatest in the southwestern part of the state; the least on and along the shore of Lake Michigan. This shows that the humidity of the air of a given area can be greater, and the rainfall less, than that of some other. In comparison with western Europe, even where the mean temperature is higher than in the Mississippi valley, the most striking fact in the climatic conditions of the United States is the great range of plants of tropical or sub-tropical origin, such as Indian corn, tobacco, etc. Tlie conditions on which the character of the vegetation depends are temperature and moisture, and the mechanical and chemical composition of the soil. "The basis of this great capacity (the great range of plants) is the high curve of heat and moisture for the summer, and the fact that the measure of heat and of rain are almost or quite tropical for a period in duration from one to five months, in the range from Quebec to the coast of the Gulf." Indian corn attains its full perfection between the summer isotherms 72'' and 77°, in Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, and Kansas; but it may be grown up to the line of 65", which includes the whole of Wisconsin. The successful cultivation of this important staple is due to the intense heat of summer and a virgin soil rich in nitrogen. While Milwaukee and central Wisconsin have a mean annual temperature of 45°, that of southern Ireland and central England is 50°; the line of 72°, the average temperature for July, runs from Walworth county to St. Paul, while during the same month Ireland and England have a mean temperature of only 60°. In Wisconsin the thermometer rises as high as 90"^ and above. CLIMATOLOGY OF WISCONSIN. 125 ■while the range above the mean in England is very small. It is the tropical element of our sum- mers, then, that causes the grape, the corn, etc., to ripen, while England, with a higher mean temperature, is unable to mature them successfully. Ireland, where southern plants may remain ■out-doors, unfrosted, the whole winter, can not mature those fruits and grasses which ripen in Wisconsin. In England a depression of 2° below the mean of 60° will greatly reduce the quan- tity, or prevent the ripening of wheat altogether, 60'' being essential to a good crop. Wheat, re- quiring a lower temperature than corn, is better adapted to the climate of Wisconsin. This grain may be grown as far north as Hudson bay. Autumn, including September, October and November, is of short duration in Wisconsin. North of the 42d parallel, or the southern boundary line of the state, November belongs properly to the winter months, its mean temperature being about 32°. The decrease of heat from August to September is generally from 8° to 9^; 11° from September to October, and 14° from October to November. The average temperature for these three months is about 45°. A beautiful season, commonly known as Indian summer, frequently occurs in the latter part of October and in No- vember. This period is characterized by a mild temperature and a hazy, calm atmosphere. According to Loomis, this appears to be due to "an uncommonly tranquil condition of the atmos- phere, during which the air becomes filled with dust and smoke arising from numerous fires, by which its transparency is greatly impaired." This phenomenon extends as far north as Lake Superior, but it is more conspicuous and jirotracted in Kansas and Missouri, and is not observed in the southern states. Destructive frosts generally occur in September, and sometimes in August. " A. temperature of 36" to 40° at sunrise is usually attended with frosts destructive to vegetation, the position of the thermometer being usually such as to represent less than the actual refrigeration at the open surface." In 1875, during October, at Milwaukee, the mercury fell seven times below the freez- ing point, and twice below zero in November, the lowest being 14°. The winters are generally long and severe, but occasionally mild and almost without snow. The mean winter temperature varies between 23" in the southeastern part of the state, and 16" at .\shland, m the northern. For this season the extremes are great. The line of 20" is of im- portance, as it marks the average temperature which is fatal to the growth of all the tender trees, such as the pear and the peach. In the winter of 1875 and 1876, the mean temperature for De- cember, January and February, in the upper lake region, was about 4° above the average mean for many years, while during the previous winter the average temperature for January and Feb- ruary was about 12° below the mean for many years, showing a great difference between cold and mild winters. In the same winter, i875-'76, at Milwaukee, the thermometer fell only six times below zero, the lowest being 12°, while during the preceding winter the mercury sank thirty-six times below zero, the lowest being 23". In the northern and northwestern part of the state the temperature sometimes falls to the freezing point of mercury. During the exceptionally cold Winter of 1872-3, at La Crosse, the thermometer sank nearly fifty times below zero; on Decem- ber 24, it indicated 37° below, and on January 18, 43° below zero, averaging about 12° below the usual mean for those months. The moderating effect of Lake Michigan can be seen by observing how the lines indicating the mean winter temperature curve northward as they approach the lake. Milwaukee, Sheboygan, Manitowoc, Two Rivers, and the Grand Traverse region of Michigan, have the same average wintei temperature. The same is true regarding Galena, 111., Beloil, and Kewaunee. A similar influence is noticed in all parts of the state. Dr. Lapham concludes that this is not wholly due to the presence of Lake Michigan, but that the mountain range which extends from a little west of Lake Superior to the coast of Labrador (from 1,100 to 2,240 feet high) protects the lake region in no inconsiderable degree from the excessive cold of winter. 126 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. According to the same authority, the time at which the Milwaukee river was closed wi h ice,, for a period of nine years, varied between November 15 and December i ; the time at which it became free from ice, between March 3 and April 13. In the lake district, snow and rain are interspersed through all the winter months, rain being sometimes as profuse as at any other sea- son. In the northwestern part the winter is more rigid and dry. Northern New York and the New England states usually have snow lying on the ground the whole winter, but in the southern lake district it rarely remains so long. In i842-'43, however, sleighing commenced about the middle of November, and lasted till about the same time in April — five months. The average temperature for the three months of spring, March, April and May, from Wal- worth county to St. Paul, is about 45°. In central Wisconsin the mean for March is about 27°, which is an increase of nearly 7° from February. The lowest temperature of this montli in 1876 was 40° above zero. April shows an average increase of about 9° over March. In 1876 the line of 45" for this month passed from LaCrosse to Evanston, 111., touching Lake Erie at Toledo, showing that the interior west of Lake Michigan is warmer than the lake region. The change from winter to spring is more sudden in the interior than in the vicinity of the lakes. "In the town of Lisbon, fifteen miles from Lake Michigan," says Dr. Lapham, " early spring flowers show themselves about ten days earlier than on the lake. In spring vegetation, in places remote from the lakes, shoots up in a very short time, and flowers show their petals, while on the lake shore the cool air retards them and brings them more gradually into existence." The in- crease from April to May is about 15*^. In May, 1876, Pembina and Milwaukee had nearly the, same mean temperature, about 55°. The extremes of our climate and the sudden changes of temperature no doubt have a marked influence, both physically and mentally, on the American people. And though a more equable climate may be more conducive to perfect health, the great range of our climate from arctic to tropical, and the consequent variety and abundance of vegetable products, combine to make the Mississippi valley perhaps one of the most favorable areas in the world for the develop- ment of a strong and wealthy nation. During the months of summer, in the interior of the eastern United States, at least three- fourths of the rain-fall is in showers usually accompanied by electrical discharges and limited to small areas. But in autumn, winter, and spring nearly the whole precipitation takes place in general storms extending over areas of 300, 500 and sometimes over 1,000 miles in diameter, and generally lasting two or three days. An area of low atmospheric pressure causes the wind to blow toward that area from all sides, and when the depression is sudden and great, it is accompanied by much rain or snow. On account of the earth's rotation, the wind blowing toward this region of low pressure is deflected to the right, causing the air to circulate around the center with a motion spirally inward. In our latitude the storm commences with east winds. When the storm center, or area of lowest barometer, is to the south of us, the wind gradually veers, as the storm passes from west to east with the upper current, round to the northwest by the north point. On the south side of the storm center, the wind veers from southeast to southwest, by the south point. The phenomena attending such a storm when we are in or near the part of its center are usually as follows : After the sky has become overcast with clouds, the wind from the northeast generally begins to rise and blows in the opposing direction to the march of the storm. The clouds which are now moving over us, discharge rain or snow according to circumstances. The barometer continues to fall, and the rain or snow is brought obliquely down from the northern quarter by the prevailing wind. After a while the wind changes slightly in direction and then ceases. The thermometer rises and the barometer has reached its lowest point. This is the center of the storm. After the calm the wind has changed its direction to northwest or west. The CLTMATOLOCxY OF WISCONSIN. 127 wind blows again, usually more violently than before, accompanied by rain or snow, which is now generally of short duration. The sky clears, and the storm is suddenly succeeded by a tempera, ture 10 or 20 degrees below the mean. Most of the rain and snow falls with the east winds, or before the center passes a given point. The path of these storms is from west to east, or nearly so, and only seldom in other directions. These autumn, winter, and spring rains are generally first noticed on the western plains, but may originate at any point along their path, and move eastward with an average velocity of about 20 miles an hour in summer and 30 miles in winter, but sometimes attaining a velocity of over 50 miles, doing great damage on the lakes. In pre- dicting these storms, the signal service of the army is of incalculable practical benefit, as well as in collecting data for scientific conclusions. A subject of the greatest importance to every inhabitant of Wisconsin is the influence of forests on climate and the effects of disrobing a county of its trees. The general influence of forests in modifying the extremes of temperature, retarding evaporation and the increased humidity of the air, has already been mentioned. That clearing the land of trees increases the temperature of the ground in summer, is so readily noticed that it is scarcely necessary to men- tion it ; while in winter the sensible cold is never so extreme in woods as on an open surface exposed to the full force of the winds. " The lumbermen in Canada and the northern United States labor in the woods without inconvenience; when the mercury stands many degrees below zero, while in the open grounds, with only a moderate breeze, the same temperature is almost insupportable." " In the state of Michigan it has been found that the winters have greatly increased in severity within the last forty years, and that this increased severity seems to move along even-paced with the destruction of the forests. Thirty years ago the peach was one of the most abundant fruits of that State; at that time frost, injurious to corn at anytime from May to October, was a thing unknown. Now the peach is an uncertain crop, and frost often injures the corn.'' The precise influence of forests on temperature may not at present admit of definite solu- tion, yet the mechanical screen which they furnish to the soil often far to the leeward of them, is sufficiently established, and this alone is enough to encourage extensive planting wherever this protection is wanting. With regard to the quantity of rain-fall, "we can not positively affirm that the total annual quantity of rain is even locally diminished or mcreased by the destruction of the woods, though both theoretical considerations and the balance of testimony strongly favor the opinion that more rain falls in wooded than in open countries. One important conclusion, at least, upon the meteorological influence of forests is certain and undisputed: the proposition, namely, that, within their own limits, and near their own borders, they maintain a more uniform degree of humidity in the atmosphere than is observed in cleared grounds. Scarcely less can it be questioned that they tend to promote the frequency of showers, and, if they do not augment the amount of precipitation, they probably equalize its distribution through the different seasons." There is abundant and undoubted evidence that the amount of water existing on the surface in lakes and rivers, in many parts of the world, is constantly diminishing. In Germany, observa- tions of the Rhine, Oder, Danube, and the Elbe, in the latter case going back for a period of 142 years, demonstrate beyond doubt, that each of these rivers has much deci'eased in volume, and there is reason to fear that they will eventually disappear from the list of navigable rivers. " The ' Blue-Grass ' region of Kentucky, once the pride of the West, has now districts of such barren and arid nature that their stock farmers are moving toward the Cumberland mount- ains, because the creeks and old springs dried up, and their wells became too low to furnish water for their cattle." In our own state "such has been the change in the flow of the Milwau- thearts; makes good firewood ; should be planted along all the roads and streets, near every dwelling, and on all public grounds. 128 HISTORY OF -WISCOXSIX. kee river, even while the area from which it receives its supply is but partially cleared, that the proprietorr of" most of the mills and factories have found it necessary to resort to the use of steam, at a largely increased yearly cost, to supply the deficiency of water-power in dry seasons of the year." "What has happened to th€ Milwaukee river, has happened to all the other water courses in the state from whose banks the forest has been removed ; and many farmers who- selected land uqon which there was a living brook of clear, pure water, now find these brooks, dried up during a considerable portion of the year.'' DJstricts stripped of their forest are said to be more exposed than before to loss of harvests, droirg. ts, and frost. " Hurricanes, before unknown, sweep unopposed over the regions thus denuded, carrying terror and devastation in their track." Earts of Asia Minor, North Africa, and other countries bordering on the Mediterranean, now almost deserts, were once densely populated and the granaries of the world. And there is good reason to believe " that it is the destruction of the forests which has produced this devastation." From such facts Wisconsin, already largely robbed of its forests, should take warning before it is too late. TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES. Bv P. R. HOY, M.D. It is not the purpose of this article to give a botanical description, but merely brief notes on the economical value of the woods, and the fitness of the various indigenous trees, shrubs and vines for the purpose of ornament. White Oak — Quercus Alba. — This noble tree is the largest and most important of the American oaks. The excellent properties of the wood render it eminently valuable for a great variety of uses. Wherever strength and durability are required, the white oak stands in the first rank. It is employed in making wagons, coaches and sleds ; staves and hoops of the best quality for barrels and casks are obtained from this tree; it is extensively used in architecture, ship- building, etc.; vast quantities are used for fencmg ; the bark is employed in tanning. The domes- tic consumption of this tree is so great that it is of the first importance to preserve the young trees wherever it is practicable, and to make young plantations where the tree is not found. The white oak is a graceful, ornamental tree, and worthy of particular attention as such ; found abun- dantly in most of the timbered districts. Burr Oak^(2. Macrocarpa. — This is perhaps the most ornamental of our oaks. Nothing can exceed the graceful beauty of these trees, whennot crowded or cramped in their growth, but left free to follow the laws of their development. Who has not admired these trees in our exten- sive burr oak openings.' The large leaves are a dark green above and a bright silvery while beneath, which gives the tree a singularly fine appearance when agitated by the wind. The wood is tough, close-grained, and more durable than the white oak, especially when exposed to frequent changes of moisture and drying; did the tree grow to the same size, it would be preferred for most uses. Abundant, and richly worthy of cultivation, both for utility and crnament. Swamp White Oak— (2- Bicolor. — -Is a valuable and ornamental tree, not quite so large or as common as the burr oak. The wood is close-grained, durable, splits freely, and is well worthy of cultivation in wet, swampy grounds, where it will thrive. Post Oak — Q. Obtusiloha. — Is a scraggy, small tree, found sparingly in this state. The tim- ber is durable, and makes good fuel. Not worthy of cultivation. TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES. 129 Swamp Chestnut Oav: — Q. Prinus. — This species of chestnut oak is a large, gracefi.ii tree, wood rather open-grained, yet valuable for most purposes to which the oaks are applied ; makes the best fuel of any of this family. A rare tree, found at Janesville and Brown's lake, near Bur- lington. Worthy of cultivation. Red Oak — Q. Rubra. — The red oak is a well-known, common, large tree. The wood is coarse-grained, and the least durable of the oaks, nearly worthless for fuel, and scarcely worthy of cultivation, even for ornament. Pin Oak — Q. Palustris. — This is one of the most common trees in many sections of the state. The wood is of little value except for fuel. The tree is quite ornamental, and should be sparingly cultivated for this purpose. Shingle Oak — Q. Imbricaria. — Is a tree of medium size, found sparingly as far north as Wisconsin. It is ornamental, and the wood is used for shingles and staves. Scarlet Oak — Q. Coccinca. — This is an ornamental tree, especially in autumn, when its leaves turn scarlet, hence the name. Wood of little value ; common. Sugar Maple — Acer Saaharium. — This well-known and noble tree is found growing abun- dantly in many sections of the state. The wood is close-grained and susceptible of a beautiful polish, which renders it valuable for many kinds of furniture, more especially the varieties known as bird's-eye and curled maples. The wood lacks the durability of the oak ; consequently is not valuable for purposes where it will be exposed to the weather. For fuel it ranks next to hickory. The sugar manufactured from this tree affords no inconsiderable resource for the comfort and even wealth of many sections of the northern states, especially those newly settled, where it would be difficult and expensive to procure their supply from a distance. As an ornamental tree it stands almost at the head of the catalogue. The foliage is beautiful, compact, and free from the attacks of insects. It puts forth its yellow blossoms early, and in the autumn the leaves change in color and show the most beautiful tints of red and yellow long before they fall. Worthy of especial attention for fuel and ornament, and well adapted to street-planting. Red Maple — A. Rubrum. — Is another fine maple of more rapid growth than the foregoing species. With wood rather lighter, but quite as valuable for cabinet-work — for fuel not quite so good. The young trees bear transplanting even better than other maples. Though highly orna- mental, this tree hardly equals the first-named species. It puts forth, in early spring, its scarlet blossoms before a leaf has yet appeared. Well adapted to street-planting. Mountain Maple — A. Spicatum. — Is a small branching tree, or rather shrub, found grow- ing in clumps. Not worthy of much attention. Silver Maple — A. Dasycarpum. — This is a common tree growing on the banks of streams, especially in the western part of the state, grown largely for ornament, yet for the purpose it is the least valuable of the maples. The branches are long and straggling, and so brittle that they are liable to be injured by winds. Box Maple — Negundo Aceroides. — This tree is frequently called box elder. It is of a rapid growth and quite ornamental. The wood is not much used in the arts, but is good fuel. Should be cultivated. It grows on Sugar and Rock rivers. White Elm — Ulmtis Americana. — This large and graceful tree stands confessedly at the head of the list of ornamental deciduous trees. Its wide-spreading branches and long, pendu- lous branchlets form a beautiful and conspicuous head. It grows rapidly, is free from disease and the destructive attacks of insects, will thrive on most soils, and for planting along streets, in public grounds or lawns, is unsurpassed by any American tree. The wood is but little used in ^^^ HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Slippery Elm — t^. Fulva. — -This smaller and less ornamental species is also common. The wood, however, is much more valuable than the white elm, being durable and splitting readily. It makes excellent rails, and is much used for the framework of buildings ; valuable for fuel ; should be cultivated. Wild Bl.\ck Cherry — Cerasus Serotina. — This large and beautiful species of cherry is one of the most valuable of American trees. The wood is compact, fine-grained, and of a brilliant reddish color, not liable to warp, or shrink and swell with atmospheric changes ; extensively em- ployed by cabinet-makers for every species of furnishing. It is exceedingly durable, hence is valuable for fencing, building, etc. Richly deserves a place in the lawn or timber plantation. Bird Cherry — C. Pennsylvanica. — Is a small northern species, common in the state and worthy of cultivation for ornament. Choke Cherry — C. Virginiana. — This diminutive tree is of little value, not worth the trouble ■of cultivation. Wild Plum — Pruuus Americana. — The common wild plum when in full bloom is one of the most ornamental of small flowering trees, and as such should not be neglected. The fruit is rather agreeable, but not to be compared to fine cultivated varieties, which may be engrafted on the wdld stock to the very best advantage. It is best to select small trees, and work them on the Toots. The girafts should be inserted about the middle of April. Hackberry — CeltisOccidetitalis. — This is an ornamental tree of medium size ; wood hard, close-grained and elastic ; makes the best of hoops, whip-stalks, and thills for carriages. The Indians formerly made great use of the hackbeiry wood for their bows. A tree worthy of a lim- ited share of attention. American Linden or Basswood — Tiiia Americana. — Is one of the finest ornamental trees for public grounds, parks, etc., but will not thrive where the roots are exposed to bruises ; for this reason it is not adapted to planting along the streets of populous towns. The wood is light and tough, susceptible of being bent to almost any curve ; durable if kept from the weather ; takes paint well, and is considerably used in the arts; for fuel it is of little value. This tree will flourish in almost any moderately rich, damp soil ; bears transplanting well ; can be propagated readily from layers. White Thorn — Crataegus Coccinea, and Dotted Thorn — C. Pufictata. — These two species of thorn are found everywhere on the rich bottom lands. When in bloom they are beautiful, and should be cultivated for ornament. The wood is remarkably compact and hard, and were it not for the small size of the tree, would be valuable. Crab Apple — Pyrits Coronaria. — This common small tree is attractive when covered with its highly fragrant rose-colored blossoms. Wood hnrd, fine, compact grain, but tlie tree is too small for the wood to be of much practical value. Well worthy of a place in extensive grounds. Mountain Ash — P. Americana. — This popular ornament to our yards is found growing in the northern part of the state and as far south as 43°. The wood is useless. White Ash — Fraxinus Acuminata. — Is a large, interesting tree, which combines utility with beauty in an eminent degree. The wood possesses strength, suppleness and elasticity, which renders it valuable for a great variety of uses. It is extensively employed in carriage manufact- uring; for various agricultural implements ; is esteemed superior to any other wood for oars; excellent for fuel. The white ash grows rapidly, and in open ground forms one of the most lovely trees that is to be found. The foliage is clean and handsome, and in autumn turns from its bright green to a violet purple hue, which adds materially to the beauty of our autumnal syl- van scenery. It is richly deserving our especial care and protection, and will amply repay all labor and expense bestowed on its cultivation. TREES, SHRITBS AND VINES. 131 Black Ash — F Sainbucifolia. — This is another tall, graceful and well-known species of ash. The wood is used for making baskets, hoops, etc. ; when thoroughly dry, affords a good article of fuel. Deserves to be cultivated in low, rich, swampy situations, where more useful trees will not thrive. Black Walnut — Juglans Nigra. — This giant of the rich alluvial bottom lands claims special attention for its valuable timber. It is among the most durable and beautiful of Ameri- can woods ; susceptible of a fine polish ; not liable to shrink and swell by heat and moisture. It is extensively employed by the cabinet-makers for every variety of furniture. Walnut forks, are frequently found which rival in richness and beauty the far-famed mahogany. This tree, in favorable situations, grows rapidly; is highly ornamental, and produces annually an abundant crop of nuts. Butternut — /. Cinerea. — This species of walnut is not as valuable as the above, yet for its beauty, and the durability of its wood, it should claim a small portion of attention. The wood is rather soft for most purposes to which it otherwise might be applied. When grown near streams, or on moist side-hills, it produces regularly an ample crop of excellent nuts. It grows rapidly. Shell-Bark Hickory — Carya Alba. — This, the largest and finest of American hickories, grows abundantly throughout the state. Hickory wood possesses probably the greatest strength and tenacity of any of our indigenous trees, and is used for a variety of purposes , but, unfortunately, it is liable to be eaten by worms, and lacks durability. For fuel, the shell-bark hickory stands unrivaled. The tree is ornamental and produces every alternate year an ample crop of the best of nuts. Shag-Bark Hickory — C. Indata. — Is a magnificent tree, the wood of which is nearly as valuable as the above. The nuts are large, thick-shelled and coarse, not to be compared to the C. alba. A rare tree in Wisconsin ; abundant further south. Pignut Hickory — C. Glabra. — This species possesses all the bad and but few of the good qualities of the shell-bark. The nuts are smaller and not so good. The tree should be pre- served and cultivated in common with the shell-bark. Not abundant. BiTTERNUT — C. Amara. — Is an abundant tree, valuable for fuel, but lacking the strength and elasticity of the preceding species. It is, however, quite as ornamental as any of the hickories. Red Beech — Fagus Ferruginea. — This is a common tree, with brilliant, shining light-green leaves, and long, flexible branches. It is highly ornamental, and should be cultivated for this purpose, as well as for its useful wood, which is tough, close-grained and compact. It is much jsed for plane-stocks, tool handles, etc., and as an article of fuel is nearly equal to maple. Water BKKCH^Caipini/s Americana. — Is a small tree, called hornbeam by many. The wood is exceedingly hard and compact, but the small size of the tree renders it almost useless. Iron Wood — Ostrya Virginica. — This small tree is found disseminated throughout most of our woodlands. It is, to a considerable degree, ornamental, but of remarkably slow growth. The wood possesses valuable properties, being heavy and strong, as the name would indicate ; yet, from its small size, it is of but little use. Balsam Poplar — Populus Candicans. — This tree is of medium size, and is known by sev- eral names : Wild balm of Gilead, cotton wood, etc. It grows in moist, sandy soil, on river bot- toms. It has broad, heart-shaped leaves, which turn a fine yellow after the autumn frosts. It grows more rapidly than any other of our trees ; can be transplanted with entire success when eight or nine inches in diameter, and makes a beatiful shade tree — the most ornamental of pop- lars. The wood is soft, spongy^ and nearly useless. 132 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. (QUAKING Aspen — P. Tremuloides. — Is a well-known, small tree. It is rather ornamental, but scarcely svorth cultivating. Large Aspen — P. Gratidicienta/a.- — Is the largest of our poplars. It frequently grous to the height of sixty or seventy feet, with a di-^meter of two and one-half feet. The wood is soft, easily split, and used for frame buildings. It is the most durable of our poplars. Cotton Wood — P. Moiwlifera. — This is the largest of all the poplars ; abundant on the Mississippi river. Used largely for fuel on the steamboats. The timber is of but little use in the arts. Sycamore or Buttonwood — Platanus Occidentalis. — This, the largest and most majestic of our trees, is found growing only on the rich alluvial river bottoms. The tree is readily known, even at a considerable distance, by its whitish smooth branches. The foliage is large and beautiful, and the tree one of the most ornamental known. The wood speedily decays, and when sawed into lumber warps badly; on these accounts it is but little used, although susceptible of a fine finish. As an article of fuel it is of inferior merit. Canoe Bikch — Betula Papyracea. — Is a rather elegant and interesting tree. It grows abund- antly in nearly every part of the state. The wood is of a fine glossy grain, susceptible cf a good finish, but lacks durability and strength, and, therefore, is but little used in the mechanical arts. For fuel it is justly prized. It bears transplanting without difficulty. The Indians manufacture their celebrated bark canoes from the bark of this tree. Cherry Birch — B. Lenta. — Tais is a rather large, handsome tree, growing along streams. Leaves and bark fragrant. Wood, fine-grained, rose-colored ; used largely by the cabinet- makers. Yellow Birch — B. Lutea. — This beautiful tree occasionally attains a large size. It is highly ornamental, and is of value for fuel; but is less prized than the preceding species for cab- inet work. Kentucky Coffee Tree — <7y/«n<'ir/a:(/«x Ca«a(/(f««.f.— This singularly beautiful tree is only found sparingly, and on rich alluvial lands. I met with it growing near the Peccatonica, in Green county. The wood is fine-grained, and of a rosy hue ; is e.^eedingly durable, and well worth cultivating. June Berry — Ainelanchier Canadensis. — Is a small tree which adds materially to the beauty of our woods in early spring, at which time it is in full bloom. The wood is of no particular value, and the tree interesting only when covered with its white blossoms. White Pine — Pinus St>o}us. — This is the largest and most valuable of our indigenous pines. The wood IS soft, free from resin, and works easily. It is extensively employed in the mechan- ical arts. It is found in great profusion in the northern parts of the state. This species is readily known by the leaves being \Xi fives. It is highly ornamental, but in common with all pines, will hardly bear transplanting. Only small plants should be moved. Norway or Red Pine — P. Resinosa, and Yellow Pine — P. Mitts. — These are two large trees, but little inferior in size to the white pine. The wood contains more resin, and is conse- quently more durable. The leaves of both these species are in ttvos. Vast quantities of lumber are yearly manufactured from these two varieties and the white pine. The extensive pineries of the state are rapidly diminishing. Shrub Pine — P. Banksiana.—ls a small, low tree ; only worthy of notice here for the orna- mental shade it produces. It is found in the northern sections of the state. Balsam Fir — Abies Balsamea. — This beautiful evergreen is multiplied to a great extent on the shores of Lake Superior, where it grows forty or fifty feet in height. The wood is of but 'XEEES, SHRUBS AND VINES. 133 little value The balsam of fir, or Canadian balsam, is obtained from this tree. Double Spruce — A. Nigra. — This grows in the same localities with the balsam fir, and assumes the same pyramidal form, but is considerably larger. The wood is light and possesses considerable strength and elasticity, which renders it one of the best materials for yard's and top- masts for shippmg. It is extensively cultivated for ornament. Hemlock — A. Canadensis. — The hemlock is the largest of the genus. It is gracefully orna- mental, but the wood is of little value. The baik is extensively employed in tanning. Tamarack — Larix Americana. — This beautiful tree grows abundantly in swampy situations throughout the state. It is not quite an evergreen It drops its leaves in winter, but quickly recovers them in early spring. The wood is remarkably durable and valuable for a varietv of uses. The tree grows rapidly, and can be successfully cultivated in peaty situations, where other trees would not thrive. Arbor \\TJE—T/!t/ja Occideutalis. — This tree is called the white or flat cedar. It grows abundantly in many parts of the state. The wood is durable, furnishing better fence posts than any other tree, excepting the red cedar. Shingles and staves of a superior quality are obtained from these trees. A beautiful evergreen hedge is made from the young plants, which bear trans- planting better than most evergreens. It will grow on most soils if sufficiently damp. Red Ced.'VR — Juniperus Virginiana. — Is a well known tree that furnishes those celebrated fence posts that " last forever." The wood is highly fragrant, of a rich red color, and fine grained ; hence it is valuable for a variety of uses. It should be extensively cultivated. Dwarf Juniper — J. Sabina. — This is a low trailing shrub. Is considerably prized foi ornament. Especially worthy of cultivation in large grounds. Sassafras — Sassafras officinale. — Is a small tree of fine appearance, with fragrant leaves bark. Grows in Kenosha county. Should be cultivated. Willows. — There are many species of willows growing in every part of the state, several of which are worthy of cultivation near streams and ponds. White Willow — Salix alba. — Is a fine tree, often reaching sixty feet in height. The wood is soft, and makes the best charcoal for the manufacture of gun-powder. Grows rapidly. Black Willow — S. Nigra. — This is also a fine tree, but not quite so large as the foregoing. It is used for similar purposes. There are many shrubs and vines indigenous to the state worthy of note. I shall, however, call attention to only a few of the best. Dogwoods. — There are several species found in our forests and thickets. All are ornamen- tal when covered with a profusion of white blossoms. I would especially recommend: corus sericea, C. stoloni/era, C. paniculata, and C. alternifolia. All these will repay the labor of trans- planting to ornamental grounds. Viburnums. — These are very beautiful. W&hxve viburnum lenlago, V. pruni/olium, V. nudum. V. deniatum, V. pubcscens, V, aceri/oliuin, V. pauciflorum, and V. opulus. The last is known as the cranberry tree, and is a most beautiful shrub when in bloom, and also when covered with its red, acid fruit. The common snow-ball tree is a cultivated variety of the V. opulus. Witch Hazel — Hamamelis Virginica. — Is an interesting, tall shrub that flowers late in: autumn, when the leaves are falling, and matures the fruit the next summer. It deserves more attention than it receives. Burning Bush — Euonymus atropurpureus. — This fine shrub is called the American straw- berry, and is exceedingly beautiful when covered with its load of crimson fruit, which remains during winter. 134 HISTOEY OF WISCOXSTN. Sumach — Rhus typhina. — Is a tall shrub, 11 known, but seldom cultivated. When well grown it is ornamental and well adapted for planting in clumps. Hop Tree — Ptclca trifoliata. — This is a showy shrub with shining leaves, which should be cultivated. Common in rich, alluvial ground. Bladder Nut — Staphyha irifolia. — Is a fine, upright, showy shrub, found sparingly all over the state. Is ornamental, with greenish striped branches and showy leaves. Vines. Virginia Creeper — Ampelopsis quinquefolia. — This is a noble vine, climbing extensively by disc-bearing tendrils, so well known as to require no eulogy. Especially beautiful in its fall colors. Bitter Sweet — Celastrus scandens. — Is a stout twining vine, which would be an ornament to any grounds. In the fall and early winter it is noticeable for its bright fruit. Common. Yellow Honeysuckle — Lonicera flava. — Is a fine native vine, which is found climbing over tall shrubs and trees. Ornamental. There are several other species of honeysuckle; none, how- ever, worthy of special mention. Frost Grape — Vitce cordifolia. — This tall-growing vine has deliciously sweet blossoms, which perfume the air for a great distance around. For use as a screen, this hardy species will be found highly satisfactory. FAUNA OF WISCONSIN. By p. R. hoy, M.D. FISH AND FISH CULTURE. Fish are cold blooded aquatic vertebrates, having fins as organs of progression. They have a two-chambered heart; their bodies are mostly covered with scales, yet a few are entirely naked, like catfish and eels; others again are covered with curious plates, such as the sturgeon. Fish inhabit both salt and fresh water. It is admitted by all authority that fresh-water fish are more universally edible than those inhabiting the ocean. Marine fish are said to be more highly flavored than those inhabiting fresh waters ; an assertion I am by no means prepared to admit. As a rule, fish are better the colder and purer the water in which they are found, and where can you find those conditions more favorable than in the cold depths of our great lakes .'' We have tasted, under the inost favorable conditions, about every one of the celebrated salt-water fish, and can say that whoever eats a whitefish just taken from the pure, cold water of Lake Michigan will have no reason to be envious of the dwellers by the sea. Fish are inconceivably prolific ; a single female deposits at one spawn from one thousand to one million eggs, varying according to species. Fish afford a valuable article of food for man, being highly nutritious and easy of digestion ; they abound in phosphates, hence are valuable as affording nutrition to the osseous and nervous sys- tem, hence they have been termed, not inappropriately, brain food — certainly a very desirable article of diet for some people. They are more savory, nutritious and easy of digestion when just taken from the water ; in fact, the sooner they are cooked after being caught the better. No fish should be more than a few hours from its watery element before being placed upon the table. For con- venience, I will group our fish into families as a basis for what I shall offer. Our bony fish, FAUNA OF WISCONSIN. 135 having spine rays and covered with comb-like scales, belong to the perch family — a valuable family ; all take the hook, are gamey, and spawn in the summer. The yellow perch and at least four species of black or striped bass have a wide range, being found in all the rivers and lakes in the state. There is a large species of fish known as Wall- eyed pike {Leucoperca amerkatia) belonging to this family, which is found sparingly in most of our rivers and lakes. The pike is an active and most rapacious animal, devouring fish of consider- able size. The flesh is firm and of good flavor. It would probably be economical to propagate it to a moderate extent. The six-spined bass {Pomoxys hexacanthus, Agas.) is one of the most desirable of the spine- rayed fish found in the State. The flesh is fine flavored, and as the fish is hardy and takes the hook with avidity, it should be protected during the spawning season and artificially propagated. I have examined the stomachs of a large number of these fish and in every instance found small crawfish, furnishing an additional evidence in its favor. Prof. J. P. Kirtland, the veteran ichthy- ologist of Ohio, says that this so-callea " grass bass" is the fish for the million. The white bass {Jiocciis chrysops) is a species rather rare even in the larger bodies of water, but ought to be introduced into every small lake in the State, where I am certain they would flourish. It is an excellent fish, possessing many of the good qualities and as few of the bad as any that belong to the family. There is another branch of this family, the sunfish, Fomotis, which numbers at least six species found in Wisconsin. Tliey are beautiful fish, and afford abundant sport for the boys ; none of them, however, are worth domesticating (unless it be in the aquarium) as there are so many better. The carp family {Cyprinida) are soft finned fish without maxillary teeth. They include by far the 'greater number of fresh-water fish. Some specimens are not more than one inch, while others are nearly two feet in length. Our chubs, silversides and suckers are the principal mem- bers of this family. Dace are good pan-fish, yet their small size is objectionable; they are the children's game fish. The Cypriitidie all spawn in the spring, and might be profitably propa- gated as food for the larger and more valuable fish. There are six or seven species of suckers found in our lakes and rivers. The red horse, found every where, and at least one species of the buffalo, inhabiting the Mississippi and its trib- utaries, are the best of Ihe genus Catastomus. Suckers are bony, and apt to taste suspiciously of mud ; they are only to be tolerated in the absence of better. The carp {Cypreniiis carpo) has been successfully introduced into the Hudsonriver. The trout family {Salmonida) are soft-finned fish with an extra dorsal adipose fin without rays. They inhabit northern countries, spawning in the latter part of fall and winter. Their flesh is universally esteemed. The trout family embrace by far the most valuable of our fish, including, as it does, trout and whitefish. The famous speckled trout {Saliiio fontinalis) \s a small and beautiful species which is found in nearly every stream in the northern half of the State. Wherever there is a spring run or lake, the temperature of which does not rise higher than sixty-five or seventy in the summer, there trout can be propagated in abundance. The great salmon trout {Sal. amethystus) of the great lakes is a magnificent fish weighing from ten to sixty pounds. 'Y\\^ Siicowit salmo siscowit o{ Lake Superior is about the same size, but not quite so good a fish, being too fat and oily. They will, no doubt, flourish in the larger of the inland lakes. The genus Coregonus includes the true whitefish, or lake shad. In this genus, as now restricted, the nose is square and the under jaw short, and when first caught they have the fragrance of fresh cucumbers. There are at least three species found in Lake Michigan. In my '136 HISTORV OF WISCONSIN. opinion these fish are more delicately flavored than the celebrated Potomac shad ; but I doubt whether they will thrive in the small lakes, owing to the absence of the small Crustacea on which they subsist. The closely allied genus Argyi-oso>?ius includes seven known species inhabiting the larger lakes, and one, the Argyrosomus stsco, which is found in several of the lesser lakes. The larger species are but little inferior to the true whitefish, with which they are commonly confounded. The nose is pointed, the under jaw long, and they take the hook at certain seasons with activity. They eat small fish as well as insects and crustaceans. Of the pickerel family, we have three or four closely allied species of the genus Esox, armed with prodigious jaws filled with cruel teeth. They lie motionles eady to dart, swift as an arrow, upon their prey. They are the sharks of the fresh water. The pickerel are so rapacious that they spare not their own species. Sometimes they attempt to swallow a fish nearly as large as themselves, and perish in consequence. Their flesh is moderately good, and as they are game to the backbone, it might be desirable to propagate them to a moderate extent under peculiar circumstances. The catfish (Si/uridcE) have soft fins, protected by sharp spines, and curious fleshy barbels floating from their lips, without scales, covered only with a slimy coat of mucus. The genus Pimlodus are scavengers among fish, as vultures among birds. They are filthy in habit and food. There is one interesting trait of the catfish — the vigilant and watchful motherly care of the young by the male. He defends them with great spirit, and herds them together when they straggle. Even the mother is driven far off; for he knows full well that she would not scruple to make a full meal off her little black tadpole-like progeny. There are four species ■known to inhabit this State — one peculiar to the great lakes, and two found in the numerous affluents of the Mississippi. One of these, the great yellow catfish, sometimes weighs over one hundred pounds. When in good condition, stuffed and well baked, they are a fair table fish. The small bull-head is universally distributed. The sturgeons are large sluggish fish, covered with plates instead of scales. There are at least three species of the genus Acipenser found in the waters of Wisconsin. Being so large and without bones, they afford a sufficiently cheap article of food ; unfortunately, however, the quality is decidedly bad. Sturgeons deposit an enormous quantity of eggs ; the roe not unfrequently weighs one fourth as much as the entire body, and numbers, it is said, many millions. The principal commercial value of sturgeons is found in the roe and swimming bladder. The much prized caviare is manufactured from the former, and from the latter the best of isinglass is obtained. The gar-pikes {Lepidosteus) are represented by at least three species of this singular fish. They have long serpentine bodies, with jaws prolonged into a regular bill, which is well provided with teeth. The scales are composed of bone covered on the outside with enamel, like teeth. The alligator gar, confined to the depths of the Mississippi, is a large fish, and the more common •species, Lcpidostcus dison, attains to a considerable size. The Lepidosteous, now only found in North America, once had representatives all over the globe. Fossils of the same family of which the gar-pike is the type, have been found all over Europe, in the oldest fossiliferous beds, in the strata of the age of coal, in the new red sandstone, in oolitic deposits, and in the chalk and tertiary formations- — being one of the many living evidences that North America was the first ■country above the water. For all practical purposes, we should not regret to have the gar-pikes follow in the footsteps of their aged and illustrious predecessors. They could well be spared. There is a fish (^Lota maculosc) which belongs to the cod-fish family, called by the fishermen ihe "lawyers," for what reason I am not able to say — at any rate, the fish is worthless. There are a great number of small fish, interesting only to the naturalist, which I shall omit to men- FAUNA OF WISCONSIN. 137 lion here. Fish of the northern countries are the most valuable, for the reason that the water is colder and purer. Wisconsin, situated between forty-two thirty, and forty-seven degrees of latitude, bounded on the east and north by the largest lakes in the world, on the west by the "Great river," traversed by numerous fine and rapid streams, and sprinkled all over with beautiful and pictu- resque lakes, has physical conditions certainly the most favorable, perhaps of any State, for an abundant and never-failing supply of the best fish. Few persons have any idea of the importance of the fisheries of" Lake Michigan. It is difficult to collect adequate data to form a correct knowledge of the capital invested and the amount of fish taken; enough, however, has been ascertained to enable me to state that at Milwaukee alone $100,000 are invested, and not less than two hundred and eighty tons of dressed fish taken annually. At Racine, during the entire season of nine months, there are, on an average, one thousand pounds of whitefish and trout, each, caught and sold daily, amounting to not less than $16,000. It is well known that, since the adoption of the gill-net system, the fishermen are enabled to pursue their calling ten months of the year. When the fish retire to the deep water, they are followed with miles of nets, and the poor fish are entangled on every side. There is a marked falling off in the number and size of white- fish and trout taken, when compared with early years. When fish were only captured with seines, they had abundant chance to escape and multiply so as to keep an even balance in number. Only by artificial propagation and well enforced laws protecting them during the spawning season, can we hope now to restore the balance. In order to give some idea of the valuable labors of the state fish commissioners, I will state briefly that they have purchased for the state a piece of property, situated three miles from Madison, known as the Nine Springs, including forty acres of land, on which they have erected a dwelling-house, barn and hatchery, also constructed several ponds, in which can be seen many valuable fish in the enjoyment of perfect health and vigor. As equipped, it is, undoubtedly, one of the best, if not the best, hatchery in the states. In this permanent establishment the commission design to hatch and distribute to the small lakes and rivers of the interior the most valuable of our indigenous fish, such as bass, pike, trout, etc., etc., as well as many valuable foreign varieties. During the past season, many fish have been distributed from this state hatchery. At the Milwaukee Water Works, the commission have equipped a hatchery on a large scale, using the water as pumped directly from the lake. During tlie past season there was a prodigious multitude of young trout and whitefish distributed from this point. The success of Superintendent Welcher in hatching whitefish at Milwaukee has been the best yet gained, nearly ninety per cent, of the eggs "laid down" being hatched. Pisciculturists will appreciate this wonderful success, as they well know how difficult it is to manage the spawn of the whitefish. I append the following statistics of the number of fish hatched and distributed from the Milwaukee hatchery : Total number of fish hatched, 8,000,000 — whitefish, 6,300,000; salmon trout, 1,700,000. They were distributed as follows, in the month of May, 1877 ; Whitefish planted in Lake Michigan, at Racine, 1,000,000; at Milwaukee, 3,260,000; between Manitowoc and Two Rivers 1.000,000; in Green bay, 1,000,000; in Elkhart lake, 40,000. Salmon trout were turned out as follows : Lake Michigan, near Milwaukee, 600,000 ; Brown's lake, Racine county, 40,000 ; Delavan lake, Walworth county, 40,000 ; Troy lake, Wal- worth county, 40,000 ; Pleasant lake, Walworth county, 40,000 ; Lansdale lake, Walworth county, 40,000; Ella lake, Milwaukee county, 16,000; Cedar lake, Washington county, 40,000; Elkhart lake, Sheboygan county, 40,000; Clear lake, Rock county, 40,000; Ripley lake, 138 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Jefferson county, 40,000; Mendota lake, Dane county, 100,000; Fox lake, Dodge county, 40,000 ; Swan and Silver lakes, Columbia county, 40,000 ; Little Green lake. Green Lake county, 40,000; Big Green lake, Green Lake county, 100,000; Bass lake, St. Croix county, 40,000; Twin lakes, St. Croix county, 40,000; Long lake, (,'hippewa county, 40,000; Oconomo- woc lake, Waukesha county, 100,000; Pine lake, Waukesha county, 40,000; Pewaukee lake, Waukesha county, 100,000; North lake, Waukesha county, 40,000 ; Nagawicka lake, Waukesha county, 40,000; Okanche lake, Waukesha county, 40,000. L.'^RGE ANIMALS.— TIME OF THEIR DISAPPEARANCE. Fifty years ago, the territory now included in the state of Wisconsin, was nearly in a state of nature, all the large wild animals were then abundant. Now, all has changed. The ax and plow, gun and dog, railway and telegraph, have metamorphosed the face of nature. Most of the large quadrupeds have been either exterminated, or have hid themselves away in the wilder- ness. In a short time, all of these will have disappeared from the state. The date and order in which animals become extinct within the boundaries of the state, is a subject of great interest. There was a time when the antelope, the woodland caribou, the buffalo, and the wild turkey, were abundant, but are now no longer to be found. The Antelope, Antilocarpa Americana, now confined to the Western plains, did, two hun- dred years ago, inhabit Wisconsin as far east as Michigan. In October, 1679, Father Hennepin, with La Salle and party, in four canoes, coasted along the Western shore of Lake Michigan. In Hennepin's narrative, he says; " The oldest of them " (the Indians) " came to us the next morn- ing with their calumet of peace, and brought some wild goats." This was somewhere north of Milwaukee. "Being in sore distress, we saw upon the coast a great many ravens and eagles " (turkey vultures), " from whence we conjectured there was some prey, and having landed upon that place, we found above tlie half of a fat wild goat, which the wolves had strangled. This provision was very acceptable to us, and the rudest of our men could not but praise the Divine Providence which took so particular care of us." This must have been somewhere near Racine. "On the i6th" (October, 1679), " we met with abundance of game. A savage we had with us. killed several stags (deer) and tvild goats, and our men a great many turkeys, very fat and big." This must have been south of Racine. These goats were undoubtedly antelopes. Schoolcraft mentions antelopes as occupying the Northwest territory. Wlien the last buffalo crossed the Mississippi is not precisely known. It is certain they lingered in Wisconsin in 1825. It is said there was a buffalo shot on the St. Croix river as late as 1832, so Wisconsin claims the last buffalo. The woodland caribou — Rangifer caribou— ^miz never numerous within the limits of the state. A few were seen not far from La Pointe in 1045. The last wild turkey in the eastern portion of the state, was in 1846. On the Mississippi, one was killed in 1856. I am told by Dr. Walcott, that turkeys were abundant in Wisconsin previous to the hard winter of 1842-3, when snow was yet two feet deep in March, with a stout crust, so^ that the turkeys could not get to the ground. They became so poor and weak, that they could, not fly, and thus became an easy prey to the wolves, foxes, wild cats, minks, etc., which exter- minated almost the entire race. The Doctor says he saw but one single individual the next winter. Elk were on Hay river in 1863, and I have little doubt a few yet remain. Moose are- not numerous, a few yet remain in the northwestern part of the state. I saw moose tracks on the Montreal river, near Lake Superior, in the summer of 1845. A few panthers may still inhabit the wilderness of Wisconsin. Benjamin Bones, of Racine, shot one on the headwaters of FAUXA OF WISCONSIN. 139, Black river, December, 1863. Badgers are now nearly gone, and in a few years more, the only badgers found within the state, will be two legged ones. Beavers are yet numerous in the small lakes in the northern regions. Wolverines are occasionally met with in the northern forests. Bears, wolves, and deer, will continue to flourish in the northern and central counties, where underbrush, timber, and small lakes abound. All large animals will soon be driven by civilization out of Wisconsin. The railroad and improved firearms will do the work, and thus we lose the primitive denizens of the forest and prairies. PECULIARITIES OF THE BIRD FAUNA. The facts recorded in this paper, were obtained by personal observations within fifteen miles of Racine, Wisconsin, latitude 42° 46' north, longitude 87° 48' west. This city is situated on the western shore of Lake Michigan, at the extreme southern point of the heavy lumbered district, the base of which rests on Lake Superior. Racine extends six miles further into the lake than Milwaukee, and two miles further than Kenosha. At this point the great prairie approaches near the lake from the west. The extreme rise of the mercury in summer, is from 90" to 100° Fahrenheit. The isothermal line comes further north in summer, and retires further south in winter than it does east of the great lakes, which physical condition will sufficiently explain the remarkable peculiarities of its animal life, the overlapping, as it were, of two distinct faunas. More especially is this true of birds, that are enabled to change their locality with the greatest facility. Within the past thirty years, I have collected and observed over three hundred species of birds, nearly half of all birds found in North America. Many species, considered rare in other sections, are found here in the greatest abundance. A striking peculiarity of the ornithological fauna of this section, is that southern birds go farther north in summer, while- northern species go farther south in winter than they do east of the lakes. Of summer birds that visit us, I will ennumerate a few of the many that belong to a more southern latitude in the .Atlantic States. Nearly all nest with us, or, at least, did some years ago. Yellow-breasted chat, Icteria virdis ; mocking bird, Mimus pollyglottus ; great Carolina wren^ Thriothorus ludoviciamis ; prothonotary warbler, Frotonotaria citrea; summer red MvcA, Fyrangia (estiva; wood ibis, Tantalus loeulator. Among Arctic birds that visit us in winter are : Snowy owl, Nyctea nivca; great gray owl, Syrniiim cincnts ; hawk owl, Surnia ulula; Arctic- three-toed woodpecker, Picoidcs arciicus; banded three-toed woodpecker, Picoidcs hirsutus; mag- l)ie, Pica hiidsonica; Canada jay, Perisorius canadensis; evening grosbeak, Hesperiphona vesper- Una; Hudson titmouse, Parus hudsonicus; king eder, Somateria spectabilis ; black-throated diver, Colytnhus arcticus ; glaucus gull, Laurus glaucus. These examples are sufficient to indicate the rich avi fauna of Wisconsin. It is doubtful if there is another locality where the Canada jay and its associates visit in winter where the mock- ing bird nests in summer, or where the hawk owl flies silently over the spot occupied during the warmer days by the summer red bird and the yellow-breasted chat. But the ax has already leveled much of the great woods, so that there is now a great falling off in numbers of our old familiar feathered friends. It is now extremely doubtful if such a collection can ever again b& mad( within the boundaries of this state, or indeed, of any other. EDUCATIONAL HISTORY. By Prof. EDWARD SEARING, State Superintendent of Public Instruction. From the time of the earliest advent of the families of French traders into the region now known as Wisconsin, to the year 1818, when that region became part of Michigan territory, education was mostly confined to private instruction, or was sought by the children of the wealthier in the distant cities of Quebec, Montreal, and Detroit. The early Jesuit missionaries, and — subsequently to 1816, when it came under the military control of the United States — representatives of various other religious denominations, sought to teach the Indian tribes of this section. In 1823, Rev. Eleazar Williams, well known for his subsequent claim to be the Dauphin of France, and who was in the employ of the Episcopal Missionary Society, started a School of white and half-breed children on the west side of Fo.\ river, opposite " Shanty-Tovifn." A Catholic mission school for Indians was organized by an Italian priest near Green Bay, in 1830. A clause of the treaty with the Winnebago Indians, in 1832, bound the United States to maintain a school for their children near Prairie du Chien for a period of twenty-seven years. The Original School Code. From 1818 to 1836, Wisconsin formed part of Michigan territory. In the year 1837, Michi- gan was admitted into the Union as a state, and Wisconsin, embracing what is now Minnesota, Iowa, and a considerable region still further westward, was, by act of congress approved April 20th of the year previous, established as a separate territory. The act provided that the existing laws of the territory of Michigan should be extended over the new territory so far as compatible with the provisions of the act, subject to alteration or repeal by the new government created. Thus with the other statutes, the school code of Michigan became the original code of Wiscon- sin, and it was soon formally adopted, with almost no change, by the first territorial legislature, which met at Belmont. Although modified in some of its provisions almost every year, this imperfect code continued in force until the adoption of the state constitution in 1S48. The first material changes in the code were made by the territorial legislature at its second session, in 1837, by the passage of a bill " to regulate the sale of school lands, and to provide for organ- izing, regulating, and perfecting common schools." It was provided in this act that as soon as twenty electors should reside in a surveyed township, they should elect a board of three com- missioners, holding office three years, to lay off districts, to apply the proceeds of the leases of school lands to the payment of teachers' wages, and to call school meetings. It was also pro- vided that each district should elect a board of three directors, holding office one year, to locate school-houses, hire teachers for at least three months in the year, and levy taxes for the support of schools. It was further provided that a third board of five inspectors should be elected annually in each town to examine and license teachers and inspect the schools. Two years subsequently (1839) the law was revised and the family, instead of the electors, was made the basis of the town organization. Every town with not less than ten families was made a school district and required to provide a competent teacher. More populous towns were divided into two or more districts. The office of town commissioner was abolished, its duties with certain others being transferred to the inspectors. The rate-bill system of taxation, previously in existence, was repealed, and a tax on the whole county for building school-houses and support- EDUCATIOXAL HISTORY. 141 ing schools was provided for. One or two years later the office of town commissioners was restored, and the duties of the inspectors were assigned to the same. Other somewhat important amendments were made at the same time. In 1840, a memorial to congress from the legislature represented that the people were anxious to establish a common-school system, with suitable resources for its support. From lack of sufficient funds many of the schools were poorly organized. The rate-bill tax or private subscription was often necessary to supplement the scanty results of county taxation. Until a state government should be organized, the fund accruing from the sale of school lands could not be available. Congress had made to Wisconsin, as to other new states, for educational purposes, a donatiBn of lands. Tliese lands embraced the sixteenth section in every township in the state, the 500,000 acres to which the state was entitled by the provisions of an act of congress passed in 1841, and any grant of lands from the United States, the purposes of which were not speci- fied. To obtain the benefits of this large fund was a leading object in forming the state con- stitution. Agitation for Free Schools. Shortly before the admission of the state the subject of free schools began to be quite widely discussed. In February, 1845, Col. M. Frank, of Kenosha, a member of the territorial Jegislature, introduced a bill, which became a law, authorizing the legal voters of his own town to vote taxes on all the assessed property for the full support of its schools. A provision of the act required its submission to the people of the town before it could take effect. It met with strenuous opposition, but after many public meetings and lectures held in the interests of public enlightenment, the act was ratified by a small majority in the fall of 1845, and thus the first free school in the state was legally organized. Subsequently, in the legislature, m the two constitutional con- ventions, and in educational assemblies, the question of a free-school system for the new state soon to be organized provoked much interest and discussion. In the constitution framed by the convention of 1846, was provided the basis of a free-school system similar to that in our present constitution. The question of establishing the office of state superintendent, more than any other feature of the proposed school system, elicited discussion in that body. The necessity of this office, and the advantages of free schools supported by taxation, were ably presented to the convention by Hon. Henry Barnard, of Connecticut, in an evening address. He afterward pre- pared, by request, a draft of a free-school system, with a state superintendent at its head, which was accepted and subsequently embodied in the constitution and the school law. In the second constitutional convention, in 184S, the same questions again received careful attention, and the article on education previously prepared, was, after a few changes, brought into the shape in which we now find it. Immediately after the ratification by the people, of the constitution pre- pared by the second convention, three commissioners were appointed to revise the statutes. To one of these, Col. Frank, the needed revision of the school laws was assigned. The work was acceptably performed, and the new school code of 1849, largely the same as the present one, ■went into operation May first of that year. The School System under the State Government. In tlie state constitution was laid the broad foundation of our present school system. The four corner stones were: (i) The guaranteed freedom of the schools; {?.) the school fund •created ; (3) the system of supervision ; (4) a state university for higher instruction. The school fund has five distinct sources for its creation indicated in the constitution: (i) Proceeds from the sale of lands granted to the state by the United States for educational purposes; (2) 142 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. all moneys accruing from forfeiture or escheat; (3) all fines collected in the several counties for breach of the penal laws ; (4) all moneys paid for exemption from military duty ; {5) five per cent. of the sale of government lands within the state. In addition to these constitutional sources of the school fund, another and sixth source was open from 1856 to 1870. By an act of the state legislature in the former year, three-fourths of the net proceeds of the sales of the svvamp and overflowed lands, granted to the state by congress, Sept. 28, 1850, were added to the commonj school fund, the other fourth going into a fund for drainage, under certain circumstances ; but if not paid over to any town for that purpose within two years, to become a part of the school fund. The following year one of these fourths was converted into the normal-school fund, leaving one-half for the common-school fund. In 1858, another fourth was given to the drainage fund, thus providing for the latter one-half the income from the sales, and leaving for the school fund, until the year 1865, only the remaining one-fourth. In the latter year this was transferred to the normal-school fund, with the provision, however, that one-fourth of the income of this, fund should be transferred to the common-school fund until the annual income of the latter fund should reach $200,000. In 1870 this provision was repealed, and the whole income of th& normal fund left applicable to the support of normal schools and teachers' institutes. At the first session of the state legislature in 1848, several acts were passed which carried out in some degree the educational provisions of the constitution. A law was enacted to pro- vide for the election, and to define the duties, of a state superintendent of public instruction. A district board was created, consisting of a moderator, director, and treasurer; the office of town superintendent was established, and provision was made for the creation of town libraries, and for the distribution of the school fund. The present school code of Wisconsin is substantially that passed by the legislature of 1848, and which went into operation May i, 1849. The most important change since made was the abolition of the office of town superintendent, and the- substitution therefor of the county superintendency. This change took effect January i, 1862. The School-Fund Income. The first annual report of the state superintendent, for the year 1849, gives the income of the school fund for that year as $588, or eight and three-tenth mills per child. Milwaukee county received the largest amount, $69.63, and St. Croix county the smallest, twenty-four cents. The average in the state was forty-seven cents per district. The following table will show at a glance the quinquennial increase in the income of the fund, the corresponding increase in the number of school children, and the apportionment per child, from 1849 to 1875, inclusive ; also, the last apportionment, that for 1877. The rate for three years past has been 41 cents per child : Year. NO. CHILDREN OF SCHOOL-AGE. INCOME OF SCHOOL FUND RATE PER CHILD. Year. NO. CHILDREN OF SCHOOL-AGE. INCOME OF SCHOOL FUND RATE PER CHILD. 1849-- 1850. _ 1855-- 1860.. 70,457 92. '05 186,085 288,984 $588 00 47,716 00 125,906 02 184.949 76 $0.0083 .518 .67 .64 1865.. 1870.. 1S75-- 1S77-- 335.582 412,481 450,304 470.783 151,816 34 159,271 38 184,624 64 193.021 03 .46 .40 .41 .41 The amount of productive school fund reported September 30, 1877, was $2,596,361.07. The portion of the fund not invested at that date, was $74,195.22. EDUCATIONAL HISTORY. 143 The State University. In his message to the first territorial legislature, in 1836, Governor Dodge recommended asking from congress aid for the establishment of a state educational institution, to be governed by the legislature. This was the first official action looking to the establishment of a state university. The same legislature passed an act to establish and locate the Wisconsin univer- sity at Belmont, in the county of Iowa. At its second session, the following year, the legislature passed an act, which was approved January 19, 1838, establishing "at or near Madison, the seat of government, a university for the purpose of educating youth, the name whereof shall be ' The University of the Territory of Wisconsin. " A resolution was passed at the same session, direct- ing the territorial delegate in congress to ask of that body an appropriation of $20,000 for the erection of the buildings ot said university, and also to appropriate two townships of vacant land for its endowment. Congress accordingly appropriated, in 1838, seventy-two sections, or two townships, for the support of a " seminary of learning in the territory of Wisconsin," and this was afterward confirmed to the state for the use of the university. No effectual provision, how- ever, was made for the establishment of the university until ten years later, when the state was organized. Congress, as has been said, had made a donation of lands to the territory for the support of such an institution, but these lands could not be made available for that purpose until the territory should become a state. The state constitution, adopted in 1848, declared that pro- vision should be made for the establishment of a state university, and that the proceeds of all lands donated by the United .States to the state for the support of a university should remain a perpetual fund, the interest of which should be appropriated to its sujiport The state legislature, at its first session, passed an act, approved July 26, 1848, establishing the University of Wisconsin, defining its location, its government, and its various departments, and authorizing the regents to purchase a suitable site for the buildings, and to proceed to the erection of the same, after having obtained from the legislature the approval of plans. This act repealed the previous act of 1838. The regents were soon after appointed, and theirfirst annual report was presented to the legislature, January 30, 1849. This report announced the selection of a site, subject to the approval of the legislature, announced the organization of a preparatory department, and the election of a chancellor or president. The university was thus organized, with John H. Lathrop, president of the University of Missouri, as its first chancellor, and John ^\'. Sterling as principal of the preparatory department, which was opened February 5, 1849. Chancellor Lathrop was not formally inaugurated until January 16, 1850. Owing to the short-sighted policy of the state in locating without due care, and in apprais- ing and selling so low the lands of the original grant, the fund produced was entirely inadequate to the support of the institution. Congress, therefore, made, in 1854, an additional grant of seventy-two sections of land for its use. These, however, were located and sold in the same inconsiderate and unfortunate manner, for so low a price as to be a means of inducing immigra- tion, indeed, but not of producing a fund adequate for the support of a successful state univer- sity. Of the 92,160 acres comprised in the two grants, there had been sold prior to September 30, 1866, 74,178 acres for the sum of $264,570.13, or at an average price of but little more than $3-5° per acre.* Besides this, the state had allowed the university to anticipate its income to the extent of over $100,000 for the erection of buildings. By a law of 1S62 the sum of $104,339.43 was taken from its fund (already too small) to pay for these buildings. The resulting embar- rassment made necessary the re-organization of 1866, which added to the slender resources of the institution the agricultural college fund, arising from the sale of lands donated to the state by the congressional act of 1862. 144 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. The first university building erected was the north dormitory, which was completed in 185 1. This is 110 feet in length by 40 in breadth, and four stories in height. The south dormitory, of the same size, was completed in 1855. The main central edifice, known as University Hall, was finished in 1859. The Ladies' College was completed in 1872. This latter was built with an appropriation of $50,000, made by the legislature in 1870 — the first actual donation the univer- sity had ever received from the state. The legislature of 1875 appropriated $80,000 for the erection of Science Hall, a building to be devoted to instruction in the physical sciences. This was completed and ready for occupancy at the opening of the fall term of 1877. The growth of this institution during the past fourteen years, and especially since its re- organization in 1866, has been rapid and substantial. Its productive fund on the 30th day of September, 1877, aside from the agricultural college fund, was $223,240 32. The combined uni- versity and agricultural funds amounted, at the same date, to $464,032 22. An act of the legis- *Compare the price obtained for the lands of the University of Michigan. Tlie first sale of those lands averaged $22.35 per acre, and brought in a single year (1837) $150,447.90. Sales were made in succeeding years at $15, ftlTt and $ig per acre. lature in 1867 appropriated to the university income for that year, and annually for the next ten years, the sum of $7,303.76, being the interest upon the sum taken from the university fund by the law of 1862 for the erection of buildings, as before mentioned. Chapter 100 of the general laws of 1872 also provided for an annual state ta.x of $10,000 to increase the income of the uni- versity. Chapter 119 of the laws of 1876 provides for an annual state tax of one-tenth of one mill on the taxable property of the state for the increase of the university fund irtcome, this tax to be "/« lieu of all other appropriations before provided for the benefit of said fund income,'* and to be "deemed a full compensation for all deficiencies in said income arising from the dis- position of the lands donated to the state by congress, in trust, for the benefit of said income."' The entire income of the university from all sources, including this tax (which was $42,359.62), was, for the year ending September 30, 1877, $89,879.89. The university has a faculty of over thirty professors and instructors, and during the past year — 1876-7 — it had in its various depart- ments 316 students. The law department, organized in 1S68, has since been in successful oper- ation. Ladies are admitted into all the departments and classes of the university. Agricultural ('ollege. The agricultural college fund, granted to the state by the congressional act of 1862, was by a subsequent legislative enactment (1866) applied to the support, not of a separate agricultural college, but of a department of agriculture in the existing university, thus rendering it unneces- sary for the state to erect separate buildings elsewhere. Under the provisions of chapter 114, laws of 1866, the county of Dane issued to the state, for the purpose of purchasing an experi- mental farm, bonds to the amount of $40,000. A farm of about 200 acres, adjoining the univer- sity grounds, was purchased, and a four years' course of study provided, designed to be thorough and extensive in the branches that relate to agriculture, in connection with its practical application .upon the experimental farm. The productive agricultural college fund has increased from $8,061.85, in 1866, to $240,791. 90^ in T877. NoRM.\L Schools. The propriety of making some special provision for the instruction of teachers was acknowledged in the very organization of the state, a provision for normal schools having been embodied in the constitution itself, which ordains that after the support and naintenance of the EDFCATIOXAL HISTORY. 145, common schools is insured, the residue of the school fund shall be appropriated to academies and normal scliools. The state legislature, in its first session in 184S, in the act establishing the Uni^. varsity of Wisconsin, declared that one of the four departments thereof should be a department of the theory and practice of elementary instruction. The first institution ever chartered in the state as a normal school was incorporated by the legislature at its second session — 1849 — under tlie title of the " Jefferson County Normal School." This, however, was never organized. The regents, when organizing the university, at their meeting in 1849, ordained the estab- lishment of a normal professorship, and declared that in organizing the normal department it was their fixed intention " to make the University of Wisconsin subsidiary to the great cause of popular education, by making it, through i;s normal department, the nursery of the educators of the popular mind, and the central point of union and harmony to the educational interests of the commonwealth." They declared that instruction in the normal department should be free to all suitable candidates. Little was accomplished, however, in this direction during the ne.xt ten years. In 1857 an act was passed by the legislature appropriating twenty-five per cent, of the income of the swamp-land fund " to normal institutes and academies under the supervision and direction of a board of regents of normal schools," who were to be appointed in accordance with the provisions of the act. Distribution of this income was made to such colleges, acade- mies, and high schools as maintained a normal class, in proportion to the number of pupils pass- ing a successful examination conducted by an agent of the board. In 1S59, Dr. Henry Barnard, who had become chancellor of the university, was made agent of the normal regents. He inaugurated a system of teachers' institutes, and gave fresh vigor to the normal work throughout the state. Resigning, however, on account of ill-health, within two years. Professor Chas. H. Allen, wiio had been conducting institutes under his direction, succeeded him as agent of the normal regents, and was elected principal of the normal department of the university, entering upon his work as the latter in March, 1864. He managed the department with signal ability and success, but at the end of one or two years resigned. Meantime the educational sentiment of the state had manifested itself for the establishment of separate normal schools. In 1865, the legislature passed an act repealing that of two years before, and providing instead that one-half of the swamp-land fund should be set apart as a normal-school fund, the income of which should be applied to establishing and supporting normal schools under the direction and management of the board of normal regents, with a proviso, however, that one- fourth of such income should be annually transferred to the common-school fund income, until the latter should amount annually to $200,000. This proviso was repealed by the legislature of 1S70, and the entire income of one-half the swamp-land fund has since been devoted to normal-. school purposes. During the same year proposals were invited for aid in the establishment of a normal school, in money, land, or buildings, and propositions from various places were received and considered. In 1S66, the board of regents was incorporated by the legislature. In the same year Platteville was conditionally selected as the site of a school, and as there was already a productive fund of about $600,000, with an income of over $30,000, and a prospect of a steady increase as the lands were sold, the board decided upon the policy of establishing several schools, located in different parts of the state. In pursuance of this policy, there have already been completed, and are now in very successful operation, the Platteville Normal School, opened October 9, 1866 ; the Whitewater Normal School, opened April 21, 1868 ; the Oshkosh Normal School, opened September 19, 1871, and the River Falls Normal School, opened September 2, 1875. Each assembly district in the state is entitled to eight representatives in the normal schools. These are nominated by county and city superintendents. Tuition is. free to all normal students. There are in the normal schools two courses of study — an 146 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. elementary course oi two years, and an advanced course oi ionr years. The student completing the former, receives a certificate ; the one completing the latter, a diploma. The certificate, when the holder has successfully taught one year after graduation, may be countersigned by the suj)- erintendent of public instruction, when it becomes equivalent to a five-years' state certificate. The diploma, when thus countersigned, after a like interval, is equivalent to a permanent state certificate. It is believed that the normal-school system of Wisconsin rests upon a broader and more secL'-e basis tlian the corresponding system of any other state. That basis is an independent and permanent fund, which has already reached a million dollars. The precise amount of this securely invested and productive fund, September 30, 1877, was $985,681.84, and the sum of •$45,056.84 remained uninvested. Teachers' Institutes. In addition to the work of the normal schools, the board of regents is authorized to expend ■$5,000 annually to defray the e.xpenses of teachers' institutes. A law of 187 1, amended in 1S76, provides for normal institutes, which shall be held for not less than two consecutive weeks, and appropriates from the state treasury a sum not exceeding $2,000 per annum for their support. There were held in the state, in 1876, sixty-five institutes, varying in length from one to four Weeks. The total number of persons enrolled as attendants was 4,660 Graded Schools. Including those in the cities, the graded schools of the state number about four nundred. The annual report of the state superintendent for 1S76 gives the number with two departments as one hundred and eighty-three, and the number with three or more as one hundred and eighty-nine. A law of March, 1872, provided that "all graduates of any graded school of the state, who shall have passed an examination at such graded school satisfactory to the faculty of the univer- sity for admission into the sub-freshman class and college classes of the university, shall be at once and at all times entitled to free tuition in all the colleges of the university." A consider- able number of graduates of graded schools entered the university under this law during the next four years, but it being deemed an unwise discrimination in favor of this class of students, in 1876, in the same act which provided for the tax of one tenth of one mill, the legislature pro- vided that from and after the 4th of July of that year fio student, except students in law and those taking extra studies, should be required to pay any fees for tuition. Few graded schools of the state are able as yet to fully prepare students for entrance into the regular classes of the classical department of the university. The larger number prepared by them still enter the ■scientific department or the sub-freshman class. The Township System. In 1869 the legislature passed a law authorizing towns to adopt by vote the " township sys- tem of school government." Under this system each town becomes one school district, and the several school districts already existing become sub-districts. Each sub-district elects a clerk, and these clerks constitute a body corporate under the name of the " board of school directors," and are invested with the title and custody of all school houses, school-house sites, and other prop- erty belonging to the sub-districts, with power to control them for the best interests of the- schools of the town. The law provides for an executive committee to execute the orders of the EDTT'ATTOXAL HISTOKV. 147 board, employ teacliers, etc., and for a secretary to record proceedings of the board, have imme- diate charge and supervision of the schools, and perform other specified duties. But few towns ha\e as yet made trial of this system, although it is in successful operation in Pensylvania, Mas- sachusetts, and some other states, and where fully and fairly tried in our own, has proved entirely satisfactory. It is the general belief of our enlightened educational men that the plan has such merits as ought to secure its voluntary adoption by the people of the state. Free High Schools. In 1875 the legislature enacted that any town, incorporated village, or city, may establish and maintain not more than two free high schools, and provided for an annual appropriation of not to exceed $25,000, tj refund one-half of the actual cost of instruction in such schools, but no school to draw in any one year more tlian $500. At the session of 1877 the benefits of the act were extended to such high schools already established as shall show by a proper report that they have conformed to the requirements of the law. If towns decline to establish such a school, one or more adjoining districts in the same have the privilege of doing so. The law has met with much favor. For the school year ending August 31, 1876 (the first year in which it was in operation), twenty such schools reported, and to these the sum of $7,466.50 was paid, being an average of S373.32 per school. It is expected that twice this number will report for the second year. The high school law was primarily designed to bring to rural neighborhoods the two-fold advantages of (i) a higlier instruction than the common district schools afford, and (2) a better class of teachers for these schools. It was anticipated, however, from the first that the imncdiate results of the law would be chiefly the improvement of existing graded schools in the larger villages and in cities. Experience may be said to have already confirmed both antici- pations. School Officers. The school officers of Wisconsin are, a state superintendent of public instruction, sixty-four county sujjerintendents, twenty-eight city superintendents, and a school board in each district, consisting of a director, treasurer, and clerk. The state and county superintendents hold office two years, the district officers three years. In each independent city there is a board of educa- tion, and the larger cities have each a city superintendent, who in some cases is also principal of the high school. He is appoirited for one year. The county board of supervisors determine, within certain limits, the amount of money to be raised annually in each town and ward of their county for school ])urposes, levy an additional amount for the salary of the county superintend- ents, may authorize a special school tax, and may under certain circumstances determine that there shall be two superintendents for their county. The town board of supervisors have authority to form and alter school districts, to issue notice for first meeting, to form union districts for high school purposes, and appoint first boards for the same, to locate and establish school-house sites under certain circumstances, to extinguish districts tliat have neglected to maintain school for two years, and to dispose of the property of the same. The district clerks report annually to the town clerks, the town clerks to the county superintendents, and the county and city superintend- ents to the state superintendent, who in turn makes an annual report to the governor. State Te.\chers' Certificates. The state superintendent is authorized by law "to issue state certificates of high grade to teachers of eminent qualifications." Two grades of these are given, one unlimited, and the other good for five years. The examination is conducted by a board of three examiners, appointed annually by the state superintendent, and acting under niles and regulations prescribed I'V liim. 148 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Teachers' Associations. Besides the Wisconsin State Teachers' Association, holding its annual session in the summer and a semi-annual or " executive " session in the winter, there are, in several parts of the state, county or district associations, holding stated meetings. The number of such associations is annually increasing. Libraries. The utility of public libraries as a part of the means of popular enlightenment, was early recognized in this state. The constitution, as set forth in 1848, required that a portion of the income of the school fund should be applied to the " purchase of suitable libraries and appa- ratus" for the common schools. The same year the legislature of the state, at its first session, enacted that as soon as this income should amount to $60,000 a year (afterwards changed to $30,000), each town superintendent might devote one tenth of the portion of this income received by his town annually, to town library purposes, the libraries thus formed to be distributed among the districts, in sections, and in rotation, once in three months. Districts were also empowered to raise money for library books. The operation of this discretionary and voluntary system was not successful. In ten years (1858) only about one third of the districts (1,121) had libraries, embracing in all but 38,755 volumes, and the state superintendent, Hon. Lyman C. Draper, urged upon the legislature a better system, of " town libraries," and a state tax for their creation and maintenance. In 1857, the legislature enacted that ten per cent, of the yearly income of the school fund should be applied to the purchase of town school libraries, and that an annual tax of one tenth of one mill should be levied for the same purpose. The law was left incomplete, how- ever, and in 1862, before the system had been perfected, the exigencies of the civil war led to the repeal of the law, and the library fund which had accumulated from the ten per cent, of the school fund income, and from the library tax, amounting in all to $88,784.78, was transferred to the general fund. This may be considered a debt to the educational interests of the slate that should be repaid. Meanwhile the single district library system languishes and yearly grows weaker. The re-enacting of a town library system, in which local effort and expenditure shall be stimulated and supplemented by state aid, has been urged upon the legislature by the present state superintendent, and will, it is hoped, be secured, at no distant day, as a part of a complete town system of schools and of public education. List of State Superintendents. The act creating the office was passed at the first session of the state legislature, in 1848, The incumbents up to the present time have been as follows : NAME OF INCUMBENT. DURATION OF INCUMBENCY. Hon. E. Root ._ .._ Three years — 1849-50-51. Hon. A. P. Ladd Two years — 1852-53. Hon. H. A. Wright* __ One year and five months — 1854-55. Hon, A. C. Barry Two years and seven months — 1855-56-57. Hon. L. C. Draper Two years — 185S-59. Hon. J. L. Pickardf ..Three years and nine months — 1860-61-62-63. Hon. J. G. McMynn Four years and three months — 1863-64-65-66-67. Hon. A. J. Craigt Two years and six months — 1868-69-70. Hon. Samuel Fallows Three years and six months — 1870-71-72-73. Hon. Edward Searing.. Four years — 1874-75-76-77. EDrCATTOXAL HISTORY. 149 Sketches of Colleges in Wisconsin. Beloit College was founded in 1S47, at Beloit, under the auspices of the Congregational and Presbyterian churches of Wisconsin and northern Illinois. In 184S, Rev. Joseph Emerson and Rev. J. J. Bushnell were appointed professors, and in 1849, Rev. A. L. Chapin was appointed prasident, and has continued such until the present time. The institution has had a steady growth, has maintained a high standard of scholarship and done excellent work, both in its pre- paratory and college departments. Two hundred and thirty-si.\ young men have graduated. Its lands and buildings are valued at $78,000, and its endowments and funds amount to about $122,000. Lawrence Unfversity, at .\ppleton, under th« patronage of the Methodist church, was organized as a college in 1S50, having been an " institute " or academy for three years previous, under the Rev. W. H. Sampson. The first president was Rev. Edward Cook ; the second, R. Z. Mason ; the present one is the Rev. George M. Steele, D. D. It is open to both sexes, and has graduated 130 young men, and 68 young women. It still maintains a preparatory depart- ment. It has been an institution of great benefit in a new region of country, in the northeastern part of the state. Receiving a liberal donation at the outset from the Hon. Amos A. Lawrence, of Boston, it has land and buildings valued at $47,000, at Appleton, and funds and endowments amounting to $60,000. Milton College, an institution under the care of the Seventh Day Baptists, was opened as a college in 1867, having been conducted as an academy since 1844. Rev. W. C. Whitford, tlie president, was for many years the principal of the academy The institution has done much valuable work, particularly in preparing teachers for our public schools. The college has gradu- ated 38 young men and women, having previously graduated 93 academic students. It has lands, buildings and endowments to the amount of about $50,000. Ripon College, which wa3 known till 1864 as Brockway College, was organized in 1853, at Ripon, and is supported by the Congregational church. Since its re-organization, in 1863, it has graduated 77 students (of both sexes) in the college courses, and has always maintained a large and flourishing preparatory department. Under its present efficient head, the Rev, E. H. Mer- rell, A. M., it is meeting with continued success. Its property amounts to about $125,000. Racine College was founded by the Episcopal Church, at Racine, in 1852, under the Rev. Roswell Park, D. D., as its first President. It was for a long time under the efficient administra- tion of Rev. James De Koven, D. D., now deceased, who was succeeded by Rev. D. Stevens Parker. It maintains a large boys' school also, and a preparatory department. It was designed, in part, to train young men for the Nashotah Theological Seminary. It has property, including five buildings, to the amount of about g 180,000, and has graduated ninety-nine young men. Its principal work, in which it has had great success, is that of a boys' school, modeled somewhat after the English schools. The Seminary of St. Francis of Sales, an ecclesiastical school, was established at St. Fran- cis Station, near Milwaukee, chiefly by the combined efforts of two learned and zealous priests, the Rev. Michael Heiss, now bishop of La Crosse, and the Rev. Joseph Salzmann. It was opened in January, 1856, with Rev. M. Heiss as rector, and with 25 students. Rev. Joseph .' alzmann was rector from September, i868, to the time of his death, January 17, 1874, since which time Rev. C. Wapelhorst has held the rectorship. The latter is now assisted by twelve professors, and the students number 267, of whom 105 are theologians, 31 students of philosophy, and the rest classical students. Pio Nono College is a Roman Catholic institution, at St. Francis Station, in the immediate neighl)orhood of tlie Seminary of St. Francist It was founded in 187 i, by Rev. Joseph Salzmann, * Died, M.iy 29, 1S45. f Resigned, Octolicr i, 1S63. | DiLvI, Jnly 3, 1S70. 150 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. who was the first rector. He was succeeded in 1874 by the present rector, Rev. Thomas Brue- ner, who is assisted by a corps of seven professors. Besides the college proper, there is a nor- mal department, in whicli, in addition to the education that qualifies for teaching in common and higher schools, particular attention is given to church music. There is also, under the same management, but in an adjoining building, an institution for the instruction of the deaf and dumb. The pupils in the latter, both boys and girls, numbering about 30, are taught to speak by sounds, and it is said with the best success. An institution was organized in 1865,31 Prairie du Chien, under the name of Prairie du Chien College, and under the care of J. T. Lovewell, as principal. In the course of two or three years it passed into the hands of the Roman Catholic church, and is now known as St. John's College. It has so far performed principally preparatory work. Sinsinawa Mound College, a Roman Catholic institution, was founded in 1S48, through the Tabors of Father Mazzuchelli, but after doing a successful work, was closed in 1S63, and in 1S67 the St. Clara academy was opened in the same buildings. The Northwestern University, which is under the Lutheran church, was organized in 1865, at Watertown, under Rev. August F. Ernst, as president. It has graduated 21 young men, and has a preparatory department. Its ])roperty is valued at $50,000. Galesville University was organized in 1859, under the patronage of the Methodist church at Galesville, in the northwest part of the state. The first president was the Rev. Samuel Fal- lows, since state superintendent. It has graduated ten young men and eight young women, its work hitherto having been mostly preparatory. It is now under the patronage of the Presby- terian denomination, with J. W. McLaury, A. M.. as president. It has property valued at $30,000, and an endowment of about $50,000. Carroll College was established at Waukesha, by the Presbyterian church, in 1846. Prof. J. W. Sterling, now of the state university, taught its primary classes that year. Under President John A. Savage, D.D., with an able corps of professors, it took a high rank and graduated classes; but for several years past it has confined its work principally to academic studies. Under W. L. Rankin, A. M.,the present principal, the school is doing good service. Wayland University was established as a college, by the Baptists, at Beaver Dam, in 1854, but never performed much college work. For three years past, it has been working under a new charter as an academy and preparatory school, and is now known as Wayland Institute. In 1 84 1, the Protestant Episcopal church established a mission in the wilds of Waukesha county, and, at an early day, steps were taken to establish in connection therewith an institution of learning. This was incorporated in 1847, by the name of Nashotah House. In 1852 the classical school was located at Racine, and Nashotah House became distinctively a theological seminary. It has an endowment of one professorship, th^ faculty and students being otherwise sustained by voluntary contributions. It has a faculty of five professors, with Rev. A. D. Cole, D.D., as president, buildings pleasantly situated, and has graduated 185 theological students. Female Colleges. Two institutions have been known under this designation. The Milwaukee Female College was founded in 1852, and ably conducted for several years, under the principalship of Miss Mary Mortimer, now deceased. It furnished an advanced grade of secondary instruction. The Wis- consin Female College, located at Fox Lake, was first incorporated in 1855, and re-organized in 1863. It has never reached a collegiate course, is now known as Fox Lake Seminary, and admits both sexes. Rev. A. O. Wright, A. M., is the present principal. AGRICULTURE. 151 Academies and Seminaries. The following institutions of academic grade, are now in operation : Albion Academy ; Benton Academy; Big Foot Academy; Elroy Seminary; Fox Lake Seminary; two German and English academies in Milwaukee; Janesville Academy; Kemper Hall, Kenosha ; Lake Geneva Seminary, Geneva; Lakeside Seminary, Oconomowoc ; Marshall Academy, Marshall; Merrill Institute, Fond du Lac; Milwaukee Academy; Racine Academy; River Falls Institute; Rochester Seminary; St. Catherine's Academy, Racine; St. Clara Academy; Sinsinawa Mound ; St. Mary's Institute, Milwaukee ; Sharon Academy ; and \Vayland Institute, Beaver Dam. Similar institutions formerly in operation but suspended or merged in other institu- tions, were : Allen's Grove Academy; Appleton Collegiate Institute ; Baraboo Collegiate Insti- tute; Beloit Female Seminary; Beloit Seminary; Brunson Institute, Mount Hope; Evansville Sem- inary ; Janesville Academy (merged in the high school); Kilbourn Institute; Lancaster Institute; Milton .\cademy ; Platteville Academy; Southport Academy (Kenosha); Waterloo Academy; Waukesha Seminary; Wesleyan Seminary, Eau Claire; and Patch Grove Academy. The most important of these were the Milton and Platteville Academies, the former merged in Mil- ton College, the latter in the Platteville Normal School. Of the others, several were superseded by the establishment of public high schools in the same localities. Commercial Schools. Schools of this character, aiming to furnish what is called a business education, exist in Mil- waukee, Janesville, Madison, LaCrosse, Green Bay, Oshkosh and Fond du Lac. The oldest and largest is in Milwaukee, under the care of Prof. R. C. Spencer, and enrolls from two to three hundred students annually. AGRICULTURE. By W. W. D.^NIELLS, M.S., Prof, of Chemistry and .\griculture at the University OF Wisconsin. The trend of the earliest industries of a country, is the result of the circumstances under which those industries are developed. The attention of pioneers is confined to supplying the immediate wants of food, shelter, and clothing. Hence, the firs tsettlers of a country are farm- ers, miners, trappers, or fishermen, according as they can most readily secure the means of pres- ent sustenance for themselves and their families. In the early history of Wisconsin this law is well exemplified. The southern part of the state, consisting of alternations of prairie and tim- ber, was first settled by farmers. As the country has developed, wealth accumulated, and means of transportation have been furnished, farming has ceased to be the sole interest. Manufactories have been built along the rivers, and the mining industry of the southwestern part of the state has grown to one of considerable importance. The shore of Lake Michigan was first mainly settled tied by fishermen, but the later growth of agriculture and manufactures has nearly overshadowed the fishing interest ; as has the production of lumber, in the north half of the state, eclipsed tlie trapping and fur interests of the first settlers. That the most important industry of Wisconsin is farming, may be seen from the following statistics of the occupation of the people as given by the United States census. Out of each one hundred inhabitants, of all occupations, 6S were 152 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIK^. farmers, in 1S40; 52 in 1850; 54 in 1S60; 55 in 1870. The rapid growth of the agriculture of the state is illustrated by the increase in the number of acres of improved land in farms, and in the value of farms and of farm implements and machinery, as shown by the following table, com- piled from the United States census : ACRES IMPROVED LAND IN FARMS. VALUE OF FARMS, INCLUDING I.MPROV- ED AND UNIMPROV- ED LANDS. VALUE OF FARM IMPLEMENTS TOTAL. TO EACH INHAB. AND MACHINERY. 1850 i860 IS70 1,045,499 3.746.167 5,899,343 3-4 4.8 5.6 $ 28,528,563 131,117.164 300,414,064 $ 1,641,568 5.758,847 14,239.364 Farming, at thepresent time, is almost entirely confined to the south half of the state, the northern half being still largely covered by forests. A notable exception to this statement is found in the counties on the western border, which are well settled by farmers much farther north. The surface of the agricultural portion of the state is for the most part gently undulating, afford- ing ready drainage, without being so abruptly broken as to render cultivation difficult. The soil is varied in character, and mostly very fertile. The southern portion of the state consists of undulating prairies of variable size — the largest being Rock prairie — alternating with oak openings. The prairies have the rich alluvial soil so characteristic of the western prairies, and are easily worked. The soil of the "openings " land is usually a sandy loam, readily tilled, fertile, but not as " strong" as soils having more clay. The proportion of timber to prairie increases passing north from the southern boundary of the state, and forests of maple, basswood and elm, replace, to some extent, the oak lands. In these localities, the soil is more clayey, is strong and fertile, not as easily tilled, and not as quickly exhausted as are the more sandy soils of the oak lands. In that portion of the state known geologically as the " driftless " region, the soil is invariably good where the surface rock is limestone. In some of the valleys, however, where the lime-rock has been removed by erosion, leaving the underlying sandstone as the surface rock, the soil is sandy and unproductive, except in those localities where a large amount of alluvial matter has been deposited by the streams. The soils of the pine lands of the north of the state, are generally sandy and but slightly fertile. However, where pine is replaced by maple, oak, birch, elm and basswood, the soil is "heavier " and very fertile, even to the shores of Lake Superior. The same natural conditions that make Wisconsin an agricultural state, determined that during its earlier years the main interest should be grain-growing. The fertile prairies covering large portions of the southern part of the state had but to be plowed and sowed with grain to produce an abundant yield. From the raising of cereals the pioneer farmer could get the quickest returns for his labor. Hence in 1850, two years after its admission to the Union, Wis- consin was the ninth state in order in the production of wheat, while in 1S60 this rank was raised to third, Illinois and Indiana only raising more. The true rank of the state is not shown by these figures. Were the number of inhabitants and the number of acres of land in actual culti- vation taken into account in the comparison, the state would stand still higher in rank than is here indicated. There is the same struggle for existence, and the same desire for gain the world over, and hence the various phases of development of the same industry in different civilized countries is mainly the result of the widely varying economical conditions imposed upon that industry. Land is thoroughly cultivated in Europe, not because the Europeans have any inherent love for good cultivation, but because there land is scarce and costly, while labor is superabundant and cheap. In America, on the other hand, and especially in the newer states, AGRICULTURE. • I53 land is abundant and cheap, while labor is scarce and costly. In its productive industries each country is alike economical in tlie use of the costly element in production, and more lavish in the use of that which is cheaper. Each is alike economically wise in following such a course when it is not carried to too great e.xtremes. With each the end sought is the greatest return for the expenditure of a given amount of capital. In accordance with this law of economy, the early agriculture of Wisconsin was mere land-skimming. Good cultivation of the soil was never thought of The same land was planted ^ccessively to one crop, as long as it yielded enough to pay for cultivation. The economical principle above stated was carried to an extreme. Farm- ing as then practiced was a quick method of land exhaustion. It was always taking out of the purse, and never putting in. No attention was paid to sustaining the soil's fertility. The only aim was to secure the largest crop for the smallest outlay of capital, without regard to the future. Manures were never used, and such as unavoidably accumulated was regarded as a great nuis- ance, often rendering necessary the removal of stables and outbuildings. Straw-stacks were invariably burned as the most convenient means of disposing of them. Wheat, the principal product, brought a low price, often not more than fifty cents a bushel, and had to be marketed by teams at some point from which it could be carried by water, as this was, at an early day, the only means of transportation. On account of the sparse settlement of the country, roads were poor, and the farmer, after raising and threshing his wheat, had to spend, with a team, from two to five days, marketing the few bushels that a team could draw. So that the farmer had every obstacle to contend with except cheap and very fertile land, that with the poorest of cultivation gave a comparatively abundant yield of grain. Better tillage, accompanied with the use of manures and other fertilizers, would not, upon the virgin soils, have added sufficiently to the yield to pay the cost of applying them. Hence, to the first farmers of the s\a.te, /foor farming was the only profitable farming, and consequently the only good farming, an agriculturo-economical paradox from which there was no escape. Notwithstanding the fact that farmers could economi- cally follow no other system than that of land-exhaustion, as described, such a course was none the less injurious to the state, as it was undermining its foundation of future wealth, by destroy- ing the fertility of the soil, that upon which the permanent wealth and prosperity of every agri- cultural community is first dependent. Besides this evil, and together with it, came the habit of loose and slovenly farming acquired by pioneers, which continued after the conditions making that method a necessity had passed away. With the rapid growth of the northwest came better home markets and increased facilities for transportation to foreign markets, bringing with them higher prices for all products of the farm. As a consequence of these better conditions, land in farms in the state increased rapidly in value, from $9.58 per acre in 1850, to §16.61 in 1S60, an increase of 62 per cent., while the total number of acres in farms increased during the same time from 2,976,658 acres to 7,893,587 acres, or 265 per cent. With this increase in the value of land, and the higher prices paid for grain, should have come an improved system of hus- bandry which would prevent the soil from deteriorating in fertility. This could have been accomplished either by returning to the soil, in manures and fertilizers, those ingredients of which it was being rapidly drained by continued grain-growing, or by the adoption of a system of mixed husbandry, which should include the raising of stock and a judicious rotation of crops. Such a system is sure to come. Indeed, it is now slowly coming. Great progress upon the earlier methods of farming have already been made. But so radical and thorough a change in the habits of any class of people as that from the farming of pioneers to a rational method that will preserve the soil's fertility and pay for the labor it demands, requires many years for its full accomplishment. It will not even keep pace with changes in those economical conditions which 154 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. favor it. In the rapid settlement of the northwestern states this change has come most rapidly with the replacement of the pioneer farmers by immigrants accustomed to better methods of culture. In such cases the pioneers usually ' go west '' again, to begin anew their frontier farming upon virgin soil, as their peculiar method of cultivation fails to give them a livelihood. In Wis- consin as rapid progress is being made in the system of agriculture as, all things considered) could reasonably be expected. This change for the better has been quite rapid for the past ten years, and is gaining in velocity and momentum each year. It is partly the result of increased intelligence relating to farming, and partly the result of necessity caused by the unprofitableness of the old method. The estimated value of all agricultural products of the stat'e, including that of orchards, market gardens, and betterments, was, in 1S70, as given in the census of that year, $79,072,967, which places Wisconsin twelfth in rank among the agricultural states of the Union. In 1875, according to the " Report of the Commissioner of .\griculture," the value of the principal farm crops in this state was $58,957,050. According to this estimation the state ranks ninth in agri- cultui-al importance. As has been before stated, Wisconsin is essentially a grain-growing state. This interest has been the principal one, not because the soil is better adapted to grain-growing than to general, stock, or dairy farming, but rather because this course, which was at an early day most immediately profitable, has been since persistently followed from force of habit, even after it had failed to be remunerative. The following table shows the bushels of the different grains raised in the state for the years indicated : Year. WHEAT. RYE. CORN. OATS. BARLEY. BUCK- WHEAT. 1850.-- i86o ... 1870 ... 1S75*--- 4,286,131 15-657.458 25,606,344 25,200,000 81,253 888,544 1,325,294 1,340,000 1,988,979 7.517.300 15,033,988 15,200,000 3,414,672 11,059,260 20,180,016 26,600,000 209,672 707,307 1,645,019 2,200,000 79.87S 38,987 408,897 275,000 From these statistics it will be seen that the increase in the production of grain was very rapid up to 1870, while since that time it has been very slight. This rapid increase in grain raising is first attributable to the ease with which this branch of farming was carried on upon the new and very rich soils of the state, while in the older states this branch of husbandry has been rrrowing more difficult and expensive, and also to the fact that the war in our own country so increased the demand for grain from 1861 to 1866 as to make this course the most immediately profitable. But with the close of the war came a diminished demand. Farmers were slow to recognize this fact, and change the character of their productions to accord with the wants of the market, but rather continued to produce the cereals in excess of the demand. The chinch bug and an occasional poor season seriously injured the crops, leaving those who relied princi- pally upon the production of grain little or nothing for their support. Hard times resulted from these poor crops. More wheat and corn was the farmer's usual remedy for hard times. So that more wheat and corn were planted. More crop failures with low prices brought harder times, until gradually the farmers of the state have opened their eyes to the truth that they can succeed in other branches of agriculture than grain growing, and to the necessity of catering to the ♦Estimated in report of commissioner of agriculture. AGRICULTI'RE. 155 demands of the market. The value in 1869 of all farm products and betterments of the state was $79,072,967. There were raised of wheat the same year 25,606,344 bushels, which at $1.03 per bushel, the mean price reported by the Milwaukee board of trade, for No. 2 wheat (the lead- ing grade), for tlie year ending July 31, 1S70, amounts to $26,374,524, or one third the value of all agricultural products and betterments. The average production per acre, as estimated by the commissioner of agriculture, was 14 bushels. Hence there were 1,829,024 acres of land devoted to this one crop, nearly one third of all the improved land in the state. Of the wheat crop of 1869 24,375,435 bushels were spring wheat, and 1,230,909 bushels were winter wheat, which is 19.8 bushels of spring to i bushel of winter wheat. The latter is scarcely sown at all on the prairies, or upon light opening soils. In some of the timbered regions hardy varieties do well, but it is not a certain crop, as it is not able to withstand the winters, unless covered by snow or litter. It is not injured as seriously by the hard freezing, as by tlie alternate freezing and thawing of Feb- ruary and March. The continued cropping of land with grain is a certain means of exhausting the soil of the phosphates, and of those nitrogenous compounds that are essential to the production of grain, and yet are present even in the most fertile soils in but small quantities. To the diminished yield, partly attributable to the overcropping of the land, and partially to poor seasons and chinch bugs, and to the decline in prices soon after the war, owing to an over production of wheat, may largely be attributed the hard times experienced by the grain growing farmers of Wisconsin from 1872 to 1S77. The continued raising of wheat upon the same land, alternated, if any alternation occurred, with barley, oats, or corn, has produced its sure results. The lesson has cost the farmers of the state dearly, but it has not been altogether lost. A better condition of affairs has already begun. Wheat is gradually losing its prestige as the farmers' sole dependence, while stock, dairy, and mixed farming are rapidly increasing. The number of bushels of wheat raised to each inhabitant in the state was in 1850 fourteen, in i860 twenty-three and eight tenths in 1870 twenty-four, and in 1875 twenty and four tenths. These figures do not indicate a dimin- ished productiveness of the state, but show, with the greatly increased production in other branches of husbandry, that farmers are changing their system to one more diversified and rational. Straw stacks are no longer burned, and manure heaps are not looked upon as altogether useless. Much more attention is now paid to the use of fertilizers. Clover with plaster is looked upon with constantly increas'ing favor, and there is a greater seeking for light upon the more difficult problems of a profitable agriculture Corn is raised to a large extent, although Wisconsin has never ranked as high in corn, as in wheat growing. Sixteen states raised more corn in 1870 than this state, and in 1875, seventeen states raised more. Corn requires a rich, moist soil, with a long extended season of warm sun- shine. While this crop can be raised with great ease in the larger portion of the state, it will always succeed better farther south, both on account of the longer summers and the greater amount of rainfall. According to the statistics of tlie commissioner of agriculture, the average yield per acre for a period of ten years, is about 30 bushels. Corn is an important crop in the economy of the farmer, as from it he obtains much food for liis stock, and it is his principal dependence for fattening pork. On these accounts it will, without doubt, retain its place in the husbandry of the state, even when stock and dairy farming are followed to a much greater extent than at present. Barley is cultivated largely throughout the state, but five states produced more in 1870, than Wisconsin. The great quantity of beer brewed here, furnishes a good home market for this grain. Barley succeeds best in a rather moist climate, having a long growin>^ season. The dry, short summers of Wisconsin, are not well adapted to its growth. Hence the average 156 HISTORY OF WISCONSIX. yield is but a medium one, and the quality of the grain is only fair. According to the returns furnished the commissioner of agriculture, the average yield for a period of ten years, is 22 bushels per acre. Next to wheat, more bushels of oats are raised than of any other grain. Wisconsin was, in i860, fifth in rank among the oat-growing states; in 1870, si.xth. The rich soils of the state raise an abundant crop of oats with but little labor, and hence their growth in large quantities is hot necessarily an indication of good husbandry. They will bear poor cultivation better than corn, and are frequently grown upon land too weedy to produce that grain. It is a favorite grain for feeding, especially to horses. With the best farmers, oats are looked upon with less favor than corn, because it is apt to leave land well seeded with weeds which are difficult to exterminate. In the production of rye, Wisconsin ranked seventh in i860, and fourth in 1870. It is a much surer crop in this state than winter wheat, as it is less easily winter-killed when not protected by snow, than is that grain. Besides, it ripens so early as not to be seriously injured by drouth in summer, and succeeds well even upon the poorer soils. The average yield per acre is about 16 bushels. But few hops were grown in Wisconsin, up to i860, when owing to an increased demand by the breweries (f the state, there was a gradual but healthful increase in hop culture. A few years later the advent of the hop louse, and other causes of failure at the east, so raised the price of hops as to make them a very profitable crop to grow. Many acres were planted in this state from 1863 to 1865, when the total product was valued at nearly $350,000. The success of those engaged in this new branch of farming, encouraged others to adopt it. The profits were large. Wheat growing had not for several years been remunerative, and in 1867 and 1868, the " hop fever " became an epidemic, almost a plague. The crop of Sauk county alone was estimated at over 4,000,000 pounds, worth over $2,000,000. The quality of the crop was excellent, the yield large, and the price unusually high. The secretary of the State .Agricultural society says, in his report for that year, " Cases are numerous in which the first crop has paid for the land and all the improvements." To many farmers hop raising appeared to offer a sure and speedy course to wealth. But a change came quickly. The hop louse ruined the crop, and low prices caused by over production, aided in bringing ruin to many farmers. In 1867, the price of hops was from 40 to 55 cents per pound, while in 1869 it was from 10 to 15 cents, some of poor (quality selling as low as 3 cents. Many hop yards were plowed up during 1869 and 1870. The area under cultivation to this crop in 1875, was, according to the " Report of the Secretary of State," 10,932 acres. The production of tobacco has greatly increased since i860, when there were raised in the state 87,340 pounds. In 1870, the product was 960,813 pounds. As is well known, the quality of tobacco grown in the northern states is greatly inferior for chewing and smoking, to that grown in the south, although varieties having a large, tough leaf, suitable for cigar wrappers, do well here. The variety principally grown is the Connecticut seed leaf. Tobacco can only be grown successfully on rich, fertile soils, and it is very exhausting to the land. Of the amount produced in 1870, there were raised in Rock county 645,408 pounds, and in Dane county, 229,568 pounds; the entire remaining portion of the state raised but 85,737 pounds. According to the report of the secretary of state, the whole number of acres planted to tobacco in 1875, was 3,296. Of this amount Rock county planted 1,676 acres, and Dane county, 1,454 acres, leaving for the remain- der of the state but 166 acres. While the crop has been fairly productive and profitable, these statistics show that up to the present time tobacco-raising has been a merely local interest. The production of flax is another merely local industry, it being confined principally to the AGRICULTI^RE. 157 •counties of Kenosha, Grant, Iowa and LaFayette. Of flax fibre, Kenosha county raised in 1S69, nearly four fifths of the entire amount grown in the state, the total being 497,398 pounds. With the high price of labor and the low price of cotton now ruling, it is scarcely possible to make the raising of flax fibre profitable. Flax seed is raised to a small extent in the other counties men- tioned. The present price of oil makes this a fairly profitable crop. If farmers fully appreciated that in addition to the oil, the oil cake is of great value as a food for cattle and sheep, and also that the manure made by the animals eating it, is of three times the value of that made by ani- mals fed upon corn, doubtless much more flax seed would be raised than is at present. Ameri- can oil-cake finds a ready market in England, at prices which pay well for its exportation. If English farmers can afford to carry food for their stock so far, American farmers may well strive to ascertain if ihey can afford to allow the exportation of so valuable food. When greater atten- tion is paid in our own country to the quality of the manure made by our stock, more oil-cake win be fed at home, and a much smaller proportion of that made here will be exported. The amount of maple sugar produced diminishes as the settlement of the state increases, and is now scarcely sufficient in amount to be an item in the state's productions. The increase in the price of sugar from 1S61 to 186S caused many farmers to try sorghum raising. But the present low prices of this staple has caused an abandonment of the enterprise. Two attempts have been made in Wisconsin to manufacture beet-root sugar, the first at Fond du Lac in 1867 the second at Black Hawk, Sauk county, in 1870. The Fond du Lac company removed their works to California in i86g, not having been successful in their efforts. The Black Hawk com- pany made, in 187 1, more than 134,000 pounds of sugar, but have since abandoned the business. Both these failures may be attributed to several causes, first of which was the want of sufficient capital to build and carry on a factory sufficiently large to enable the work to be done economi- cally ; secondly, the difficulty of sufficiently interesting farmers in the business to induce them to raise beets on so large a scale as to warrant the building of such a factory; and, thirdly, the high price of labor and the low price of sugar. The quality of beets raised was good, the polarization test showing in many instances as high as sixteen per cent, of sugar. The larger proportion of hay made in the state is from the natural meadows, the low lands or marshes, where wild grasses grow in abundance, and hay only costs the cutting and curing. Cultivated grasses do well throughout the state, and " tame hay " can be made as easily here as elsewhere. The limestone soils, where timber originally grew, are of the uplands, most natural to grass, and, consequently, 'furnish the richest meadows, and yield the best pasturage. Ye e only soils where grasses do not readily grow, are those which are so sandv and dry as to be nearly barrens. Clover grows throughout the state in the greatest luxuriance. There is occasionally a season so dry as to make " seeding down " a failure, and upon light soils clover, when not covered with snow, is apt to win- ter-kill. Yet it is gaining in favor with farmers, both on account of the valuable pasturage and hay it affords, and on account of its value as a soil renovator. In wheat-growing regions, clover is now recognized to be of the greatest value in a " rotation," on account of its ameliorating influence upon the soil. Throughout the stock and dairy regions, clover is depended upon to a large extent for pasturage, and to a less extent for hay. There has been a growing interest in stock raising for the past ten years, although the increase has not been a rapid one. Many of the herds of pure-blood cattle in the state rank high for their great excellence. The improvement of horses has been less rapid than that of cattle, sheep, and swine; yet this important branch of stock farming is improving each year. The most attention is given to the improvement of draught and farm horses, while roadsters and fast horses are not altogether neglected. There are now owned in the state a large number of horses of the heavier English and French breeds, which are imparting to their progeny their own characteristics 158 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN". of excellence, the effects of which are already visible in many of the older regions of the state. Of the different breeds of cattle, the Short-horns, the Ayrshires, the Devons, and the Jerseys are well represented. The Short-horns have met with most favor with the general farmer, the grades of this breed being large, and possessing in a high degree the quiet habits and readiness to fat- ten, so characteristic of the full-bloods. Without doubt, the grade Short-horns will continue in the high favor in which they are now held, as stock-raising becomes a more important branch of the husbandry of the state. Of pure blood Short-horns there are many herds, some of which are of the very highest excellence. At the public sales of herds from this state, the prices have ranked high universally, and in a few cases have reached the highest of " fancy " prices^ showing the estimate placed by professional breeders upon the herds of Wisconsin. The Ayr- shires are increasing in numbers, and are held in high esteem by many dairymen. They are not yet, however, as generally disseminated over the state, as their great merit as a milking breed would warrant. The rapid growth of the dairy interest will doubtless increase their numbers greatly, at least as grades, in the dairying region. Of pure bred Devons and Jerseys, there are fewer than of the former breeds. The latter are principally kept in towns and cities to furnish milk for a single family. The following table shows the relative importance of stock raising in the state for the years mentioned. The figures are an additional proof to those already given, that the grain industry has held sway in Wisconsin to the detriment of other branches of farming, as well as to the state's greatest increase in wealth. YEAR. WHOLE NUM- BER OF NEAT CATTLE. NO. TO EACH 100 ACRES OF IMPROVED LAND. WHOLE NUM- BER OF SHEEP. NUMBER TO EACH 100 ACRES OF IMPROVED LAND. POUNDS OF WOOL PRO- DUCED. POUNDS OF WOOL PER HEAD. 1850 i860 1870 1875* 183,433 521,860 693,294 922.900 17 14 12 II 124,896 332.954 1,069,282 1,162,800 12 9 iS 14 253.963 T. 011,933 4,090,670 (?) 2.03 304 3.82 (?) * Estimated in report of commissioner of agriculture. The growth and present condition of sheep husbandry, compare much more favorably with the general development of the state than does that of cattle raising. In a large degree this may be accounted for by the impetus given to wool raising during our civil war by the scarcity of cotton, and the necessary substitution to a great extent, of woolen for cotton goods. This great demand for wool for manufacturing purposes produced a rapid rise in the price of this staple, making its production a very profitable branch of farming. With the close of tlie war came a lessened demand, and consequently lower prices. Yet at no time has the price of wool fallen below that at which it could be profitably produced. Tliis is the more notably true when the value of sheep in keeping up the fertility and productiveness of land, is taken into account. The foregoing table shows the improvement in this branch of husbandry since 1850 Although many more sheep might profitably be kept in the state, the above figures show that the wool interest is fairly developed, and the average weight of fleece is an assurance of more than ordinarily good stock. The fine-wooled sheep and their grades predominate, although there are in the state some excellent stock of long-wools — mostly Cotswold — and of South- downs. Of all the agricultural interests of the state, no other has made as rapid growth during the last ten years, as has that of dairying. With the failure of hop-growing, began the growth of the factory system of butter and cheese making, and the downfall of the one. was scarcely more rapid than has been the upbuilding of the other. The following statistics of the production of butter and cheese illustrate this rapid progress. It will be remembered that for the years 1850, AGEICULTI-RE 159 lS6o, and iS;o tlie statistics are from the U. S. census, and hence include all the butter and cheese made in the state, while for the remaining years, only that made by factories and pro- fessional dairymen as reported to the secretary of the State Dairymen's Association, is included. It has been found impossible to obtain the statistics of butter, e.xcept for the census years. YEAR. BUTTER. CHEtSE. 1850 1S60 - lbs. 3.633.750 13,611,328 22,473 036 lbs. 400,283 1,104.300 1, 591.798 13,000.000 15,000,000 17,000,000 1870 -. 1S74-- 1875 IS76 The quality of Wisconsin dairy products is excellent, as may be judged by the fact that, at the Centennial Exhibition, Wisconsin cheese received twenty awards, a larger number than was given to any other state except New York, and for butter Wisconsin received five awards. No state received more, and only New York and Illinois received as many. Wisconsin received one award for each fourteen cheeses on exhibition No other slate received so large a proportion. New York received the largest number of awards, viz., twenty-one, but only secured one award for each thirty cheeses on exhibition. The number of cheese and butter factories is increasing each year, and there is being made in the better grazing regions of the state, as rapid a transition from grain to dairy-farming as is consistent with a healthful growth. This interest, which is now an important one in the state's industrial economy, has before it a promising future, both in its own development, and in its indirect influence upon the improvement of the agriculture of the state. The history of the earlier attempts in fruii raising in Wisconsin would be little more than a record of failures. The pioneers planted apple, peach, plum, and cherry trees, but they gathered little or no fruit. As was natural, they planted those varieties that were known to do well in the older states of the same latitude. Little was known of the climate, and there was no apparent reason why those varieties should not do well here. The first orchards died The same varie- ties were replanted, and again the orchards died. Gradually, through the costly school of experience, it was learned that the climate was different from that of the eastern states, and that to succeed here varieties of fruit must be such as were adapted to the peculiar climate of this State. These peculiarities are hot, and for the most part, dry summers, cold and dry winters. The dryness of the climate has been the greatest obstacle to success, as this is indirectly the cause of the great extremes of temperature experienced here. The summers are often so dry that the growth of the trees is not completed, and the wood sufficiently well ripened to enable it to with- stand the rigors of winter. And the clear, dry atmosphere of winter allows the sun's rays to pass through it so unobstructedly as to warm the body of the tree upon the sunny side, above the freezing point, even though the temperature of the air is much lower. The alternate thawing and freezing ruptures the tender cells connecting the bark and wood, producing a complete sepa- ration of these p.arts, and often besides bursts the bark. The separation of bark and wood destroys the circulation of the sap upon that side of the tree, thus enfeebling the entire plant. The tree is not able to form new bark over the ruptured part, and a diseased spot results. Such a plant makes but a feeble growth of poorly ripened wood, and soon dies 160 HISTORY OF WISCONSm. altogether. Besides the above cause, the extreme cold weather occasionally experienced will kill healthy trees of all varieties not extremely hardy. Notwithstanding these natural obstacles, a. good degree of success has been attained in the raising of apples and grapes. This success has been the result of persevering effort upon the part of the horticulturists of the state, who have sought the causes of failure in order that they might be removed or avoided. It is thus by intel- ligent observation that the fruit growers have gained the experience which brings with it a. creditable success. The first requisite to success is the planting of varieties sufficiently hardy to withstand our severe winters. This has been accomplished by selecting the hardiest of the old varieties, and by raising seedlings, having besides hardiness, qualities sufficiently valuable to make them worthy of cultivation. The second requisite to success is in the selection of a situa- tion having suitable soil and exposure, and thirdly, proper care after planting. Among the hardy varieties of apples regarded with greatest favor are Tetofski, Red Astrachan, and Duchess of Oldenberg, all Russian varieties, and Fameuse from Canada. Besides these there are a few .\merican varieties so hardy as to prove reliable in the south half of the state. Among these are a few seedlings that have originated in Wisconsin. Apple trees are less apt to be injured by the winter upon a site sloping to the northeast or north, where they are less directly exposed to- the rays of the winter's sun. High ground is much better than low, and a good, strong, not too rich soil is best. Apples do better upon soils where timber originally grew than on the prairies, and they are grown more easily along the border of Lake Michigan than in the interior of the state. Pears are raised to but a slight extent, as only a few of the hardiest varieties will succeed at all, and these only in favorable situations. Grapes are grown in great abundance, and in great perfection, although not of the more tender varieties. The Concord, on account of its hardiness and excellent bearing qualities, is cultivated most generally. Next to this comes the Delaware, while many other varieties, both excellent and prolific, are raised with great ease. The season is seldom too short to ripen the fruit well, and the only precaution necessary to protect the vines during the winter is a covering of earth or litter. Cranberries grow spontaneously upon many marshes in the interior of the state. Within a' few years considerable attention has. been given to improving these marshes, and to the cultivation of this most excellent fruit. Doubtless within a few years the cranberry crop will be an important one among the fruit pro- ductions of the state. All of the small fruits adapted to this latitude are cultivated in abundance, and very successfully, the yield being often times exceedingly large. .Altogether, the horticul- tural interests of the state are improving, and there is a bright prospect that in the near future fruit growing will not be looked upon with the disfavor with which it has been regarded here- tofore. Of the associations for advancing the agricultural interests of the state, the first organized, was the " State Agricultural Society." The earliest efforts to establish such an organization were made at Madison in December, 1846, during the session of the first constitutional convention of the territory. A constitution was adopted, but nothing further was done. In February, 1S491 another meeting was held in Madison, at which it was " Resolved, That in view of the great importance of agriculture in the west, it is expedient to form a state agricultural society in. Wisconsin." Another constitution was adopted, and officers were elected, but no effectual organization resulted from this second attempt. The " Wisconsin State Agricultural Society" — the present organization — had its inception in a meeting held at Madison, March 8, 1851, at which a committee was appointed to report a constitution and by-laws, and to nominate persons to fill the various offices of said society. At its organization, the society was composed of annual members, who paid one dollar dues each year, and of life members, who, upon the payment of ten dollars, were exempt from the annual contribution. „ The annual membership was afterward AORICri.TURE 16] abolished, and in 1869 the fee constituting one a life member was raised to twenty dollars. The first annual fair of the society was held in Janesville, in October, 1851 Fairs have been held annually since, except during the years 1S61, 1862 and 1863. In 1851 premiums were paid to the amount of only $140, while at the present time they amount to nearly $10,000. In 185 1 there were five life members. At the present time there are over seven hundred, representing all the various industries of the state. The fairs held under the auspices of this society have been of excellent character, and have been fruitful of good to all the industries of the state, but more especially to the farmers. The state has been generous m aid of this society, having furnished commodious rooms for its use in the capitol building, prmted the annual report of the secretary, a volume of about 500 pages, and donated annually, for many years, $2,000 toward its support, Besides its annual fairs, for the past five years there has been held an annual convention, under the auspices of this society, for the reading and discussing of papers upon topics of interest to farmers, and for a general interchange of ideas relating to farming. These conventions are held in high esteem by the better class of farmers, and have added greatly to the usefulness of the society. The '' Wisconsin State Horticultural Society" was originally the "Wisconsin State Fruit Growers' Association," which was organized in December, 1853, at Whitewater. Its avowed object was "the collecting, arranging, and disseminatingfacts interesting to those engaged in the culture of fruits, and to embody for their use the results ot' the practice and experiments, of fruit growers in all parts of the state." Exhibitions and conventions of the association were held annually up to 1S60, after which the society was disorganized, owing to the breaking out of the war of the rebellion A volume of " Transactions " was published by the association in 1855. In 1859 its transactions were published with those of the state agricultural society. From i860 to 1865 no state horticultural association was in existence. In September of the latter year the " Wisconsin Fruit Growers' Association " was reorganized as the " Wisconsin State Hor- ticultural Society.'' The legislature had previously provided for the publication of the proceedings of such a society, in connection with those of the State Agricultural Society. The new society has held annual exhibitions, usually in connection with those of the State Agricultural Society, and annual conventions for the reading of papers upon, and the discussion of, horticultural subjects. In 1871 an act was passed by the legislature incorporating the society, and providing for the separate printing of 2,000 copies annually of its transactions, of which there are now seven volumes. The most active, mtelligent, and persevering of the horticulturists of the state are members of this association, and to their careful observation, to their enthusiasm and determined persistence in seeking means to overcome great natural difficulties, the state is largely indebted for the success already attained in horticulture. Besides these state associations, there are many local agricul- tural and horticultural societies, all of which have been useful in aiding the cause for whieh they were organized. Farmers' clubs and granges of the " Patrons of Husbandry " have also done much, both directly and indirectly, to promote the industrial interests of the state. By thei frequent meetings, at which discussions are held, views compared, and experiences related, mucii valuable intelligence is gained, thought is stimulated, and the profession of farming advanced, As agriculture, like all kindred professions, depends upon intelligence to direct its advancement, all means intended to stimulate thought among farmers will, if wisely directed, aid in advancing this most complex of all industries. To those above named, and to other like associatioub, is in a large degree to be attributed the present favorable condition of the agriculture of the state. Wisconsin has been but thirty years a state. It was mainly settled by men who nad little monied capital. Markets were distant, and means of transportation poor. The early settlers had con- sequently to struggle for a livelihood in the face of the greatest difficulties. When these opposing 162 HISTORY OF "WISCONSIN. circumstances are taken into account, and the improvement in methods of culture, and changes from grain to stock and dairy-farming that are now being made, are given their due weiglit, it must be acknowledged that the present condition of the agriculture of the state is excellen\ and that the future of this most important industry is rich in promise of a steady, healthful gro\< fi, toward a completer development of all the agricultural resources of the state. MINERAL RESOURCES. Bv ROLAND n. IRVING, Professor of Geology, etc., at the University of Wisconsin. The useful mineral materials that occur within the limits of the state of Wisconsin, come tinder both of the two grand classes of such substances : the metallic ores, from which the metals ordinarily used in the arts are extracted ; and the non-metallic substances, which are used in the arts for the most part without any preliminary treatment, or at least undergo only a very partial alteration before being utilized. Of the first class are found in Wisconsin the ores of lead, zinc, iron and copper, besides minute traces of the precious metals; of the second class, the principal substances found jiXt brick-clay, kaolin, cement-rock, limestone for burning into quick-lime, iimest(me for flux, glass sand, peat and building stone. LEAD AND ZINC. These metals are considered together because they are found occurring together in the same region and under exactly the same circumstances, being even obtained from the same openings. Lead has for many years been the most important metallic production of Wisconsin, and, together with zinc, whose ores have been utilized only since i860, still holds this prominent position, although the production is not so great as formerly. Small quantities of lead and zinc ores have been found in the crystalline (.\rch;«an) rocks of the northern part of the state and in the copper- bearing rocks of the Lake Superior country, but there are no indications at present that these regions will ever produce in quantity. All of the lead and zinc obtained in Wisconsin comes then from that portion of the southwestern part of the state which lies west of Sugar river and south of the nearly east and west ridge that forms the southern side of the valley of the Wis- consin, from the head of Sugar river westward. This district is commonly known in Wisconsin as the " Lead Region," and forms the larger part of the " Lead Region of the Upper Missis- sippi," which includes also smaller portions of Iowa and Illinois. What European first became acquainted with the deposits of lead in the upper portion of valley of the Mississippi is a matter of some doubt. Charlevoix (Histoire de la Nouvelle France, III, 397, 398.) attributes the discovery to Nicolas Perrot, about 1692; and states that in r72i the deposits still bore Perrot's name. Perrot himself, however, in the only one of his writings that remains, makes no mention of the matter. The itinerary of Le Sueur's voyage up the Mississippi, 1700-1701, given in La Harpe's History of Louisiana, which was written early in the i8th century, shows that the former found lead on the banks of the Mississippi, not far from MINERAL RKSOURCES. 163 the present southern boundary of Wisconsin, August 25, 1700. Captain Johathan Carver, 1766. found lead in abundance at the Blue Mounds, and found the Indians in all the country around in possession of masses of galena, which they had obtained as " float mineral," and which they were incapable of putting to any. use. There is no evidence of any one mining before Julien Dubuque, who, 1788 to 1809, mined in the vicinity of the flourishing city which nowbears his name. After his death in 1809 nothing more was done until 1821, when the attention of American citizens was first drawn to the rich lead deposits of this region. By 1827, the mining had become quite general and has continued to the 'present time, the maximum production having been reached, however, between the years 1845 and 1847. The following table, prepared by the late Moses Strong, shows the mineral production of southwestern Wisconsin for the years i860 to 1873 in pounds: YEARS, GALENA. SMITHSONITE, YEAR. GALENA. SMITHSONITE. BLENDE. i860 320,000 266,000 1,120,000 3.173.333 4,198,200 7.373.333 1867 1S68 1S69 1870 1871 1872 1873 13 820,784 13,869,619 13426,721 13.754.159 13,484.210 11,622,668 9.919.734 5,181,445 4.302.383 4.547.971 4,429.585 16,618,160 27,021,383 18,528,906 841,310 3.078,435 6,252,420 7,414,022 9,303,625 16,256,970 15,074,664 I861 1S62 t863 1864 1865 1866 17,037.912 I5.lu5.577 13,014,210 14.337,895 14,029.193 Until within the last decade the lead mines of the Mississippi valley, including now both the " Upper " and the " Lower " regions — the latter one of which lies wholly within the limits of the state of Missouri — have far eclipsed the rest of the United States in the production of lead, the district being in fact one of the most important of the lead districts in the world. Of late years, however, these mines are far surpassed in production by the " silver-lead " mines of Utah and other Rocky Mountain regions, which, though worked especially for their silver, produce incidentally a very large amount of lead. Nevertheless, the mines of the Mississippi valley will long continue to be a very important source of this metal. The lead ore of the Wisconsin lead region is of one kind only, the sulphide known &'i galena, ox gakniie. This ore, when free from mechanically mingled impurities, contains 86.6 per cent, of lead, the balance being sulphur. Small quantities of other lead ores are occasionally found in the uppermost portions of the deposits, having been produced by the o.xidizing influence of the atmosphere. The chief one of these oxidation products is the earthy carbonate known as cerussite. Galena almost always contains some silver, commonly enough to pay for its extraction. The Wisconsin galenas, however, are unusuallv free from silver, of which they contain only the merest trace. The zinc ores are of two kinds, the most abundant being the ferruginous sulphide, or the "black-jack " of the miners The pure sulphide, sphalerite, contains 67 per cent, of zinc, but the iron-bearing variety, known minerallogically as martnatite, generally contains 10 per cent, or more of iron, A ferruginous variety of the carbonate, smithsonite, also occurs in abundance, and is known to the miners as "dry-bone," the name being suggested by the peculiar structure of the ore. Both lead and zinc ores occur in limited deposits in a series of limestone beds belonging to the Lower Silurian series. The lead region is underlaid by a nearly horizontal series of strata, with an aggregate thickness of 2,000 feet, which lie upon an irregular surface of ancient crystal- line rocks (gneiss, granite, etc.). The names and order of succession of the several strata are indicated in the following scheme, the last named being the lowest in the series : 164 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Formation, Thickness. Niagara dolomitic limestone . 300 — 300 feet. Cincinnati shales .^ 60 — 100 " / Galena dolomitic limestone- 250-- 275 " Lead Horizon -j Blue limestone _ _ 50 — 75 " ( Bufl' dolomitic limestone __ 15 — 20 " Lower Magnesian (doloaiitic) limestone - 250 Potsdam sandstone series _ 800 — 1000 " The first two of these layers, in the Wisconsin part of the lead region, are met with only in a few isolated peaks and ridges. The prevailing surface rock is the Galena limestone, through which, however, the numerous streams cut in deep and narrow valleys which not unfrequently are carved all the way into the Lower Magnesian. The lead and zinc ores are entirely confined to the Galena, Blue and Buff limestones, an aggregate vertical thickness of some 350 to 375 feet. The upper and lower strata of the series are entirely barren. Zinc and lead ores are found in the same kind of deposits, and often together; by far the larger part of the zinc ores, however, come from the Blue and Buff limestones, and the lowest layers of the Galena, whilst the lead ores, though obtained throughout the whole thickness of the mining ground, are especially abundant in the middle and upper layers of the Galena beds. The ore deposits are of two general kinds, which may be distinguished as vertical crevices and flat crevices, the former being inuch the most common. The simplest form of the vertical crevice is a narrow crack in the rock, having a width of a few inches, an extension laterally from a few yards to several hundred feet, and a vertical height of 20 to 40 feet, thinning out to noth- ing in all directions, and filled from side to side with highly crystalline, brilliant, large-surfaced galena, which has no accompanying metallic mineral, or gangue matter. Occasionally the vertical extension exceeds a hundred feet, and sometimes a number of these sheets are close together and can be mined as one. Much more commonly the vertical crevice shows irregular expan- sions, which are sometimes large caves, or openings in certain layers, the crevice between retain- ing its normal character, while in other cases the expansion affects the whole crevice, occasion- ally widening it throughout into one large opening. These openings are rarely entirely filled, and commonly contain a loose, disintegrated rock, in which the galena lies loose in large masses, though often adhering to the sides of the cavity in large .stalactites, or in cubical cryst.ils. The vertical crevices show a very distinct arrangement parallel with one another, there being two systems, which roughly trend east and west, and north and south. The east and west crevices are far the most abundant and most productive of ore. The vertical crevices are confined nearly altogether to the upper and middle portions of the Galena, and are not productive of zinc ores. They are evidently merely the parallel joint cracks which affect every great rock formation, filled by chemical action with the lead ore. The crevices with openings have evidently been enlarged by the solvent power of atmospheric water carrying carbonic acid, and from the way in wliich the ore occurs loose in the cavities, it is evident that this solving action has often been subsequent to the first deposition of lead ore in the crevice. The " flat crevices," " fiat sheets," and "flat openings,'' are analogous to the deposits just described, but have, as indicated by the names, a horizontal position, being characteristic of certain layers, which have evidently been inore susceptible to chemical action than others, the dissolving waters having, moreover, been directed along them by less pervious layers above and below. The fiat openings differ from the vertical crevices also, in having associated with the MTXERAL RESOTKCE^^. 165 galena much of either the black-jack or dry-hone zinc ores, or both, the galena not unfrequentiy being entirely wanting. Cleavable calcite also accompanies the ores in these openings in large quantities, and the same is true of the sulphide of iron, which is the variety known as marcasite. These materials have sometimes a symmetrical arrangement on the bottom and top of the open- ing, the central portion being empty. The flat openings characterize the Blue and lUiff and lower Galena beds, and from them nearly all the zinc ore is obtained. It is not possible, in the limits of this short paper, even to mention the various mining districts. It may merely be said that the amount of galena raised from single crevices has often been several hundred thousand, or even over a million pounds, and that one of the principal mining districts is in the vicinity of Mineral Point, where there are two furnaces constantly engaged in smelting. Between the years 1862 and 1873, these two establishments have produced 23,903,260 pounds of metallic lead, or an average of 1,991,938 pounds, the maximum being, in 1869, 2,532,710 pounds, the minimum, in 1873, 1,518,888 pounds. The zinc ores were formeriy rejected as useless, and have only been utilized since i860. An attempt to smelt them at Mineral Point was not successful, because the amount needed of fuel and clay, both of which have to come from a distance, exceeding even the amount of ore used, caused a very heavy expense for transportation. The ores are therefore now taken altogether to LaSalle, Illinois, where they meet the fuel and clay, and the industry at tiiat place has become a flourishing one. The amount of zinc ore in the Wisconsin lead region is, beyond doubt, very great, and will be a source of wealth for a long time to come. Since the ores of zinc and lead in this region are confined to such a small thickness of strata greatly eroded by the atmospheric waters, the entire thickness having frequently been removed, it becomes a matter of great importance to know how much of the mining ground remains at every point throughout the district. The very excellent topographico-geological maps of the region, made by Mr. Moses Strong, and just published by the state in the Report of the Geologi- cal Survey, make this knowledge accessible to all. IRON. Iron mining in Wisconsin is yet in its infancy, although some important deposits are producing a considerable quantity of ore. A number of blast furnaces have sprung up in the eastern part of the state, but these smelt Michigan ores almost entirely. Much remains yet to be done in the way of exploration, for the most promising iron fields are in the heavily timbered and unsettled regions of the north part of the state, and are as yet imperfectly known. It appears probable, however, that iron ores will, in the near future, be the most important mineral l)roduction of Wisconsin. The several ores will be noted in the order of their presetit im- portance. Red He.m.\tites. The iron in these ores exists as an anhydrous sesquioxide, which is, however, in an earthy condition, and entirely without the brilliant metallic luster that characterizes the specular hema- tites. Pure hematite contains seventy per cent, of metallic iron, but the red hematites, as mined, are always so largely mingled with mechanical impurities that they rarely contain more than fifty per cent. The most important red hematite mined in Wisconsin is that known as the Clinton iron ort\ the name coming from the formation in which the ore occurs. This formation is a member of the Upper Silurian series, and is named from a locality in Oneida county. New York, where it was first recognized. Associated with its rocks, which are limestones and shales, is con- stantly found a peculiar red hematite, which is so persistent in its characters, both physical and 106 HISTOKY (!F WISCOXSIX. and chemical, that one familiar with it from any one locality can hardly fail to recognize it when coming from others. The iron produced from it is always "cold-short," on account of the large content of phosphorus; but, mingled with siliceous ores free from phosphorus, it yields alwayj a most excellent foundry iron. It is mined at numerous points from New York to Tennessee, and at some points reaches a very great total thickness. In Wisconsin the Clinton rocks merge into the great Niagara limestone series of the eastern part of the state, but at the bottom of the series, in a few places, the Clinton ore is found immediately overlying the Cincinnati shales. The most important locality is that known as Iron Ridge, on sections twelve and thirteen in the town of Hubbard, in Dodge county. Here a north-and-south ledge of Niagara limestone overlooks lower land to the west. Underneath, at the foot of the ridge, is the ore bed, fifteen to eighteen feet in thickness, consisting of horizontally bedded ore, in layers three to fourteen inches thick. The ore has a concretionary structure, being composed of lenticular grains, one twenty-fifth of an inch in diameter, but the top layer is without this structure, having a dark purplish color, and in places a slight metallic appearance. Much of the lower ore is somewhat hydrated. Three quarters of a mile north of Iron Ridge, at Mayville, there is a total thickness of as much as forty feet. According to Mr. E. T. Sweet, the percentages of the several constituents of the Iron Ridge ore are as follows: iron pero.xide, 66.38; carbonate of lime, 10.42; carbonate of magnesia, 2.79; silica, 4.72; alumina, 5.54 ; manganese oxide, 0.44; sulphur, 0.23 ; phosphoric acid, 0.73; water, 8.75 = 100: metallic iron, 46.66. Two small charcoal furnaces at Mayville and Iron Ridge smelt a considerable quantity of these ores alone, producing an iron very rich in phosphorus. An analysis of the Mayville pig iron, also by Mr. Sweet, shows die following composition: iron, 95.784 per cent; phosphorus, 1.675 ■ carbon, 0.849; silicon, 0.108 = 100.286. The average furnace yield of the ore is forty- five per cent. By far the larger part of the ore, however, is sent away to mingle with other ores. It goes to Chicago, Joliet and Springfield, 111., St. Louis, Mo., Wyandotte and Jackson, Mich., and Appleton, Green Bay and Milwaukee, Wis. In 1872, the Iron Ridge mines yielded 82,371 tons. The Clinton ore is found at other places farther north along the outcrop of the base of the Niagara formation in Wisconsin, but no one of these appears to promise any great quantity of good ore. Red hematite is found at numerous places in Wisconsin, highly charging certain layers of the Potsdam sandstone series, the lowest one of the horizontal Wisconsin formations. In the eastern part of the town of -Westfield, Sauk county, the iron ore excludes the sandstone, forming an excellent ore. No developments have been made in this district, so that the size of the deposit is not definitely known. Brown Hematites. These ores contain their iron as the hydrated, or brown, sesquioxide, which, when pure, has about sixty per cent, of the metal ; the ordinary brown hematites, however, seldom contain over forty per cent. Bog iron ore, a porous brown hematite that forms by deposi- tion from the water of bogs, occurs somewhat widely scattered underneath the large marshes of Portage, Wood and Juneau counties. Very excellent bog ore, containing nearly 50 per cent, of iron, is found near Necedah, Juneau county, and near Grand Rapids, Wood county, but the amount obtainable is not definitely known. The Necedah ore contains: silica, 8.52 ; alumina, 3.77; iron peroxide, 71.40; manganese oxide, 0.27; lime, 0.58; magnesia, trace; phosphoric acid, 0.21; sulphur, 0.02; organic matter, 1.62; water, 13.46=99.85, metallic iron, 49.98 — according to Mr. E. T. Sweet's analysis. An ore from section 34, twp. 23, range 6 east, Wood county, yielded, to Mr. Oliver Matthews, silica, 4.81 ; alumina, i.oo; iron peroxide, 73.23 ; lime, o. 1 1 , magnesia, 0.25; sulphuric acid, 0.07 ; phosphoric acid, 0.10 ; organic matter, 5. 88; water. MINERAL RESOURCES. 167 14.24; =99.69: metallic iron, 51.26. Brown hematite, mingled with more or less red ore, occurs also in some quantity filling cracks and irregular cavities in certain portions of the Potsdam series in northwestern Sauk county and the adjoining portion of Richland. A small charcoal furnace has been in operation on this ore at Ironton, Sauk county, for a number of years, and recently another one has been erected at Cazenovia in the same district. Magnetic Ores and Specular Hematites. These are taken together here, because their geological occurrence is the same, the two ores occurring not only in the same group of rocks, but even intimately mingled with one another. These ores are not now produced in Wisconsin ; but it is quite probable that they may before many years become its principal mineral production. In magnetic iron ore, the iron is in the shape of the mineral magnetite, an oxide of iron containing 72 4 per cent of iron when pure, and this is the highest percentage of iron that any ore can ever have. Specular hematite is the same as red hematite, but is crystalline, has a bright, metallic luster, and a considerable hardness. As mined the richest magnetic and specular ores rarely run over 65 per cent., while in most regions where they are mined they commonly do not reach 50 per cent. The amount of rich ores of this kind in the northern peninsula of Michigan is so great, however, that an ore with less than 50 per cent, finds no sale; and the same must be true in the adjoining states. So largely does this mat- ter of richness aifect the value of an ore, that an owner of a mine of 45 per cent. " hard " ore in Wis- consin would find it cheaper to import and smelt Michigan 65 per cent, ore, than to smelt his own, even if his furnace and mine were side by side. The specular and magnetic ores of Wisconsin occur in two districts — the Penokee iron dis- trict, ten to twenty miles south of Lake Superior, in Bayfield, Ashland and Lincoln counties, and the Menomonee iron district, near the head waters of the Menomonee river, in township 40, ranges 17 and 18 east, Oconto county. Specular iron in veins and nests is found in small quan- tities with the quartz rocks of the Baraboo valley, Sauk county, and Necedah, Juneau county; and very large quantities of a peculiar quartz-schist, charged with more or less of the magnetic and specular iron oxides, occur in the vicinity of Black River Falls, Jackson county ; but in none of these places is there any promise of the existence of valuable ore. In the Penokee and Menomonee regions, the iron ores occur in a series of slaty and quartzose rocks known to geologists as the Haronian series. The rocks of these districts are really the extensions westward of a great rock series, which in the northern Michigan peninsula contains the rich iron ores that have made that region so famous. In position, this rock series may be likened to a great elongated parabola, the head of which is in the Marquette iron district and the two ends in the Penokee and Menomonee regions of Wisconsin. In all of its extent, this rock series holds great beds of lean magnetic and specular ores. These contain large quantities of quartz, which, from its great hardness, renders them very resistant to the action of atmospheric erosion. As a result, these lean ores are found forming high and bold ridges. Such ridges of lean ores have deceived many explorers, and "not a few geologists. In the same rock series, for the most part occupying portions of a higher layer, are found, however, ores of extraordinary richness and purity, which, from their comparative softness, very rarely outcrop. The existence in quantity of these very rich ores in the Menomonee region has been definitely proven. One deposit, laid open during the Summer of 1877, shows a width of over 150 feet of first class specular ore; and exceeding in size the greatest of the famous deposits of Michigan. In the Penokee region, however, though the indications are favorable, the existence of the richer ores is as yet an inference only. The Penokee range itself is a wonderful development of 168 HISTORYOF WlSfOXSIX. lean ore, which forms a continuous belt several hundred feet in width and over thirty miles in length. Occasionally portions of this belt are richer than the rest, and become almost merchant- able ores. The probability is, however, that the rich ores of this region will be found in the lower country immediately north of the Penokee range, where the rocks are buried beneath heavy accumulations of drift material. Copper. The only copper ore at present raised in Wisconsin is obtained near Mineral Point, in the lead region of the southwestern part of the state, where small quantities of chalcopyrite,ih.t yellow sulphide of copper and iron, are obtained from pockets and limited crevices in the Galena lime- stone. Copper pyrites is known to occur in this way throughout the lead region, but it does not appear that the quantity at any point is sufficient to warrant exploration. Copper occurs also in the northernmost portions of Wisconsin, where it is found under alto- gether different circumstances. The great copper-bearing series of rocks of Keweenaw point and Isle Royale stretch southwestward into and entirely across the state of Wisconsin, in two parallel belts. One of these belts enters Wisconsin at the mouth of the Montreal river, and immediately leaving the shore of Lake Superior, crosses Ashland and Bayfield counties, and then widening greatly, occupies a large area in Douglas, St. Croix, Barron and Chippewa counties. The other belt forms the backbone of the Bayfield peninsula, and crosses the northern part of Douglas county, forming a bold ridge, to the Minnesota line. The rocks of this great series appear to be for the most part of igneous origin, but they are distinctly bedded, and even interstratified with sandstone, shales, and coarse boulder-conglomerate, the whole series having generally a tilted position. In veins crossing the rock-beds, and scattered also promiscuously through the layers of both conglomerates and igneous rocks, pure metallic copper in fine flakes is often found. Mining on a small scale has been attempted at numbers of points where the rivers flowing northward into Lake Superior make gorges across tlie rock series, but at none of them has sufficient work been done to prove or disprove the existence of copper in paying quantity. Gold and Silver. Small traces of gold have been detected by the writer in quartz from the crystalline rocks of Clark county, but there is no probability that any quantity of this metal will ever be found in the state. Traces of silver have also been found in certain layers of the copper series in Ash- land county. Judging from the occurrence of silver in the same series not far to the east in Michigan, it seems not improbable that this metal may be found also in Wisconsin. Brick Clays. These constitute a very important resource in Wisconsin. Extending inland for many miles fiom the shores of Lakes Michigan and Superior are stratified beds of clay of lacustrine origin, having been deposited by the lakes when greatly expanded beyond their present sizes. All of these clays are characterized by the presence of a large amount of carbonate of lime. Along Lake Superior they have not yet been utilized, but all through the belt of country bordering Lake Michigan they are dug and burned, fully 50,000,000 bricks being made annually in this region. A large proportion of these bricks are white or cream-colored, and these are widely known under the name of "'Milwaukee brick," though by no means altogether made at Mil- waukee. Others arc ordinary red brick. The difference between the light-colored and red bricks is ordinarily attributed to the greater amount of iron in the clay from whicli the latter are MINERAL KESOT'RCES. 169 burned, but it has been shown by Mr. E. T Sweet that the white bricks are burned from clay which often contains more iron than that from which the red bricks are made, but which also contains a very large aniont of carbonate of lime. The following analyses show (i) the compo- sition of the clay from which cream-colored brick are burned at Milwaukee, (2) the composition of a red-brick clay from near Madison, and (3) the composition of the unutilized clay from Ashland, Lake Superior. Nos. i and 2 are by Mr. E. T. Sweet, No. 3 by Professor W. W. Daniells : (I) (21 (3) (I.) (2) (3) Silica 38.22 9-75 2.84 1..6 16 23 7-54 18.50 75.80 11.07 3-53 0.31 ; .08) 1.09 58.08 25.38 4-44 8.30 Potash 2.16 C.65 0.95 1.S5 1-74 0.40 1-54 2.16 Iron peroxide Iron protoxide Water [ 409 Moisture Totals Magnesia 99.85 99.56 100.19 At Milwaukee 24,000,000 cream-colored brick are made annually ; at Racine, 3,500,000 ; at .\ppleton and Menasha, 1,800,000 each; at Neenah, 1,600,000; at Clifton, 1,700,000; at Wat- erloo, 1,600,000; and in smaller quantities at Jefferson, Ft. Atkinson, Edgerton, Whitewater, Geneva, Ozaukee, Sheboygan Falls, Manitowoc, Kewaunee, and other places. In most cases the cream-colored bricks are made from a bright-red clay, although occasionally the clay is light- colored. At Whitewater and other places tile and pottery are also made from this clay. Although these lacustrine clays are much the most important in Wisconsin, e.xcellent brick clays are also found in the interior of the state. In numbers of places along the Yahara valley, 'n Dane county, an excellent stratified clay occurs. At Madison this is burned to a red brick ; at Stoughton and Oregon to a fine cream-colored brick. At Platteville, Lancaster, and other points in the southwestern part of the state, red bricks are made from clays found in the vicinity. Kaolin (Porcelain -Clav — Fire - Clay). The word "kaolin*" is applied by geologists to a clay-like material which is used in making chinaware in this country and in Europe. The word is of Chinese origin, and is applied by the Chinese to the substance from which the famous porcelain of China is made. Its application to the European porcelain-^/*?)' was made under the mistaken idea — one which has prevailed among scientists until very recently — that the Chinese material is the same as the European. This we now know to be an error, the Chinese and Japanese wares being both made altogether from a solid rock. True kaolin, using the word in its European sense, is unlike other ordinary clays, in being the result of the disintegration of felspathic crystalline* rocks " in place,"' that is without being removed from the place of its first formation. The base of kaolin is a mineral known as kaolinite, a compound of silica, alumina and water, which results from a change or decay of the felspar of felspar-bearing rocks. Felspar contains silica, alumina, and soda or potash, or both. By perco- lation through the rocks of surface water carrying carbonic acid, the potash and soda are removed and kaolinite results. Mingled with the kaolinite are, however, always the other ingre- dients of the rock, quartz, mica, etc., and also always some undecomposed, or only partly decom- posed felspar. These foreign ingredients can all, however, be more or less perfectly removed by a system of levigation, when a pure white clay results, composed almost wholly of the scales of 170 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. the mineral kaolinite. Prepared in this way the kaolin has a high value as a refractory material,, and for forming the base of fine porcelain wares. The crystalline rocks, which, by decomposition, would produce a kaolin, are widely spread over the northern part of Wisconsin ; but over the most of the region occupied by them there is no sign of the existence of kaolin, the softened rock having apparently been removed by glacial action. In a belt of country, however, which extends from Grand Rapids on the Wisconsin, westward to Black river, in Jackson county, the drift is insignificant or entirely absent ; the glacial forces have not acted, and the crystalline rocks are, or once were, overlaid by sandstone, along whose line of junction with the underlying formation numerous water-courses have existed, the result being an unusual amount of disintegration. Here we find, in the beds of the Wisconsin, Yellow, and Black rivers, large exposures of crystalline rocks, which between the rivers are overlaid by sandstone. The crystalline rocks are in distinct layers, tilted at high angles, and in numerous places decomposed into a soft white kaolin. Inasmuch as these layers strike across the country m long, straight lines, patches of kaolin are found ranging themselves into similar lines. The kaolin patches are most abundant on the Wisconsin in the vicinity of the city of Grand Rapids, in Wood county. They vary greatly in size, one deposit even varying from a fraction of an inch to a number of feet in thickness. The kaolin varies, also, greatly in character, some being quite impure and easily fusible from a large content of iron oxide or from partial decomposition only,''while much of it is very pure and refractory. There is no doubt, however, that a large amount of kaolin exists in this region, and that by selection and levigation an excellent material may be obtained, which, by mingling with powdered quartz, may be made to yield a fire-brick of unusual refractoriness, and which may even be employed in making fine porcelain ware. The following table gives the composition of the raw clay, the fine clay obtained from it by levigation, and the coarse residue from the same operation, the sample having been taken from the opening on the land of Mr. C. B. Garrison, section 5, town 22, range 6 east, Wood county : RAW CLAY. LEVIGATION PRODUCTS. RAW CLAY. LEVIGATION rtOPUCTS FINK CLAY. COARSE RESIDUE. FINE CLAY. COARSE RESIDriS. Silica. ..-. - 78.83 13-43 0.74 0.64 0.07 0.37 49-94 36.80 0.72 trace 0.51 q2.86 '208 0.74 0.96 O.IO 0.28 Soda - Carbonic Acid Water Totals 0.0*7 O.OI 5-45 0.08 0.0=; Alumina Iron peroxide 11.62 8-53 Magnesia Potash - 99.60 99.67 y9.6a Cement - Rock. Certain layers of the Lower Magnesian limestone, as at Ripon, and other points in the east- ern part of the state, are known to produce a lime which has in some degree the hydraulic property, and the same is true of certain layers of the Blue limestone of the Trenton group, in the southwestern part of the state ; the most valuable material of this kind, however, that is as yet known to exist in Wisconsin, is found near Milwaukee, and has become very recently somewhat widely known as the " Milwaukee" cement-rock. This rock belongs to the Hamilton formation, and is found near the Washington street bridge, at Brown Deer, on the lake shore at Whitefish MINERAL BESOURCES. 171 bay, and at other points in the immediate vicinity of Milwaukee. The (juantity attainable is large, and a very elaborate series of tests by D. J. Whittemore, chief engineer of the Milwau- kee and St. Paul railroad, shows that the cement made from it exceeds all native and foreign cements in strength, except the famous English " Portland " cement. The following are three analyses of the rock from different points, and they show that it has a very constant composition : Carbonate of Lime Carbonate of Magnesia Silica Alumina Iron Sesquioxide Totals I. 2, 45-54 32.46 1756 48.29 29-19 17-36 1. 41 1.40 3.03 224 100.00 98.68 41-34 34.88 16.99 5.00 1.79 Limestone for M.\king Quick - lime. Quick-lime is made from all of the great liinestone formations of Wisconsin, but more is burnt from the Lower Magnesian and Niagara formations, than from the others. The Lower Magnesian yields a very strong mortar, but the lime burned from it is not very white. It is burned largely in the region about Madison, one of the largest quarries being on the south line of section 33 of that town, where some 20,000 bushels are produced annually, in two kilns. The lime from this place has a considerable local reputation under the name of " Madison lime." The Trenton limestone is burned at a few points, but yields an inferior lime. The Galena is not very generally burned, but yields a better lime than the Trenton. In the region about Watertown and White- water, some 40,000 to 50,000 barrels are made annually from this formation. The Niagara, however, is the great lime furnisher of the northwest. From its purity it is adapted to the making of a most admirable lime. It is burned on a large scale at numbers of points in the eastern part of the state, among which may be mentioned, Pellon's kilns, Pewau- kee, where 12,000 barrels are made weekly and shipped to Chicago, Grand Haven, Des Moines, etc.; and Holick & Son's kilns, Racine, which yield 60,000 to 75.000 barrels annually. A total ot about 400,000 barrels is annually made from the Niagara formation in eastern Wisconsin. Limestone for Flux in Iron Smelting. The limestones of Wisconsin are rarely used as a flux, because of their prevalent magnesian character. The stone from Schoonmaker's (juarry, near Milwaukee, is used at the Bay View iron works, and is one of the few cases. There are certain layers, however, in the Trenton lime- stone, widely spread over the southern part of the state, which are non-magnesian, and frequently sufficiently free from earthy impurities to be used as a flux. These layers deserve the attention of the iron masters of the state. Glass Sand. Much of the St. Peter's sandstone is a purely siliceous, loose, white sand, well adapted to the making of glass. It is now being put to this use at points in the eastern part of the state. 172 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Peat. Peat exists in large quantities and of good quality underneath the numerous marshes of the eastern and central parts of the state. Whether it can be utilized in the future as a fuel, will depend altogether upon the cost of its preparation, which will have to be very low in order that it may compete with superior fuels. As a fenilizer, peat has always a great value, and requires no •Preliminary treatment. Building Stones. All the rocky formations of Wisconsin are used in building, and even the briefest synopsis ■of the subject of the building stones of the state, would exceed the hmits of this paper. A few of the more prominent kinds only are mentioned. Granite occurs in protruding masses, and also grading into gneiss, in the northern portions ■of the state, at numerous points. In many places on the Wisconsin, Yellow, and Black rivers, and especially at Big Bull Falls, Yellow river, red granites of extraordinary beauty and value occur. These are not yet utilized, but will in the future have a high value. The handsomest and most valuable sandstone found in Wisconsin, is that which extends along the shore of Lake Superior, from the Michigan to the Minnesota line, and which forms the basement rock of the Apostle islands. On one of these islands a very large quarry is opened, from which are taken masses of almost any size, of a very close-grained, uniform, dark brown stone, which has been shipped largely to Chicago and Milwaukee. At the latter place, the well known court house is built of this stone. An equally good stone can be obtained from the neigh- boring islands, and from points on the mainland. A very good white to brown, indurated sand- stone is obtained from the middle portions of the Potsdam series, at Stevens Point, Portage county; near,Grand Rapids, Wood county; at Black River Falls, Jackson county; at Packwau- kee, Marquette county ; near Wautoma, Waushara county ; and at several points in the Baraboo valley, Sauk county. A good buff-colored, calcareous sandstone is quarried and used largely in the vicinity of Madison, from the uppermost layers of the Potsdam series. All of the limestone formations of the state are quarried for building stone. A layer known locally as the " Mendota" limestone, included in the upper layers of the Potsdam series, yields a very evenly bedded, yellow, fine-grained rock, which is largely quarried along the valley of the lower Wisconsin, and also in the countrj* about Madison. In the town of Westport, Dane county, a handsome, fine-grained, cream-colored limestone is obtained from the Lower Magne- sian. The Trenton limestone yields an evenly bedded, thin stone, which is frequently used for laying in wall. The Galena and Niagara are also utilized, and the latter is capable, in much of the eastern part of the state, of furnishing a durable, easily dressed, compact, white stone. In preparing this paper, I have made use of Professor Whitney's " Metallic Wealth of the TInited States," and " Report on the Geology of the Lead Region;" of the advance sheets of Volume II of the Reports of the State Geological Survey, including Professor T. C. Chamberlin's Report on the Geology of Eastern Wisconsin, my own Report on the Geology of Central Wisconsin, and Mr. Strong's Report on the Geology of the Lead Region ; Mr. E. T. Sweet's account of the mineral exhibit of the state at the Centennial Exposition ; and of my unpublished reports on the geology of the counties bordering Lake Superior. WISCONSIN RAILROADS. Bv Hon. H. H. GILES. The territory of Wisconsin offered great advantages to emigrants. Explorers had published accounts of the wonderful fertility of its soil, the wealth of its broad prairies and forest openings, and the beauty of its lakes and rivers. Being reached from the older states by way of the lakes and easily accessible by a long line of lake coast, the hardships incident to weeks of land travel were avoided. Previous to 1836 but few settlements had been made in that part of the then territory of Michigan, that year organized into the territory of Wisconsin, except as mining camps in the southwestern part, and scattered settlers in the vicinity of the trading posts and military stations. From that time on, with the hope of improving their condi- tion, thousands of the enterprising yeomanry of New England, New York and Ohio started for the land of promise. Germans, Scandinavians and other nationalities, attracted by the glowing accounts sent abroad, crossed the ocean on their way to the new world; steamers and sail-craft laden with families and their household goods left Buffalo and other lake ports, all bound for the new Eldorado. It may be doubted if in the history of the world any country was ever peo- pled with the rapidity of southern and eastern Wisconsin. Its population in 1840 was 30,749; in 1850,304,756; in 1860,773,693; in 1870, 1,051,351; in 1875, 1,236,729. With the develop- ment of the agricultural resources of the new territory, grain raising became the most prominent interest, and as the settlements extended back from the lake shore the difficulties of transporta- tion of the products of the soil were seriously felt. The expense incurred in moving a load of produce seventy or eighty miles to a market town on the lake shore frequently exceeded the gross sum obtained for the same. All goods, wares and merchandise, and most of the lumber used must also be hauled by teams from Lake Michigan. Many of our early settlers still retain vivid recollections of trying experiences in the Milwaukee woods and other sections bordering on the lake shore, from the south line of the state to Manitowoc and Sheboygan. To meet the great want — better facilities for transportation — a valuable land grant was obtained from congress, in 1S38, to aid in building a canal from Milwaukee to Rock river The company which was organized to construct it, built a dam across Milwaukee river and a short section of the canal; then the work stopped and the plan was finally abandoned. It was early seen that to satisfy the requirements of the people, railroads, as the most feasable means of commumcatiou within their reach, were an indispensable necessity. Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway. Between the years 1838 and 1841, the territorial legislature of Wisconsin chartered several railroad companies, but with the exception of the " Milwaukee & Waukesha Railroad Company,' incorporated in 1847, none of the corporations thus created took any particular shape. The commissioners named in its charter met November 23, 1847, and elected a president. Dr. L. W. Weeks, and a secretary, A. W. Randall (afterward governor of Wisconsin). On the first Monday of February, 1848, they opened books of subscription. The charter of the company provided 174 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. that $100,000 should be subscribed and five percent, thereof paid in before the company should fully organize as a corporation. Tlie country was new. There were plenty of active, energetic men, but money to build railroads was scarce, and not until April 5, 1849, was the necessary subscription raised and percentage paid. A board of directors was elected on the loth day of May, and Byron Kilbourn chosen president. The charter had been previously amended, in 1848, authorizing the company to build a road to the Mississippi river, in Grant county, and in 1850, its name was changed to the " Milwaukee & Mississippi Railroad Company." After the company was fully organized, active measures were taken to push the enterprise forward to completion. The city of Milwaukee loaned its credit, and in 185 1 the pioneer Wisconsin railroad reached Waukesha, twenty miles out from Milwaukee. In the spring of 1852, Edward H. Broadhead, a, prominent engineer, from from the state of New York, was put in charge of the work as chief engineer and superintendent. Under his able and energetic administration the road was pushed forward in 1852 to Milton, in 1853 to Stoughton, in 1854 to Madison, and in 1856 to the Mis- sissippi river, at Prairie du Chien. In 1851 John Catlin of Madison, was elected president in place of Kilbourn. The proposed length of this article will not admit of any detailed statement of the trials, struggles and triumphs of the men who projected, and finally carried across the state, from the lake to the river, this first Wisconsin railroad. Mitchell, Kilbourn, Holton, Tweedy, Catlin, Walker, Broadhead, Crocker and many others, deserve to be remembered by our people as bene- factors of the state. In 1859 and i860, the company defaulted in the payment of the interest on its bonds. A foreclosure was made and a new company, called the " Milwaukee & Prairie du Chien," took its place, succeeding to all its rights and property. The "Southern Wisconsin Railway Company" was chartered in 1852, and authorized to build a road from Milton to the Mississippi river. When the Milwaukee and Mississippi road reached Milton in 1852, it was not authorized by its charter to go to Janesville, but, under the charter of the Southern Wisconsin, a company was organized that built the eight miles to Janesville in 1853, Under a subsequent amendment to the charter, the Milwaukee and Mississippi company was authorized to build from Milton to the Mississippi river. The Janesville branch was then purchased and extended to Monroe, a distance of about thirty-four miles, or forty-two miles west of Milton. Surveys were made and a line located west of Monroe to the river. The people of La Fayette and Grant counties have often been encouraged to e.xpect a direct railroad communi- cation with the city of Milwaukee. Other and more important interests, at least so considered by the railroad company, have delayed the execution of the original plan, and the road through the counties mentioned still remains unbuilt. The " LaCrosse & Milwaukee Railroad Company" was chartered in 1852, to construct a road from LaCrosse to Milwaukee. During the year in which the charter was obtained, the company was organized, and the first meeting of the commissioners held at LaCrosse. Among its pro- jectors were Byron Kilbourn and Moses M. Strong. Kilbourn was elected its first president. No work was done upon this line until after its consolidation with the " Milwaukee, Fond du Lac & Green Bay Railroad Company" in 1854. The latter company was chartered in 1853, to build a road from Milwaukee z'/a West Bend to Fond du Lac and Green Bay. It organized in the spring of 1853, and at once commenced active operations under the supervision of James Kneeland, its first president. The city of Milwaukee loaned its credit for $200,000, and gave city bonds. The company secured depot grounds in Milwaukee, and did considerable grading for the first twenty- five miles out. Becoming embarrassed in January, 1854, the Milwaukee, Fond du Lac & Green Bay consolidated with the LaCrosse & Milwaukee company. Work was at once resumed on the partially graded line. In 1855 the road was completed to Horicon, fifty miles. wisconsi;n railroads. 175 The Milwaukee & Watertown company was chartered in 1851, to build from Milwaukee to VVatertown. It soon organized, and began the construction of its line from Brookfield, fourteen miles west of Milwaukee, and a point on the Milwaukee & Mississippi road leading through Oconomowoc to Watertown. The charter contained a provision that the company might extend its road by way of Portage to La Crosse. It reached Watertown in 1856, and was consolidated with the LaCrosse & Milwaukee road in the autumn of the same year. In the spring of 1856 congress made a grant of land to the state of Wisconsin, to aid in the building of a railroad from Madison, or Columbus, via Portage City, to the St. Croix river or lake, between townships 25 and 31. and from thence to the west end of Lake Superior, and to Bayfield. An adjourned session of the Wisconsin legislature met on September 3 of that year, to dispose of the grant. The disposal of this grant had been generally discussed by the press, and the public sentiment of the state seemed to tend toward its bestowal upon a new company. There is little doubt but that this was also the sentiment of a large majority of the members of both houses when the session commenced. When a new company was proposed a joint com mittee of twenty from the senate and assembly was appointed to prepare a bill, conferring the grant upon a company to be created by the bill itself. The work of the committee proceeded harmoniously until the question of who should be corporators was to be acted upon, when a difference of opinion was found to exist, and one that proved difficult to harmonize. In the mean- lime the LaCrosse and Watertown companies had consolidated, and a sufficient number of the members of both houses were "propitiated" by " pecuniary compliments" to induce them to pass the bill, conferring the so called St. Croix grant upon the LaCrosse & Milwaukee railroad company. The vote in the assembly in the passage of the bill was, ayes 62, noes 7. In the senate it stood, ayes 17, noes 7. At the session of the legislature of 1858 a committee was raised to investigate the matter, and their report demonstrated that bonds were set apart for all who voted for the LaCrosse bill ; to members of assembly $5,000 each, and members of senate $10,000 each. A few months after the close of the legislative sesssion of 1856 the land grant bonds of the LaCrosse road became worthless. Neither the LaCrosse company nor its successors ever received any portion of the lands granted to the state. During the year 1857 the LaCrosse company completed its line of road through Portage City to LaCrosse, and its Watertown line to Columbus. The "Milwaukee & Horicon Railroatl Company" was chartered in 1852. Between the year^ 1855 and 1857 it built through Waupun and Ripon to Berlin, a distance of forty-two miles. It was, in effect, controlled by the LaCrosse & Milwaukee company, although built as a separate branch. This line was subsequently merged in the LaCrosse company, and is now a part of the northern division of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway. The '■ Madison, Fond du Lac & Lake Michigan Railroad Company" was chartered in 1855, to build a road from Madison wV? Fond du Lac to Lake Michigan. In 1857 it bought of the LaCrosse company that portion of its road acquired by consolidation with the Milwaukee & Watertown company. Its name was then changed to " Milwaukee & Western Railroad Com- jiany." It owned a line of road from Brookfield to Watertown, and branches from the latter place to Columbus and Sun Prairie, in all about eighty miles in length. In 1858 and 1859 the La Crosse & Milwaukee and the Milwaukee & Horicon companies defaulted in the payment of the interest on their bonded debts. In the same years the bond- holders of the two companies instituted foreclosure proceedings on the different trust deeds given to secure their bonds. Other suits to enforce the payment of their floating debts were also com- menced. Protracted litigation in both the state and federal courts resulted in a final settlement in 1868, by a decision of the supreme court of the United States. In llic meantime, in 1862 and 176 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. 1863, both roads were sold, and purchased by an association of the bondholders, who organized the " Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company." The new company succeeded to all the rights of both the La Crosse and Horicon companies, and soon afterward, in 1863, purchased the property of the Milwaukee & Western company, thus getting control of the roads from Mil- waukee to La Crosse, from Horicon to Berlin, from Brookfield to Watertown, and the branches to Columbus and Sun Prairie. In 1864 it built from Columbus to Portage, from Brookfield to Milwaukee, and subsequently extended the Sun Prairie branch to Madison, in 1S69. It also purchased the Ripon & Wolf River road, which had been built fifteen miles in length, from Ripon to Omro, on the Fox river, and extended it to Winneconne on the Wolf river, five miles farther, and twenty miles from Ripon. In 1867 the Milwaukee ii: St. Paul railway company obtained control of the Milwaukee & Prairie du Chien railroad. The legislature of 1857 had passed an act, authorizing all stock-holders in all incorporated companies to vote on shares of stock owned by them. The directors of the Milwaukee & St. Paul company had secured a majority of the common stock, and, at the election of 1867, elected themselves a board of directors for the Prairie du Chien company. All the rights, property and interests of the latter company came under the ownership and control of the former. In 1865, Alexander Mitchell, of Milwaukee, was elected president, and S. S. Merrill general manager of the Milwaukee & St. Paul railway company. They were retained in their respective positions by the new organization, and still continue to hold these offices, a fact largely owing to the able and efficient manner that has characterized their management of the company's affairs. The company operates six hundred and eighty-six miles of road in Wisconsin, and in all one thousand four hundred miles. Its lines extend to St. Paul and Minneapolis in Minnesota, and to Algona in Iowa, and over the Western Union to Savannah and Rock Island in the state of Illinois. The"Oshkosh & Mississippi Railroad Company" was chartered in 1866 to build a road from the city of Oshkosh to the Mississippi river. Its construction to Ripon in 1872 was a move on the part of citizens of Oshkosh to connect their town with the Milwaukee & St. Paul road. It is twenty miles in length and leased to the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul company. In 1871 and 1872 the "Wisconsin Union Railroad Company," of which John W. Cary was president, built a road from Milwaukee to the state line between Wisconsin and Illinois, to connect with a road built from Chicago to the state line of Illinois. This new line betwe'en Milwaukee and Chicago was built in the interest of, and in fact by, the Milwaukee & St. Paul company to afford a connection between its Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota system of roads, and the eastern trunk lines centering in Chicago. It runs parallel with the shore of Lake Michigan and from three to six miles from it, and is eighty-five miles in length. The Chicago & Northwestern Railway. The territorial legislature of 1848 chartered the " Madison & Beloit Railroad Company "' with authority to build a railroad from Beloit to Madison only. In 1850, by an act of the legislature, the company was authorized to extend the road to the Wisconsin river and La Crosse, and to a point on the Mississippi river near St. Paul, and also from Janesville to Fond du Lac. Its name was changed, under legislative authority, to the " Rock River Valley Union Railroad Company." In 1851, the line from Janesville north not being pushed as the people expected, the legislature of Illinois chartered the " Illinois & Wisconsin Railroad Company " with authority to consoHdate with any road in Wisconsin. In 1855, an act of the Wisconsin legislature consoli- dated the Illinois and Wis^nsin companies with the " Rock River Valley Union Railroad Com- pany," and the new organfflfcon took the name of the " Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac Rail- • WISCONSIN RAILROADS. 17T road Company." In 1854, and previous to the consolidation, the company had failed and passed into tlie hands of the bondholders, who foreclosed and took stock for their bonds. The old management of A. Hyatt Smith and John B. Macy was superseded, and Wm. B. Ogden was made president. Chicago was all along deeply interested in reaching the rich grain fields of the Rock river valley, as well as the inexhaustible timber and mineral wealth of the northern part of Wisconsin and that part of Michigan bordering on Lake Superior, called the Peninsula. It also sought a connection with the upper Mississippi region, then being rapidly peopled, by a line of railroad to run through Madison to St. Paul, in Minnesota. Its favorite road was started from Chicago on the wide (six feet) gauge, and so constructed seventy miles to Sharon on the Wis- consin state line. This was changed to the usual (four feet, eight and one-half inches) width, and the work was vigorously pushed, reaching Janesville in 1855 and Fond du Lac in 1858. The Rock River Valley Union railroad company had, however, built about thirty miles from Fond du Lac south toward Minnesota Junction before the consolidation took place. The partially graded line on a direct route between Janesville and Madison was abandoned. In 1852 a new charter had been obtained, and the " Beloit & Madison Railroad Company " had been organized to build a road from Beloit via Janesville to Madison. A subsequent amendment to this charter had left out Janesville as a point, and the Beloit branch was pushed through to Madison, reach- ing that city in 1864. The "Galena and Chicago Union Railroad Company" had built a branch of the Galena line from Belvedere to Beloit previous to 1854. In that year, it leased the Beloit & Madison road, and from 1856 operated it in connection with the Milwaukee & Mississippi, reaching Janes- ville by way of Hanover Junction, a station on its Southern Wisconsin branch, eight miles west of Janesville. The consolidation of the Galena & Chicago Union and the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac companies was effected and approved by legislative enactment in 1855, and a new organization called the "Chicago & Northwestern Railwav Company" took their place. The "Green Bay, Milwaukee & Chicago Railroad Company " was chartered in 185 1 to build a road from Milwaukee to the state line of Illinois to connect with a road from Chicago, called the Chicago & Milwaukee railroad. Both roads were completed in 1855, and run in connection until 1863, when they were consolidated under the name of the "Chicago & Milwaukee Railroad Company." To prevent its falling into the hands of the Milwaukee & St. Paul, the Chicago & Northwestern secured it by perpetual lease. May 2, 1866, and it is now operated as its Chicago division. The " Kenosha «S; Beloit Railroad Company " was incorporated in 1853 to build a road from Kenosha to Beloit, and was organized soon after its chartenwas obtained. Its name was after- ward changed to the " Kenosha, Rockford & Rock Island Railroad Company," and its route changed to run to Rockford instead of Beloit. The line starts at Kenosha, and runs through the county of Kenosha and crosses the state line near the village of Genoa in the county of Wal- worth, a distance of thirty miles in the state of Wisconsin, and there connects with a road in Illinois running to Rockford, and with which it consolidated. Kenosha and its citizens were the principal subscribers tc its capital stock. The company issued its bonds, secured by the usual mortgage on its franchises and property. Failing to pay its interest, the mortgage was foreclosed, and the road was sold to the Chicago & Northwestern company in 1863, and is now operated by it as the Kenosha division. The line was constructed from Kenosha to Genoa in 1S62. The "Northwestern Union Railway Company " was organized in 1872, under the general rail- road law of the state, to build a line of road from Milwaukee to Fond du Lac, with a branch to Lodi. The road was constructed during the years 1872 and 1S73 from Milwaukee to Fond du Lac. The Chicago & Northwestern company were principally inteAted in its being built, to. 178 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. shorten its line between Chicago and Green Bay, and now uses it as its main through line between the two points. The " Baraboo Air-Line Railroad Company" was incorporated in 1870, to build a road from Madison, Columbus, or Waterloo via Baraboo, to La Crosse, or any point on the Mississippi river. It organized in the interest of the Chicago & Northwestern, with which company it con- solidated, and the work of building a connecting line between Madison and Winona Junction was vigorously pushed forward. Lodi was reached in 1870, Baraboo in 1871, and Winona Junc- tion in 1874. The ridges between Elroy and Sparta were tunneled at great expense and with much difficulty. In 1874 the company reported an expenditure for its three tunnels of $476,743.32, and for the 129 i-io miles between Madison and Winona Junction of $5,342,169.96, and a large expenditure yet required to be made on it. In 1867 the Chicago & Northwestern company bought of D. N. Barney & Co. their interest in the Winona & St. Peters railway, a line being built westerly from Winona in Minnesota, and of which one hundred and five miles had been built. It also bought of the same parties their interest in the La Crosse, Trempealeau & Prescott railway, a line being built from Winona Junction, thre<: miles east of La Crosse, to Winona, Minn. The latter line was put in operation in 1870, and is twenty-nine miles long. With the completion of its Madison branch to Winona junction, in 1873,11 had in operation a line from Chicago, via Madison and Winona, to Lake Kampeska, Minn., a distance of six hundred and twenty-three miles. In the year 1856 a valuable grant of land was made by congress to the state of Wisconsin to aid in the construction of railroads. The Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac company claimed that the grant was obtained through its efforts, and that of right it should have the northeastern grant, so-called. At the adjourned session of the legislature of 1856, a contest over the dispo- sition of the grant resulted in conferring it upon the " Wisconsin & Superior Railroad Company," a corporation chartered for the express purpose of giving It this grant. It was generally believed at the time that the new company was organized in the Interest of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac company, and at the subsequent session, in the following year, it was authorized to consolidate with the new company, which it did in the spring of that year, and thus obtained the grant of 3,840 acres per mile along its entire line, from Fond du Lac northerly to the state line between Wisconsin and Michigan. It extended its road to Oshkosh in 1859, to Appleton in 1861, and in 1862 to Fort Howard, forming a line two hundred and forty-two miles long. The line from Fort Howard to Escanaba, one hundred and fourteen miles long, was opened in Decem- ber, 1872, and made a connection with the peninsular railroad of Michigan. It now became a part of the Chicago & Northwestern, extending from Escanaba to the iron mines, and thence to Lake Superior at Marquette. Albert Keep, of Chicago, is president, and Marvin Hughltt, a gentleman of great railroad experience, is general superintendent. The company operates five hundred and fifty-six miles of road in Wisconsin, and in all one thousand five hundred miles. Its lines extend into five different states. Over these lines its equipment is run In common, or transferred from place to place, as the changes in !:-L-slness may temporarily require. Wisconsin Central Railroad. The " Milwaukee & Northern Railway Company " was incorporated in 1870, to build a road from Milwaukee to some point on the Fox river below Winnebago lake, and thence to Lake Superior, with branches. It completed its road to Menasha, one hundred and two miles from Milwaukee, with a branch from Hilbert to Green Bay, twenty-seven miles, in 1873, and in that year leased its line to the "Wisconsin Central Railroad Company," which is still operating it. In % WISCONSIX RAILEOADS. 179 1864 congress made a grant of land to the state of Wisconsin to aid in the construction of a rail- road from Berlin, Doty's Island, Fond du Lac, or Portage, by way of Stevens Point, to Bayfield or Superior, granting the odd sections within ten miles on each side of the line, with an indem- nity limit of twenty miles on each side. The legislature of 1865 failed to dispose of this grant, but that of 1S66 provided for the organization of two companies, one to build from Portage City by way of Berlin to Stevens Point, and the other from Menasha to the same point, and then jointly to Bayfield and Lake Superior. The former was called the "Winnebago and Lake Superior Railroad Company," and the latter the " Portage & Superior Railroad Company." In 1869 an act was passed consolidating the two companies, which was done under the nane of the " Portage, Winnebago & Superior Railroad Company." In 1S71 the name of the company was changed to the " Wisconsin Central Railroad Company." The Winnebago & Lake Superior company was organized under Hon. George Reed as president, and at once commenced the construction of its line of road between Menasha and Stevens Point. In 187 i the Wisconsin Central consolidated with the " Manitowoc & Mississippi Railroad Company." The articles of consolidation provided that Gardner Colby, a director of the latter company, should be president, and that George Reed, a director of the former, should be vice president of the new organization ; with a further provision that Gardner Colby, George Reed, and Elijah B. Phillips should be and remain its executive committee. In 1871, an act was passed incorporating the " Phillips and Colby Construction Company," which created E. B. Phillips, C. L. Colby, Henry Pratt, and such others as they might associate with them, a body corporate, with authority to build railroads and do all manner of things relat- ing to railroad construction and operation. Under this act the construction company contracted with the Wisconsin Central railroad company, to build its line of road from Menasha to Lake Superior. In November, 1873, the Wisconsin Central leased of the Milwaukee & Northern com- pany its line of road extending from Schwartzburg to Menasha, and the branch to Green Bay, for the term of nine hundred and ninety-nine years, and also acquired the rights of the latter com. pany to use the track of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul company between Schwartzburg and Milwaukee, and to depot facilities in Milwaukee. The construction of the land grant portion of this important line of road was commenced in 1S71, and it was completed to Stevens Point in November of that year. It was built from Stevens Point north one hundred miles to Worcester in 1872. During 1872 and 1873, it was built from Ashland south to the Penoka iron ridge, a dis- tance of thirty miles. The straight line between Portage City and Stevens Point, authorized by an act of the legislature of 1875, was constructed between October i, 1875, and October, 1876, seven y-one miles in length. The gap of forty-two miles between Worcester and Penoka iron ridge was closed in June, 1877. E. B. Phillips, of Milwaukee, is president and general manager. This line of road passes through a section of our state hitherto unsettled. It has been pushed through with energy, and opened up for settlement an immense region of heavily timbered land, and thus contributed to the growth and prosperity of the state. The Western Union R.aii.ro.ad. The " Racine, Janesville & Mississippi Railroad Company " was chartered in 1852,10 build a road from Racine to Beloit, and was organized the same year. The city of Racine issued its bonds for $300,000 in payment for that amount of stock. The towns of Racine, Elkhorn, Dele- van and Beloit gave $190,000, and issued their bonds, and farmers along the line made liberal subscriptions and secured the same by mortgages on their farms. The road was built to Burling- ton in 1855, to Delavan early in 1856, and to Beloit, sixty-eight miles from Racine, during the Rame year. Failing to meet the interest on its bonds and its floating indebtedness, it was sur- 180 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. rendered by the company to the bond-holders in 1859, who completed it to Freeport during that year, and afterward built to the Mississippi river at Savannah, and thence to Rock Island. The bond-holders purchased and sold the road in 1866, and a new organization was had as the " West- ern Union Railroad (Company," and it has sinee been operated under that name. In 1869, it built a line from Elkhorn to Eagle, seventeen miles, and thus made a connection with Milwau- kee over the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul line. The latter company owns a controlling interest it its line. Alexander Mitchell is the president of the company, and D. A. Olin, general superintendent. West Wisconsin Railroad. The lands granted by congress in 1856 to aid in the construction of a railroad in Wisconsin, from Tomah to Superior and Bayfield, were disposed of as mentioned under the history of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul company. The La Crosse company, as we have seen, prevailed in the legislature of 1856, and secured legislation favorable to its interests; but it failed to build the line of road provided for, and forfeited its right to lands granted. In 1863, the " Tomah & Lake St. Croix Railroad Company " was incorporated, with authority to construct a railroad from some point in the town of Tomah in Monroe county, to such point on Lake St. Croix, between town- ships 25 and 31 as the directors might determine. To the company, by the act creating it, was granted all the interest and estate of this state, to so much of the lands granted by the United States to the state of Wisconsin, known as the St. Croix grant, as lay between Tomah and Lake St. Croix. A few months after its organization, the company passed substantially into the hands of D. A. Baldwin and Jacob Humbird, who afterward built a line of road from Tomah, via Black River Falls, and Eau Claire to Hudson, on Lake St. Croix, one hundred and seventy-eight miles. Its name was afterward changed to the "West Wisconsin Railroad Company." In 1S73, it built its road from Warren's Mills via Camp Douglass, on the St. Paul road to Elroy, and took up its track from the first-named place, twelve miles, to Tomah. A law-suit resulted, which went against the railroad company, and the matter was finally compromised by the payment of a sum of money by the company to the town of Tomah. The road was built through a new and sparsely settled country, and its earnings have not been sufficient to enrich its stock-holders. It connects at Camp Douglass with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul road, and at Elroy with the Chicago & Northwestern railway company's line, which gives the latter a through line to St. Paul. It is operated in connection with the Chicago & Northwestern railway, and managed in its interest. It is now in the hands of Wm. H. Ferry, of Chicago, as receiver; H. H. Potter, of Chicago, as president^; and E. W. Winter, of Hudson, superintendent. The Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railway. In 1870, the "Milwaukee, Manitowoc & Green Bay Railroad Company" was chartered to build a road from Milwaukee to Green Bay by way of Manitowoc. It built its line from Mil- waukee to Manitowoc in 1873, when its name was changed to " Milwaukee, Lake Shore & West- ern Railroad Company." Under a decree of foreclosupe, it was sold Dec. 10, 1875, and its name was changed to " Milwaukee, Lake Shore & Western Railway Company," by which name it is still known. In 1866, the " Appleton & New London Railroad Company" was incorporated to build a road from Appleton to New London, and thence to Lake Superior. A subsequent amendment to its charter authorized it to extend its road to Manitowoc. It built most of the line from Appleton to that city, and then, under legislative authority, sold this extension to the Milwau- WISCOXSIX RAILROADS. 181 kee, Lake Shore & ^Vestern railroad company. The last-named company extended it to New London, on the Wolf river, twenty-one miles, in 1876, where it connects with the Green Bay & Minnesota road. It now operates one hundred and forty-six miles of road, extending from Mil- waukee to New London, passing through Sheboygan, Manitowoc and Appleton, which includes a branch line six miles in length from Manitowoc to Two Rivers. F. W. Rhinelander, of New York, is its president, and H. O. H. Reed, of Milwaukee, superintendent. The Green Bay & Minnesota Railroad. The line of road operated by this company extends from Fort Howard to the Mississippi river, o]iposite Winona, Minnesota. It is two hundred and sixteen miles in length, and was built through a sparsely settled and heavily timbered section of the state. It began under most discouraging circumstances, yet was pushed through by the energy of a few men at Green Bay and along its line. It was originally chartered in 1866 as the "Green Bay & Lake Pepin Rail- road Company " to build a road from the mouth of the Fox river near Green Bay to the Missis- sippi river opposite Winona. But little was done except the making of preliminary surveys in 1870. During 1870 and 1871, forty miles were constructed and put in operation. In 1872, one hundred and fourteen miles were graded, the track laid, and the river reached, sixty-two miles farther, in 1873. In 1876, it acquired the right to use the "Winona cut-off " between Winona and Onalaska, and built a line from the latter point to La Crosse, seven miles, thus connecting its road with the chief city of Wisconsin on the Mississippi river. The city of La Crosse aided this extension by subscribing $75,000 and giving its corporation bonds for that amount. Henry Ketchum, of New London, is president of the company, and D. M. Kelly, of Green Bay, gen- eral manager. Wisconsin Valley Road. The "Wisconsin Valley Railroad Company " was incorporated in 1871 to build a road from a point on or near the line of the Milwaukee & La Crosse railroad, between Kilbourn City and the tunnel in said road to the village of Wausau, in the county of Marathon, and the road to pass not more than one mile west of the village of Grand Rapids, in the county of Wood. The road was commenced at Tomah, and graded to Centralia in 1872, and opened to that village in 1873, and during 1874 it was completed to Wausau, ninety miles in its whole length. Boston capitalists furnished the money, and it is controlled in the interest of the Dubuque & Minnesota railroad, through which the equipment was procured. The lumber regions of the Wisconsin river find an outlet over it, and its junction with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul road at Tomah enables a connection with the railroads of Iowa and Minnesota. It gives the people of Marathon county an outlet long needed for a large lumber traffic, and also enables them to receive their goods and supplies of various kinds for the lumbering region tributary to Wausau. James F. Joy, of Detroit, is president, and F. O. Wyatt, superintendent. Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Railroad. The " Sheboygan & Mississippi Railroad Company " was incorporated in 1 85 2, to build .t road from Sheboygan to the Mississippi river. It was completed from Sheboygan to Plymouth in 1858, to Glenbeulah in i860, to Fond du Lac in 1868, and to Princeton in 1872. The extension from Fond du Lac to Princeton was built under authority of an act passed in 1871. Under a foreclosure in 1861 the line from Sheboygan to Fonddu Lac was sold, and the name of the company changed to "Sheboygan & Fond du Lac Railroad Company." The length of 182 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. the line is seventy-eight miles, and it passes through a fertile agricultural country. The city of Sheboygan, county, city and town of Fond du Lac, and the towns of Riverdale, Ripon, Brooklyn, Princeton, and St. Marie, aided in its building to an amount exceeding $25o,ooc. D. L. Wells is president, and Geo. P. Lee, superindendent. The Mineral Point Railroad. The "Mineral Point Railroad Company" was chartered in 1852, to build a road from Mineral Point, in the county of Iowa, to the state line, in township number one, in either the county of Green or La Fayette. It was completed to Warren, in the state of Illinois, thirty-two miles, in 1855, making a connection at that point with the Illinois Central, running from Chicago to Galena. Iowa county loaned its credit and issued its bonds to aid in its construction. It was sold under foreclosure in 1856. Suits were brought against Iowa county to collect the amount of its bonds, and judgment obtained in the federal courts. Much litigation has been had, and ill feeling engendered, the supervisors of the county having been arrested for contempt of the decree of the court. Geo. W. Cobb, of Mineral Point, is the general manager. The Dubuque, Platte ville & Milwaukee railroad was completed in July, 1870, and extends from Calamine, a point on the Mineral Point railroad, to the village of Platteville, eighteen miles, and is operated by the Mineral Point railroad compan\ Madison & Portage Railroad. The legislature of 1855 chartered the "Sugar River Valley Railroad Company" to build a road from a point on the north side of tlie line of the Southern Wisconsin road, within the limits of Green county, to Dayton, on the Sugar river. In 1857 it was authorized to build south to the state line, and make its northern terminus at Madison. In 1861 it was authorized to build from Madi- son to Portage City, and from Columbus to Portage City, and so much of the land grant act of 1856, as related to the building of the road from Madison, and from Columbus to Portage City, was annulled and repealed, and the rights and privileges that were conferred upon the LaCrosse company were given to the Sugar River Valley railroad company, and the portion of the land grant, applicable to the lines mentioned, was conferred upon the last named company. Under this legislation about twenty miles of the line between Madison and Portage were graded, and the right of way secured for about thirty of the thirty-nine miles. The La Oosse company had done considerable grading before its right was annulled. In 1866 the company was relieved from constructing the road from Columbus to Portage City. In 1870 the purchasers of that part of the Sugar River Valley railroad lying between Madison and Portage City were incorporated as the " Madison & Portage Railroad Company," and to share all the rights, grants, etc., that were conferred upon the Sugar River railroad company by its charter, and amendments thereto, so far as related to that portion of the line. Previous to this time, in 1864 and 1865, judgments had been obtained against the Sugar River Valley company ; and its right of way, grading and depot grounds sold for a small sum. James Campbell, who had been a contractor with the Sugar River Valley company, with others, became the purchasers, and organized under the act of 1870, and, during the year 187 1, com- pleted it between Madison and Portage City, and in March, 1871, leased it to the Milwaukee & St. Paul company, and it is still operated by that corporation. In 187 1 the Madison & Portage company was authorized to extend its road south to the Illinois state line, and north from Portage City to Lake Winnebago. The same year it was consolidated with the " Rockford Central WISCOXSI>r RAILROADS. 183 Railroad Company," of Illinois, and its name changed to the "Chicago lS; Superior Railroad Company," but still retains its own organization. The Madison & Portage railroad company claims a share in the lands granted by acts of congress in 1856, and have commenced proceed- ings to assert its claim, which case is still pending in the federal courts. North Wisconsin Railroad. The "North Wisconsin Railroad Company" was incorporated in 1869, to build a road from Lake St. Croix, or river, to Bayfield on Lake Superior. The grant of land by congress in 1856,10 aid in building a road from Lake St. Croix to Bayfield on Lake Superior, under the decision of the federal court, was yet at the disposal of the state. This company, in 187 1, built a short section of its line of road, with the expectation of receiving the grant. In 1873, the grant was conferred upon the Milwaukee & St. Paul company, but under the terms and restrictions con- tained in the act, it declined to accept it. The legislature of 1874 gave it to the North Wiscon- sin company, and it has built forty miles of its road, and received the lands pertaining thereto. Since 1876, it has not completed any part of its line, but is trying to construct twenty miles during the present year. The company is authorized to construct a road both to Superior and to Bayfield, but the act granting the lands confers that portion from Superior to the intersection of the line to Bayfield upon the Chicago & North Pacific air-line railroad. This last-named company have projected a line from Chicago to the west end of Lake Superior, and are the owners of an old grade made through Walworth and Jefferson counties, by a company chartered in 1853 as the "Wisconsin Central," to build a road from Portage City to Geneva, in the county of Walworth. The latter company had also graded its line between Geneva and the state line of Illinois. This grade was afterward appropriated by the Chicago & Northwestern, and over it they now operate their line from Chicago to Geneva. Prairie du Chien & McGregor Railroad. This is a line two miles in length, connecting Prairie du Chien in Wisconsin, with McGregor in Iowa. It is owned and operated by John Lawler, of the latter-named place. It extends across I'otli channels of the Mississippi river, and an intervening island. The railroad bridge consists of substantial piling, except a pontoon draw across each navigable channel. Each pontoon is four hundred feet long and thirty feet wide, provided with suitable machinery and operated by steam power. Mr. Lawler has secured a patent on his invention of the pontoon draw for railroad bridges. His line was put in operation in April, 1874. The Chippewa Falls & Western Railroad. This road was built in 1874, by a company organized under the general law of the state. It is eleven miles in length, and connects the " Falls " with the West Wisconsin line at Eau Claire. It was constructed by the energetic business men and capitalists of Chippewa Falls, to afford an outlet for the great lumber and other interests of that thriving and prosperous city. The road is substantially built, and the track laid with steel rails. Narrow Gauge Railroads. The " Galena & Southern Wisconsin Railroad Company " was incorporated in 1857. Under its charter, a number of capitalists of the city of Galena, in the state of Illinois, commenced 181 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. the construction of a narrow (three feet) gauge road, running from that city to Platteville, thirty- one miles in length, twenty miles in Wisconsin. It runs through a part of La Fayette county to Platteville, in Grant county, and was completed to the latter point in 1875. Surveys are being made for an extension to Wingville, in Grant county. The "Fond du Lac, Amboy & Peoria Railway Company " was organized under the general law of the state, in 1874, to build a narrow gauge road from the city of Fond du Lac to the south line of the state in the county of Walworth or Rock, and it declared its intention to consolidate with a company in Illinois that had projected a line of railroad from Peoria, in Illinois, to the south line of the state of Wisconsin. The road is constructed and in operation from Fond du Lac to Iron Ridge, a point on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul railway, twenty-nine miles from Fond du Lac. The "Pine River & Steven's Point Railroad Company" was organized by the enterprising citizens of Richland Center, and has built a narrow gauge road from Lone Rock, a point on the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul road, in Richland county, to Richland Center, si.\teen miles in length. Its track is laid with wooden rails, and it is operated successfully. The " Chicago & Tomah Railroad Company " organized under the general railroad law of the state, in 1872,10 construct a narrow gauge road from Chicago, in Illinois, to the city of Tomah, in Wisconsin. Its president and active manager is D. R. Williams, of Clermont, Iowa, and its secretary is L. M. Culver, of Wauzeka. It has graded about forty-five miles, extending from Wauzeka up the valley of the Kickapoo river, in Crawford county, Wisconsin. It e.xpects to have fifty-four miles in operation, to Bloomingdale, in Vernon county, the present year (1877). The rolling stock is guaranteed, and the president is negotiating for the purchase of the iron. South of Wauzeka the line is located to Belmont, in Iowa county. At AVauzeka it will connect with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul line. The publij-spirited citizens of Necedah, in Juneau county, have organized under the general law of the state, and graded a road-bed from their village to New Lisbon, on the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul company's line. The latter company furnish and lay the iron, and will operate the road. It is thirteen miles in length. Conclusion. The railroads of Wisconsin have grown up under the requirements of the several localities that have planned and commenced their construction, and without regard to any general system. Frequently the work of construction was begun before adequate means were provided, and bankruptcy overtook the roads in their early stages. The consolidation of the various •companies, as in the cases of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul, the Chicago & Northwestern, and others, has been effected to give through lines and the public greater facilities, as well as to introduce economy in management. At times the people have become apprehensive, and by legisla- tive action prohibited railroads from consolidating, and have sought to control and break down the power of these corporations and to harmonize the interests of the companies and the public. The act of 1874, called the " Potter law," was the assertion, by the legislative power of the state, of its right to control corporations created by itself, and limit the rates at which freight and passengers should be carried. After a long and expensive contest, carried through the state and federal courts, this right has been established, being finally settled by the decision of the supreme court of the United States. Quite all the railroads of Wisconsin have been built with foreign capital. The plan pursued after an organization was effected, was to obtain stock subscriptions from those immediately J.T'MBER MANUFACTURE. 185 interested in the enterprise, procure the aid of counties and municipalities, and then allure the farmers, with the prospect of joint ownership in railroads, to subscribe for stock and mortgage their farms to secure the payment of their subscriptions. Then the whole line was bonded and a mortgage executed. The bonds and mortgages thus obtained, were taken to the money centers of New York, London, Amsterdam and other places, and sold, or hypothecated to obtain the money with which to prosecute the work. The bonds and mortgages were made to draw a high rate of interest, and the earnings of these new roads, through unsettled localities, were insufficient to pay more than running and incidental expenses, and frequently fell short of that. Default occurring in the payment of interest, the mortgages were foreclosed and the property passed into the hands and under the control of foreign capitalists. Such has baen the history of most of the railroads of our state. The total number of farm mortgages given has been 3,785, amounting to $4,079,433; town, county and municipal bonds, amounting to $6,910,652. The total cost of all the railroads in the state, as given by the railroad commissioner in his report for 1876, li:is been $98,343,453.67. This vast sum is, no doubt, greatly in excess of what the cost should have been, but the roads have proved of immense benefit in the develop- ment of the material resources of the state. Other lines are needed through sections not yet traversed by the iron steed, and present lines should be extended by branch roads. The questions upon which great issues were raised between the railway corporations and the people, are now happily settled by securing to the latter their rights ; and the former, under the wise and conciliatory policy pursued by their managers, are assured of the sa-fety of their investments. An era of good feeling has succeeded one of distrust and antagonism. The people must use the railroads, and the railroads depend upon the people for sustenance and protection. This mutuality of interest, when fully recognized on both sides, will result in giving to capital a fair return and to labor its just reward. LUMBER MANUFACTURE. By W. B. JUDSON. Foremost among the industries of Wisconsin is that of manufacturing lumber. Very much of the importance to which the state has attained is due to the development of its forest wealth. In America, agriculture always has been, and always will be, the primary and most important interest; but no nation can subsist upon agriculture alone. While the broad prairies of Illinois and Iowa are rich with a fertile and productive soil, the hills and valleys of northern Wisconsin are clothed with a wealth of timber that has given birth to a great manufacturing interest, which employs millions of capital and thousands of men, and has peopled the northern wilds with energetic, prosperous communities, built up enterprising cities, and crossed the state with a net- work of railways which furnish outlets for its productions and inlets for the new populations which are ever seeking for homes and employment nearer to the setting sun. If a line be drawn upon the state map, from Green Bay westward through Stevens Point, to where it would naturally strike the Mississippi river, it will be below the southern boundary of the pine timber regions, with the single exception of the district drained by the Yellow river, a tributary of the Wisconsin, drawing its timber chiefly from Wood and Juneau counties. The territory north of this imaginary line covers an area a little greater than one half of the state. The pine timbered land is found in belts or ridges, interspersed with prairie openings, patches of hardwood and hemlock, and drained by numerous water-courses. No less than seven large 186 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. rivers traverse this northern section, and, with their numerous tributaries, penetrate every county, affording facilities for floating the logs to the mills, and, in many instances, the power to cut them into lumber. This does not include the St. Croix, which forms the greater portion of the boundary line between Wisconsin and Minnesota, and, by means of its tributaries, draws the most and best of its pine from the former state. These streams divide the territory, as far as lumbering is concerned, into six separate and distinct districts : The Green bay shore, which includes the Wisconsin side of the Menomonee, the Peshtigo and Oconto rivers, with a number of creeks which flow into the bay between the mouths of the Oconto and Fox rivers ; the Wolf river district; the ^Visconsin river, including the Yellow, as before mentioned ; the Black river; the Chippewa and Red Cedar; and the Wisconsin side of the St. Croix. Beginning with the oldest of these, the Green bay shore, a brief description of each will be attempted. The first saw-mill built in the state, of which there is now any knowledge, was put in operation in 1809, in Brown county, two or three miles east from Depere, on a little stream which was known as East river. It was built by Jacob Franks, but probably was a very small affair. Of its machinery or capacity for sawing, no history has been recorded, and it is not within the memory of any inhabitant of to-day. In 1829, John P. Arndt, of Green Bay, built a water- power mill on the Pensaukee river at a point where the town of Big Suamico now stands. In 1834, a mill was built on the Wisconsin side of the Menomonee, and, two years later, one at Peshtigo. Lumber was first shipped to market from this district in 1834, which must be termed the beginning of lumbering operations on the bay shore. The lands drained by the streams which flow into Green bay are located in Shawano and Oconto counties, the latter being the largest in the state. In 1847, Willard Lamb, of Green Bay, made the first sawed pine shingles in that district ; they were sold to the Galena railroad company for use on depot buildings, and were the first of the kind sold in Chicago. Subsequently Green Bay became one of the greatest points for the manufacture of such shingles in the world. The shores of the bay are low, and gradually change from marsh to swamp, then to level dry land, and finally become broken and mountainous to the northward. The pine is in dense groves that crowd closely upon the swamps skirting the bay, and reach far back among the hills of the interior. The Peshtigo flows into the bay about ten miles south of the Menomonee, and takes its rise far back in Oconto county, near to the latter's southern tributaries. It is counted a good logging stream, its annual product being from 40,000,000 to 60,000,000 feet. The timber is of a rather coarse quality, running but a small percentage to what the lumbermen term "uppers." About ten per cent, is what is known as Norway pine. Of the whole amount of timber tributary to the Peshtigo, probably about one third has been cut off to this date. The remainder will not average of as good quality, and only a limited portion of the land is of any value for agricultural purposes after being cleared of the pine. There are only two mills on this stream, both being owned by one company. The Oconto is one of the most important streams in the district. The first saw-mill was built on its banks about the year 1840, though the first lumbering operations of any account were begun in 1845 by David Jones. The business was conducted quite moderately until 1856, in which year several mills were built, and from that date Oconto has been known as quite an extensive lumber manufacturing point. The timber tributary to this stream has been of the best quality found in the state. Lumber cut from it has been known to yield the extraordinarily high average of fifty and sixty per cent, uppers. The timber now being cut will not average more than half that. The proportion of Norway is about five per cent. It is estimated that from three fourths to four fifths of the timber tributary to the Oconto hais been Cut away, but it will require a much longer time to convert the balance into lumber than was. necessary to cut its equivalent in amount, owing to its remote location. The annual production LUMBKK MAXrFACTURE. 187 of ])ine himber at Oconto is from 50,000,000 to 65,000,000 feet. The whole production of the district, exclusive of the timber which is put into the Menomonee from Wisconsin, is about 140,000,000 feet annually. The Wolf river and its tributaries constitute the next district, proceeding westward. The first saw logs cut on this stream for commercial purposes were floated to the government mill at Neenah in 1835. In 1842, Samuel Farnsworth erected the first saw-mill on the upper Wolf near the location of the present village of Shawano, and in the following spring he sent the first raft of lumber down the Wolf to Oshkosh. This river also rises in Oconto county, but flows in a southerly direction, and enters Winnebago lake at Oshkosh. Its pineries have been very exten- sive, but the drain upon them within the past decade has told with greater effect than upon any other district in the state. The quality of the timber is very fine, and the land is considered good for agricultural purposes, and is being occupied upon the lines of the different railways which cross it. The upper waters of the Wolf are rapid, and have a comparatively steady flow, which renders it a very good stream for driving logs. Upon the upper river, the land is quite rolling, and about the head-waters is almost mountainous. The pine timber that remains in this dis- trict is high up on the main river and branches, and will last but a few years longer. A few years ago the annual product amounted to upward of 250,000,000 feet; in 1876 it was 138,000,000. The principal manufacturing points are Oshkosh and Fond du Lac ; the former has 21 mills, and the latter 10. Next comes the Wisconsin, the longest and most crooked river in the state. It rises in the extreme northern sections, and its general course is southerly until, at Portage City, it makes a grand sweep to the westward and unites with the Mississippi at Prairie du Chien. It has numer- ous tributaries, and, together with these, drains a larger area of country than any other river in the state. Its waters flow swiftly and over numerous rapids and embryo falls, which renders log- driving and raft-running very difficult and even hazardous. The timber is generally near the banks of the main stream and its tributaries, gradually diminishing in extent as it recedes from them and giving place to the several varieties of hard-woods. The extent to which operations have been carried on necessitates going further up the stream for available timber, although there is yet what may be termed an abundant supply. The first cutting of lumber on this stream, of which there is any record, was by government soldiers, in 1828, at the building of Fort Winne- bago. In 1831, a mill was built at Whitney's rapids, below Point Bass, in what was then Indian territory. By 1840, mills were in operation as high up as Big Bull falls, and Wausau had a population of 550 souls. Up to 1876, the product of the upper Wisconsin was all sent in rafts to markets on the Mississippi. The river above Point Bass is a series of rapids and eddies ; the current flows at the rate of from 10 to 20 miles an hour, and it can well be imagined that the task of piloting a raft from Wausau to the dells was no slight one. The cost of that kind of transportation in the early times was actually equal to the present market price of the lumber. With a good stage of water, the length of time required to run a raft to St. Louis was 24 days, though quite frequently, owing to inability to get out of the Wisconsin on one rise of water, sev- eral weeks were consumed. The amount of lumber manufactured annually on this river is from 140,000,000 to 200,000,000 feet. Bl.ick river is much shorter and smaller than the Wisconsin, but has long been known as a very imiwrtant lumbering stream. It is next to the oldest lumber district in the state. The first saw-mill west of Green Bay was built at Black River Falls in 1819 by Col. John Shaw. The Winnebago tribe of Indians, however, in whose territory he was, objected to the innovation of such a fine art, and unceremoniously offered up the mill upon the altar of their outraged 188 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. solitude. The owner abruptly quitted that portion of the country. In 1839 another attempt to establish a mill on Black river was more successfully made. One was erected at the same point by two brothers by the name of Wood, the millwright being Jacob Spaulding, who eventually became its possessor. His son, Mr. Dudley J. Spaulding, is now a very extensive operator upon Black, river. La Crosse is the chief manufacturing point, there being ten saw-mills located there. The annual production of the stream ranges from 150,000,000 to 225,000,000 feet of logs, less than 100,000,000 feet being manufactured into lumber on its banks. The balance is sold in the log to mills on the Mississippi. It is a very capricious river to float logs in, which necessitates the carrying over from year to year of a very large amount, variously estimated at from 150,000,000 to 200,000,000 feet, about equal to an entire season's product. This makes the business more hazardous than on many other streams, as the loss from depreciation is very great after the first year. The (juality of the timber is fine, and good prices are realized for it when sold within a year after being cut. The Chippewa district probably contains the largest and finest body of white pine timber now standing, tributary to any one stream, on the continent. It has been claimed, though with more extravagance than truth, that the Chippewa pineries hold one-half the timber supply of the state. The river itself is a large one, and has many tributaries, which penetrate the rich pine district in all directions. The character of the tributary country is not unlike that through which the Wisconsin flows. In 1828 the first mill was built in the Chippewa valley, on Wilson's creek, near its confluence with the Red Cedar. Its site is now occupied by the village of Meno- monee. In 1837 another was built on what is the present site of the Union Lumbering Company's mill at Chippewa Falls. It was not until near 1 865 that the Chippewa became very prominent as a lumber-making stream. Since that date it has been counted as one of the foremost in the north- west. Upon the river proper there are twenty-two saw-mills, none having a capacity of less than 3,500,000 feet per season, and a number being capable of sawing from 20,000,000 to 25,000,000 The annual production of sawed lumber is from 250,000,000 to 300,000,000 feet; the production of logs from 400,000,000 to 500,000,000 feet. In 1867 the mill-owners upon the Mississippi, between Winona and Keokuk, organized a corporation known as the Beef Slough Manufactur- ing, Log-Driving and Transportation Company. Its object was to facilitate the handling of logs cut upon the Chippewa and its tributaries, designed for the Mississippi mills. At the confluence of the two rivers various improvements were made, constituting the Beef Slough boom, which is capable of assorting 200,000,000 feet of logs per season. The Chippewa is the most difficult stream in the northwest upon which to operate. In the spring season it is turbulent and ungovernable, and in summer, almost destitute of water, .\bout its head are numerous lakes which easily overflow under the influence of rain, and as their surplus water flows into the Chippewa, its rises are sudden and sometimes damaging in their extent. The river in many places flows between high bluffs, and, under the influence of a freshet, becomes a wild and unmanageable torrent. Logs have never been floated in rafts, as upon other streams, but are turned in loose, and are carried down with each successive rise, in a jumbled and confused mass, which entails much labor and loss in the work of assorting and delivering to the respective owners. Previous to the organization of the Eagle Rapids Flooding Dam and Boom Company, in 1872, the work of securing the stock after putting it into the river was more difficult than to cut and haul it. At the cities of Eau Claire and Chippewa Falls, where most of the mills are located, the current, under the influence of high water, is very rapid, and for years the problem was, how to stop and retain the logs, as they would go by in great masses and with almost resist- less velocity. In 1847 is recorded one of the most sudden and disastrous floods in the history of log-running streams. In the month of June the Chippewa rose twelve feet in a single night, LUMBER MANITACTURE. 189 and, in the disastrous torrent that was created, piers, booms, or " pockets " for holding logs at the mills, together with a fine new mill, were swept away, and the country below where Eau Claire now stands was covered with drift-wood, saw-logs, and other debris. Such occurrences led to the invention of the since famous sheer boom, which is a device placed in the river opposite Ihe mill boom into which it is desired to turn the logs. The sheer boom is thrown diagonally across the river, automatically, the action of the current upon a number of ingeniously arranged *' fins" holding it in position. By this means the logs are sheered into the receptacle until it is filled, when the sheer boom, by closing up the " fins" with a windlass, falls back and allows the logs to go on for the next mill to stop and capture its pocket full in like manner. By this method each mill could obtain a stock, but a great difficulty was experienced from the fact that the supply was composed of logs cut and owned by everybody operating on the river, and the process of balancing accounts according to the " marks," at the close of the season, has been ■one prolific of trouble and legal entanglements. The building of improvements at Eagle Rapids by the company above mentioned remedied the difficulty to some extent, but the process of logging will always be a difficult and hazardous enterprise until adequate means for holding and assorting the entire log product are provided. Upon the Yellow and Eau Ciaire rivers, two important branches of the Chippewa, such difficulties are avoided by suitable improvements. The entire lumber product of the Chippewa, with the exception of that consumed locally, is floated in rafts to markets upon the Mississippi, between its mouth and St. Louis. The quality •of the timber is good, and commands the best market price in the sections where it seeks market. West of the Chippewa district the streams and timber are tributary to the St. Croix, and in all statistical calculations the entire product of that river is credited to Minnesota, the same as that of the Menomonee is given to Michigan, when in fact about one half of each belongs to Wisconsin. The important branches of the St. Croix belonging in this state are the Apple Clam, Yellow, Namekogan, Totagatic and Eau Claire. The sections of country through which they flow contain large bodies of very fine pine timber. The St. Croix has long been noted for the excellence of its dimension timber. Of this stock a portion is cut into lumber at Stillwater, and marketed by rail, and the balance is sold in the log to mills on the Mississippi. Such is a brief and somewhat crude description of the main lumbering districts of the state. Aside from these, quite extensive operations are conducted upon various railway lines which penetrate the forests which are remote from log-running streams. In almost every county in the state, mills of greater or less capacity may be found cutting up pine or hard-woods into lumber, shingles, or cooperage stock. Most important, in a lumbering point of view, of all the railroads, is the Wisconsin Central. It extends from Milwaukee to Ashland, on Lake Superior, a distance of 351 miles, with a line to Green Bay, 113 miles, and one from Stevens Point to Portage, 7 i miles, making a total length of road, of 449 miles. It has only been completed to Ashland within the present season. From Milwaukee to Stevens Point it passes around to the •east and north of Lake Winnebago, through an excellent hard-wood section. There are many stave mills in operation upon and tributary to its line, together with wooden-ware establishments and various manufactories requiring either hard or soft limber as raw material. From Stevens Point northward, this road passes through and has tributary to it one of the finest bodies of tim- ber in the state. It crosses the upper waters of Black river and the Flambeau, one of the main tributaries of the Chippewa. From 30,000,000 to 50,000,000 feet of lumber is annually manu- factured on its line, above Stevens Point. The Wisconsin Valley railroad extends from Tomah to Wausau, and was built to afford an outlet, by rail, for the lumber produced at the latter point. The extent of the timber supply in this state has been a matter of much speculation, and 190 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. is a subject upon which but little can be definitely said. Pine trees can not be counted or measured until reduced to saw-logs or lumber. It is certain that for twenty years the forests of Wisconsin have yielded large amounts of valuable timber, and no fears are entertained by holders of pine lands that the present generation of owners will witness, an exhaustion of their supply. In some sections it is estimated that the destruction to the standing timber by fires, which periodically sweep over large sections, is greater than by the axes of the loggers. The necessity for a state system of forestry, for the protection of the forests from fires, has been urged by many, and with excellent reason ; for no natural resource of the state is of more value and importance than its wealth of timber. According to an esti- mate recently made by a good authority, and which received the sanction of many interested parties, there was standing in the state in 1876, an amount of pine timber approximating 35,000,000,000 feet. The annual production of lumber in the districts herein described, and from logs floated out of the state to mills on the Mississippi, is about 1,200,000,000 feet. The following table gives, the mill capacity per season, and the lumber and shingles manufactured in 1876 : Green .Bay Shore Wolf River Wisconsin Central Railroad. Green Bay Sc Minnesota Railroad Wisconsin River - Black R iver _. — Chippewa River. - Mississippi River — using Wisconsin logs Total SEASON CAPACITY. 2o6,0OO,( 00 258,50 ',000 72,500000 34,500,000 222,000,000 101,000,000 311,000,000 509,000.000 1,714,500,000 LUMBER MANUFACTURED IN 1876. 138,250.000 138,645,077 31,530,000 17,700,000 139,700,000 70.852.747 255,866,999 380,067,000 1,172,611,823 SHINGLES MANUFACTURED IN 1876. 85.400,000 123.192,000 132.700,000 10,700.000 106,250,000 37,675,000 79,250.000 206,977,000 782,144,000 If to the above is added the production of mills outside of the main districts and lines of rail* way herein described, the amount of pine lumber annually produced from Wisconsin forests would reach 1,500,000,000 feet. Of the hard-wood production no authentic information is obtainable To cut the logs and place them upon the banks of the streams, ready for floating to the mills^ requires the labor of about 18,000 men. Allowing that, upon an average, each man has a family of two persons besides himself, dependent upon his labor for support, it would be apparent that the first step in the work of manufacturing lumber gives employment and support to 54,000 persons. To convert 1,000,000 feet of logs into lumber, requires the consumption of 1,200 bushels of oats, 9 barrels of pork and beef, 10 tons of hay, 40 barrels of flour, and the use of 2 pairs of horses. Thus the fitting out of the logging companies each fall makes a market for 1,800,000 bushels of oats, 13,500 barrels of pork and beef, 15,000 tons of hay, and 60,000 barrels of flour. Before the lumber is sent to market, fully $6,000,000 is expended for the labor employed in producing it. This industry, aside from furnishing the farmer of the west with the cheapest and best of materials for constructing his buildings, also furnishes a very important market for the products of his farm. The question of the exhaustion of the pine timber supply has met with much discussion during the past few years, and, so far as the forests of Wisconsin are concerned, deserves a brief notice. The great source of supply of white pine timber in the country is that portion of the northwest between the shores of Lake Huron and the banks of the Mississippi, comprising the LUMBER MANUFACTURE. 191 northern portions of the states of Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. For a quarter of a century these fields have been worked by lumbermen, the amount of tlie yearly production having increased annually until it reached the enormous figure of 4,000,000,000 feet. With all of this tremendous drain upon the forests, there can be pointed out but one or two sections that are actually exhausted. There are, however, two or three where the end can be seen and the ■date almost foretold. The pineries of Wisconsin have been drawn upon for a less period and less amount than those of Michigan, and, it is generally conceded, will outlast them at the present proportionate rate of cutting. There are many owners of pine timber lands who laugh at tin; prospect of exhausting their timber, within their lifetime. As time brings them nearer to the end, the labor of procuring the logs, by reason of the distance of the timber from the water-courses will increase, and the work will progress more slowly. In the future of this industry there is much promise. Wisconsin is the natural source of supply for a very large territory. The populous prairies of Illinois and Iowa are near-by and unfailing markets. The broad plains of Kansas and the rich valleys of Nebraska, which are still in the cradle of development, will make great drafts upon her forests for the material to construct cities in which the first corner-stone is yet unlaid. Minnesota, notwithstanding the fact that large forests exist within her own confines, is even now no mean customer for Wisconsin lumber, and the ambitious territory of Dakota will soon clamor for material to build up a great and wealthy state. In the inevitable progress of development and growth which must characterize the great west, the demand for pine lumber for building material will be a prominent feature. With the growth of time, changes will occur in the methods of reducing the forests. With the increasing demand and enhancing values will come improvements in manipulating the raw material, and a stricter economy will be preserved in the handling of a commodity which the passage of time only makes more valuable. Wisconsin will become the home of manufactories, which will convert her trees into finished articles of daily consumption, giving employment to thousands of artisans where it now requires hundreds, and bringing back millions of revenue where is now realized thousands. Like all other commodities, lumber becomes more valuable as skilled labor is employed in its manipulation, and the greater the extent to which this is carried, the greater is the growth in prosperity, of the state and its ]ieople. BANKING IN WISCONSIN. By JOHN 1'. McGregor. Wisconsin was organized as a territory in 1836, and the same year several acts were passed by the territorial legislature, incorporating banks of issue. Of these, one at Green Bay and another at Mineral Point went into operation just in time to play their part in the great panic of 1837. The bank at Green Bay soon failed and left its bills unredeemed. The bank at Mineral Point is said to have struggled a little longer, but both these concerns were short lived, and their issues were but a drop in the great flood of worthless wild-cat bank notes that spread over the whole western country in that disastrous time. The sufferings of the people of Wis- consin, from this cause, left a vivid imjiression on their minds, which manifested its results in the legislation of the territory and in the constitution of the state adopted in 1848. So jealous were the legislatures of the territory, of banks and all their works, that, in every act of incorporatior for any purpose, a clause w.; ; inserted to the effect that nothin;^ in the act contained should he 192 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. taken to authorize the corporation to assume or exercise any banking powers ; and this proviso was even added to acts incorporating church societies. For some years there can hardly be said to have been a;.y banking business done in the territory ; merchants and business men were left to their own devices to make their exchanges, and every man was his own banker. In the year 1839 an act was passed incorporating the " Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company," of Milwaukee. This charter conferred on the corporation, in addition to the usual powers of a fire and marine insurance company, the privilege of receiving deposits, issuing certifi- cates of deposit diW^ lending money, — and wound up with the usual prohibition from doing a banking business. This company commenced business at once under the management of George Smith as president and Alexander Mitchell as secretary. The receiving deposits, issuing certifi- cates of deposit and lending money, soon outgrew and overshadowed the insurance branch of the institution, which accordingly gradually dried up. In fact, the certificates of deposit had all the appearance of ordinary bank notes, and served the purposes of an excellent currency, being always promptly redeemed in coin on demand. Gradually these issues attained a great circulation all through the west, as the people gained more and more confidence in the honesty and ability of the managers ; and though " runs " were several times made, yet being successfully met, the public finally settled down into the belief that these bills were good beyond question, so. that the amount in circulation at one time, is said, on good authority, to have been over $2,000,000. As the general government required specie to be paid for all lands bought of it, the Wis- consin Marine and Fire Insurance company, by redemption of its " certificates of deposit," furnished a large part of the coin needed for use at the Milwaukee land office, and more or less for purchases at land offices in other parts of the state, and its issues were of course much in request for this purpose. For many years this institution furnished the main banking facilities, for the business men of the territory and young state, in the way of discounts and exchange^. Its right to carry on the operations it was engaged in, under its somewhat dubious and incon- sistent charter, was often questioned, and, in 1852, under the administration of Governor Farwell, some steps were taken to test the matter ; but as the general banking law had then been passed by the legislature, and was about to be submitted to the people, and as it was understood that the comiany vould organize as a bank under the law, if approved, the legal proceedings were not pressed. While this corporation played so important a part in the financial history and commer- cial development of Wisconsin, the writer is not aware of any available statistics as to the- amount of business transacted by it before it became merged in the "Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company's Bank." In 1847, the foundation of the present well-known firm of Marshall & Ilsley was laid by Samuel Marshall, who, in that year, opened a private banking office in Milwaukee, and was joined in 1849 by Charles F. Ilsley. This concern has always held a prominent position among the banking institutions of our state. About this time, at Mineral Point, Washburn & Woodman (C. C. Washburn and Cyrus Woodman) engaged in private banking, as a part of their business. After some years they were succeeded by Wm. T. Henry, who still continues the banking office. Among the early private tankers of the state were Mr. Kellogg, of Oshkosh ; Ulmann and Bell, of Racine ; and T. C. Shove, of Manitowoc. The latter still continues his business, while that of the other firms has 1 een wound up or merged in organized banks. In 1848, Wisconsin adopted a state constitution. This constitution prohibited the legislature- from incorporating banks and from conferring banking powers on any corporation ; but provided the question of " banks or no banks " might be submitted to a vote of the electors, and, if the decision should be in favor of banks, then the legislature might charter banks or might enact a BANKING IN WISCONSIN. 193 general banking law, hut no such special charter or general hanking law should have any force until submitted to the electors at a general election, and approved by a majority of votes cast on that subject. In 1851, the legislature submitted this question to the people, and a majority of the votes were cast in favor of " banks." Accordingly the legislature, in 1852, made a general banking law, which was submitted to the electors in November of that year, and was approved I)y them. This law was very similar to the free banking law of the state of New York, which had then been in force about fifteen years, and was generally approved in that state. Our law authorized any number of individuals to form a corporate association for banking [jurposes, and its main provisions were intended to provide security for the circulating notes, by deposit of state and United States stocks or bonds with the state treasurer, so that the hill holders should sustain no loss in case of the failure of the banks. Provision was made for a bank comptroller, whose main duty it was to see that countersigned circulating notes were issued to banks only in proper amounts for the securities deposited, and upon compliance with the law, and that the banks kept these securities good. The first bank comptroller was James S. Baker, who was appointed by Governor Farwell. The first banks organized under the new law were the " State Bank," established at Madi- son by Marshall & Ilsley, and the "Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company's Bank," established at Milwaukee under the old management of that company. These banks both went into operation early in January, 1853, and, later in that year, the " State Bank of Wisconsin " (now Milwaukee National Bank of Wisconsin), and the " Farmers' and Millers' Bank " (now First National Bank of Milwaukee), were established, followed in January, 1854, by the "Bank of Mil- waukee " (now National Exchange Bank of Milwaukee). From this time forward banks were rapidly established at different points through the state, until in July, 1857, they numbered sixty — with aggregate capital, $4,205,000; deposits, $3,920,238; and circulation, $2,231,829. In October, the great revulsion and panic of 1857 came on, and in its course and effects tried pretty severely the new hanks in Wisconsin. Some of them succumbed to the pressure, but most of them stood the trial well. The great source of loss and weakness at that time was found in the rapid decline of the market value of the securities deposited to protect circulation, which were mostly state bonds, and largely those of the southern states; so that this security, when it came to be tried, did not prove entirely sufificient. Another fault of the system, or of the practice under it, was developed at this time. It was found that many of the banks had been set up without actual working capi- tal, merely for the purpose of issuing circulating notes, and were located at distant and inaccessible points in what was then the great northern wilderness of the state ; so that it was expensive and in f.jct impracticable to present their issues for redemption. While these evils and their rem^ edies were a good deal discussed among bankers, the losses and inconveniences to the people were not yet great enough to lead to the adoption of thorough and complete measures of reform. The effect of these difficulties, however, was to bring the bankers of the state into the habit of consulting and acting together in cases of emergency, the first bankers' convention having been held in 1857. This was followed by others from time to time, and it would he difficult to over- value the great good that has resulted, at several important crises from the har.i onious and con^ servative action of the liankers of our state. Partly, at least, upon their recommendations the legislature, in 1S5S, adopted amendments to the hanking law, providing that no bank should be located in a township containing less than two hundred inhabitants ; and that the comptroller should not issue circulating notes, except to banks doing a regular discount deposit and exchange business in some inhabited town, village, city, or where the ordinary business of inhabited towns, villages and cities was carried on. These amendments were ai>proved by the people at the fall 194 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. election of that year. Banking matters now ran along pretty smoothly until the election in i860, of the republican presidential ticket, and the consequent agitation in the southern states threatening civil war, the effects of which were speedily felt; first, in the great depreciation of the bonds of the southern states, and then in a less decline in those of the northern states. At this time (taking the state- ment of July, i860,) the number of banks was 104, with aggregate capital, $6,547,000; circula- tion, $4,075,918; deposits, $3,230,252. During the winter following, there was a great deal of uneasiness in regard to our state cur- rency, and CO .tinuous demand upon our banks for the redemption of their circulating notes in coin. Many banks of the wild-cat sort failed to redeem their notes, which became depreciated and uncurrent; and, when the rebellion came to a head by the firing on Fort Sumter, the banking interests of the state were threatened with destruction by compulsory winding up and enforced sale at the panic prices then prevailing, of the securities deposited to secure circulation. Under these circumstances, on the 17th of .April, 1861, the legislature jjassed " an act to protect the holders of the circulating notes of the authorized banks of the state of Wisconsin." As the banking law could not be amended except by approval of the electors, by vote at a general election, a practical suspension of specie payment had to be effected by indirect methods. So this act first directed the bank comptroller to suspend all action toward banks for failing to redeem their circulation. Secondly, it prohibited notaries public from protesting bills of banks until Dec 1, 1861. Thirdly, it gave banks until that date to answer complaints in any proceed- ing to compel specie payment of circulating notes. This same legislature also amended the banking law, to cure defects that had been developed in it. These amendments were intended to facilitate the presentation and protest of circulating notes, and the winding up of banks failing to redeem them, and provided that the bank comptroller should not issue circulating notes except to banks having actual cash capital; on which point lie was to take evidence in all cases; that after Dec. i, 1861, all banks of the state should redeem their issues either at Madison or Milwaukee, and no bonds or stocks should be received as security for circulation except those of the United States and of the state of Wisconsin. Specie payment of bank bills was then practically suspended, in our state, from April 17 to December 1, 1861, and there was no longer any plain practical test for determining which were good, and which not. In this condition of things, bankers met in convention, and, after discus- sion and inquiry as to the condition and resources of the different banks, put forth a list of those whose issues were to be considered current and bankable. But things grew worse, and it was evident that the list contained banks that would never be able to redeem their circulation, and the issues of such were from time to time thrown out and discredited without any concert of action, so that the uneasiness of people in regard to the financial situation was greatly increased. The bankers finally met, gave the banks another sifting, and put forth a list of seventy banks, whose circulating notes they pledged themselves to receive, and pay out as current, until Decem- ber I. There had been so many changes that this pledge was thought necessary to allay the apprehensions of the public. But matters still grew worse instead of better. Some of the banks in the " current " list closed their doors to their depositors, and others were evidently unsound, and tiieir circulation so insufficiently secured as to make it certain that it would never be redeemed. There was more or less sorting of the currency, both by banks and business men, all over the state, in the endeavor to keep the best and pay out the poorest. In this state of things, some of the Mihvaukee banks, without concert of action, and acting under the apprehen- sion of being loaded up with the very worst of the currency, which, it was feared, the country thanks and mercbants were sorting out and sending to Milwaukee, revised the list again, and BANKING IN WISCONSIN. 196 threw out ten of the seventy banks whose issues it liad been agreed should be received as current. Other banks and bankers were compelled to take the same course to protect them- selves. The consequence was a great disturbance of the public mind, and violent charges of bad faith on the part of the banks, which culminated in the bank riots of June 24, 1861. On that day, a crowd of several hundred disorderly people, starting out most probably only with the idea of making some sort of demonstration of their dissatisfaction with the action of the banks and bankers and with the failure to keep faith with the public, marched through the streets with a band of music, and brought up at the corner of Michigan and East Water streets. The banks had just sufficient notice of these proceedings to enable them to lock up their money and valuables in their vaults, before the storm broke upon them. The mob halted at the place above mentioned, and for a time contented themselves with hooting, and showed no dispo- sition to proceed to violence; but, after a little while, a stone was thrown through tiie windows of the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance Company's Bank, situated at one corner of the above streets, and volleys of stones soon followed, not only against that bank, but also against the State Bank of Wisconsin, situated on the opposite corner. The windows of both these institutions and of the offices in the basements under them were effectually demolished- The mob then made a rush into these banks and offices, and completely gutted them, offering more or less violence to the inmates, though no person was seriously hurt. The broken furni- ture of the offices under the State Bank of Wisconsin was piled up, and the torch was applied by some of the rioters, while others were busy in endeavoring to break into the safes of the offices and the vaults of the banks. The debris of the furniture in the office of the Wisconsin Marine and Fire Insurance ("ompany's Bank, was also set on fire, and it was plain that if the mob was not immediately checked, the city would be given up to conflagration and pillage — the worst elements, as is always the case with mobs, having assumed the leadership. Just at that juncture, t'ne Milwaukee zouaves, a small military company, appeared on the scene, and with the help of llie firemen who had been called out, the mob was put to flight, and the incipient fire was extin- guished. The damage so far done was not great in amount, and the danger for the moment was over; but the situation was still grave, as the city was full of threats, disturbance and apprehension. F.y the prompt action of the authorities, a number of companies of volunteers were brought from different places in the state, order was preserved, and, after muttering for three or four days, the storm died away. The eff"ect of that disturbance and alarm was, however, to bring home to the bankers and business men the conviction that eff"ectual measures must be taken to settle our state currency matters on a sound and permanent basis, and that the issues of all banks that could not be put in shape to meet specie payment in December, must be retired from circulation and be got out of the way. A meeting of the bankers was held ; also of the merchants' association of Milwaukee, and arrangements were made to raise $100,000, by these two bodies, to be used in assisting weak and crippled banks in securing or retiring their circulation. The bankers appointed a committee to take the matter in charge. It happened that just at this time Governor Randall and State Treasurer Hastings returned from New York City, where they had been making unsuccessful eflbrts to dispose of $800,000 of Wisconsin war bonds, which had been issued to raise funds to fit out Wisconsin volunteers. Our state had never liad any bonds on the eastern market. For other reasons, 01; r credit was not high in New York, and it had been found impossible to dispose of these bonds for over sixty cents on the dollar. The state officers conferred with the bankers to see what could be done at home ; and it was finally arranged that the bankers' committee should undertake to get the state banks to dispose of their southern and other depreciated state bonds on deposit to 196 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. secure circulation, for what they would bring in coin, in New York, and replace these bonds witli those of our own state, .which were to be taken by our banks nominally at par — seventy percent, being paid in cash, and the different banks purchasing bonds, giving their individual obligation for the thirty per cent, balance, to be paid in semi-annual installments, with an agreement that the state should deduct these installments from the interest so long as these bonds should remain on deposit with the state. By the terms of the law, sixty per cent, of the proceeds of the bonds had to be paid in coin. The bankers' committee went to work, and with some labor and difficulty induced most of the banks to sell their southern securities at the existing low prices in New York, and thus produce the coin required to pay for our state bonds. From the funds provided by the merchants and bankers, they assisted many of the weaker banks to make good their securities with the banking department of the state. By the 19th of July, six of the ten rejected banks that had been the occasion of the riot, were made good, and restored to the list. The other four were wound up, and their issues redeemed at par, and, before the last of August, the value of the securities of all the banks on tlie current list were brought up to their circulation, as shown by the comptroller's report. Wisconsin currency at the time of the bank riot was at a discount of about 15 per cent., as compared with gold or New York exchange. At the middle of July the discount was 10 to 12 per cent,, and early in August it fell to 5 per cent. The bankers' committee continued their work in preparation for the resumption of specie payment on December i. While the securities for the bank circulation had been made good, it was, nevertheless, evident that many of the banks on the current list would not be equal to the continued redemption of their bills in specie, and that they would have to be wound up and got out of the way in season. Authority was got from such institutions, as fast as possible, for the bankers' committee to retire their circulation and sell their securities. The Milwaukee banks and bankers took upon themselves the great burden of this business, having arranged among themselves to sort out and withhold from cir- culation the bills of these banks, — distributing the load among themselves in certain defined proportions. Instead of paying out these doubted bills, the different banks brought to the bank- ers' committee such amounts as they accumulated from time to time, and received from the committee certificates of deposit bearing seven per cent, interest, and these bills were locked up by the committee until the securities for these notes could be sold and the proceeds realized. Over $400,000 of this sort of paper was locked up by the committee at one time; but it was all converted into cash, and, when the first of December came, the remaining banks of this state were ready to redeem their issues in gold or its equivalent, and so continued to redeem until the issue of the legal-tender notes and the general suspension of specie payment in the United States. In July, 1861, the number of our banks was 107, with capital, $4,607,000; circulation, $2,317,907 ; deposits, $3,265,069. By the contraction incident to the preparations for redemption in specie, the amount of cur- rent Wisconsin bank notes outstanding December i, 1861, was reduced to about $1,500,000. When that day came, there was quite a disposition manifested to convert Wisconsin currency into coin, and a sharp financial pinch was felt for a few days ; but as the public became satisfied that the banks were prepared to meet the demand, the call for redemption rapidly fell off, and the banks soon began to expand their circulation, which was now current and in good demand all through the northwestern states. The amount saved to all the interests of our state, by this successful effort to save our banking system from destruction, is beyond computation. From this time our banks ran along quietly until prohibitory taxation by act of congress drove the bills of state banks out of circulation. BANKING IN AVISCONSIN. 197 The national banking law was passed in 1S63, and a few banks were soon organized under it in different parts of the country. The first in Wisconsin was formed by the re-organization of the Farmers' and Millers' Bank, in August, 1S63, as the First National Bank of Milwaukee, with Edward D. Holton as president, and H. H. Camp, cashier. The growth of the new system, however, was not very rapid ; the state banks were slow to avail themselves of the privileges of the national banking act, and the central authorities concluded to compel them to come in; sa facilities were offered for their re-organization as national banks, and then a tax of ten per cent, was laid upon the issues of the state banks. This tax was imposed by act of March, 1865, and at once caused a commotion in our state. In July, 1864, the number of Wisconsin stat« banks was sixty-six, with capital §3,147,000, circulation §2,461,728, deposits §5,483,205, and these figures were probably not very different in the spring of 1S65. The securities for the circulating notes were in great part the bonds of our own state, which, while known by our own people to be good beyond question, had never been on the general markets of the country so as to be cur- rently known there; and it was feared that in the hurried retirement of our circulation these lionds would be sacrificed, the currency depreciated, and great loss brought upon our banks and people. There was some excitement, and a general call for the redemption of our stat-e circula- tion, but the banks mostly met the run well, and our people were disposed to stand by our own state bonds. In April, 1861, the legislature passed laws, calling in the mortgage loans of the scliool fund, and directing its investment in these securities. The state treasurer was required to receive Wisconsin bank notes, not only for taxes and debts due the state, but also on deixjsit, and to issue certificates for such deposits bearing seven per cent, interest. By these and like means the threatened panic was stopped ; and in the course of a few months Wisconsin state currency was nearly all withdrawn from circulation. In July, 1865, the number of state banks wa* twenty-six, with capital $1,087,000, circulation $192,323, deposits $2,284,210. Under the pressure put on by congress, the organization of national banks, and especially the re-organiza- tion of state banks, under the national system, was proceeding rapidly, and in a short time nearly every town in our own state of much size or importance was provided with one or more of these institutions. In the great panic of 1873, ^'^ '^^ Wisconsin banks, both state and national (in common with those of the whole country), were severely tried; but the failures were few and unimpor- tant; and Wisconsin went through that ordeal with less loss and disturbance than almost any other state. We have seen that the history of banking in Wisconsin covers a stormy period, in whicb great disturbances and panics have occurred at intervals of a few years. It is to be hoped that a more peaceful epoch will succeed, but permanent quiet and prosperity can not rationally be expected in the present unsettled condition of our currency, nor until we have gone through the temporary stringency incidental to the resumption of specie payment. According to the last report of the comptroller of the currency, the number of nationaS banks in Wisconsin in November, 1876, was forty, with capital $3,400,000, deposits $7,145,360, circulation $2,072,869. At this time (July, 1877) the number of state banks is twenty-six, with capital $1,288,231, deposits $6,662,973. Their circulation is, of course, merely nominal, though there is no legai obstacle to their issuing circulating notes, except the tax imposed by congress. COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. By Hon. H. H. GILES. The material philosophy of a people has to do with the practical and useful. It sees in iron, coal, cotton, wool, grain and the trees of the forest, the elements of personal comfort and sources of material greatness, and is applied to their development, production and fabrication fur purposes of exchange, interchange and sale. The early immigrants to Wisconsin territory found a land teeming with unsurpassed natural advantages ; prairies, timber, water and minerals, invit- ing the farmer, miner and lumberman, to come and build houses, furnaces, mills and factories. The first settlers were a food-producing people. The prairies and openings were ready for the plow. The ease with which farms were brought under cultivation, readily enabled the pioneer to supply the food necessary for himself and family, while a surplus was often produced in a few months. The hardships so often encountered in the settlement of a new country, where forests must be felled and stumps removed to prepare the soil for tillage, were scarcely known, or greatly mitigated. During the decade from 1835 to 1845, so great were the demands for the products of the soil, created by the tide of emigration, that the settlers found a home market for all their surplus products, and so easily were crops grown that, within a very brief time after the first emigration, but little was required from abroad. The commerce of the country was carried on by the exchange of products. The settlers (they could scarcely be called farmers) would exchange their wheat, corn, oats and pork for the goods, wares and fabrics of the village merchant. It was an age of barter ; but they looked at the capabilities of the land they had come to possess, and, with firm faith, saw bright promises of better days in the building up of a great state. It is not designed to trace with minuteness the history of Wisconsin through the growth of its commercial and manufacturing interests. To do it justice would require a volume. The aim of this article will be to present a concise view of its present status. Allusion will onlj' be incidentally made to stages of growth and progress by which it has been reached. Few states in the Union possess within their borders so many, and in such abundance, elements that contribute to the material prosperity of a people. Its soil of unsurpassed fertility ; its inexhaustible mines of lead, copper, zinc and iron ; its almost boundless forests ; its water-powers, sufficient to drive the machinery of the world ; its long lines of lake shore on two sides, and the " Father of waters " on another, — need but enterprise, energy and capital to utilize them in building an empire of wealth, where the hum of varied^industries shall be heard in the music of the sickle, the loom and the anvil. The growth of manufacturing industries was slow during the first twenty-five years of our history. The early settlers were poor. Frequently the land they tilled was pledged to obtain means to pay for it. Capitalists obtained from twenty to thirty per cent, per annum for the use of their money. Indeed, it was the rule, under the free-trade ideas of the money-lenders for them to play the Shy lock. While investments in bonds and mortgages were so profitable, few ■were ready to improve the natural advantages the country presented for building factories and work-shops. COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 199 For many years, quite all the implements used in farming were brought from outside the state. While this is the case at present to some extent with the more cumbersome farm machinery, quite a proportion of that and most of the simpler and lighter implements are made at home, while much farm machinery is now manufactured for export to other states. FUKS. The northwest was visited and explored by French voyageurs and missionaries from Canada at an early day. The object of the former was trading and gain. The Jesuits, ever zealous in the propagation of their religion, went forth into the unknown wilderness to convert the natives to their faith. As early as 1624, they were operating about Lake Huron and Mackinaw. Father Men ird it is related, was with the Indians on Lake Superior as early as 1661. The early explorers were of two classes, and were stimulated by two widely different motives — the voyag- eurs, by the love of gain, and the missionaries, by their zeal in the propagation of their faith. I'revious to 1679, a considerable trade in furs had sprung up with Indian tribes in the vicinity of Mackinaw and the northern part of " Ouisconsin." In that year more than two hundred canoes, laden with furs, passed Mackinaw, bound for Montreal. The whole commerce of this vast region then traversed, was carried on with birch-bark canoes. The French used them in traversing wilds — otherwise inaccessible by reason of floods of water at one season, and ice and snow at another — also lakes and morasses which interrupted land journeys, and rapids and cataracts that cut off" communication by water This little vessel enabled them to overcome all difficulties. I5eing buoyant, it rode the waves, although heavily freighted, and, of light draft, it permitted the traversing of small streams. Its weight was so light that it could be easily carried from one stream to another, and around rapids and other obstructions. With this little vessel, the fur trade of the northwest was carried on, as well as the interior of a vast continent explored. Under the stimulus of commercial enterprise, the French traders penetrated the recesses of the immense forests whose streams were the home of the beaver, the otter and the mink, and in whose depths were found the martin, sable, ermine, and other fur-bearing animals. A vast trade in furs sprung up, and was carried on by different agents, under authority of the French government. When the military possession of the northwestern domain passed from the government of France to that of Great Britain in 1760, the relationship of the fur trade to the government changed. The government of France had controlled the traffic, and made it a means of strength- ening its hold upon the country it possessed. The policy of Great Britain was, to charter companies, and grant them exclusive privileges. The Hudson bay company had grown rich and powerful between 1670 and 1760. Its success had excited the cupidity of capitalists, and rival organizations were formed. The business of the company had been done at their trading-stations — the natives bringing in their furs for exchange and barter. Other companies sent their voyageurs into every nook and comer to traffic with the trappers, and even to catch the fur-bear- ing animals themselves. In the progress of time, private parties engaged in trapping and dealing in furs, and, under the competition created, the business became less profitable. In 1815. congress passed an act prohibiting foreigners from dealing in furs in the United States, or any of its territories. This action was obtained through the influence of John Jacob Astor. Mr. .\stor organized the American fur company in 1809, and afterward, in connection with the North- west company, bought out the Mackinaw company, and the two were merged in the Southwest company. The association was suspended by the war of 1812. The American re-entered the field in 1816. The fur trade is still an important branch of traffic in the northern part of the state, and, during eight months of the year, employs a large number of men. •200 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Lead and Zinc. In 1824, the lead ore in the southwestern part of Wisconsin began to attract attention. From 1826 to 1830, there was a great rush of miners to this region, somewhat like the Pike's Peak excitement at a later date. The lead-producing region of Wisconsin covers an area of about 2,200 square miles, and embraces parts of Grant, Iowa and La Fayette counties. Between 1S29 and 1839, the production of lead increased from 5,000 to 10,000 tons. After the latter year it rose rapidly, and attained its maximum in 1845, when it reached nearly 25,000 tons. Since that time the production has decreased, although still carried on to a considerable extent. The sulphate and carbonate of zinc abound in great quantities with the lead of southwest Wisconsin. Owing to the difficulty of working this class of ores, it was formerly allowed to accumulate about the mouths of the mines. Within a few years past, metallurgic processes have been so greatly improved, that the zinc ores have been largely utilized. At La Salle, in the state of Illinois, there are three establishments for smelting zinc ores. There is also one at Peru, ni. To smelt zinc ores economically, they are taken where cheap fuel is available. Hence, the location of these works in the vicinity of coal mines. The works mentioned made in 1875, from ores mostly taken from Wisconsin, 7,510 tons of zinc. These metals are, therefore, impor- tant elements in the commerce of W'isconsin. Iron. The iron ores of Wisconsin occur in immense beds in several localities, and are destined to prove of great value. From their product in 1863, there were 3,735 tons of pig iron received at Milwaukee; in 1865, 4,785 tons; in 1868, 10,890 tons. Of the latter amount, 4,648 tons were from the iron mines at Mayville. There were shipped from Milwaukee, in 1868, 6,361 tons of pig iron. There were also received 2,500 tons of ore from the Dodge county ore beds. During 1869, the ore beds at Iron Ridge were developed to a considerable extent, and two large blast fomaces constructed in Milwaukee, at which place there were 4,695 tons of ore received, and 2,059 tons were shipped to Chicago and Wyandotte. In 1870, 112,060 tons of iron ore were received at Milwaukee, 95,000 tons of which were from Iron Ridge, and 17,060 tons from Esca- aaba and Marquette, in Michigan. The total product of the mines at Iron Ridge in 187 1 was 82,284 tons. The Milwaukee iron company received by lake, in the same year, 28,094 tons of Marquette iron ore to mix with the former in making railroad iron. In 1872, there were receivea from Iron Ridge 85,245 tons of ore, and 5,620 tons of pig iron. Much of the metal made by the Wisconsin iron company in 1872 was shipped to St. Louis, to mix with the iron made from Missouri ore. The following table shows the production of pig iron in Wisconsin, for 1872, 1873 and 1874, in tons : Furnaces. 1872. 1873. 1874. Milwaukee Iron Company, Milwaukee _. Minerva Furnace Company, Milwaukee _ Wisconsin Iron Company, Iron Ridge Northwestern Iron Company, Mayville _. 21,818 3.350 5.033 4,888 6,910 3.420 5,600 1,780 29,326 5,822 4.155 4.137 8,044 6,141 7,999 6,832 1,528 73,980 33,000 3,306 3.000 6,500 6,000 6.500 7,000 J. 300 Green Bay Iron Company, Green Bay National Iron Company, Depere ._ Fox River Iron Company, W. Depere Ironton Furnace, Sauk county 52,797 66,600 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 201 The Milwaukee iron company, during the year 1872, entered into the manufacture of mer- chant iron — it having been demonstrated that the raw material could be reduced there cheaper than elsewhere. The Minerva furnace company built also during the same year one of the most compact and complete iron furnaces to be found any where in the country. During the year 1873, the iron, with most other material interests, became seriously prostrated, so that the total receipts of ore in Milwaukee in 1874 amounted to only 31,993 tons, against 69,418 in 1873, and 85,245 tons in 1872. There were made in Milwaukee in 1874, 29,680 tons of railroad iron. In 1875, 58,868 tons of ore were received at Milwaukee, showing a revival of the trade in an increase of 19,786 tons over the previous year. The operation of the works at Bay View having suspended, the receijits of ore in 1876, at Milwaukee, were less than during any year since 1869, being only 31,119 tons, of which amount only 5,488 tons were from Iron Ridge, and the total shipments were only 498 tons. Lumber. The business of lumbering holds an important rank in the commerce of the state. For many years the ceaseless hum of the saw and the stroke of the ax have been heard in all our great forests. The northern portion of the state is characterized by evergreen trees, principally pine; the southern, by hard^woods. There are exceptional localities, but this is a correct state- ment of the general distribution. I think that, geologically speaking, the evergreens belong to the primitive and sandstone regions, and the hard wood to the limestone and clay formations. Northern Wisconsin, so called, embraces that portion of the state north of forty-five degrees, and possesses nearly all the valuable pine forests. The most thoroughly developed portion of this region is that lying along the streams entering into Green bay and Lake Michigan, and border- ing on the Wisconsin river and other streams entering into the Mississippi. Most of the pine in the immediate vicinity of these streams has been cut off well toward their sources ; still, there are vast tracts covered with dense forests, not accessible from streams suitable for log-driving purposes. The building of railroads into these forests will alone give a market value to a large iwrtion of the pine timber there growing. It is well, perhaps, that this is so, for at the present rate of consumption, but a few years will elapse before these noble forests will be totally destroyed. -Most of the lumber manufactured on the rivers was formerly taken to a market by being floated down the streams in rafts. Now, the railroads are transporting large quantities, taking it directly from the mills and unloading it at interior points in Iowa, Illinois and Wisconsin, and some of it in eastern cities. From five to eight thousand men are employed in the pineries in felling the trees, sawing them into logs of suitable length, and hauling them to the mills and streams during ever)- winter in times of fair prices and favorable seasons. The amount of lumber sawed in i860, as carefully estimated, was 355.055,155 feet. The amount of shingles made was 2,272,061, and no account was made of the immense number of logs floated out of the state, for manufac- ture into lumber elsewhere. The amount of logs cut in the winter of 1873 and 1874 was 987,000,000 feet. In 1876 and 1877 the Black river furnished 188,344,464 feet. The Chippewa, 90,000,000; the Red Cedar, 57,000,000. There passed through Beef Slough 129,384,000 feet of logs. Hon. A. H. Eaton, for fourteen years receiver of the United States land office at Stevens Point, estimated the acreage of pine lands in his district at 2,000,000, and, taking his own district as the basis, he estimated the whole state at 8,000,000 acres. Reckoning this at 5,000 feet to the acre, the aggregate pine timber of the state would be 40,000,000,000 feet. The log product annually amounts to an immense sum. In 1876, 1,172,611,823 feet were cut. This is about the average annual draft that is made on the pine lands. There seems to be no remedy for the 202 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. wholesale destruction of our pine forests, except the one alluded to, the difficulty of transporta- tion, and this will probably save a portion of them for a long time in the future. At the rate of consumption for twenty years past, we can estimate that fifty years would see northern Wiscon- sin denuded of its pine forests; but our lumber product has reached its maximum, and will probably decrease in the coming years as the distance to be hauled to navigable streams increases. In the mean time lumber, shingles and lath will form an important factor in our commerce, both state and inter-state, and will contribute millions to the wealth of our citizens. Grain. Up to 1841, no grain was exported from Wisconsin to be used as food; but, from the time of Its first settlement in 1S36 to 1S40, the supply of bread stuffs from abroad, upon which tlie people depended, was gradually diminished by the substitution of home products. In the winter of 1840 and 1841, E. D. Holton, of Milwaukee, purchased a small cargo of wheat (about 4,000 bushels), and in the spring of 1841, shipped it to Buffalo. This was the beginning of a traffic that has grown to immense proportions, and, since that time, wheat has formed the basis of the commerce and prosperity of the state, until the city of Milwaukee has become the greatest primary wheat mart of the world. The following table gives the exports of flour and grain from Milwaukee for thirty-two years, commencing in 1845: 1845 -- 1846,. 1847- - 1848.. 1849- - 1850.. 1851-- 1852.. 1853-- 1854-- 1855-- 1S56.. 1S57-- 1858. _ 1859-- 1860.. 1861.. 1862.. 1863.. 1864. _ 1865.. 1866.. 1867.. 1868.. 1869.. 1870.. 1871.. 1872.. 1873-- 1874-- 1875-- 1876.. FLOUR, bbls. WHEAT, bus. CORN, bus. OATS, bus. 7.550 15.756 34.840 92,732 136,657 100,017 51.889 92.995 104,055 145,032 181,568 188,455 228.442 298,668 282,956 457.343 674.474 711.405 603.525 414.833 567.576 720,365 921,663 1,017,598 1,220,058 1,225,941 1,211,427 1,232,036 1,805,200 2.217.579 2,163,346 2,654,028 95,510 213,448 598,411 602,474 1,136,023 ■297,570 317.285 564,404 956,703 1,809,452 2,641,746 2,761,976 2,581,311 3.994.213 4.732,957 7,563,608 13,300.495 14,915,680 12,837,620 8,992,479 10,479.777 11,634.749 9.59S.452 9,867,029 14,272,799 16,127,838 13,409,467 11.570.565 24,994,266 22,255,380 22,681,020 16,804,394 2,500 5,000 13.828 2,220 270 164,908 112,132 218 472 43.958 41.364 37,204 1,485 9,489 88,989 140,786 71,203 480,408 266,249 342,717 93.806 103,173 419,133 1,557,953 197,920 556.563 226,895 96,908 4,000 2,100 7,892 363.841 131,716 404.999 13,833 5.433 2,775 562,067 299,002 64,682 1,200 79.094 831,600 811,634 326.472 1,636,595 622,469 536.539 351,768 210,187 772,929 1,323,234 990,525 726,035 1.160,450 1.377.560 BARLEY, bus. RYE, bus. 15,000 15,270 103,840 322,261 291,890 339,338 63.379 10,398 800 63,178 53.216 28,056 5,220 44,800 133.449 23.479 29.597 18,988 30,822 95.036 120,662 469.325 576.453 931.725 688.455 464.837 867,970 [,235.481 54,692 80,365 113.443 20,030 5,378 11.577 9.735 29,810 126,301 84,047 lS,2IO 51.444 255.329 106,795 91.443 7S.O35 62,494 208,896 209,751 255.928 79.879 98.923 220,964 COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 203 Up to 1856, the shipnieuts were almost wholly of Wisconsin products ; but with the com|)le- tion of lines of railroad from Milwaukee to the .VIississip[)i river, the commerce of Wisconsin became so interwoven with that of Iowa and Minnesota, that the data furnished by the transpor- tation companies, give us no definite figures relating to the products of our own state. Dairy Products. Wisconsin is becoming largely interested in the dairy business. Its numerous springs, streams, and natural adaptability to grass, make it a fine grazing country, and stock thrives remarkably well. Within a few years, cheese-factories have become numerous, and their owners are meeting with excellent success. Wisconsin cheese is bringing the highest price in the markets, and much of it is shipped to England. Butter is also made of a superior quality, and is exten- sively exported. At the rate of progress made during the last few years, Wisconsin will soon take rank with the leading cheese and butter producing states. The counties most largely inter- ested in dairying, are Kenosha, Walworth, Racine, Rock, Green, Waukesha, Winnebago, Sheboy- gan, Jefferson and Dodge. According to estimates by experienced dairymen, the manufacture of butter was 22,473,000 pounds in 1870; 50,130,000 in 1S76; of cheese, 1,591,000 pounds in 1870, as against 17,000,000 in 1S76, which will convey a fair idea of the increase of dairy produc- tion. The receipts of cheese in Chicago during 1876, were 23,780,000 pounds, against 12,000,000 in 1875 ; and the receipts of butter were 35,384,184, against 30,248,247 pounds in 1875. It is esti- mated that fully one-half of these receipts were from Wisconsin. The receipts of butter in Milwaukee were, in 1870, 3,779,1 14 pounds ; in 1875, 6,625,863; in 1876,8,938,137 pounds; ot cheese, 5,721,279 pounds in 1S75, and 7,055,573 in 1876. Cheese is not mentioned in the trade and commerce reports of Milwaukee until 1873, when it is spoken of as a new and rapidly increasing commodity in the productions of the state. Pork .\nd Bkef. Improved breeds, both of swine and cattle, have been introduced into the state during a few years past. The grade of stock has been rapidly bettered, and stock raisers generally are striving with commendable zeal to lival each other in raising the finest of animals for use and the market. The following table shows the receipts of live hogs and beef cattle at Milwaukee for thir- teen years ; YEARS. LIVE HOGS. BEEF CATTLE. • YEARS. LIVE HOGS. BEEF CATTLE. 1876 _-. 1875 1874--- 1873 - 1872 I87I 1870 254,317 144.961 242,326 241,099 138,106 126,164 66,138 36,802 46,^17 22,748 17,262 14,172 9,220 ' 12,972 1869 1868 1867 1866 1865 1864 1863 52,296 48.717 76.75S 31,881 7.546 42,250 56,826 12,521 13,200 15.527 12,955 14.230 18,345 J4.655 ■204 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Tlie following table shows the movement of hog products and beef from Milwaukee since 1862 • Shipments by Rail PORK, HAMS, MIDDLES AND SHOULDERS. LARD. BEEF. and Lake. Barrels. Tierces. Boxes. Bulk, lbs. Barrels. Tierces. Barrels. Tierces. Totals 1876. . 62,461 56,778 53,702 80,010 90,038 88,940 77,655 69,805 73,526 88,888 74.726 34,013 67,933 90,387 56,432 15.439 15,292 17,124 24,954 20,115 20,192 15,819 9,546 13,146 11,614 7,805 2,713 5.927 15. 811 12,685 42,678 28,374 39.572 62,211 39,209 14,938 5,875 5,29s 3.239 4,522 34.164 5,000 11,634 5,123,818 2,736,778 1,494,112 1,915,610 4.557,950 5,161,941 4,717,630 2,325,150 1,768,190 454,786 863,746 3,301 6oi 9,110 4,065 6,276 3.932 2.535 1,180 3.637 2,523 3.287 1,929 5,677 10,987 13.538 21.356 18,950 :8,509 24.399 27,765 19,746 10,950 8,568 5,055 8,820 6,292 2,487 7,207 10,546 6,761 7,333 4.734 5.015 5,365 4.757 3.892 4,427 7.538 10,150 18,984 11,852 10,427 36 866 42,987 33,174 3,439 421 707 •■ 1875 " 1874. I&T^ 462 " 1072 1,500 1S7I " 1S70 ■' 1S69 -- " 1S6S 1,606 925 2,185 2,221 ■• 1867 ^' 1866 6,804 4.584 " iS65-_ " 1864... " 1S63 " 1862 5,528 5,871 6,377 3.217 Hops. The culture of hops, as an article af commerce, received but little attention prior to i860. In 1865, 2,864 bales only were shipped from Milwaukee. In addition, a large amount was used by the brewers througnout the state. In 1866, the amount exported was increased, and 5,774 bales were shipped to eastern markets. The price, from forty-five to fifty-five cents per pound, stimulated production, and the article became one of the staple products of the counties of Sauk. Columbia, Adams and Juneau, besides being largely cultivated in parts of some other counties. In 1867, 26,562 bales were received at Milwaukee, and the prices ranged from fifty to seventy cents per pound. The estimated crop of the slate for 1867 was 35,000 bales, and brought over $4,200,000. In 1868, not less than 60,000 bales were grown in the state. The crop everywhere was a large one, and in Wisconsin so very large that an over-supply was anticipated. But few, however, were prepared for the decline in prices, that far exceeded the worst apprehensions of those interested. The first sales were made at twenty-five to thirty-five cents per pound, and the prices were reluctantly accepted by the growers. The price continued to decline until the article was unsalable and unavailable in the market. Probably the average price did not exceed ten ■cents per pound. Notwithstanding the severe check which hop-growing received in i868, by the unprofitable result, growers were not discouraged, and the crop of 1S69 was a large one. So much of the crop of 1868 remained in the hands of the growers, that it is impossible to estimate that of 1869. The new crop sold for from ten to fifteen cents, and the old for from three to five cents per pound. Hop-cultivation received a check from over-production in i868, from which it did not soon recover. A large proportion of the yards were plowed under in 1870. The crop of 1869 was much of it marketed during 1870, at a price of about two and one-half to three and one- half cents per pound, while that of 1870 brought ten to twelve and a half cents. During the year 187 1, a great advance in the price, caused by the partial failure of the crop in some of the eastern states, and the decrease in price causing a decrease in production, what was left over of the crop of 1870 more than doubled in value before the new reached the market. The latter opened at thirty cents, and steadily rose to fifty and fifty-five for prime COMMERCE AND MANUFACTURES. 205 qualities. The crop of 1872 was of good quality, and the market opened at forty to fifty-five cents as the selling price, and fell fifteen to twenty cents before the close of the year. A much larger quantity was raised than the year previous. In 1873 and 1874, the crop was fair and prices ruled from thirty-three to forty-five cents, with increased production. About 18,000 bales were reported as being shipped from the different railway stations of the state. Prices were extremely irregular during 1875, and, after the new crop reached market, fell to a point that would not pay the cost of production. In 1876, prices ruled low at the opening of the year, and advanced from five to ten cents in January to twenty-eight to thirty in November. Over 17,000 bales were received at Milwaukee, over 10,000 bales being of the crop of the previous year. Over 13,000 bales were shipped out of the state. Tobacco. Tobacco raising is comparatively a new industry in Wisconsin, but is rapidly growing in importance and magnitude. It sells readily for from four to ten cents per pound, and the plant is easily raised. It is not regarded as of superior quality. It first appears as a commodity of transportation in the railway reports for the year iS7i,when the Prairie du Chien division of the St. Paul road moved eastward 1,373,650 pounds. During the four years ending with 1876, there were shipped from Milwaukee an average of 5,118,530 pounds annually, the r; axi- mum being in 1874,6,982,175 pounds; the minimum in 1875,2,743,854 pounds. The crop of 1876 escaped the early frosts, and netted the producer from five to seven cents per pound. The greatar part of it was shipped to Baltimore and Philadelphia. Comparatively little of the leaf raised in the state is used here or by western manufacturers. The crop of the present year, 1877, 's '1 large one, and has been secured in good order. Itis beingcontractedfor at fromfour to six cents per pound. Cranberries. The cranberry trade is yet in its infancy. But little, comparatively, has been done in devel- oping the capabilities of the extensive bodies of marsh and swamp lands interspersed throughout the northern part of the state. Increased attention is being paid to the culture of the fruit; yet, the demand will probably keep ahead of the supply for many years to come. In 185 1, less than 1,500 barrels were sent out of the state. In 1872, the year of greatest production, over 37,000 barrels were exported, and, in 1876, about 17,000 barrels. The price has varied in different years, and taken a range from eight to fifteen dollars a barrel. Spirituous and Malt Liquors. The production of liquors, both spirituous and malt, has kept pace with the growth of population and with the other industries of the state. There were in Wisconsin, in 1872, two hundred and ninety-two breweries and ten distilleries. In 1876, there were two hundred and ninety-three of the former and ten of the latter, and most of them were kept running to their full capacity. Milwaukee alone produced, in 1876, 321,611 barrels of lager beer and 43,175 barrels of high wines. In 1865, it furnished 65,666 barrels of beer, and in 1S70, 108,845 barrels. In 1865, it furnished 3,046 barrels of high wines; in 1870, 22,867 barrels; and in 1875, 39,005. A large quantity of the beer made was shipped to eastern and southern cities. The beer made in 1876 sold at the rate of ten dollars per barrel, the wholesale price of the brewers bringing the sum of $3,216,1x0. The fame of Milwaukee lager beer is widely extended. This city has furnished since 1870, 1,520,308 barrels which, at the wholesale price, brought $15,203,170. The total production of beer by all the two hundred and ninety-three breweries of the state for 1876, was 450,508 barrels. 206 HISTORY OF AVISCOXSIX. In 1876, Milwaukee produced 43,175 barrels of high wines, or distilled spirits, and the state of Wisconsin 51,959 barrels. In 1870, the former produced 108,845 barrels of beer and 22,867 barrels of distilled spirits, and in the same year the state of Wisconsin produced 189,664 barrels of beer and 36,145 barrels of distilled spirits. Miscellaneous. Porcelain clay, or kaolin, is found in numerous places in Wood and Marathon counties. The mineral is found in but few places in the United States in quantities sufficient to justify the investment of capital necessary to manufacture it. In the counties mentioned, the deposits are found in extensive beds, and only capital and enterprise are needed to make their development profitable. Clay of superior quality for making brick and of fair quality for pottery, is found in numerous localities. The famous " Milwaukee brick," remarkable for their beautiful cream color, is made from a fine clay which is abundant near Milwaukee, and is found in e.xten- sive beds at Watertown, Whitewater, Edgerton, Stoughton, and several places on the lake shore north of Milwaukee. At Whitewater and some other places the clay is used with success for the making of pottery ware. Water-lime, or hydraulic cement, occurs in numerous places throughout the state. An extensive bed covering between one and two hundred acres, and of an indefinite deiith, exists on the banks of the Milwaukee river, and notoverone and a half miles from the city limits of Milwaukee. The cement made from the rock of this deposit is first-class in quality, and between twenty and thirty thousand barrels were made and sold last year. The capacity of the works for reducing the rock to cement has been increased to 500 barrels per day. Stones suita- ble for building purposes are widely distributed throughout the state, and nearly every town has its available quarry. Many of these quarries furnish stone of fine quality for substantial and permanent edifices. The quarry at Prairie du Chien furnished the stone for the capital building at Madison, which equals in beauty that of any state in the Union. .\t Milwaukee, Waukesha, Madison, La Crosse, and many other places are found quarries of superior building stone. Granite is found in extensive beds in Marathon and Wood counties, and dressed specimens exhibited at the " Centennial " last year, attracted attention for their fine polish. Marbles of various kinds are likewise found in the state. Some of them are beginning to attract attention and are likely to prove valuable. The report of Messrs. Foster & Whitney, United States geol- ogists, speaks of quarries on the Menomonee and Michigamig rivers as affording beautiful varie- ties and susceptible of a high polish. Richland county contains marble, but its quality is gen- erally considered inferior. Water Powers. Wisconsin is fast becoming a manufacturing state. Its forests of jaine, oak, walnut, maple, ash, and other valuable woods used for lumber, are well-nigh inexhaustible. Its water-power for driving the wheels of machinery is not equaled by that of any state in the northwest. The Lower Fox river between Lake Winnebago and Green Bay, a distance of thirty-five miles, furnishes some of the best facilities for manufacturing enterprise in the whole country. Lake Winnebago as a reservoir gives it a great and special advantage, in freedom from liability to freshets and droughts. The stream never varies but a few feet from its highest to its lowest stage, yet gives a steady flow. The Green Bay and Mississippi canal company has, during the last twenty-five years, constructed numerous dams, canals and locks, constituting verj' valuable improvements, .\11 the property of that company has been transferred to the United States government, which has entered upon a system to render the Fox and Wisconsin rivers navigable to the Mississippi, The fall between the lake and Depere is one hundred and fifty feet, and the water can be utilized COMMEKCK AXn M ANUFAOTrKES. 207 in propelling machinery at Neenali, Menasha, Appleton, Cedar, Little Chute, Kaukauna, Rapid Croche, Little Kaukauna and Depere. The water-power at Appleton in its natural advantages is pronounced by Hon. Hiram Barney, of New York, superior to those at Lowell, Paterson and Rochester, combined. The water-power of the Fox has been improved to a considerable extent, but its full capacity has hardly been touched. Attention has been drawn to it, how- ever, and no doubt is entertained that in a few years the hum of machinery to be propelled hy it, will be heard the entire length of the thirty-five miles. The facilities presented by its nearness to timber, iron, and a rich and productive agricultural region, give it an advantage over anv of the eastern manufacturing points. The Wisconsin river rises in the extreme northern part of the state, and has its source in a great number of small lakes. The upper portion abounds in valuable water privileges, only a few of which are improved. There are a large number of saw-mills running upon the powgr of tiiis river. Other machinery, to a limited extent, is in operation. The " Big Bull " falls, at Wausau, are improved, and a power of twenty-two feet fall is obtained. At Little Bull falls, below Wausau, there is a fall of eighteen feet, partially improved. There are many other water-powers in Marathon county, some of which are used in propelling flouring- inills and saw-mills. At Grand Rapids, there is a descent of thirty feet to the mile, and the water can be used many times. Each time, 5,000 horse-power is obtained. At Kilbourn City a large amount of power can be obtained for manufacturing purposes. Chippewa river has its origin in small streams in the north part of the state. Explorers tell us that there are a large number of water powers on all the upper branches, but as the country is yet unsettled, none of them have been improved, and very few even located on our maps. Brunette falls and Ameger falls, above Chippewa Falls city, must furnish considerable water- power, but its extent is not known At Chippewa Falls is an excellent water-power, only partially improved. The river descends twr nty-six feet in three-fourths of a mile. At Duncan creek at the same place, there is a good fall, improved to run a large flouring mill. At Eagle Rapids, five miles above Chippewa Falls, $120,000 has been expended in improving the fall of the Chippewa river. The city of Eau Claire is situated at the confluence of the Chijjpewa and Eau Claire rivers, and possesses in its immediate vicinity water-powers almost unrivaled. Some of them are improved. The citizens of Eau Claire have, for several years, striven to obtain legislative authority to dam the Chippewa river, so as to improve the water-power of the Dells, and a lively contest, known as the " Dells fight," has been carried on with the capitalists along the river above that town. There are immense water-powers in Dunn county, on the Red Cedar, Chippewa nd Eau Galle rivers, on which there are many lumbering establishments. In Pepin county also there are good powers. The Black river and its branches, the La Crosse, Buff"alo, Trempealeau, Reaver, and Tamaso, furnish many valuable powers. The St. Croix river is not excelled in the value "f its water privileges by any stream in the state, except the Lower Fox river. At St. Croix Falls, the water of the river makes a descent of eighty-five feet in a distance of five miles, and the vol- ume of water is sufficient to move the machinery for an immense manufacturing business, and the banks present good facilities for building dams, and the river is not subject to freshets. The (Cinnekinnick has a large number of falls, some of them partially improved. ^Vithin twenty-five miles of its entrance into Lake St. Croix, it has a fall of two hundred feet, and the volume of water averages about three thousand cubic feet per minute. Rock river affords valuable water- privileges at Watertown (with twenty-four feet fall), and largely improved; at Jefferson, Indian Ford and Janesville, all of which are improved. Beloit also has an excellent water-power, and it is largely improved. Scattered throughout the state are many other water-powers, not alluded 208 HISTOKV OF AVISCOXSIX. to in the foregoing. There are several in Manitowoc county ; in Marquette county, also. In Washington county, at West Bend, Berlin, and Cedar Creek, there are good water-powers, partly utilized. At Whitewater, in Walworth county, is a good power. In Dane county, there is a water-power at Madison, at the outlet of Lake Mendota ; also, a good one at Stoughton, below the first, or Lake Kegonsa ; also at Paoli, Bellville, Albany and Brodhead, on the Sugar river. In Grant county there are not less than twenty good powers, most of them well-developed. In Racine county, three powers of fine capacity at Waterford, Rochester and Burlington, all of which are improved. The Oconto, Peshtigo and Menomonee rivers furnish a large number of splendid water- powers of large capacity. The Upper Wolf river has scores of water-powers on its main stream and numerous branches; but most of the country is still a wilderness, though containing resources which, when developed, will make it rich and prosperous. There are numerous other streams of less consequence than those named, but of great importance to the localities they severally drain, that have had their powers improved, and their waterfalls are singing the songs of commerce. On the rivers emptying into Lake Superior, there are numerous and valuable water-powers. The Montreal river falls one thousand feet in a distance of thirty miles. Manufactures. The mechanical and manufacturing industries of Wisconsin demonstrate that the people do not rely wholly upon agricultural pursuits, or lumbering, for subsistence, but aim to diversify their labors as much as possible, and to give encouragement to the skill and ingenuity of their mechanics and artisans. All our cities, and most of our villages, support establishments that furnish wares and implements in common use among the people. We gather from the census report for 1870 a few facts that will give us an adequate idea of what was done in a single year, remembering that the data furnished is six years old, and that great advancement has been made since the statistics were gathered. In 1S70, there were eighty-two establishments engaged in making agricultural implements, employing 1,387 hands, and turning out products valued at $2,393,400. There were one hundred and eighty-eight furniture establishments, employing 1,844 men, and making $1,542,300 worth of goods. For making carriages and wagons there were four hundred and eighty-five establishments, employing 2.184 nien, and their product was valued at $2,596,534; for clothing, two hundred and sixty-three establishments, and value of product $2,340,400; sash, doors and blinds, eighty-one shops, and value of product $1,852,370; leather, eighty-five tanneries, employing 577 men, and value of products $2,013,000; malt liquors, one hundred and seventy-six breweries, 835 men, and their products valued at $1,790,273. At many points the business of manufacturing is carried on more or less extensively; indeed, there is hardly a village in the state where capital is not invested in some kind of mechanical industry or manufacturing enterprise, and making satisfactory returns; but for details in this respect, the reader is referred to the department of local history. The principal commodities only, which Wisconsin contributes to trade and commerce, have been considered. There remains quite a number of minor articles from which the citizens of the state derive some revenue, such as flax and maple sugar, which can not be separately considered in this paper. Concluding Remarks. Statistics are usually dry reading, but, to one desiring to change his location and seeking information regarding a new country and its capabilities, they become intensely interesting and of great value. The farmer wishes to know about the lands, their value and the productiveness of the soil ; the mechanic about the workshops, the price of labor, and the demand for such wares COMJIEKCE AND MANUFACTURES. 209 as he is accustomed to make ; the capitalist, concerning all matters that pertain to resources, advantages, and the opportunities for investing his money. Our own people want all the infor- mation that can be gained by the collection of all obtainable facts. The sources of such infor- mation are now various, and the knowledge they impart fragmentary in its character. Provision should be made by law, for the collection and publication of reliable statistics relating to our farming, manufacturing, mining, lumbering, commercial and educational interests. .Several of the states of the Union have established a "Bureau of Statistics," and no more valua- ble reports emanate from any of their state departments than those that exhibit a condensed view of the material results accomplished each year. Most of the European states foster these agencies with as much solicitude as any department of their government. Indeed, they have become a social as well as a material necessity, for social science extends its inquiries to the physical laws of man as a social being; to the resources of the country; its productions; the growth of society, and to all those facts or conditions which may increase or diminish the strength, growth or happiness of a people. Statistics are the foundation and corner-stone of social science, which is the highest and noblest of all the sciences. A writer has said that, " If God had designed Wisconsin to be chiefly a manufacturing state, instead of agricultural, which she claims to be, and is, it is difficult to see more than one partic- ular in which He could have endowed her more richly for that purpose." She has all the mate- rial for the construction of articles of use and luxury, the means of motive power to propel the machinery, to turn and fashion, weave, forge, and grind the natural elements that abound in such rich profusion. She has also the men whose enterprise and skill have accomplished most sur., prising results, in not only building up a name for themselves, but in placing the state in a proud position of independence. It is impossible to predict what will be the future growth and development of Wisconsin. From its commercial and manufacturing advantages, we may reasonably anticipate that she will in a few years lead in the front rank of the states of the Union in all that constitutes real great- ness. Her educational system is one of the best. With her richly endowed State University, her colleges and high schools, and the people's colleges, the common schools, she has laid a broad and deep foundation for a great and noble commonwealth. It was early seen what were the capabilities of this their newly explored domain. The northwestern explorer, Jonathan Carver, in 1766, one hundred and eleven years ago, after traversing Wisconsin and viewing its lakes of crystal purity, its rivers of matchless utility, its forests of exhaustless wealth, its prairies of won- derful fertility, its mines of buried treasure, recorded this remarkable prediction of which we see the fulfillment: "To what power or authority this new world will become dependent after it has arisen from its present uncultivated state, time alone can discover. But as the seat of empire from time immemorial has been gradually progressive toward the west, there is no doubt but that at some future period mighty kingdoms will emerge from these wildernesses, and stately palaces and solemn temples with gilded spires reaching to the skies supplant the Indian huts, whose- only decorations are the barbarous trophies of'their vantiuished enemies." " Westward the course of empire takes its way ; The four first acts already passed, A fifth shall close the drama with the day ; Time's noblest offspring is the last." , 'THE PUBLIC DOMAIN. By D. S. DURRIE. In the early part of the seventeenth century, all the territory north of the Ohio river, including the present state of Wisconsin, was an undiscovered region. As far as now known, it Was never visited by white men until the year 1634, when Jean Nicolet came to the Green bay country as an ambassador from the French to the Winnebagoes. The Jesuit fathers in 1660 visited the south shore of Lake Superior; and, soon after, missions were established at various points in the northwest. The French government appreciating the importance of i)ossessing dominion over this sec- tion, M. Talon, intendant of Canada, took steps to carry out this purpose, and availed himself of the good feelings entertained toward the French by a number of the Indian tribes, to establish the authority of the French crown over this remote quarter. A small party of men led by Daumont de St. Lusson, with Nicolas Perrot as interpreter, set out from Quebec on this mission, in 1670, and St. Lusson sent to the tribes occupying a circuit of a hundred leagues, inviting the nations, among them the Wisconsin tribes inhabiting the Green bay country, by their chiefs and ambassadors, to meet liim at the Sault Sainte Marie the following spring. In the month of May, 167 i, fourteen tribes, by their representatives, including the Miamis, Sacs, Winnebagoes, Menomonees, and Pottawattamies, arrived at the place designated. On the morning of the fourteenth of June, " St. Lusson led his followers to the top of the hill, all fully equipped and under arms. Here, too, in the vestments of their priestly office were four Jesuits : Claude Dablon, superior of the mission on the lakes, Gabriel Druillettes, Claude Allouez, and Andr^. All around, the great throng of Indians stood, or crouched, or reclined at length with eyes and ears intent. A large cross of wood had been made ready. Dablon, in solemn form, pronounced his blessing on it ; and then it was reared and planted in the ground, while the Frenchmen, uncovered, sang the Vexilla Re^^is. Then a post of cedar was planted beside it, with a metal plate attached, engraven with the royal arms ; while St. Lusson's followers sang the exaudiat^ and one of the priests uttered a prayer for the king. St. Lusson now advanced, and, holding his sword in one hand, and raising with the other a sod of earth, proclaimed in a loud voice " that he took possession of all the country occupied by the tribes, and placed them under the king's protection. This act, however, was not regarded as sufficiently definite, and on the eighth of May, 1689, Perrot, who was then commanding for the king at the post of Nadouesioux, near Lake Pepin on the west side of the Mississippi, commissioned by the Marquis de Denonvilie to manage the interests of commerce west of Green bay took possession, in the name of the king, with appropriate ceremonies, of the countries west of Lake Michigan as far as the river St. Peter. The papers Were signed by Perrot and others. By these solemn acts, the present limits of Wisconsin with much contiguous territory, came under the dominion of the French government, the possession of which continued until October, 1761 — a period of ninety years from the gathering of the chiefs at the Sault Ste. Marie in 1671. From the commencement of French occupancy up to the time when the British took posses- sion, the district of country embraced within the present limits of this state had but few white inhabitants besides the roaming Indian traders; and of these few, the locations were separated by a distance of more than two hundred miles in a direct line, and nearly double that distance by THE PrBLK" DOMAIN. 211 the usual water courses. There was no settlement of agriculturists; there were no missionary establishments; no fortified posts at other points, except at Depere and Green bay on Fox -iver, and perhaps at Prairie du Chien, near the junction of the Wisconsin and the Mississippi. The French government made no grant of lands; gave no attention to settlers or agrica.- turists, and the occupation of the country was strictly military. There were, indeed, a few grants of lands made by the French governors and commanders, previous to 1750, to favored indi- viduals, six of which were afterward confirmed by the king of France. There were also others which did not require confirmation, being made by Cardillac, commanding at Detroit, under special authority of the king; of this latter kind, one for a small piece of thirty acres bears with it, says a writer, ■" so many conditions, reservations, prohibitions of sale, and a whole cavalcade of feudal duties to be performed by the grantee, that in itself, it would be a host in opposition to the agricultural settlement of any country." The grants just referred to, relate to that part of the French possessions outside the limits of the present state of Wisconsin. Within its limits there was a grant of an extensive territory including the fort at the head of Green bay, with the exclusive right to trade, and other valuable privileges, from the Marquis de Vaudreuil, in October, 1759, to M. Rigaud. It was sold by the latter to William Gould and Madame Vaudreuil, to whom it was confirmed by the king of France in January, 1760, at a very critical period, when Quebec had been taken by the British, and Montreal was only wanting to complete the conquest of Canada. This grant was evidently intended as a perquisite to entrap some unwary persons to give a valuable consideration for it, as it would be highly impolitic for the governrtient to make such a grant, if they continued mas- ters of the country, since it would surely alienate the affections of the Indians. The whole country had already been virtually conquered by Great Britain, and the grant of course was not confirmed by the English government. Of the war between the French and English governments in America, known as the French and Indian war, it is not necessary to speak, except in general terms. The English made a determined effort to obtain the possessions claimed by the French. The capture of Quebec in 1759, and the subsequent capitulation of Montreal in 1760, extinguished the domination of France in the basin of the St. Lawrence ; and by the terms of the treaty of Paris, concluded February 10, 1763, all the possessions in, and all the claims of the French nation to, the vast country watered by the Ohio and the Mississippi were ceded to Great Britain. .•\mong the first acts of the new masters of the country was the protection of the eminent domain of the government, and the restriction of all attempts on the part of individuals to acquire Indian titles to lands. By the King of England's proclamation of 1763, no more grants of land within certain prescribed limits could be issued, and all private persons were interdicted the liberty of purchasing lands from the Indians, or of making settlements within those prescribed limits. The indulgence of such a privilege as that of making private purchases of the natives, conduced to the most serious difficulties, and made way for the practice of the most reprehensible frauds. The policy pursued by the English government has been adopted and acted upon by the government of the United States in the extinguishment of the Indian title to lands in every part of the country. In face of the proclamation of 1763, and within three years after its promulgation, under a pretended purchase from, or voluntary grant of the natives, a tract of country nearly one hundred miles square, including large portions of what is now northern Wisconsin and Minnesota, was ' laimed by Jonathan Carver, and a ratification of his title solicited from the king and* council. I'his was not conceded; and the representatives of Carver, after the change of government had 212 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN". brought the lands under the jurisdiction of the United States, for a series of years presented the same claims before congress, and asked for their confirmation. Such a demand under all the circumstances,"" could not justify an expectation of success; and, of course, has often been refused. But notwithstanding the abundant means which the public have had of informing themselves of the true nature and condition of Carver's claim, bargains and sales of portions of this tract have been made among visionary speculators for more than half a century past. It is now only a short period since the maps of the United States ceased to be defaced by a delineation of ihe "Carver Grant." The mere transfer of the dominion over the country from the French to the English govern- ment, and the consequent occupation of the English posts by the new masters, did not in any great degree affect the social condition of the inhabitants. By the terms of capitulation, the French subjects were permitted to remain in the country, in the full enjoyment of their civil and religious privileges. The English, however, did not hold peaceable possession of the territory acquired. The war inaugurated by Pontiac and his Indian allies on the military posts occupied by the English soon followed, and in the month of May, 1763, nine posts were captured with much loss of life. In the spring of 1764, twenty-two tribes who were more or less identified in the outbreak, concluded a treaty of peace with General Bradstreet at Niagara. The expedition of Colonel George Rogers Clark to the Illinois country, and the conquest of the British posts in 1778 and 1779, had the effect to open the way for the emigration of the Anglo-American population to the Mississippi valley; and at the close of the revolutionary war, Great Britain renounced all claim to the whole territory lying east of the Mississippi river, The dominion of the English in the Illinois and Wabash countries, ceased with the loss of the military posts which commanded the Northwestern territory of the United States. As a result of the enterprise and success of Clark, Virginia pbtained possession of the Illinois country; his expedition having been undertaken and carried forward under the auspices of that state. Several of the eastern states under their colonial charters, laid claim to portions of the land comprised in the territory northwest of the Ohio river. The claim of Massachusetts was derived from a grant from King James of November 3, 1620 ; and included from lat. 42° 2' to about lat. 45», extending to the south sea; Connecticut claimed from lat. 410 north to 420 2*. The claims of Virginia were from grants from King James, bearing date, respectively, April 10, 1606, May 23, 1609, and March 12, 1611, and an additional claim for the territory conquered by Clark in the Illinois country; but they extended no farther north than the southern end of Lake Michigan. It is a popular impression that the territory of thfe present state of Wisconsin was compre- hended in the lands northwest of the river Ohio, over which Virginia exercised jurisdiction, and, consequently, was included in her deed of cession of lands to the United States. This opinion so generally entertained by writers on American history, is a statement which does not appear to have any solid foundation in fact. Virginia never made any conquests or settlements in Wiscon- sin, and at no time prior to the proffer of her claims to the general government had she ever exercised jurisdiction over it. In fact, there were no settlements in Wisconsin except at Green Bay and Prairie du Chien before that time, and these were made by French settlers who were in no wise interfered with while the revolution continued. In Illinois it was otherwise; and the possession of its territory by Virginia was an undisputed fact. During the revolution the title of the sovereignty in Wisconsin was actually in Great Britain, and so remained until the definite treaty of peace in 1783; at which date England yielding her right constructively to the United States, retaining possession, however, until 1796; at which time the western posts were transferred to the United States. TIIK JTBLIC nOMAlX. 213 All the claiming states finally ceded their interests to the general government, giving the latter a perfect title, subject only to the rights of the Indians. The deed of cession from Virginia was dated March i, 1784. Tlie other states ceded their claims, some before this date, others subsequent thereto. Virginia made a number of stipulations in her deed of cession; among others, that the French and Canadian inhabitants and the neighboring villages who had professed themselves citizens of Virginia, should have their possessions and title confirmed to them, and be protected in the enjoyment of their rights and liberties; thr.t 150,000 acres of land near the rapids of the Ohio, should be reserved for that portion of her state troops which had reduced the country; and about 3,500,000 acres between the rivers Scioto and Little Miami be reserved for bounties to her troops on the continental establishment. In consequence of certain objectionable stipulations made by Virginia as to the division of the territory into states, the deed of cession was referred back to that state with a recommenda- tion from congress that these stipulations should be altered. On the 30th of December, 1788, Virginia assented to the wish of congress, and formally ratified and confirmed the fifth article of compact which related to that subject, and tacitly gave her consent to the whole ordinance of 1787. The provisions of this ordinance have since been applied to all the territories of the United States lying north of 'he 36'. 227 by congress then unsold, and applied the proceeds to the purposes expressed in the deed of trust. The proceeds were sufficient to pay in full the expenses of the trust, the then outstanding state indebtedness, and to provide a fund sufficient to complete the work according to the plan specified in the act approved October 3, 1856. Under an act of the legislature of Wisconsin approved April 13, 1861, and the acts amend- atory thereof, the purchasers at said sale, on the 15th day of August, 1866, filed their certificate in the office of the secretary of state, and thereby became incorporated as the Green Bay and Mississippi canal company, holding, as such company, the said works of improvement. At a subsequent date, under instructions from the engineer department of the United States, the surveys of the Fox and Wisconsin rivers were placed in the charge of General G. K. War- ren, and by act of congress approved July 7, 1S70, the secretary of war was authorized to appoint a board of arbitrators to ascertain how much the government should pay to the suc- cessors of the Improvement company, the Green Bay and Mississippi canal company, for tlie transfer of all its property and rights; and by a subsequent act, approved June 10, 1872, an appropriation was made therefor. The legislation on matters connected with the Fox and Wisconsm river improvement would make a chapter of itself. The work is now in charge of the government, and will be prosecuted to completion in a satis;factory manner. On the 29th of May, 1848, an act was approved by the president "to enable the people of Wisconsin territory to form a constitution and state government, and for the admission of such state into the Union," by which certain propositions were to be submitted to the convention which were to be acted upon, and subsequently submitted to the people for their approval. The first constitutional convention was held in October, 1846, and, having framed a constitution, it was submitted to a vote of the people at the election in 1847, and it was rejected. The second convention met December 15, 1S47, and, having formed a constitution, it was adopted by the people at the election in 1848. The following are the propositions proposed by congress : 1. That section sixteen numbered in every township of the public lands of said state, and where such section has been sold or otherwise disposed of, other lands equivalent thereto, and as contiguous as may be, shall be granted to the said state for the use of schools. 2. That seventy-two sections, or two entire townships, of land set apart and reserved for the use and support of a university by act of congress approved June 12, 1838, are hereby granted and conveyed to the state, to be appropriated solely to the use and support of such university in such manner as the legislature may prescribe. 3. That ten entire sections of land to be selected and located under the direction of the legislature, in legal subdivisions of not less than one quarter of a section from any of the unap- propriated lands belonging to the United States within the state are granted to the state for completing the public buildings, or for the erection of others at the seat of government, under the direction of the legislature. 4. That all salt-springs within the state, not exceeding twelve in number, shall be granted to the state, to be selected by the legislature, and when selected, to be used or disposed of on such terms, conditions, and regulations as the legislature shall direct. The title to all lands and other property which accrued to the territory of Wisconsin by grant, gift, purchase, forfeiture, escheat, or otherwise, were, by the provisions of the constitution of the state, vested in the state ; and the people of the state, in their right of sovereignty, were declared to possess the ultimate property in and to all lands within its jurisdiction ; and all lands, the title of which shall fail from a defect of heirs, shall revert or escheat to the people. The act of congress for the admission of the state into the Union gave formal assent to the 228 HISTOIJY OF WlSCONSISr, grant relative to the Fox and Wisconsin river improvement, and the lands reserved to the United States by said grant, and also the grant to the territory of Wisconsin, for the purpose of aiding in opening a canal to connect the waters of Lake Michigan with those of Rock river, were to be offered for sale at the same minimum price, and subject to the same rights of pre-emption as other public lands of the United States. By the provisions of the state constitution, the secretary of state, the state treasurer and attorney-general, were constituted a board of commissioners for the sale of the school and university lands, and for the investment of the funds arising therefrom. In the year 1850 the commissioners put into market, for the first time, the school lands which had been donated to the state. The total quantity of lands offered was 148,021, 44-100 acres, which sold for the sum of $444,265.19. By an act of congress, approved September 4, 1841, there were granted to the state 500,000 acres of land, which were, by act of the territorial legislature of 1849, appropriated to the school fund, and the unsold lands of the Milwaukee and Rock river canal company, amounting to about 140,000 acres, were to be included as a part of the above grant. These lands, and the sixteenth section of each township, make up the whole of the school lands of the state. The whole number of acres sold up to the year 1877 is 1,243,984 acres, and there remain unsold, subject, to entry, 216,016 acres. The state university land grant was made in 1838, and seventy-two sections set apart and reserved. The lands were selected in 1845 and 1846. On the 15th of December, 1854, an act of congress was approved, relinquishing to the state the lands reserved for the salt-springs, and seventy-two sections were granted in lieu thereof, in aid of the university of the state The number of acres amounts to 92,160, all of which have been sold except 4,407 acres, which are subject to entry. Under the re-organization and enlargement of the university, under provisions, of chapter 114, of general laws of 1866, section thirteen provides, among other things, that the income of a fund to be derived from the sales of the two hundred and forty thousand acies, granted by congress by act approved July 2, 1862, entitled : " An act donating lands to the several states and territories which may provide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and mechanic arts," be devoted to the state university, and the funds arising therefrom to be known as the "agricultural college fund." All of the grant of lands have been sold except 51,635 acres. The quantity of lands donated by act of congress August 6, 1846, for the purpose of completing or erecting public buildings at the seat of government, known as "Capitol Lands," amounted to ten entire sections, or six thousand four hundred acres. A grant of lands was made to the state by act of congress, approved September 28, 1S50, of all the swamp and overflowed lands within its limits. The total number of acres of this grant, as certified to the state from the government, to the year 1877, is 1,869,677. A grant of land was made by congress, approved March 3, 1863, for the construction of ai military road from Fort Wilkins, Michigan, to Fort Howard, Wisconsin, of every alternate section of public lands, designated by even numbers for three sections in width on each side of said road, and subject to the disposal of the legislature. In 1865 sales of land were made to the number of 85,961.89 acres, which realized the sum of $114,856.54. An act of congress was approved June 25, 1864, granting lands to the state to build a military road from Wausau, Wisconsin, to Ontonagon, on Lake Superior, of every alternate section of land designated as odd sections, for three sections in width on each side of the road. The grant was accepted by the state by law, approved April 10, 1865. An act was also passed by congress, approved April 10, 1866, granting to the state of Wis^ consin a donation of public lands to aid in the construction of a breakwater and harbor and ship TIIK IMlil.IC JxiMAiy. 229 canal at the head of Sturgeon bay, Wis., to connect the waters of Green bay with Lake Michigan-. The grant was for 200,000 acres of Land. The grant was accepted by the legislature of 1868. In i874,thesamebody by resolution transferred to the Sturgeon bay and Lake Michigan ship canal and harbor company 32,342 acres, and the remaining portion was authorized to be sold' for agri- cultural purposes by said company. The first railroad grant in Wisconsin was by act of congress, approved June 3, 1856, by the first section of which there was granted to the state, for the purpose of aiding in thecons.truction of a railroad from Madison or Columbus, by the way of Portage City, to the St. Croix river or lake, between townships twenty-five and thirty-one, and from thence to the west end of Lake: Superior and to Bayfield ; and from Fond du Lac, on Lake Winnebago, northerly to the state line,, every alternate section of land designated by odd numbers, for six sections in width on each side: of said roads, respectively; the land to be applied exclusively in the construction of said roads,, and to no other purpose whatever, and subject to the disposal of the legislature, and the same shall remain public highways for the use of the government, free from toll and other charges upon the transportation of property or troops of the United States, with other conditions- as to the disposal of said lands. The grant was accepted by the legislature by an act approved October 8, 1856, and on the nth of the same month an act was approved granting a portion of the lands to the La Crosse & Mississippi railroad company, who were to carry out all the requirements of the original grant. A supplementary act was approved the same session, October 13, incorporating the Wisconsin & Superior railroad, which company was required to commence the construction of their road on. or before January i, 1857, and to complete the same to Oshkosh before August i, 1858. Qf this- land grant John W. Cary says: "That portion of the grant given to aid in the construction oC a railroad northerly to the state line was conferred on the Wisconsin & Superior railroad company. This company was organized in the interest of the Chicago, St. Paul & Fond du Lac railroad company, and that part of the grant was transferred to it. The road was, in 1859, extended to- Oshkosh, and thence to Menasha, and finally to Green Bay. In the panic of 1857, the company failed to meet its obligations, but was afterward enabled to go on, and continued in possession until June 2, 1S59, when its road was sold on the foreclosures of the mortgages given thereon ; and on the sixth of the same month the present Chicago & Northwestern railroad company was- organized under the statute, by purchasers at said sale, and took possession." .\ large portion of the original grant was given for the construction of a road from Madison or Columbus to the St. Croix river, as before stated. The La Crosse company, during the years 1857 and 1858, completed its main line to La Crosse; the Watertown line, from Watertown to Columbus, and partially graded the line from Madison to Portage City. Neither it nor its suc- cessors ever received any part of the lands of the land grant. In 1856 and 1S57, the La Crosse & Milwaukee railroad graded most of the line from Madi- son to Portage. After the failure of the company, this line was abandoned, and so remained', until 1870, when a new company was organized, under the name of the Madison & Portage City- railroad company. In 1S73, an act was passed chartering the Tomah & Lake St. Croix railroad. company, and repealing and annulling that portion of the land grant which bestowed the lands- from Tomah to Lake St. Croix upon the La Crosse company, and bestowing the same upon the- company chartered by this act. Tl'.is road is known as the West Wisconsin railroad. .\n act of congress was approved May 5, 1864, granting lands to aid in the constructiom oi certain roads in the state. This was a re-enactment of the law of 1856, and divided the gran: in three sections, one of which was for a road from a point on the St. Croix river or lake, between 230 IIISTOKY OF WISCONSIN. townships twenty-five and thirty-one, to the west end of Lake Superior, and from some point on the line of said road, to be selected by the state, to Bayfield — every alternate section designated by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of said road, with an indemnity extending twenty miles on each side, was granted, under certain regulations ; another, for aiding in building a road from Tomah to the St. Croix river, between townships twenty-five and thirty-one — every iilternate section by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of the road ; another for aiding and constructing a railroad from Portage City, Berlin, Doty's Island, or Fond du Lac, as the legislature may determine, in a northwestern direction, to Bayfield, on Lake Superior, and a grant of every alternate section designated by odd numbers, for ten sections in width on each side of said road, was donated. The legislature of 1865 failed to agree upon a disposition of the grant. The succeeding legislature conferred the grant partly upon the " Winnebago & Lake Superior Railroad Company," and partly upon the " Portage & Superior Railroad Company," the former April 6, 1866, and the latter April 9, 1S66. The two companies were consolidated, under the name of the "Portage, Winnebago & Superior Railroad," by act of the legislature, March 6, 1869, and by act of legis- lature approved February 4, 187 1, the name was changed to the "Wisconsin Central Railroad." HEALTH OF WISCONSIN. By JOSEPH HOBBINS, M.D. An article on state health, necessarily embracing the etiology, or causes of disease, involves the discussion of the geographical position of the state; its area, physical features; its elevations, depressions; water supply; drainage; its mean level above the sea; its geology; climatology; the nationality of its people ; their occupations, habits, food, education ; and, indeed, of all the physical, moral and mental influences which affect the public health. Geographical Position. The geographical position of Wisconsin, considered in relation to health, conveys an imme- diate and favorable impression, which is at once confirmed by a reference to the statistical atlas of the United States. On its north it is bounded by Lake Superior, Minnesota, and the northern peninsula of Michigan; on the south by Illinois; on the east by Lake Michigan, and on the west by the Mississippi. It lies between 42° 30' and 46° 55' N. latitude, and between 87° and 92° 50' W. long.; is 285 miles long from north to south, and 255 in breadth from east to west, giving it an area of some 53,924 square miles, or 34,511,360 acres. Its natural surface divisions, or proportions, are 16 per cent, of prairie, 50 of timber, 19 of openings, 15 of marsh, mineral undefined. North of 45° the surface is nearly covered with vast forests of pine. The proportion of the state cultivated is nearly one-sixth. Physical Features. Among these, its lacustrine character is most conspicuous, so much so that it may not inaptly be called the state of a thousand lakes, its smaller ones being almost universal and innumerable. I HEALTH OF AVLSCOXSIX. 231 It has an almost artificially perfect arrangement of its larger rivers, both for supply and drainage, is rolling in its surface, having several dividing ridges or water sheds, and varies from 600 to 1,600 feet above the level of the sea. Blue Mounds being 1,729 feet above sea level. Its pine and thickly wooded lands are being rapidly denuded, and to some extent converted to agricultural purposes ; its marshes in the north are being reclaimed for cranberry cultivation, and in the more thickly settled parts of the state for hay purposes. The surface of the state is beautifully diver- sified with stream, waterfall and rapids; richly wooded bluffs several hundred feet in height, assuming the most romantic and pleasing forms, and composed of sandstone, magnesian limestone, granite, trap, etc. The health and summer resorts of Wisconsin are illustrative of its beauty, and its numerous mineral springs have long since formed an important feature of its character for salubrity. Geology. , The geology of Wisconsin does not require from us but a very general notice, as it is only from its relation to disease that we have to consider it. This relation is in a measure apparent in the fact that everywhere the topographical features are governed by the strata below them. The relationship will be seen still further in the chemical or sanitary influence of the geological structures. Through the greater part of the south half of the state limestone is found, the clift" prevailing in the mineral region, and the blue in the other parts; while in the north part of the state the primitive rocks, granite, slate, and sandstone prevail. South of the Wisconsin river sandstone in layers of limestone, forming the most picturesque bluffs, abounds. While west of Lake Michigan extends up to these rocks the limestone formation, being rich in timber or prairie land. Sandstone is found underneath the blue limestone. The general dip of the stratified rocks of the state is toward the south, about S feet to the mile. Medical geology treats of geology so far only as it affects health. Thus, some diluvial soils and sands are known to be productive of malarial fevers ; others, of a clayey character, retaining water, are productive of cold damp, and give rise to pulmonary and inflammatory diseases ; while others still, being very porous, are promotive of a dry and equable atmosphere. In the Potsdam rocks arise our purest waters and best supply, while our magnesian limestone rocks (a good quality of this kind of rock being composed of nearly equal parts of carbonate of lime and carbonate of magnesia) affect the water to the e.xtent of producing simple diarrhoea in those unaccustomed to drinking it, as is observed in southern visitors, and was especially noticeable in the rebel prisoners at Camp Randall, though singularly enough do not seem to produce stone and gravel, as is alleged of the same kind of water in the north of England. Why this is so — if so — is a question «f some interest. Goitre and cretinism are both attributed to the use of the same magnesian limestone water. Goitre is by no means an uncommon affection here, but not common enough, perhaps, to warrant us in thinking its special cause is in the water. Boiling the water is a preventive of all injurious effects. There is still another objection — partic- ularly applicable to cities — to this kind of water, the carbonates of lime and magnesia which it contains, not simply making it hard, but giving it the power to promote the decomposition of organic matters, and thus where the soil is sandy or porous, endangering the purity of our well- water. Geology in general affects all our soils and their products; all our drainage; even our architecture, the material with which we build. Our building stone for half of the state is a magnesian limestone, a rather soft or poor quality of which will absorb one-third of its bulk of water, or two and a half gallons to the cubic foot, while most kinds of sandstone are nearly as porous as loose sand, and in some of them the penetrability for air and water is the same. (A single brick of poor quality will absorb a pint of water). Such materials used in the construction 232 HISTOKV OF WISCONSIN. 'Of our dwellings, without precautionary measures, give rise to rheumatism, other grave diseases, and loss of strength. Besides, this character of stone absorbs readily all kinds of liquid and gaseous impurities, and though hardening in dry air, decays soon when exposed to underground moisture. The material of which our roads are made, as well as the kind of fuel we use in our liomes, have the same unquestionable relationship to geology and disease. Drainagk. The natural drainage of the state, bearing in mind that the mean elevation of its hydro- graphical axis is about i,ooo feet above the sea level, is as excellent as it is obvious. (A line running from Lake Michigan across the state to the Mississippi, shows an elevation of about 500 feet). North its drainage is by a few rapid but insignificant streams into Lake Superior, while east it increases greatly and enters Lake Michigan by way of Green bay. The principal part of the supply and drainage, however, is from the extreme north to the southwest through the center of the state, by five large rivers, which empty themselves into the Mississippi at almost equal distances from each other. Climatology. The climatology of Wisconsin will be exhibited in the observations taken at different times, for longer or shorter periods, and at different points of the state. But it must be borne in mind that climate depends quite as much and very frequently more upon the physical surroundings, upon the presence of large bodies of water, like our lakes, upon large forests, like our pineries, ■like our heavy hard-woods, and of land elevations and depressions, upon isothermal lines, etc., as it does upon latitude. Our historic period is of a character too brief for us to assume to speak of our climate, or of all the changing causes which influence it — in a positive manner, our horticultural writers, to make the difficulty still greater, affirming that it hz.'i several climates within itself; still, sufficient data have been gathered from sufficiently reliable sources to enable us to .form a tolerably accurate idea of the subject. The great modifiers of our climate are our lakes. These, bounding as they do, the one, Lake Superior (600 feet above the level of the sea. 420 miles long and 160 broad), on the north side of the state, and the other. Lake Michigan (578 feet above the sea level, 320 miles long and 84 broad), on the east side of the state, serve to govern the range of the thermometer and the mean temperature of the seasons, as much as they are governed in New England by the ocean. Our climate is consequently very much like that of the New England sea-board. They both •exhibit the same extremes and great extremes, have the same broadly marked continental features .at some seasons, and decided tropical features at others. It is of special interest in this con- jiection to know that the climate between the eastern coast and the lakes increases in rigor as one advances west until the lakes are reached, and again becomes still more rigorous as one advances into the interior west of the lakes, thus affording proof, if proof were wanting, of the jTiodifying and agreeable influences of large bodies of water During the winter the mean temperature of the east on the New England coast is 8.38 higher than the west (beyond the lakes) ; during the spring 3.53 lower ; during the summer 6.99 lower; .and during the autumn 1.54 higher. In the mean temperature for the year there is but a fractional difference. That the winters are less rigorous and the summers more temperate on the Great Lakes is demonstrated to be owing not to elevation, but, as on the ocean, to the equal- jzing agency of an expanse of w-ater. On the lakes the annual ratio of fair days is 117, and on the New England coast 215; the HEALTH OF WISCOXSIX. 233 V'loudy days are as 127 to 73; the rainy as 63 to 46 and the snowy as 45 to 29 In the former the prevailing weather is cloudy, and in the latter it is fair. The immense forests on the upper lake shores of course exercise a considerable influence in the modification of our temperature, as Well as in the adding to our rain-fall and cloudy days. A climate of this character, with its attendant rains, gives us that with which we are so abundantly supplied, great variety of food, l)Oth for man and beast, the choicest kinds of fruits and vegetables m the greatest profusion, and of the best quality, streams alive with fish, woods and prairies with game, the noblest trees, the most exquisite flowers, and the best breeds of domestic animals the world can boast of. The semi-tropical character of our summer, and its resemblance to that of New England, is shown by the mean temperature —70" — for three months at Salem, Massachusetts, at Albany, Mew York, at southern Wisconsin, Fort Snelling and Fort Benton on the Upper Missouri, being the same; while at Baltimore, Cincinnati and St. Louis, it is 75", and around the gulf of Mexico It is So"^. Another feature of our climate is worthy the notice of invalids and of those who make the thermometer their guide for comfo:t. It is a well-ascertained fact that during the colder seasons the lake country is not only relatively, but positively, warmer than places far south of it. The thermometer, during the severe cold of January, 1856, did not fall so low at the coldest, by 10° to 15° at Lake Superior as at Chicago at the same time. This remark holds true of the changes of all periods of duration, even if continued over a month. The mean temperature at Fort Howard, Green Bay, Wisconsin, 600 feet above the level of the Atlantic, latitude 44" 40', longitude 87^, observations for nine years, is 44.93 ; and at Fort Crawford, Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin, 580 feet above the level of the .\tlantic, latitude 43° 3', longitude 90" 53', observa- tions for four years, is 45.65, giving a just idea of our mean temperature for the state. Under the head of distribution of heat in winter, it is found that the maximum winter range at Fort Winnebago, AVisconsin, for sixteen years, is 9.4. Hyetai. or R.\iN Char.\cter. Wisconsin is situated within what is termed the area of constant precipitation, neither affected by a rainy season, nor by a partial dry season. The annual quantity of rain on an average for three years at Fort Crawford, was 29.54 inches, and at Fort Howard the mean annual on an ■average of four years, was 38.83 inches. The annual quantity of rain, on an average of three years was 31.88 inches at Fort Winnebago, situate (opposite the portage between the Fox and Wisconsin rivers) 80 miles west of Lake Michigan and 112 miles southwest of Green Bay. The rain-fall is less in the lake district than in the valley of the Mississippi in the same latitudes. One of the peculiarities of our winters is the almost periodical rain-fall of a few days in the middle of the winter (usually in the middle of January), which extends to the Atlantic coast, while north and northwest of us the dry cold continues without a break, winter being uniform and severe, characterized by aridity and steady low temperature. Another peculiarity of our climate Is, the number of snowy and rainy days is increased disproportionately to the actual quantity — the large bodies of water on the boundaries of the state, contrary to the popular opinion, reduc- ing the annual quantity of rain in their immediate vicinity instead of adding to it, the heavier precipitation being carried further away. One of the most pleasing features of our climate is its frequent succession of showers in summer, tempering as it does our semi-tropical heat, increasing the fertility of the soil, and carpeting our prairies with a green as grateful to the eye as that of England. The hygrometric condition of Wisconsin may be judged of with jiroximate accuracy by that given of Poultney, Iowa : 234 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN Day. Temperature of Air. Temperature of Evaporat'n Humidity, per cent. Day. Temperature of Air. Temperature of Evaporat'n Humidity, per cent. loth II 92° 87 92 96 93 78° 75 77 Si 78 51 55 48 I9h 20 21. ._ 29 30 94° 97 96 81 84 Si° 81 80 72 71 55 48 47 63 50 12 13 14 - 50 44 The average depth of snow for three years, at Beloit, Wisconsin, was twenty-five inches, while at Oxford county, Maine, the average for twelve years was ninety inches. The isohyetal lines of the mean precipitation of rain and melted snow, for the year 1872, show that of Wiscon^ sin to be thirtv-two. Isotherms. The mean tempLrature of spring is represented by the isotherm of 45° F. which enters Wis- consin from the west about forty miles south of Hudson, passing in a nearly southeast direction, and crosses the south line of the state near the west line of Walworth county. It then passes nearly around the head of Lake Michigan, then northeast until it reaches the latitude of Milwaukee, whence it passes in a somewhat irregular course east through Ontario, New York, and Massa- chusetts, entering the ocean in the vicinity of Boston. The summer mean isotherm of 70° F. enters Wisconsin from the west but little farther north than the spring isotherm, and passes through the state nearly parallel with the course of that line, crossing the southern boundary near the east line of Walworth county ; passing through Chicago it goes in a direction a little south of east, and enters the Atlantic at New Haven. The mean isotherm of 47'' F. for autumn, enters the state about twenty miles north of Prairie du Chien, passing in a direction a little north of east through Portage, and enters Lake Michigan near Manitowoc. The isotherm of 20" F. representing the mean temperature of winter, enters the state near Prairie du Chien, passes east and north and enters Lake Michigan at Sturgeon bay. The annual mean temperature is repre- sented by the isotherm of 45° F. which enters the state near Prairie du Chien, passes across the state in a direction a little south of east, and enters Lake Michigan a little south of Milwaukee. What influence these isotherms have upon our belts f)f disease there are no data to show. But from their influence upon vegetable life, one can not but infer a similar good influence on the animal economy. This is a question for the future. Barometrical. Yearly mean of barometer at 32^ F. as observed 1,088 feet above the sea : l86g _. 28.932 inches. 1870 28.867 " 1871 28.986 " 1872 28. 898 at the University nf Wisconsin, altitude 1S73 28.892 inches. 1874 28.867 " 1875 _ 28.750 " 1876 ...28.920 Atmospheric pressure, as indicated by the barometer, is an important element in the causation of disease, far more so than is generally thought. The barometer indicates not only the coming of the storm, but that state of the atmosphere which gives rise to health at one time, and to disease at another. When the barometer is high, both the body and mind have a feeling of elasticity, of vigor and activity, and when the barometer ranges low, the feelings of both are just the reverse ; and both of these states, commonly attributed to temperature, are mostly the result of change in the barometric pressure. Many inflammations, as of the lungs, etc., commonly HEALTH OF AVISCONSHiT. 23S attributed to chanL;;e in the temperature, have their origin in barometrir.il vicissitudes. Winds. Generally speaking, the atmospheric movement is from the west. It is of little purpose what the surface wind may be, as this does not affect the fact of the corisiaftcy of the westerly 'winds in the middle latitudes. The showers and cumulus clouds of the summer always have this movement. The belt of westerly winds is the belt of constant and equally distributed rains, the feature of our winds upon which so much of our health and comfort depends. Climatological Changks from Settlini.; thk Si-.^vte. There are many theories afloat concerning the effects of reclaiming the soil and the destruc- tion of its forests. To us, a new people and a new state, the question is one of great moment, the more so that it is still in our power not only to watch the effects of such changes, but still more so to control them in a measure for our good. As to the effects upon animal and vegetable life, it would appear that so far as relates to the clearing away of forests, the whole change of conditions is limited to the surface, and dependent for the most part on the retention and slow- evaporation in the forest, in contrast with the rapid drainage and evaporation in the open space. The springs, diminishing in number and volume in our more settled parts of the state, do not indicate a lessening rain-fall. It is a well ascertained fact that in other places so denuded, which have been allowed to cover themselves again with forests, the springs reappear, and the streams are as full as before such denudation. With us, happily, while the destruction of forests is going on in various parts of the state, their second groivth is also going on, both in the pineries, where new varieties of hard-wood take the place of the pine, and in the more cultivated parts of the state, cultivation forbidding, as it does, the practice so much in vogue some years ago, of running fires through the undergrowth. Thus, though the renewal of forests may not be keeping pace with their destruction, it would seem clear that as time advances, the springs and streams in the more cultivated sections of the state will fill and flow again, increasing in proportion as the second growth increases and expands. The change, however, from denudation, though strictly limited to liie surface, affects the surface in other ways than simply in the retention and evaporation of rain. When the winter winds are blowing, the want of the sheltering protection of belts of trees is bitterly felt, both by man and beast. And so, too, in the almost tropical heats of the summer ; both languish and suffer from the want of shade. Nor is the effect of denudation less sensibly felt by vegetable life. The growing of our more delicate fruits, like the peach, the plum, the pear, the better varieties of the cherry and gooseberry, with the beautiful half-hardy flowering shrubs, all of which flourished so well in a number of our older counties some twenty years ago, are as a rule no longer to be found in those localities, having died out, as is believed, from exposure to the cold winds, to the south west winds in particular, and for want ot the protecting influence of the woods. In fruits, how ever, we have this compensation, that, while the more tender varieties have been disapijearing, the hardier and equally good varieties, especially of apples, have been increasing, while the L;rape (than which nothing speaks better for climatology), of which we grow some 150 varieties, the strawberry, the raspberry, blackberry and currant, etc., hold their ground. Nor are the cattle suffering as much as formerly, or as much as is jjerhaps popularly believed, from this want of forests or tree shelter. With the better breeds which our farmers have been able of late years to purchase, with better blood and better food, and better care, our stock instead of dwindling in condition, or in number, from the effect of cold, has progressed in (piality and quantity, and competes with the best in the Chicago and the New York markets. S36 HISTORY OF WISC'OXSIX. There can, however, be no doubt that the planting of groves and belts of trees in exposed localities, would be serviceable in many ways ; in tempering the air and imparting to it an agreeable moisture in the summer ; in modifying the severity of the cold in winter ; in moderating the extreme changes to which our climate is subject; and thus in a measure preventing those ■discomforts and diseases which occur from sudden changes of temperature. Besides, these plantings, when made between our homes or villages and malarial marshes soutlnvesi of us, serve '(by the aid of our prevailing southwest winds) to break up, to send over and above and beyond IIS the malarial substratum of air to which we are otherwise injuriously exposed. The effects of reclaiming the soil, or "breaking " as it is called in the west, have, years ago, when the state first began to be settled, been disastrous to health and to life. The moist sod being turned over in hot weather, and left to undergo through the summer a putrifying fomen- tative process, gave rise to the worst kind of malarial, typhoid (bilious) and dysenteric disease. Not, however, that the virulence or mortality altogether depended upon the soil emanations. These were imdoubtedly aggravated by the absolute poverty of the early settlers, who were wanting in everything, in jjropcr homes, proper food and proper medical attendance, medicines and nursing. These fevers have swept the state years ago, jiarticularly in the autumns of 1844 and 1845, but are now only observed from time to time in limited localities, following in the autumn the summer's "breaking." But it is pleasing to be able to add that through the advancing prosperity of the state, the greater abundance of the necessaries and comforts of life, and the facilities for obtaining medical care, the diseases incident to " settling " are much less common and much less fatal than formerly. Rel.\ti()Ns of Climatology 10 S.^niiarv Status. One of the principal reasons for gathering climatological observations, is to obtain sanitary information, which serves to show us where man may live with the greatest safety to his health. Every country, we might perhaps correctly say every state, has, if not its peculiar diseases, at least its peculiar type of diseases. And by nothing is either this type or variety of disease so much influenced as by climate. Hence the great importance of the study of climatology to health and disease, nay, even to the kind of medicine and to the regulating of the dose to be given. It is, however, best to caution the reader that these meteorological observations are not •always made at points where they would most accurately show the salubrity of a geographical district, by reason of the fact that the positions were chosen not for this special purpose, but for purely military purposes. We allude to the forts of Wisconsin, from which our statistics for the most part come. Another caution it is also well to bear in mind in looking over the class of diseases reported at these stations in connection with their observations. The diseases are those of the military of the period, a class from which no very favorable health reports could be expected, considering their habits, exposure, and the influences incidental to frontier life. The geography of disease and climate is of special interest to the public, and a knowledge especially necessary to the state authorities, as it is only by such a knowledge that state legis- lation can possibly restrain or root out the endemic diseases of the state. In connection with the gathering of vital statistics must go the collection of meteorological and topographical statistics, as without these two latter the former is comparatively useless for sanitary purposes. More particularly does this apply to the malarial diseases of the state. Acclimation is very rarely discussed or even alluded to by our people in relation to Wisconsin, for the reason that, come from whatever part of Europe men may, or from the eastern states, acclimation is acquired for the most part unconsciously, rarely attended by any malarial affection, Unless by exposure in such low, moist localities, where even the natives of the state could not iTKAT/nr ov AVTsroxsix. 23' live with impunity. It seems to be well enough established that where malaria exists, whether in London, New York, or Wisconsin ; where the causes of malarial disease are permanent, the cfTects are permanent, and that there is no positive acclimation to malaria. Hence it should follow that since life and malaria are irreconcilable, we should root out the enemy, as we readily can by drainage and cultivation, or, where drainage is impossible, by the planting of those shrubs or trees which are found to thrive best, and thereby prove the best evaporators in such localities. Our climate, approximating as it does the 4Sth degree (being equi-distant from the equator and pole), would a priori \^e a common ground of compromise and safety, and from this geographical position is not liable to objections existing either north or south of us. Influence ok Nationalitiis. Our population is of such a confessedly heterogeneous character that naturally enough it suggests the question : Has this intermingling of different nationalities sensibly affected our health conditions .' Certainly not, so far as intermarriages between the nations of the Caucasian race are concerned. This opinion is given first upon the fact that our classes of diseases have neither changed nor increased in their intensity by reason of such admixture, so far as can be learned by the statistics or the history of disease in the northwest. Imported cases of disease are of course excepted. Second, because all that we can gather from statistics and history concern- ing such intermingling of blood goes to prove that it is beneficial in every respect, physically, mentally and morally. England, of all nations, is said to be the best illustration of the good attending an intermingling of the blood of different nations, for the reason that the English character is supposed to be, comparatively speaking, good, and that of all countries she has been perhaps more frequently invaded, and to a greater or less part settled by foreign peoples than any other. From a residence of nearly a quarter of a century in the center of Wisconsin, and from an adequate knowledge of its people, whose nationalities are so various and whose intermarriages are so common, it is at least presumable that we should have heard of or noted any peculiar or injurious results, had any such occurred. None such, however, have been observed. Some fears have been expressed concerning the influence of Celtic blood upon the American temperament, already too nervous, as is alleged. It is scarcely necessary to say that these fears are unsupported by figures or facts. Reasoning from analogy, it would seem safe to affirm that the general inter- mingling by intermarriage now going on in our population, confined to the Caucasian nationali- ties, will tend to preserve the good old Anglo-Saxon character, rather than to create any new char- acter for our people. If this view needed support or confirmation, it is to be found in some very interesting truths in relation to it. Mr. Edwin Seguin, in his work on Idiocy, lays special stress on the influences of races in regard to idiocy and other infirmities, like deafness. He says that the crossing of races, which contributed to the elimination of some vices of the blood (as may be the case in the United States, where there are proportionally less deaf and dumb than in Europe), produces a favorable effect on the health of the population, and cites as an example, Belgium, which has fewer deaf and dumb than any country in Europe, owing to the influence of the crossing of races in past ages from the crowds of northern tribes passing, mingling and partly settling there on the way to England. We are aware that it has been predicted that our future will give us a new (j/f, distinct from all other peoples, and that with this type must come not only new diseases but modifications or aggravations of the present diseases, in particular, consumption and insanity. But so long as we are in a formative state as a nation, and that this state seems likely to continue so long as ■the country has lands to be occupied and there are people in Europe to occupy them, such spec- ulations can be but of little value. 238 HISTOKY OF AVISCOXSIN. Occupations, Food, Education, etc., as affecting Public Health. The two chief factors of the social and sanitary well-being of a people are a proper educa- tion of the man and a proper cultivation of the soil. Our two principal occupations in Wisconsin are education and agriculture, the learners in the schools being in excess of the laborers on the soil. A happier combination could scarcely be desired, to form an intelligent and a healthy people. How this will affect our habits in the future it is easy to conceive, but for the present it may be said (of so many different nationalities are we composed), that we have no habits which serve to distinguish us from the people of other northwestern states. A well-fed and a well-taught people, no matter how mi.xed its origin, must sooner or later become homogeneous and a maker of customs. In the mean time we can only speak of our habits as those of a people in general having an abundance of food, though it is to be wished the workers ate more beef and mutton, and less salt-pork, and that whisky was less plentiful in the land. The clothing is sufficient, fuel is cheap, and the dwellings comfortable. Upon the whole, the habits of the people are conducive to health. It is thought unnecessary to refer to the influence upon health in general of other occupations, for the reason that manufacturers, traders and transporters are for the most part localized, and perhaps not sufficiently numerous to exercise any marked influence on the state health. History of Disease. In searching for historical data of disease in Wisconsin, w-e are able to go back to tne year 1766, commencing with the aborigines. The Indians, says Carver, in his chapter on their diseases, in general are healthy and subject to few diseases. Consumption from fatigue and exposure he notices, but adds that the disorder to which they are most subject is pleurisy. They are like- wise afflicted with dropsy and paralytic complaints. It is to be presumed that while Carver is speaking generally, he means his remarks to apply, perhaps, more particularly to those Indians with whom he lived so long, the Sioux of this state. That they were subject to fevers is gathered from the use of their remedies for fever, the " fever bush " being an ancient Indian remedy, and equally valued by the inhabitants of the interior parts of the colonies. Besides this, they had their remedies for complaints of the bowels, and for all inflammatory complaints. These notices sufficiently indicate the class of diseases which have certainly followed in the wake of the Indi- ans, and are still occurring to his white brother, making it plain enough that lung diseases, bowel complaints, and fevers are in fact native to the state. The fact must not be ignored that the Indian is subject to the same diseases as the human race in general. After Carver, we may quote Major Long's expedition in 1824. The principal disease of the Sacs appears to be a mortification of the intestinal canal, more common among men than women, the disease proving fatal in four days if not relieved. It is unaccompanied with pain, and is neither hernia, dysentery, nor hemorrhoids. Intermittents were prevalent, and the small-pox visited them at different periods. As the Chippewas have a common Algonquin origin with the Sacs, and as their home and customs were the same, it may be expected that their diseases were simi- lar. The principal disease to which the Chippewas are liable is consumption of the lungs, generally affecting them between the ages of 30 and 40; they linger along for a year or two, but always fall victims to it. Many of them die of a bowel complaint which prevails every year. This disease does not partake, however, of the nature of dysentery. They are frequently affected with sore eyes. Blindness is not common. Many of them become deaf at an early age. Referring to the report of the commissioner of Indian affairs for 1854, we find that the decrease in the number of the Menomonees is accounted for by the ravages of small-pox, in 1838, HKAI/I'ir OF WISCOXSIN. 239 t)f the cholera, in 1847 (which latter was superinduced by misery and starvation), and by the fever, which from time to time, commonly in the winter, has been raging among them, being clearly the consequence of want of provisions and other necessaries. The report for 1850 says, there has been considerable sickness among the Winnebagoes for several months past; dysentery has been the prevalent disease, confined mostly to children. For 1857 : the Winnebagoes have suffered considerably from chronic diseases, scrofula and consumption. For 1859: the chief malady among the Winnebagoes is phthisis pulmonalis and its analogous diseases, having its source in hereditary origin. Some of the malignant diseases are occasionally met with among them, and intermittent and remittent fevers. In 1863: of the Menomonees, there is a large mortality list of the tribes under my charge. Measles and some of the more common eruptive diseases are the causes. But the most common and most fatal disease which affects the Indians at this agency is pneumonia, generally of an acute character. There is but little tubercular disease to be found in any of these tribes, Menomonees, Stockbridges, Oneidas, etc. In the report for 1865, one can not but notice with some regret the absence of all allusion, except to small-pox, to the diseases of the Indians. Regret, because reliable information of such diseases serves a variety of valuable purposes, for comparison, confirmation, etc., of those of the white population. For these reasons, if for none other, it is to be hoped that the attention of the proper authorities will be called to this feature of such reports. The first reliable report on the diseases of the people (as distinguished from the Indians) of Wisconsin to which we have had access, is Lawson's Army Report of Registered Diseases, for 10 years, commencing 1829, and ending 1S38 (ten years before the admission of Wisconsin into the Union as a state). FORT HOW.-\RI), CRF.EN BAY. Intermittent fever _-. 30 This abstract exhibits the second quar- Remittent do -_ 11 ' ters only, the mean strength being Synochal do - 4 : 1,702. Typhus do i Diseases of respiratory organs loi All other diseases 114, excepting vene- Diseasesof digestive organs 184 1 real diseases, abcesses, wounds, ul- Diseases of brain and nervous system 9 cers, injuries, and ebriety cases. Dropsies - i Rheumatic affections 61 Under the class of diseases of the respiratory organs, are comprised 384 catarrh, 6 pneu- monia, 60 pleuritis, and 28 phthisis pulmonalis; under the class of digestive organs, 376 diar- rhoea and dysentery, 184 colic and cholera, and 10 hepatitis; under the class of diseases of the brain and nervous system, 15 epilepsy, etc. The deaths from all causes, according to the post returns, are 25, being i J,^ per cent, per annum. The annual rate of intermittent cases is 6, and that of remittent is 3, per 100 of mean strengtli. Table of Ratio ok Sickness at Fort Howard. Seasons. MEAN STRENGTH. ''™''^'' 1 TREATED. RATE PER 1,000 OF MEAN STRENGTH TREATED QUARTERLY. 10 first quarters. - 1.764 715 1,702 726 1,526 1,073 1.^0*1 6^6 405 425 Q third " ., 703 10 fourth " 399 Annual rate . 1.647 3.150 I.913 240 HISTOKY OF "WISCOXSIX Every man has consequently, on an average, been reported sick about once in every six- months, showing this region to be extraordinarily salubrious. The annual ratio of mortality, according to the medical reports, is ^ per cent.; and of the adjutant-general's returns, if\ per cent. FORT WINNEBAGO. Intermittent fever - 21 Remittent fever 10 Synoclial fever i Typhus fever — Diseases of the respiratory organs. 141 Diseases of digestive organs 90 Diseases of brain and nervous system,. 2 Rheumatic aftections 26 This abstract exhibits the fourth quarters only, the mean strength being 1,571. All other diseases, 80, with the exceptions as above. Under the class of diseases of the respiratory organs are comprised 448 catarrh, 11 pneu- monia, 29 pleuritis and 10 phthisis pulmonalis ; under the head of digestive organs, 193 diarrhoea and dysentery, 149 colic and cholera, and 17 hepatitis; under the class of brain and nervous system, i epilepsy. The total number of deaths, according to the post returns, is 20. Of these,. 3 are from phthisis pulmonalis, i pleuritis, 2 chronic hepatitis, i gastric enteritis, i splenitis, etc. T.ABLK OF RATIO OF SICKNESS AT FORT WINNEBAGO. Seasons. MEAN STRENGTH. NUMBER TRICATED. RATE PER 1,000 OF MEAN STRENGTH TREATED QUARTERLY. lo /irst quarters. ._ - 1.535 1.505 1.527 1.571 552 517 581 495 360 343 380 315 10 second " 10 third " 10 fourth " 1.534 2,145 1.398 Every man im an average is consequently reported sick once in eight months and a half. FORT CRAWFORD. Intermittent fever 262 Remittent fever 61 Synochal fever .. — - Typhus fever — Diseases of respiratory organs 177 Diseases of digestive organs 722 Diseases of brain and nervous system 16 Rheumatic affections 58 This abstract exhibits the third quarters only, the mean strength being 1,885. .•\11 other diseases, 309, with the same list of exceptions as above. Under the class of diseases of the respiratory organs are included 1,048 of catarrh, 28 pneu- monia, 75 pleuritis and 13 phthisis pulmonalis; under the head of digestive organs, 933 diarrhoea and dysentery, and 195 colic and cholera; under the head of brain and nervous diseases, 7 epilepsy, etc. The total of deaths, according to the post returns, is 94, the annual ratio being 2^ per cent. The causes of death are : 6 phthisis pulmonalis, 6 epidemic cholera, i common cholera, 4 remittent fever, 3 dysentery, etc. In the third quarter of 1830 there were 154 cases of" fever, while the same cjuarter of 1836, with a greater strengtli, affords but one case, the difference seeming to depend upon the temperature. HEALTH OF WISCOI^SIN. 241 The relative agency of the seasons in the jiroduction of disease in general is shown in the annexed taWe : TABLE KXHIBITING THE RATIO OF SICKNESS. Seasons. MEAN STRENGTH. NUMBER TREATED. RATIO PER 1,000 OF MEAN STRENGTH TREATED (JUARTERI.Y. 9 first quarters 1, 660 1.749 1,885 1,878 087 cnc 1,267 724 1,948 1,033 1.270 676 lo third " . lO fourth " _, 1,793 5.472 3.052 Consequently every man on an average has been reported sick once in nearly every four months. But high as this ratio of sickness is, at this fort, and, indeed, at the others, it is low considering the topographical surroundings of the posts. But besides these injurious topograph-, ical and other influences already alluded to, there were still other elements of mischief among the men at these stations, such as " bad bread and bad whisky," and salt meat, a dietary table giving rise, if not to " land-scurvy," as was the case at the posts lower down in the Mississippi valley (more fatal than either small-po.x or cholera), at least to its concomitant diseases. The reason for using these early data of the United States Army medical reports in pref- erence to later ones is, that even though the later ones may be somewhat more correct in certain particulars, the former serve to establish, as it were, a connecting link (though a long one) between the historical sketch of the diseases of the Indian and those of the white settler ; and again — these posts being no longer occupied — no further data are obtainable. To continue this historical account of the diseases of AV' isconsin, we must now nave recourse to the state institutions. The Institution for the Education of the Blind. 1 he first charitable institution established by the state was formally opened in 1850, at Janesville. The census of 1875 showed that there were 493 blind persons in the state, those of school age — that is — under 20 years of age, probably amounting to 125. The number of pupils in the institution that year, 82 ; the average for the past ten years being 68. If the healtli report of the institution is any indication of the salubrity of its location, then, indeed, is Janes- ville in this respect an enviable city. Its report for 1876 gives one death from consumption, and a number of cases of whooping-cough, all recovered. In 1875, ten cases of mild scarlet fever, recovered. One severe and two mild cases of typhoid fever, recovered. For 1873, no sick list. For 1872, the mumps went through the school. For 1871, health of the school reasonably good ; few cases of severe illness have occurred. The Institute for the Deaf and Dumb. This was organized in June, 1852, at Delavan. The whole number of deaf and dumb per- sons in the state, as shown by the census of 1875, was 720. The report for 1866 gives the number of pupils as 156. Little sickness, a few cases of sore throat, and slight bowel affections comprise nearly all the ailments; and the physician's report adds: "The sanitary reports of the institution from its earliest history to the present date has been a guarantee of the healthiness of the location. Having gone carefully over the most reliable tabulated statements of deaf-mutism, its parent.. 242 HISTOUr OF AVISCONSIN. age, its home, its causes, and its origin, we would most earnestly call the attention of the public to the fact that the chief cause comes under the head of congenital, 75 of the 150 pupils in this institution having this origin. Such a fearful proportion as this must of necessity have its origin in a cause or causes proportionately fearful. Nor, fortunately, is the causation a mystery, since most careful examination leaves not a shadow of doubt that consanguineous marriages are the sources of this great evil. Without occupying further space by illustrative tables and arguments, wc would simply direct the attention of our legislators and thoughtful men to tlie law of this dis- ease — which is, that the nuniber of deaf and dumb, imbeciles, and idiots is in direct keeping with the degree of consanguinity. With such a law and exhibit before us, would not a legislative inquiry into the subject, with the view of adopting preventive means, be a wise step? The evil is fear- ful ; the cause is plain; so, too, is the remedy." Indu5tri.\l School for Boys. This institution is situated on the banks of the Fox river, at Waukesha, and was organized in i860. The whole number of the inmates since it was opened in July, i860, to October 10, 1876, was 1,291. The whole number of inmates for 1876 was 415. Of these, since the period of opening up to date, October, 1876, 25 have died : 8, of typhoid fever; 1, of typhoid erysipelas ; I, of gastric fever; 3, of brain fever; i, nervous fever; 2, congestion of the lungs; 2, congestive chills; 5, of consumption; i of dropsy; and i of inflammatory rheumatism. The State Prison. This was located at Waupun in July, 1857. On September 30, 1876, there were 266 inmates. But one death from natural causes occurred during the year. The health of the prisoners has been unusually good, the prevalent affections attendant upon the seasons, of a mild and manageable character. State Hospital for the Insane. This institution, located near Madison, was opened for patients in July, i860. The total number of admissions since it was opened has been 1,227 males, 1,122 females, total 2,349. Over one half of these have been imprroed ; nearly one third recovered ; while less than one quarter have been discharged unimproved. Total number of deaths, 288. At the commencement of the year, October i, 1875, there were in the hospital 376 patients. In the report for the year ending September 30, 1876, we find the past year has been one of unusual health in the hospital. No serious epidemic has prevailed, although 20 deaths have been reported, 7 fatally ill before admis- sion, 4 worn-out cases, etc. Insanity, coming as it does, under this head of an article on State Health, is of the highest interest from a state point of view, not only because so much may be done to remedy it, but that still more can and ought to be done by the state to prevent it. Our insane amount to i in 700 of the whole population, the total number in hospitals, poor-houses and prisons being iri round numbers 1,400. It is a striking fact, calling for our earnest consideration, that the Germans, Irish and Scandinavians import a.nA transmit more insanity — three to.one — than the American-born population produce. The causes assigned for this disparity, are, as affecting importation, that those in whom there is an hereditary tendency to disease constitute the migratory class, for the reason that those who are sound and in the full possession of their powers are most apt to contend successfully in the struggle to live and maintain their position at home ; while those who are most unsound and unequal to life's contests are unable to migrate. In other words, the strongest will not leave, the weakest can not leave. By this, the character of the migratory is defined. As affects transmission, poverty is a most fruitful parent of insanity, so too is poor land. Says Dr. Boughton, superintendent of the Wisconsin State Hospital for the Insane: HEAI-Tir OF AVISCOXSIN 243 Wisconsin is characterized by a large poor class, especially in the northern part of the state, where peo[)le without means have settled on new and )JOorly paying farms, where their life is made up of hard work, exposure to a severe climate, bad and insufficient diet, cheerless homes, etc., etc. These causes are prolific in the production of insanity. It is easy, therefore, to trace the causes that give us so large a per cent, of insane in many of the counties of the state. Nor is it of less interest to know, as Dr. B. adds : We draw our patients from those families where phthisis pulmonalis, rheumatism and insanity prevail. Insanity and rheumatism are interchange- able in hereditary cases, so too are insanity and phithisis. What may be accomplished by intel- ligent efforts to stem the increase of insanity in our state ? Much. Early treatment is one means, this is of course curative in its character. .\nd its necessity and advantage are well illustrated in table No. lo of the annual report of Dr. Boughton, for 1876, where it is seen that 45.33 of males, and 44.59 of the females who had been sent to the State Hospital having been insane but three months before admission, were cured, the proportion of cures becoming less in proportion to the longer duration of insanity before admission. As a preventive means, the dissemination of the kind of knowledge that shows indisputably that insanity is largely hereditary, and conse- quently that intermarriage with families so tainted should on the one hand be avoided by the citizen, and on the other hand, perhaps, prevented by the state, (congress at the same time restraining or preventing as far as possible persons so tainted from settling in this country.) By the state, inasmuch as the great burthen of caring for the insane falls upon the state. Still other preventive means are found in the improved cultivation of our lands and in our improved education ; in fact, in whatever lessens the trials of the poor and lifts them out of ignorance and pauperism. It is only by culture, says Hufeland, that man acquires perfection, morally, mentally and physically. His whole organization is so ordered that he may either become nothing or anything, hyperciilture and the n'ant oi cultivation being alike destructive. The Northern Hospital for the Insane. This hospital was opened at Oshkosh, May, 1873. The total number under treatment September 30, 1876 was — males 246, females 257, total 503. No ailment of an epidemic charac- ter has affected the health of the household, which has been generally good. The report of Dr. Kempster is full of suggestive matter for the legislator and sociologist. City of Milwaukee. Still adhering to the plan, in writing the sanitary history of the state, of gathering up all the health statistics which properly belong to us, we now take up those of Milwaukee, tlie only city in Wisconsin, so far as we know, that has kept up a system of statistics of its diseases. The city is built on each side of the mouth of Milwaukee river, on the west shore of Lake Michi- gan in lat. 43° 3' 45" N., long. 87° 57' W., and is considered remarkable for its healthy climate. The board of health has furnished us with its report for 1870 and downward. The character of its mortality from June 19, 1869, to March 31, 1870, is thus summarized: In children under five years of age, 758 out of 1,249 deaths, consumption, 93; convulsions, 128; cholera infantum, 59; diarrhoea, 128; scarlet fever, 132; typhoid fever, 52; inflammation of the lungs, 41 ; still- bom, 79. This disproportionate number of still-born children is attributed in part to a laxity of morals. The deaths from consumption in Milwaukee are •]% out of every 100, one third less out of a like number of deaths than in San Francisco, in which city, in 4,000 deaths, 441 died of con- sumption, being 11 out of every 100 deaths for the year ending July, 1869. The deaths for 1870 numbered 1,655, '^"^ population being at the last census report, 71,636. 244 HISTOHV OV WISCONSIN. Table of Principal Causes. Consumption _ _ 143 Inflammation of lungs __ 56 Convulsions 259 Diarrhoea 131 Diptheria 74 Scarlet fever 52 The Milwaukee population being about 72,000, the death rate per annum for every 1,000 inhabitants would be 21, after proper deductions of deaths from other causes than from disease, showing Typhoid fever _ _. 49 very favorably as compared with other Oldage - 28 cities. Still-born 123 | Glasgow has 39 to every 1,000; Liverpool, 36; London, 25 ; New Orleans, 54; New York, 32 ; San Francisco, 24; Milwaukee, 21. Among seventeen of the principal cities of the Union, Milwaukee ranks the ninth in rate of mortality. An impression has prevailed that Milwaukee is subject to a large and disproportionate amount of lung and allied diseases. Statistics disprove this, its deaths from consumption being only 6 percent., while those of Chicago are 7.75 ; of St. Louis, 9.68; of Cincinnati, 11.95; '''"^ of Boston, 19.31. But few cases of malarial disease occur in Milwaukee, and fewer cases of intestinal fever than in the interior of the state. The mortality among children is explained by its occurring chiefly among the poor foreign-born population, where all that can incite and aggravate disease is always to be found. This, (the historical part of the health article), will doubtless call forth from the profession much additional and desirable matter, but excepting what will further appear under the head of Madison it is proper to say that we have exhausted the sources of information on the subject within our reach. Health Resorts. Next in order would seem to come some notice of the summer and health resorts of Wiscon- sin, which, significant of the salubrity of the state, are not only becoming more numerous, but also more frequented from year to year. Madison, the capital of the state, with a population of 11,000, is built on an isthmus between two considerable lakes, from 70 to 125 feet above their level; 80 miles west of Milwaukee, in latitude 43° 5' north, and longitude 89° 20' west, in the northern temperate region. * The lake basins, and also the neck of land between them, have a linear arrangement, trending northeast and southwest. The same linear topography characterises the whole adjacent country and the boun- dary lines of its various geological formations, this striking feature being due to the former move- ment of glacier ice over the face of the country. At two points, one mile apart, the Capitol and University hills, respectively 348 and 370 feet above the level of Lake Michigan, rise prominently above the rest of the isthmus. Both of these hills are heaps of drift material from 100 to 126 feet thickness, according to the record of the artesian well. The neck of land on which Madison stands is of the same material. The same boring discloses to us the underlying rock structure, pene- trating 614 feet of friable quartzose sandstone belonging to the Potsdam series, io}4 feet of red shale belonging to the same series, and 2091^ feet of crystalline rocks belonging to the Archaean. In the country immediately around Madison, the altitude is generally considerably greater, and the higher grounds are occupied by various strata, nearly horizontal, of sandstone and limestone. The Potsdam sandstone rises about 30 feet above the level of Lake Mendota, on its northern shore, where at McBride's Point it may be seen overlaid by the next and hitherto unrecognized layer, one of more or less impure, dark-colored, magnesian limestone, to which the name of Men- dota is assigned, and which furnishes a good building stone. The descent of these strata is about lIKAI/rir OF AVI.SCOXSIX. 245 9 feet to the mile in a due southerly direction. Overlying the Mendota beds are again sandstone layers, the uppermost portions of which are occasionally charged with lo to 20 per cent, of calca- reous and dolomitic matter, and then furnish a cream-colored building stone of considerable- value. Most of this stratum which has been designated as the j^/(7(//^(?« sandstone, is, however, quite non-calcareous, being either a ferruginous brown stone, or a quite pure, white, nearly loose sand. In the latter phase it is of value for the manufacture of glass. In a number of quarries, cuttings and exposed places around the city, the Madison beds are seen to be overlaid by a gray- ish, magnesian limestone, the lower magnesian, varying very considerably in its character, but largely composed of a flinty-textured, heavy-bedded, quite pure dolomite, which is burnt into a. good quality of lime. Its thickness exceeds 80 feet. Madison, with the conveniences and com- forts of a capital city, from its easy access by railroads, from not only in itself being beautiful,, but from its beautiful surroundings, from its good society, charming climate, and artesian mineral water, is naturally a great summer resort. Though there are no vital statistics of the city to refer to, a residence of nearly a quarter of a century has made us sufficiently acquainted with its sanitary history, which is more or less the sanitary history of this part of the state, and in a measure of the state itself. In 1844 and 1845, it was visited by an epidemic malarial fever of a bilious type, and not unfrequently fatal, which passed very generally through the state, and was attributed to the turning up of the soil. It was. most virulent in the autumns. Again in 1854 it was visited by a light choleraic epidemic, which also swept the state, assuming very generally a particularly mild type. Again in 1057 it suffered lightly from the epidemic dysentery, which passed through the state. In 1865, it suffered from a visitation of diptheria, the disease prevailing generally over the state at that time. It has also had two visitations of the epidemic grip {g>'ippe), or influenza. The last invasion, some five years since, commencing in a manner perhaps worthy of noting, by first affecting the horses very generally, and again, by beginning on the east side of the city, while the other epidemics for the past twenty-five years (unless the choleraic visitation was an exception) came in on the south- west side of the city, as has been the case, so far as we have been able to observe with the light epidemics to which children are subject. But little typhoid fever is found here, and the aguish fevers when they occur are light and easy of control. There is but little diarrhoea or dysen- tery. Pneumonia and its allied affections are more common, so is rheumatism, and so neuralgia. Inflammatory croup, however, is very rare, sporadic diptheria seeming to be taking its place. All tlie ordinary eruptive fevers of children are and always have been of a jjeculiarly mild type. Prairie du Chien, situated immediately at the junction of the Wisconsin with the Mississippi, •s built about 70 feet above low water, and 642 feet above the level of the sea. The cliffs on both sides of the river present on their summits the lower strata of the blue Silurian limestone of Cincinnati, beneath which are found sandstone and magnesian limestone down to the water's edge. We give this notice of Prairie du Chien for the purpose of bringing to the knowledge of the public that it possesses one of the most superb artesian wells in the state, which is attracting many persons by its remedial mineral properties. Green Bay sanitarily may be considered as sufficiently indicated under the head of Fort Howard. It is, however, proper to add that from its geographical position and beautiful situa- tion at the head of the bay, its easy access both by railroad and steamboat, its pl'easant days and cool summer nights, it has naturally become quite a popular summer resort, particularly for southern people. Racine, some 25 miles south by east by rail from Milwaukee and 62 by rail from Chicago, is built upon the banks and some 40 feet above the level of the lake. Its soil is a sandy loam and 246 HISTORY OF WISCOKSIK gravel, consequently it has a dry, healthy surface, and is much frequented in the summer for its coolness and salubrity. Waukesha, i8 miles went of Milwaukee by railroad, is a healthy, pleasant place of resort at all times on account of its mineral water, so well known and so highly appreciated throughout the country. Oconomowoc, 32 miles by railroad west by north of Milwaukee, is a healthy and de- lightfully located resort for the summer. Its many lakes and drives form its chief attractions, and though its accommodations were considered ample, during the past summer they were found totally inadequate to meet the demands of its numerous visitors. The Dalles, at Kilbourn City, by rail 16 miles from Portage, is unsurpassed in the northwest for the novelty, romantic character, and striking beauty of its rock and river scenery. It is high and dry; has pure water and fine air, and every-day boat and drive views enough to fill up a month pleasantly. Lake Geneva, 70 miles by rail from Chicago, is built on the north side of the lake, is justly celebrated for its beauty, and its reputation as a summer resort is growing. Green Lake, six miles west of Ripon, and 8g northwest from Milwaukee, is some 15 miles long and three broad, surrounded by beautiful groves and prairies; and is claimed to be one of the healthiest little places on the continent. Devil's Lake is 36 miles by rail north of Madison. Of all the romantic little spots in Wis- consin, and they are innumerable, there is none more romantic or worthy of a summer visitor's admiration than this. It is, though shut in from the rude world by bluffs 500 feet high, a very favorite resort, and should be especially so for those who seek quiet, and rest, and health. Sparta, 246 miles by rail from Chicago, is pleasantly and healthily situated, and its artesian mineral water strongly impregnated with carbonate of iron, having, it is said, over 14 grains in solution to the imperial gallon, an unusually large proportion, attracts its annual summer crowd. Sheboygan, 62 miles by rail north of Milwaukee, from its handsome position on a bluff over- looking the lake, and from the beauty of its surroundings as well as from the character of its mineral waters, is an attractive summer resort. Elkhart Lake, 57 miles by rail north of Milwaukee, is rapidly acquiring a good narfie from those seeking health or pleasure. Change in Diseases. In order to ascertain whether the classes of diseases in the state at the date of Carver's travels are the same which prevail to-day, we have compared his description of them with those tabulated in the army medical reports of Forts Howard, Crawford and Winnebago, and again with those given in the LI. S. Census for 1870, and with the medical statistics of the city of Milwaukee. The three distinct and prominent classes prevailing from Carver's to the present time, are, in the order of prevalence, diseases of the respiratory organs, consumption, pneumonia, bronchitis, etc.; diseases of the digestive organs, enteritis, dysentery, diarrhoea, etc.; and the malarial fevers. At Fort Howard alone do the diseases of the digestive organs seem to have outnumbered those of the respiratory organs. So far as it is possible to gather from the reports of the commissioners of Indian affairs, these features of the relative prevalence of the three classes of disease are -not disturbed. There are, however, some disturbing or qualifying agencies operating and affecting the amount or distribution of these classes in different areas or belts. For instance, there are two HEAI/ril OF WISCOXSIN. 247 irregular areas in the state; the one extending from the Mississippi east and north, and the other starting almost as low down as Madison, and running up as far as Green Bay, which are more subject to malarial diseases than are the other parts of the state. While it is found that those parts of the state least subject to diseases of the digestive organs are, a belt along the western shore of Lake Michigan, and a belt running from near Prairie du Chien north into the pineries. Again, it is found that the part of the state most subjec' to enteric, cerebro-spinal and typhus fevers, is quite a narrow belt running north from the southern border line into the center of the state, or about two-thirds of the distance toward the pineries. All along the western shore of Lake Michigan, and stretching across the country by way of Fond du Lac to the Mississippi, is a belt much less subject to these disorders. It is equally beyond question that the western shore of Lake Michigan, and the southern shore of Lake Superior, as well as the western half of the southern boundary line of the pineries, are less affected with consumption than the interior parts of the state. The tendency of these diseases is certainly to amelioration. The sanitary history of \\'iscon- sin does not differ from that of any other state east of us, in this striking particular; the farther you trace back the history of disease, the worse its type is found to be. It follows, then, that the improvement in public health must progress with the general improvement of the state, as has been the case with the eastern states, and that the consequent amelioration of our malarial diseases especially will tend to mitigate infectious diseases. The ameliorating influences, how- ever, that sanitary science has brought to bear upon disease, of which England is so happy an illustration, has scarcely as yet begun to be known to us. But the time has come at last when this science is moving l)oth the hearts and minds of thinking and humane men in the state, and its voice has been heard in our legislative halls, evoking a law by which we are, as a people, to be governed, as by any other enactment. The organization of a state board of health is a new era in our humanity. In this board is invested all legal power over the state health. To it is com- mitted all the sanitary responsibility of the state, and the greatest good to the people at large must follow the efforts it is making. There are many other points of sanitary interest to which it is desirable to call the attention of those interested in Wisconsin. It is a popular truth that a dry climate, all other things being equal, is a healthy climate. Our hygrometrical records show Wisconsin to have one of the driest climates in the LTnited States. Choleraic diseases rarely prevail unless in a comparatively stagnant state of the atmosphere, where they are most fatal, ^^'here high winds prevail such diseases are rare. The winds in Wisconsin, while proverbially high and frequent (carrying away and dissipating malarial emanations), are not destructive to life or property, as is the case, by their violence, in some of the adjoining states. .\ moist, warm atmosphere is always provocative of disease. Such a state of atmosphere is rare with us, and still more rarely continuous beyond a day or two. Moist air is the medium of malarial poisoning, holding as it does in solution gases and poisonous exhalations. Its character is readily illustrated by the peculiar smell of some marsh lands on autumnal evenings. Such a state of moisture is seen only in our lowest shut-in marshes (where there is but little or no air-current), and then only for a very limited period, in very hot weather. But too much importance is attached by the public to a simply dry atmosphere for respira- tory diseases. The same mistake is made with regard to the good effects in such disorders of simply high elevations. Dry air ii^ itself or a high elevation in itself, or both combined, are not necessarily favorable to health, or curative of disease. In the light and rare atmosphere of Pike's Pi.'ak, an elevation of 6,000 feet, the pulse is accelerated, the amount of sleep is dimin- ished, and the human machine is put under a high-pressure rate of living, conducive only to its 248 HISTOllY OF AVTSCONSIN. injury. The average rate of the pulse in healthy visitors is from 115 to 120 per minute (the normal rate, in moderate elevations, being about 75). And where there is any organic affection of the heart, or tendency to bleeding from the lungs, it is just this very dry atmosphere and high elevation that make these irincdies {?) destructive. Hence it is that Wisconsin, for the generality ■of lung diseases, especially when accompanied with hemorrhage, or with heart disease, is prefer- able to Colorado. It may be objected, that the diseases of the respiratory organs are in excess of other diseases in Wisconsin. This feature, however, is not confined to the cold belt of our temperate latitudes — our proportion of respiratory diseases, be it noted, comparing most favor- ably with that of other states, as may be seen in the following table : Clim.\tologic.a.l Distribution of Pulmo.varv Diseases. Deaths by Phthisis. Per cent, of entire -Mortality. Deaths by all diseases of Res- piratory Organs. Massacliusetts, 1S50, U. S. Census Ohio, 1849-50, U. S. Census Michigan, 1S50, U. S. Census Illinois, 1849-50. U. S. Census Wisconsin, 1S49-50, U. S. Census 3,426 17.65 2,558 8.83 657 14-55 866 7.36 2go 9.99 4.4IS 3.9S8 1.084 i>799 535 Per cent, of entire Mortality. 22.27 13-77 24.00 15.00 18.43 "Now, while the mortuary statistics of the United States census for 1850 are acknowledged to be imperfect, they are, nevertheless, undoubtedly correct as to the causes of mortality. But besides this statistical evidence of the climatological causes of disease, there are certain relative general, if not special, truths which serve to guide us in our estimate. Respiratory diseases of all kinds increase in proportion as the temperature decreases, the humidity of the air being the same. Another equally certain element in the production of this class of diseases is variableness of climate. Still, this feature of our climate is only an element in causation, and affects us, as •we shall see in the table below, very little as compared with other states. Indeed, it is still disputed whether there is not more consumption in tropical climates than in temperate climates. This much is admitted, however, that consumption is rare in the arctic regions. Dr. Terry says the annual ratio of pulmonary diseases is lower in the northern than in the southern regions of the United States, and Dr. Drake, an equally eminent authority, recommends those suffering from or threatened with pulmonary affections, to retreat to the colder districts of the country, citing among others localities near Lake Superior — a recommendation which our e.xperience of nearly half a century endorses. Proportion of Pneumonia to Consumption in the Different States. STATES. CONS. PNEUM. STATES. CONS. PNEUM. Massachusetts Ohio ._ 3.424 2,558 866 549 S95 647 North Carolina Kentucky __ 562 1,288 290 664 429 194 Illinois Wisconsin When we compare the general death-rate of Wisconsin with that of the other states of the Union, we find that it compares most favorably with that of Vermont, the healthiest of the New England states. The United States census of 1850, i860 and 1870, gives Wisconsin 94 deaths to 10,000 of the population, while it gives Vermont loi to every 10,000 of her inhabitants. The STATISTICS OF AVISCONSIX. 249 census of 1870 shows that the death-rate from consumption in Minnesota, Iowa, California and Wis- consin are alike. These four states show the lowest death-rate among the states from consumption, the mortality being 13 to 14 per cent, of the whole death-rate. Climatologically considered, then, there is not a more healthy state in the Union than the state of Wisconsin. But for health purposes something more is requisite than climate. Climate and soil must be equally good. Men should shun the soil, no matter how rich it be, if the climate is inimical to health, and rather choose the climate that is salubrious, even if the soil is not so rich. In Wisconsin, generally speaking, the soil and climate are equally conducive to health, •and alike good for agricultural purposes. STATISTICS OF WISCONSIN. 1875. ADAMS COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns, cities and White. Colored » VILLAGES. ffl* s In < Adams 200 77 244 164 261 117 204 240 163 444 74 126 121 199 189 501 127 198 71 281 153 200 100 193 fs? 403 62 118 li? 182 433 115 "2" ■4' 398 Big Flats 154 465 317 461 217 Lincoln... Monroe New Chester 397 469 300 847 136 244 Richfteld 820 330 SprinRVlIle Stronc's Prairie .... 371 934 242 Total 3.451 3,045 2 4 6,502 ASHLAND COUNTY. Aehland 268 141 180 141 448 282 409 321 730 BAYFIELD COUNTY. Bayfleia. 538 493 1 BARRON COUNTY. 1.032 I'OPULA'l'ION. Towns. Cxties and ■Willi.-. Colored V Villages. rt rt 343 459 364 326 214 122 240 285 397 319 2ie 162 84 106 628 856 683 542 396 206 Dallas 486 2.068 1,669 3,737 BROWN COUNTY. Aswabanon Allouez Bellevue Depere Depere village Eaton roit Howard city Glenmore Green Bay city Green Bay Holland Howard Hurabolt Lawrence Morrison New Denmark Pittsfield Preble Rockland Scott Snaraico West Depere village., Wrightstown Total 18,376 210 143 371 410 943 291 ,889 591 .966 .581 784 687 519 499 765 616 384 838 434 774 477 982 .222 175 136 337 358 956 208 1.721 482 4,017 542 705 579 467 408 633 529 335 792 372 696 452 941 1,068 16,899 53 I 45 385 279 711 768 1,911 499 3,610 1.073 8.037 1,123 1,489 1,266 986 909 1,398 1,145 719 1,642 806 1,470 929 1,923 2.295 35,373 250 HISTORY or WISCONSIN". BURNETT COUNTY. POPULATIOK. TowNP, Cities and White. Colored x 6 1 1 433 231 87 379 191 82 11 6 13 4 827 434 195 Wood Lake. . . Total 751 ti52 38 25 1.456 BUFFALO COUNTY. 296 34 307 138 376 369 293 277 413 339 275 215 402 341 717 899 552 465 500 254 293 279 137 336 321 282 227 373 309 240 212 383 306 671 664 601 421 494 2 ... 3 550 637 Buffalo Buffalo City 586 'Ah Cross 690 574 504 785 648 515 427 785 647 1,388 1,563 1,053 Alma villnge Fountain City village 886 994 Total 7,617 6.702 2 3 14,219 CALUMET COUNTY. Brothertown . Brtlllon Chilton , Charleston n.. Harrison New Holstein Rantoul Stoclcliridge... Woodville Total.... 864 809 13 7 666 507 1,061 1,000 16 16 668 592 3 4 1.008 875 1 1,016 949 837 753 910 865 161 156 690 639 7,720 6,989 193 183 CL.AKK COUNTY. Beaver Colby Eaton Fremont Grant Hewet UixoQ Loyal Lynn Levis Mentor Mayville Pine Valley Perkins Sherman ... Unity Warner Weston Washburn . York Total.. 106 91 303 210 183 142 57 47 353 310 58 43 205 123 262 237 84 71 151 113 347 307 137 123 789 736 36 37 132 120 133 107 186 121 226 153 70 68 171 135 3,988 3,294 1,692 1,173 2,093 1,267 1,884 1,965 1,590 2,092 1,329 15,085 197 513 325 104 663 101 338 499 155 264 654 260 1,535 73 253 239 307 379 138 306 7,282 CHIPPEWA COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns, Cities AND Villages. White. Colored 6 a £ 3 CD < 361 488 654 3.286 339 1.360 1,046 346 442 8,312 269 430 606 1,755 288 1.074 638 252 368 "»' '3' "4' .... 630 908 1,260 5,050 CMiipDewa Falls city Slgel 598 810 5.670 6 7 13,993 COLUMBIA COUNTY, Arlington Caledonia Columbustown Columbus city CourtlanU Dekorra Koii Winnebago I'oinit.iiii I'rairie HitMipdi-n Leeds Lewistou Lodi Lowville Miircellou Newport Otsego Pacinn Portage city Randolph Scott Spring Vale West Point Wyocena Westw. Vil. of Randolph Total 512 497 639 584 481 400 913 991 663 647 662 618 376 351 749 712 615 497 596 506 1 641 505 705 743 449 437 444 409 4 1 853 863 3 H 759 737 130 119 3,164 3,161 7 f) 630 556 409 374 423 347 486 442 580 540 33 34 14,710 14,069 15 9 1,009 1,223 881 1.90a 1,309 1,280 737 1,461 i.oia 1,103 1,046 1,448 888 858 1,721 1,496 249 4,337 1,188 783 770 938 1,120 67 28,803 CRAWFORD COUNTY, 177 851 755 798 313 498 394 411 429 404 184 485 704 773 583 186 765 688 766 258 404 336 352 535 434 209 468 687 697 511 "4 "2 12 "3' ■'3" '5' 11 363 1,616 1,443 1.564 571 902 Prairie du Chieu town Prairie ilu Chien city— 720 763 964 Ttiird ward 826 Fourth ward -.. Scott 398 963 1.391 1,470 1,094 Utira Total 7,759 7,376 18 15,035 DOUGLAS COUNTY. Superior , 386 741 STATISTICS OF AVISCONSIN. 251 DOOB COUNTY. I>AKE COUNTY. POPt'LATIOX. Towns. Citiks and Wliite. Colored ^ a; 09 bo 1 Bailey's Harbor. 210 359 344 244 420 208 377 166 394 226 268 290 331 286 220 186 316 879 210 383 206 325 107 278 193 211 269 801 214 181 396 676 623 454 ForestviUe 802 414 703 273 672 418 Sevastopi) 479 649 Sturgeon Bay village 632 530 401 Total 4,343 3.677 8,020 DUNN COUNTY. Colfax Dunn 178 578 577 261 490 239 1,959 130 130 349 337 156 379 638 271 400 128 212 170 458 490 231 463 190 1,467 124 115 313 203 146 308 548 229 263 117 188 1.036 1.067 492 "5' r r "2" "2' 954 429 3.433 Red Cellar 662 531 302 687 1.176 603 663 Titfanv 245 400 7,394 6.021 7 5 13 427 DODGE COUNTY. Ashlppun Beaver Dam town Heaver Dam city Burnett Calamus Chester Cly man Elba Emmet Fo X Lak e tow n Fox Lake village Herman Hubbarii HoricoTi village Hustisford thineau village Lebanon Le Koy Lomiva Lowell May vllte village Oak Grove Portland Kubicon KanUuIph village, £. ward Shields "... Theresa Trenton Westford Willlamstown Wateriown citv. 5 * G wMs Waupnu village, 1st ward. . Total 742 700 794 707 1,656 1,795 4 667 634 593 519 451 403 694 636 701 701 1 1 724 632 1 471 381 451 508 25 1 985 911 m 1,143 1,097 691 599 1 907 841 156 154 833 804 832 759 3 1.014 929 a 1.318 1,245 632 537 1.006 951 1 668 653 956 912 149 168 1 559 80H 1.072 1,026 956 806 586 658 1 615 618 1.435 1,520 628 441 1 ....| 24.785 23.541 35 33 1 1.442 1,501 3,455 1,091 1,113 854 1,330 1.403 1,366 853 1,012 1.896 2.240 1.190 1,748 310 1.637 1.597 1,943 2.663 1.069 1,958 1,321 1,868 318 1.065 2,098 1.762 1,145 1,233 2.955 1.070 48,394 POPULATION. Towns. Cities and Villages. While. Colored s es C (4 s? < Albion 679 592 451 555 559 579 575 853 580 703 597 493 677 586 576 419 4.858 813 726 866 540 655 530 470 569 592 728 585 615 283 547 646 562 813 639 518 582 643 446 474 531 558 646 740 549 727 571 413 675 587 575 361 5.174 818 691 860 638 704 444 448 C87 659 604 495 664 622 457 306 479 491 555 808 558 484 1.261 1.135 897 1,030 1,090 1,137 1,121 1,893 1.130 1.430 1,168 906 1,253 1,173 1.051 788 Berry Black Earth "1" r T ■4" 41 3 2' 1 i 1 ■3 1 4 20 1 "i' 1 T Blue Mounds Bristol IJurke Christiana Cottage (Jrove Cross Plains Fiti'liburg Maili^MiiciLv 1.635 1.417 1.718 1,079 1.359 974 919 1.057 1 151 Middleton Rutland 1.057 1.018 1,392 1,207 97"' 589 1,026 1.039 1.118 1.621 1.191 1.003 Windsor York Total 26,894 25.814 60 30 52.798 PON DU LAC COUNTY'. 1.064 877 735 685 723 763 527 840 768 793 682 1.109 1.156 1.085 1,374 594 739 655 726 780 918 1,086 748 684 630 611 872 777 642 783 666 498 938 799 686 661 649 713 490 747 676 686 524 1,175 1,248 1.204 1.398 563 727 659 753 731 919 891 673 667 581 584 981 862 580 717 644 478 4 ■7' i' "1" 1 3 1 "s 28 33 1 1 2 "4" "3 "6' 11 2 3 1 27 3; 1 ■'4" T 1 5 2.006 1.676 \lto 1.411 1.346 1.372 Kdeu 1.476 1.029 1.587 FondrtuLac 1.445 1.479 1.107 Konddu Lac city— 2.300 2.409 2.395 Fonrtil ward 2.774 1.157 1.481 1,369 Eiglith ward 1.523 1.513 1.838 Mar.slifielrt 1)a>v Tield 1.952 I.43T 1.351 1.211 1,2U0 Ripen city— 1.854 1.647 1.222 1.500 1 r 1.311 Waupuu village. N. ward.. 979 25,149 24.604 98 80 50,241 •252 HISTORY OF "WISCONSIX. EAU CLAIRE COUNTY. POPULATIOIf. Towns. Cities and While. Colored — * E to < 549 461 419 4.646 231 158 701 496 360 93 337 393 507 383 387 3.777 179 163 563 463 343 390 327 13 1,056 8-J4 706 Eau Claiiecity 8.4 40 400 321" 1.254 959 in 617 720 &724 7,250 13 4 15.991 GREEN COUNTY. 476 565 585 669 695 759 348 450 867 .540 462 1,525 550 .530 639 446 477 520 437 585 554 750 654 761 350 433 847 486 441 1.693 558 445 597 530 913 1,150 1,138 1,428 1,349 i" 6' 2 l" 2 "s "i' 1.510 701 883 1,714 1,026 903 3.227 1,110 New Glarus 975 1,238 876 393 .... 496 1... 870 1,016 Total 11,102 10.900 i 14 1 11 22.027 GRANT COUNTY. 865 413 974 607 . 487 709 425 935 611 446 1.047 558 636 539 4.58 1.376 359 671 369 109 400 600 2.000 1.373 429 716 486 330 536 380 293 805 413 996 599 512 677 384 835 531 397 1.074 491 557 481 423 1..3.58 349 604 357 97 381 440 3.054 1.368 401 613 469 274 481 354 369 27 ■5" 2 "2' 20 "3' 1 1,717 Blue River. 8J6 1,978 1.206 ClifK.n Cassville EIler.lMMO 999 1.386 809 1.770 Glen Haven Hickdiv Crove 1,144 843 2.121 ,049 ,194 1,020 Liberty 1 6 882 Lancaster 2,743 708 "i' 2 16 1 ■'3'" 1 9 1,275 726 Millville 206 781 {■aris 940 Plattville 4,060 Potosi 2,644 Patcli Grove ■Buielser Waterloo 855 1.330 955 "Wattersrowii WineviUe 604 1,017 734 562 Total 30.037 18.944 65 40 39.086 GREEN LAIiE COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns. Cities ani> Wliite. Colored ViLLAriES. s B 1 i < Berlin Berlin eity 548 1,586 707 729 452 6.30 737 537 1.076 390 232 554 1,755 691 759 442 654 683 .521 1.015 336 225 i" 6 1 :::: ■ 1" "&' 1.102 3.341 1.399 1.500 Kingston Man eiiester 895 1.385 1.419 1.058 3,091 726 458 Total 7.632 7.642 9 6 15,274 IOWA COUNTY. 1,004 390 1.854 1.565 1.078 818 806 1.458 484 785 1.299 480 362 924 367 1.870 1.469 972 705 715 1,581 443 712 1,174 434 3S8 2 1 1,930 Ch White. Colored u S a; Is B z 1 117 135 397 390 309 553 556 274 259 178 548 1.001 558 267 748 419 510 774 7.993 119 115 343 322 249 519 510 240 224 160 569 864 573 248 690 377 460 719 7.301 r "l" 1 236 250 740 712 558 1.072 1,066 514 483 338 1,118 1,865 1,133 516 1,438 796 970 1,495 15,300 Kildaie Marion IVIitustoti village New Lisbon vill.ipe SeVfu MileCri-ek Summit KENOSHA COUNTY. 561 585 2.426 539 734 297 793 697 434 505 552 2.533 479 723 2.52 657 669 433 "i' 7 ■5" 5' "i' 7 ■5 '■5' 1,066 1,137 Bristol l!018 1,457 Pleasant Prairie 1,366 867 Wheatland 7.066 6.803 19 19 13,907 KEWAUNEE COUNTY. 687 532 706 742 747 1,337 497 623 917 718 632 506 706 657 726 1,233 440 534 780 685 1.319 1.038 1,412 1,399 1.473 2.570 937 1.157 1.697 1.403 Ahnapee viliaKe Carlton Casco Franklin Kewaunee town .& Tillage. Pierce RedRlver Total 7.506 6.899 1 14 jn^ LA CROSSE COUNTY. Barre 366 667 516 528 919 426 863 461 1.131 725 1.784 596 1.195 712 393 482 499 348 604 485 375 940 380 839 402 1.205 640 1,916 753 982 666 287 355 423 "2 2 "i' '1 1 714 Bangor 1,271 991 906 1,862 806 1,703 863 2,392 1,373 3.711 1,354 2,182 1,378 680 837 922 Farnilngton . .. Gleenlielil Hamilton Holland lA Crosse city- First ward .Second ward Third wanl .. 33 6 5 3 3 23 2 6 2 2 Fifth ward Onalaska town Onalaska village Shelby Washington Total 12.263 11.590 55 37 2.3.945 LA FAYETTE COUNTY. To\7NS. Cities and Villages. Avpyle UL-linont lieiiton Itlanchard Darlington Elk Grove Fayette Gratiot. Kendall Moiiticello New Digging.s Seymour Shuilsburg Wayne WliUe Oak Springs- Willow Springs Wiota. 583 660 886 273 1.330 610 602 866 468 238 922 522 1.253 554 231 555 935 Total 11.388 POPrLATION. Colored n! ''- " 1 571 591 1 795 256 1.341 2 4-.'3 595 855 420 231 1 883 416 1.287 1 527 215 509 866 1 10.781 2 4 1,154 1,251 1,681 529 2,671 933 1.197 1.721 888 469 1.M5 938 2.540 1,081 446 1,064 1,801 22,169 LINCOLN COUNTY. Jenny . 523 372 895 MARQUETTE COUNTY. Buffalo Crystal Lake. Douglas Harris Montello Mecan , MoundviUe Newton , Neskoro Oxford Packwaukee Shield Snriupfleld.. West field.... Total..., 362 370 1 384 381 330 338 260 271 459 425 356 362 219 179 331 338 277 253 274 268 343 326 343 307 163 146 338 304 4,490 4,207 1 ...., 732 714 719 531 884 708 398 669 530 542 669 650 309 642 8.697 MARATHON COUNTY. Bergen Berlin Brighton Hull KnowUou... Maine Marathon... Moslnee Stettin Texas U'ausau Wausau city Wein Weston Total... 109 50 585 539 359 223 373 298 136 129 414 351 232 235 307 238 479 430 159 119 439 385 1.560 1.260 no 114 263 215 ^ 5.524 4,586 1 159 1,124 582 671 264 765 467 545 909 278 824 2,820 224 479 10,111 254 HISTORY OF WISCOlSrSiy. MANITOWOC COUNTY, Towns, Cittes and Villages. POPULATION. Cato CentervUle Oooperstown Eaton Franklin (iibson Kossuth Liberty Manitowoc city Manitowoc town... Mishicott Meeme Manitowoc RapiUs. Maple Grove Newton Rockland Schleswig Two Rivers village Two Rivers town... Two Creeks Total 951 955 824 780 881 883 773 791 935 887 934 875 1.176 1.084 728 3.226 698 3.498 1 606 528 885 767 901 853 1.U60 1,014 779 644 1.057 1.016 594 549 1,005 953 1.019 932 858 857 343 313 19,535 18.921 1 1.906 1.604 1.714 1.564 1.822 1.809 2.260 1.480 5,784 1.234 1.652 1.764 8.074 1.423 2.073 1.143 1.958 1.951 1.715 656 38.456 »IIL,WAUKEE COUNTY. Milwaukee eity— 4.487 6.874 3.693 5.025 4.315 3.929 3.289 3.338 4.330 3.584 3.397 8.(126 1.758 945 1.343 2,416 1.232 1.155 2,876 1.812 5.101 6.617 3.483 5.491 3.978 3.995 3.774 3.336 2.328 3,577 3,250 1,988 1,694 878 1.299 1,815 1.199 1.051 2.370 1,755 1 "s 70 7 ■7" 3 "6 70 10 'a" 9,532 13,491 7,190 Second ward Fifth ward 8,310 7,984 7,072 6.668 8.658 7.161 6.647 4.014 3.452 1.823 2.646 4,833 2,431 8.206 5.246 3.567 .Sixth ward Seventh ward Eighth waixl Ninth ward Eleventh ward Twelfth ward "i' 1 1 Thirteenth ward Franklin Greenfield Granville Oak Creek Lake Milwaukee town Total 61.758 60,979 96 94 122.927 MONROE COUNTY. Adrian Augelo Byron Clifton Glendale ... GreenfleUl . Jefferson. La Fayette. La Grange.. Leon Little Falls. Lincoln New Lyme. Oak Dale... Portland... RidEevilie. Sheldon Sparta Tomah Wellington. Wilton Wells To'.-.l.. 373 308 .... 274 256 .... 193 138 408 381 706 591 387 328 507 459 234 206 422 896 33 35 404 338 333 277 2 i 462 381 81 74 370 323 6 11 478 408 630 516 400 342 1,814 1,923 6 7 1,154 1.077 460 397 575 612 335 294 11.000 9.925 47 54 681 530 331 789 1,297 715 966 440 886 742 613 843 155 710 886 1.146 742 3.750 2.231 857 1.087 629 OCONTO COUNTY. I'OPfLATIOX. Town?. CiTiKS Axi> Wliite. Colored a.' s Z 1 s so < Gillett 196 551 1.52 1.4J6 563 2.371 1.495 744 268 179 361 108 1.086 453 2.086 1,022 637 185 375 Maple Valley 3 1 2 2.537 1.017 4.4«7 2.520 Peslitigo 2 6 1 "3" Stiles Total 7.786 6,017 13.812 OUTAGAMIK COUNTY. 3,307 li^ 546 836 238 536 170 689 850 842 719 562 980 263 408 111 100 890 759 3.403 498 429 463 718 179 516 140 655 731 811 669 533 937 836 338 92 100 247 624 11 "4" "2' 9 s' "i ■7" 6.7.30 981 974 Bovina 1.009 1.559 417 Dale 1.058 310 Ellington 1 353 1.581 1.653 1.388 1,095 1,917 499 Liberty Maple Creek 746 New London, 3U ward 300 Seymour 1 1.384 Total 13.233 18..il3 88 20 25,558 OZAUKEE COUNTY. Cedarburg Belgium Fredonia Grafton Mequon Port Washington, Saukviile Total 1.376 1.043 992 910 1.617 1.497 1,081 1,268 1,009 924 844 1,522 1,481 979 1 1 — .... 8,516 8,029 1 1 PIEKCE COUNTY. Clifton Diamond Bluff Ellsworth El Paso , Gilman Hartland , Isabella Martell , Maiden Rock.. Oak Grove Prescott city River Falls Rock Elm Salem Spring Lake Trimbelle Trenton Union Total 388 384 307 250 645 554 1 287 248 380 343 628 542 124 101 556 614 544 480 484 415 535 544 29 ■J 4 963 934 111 » 430 369 167 141 403 327 513 454 4 2 897 252 326 853 7.977 7,045 44 35 2.644 2,058 1,916 1,756 8.139 2.978 8.060 16,545 718 557 1.800 535 783 1.170 285 1.070 1,084 899 1,132 1,916 799 308 730 973 549 579 15,101 STATISTICS OF WISCONSI^^. 255 POLK COUNTY. Towns, citiks and VlLLAUblS. POPULATION Colored Mileii mack Brook., lialsamLake. Kilreka (•"armington... Linroln Luck Lorain Laketowa Milltown •Osceola St Croix Falls Sterling Total 510 376 266 209 425 399 209 61 160 105 486 208 134 447 318 268 174 352 3J2 141 45 157 85 428 198 110 3.S4S 3,045 12 9 56 47 PORTAGE COUNTY. PEPIX COUNTY. Albany DuiaiRl Frankfort. Lima Pepin Stockholm Water ville W'aubeek.. Total. ROCK COUNTS. Avon Heloittowr. Ileloit city Bradford. Center Clinton Fulton Ilarniouy .Janesvilletown.. bo ce si io S •^ y tH < Addison Banou Erin Furmington fierniantowu Hartford ,lackson Kewasknm Polk Richfleld Sclileisiiiserville Trenton Wayne West Bend town West liend village.. 951 660 612 878 1.030 1,403 1,028 731 936 921 220 1.005 855 451 601 Total 12.282 857 689 571 8:i9 955 1.321 1,014 703 820 819 160 907 855 444 624 11,576 WAUKESHA COUNTY. WAUPACA COUNTY. 1.808 1.350 1.183 1.717 1.985 2.727 2.042 1,434 1.756 1.740 380 1,912 1,710 893 1,225 23,862 Brookfield Delarteld EaRle Genesee . ... 1,128 792 617 746 761 1,205 778 562 766 887 464 759 996 1.054 619 657 1.031 1.318 1.095 716 605 629 658 1,143 736 573 684 820 419 710 1,115 1,016 t 540 588 700 1,449 "i' 2,228 1,509 1,224 1,376 1,421 2,348 1.522 1,135 1,450 1,707 ■4 4 "4 5 893 1,474 2,121 2.080 1.159 1.247 4 21 16 1.735 2.807 Total 15.140 14,196 33 26 29.425 393 478 426 131 411 456 111 478 534 588 192 510 875 511 566 448 205 938 413 261 427 10.146 384 451 390 119 363 402 113 439 376 iai 532 182 426 801 495 512 397 184 1,036 388 «r.- 929 817 250 .... 774 858 223 817 764 771 Lind 1.037 T.lrtle Wolf ■4' 1,120 372 966 1,682 RoTMlton RrandlnaTla 1,006 1,078 845 389 1,976 782 Weyauwega 498 815 9.451 5 4 19,646 WAUSHARA COUNTY. POPULATION. Towns, Cities and White. Colored 'A 3) "a 1? < 537 692 137 256 122 223 443 309 300 331 459 47.i 193 180 384 245 322 347 473 666 147 244 114 256 399 279 369 277 397 437 185 186 319 226 325 361 4 6 1.020 1.358 284 500 BiootnReld Colouia Dakota Deertield 236 Hani'oek 479 842 588 5K9 Oasis 608 PlaintieUl Rose 378 Richford 366 647 708 5,953 5.560 4 6 11,523 WINNEBAGO COUNTY. Algoma Black Wolf 393 459 691 389 1,579 276 697 573 2.062 fill) 1.622 8,672 463 1,055 579 588 596 1,342 460 396 438 609 331 1,961 352 578 550 1,961 510 1,690 8,363 405 1,018 499 553 535 1,330 417 ■3' l' 31 "3' "4 ■'3' ■3" if "i' r 789 897 1.300 Menasha 720 3.170 534 Nekiiul 1.275 1.123 4.023 1.124 3.31a Oshkfjsh city 17,015 868 2,079 Utica 1.078 1.141 1.131 2,577 Wolf River, 877 Total 23,106 21,825 51 51 45,033 WOOO COUXTY. Aburndale Centralia city Dexter Grand Rapids city Grand Kapids Lincoln Port Edwards Riuiolpli Keniiu^ton Saratoga Sigel Seneca Wood Total 102 74 176 429 371 1 800 191 118 304 737 680 1 1.418 376 297 i I ^1~ 425 231 194 193 117 mo 255 317 472 79 73 152 159 144 303 231 201 1 433 183 165 849 125 104 229 3,291 2.750 6 1 6.048 258 HISTORY OF WISCONSIX. POPULATION BY COUNTIES. SUMMARY FROM .STATE AND FEDERAL CENSUS. Counties. 1840. 1850. 1855. 1860. 1865. 1870. 1875. 187 6,868 6.493 515 13 353 11.795 3.864 12 7.895 1.895 789 34.441 8.068 48.923 •42.818 2.948 812 3.704 3.162 34.154 31.189 19,808 12.663 18.967 4.170 30.438 8.770 13.900 5.530 12.186 18,134 5.698 256 "269 15,282 6,776 171 8,638 3,278 1,011 26,112 11,011 50,192 46,841 3.998 532 5,170 5,281 42.029 33.618 20.646 12.596 20.657 5.631 30.597 10,013 12.676 7.039 14.834 20.358 6.601 221 538 344 25.11)8 11,123 706 13,335 8,311 3,450 28,802 13,075 53.096 47.035 4,919 1.132 9,488 10,769 46.373 37.979 23,611 13,195 24,.544 7,687 34,050 12,396 13,177 10,281 30,395 33.667 6,502 750 3.107 6.315 6,699 832 35.373 Calumet 275 1.743 615 ■■■'9! 565 2.498 16,639 19.138 3.631 838 332 17965 3.323 37,714 34,540 739 385 1.T96 "24; 781 23.170 14.827 ■ 'is! 205 1.098 26.869 15.065 13 995 28;ioi 1.502 314 67 15 035 52,798 8 020 741 13 427 15,991 139 926 933 i4.51» 16.198 8,566 50,341 15 374 3.978 9,522 ■15:317 34 133 11.339 34,908 914 10,734 12.397 1.109 3.904 16.064 13 907 14 405 23 945 11,531 285 3,702 489 508 31,077 13.048 447 1.437 46.365 2.407 1.501 4.914 12.973 22,418 3,892 8,383 63,518 8,410 3,592 9,587 15,682 2,392 4,673 1,400 7,507 21,360 9.733 36.690 5.393 18,963 829 26.875 26.762 3.678 72:330 11.652 4,858 11,853 14,883 3,002 6,324 1,677 8,145 22,884 12,186 26,033 7.255 20,154 1,389 27,671 33,369 5,885 8,057 89.936 16.563 8,332 18,440 15,579 4,659 10,003 3,433 10,640 36,743 15.736 39,030 11,039 33,868 3,165 31,773 10 111 18 5.605 122.927 21.036 25. .5.58 16 545 5 816 1.T20 547 5.151 20.673 5,584 31,364 2,040 18.614 2.54 20.391 15 101 1.623 3.475 ■"'i',7oi 809 102 i,250 14,973 963 20,750 624 4,371 14 856 14,956 26 932 133 8,370 34,021 849 493 4.823 22.662 18.897 24,013 4.437 5.541 17,439 2.560 11.007 26,496 23,623 26.831 8,851 8.770 23,770 3.435 5,199 13.644 25,773 24.019 27.039 11.208 9.002 29.767 2.965 10.728 18,673 35,992 33.905 28,358 15.533 11.379 37.325 3,911 14 993 ■'iiitii 19,258 31 534 2.611 343 36 259 29 425 19 646 11 523 135 10,167 45 033 30.945 305.391 552,109 775.881 868..335 1,054.670 In a note to the territory of Indiana returns appears the following; ^ippi. had 65, and Green Bay 50 inhabitants. •On the 1st of August, 1800, Trairie du Chien, on the Missis- STATISTICS OF WISCOXSIK. 250 NATIVITY BY COUNTIES. CENSUS OF 1870. Adams -AshlanU 'Barron BayBeUl Brown Butfalo Burnetti Calumet Chippewa — Clark Columbia Crawford Dane Dodge Door Douglas Dunn Eau Claire... Fond du Lac. Grant Green Green Lake.. Iowa Jackson tiefferson ■Juneau Kenosha Kewaunee ... Lacrosse — La Fayette... Manitowoc. . Marathon .... Marquetto . .. Milwaukee... Monroe.. .... Oconto Outai^amie... Ozaukee Pepin Pierce Polk Portage Racine Richland Rock Sauk Shawano .... SlieltovRan... St. Croi-x Trempealeau Vernon Walworth.... WashinKton . Waukesha ... Waupac.a Waushara Winnchaeo .. Wood....:.... .351 174 246 288 ,728 .854 144 .661 .725 .751 .652 .612 .456 .708 .806 712 268 394 477 565 532 098 366 64 47 361 066 642 695 935 868 139 128 697 512 591 741 ,728 351 460 249 213 949 954 712 308 688 192 451 339 605 822 868 368 Oil 702 209 538 2,649 148 132 175 11,098 4,433 100 5,658 2.764 1,196 12,233 5,808 22.738 20,934 1,90.J 340 3-177 3,336 20.112 19,390 10,643 4.535 12.,562 2,966 15,407 5.359 .5,959 4.208 6,779 11,346 15,109 2.333 3.342 37.183 6.722 2.677 8.060 8,214 1.612 3,618 931 4,337 11,336 6,547 15,209 9,795 1.133 14.957 4,158 3,700 7,232 11,214 12,504 13,304 6,225 ,i-m FORKKJN BonX. a ■« 3' 3 p H a W " v: 3 fe 1,250 127 142 225 26 133 5 47 12 4 18 1 8 292 127 2 7 1 41 56 23 2 4 23 3 10,440 1,687 273 1,442 112 2,783 68 4,269 173 56 242 125 1,971 39 562 4 4 1 1 1 4.674 165 167 500 13 3,267 51 3,586 1,437 120 417 39 958 34 699 226 81 45 18 235 4 9,150 511 2,046 1,332 629 2,774 30 3,463 397 186 906 48 640 85 19,640 684 1,631 2.955 465 6,276 160 18,327 565 1,236 2.301 256 12.656 187 2.113 290 89 228 23 426 27 410 133 41 66 fi 60 4 3.220 437 147 227 51 17 3.375 767 242 487 54 835 34 14.796 1,754 1,291 2.572 317 7,372 125 9,414 386 2,531 1,281 189 3,585 88 5.079 272 ,598 942 50 892 39 4,097 290 597 412 62 2,634 8 9,178 346 3,897 1,239 86 1,447 21 1,923 291 151 137 92 250 29 12,293 369 934 1,067 182 8.445 41 3,011 336 395 1,104 81 518 11 4,081 138 650 813 100 2,082 39 5'J8S 159 47 313 16 1.611 22 8,602 580 570 488 109 2.831 52 6-724 186 2,281 2,345 111 729 17 16,496 518 223 1,133 52 9.885 98 2,746 216 49 103 26 2.289 19 2,928 151 252 537 198 1,661 1 42.233 884 1,973 4,604 502 29,019 288 4,038 356 510 641 87 1,601 38 3,7,30 1.645 111 422 38 797 23 6.689 796 171 792 85 3,262 61 6,836 110 48 475 18 4,422 92 1,308 208 91 118 300 27 2.498 31(1 102 422 34 449 16 1.173 19 46 102 19 172 27 3.421 40 217 369 99 1,228 39 10.791 271 1,878 1.039 289 3,859 83 1.777 168 222 431 46 481 25 8,818 755 1,382 2.870 490 1,142 78 6,552 386 765 946 108 3.433 65 1,478 111 27 24 5 1.096 4 12,557 323 303 943 38 8.497 119 3,584 816 150 1.202 56 294 6 4,393 209 185 286 141 776 22 5,040 184 189 306 87 661 30 ,5,150 391 921 1,729 148 1,173 81 10,051 97 no 882 35 8.213 134 9,906 332 2.065 1,593 397 4,385 37 4,628 508 260 517 60 1,243 39 2,577 264 508 307 42 816 11 12.070 1.55S 1,531 1,899 146 5,261 53 1,374 636 42 171 34 299 3 537 3 98 I 451 556 551 3 439 79 1,515 764 6,601 883 844 93 1,386 871 156 543 1,017 27 1.647 944 384 379 29 97 2,646 993 1,420 73 31 636 .573 .321 37 98 484 1,052 483 795 1,088 237 1,428 93 146 234 940 2,633 8,188 579 40 486 1,225 220 762 106 1C2 67 i68 34 1 34 402 195 167 43 2 7 547 4 343 12 309 3 11 2,011 489 2,360 3 1,524 40 1 11 703 124 6 41 281 1 296 54 8 26 31 941 35 1 67 46 216 97 16 2 44 39 193 118 1,247 1 31 6 144 11 80 27 271 21 158 3 1 447 43 3 54 80 7 76 8 5 67 11 50 601 12 99 8 16 85 40 79 96 65 3 300 23 947 4 "92 29 ■44 3 17 77 3 3 3 1 627 71 3 2 18 1 19 1 44 48 94 3 51 "4 864 25 79 785 34 Vi 1 5 49 4 6 34 8 1.682 38 6 3 15 58 43 2 1 23 371 80 3 49 H 131 37 82 3 51 21 93 18 12 15 3 15 55 71 44 55 3 38 130 2 60 56 18 ■'19 106 47 1,294 3 52 9 S3 8 71 9 39 28 2 278 557 369 723 51 260 HISTOKY OF WISCONSIN. VALUATION OF PROPERTY IN THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. ASSKSSED Valuation of Taxable Propekty for the YEAR 1876. COUNTIES. Value of per- sonal property. Value of real estate. Total. $ 179,771 42.668 146,374 21.705 442.287 438.501 32.419 373.94B 965,624 281.813 1.87.5.049 527.018 4.610,768 2.446.793 135.107 19.434 1.052.300 1.354.142 2,489,759 2.602.795 1.9B6.599 789.736 1.23.3.676 472.124 1.753.985 660.125 1.320.957 546.678 1,336.271 1,196.502 13 654 1.141,320 335,078 326,668 15,345.281 658.191 455.741 623.744 381.784 235.283 738.082 237.567 564.079 2.418.248 612.171 4,462.048 816.768 1.364.772 121,267 1,903,861 53.812 840.378 924.835 3.187.722 1.062.347 3,165,504 480.837 343.509 3.081.308 251.669 S 624.168 889.523 1,043,964 533,167 2.195.053 890,028 442.765 2.107.211 4,359.245 2,36.5.972 7,083.892 1.457.586 14.882,179 11.014.318 659.650 410.227 1.875,148 4.204.233 11,649.769 7.039.201 6.290.829 3.485.819 4,348.452 1.040.417 7.896.833 1,607.245 4,488.186 2.560,641 4.015.568 4.775.417 1.632..542 5.290,599 1.744.901 1.033.967 46.477.283 1,994.911 3.411.557 3.348.267 2.803.688 595,316 2.435.319 1,121.599 1.592.018 8.071,811 1.908.386 13,931.410 3.110.445 4,036.813 685.917 7.096.170 816,421 1,904.988 2.288,420 10,559.519 4.927.634 11.892.119 1.826.908 1.343.029 9.810.290 598920 S 803.939 932,189 1.190,338 554.872 2,637.340 1,328.529 475.184 2.481.157 5,324,869 2,637.785 8,958.941 1.984.629 19.492.947 13.461.111 .794.757 429.661 2.927,448 5,558.375 14.139.528 9.541.996 8.257.428 4.275.555 5.582.128 1.512.541 9.6.50,818 2.267.370 5,809.143 3,107.319 5.351,839 5.971.919 1.546.196 6.431.923 2,079.979 1.360.635 61.822,564 2.653,102 3,867,298 3.972.011 3,185.472 830.599 3.173,401 1,359.166 2.156.097 10.490.039 2,520,557 18.393.458 3.927.213 5,401. .585 807.184 9.0O0.O31 870.233 2.74.5.386 3.213.255 13.747.241 5.989.981 15.057.623 2.30?.745 1.686 638 12.891.598 850.589 .Ashland Barron Bayfleld Buffalo Burnett Calumet Chippewa Clark Coluinljla Crawford Door Douglas Dunn Kau Claire Fonddu Lac... lirant Green Lake Iowa Jackson Jefferson Kenosha Kewaunee LaCros.se La Fayette Lincoln Manitowoc Marathon Marquette Milwaukee Monroe Outagamie Ozaukee Pepin .. . Plaice Polk Portage Racine Richland St. Croix .Sauk Shewano .Sheboygan Taylor. Trempealeau.. Vernon Walworth Washington... Waukesha Waupaca Waushara Winnebago Wood Total $274,417,873 $351,780,354 Valuation ok Untaxed PnoPKRTY, from Assessors' Returns Foit 1875 and 1876. Co.. town, [School, col- city and lege and village academy property. | property. 6,147 2,340 "■fi!3d6 43.325 15.300 3.360 29,786 "7.266 45.800 ■■i7ii63 ■72.136 49.320 52.505 26,650 "15.286 600 12,600 "19! 300 10.750 31.000 28.210 15,700 5.680 1,318,506 5,368 "16; 400 5,280 26 13,950 ■■&od6 22.700 525 28.000 11.400 9.000 2.000 10,725 356 1.600 70.200 7.600 700 250 21,350 6,380 1,500 82 ,1103,636 $ 9.900 4,925 ""i'AOO 102.636 27,787 1,500 ""5,166 3.000 115.605 11,000 "sol 630 ""3! 124 3.200 16.933 60.600 197.405 66.875 "36; 774 "eR'JdO " 46! .365 17,720 3,600 56.930 9.640 21.248 27.202 8.735 771.265 13,200 "goiMO 18.415 8.247 73.675 10.940 25.916 84,625 '"5(3.066 7.211 4,125 2.800 2,000 ■ 150. 266 506 34,940 21,080 29.495 8.735.817 Church and cemetery property. $ 4.713 1.00(1 125 2,685 83.369 29,760 3.000 13.220 55.014 1,300 91,142 4.100 369,390 121.075 7.029 2.351 3,200 66.9.30 259.900 109.405 76.995 23.840 55.026 15.075 172,300 19,280 46.860 18.521 110.643 71,610 "54! 874 16.825 12.080 1,212.390 33.168 38.100 73.375 32.920 4.180 25,115 5.272 42,470 886.000 37.915 842,650 41.370 87.670 5,714 12.3.895 "■'is! .366 2.325 129.310 120.670 818.760 34.410 22,624 36,860 27.000 Railroad property. $1,820,000 94,085 150 73 "175! 885 64 095 110.000 89.800 24,400 421,604 687,155 95.450 8.000 "'eiisoo 76.000 237.915 120.000 51.800 300 "102. 606 146.901 60.653 1,271.606 17.585 76.720 347.515 136.000 22,026 70.400 850.975 "75i;956 68.720 22,500 " 55.'836 336.400 8,300 "isoiodo U. S.. state and all other property. 2, .800 84.780 8,780 $ 400 2,780 900 1.840 10,421 100 852,987 14,400 200 60.000 16.780 32.246 600 2,730 600 '3i'2d6 6.275 10.500 2.525 15.300 74.800 400 3.595 4,774,828 7,487,627 1,662,388 18.624,1 682.800 2.340 "3; 606 3.470 9.835 1.000 5.735 900 180,950 34.650 5,850 1,160 41,600 775 1.300 140 000 60,033 200 2.325 1,200 1,550 7,740 S 81,158 1,828,265 125 10.385 326.638 73.897 4,500 14.393 60,174 184.875 312.028 125.200 699.367 896 305 7 829 28 638 488 004 833 153 478.9.^,0 384.520 170.020 88,070 183,680 253,599 402,800 77. 35.''. 123.825 49.516 264,043 202,340 10,040 254.828 110.380 26,495 5,857.555 71 651 114.820 524.380 196.090 44,233 114.740 22,047 147,688 845,250 :38,4.|0 1,107,2.30 217,840 Hi 120 14.925 194.775 ,380.800 35,725 26.050 670.710 188,213 220.150 74.225 67.954 159,065 38.960 STATISTICS OF WISCONSIiSr. 261 ACREAGE OF PRINCIPAL CROPS GROWN IN 1876. Counties. NUMBER OP ACRES. Wheat. Corn. Oats. Barley. Rye. Hops. Tobacco. Flax-seed. 5.146 4,0705^ 11,456 26 639)4 20 18,923 9.213X 216)4 4.588 2,734 1.596 40.274 19.173 84.072 29.401 5f 352 5 9.671 11.765 18.208)4 ■ 98.709 58,168 1.5.608 46,980 8,071)4 28,379 11,848)4 15,815 l,Oori 10, .581 61. .549 5,353 84 3.477X 15 5.732 12.573)4 637 9.858 9.082 2.408 24.071 10.584 67.120 25.592)4 3.391 50 13.833 7,183 20.763 52.054 34.191 8.013 34,433 1-2.189)4 16.845 14.272)4 14,174 10.632 1'.249 6J.194 21,437)4 5,020 4,873 10.213)4 12.864 3.412 2.447)4 9,473 4.47,5 8.333 1.842 9.08fiK 15.241)4 11.606)4 60,103 17,541 34.469V 4.408)4 16,704 54)4 15.034 23.055 28225 14.104 18.980 7.448 8.847 13,813 1,029 83 8,488 660 IK 759)4 282V 27 16,384 48.507K 1,179 32.860X 10.442 2.457 64,472 19,054 89.253 128.708 4,771 5.612 3.751 58 4.04 8V 1.258 2118 7.694 3.912 2.3.499 11,4B3 696 5,254 870 264 331)4 185 95 7 648 1.588 7.410 2.134)j 788 17)4 9)4 Buff.alo Cilliimi-t 39 10)4 593V 18 317)4 136 9 2V 45 153ir era wf urd 15 2.459)4 8 Douglas 27,308 2K .-.85 81,612 29.648 4,409 87,064 21.676 19.953 33.569 11.598« 4.782 17.703 88.810 4.4.1.1 262 4,538)!! 4.548 9,517 11,774 31.634 2,490 8 076 27 -25)i 1.5..)90)i 11.187 9.293 15.701)!! 7.884X 13,228!< 12.384)4 77,810 87.701 6,485 45,959 fiOK 58.656 42.277 20,588 53.691 34.140 13.516 12 573 49.999 637 1.560 1.242 8 554 2,839 666)4 1.170 2.609)4 1.739 8.773 445 1.649 2.164 3.045 1.273 20 4,299 670 93 5.063 1,769 357 940)4 4.116)4 613V 2.851 440 1.284M ■2.22h"^ 589V 19.424 3.022 2.197)f 205 7.519 2 3.381)i 5.543 8.934)4 6.614 8.527 1,060 63BV 1,427 29)4 1.156 933 754,)4 3.296 3.793)< 3.455 1.892 613 7.611 8.137 611 3.520 3.177 1,735 68 11 44 113)4 28 212 179)4 8li^ 1,109 8 2 249)4 13 1)4 )4 2 29 44 25.217 363 33 i 10,14,5 100 ' g a,434 7 8g La CiMsse "ie 670 854 ;< 355 1.5.121 7.104)4 12,608 734 4 761 2 684)4 6,924 8,984 4,104 11,076 T.<>04^ : ,.4B0X 1 .'.041)4 .5.390 33,816)4 1.904 8.844 ■ 38 12,106 28,499 45.456 11.618 26,318 9.524 18.7'i6)4 15,404 958 5,233 116 10..5fl3 3.074V 1.277 734 514 2,4.30)4 563 258 326 7.665K 2.212 1,770V 15.038)4 173 6.164,'< I.160,'-4 4.332 3 550 633 4.875H 6.003 7.B59 4.363 15.416 983 372)4 3 1 1 2 139 65 390 3 \l^ 25)4 7 23 a 11)4 Pepin 10 Polk 2 3 584 V 31)4 499)4 41)4 X 4)4 8,105X 4,285)4 283 4 3,118)4 a 49 42^ 187 107V 29 239 295 340 110 14 13 Vernon 14 11« 9 1.169 113 5 3 3 (J ■i 2 1.445.650)4 1.025.801V 854.861)4 183.030V 17S,314X 11.184)4 4,842 6'.'.008H 262 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. ACREAGE OF PRINCIPAL CROPS GROWN IN 1876. Counties. Adams Ashland Barron Bayfield Brown Buffalo Burnett 'Calumet Chippewa Clark Columbia Crawford Dane Dodge Door Douglas Dunn Eaii Claire... Fond dn Lac. Grant Green Green Laice.. Iowa Jackson Jefferson Juneau Kenoslia Kewaunee... Lacrosse La Fayette Lincoln Manitowoc Marat lion •Marquette Milwaukee .Monroe Oconto Outagamie O/.aukee Pepin Pierce Polk Portage Racine Kichland Rock .St. Croix .Sauk .sliawano slii-hovgan Taylor Trcnii)ealeau.. Vci noil Walworth \Va.shlnffton... Wauke-sha Waupaca Waushara Winnebago ... Wood.... KL'MBER OF ACRES. Cultivated (irasses. 3,161 241 1.843K lUO 5,769« 39 13,381 Total, 9.348 38,326 4.925 53.219 29.552 257 100 10,032 "4i.60'9 37.792 28.833 13,920 15,566 5.31B 17,407 8,705 29,856 5,665 11,390 22,719 316 32,256>i 5,453 3,387 20.557 14,217 6,170 11,681 8.528 ' i 2^9 74 2,642 10,142)« 21,515>i 46,821 8.982 1.695 1.342 1,630 169 55V 25n; 37 104 618 80 89 10 219 61M 16 5 46 41 94 52X I8V 10 99 26 108 138 50 137« 99 71 13 100 41 178 128V 46K I0]i 10 104X 133 34 140 9,430 383 98 45 35 123.420M Apples. 58 "28 V 219 "biiyj 78 1..533>ii 2.460 4,830>r 16,254 2 61K 2.935V 2,766 5,980X 1,467 1,987><; 100 2,233 339 2,170 44 239 994 689 46 1,8,56 1,984V 406 1,266V 77 11 60X 16,004 479 3,676 457 1,0.54V 73« 1,730 2 279X 749 4.05fi« 50,095 4.952 205 836K 1.561 139,891K ivated I'criies. 36 ■36 520 2.757K 151 1 4,412 20 1 580 3,101 25,040 1.1,52.000 24,175 12,739 ""57.463 "lit)! 606 51,879 lii',463 49,369M "sdaodo 5,414 "44,986 126,116 20.313H; 22.393 51.026 53.880 33.774 "19.896 37,573 29,763 24,037 "257,341 "■26..V2.5 16.211 33.756 "19, 433 22,077 "182671 "52,156 28,718« 65,394 57,587>!; 3,60K 88,05)<)i Clover Heed, Bushels. 553 1,733 1,689 50 2.969M 2.489M 8 1,500 3,848 1,037 566 1,515 107 5,269 781 1.324 1,174 30 1,007 74)i 1.073 113 1,666 " "97 1,349 181 2 343 840 2,160« 5,416 80 1.248V 17,664X 80,'5.33 -Tr 68,057 10,738 12,149 870 91.194 1.134 50.281 8.798 .50 080 16.080 42,690 1,529 82.985 610 66,510 117 25,737 780 93,242 4.090 226)i 76.945X 41 ABSTRACT OF LAWS, WISCONSIN. ELECTORS AND GENERAL ELECTIONS. Sec. 12. Every male person of the age of twenty-one years or upward, belonging to either of the following classes, who shall have resided in the State for one year next preceding any election, shall be deemed a ((ualificd elector at such election : 1. Citizens of the L^iiited States. 2. Persons of foreign birth who shall have declared their intention to become citizens con- formably to the laws of the United States on the subject of naturalization. 3. Persons of Indian blood who have once been declared by law of Congress to be citizens of the United States, any subsequent law of Congress to the contrary notwithstanding. ■i. Civilized | ..sons of Indian descent not members of any tribe. Every person convicted of bribery shall be excluded from the right of suffrage unless restored to civil rights ; and no person who shall have made or become directly or indirectly interested in any bet or wager depending upon the result of any election at which he sliall offer to vote, shall be permitted to vote at such election. Sec. 13. No elector shall vote except in the town, ward, village or election district in which he actually resides. Sec. 14-. The general election prescribed in the Constitution shall be held in the several towns, wards, villajics and election districts on the Tuesday next succeeding the first Monday in November in each year, at wjiich time there shall be chosen such Representatives in Congress, Electors of President and Vice President, State oflScers, and county officers as are by law to be elected in such year. Sec. 15. All elections shall be held in each town at the place where the last town-meeting was held, or at such other place as shall have been ordered at such last meeting, or as shall have been ordered by the Supervisors when they establish more than one election poll, except that the first election after the organization of a new town shall be held at the place dii-ected in the act or proceeding by which it was organized; and all elections in villages constituting separate elec- tion districts and in the wards of cities, shall be held at the place to be ordered by the Trustees of such village, or the Common Council of such city, at least ten days before such election, un- less a different provision is made in the act incorporating such village or city. Sec. 16. Whenever it shall become impossible or inconvenient to hold an election at the place designated therefor, the Board of Inspectors, after having assembled at or as near as prac- ticable to such place, and before receiving any votes may adjourn to the nearest convenient place for holding the election, and at such adjourned place shall forthwith proceed with the election. Upon adjourning any election as hereinbefore provided, the Board of Inspectors shall cause proc- lamation thei'eof to be made, and shall station a Constable or some other proper person at the place where the adjournment was made, to notify all electors arriving at such place of adjourn- ment, and the place to which it was made. 261 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX Sec. 20. A registry of electors sliall annually be made : 1. In each ward or election district of every city wiiich, at the last previous census, had a population of three thousand or more. 2. In each ward or election district of every incorporated village in which, by law, sep- arate elections are hehl ; which village at the last preceding census, had a popula- tion of fifteen hundred or more. 3. In every town containing a village which, at said census, had a population of fifteen hundred or more, in whicli village separate general elections are not by law required to beheld. 4. In all towns any part of which shall have been embraced in any part of any city or village in which a registration by this chapter is required. Such registration shall be made in the manner provided by this chapter. The persons authorized by law to act as Inspectors of Election in each of such towns, wards or election dis- tricts shall constitute the Board of Registry therefor. Sec. 21. The said Inspectors shall have their first meeting on Tuesday, four weeks pre- ceding each general election, at the place where said election is to be held ; and in election districts at which there were polled at the previous general election three hundred votes or less, they shall sit for one day, and in districts at which there were more than three hundred votes polled, they shall have power to sit two days if necessary, for the purpose of making such list. They shall meet at 9 o'clock in the forenoon and hold their meetings open until 8 o'clock in the evening of each day during which they shall so sit. The Clerks appointed by law to act as Clerks of Election shall act as Clerks of the Board of Registry on the day of election only. The proceedings shall be open, and all electors of the district shall be entitled to be heard in relation to corrections or additions to said registry. They shall have the same powers to preserve order which Inspectors of Election have on election days, and in towns vacancies in the Board shall be filled in the same manner that vacancies are filled at elections. Sec. 22. The said Inspectors at their first meeting, and before doing any business, shall severally take and subscribe the oath of Inspectors at a general election, and said Inspectors shall at their first meeting make a registry of all the electors of their respective districts, placing thereon the full names, alphabetically arranged according to surnames, in one column, and in another the residence by number and name of street or other location, if known. If any elector's residence is at any hotel or public boarding-house the name of the hotel or boarding-house shall be stated in the registry. They shall put thereon the names of all persons residing in their elec- tion district appearing on the poll-list kept at the lust preceding general election, and are author- ized to take therefor such poll-list from the office where kept, omitting such as have died or removed from the district, and adding the names of all other persons known to them to be elect- ors in such district. In case of the formation of a new election district since the last preceding general election, the said Board therein may make such registry from the best means at their command, and may, if necessary, procure therefor certified copies of the last poll-list. They shall complete said registry as far as practicable at their first meeting, and shall make four copies thereof, and certify the original and each copy to be a true list of the electors in their district so far as the same are known to them. One of said copies shall be immediately posted in a conspicuous place in the room in which their meeting was held, and be acce.ssible to any elector for examina- tion or making copies thereof, and one copy shall be retaincil by each Inspector for revision and correction at the second meeting. They shall within two days after said first meeting file the original registry made by them, and said poll-list in the office of the proper town, city or village clerk, and may, in their discretion, cause ten printed copies of said registry to be made and posted in ten of the most public places of said election district, or may publish the same in a newspaper at an c.xjiense not exceeding one cent for each name. Sec. 2-3. The Inspectors shall hold their second meeting at the same place designated for holding elections on the Tuesday two weeks preceding the election. They shall meet at 9 o'clock in the forenoon. In election districts having less than three hundred voters, as shown by the ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 265 preliraiaary registry, tlie Eoanl shall complete the registry on the same day ; but if there are more than that number of voters, they shall sit two days. They shall remain in session until 8 o'clock in the evening. They shall revise and correct tlie registry first by erasing the name of any person who shall be proved to their satisfaction by the oatlis of two electors of the district to be not entitled to vote therein at the next ensuing election, unless such person shall appear and if chal- lenged, shall answer the questions and take the oath hereinafter provided ; secondly, by entering thereon the n!\mes of every elector entitled to vote in the district at the next election who shall appear before the Board and require it, and state his place of residence, giving street and num- ber, if numbered, or location, as hereinbefore provided, if challenged answer the questions, and take the oaths provided in case of challenge at an election ; but if any person shall refuse to answer all such questions or to take such oath, his name shall not be registered. Any person ■who ia not twenty-one years of age before the date when the registry is required to be corrected, but will be if he lives until the day of election, shall have his name put on the registry if he be other- wise qualified to be an elector. Any elector who did not vote at the previous general election shall be entitled to be registered either at the preliminary or tlie final registration of electors by appearing before the Board of Registration of his election district and establisiiing his right to be registered, or, instead of a personal appearance, he may make his application to be registered to the Board in writing. Such application shall state the name and period of continuous resi- dence in the election district and place of residence therein, giving the number and street of the applicant, and, in case the person making the application is of foreign birth, he shall state when he came to the United States and to the State of Wisconsin, and the time and place of declaring his intention of becoming a citizen of the United States, and that he is entitled to vote at the election. Upon receiving such application, the Board of Registration shall register the name of such applicant, if it appeai-s to the Board that the applicant is, by his statement, entitled to vote. Such statement shall be made under oath, and shall be preserved by the Board and be filed in the office of the village or city clerk, as the case may be. All city and village clerks shall keep blanks for making the application for registration, as provided by this section. The form sliallbe prescribed by the Secretary of State. Every person named in this section shall be subject to the same punishment for any false statement or other offense in respect thereto as is provided in case of such f^ilse statement or other offense by an elector ofl'ering to vote at an election. After such registry shall have been fully completed on the days above mentioned, no name shall be added thereto by any person or upon any pretext. Within three days after the second meeting tlie said Board shall cause four copies of the registry to be made, each of which shall be certified by them to be a correct registry of the electors of their district, one of which shall be kept by each Inspector for use on election day, and one shall forthwith be filed in the office of the proper town, city or village clerk. All registries shall at all times be open to pub- lic inspection at the office where deposited without charge. Sec. 24. On election day the Inspectors shall designate two of their number at the opening of the polls, who shall check the names of every elector voting in such district whose name is on the registry. No vote shall be received at any general election in any ward or election district defined in Section 20, if the name of the person offering to vote be not on said registry made at the second meeting as aforesaid, except as hereinafter provided ; but in case any one shall, after the last day for completing such registry, and before such election, become a qualified voter of the district, he shall have the same right to vote therein at such election as if his name had been duly registered, provided he shall, at the time he offers to vote, deliver to the Inspectors his affi- davit, in which he shall state the facts, showing that he has, since the completion of such regis- try, become a qualified elector of such district, and the facts showing that he was not such elector on the day such registry was completed, and shall also deliver to such Inspectors the affi- davits of two freeholders, electors in such election district, corroborating all the material state- ments in his affidavit. In case any person who was a voter at the last previous general election shall not be registered, such person shall be entitled to vote on making affidavit that he was enti- tled to vote at the previous election, and that he has not become disqualified by reason of removal 2CG HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. from the election district or otherwise, since that election, which affidavit shrill also be corrobo- rated by the affidavits of two freeholders, as is provided for other non -registered voters. No one freeholder shall be competent to make at any one election corroborating affidavits for more than three voters. All of said affidavits shall be sworn to before some officer authorized by the laws of this State to take depositions. The Inspectors shall keep a list of the names and residence of the electors voting whose names are not on said completed registry, and attach said list to the registry and return it, together with all such affidavits, to the proper town, city or village clerk. No compensation shall be paid or received for taking or certifying any such affidavits. On the day following the election, one of said poll-lists and one copy of the registry so kept and checked shall be attached together and filed in the office of the proper town, city or village clerk, and the other of said poll-lists and copy of the registry so kept and checked shall be returned to the County Clerk with the returns of the election. Such Inspectors shall give notice by advertisement in a newspaper printed in the city, village or town where such registration was made, of the registry, and shall include in such notice all additions to and omissions from the preliminary list, and shall also state where the election is to be held. In case there be no newspaper printed in such city, village or town, such notice shall be given by posting copies thereof in three or more public places in each ward or election district in such city, villaii;e or town. For publication of such notice in any such newspaper the publisher thereof shall be entitled to tue same compensation per folio as is prescribed for publishing other legal notices. COMMON SCHOOLS. Sec. 413. The formation of any school district shall be by written order of the Town Board, describing the territory embraced in the same, to be filed with the Town Clerk within twenty days after the making thereof. The Supervisors shall deliver to a taxable inhabitant of the district their notice thereof in writing, describing its boundaries, and appointing a time and place for the first district meeting, and shall therein direct such inhabitant to notify cvpi-y quMJi- fied voter of the district, either personally or by leaving a written notice at his place of resi- dence, of the time and place of such meeting, at least five days before the time appointed therefor, and said inhabitant shall notify the voters of such district accordingly, and indorse thereon a return containing the names of all persons thus notified, and said notice and return shall be recorded as a part of the record of the first meeting in such district. Sec. 414. In case such notice shall not be given, or the inhabitants of a district shall ncr, lect or refuse to assemble and form a district meeting when so notified, or in case any scliool dis- trict having been formed or organized shall afterward be disorganized, so that no competent authority shall exist therein to call a special district meeting, in the manner hereinafter pro- vided, notice shall be given by the Town Board, and served in the manner prescribed in the pre- ceding section. Whenever a district meeting shall be called as prescribed in this and tiie preceding section, it shall be the duty of the electors of tiie district to assemble at the time and place so directed. Sec. 415. Whenever it shall be necessary to form a district from two or more adjoining towns, the Town Boards of such towns shall meet together and form such districts by their writ- ten order, describing the territory embraced in such district, signed by at least two of the Super- visors of each town; and shall file one such order with the Town Clerk of each town, and deliver the notice of formation to a taxable inhabitant of such district, and cause tlie same to bo served and returned in the time and manner hereinbefore prescribed ; and any such district may be altered only by the joint action of the Town Boards of such towns in the same manner that other districts are altered. Sec. 416. Every school district shall be deemed duly organized when any two of the offi- cers elected at the first legal meeting thereof shall have consented to serve in the offices to wliich they have been respectively elected, by a written acceptance thereof filed with the clerk of the first meeting, and recorded in the minutes thereof; and every school district shall be considered ABSTRACT OF LAWS. 267 as fluly orr;anizeil aftei' it shall have exercised the franchises and privileges of a district for the term of two years. Sec. 425. The annual meeting of all school districts in which graded schools of two or more departments are taught, shall be held on the second Monday of July, and of all other school districts on the last Monday of September, in each year. The hour of such meeting shall be seven o'clock in the afternoon, unless otherwise provided by a vote of the district, duly recorded at the last previous annual meeting; but at any annual meeting a majority of the electors present may determine that the annual meeting of such district shall be la-Id on the last Monday of August instead of the last Monday of September. Said determination to take effect when a copy of the proceedings of said annual meeting in reference to such change shall have been filed with the Town Clerk in which the sclioolhouse of such district is situated, and to remain in force until rescinded by a like vote of the electors of such district. Sec. 426. The Clerk shall give at least six days' previous notice of every annual district meeting, by posting notices thereof in four or more public places in the district, one of which shall be affixed to the outer door of the schoolhouse, if there be one in the district, and he shall give like notices for every adjourned district meeting when such meeting shall have been adjourned for more than one month ; but no annual meeting shall be deemed illegal for want of due notice, unless it shall appear that the omission to give such notice was willful and fraudulent. Sec. 427. Special district meetings may be called by the Clerk, or. in his absence, by the Directors or Treasurer, on written request of five legal voters of the district, in the manner prescribed for calling an annual meeting ; and the electors, when lawfully assembled at a special meeting, shall have power to transact the same business as at the first and each annual meeting, except the election of officers. The business to be transacted at any special meeting shall be particularly specified in the notices calling the same, and said notices shall be posted six full days prior to the meeting. No tax or loan or debt shall be voted at a special meeting, unless three-fourths of the legal voters shall have been notified, either personally or by a written notice left at their places of residence, stating the time and place and objects of the meeting, and specifying the amount proposed to be voted, at least six days before the time appointed therefor. Sec. 428. Every person shall be entitled to vote in any school district meeting who is qualified to vote at a general election for State and county officers, and who is a resident of such school district. ASSESSMENT AND COLLECTION OF DISTRICT TAXES. Sec. 469. All school district taxes, unless otherwise specially provided by law, shall be assessed on the same kinds of property as taxes for town and county purposes ; and all personal property which, on account of its location or the residence of its owner, is taxable in the town, shall, if such locality or residence be in the school district, be likewise taxable for school district purposes. BORROWING MONTIY. Sec. 474. Whenever, upon any unusual exigency, any school distrirt shall, before the annual meeting, vote a special tax to be collected with the next levy, the district may, by vote, author- ize the District Board to borrow for a period not exceeding one year a sum not exceeding the amount of such tax, anil by such vote set apart such tax when collected to repay such loan, and thereupon the District Board may borrow such money of any person and on such terms and exe- cute and deliver to the lender such obligation therefor, and such security for the repayment, including a mortgage or pledge of any real or personal ]iroperty of the district, subject to the directions contained in the vote of the district as may be agreed upon and not prohibite. PREAMBLE. We, the People of Wisconsin, grateful to Almighty God for our freedom ; in order to secure its blessings, form a more perfect government, insure domestic tranquillity, and promote the general welfare ; do establish this Constitution. Article I. DECLARATION OF RirTHTS. Section 1. All men are born free and independent, and have, among other rights, those of life, liberty and pursuit of happine.ss. Governments are instituted to secure these rights. Sec. 2. There shall be neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except for the punish- ment of crimes. Sec. 3., Liberty of speech and of the press shall not be abridged. Sec. 4. The right of the people to peaceably assemble to consult for the common good shall never be abridged. Sec. 5. The right of trial by jury shall remain inviolate. Sec. 6. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imjiosed, nor cruel pun- ishments inflicted. Sec. 7. In criminal prosecutions, the rights of the accused shall be protected. Sec. 8. Criminal offenses shall be prosecuted on presentment of a grand jury. No one shall be twice put in jeopardy for the same offense, nor be compelled to be a witness against himself Every one shall have the right of giving bail except in capital offenses ; and the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, except in case of rebellion or invasion. Sec. 9. Every person is entitled to a certain remedy for all injuries or wrongs. Sec. 10. Treason consists in levying war against the State, or giving aid and comfort to its enemies. Two witnesses are necessary to convict a person of the crime. Sec. 11. The people are to be secure against unreasonable searches and seizures. Sec. 12. Bills of attainder, ex post facto laws, or laws impairing obligation of contracts, shall never be passed. Sec. 13. No property shall he taken for public use without compensation. Sec. 14. All laws in the State are allodial. Feudal tenures are prohibited. Sec. 15. The rights of property are the same in resident aliens and citizens. Sec. 16. No person shall be imprisoned for debt. Sec. 17. Wholesome exemption laws shall be passed. Sec. 18. Liberty of conscience and rights of worship shall never be abridged. The public money shall never be applied to sectarian uses. Sec. 19. No religious test shall ever be required as a qualification for any office. 288 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Sec. 20. The military shall be in strict subordination to the civil power. Sec. 21. Writs of error shall never be prohibited by law. Sec. 22. A free government can only be maintained by adhering to justice, moderation, temperance, frugality and virtue. Article II. BOUNDARIES. Section 1. The boundary of the State, beginning at the northeast corner of the State of Illinois, runs with the boundary line of Michigan, through Lake Michigan and Green Bay, to the mouth of the Menominie River ; up that stream and the Brule River to Lake Brule ; along the southern shore of that lake to the Lake of the Desert ; thence in a direct line to the head of Montreal River ; down the main channel of that stream to the middle of Lake Superior ; thence through the center of said lake to the mouth of St. Louis River ; up the channel of that stream to the first rapids ; thence due south to the main branch of the St. Croi.x ; down that river and the Mississippi to the northwest corner of Illinois ; thence due east with the northern boundary of that State to the place of beginning. Sec. 2. The propositions in the enabling act of Congress are accepted and confirmed. Article III. suffrage. Section 1. The qualified electors are all male persons twenty-one years of age or upward, who are (1.) white citizens of the United States ; (2.) who are white persons of foreign birth that have declared their intentions, according to law, to become citizens ; (3) who are persons of Indian blood and citizens of the United States ; and (4.) civilized Indians not members of any tribe. Sec. 2. Persons under guardianship, such as are non coinpus mentis or insane, and those convicted of treason and felony and not pardoned, are not qualified electors. Sec. 3. All votes shall be by ballot, except for township officers when otherwise directed by law. Sec. 4. No person shall be deemed to have lost his residence by reason of his absence on business for the State or United States. Sec. 5. No person in the army or navy shall become a resident of the State in conse- quence of being stationed therein. Sec. 6. Persons convicted of bribery, larceny or any infamous crime, or those who bet on elections, may be excluded by law from the right of suffrage. Article IV. legislative. Section 1. The Legislative power is invested in a Senate and Assembly. Sec. 2. Members of the Assembly shall never number less than fifty-four, nor more than one hundred; of the Senate, not more than one-third, nor less than one-fourth of the mem- bers of the Assembly. Sec. 3. Census shall be taken, every ten years, of the inhabitants of the State, beginning with 1855, when a new apportionment of members of the Senate and Assembly shall be made ; also, after each United States census. Sec. 4. Members of the Assembly shall be chosen on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday of November of each year. Sec. 5. Members of the Senate shall be elected for two years, at the same time and in the same manner as members of the Assembly. CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE OF WISCONSIN. 289 Sec. ti. No person shall be eligible to the Legislature, unless a resident of the State one year, and a ijualified elector. Sec. T. Each House shall be the judge of the qualifications of its members. A majority shall be necessary to form a quorum. Sec. 8. Each House shall make its own rules. Sec. 9. Each House shall choose its own officers. Sec. 10. Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings. Sec. 11. The Legislature shall meet at the seat of government once a year. Sec. 12. No member shall be eligible to any other civil office in the State, during the term for which he was elected. Sec. 13. No member shall be eligible to any office of the LTnited States, during the term for which he was elected. Sec. 14. Writs of election, to fill vacancies in either House, shall be issued by the Gov- ernor. Sec. 15. Except treason, felony and breach of the peace, members are privileged from arrest in all cases ; nor subject to any civil process during a session. Sec. 16. Members are not liable for words spoken in debate. Sec. 17. The style of all laws shall be, " The people of the State of Wisconsin rep- resented in Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows : " Sec. 18. Private or local bills shall not embrace more than one subject. Sec. 19. Bills may originate in either House, and a bill passed by one House may be amended by the other. Sec. 20. Yeas and nays, at the request of one-sixth of the members present, shall be entered on the journal. Sec. 21. [Each member shall receive, as an annual compensation, three hundred and fifty dollars and ten cents for each mile traveled in going to and returning from the seat of gov- ernment]. As amended in 1867. Sec. 22. Boards of Supervisors may be vested with powers of a local, legislative and administrative character, such as shall be conferred by the Legislature. Sec. 23. One system only, of town and county government, shall be established by the Legislature. Sec. 24. The Legislature shall never authorize any lottery, or grant any divorce. Sec. 25. Stationery, for State use and State printing, shall be let by contract to the low- est bidder. Sec. 26. Extra compensation to any public officer shall not be granted after service is rendered, nor shall his compensation be increased or diminished during his term of office. Sec. 27. The Legislature shall direct, by law, in what manner and in what Courts suits against the State may be brought. Sec. 28. Public officers .. [The Governor's salary shall be five thousand dollars per < As amended in 1869. Sec. 6. The Governor shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons. Sec. 7. The executive duties shall devolve upon tlie Lieutenant Governor vhen, from any cause, the executive office is vacated by ; Governor. Sec. 8. The Lieutenant Governor shall be President of the Senate. The Secretary of State shall act as Governor when both the Governor and Lieutenant Governor are incapacitated from any causes to fill the executive office. Sec. 0. [The Lieutenant Governor shall receive a salary of one thousand dollars per iinuum.] As amended in 1869. Sec. 10. All legi.slative bills shall be presented to the Governor for his signature before they become laws. Bills returned by the Governor w-thout his signature may become laws by agreement of two-thirds of the members present in each house. Article VI. ADMINISTRATION. Section 1. A Secretary of State, Treasurer and Attorney General shall be elected at the times and places of choosing members of the Legislature, who shall severally hold tht.r offices for two years. Sec. 2. The Secretary of State shall keep a record of the official acts of the Legislature and Executive Department. He shall be x officio Auditor. Sec. 3. The powers, duties and compensation of the I'reasurer and Attorney General shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 4. Sherifls, Coroners, Registers of Deeds and D'sii'ict Attorneys shall be elected every two years. Article VIL judiciary. Section 1. The Senate shal' .orm the Court of Impeachment. Judgment shall not extend further than removal from office: b it the person impeached shai. ■ ''able to indictment, trial and punishment, according to law. Sec. 2. The judicial power of the State is vested in a Supreme Coui cuit Courts, (Jourts of Probate, and in Justices of the Peace. Municipal courts, also, may be ^iiori^ed. Sec. 3. The Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction only. Trial by ji iv is not allowed in any case. The Court shall have a general superintending control over inierio; courts, and power to issue writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, injunction, quo. warranto co-tiorari, and other original and remedial writs. i CONiSTITUTIOX (»F THK STATE OF WISCONSIN. 293 Sec. 4. [The Supreme Court shall consist of one Chief Justice, and four Associate Justices, each for the term often years.] As amended in 1877. Sec. 5. The State shall be divided into five Judicial Circuits. Sec. 6. The Legislature may alter the limits or increase the number of the circuits. Sec. 7. There shall be a Judge chosen for each Circuit, who shall reside therein ; his term of office shall be six years. Sec. 8. The Circuit Courts shall have original jurisdiction in all matters civil and crim- inal, not excepted in this Constitution, and not prohibited hereafter by law, and appellate juris- diction from all inferior courts. They shall have power to issue writs of habeas corpus, man- damus, injunction, quo warranto, certiorari, and all other writs necessary to carry their orders and judgments into effect. Sec. y. Vacancies in the office of Supreme or Circuit Judge shall be filled by the Gover- nor. Election for Judges shall not be at any general election, nor within thirty days before or after said election. Sec. 10. Judges of the Supreme and Circuit Courts shall receive a salary of not less than one thousand five hundred dollars, and shall hold no other office, except a judicial one, during the term for which they are respectively elected. Each Judge shall be a citizen of the United States, and have attained the age of twenty-five years. He shall also be a qualified elector within the jurisdiction for which he may be chosen. Sec. 11. The Supreme Court shall hold at least one term annually. A Circuit Court shall be held at least twice in each year, in each county of this State organized for judicial pur- poses. Sec. 12. There shall be a Clerk of the Circuit Court chosen in each county, whose term of office shall be two years. The Supreme Court shall appoint its own Clerk. Sec. 13. Any Judge of the Supre-ne or Circuit Court may be removed from office by vote of two-thirds of all the members elected to both Senate and Assembly. Sec. 14. A Judge of Probate shall be elected in each county, who shall hold his office for two years. Sec. 15. Justices of the Peace shall be elected in the several towns, villages and cities of the State, in such manner as the Legislature may direct, whose term of office shall be two years. Their civil and criminal jurisdiction shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 16. Laws shall be passed for the regulation of tribunals of conciliation. These may be established in and for any township. Sec. 17. The style of all writs and process shall be " The State of Wisconsin." Criminal prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by authority of the State ; and all indictments shall conclude against the peace and dignity of the same. Sec. 18. A tax shall be imposed by the Legislature on all civil suits, which shall consti- tute a fund, to be applied toward the payment of the salary of Judges. Sec. 19. Testimony in equity causes shall be taken the same as in cases at law. The office of Master in Chancery is prohibited. Sec. 20. Any suitor may prosecute or defend his case in his own proper person, or by attorney or agent. Sec. 21. Statute laws and such judicial decisions as are deemed expedient, shall be pub- lished. No general law shall be in force until published. Sec. 22. The Legislature at its first session shall provide for the appointment of three Commissioners to revise the rules of practice in the several Courts of Record in the State. Sec. 23. The Legislature may confer judicial powers on one or more persons in each organized county of the State. Powers granted to such Commissioners shall not exceed that f > a Judge of a Circuit Court at chambers. 294 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Article VIII. FINANCE. Section 1. Taxation shall be uniform, and taxes shall be levied upon such property as the Legislature may prescribe. Section 2. [No money shall be paid out of the treasury except in pursuance of an appro- priation by law. Claims made against the State must be filed within six years after having accrued.] As amended in 1877. Sec. 3. The credit of the State shall never be given or loaned in aid of any individual, association or corporation. Sec. 4. The State shall never contract any public debt, except in the cases and manner provided in this Constitution. Sec. 5. A tax shall be levied each year sufficient to defray estimated expenses. Sec. 6. Debts not to exceed one hundred thousand dollars may be contracted by the State, which shall be paid within five years thereafter. Sec. 7. The Legislature may borrow money to repel invasion, suppress insurrection or defend the State in time of war. Sec. 8. All fiscal laws in the Legislature shall be voted on by yeas and nays. Sec. 9. State .scrip shall not be issued except for such debts as are authorized by the sixth and seventh sections of this article. Sec. 10. No debt for internal improvements shall be contracted by the State. Article IX. eminent domain and property of the state. Section 1. The State shall have concurrent jurisdiction on all rivers and lakes border- ing on Wisconsin. Sec. 2. The title to all property which has accrued to the Territory of Wisconsin shall vest in the State of Wisconsin. Sec. 3. The ultimate property in and to all lands of the State is possessed by the people. Article X. education. Section 1. The supervision of public instruction shall be vested in a State Superintend- ent and such other officers as the Legislature shall direct. The annual compensation of the State Superintendent shall not exceed twelve hundred dollars. Sec. 2. The school fund to support and maintain common schools, academies and nor- mal schools, and to purchase apparatus and libraries therefor, shall be created out of (1) the proceeds of lands from the United States ; (2) out of forfeitures and escheats ; (3) out of moneys paid as exemptions from military duty ; (4) out of fines collected for breach of penal laws ; (5) out of any grant to the State where the purposes of such grant are not specified ; (6) out of the proceeds ot the sale of five hundred thousand acres of land granted by Congress Sep- tember 14, 1841 ; and (7) out of the five per centum of the net proceeds of the public lands to which the State shall become entitled on her admission into the Union (if Congress shall con- sent to such appropriation of the two grants last mentioned.) Sec. 3. District schools shall be established by law which shall be free to all children be- tween the ages of four and twenty years. No sectarian instruction shall be allowed therein. Sec. 4. Each town and city shall raise for common schools therein by taxation a sum equal to one-half the amount received from the school fund of the State. COXSTITI'TIOX OF THE STATE OF WISCONSIX. 295 Sec. 5. Provisions shall be made by law for the distribution of the income of the schools fund among the several towns and cities for the support of common schools therein ; but no appropriation shall be made when there is a failure to raise the proper tax, or whsn a school shall not have been maintained at least three months of the year. Sec. 6. Provision shall be made by law for the establishment of a State University. The proceeds of all lands granted for the support of a university by the United States shall consti- tute " the University fund," the interest of which shall be appropriated to the support of the State University. No sectarian instruction shall be allowed in such university. Sec. 7. The Secretary of State, Treasurer and Attorney General shall constitute a Board of Commissioners to sell school and university lands and for the investments of the proceeds thereof. Sec. 8. School and university lands shall be appraised and sold according to law. The Commissioners shall execute deeds to purchasers, and shall invest the proceeds of the sales of such lands in such manner as the Legislature shall provide. Article XL CORPORATIONS. Section 1. Corporations without banking powers may be formed under general laws, but shall not be created by special act, except for municipal purposes, and in cases where, in the judgment of the Legislature, the objects of the corporation cannot be attained under general laws. Sec. 2. No municipal corporation shall take private property for public use, against the consent of the owner, except by jury trial. Sec. 3. Cities and incorporated villages shall be organized, and their powers restricted by law so as to prevent abuses. [No county, city, town, village, school district, or other municipal corporation, shall become indebted to exceed five per centum on the value of the taxable property therein.] As amended in 1874. Sec. 4. Banks shall not be created except as provided in this article. Sec. o. The question of " bank " or '* no bank " may be submitted to the voters of the State; and if a majority of all the votes cast shall be in favor of banks, the Legislature shall have power to grant bank charters, or pass a general banking law. Article XII. Section 1. Amendments to the Constitution may be proposed in either house of the Legis- lature, and referred to the next Legislature and published for three months previous. If agreed to by a majority of all the members elected to each house, then the amendment or amendments shall submit them to the vote of the people ; and if the people shall approve and ratify such amendment or amendments, they shall become a part of the Constitution. Sec. 2. If a convention to revise or change the Constitution shall be deemed necessary by the Legislature, they shall recommend to the electors of the State to vote at the next general election for or against the same. If the vote shall be for the calling of such convention, then the Legislature, at its next session, shall provide for the same. Article XIII. miscellaxeous provisions. Section -1. The political year for Wisconsin shall commence on the first Monday in Jan- uary in each year. General elections shall be holden on the Tuesday succeeding the first Monday in November. Sec. 2. A duelist shall not be qualified as an elector in this State. Sec. 3. United States oflBcers (except Postmasters), public defaulters, or persons convicted of infamous crimes, shall not be eligible to oflBce in this State. 296 HISTORY OF WISCOXSIX. Sec. -i. A great seal for the State shall be provided, and all official acts of the Governor (except his approbation of the laws), shall be authenticated thereby. Sec. 5. Residents on Indian lands may vote, if duly qualified, at the polls nearest their residence. Sec. 6. Elective officers of the Legislature, other than the presiding officers, shall be a Chief Clerk, and a Sergeant-at-Arms, to be elected by each House. Sec. 7. No county with an area of nine hundred square miles or less, shall be divided, without submitting the question to the vote of the people of the county. Sec. 8. [The Legislature is prohibited from enacting any special or private laws, for locating or changing any county seat.] See amendment adopted in 1871, as Sec. 31 (Subdivision 5) of Art. IV. Sec. 9. Officers not provided for by this Constitution shall be elected as the Legislature shall direct. Sec. 10. The Legislature may declare the cases in which any office shall be deemed vacant, and also the manner of filling the vacancy, where no provision is made for that purpose in this Constitution. Article XIV. schedule. Section 1. All rights under the Territorial government are continued under the State government. Territorial processes are valid after the State is admitted into the Union. Sec. 2. Existing laws of the Territory of Wisconsin not repugnant to this Constitution shall remain in force until they expire by limitation or are altered or repealed. Sec. o. All fines, penalties or forfeitures accruing to the Territory of AVisconsin shall inure to the use of the State. Sec. 4. Territorial recognizances, bonds and public property shall pass to and be vested in the State. Criminal prosecutions, offenses committed against the laws, and all actions at law and suits in equity in the Territory of Wisconsin shall be contained in and prosecuted by the State. Sec. .5. Officers holding under authority of the United States or of the Territory of Wis- consin shall continue in office until superseded by State authority. Sec. 6. The first session of the State Legislature shall commence on the first Monday in June next, and shall be held at the village of Madison, which shall be and remain the seat of government until otherwise provided by law. Sec. 7. Existing county and town officers shall hold their offices until the Legislature of the State shall provide for the holding of elections to fill such offices. Sec. 8. A copy of this Constitution shall be transmitted to the President of the United States to be laid before Congress at its present session. Sec. 9. This Constitution shall be submitted to the vote of the people for ratification or rejection on the second Monday in March next. If ratified, an election shall be held for Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Treasurer, Attorney General, members ot the State Legisla- ture and members of Congress, on the second Monday of May next. Sec. 10. \^Omitted. See Section 1, Chapter 3, Acts of Extra Session of 1878.] Sec. 11. The several elections provided for in this Article shall be conducted iiccording to the existing laws of the Territory of Wisconsin. Sec. 12. \_Omitted. See Section 1, Chapter 3, Acts of Extra Session of 1878.] Sec. 13. Tlie common law in force in the Territory of Wisconsin shall continue in force in the State until altered or suspended by the Legislature. Sec. 14. The Senators first elected in the even-numbered Senate districts, the Governor, Lieutenant Governor and other State officers first elected under this Constitution, shall enter upon their duties on the first Monday of .June next, and hold their offices for one year from the first Monday of January next. The Senators first elected in the odd-numbered districts and the COXSTITITIOX OF THK IXITED STATES. "297 members of the Assembly first elected shall enter upon their duties on the first Monday of June next, and continue in office until the first Monday in January next. Sec. 15. The oath of office may be administered by any Judge or Justice of the Peace, until the Legislature shall otherwise direct. We, the undersigned, members of the Convention to form a Constitution for the State of Wisconsin, to be submitted to the people thereof for their ratification or rejection, do hereby certify that the foregoing is the Constitution adopted by the Convention. In testimony whereof, we have hereunto set our hands, at Madison, the 1st day of Feb- ruary, A. D. 1848. Morgan L. Martix, President of the Conventioii and Delegate from Brown County. Thomas McHugh, Secretary. CONSTITUTION OF THE UNITED STATES. CONDENSE r>. PREAMBLE. We, the people of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic ti-anquillity , provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America. ARTICLE I. Section 1. All legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives. Sec. 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of members chosen every second year by the people of the States, and electors shall have qualifications for electors of the most numerous branch of the State Legislature. Representatives must be twenty-five years of age, and must have been seven years citizens of the United States, and inhabitants of the State in which they shall be chosen. Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States according to population, which shall be determined by adding to the whole number of free persons, including apprentices and excluding Indians not taxed, three-fifths of all other persons. The enumeration shall be made within three years after the first meeting of Congress, and every ten years there- after in such manner as Congress shall by law direct. States shall have one Representative only for each thirty thousand, but each State shall have at least one Representative ; and until such enumeration shall be made. New Hampshire shall choose three ; Massachusetts, eight ; Rhode Island, one; Connecticut, five; New York, six; New Jersey, four; Pennsylvania, eight; Del- aware, one ; Maryland, six ; Virginia, ten ; North Carolina, five ; South Carolina, five, and Georgia, three. Vacancies in the representation from any State shall be tilled by elections, ordered by the executive authority of the State. -98 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. The House of Representatives shall choose their Speaker and other oflBcers, and shall have the sole power of impeachment. Sec. 3. The Senate shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen by the Legislature thereof for six years ; and each Senator shall have one vote. Senator.^ shall be divided as equally as may be into three classes immediately after assem- bling, in consequence of the first election. The first class shall vacate their seats at the expira- tion of the second year; the second class, at the expiration of the fourth year, and the third class, at the expiration of the sixth yeai-. so that one-third may be chosen every second year; and vacancies happening by resignation or otiierwise during the recess of the Legislature of any State may be filled by temporary appointments of the Executive until the next meeting of the Legislature. All Senators shall have attained the age of thirty years, and shall have been nine years citizens of the LTnited States, and shall be inhabitants of the State for which they shall be chosen. The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no vote, unless they be equally divided. The Senate shall choose their other officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the ofiice of President. The Senate shall have the sole power to try impeachments. When sitting for that purpose, they shall be on oath or affirmation. When the President is tried, the Chief Justice shall pre- side, and concurrence of two-thirds of the members present shall be necessary to conviction. Judgment in cases of impeachment shall be limited to removal from office and disqualifica- tion to hold any office under the United States ; but the party convicted shall be liable to trial and punishment according to law. Sec. -i. The Legislature of each State shall prescribe the times, places and manner of holding elections for Senators and Representatives, but Congress may make or alter such regu- lations, except as to the place of choosing Senators. Congress shall assemble annually, on the first Monday in December, unless a difi"erent day be appointed. Sec. 5. Each House shall be the judge of the elections, returns and qualifications of its own members, and a majority of each shall constitute a quorum to do business ; but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel attendance of absent members, under penalties. Each House may determine its own rules of proceeding, punish its members, and, by a two- thirds vote, expel a member. Each House shall keep a journal, which shall be published at their discretion, and one-fifth of those present may require the yeas and nays to be entered on the journal. Neither House shall adjourn for more than three days without the consent of the other, nor to any other place than that in which they are sitting. Sec. 6. The compensation of Senators and Representatives shall be fixed by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They shall be privileged from arrest during attendance at the session of their respective Houses, except for treason, felony and breach of the peace, and shall not be questioned in any other place for any speech or debate in either House. No Senator or Representative shall, during the time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil office under the United States which shall have been created or the emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time : and no person holding office under the L^nited States shall be a member of either House during his continuance in office. Sec. 7. All bills for raising revenue shall originate in the House of Representatives, but may be amended by the Senate. Every bill passed by the House of Representatives and the Senate shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the President ; if he approve, he shall sign it ; but if not, he shall return CONSTITUTIOX OF THE UJflTED STATES. 299 it, with his objections, to that House in which it originated, who shall enter the objections on their journal and proceed to reconsider it. If, after reconsideration, two-thirds shall agree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, with the objections, to the other House, and, if approved by two- thirds of that House, it shall become a law. But in all such cases, the yeas and nays shall be taken, and entered upon the journal of each House, respectively. Any bill not returned by the President within ten days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, shall be a law. as if he had signed it, unless Congress, by adjournment, shall prevent its return, in which case it shall not be a law. Every order, resolution or vote requiring the concurrence of the Senate and House of Rep- resentatives (except a question of adjournment), shall be approved by the President before tak- ing effect ; or, being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by a two-thirds vote of each House, as in the case of a bill. Sec. 8. Congress shall have power : To lay and collect taxes, duties, imposts and excises, to pay the debts and provide for the common defense and general welfare of the United States ; but all duties, imposts and excises shall be uniform throughout the United States : To borrow money on the public credit ; To regulate commerce with foreign nations, and among the several States and with the Indian tribes ; To establish a uniform rule of naturalization, and uniform laws on the subject of bank- ruptcies ; To coin money, regulate the value thereof and foreign coin, and fix the standard of weights and measures ; To provide for the punishment of counterfeiting the securities and current coin of the United States ; To establish post offices and post roads ; To promote the progress of science and useful arts, by securing for limited times to authors and inventors the exclusive right to their respective writings and discoveries ; To constitute tribunals inferior to the Supreme Court ; To define and punish piracies and felonies committed on the high seas, and offenses against the laws of nations ; To declare war, grant letters of marque and reprisal, and make rules concerning captures on land and water : To raise and support armies, but no appropriation of money to that use shall be for a longer term than two years ; To provide and maintain a navy ; To make rules for the government and regulation of the land and naval forces ; To provide for calling forth the militia to execute the laws of the Union, suppress insur- rection and repel invasions ; To provide for organizing, arming and disciplining the militia, and for governing such parts of them as may be employed in the service of the United States — the several States to appoint the ofBcers and to train the militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress ; To exercise exclusive legislation, in all cases, over the seat of Government, and over all forts, magazines, arsenals, dockyards and other needful buildings; and To make all laws necessary and proper for carrying into execution all powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof. Sec. 9. Foreign immigration or the importation of slaves into the States shall not be pro- hibited by Congress prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a tax or duty may be imposed not exceeding ten dollars for each person so imported. The writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended, unless required by the public safety in cases of rebellion or invasion. No bill of attainder or ex post facto law shall be passed. 300 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. No capitation or other direct tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enu- meration hereinbefore directed to be made. No tax or duty shall be laid on articles exported from any State. In regulating commerce or revenue, no preference shall be given to the ports of one State over those of another ; nor shall vessels bound to or from one State be obliged to enter, clear or pay duties in another. No money shall be drawn from the Treasury unless appropriated by law ; and accounts of the receipts and expenditures of all public money shall be published from time to time. No title of nobility shall be granted by the United States ; and no person holding any oflBce under them shall accept any present, emolument, office or title from any foreign State, without the consent of Congress. Sec. 10. No State shall enter into any treaty, alliance or confederation ; grant letters of marque and reprisal; coin money; emit bills of credit; make anything but gold and silver coin a tender in pavment of debts; pass bills of attainder, ex post facto laws, or law impairing the obligation of contracts, or grant any title of nobility. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any imposts or duties on imports or exports, except for the execution of its inspection laws; and all such duties shall be for the use of the United States; and all such laws shall be subject to the revision and control of Congress. No State shall, without the consent of Congress, lay any duty of tonnage, keep troops or ships of war in time of peace, enter into any agreement or compact with another State or with a foreign power, or engage in war unless actually invaded or in imminent and immediate danger. Article II. Section 1. The executive power shall be vested in a President. He shall hold office for four years, and. together with the Vice President chosen for the same term, shall be elected as follows : Each State shall appoint in the manner directed by the Legislature, a number of electors equal to the whole number of its Senators and Representatives in Congress ; but no Senator or Representative or person holding any office under the United States shall be appointed an elector. [ The third clause of this section has been superseded and amended by the 12th Amendment.'\ Congress may determine the time of choosing the electors, and the day on which they shall give their votes, which day shall be the same throughout the United States. A natural born citizen, or a citizen of the United States at the time of the adoption of this Constitution, only shall be eligible to the office of President; and he must have attained the age of thirty-five years, and been fourteen years a resident within the United States. If the President be removed from office, die, resign, or become unable to discharge the duties of his office, the same shall devolve upon the Vice President, and Congress may provide by law for the case of removal, death, resignation or inability of both the President and Vice President, declaring what officer shall then act as President, and such officer shall act accordingly, until the disability be removed or a President elected.* The President shall receive a compensation for his services, which shall be neither increased nor diminished during the period for which he shall have been electedf and within that period he shall not receive any other emolument from the United States or from any of them. Before entering upon office he shall take the following oath or affirmation : " I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the United States, and will, to the best of my ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." * By act of March 1, 17iHi, Congress provided for this contingency, designating the President of the Senate pro tempore, or if there be none the Spejilier of the House of Representatives, to succeed to the chief Executive office in the event of a vacancy in the offices of both President and Vice President. t The President's salary was fixed February 18, 1793, at $26,000, and was increased March 3, l.S7:j, to $.50,000. CONSTITl'TION OF THE IXITED STATES. 301 Sec. 2. The President shall be the Commander-in-Chief of the army and navy of the United »States, and of the militia of the several States, when in actual service of the United States; he may require the written opinion of the principal officers of the several executive departments upon subjects relating to the duties of their respective offices, and shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, except in cases of impeachment. He shall have power, by and with the advice and consent of the Senate, to make treaties, provided two-thirds of the Senators present concur, and shall nominate to the Senate ambassa- dors, other public ministers and consuls, Judges of the Supreme Court, and all other officers of the United States whose appointment is not otherwise provided for : but Congress may vest the appointment of inferior officers in the President alone, in the courts of law, or in the heads of departments. The President may fill all vacancies that may happen during the recess of the Senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of their next session. He shall, from time to time, give Congress information of the state of the Union, and recommend measures to their consideration ; he may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses or either of them, and, in case of disagreement between them as to the time of adjourn- ment, he may adjourn them to such time as he shall think proper ; he shall receive ambassadors and other public ministers ; he shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed, and shall com- mission all the officers of the United States. Sec. 4. The President, Vice President and all civil officers of the United States, shall be removed from office on impeachment for and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors. Article III. Section 1. The judicial power of the United States shall be vested in one Supreme Court, and in such inferior courts as Congress may establish. The .Judges, both of the Supreme and inferior Courts, shall hold their offices during good behavior, and shall receive a compensa- tion which shall not be diminished during their continuance in office. Sec. 2. The judicial power shall extend to all cases, in law and equity, arising under this Constitution, the laws of the United States, treaties, cases affecting ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls, all cases of admiralty and maritime jurisdiction ; to controversies to which the United States shall be a party ; controversies between two or more States ; between a State and citizens of another State ; between citizens of different States ; between citizens of the same State claiming lands under grants of difl^"erent States, and between a State or the citizens thereof and foreign States, citizens or subjects. In all cases affecting Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State is a party, the Supreme Court shall have original jurisdiction. In all other cases mentioned, the Supreme Court shall have appellate jurisdiction, both as to law and fact, subject to exceptions and regu- lations made by Congress. All crimes, except in cases of impeachment, shall be tried by jury, and in the State where the crime was committed ; but Congress shall fix the place of trial for crimes not committed within any State. Sec. 3. Treason against the United States shall consist only in levying war against them, or in adhering to their enemies, giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the testimony of two witnesses to the same ovei't act, or on confession in open court. Congre.ss shall have power to declare the punishment of treason, but no attainder of treason shall work corruption of blood or forfeiture, except during the life of the person attainted. Article IV. Section 1. Each State shall give full faith and credit to the public acts, records and judi- cial proceedings of every other State, and Congress may prescribe the manner in which such acts, records and proceedings shall be proved, and the effect thereof. 302 HISTORY OF WISCONSIN. Sec. 2. The citizens of each State shall be entitled to all privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States. Fugitives from justice in any State found in another State, shall, on demand of the Execu- tive, be delivered up and removed to the State having jurisdiction of the crime. No person held to service or labor in one State under the laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in consequence of any law or regulation therein, be discharged from such service or labor, but shall be delivered up on claim of the party to whom such service or labor may be due. Sec. 3. New States may be admitted to the Union, but no new State shall be formed within the jurisdiction of any other State; nor by the junction of two or more States, or parts of States, without the consent of the Legislatures of the States concerned, as well as of Congress. Congress shall have power to dispose of and to regulate and govern the territory or other property belonging to the United States ; and nothing in this Constitution shall be construed to prejudice any claims of the United States, or any particular State. Every State shall be guaranteed a republican form of government, and shall be protected against invasion ; and on an application of the Legislature, or of the executive (when the Legis- lature cannot be convened), against domestic violence. Article V. Congress, whenever two-thirds of both Houses shall deem it necessary, shall propose amend- ments to this Constitution, or, on application of two-thirds of the Legislatures of the several States, shall call a convention for proposing amendments, which, in either case, shall be valid to all intents and purposes, as part of this Constitution when ratified by the Legislatures of three-fourths of the several States, or by conventions in three-fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress ; provided that no amendment which may be made prior to the year one thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any manner affect the first and fourth clauses in the ninth section of the first article : and that no State, without its consent, shall be deprived of its equal suffrage in the Senate. Article VI. All existing debts and engagements shall be valid against tlie United States under this Constitution. This Constitution and the laws of the United States made in pursuance thereof; and all treaties made under the authority of the United States, shall be the supreme law of the land, and the Judges in every State shall be bound thereby ; anything in the Constitution or laws of any State to the contrary notwithstanding. Senators and Representatives, members of the several State Legislatures, and all executive and judicial officers, both of the United States and of the several States, shall be bound by oath or affirmation, to support this Constitution ; but no religious test shall ever be required as a qualification to any office or public trust under the United States. Article VII. The ratification of the Convention of nine States shall be sufficient for the establishment of this Constitution between the States so ratifying the same. Done in convention by the unanimous consent of the States present, the seventeenth day of September, in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and eighty-seven, and of the independence of che United States of America the twelfth. In witness whereof we have hereunto subscribed our names. GEORGE WASHINGTON, President and Deputji from Virginia. [Other signatures omitted.] CONSTITUTION OF THE I'NITED STATES. 303 Amendments to the Constitution op the United States of America. Proposed by Congress and ratified by the Legislatures of the several States, pursuant to the Fifth Article of the original Constitution. Article I. Congress shall make no law respecting religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech or of the press ; or of the right of the people peaceably to assemble and to petition the Government for a redress of gi-ievances. Article II. A well-regulated militia being necessai'y to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear arms shall not be infringed. Article III. No soldier shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner, nor in time of war. but in a manner to be prescribed by law. Article IV. The right of the people to be secure in their persons and property against unreasonable searches and seizures shall not be violated, and no warrants shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched and the persons or things to be seized. Article V. No person shall be held to answer for any infamous crime unless on an indictment of a grand jury, except in cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia, when in actual service in time of war or public danger ; nor shall any person be twice put in jeopardy of life or limb for the same offense ; nor shall he be compelled, in any criminal case, to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property without due process of law ; nor shall private property be taken for public use without just compensation. Article VI. In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been committed, and to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation ; to be confronted witli the witnesses against him ; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense. Article VII. In suits at common law, when the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be otherwise re-examined in any court of the United States than according to the rules of the common law. Article VIII. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual pun- ishments inflicted. 304- HISTORY UF WISCOXSIN. Articlk IX. The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or dis- parage others retained by the people. Article X. The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively or to the people. Artici-e XI. The judicial power of the United States shall not be construed to extend to any suit in law or equity commenced or prosecuted against one of the United States by citizens of another State, or by citizens or subjects of any foreign Stale. Article XII. The electors shall meet in their respective States, and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same State with themselves ; distinct ballots shall be made for President and Vice President, and distinct lists made of such ballots and of the number of votes for each, which Ifsts they shall sign and certify and transmit sealed to the seat of government, addressed to the President of the Senate; the President of the Senate shall, in presence of the Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certificates, and the votes shall then be counted ; the person having the greatest number of votes for Presi- dent shall be President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed ; if no person have such majority, then from those liaving the highest numbers, not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose imme- diately by ballot the President. But, in choosing the President, the vote shall be taken by States, each State having one vote ; a quorum for this purpose shall consist of a member or mem- bers from two-thirds of the States, and a majority of all the States shall be necessary to a choice. If, whenever the right of choice shall devolve upon them, the House of Representatives shall not choose a President before the fourth day of March next following, then the Vice President shall act as President, as in the case of death or disability of the President. The person having the greatest number of votes as Vice President shall be the Vice President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of electors appointed, and if no person have a majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the Senate shall choose the Vice President : a quorum for the purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be necessary to a choice. But no person ineligible to the oflBce of President shall be eligible to that of Vice President of the United States. Article XIII. Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction. Sec. 3. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Article XIV. Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the United States, or subject to the juris- diction thereof, are citizens of the United States, and of the State wherein they reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the United States ; nor shall any State deprive any person of life, liberty or property without CONSTITUTIOX OF THE UNITED STATES. 305 due process of law. nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the law. Sec. 2. Representatives shall be apportioned among the States according to population, counting the whole number of persons in each State, including Indians not taxed. But when the right to vote is denied to any of the male inhabitants of a State, being twenty-one years of age and citizens of the United States, or in any way abridged, except for participation in rebellion or other crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced in the proportion w^hieh the number of such male citizens shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty- one years of age in such State. Sec. 8. Xo person shall hold any office under the United States or under any State, who having previously, as an officer of the United States of any State, taken an oath to support the Constitution of the United States, shall have engaged in insurrection or i-ebellion against the same, or given aid and comfort to the enemies thereof But Congress mav, by a vote of two- thirds of each House, remove such disability. Sec. 4. The validity of the public debt of the United States, including pensions and bounties, shall not be questioned. But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the loss or emancipation of any slave : but all such debts, obligations and claims shall be held illegal and void. Sec. 5. Congress shall have power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Article XV. Section 1. The right of citizens to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States, or by any State, on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Sec. 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. ALPHABETICAL LIST OF COUNTIES AND CITIES WITH GUBERNATORIAL AND PRESIDENTIAL VOTES. Note. — The Republican or Democratic majority in each county is given as between Smith and Mallory. Green- back majority is only given wlien the vote for AUis exceeds the otlxers, and is taken from the highest vote. COUNTIES. GOVERNOR. 1877. PRESIDENT. 1876. Smith. Mallory. AUiB. M^. Hayes. Tilden. M%j. Adams .580 86 459 40 1387 1075 336 450 685 449 2048 806 3613 2333 477 21 1174 1208 3086 2620 1823 879 1461 802 1917 104.5 > 938 247 1968 1409 27 1365 301 447 6843 1102 1059 777 437 .521 1.523 916 1080 2304 233 163 203 34 1740 810 24 1130 693 153 1697 1008 3903 4267 126 28 407 805 .3414 1938 849 896 1175 391 2418 883 907 5.58 1115 1300 15 1951 755 730 6388 1096 764 2005 1579 171 545 363 917 1906 116 R. 347 D. 77 R. 256 R. 6 D. 353 R. 265 R. 312 D. 680 D. 18 G. 367 R. 451 D. 202 D. 290 D. 1934 R. . 351 D. 7 R. 767 R. 403 D. 328 R. 682 R. 974 D. 17 R. 286 R. 411 D. 201 K. 162 R. 31 D. 311 R. 853 R. 109 G. 142 D. 586 D. 454 D. 283 D. 5'45 R. 6 K. 295 D. 1228 D. 1142 R. 350 R. 978 R. 553 R. 163 R. 398 381 109 644 1 86 2755 1186 285 1012 1596 1255 3532 1355 5435 3236 1095 42 2033 •2266 4845 4723 2601 1739 2651 1607 2874 1714 1610 .561 2644 2424 71 2700 668 697 9981 2558 1813 1869 583 836 2135 1019 1855 3560 442 189 257 74 3647 1162 . 28 2145 1774 660 2493 1604 5726 6361 596 67 894 1785 6660 3198 17.35 1514 2348 718 4134 1458 1432 1654 2481 2299 174 3908 1796 1112 12026 2080 1174 3608 5480 394 985 362 1794 2880 R. 539 D. 80 Barron Bayfield Brown Buffalo Burnett 53 2 1016 76 ' ' 389 689 816 118 146 614 .381 283 R. 387 R. 12 D. 892 R. 24 R. 257 Calumet D. 1133 D. 178 Clark R. 595 K. 1039 Crawford D. 249 Dane D. 291 Dodge Door Douglas Dunn ■ . 3125 R. 499 D. 25 412 597 1249 1037 580 215 1031 521 296 463 ol 20 624 269 169 98 746 76 1228 1019 157 992 17 123 408 60 728 112 R. 1139 Kau Claire Fond du Lac R. 481 D. 815' Grant R. 1525 R. 866 Green Lake R. 225 R. 303 .Tackson R. 789 D. 1260 Juneau R. 256 Kenosha R. 178 D. 1093 R. 163 La Fayette Lincoln R. 125 D. 103 D. 1208 Marathon Milwaukee D. 1128 D. 415 D. 2045 R. 528 Oconto Ozaukee R. 639 D. 1749 D. 1897 R. 447 R. 11.52 Polk R. 6.50 R. 61 R. 680 GlBERNATOUIAL AND PRESIDENTIAL VOTES— 1877-1876— C'Owim««/. COUNTIES— CoMiinuerf. GOVERNOR. 1877. PRESIDENT. 1876. Smith. Mallory. Allis. Maj. Huyes. Tildeu. Maj. Uicliland Ri.ck St Croix 1201 3375 1558 1826 269 1598 195 2483 1678 2904 994 2484 1473 1282 2068 247 231 320 377 219 25 16 31 2.9 210 620 862 160 50 432 226 771 281 712 740 349 146 481b 260 115 84 172 270 724 69 216 155 87 1052 270 55 248 252 232 210 '" 729 705 1620 781 1489 93 922 574 605 92 1737 750 254 53 731 176 416, 846 13741 160 2187 187 23881 276 990| 772 2571 377 22381 1887 196 601 R 472 R. 1755 R. 70 R. 904 D. 336 D. 139 D. 69 R. 14.52 R. 1262 R. 1530 D, 1993 R. 96 R. 483 R. 1025 D. 170 G. 354 D. 291 D. 41 R. 268 R. 22 R. 8 G. 81 D. 97 D. 65 R. 87 R. 161 D. 22 G. 45 G. 60 R. 99 R. 19 R. 166 1). 33 R. 41 D. 317 R. 61 U. 165 D. 211 R. 11 G. 230 D. 41 R. 5 D. 41 D. 230 n 68 2038 5755 1775 3395 582 3224 240 2360 2764 4212 1321 3129 2042 2(i80 6092 658 549 357 745 456 14 64 1591 2814 1736 2201 873 3633 246 790 1117 1970 3047 3335 1592 548 4426 745 911 465 627 312 31 93 R. 447 R. 2893 R. 39 R. 1194 D. 291 .Sheboy^'aii D. 409 Taylor D. 6 R. 1570 R. 1647 Wal wortli R. 2242 D. 1726 Waukesha Waupaca Waushara Wiunebago : Woo.1 D. 206 R. 1060 R. 1532 R. 666 D. 87 CITIES. 522 361 109 197 17 201 6 240 36 D. 362 Beaver Dam D. 108 R. 118 Berlin R. 144 D. 17 5 97 D. 29 128 294 123 459 884 85 42 333 207 605 314 671 1057 284 311 5027 249 146 125 167 311 954 127 405 267 61 921 239 73 440 270 687 49 1 170 33 143 3 250 520 195 110 181 3 31 42 351 13 17 67 1050 21 376 118 24 6 376 28 475 254 1205 1382 669 121 696 250 1036 514 1085 834 660 , 291 8218 348 511 206 222 399 1496 572 212 1013 1542 288 D. 97 R. 42 E:iu Claire K. 189 D. 160 K. 81 191 D. 70 Green Bay 647 R. 49 224 R. 26 .lanesville 848i R. 188 544 D. 30 1549 D. 464 1252 D. 418 512i R. 148 344! D. 53 9025 D. 1407 324 R. 24 385 R. 126 208 D. 2 Oconouiowoc 238 D. 16 506 U. 107 OHlikosh 19101 D. 414 Portage 7 D. 160 366 215 143 1672 397 87 575 1 423 372 t 280 210 1 532 377 D. 166 3 10 82 33 D. 112 R. 26 R. 131 R 31 D. 162 108' R. 35 Unci lie , ... 1324 333 83 R. 348 Ripon R. 64 13 D. 18 R. 4 Sheboygan 68 145 164 20 300 D. 192 D 18 U. 445 R. 161 G 130 873I D. 298 563 D. 140 129.J D. 923 Wausau 52 R. 228 595: D. 385 18 POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES. Area in States and square Territories, Miles Statt'S. Alabama Arkansas Califurnia Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massafluisetts... Michigan* Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Nebraska Nevada New Hanipsliire. New .Jersey New York . North Carolina.. Ohio Oregon 50, 53. 188. 4, 2 59!: 58. 65, 33, 55,' 81, 37, 41, 31. 11. 7, 5S, 83, 47, 65, 76, iia, 9, 8, 47,' 50, 39, 95,: • Last CeuEus o( Population 996,992 484,471 560,a47 537.454 125,015 187,748 1,184.109 2,539,891 1,080,637 1,191.792 304,399 1,321,011 720,915 620,915 780,894 1,457,351 Miles R. R. 1875. 187: 1,350,544 528,349 857.039 1.6->1,!I12 1.184,0,59'l,.'>:',4.il:il ■ "' " ■" ,5'.)S,429 246,280 52,540 439,706 827,922 1,721,295 123,993 42,491 318.300 906,(196 4,382,759,4,705,208 1,071,361 2,665,260 90.9231 Michigan taken in 1874, 1,026,502 1,671 25 1,013 820 227 466 2.108 5.904 «,529 3.160 1,760 1,123 539 871 820 1.60(1 2,2:15 1,012 990 2,580 828 593 790 1,265 4,470 1,190 3,740 109 States and Teekitories. Stiiles. Pennsylvania Rhode Islaiul South (Carolina, Tennessee Texas Vermont Virginia West Virginia.,. Wisconsin J'otai States Territories. Arizona ('oiorado Dakota Dist. of Coluiuijia, Idaho Montana New Mexico Utah Washington Wyjiuiiig Totat Territories. Area in siiiiare Miles. 46,000 1,306 29,385 45,600 237,.504 10,212 40,904 23,000 53.924 1,950,171 11,3,916 104,500 147,490 60 90,932 143,776 121,201 80,056 69,944 93,107 Population. 3,521,791 217,353 70.5,606 1,258,620 818,579 3;W,551 1,225,163 442,014 1,054.670 965,03: 38.113,253 9,658 39,864 14,181 131,700 14,999; 20,595; 91,874 86,786 23,955 9,118 258,239 925,145 1,236,729 Miles K. R. 1872. 5,113 136 1,201 1,520 865 675 1,490 485 1,725 59,587 442,730 I 1.265 Aggregate of U. S.. 8,915.203 38,555,983 160,852 * Included in the Railro.ad Mileage of Harylard. PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD ; Population and Area. Countries. Population. Date of Census. Area in Square Miles. Inliabitants 10 Square Mile. Population. China British Kmpire Russia . United States with Alaska, I-'rance Austria and Hungary ,Iaiian Great llrllain and Ireland German Empire Italy Spain Brazil Turkey Mexico Sweden and Norway Persia Belgium . Havana Poruigal Holl.and i^ ew Grenada Chill Swiuerland Peru Bolivia Argentine Republic Wurteniburg Donmark Venezuela Baden Greece Guatemala Ecuador Paraguay Hesse Liberia San Salvador Hayti Nicaragua Uruguay Honduras San Domingo Costa Rica Hawaii , , . 446, 226, 81, 38, 36, 35, 34, 31, 29, 27. 16. 10. 16. 9. 5, 5. 5. 4. 3, ■ 3. 8, 2, 2, o 5! 1 1 1 1, 1 1 1 1 1 500,000 817,108 925,400 925,600 469 800 904,400 ,785,300 ,817,100 906,092 ,439,921 ,642,000 ,000.000 163.000 ,173,000 ,921,500 ,000,000 ,021,300 ,861,400 995,200 688,300 000,000 000,000 669,100 500,000 :, 000, 000 812,000 818,500 ,784,700 500,000 461,400 ,457.900 .180,000 300.000 000,000 823,138 718,000 600,000 572,000 350,000 300,000 350,000 136,000 1B5.000 62,950 1871 1871 1871 1870 1866 1869 1871 1871 1871 1871 1867 1869 1870 1870 1869 1871 1868 1870 1870 1869 1870 1871 '1869 1871 1870 ■1871 1870 1871 1871 1871 1871 1871 1S71 1870 3,741,846 4.677,432 8,003,778 2,603,884 204,091 240,348 149,399 121,315 160,2(17 118,847 195 775 3,253,029 672,621 761.526 292,871 635.964 11,373 29,292 34,494 12,680 357,157 132,616 15,992 471.838 497,321 871,848 7,533 14,753 368,238 5,912 19,353 40,879 218.928 63,787 2,969 9,576 7,335 10,205 58,171 66,722 47,092 17,827 21.605 7.633 119.3 48.6 10.2 7.78 178.7 149.4 232.8 262.3 187. 230.9 8.5. 3.07 24.4 20. 7.8 441.5 165.9 115.8 290.9 8.4 15.1 166.9 5.3 4, 2.1 241.4 130.9 4.2 247. 76.3 28.9 5.9 15.6 277. 74.9 81.8 56. 6, 6.5 7.4 7.6 7.7 80. Pekin London St. Peter.^:)nrg., Washington Paris Vienna Ycddo London Berlin Rome Madrid Ilio Janeiro Constautino]ile Mexico .stocklioim Teheran Brussels Munich Lisbon Hague Bogota Santiago Berne Lima chuqnisaca Buenos Ayres.. Stuttgart Copenhagen Car.accas Carlsruhe Athens (iuatemala Quito .'Vsuncion liarmstadt .Monrovia Sal Salvador. .. Port au Prince Managua Monte Video... comayagua San Domingo... San Jose Honolulu 1,648,800 3,251.800 667.000 109,199 1,825.30(1 833,900 1,554,900 3,251,800 825,400 244,484 332,00(1 420,000 1,07.5.000 210.300 136.900 120,000 314,100 169,500 224,063 90.100 45,000 115,40(1 36,000 160,100 25,000 177,800 91,60(1 162,042 47,000 36,60(1 43,400 40,00(1 70,000 48,000 30,00" 3,00(1 1.5.000 20.0110 10,000 44,500 12,000 20,000 2,000 7.HSS m> ^Oa^'C^^r^ HORICON HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. CHAPTER I. Introductokt — Topography — Geological Foumations — Glacial — Springs and Wells — Watkr Po"(ver— Irox Deposits— Physical Geography-- Earth Mounds— Indian Occr- PANCY'— The Black Hawk War— United States Surveys and Land Sales. INTRODUCTORY. Each year is thinning the ranks of the adventurous pioneers who broke the pathway of emigration i^to " Old Dodge," and the unpropitious hand of Death still pursues its silent voca- tion, relentlessly smiting, one by one, the brave men and women who first established the land- marks of progress and civilization in the fastnesses of a vast wilderness, whose only inhabitants were a race of cruel savages. No tongue can tell, no pen can portray, the hardships and vicis- situdes endured by the little band of Argonauts who, forty years ago, quit the friendly shelter of parental roof-trees, many of them forever, and wandered away in quest of titles to broad acres of virgin soil in the Far West. The bent forms, the furrowed brows, the tremulous voices of the few who have weathered the storms of frontier experience, and are spared to sanctify with their presence the little home dominions that have grown up about them, is sad, yet eloquent evidence of the trials confronted by the early settlers of Dodge County. Their deeds deserve a place in history that will long survive even the monuments of marble that may mark their graves. It is the duty of the historian to treat of facts as they have existed " down through the dim vista of time." Therefore it becomes necessary for us to ascertain something of the prim- itive history of the earth beneath, as well as of men and things above. As there is no fact without a foundation (else it could not be a fact), it is proper that this chapter should begin with certain events scientifically ascertained to have occurred at some remote period between the date of Noah's flood and the discovery of America. (As a class, scientists are usually very accurate in their chronological records). TOPOGRAPHY OF THE COUNTY. Dodge County, in common with other parts of Wisconsin, presents many remarkable and interesting topographical features, and, according to Prof. T. C. Chamberlin, the State Geolo- gist, was once far beneath the waves of a broad ocean. The inequalities, he says, which it now presents, are due to subsequent changes, the results of three classes of agents, acting at different times and under diS'erent conditions, namely : 1. During the long ages between the emergence of the land and the drift period, the streams were cutting their beds deeper and deeper into the rock, and rendering the former level 310 HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. surface more and more irregular. The softer rocks were more readily eroded than the harder ones, and this helped to increase the unevenness. There was a tendency of the streams, so far as the slope favored, to follow the less resisting belts of soft rock, and, as these run in a north- erly and southerly course in this region, the main streams had that direction. The little streams gathered into the larger ones in a manner not unlike that by which the branches cf a tree are united unto the trunk. The unevenness of surface produced by erosion of this nature produces a certain kind of system and symmetry readily recognizable. As this erosion occupied the time preceding the glacial period, we may conveniently designate the features produced by it, pre- glacial. We have the best example of this kind of surface conformation in the lead region, over which the drift forces did not act, and which has not been resubmerged, so that we have the results of this class of action pure and simple. As we proceed eastward into the region of drift action in the central part of the State, these features are modified more and more by the results of glacial action, until in Eastern Wisconsin they become wholly obscured, except in their grander outlines. Dodge County lies midway between the extremes. 2. The modifications of the surface constituting this first class of topographical features were produced by running water ; those of the second class, which were formed next in order of time, were caused by ice, in the form of glaciers, it is confidently believed, and by the agencies brought into action through their melting. The work of the ice was twofold : first, in the level- ing of the surface, by planing down the hills and filling up the valleys ; and second, in the cre- ation of a new, uneven surface, by heaping up in an irregular and promiscuous manner the clay, sand, gravel and bowlders it had formed, thus giving the surface a new aspect. Among the features produced by the action of the ice, are parallel ridges, sometimes miles in length, having the same direction as the ice movement ; hills of rounded flowing contour, sometimes having a linear arrangement in the direction of glacial progress ; mounds and hummocks of drift promis- cuously arranged on an otherwise plain surface ; oval domes of rock {roehes moutonees) ; sharp gravel ridges, often having a tortuous serpentine course, transverse to the drift movement ; pecu- liar depressions known as "kettles," and half-submerged rock gorges, known as "fiords," — all of which combine to form a peculiar and distinctive surface contour. The melting of the ice mass gave rise to swollen lakes and flooded rivers, which eroded at some points and filled up at others, and so still further modified the face of the country. All these peculiarities, being the result, directly or indirectly, of the ice action, may be denominated glacial features. 3. Subsequent to the glacial period, the wearing action of the streams was resumed, but under somewhat new conditions, and carved out a new surface contour, the features of which may be termed post-glacial. To the agencies, ice and water, assisted slightly by winds, the topographical peculiarities of the county are chiefly due. There is no evidence of violent eruptions, upheavals or outbursts. There was, indeed, the gradual elevation and depression of the surface, and probably some little flexure of the crust ; but the region has been free from violent agitation, and owes none of its salient topographical features to such causes. ELE,VATIONS. Having disposed of the salient features of the topography of the county, attention is nat- urally directed to the minor characteristics of the formations. The following list of elevations constitutes a more specific class of topographical data, which will be of great value in making estimates for artesian wells and in locating preliminary lines of railroad. The figures indicate the altitude in feet above Lake Michigan. By adding 589 feet to those of any given point, the result will be the elevation above the ocean: Beaver Dam Railway station, 340 feet above the water line of Lake Michigan ; Beaver Dam Lake, 282 feet ; Burnett Junction, 299 feet ; Lake Horicon (that was), 277 feet; Loss Lake, town of Calamus, 291 feet; Clyman Station, 330 feet; Rock River, in the Sixth Ward of Watertown, 211 feet; Lake Emily, 312 feet; north- east corner of Section 11, town of Herman, 235 feet; south line of Section 26, same town, 105 feet; Lowell Station, 247 feet; Minnesota Junction, 348 feet; Rolling Prairie Station, 863 HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. 311 feet; Juneau Station, 335 feet; Section 32, town of Shields, 214: feet; Waupun Station, 314 feet; Horicon marsh, nearest Waupun, 280 feet. A hirge number of well-defined moraines of stones and rubbish exist in diflerent parts of the county. The most noteworthy of these occur in Sections 4, 5 and 6, in the town of Her- man, and in Sections 33 and 34 in the town of Theresa. The former consists of a narrow- ridge, rising not usually more than twenty feet in height, and extending in a general easterly and westerly direction for a distance of about three miles, with occasional interruptions, where it is crossed by streams and "dry runs." Througliout Sections 5 and 6, the ridge lies upon an elevated table-land or plateau, formed of drift material. SEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS. The northern part of the State is occupied by the oldest formations that are definitely known to geologists by observation, though theoretically there are older ones. These dip down beneath the sandstones and limestones that constitute the upper formations in the southern part of the State. They pass beneath Dodge County at a depth of more than a thousand feet, and may be looked upon as forming the great rock floor upon which the latter formations repose. There lies upon this floor first a great bed of sandstone, to which the name of Potsdam has been given. The thickness of this is somewhat irregular, but is sometimes nearly or quite one thou- sand feet. Upon this sandstone, there lies the lower magnesian limestone. This is likewise irregular in thickness, varying from about sixty feet to one hundred and fifty feet. The most southerly point in Eastern Wisconsin at whicli the luwer magnesian limestone appears is at Waterloo, a short distance below the southern line of Dodge County. The outcrop represents the upper portion of the formation. Upon the lower magnesian limestone rests the St. Peters sandstone, which is also uneven in thicliness, the average being perhaps seventy-five to one hundred feet. In some portions of this formation occur organic remains. It tliere has suflicient compactness to serve as building- stone, but usually it is too soft. The latter fact, however, permits its extensive use as sand for mortar and similar purposes. At most localities, it can be dug with pick and shovel — the mere handling being suflScient to reduce it to sand. On account of its clearness, it is much superior to most drift sand. Upon the St. Peters sandstone lies the Trenton limestone, which appears near the surface of the earth in the towns of Shields, Portland, Elba, Lowell, Calamus, Beaver Dam, Westford, Fox Lake and Trenton, affording several valuable fjuarries. Overlying the Trenton, and, indeed, forming the nucleus of the few prominent hills in the county, is found the galena limestone, so named from the double fact that, in the southwestern part of the State and in Northern Illinois, where it has its most characteristic development, it is the chief formation that bears the lead ore (galena or galenite). This rock is very imper- vious to water and atmospheric agencies. About two miles nor'Ji of AVatertown, in the southeast corner of Section 20, town of Emmet, is an extensive quarry of galena limestone. Similar formations, the material being somewhat coarser, appear and are extensively utilized near Juneau, and also at Waupun and near Fox Lake. At the two latter points, it under- goes a marked change in color, and is believed to be more durable than that found further south. Another species of limestone, known to geologists as " Niagara," is found in the eastern part of the county. The lower strata of the Niagara series are named " Mayvillebeds," because they have their maximum development and finest exposure south of the village of that name. The white limestone that lies on the Mayville beds in the northern portion, .is largely used in lime-making and for building stone and flagging. The Mayville rock is a rough, coarse, gray magnesian limestone, the average thickness of which is about sixty feet The formation disap- pears southward beneath the drift, and is next seen in the town of Asliippun, where it forms a few ragged outlying ledges, the most noteworthy of which lies in the west halves of Sections 6 and 7. 312 HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. THE GLACIAL FORMATIONS OR DRIFT. Long after the above formations had been deposited by the Silurian ocean, and had been lifted from the water and eroded into hills and valleys by the elements, the region was subjected to the action of ice and glacial waters, by which a covering of clay, sand, gravel and bowlders was deposited over the face of the region, well-nigh concealing all the strata beneath. This con- stitutes the drift, or glacial, or quaternary deposits that prevail at the surface. They are com- posed of rounded fragments and the ground-up material of various kinds of rocks. When carefully studied, it is found that all these fragments were derived from formations lying to the northward and northeastward, and that a great many of them came from the Lake Superior region and beyond, as, for instance, the copper that is occasionally found, sometimes in quite large lumps. Taken altogether, this is one of the most puzzling formations known to geologists ; and, although the explanations worked out by the recent geological survey are probably the most satisfactory that have ever been given, it would far transcend our limits to attempt to reproduce them here. The soil, the latest geological formation, was produced by the disintegration of the drift and of the rock where it approaches the surface. SPRINGS AND ARTESIAN WELLS. There are few localities in Dodge County at which an abundant supply of good water can- not be reached at moderate depths. The natural source of supply of the many excellent springs will first receive consideration. According to the report of the State Geologist, there are two general systems of springs : those that originate in the drift deposits, and those that flow from the rock. There are several reasons why spring water is more likely to be pure than that of wells. It comes from greater depths and passes through a greater extent of the deeper strata (which are comparatively free from organic impurities), than does the water of wells, which is usually drawn from the surface of the water-level beneath the location of the wells. The water of wells is usually stagnant, while that of springs is active, "living water." Artesian fountains are not here taken into account. In view of these facts, the study and utilization of springs become of much importance. The lowest noteworthy horizon from which springs arise is the vicinity of the junction of the Potsdam sandstone and the lower magnesian limestone. These formations lie far beneath the strata composing the Trenton and galena limestones. The water from this source usually has a temparature of 48° or 50°, and is clear and comparatively free from organic impurities, but contains a small percentage of the carbonates of lime and magnesia, and, in some cases, a very small percentage of iron, with usually some silica, alumina and chloride of sodium. But the combined amount of these is generally small, and the water is soft and very pleasant to the taste. Asmall amount of free carbonic acid is usually present, which enhances the grateful eftect of the water upon the palate and stomach. Above this horizon, springs occur but rarely till we reach the junction of the St. Peters sandstone with the Trenton limestone. These springs are similar in general character to the last, but usually contain a more consider- able percentage of the several mineral ingredients, at least that portion of them derived from limestone, which still retains traces of many of the salts that we have reason to suppose were incorporated with it when it was formed beneath the ancient ocean. To this class belongs most of the springs that issue from the rock in the western half of the county. A number of springs in the vicinity of Beaver Dam issue from near the junction of the Trenton with the galena limestone. The '' Vita Spring," however, as is shown by the analy.sis of the water, derives it source from the ''lower levels." The artesian wells in Dodge County vary in depth from 150 to 400 feet, usually terminat- ing in the lower levels of Trenton limestone, but occasionally penetrating that formation and tapping the upper crusts of the St. Peters sandstone. The following measurements will show the distance below the surface of the earth at which Prof Chamberlin calculates the junction of these two formations occurs, and the same figures are fair average estimates of the depth of the artesian wells in the county: Section 25, town of Elba, 254 feet; Sections 17 and 31, town HISTORY OF DODGE COINTY. 813 of Fox Lake. 294 and 368 feet; Section 19, Lowell, 195 feet: Sections 6 and 31, Portland, •296 and 248 feet ; Section 32, Shields, 214 feet ; Section 25, Westford, 266 feet. THE WATER-POAVEK. The western half of Dodge County is particularly rich in water-sites; especially is this true of the region about Beaver Dam and Fox Lake. The same could once have been said of that part of the county through which the Rock River flows ; but the varied interests of the inhabit- ants came into conflict, and the result was the tearing-away of Horicon dam, wliich confined a body of water spreading over an area of 25,000 acres. Beginning at the northwestern portion of the county. Fox Lake, with vast water-sheds all about it, pours its volume through a narrow channel leading to Beaver Dam Lake, turning the wheels of numerous mills and factories on its course. Reaching the foot of Beaver Dam Lake, it is again utilized as it passes into and through Beaver Creek, having a fall of about forty-two feet to the village of Lowell. The Crawfish River, flowing through the towns of Elba and Port- land, furnishes a good power for the people of Danville and Portland. As already stated, the utility of Rock River has been seriously impaired by the demolition of the dam at Horicon, whether to the general advantage or disadvantage of all those int;prested, remains a question to be answered by themselves. But the stream still afibrds many valuable and durable mill sites, both above and below Horicon. Kekoskee and May ville, in the town of Williamstown, and Theresa, in the town of Theresa, have their dams and water-wheels and mills and factories. Hustisford, however, may be considered the most favored point on Rock River within the limits of Dodge County at the present time. In the town of Rubicon, saw and gfist mills are supplied with power from the Rubicon River at several points, while Ashippun River, as it passes through the southeastern corner of the town of Ashippun, is utilized in the same manner. Rock River passes out of Dodge County in Section 36, town of Lebanon, but returns, as if loath to leave so beautiful a spot, and makes its force felt again (in the town of Emmet) before winding its weary way to the mother stream. Tlie entire area drained by Rock River and its tributaries in Wisconsin is 3,635 square miles. The collection area above Horicon is 436 square miles, upon which the annual rainfall is estimated at 30,387,456,000 cubic feet. Allowing one-half for evaporation, filtration and other sources of loss, the theoretical discharge at the outlet of Horicon marsh wouM be 15,193,728,000 cubic feet. Reckoned at the lowest rainfall in the last thirty years, this amount would be diminished about one-third. The fall from Horicon to the Illinois State line is 127 feet, less than 60 feet of which are utilized. Of the unused portion, there is more than thirty feet fall between Horicon and Watertown, corresponding to about 1,600 horsepower. But there is a very noticeable diminution in the volume of water passing down Rock River, and some of the "oldest inhabit- ants" predict that it is gradually "going dry," and that such a result is inevitable. They base their opinion upon the very natural theory of absorption, occasioned mainly by the cutting-away of forests from about its banks. Science not having, as yet, controverted this theory, it must be. and probably is, generally accepted. THE IRON DEPOSITS. There is one other feature of the geology of Dodge County, which forms an important part in its history, and that is the iron deposits found underlying the Niagara limestone (previously described) in the town of Hubbard. The main body is included in Sections 12 and 13 of that town. The locality is characterized by a north and south ledge facing the west and overlooking the lower land in that direction from a height of about sixty feet. The upper twenty feet or more of this ledge is composed of heavy, rough beds of Niagara limestone. Beneath this lies the ore bed, having a varying thickness averaging, perhaps, fifteen or twenty feet. The mine is situated a short distance west of the center of Section 13. Near it is the furnace, and a little further west is the village of Iron Ridge. Three-quarters of a mile north of this point is the Mayville mine, or what is known as the Mayville ore bed, though the village of Mayville is four 314 HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. miles and a half distant. The ore in these deposits occurs in regular horizontal beds, varying from three to fourteen inches in thickness. Near the furnace it is northward ; at the May ville ore bed it is southeastward, and north of this it is again northward. The water collecting in or issuing from the mines is colored to a bright scarlet, although a spring issuing from beneath is almost free from indications of iron, as, indeed, are all the springs in the vicinity. The ore consists of small lenticular concretions, whose average diameter is about one twenty-fifth of an inch. The peculiarity of the various formations renders mining very easy. The prevailing color of the ore is a dark reddish brown. At certain points, it becomes purplish and even bluish, as at the Mayville ore bed, where the term " blue ore " is applied. What may have been the original extent of the ore deposit to the westward cannot now be ascertained, as that portion has been swept away by the denuding agencies which formed the valley lying in that direction. The deposit may be traced a mile and a quarter to the northward from tlie furnace, where it is lost under the hills that rise in that direction. It has been found in a thin deposit two miles further on to the west of north in the town of Williamstown, and also a mile to the east of the furnace. The position of the ore, outcropping along the face of a terrace at a convenient eleva- tion, rendering drainage, stripping, loading into cars or the furnace convenient : the soft charac- ter of the ore, its horizontal bedding of medium thickness, the ease with which it may be bored or blasted, its situation in a rich agricultural and heavily timbered region, and its railway con- nections, combine to render this locality unsurpassed in the advantages it presents for mining, reducing and shipping the ore. Superintendent Sterling furnishes the following relating to the iron interests at this point: The whole amount of ore shipped from July 1, 18()9, to January 1, 1872, was 173,842 tons ; the amount in 1872. was 82,371 tons; in 1873, 48,706. Shipments were made to Chicago, Juliet and Springfield, 111., St. Louis, Mo., Wyandotte and Jackson, Mich., Appleton, Green Bay and Milwaukee, Wis., and Zanesville and Newburg, Ohio, as well as to various other points in small quantities. The cost of mining the ore in 1873, was from 50 to 75 cents per ton, but this has been decreased as the company brought their machinery to a more perfect state. The average furnace yield of metal from the ore is 45 per cent. The furnace at this point is forty feet high, nine and a half feet across the boshes, uses four or five tuyeres or forge bellows, as occasion may require, makes use of the hot blast, blown by steam-power, burns charcoal, and has a capacity of about three thousand five hundred gross tons yearly. No flux is used. The ' composition of the pig-iron product is shown by the following analysis, by Prof E. T. Sweet : Iron, 95.784 per cent : phosphorus. 1.675; graphite, 1.379; combined carbon, 0.849; silicon, 0.491 ; sulphur, 0.108: magnesia, small traces; total, 100.286. In 1849, a blast furnace was established at the village of Mayville, for the reduction of this ore. In 1873, the capacity of this furnace was: Height, 40 feet (9 feet in the boshes), 4 tuyeres, the hot air blast, with steam and water combined as power. The charge was 700 pounds of ore and 16 bushels of charcoal. The ore used was from the north opening of the Mayville bed. Limestone and lean ore were sometimes used as flux. The yield was thirteen or fourteen tons per day, being about 42 per cent of the ore. At the date of the compilation of this history and in a season when ore is not in the great- est demand, the company has, in its employ, one hundred and fifteen men, and is taking out about 4,500 tons of metal per month. PHYSICAL GEOGRAPnY. Dodge County is composed of twenty-four townships, all, save Trenton, Beaver Dam, Lowell and Shields, being six miles square. The county is intersected in almost every direction with living streams, and is dotted here and there with springs and lakes. In the original sur- vey, the area of the meandered streams is not included in the acreage ; nor are the townships exactly six miles square, as a matter of fact, though the theory of surveying, adopted by the Government, proceeds upon the hypothesis that they are. The town of Trenton contains an area of about 551 square miles of land ; town of Baaver Dim, 40 square miles ; town of Lowell, HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. 315 5i square miles; town of Shields, 25 J square miles. All the rest contain 36 square miles. The county comprises an area 30 miles square, equivalent to 570,000 acres. Admirable locations were chosen for the village sites in the county ; but the hand of nature, in designing the rivers and lakes, must share more of the credit than the hand of man. The famous Rock River passes from north to south through the second tier of towns in the eastern portions of the county, winding its tortuous way among the meadows and groves, watering the natural vegetation peculiar to that section, and furnishing power for numerous mills. In the western half of the county, Fox Lake, Beaver Dam Lake, the Crawfish and Beaver Rivers, occupy parallel importance with Rock River and its tributaries in the eastern half • In general, the surface is rolling, there being but a very small proportion of the entire sec- tion, if we except the marshes, which is not cultivatable. Perhaps one half of the county was originally timbered ; the other half openings or prairie — very little of it, however, so free from brush as to be considered clean prairie. PRODOCTIONS — POPULATION. The soil is strong, rich and durable, and vast quantities of wheat and other small grains are produced each year. Fruits of the stronger varieties thrive and are abundant. Stock- raising and dairying are extensive branches of industry, and have increased greatly in late years. In agricultural wealth, Dodge is perhaps surpassed by no other county in the State, and, in population, by only three or four. The German element is numerous, and about equals that of all other nationalities, predominating chiefly in the eastern portion. They are an industrious and saving people ; law-abiding iind lovers of good and honest government. The town of Ashippun is chiefly settled by Scandinavians, while the Irish may be said to predomi- nate in the towns of Elba, Portland and Shields. A large proportion of the town of Calamus is Welsh. The Americans are most numerous in the central portion of the county. DISTANCES. Dodge is a county of convenient distances, and is exceptionally favored in the matter of good roads. Taking Juneau, the county seat, as the starting-point, the distances to the prin- cipal places of interest are as follows : Juneau to Beaver Dam, eight miles ; to Burnett Junction, seven miles ; to Columbus, sixteen miles ; to Chester, fourteen miles ; to Danville, fourteen miles ; to Fox Lake, fifteen miles ; to Horicon, five miles ; to Hustisford, six miles ; to Iron Ridge, eight miles ; to Kekoskee, ten miles ; to Lowell, seven miles ; to May ville, ten miles ; to Minnesota Junction, three miles ; to Neosho, eleven miles ; to Oak Grove, three miles ; to Randolph, seventeen miles ; to Reeseville, ten miles ; to Richwood, twelve miles ; to Rolling Prairie, four miles ; to Rubicon, twelve miles ; to Portland, twenty-one miles ; to Theresa, four- teen miles ; to Watertown, fourteen miles ; to Waupun, fifteen miles. TIMBER. From the statistics of forestry, in the report of the Commissioner of Agriculture, for 1875, we quote the following concerning the wooded features of Dodge County : " The deciduous trees in Wisconsin correspond to those in Indiana and Illinois, except that there is much less of black walnut and more of basswood, * * * j^jjj hemlock, cedar and tamarack are found in considei'able quantities. A noticeable feature is the extent to which land originally occupied with scrubby oaks, known as ' oak openings,' is being covered with a dense and thrifty spontaneous growth of hardwood timber of different kinds. The forests left in Dodge County are confined to small lots on the farms for home use. Wood on the stump is worth §2 to $3..50 per cord. Great quantities of forest products have been converted into coal for smelting iron in the county. Much of the land from which this timber was early cut off is now covered with a thick growth of young hardwoods, yielding twenty cords per acre." 316 HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. EARTH MOUNDS. There seems to exist a diversity of opinion upon this subject. The theories of scientists, while generally pointing to the belief that the earth mounds found in Dodge County, which are not dissimilar to those in existence throughout the Rock River Valley, are the peculiar work of an extinct or pre-historic race, are frequently contradictory. The explanation of the history of these mounds, as accepted by those prominently connected with the State Historical Society, is that, " so far as the valley of this stream (Rock River) is concerned, throughout its whole e.xtent, in Wisconsin, are to be found interesting relics of pre-historic man. There is nothing to distinguish these works," they say, "from others more within the proper region, as it were, of the jNIound-Builders. In one of the mounds, bones are said to have been obtained. * * * * Some of the mounds examined were of animal shape. There is a group of earthworks about two and a half miles east of Beloit representing animals of different kinds.' The same species of mounds is found in Dodge County. Near the village of IToricon, until within a few years back, there was to be seen a large earth protuberance, taking the form of an elephant lying upon its side. Others in the same locality were found representing horses and cattle. Not far from the eastern limits of Beaver Dam existed similar formations ; while upon the apex of a knoll near the the present site of the Polish Catholic Church, M. Shafer, of Beaver Dam, tells of having seen a mound one hundred feet in length, and about two feet high, representing a lizard, with perfectly formed head, feet and tail. In the center, or about midway between the hind and fore legs, was a thrifty oak-tree, measuring eighteen inches in diameter, and supposed to be at least one hundred years old. Quite a group of mounds of various shapes dotted the ridge running north and south thi'ough the city of Beaver Dam, when Judge Hosmer came to the place in 1846. But tliese have long since disappeared, and the elegant residences of J. J. Williams, Ira Rowell, S. P. K. Lewis, Dr. Swan, and others, have taken their place. Another of these " mysterious formations '' is still to be seen on the farm of Mr. Stevens, near the Beaver Dam railway station. It is about forty feet in diameter, and almost perfectly round ; rises abruptly to a height of four or five feet, and then sinks slightly toward the center. Arrow-heads, stone axes, rude patterns of pottery, etc., have been found in those of the mounds which have been opened. Instances of the discovery of human bones within them are very rare. In the early history of Beaver Dam, Indians of the different tribes were very plenty, and they frequently camped in greater or lesser numbers along the banks of the lake and river. Among them was an old, gray-haired man, said to be a centenarian. He was very intelligent for an Indian, and, under the influence of the promise of a piece of tobacco, or a drink of whisky, he would converse with the whites in very acceptable English. Mr. Shafer frequently indulged the old man's cravings for " the weed," and in that way drew from him much valuable information, with which his mind seemed to be well stored. During an interview with him in 1848, Mr. Shafer asked him to explain the primary existence of the many mounds then to be seen in almost every field or forest. After some hesitation, the old man said he knew nothing concerning them except what his father had told him when he was a boy. He then gave the version of his paternal ancestor in a straightforward manner about as follows : Many years ago, the various tribes of Indians inhabiting these parts professed to be very religious, and exhibited ..he sincerity of those professions by holding periodical tribal meetings, and worshiping, in their o<.va manner, a deity fashioned by their own hands. Each one of those of the faithful who attended these gatherings brought with him or her a bag, made of the skins of animals, filled with some portion of the earth composing their camping-grounds. Sometimes they came from long distances, carrying heavy loads of dirt upon their backs, and frequently they gathered by thousands to participate in the peculiar exercises. The sands of their hearthstones, as it were, were emptied together in one huge pile, at the appointed place of meeting, and, it seems, a part of the ceremony consisted in shaping this pile HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. 317 in the form of an animal, which at once became the object of their idolatrous worship. Before dispersing it was understood where and when the next meeting would take place ; and so they continued to " wash their sins away, " until perhaps — though tiicre is no foundation for the statement — an Indian IngersoU came along and demolished their spiritual theory of how to be saved from the damned. But there are two things — and either will bear investigation — which give an air of plaus- ibility to the version of the old gray-haired Indian's father, namely : First, the fact that the earth of which most of these mounds is composed presents a variety of soil. The black loam of the river bottoms or lowlands, is found segregated from the less vegetable clays of the hills, while the mellow earth, such as is found in the fields, has positively refused in all these years to mix with the occasional strata of ashes or sand. Second, the foce of the earth in the vicinity of these mounds — especially those in Dodge County — shows no depressions indicating that they have been thrown up or that they are composed of the contiguous soil. Scientists may overthrow this theory; or perhaps they may consider it not worthy their attention. But we ask one or all of them to go to Horicon, and dig into one of the numerous cornhills there to be found, make an analysis of the earth therein contained, and then report if it diflers materially from a shovelful of the same soil taken from the well-defined depression from which that cornhill was made, perhaps an hundred or may be two hundred years ago. If sucli an investigation should happen to disclose the skull of a flat-headed Indian, or one with well- developed "bumps," either may, with impunity, be labeled the pate of a " pre-historic man '' or Mound-Builder. INDIAN OCCUPANCY. As early as the year 1632, the civilized world had knowledge, through vague reports of savages, of a tribe of Indians to the westward and southwestward of Lake Huron, who lived in a country "where there was a quantity of buffaloes." This nation, it is believed, was the one afterward known as the Illinois. They occupied what is now Northern Illinois, extending their occupation, probably, so far to the northward as to include Southern Wisconsin, and, no doubt, the territory now included in Dodge County. Afterward, they were driven beyond the Missis- sippi, but subsequently returned to the region of the river which bears their name. Meanwhile, there commenced an emigration of tribes from Fox River of Green Bay, to the southward. The Mascoutins and their kindred, the Kickapoos and Miamis, moved to the vicinity of the south end of Lake Michigan. It is probable that one or more of these tribes had their homes for a time in the Rock River A'alley, after the migration of the Illinois across the Mississippi. Following them in, at least, a nominal occupation of Southern Wisconsin, were the Foxes ; but these Indians and their kindred, the Sacs, insteid of migrating toward the south, moved westward and southwestward from the river which commemorates the first-men- tioned tribe. j Though there is abundant evidence that many portions of the territory now known as Dodge County were occupied by the Winnebagoes previous to the advent of the whites, it is believed they had but one village — that of White Breast (Maunk-shak-kah) — within the present bounds of the county. The character of the country, so admirably suited to all the requirements of a primitive and nomadic people — well watered throughr>ut its whole extent, and containing a broad expanse of prairie, upon which grazed the herds of game, or which were readily con- verted into fertile cornfields— aftords presumptive evidence that it must have been a favorite abode of a portion of that tribe. While the Winnebagoes occupied this western Eden— the Rock River Valley— undisputed masters of all its beauty and all its wealth of game and fish, they were occasionally visited by adventurous white men, who took up temporary residences among them for purposes of trade. Others married among them and became what may be called Indian residents. There were many tribes of Indians who claimed to be sole owners of all the land embraced in the present State of Wisconsin, when it finally came under the jurisdiction of the LInited States. This question of aboriginal ownership of the soil was then found to be inextricably 318 HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. complicated by conflicting claims of different tribes to the same land. As will be found fully explained in the general history of the State, the Menomonees, Chippewas, Ottawas, Winneba- goes, Sacs and Foxes and Pottawatomies were all located within the present boundaries of Wisconsin, and the claims of several different tribes were frequently found to embrace the same territory. Thus, for example, the Winnebagoes, the Sacs and Foxes, and the Pottawatomies each claimed an ownership in the Rock River country. The first treaty affecting the lands of the Rock River Valley made with the Indians was that between " William Clark, Ninian Edwards and August Choteau, Commissioners Plenipo- tentiary of the United States of America, on the part and behalf of the said States, of the one part, and the chiefs and warriors of that portion of the Winnebago tribe or nation residing on the Wisconsin River, of the other part," which treaty was proclaimed January 30, 1816. Article II of this treaty stipulated that "the undersigned chiefs and warriors, for themselves ■and those they represent, do, by these presents, confirm to the United States all and every cession of land heretofore made by their nation to the British, French or Spanish Governments within the limits of the United States or Territories, and, also, all and every treaty, contract and acrreement, heretofore concluded between the United States and the said tribe or nation, as far as their interest in the same extends." Subsequently, a treaty proclaimed February 6, 1826, was entered into with the Sioux and Cliippewa, Sac and Fox, Menomonee, Iowa, Sioux, Winnebago, and a portion of the Ottawa, Chippewa and Pottawatomie tribes, for the purpose of " promoting peace among these tribes, and to establish boundaries among them and the other tribes who live in their vicinity." Article VI of this treaty is to this effect : " It is agreed between the Chippewas and Winneba- goes, so far as they are mutually interested therein, that the southern boundary line of the Chippewa country shall commence on the Chippewa River, half a day's march below the falls of that river, and run thence to the source of Clear Water River, a branch of the Chippewa; thence south to Black River ; thence to a point where the woods project into the meadows, and thence to the Plover Portage of the Wisconsin." Article VII stipulates : " It is agreed between the Winnebagoes and the Sioux, Sacs and Foxes, Chippewas and Ottawas, Chippewas and Pottawatomies of the Illinois, that the Winne- bago country shall be bounded as follows : Southeasterly by Rock River, from its source near the Winnebago Lake to the AVinnebago village, about forty miles above its mouth; westerly by the east line of the tract lying upon the Mississippi, herein secured to the Ottawa, Chippewa and Pottawatomie Indians of the Illinois ; and also by the high bluff described in the Sioux boundary, and running north to Black River; from this point, the Winnebagoes claim up Black River to a point due west from the source of the left fork of the Wisconsin ; thence to the source of the said fork, and down the same to the Wisconsin ; thence down the Wisconsin to the portage and across the portage to Fox River ; thence down Fox River to the Winnebago Lake, and to grand Kau Kaulin, including in their claim the whole of Winnebago Lake." By a treaty concluded at Rock Island between the United States, by their Commissioner, Maj. Gen. Winfield Scott, and Gov. Reynolds, of Illinois, and the Winnebagoes, proclaimed Feb- ruary 13, 1833, the Winnebagoes, for certain considerations of land, money and supplies, ceded " to the United States, forever, all the lands to which said nation have title or claim, lying to the south and east of the Wisconsin River, and the Fox River of Green Bay." As, however, the country claimed by the Winnebagoes under the treaty of February 6, 1826, was bounded on the southeast " by Rock River from its source, near the Winnebago Lake to the Winnebago village, about forty miles above its mouth," it is evident that the land ceded by this last treaty (that of February 13, 1833), could not include the whole of Dodge County as it now exists. The other moiety of this county was acknowledged to be the property of the United Nation of Chippewa, Ottawa and Pottawatomie Indians ; and, to extinguish their title, a treaty was entered into with them at Chicago September 26, 1833, whereby, for good and valuable considei'ations, this confederated nation of Indians ceded " to the United States all their land along the western shore of Lake Michigan, and between this lake and the land ceded HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. 819 to the United States by the Winnebago nation at the treaty of Fort Armstrong (Rock Islaml), made on the 15th of September, 1832, bounded on the north by the country lately ceded by the Menomonees, and on the south by the country ceded at the treaty of Prairie du Chien, made on the 29th of July, 1829, supposed to contain about five millions of acres." Finally, and to remove the possibility of any doubt whatever as to the validity of the title held by the United States to the lands lying on both sides of Rock River, a treaty was concluded at Washington City (proclaimed June 16, 1838) with the Winnebagoes, whereby, in brief but comprehensive terms, " the Winnebago Nation of Indians cede to the United States all their land east of the Mississippi River." With this treaty, the United States obtained an unassailable title to all the lands lying within the present bounds of Dodge County ; but, so fond of their former homes in this locality were tlie Rock River Winnebagoes, that even after they had been removed to the reservation provided for them, they continually revisited them, in small parties, to the great annoyance of the citizens; and the Government was finally compelled, in 181-1, to send a military detachment to secure obedience to the order confining them to territory set off to them beyond the Missis- sipi. But, though forced to leave, they would frequently return in small parties ; and, when these straggling bands would pass their old-time burial places, they would manifest the deepe-t reverence. THE BLACK HAWK WAR. The summer of 1832 was a somewhat notable one in the history of the territory included in the Rock River Valley. Dodge County, however, did not figure very extensively in the Black Hawk war. While the United States forces in pursuit of the redoubtable warrior and his cohorts wei'e encamped at Fort Atkinson in July, 1882, a detachment of the command under Cols. Dodge, Henry and Alexander, was dispatched to Fort Winnebago for supplies. Here, being informed that Black Hawk was encamped upon Rock River at or near Hustis' Rapids {now Hustisford), Cols. Dodge and Henry set out to return by that route on the 15th of the month, and reached the river on the 18th ; but no certain indications of the Indians Were dis- covered until the troops reached the vicinity of Watertown, whence the enemy were pursued toward the region of the Four Lakes, in Dane Countv. UNITED STATES SURVEYS AND LAND SALES. Immediately after the close of the Black Hawk war, and the acquisition by the United States of the Indian title to all the land west of Lake Micliisian, not reserved to the Indians or secured to specified individuals by the terms of the several treaties, a survey was commenced by the Genei'al Government. The northern boundary of Illinois, which was fixed April 11, 1818, on the parallel of 42° 30' north latitude, became necessarily the base line of the surveys. A principal north and south line (known as the Fourth Meridian) was also. run, extending from the b.ise line to Lake Superior. This line was west of the territory now included in Dodge County, running between what are now the counties of Grant and La Fayette. Parallel lines to this were run every six miles both on the east and west sides of it. The intervening six miles between these lines are called ranges. Range 1 east is the first six miles east of the Fourth Meridian ; Range 2 east is the first twelve miles east ; and so on to Lake Michigan — Dodge County lying in Ranges 1 3, 14, 15, 16 and 17 east. Parallel lines north of the base lines were run every six miles, which, crossing the ranges at right angles, cut the whole into blocks six miles square, called townships. These are numbered by tiers going north from the base line, as Town- ships 1 north. Townships 2 north, and so on. As the south line of the present territory of Dodge County lies forty-eight miles and the north line seventy-eight miles north of the base line, it includes, of course, five tiers of townships, numbered 9, 10, 11 and 12 north. Hence, in speaking of the territory o,f Dodge County, as surveyed by the General Government, it is said to be in Towns 9. 10, 11 and 12 north, of Ranges 13, 14, 15, 16 and 17 east. By the end of 1833, a large amount of the public land had been surveyed, and the fact being duly reported by the Surveyor General, Congress, by an act approved June 26, 1834, 320 HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. created two land districts. They embraced all that tract north of the State of Illinois, west of Lake Michigan, south and southeast of the Wisconsin and Fox Rivers, included in the then Territory of Michigan. It was divided by a north and south line, drawn from the northern boundary of Illinois, between ranges 8 and 9, to the Wisconsin River. All east of that line was called the Green Bay Land District ; all west, the Wisconsin Land District. Within the first-mentioned district was included the whole of the present county of Dodge. A Land Office for this Eastern District was established at Green Bay, which was duly opened by the Govern- ment, and a notice given of a public sale of all the then surveyed public lands lying south and southeast of the Wisconsin and Fox Rivers, which notice placed in the market all that portion of what was afterward Dodge County, lying west of Rock River. In accordance with this announcement, a sale took place at Green Bay in 1835. By act of Congress of June 15, 1836, the Milwaukee Land District was created out of the southern portion of the Green Bay District, including all the land between Range 8 east and Lake Michigan, bounded on the south by the Illinois State line, and extending north so as to extend to and include the tier of townships numbered 10 north ; also Townships 11 and 12 north, of Ranges 21 and 22 east. Of course, in this district fell all the territory now included within the limits of the towns of Elba, Lowell, Clyman, Hustisford, Rubicon, Portland, Shields, Emmet, Lebanon and Ashippun, in Dodge County. The Land Office was located in Milwaukee, where the first public sale of Government lands within the new district was held in tiie spring of 1839. This brought into market all the above described portion of Dodge County that had not previously been disposed of, and, for the first time, that part lying east of Rock River. CHAPTER II. Eakly Settlement— Organization— Xames of County Officials— An Interesting Letter FROM James A. Warren— TKKurror.iAL Government— Constititional Conventions- State Government— Congressional. EARLY SETTLEMENT. The pioneer settlers of Dodge County were Luther A. Cole, Amasa Hyland, John W. Cole and Jacob P. Brower. There is a popular, though erroneous, belief that Mr. Hyland was the Nestor of civilization in these parts ; it is also claimed that to Mr. Brower belongs this honor. As a matter of fact, however, the Cole brothers and Mr. Hyland came together to Johnson's Rapids (now Watertown) in December, 1836, and in January following built a log cabin, where they kept what they were pleased to term "bachelor's distress," in that portion of the city of Watertown now embraced in the town of Emmet. Luther Cole and Amasa Hyland engaged their time in clearing a small portion of the joint claim, and preparing the ground for spring seeding, while John W. Cole was " maid of all work," and did the cooking and washing. Hyland and the Coles, therefore, broke the first ground and planted the first seed in the county. During the summer *nd fall of 18-37, they worked on the saw-mill and dam of Charles F. H. Good- liue k Son, in that portion of the city of Watertown lying in Jefferson County, whither the interests of the Coles soon afterward centered. The one individual, however, who first came to Dodge County, and who, until his untimely death in November, 1846, was identified with the earliest phases of civilization within its borders, was Jacob P. Brower. In company with his father, Paul Brower, and his two sons, J. Lafayette and George W., he settled on the north side of Fox Lake, upon the place now known as the Stoddard farm, in March, 1838. The balance of the family soon followed, leaving Sheboygan in June on board a schooner for Green Bay. Thence the household goods belonging to Mr. Brower were shipped up Fox River to Fort Winnebago (now Portage) in a " Mackinaw," or flat- boat ; while the family took passage in bark canoes navigated by Indians, up the same stream into Lake Winnebago, to Fond du Lac. From the latter point, they were conveyed to their new home in a wagon driven by Edward Pier, of Fond du Lac. The Brower colony was com- posed of the following members : Paul Brower, Rachel Brower, Jacob P. Brower, Martha Brower, George W. Brower, J. Lafayette Brower, Euphemia Brower, Emily Brower, Amelia Brower, T. J. Brower, and Catherine, the domestic. It was the first full and complete family in the county, and, in fact, the only family that had reached here at that early date. In October, 1838, when the Government land came into market, J. P. Brower sold his interest in the claim to Henry Merrill, and entered, in the name of Gov. Doty, the land upon a portion of which the village of Fox Lake now stands, building a double log house for the accommodation of his numerous family, on the west side of the river, about midway between the present sites of the dam and the bridge. This auspicious event in the inauguration of the reign of enterprise that has ever since pre- vailed in Dodge County was soon followed by the advent of Hamilton Stevens and family. Mr. Stevens also made a claim and built a log house within what afterward became the limits of Fox Lake Village. In May, 1889, the families of Thomas Mackie and Joseph Goetschius came and added their energy and population to the new settlement. Others soon followed, and Fox Lake for a time became a general rendezvous for those seeking homes and happiness in this region. Fort Winnebago, twenty-eight miles distant, was the nearest point at which supplies could be obtained ; and, until the wild soil was tamed and brought within control of the will and industry 322 HISTORY OF DODaE COUNTY. of man, and the rushing waters of the streams were subdued to his service, tliere were hard- ships and self-denials endured that the imagination can scarcely comprehend. It was not only before the time of railroads, but, unfortunately, there were few thoroughfares of any description. A Grovernment road had been cut out from Fort Howard to Fort Winnebago, passing within a few miles of the Brower settlement. This afforded the only outlet to civilization on the north. Watertown and Milwaukee had wagon-road communication, but there were no means of reach- ing the former place from Fo.x Lake as late as 1843, except by driving through the woods, over rivers and ridges. ,The first to undertake this difficult journey were Jacob P. Brower, his son George, and Joseph Goetschius, in July, 1839. They started from Fo.x Lake with three yoke of oxen hitched to a " hoosier " wagon, in which there were a few bags of corn. Their destina- tion was Milwaukee. Arriving at Watertown, they met William M. Dennis, who had just reached that point with his ftimily, having left his furniture in Milwaukee, on account of the almost impassable condition of the road. Negotiations were entered into whereby Mr. Dennis' wagon and oxen were made available, and the Brewers and Mr. Goetschius, dividing their orig- inal load, went on to Milwaukee, returning to Watertown with Mr. Dennis' household utensils, thence making the journey to Fox Lake through the woods. The round trip was accomplished in eleven days. A public highway was afterward surveyed and established almost over the identical route traversed by Mr. Browei', passing through Rolling Prairie and Oak Grove. It was the principal road through the county from north to south for many years, and the hills and valleys through which it passes have often echoed the hideous shrieks of " Crazy Joe," " Wicked Pete " and Frank Colt. During the fall of the same year, J. P. and G. W. Brower made a similar, but less adven- turous, trip to Waukesha, where they purchased and returned with the first seed wheat sown in the northern portion of the county. With the abundance of wild game then to be found in forest or plain, there was no scarcity of meat upon the humble tables of the early settlers ; but it was cheaper for them to purchase this commodity of the Indians than to lose the time necessarily required to hunt it. In Janu- ary, 1840, George W. Brower and his father learning that some Indians, encamped a few miles south of Fox Lake, had a quantity of venison for sale cheap, left their home for the purpose of making the purchase ; but failing to find the red traffickers at the anticipated place, they wan- dered about until night overtook them, and were compelled to camp out. Building a fire in the branches of a fallen tree, they stretched their weary limbs beside the trunk of the prostrated oak and slumbered. A heavy snowfall occurred during the night, and, on awaking the next morning they found themselves enveloped in a mantle of white. The log beside which they slept lay but a few feet north of the place where the Beaver street bridge now crosses the river, in the city of Beaver Dam. In all probability they were the first white men to pass the night in that locality. The next settlement made in the county was by Seymour Wilcox; the date, March 20, 1839, one year after the coming of Jacob P. Brower. Mr. Wilcox made a claim on Rock River within what are now the limits of Waupun. He was accompanied by J. N. Ackerman and Hiram Walker. A greater part of the land upon which the village of Horicon now stands, was entered as early as December, 1838, by ex-Governor Hubbard, of New Hampshire. His claim included a tract of nearly five hundred acres, but the first settlement made at that point was in Decem- ber, 1845, by Joel Doolittle. Beaver Dam occupies the third place in point of priority in early settlement, and Thomas Mackie, upon whom the title of Patriarch of Beaver Dam has been bestowed, is doubtless entitled to the honor belonging to the first settler. Mr. Mackie is still in the land of the living, and, with a degree of positiveness that will admit of no contradiction, informs the writer that his was the first cabin erected within the limits of the present site of Beaver Dam. It stood near a spring, known to the present generation as the Mackie Spring, and a street passing near this hallowed spot bears the name of the venerable pioneer. In the construction of his cabin, HISTORY OF DODCE COUNTY. 323 Mr. Mackie was aided by his son-in-law,* Joseph Goetschius, who also settled here a few weeks later. The third settler in Beaver Dam was Morris Firmin, and the fourth Jacob P. Brower, the pioneer of Fox Lake. The settlement of the eastern portion of the county did not begin till 1844-4.5. Judge Hiram Barber located a claim two miles east of Juneau in the spring of 1844, and, in the fall of the same year, John Chandler and family settled a mile west of the present site of Horicon. Chester and E. P. May, and William and Alvin Foster were the founders of Mayville, in the fall and winter of 184.5. In his explorations in that vicinity, Chester May discovered a peculiar red earth which he supposed was a species of mineral paint. He and his brother entered the quarter-section upon which the substance was discovered, and afterward took a small quantity of it to a blacksmith in Illinois, who found it to be iron, and extracted enough metal from it to make a pot-hook. Three tons of the ore was taken to a blast furnace at Mishawaka, Ind., where it was pronounced worthless, as the ore would not separate. Undaunted, Mr. May returned to his home and was soon on his way back to the Hoosier State with ten tons of the mineral. A large portion of this was wasted before the discovery was made that the trouble resulted from using marl for flux, this ore requiring none. Out of the remainder, a stove and crowbar were manufactured, with wiiich the delighted owner returned in triumph. This was the discovery of the ore beds now known as Iron Ridge. The first birth recorded in the county was that of Ira, son of Seymour Wilcox ; the date of the interesting event, April, 1841. William G. McElroy and a Miss Collins are said to have been the contracting parties in the first wedding in the county, also in 1841. The bridegroom had to travel eighty miles to procure a license. The happy couple made a wedding tour to the house of the bride's father at Emily Lake, in a sleigh drawn by oxen. This was doubtless the first marriage that occurred in the county ; but there was a match matrimonial between Cath- erine, the Milesian maiden who came to Fox Lake with the Brower family, and a man named Craig, in the winter of 1838-39. The cooing couple went from Mr. Brewer's house in a sleigh to Fort Winnebago, where the ceremony was performed, and, returning, Catherine resumed her duties as domestic. It is believed that Craig did not belong to Dodge County until after his marriage. ORGANIZATION. Prior to 1840, Dodge County (which was created by the Territorial Legislature December 7, 1836, and named in honor of Gen. Henry Dodge, then Governor of the Territory) was attached to Milwaukee County "for judicial and other purposes." The county government was organized in pursuance of an act passed January 13, 1840 ; and, at an election held the first Monday of the following month, John W. Cole, Peter V. Brown, of Watertown, and Mor- ris Firmin, of Fox Lake, were chosen County Commissioners ; Luther A. Cole, Treasurer ; William M. Dennis, Register, and John Fowler and Samuel B. Vinton, Assessors. The Com- missioners held their first meeting March 2, at the house of Hamilton Stevens, in Fox Lake. Morris Firmin was chosen Chairman, and William M. Dennis, Clerk of the Board. In conse- quence of the absence of Luther Cole (who was, at that time, cutting steamboat wood in Arkan- sas), Hamilton Stevens was appointed Treasurer to fill the vacancy. The house of William M. Dennis, of the Fifth Ward of Watertown, was designated for the offices of Register and Clerk. The regular April and July meetings of the Board were directed to be held at the same place, and those of October and January at the place they were then sitting. As a matter of history, as well as fact, it may be well to state that the first election held n Dodge County was not entirely free from party strife. The Whigs and Democrats were about equally divided, or near enough so to make the election an interesting one. The inevit- able county seat question, then just bud^e appointed B 328 HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. 1876 — Sheriff, Jacob Bodden ; Treasurer, Ody W. Traynor ; Register, Chi-istian Hemmy ; Clerk of the Board, Ferdinand Gnewuch ; Clerk of the Court, Eugene O'Connor ; District Attorney, James B. Hays ; Surveyor, G. W. Morse. 1878 — Sheriff, J. L. Rix ; Treasurer, George Schott; Register, Christian Henimy; Clerk of the Board, John Solon ; Clerk of the Court, James E. Malone ; District Attorney, James B. Hays ; Surveyor, G. W. IMorse. THE STJPEKVISORS. With commendable foresight, Sherman & Gowdey, editors of the Beaver Dam Argus, have preserved copies of the printed proceedings of the County Board of Supervisors for the past eighteen years, and we are thereby enabled to give an almost complete list of those serving on the Board since 1860. The system of town representation, then as now, was in vogue — the Chairman of the Town Supervisors, elected in April of each year, serving on the County Board. At the annual session of the Board held at Juneau November 12, 1861, the following members were present : From the town of Ashippun, George Sanford : town of Beaver Dam, F. H. Kribs; Burnett, A. Lockwood ; Calamus, P. V. Dunn; Chester, Isaac M. Fowler; Clyman, Connor Dempsey ; Elba, George H. Adams ; Emmet, Lawrence Connor ; Fox Lake (town), Stephen Collins, as a substitute for D. J. Pulling ; Herman, Jarius R. Cole ; Hubbard, John W. Stillman ; Hustisford, August Boeing ; Lebanon, John Douglass : Le Roy, Oscar Terry ; Lomira, F. C. Wilson ; Lowell, W. H. Green ; Oak Grove, Charles Billinghurst ; Port- land, Dearborn Clark ; Rubicon, N. S. Conklin ; Shields, James Higgins ; Thei-esa, William Milbrot ; Trenton, C. C. Ammaok ; Westford, Oliver Ashley : Williamstown, Jacob St. John ; Beaver Dam City (First. Second and Fourth Wards vacanc), Henry Stultz; Watertown, Philip Piper ; Waupun. L. J. Preston : Fox Lake (village), Benjamin Ferguson ; Horicon, William Decker. In 1862 (changed to District System, and Supervisors chosen in November, 1861, at the election for Assemblymen) ; First District, Miles Burnham ; Second, George Price ; Third, Lawrence Connor (Chairman); Fourth, Jacob Bodden ; Fifth, George Newton. The seats of Messrs. Burnham and Newton, from the First and Fifth Districts, were successfully contested by J. W. Davis and William M. Morse. This Board was re-elected in 1862, and served till November, 186-3, with Jacob Bodden as Chairman, when its members were succeeded by Hiram Sawyer, Chairman, William M. Morse, Andrew Willard, John W. Davis and .John C. Bishop. The succeeding Board, elected in November, 1864, was the same, with the exception of Mr. Davis, P. V. Dunn being returned instead. Mr. Sawyer was Chairman. 1865— First District, Miles Burnham ; Second, Rees Evans ; Third, H. C. Griffin (Chair- man) ; Fourth, John R. Merrill ; Fifth, D. D. Hoppock. 1866 — William M. Morse (Chairman), William R. Wilcox, Benjamin F. Gibbs, Rees Evans, and John R. Merrill. 1867 — Same Board, with John R. Merrill as Chairman. 1868 — Rees Evans (Chairman), William Detloff, George Jess, William M. Morse and War- ren Marston. This Board, it appears, served till April, 1870, when the old system of town representation having been adopted, the following named individuals were elected : From the town of Portland, L. P. Knowlton ; Calamus, J. C. Clark ; Westford, Michael McKenna ; Fox Lake, G. W. Brower ; Trenton, B. F. Gibbs ; Beaver Dam, M. E. Babcock ; Lowell, W. H. Green ; Shields, John Solon; Emmet, E. O'Connor; Clyman, Th. Schmidt; Oak Grove, A. H. Atwater ; Bur- nett, J. S. Church ; Chester, D. L. Bancroft ; Le Roy, H. Barnes ; Williamstown, August Schelpfeffer; Hubbard, Carl Hanf; Hustisford, A. M. Greene ; Lebanon, F. Gnewuch ; Aship- pun, John Leslie ; Rubicon, W. M. Morse ; Herman, J. R. Merrill ; Theresa, Adolph Fickert ; Lomira, B. P. Bishop. Cities and villages : Beaver Dam — First Ward, Ed. Hohl ; Second Ward, Th. Huth ; Third Ward, E. C. McFetridge; Fourth Ward, Chas. Burchard. Watertown HISTORY OF DODGE COl'NTY. 320 —Fifth Waril, William M. Dennis ; Sixth Ward, F. Herman. Waupiin. William Hobkirk ; Fox Lake, Benjamin Ferguson ; Randolph, John E. Root ; Juneau, Eli C. Lewis ; Mayville, S. W. Lamoreux; Horicon, A. J. Rising (Chairman) ; Hustisford, J. G. Daily. 1871 — Portland, Arthur Burnham : Elba, Morris Burnham ; Calamus, T. J. Jones; West- ford, Samuel Smith ; Fox Lake, John T. Smith ; Trenton, John Cochrane ; Beaver Dam, M. E. Babcock; Lowell, William H. Green; Shields, Jeremiah Driscoll ; Emmet, Eugene O'Con- nor; Clyman, Thomas Moran : Oak Grove, A. H. Atwater; Burnett, J. S. Church ; Chester, D. L. Bancroft; Le Roy, H. S. Burtch ; Williamstown, Charles Barwig : Hubbard, Carl Hanf; Hustisford, Mark Lovell ; Lebanon, F. Gnewuch ; Ashippun, John Leslie; Rubicon, William M. Morse; Herman, J. R. Merrill; Theresa, Adolph Fickert ; Lomira, W. Marston. Beaver Dam City— First Ward, B. F. Sherman ; Second Ward, W. L. Parker ; Third Ward, A. Willard; Fourth Ward, W. Hathaway. Watertown— Fifth Ward, W. M. Dennis (Chairman); Sixth Ward, F. Herman. Waupun, W. Hobkirk ; Fox Lake, Benjamin Ferguson ; Horicon, A. J. Rising; Mayville, Henrv Spiering ; Juneau, Eli C. Lewis; Randolph, J. E. Root. 1872— Portland, A. E. Burnham ; Elba, J. W. Hartley ; Calamus, T. J. Jones ; Fox Lake, J. T. Smith ; Trenton, John Cochrane ; Beaver Dam, 'SI. E. Babcock ; Lowell, S. P. D-imp ; Shields, Jerry Driscoll; Emmet, Eugene O'Connor; Clyman, Thomas H. Moran ; Oak Grove, J. W. Perry ; Burnett, J. S. Church ; Chester, D. L. Bancroft ; Le Roy, Henry S. Burtch ; Williamstown, Albert Burtch, Sr., ; Hubbard, Carl Hanf; Hustisford, Mark Lovell ; Lebanon, F. Gnewuch ; Ashippun, John Leslie ; Rubicon, William M. Morse ; Herman, J. R. Merrill ; Theresa, William Milbrot : Lomira, W. Marston. Beaver Dam— First Ward, Ed. Hold; Second Ward, G. Stolz ; Third Ward, A. Willard ; Fourth Ward, C. Burchard. Watertown— Fifth Ward, William M. Dennis (Chairman) ; Sixth Ward, F. Herman. Waupun, E. M. Beach : Horicon, Sat. Clark ; Fox Lake, Benjamin Ferguson ; Mayville, S. W. Lamoreux ; Juneau, E. C. Lewis. 1873— Portland, J. A. Wetmore ; Elba, Morris Burnham ; Calamus, T. J. Jones ; West- ford, J. H. Williams ; Fox Lake, J. T. Smith ; Trenton, John Cochrane; Beaver Dam, M. E. Babcock ;/4.owell, William C. Hilliker; Shields, Jeremiah Driscoll; Emmet, Edward Mc- Govern ; Clyman, Daniel Collins; Oak Grove, Joseph E. Spaulding ; Burnett, James S. Church ; Chester, D. L. Bancroft ; Le Roy, Horace Barnes ; Williamstown, August Mann ; Hubbard, Carl Hanf; Hustisford, J. A. Schmidt; Lebanon, F. Gnewuch; A.shippun, Samuel INIarshall ; Rubicon, W. M. Morse (Chairman); Herman, George Schott ; Theresa, William Milbrot ; Lomira, Bernard Weyer. Beaver ,Dam — First Ward, Philip Binzel, B. F. Sherman substituted; Second Ward, George Schuetz,'G. Stolz substituted; Third Ward, Andrew Will- ard ; Fourth Ward, Charles Burchard. Watertown— Fifth Ward, F. Hartwig ; Sixth Ward, F. Herman. Waupun, B. B. Baldwin ; Horicon, Sat. Clark ; Fox Lake, George Jess ; May- ville, Henry Spiering ; Juneau, E. C. Lewis ; Randolph, J. E. Root, A. W. ^Millard appointed. 1874 — Ashippun, James Thompson ; Burnett, James S. Church ; Beaver Dam, John Holt ; Calamus, T. J. Jones ; Chester, D. L. Bancroft ; Clyman, Jeremiah Mahoney ; Elba, S. W. Evans ; Emmet, E. McGovern, Jr. ; Fox Lake. W. K. Parker ; Herman, George Schott; Hubbard, Alva Simpson ; Hustisford, J. A. Schmidt ; Lebanon, F. Gnewuch ; Le Roy, Joseph Heimerl, Jr. ; Lomira, B. Weyer ; Lowell, M. Green ; Oak Grove, J. W. Perry ; Port- land, J. A. Wetmore ; Rubicon, W. M. Morse ; Shields, John Solon ; Theresa, Jacob Bodden (Chairman); Trenton, H. B. Cochrane; Westford, Samuel Smith: Williamstown, John A. Barney. Beaver Dam — First Ward. B. F. Sherman ; Second Ward, Rees Evans ; Third Ward; Ira Rowell ; Fourth Ward, Charles Burchard. Watertown— Fifth Ward, F. Hartwig ; Sixth Ward, F. Herman. Waupun, G. W. Stanton; Horicon, Carl Ilanf; Fox Lake, George Jess ; Mayville, S. W. Lamoreux ; Juneau, E. C. Lewis ; Randolph, H. B. Converse. 1875 — Ashippun, Samuel Marshall; Burnett, J. S. Church ; Beaver Dam, John Holt ; Calamus, T. J. Jones ; Chester, J. S. Clark ; Clyman, J. Mahoney ; Elba, S. AV. Evans ; Emmet, D. CliflFord ; Fox Lake, W. K. Parker ; Herman, John Steiner ; Hubbard, Oliver 330 HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY Taylor ; Hustisford, S. B. Jones ; Lebanon, F. Gnewuch ; Le Roy, E. G. Stoddarrl ; Lomira, B. Weyer ; Lowell, M. Green ; Oak Grove, J. W. Perry ; Portland, Patrick GriiSn ; Rubicon, W. M. Morse ; Theresa, Jacob Bodden (Chairman) ; Shields, John Solon ; Trenton, H. B. Cochrane ; Westford, C. H. Williams ; Williamstown, A. C. Mann. Beaver Dam — First Ward, B. F. Sherman ; Second Ward, Rees Evans ; Third Ward, C. M. Hambright ; b'ourth Ward, Charles Burchard. Watertown — Fifth Ward, Frank Koenig ; Sixth Ward, C. Reub- hausen. Waupun, S.J. Sumner; Horicon, Carl Hanf; Fox Lake, D. D. Thomas; Mayville, J. A. Barney ; Juneau, E. C. Lewis ; Randolph, J. E. Root. 1876 — Asliippun, Terrance Flanagan; Burnett, G. H. Lawrence; Beaver Dam, N. E. Babcock ; Calamus, T. J. Jones ; Chester, J. S. Clark ; Clyman, Thomas H. Moran ; Elba, S. W.Evans; Emmet, Dominic Cliftbi-d ; Fox Lake, David Metcalf; Herman, George Schott ; Hubbard, William Zeimann ; Hustisford, S. B. Jones ; Lebanon, F. Gnewuch ; Le Roy, Hor- ace Barnes ; Lomira, B. Weyer ; Lowell, John Runkle ; Oak Grove, Owen McCollow ; Port- land, L. P. Knowlton ; Rubicon, John Labuwi ; Shields, John Solon ; Theresa, Jacob Bodden ; Trenton, H. B. Cochrane ; Westford, C. H. Williams ; Williamstown, J. L. Rix. Beaver Dam —First Ward, B. F. Sherman ; Second Ward, John Healy ; Third Ward, 0. H. Crowl ; Fourth Ward, Warner Hathaway. Watertown — Fifth Ward, F. Hartwig ; Sixth Ward, C. Renbhausen. Waupun, S. J. Sumner; Horicon, Carl Hanf; Fox Lake, George Jess; May- ville, S. W. Lamoreux (Chairman) ; Juneau, Richard Mertz ; Randolph, J. E. Root. 1877 — Ashippun, John H. Hyde ; Burnett, William Folsom ; Beaver Dam, M. B. Clason ; Calamus, H. S. Gilmore ; Chester, J. S. Clark (Chairman) ; Clyman, John Weatherby ; Elba, Felix Lynch; Emmet, D. Clifford; Fox Lake, D. Metcalf; Hustisford, J. A. Schmidt; Hub- bard, H. Plaggeman ; Herman, George Schott ; Lowell, John Runkle ; Lebanon, H. Molden- hauer ; Le Roy, E. G. Stoddard ; Lomira, B. Weyer ; Oal^Grove, J. E. Spaulding ; Portland, Philip Fuchs ; Rubicon, G. W. Morse ; Shields, John Solon ; Trenton, Lawrence Conner ; Theresa, Philip Schultz ; Westford, Edward Kernan ; Williamstown, J. L. Rix. Beaver Dam — First Ward, B. F. Sherman ; Second Ward, F. Brechter ; Tliird AVard, Ira Rowell ; Fourth Ward, Ciiarles Mann. Watertown — Fifth Ward, F. Koenig ; Sixth Ward, C. Reubhausen. Waupun, George F. Wheeler ; Horicon, Sat. Clark ; Fox Lake, C. Merwin ; Mayville, C. Krocsing, Jr.; Juneau, Richard Mertz; Randolph, J. E. Root. 1878 — Ashippun, John H. Hyde; Beaver Dam, John Holt; Burnett, William Folsom; Calamus, T. J. Jones ; Clyman, Robert Irving ; Chester, J. S. Clark ; Elba, Felix Lynch ; Emmet, John Howard ; Fox Lake, Charles Merwin ; Herman, George Schott ; Hubbard, Carl Hanf; Hustisford, S. A. Jones; Lebanon, H. Moldenhauer; Le Roy, H. Barnes; Lomira, J. B. Steiner; Lowell, John Runkle; Oak Grove, John Leslie; Portland, Philip Fuchs; Rubi- con, G. W. Morse; Shields, J. Driscoll ; Theresa, A. Fickert ; Trenton, L. Connor; Westford, C. H. Williams ; Williamstown, J. L. Rix. Beaver Dam — First Ward, J. B. Scherubel ; Sec- ond Ward, G. Stolz ; Third Ward, R. H. Ellis ; Fourth Ward, A. J. Smith. Watertown— Fifth Ward, John Bird ; Sixth Ward, F. Herman. Waupun, G. F. Wheeler ; Horicon, Sat. Clark; Fox Lake, Benjamin Ferguson (Chairman); Mayville, J. A. Barney; Juneau, F. W. Lueck ; Randolph, J. E. Root. 1879 — Ashippun, Solomon Rudolph ; Beaver Dam, Conrad Keller ; Burnett, William Folsom ; Calamus, T. J. Jones ; Clyman, James Duffy ; Chester, James Davison ; Elba, Felix Lynch ; Emmet, John Howard ; Fox Lake, Martin Stapleton ; Herman, Charles Ringle ; Hub- bard, Nicholas Rohlinger ; Hustisford, J. Jesche ; Lebanon, F. Gnewuch; Le Roy, H. Barnes; Lomira, J. B. Steiner ; Lowell, August Schoenwether ; Oak Grove, John Leslie ; Portland, John King ; Rubicon, G. W. Morse ; Shields, J. Driscoll ; Theresa, A. Fickert ; Trenton, D. L. Cornell; Westford, Samuel Smith; Williamstown, Henry Spiering. Beaver Dam — First Ward, B. F. Sherman ; Second Ward, C. Germain ; Third Ward, G. E. Swan ; Fourth Ward, J. W. Howard. Watertown — Fifth Ward, F. Koenig ; Sixth Ward, U. Habhegger. Waupun, S. J. Sumner ; Horicon, Sat. Clark ; Mayville, Anton Hrertel ; Fox Lake, Benjamin Ferguson (Chairman); Randolph, J. E. Root. HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. 331 LETTER FROM AN OLD SETTLER. The following very interesting chapter of reminiscences is from the pen of James H. AVar- ren, now a resident of Swan Lake City, Emmet County, Iowa, who was the first settler in the town of Hubbard, Dodge County. Mr. Warren once wrote an extended history of this county, but, unfortunately, his manuscript was destroyed by fire, together with other valuables. Appre- ciating the importance of a work of this character, Mr. W. kindly and willingly consented to draw upon his memory for a few facts relative to pioneer days in Wisconsin. By a perusal of his letter, many of Mr. Warren's old Dodge County acquaintances will discover that he has been more successful than they in county seat matters : Alqona, Iowa, November 8, 1879. IT. C. Hansbkougii, Esq. — Dear Sir: Youvs of October 29 is received. My time is very much occupied at jiresent, but feeling a lively interest in the work in which you are now engaged, I will endeavor to call up some reminiscences of the past, and hope the substance thereof may find a place in your valuable work, so as to live in the future. As I was not the first settler in the county, and my MS. record of the early days is lost, I can speak posi- tively only of such matters as came under my own observation. Of matters pertaining to the settlement previous to May, 184-5, you will he obliged to seek information from others. Not having visited Dodge County for many years past, I know not who, among the old pioneers, may now be living, or, if living, where now located. I will name a few who, if living, could give you much valuable information : Hon. Hiram Barber, A. H. Atwater, Ethan Owen, Waldo and Durkie Lyon, George and Ranslow Smith, Morris Grout, E. C. Lewis, Silas Grover, Silas Hemstreet, Garry Taylor, .James Rogers, Dr. Stoddard .ludd, Alvin and William Foster, Amasa Hyland, Chester May, .Solomon, Narcisse and Paul Juneau, Lucas S. Van Orden, H. D. Patch, Robert Whittaker, Lathrop Horton, Martin Rich, Sr., Alfred Wheelock, and many others whose names I do not now recall. Those above named are such as I call to mind, irre- spective of locality, as being among the old pioneers. Dodge County was organized in 18-14, under the Territorial Government. It was thirty miles square, contain- ing, in round numbers, 900 square miles, and it was provided that it could never be subdivided so as to reduce its area below 900 square miles. Efforts have since been made to divide the county, but have invariably been met by the Constitutional barrier above referred to ; hence its boundaries still remain unchanged. The first white settlers located in the county about the year 1838, or perhaps a year later. But I desire to go back of this date and relate an incident or two, given me by Narcisse Juneau, at the time I was collecting matter for the history which I prep.ared in 1859 and 1860. There are two towns in the county bearing the names of two daring frontiersmen, viz., Burnett and Clyman. In 1837, these men started from Milwaukee on a hunting and trapping expedition into the then unsettled part of the Territory now known as Dodge County, which at this period contains a white population considerably in excess of forty thousand. Before leaving Milwaukee, they agreed with Solomon Juneau that his son, Narcisse, then a lad of ten or twelve years, should accompany them to act in the capacity of interpreter with the Indians. After the departure of the party, Mrs. Juneau was so troubled with forebodings of evil that she persuaded Solomon to send a friendly Indian on the trail. He overlook the party on the old Milwaukee and Fond du Lac trail, about twenty miles out from Milwaukee, and returned the lad in safety to his anxious mother. Burnett and Clyman proceeded on their journey to the point where the trail crossed the Ossian or East Fork of Rock River, and where the picturesque little village of Theresa now stands. Here they purchased a canoe from the Indians, intending to make their way down the Fork to the Great Winnebago Marsh, afterward known as Lake Horicon. A little before sunset, they had reached a point in the river, called the " 0.\ Bow," in what is now the town of Theresa. The men had hauled up their canoe, started a fire, and Burnett had stepped a short distance away to gether some dry branches for fuel, wlien both men were fired upon by Indians. Burnett was shot dead ou the spot, and Clyman was wounded. By this time it was nearly dark, .and Clyman, seeing no safety except in instant flight, ran at his best speed, hotly pursued by one of the Indians. The darkness increased as he fled from his pursuer, until it was with the greatest difficulty that he avoided injury to himself from coming in contact with trees. He finally came to a large tree that had fallen and lay directly in his way. Leaping over, he dropped behind and par- tially under it (the Indian jumping over hini and passing on), where he lay concealed till about midniglit, wlien he resumed his flight and after several days' wandering made his way b.ack to Milwaukee. The two Indians who pur- sued the white men and killed Burnett, afterward told Mr. Juneau the story, fully corroborating the statement as given by Clyman. About this time, the Indians held a great council, to take into consideration a project for the utter extermina- tion of all the white settlers then in the Territory. This great council was held on the high mound on Rolling Prairie, a little distance north of the old George Smith farm, Solomon .Iune.au, then at Milwaukee, knowing of the council and its object, made his way to the spot. After quietly listening to the "talk" of the red men, he then addressed the council, telling them of the great power and resources of the white men; that, though their plan might be temporarily successful, the final end could be none other than disastrous to the Indians. Mr. Juneau was regarded as a great and good man by the Indians, and, after mature deliberation, his advice was followed, the council dispersed, and the early settlements in the Territory were saved from the horrors of a terrible Indian mas- sacre. The descendants of the early pioneers of Wisconsin owe to Solomon Juneau a debt of gratitude, the magni- tude of which few have any idea. I come now to speak of the first settlement of a few towns which came under my own observation, and of which I can speak positively, .-\mong the first settlers in Fairfiehl (now Oak Grove, I think) were ICthan Owen, .Morris Grout, William Pratt, B. .Snow, Richard F, Rising, J.ames Riley, Allen H. Atwater, John Warren, .Martin 332 HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. Rich, Sr., Garry Taylor, Hiram Barber, Harrison, Silas Hemstreet, Amasa Hyland, Durkie and Waldo Lyon. The date of settlement was about 18i3 or 1844. The county seat is located at Juneau in this township. The first whites that settled in the town of Hubbard were Mrs. Deliglit Warren, Edwin Warren, C. F. Warren, wife and one child, J. H. Warren, Mrs. Louisa H. Cornell (widow i and daughter, Edwin Giddlngs, wife and one child, and .liiiues Broughton. This little colony located on Section 5, Town No. 11 north. Range 16 east, the date of settlement being May 19, 184.j. During the summer and fall of that year, quite a colony of Germans made choice of the southern portion of this township, so that at the first town meeting, held at my house on the 7th day of April, 1846, something over thirty votes were polled. Dui'ing the winter of 1846-47, William M. Larrabee, who had pur- chased from Gov. Hubbai-d, of New Hampshire, a large tract of land on Section 6, commenced building the dam at Horieon, at about the same time laying out the village of that name. He also built a large house of tamarack logH, one part of which was used for a store and the other for a dwelliug-housc. H. B. Marsh opened the fii'st blacksmith- shop. Tlie witcr-power and unfinished dam soon passed into the hands of Martin Kich & Sons, who completed the improvement, and, for many years afterward, did a profitable business. The dam was built by Joel R. Doolittle, myself and brother furnisliing all the plank for the flumes. The town of Williamstown, of which Mayville is the principal village, was first opened up to white settlers in May, 18l-">. by Alvin and William Foster, and Chester .May. These gentlemen selected tlie site for their mills, com- menced llie dam and built the saw-mill in the summer of 184.3. Tlie saw-mill frame was raised in the fall of that year, the running-gear put in and the work of sawing lumber commenced some time in November or December. The flouring-mill was put up by the same company a year later. In January, 1848, John Orr, James White and Skidmore E. Letferls, froai the Mishawaka Iron Works purchased the extensive iron-ore beds located in Hubbard and Herman Townships and commenced the erection of the iron furnace at Mayville. Nearly a whole year was con- sumed in building it. As soon as the furnace was well at work, a plank-road was projected and built from Mayville to (Joonomowoc. The year previous to making the improvements just refei'red to, Samuel Jewett built a large saw- mill in tliis township, at a place now called Kekoskee. The water-power at Kekoskee was first selected in the sum- mer of 184-5, by .Stephen Walkley, who sold his claim to Jewett. Late in the fall of 1845, two men called at the house of the writer hereof and stated that they were looking for land. One of the men appeared to be an Englishman, stout built, .and seemingly in possession of considerable money. His traveling companion had every appearance of a hard char.acter. They remainel a short time and then resumed their course, following the old trail northward. As such occurrences were very IVei-iuent. nothing was thought of it and the fact was nearly forgotten. But the next summer there transpired an event that called all those c.rcumstances fresh into remembrance. James Fletcher and another man were making hay on the borders of the ilreat Winnebago Marsh near the place where the East Fork enters the marsh. In passing to and from their work. I hey had to cross a small creek near where the old trail crossed. Here, hidden under the banks, they discovered the body of a man in the last stages of decomposition. As soon as it could be done, a post-mortem examination was had, with the usual result in such cases. It was evident that the deceased came to his death by violence, the skull having been fractured by a heavy blow, but by whom no one knew. The clothing found around the remains, also the height as appeared by the skeleton, answered the description of the Englislinian before alluded to. I do not remember that any inquiry was ever made for the man. Lathrop Horion, with his wife, one son and two d.aughtcrs, was the first white man who settled in the town of Herman. The date of his settlement was March, 1846. The first couple married in Herman were the writer hereof and Miss Augusta B. Horton, daughter of the above-named pioneer. I he event took place on the 16th day of Sep- tember. 1846, James Broughton, Esq., officiating, and every family then living in the two towns — Herman and Huh- bai"d — being witnesses of the ceremimy. In the course of the summer of 1846, quite a large number of Germans came and settled in this township, and a little later ihe •■ Cole .Settlement" was begun, in the southeastern corner of the township, at a place now known as Woodland .Station, on the Milwaukee & La Crosse Railroad. The township filled up very rapidly with a good class of German farmers who have developed the hidden riches of the soil and made it in agricultural import.ance one of the first towns in the county. In the spring of 184-5, a gentleman by the name of Cotton commenced the erection of a dam on the Rubicon, at what is now the village of 'Neosho. But before the mill was far advanced, the whole property passed into the hands of Lucus S Van Orden, who finished the work and laid out the village. By his business energy and steady perseverance, Mr. Van Orden succeeded in building up a lively place and a prosperous business. Late in the fall of 1844, or early in the winter of 1844-4-5, John Ilustis, formerly of Milwaukee, began erect- ing a dam on Rock River, .at Hustis' Rapids, now Ilustisford. Mr. Hustis not being a practical mill man, the work progressed rather tardily, but was finally finished, the mills being built and operated with good profit to'the propri- etor. .Some difficulty arose between the proprietors of Husti?furd and those at Horieon, during the spring of 1846, on account of the back-water from the HustisforJ dam. and, if my memory is not at fault, the dam was cut down a little so as to prevent its flowing back into the Horieon mills. .■Vmong the early pioneers of Dodge County, it freq>iently happened that two or three men fell desperately in love with the same piece of land. In all such cases, it turned out tlrat the fellow who could get to the Land Office with his mo'-ey first was thelucky one. These little contests were known as " Green Bay races," theU. S. Land (Office then being at Green Bay. I have a ilistinct recolle-jiion of some of those trials of speed and endurance. In 1844, there were, at Oak Grove, three or four individu,als who each wanted a certain tract of land. I cannot now call to mind the names of all the interested pai-ties, but will relate the circumstance, and undoubiedly some '■ old settler " can supply the names. Two men, each believing that no one but himself knew his errand, had started for Green Bay, to enter the aforesaid tract of land. About dark on that same day, it having become known that two men were on the road to the Land Office, and both after the same piece of land, Kichard F. Rising said to one James Riley, that he (Rising) would furnish the money, and pay a very liberal sum besides, to any man who would get to Green B.ay and enter that land ahead of those who had already been several hours on the road, and well mounted. The reply of Mr. HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. Riley was, "Give me the money to pay for the land, and if I fail it shan't cost you a cent." The money was forth- coming, and Riley, after laying in a full supply of crackers and cheese, started within fifteen minutes after the words were spoken. Taking a kind of "dog-trot," as he expressed it, he struck out in the darkness of night, and before the next day dawned had passed both the mounted men. Never halting, except to drink from some cool spring or clear brook that came in his way, he made the distance (ninety miles), entered the land in question, and the next day, while on his way back, met the two horsemen, crowding their horses to the full extent of their powers. Mr. Riley is still living, near Rochester, Minn. Mr. Rising passed to his final rest many years ago. One more incident of this nature, in which llie writer of this article cut a somewhat conspicuous figure. In the beginning of February, 1S48, with my young wife and infant daughter, one week old, I was sitting at the breakfast table, when suddenly the door opened, and in walked, or rather leaped, my friend Charles Taylor. He was not long in slating his business. He said that three men— to wit, Garwood Green, Kufus Allen and George Varnum, had already gone on their way to the Land Office, to jump his claim, an eighty acres of choice land that he had held as a pre-emption for a year or more. Each of the men wanted the land for himself, and fondly believed that he was the only man living who knew aught of his errand. But their departure, as well as their business, became known very early in the day, and Mr. Taylor set out for me, knowing that J.ames White, a member of the Wisconsin Iron Company, had left money with me to purchase for the Company some choice timber-land. The eighty acres in question was just what the Company wanted, and Mr. Taylor deeming the chance for getting his right from the Company better than from speculators of the kind to which Mr. Green belonged, desired me to go to Green Bay and enter the land. In just fifteen minutes after Taylor came into the house, I departed on my errand of justice. Taking a lunch for dinner, I struck out on the old Indian tr.ail for Fond du Lac, and reached that hamlet about sun- set, without having seen any one on the way. Putting up at the " Badger House," then the largest hotel in the place, I there found all my competitors ; and not only slept in the room, but actually slept in the same bed with one of them, without exciting the least suspicion of my business. Next morning, I started for Green Bay, which point I reached, entered the land, and made several miles on my way back before meeting Mr. Cireen. He never guessed what was my business until lie laid upon the counter of the receiver (Elisha Morrow) the numbers of land he desired to enter, when he was modestly informed that the particular tract had been entered by Mr. Warren on the previous day. The Iron Company was glad enough to get the land, it being covered with a heavy growth of hard maple timber, which the Company wanted for making charcoal. They did the square thing by Mr. Taylor, paying him handsomely for his claim. The first marriage ceremony performed in the town of Hubbard took place at my house, and was of a very primitive character. Joseph Hall, Esq., of Walworth County, and Miss Lydia M. Warren, of Hubbard, were to be united in the bonds of matrimony. The time was set for January 2t>, 1846, (he guests all present and waiting for the appearance of the magistrate. The nearest officer, clothed with authority to perfoi-m such ceremony, was Barnabas Snow, Esq., of Oak Grove, thirteen miles distant. Mr. Snow had been called upon, and had promised to be on hand. But, as frequently happens in tlie course of "true love" aflairs, a big snow-storm set in on the morning of the 2tJth, and Mr. Snow being somewhat advanced in years, the result was, no officer of the law was there present to unite two loving hearts and make them beat as one. After waiting till late in the evening, and it then appearing cert.ain that Mr. Snow would not come, and Mr. Hall's business rendering it necessary for him to return as soon as possible, and not liking the thought of returning without his bride, Collins Bishop came to the relief of the anxiously waiting party with a proposition that the couple marry IhimselvPH. Mr. Hall, himself a Justice of the Peace, and knowing that such marriage would be in all respects legal and binding, took the bride elect by the hand and called the party to witness that "I take this woman to he my lawfully wedded wife," etc. The lady then declared in the presence of the witnesses there assembled, " I take this man to be my lawfully wedded husband," etc. The union proved to be a hap]iy one, neither of the contracting parties ever having occasion to regret the steps then taken. In the pioneer days, it was not always the case that the best men were selected to fill posts of honor. In truth, it was not always that t/ood mnlerial was at hand with which to fill all offices of trust. Men were frequently elected .Justices of the Peace, whose aptness to judge of the qualities of whisky far exceeded their ability to judge of law or to deiei-mine questions of right and wrong. One instance of this kind I now remember having recorded in my manuscript history of Dodge County. In the town of Neosho, near where the village of that name now stands, was a certain Justice of the Peace by the name of Bickford. In the trial of his first case, His Honor became sadly " mixed up." Between his frequent potations of raw whisky and the fearful wrangling of two pettifoggers who slaughtereil the law with relentless tongues, and whose knowledge of Blackstone was confined to hearsay, the said Bickford became so muddled before the close of the trial that he determined to dispose of the case in a new and unheard-of fashion. First, he ordered the Constable to p,ay all the costs. Then in a solemn and impressive manner he burned his docket and closed the performance by deliher.ately swallowing the contents of his ink-horn. In 1844-45, the Winnebago Indians were somewhat troublesome, though not in open hostility. The settle- ments then in infancy, scattered over an extensive area, the men poorly supplied with arms and in no condition for defensive warfare, rendered the red men bold and aggressive. In the early part of 184-5, Hon. Hiram Barber, who had entered a large tract of land on Rock River, about two miles east of the present county seat, had commenced making improvements upon his lands. The body of a log-house had been put up, and Mr. Barber was then keeping "bach," as many of the early settlers were obliged to do. One day a large party of "reds" of both sexes, but with a preponderance of " bucks," came to Mr. Barber's cabin. After asking for and receiving a considerable quan- tity of " cocushigan " (commonly pronounced by the whites, "quashkin." meaning bread), they began a system of appropriations quite inconsistent with the legal ideas of the proprietor of the goods. When the .Judge remonstrated against their unlawful proceedings, two of the old " bucks" attacked him with the manifest intent to " lay him out," and take whatever they pleased. One of the " bucks ' had got possession of a new pitchfork that had been left Standing outside the building, and with that instrument he made an attempt to slaughter his intended victim. The Judge, then nearly forty years younger than now. instantly comprehending the situation, seized the pitchfork, and, 334 HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. wrencbing it from the hands of his foe, dealt the red devil a blow on the head that felled him to the ground, broke the fork-handle in twain, and, for the moment, so far intimidated his assailants as to give him time to jump into his cabin and bar the door before any of the parly came to the relief of their fallen champion. Once inside the cabin, he seized his trusty rifle, and when the whole crowd, male and female, resumed the attack, they soon ascertained that the tables were fairly turned on them, and that it was "puckachee" or die. None of them being just then anxious for a peep into the "happy hunting-grounds," very wisely and suddenly concluded to puckachee. Thus ended wliat might have proved to be a bloody tragedy but for the pluck displayed by .ludge Barber. I might relate other inci- dents of a like character, in which myself and young wife were conspicuous actors, but fearing that it might be deemed egotistical, prefer to drop the subject. Social gatherings, where they "tripped the light fantastic toe" from early candle-light till next day's dawn, became quite common as soon as the population was sufficient to admit of such gatherings, by taking in the whole county for fifteen or twenty miles around. For several years, there were no violinists nearer than Watertown, except the writer and Lathrop Horton. These two gentlemen did all the " cat-gut scraping" for the country round about for several years, and until better players came to take their places. Yet it is a notable fact, and we often hear it alluded to by those who took part iu the associations of those days, that the dance was much more enjoyable than the new-fangled dances and stifl" manners of what is commonly termed the " refined etiquette " of the ballroom of the present day. Then there was a union of purpose for mutual protection and enjoyment. All occupied one common level, and no such thing as caste was known among us. Every man and woman stood on his or her good behavior. As has been the case in the opening-up of all this Western country for settlement, designing speculators — " land-sharks " — made a business of informing themselves as to the choicest tracts of land pre-empted by honest and industrious, but poor men, and then quietly stepping up to the land office, enter the claim. This system had been carried on to such an extent, in the early settlement of Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and the southern part of Wis- consin, that it came to be looked upon as little better than " piracy on the high seas." Some of the early settlers in Dodge having already experienced some of the ruinous results of such proceedings, determined to bar the doors, if possible, against a recurrence of the evil. Accordingly, in some towns, particularly in Hubbard and Herman, the people formed themselves into " Protection Societies " for mutual aid in cases such as are above alluded to. TheCon- stitution, By-Laws, Rules and Regulations of these societies, constituting the written portion of the work, were all carefully drawn, so that if they should, by any chance, fall into the hands of our enemies, there would be nothing that could be construed to mean intended violence, or any attempt to resist the peaceful operations of the law. But it was the unwritten portion of our work where the " fun came iu." Each regular member was provided with a hideous- looking mask made of unbleached cotton cloth, and trimmed with red around the mouth and black around the eyes. Each member was likewise provided with a " frock" of the same material. The idea of this kind of uniform was borrowed from the " Anti-Renters,'' some of whom were members of our order, and had but recently come from the exciting scenes in the anti-rent district of Eastern New York. One of these men once told the writer that he wit- nessed the " taking-oS"' of " Bub" Steele, a Sheriff who was shot and killed by the Anti-Renters. When attired in full uniform, the " Protectionists " were a terror to evil-doers ; hence it is not surprising that jne fellow in Herman, who had been guilty of a little crookedness in the matter of a neighbor's pre-emption, when visited by a dozen or more of these vigilantes, ran as for dear life, and afterward, in trying to describe the affair, denominated them as " white devils." The existence of these societies had a wholesome efl'ect in Dodge County, and the class of land- sharks before alluded to very soon came to know that the east side of Rock River, in Dodge County, was a very unhealthy locality for fellows of that ilk. During the summers of 1845 and 1846, vast quantities of rich prairie lands were broken up. In the fall of 1846, ague prevailed throughout the county to such an alarming extent that there were not well people enough to take care of the sick. No apparent cause for the prevalence of ague in 1846, more than in any other season, seemed to exist, unless it was attributable to the decomposition of such vast quantities of vegetable matter, the result of much new breaking. Taking into account the population at that date, as compared with any subsequent year, 1846 was the most unhealthy season ever known in Dodge County. But, Mr. Editor, I fear I am " boring" you. I was not aware that I could remember so much of forty years ago, without the assistance of a single scrap of any kind of record to refresh my memory. Yet I find, on sitting down to this work, I am compelled to sift fine, lest I string out too much. Could I have had three months' notice, 1 coufd have made a much more readable article. Now if you should conclude to insert this simply as a letter containing some reminiscences of early times, you are at liberty so to use it ; or if you think it too long or too scattering iu its make-up, you are equally at liberty to cull out such passages as will best answer the design of your work, and throw the remainder into your waste-basket. I will now endeavor to comply with your request for a sketch of my life up to this date. I was born in Eden, Erie Co., N. Y., September 4, 1820, and am now past 59 years of age; my father, Obed Warren, was never overburdened with an excess of worldly goods, and, indeed, I do not think he ever cared much about wealth. He was devoutly religious, and cared more for the society of a family and friends than for riches of a worldly nature. From the age of five to eleven, I went to the " district school as it was," where I learned to read, a little of geography, a little of writing, and so much of mathematics as I could pick up by hearing higher classes recite. This w.as the sum total of my school education — the remainder, if any, has been gained from reading and observation. At the age of fourteen, my father, with his family, removed to Cherry Valley, in Ashtabula County, Ohio, where my four elder brothers had gone the year previous, to open up a new farm in the heavy timber-lands of that portion of Ohio. Here I labored hard in clearing away the heavy timber until about the 1st of April, 1845, when, with my widowed mother, two brothers and two sisters, I emigrated to the then Territory of Wisconsin, selecting my home in Dodge County, one and a half miles east of the present village of Horicon. Being one of the first settlers in Hubbard Township, and having taken a lively interest in the settlement and development of the county, I wag chosen Town Clerk at the first town meeting held. From th.at time until the spring of 1859, I was chosen to some HISTORY OF DODGE COFNTY. 335 office nearly every year. On the ICth of September, 1846. I was married to Miss Augusta B. Horton (then only fifteen years of age), with whom I have lived happily to the present time. Our union has been blessed with three children, a daughter and two sons. The daughter is married, and lives near us. The two sons are both printers, the eldest being foreman in the Upper Des Moines office at Algona, the other, foreman in the Northein Vindicator office at Estherville. From 184(1 to 186(5, I worked principally at carpenter or millwright work. In June, 1859, I removed with my family to Arcadia, Trempeleau Co., Wis., where I remained about four years. It was at this place, in March, 1860, that my house and all its contents, including my " History of Dodge County," then in manuscript, was destroyed by fire. This was a very serious loss of several thousand dollars' worth of property, including a choice and carefully selected library of over four hundred volumes. This library 1 had been thirty-iive years in collecting, and it con- tained a number of volumes then out of print, and which I have never been able to replace. In March, 1862,1 removed to Eau Claire City, Wis., where I was employed most of the time through the summer seasons in the capacity of millwright in the extensive mills of Daniel Shaw & Co. My winters were passed in the pineries, hewing square timber and scaling logs. In May, 1866, I sold all my possessions in Eau Claire, built a flatboat of capacity sufficient to carry my family and goods, and in it made my way down the Chippewa to the Mississippi, and thence to Dubuque, Iowa. There I sold my boat, and, by rail, came to Iowa Falls, and thence by wagons to Algona. My eldest son, then about fourteen years of age, had commenced learning the " art preservative of all arts," and on his account I bought the Upper Bes Moines office, for $600, paying but a small installment down. Previous to this dale, November, 1866, I had never written more than two or three newspaper articles. But throwing my whole energy into the enter- prise, together with the faithful labor of my son, who took the entire charge of the mechanical department, we suc- ceeded in making it one of the largest and (though modesty should forbid me from saying it) best newspapers in Northern Iowa. We enlarged the paper from 24 to 28 columns, and again from 28 to 32, and finally from 32 to 36 columns, all the time increasing the patronage and circulation of the paper in proportion to its size. In 1872, I sold the old Washington pre.ss, the same being the/rs< press ever put upon Iowa soil, and replaced it with a $2,000 Potter power-press, together with all other necessary furniture, job-presses, etc. On the 10th of September, 1875, I sold the office with fixtures and good will, after having been editor and sole proprietor for nearly nine years. The newspaper business was the beginning of my prosperity, tliough I was somewhat advanced in years when 1 began. During the nine years of my editorial life I also served as Postmaster of Algona three years, and Assessor of Internal Revenue nearly two years. After selling the Upper Des Moines, I embarked in a new enterprise in the adjoining county of Emmet. The venture was nothing less than the founding of a new town, called Swan Lake City, located at the geographical center of Emmet County, with a view to getting the county seat re-located at the new town. It was a bold venture, the county seat having been located for sixteen years at the village of Estherville in the northwest corner of the county. But pluck and untiring perseverance will win. At the October election, 1879, the Board of Supervisors, of which body I have been a member for the past three years, ordered the question of re-location to be submitted to a vote, and the result was a large majority for Swan Lake City. We had a suitable building which we tendered to the county for Court House and county offices, and, on the 29th of October, 1879, the first term of the District Court was held at the new county seat. I have a large circle of friends in Kossuth County, and, in future, will divide my time between Swan Lake City and Algona, at which place I still have a good residence. Addenda. — After reviewing my manuscript (something 1 very seldom do), I find some important matters that I have entirely failed to notice. The vast bed of iron ore. the brown hematite, or flax-seed ore, was known to exist in Dodge County as early as 1845, but no one knew much of its character or value. We called it the -Ted lands," but had no thought of the vast mine of wealth contained in it. Early in 184."i, I procured from the Land Office at Green Bay, Government plats of Towns 11 and 12, Range 16, and Town 11, Range 17, for the purpose of showing lan■ Madison B. Cornwall J Daniel S. Sutherland Daniel S. Sutherland Daniel S. Sutherland Daniel S. Sutherland f Lucius I. Barber ( James Sutherland J Lucius I. Barber \ James Sutherland f Isaac H. Palmer J Lyman Crossman ( Robert Masters f Robert Masters } Lyman Crossman ( Isaac H. Palmer rCliarles S. Bristol -. Noah Phelps ( George H. Slaughter I Mark R. Clapp J William .M. Dennis ( Noah Phelps {George W. Green John T. Haight James Giddiugs f Levi P. Drake } Horace D. Patch ( James Hanrahan r Levi P. Drake .j Horace D. Patch ( James Hanrahan Cjunties. Milwaukee. Milwaukee. Milwaukee. f Dodge, Dane, Green \ and Jefferson. ) Dodge, Dane, Green \ and Jefferson. Dodge. Dane, Green and Jefferson. Dodge, Dane, Green \ and Jefferson, f Dodge, Dane, Green \ and Jefferson. f Dodge, Dane, Green, \ Jefferson and Sauk. ( Dodge. Dane, Green, \ Jefferson and Sauk. f Dodge, Dane, Green, \ Jefferson and Sauk. f Dodge, Dane, Green, \ Jefferson and Sauk. f Dodge. Dane, Green, \ Jefferson and Sauk. Dodge and Jefferson. Dodge and Jefferson. Dodge and Jefferson. CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTIONS. The first Constitutional Convention assembled at Madison October 5, 1846, and adjourned December 16 following, having framed an instrument which was rejected by the people at an election held the first Tuesday in April, 1847. Dodge County was represented in the Convention *- (tov. Doty refusetl to communicate with this Iwily, claiming that tlipy were not legally assembled according to the act of Congress, as no appi-unriation for that obJ«.cl had been previously made by Congress. The Houses continued in session until Decemiier 10, when they adjourned till January :io, 1843. Slt-eling again, another Hdjournnient was taicen until March 6, on which day they came toff«.*ther in pursuance of the resolute old Governor's proclamation, calling them together for the pur|K)se of a special sesnon. The Houses continued in session until Slarcb So, when they adjourned without day. They again a.*semMed March '27, as of the second session, and adjourned finally April 17. 338 HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. by the following delegates : William M. Dennis, Stoddard Judd, Hiram Barber, Benjamin Granger, Horace D. Patch and John H. Manahan. A second Convention was held, which met December 15, 1847, and adjourned February 1, 1848, the result of their labors being the present Constitution of the State of Wisconsin, which was ratified by a large popular vote the second Monday in March, 1848. The Dodge County delegates were Stoddard Judd, Samuel W. Lyman and Charles H. Larrabee. STATE GOVERNMENT. First Session of the Legislature, IS4.S. — The constitutional provisions regarding apportion- ment declared Dodge County to be the Tenth Senatorial District, and divided the county into five Assembly Districts, until otherwise fixed by law, as follows : The towns of Burnett, Ches- ter, Le Roy and Williamstown, one ; Fairfield, Hubbard and Rubicon, one ; Hustisford, Aship- pun, Lebanon and Emmet, one ; Elba, Lowell, Portland and Clyman, one ; Calamus, Beaver Dam, Fox Lake and Trenton, one. Section 14, Article XIV, of the State Constitution, pro- vided that " The Senators first elected in the even numbered districts, shall enter upon the duties of their office the first Monday of June next, and shall continue in office one year from the first Monday in January next ; and that those elected in the odd numbered districts, together with the members of the Assembly first elected, shall enter upon their duties, respectively, on the first Monday of June next, and shall continue in office until the first Monday in January next." Such was the common foundation of the '" hold-over" system, which is still in vogue. The first legislators from Dodge County, elected under the new Constitution, were as follows : Senate — William M. Dennis, Watertown. Assembly — Lorenzo Merrill, Charles Billinghurst, Benjamin Randall, Monroe Thompson and Stephen Jones. This (the first) session of the Leg- islature convened June 5, 1848, and adjourned August 21 of the same year. Second Session, 184-9. — Senate — William M. Dennis, Watertown. Assembly — Paul Juneau, Hiram Barber, George C. King, Jedediah Kimball and Parker Warren. Third Session, 1850. — Senate— James Giddings, Chester. Assembly — Oscar Hurlbut, James Murdock, John Lowth, William T. Ward and Malcom Sellers. Fourth Session, 1851. — Senate — James Giddings, Chester. Assembly — John Muzzy, Asa W. French, John Lowth, Charles B. Whiton and William E. Smith. Fifth Session, 185!3. — Senate — Judson Prentice, Watertown. Assembly — Darius L. Ban- croft, Timothy B. Sterling, Maximilian Auerbock, William H. Green and Horace D. Patch. Sixth SessioJi, 1853. — Senate — Judson Prentice, Watertown. Assembly — [Apportionment changed by act of Legislature, six Assemblymen being chosen instead of five.] Edward N. Foster. Whitman Sayles, William M. Dennis, Patrick Kelley, John W. Davis and Edwin Hillyer. Seventh Session, 1854- — Senate — Ezra A. Bowen, Mayville. Assembly — Benjamin F. Barney, George Fox, Francis McCormick, Ruel Parker, Allen H. Atwater and John W. Davis. Eighth Session, 1855. — Senate — Ezra A. Bowen, Mayville. Assembly — Solomon L. Rose, John M. Sherman, Narcisse M. Juneau, John D. Grifl!in, John B. Ribble and Fred F. Schwefel. Ninth Session, 1856. — Senate — Solomon L. Rose, Beaver Dam. Assembly — Benjamin F. Barney, Daniel Fletcher, Lawrence Connor, Charles Burchard, Henry L. Butterfield and F. H. Ehinger. Tenth Session, 1857. — Senate — Solomon L . Rose, Beaver Dam. Assembly — Edward N. Foster, Peter Potter, R. B. Wentworth, Quartus H. Barron, A. Scott Sloan and John J. Williams. Eleventh Session, 1858. — Senate — William E. Smith, Fox Lake. Assembly — John Steiner, Narcisse M. Juneau, Paul Juneau, Benjamin F. Gibbs, Fred W. Kribs and E. J. Will- iams. Twelfth Session, 1859. — Senate — William E. Smith, Fox Lake. Assembly — Thomas Palmer, John C. Bishop, Waldo Lyon, Cyrus S. Kneeland, Loi-enzo Merrill and John Lowth. HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. 339 TJdrteenth Session, 1860. — Senate — Benjamin Ferguson, Fox Lake. Assembly — Elva Simpson, Max Bachliuber, John W. Nash, Stoddard Judd, David S. Ordway and H. C. Griffin. Fourteenth. Session, 1861. — Senate — Benjamin Ferguson, Fox Lake. Assembly — Peter Peters, Jacob Bodden, David N. Minor, George W. Bly, F. H. Kribs and J. C. Williams. Fifteenth Session, 1862. — Senate — [Apportionment changed, two Senators being chosen.] Joel Rich, Juneau ; Sat. Clark, Horicon. Assembly — [Apportionment changed back to five Assemblymen.] Quartus H. Barron, John F. McCollum, H. C. Griffin, Jacob G. Mayer and Daniel D. Hoppock. Sixteenth Session, 1863. — Senate — Joel Rich, Junenu ; Sat. Clark, Horicon. Assembly — Oliver Ashley, J. F. McCollum, Oscar F. Jones, Albert Burtch and F. Wagner. Seventeenth Session, 1864.. — Senate — W. E. Smith, Fox Lake; Sat. Clark, Horicon. Assembly — George H. Adams, William H. Green, 0. F. Jones, Max Bachhuber and John G. Daily. Eighteenth Session, 1865. — Senate — W. E. Smith, Fox Lake ; Sat. Clark, Horicon. Assembly — * James M. McGuire, Michael F. Lowth, 0. F. Jones, Peter Peters and Ferdinand Gnewuch. JS/ineteenth Session, 1866. — Senate — Stoddard Judd, Fox Lake ; Sat. Clark, Horicon. Assembly — Oliver Ashley, Andrew Willard, Hiram Sawyer, Jacob Bodden and W. M. Morse. Tiventieth Session, 1867. — Senate — Stoddard Judd, Fox Lake; Sat. Clark, Horicon. Assembly [The number of Districts reduced to four.] — Miles Burnham, James B. Hays, War- ren Marston and John Wetherby. Twenty-first Session, 1868. — Senate — H. W. Lander, Beaver Dam ; Sat. Clark, Hori- con. Assembly — Lawrence Connor, Lewis M. Benson, Charles E. Goodwin and G. W. Colomy. Twenty-second Session, 1869. — Senate — H. W. Lander, Beaver Dam ; Sat. Clark, Hori- con. Assembly — Cyrus Perry, Rees Evans, Arthur K. Delaney and Eugene O'Connor. Twenty-third Session, 1870. — Senate — S. D. Burchard, Beaver Dam ; Sat. Clark, Hori- con. Assembly — E. Adams Fowler, Francis Johnston, Henry S. Burtch and Henry Bertram. Twenty-fourtJi Session, 1871. — Senate — S. D. Burchard, Beaver Dam ; Sat. Clark, Hori- con. Assembly — William E. Smith (Speaker), Allen H. Atwater, William Rusch and Marcus Trumer. Twenty-fifth, Session, 1872. — Senate [Apportionment changed, one Senator being chosen] — Sat. Clark, Horicon. Assembly [Apportionment changed, six Assemblymen being chosen from the countyf] — Michael Adams, Calvin E. Lewis, Allen H. Atwater, Silas W. Lamoreux, George Schott and John Solon. Tiventy-sixth Session, 1873.% — Senate — S. D. Burchard, Beaver Dam. Assembly— John W. Davis, John Runkle, Wilfred C. Fuller, Dennis Short, Sat. Clark and F. Gnewuch. Twenty-seventh Sessio7i, 1874- — Senate — S. D. Burchard, Beaver Dam. Assembly — E. J. Boomer, D. C. Gowdey, D. L. Bancroft, Jacob Bodden, A. H. Lehman and John Dunn, Jr. Twenty-eighth Session, 1875. — Senate — John A. Barney, Mayville. Assembly — Owen R. Jones, D. W. Coleman, John Lloyd, Max Bachhuber, W. M. Morse and Herman Grube. Twenty-ninth Session, 1876. — Senate — J. A. Barney, Mayville. Assembly — Patrick Griffin, Columbus Germain, G. H. Lawrence, C. E. Kite, George Schott and James Higgins. Thirtieth Session, 1877. — Senate — Charles H. Williams, Fox Lake. Assembly [changed to four Representatives] — William Zeiman, F. A. Neuhauser, Leander H. Shepard and Patrick Roach. Thirty-first Session, 1878. — Senate — C. H, Williams, Fox Lake. Assembly — Carl Dowe, Eli Hawkes, Peter Langenfeld and E. C. McFetridge. Thirty-second Session, 1879. — Senate — E. C. McFetridge, Beaver Dam. Assembly — William Fleming, Henry Spiering, James Davison and William Geise. * Dii-d during session ; Stoddard Judd elected to fill vacancy. t Excepting the Fifth and Sixth Wards of Watertown. t Excepting the Fiftli and Sixth Wards of Watertowu. 340 HISTORY OF DODGE COUXTY. Thirti/'third Session, ISSO. — Senate — E. C. McFetriJge, Beaver Dam. Assembly — William Fleming, Joseph Heimerl, D. C. Williams and B. F. Sherman. CONGRESSIONAL. An act of Congress, approved April 20, 183G, provided for the organization of the Terri- tory of Wisconsin, and conferred upon the people the right to be represente IS ba o at M® - bo p ^ to^ Ashippun 28,808J^ Beaver Dam, town 22,344 Beaver Dam, city j 660 Burnett I 19,66214 Calamus 22,800 Clyman 22,436 Chester 22,099U Elba 22,420^ Emmet : 20,756 Fox Lake.. Herman Hulibard Hiistisford Lebanon Le Boy Lomira Lowell Oak Grove Portland Rubicon Shields Theresa Trenton Westford Williamatown Randolph, Eastward Waiipun City, South Ward Watertown, city. Fifth Ward... Watertowo, city. Sixth Ward... Total 544,776 20,300 23,280 21,205 47-100 21,821 22,484 23,203 23,406 32,443 22,331 22,697 22,888 13,9.54 22,690 34,601!^ 18,627 21,293 264 405 1,157 354,439 591,689 10,000 687,401 476,620 677,250 377,765 609,805 727,864 531,463 718,077 478,980 412,989 381,860 667,885 813.278 960,776 864,416 382,084 420,804 439,307 694,537 780,550 273,1152 602,915 10,625 33,625 424,300 548,000 16,8011 452,200 410,400 420,000 393,000 470,000 456,000 507,600 489,0(J0 415,000 438,000 404,700 30,000 503,000 728,000 630,000 420,000 459,.560 275,000 470,000 86;!,0«0 304,0(X) 404,700 7,600 12,000 2,336 404,246 12,655 400,000 10,000 13,770 10,000 161,995 12,430 173,077 66,897 140,000 10,000 100,000 60,000 121,400 111,285 7,143 16,735 1(X),000 100,000 6,000 12,000 39,190 25,000 139,600 66,980 224,176 120,000 50,000 200,000 47,415 31,200 ; 131,330 71,824 56,529 228,670 115,112 41,108 101,876 69,015 78,886 80.712 215,274 116,417 131,856 109,281 60,528 93,11.9 79,507 145,695 193,476 64,044 90,259 63,810 121,202 109,3:14 .39,889 130,420 40,567 135,600 125,000 I 15,880 85,000 69,100 254,400 100,000 33,850 95,905 51,500 83,350 77,660 230,000 111,250 147,900 124,450 63,150 86,360 91.000 146,100 184,330 70,300 97,460 61,800 107,850 133,150 60,300 130,000 43,100 142,100 27,760 428,598 648,218 642,915 81.5,178 617,728 679,125 436.780 702,461 808,676 898,722 845,924 783,913 548,167 442,388 760,994 892,785 I 1,227,770 1,169,176 453,271 526,438 493,117 854,988 889,884 312,941 872,935 108,162 393,400 194,625 611,600 617,100 671,iOO 662,200 444,250 521,906 446,600 563,350 6.33,660 877,600 600,250 752,900 612,460 467,860 516,000 647,000 975,000 814,330 5(11,300 569,000 326,800 002,850 995,150 414,300 654,700 100,700 354,100 183,950 13.928,459 : 1,672.892 2.778,820 \ ; 18,380,180 !l6.837,885 APPOKTIONMEXT OF TAXES FOR 1879. TOWNS AND WARDS. State tax. fikinnty tax. County school tax. Supt. tax. Town in- debtedness. Total tax. 8774,77 934.54 1,016.461 1,163.35/ 851.40 672.78 790.38 076.18 863.14 808.16 1,328.89 909.02 1,140.20 1 28.00 / 927.50 708.52 7.«1.44 959.82 1,476.54 1,233.23 759.17 861.70 494.91 912.96 1,607.06 627.42 991.48 1 3.50 / 152.50 636.26 278.68 $1,263.83 1,624.46 1,668 09 1,388.83 1,027.45 1,289.28 1,103,01 1,391.67 1,318.30 2,167.73 1,482.82 1,869.92 1,512.96 1,165.75 1,274.70 1,698.31 2,408.58 2,011.67 1,238.38 1,405.63 807.31 1,489.25 2,468.36 1,023.46 1,617.33 248.76 874.75 464.42 S3I8.50 232.94 640.30 181.64 184.30 185.06 92.34 229.14 177.08 250.80 241.68 432.06 238.64 239.40 253.08 308.18 414.20 329.80 216.22 278.16 1B1.12 289.18 228.76 180.88 332.50 45.98 115.52 406.98 857.20 68.99 S 174 72 6.34 262 08 87.36 6.64 87.36 82,489.02 2,767.26 4,740.28 2,672.08 2.009.84 2.410.43 62.85 ■ 49.67 58.36 49.^2 62.98 59.66 98.11 67.11 84.17 68.47 62.26 57.60 72.33 109.00 91.04 56.64 63.61 36.54 67.40 111.26 46.32 73.19 11.26 39.59 Calamus Chester 1 921 45 Elba 53.28 128.43 13.37 136.08 284.58 87.36 2,690.21 2,494.6:1 3,868.90 Herman 2,836.71 3,828.93 2,834.93 2,165.92 2,309.52 2,958.64 4,631.23 Hustisford Le Roy 2.61 Lowell .' 222.91 107.52 153.37 215.90 3,770.26 Portland 2 423.18 2,825.00 Shields 1,409.88 2,758.79 88!56 ' 49.48 87.36 Trenton 4,394.00 1,927.56 3,451.86 458.50 Williamstown Randolph 1,566,10 104.43 1,247.82 Total 525,526.35 $39,125.00 87,101.44 81,676.00 82.362.15 8 75.780.94 HISTOKY OF DODGE COUNTY. 355 » p :: r; * 2 £ a? 5? S^'"''? Sp- - Moc Qt »-■ w t.-* Cn >«*■ rJ soirf^tB^'O'Xi*- — en — — — ccoot — -j-j-jw^ioc;— *->*^-J 2CTCCi;c>e-— C :/:*-•&■oioo^^— iWXCKOt^c^iO — Ci— I — -J~■ ji ai O i,T ^ V — ' O ti ■— ' -' ^^y-J''tfcS jga ^ --. — ~ ...... rj o c c/i c: ; 10 )-i»-iTOOtOOC»'OOCJitOCn*Ji>:OCJ-*fc-JaOOtDtDO'-*!SO mrf-'-'iXQOiffcOCocwv — to-J**^)— -Jtcii— ^— ^^sc^ocl•s•-• »-•^-'to^^l-^l-'to^o^o^^^B— —i-'totciio M ^ _« CT *■ to to -4 -JT ■ -- — - — - - — - . . «iOiOi-<01CiO»-IWw — w--- -_ — — -. — — -; .." ,-^v- i;vTi Qi CI ;ji Or lo err CO ;;> oi c: ctc » oiOinoooo^-J— '-"•Wrf-cioi OaQOWt^CnOHJOiQii-'Ct-JCaCCOtOCJi-'' ■^Otl'Ot-OtaC' p»o: --■o^&wooo3c;^oco'Soc''C ■-•^i.^^ >f-t£^;tctotOHJ>;kM—'tai->>bt3i-^ >-••-• tow l-'-JO~]W-J»C'*-—'-4IO-JC«0!0(0=Jt-=(fhi— t^ — WOtOCM-4 ■'Citotc-Ji^Off^aocjt'— ■ ■ btcuaitctod:jc=ts>( c C' sai ^ c w « s ;o c m o JO QD o fc I— 1 lO Oi ;£ Si ; - (3 «J ■» «i ^ .*» w in — 1^ "- ac -4 cr -X :j o iw I— •-' U IC -J IC IC ^ •&■ iO — ' ■— ■-' l-C M ic to tc ti ■-' to tc -- tc ■-J — 30O'i*k?C-JacC: 3CWlOCS-4W>-'>i-.01tO — — l>e*-4;.->CJ'ri^IC o.^i«fcrf^ja-jciaii^:;iO C j-j; 1-* cn u X M tr •- V 3i O" I ; ac :d A -1 -J — — ;2 X -' <*- :.' i; ?: tc in X O tn ^>;h>»-:if:xu:— '-j— ^:rtc>i.Kr;-i — — ic>r — -x 31 Oi ^■' C cr, t-; -J — -I ~j (C — :;! c; — a: X ■J^ «v lt l.-" (4 -j -i c — — 'J ;;• X :;n :,■' ic t; ,r X X ^ n ^ 3 X -i -1 u: c^ ^o A ic V — *. iT — — -X ,i:s^-wi«-'*.;;»wooiotoio^'**c;ox — oti^^x ^c£or-o:rtoCwc:>«-o --JS0»O>#-*h-■ w (/J H W > 1^ q o H H O m ba fej H o m o M C3 'Z. > H Cfl Ki W IS P^ Ed Ed u t-' H t-l 1 ^ C/J ' M o K •=1 W H P> K W K h~^ r« 00 B 00 <1 W ! a ES I IZJ >► O t-i &3 § H :^ m S! fei i* ^^ O ' O t1 ; < W a CO o t> ^, >; CO o O ts o M M r/2 > ^ i^ CO m t=q H tti !z: 356 HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. PRODUCTIONS FOR 1879. Following is a statement of the principal farm productions grown in Dodge County in the year 1879 : TOWNS, ETC. Ashippun Beaver Dam, town. Beaver Dam, city... Burnett Calamus riyman Chester Elba Emmet Fox Lake Herman Hubl^ard Hustisford Lebanon Le Roy Lomira Lowell Oak Grove Portland Rubicon Shields Theresa Trenton Westford Randolph, village.. Waupun, city Watertown, city Williamstown 1 ■ ? e o I-* a g. "u & P3 1 II < o 416^7 1082 938 337 32 95 185 1560 345 7.322 1137 974 608 13 105 146 1261 1.335 182 16 23 5 2 27 36 64 '> 483(1 12.56 1068 785 27 100 140 1237 1272 431S1 81 :! 865 291 . 17 87 10 928 1395 7540 1330 1450 885 65 142 50 345 820 3700 niKl 666 195 24 77 116 990 947 .51570 14.58 1249 298 2 140 109 1271 840 5790 1208 1406 1127 98 127 127 964 785 3839 1317 938 344 14 55 16 1497 169 6747 1513 1096 410 55 87 177 2577 4400 5628 763 863 403 84 98 80 712 2398 3614 1067 1106 568 68 111 83 1081 2497 3767 778 • 903 524 228 112 68 992 2502- 5977 882 857 229 42 89 168 1285 2451 6080 788 1180 510 37 158 127 1295 2550 7165 1316 1248 693 5 132 135 804 2058 5649 1335 1271 908 24 161 166 2371 1214 4965 1475 901 500 45 125 157 118 1821 .'i415 1448 850 246 75 136 182 1415 2041 3235 539 638 456 33 140 63 446 1066 6028 676 947 357 200 120 100 1574 3280 10962 2695 1802 938 60 1.56 212 5908 2185 .5441 1170 800 282 18 86 60 735 1455 0.) 170 90 47 17 36 3 25 63 85 5 28 30 ' 179 40 57 33 16 10 2 16 10 4726 785 694 398 140 102 169 1223 1881 129962 27000 23385 12335 1430 2730 2796 28876 41002 A FOURTH OF .JULY CELEBRATION. The Hon. H. W. Lander, in hi.s address before the Old Settlers' Club, of Beaver Dam, June 17, 1875, said : " The first public gathering that was of any importance in this section of the country was in 1845, and I cannot better describe its object and the circumstances con- nected with it than copying from a love-letter, which a certain prominent gentleman of this city wrote to his sweetheart whom he left behind, under date of July 4, 1845, almost thirty years ago. He writes : " ' I have just returned from a 4th of .luly celebration. It w:is a County Temperance Celebration, held on Clason Prairie, some four miles from this place. Our procession from this place and the adjoining settlements consisted of some seven or eight double and single teams, filled with all who wished to go, without ilistinction, as we have no aristocracy here yet ; everybody is estimated here according to character. The procession was led by a two- horse team carrying thirteen young men for old bachelors,, as we are called), about my own age. carrying a banner att.ached to a staff stained red, witl-i a gilt ball and spear on the top. The banner was white, bearing the following inscription : "Temperance the Hope of Beaver Dam." The other teams followed, bearing the different banners, and two ox teams brought up the rear, one of them filled with little girls, with a banner bearing this inscription : '• We look for better days." The other filled with small boys carrying a banner with this motto: " We leave the rum behind." And before we reached the place for the celebration, ihere was added to our procession a team of thirty-six yoke of oxen, drawing four wagons chained together, filled with men, women and children, carrying a streamer fifteen feet long, attached to a pole twenty-five feet high. I can assure you that we made an imposing appearance, stretching acro^ the wild prairie. There were nesirly six hundred people present ; we were addressed by two or three speakers, formed a County Temperance Society, and then sat down to a regular picnic dinner got up by the ladies, which w'ould have done honor to any occasion. The head of the table was grace cents. Season Tickets for one person, good during the fair, .50 cents. Carriage Tickets, admitting single or double carriage once, the occupants being supplied with tickets, 2.5 cents. Season Carriage Tick- ets, admitting single or double carriage during the fair, the occupants being supplied with tickets, 50 cents. No admission fee will be charged on tlie first day of the fair. The present officers of the Society are: President, J. H. Dunham, Juneau. Vice Pres- idents — James Goodwin, Rubicon ; S. R. Jones, Hustisford ; Henry Phillips, Oak Grrove; James Webster, Elba, and Peter Davy, Ashippun. Secretary, W. T. Rambusch, Juneau ; Treasurer, Barber Randall, Hustisford ; General Superintendent, W. D. Warner ; Marshal, George W Hargraves. DODGfl COUNTY AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIATION. In 1875, there was forined, at Juneau, a society having for its object the special mainte- nance of an agricultural society. The grounds on which were held the annual exhibition of the Dodge County Agricultural Society were about to be lost, and it became necessary that steps should be at once taken to obtain control of and hold them for that purpose. A company was formed, composed of some of the best citizens of the county, the grounds purchased, and, by them, held for the purposes named. No fair has ever been held by the Association as yet, the grounds being leased to the old society each year. HEALTH OF THE COUNTY. Upon the ijuestion of health in Dodge County, we have yet to find the " doctors who dis- agree ; " they all say that business is dull. Thirty years ago, the ague was the prevailing disease, and the ''shakes" was a frequent visitor in almost every household, especially in the marshy regions. It is the belief of not a few scientific gentlemen that the main cause of so much sick- ness of this character was the great amount of decaying vegetation consequent upon the num- berless acres of new land then being plowed. The dire effects of the malaria thus created were intensified by the susceptibility of the fatigued and exposed settlers. The most economic home comforts were then regarded as luxuries. The main object was to have enough to eat, and that with regard to quality. The attention of the pioneer was so thoroughly absorbed in this direction that he was liable to pass his first winter here in a roofless shanty, and, when he lay down at night, the eyes of a thousand worlds winked at him through the cracks and openings in his log house. The prevailing diseases in Dodge County, at the present time, are typhoid fever, pneumonia, consumption and scarlatina. Of the two former diseases, the percentage is about twenty-five of typhoid fever, and fifty of pneumonia. There are but few cases of consumption originating in the county. Scarlatina is the most dangerous ; but the visitations of this disease are rare, and of mild type. ANCIENT RELICS. Dodge County affords a rich field for the arch;rologist. Hidden within the numerous earth- mounds and Indian graves to be found throughout the county, are very many curious articles, some the design of Indians, and others, scientists tell us, the workmanship of members of a pre- historic race. Arrow-heads, spears, axes and "fleshers," all made of stone, are common objects to be seen in the houses of almost every one with taste for preserving such things. Michael Shafer. of Beaver Dam, has, perhaps, the largest collection of curiosities to be found in the county. His specimens include a large number of interesting native articles and several 370 HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. wonderful relics, whose age, history and the circumstances of their discovery make them as rare as they are remarkable. Among other things he exhumed from the musty recesses of his curiosity shop and exhibited to the writer, was a signet or seal ring, weighing, perhaps, one-third of an ounce, and made of a composition not unlike that used in the manufacture of bells at the pres- ent day. The face of the seal is about the size of a twenty-cent piece, and bears the inscrip- tion, " G. B. 1575." An impression from it in wax reveals a corn-knife, an arrow-head and a wreath representation of Indian corn leaves. The ring was found by Mr. Shafer twenty years ago, eight inches below the sod, between the soil and clay, near the dam that confines Beaver Lake. Near it was also found an Indian tomahawk, of the same metal, artistically carved and finished, the bowl of a pipe taking the place of the poll of the utensil, the designer — who must have been a Yankee — evidently desiring to make it convenient for Mr. Indian to scalp his man and then smoke the pipe of peace over the quivering remains. The able county official who, when informed recently that "Old Dodge" was soon to be spread upon the pages of history, replied that he failed to see the necessity for anything of the kind, will certainly admit the great value of history when he is told that, though the wonderful articles just described are over three hundred years old, and were found where they had probably »lain one or two hundred years before the advent of a people with hands deft enough to manufacture them, there exists — thanks to the historian — an insignificant-looking book called "Smith's History of North America," written in the last century, that explains the whole thing. We reproduce our friend Smith's version of the strange affair for the benefit of our learned friend, the aforesaid county official. Our authority states that, as early as 1575, there existed in London a firm whose business was the manufacture of trinkets of this character ; that they owned two sailing vessels, which plied back and forth between the Gulf of Mexico and the river Thames, engaged in carrying these articles to America, where they were disposed of to the natives (Indians) for their weight in gold or silver. Mr. Smith, by virtue of his profession, having consigned to us the history of that ring until it reached the soil of free and glorious America, we have now but to record the very natural hypothesis that the " noble red man " into whose hands the ring first fell, was robbed by an Indian agent, who fled to Wisconsin and was drowned in the Beaver Dam pond while trying to escape from Mr. Shafer, who suspected the fugitive had upon his person " a valuable specimen." Of coins, Mr. Shafer has a Prussian piece made in 1690, and one of French mintage, bearing date of 1392. Mr. S. is also the possessor of a book printed in London some time between 1666 and 1670, containing the court records of the trial and execution of twelve men who were concerned in the beheading of Charles I., of England. There is, in possession of the family of Mrs. Shaw, of Beaver Dam, a relic of the Revolu- tion, in the form of a powder-horn marked " Hiram Cutting, 1776 — Give me Liberty or Give me Death." It was carried by Mr. Cutting at the battles of Bunker Hill, Ticonderoga and several other historical encounters between our patriot forefathers and the British. DODGE IN THE WAR. The year 1861 will be an ever-memorable one in the history of Dodge County. On the 4th day of March, Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as President of the United States. For months previous, a portion of the Southern States had been threatening to destroy the Union in the event of the election of Mr. Lincoln. Their threats were thought to be but idle boasts, to which the loyal men of the country gave but little heed. Even after resolutions of secession had been passed by some of the States, the citizens of the North could not believe the evidence shown, but insisted that all that was wanted by the South was additional guarantees that their "peculiar institution" should not be disturbed. Soon there came a time when the "scales should be removed from their eyes," and they should see plainly the objects of the ultra men of the South. On the 12th day of April, after demanding its surrender, the rebels opened fire upon Fort Sumter. For hours, an incessant cannonading was continued ; the fort was being injured severely; provisions almost gone, and Maj. Anderson was compelled to lower the stars HISTORY OF D0IK;E COUNT V. 371 and stripes, that beautiful emblem of the brave and the free ; that flag which has so seldom been lowered to a foreign foe was now given into the hands of brothers who had become traitors to their country, and by them trailed in the dust ! how the patriotic blood of the loyal men of the North was stirred within them when they learned of the outrage ! Meetings were held in every city, village and hamlet throughout the length and breadth of the land, and resolutions were passed in which the patriotic feeling of the country was expressed, and offers of men and money made to the General and State Govei'nments. The citizens of Dodge County were in no wise behind their brethren in any part of the North. On Thursday evening, April 18, a large and enthusiastic meeting was held at Beaver Dam, an account of which we extract from the Argus, of that city, under date of the I9th : BEAVER DAM IN A BLAZE! Declares for the Union. Patkiots Call for Justice to Ona Flag. No Democrats, No Republicans, but All For the Union or Against It. Concert Hall .Jammed Full. A tremendous meeting convened last night in Concert Hall, in accordance with a call previously made by many of our citizens, both Democrats and Republicans, for the purpose of taking into consideration the present state of the Union and the emergency which is now before the people. The meeting was organized as follows : H. D. Patch, Chairman ; E. Botsford, W. ISarnes, .J. F. McClure, A. Haight, A. .Toy, G. H. Stewart, C. Burchard, Vice Presidents ; H. G. Bicknell, G. H. Wells, Secretaries; D. S. Ordway, B. Phelps, E. C. McFetridge, Committee on Resolutions. The " Star Spangled Banner" was sung by H. G. Bicknell and Thomas Bull. The Chairman read the following letter from our fellow-townsman, Hon. A. Scott Sloan : "To the Chairman of the meeting to be held this evening : " Sir : I am unexpected called away, and cannot be with you. I hope our citizens will give a decided expression to their sentiments in this crisis. It is no longer a question of politics or of party. It is an issue between loyalty and rebellion, between patriotism and treason. He that is not for us is against us. " Yours, etc., A. Scott Sloan." Patriotic speeches were made by .Messrs. G. H. Hallett, C. Burchard, H. G. Bicknell, D. S. Ordway, J. A. Douglas, Rev. J. J. Miter, A. Haight and E. P. Smith. The following resolution was offered by G. H. Hallett at the close of his remarks : " Resolved, That we, the citizens of Beaver Dam, ignoring party distinctions, pledge ourselves, unquiilifiedly, to support the Federal Government in the present crisis." Adopted unanimously. The following resolutions were adopted with a thundering and unanimous aye : "Whereas, on the first Wednesday in March, in the year of our Lord, \~,x'^, our forefathers organized and commenced proceedings under a Constitution which, from that time, has been a bulwark and safeguard to our liber, ties, anil under which we, as a nation, liave attained to the most perfect prosperity, to the highest civilization, and the greatest perfection in the arts and agriculture, to the highest religious enjoyment, privileges and freedom ever reached by any nation of wliich history has a record ; and whereas, all enlightened nations have long turned their eyes toward, and rested their hopes and expectations up' n this Government and Constitution, as the guarantee of universal freedom, civilization, enlightenment and religious liberty, and have long since come to entertain the sentiment 'that if the .imericin Government becomes a failure, crumbles, and has not strength sufficient for the sustaining of itself, then that no Democratic (ioverument can stand, that no people ca^i ever expect to retain sufficient integrity, sufficient patriotism and sufficient religious sentiment to maintain a perpetual and successful government over themselves;' and whereas, we are now, and have been since the year I'S'J, endeavoring to solve this great problem of popular government and to vindicate the integrity, the goodness, the patriotism and the relig. ious sentiment of the masses who form this and must form every popular government ; and whereas, we believe that the true interests of all the world are involved in and hang contingent upon the final success of our Democracy ; and whereas, we are now in the midst of revolution which threatens the perm.anency of that Government which our fathers left as their best legacy to us and this humanity ; therefore, " Resolved, That the contest now going on is a contest which involves not only the existence of this nation, but also the existence of constitutional freedom and religious liberty, and that every patriot will support the present Administration in its endeavors to defend the nation's integrity and the perpetuity of the Union with his whole influ. ence, his purse and his sword. " Rfsohed. Tliat it is the sense of this meeting that an immediate organization of an independent military com- pany in this place be had, and that able, patriotic citizens at once enroll themselves therein, and hold themselves in readiness to respond to the call of the Governor of this State whenever made. " Resolved, That we have heard with feelings of deep sorrow and burning indignation of the atrocious attack made upon the flag of our country by traitors, who have avowed their determination to overthrow and destroy this Government, and in this transcendent contest we will ignore all party distinction and join our fellow-countrymen everywhere to suppress and put down, at all hazards, this most unlawful ami wicked conspiracy against our liber- ties and our Government : and that henceforth we will recognize no distinction among us save that of patriot and traitor. 372 HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. " Resolved, That we applaud our patriotic Government for so promptly taking the initiatory steps for putting the State and Legislature on a war-fjoting; and that, in response to his and the nation's call, in the name of human lib- erty everywhere, in the name of constituted authority, by the glorious memories of our fathers, and in a firm reli- ance upon the God of battles, we pledge to them our lives, our fortunes and our sacred honor. •' Resolved, That we will support the present policy of the Government of the United States with men and money, and that the glorious old b.anner of our nation shall wave again on the walls of , Fort Sumter, and every other fort, arsenal, dock-yard and navy-yard which belongs to this nation. " Your committee report the foregoing preamble and resolutions, and respectfully recommend their adoption. " David S. ORnwAv, " Benjamin Phelp.s, ••April 18, 1861." " E. C. iMcFetridge. The '• Marseillaise Hymn" was sung by .VIessrs. Bicknell and Bull. E. E. Holt was appointed Treasurer. The books were opened, and in a short time more than one hundred and fifty names were enrolled. The meeting adjourned. We have given the report of the meeting in fall, in order to show the temper of the people at the time. This meeting was but a reflex of those held in all parts of the county. Steps were at once taken to raise mean.s to provide for the families of those who should enlist and march to the front. In less than a week, the following subscriptions were obtained in Beaver Dam for that purpose : A. Scott Sloan, $25 per month ; A. Willard, $100 ; J. S. Rowell, $50 ; M. F. Lowth, $50 ; Marvin & Goodnow, $50 ; E. P. Smith, $100; J. T. McGlashan, $100 ; Lewis & Bro., $100; G. H. Stewart, $2.50 ; A. Gilbert, $25 ; B. Thorp, $25 ; L. Rushlow, $25 ; Mr. Campbell, $25 ; Parish & Doolittle, $25 ; J. Dougan, $25 ; J. A. McFetridge, $25 ; L. E. Piatt, $50 ; S. Bergman & Co., $25 ; J. R. Traver, $25 ; Mr. Woodard, $25 ; D. S. Ordway, $100 ; A. F. Bur- gess, $10; H. W. Lander, $50; C. Schlehuber,$25; E. J. Jones, $25; G. E. Redfield, $50; Whittaker & Hensler, $25 ; A. S. Dominy, $10; J. Hayden, $10 ; D. L. Townsend, $50; Dr. Bottsford, $25 ; Gilbert Brown, $25 ; Rufus Dodge, $100 ; R. V. Bogert, $100 ; A. Joy, $100 ; J. B. Cochrane, $50; John Brown, $10; S. M. Drown, $10; H. Hathaway, $5; William Hallett, $5; J. B. Kellum, $10: E. E. Holt, $50; S. W. Wheeler, $50; Charles Bur- chard, $25; Wm. C. Barnes, $50; Thomas Young, $25; D. Drake, $25; S. Drown, $25: F. C. Drown. $25; Mrs. Vesper and J. Mitchell, $25 ; R. Farnsworth, $25; Cyril Vesper, $25 ; Joseph Clark, $10 ; A. W. Johnson, $10 ; J. Patzelberger, $20 ; M. Bam- berger, $3; J. G. Ellis, $5; A. P. Lawrence, $50; E. J. Boomer, $50; J. Swart- hout, $50; H. N. Justice, $25; John Clem, $25; J. Mayne, $25; J. Ackerman, $25, John De Clark, $15; R. C. Gaton, $25; Asa Jenkins, $15: George Smith, $50; Edward L. Hall, $25; James Lynch, $10; D. Newman, $50; Th. Huth, $25; G. C. Gunn, $25 ; 0. S. Phelps, $25, and go himself or furnish substitute ; H. V. Spooner, $25 or go him- self. Other subscriptions of small amounts, which, added to the above, made a grand total of $3,152.42. All of which goes to show the resolutions previously given were made in earnest. While the foregoing subscriptions were being raised, enlistments were being made all over the county. Among the first companies to report was that of the Beaver Dam Rifles, Capt. T. B. Catlin. The following is the original roster of the company, as published in the county papers at the time : Captain, T. B. Catlin ; First Lieutenant, D. E. Tilden ; Second Lieutenant, Thomas R. Stafford; Sergeants — R. C. Scovill, John McCoy, J. D. Jennings, D. Woodard ; Corporals — Samuel White, Benjamin Smith, John Yetter, H. H. Linnell. Privates — James Ordway, S. P. K. Lewis, J. A. McFetridge, 0. F. Hawley, J. M. Patch, C. W. Young, I. Haring, J. Clough, H. D. Patch, E. E. Holt, William Ashton, E. C. McFetridge, H. A. Bendle, W. J. Francisco, George W. Page, James De Clark, A. A. Drown, N. Gould, H. P. Young, J. Riley, Z. Gibbs, D. McMullen, William Fardon, S. I. Cleveland, H. W. Clark, J. Cavanagh, C. S. Small, Hugh Lewis, J. B. Wait, Horace Grover, W. D. Stanton, J. McDonnell, F. P. Thompson, A. A. Johnson, John A. Douglas, G. W. Surdam, John Manson, 0. S. Phelps, D. L. Townsend, J. Q. Evans, J. J. Haring, 0. C. Gould, G. Harworth, G. H. Page, J. A. Cole, G. L. Stultz, HISTORY OF T)OT>il Buffalo Convention, are requested to meet en masse at Oak Grove, in said county, on the 20ih day of September next, at 2 o'clock P. M , for the purpose of choosing eight Delegates to represent said county in the Free-Soil .State Convention, to beheld at Madison on the 27th of September next, for the purpose of nominating an Electoral ticket in favor of Van Blke.v and Adams, the nominees of s.aid Buf- falo Convention for President and Vice President. Then follow editorial articles on " Presidential Candidates " and " Political Reform," and a " Democratic Address," signed by the " Democratic members of the first Legislature of the State of Wisconsin " (among whom we find the names of William M. Dennis and Charles Bil- linghurst), indorsing " Lewis Cass, of Micliigan, for President, and William 0. Butler, of Ken- tucky, for A'^ice Pi'esident, as the standard-bearers of our political creed." The first column of the Badger's third- page is devoted to a report of the proceedings of the Dodge County Irish Relief Society, a meeting of which was held at Oak Grove August 31, 1848, William M. Dennis presiding, and George W. Green acting as Secretary. Resolutions were passed by the Society teeming with words of sympatli^' for tlie people of Ireland in their struggle for liberty, and, "as Americans and freemen, e.xtending to them all the assistance we possibly can, consistent with our means and the institutions under which we live." [The glow- ing words of similar resolutions, adopted at similar Democratic meetings throughout the country, were the cause of the future endearment of the Hibernian heart to the Democratic party.] Before the meeting adjourned, the following contributions were made for the relief of the victims of British rule : Stoddard Judd *5 00 Lawrence Wallace 5 00 Judson Prentice 3 00 James Brannan 3 00 Francis Manahan 1 00 .John H. Manahan 5 00 William M. Dennis 5 00 Michael Kelloy 1 00 William M. Mor.se 1 00 Hugh Dervin 1 00 Thomas Dervin 1 00 Michael CarroU 1 00 Owen McAnully 1 00 .John Clifford $1 00 James Cullan 1 00 James McCaffrv 1 00 Bart. Mct'affry! 65 Stephen Tobin". 1 00 Edward .McGovern 1 00 Conner Dempsey 1 00 Patrick Egan I 00 Patrick Canty 94 Patrick G'Mara 94 John Lowth I 00 Samuel Noyes 94 Patrick Duffy 1 00 James Casey 51 00 John D. Griffin 76 C.S.Bristol 5 00 Patrick Morgan 1 00 James Hanrahan 2 00 Daniel Ryan 1 00 Michael O'Connor 1 00 Timothy Driscoll 3 00 Hiram Barber 1 2-5 C. Billinghurst 1 00 E.G. Lewis 1 00 Total contributions $63 53 So much for oppressed Ireland thirty years ago. But, as we write, a wail of agony comes across the sea from the same people. In a measure, they have turned upon their persecutors ; the anti-renters' war is being relentlessly waged; an occasional murder of some lordly land- owner is announced ; the poor are starving ; the distress is terrible. America has heard the moans of the dying and the pleading* of the hungered ; meetings are being held from Maine to California, and aid is again lavishly extended to unfortunate Ireland. On the same page of this first copy of the Badger, we find a brief report of the proceedings of a Free-Soil meeting held at Clason Prairie August 28, 1848, at which over forty voters were present. The meeting was organized by calling David Moulton to the Chair and appointing D. M. AVoolley Secretary. After the reading of the proceedings of the Buffalo Convention, the assemblage was addressed by A. G. Hoag. of Beaver Dam, and Messrs. Bingham and Giddings, of Oak Grove. Great enthusiasm prevailed in regard to the Free-Soil cause, and, after the HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. 387 appointment of Messrs. Woolley, Giddings and Bingham as a Committee to form a Free-Soil Club, the meeting adjourned. We are constrained to depart still farther from the subject of " The Press " in order that we may give an outline of other matters contained in the first issue of the first newspaper pub- lished in Dodge County. For instance, we are informed that "Mr. Stimpson, of this village, is running for Sheritt'; see his card." "Senator Dodge spent the Sabbath in this village, on his way home from Washington," and " Alcan Walker, whose arrest for horse-stealing we mentioned some weeks ago, escaped from the jail in this county on the 4th instant, and has not yet, as we hear, been retaken. The Sherifi" ofters a reward of $25 for his apprehension." Now these items, while they are not very fresh, are exceedingly interesting, but a little investigation discloses the fact that they do not pertain to Beaver Dam or any other part of Dodge County. Fortunately for us. Brother Hoag has left an explanation of their appearance in the Badger, as follows : Our press has not yet come (o himd, and we have, through the politeness of Watertown publishers, been enabled to issue this number of our paper. Its appearance is not what we could desire it to be, nor what we intend making it in the future. This will account for the appearance of much matter in the Badger that is to be found in the Watertown Chronicle and Pilot of yesterday. So we are enabled to establish the locality to which belong the items relative to the aspir- ing Mr. Stimpson, the Hon. Senator Dodge, and Mr. Alcan Walker, the Richer of equine property and subsequent jail-breaker. " The Death of a Pioneer " is the sad caption of an item in the sixth column of the Badger s second page, conveying the intelligence that " Mr. James Clason, the pioneer settler on Clason's Prairie, Dodge County, has been 'gathered to his fathers.' He died on the 29th ult. [August, 18-18], at the advanced age of seventy-three years. Mr. C. settled on the prairie to which his name has been given early in the spring of 1841. At that time, his nearest neighbors were Amasa Hyland and William Stanton, on Hyland Prairie, four miles distant, and his next nearest at Beaver Dam, then a hamlet of two or three shanties, five miles distant. Between Watertown (at that time rejoicing in some, half-a-dozen buildings) and the spot which Mr. Clason had selected for his future home, there were but two buildings — J. G. De Koy's-, in Emmet, and Maj. Pratt's at Oak Grove. The first Presbyterian meeting ever held in Dodge County was at the house of Mr. Clason, and he was mainly instrumental in organizing the first society of the same order in the county. He had been an active and consistent member of that Church for the last fifty years of his life." We find upon the third page of the Badger, besides other reading matter, about one and a half columns of advertisements, mostly of Watertown and Milwaukee firms and individuals. Head- ing the list is the card of C. B. Tripp, who informs the public that he has opened a shop in Beaver Dam, and is " prepared to make and repair GUNS upon short notice, reasonable terms and on the most approved style." Then comes " George W. Green, Attorney and Counselor at Law and Solicitor in Chancery." Mr. Green made a specialty of the cases of claimants of estates in Europe, having made arrangements with an American agency established in the city of London, " a leading object of which is to attend to business of this kind." And here is where the stranger was " taken in : " To the Traveling Public .' WARD'S cottage: At Beaver Dam, Wis. THE Proprietor of this House would respectfully inform his old Patrons, and the Traveling community at large, that he has taken a new House, (which has lately been rebuilt, and furnished throughout,) a few rods Enst of his Old Stand, whose [where] he will be in readiness al all limes to attend to the wants of (hose who may favor him with their patronage. No effort will be spared to rcmler the '•Cottage" a desirable stopping-place. The TABLE will be supplieil with the best the market affords. Tlie B.VRN well slocked, and the Servants attentive and obliging. He would return his thanks to those who patronize[d] him while occupying his old stand, and would solicit a continu- ance of their patronage. .ST.^GES leave this House for all Pans of the Slate. The Stage office is located at this House. Beaver Dam. Sept. 12. 1848. 388 HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. Classified under the heading of "Business and Professional Cards," we find the announce- ments of C. S. Bristol, Attorney-at-Law — General Land Agent and Commissioner to take Acknowledgments of Deeds for the State of New York. Beaver Dam. M. R. Manchester, M. D., Physician and Surgeon, Beaver Dam. 0. G. W. Bingham, Physician. Surgeon and Dentist, Oak Grove. Bradley Noyes, M D., Physician and Surgeon, Beaver Dam. C. BiLLiNGHiTHST, Attorney and Counsellor at Law, Oak Grove, Dodge County. Victor M. Adams, District Surveyor for the County of Dodge, will attend to all business entrusted to his care. Address, Beaver Dam P. (). JuDSON Prentice, Trenton, Deputy District Surveyor for Dodge County. All business entrusted to his care promptly and correctly attended to. Address, Fox Lake P. O. Sterling M. Cone, Justice of the Peace, Portland, Dodge County. The acknowledgment of Deeds and Mort- gages taken. Chattel Mortgages and Bills of Sale executed, Marriage Licenses granted, &c. Brother Hoag has something to say regarding the appearance of this small, though select, number of advertisements in the Badger. He says : The terms of our paper are one dollar and fifty cents — invariably in advance. No paper that de| ends almost wholly upon its weekly issue for a support can depart far from these terms and avoid pecuniary embarrassment. Were we to admit twelve or fifteen columns of advertisements into our paper, each paying from forty to sixty dollars [beautiful dream !], circumstances would be widely different ; it might then be an object to circulate them upon almost any terms. We feel proud of Brother Hoag. He resolutely maintained his determination not to print " twelve or fifteen columns of advertisements at $50 or $60 each," when he could fill his paper with interesting reading matter and furnish it to subscribers at " $1.50 per annum, invariably in advance." After the suspension of the Badger, nearly five year^ elapsed before another attempt was made to publish a newspaper in Beaver Dam. On the 18th of March, 1853, Edgar C. Hull issued the first number of the Beaver Dam Republican, a seven-column weekly, wedded to the Democratic cause. In October, 1854, an organ of the then new (Republican) party was estab- lished in Beaver Dam, by N. V. Chandler, called the Sentinel. It is fair to presume that the Sentinel grew out of a political exigency, as we find that a public meeting was held by the friends of the enterprise to give pecuniary aid and encouragement. Mr. Chandler published it till the 7th of December, when he relinquished his interest to George C. Haddock, after meeting with many vexatious disappointments and embarrassments. Mr. Haddock continued the publication of the Sentinel under the direction of a joint-stock company. J. R. Swallow, afterward editor of the Fox Lake Journal, also took some part in the management, while A. Scott Sloan contrib- uted to its editorial columns. In February, 1855, owing to some misunderstanding between Mr. Haddock and the Sentinel's immediate supporters in regard to policy, the enterprise was aban- doned and the materials sold to Mr. Hull, of the Bepubliean, who immediately enlarged his paper to an eight-column quarto, and changed its name to the Republican and Sentinel. Dur- ing the next two years after the consoliilation, changes in the management became frequent, Mr. Hull, however, remaining and exerting a controlling influence. At one time, it was Hull & Swallow, and afterward E. C. Hull alone ; then Hull & Co. (E. C. Hull, Thomas Merfield and Robert Farbon composing the firm), with Mr. Hull and S. C. Chandler as editors. Finally, E. C. Hull again, with J. R. Swallow as associate editor. On the 17th of March, 1856, the Daily Republican and Sentinel was issued, a six-column sheet, which continued about a year. Also July 1, 1856, a tri-weekly of the same name. The career of the latter closed in about six months. Mr. Hull finally disposed of the property to Charles S. Phelps, who changed the name of the paper to the Democratic Post, under the editor- ial control of H. B. Phelps, his brother. May 26, 1857, witnessed the obsequies of The Post, the mechanical eff"ects being purchased by M. Cullaton. Mr. Hull went to Staten Island, N. Y., where he engaged in the practice of law, and afterward became the publisher of the Staten Islander. Mr. Swallow turned clergyman, and also removed to the Empire State, where he died. Mr. Merfield established a paper in Ogle County, 111. C. S. Phelps purchased a farm, and is now \ HISTOKY OF BODGE COUXTY. 389 living in Aurelia, Iowa ; his brother, H. B., was appointed Assistant United States Assessor, in 18(36. Mr. Chandler went to Reedsburg and started a paper, while Mr. Haddock, after assisting at the birth of the first newspaper in Sparta, Wis., became a clergyman, and located at Oshkosh. While Messrs. Hull & Swallow were in partnership they published, for about one year, the Western World, a monthly literary sheet. The first number was issued in July, 1855. It was a four column folio, mainly a reprint of the Repuhlican and Sentinel. Upon the ruins of the Republican, Sentinel, the Western World, etc., was founded, by M. Cullaton, April 18, 1856, the Dodge Qounty Citizen, in the interest of the Republican party. It was the intention of the proprietor to run a job office only, but the persuasion of friends turned him from his original course, and he issued a seven-column paper, meeting with imme- diate success. In the fall of 1856, the Daily Citizen, a five-column quarto, made its appear- ance as a campaign sheet, and, after lending its little mite toward the futile attempt to defeat James Buchanan for the Presidency, turned up its little toes and died. In May, 1857, Mr. Cullaton added to his stock of material that formerly used in the publication of the Democratic Post, and then enlarged the Citizen to an eight-column paper. By this consolidation, a large surplus of material was on the hands of the proprietor, and a portion of it was disposed of to J. H. Brinkenhorff, who started the Waupun Times, and still another portion to John A. Far- rell, who removed it to Waupaca. About a year after the Citizen was enlarged, it was reduced to seven columns again, and, in the fall and winter of 1857-58, a morning daily was issued. In November, 1858, the Citizen office was purchased by G. H. Wells, who conducted the paper till the spring of 1861. Its publication then ceased till October 8, 1862, when it was revived by Shaw & Hughes, who issued three numbers. It then went into the hands of Reid & Hughes, who published it together until October 22, 1868, Mr. Reid retiring. A year later (October 14, 1869), S. B. Allen purchased a half-interest. In 1872, the Citizen again became an eight-column paper, its present size. Mr. Hughes purchased Mr. Allen's interest October 5, 1876, and to the present time has remained the sole proprietor and editor. The Citizen is an excellent local paper; uncompromisingly Republican; the earnest champion of all the righteous measures of its party. Mr. Cullaton, its founder, is one of the publishers of the Richmond (Ind.) Palladium. Hiram A. Reid, who was for si.x years the senior editor of the Citizen, has taken the lecture field. His home is Des Moines, Iowa. The Beaver Dam Democrat was the next journalistic venture following the establishment of the Citizen. The first number was issued in November, 1858, by Carr Huntington. Its politics were Democratic, of the Breckenridge stamp, but when, in 1860, its candidate received but forty votes in Dodge County, the editor concluded that Douglas Democracy was good enough for him. In June, 1861, the Democrat office was destroyed by fire, but the publication of the jiaper was not interrupted. Soon afterward, the name was changed to the Whig of Seventy-Six, and, January 17, 1863, another visitation of the fire-fiend caused the suspension of the ill-starred journal in Beaver Dam. In March of the same year, Mr. Huntington, having obtained new material, located the Whig of Seventy-Six at Juneau. September 5, 1860, a Democratic paper, called the Dodge County JE.veelsior, made its appearance, with John A. Farrell as editor and proprietor. It was a six-column quarto, and was published about six months. In the Beaver Dam Argus, the Democratic party of Dodge County have an able represent- ative, and the people generally a good newspaper. The Argus was first published in Beaver D^m by B. W. Curtis, December 7, 1860. The material from which it was printed was for- merly used in the publication of the Horicon Argus and the Dodge County Excelsior. J. C. Bruner was its first editor. In February, 1863, Mr. Curtis disposed of the property to B. F. Sherman and D. C. Gowdey, who, for the past seventeen years, have guided its course and shaped its policy. The Argus occupies the very important position of official organ of both its party and the county. Its editors have been frequently called to fill offices of responsibility, Mr. Gowdey has represented his district in the State Legislature, and, at the date of the 390 HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. publication of this work, his partner, Mr. Sherman, is at Madison in the capacity of an Assembly- man, having been elected to that office at the last State election by a majority of about 500. The Argus was originall}' a seven-column paper, but has been enlarged to an eight-column. Juneau. The Dodge County Gazette was the first paper published in Juneau. The initial number bears date of June 16, 1852, Robert B. Wentworth, editor and proprietor. In politics, the G-azette was decidedly Whiggish. The last number was issued September 23, 1853, the material being purchased by Charles Billinghurst, who, within the ne.xt fortnight, ushered into the journalistic world the first number of a new paper called the Burr Oak, with Democratic proclivities. In May, 185-1, when the Missouri compromise Bill was repealed, Mr. Billinghurst left the Democratic party and espoused the Republican cause. The defeat of Gen. Scott in the Presidential race, and the subsequent birth at Ripon, Wis., of the now powerful Republican party, made the Burr Oak, while edited by Mr. Billinghurst, a popular journal. But on account of the absence of its editor (who was elected to Congress in November, 1854), the paper suspended publication, and the material was purchased by Edwin 0. Wentworth, who removed it to West Bend, and started the Washington Oounty Organ. R. B. Wentworth went to Portage City, where he established the Wisconsin State Register. In March, 1863, Carr Huntington came from Beaver Dam to Juneau with the remains of the Whig of Seventy-Six, and continued its publication until September 15 of the same year, when he removed to Blue Earth City, Minn., taking with him his unappreciated or, at least, unprofitable journalistic enterprise. The Dodge County Democrat was the next newspaper venture at the county seat. It was established in 1869, by E. B. Bolens, its name indicating its politics, and published by him until September, 1874, when Frank Lowth purchased the property and occupied the editorial tripod until February, 1879. About this time, C. A. Pettibone, editor and proprietor of the Mayville Telephone, purchased the Democrat office and good will, and, removing the Telephone to Juneau, consolidated the two papers, and continues the issue of the latter with commendable regularity. " The amalgam works to a charm, and to-day the quandam proprietor issues his weekly dictum to twelve hundred anxious and expectant patrons." The Telephone is a five- column folio. Democratic in politics, and is surrounded by everything, including a good head of brains, to nurture its youth and make it one of the best newspaper properties in the county of Dodge. Fox Lake. There is a conflict of opinion in regard to the newspaper history of Fox Lake. Mr. Hotchkiss, editor of the Representative, in his centennial sketch of that village, says : " The first paper was the Journal, published by Norton & George, in 1855 ; the next was the Times, by Corbett & Golliday ; the Gazette, by Swallow & Fitch ; the Record, by George & Stevens ; then the Representative. So far as we can learn, none of these gentlemen retired from their labors to ease and affluence, and the indications are that the present proprietors are not likely to prove an exception. Nevertheless, they have faith in Fox Lake, and came here designing to stay." Mr. Thomas Hughes, to whom we are indebted for most of the facts contained in this article, in his " History of the Newspaper Enterprises of Dodge County," asserts that the Fox Lake Times was started in December, 1854, by H. C. George & Co., a Mr. Norton being asso- ciated with Mr. George. The Times, he says, was a seven-column quarto, neutral in politics. Messrs. George & Norton published it till the spring of 1855, when J. R. Swallow became their successor, chano;in£r its name to the Fox Lake Journal. Either Charles Corbett or Mr. Galloway took it off his hands, and published it till the fall of 1857, when J. V. Fitch secured an interest in it, and changed its name to the Fox Lake Gazette, Republican in politics. Mr. Fitch presided over the destinies of the Gazette until its suspension in 18C5. Stevens & George then purchased the effects, and on the 14th of May, 1865, issued the Fox Lake Record, IIISTOHY OF DODGE COUNTY. 391 a seven-column paper, with party shackles. Mr. Stevens retired in March, 1866, and in August of the same year, the Record "climbed the golden stair." A few weeks before it suspended publication, it was reduced in size, and, at the same time, espoused the cause of the Demo- cratic party. The absence of files, and the inability of old residents to remember dates, names and other circumstances connected with the early history of the Fox Lake press, makes pardonable the lack of accurate knowledge in this regard. The Representative, still in existence, may be said to have been founded upon the ruins of the Record. It was established in September, 1866, by John Hotchkiss, and was enlarged from a six to a seven column quarto the first year of its existence. In 1875, II. L. Stafford purchased an interest, and retained it until April, 1879, when the management became and has remained to the present time Ilotchkiss & Son. The RejJresentative is a stanch Republican paper, and is in every way deserving of the patronage and respect due the local newspaper from an intelligent community. IIOEICON. Fn August, 1854, William E. Croft purchased and took to Horicon the material formerly used in the publication of the Ozaukee Oounfi/ Times, and in September following issued the first number of the Horicon Arqus, with W. II. Butterfield as editor. It was a seven-column weekly. Democratic in politics. Mr. Croft conducted the Argus until April 3, 1857, when M. M. Pomeroy purchased it, and for the next year and a half attempted to make his strange Democracy understood, failing in which, he turned his attention to the work of belittling the prospective advantages of neighboring villages and cities. Following is a specimen : Concerning Beaver Dam, he said, " Three beavers built a dam there ; a horse came along and drank all the water, since which time the inhabitants have been running the mills with a syringe." The Beaver Dam journals naturally resented this vile imputation, and, in doing so, twitted "Brick" of the small population of Hoi-icon ; whereupon the Greenback Achilles replied in his next number, "We have 3,000 inhabitants and 12,000 rakes." The rake-factory being destroyed by fire soon afterward, Pomeroy 's population was sadly dimin- ished. The Argus was purchased by B. W. (Jurtis December 17, 1858, and removed to Beaver Dam. "Brick" Pomeroy is established at La Crosse, and so are his Democrat and Greenback party. The Horicon Gazette, a Republican paper, was established in Horicon in 1861, by Henry W. and Alta C. Phelps. It continued, however, only about three months, when the office was removed to Berlin, Green Lake County, and merged with the Grreen Lake iSpectator. M.WYILLE. The Dodge County Pioneer was established at Mayville in March, 1876, by Heni-y Spiering, who, for two and a half years, continued its publication, retiring in favor of B. R. Bogisch, the present editor and proprietor. The Pioneer is printed in the German language, and is uncompromisingly L^emocratic. It is an eight-column folio, subscription price $2 per annum, with a circulation of 1,300 copies, among an intelligent and appreciative class of citizens. The Mayville Telephone was started by Capt. Charles A. Pettibone and John A.Barney, in July, 1877. It was a six-column quarto, " Democratic in politics, lightning in locals, and as good as an old maid for gossip." The Teleplwne was designed to fill a long-felt want, and answered the purpose so well that within the first year the names of 1,000 subscribers graced the subscription-book. The management remained in the same hands until February, 187!:', when Capt. Pettibone purchased Mr. Barney's interest in the paper, and also the interest of Frank Lowth in the Dodge Countij Democrat, and consolidated the two at Juneau. The name Telephone is suggestive of the little electric instrument over which there was such a furor about the time of Messrs. Pettibone & Barney's newspaper venture. 392 HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. Waupun. The first printing material ever brought to Waupun was that on which the Whig had been printed in the village of Fond du Lac, and was oought by Eli Hooker in die winter of 1847-48. Immediately afterward, George Howe came from Angelica, N. Y., with the old Ramage press, on which the first edition of Morgan's ''E.xposition of Masonry" was printed, and Mr. Hooker entered into partnership with him in the job-printing business. This old press, made of wood, and on which two impressions with a screw were required to print one side of a sheet, was soon after sold to a man in Calumet County, and Mr. Hooker (Mr. Howe having returned to New York) purchased material for another job office, with which he continued in business for several years, with Edward Beeson, of Fond du Lac. Eli Hooker, who still resides in Waupun, is the oldest editor in Fond du Lac County. The Waupun Timen, the oldest paper in Waupun, now in its twenty-third year, is an eight- column folio. The first number was issued September 14, 1857, by J. H. Brinkerhoff (the present Postmaster of the city), editor and proprietor. It was a seven-column folio, and a neat- looking, spicy sheet. The merchants of the place gave him a liberal advertising patronage, and the Times started with a good list of subscribers, many of whom have stuck by it during the nearly twenty-three years it has been published. In his first editorial, Mr. Brinkerhoff We have been induced to commence the publication of the Times, not because we thought it would pay — make us " rich" — but from the conviction that the interests of Waupun demand a paper ; that there is sufficient enterprise among the inhabitants to sustain one, and that we might be our own master; only hoping that such encouragement, in the way of patronage, might be extended us as shall enable the Times and us to live. Coming among you as we do — relying solely upon our own efforts, and under obligations to no party or man — we shall follow our own inclination in all matters, claim the right to do pretty much as we please and that which we consider most beneficial to the com- munity at large, and shall be independent in everything and of everybody. We do not claim neutrality in politics or anything else, but we do not intend to enter the political arena further than to acquaint our readers with the prospects and doings of the respective parties. We here assert, however, that, with the exception of an absolute hostility to those principles which would deprive the foreign-born of the right of suffrage, we are unbiased in our political views — havQ a greater regard for principle and right than for party. The interests of Waupun and " circumjacent vicinage" shall receive our especial attention, and it shall be our endeavor to foster and build up every interest Identified with its growth and prosperity. Particular regard wi'l be paid home matters, and, after we get the "hang of the barn," we intend that in local news the Times shall excel. The promises of its founders the Titnes has fulfilled and is fulfilling. It is no longer inde- pendent in politics. When the flag of our country was threatened by traitors in 1861, the independent flag was pulled down, and the star-spangled banner placed in its stead at the top of the columns ; and, ever since, the Times has been firm in its allegiance to the principles of the Republican party. In the first number of the Times appear the business cards of many who are still in Wau- pun. E. Hooker advertises that he will attend to all kinds of legal business; D. W. Moore pre- scribed medicines then as now ; H. L. Butterfield not only administered physics, but sold drugs ; R. W. Wells dealt in drugs, books, paints, oils, etc.; Thomas Stoddart was in the same line of business, and was Postmaster as well ; Rank & Manz and John Howard were merchant tailors ; John Taylor and S. Rebbles were among those who kept groceries and dry goods ; B. B. Bald- win had a sash, door, blind and turning establishment ; M. J. Althouse made pumps and drilled wells: John McFarland shod the horses; the Exchange was the hotel of the village ; William Morgan did all the barbering; E. Hillyer was Secretary of the Dodge County Mutual Insurance Company ; L. B. Balcoin was in the forwarding and commission business : T. Carpenter made and sold harness ; Phelps Moore kept the Empire Livery Stable ; there were advertised two banks, the Waupun Bank and the Corn Exchange Bank. Among the contributors to the first number of the Times was George E. Jennings, who still occasionally furnishes articles that are as graceful in thought and diction as then ; W. H. T aylor indulged then as he now sometimes does in a paper on " Waupun, its past, present and future;'' for nearly eight years, Mr. Brinkerhoff furnished mental pabulum for the readers of HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. 393 the Times, when he sold the office and business to Rev. D. A. Wagner. He became involved in a bitter church quarrel, and made the Times his personal organ. In 1866, a year after he bought the office, he sold it again to Messrs. Eli & Jesse Hooker ; in about three months, Eli Hooker bought out his partner, and for a year conducted the Times very successfully ; he made it pay, but having an extensive law business requiring his attention, he sold out in about a year, Mr. J. R. Decker, his foreman, being the purchaser. He took possession October 1, 1867, and did not allow the business to suffer under his labors. On October 1, 1868, the present editor and proprietor, Philip M. Pryor, then a young man not out of his teens, took possession, Mr. Decker going to Columbus, Wis. With no capital but energy and a determination to succeed, Mr. Pryor has, for more than ele\'en years, been con- tinually making improvements in the office, and doing all in his power to increase the influence and standing of his paper. He makes it a rule never, under any circumstances, to allow his paper to become the medium for any one to vent personal spite, believing it to be unjournal- istic ; never to permit any ungentlemanly language or personal attacks to appear in its columns, or to allow anything of a local interest to pass unnoticed. The present flourishing condition of the Times is the result. Sometime in 1859, William Euen began the publication of a paper called the Item. His office was in the South Ward, or Dodge County side of the village, and the paper, which was a five-column folio, appeared monthly. Mr. Euen was a polit'cian, a manufacturer of Euen's Strengthening Plasters, and a humorous fellow, and his paper was given somewhat to fun. He continued it about one year as a monthly, and then turned it into a weekly, which was continued with varying fortunes, until the beginning of 1861, when it was suspended and never revived. In 1859, Dr. A. C. Van Altena brought De Ware Burger from Sheboygan County to Waupun, when it was published in the Holland language until the latter part of 1860, by S. H. Salverda, Dr. Van Altena's son-in-law. It was discontinued for want of patronage, there being but few Hollanders in the county to subscribe for it, and only one or two merchants or business men in the vicinity to furnish advertising patronage. During the latter part of 1860, a small newspaper called the Little Badger was started in Waupun by S. II. Salverda, which was printed in both the English and Holland languages. It lived a precarious life of a few months and died for the want of patronage, its editor and pro- prietor afterward moving to Milwaukee. On Tuesday, August 28, 1866, Joseph W. Oliver and Martin C. Short, under the firm name of Oliver & Short, began the publication of the Prison City Leader, an eight-column folio. Republican in politics. The material on which the paper was printed was moved from Dart- ford, Green Lake County, where the same firm published the Green Lake Spectator. The first few issues of the Leader were with "patent inside," after which the entire paper was printed at home. The first number contained nearly eleven columns of home advertisements and about three columns of "foreign ads." The paper started out with a good list of subscribers, and grew at once into popular favor on account of its devotion to local matters and decent tone in treating of all matters. An old " Washington " hand press and a very limited amount of other material constituted the Leader office at the beginning. In 1868, the paper was changed to a five-column quarto, but the experiment proving unsatisfactory, the folio form was again resumed, and the name changed from the Prison City Leader to the Waupun Leader, which title it has since borne. On the 6th of October, 1871, Martin C. Short, who is now editor and publisher of the Brandon Times, sold his half-interest to R. H. Oliver, and the paper has since been edited and published by Oliver Brothers. J. W. Oliver learned his trade in the old Markesan Journal office before the rebellion, in which he took an active part as a member of the Thirty- second Wisconsin Volunteers, and R. H. Oliver passed his apprenticeship in the Leader office with Oliver & Short. The Leader proprietors were the second in bringing steam presses into Fond du Lac County, and they now have one of the neatest and best-equipped country offices to be found anywhere, with a large amount of material and three large presses of the best makes. 394 HISTORY OF DODOE COI'NTY. In February, 1879, the paper was changed to a six-column quarto, and is a handsome, thrifty sheet in make-up and general appearance, and of the utmost cleanliness and respectability in matter. It was begun on the Dodge County side of Waupun, in Amadon's (now Seely's) Block, and was moved to the Fond du Lac County side, into Rank's Block, in 1869, and in August, 1877, to its present quarters in the old female prison building on Prison street near Main. Connected with the ofiice is a lathe for repairing, iron turning and general work, the first successfully used in Wisconsin, and made entirely by J. W. Oliver; a stereotyping machine for jobs, advertisements and other work; a force-pump with 100 feet of hose for fire purposes, and a telephone, made by J. W. Oliver, extends from the oflBce to his house, several blocks away. There is no other printing office in the vicinity, if, indeed, in the State, with all these appliances, and all in such perfect and effective working order. It is a model country printing and publishing office. RAILROADS. The history of the two great railway lines that pass through Dodge County, will be found on pages 178 to 178, inclusive, of this work. Portions of three divisions of the Chicago, Mil- waukee & St. Paul Railroad traverse the territory of the county to the extent of about seventy miles, touching the principal points. An unimportant branch of the Chicago & North- Western Railway passes through the county, on an almost direct north and south line, and that portion lying in the county is therefore something like thirty-one miles in length. The Fond du Lac, Amboy & Peoria Railroad, however, the southern terminus of which is in Dodge County, is of special local interest. Scarcely a railway in Wisconsin has so much history as this, a narrow-gauge railway, extending from Fond du Lac. through the towns of Fond du Lac and Byron, in Fond du Lac County, to Iron Ridge, in Dodge County, a distance of 28 miles, but only a portion of it can properly be written. Alonzo Kinyon, a prominent citizen of Lee County, 111., who originated the Chicago & Rock River Railroad, and was its President, conceived the plan of con- necting the iron, copper, lumber and manufacturing regions of Wisconsin with the corn and coal regions of Illinois, by a more direct route than any then in existence. He was one of the earliest advocates of the convenience and economy of the narrow-gauge system of railways, and decided to connect, if possible, the two sections of country mentioned by a narrow-gauge railway. Accordingly, on the 30th of May, 1874, at Amboy, 111., the Articles of Association of the Fond du Lac, Amboy & Peoria Railway Company were signed by Alonzo Kinyon, of Amboy, and Egbert Shaw, of Lee Center, 111., and W. P. Wolf, of Tipton, Iowa, T. H. Mink and B. A. Mink, of Clarence, Iowa. Soon after, these Articles of Association were recorded in the office of the Secretary of State of Illinois, and in Lee, Bureau, Peoria, Marshal and Ogle Coun- ties of that State. In December of the same year, the same parties organized under the laws of Wisconsin, for the purpose of building and operating a narrow-gauge railway from Fond du Lac to the line between Illinois and Wisconsin, and connecting with the line projected in the former State. The Wisconsin Division was to extend through the counties of Fond du Lac, Dodge, Jeffer- son, Waukesha, Milwaukee and Walworth or Rock Counties ; and on December 26, 1874, Gov. William R. Taylor issued the necessary patent. Alonzo Kinyon was chosen President of the Illinois, and W. P. Wolf, President of the Wisconsin Division. The consti'uction of the road was to begin at Fond du Lac, but at the same time, right of way and the lease of several thousand acres of coal-fields were obtained in Marshall, Bureau, and Peoria Counties, 111. After the preliminary survey had been made, it was found the laws of Wisconsin did not provide for the consolidation of corporations or associations existing in different States. Mr. Kinyon thereupon proceeded to Madison, with a bill obviating this, which the Legislature promptly passed. The towns along the proposed line took active steps to give aid, but the city of Fond du Lac was unable to furnish further railway aid on account of the law limiting municipal indebtedness. The Legislature, therefore, passed a bill allowing municipalities to extend aid to railroads by guaranteeing the interest on the bonds of the HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. 395 roiiil to be aided. The passage of the necessary bills to aid in the construction of this road was secured by Senators W. H. Hiner, of Fond du Lac, and J. A. Barney, of Dodge County. Tiie consolidation of the two companies was effected March 22, 1875, by the choice of . Alonzo Kinyon, President ; the Board of Directors being W. P. Wolf, Egbert Shaw, T. H. Mink, B. A. Mink, Joseph T. Kinyon and Clark Sprague. The various towns in Dodge County voted aid in town bonds, and gave, also, the grade of the old May ville & Iron Ridge Railroad, while the city of Fond du Lac guaranteed the payment of interest for ten years on $2UU,(H)0 of the first-mortgage bonds of the Company, $.30,000 of which were to be appropri- ated for the erection of railroad-shops in that city. In June, 1875, Mr. Kinyon was authori.zed to locate the line of the road, and John S. McDonald, of Fond du Lac ; I. M. Bean, of Mil- waukee, and Samuel A. White, of Whitewater, were chosen trustees of the mortgage, the amount of bonds being limited to $10,000 per mile. Soon after, the Company contracted with D. E. Davenport & Co. for the construction of the road from Fond du Lac to Milwaukee, by way of Iron Ridge. Through the failure of the contractors to pay their laborers, it was discov- ered they were not responsible, and could not enlist capital to help them fulfill the contract. They had incurred a large amount of indebtedness, but had liquidated only $365 of it. The Com- pany, therefore, canceled their contract and paid the laborers. W. P. Wolf and Alonzo Kinyon, to save what they had already advanced, raised the balance of the money needed, as suits had been commenced and a Receiver applied for. Mr. Kinyon then resigned the Presidency to take the contract of finishing the road, thinking this would best protect the interests of the Company It wa-j understood, however, that, when finished, he should be re-eiected President of the road. The contract provided that the Company should pay, for the construction and equipment of the road, $10,000 per mile, in bonds ; $3,000 per mile in stock and whatever aid could be secured. At this time, S. W. Lamoreux, of Dodge County, and George P. Knowles, of Fond du Lac, were added to the Board of Directors. W. P. Wolf was elected President, and George P. Knowles Assistant Secretary, with the custody of the books and records at the city of Fond du Lac. II. W. Boardman and A. W. Sherman, of Massachusetts, appeared and offered to enter upon the work of constructing the road under Mr.- Kinyon's contract, which provided that the road must be finished and paid for by January 1, 1878. The disaffected stockholders trans- ferred their stock to Messrs. Boardman & Sherman, who had already secured portions of stock from other stockholders to secure themselves for money advanced, or to be advanced in con- structing the road. They, by this means, had a majority of the stock, and demanded Mr, Wolf's resignation of the Presidency. They also began to take and hold right of way and other real estate already paid for by the Company, in the name of George H. Wellman, although the contract said all real property should be taken in the name of the Company. Mr. Wellman, Messrs. Boardman & Sherman having no capital, had received the stock secured by them, and was advancing money to them to construct the road under the contract made by Mr. Kin von. Messrs. Wellman, Boardman, Sherman and the disaffected Directors being the holders of a majority of the stock, elected Mr. Boardman President. They obtained control of the books, papers and accounts of the original Company, and sued in the United States Court for what Mr. Wellman had invested, although the contract was only partially fulfilled, the road being only graded to Iron Ridge. This proceeding so far re-united the old Board of Directors that Mr. Boardman was removed as President, and Directors Boardman, Sherman and Watson displaced by E. N. Foster, M. D. Moore and Ale.xander McDonald, of Fond du Lac. S. W. Lamoreu.x, being elected Judge of Dodge County, resigned as a Director of the road, and J. A. Barney, of the same county, was chosen to fill his place, after which W, P. Wolf was again elected President of the Company. The suit of Mr. Wellman against the Company was defended by Messrs. Wolf and Kin- yon, the latter claiming $50,000 damages for the nonfulfillment of the contract to build the road 396 HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. to Milwaukee. In the latter part of December, 1877, Mr. Kinyon was given power by the original Board of Directors to take, hold possession of, and, as their Superintendent, operate the road from and after the date named in the contract for its completion. All the employes willingly signed contracts to work under Mr. Kinyon, and, therefore, on the 2d of January, 1878, Messrs. Wellman, Boardman and Sherman found the road had quietly but ■ completely slipped from their grasp into the hands of the original Company. To regain posses- sion of the road, they caused to be issued from the United States Court a writ of attachment, based on the claim of A. AV. Sherman against George H. Wellman. Under this writ the Deputy United States Marshal proceeded to levy on the road as though it were the exclusive property of Mr. Wellman. With the Deputy, there were about fifty men who had been procured in Mil- waukee and elsewhere to help take forcible possession of the road and its appurtenances. On the arrival of the narrow-gauge train at the junction of tlie C, M. & St. P. Railway, the Deputy and his posse put in an appearance. The crowd was stationed between Mr. Kinyon and his train, who, however, signaled the train out of reach. Conductor French, thinking Mr. Kinyon in danger, hastened to Mayville, where his train was quickly loaded with citizens armed with rifles and other firearms. When the train backed down to the junction again, bristling with arms, the Deputy Marshal showed his authority, and was allowed by Mr. Kinyon to take peaceable possession. The original Company, claiming they had been wrongfully dispossessed of the road, commenced suit for ^50,000 against the United States Marshal and his Deputy, and also against Messrs. Boardman, Sherman, Watson and Stewart as the responsible parties. The latter were held in $25,000 bail. The Company also filed a cross-bill asking for a receiver, which was granted in the appointment of J. R. Brigham, of Milwaukee. While this suit was pending, in the spring of 1878, Harvey Durand, as Deputy United States Marshal, had the road and its rolling-stock in custody, and ran its trains. The road was in Mr. Brigham's possession several months before it was returned to the original Com])any. The Company settled with Mr. Wellman for the money he had advanced to Messrs. Sherman and Boardman in the construction of the road, which he could not recover from them by law. This settlement resulted in the road passing into the possession of the Company on the 1st day of May, 1878, and cost $200,000. The terms were, that, for |110,000 of first-mortgage bonds, Mr. Wellman was to discharge the Company ef all liability to him, and agreed to pay all the indebtedness incurred while the road was in his possession. Ephraim Mariner, of Milwaukee, was Trustee of the bonds until this indebtedness was paid. The balance of $90,000 was paid in stock of the road to Alonzo Kinyon, for his interest in the contract, which was thereupon canceled. As soon as this settlement was agreed upon, the Company, thinking the contract under which aid had been secured from the city of Fond du Lac had not been completely fulfilled, pro- posed to the City Council to cancel it and destroy the $200,000 of guaranteed bonds. This proposition was promptly accepted, as these bonds had been made an issue in the municipal election of 1878, resulting in the election of Orrin Hatch — who favored " burning the narrow- gauge bonds " — as Mayor. The bonds were therefore burned in the furnace of Robert A. Baker's bank early in 1879, with much ado, in presence of the city officers, and quantities of the ashes were preserved in glass vessels. Thus the road was secured to the city without the expenditure of a dollar of aid or the burden of a single bond. The Company also relinquished $-30,000 in subscriptions for bonds made by citizens of Fond du Lac, which, with the surrender of all claim to the city bonds, gained the confidence and good-will of the community. At the annual meeting of the stockholders, m May, 1879, Alonzo Kinyon, of Fond du Lac, and W. P. Wolf, of Tipton, Iowa, who had devoted their time, energy and means to the con- struction of the road, were made, respectively, President and Vice President of the Company. Mr. Kinyon was also elected Superintendent, and Mr. Wolf, Secretary. George P. Knowles, of Fond du Lac, was chosen Solicitor, the balance of the Board of Directors consisting of E. K ^ 4t. ,^- .'1^ ttyt^L.,.^ Be/IVER OAM HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. 399 N. Foster, Alexander McDonald and M. D. Moore, of Fond du Lac ; J. A. Barney, of Dodge County, and S. V. Landt, of Tipton, Iowa. The Fond du Lac, Amboy k Peoria Railway, notwithstanding its trials and tribulations, is on a paying basis, paying its interest in advance. It is the only competing line running into the city of Fond du Lac, and affords a valuable outlet, by the way of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway, for the many manufactories of the city. It will be extended north, on the east side of Lake Winnebago, and south, as originally planned, if no further complications arise and pending negotiations result favorably. The originator of the road was Alonzo Kinyon, and, during its entire troublous existence, he has devoted an amount of physical and mental energy to secure its successful completion, that would prostrate almost any ordinary man. He is now reaping a small portion of the fruits of his labors. DODGE COUNTY BIBLE SOCIETY. Organized in 1848, as an auxiliary of the American Bible Society, by early settlers whose names, owing to the absence of records, cannot be obtained. Branches were formed and agencies established at Fox Lake, Horicon, Oak Grove, Randolph, etc., but these have long since ceased to exist. The headquarters of the Society are located in Beaver Dam. The present officers of the Society are : President, A. P. Lawrence ; Vice President, G. B. Chatfield ; Treasurer and Depositary, N. W. Goodman ; Secretary, E. C. Pratt. Executive Committee — Rev. E. S. Grumley (Chairman), S. P. K. Lewis, S. Carroll and G. B. Beebe. The sales of Bibles and Testaments amounted to $51.27 in 1879. EDUCATIONAL. The establishment of free schools witnessed the dawn of an era whose records it was pre- destined should reveal the inception and perfection of the greatest inventions ever before known to mankind. True, many of these scientific phenomena have originated in countries whose authorities have, as yet, failed to provide facilities for the education of the masses ; but the spirit of advancement is there, nevertheless. It was decreed that the free-school age should also be the age of the steamboat, of the railroad, the telegraph and the perfect electric light ; that humanity should be elevated and man lifted by his own exertions from "the slough of despond ; " that more liberal views and broader ideas should prevail over tyranny and superstition, and that intelligence and equality should supersede ignorance and the iron rule of kings. These are but a few of the developments of the free-school age. The United States, the youngest of nations, may be said to be the parent of the public school. The first approach to the system was the old-fashioned district school (still in exist- ence), originating in New England over two hundred years ago. Like the " Star of Empire " and all other brilliant things invented by our Puritan forefathers, westward it wended its way, and it is not strange that we find in Wisconsin, to-day, a school system " unexcelled, if not unequaled." In point of school population, i. e., the number of children between the ages of four and twenty years. Dodge is the third county in the State. According to the report of State Superintendent Whitford, there were, in 1877, 19,031 children of school age in Dodge County. But two other counties in the State — Milwaukee and Dane — exceeded this number. The apportionment of money for the school year end- ing August 31, 1878, made upon the basis of these figures, was $7,422.09, or 39 cents per pupil. The county is divided into two districts, each of which elects a Superintendent, whose term of office extends over a period of two years. The folio .ving individuals have filled the office of Superintendent since the division of the county : First District — N. E. Goldthwaite, H. B. Phelps (by decree of Court), H. M. Parmalee, Lorenzo Merrill, L. M. Benson and John T. Flavin. Second District — Charles Allen (for several successive terms), John A. Barney and Arthur K. Delaney. Within these districts are the School Districts proper. The State F 400 HISTORY OF DODGE COUNTY. Superintendent's Report for 1878 gives the following interesting statistics concerning the schools of Dodge County : MISCELLANEOUS. Number of Districts in the county Number of pjirts of Districts , Number of schools with two departments Number of schools with three or more departments Number of teachers required ; Number of volumes in District libraries Number of schoolhouses in the county Number of schoolhouses built of stone or brick Number of schoolhouses properly ventilated Number of Districts with adopted lists of text-books Number of Districts which purchase text-books Number of Districts which loan text-books to pupils Number of Districts which sell text-books to pupils Number of Districts uniform as to text-books Number of children between four and fifteen years of age.. Number of certificates issued. First Grade Number of certilicates issued, Second Grade Number of certificates issued, Third Grade FINANCIAL. Average wages per month for male teachers Average wages per month for female teachers Cash value of libraries Cash value of schoolhouses Cash value of school sites Cash value of school apparatus Money on hand August 31, 1877 From taxes levied for building and repairing From taxes levied for teachers' wages From taxes for apparatus and library From taxes levied at annual town meetings From taxes levied by County Supervisors From income of State School Fund From all other sources Total amount received during the year Total amount paid out during the year Money on hand August 31, 1878 rirat District. 70 64 I 112 590 101 17 79 22 12 2 10 Second District. 4,762 10 50 158 ?35 00 21 12 594 50 37,200 00 5,137 00 1,488 00 3,706 22 2,713 04 18,333 93 382 76 924 56 2,564 31 2,944 83 1,040 60 32,709 28 11,013 25 1,241 97 64 52 2 114 422 92 21 82 13 6 3 6,052 8 16 123 $37 48 24 21 587 00 59,225 00 6,015 00 2,969 50 2,.578 37 3,824 33 17,881 29 341 17 1,673 42 3,632 35 3,436 56 2,285 62 35,653 11 3,468 47 1,299 64 Totals. 134 116 6 4 226 1,012 193 38 161 36 18 5 13 10,814 18 66 281 $1,081 50 96,425 00 11,142 00 4,452 50 6,284 59 6,537 37 36,215 22 723 93 2,597 98 6,196 66 6,381 39 3.326 22 68,362 49 14,481 72 2,541 61 Superintendent Whitford's report for 1879 not having been received, it is impossible to obtain more recent data than that contained in his report for 1878 ; but it is believed that more recent statistics will not materially change these figures. The entire absence of earlier records concerning the public schools of the county prevents us giving tabulated comparisons with the above. Waylaxd University. Early in the fifties, a few of the citizens of Dodge County found themselves face to face with the necessity for a school affording facilities that would enable their children to obtain a higher degree of instruction than could be had under the district system. The establishment of a university was certainly the wisest course to be pursued, and, accordingly, on the 31st of January, 1855, Wayland University, to be located in the city of Beaver Dam, was incorporated by the following named individuals : Absalom Miner, H. J. Parker, R. A. Fyfe, Charles Gif- ford, F. Westover, J. R. Doolittle, 0. 0. Stearns, William Otis, J. H. Budd, M. D. Miller, John Childs, A. E. Green, D. D. Reed, Peter Conrad, S. Cornelius, Jr., A. Lull, P. Work, James Crawther, A. Case, S. L. Rose, W. Farrington, J. W. Robinson, N. E. Chapin, J. W. Fish, E. L. Harris, J. H. Dudley, M. B. Williams, E. D. Underwood, James Delaney, Nor- man Clinton and J. I. Waterbury. I HISTOKY OF DODGE COUNTY. 401 Early in the spring of 1855, ground was broken for the erection of a suitable building, the corner-stone of which was laid July 4 of the same year. In the mean time, a class, consisting of four young men, was organized and instructed in the old Baptist Church by Prof. Benjamin Newell, who was the first Principal of Wayland University, and who held that position until the fall of 1857, when Profs. Haskell and A. S. Hutchins took charge and located the school in the south end of the University Building, the only part then completed. In February, 1858, Prof. C. A. Hutchins was added to the corps of instructors as Principal of the Preparatory Department. In September, 1861, at which time the names of about eighty students were upon the roll. Prof. H. K. Trask was installed as Principal of the University. Prof. Trask is the present Principal of the South Jersey Institute, at Bridgeton, N. J. He remained in charge nearly seven years, and during his administration the by-laws of the University were amended so as to admit young ladies to the curriculum. In 1865, Prof F. B. Palmer, now at the head of the State Normal School at Fredonia, N. Y., became associated with Prof. Trask, and, a year later, they were joined by Prof. Allen S. Hutchins. In the fall of 1868, the institution was temporarily absorbed as an au.xiliary of the 'Chicago University, Prof. Ambrose Miner being sent by the officers of the latter as Principal, with Miss Mary E. Wadsworh as Principal of the Female Department. Tiiis regime continued until 1875, during a portion of which time Prof. E. S. Stearns, assisted by Prof. Frank Jones, was in charge. Prof. A. S. Hutchins was then called upon by the Trustees of Wayland University proper to conduct its destinies. He was assisted by Miss Delia Gilman, as Lady Principal : F. B. Pray, as Professor of Mathematics, and Mrs. Emory, as Teacher of Music. Miss JMary Eaton became Lady Principal in 1876. The present staff of instructors is as follows : Principal, Prof. N. E. Wood, who took charge three years ago ; Assistant Principal, Rev. R. E. Manning ; Lady Principal, Miss S. C. btowe ; Greek and German, Mrs. A. B. Wood ; Teacher of English Branches, Miss Emma Miller ; Music Teacher, Mrs. J. J. Coblentz. There are at present about sixty students under instruction. The roll shows the aggregate number of pupils who have attended the institution to be about fifteen hundred. Wayland University was founded and is supported principally by members of the Baptist Church. The small tuition of $26 a year is chargeEL^IEY'ER, blacksmith and wagon-maker, Sec. 28; P. O. Kokoskee ; born in Prussia Feb. I 1, 1850, son of Gottfried Adelmoyer, who was also a blacksmith; he came to America in 1854, and settled on a farm in Le Roy, wursing on the farm and at his trade till his death, Oct. 16, 1872. His son, Ernest, was educated in the c )nnty, and learned his trade after hi^ father died ; built his present shop in 1875; does general blacksmithing and manufactures wagons, carriages, .sleighs, cutters, harrows, etc. He married Miss Amelia Reese June 27, 1874; they have three children— Katherina, Carolina and Amelia. In iiolitic^, a I\e|iut)liein ; he is now Supervisor of his town ; is in religion a Roman Catholic. A\DBEW BACHHIIBEK, merchant and farmer, Farmersville ; born in Farmersville Nov. 30, 1857; he is a son of Max Bachhuber, who was born in Bavaria Dec. 13, 1832, and came to America in 1846, first locating in Addison, Washington Co., Wis., then removing to Milwaukee where he lived until 1855, when he settled in L^ Roy, Dodge Co.; here he owned a farm and store, and held many town offices; was a member of the Wisconsin Legislature in 1860, 1864 and 1875 ; serving as Post- master of Farmersville nine years, and resigning in favor of his wife in 1875, who in turn resigned in 1879 Mr. Bachhuber died Feb. 2, 1879, leaving a wife and ten children. He was a Democrat in politics, and a Roman Catholic in religion. His son Andrew was educated in the Mayville High School, and is now ic charge of the farm and store, where he h;is a general stock of dry goods, groceries, hardware, tinware, crockery, patent medicines, notions, etc. He, like his honored father, is a Democrat and a Catholic ; was 678 BEOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: appoiated Town Clerk t) fill his father's place at his death, and received every vote cast in his town for the office, March, 1879. HORACE BARNES, farmer, Sees. U, 13 and 23; P. 0. Farraersville ; born in Onondaga Co., N. Y., June 3, 1823 ; his boyhood was passed in his native county, where he was educated and mar- ried ; he came to Le Roy and settled oa Governmant land in the spring of 1847, and had to cut his way for about a mile through dense timber in order to get his team and goods to his claim ; after building a lo"- house he began the pioneer work of cutting and burning timber, clearing the land and making a home ; his present improved farm of ISO acres with its large and convenient buildings is the result. Mr. Barnes is a Republican ; was the second Assessor of his town, and served about nine years as Town Clerk ; was elected Chairman about 1858, and has been a member of the County Board for fourteen years, or longer than any other resident of the county. Married Miss Phebe Higgins July 1, 1864, who was born in Onondaga Co., N. Y., Aug. 10, 1826; they have nine children — William D., Asa D., Horace Jr., Henry B., Julius A., Flora A., Blanche, Duane P. and Phebe I. C. W. COVVLES. farmer, Sees. 21, 15 and 16; P. 0. Kekoskee ; born in Clark,son, Monroe Co., N. Y., Sept. 7, 1830; was educated in a graded school in Murray, Orleans Co., and the Brockport Collegiate Enstitute. In the fall of 1851, he settled in Le Roy ; taught school in joint districts, Nos. 4 and 5 ; afterward teaching five terms in Le Roy and one in Lomira ; he bought forty acres of land, which he now owns ; it was heavily timbered, but he cleared it, has added to it, and, as a result of twenty years of toil, has a well-improved farm of 102 acres with good buildings. He is a Republican ; was Town Super- intendent under the old law ; has been Supervisor twice, and is now Justice of the Peace, and has been for ten years past. He married Miss Mary A. Parrington, of Manchester, England, Sept. 19, 1863, who was born May 17, 1842 ; they have four living children— Hattie S., Edward M., Frank L. and Albert H. Mr. Cowles has been for twenty years past a member of Du Page Lodge, I. 0. 0. F., Kekoskee, and with his wife is a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. His brothers, Rufus R. and Friend D., enlisted in Company B, 10th W. V. L, and Manley T. was a volunteer in the 32d W. V. I.; Rufus R. was shot in the battle of Stone River; Friend D. died of starvation at Ander.sonville, and Mauley T. died in the Nash- ville Hospital. M. L. COWIiES, farmer, Sec. 2; P. 0. Oakfield, Fond du Lac Co.; born in Cortland Co., N. Y., Jan. 6, 1822 ; sjrjnt his early life and was educated in his nitive county ; at 21, he went to Wind- ham Co., Conn., where he married Miss Olive, daughter of Thomis (lallup, Oct. 27, 1845, who was born Dec. 22, 1819 ; after a number of years spent here and in Westerly, R. I., they settled in Le Roy, in March, 1856; Mr. Cowles has 182.} acres, which he has cleared of a scattering growth of timber, replac- ing the old log house with his present residence in 1864; built a large barn in 1857 ; he has grade and full blood short-horn cattle. Merino sheep, besides other stosk and the usual crops. Mr. Cowles is a Republican and a member, with his wife, of the M. E. Church. Their eldest son, George M., is farming in Richardson Co., Neb.; the two younger, Charles H. and Emma M., reside in Dodge Co. NICHOLAS EBERHART, farmer. Sec. 11; P. 0. Oakfield, Fond du Lac Co.; born in Alsace Feb. 15, 1823 ; was educated and learned the trade of miller in his native land ; came to America in 1844, lived three years in New York State, and then made a five-months visit to his fatherland ; on his return, brought about sixty families with him ; he settled in Walworth Co., Wis., where he had a hard struggle with poverty and bad luck ; had a fifty-acre farm, and worked like a slave ; in 1855, he settled in Le Roy oq eighty acres, which he now owns; having more means, he bought eighty more in 1856; this farm is improved in every way ; his large brick house was built in 1871. He married Mi.ss Chris- tina Eberhart, in June, 1847; they have four sons — Lewis, Christian, George and Edward. Mr. Eber- hart is a Republican, and a member of the Evangelicil Association of North Am3rica. JOH\ FISHER, farmer. Sec. 24; P. O. Farmersville ; born in Wurtemberg Jan. 2, 1832; spent his early life and was educated in the Fatherland, and came to America in 1854; was a laborer in New York and Ohio about five years, and settled on a farm in Lomira in 1859 ; enlisted in the 15th 111. V. C, in August, 1861, was in Missouri, Arkansas and Mississippi, and with Sherman in his Vicksburg failure; the regiment then came North an i captured Arkansas Post, and was with Grant in the final Vicks- burg campaign ; then returned to Little Rock, Ark,, where they wintered; had a desperate battle at Saline River, Ark., and was discharged at the end of the three years, or in August, 1864. He returned to Lomira and sold his farm in 1866, when he located on his farm of fifty-sis acres. Married Miss Wil- helmina Fisher April 20, 1866 ; they have four children — Mary, John, Martin and Magdalena. Mr. Fisher is a Republican ; was Town Treasurer in 1870, and is now serving his fifth term as Assessor. iriYROlV G. GRAVES, farmer. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Oakfield ; born in Cortland Co., N. Y., Sept. 30, 1836 ; son of Austin and Sophronia Graves, who settled on eighty acres of Government land in Le I.E HOY TOAVNSHIP. 679 Roy, in May, 1S4G ; this was the third or fourth family in the town ; Mr. Graves built a log house, and, on the 20th of May, with three others, cut the first road to the Mayviile saw-mill and brou,'ht back a load of lumber. Austin Graves cleared this farm and made a home; he died in February, 1879, leaving his wife and four sons. M. G. Graves was educated in the county, where he lived until September, ISGl, when he enlisted in the famous 10th W. V. I ; was captured at Pulaski, Tenn.; paroled, and. returning to Wisconsin, was honorably discharged in July, 1862 ; in 1864, he went overland to Nevada and California, remaining about four years. On his return, he married Miss Lydia A., daughter of P. H. Kinyon, Dec. 26, 1869; they have "four children— Eva L, Walter K., Hattie E. and Nellie L. Mr. Graves owns the old farm ; ho is Republican, and a member, with his wife, of the M. E. Church. JOSEPH HEIMFiRIi, Jr., farmer. Sec. 36*; P. 0. Parmer.sville; born in Bavaria Aug. 15, 1842; his parents came to America and to Lomira, Dodge Co., Wis., in 1853, locating on heavily timbered land; they did real old settlers' work, in chopping out a farm and home; Mr. Heimerl afterward deeded this farm to his son, the subject of this sketch, who sold it in 1871, and bought his present farm of ninety-six acres, upon which he has erected most of the buildings; he was a teacher in the district schools of Lomira six terms; is an ardent Democrat in politics; was Assessor three terms, and Supervisor one term, in Lomira, and has been Assessor and Chairman of Le Roy; he is now the Democratic candi- date for the Wisconsin Assembly for his district. Is in religion a Catholic. He married Miss Mary Waas Jan. 25, 1865; they have four children— Justina, Clara, Joseph and John— having lost four children. LiOUIS LeH\ER, merchant, Lehner's Corners; born in Bavaria July 27, 1849; his parents emigrated to America in 1852, and settled in Addison, Washington Co., Wis., removing in 1860 to a farm in Le Roy. Louis Lehner was educated in Wisconsin, and enlisted in the 1st W. V. C. in 1864; was with his regiment in Kentucky, Tennessee, Alabama and Georgia; had many engagements, and saw much hard service with that famous regiment; was honorably discharged in July, 1865. Returning, he worked on the Le Roy farm until 1871, when he bought the store and stock at what was then Sterr's Corners; has since continued the business; has a complete stock of dry goods, groceries, boots and shoes, hardware, drugs and medicines, notions, etc. Married Miss Kate Waas Dec. 14, 1871; they have four children — Louis, Anna K., Matilda C. and Lillie M. Mr. Lehner is a Democrat and a Roman Catholic. JOHX JUcCLAIX, fiirmer, Sec 21; P. 0. Kekoskee; born in County Tyrone, Ireland, Oct. 28, 1829; came to America in 1848,. and settled in Schuylkill Co., Penn., where he was engaged in transferring coal from the cars to the canal-boats until 1864, when he came to Le Roy and settled on his present farm of ninety acres; this was only partially chopped off, and he did genuine frontier work in clearing the land and making a home. He married Miss Jane Crawford, of County Tyrona, in 1859; they have five children— John, Sarah, Oliver, Robert and Jane. Mr. McClain is a Republican and a member of the M. E. Church. JULIUS MARTEL, farmer. Sec. 36; P. 0. Mayviile; born in Alsace, France, Nov. 2, 1851; his parents came to America in 1856, and, after one year in Mayviile, settled on a farm in Williamstown ; here Mr. Martel lived, with the exception of three years spent in the Mayviile High School, until 1877, when he settled on his present farm of ninety-two acres, upon which he has made suhstantial improvements. He married Miss Bertha Bosim Oct. 10, 1877; they have one daughter — Adell, born Sept. 27, 1878. Mr. Martel is a Republican and one of the stirring young farmers of his town. JOSEPH MARX, farmer arid hotel-keeper, Sees. 2 and 5; P. 0. Farmerville; born in Rubi- con, Dodge Co., Wis., Oct. II, 1852; son of Nicholas Marx, a shoemaker, who was born in Germany June 10, 1822, and settled in Rubicon in 1848; after ten or twelve years, he removed to Le Roy and built the Five-Mile House, which he kept until his death. May 13, 1874, the business being continued by his sons Joseph and Prank. Joseph Marx lived in Dodge Co. until June 21, 1870, when he enlisted in the 3d U.S. Regulars, but, on account of defective eyesight, was soon discharged; in the spring of 1871, he went to Cleveland, Ohio, where he worked two years in a foundry and one year at railroading;^ on his return to Farmersville, he married Miss Susanna Wiesner, of Washington Co., Wis., May 18, 1875; they have thfee children— Joseph J., Susanna I, and Daniel F. Mr. Marx is a Democrat, and was Justice of the Peace two years in Le Roy. W. P. MILES, farmer. Sees 4 and 5 ; P. 0. Oak Center, Fond du Lac Co., Wis. ; born in Genesee Co., N. Y., Sept. 5, 1842; son of David Miles, born in St. Johnbury Plains, Vt, June 17, 1798. The Miles family were among the first .settlers in ]>e Roy, in spring of 1846 ; only four or five flimilies in the town ; Mr. Miles bought U. S, land, built a log hou.se, cleared up his farm, and made a home ; wild game was plenty, but they had to pound corn into meal, as the nearest mill was at Neenah, and the nearest mar- ket Milwaukee ; W. P. Miles saw rough pioneer experience, as the family was large and money scarce ; he 680 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: used to VTjar ra^s on his fjot to soho il in wintir, dryin;^ th; n ilui-injj saliooi hours, and iv.Mrin2; than h )ine a2;ain. Ho resided on the old farm until Sept. r», ISOl. when he enlistad in Co. B, 10th W.V. t.; wis Drum- Major of the re2;im3nr, and served with it until M.ireh, 18(52, when he was honorably disohargjl onaoiount of disability ; his brother, Holsey. was shot by bushwhackers in Woodville, Ala.; in Oetoher, ISlii, Mr. Mile^ enlisted in Co Gr, 1st W. V. C, was in the battles at Hopkinsville, Ky., helpsdohise Hiol over the Tennessee River, was in the flights at Columhus, G-a., and present at capture of Montgomery and Selma, A,la., was also with his famous regiment when it rewarded tlie 4th Mieh. V. I. for its treachery in the captara of Jefferson Davis, by shooting ab )ut 30 min, and ho thinks th; entire -tth would have fare! hird bu". for Col. Harndon of the 1st; on his return, Mr. Miles settled on the old homestead of l-tO acres, which he has owned since the death of his father, July 10,43713. Married Miss Mary McClain in ISiG; they have four children — Florence, Holsey, Calista and Muzetta. Air. Miles is a ll^publicaa, and has been Consta- ble and Supervisor ; is also an Odd Fellow. JOIl\ RIFEXBEitGH, farmer, Sec. 12; P. 0. Brownsville; born in Huron Co., Ohio, Oct. 11, 1833; when he was about 12 years of age his parentsseltled in Le Roy, DjdgeC)., Wis.; here he worked several years as a carpenter and j jiner, enlisting September, 18l5l, in Co. K, lUth W.V. I, ; hesM'ved three yeai'S. participating in every b.vttle which that historic regiment fought ; was com nissioned Second Lieutenant of his company by ll )v. Salomon. At the expiration 'sf his three-years termof service ho returned to Le Roy, bought his farm of 80 acres, March, 1867 ; was the architect aud biilder of his plenant hj ae. He married Miss Olive A Rhodes March 21, 1863, who was born Feb. 26, 1312, in St. Lawrono! Co., N. Y.; they have three living children — Elfie A., Fred L. and Roberta A. Mr. Rifenbergh is a Repub- lican and a member of Oakfield Lodge 158, A., F. & A. M. GEORUE SCHMID, farmer and brewer, Sics. 23 and 26; P. Farmersville ; bora in Bava- ria March 10, 1829 ; was educated in the Fatherland, where he learned his trade of brewir; came to America in 1853, spent throe ye.ir< in Milwaukee and then settled on his present farm of 71} acres ; he built his brewery in 1853, and has since continued the business, manufajturin^ abaut 100 b.irrels of beer per annum; his improved firm, large hou-ie, barns, brevery, etc., are the result o'' his own labor anl mm- agement. He married Miss Mary G.-einer in 185 1, who was born in B.ivaria Feb. 1,13 52; tluy hive nine children — George, Mary, Anna, Lizzie, Joseph, Matildi, Caroline, Alls and Max. Mr. Sohmid is a Democrat, and a member, with his wife, of the Catholic Church. .IIAKKUS STERR, farmer. Sees. 26,27 and 23; P. 0. Farmersville; born in Bavaria April 25, 1817 ; came to America with his bDthT, Joseph, in 181'i, loeati ig in Milwaukee, where they were joined in 1817, by Caspar and Andrew; in November, 18-17, the four brothers removed to Li Roy, (see biography of F. X. Sterr) ; Mr. Sterr worked here, then in Mayville, then in Milwaukee, thence removing to Indiana and Michisjan ; returning in Novem'ber, 1353, to Le Roy, h3 settled on sixty acres of his present farm, where lie did real pioneer work in chopping and burning heavy timber ; he cleared this, bought and cleared more, and now has 230 acres well improved, with a largo brick house and good barns, etc. He married, in August, 1353, Miss Elizabeth Meirtz, of Upper Austria; they have seven children living— Theresa, John, Marcus, Elizabeth, Peter, Ro'jorl; and .Miehaol, Mr. Sterr is a Republican, and has been fir years Treasurer of School District No. 4. FRANK iSTERR, farmer, Sees. 14 and 15; P. O. Farmersville; born in Batavia Sept. 25, 1833; came to America and to Lo Ray with his father, Casp.ir Sterr, (see biography of F. X. Sterr); at 21, ho wentt) Michigan, and sp^nt six years in the pineri;s ; returning to Li Ro/, h; I'ented a saw-mill two years, then built and owned a share in his brother's saw-mill. He enlisted Sept. 22, 1864, in the 43d W. V. I. ; the regiment was held in reserve at the battle of Nashville, and served until the war closed ; on his return to Le Roy, he sold his interest in the saw-mill, and bought forty acres of his present farm, with ni buildings of value; by hard work and attention to business, he has 182 acres of well-improved land, a new brick house and good barns. He married Miss Mary Yung Oct. 6, 1856; they have thirteen children — John, Louisa, Louis, Leonard and Frank (twins), Anna, Robert, William, Mary, Theresa, Ge.jrge and Emma. Mr. Sterr is a Republican ; was Town Treasurer three successive terms and Assessor three terms. The family are Roman Catholic. , F. X. STERR, farmer. Sees. 22 and 26 ; P. O. Farmersville; born in Bavaria Oct. 15, 1834; he is a son of Caspar Sterr, who settled with his family and three brothers — Markus, Andrew and Joseph, in Le Roy, November, 1847; the Sterrs were all Bavarians, and were accompanied by twelve or fifteen German families ; the settlers had to cut a road to their farms, as the entire country was a wilderness of heavy timber ; they suffere 1 terribly from the cold November rains, and, to add to their misery, smallpox broke out among them, Joseph Sterr dying November 27 ; the brothers saw more than their share of hardships, as, unible to keep atean, thjy were obliged to carry flour fr nn .Milwiukio the first win.er, and THERESA TOWNSHIP. 681 afterward from May ville; Caspar bought Govorument land, cutting, burning and clearing the timber to make a farm and home; he died Jan. 2(5, 187(5. P. X. Sterr lived and worked with him until 18.58, when his father gave him thirty-three acres on Sec. 26, where he lived until 1861, when he bought his present farm of 1-t'l acres ; this he has improved by building a house and several large barns. He mirried Miss Rosina Oe., Theresa; born in Chaux deFonds, Switzerland, July 12, 1853 ; spent his early life and was educated in his native land ; studied medicine in Geneva and Berne, graduating as physician and surgeon March 17, 1874; practiced one year in Dresden, Saxony, and came toAmerica in November, 1876, locating in Joffer.son, Jefferson Co., Wis.; he practiced two and a half years ; the Doctor settled in Theresa in February, 1871), where he has a good and increasing practice. He served as First Lieutenant in the Swiss Army about four years. The Doctor is versed in German, Italian and Enulish, as well as French, his native language; is independent of all societies. JOHN G. SCHLEY, farmer. Sec. 7 ; P.' O. Mayville ; born iu Prussia April 20, 1830 : came to America with his parents, who were among the very first settlers in Lebanon in 1843; after eight years, he settled and has since resided in Theresa ; settled on his present farm of 172 acres in 1865 ; he has been Supervisor five years, and now hilds the office. Married Miss Wilhelmina Pagenkop in 1855; they have ten children living — John F., Mary, Julius, Gustav, Albert, Matilda, Herman, Augusta, Reichard and Alvina. Mr. Schley is rearing good stock for general purposes, and the usual crops ; he is a Lutheran in religion ; in politics, a Democrat. ^ GOTTFRIED SCHELLPFEFPER, farmer, Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Mayville; born in Prussia Nov. 12, 1838 ; spent his early life and was educated in his native country; came to America and to Will- iamstown with his parents, who settled in that town ; with 50 cents in his pocket, he began as a farm laborer; worked by the month until 1862, and settled on his present farm of ninety-three acres; he has cleared and improved this farm, and now has the best of buildings and a good home. Married, May 23, 1865, Miss Frcderica Guse ; they have seven children — Charles, Minnie, Herman, Matilda, William, Augusta and Robert. Mr. Schellpfeffer is a Democrat ; he is raising grade short-horn cattle, pure-bred sheep, etc. G. WEBER, proprietor of the Theresa Brewery; born in Wurtemberg iirl846; came to Amer- ica, with his parents, in 1853, who settled in Theresa ; it was among the pioneer families in the place. Mr. Weber has spent his life and been educated in Dodge Co.; at the death of his flither, in 1864, ho took charge of the brewery, and has been the owner since 1873. He married Miss Mary Husting in 1874 ; they have two sons — Arnold E. and Charles B. Mr. Weber is one of the leading business men of The- CALAMl^S TOWNSHIP. 683 resa; ho is manufactuiing about fourteen hunilivd barrels of beer per annum ; he owns ten acres of hind adjoining the village, and fifly-threc acres in the town of Ashford, Fond du ]jac Co.; besides his elegant residence in the village, he owns a house and lot. Mr. Weber is, in politics, a Democrat, and, in religion, a Catholic. CALAMUS TOWNSHIP. THOJIAS H. COXXEliL, teacher, P. 0. Beaver Dam; is a son of Thomas and Margaret O.Connell, early settlers of Calamus ; Thomas was born in Springfield, Mass., Oct. 3, 18r)2, and, in 1855, his parents emigrated to Dodge Co., Wis., and settled in the city of Biaver Dam fur one year, then removed to the town of Calamus, which has since been his home ; he received his early education in the public schools, after which he attended the Wayland University of Beaver Dam for one year; in 18(59, he began teaching district school, which he has followed most of the time since; when 13 years of age he learned the brickmason's trade, which he followed during the summer vacations. He was elected Town Clerk of Calamus in the spring of 187!:l. WILiliIAM CROFT, farmer. Sec. 9 ; P. O. Beaver Dam ; was born in Lincolnshire, Eng., in 1829, and is the son of George and Jane Croft ; his father died when he was about 12 years of age, but his mother, a woman of rare Christian virtues, is yet spared him; May 2, 1853, he sailed from Liverpool for America, anl landed at St. John, N. B., June 5 following; ho then went to Massachusetts, where he followed working on the railroad for a short time, and then worked at farm labor there for fourteen months ; in the fall of 1855, he came to the town of Westford, Dodge Co., Wis., where he built a lime-kiln on Beaver Dam Island, and from which he furnished the lime to build the Fox Lake Seminary ; he continued that business for two years and for the next two years was employed by the C, M. & St. P. K. 11. Co. to saw wood; in 1859, he bought a farm of forty acres in Seo. 15, Westford, which was his home till 1867 ; ho then sold that and bought this present one of ICO acres in Seo. 9, town of Calamus, whore he has since followed farming. March 14, 185G, lie married Miss Hannah, daughter of Thomas and Betsey Bonner, of Westford, but a native of Lincolnshire, Kng.; they have six children — George, of Dakota ; Stephen, Sarah J., Dina E., Mary A. and Ella. Mr. C. was a member of the Town Board one term, and several terms a member of the School Board ; they are members of the Wesleyan M. E. Church. GEORCJE W. CURTIS, farmer, Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Beaver Dam ; he is the fifth son of William and Sarah Curtis; born in Steuben Co., N. Y., in 1819; he followed lumbering in that State till 1849, when he immigrated to Dodge Co., Wis., and settled on a farm of eighty acres in Sec. 35, town of Cala- mus, where he has since followed farming ; he now has 1(30 acres in Sec. 35, and ten and three-quarter acres in Sec. 25, Calamus. Sept. 29, 1847, he married iMiss Isabel F., daughter of Lsaac and Julia Swarthout, of Steuben Co., \. Y., wlio died at her home in Wisconsin Aug. 22, 1871, leaving one adopted daughter, Ella E. (Mrs. Henry S. Gilmore), of Calan^us. Mr. Curtis has been a member of the Town Board for two years, and was Town Treasurer for one year; politically, he is a Republican. JOH^ "B. DEMAREST ; P. O. Beaver Dam; son of Juctin and Margaret Demarest ; born in Rockland Co., N. Y.. in May, 1831 ; when he was about 1 year old his parents removed to Bergen Co., N. J., which was his home, and where he followed forming till 22 years old ; he then went to New York City, and for two years followed the business of a drayman ; in the fall of 1854, he came to Dodge Co., Wis., stopped in the city of Boavor Dam for the winter, and in the following spring he bought a farm of 100 acres in Sees. 11 and 12, town of Calamus, which has since been his home. At Beaver Dam, Wis., in March, 1855, he married Mrs. Elizabeth, widow of John Haring, and daughter of Peter and Elizabeth Vanhouten, she being a sister-in-law to Mr. Mackie, the first white settler of Beaver Dam, and having three children at the time of her second marriage — Peter, now of Beaver Dam ; John, of .AlinneapLfiis, Minn. ; Isaac, of Escanaba, Mich.; they have one daughter — Margaret A., who married Mr. Henry Winebrenner, of Beaver Dam, in 1S72, and has two children — Jessie and Jennie. Mr. Demarest 's family is connected with the Presbyterian Church ; Mr. Winebrenner is a member of the Methodist Epis- copal Church. WIIjIiIAM W. EVAXS, deceased ; was a native of Carnarvonshire, North Wales, and a son of filvan Evans; born in April, 1820; he followed the business of a State quarrier in that county till 1845, and then immigrated to Racine Co., Wis., where he followed laboring for one year. In 1846, he came to the town of Calamus, Dodge Co., Wis. ; entered a farm of eighty acres in Sec. 23; sold that the year after, and bought another of eij;hty acres in Sec. 29, which was his home for a few months, when he 684 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: sold that also and bought the present one of 130 acres in See. 31. This he carefully managed, and worked till his death, April 11, 1874. In 184.5, he married Miss Jane, daughter of Thomas and Mary Parry, of Carnarvonshire. North Wales. They had five children ^Evan W., deceased; Thomas W., of Columbus, Wis, William W., of Calamus; John W., Hugh W., and adopted Jane L.; they are members of the Welch M. E. Church. E. ADAMS FOWLER, farmer. Sec. 19; P. 0. Fall lliver; is a son of Elisha and Edith (Griifith) Fowler, born in Windsor Co., Vt., in 1830, and is a descendant of the long line of Fowlers, beginning with Jonathan the giant, who killed a bear with a club, and whose hme was so widespread that George II, then Monarch of England, caused an oil painting to be made, on the margin of which were these words: "Jonathan Fowler, the giant, in the act of killing a bear with a club." B. A. spent his early life with his father, on a farm, near Skaneatcles, Onondago Co., N. Y., whither his parents removed, when he was quite young ; when about 20 years of age, he began the machinist's trade in a large cabinet manufactory, of iSkaneatelos, where he continued eighteen months ; then went to Windsor Co., Vt., and followed his trade for another eighteen months; here he met a man from Moline, 111., who was on his way East to purchase machinery for such a factory to be established there, and who induced Mr. Fowler to go to Illinois and put up the machinery for him ; reaching Moline, Dec 25, 1853, where he was employed for six months; then went to Milwaukee, and was brakeman on the M. & M. R. R., between Milwaukee and Madi.son, Wis., till 1855; he was next baggage-master on the Milwaukee & Watortown ; then conducter of a passenger train on the road between those points for six months. In 185(3, he returned to the factory at Moline for six months; thence again to Milwaukee, and was then employed to take charge of the machinery in a cabinet-ware manufactory, till ISliO. In the fall of 1860, he bought a farm of 103 acres in Sec. 19. township of Calamus, Dodge Co., Wis., which has since been his home. In 1863, he was elected Chairman of the Town Board, was re-elected in 1864-66-67 ; was a member of the County Board of Equalization in the fall of 1863 ; in 1867, he was elected Justice of the Peace, re-elected in 1871, and at every election since ; in 1869, he was elected by a large majority a mem- ber of the State Assembly from the First District; politically, he is a stanch Republican. April 30, 1866, he married Mis-! Catherine, daughter of Archibald and Sarah McFadyne, of Milwaukee; she being a native of New York City; they have seven children — Charles E., Harry S., of Columbus, Adam E., Sarah L., Mary G., Archie B., Katie S. Mrs. F. is a member of the Presbyterian Church. HENKY S. GILMORE, farmer. Sec. 26; P. 0. Beaver Dam; is the only son of David S. and LorenJ S. Gilmore; born in Racine Co., Wis., in 1848; when Q years of age, with parents, he removed to the town of Calamus, Dodge Co., Wis., where his father bought a farm of eighty acres, in Sec. 26, which has since been his home; here the father died in July, 1873 ; he now has 120 acres in Sec. 26, Calamus, and twenty acres in Sec. 32, town of Lowell, Dodge Co. ; in the spring of 1874, he was elected a member of the Town Board ; was re-elected in 1875-76, and in 1877 was elected Chairman of the Board ; politically, he is a Democrat. In 1875, he married Miss Ella E. Sunderland, a native of Lincoln- shire, England; born in June, 1856, and an adopted daughter of George W. and Isabel Curtis, of the town of Calamus, Dodge Co., Wis. ; they have two children — Phebe A. and Dora E. JAMES HALL, farmer, Sec. 12 ; P. 0. Beaver Dam; is a native of Oneida Co., N. Y. ; born in 180'J ; is the son of Sylvester and Martha Hall; in 1833, he removed to Miami Co., Ohio, and followed farming for seven years; then, in 1840, he returned to New York and settled in Jefferson Co., and con- tinued farming till 1854, whence he immigrated to Dodge Co., Wis., bought a farm of forty acres in Sec. 12, town of Calamus, which has since been his home. In 1833, he married Miss Emma J., daughter of Joseph and Policy Birch, of Oneida Co., N. Y. ; they had two children — Adeline, now Mrs. Charles Doster, of Minneapolis, Minn.; J. Dwight, of Clayton Co., Iowa. Mrs. Hall died in April, 1853; in 1856, he married Mrs. Elizabeth, widow of Joseph N. Downing, and daughter of Russell and Elizibeth Thompson, pioneers of Dodge Co. in 1844 ; her husband having been frozen to death on the Fox River, in 1849, leaving her one daughter, Emma E., now the widow of the late Archibald Pringle, who was drowned in the Red River of Dakota, in March, 1877, leaving her with one son. Archibald D.* He was also a soldier in Co. C of the 16th W. V. I.; was wounded at Atlanta; mustered out in 1865. Mr. and Mrs. Hall have two children by secind marriage — Lottie M. and Elzora D. FREDERICK IHK., deceased; was a son of Frederick and Margaret Ihk, Germany; born May 6,1818; when 20 ye.irs of age, he began the brickmaker's trade, which he continued till 1846; he then came to America and settled on a farm in the town of Watertown, Jefferson Co., Wis.; six years after, he moved to the city of Watertown, which was his home for two years ; in 1854, he bought a farm of eighty acres in the town of Shields, Dodge Co., Wis., where he followed farming for ten years; and in 1864 he bought a farm of 2i6 acres in Sec. 7, but afterward sold off 106 acres, leaving the estate of CALAMUS TOWNSHIP. <385 120 acres at his dciiih, Dec. IG, 1879. In Germany, in 1844, he married Miss Wilhclniena, daughter of John and M;iry Studamann, whom he left a widow with seven children,' as follows : Charles, now of Columbus; William, Augusta, Matilda; Mrs. Kicko, of Watertown, Wis.; Annie, Mrs. Conrad Grade, of Chicairo : Kliza, Frank and Max. They are members of the Lutheran Church of Columbus. JliCllAEL KRALS, farmer, Sees. 11 and 12 ; P. 0. Beaver Dam ; was born iu Germany in 1813 ; he came to America in 1S45 and stopped for nine years in Chicago ; in the summer of 1855, he came to Dodge Co., Wis., bouglit a farm of eighty acres in Sees. 11 and 12, and has since made it his home. At Chicago in 1 847, he married Miss Josephine, daughter of Peter and Magdaline Peters ; they have seven children — Annie ("now Mrs. George Aijian, of Westfordj, John (of Calamus), Josephine (now ■ Mrs. John Rosenmeier, of Westfurd), Barbara (now Mrs. George E. Gergeu. of Beaver Dam), Francis, Joseph and Supliia. They are members (if the Catholic Church. JOHN C. LONG, farmer. Sec. 28 ; P.O.Columbus; was born in Germany in 180G; is the son of Joseph L)ng; in the spring of 1854, he came to America and settled on a farm in Columbus, Columbia Co., Wis., where he lived until 1868, when he bought a iarm of 80 acres in Sec. 28, town of Calamus, where he has since lived. In 1829, he married Miss Margaret Kitzerow, of Germany; they had five children — Louisa, Annie, Sophia, John and Fred; Mrs. Long died Aug. 7, 1861. In 1868, he married Mrs. Sophia, widow of Fred Nevermann, of Columbus, she having, at the time of her second mar- riage, three children — Henry, Fred and Annie; since second marriage, they have four children — Charles, Louis. Ida and Lizzie. They are members of the Lutheran Church. JOISEPH PETERS, farmer. Sec. 1; P. 0. Beaver Dam ; was born in Bavaria in 1843, and is the son of Peter and Magdalena Peters ; in 1846, he came with his parents to America, and settled in Chicago, which was his home till 1855, whence they removed to the town of Calamus, Dodge Co., Wis., which has since been his home; in 1861, he bought a farm of 80 acres in southwest quarter of Sec. 1, to which he removed ten years after. In 1874, he was elected Town Treasurer of Calamus; was re elected in 1877, 1878 and 1879. He was one of the originators of the Mutual Insurance Co. of Calamus in 1872 ; was a Director and agent of the Company for three or four years. Politically, Mr. Peters is a Democrat. In 1871, he married Miss Catharine, daughter of John and Theresa Rosenmeier, of the town of Beaver Dam, she being a native of Germany. They are members of St. Mary's Catholic Church; Mr. Peters has also been Secretary of the Church for tw.i years, and was re-elected, Jan. 5, 1880, for the third term. ROBERT W. ROBERTS (deceased), was the .son of Robert Rogers, of Denbighshire, North Wales; born in May, 1816; his mother dying when he was quite young, he was raised by his grandfather ; in the summer of 1849, he came to America, and settled on a farm of SO acres, in Sec. 30, town of Calamus, which, by his own industry and toil, he improved and increased to 133 acres, in same Section. Dec. 25, 1849, he married Miss Mary, daughter of Daniel and Ann Roberts, of the town of Elba, Dodge Co., Wis., she being a native of Carnarvonshire, North Wales, but an emigrant to Dodge Co. iu 1845 ; Mr. Roberts died Feb. 26, 1875. leaving a widow, with three children, as follows — Robert M.; Ann, now Mrs. Edward P. Roberts, of Westford ; and AVilliam D. They are members of the Welsh M. E. Church. ALEXANDER I>. ROSS, farmer. Sec. 14 ; P. 0. Beaver Dam ; the subject of this sketch is the thini son of David and Helen Rose, nw Monroe, born in Rosskeen, Rosshire, Scotland, June 29, 1814; he was educated in the public school of his native county, and spent most of his early life with his parents on the farm ; iu the summer of 1840, he took passage at Assint, Scotland, on board the ship Dev- roQ, on her voyage from Glasgow to the British Provinces, and landed at Pictou, Nova Scotia, June 19, stopping at Pictou for four years, where he was engaged iu various kinds of business; in 1844, he went to Providence, R. I.; thence direct to Boston, Mass., where for twelve years he was engaged in shipbuild- ing most of the time ; he spent the winters of 1848-49-50 in Mobile and New Orleans, working at his trade; May 22, 1855, he came to Dodge Co., Wis., and bought a farm of 200 acres in Sec. 14, town of Calamus, which, by his own honest toil and industry, he has changed into a commodious home. At Bos- ton in 1855, he married Miss Christina, daughter of George and Elizabeth McKay, of Nova Sc itia ; they liave had eight children — Helen (deceased), Mary Ellen (deceased), David W., Eliza M., George A., Clara J., Anna C. and Ada B. They are members of the First Presbyterian Church of Beaver Dam. LOUIS Rl'SHIiOW, farmer. Sees. 12 and 13; P. 0. Beaver Dam; is a son of John B. Rushlow and Josepliinu Martell, natives of the district of Three Rivers, Lower Canada, but immigrants to Clinton Co., N. Y., in 1814, where Louis was born in 1827 ; in 1832, he with his parents removed to the town of Swanton, Franklin Co., Vt., where they both died — his father in 1853, and mother in 1871 ; when II years old, Loui< went to live with Mr. V. S. Ferris, proprietor of a large flouringmill, at Swan- ton ; he attended siliool for the first two winters, his teat'hers being the poet John C. Saxe and hi-< brother ; ' V 686 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: when not in school, he was learning the miller's trade ; he was next a cook on board a steamer on Lake Champlain, and by the year 1840 he became quite a sailor, as well as cook and miller ; he was then employed by Mr. Catlin, proprietor of the Cathn Mills, of Burlington, Vt., and also of a line of steamers on Lake Champlain ; the first three years of his stay at Burlington were in the mill, but the last six sum- mers he was Captain of a steamer on the lake for Mr. Catlin, spending the winters in the mill, however ; in May, 1855, S. P. K. Lewis, of Beaver Dam, Wis., came to Burlington and employed Mr. Rushlow to come to Wisconsin and take the position of miller in the mill at Beaver Dam, in whose employ he remained fourteen years; in 18G9, he with three partners bought the Beaver Dam mill of E. R. Hoyt, but he soon sold his interest, and was employed as miller in the same till February, 1873; he tlien went to Tomah, Wis., and was employed as foreman in the mill of which Freeman & Runkle were proprietors; in Novem- ber, 1874, he returned to Beaver Dam, and was miller for S. P. K. Lewis & Sons till 1878 ; in 1877, he bought a farm of twelve acres in Sees. 12 and 13, town of Calamus, where he has devoted his attention to farming since he (juit the mill. At Burlington, Vt., Oct. 27, 1849, he married Miss Aurelia, daughter of Basil and Margaret Lapeire, of Verchere, Lower Canada ; they have had nine children — Louis R. (of Mitchell, Iowa), Juliette (now Mrs. F. F. Williams, of Mitchell, Iowa), George W., Rhoda (now Mrs. William E. Ijabaron, of Mitchell, Iowa), Fred S., Francis (deceased), Francis E., Eugene (deceased), Lester J. Mrs. Rushlow is a member of St. Patrick's Catholic Church of Beaver Dam. HARVEY N:fIITII. farmer. Sees. 1 and 12; P. 0. Beaver Dam; is a son of Allen and Leah Smith ; born in the town of Plattsburg, Clinton Co., N. Y., July 26, 1796, spent his early life with his father on a fiirm in his native country. Sept. 27, 1820, he married Miss Eleanor, daughter of Reuben and Elizabeth Sanburn, of Plattsburg, after which he followed farming, in Clinton County, N. Y., for thirty-five years; May 9, 1855, they started for Wisconsin, and settled in the city of Beaver Dam, where he made his home for ten years ; in 1856, he bought a farm of 100 acres in Sec. 7, town of Arling- ton, Columbia (!o., Wis., from which he derived the larger part of his income, while he lived in Reaver Dam ; in 1866, he sold that farm and bought his present one of 100 acres in Sees. 1 and 12, town of Cal- amus, which has since been his home ; he held the office of Assessor in the town of Plattsburg for ten years, aud was twice elected to the same office in the Third Ward, city of Beaver Dam. Mrs. Smith died Dec. 12, 1876'; they had seven children — Melancthon, now of Beaver Dam ; Susan R., deceased; George, deceased ; Henry N. ; three infants, deceased. Mr. Smith is a member of the First Presbyterian Church of Beaver Dam. Henry N. married Miss Julia A., daughter of Harry and Julia Medberry, of Calamus, June 27, 1867 ; they have two daughters — Mabel and Delia. She is a member of the Assembly Presby- erian Church. MOSES T. THOJII»SO]¥, farmer. Sec. 4; P.O. Columbus; is the son of Andrew and Almeda Thompson, born in Madison Co., N. Y., in 1817 ; in 1843, he came- to Wisconsin and settled in the city of Kenosha, where ho worked at the carpenter and joiner's trade on the pier, and in the ware- house for the firm of Lake, Fisk & Lay ; in 1844, he removed to McHenry Co., 111., where he followed farming for two years; in 1846, he returned to Wisconsin and followed farming in the town of Columbus, Columbia Co., till 1864; he then bought his present farm of 120 acres in Sec. 4, Columbus; he has also a farm of eighty acres in Sec. 33, Westford, and ten acres in Sec. 5, Columbus. Jan. 31, 1844, he married Miss Jennett, daughter of Constant and Sarah Blowers, of Genesee Co., but a native of South- port, Chemung Co., N. Y. ; they have had six children — Lucius H.; Lewis, deceased; Charles, of Dakota; Emma J.; Mrs. George Bashford, of Iowa; Jerome B., of Westford ; Ellen L., Mrs. Rudolph Craus. Mr. Thompson is a man who takes great interest in public schools, and has been a member of the School Board for several years. He is a Republican politically. OWEK J. THOMAS, farmer, Sec. 29; P. 0. Columbus; is a native of Angleshire, North Wales ; son of John and Margaret Thomas ; born Jan. 4, 1820 ; he spent his early life on a farm in his native country, and in May, 1845, he set sail from Liverpool for America, and landed in New York about the middle of June following; he came thence to Racine, Wis., where he attended school and clerked in a store nearly six years. Returning to Wales in the fall of 1850 he married Ann, daughter of John and Catharine Jones, of Angleshire, Feb. 28, 1851 ; in May following, he with wife came again to Racine, thence to the town of Calamus, Dodge Co., Wis. ; in the fall of 1851, he purchased a farm of eiajhty acres in the town of Monroe, Wis. ; ten months after, he sold that and bought another in same county, where he made his home for two years; in the spring of 1854, he disposed of his interest in Manitowoc Co., returned to Calamus, Dodge Co., and bought a farm of 160 acres in Sec. 29, where he now enjoys a commodious home, as the fruits of his years of toil. Mrs. Thomas died at her residence, March 16, 1874, leaving her husband and four children to survive her, one having died before her — Margaret, now Mrs. D. D. Jones, of Calamus; John 0.; Mary B., deceased ; Ellen J., Thomas J., WESTFORD TOWNSHIP. 687 Miiry A. They are members of the Welsh M. E. Church of Elba. Politically, Mr. Thomas is a lipj)ublieaii. WILLIAM W. WILLIAMS, farmer, Sees. 32 and 33 ; P. (). Columbus ; was born in Carnarvonshire, North Wales, March 15, 183.5 ; in the sprinp; of 1845, he, with his parents, William W. anil Mary Williams, sailed from Liverpool for America, and landed at Quebec, in May of that year; they came thence, via Racine, to the town of Calamus, Dodge Co., Wis., where his father entered a farm of 80 acres of land, in Sec. 32, to which he received a Government deed, signed by President Taylor, and to which he afterward added 80 acres, in Sec. 33, making now a farm of 160 acres; he spent ten months tiring on a steamboat on the Mississippi River, then returned to the firm, and has since made it his home. He has been a member of the Town l5oard several terms. In 1860, be married Miss Ellen, daughter of Henry and Elizabeth Jones, of Calamus, but a native of Denbighshire, Wales; they have had sovea eliildren — John H., Henry J., William (deceased), Mary E., William C., Robert and an infant (deceased); his mother died here in the fall of 1849, and his father in the spring of 186S). They were devoted mem- bers of the Welsh M. E. Church, and so is Mr. Williams' family. WESTFORD TOWNSHIP. MRS. WILLIAM ALWARD, Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Randolph ; is a native of Norfolk, Litch- field Co., Conn.; born Jan. 16, ISOO; when 8 years old, she, with parents, removed to Cortland Co., N. Y., where, in 1820, she married 3Ir. Ely Hulibard, who died in a little more than sis months after mar- riage; in 1827, she married Mr. William Hubbard, with whom she lived in York State till his death, in 1844; in 1846, with a family of five children, she had the resolution to try the wilds of Wisconsin, and to make her home among the pioneers of Dodge County ; she is doubtless the only pioneer widow who came to this county to make it her home under such circumstances. She bought a farm of 134 acres in Sec. 6, Westford, to which her daughter has since added 40 acres; she has four children — -William W., now of Los Angeles, Cal. ; Nathaniel P., of Lewis Co., Minn. ; Louisa, Mrs. George Kuowles, of Mil- waukee ; Elizabeth. Mr. Alward had lwo daughters by first marriage — Harriet, deceased, and Mary, now Mrs. Bancroft, of Romeo, IMcComb Co., Mich. The family are connected with the Baptist Church. RICHARD ARMS, deceased ; was the son of Charles Arms ; born in Chittenden Co., Vt., June 26, 1817, where he followed farming till 1854; then removed to the town of Randolph, Columbia Co., Wis. ; here he bought a farm of 320 acres, and for fourteen years lived the life of an honest farmer ; in the fall of 1868, he removed to the village of Randolph, and left bis son to manage the farm, yet he was constantly passing back and forth to his farm, looking after it till his death, July 4, 1870. Rev. J. T. Woodhead, Pastor of the M. E. Church, of Randolph, at the time of his death, says: "Richard Arms had retired from the village Fourth of July celebration to his farm four miles from the village, when he at once ceased to work and live." The shock upon our citizens was great; Brother Arms was so well known and so highly respected ; he was one of those Christian laymen, who pay the lingering balance of the old church debt themselves, rather than annoy the peo])le a second or third time, saying to his good wife, " You know it is all for Him who gave Himself fur us ;" he was converted at the age of 15, in Ver- mont, and his presence has been light and help to the church ever since ; his earnest prayers were refresh- ing ; before ascending, he anointed a successor in his son. April 4, 1842, he married Miss Lucy H., daughter of John B. and Eliza Larrabee, of Lancaster, Vt., whom he left a widow with one .son ; they having had one daughter — Mary J., deceased; their son, Myron F., who was born in Goshen, Vt., April 25, 1847, came West with parents in 1854 ; was educated in Lawrence University, of Appleton, Wis. Sept. 3, 1867, he married Miss Mary, daughter of Robert and Abagail Lyons, of Braintree, Orange Co., Vt. ; he devoted his attention to farming, till failing health compelled him to seek medical aid ; in July, 1879, he returned from Danville, N. Y., where he had gone to recuperate and to attend his father's funeral, and in a little more than six weeks he was buried at his side. He was a faithful member of the M. E. Church, and, in the language of Rev. J. T. Woodhead, "had the elements and character of a noble. Christian manhood;" he was the father of seven children, six of whom, with their mother, survive him — their names are as follows: Arthur M., deceased; Jennie, Richard, Lucy, Walter, James and Jesse. DA^'IFiL D. ASHLEY, Randolph; was born in Whitesboro, Oneida Co., N. Y., in ISIO ; is the son of Daniel and Hetty Ashley, natives of New Hampshire; when 6 years old, went to West BloomSeld, Ontario Co., and made that his home till 10 years of age ; he then removed to Allegany ()88 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Co., N. Y., followed farming till 1844. Here lie tuarried Mis Clari.ssa, daughter of Jonathan and Clarissa Butterfield, a native of Jefferson, N. Y. ; in the suninier of 1844, he came to Westford, Dodge Co., and reaehed his father's home July 10 ; they have had six children, three of whom are living — Cooper X., whose biography occurs in this work; Hettie, now Mrs. Milton Palmerley, of Jonesville, Hillsdale Co., Midi.; Sylvia, now Mrs. L. D. Clark, of Stoughton, Dane Co., Wis. Mr. and Mrs. Ashley arc members of the Baptist Church. COOPER 'X. ASHLEY, Randolph ; is a son of Daniel D. and Clarissa, whose biographical sketch appears above; Cooper was born in Allegany Co., N. Y., Dec. 25, 1835; when abjut 9 years old, he, with his father's faiuily, came to the town of Westford, July 10, 1844, aud settled on a farm of lt)8 acres, in Sec. 8, which has since been his home ; at the time of their settlement there was not a house within twenty miles of them on the west, and only two between them and Fox Lake ; Beaver Dam then consisted of ;v few small shanties; the old open-cylinder was their thrasher; they often had the pleasure of waiting three or four weeks for a grist of wheat at the mill. Dec. 29, 1859, he married Miss Jennie, daughter of William and Ann Williaius, of Watertown, Jefferson Co., N. Y., she being a native of Oswego Co., N. Y. ; they have two daughters — Miss Hattie and Miss Mary. He now owns a farm of 159 acres in Sees. 8 and 17, Westford. Mr. Ashley was the first man to deliver a load of wheat in the village of Kandolph: it was sold to Mr. G. W. Gould, in August, 1857; he has been a member of the Town Board for several terms. Such is a brief life history of one of the earliest and most prominent settlers of Westford. A. a. BLilSS, M. D., Randolph ; is a native of Berkshire Co., Mass., where he was born in 1817 ; at the age of 18, he entered the Seminary of South Adams, Mass., where he graduated with his class in 1838, soon after which he began the study of medicine with a prominent physician of South Adams, with whom he read three years, except in the lecture seasons, when he attended the Worcester Medical College, of Massachusetts, and from which he received his diploma in 1840; he at once began the practice of medicine, in Cheshire, Berkshire Co., where he continued for about thirty-four years ; thence in the spring of 1874, lie removed to the village of Randolph, Dodge Co., and now has quite an extensive practice in Dodge and Columbia Cos. In November, 185S, he married Miss Ellen B., daughter of Hanciel and Patience Prince, of Windsor, Jlass.; they have one son — Everett. MORRIS BLOD«ETT, farmer; P. O. Randolph ; is a native of Randolph, Vt.; born in 1837 ; when quite young, Jie went to make his home with his uncle, iu Rochester, N. Y., and made that his home for a number of years; whence he came to Cortland, Columbia Co., where he has since followed farming. He married Miss Anna R., daughter of Abiel and Jane A. Stark, of Randolj)h. Dodge Co.; they have one child. JOUIV S. BUTTERFIELD, farmer, Sec. 6; P. O. Randolph; is a .son of Jonathan and Polly Butterfield; born in Livingston Co., N. Y., in 1832; when 18 years of age, with parents, he came to Westford, Dodge Co., Wis., where he has since made his home, and followed farming ; at the age of nineteen, he began working for Mrs. Alward by the month, which he continued for six years, and since that time has been cultivating her farm on shares; he has a farm of forty acres in Sec. G. RUSSEL I>. CALKINS, proprietor of cheese factory, and Justice of the Peace", in the East Ward, Randolph ; is a native of Oswego Co., N. Y., son of Russel and Parmela Calkins ; born in 1829 ; from the time he was old enough for business, till 1864, he was principally engaged in the various branches of the lumber trade in York State ; in 1864, he came to Wisconsin, and settled at Cambria, Columbia Co., where for three years he engaged in merchandising; in 1867, he removed to Kilbourn City, Wis., where was continued the same business for one year ; thence to Randolph, in 1868, where he was a member of one of the leading dry-goods firms for four years; in fall of 1872, he went to Ruggville, Penn., and for nearly one year was interested in an oil mine; in 1873, he returned to Randolph, erected a cheese-factory, and has since been engaged in the manufacture of that article, Has been President of the Village Board four years ; was its first Assessor, and has been several times elected Justice of the Peace. In 1854, he married Miss Sarah, daughter of Winsor Whipple, of Oswego Co., N. Y. ; they have four children — Win- sor, Frank, Edith and Sylvenus. He and wife are members of the Presbyterian Church ; politically, he is a Republican. EDWIjV clement, proprietor of the Clement House, Randolph, is a native of Missis- quoi Co., Canada East; born Jan. 20, 1834 ; he is son of Loyal and Betsey J. Clement, with whom he spent his early life on a farm in Canada ; in 1855, he left his father's home and fireside to make his home and try his fortune in the then new State of Wisconsin ; he came to the town of Chester, Dodge Co., settled on a farm near Waupun and followed agricultural pursuits for six years; in 1861, on account of poor health, he returned to Canada for a year; then came again to Dodge Co., and for one year engaged . WESTFOKD TOWNSHIP. 689 in thu hotel business, at Fox Lake; in March, 1863, he came to Randolph; boujrnt the Union Uouhc, thou a siurill biiildinj; about 40 x 20 feet kept by 11. H. Russell ; thi.s he had to furnish, and as his means at that time were limited to .$2.50, he wa.s compelled to use his finances very carefully ; the bouse was paid for before the time a;j;reed upon, and he at once began to enlarge — till nowhe has the laigest hotel in the village. In April, 18(14, he married Miss Emma A., daughter of R. T. and Almira F. Case, then of Waupuii, but now of Hutchinson, Minn., she being a native of Vermont ; they have one daughter — May. Mrs. Clement is a member of the K)iiseopal Church. Politically, Mr. C. is a Republican. RAIjPH DAVIS (deceased); was born in Pawlet, Rutland Co., Vt., in 1798; when about IJ years old, with bis parents, Edward and Mary Davis, he removed to Washington Co , N. Y., and lived there on a farm till 1882 ; thenee to Chautauqua, N. Y., where he followed farming for twelve years; in 1-144, he immigrated to Kane Co., III., and in March, 1846, to the town of Westford, then Fox Lake, entered a farm of eighty aeres, brought another of eighty acres in Sees. 5 and 8, where he fillowed farm ing till his death, Oct. 27, 1879. In 1821, he married Miss Mary, daughter of Daniel and Penelope Goodrich, of Granville, N. Y.; they had seven children, four of whom are living — -Joseph, of Dakota, Iowa; Orin G., of Waukesha, Wis.; George R., who married Miss Olive A., daughter of John C. and Charlotte Rockwell, of Courtland, Columbia Co., Wis., in Jnne, 1861 ; Mary P., the late Jlr.s. David Thomas, of Dakota, Iowa. Mrs. Ralph Davis died April 18, 18i)8 Mr. Davis had been a member of the Town Board for several terms, and held other offices in the town also. RODERICK D. EVAXS, dry-goods merchant, Randolph ; is a son of Ebenezer and Maria Kvans ; born in Scjuth Wales Sept. 15. 1842 ; two years after his birth, his parents emigrated to America, and stopped for a short time at Racine, Wis.; thence to town of Fox Lake, Dodge Co., where they settled on a farm ; here R. D. spent most of his time at farm work and attending district school till about 16 years of age; then for two terms he attended the Seminary at Fox Lake; at the age ot 18 he began clerking in the dry -goods store of J. L. Townsend, in the village of Fox Lake, where he continued for six years ; having proved to be a successful business man, and upright in all Kis dealings, his employer started a branch store at Randolph, in the spring of 1866, and placed him in charge of it; in 1867, he began merchandising with his own capital, which, though small at that time, he has carefully invested till it has increased sufficiently to carry one of the most extensive dry-goods and millinery stocks in the village ; the people of the village have such confidence in his ability as a financier that they have elected him to the offic of Treasurer for eight successive years; in the spring of 1879, he was appointed Postmaster at Ran- dolph. Oct. 18, 1867, he married Miss Maggie C, daughter of Mrs. E. C. Trimble, of Fox Lake; they have two children — Harry and ^labcl. tiiOODWIIV. farmer. Sec. 30; P. O. Columbus; is a son of Thomas and Jane Goodwin; born in t'ounty Tipperary, Ireland, in July, 1834; in 1851, he came with his brother John to America, and lived for eighteen months in New York City, where he followed teaming; then for nine months he was employed on a steamboat on the Hudson River ; in 1854, he went to Rensselaer Co., N. Y., where fjr nearly two years he followed farm work ; in 1850, with his brother John and fathers family, who had just come from Ireland, he immigrated to Fi>x Lake, Dodge Co., Wis.; eighteen months alter he removed to a farm of forty acres in Sec. 30, Westford, which he bought about that time; now has 171* acres in Sees. 30 and 31. In 1856, married Miss Mary, daughter of Thomas and Johanna Delaney, a native of County Tipporiry, Ireland; they have six children — Thomas E., John P., Julia M., Annie J., Eliza L. and Mary E. Tlie family are members of St. Mary's Catholic Church. O'JO BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: BENJAIIIX HAMMOND, farmer, Sec. 6; P. 0. Randolph; the subject of our present sketch is one of the most extensive farmers and stock-dealers of Dodge Co. ; he was born in Madison Co , N. Y., in 1822, and is the son of Benjamin, Sr., and Lydia Hammond; he spent the first twenty-seven years of his life with his father on a farm in his native county; in March, 1851, he married Miss Roxi- ville, daughter of John and Cynthia Fisher, of Madison Co., N. Y., and, four years after (in 1855), they came to the town of Westford, Dodge Co., Wis., where he purchased a farm of 80 acres in Sec. 6; from this small beginning, he has, by his own industry and executive ability, gradually increased his farm of 80 to one of 840 acres, 280 of which lie in Sees. 21 and 22, town of Fox Lake, and 560 in Sees. 5 and 6, Westford. They have had no children of their own, but adopted a daughter — Florence, now Mrs. Alonzo Pearce, of Westford. HENRY HARMER, firmer, Sec. 7; P. 0. Randolph; was born in Essex Co., England, in 1839; in the spring of 1849, he, with his parents, Mathew and Mary Harmer, came to Wisconsin and settled in the town of Sun Prairie, Dane Co., for one year; thence to Marquette Co. for a short time, whence they returned to Dane Co., and made that his home for twenty years. In 18G3, he married Miss Carrie M., daughter of William L. and Eunice G. Horton, of Sun Prairie. In 1869, he purchased a farm of 134 acres in Sees. 7, Westfield, Dodge Co., and 12, Cortland, Columbia Co., where they have since made their home. At Madison, in 1864, he enlisted iu Battery M, of the 1st Wis. Heavy Artillery, under Capt. Ira Ford ; was in the defense of Washington City most of the time ; was mustered out of service at Milwaukee, in July, 18C5. They attend the M.^E. Church of Randolph. EDWARD P. JONES, lumber dealer, Randolph; is a son of Hugh and Margaret Jones; born in Liverpool in 1848; when 2 years of age, he, with his parents, sailed for America, and settled on a farm in Green Lake Co., near Kingston, Wis., where he lived on a farm, till about 22 years of age; he then removed to the town of Rosendale, Fond du Lac Co., and continued farming for one year; thence to Depere, Brown Co., Wis., where he was engaged in railroading for three years; in March, 1876, he came to Randolph, Wis., and, for one year, again devoted his time to agricultural pursuits; in May, 1877, he went to Racine, Wis., and, for nine months, was engaged in the grocery business. Returning, then, to Randolph, in January, 1878, he purchased an interest in the lumber-yard with M. Wilson, with whom he continued, as a partner, till Aug. 1, 1879, when he bought the interest of Mr. Wilson, and has since continued the business, with a capital stock of $2,000. Oct. 21, 1871, he married Miss Hattie M., daughter of Francis and Margaret Rockifiler, of Green Lake Co, who died in January, 1875. In May, 1877, he married Miss Mary E., daughter of J. R. and Mary Owen, of Randolph, she being a native of York State; they have one daughter — Edna M. Mr. Jones is a member of the Village Board. REV. THOMAS R. JONES, Pastor of the Calvinistic Welsh M. E. Church, Randolph; is a native of Montgomeryshire, North Wales: son of Richard and Elizabeth Jones; born in 1819; received his early education in his native country, but that of theology in the Episcopal University at Holland Patent, Oneida Co., N. Y., where he entered in 1842, soon after his arrival in America; gradu- ated with the Class of 1844 ; his first charge was that of Carbondale, Luzerne Co., Penn., in 1845, though he often held services at different places near Holland Patent, while pursuing his theological studies ; he remained at Carbondale till 1847, when he was called to the Church at Rome, N. Y., and while here, was engaged in translating and revising a work — '• The Customs of the East " — from the English to the Welsh language, and superintending its publication ; in the spring of 1852, he removed to Ebensburg, Penn., shortly after which, he was ordained to the holy ministry by the Synod at Johnstown, Penn., in 1852 ; in 1855, he was called from Ebensburg to the church at Scranton, Penn., for three years ; in 1858, he returned to Rome, N. Y., where he remained till the spring of 1865, whence he removed to Wisconsin and settled in Jefferson Co., where he had charge of the churches at Ixonia and Watertown for three years ; in 1868, he went to Lyons, Ohio, and preached there for nearly three years; thence returning to Jefferson Co. Wis., and in January, 1874, was called to the church at Randolph ; during the winter of 1878- 79, he translated two volumes of Moody's Life and Sermons, from the English to the Welsh language, of which he took 800 copies with him to Wales in the summer of 1879. In 1845, he was married to Miss Mary, daughter of William and Mary Owens, of Floyd, Oneida Co., N. Y., she being a native of Wales ; they had eight children, as follows: Elizabeth A., Mrs. Eban Davis, of Vinton, Benton Co., Iowa ; Mary J., Jr., Mrs. David Roberts, of Chicago, deceased; Melancthon T., of Spring Valley, Minn., deceased, killed by a team of horses, Aug. 29, 1879; Vidette ; Mary J., Sr., deceased; Isabella, Mrs. Thomas C. Williams, of Randolph ; Amanda K., Hattie B., Renetta, deceased ; Mrs. Jones died at Rome, N. B., in 1862 ; in 1863, he married Mrs. Jane A., widow of Mr. Amariah Jones, of Brookville, Oneida Co., daughter of Henry and Jane Jones, of Rome, N. Y. ; she having at the time of her second marriage two children — Milton and Cecelia A. ; they have had one son — Frank, deceased. Mr. Jones has always WESTFORD TOWNSHIP. 691 been a strong advocate of temperance among his people, and published a work entitled " Temperance Founded on the Laws of Nature, as Illustrated b}' Phrenology ; " in the winter of 18(i-l-65, he wrote and published two volumes of sermons, entitled the " Welsh Pulpit;" the facts need no comment ; the worth of such a man is patent to all. JAMKS KSfOWIjES, grain-dealer, Randolph ; of the pioneers of this part of the county none is more widely known, none more highly esteemed than the subject of our present sketch ; James is the son of Francis and Sophia Knowles, born in the city of London May 12, 1824 ; at the age of 12, he, with parents, emigrated to America, and settled in New York City, where his father was engaged in hotel keeping; when IS years old, he entered upon an apprenticeship at the cooper's trade, which he continued fourteen months; in 1843, he resolved to try his fortune in the wilds of Wisconsin, and after making the necessary arrangements, came to Fox Lake, Dodge Co.; with his brother George, who preceded him nearly three years as an immigrant to this State, entered 120 acres of land in Sec. 13, town of Randolph ; haul- ing the lumber from Fond du Lac with ox teams, they built the first house, and were the first settlers in that town ; this he made his home most of the time, till 1860, when he disposed of his farm, and removed to the village of Randolph and has since been dealing principally in grain ; during the first few years of his life in Wisconsin, he was known by the name of Dr. Knowles, because he brought with him from New York City some bottles of ague medicine, and a case of surgical instruments, so that whenever there was a severe case of the ague, which was not infrequent, or any one in the neighborhood received a severe cut or wound of any kind (there being no physician near), Mr. Knowles was sent for at once; possessing a resolute spirit, which is essential to success, he has, though sometimes unfortunate, never despaired ; adverse circumstances and men have thoroughly tested him, and found him not wanting ; he has been President of the Village Board for five successive terms, four by election, and one by appointment. Feb. 14, 1858, he married Miss Annie A., daughter of Jonathan and Sarah Binney, nee Jones, of Medford, Mass. ; they have three sons, as follows — James A., Winthrop B. and George W. ; Mr. and Mrs. Knowles are members of the Baptist Church; in 1861, Mr. Knowles was appointed Postmaster; was set aside by President Johnson, but re-appointed by President Grant in 1868 ; such is a brief outline of the life history of one of Randolph's most esteemed citizens. CHARLiE^i LiIXDLEY^ (deceased); was the son of William and Elizabeth Lindley ; born in Lincolnshire, PiUgland. He married Miss Prudence, dau'^hter of Richard and Elizabeth Gavil, of Lin- colnshire, in 1832. In September, 1851, they sailed from England for i\merica, and landed in New York in October following ; thence via Buffalo and the lakes to Milwaukee, Wis. ; here they loaded all their household goods into one wagon, and, after two weeks' journey through the marshes, they reached Fox Lake ; stopping here for a few weeks, he bought a farm of forty acres in Sec. 25, town of Westford, upoa which he erected a log shanty 20x24 feet, to which he removed his family ; here with stools for chairs, poplar poles for bedsteads, pine bo-vrds for a table and other like conveniences, they made their first home in Wisconsin. In the parlor of this rustic mansion, Dec. 25, 1852, their oldest daughter, Hannah, was married to Mr. Jesse Bright. In 1853, they moved to the town of Burnett, and, in 1854, returned to Westford, where he bought a farm of 160 acres in Sec. 22, and made that his home till his death in 1865, leaving a widow with two children, as follows : Hannah, Mrs. Jesse Brisjht, of Chippewa Falls, Wis. ; Pres- cott, formerly Mrs. R. D. Ferdon ; her first husband enlisted in Co. A, 29th W. V. I. ; wounded at Port Gibson May 1, 1863, and died in a few weeks after, leaving her with two daughters — Alice and Clara; now Mrs. Miciiael Keasling. The family are Episcopalians. JAMES T. LINK, farmer. Sec. 6 ; P. O. Randolph ; is the son of William and Lydia Link, of Livingston Co., N. Y. ; born in 1820." In 1840, he married Miss Mary J., daughter of Liberius and Fannie Munson, of Connecticut. In 1844, they immigrated to Wisconsin ; stopped for six months in Washington Co., and, in the spring of 1845, removed to the town of Westford, Dodge Co., Wis., where he has since made his home; he now owns a farm of fifty-sis and a half acres in Sec. 6, within the corpo- ration limits of the village of Randolph. They have seven children — Emma J. (now Mrs. Charles Heyer, of Randolph, formerly Mrs. H. Williamson, of Westford), Ella (Mrs. Henry Wills, of Genesee Co., Mieh.j, Egbert E. (of Pipe Stone, Minn, i, Annie, Marion (Mrs. 0. D. Sherman, of Columbus, Wis.), Myra E., Estella A. Mr. and Mrs. Link, with three of their children, are members of the M. E. Church. The following historical sketch, written by Mrs. Link, may appropriately be inserted here: " In the year 1844, we made up our minds to seek a home in Wisconsin ; .accordingly, in the month of September of that year, we started on our Western tour ; we came to Buffalo with our own team, and embarked on the steamboat called the Great Western, and surely it was, for I think there were people of almost every nation, on board, all, or nearly all, seeking a home in this far off Wisconsin ; we had a long and tedious journey, entering every port between Buffalo and Milwaukee ; when our boat came into 692 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Mackinaw, the Indians swarmed the boat to trade fish for what other goods they could get, and a savage- looking set they were ; the young people were afraid and almost homesick when they saw so many ; at last we arrived in Milwaukee at 2 o'clock Monday morning, after a four-days voyage, and some of it pretty rough. Milwaukee was not then what it is now; it was only a small town then, with accommoda- tions that have been greatly improved since then ; after getting our team off the boat and loaded up, we started for a small town then called Hamburg, through heavy timber and bad roads, made still worse by heavy rain all day, and not a soul did wc meet during a drive of twenty-two miles that could, or else they would not, speak one word of English ; every team we would meet, we would inquire how far to Ham- burg, but the answer was invariably nix far stae or a mere shake of the head ; surely this was encouraging for strangers, but we found our way at lust, and finally drove up at a friend's house just at night, tired and hungry, not homesick, but a little sad it was to see a little new house with blankets and carpets for windows and doors ; I thought when retiring for the night of the Indians, but was told that they were very peaceable and would do no barm, but was too weary to be kept long awake thinking of the Indians. Here we stayed the first winter, just on the bank of the Milwaukee River, in a little shantj- built of white- ash boards ; at a little distance one would have thought it was painted white ; but we soon determined that the woods was not the place for us, and the last of April found us journeying toward Dodge Co. ; arrived here the last day of April just at night; cold, sour and gloomy was the last day of our journey ; most of the farmers had sowed their wheat, and some pieces were up an inch high ; when coming across the wild prairies and looking ahead, the oak openings looked like the old orchards in York State ; flowers grew in abundance, of every color and shape ; surely here was a flower-garden of Nature's own making. We were made to feel at home by our old acquaintance, who came West with us ; tlicy had a very com- fortable though small log house, and here we lived, all in one family, in the little log house 14x16 feet, until the month of August, when we went into our own house, if it could be called into, for there was not a window, door or floor, and it was not sided up at the gable ends, but we had a good roof over our heads; we laid down some loose boards, just enough for the posts of the bedstead to stand upon, and the same for the stove and table ; we walked around by stepping from one board to another ; it was here my husband was taken down with the fever and ague, and in a few days my husband's brother began to shake, and then our little giri -1 years old, and you may believe this was not a pleasant outlook ; the harvest was just ripe, and the men were depending on their days' work to get us our bread and to fix up our hou>e for the winter; but this was not to be, for my husband shook till it would have taken two of him to have made one shadow ; his brother shook one day and worked the next ; often I have left him and my little girl in one bed to do their shaking alone, while I went a mile distant and sewed all day to get whatever I could to help along the family provisions, while my husband was working for a man who owned an old- fashioned thrashing machine, and he could sit in a chair placed upon the platform and drive the horses ; thus he earned six shillings per day, but toward winter he began to get better, and things began to grow more cheerful. The Indians were pretty thick, and often gave us a call ; one day, we had been killing some hogs, and five or six came along and stopped to beg the head, liver, and so forth ; I told one of them to talk English; he shook his head and gave me a cross, savage look; he then turned to my brother-in- law and made signs for him to give him some pork ; I was sitting near him and hit his foot and told him to make him ask for it in English, whereupon the Indian says to me, -stop hit he foot,' In 1849, the first Methodist class was established by J. G. Southwell ; I believe that a preacher by the name of Barnes came from Beaver Dam once or twice, but Elder Lawson was the first circuit preacher sent to us ; he was a young man, 22 or 23, but a good man and very talented ; he lived at Beaver Dam, and many times used to come on horseback, and the water was almost to the horse's back, but he was always there accord- ing to appointment ; his meetings were well attended and had some powerful revivals ; he received a very small salary, but was satisfied, for he was doing the work he was sent to do ; then we built a schoolhouse in our neighborhood and established a school, and then we thought we had fairly begun to live." ANDREW MOUSE, former. Sees. 13 and 14; P. O. Beaver Dam ; is a native of Prussia; born Jan. 30, 1830 ; sou of Phillip and Elizabeth Mouse ; he came to America in 1854, landing in New York Nov. 2 ; thence he came direct to Beaver Dam, where he arrived penniless, and followed farm labor- ing till ISGS; he then bought a farm of 200 acres in Sees. 13 and 14, town of Westford, which has since been his home. In 1856, he married Miss Elizabeth, daughter of Peter and Yitta Newman, of Prussia ; they have had fourteen children, the first eight of whom died in infancy ; those living are Frank, William, Peter, Lengh, Sophia, Phillip. They are members of the Presbyterian Church ; politically, he is a Democrat. CHARLES NUTTING, farmer ; Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Randolph ; was born in Randolph, Orange Co., Vt., in 1817 ; son of William and Mary Nutting, nee Hubbard; he received his early education in WE.STFORD TCnV>rSHIP. 693 the public schools of his native village; then attended the Orange County Grammar School, for a while, after which, for two years, he attended the University of Burlington, but graduated at the " Western Reserve " of Hudson, Ohio, in 1840 ; he at once began the study of law with his father at Randolph, and was admitted to the bar in 1844; he then formed a copartnership with his father, which lasted till 1853, when he emigrated to Dodge Co.. Wis , and bought a farm of eighty acres, in Sec. 6, town of Westford ; then Fox Lake, where he has since followed farming ; he now has forty-four acres. He held the oflSce of Justice of the Peace for a number of years in the town of Westford. In 184(5, he married Miss Cordelia M. H., daughter of Benjamin and Sarah Oilman, of Tamworth, X. H., who died in December, 1878, and by whom he had i-levon children — Charles H., of Westford; Annie C, deceased; Samuel E., of Iron Ridge. Wis. ; William, deceased ; Maria, Lillian, Cora, Harlin P. V., Clarence, Mabel and Pcrloy G. Member of the Congregational Church ; politically, a Republican. XKIjSO\ RAN^Il^SSOX, manufacturer and dealer in boots and shoes, Randolph ; son of Henson and M;»ry Rasmus^on; born in Denmark in 1836 ; in the spring of 18.56. he set sail from Ham- burg for America, and landed in New York early in July; thence to Hartland, Waukesha Co., Wis., where he followed farming for one year; receiving an injury at that time which disabled him for farm work, he turned his attention to the shoemaker's trade, at which he had worked a little in his native country, though had not .served his apprenticeship; this he continued at Hartland for three years, then removed to Pine Lake, Waukesha Co., where he followed it till 1864; thence to Randolph where he has continued it, and also deals quite extensively in boots, shoes, etc., etc. In 1864, at Pine Lake, he married Miss Hannah, daughter of Hans and Chri.stina Hanson, a native of Denmark ; they have had six children, as follows: Hans; Ann M.. deceased; Peter; Ann M., Jr., deceased; Lsna and Henry C. Mr. R. has been a member of the Village Board for three terms ; is now School Clerk. Politically, is a Republican; he ami wife are nii^mbers of the Lutheran Church. REV. AVDRl'S A. REED, Pastor of the M. E. Church, Randolph. The subject of the following sketch is of the sturdy New England stock ; son of Andrus and Mary Reed ; born in Brook- field. Orange Co., Vt., in the year 1819, where he .spent most of his time till 1849. He received his early education in the public schools, after which, for a short time, he attended the Newbury Seminary, of Orange Co., Vt. In the fall of 1849, on account of his health, he started, on board a steamer, for a trip round Cape Horn to California, spending about six months on the water; he visited San Franci.sco and other ports of California, and went as far north as Oregon; then returned by the steamer to Panama, which he crossed on foot to the Chagris River, passing down the stream in a boat to Prometheus, where he took the steamer for New York, and reached home early in January, 1851. He then devoted his time as before to various kinds of merchandising, till 1S54 ; when he immigrated to Winnebago Co., Wis , and settled on a farm in the town of Omro ; here he followed farming for three or four years, and began his preparations for his ministerial work, which he afterward completed while in the Conference ; his first charge was that of the town of Empire, Fond du Lac Co., Wis., in 1858 ; in 1859 and 1860, he served the M. K. Church of the town of Lamartine, and from 1861 to 1863, that of the town of Byron, all in Fond du Lac Co., Wis. It was here they buried their oldest and only son — -Azro De Estang — who was a lieutenant in Daniel's 1st Cavalry, and was taken with the diphtheria at Ripon, Wis, ; was brought home, and died Dec. 4, 1861. In 1863, he went to Green Bush, Wis., for one year; thence to Brandon tor three years ; thence to Sheboygan Falls for three years; and in 1870, to Beaver Dam, where under his care the church was greatly revived, and so strengthened, that the present brick church was erected, and where for three years he preached to one of the largest congregations of the city ; after this, from 1873 to 1875, he was at Appleton, Wis., as Financial Asent for Lawrence University ; he was, in 1877, sent by Conference to the church at Sharon, Wis., for two years ; and in the faU of 1879, to the village of Randolph, Wis, In 1844, he married Miss A.senath D., daughter of Walter and Jerusha Buck, of Brookfield. Vt. ; they had one son as above mentioned. Such is a brief life-history of one of the most ac'ive and earnest workers in the Wisconsin Itineranc}'. RILEV S. RICHMOND, farmer; P. 0. Randolph; is a native of Monroe Co., N. Y.; son of Joshua and Abigail Richmond ; horn Sept. 6. 18:i7 ; he followed farming in his native county till 1847, and then emigrated to Wisconsin and settled in the town of Randolph. Columbia Co., where he b lught a farm of 200 acres in Sees. Hi and 21, and made that his home till 1872 ; he then bought four and a half acres of land in the West Ward of the village of Randolph, where he now resides in a large, commodious house and enjoys the fruits of his many years of hone,st industry ; he spends his time in superintending his firms, which arc three in number — the one above nimed ; one of eighty-six acres in Sec. 34, town of Randolph, Columbia Co.; another of fifty acres in Sec. 33, town of Fox Lake, Dodge Co. In 1854, ho married Miss Jane, daughter of Zenus and Caroline Oliver, of Randolph Center, Columbia Co., Wis., by 694 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: whom he has one daughter — Eva I. (Mis. John S. Lightner, of Randolph). Mrs. Richmond died Aug. 13, 1856. He married Miss Jane, daughter of Thomas and Margaret Hughes, of the town of Randolph, Feb. 4, 1857; they have two children — one son, Osro (deceased), and one daughter, Cora B. Mr. Rich- mond has been Justice of the Peace several times in the West Ward of the village ; has also been a mem- ber of the Village Board. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity. EDWARD T. ROBERTS, farmer, Sec. 18 ; P. 0. Randolph : was born in Angleshire, North Wales, Dec. 25, 1851 ; is the son of Thomas and Catharine Roberts; in 1871, he emigrated to America, and settled in the town of Calamus, Dodge Co., Wis. ; made that his home till 1873 ; when he went to Waukesha Co., Wis. ; in September, 1878, he removed to a farm of 200 acres in Sec. 18, West- ford, which he had bought in June of that year. In February, 1878, he married Miss Annie, daughter of William and Mary Roberts, of Calamus, Dodge Co. ; they have one son — Robert. They are members of the Welsh M. E. Church ; politically, Mr. Roberts is a Republican. JOSHUA ROBERTS, merchant, Randolph; was born in North Wales in January, 1818 ; is the son of Robert and Elizabeth Ellis, nee Owens; and according to the customs of that part of Wales, he takes his father's first instead of his last name for his surname ; his principal business in his native country wasthatof aslatequarrier ; in 1845, he went to London, where he engaged in general merchandising for five years; in 1850, he came to New York City, and there followed clerking in a dry-goods store till 1869, thence to Randolph, Dodge Co., Wis., where he has been engaged in merchandising ; he was a member of the Village Board for one year ; his been School Treasurer since 1876. In London in 1850, he married Miss Catharine, daughter of Griffith Owen, by whom he had three children — -Elizabeth C, Mrs. Lloyd, of Columbia Co. ; Robert G. and Mary J. ; Mrs. Roberts died in 1857 ; in 1859, he mar- ried Mrs. Elizibeth, widow of William Williams, of Prospect, Oneida Co., N. Y., by whom he has one daughter — -Maggie J. ; Mrs. Roberts died in 1872. Mr. Roberts' family are members of the Welsh Cal- vanistic Church. JOHSf E. ROOT, Deputy Postmaster, Randolph ; son of Charles and Miranda Root ; born in Utiea, Oneida Co., N. Y., in 1830, and made that his home till 12 years of age; thence removed to Westfield, Chautauqua Co., N. Y., where he entered upon an apprenticeship at the harness-maker's trade ; here he continued his trade till the fall of 1856, when he emigrated to Beaver Dam, Dodge Co., Wis., where he was proprietor of a harness-shop for three years; in the spring of 1861, he removed to the vil- lage of Randolph, and there opened the first harness-shop of that place, of which he continued proprietor till 1876 ; in the spring of 1863, he was appointed Postmaster at Riridolph, and has since been more or less connected with the office, either in the capacity of Postmaster or Deputy ; he has been elected Vil- lage Supervisor for nine terms; has been a member of the Masonic Fraternity since 1865. In March, 1856, he married 'Miss Louisa M., daughter of Fairfield and Margaret Morton, of Canada West, she being a native of Buffalo, N. Y., and her parents of Nova Scotia ; they have three children, two sons and one daughter^William F., of Randolph ; John E., of Milwaukee, and Nellie L. Mrs. Root is a mem- ber of the Methodist Church. Such is a short life of one of Randolph's leading citizens. JOHN RUDD, farmer. Sec. 7; P. 0. Randolph; is a native of Westmoreland Co., England: born in April, 1822 ; is the son of Anthony and Ann Rudd; at the age of 16, he entered upon an appren- ticeship at the blacksmith's trade, in his native county; at 21, he removed to Manchester, Eng., and con- tinued his trade till 1859. Here, in 1852, he married Miss Lucy, daughter of Nathaniel and Mary- Bennett, and in the spring of 1859, they emigrated to America, and settled in the village of Randolph, Dodge Co., Wis., where he followed his trade for six years; in 1865, on account of poor health he gave up the trade, and bought a farm of eighty acres, in Sec. 7, town of Westford, where he has since devoted his time to the life of a farmer ; they have had three children — John and Mary A., both of whom died in England, and Lucy E. ; the family is connected with the Congregational Church. MARTIN RUSSELIi SKAFTE, carpenter and joiner, Randolph ; better known in this county as Martin Russell ; was born in Denmark ; he lived with his parents, Rasmusson and Marne Skafte, till 22 years of age, when he began the ship carpenters' trade with his brother, which he followed for one year; in 1848, at the beginning of the war between Germany and Denmark, he was drafted and served in he army till the close of the war, when he was discharged and returned to his home in 1851, and con- tinued his trade for another year; in July 1852, he, with his brother, sailed for America, and arrived in Milwaukee, Sept. 28, following, thence to Pine Lake, Waukesha Co., where he worked in a wagon shop for the winter ; in the spring of 1853, he returned to Milwaukee for a short time, thence to Chicago, where he was employed as a ship carpenter for two years. In 1855, he returned to Waukesha Co., where Nov. 10, of that year, he married Miss Gabriela, daughter of Hans and Anna Gasmann, natives of Norway; he followed house carpentering there for two years,, then removed to the village of Randolph, AVESTFORD TOWNSHIP. 695 where he has since continued the same ; they have three daughters and one son as follows — Matilda, Mrs. Dr. Haxton, of Grand Fork, Dakota; Josephine, Mrs. W. H. Anderson,"of Acton, Dakota; Ettie and Guy. In November, 1861, he enlisted in Co. C, of the 15th W. V. I., was soon elected Second Lieutenant in Co. I, same regiment, but resigned in 1862. He is a member of the Masonic Fraternity, also of the M. E. Church ; in politics, he is a Republican. WILLIAM B. SHE PARD, Randolph; traveling salesman for Storm & Hill, dry-goods and notion house of Milwaukee; is a son of the Rev. S. V. R. and Lydia A. Shopard ; born in New York in December, 1846 ; when he was 1 year old, his parents removed to Marshall, Dane Co., Wis., where his father, then a contractor and builder, built the first schoolhouse, and the first brick building erected in that village, living there two years; his fither devoted himself to the work of the ministry, which he after con- tinued for a number of years; his last charge being that of the M. E. Church, at Randolph, in 1863-65. William was educated in the public schools of Fond du Lac, Fall River, and the Commercial School of Milwaukee ; in fall of 1863, he came with his parents to Randolph, and during the winter followed teach- ing. In the spring of 1864, he enlisted in Co. K, of the 39th W. V. I., 100-day service; During the summer of 1865, he was engaged in the Commercial College of Milwaukee; in the fall, he went to Green Lake Co., and tanght for the winter ; then for the two years following, he taught in the town of Randolph, Columbia Co.; in the fall of 1868, he began clerking in the dry -goods store for R. Ilsley, of Randolph, continued five years; in 1873 was connected with H. S. Manville, wholesale notion house of Milwaukee; in 1877, returned to Randolph, and formed a copartnership with Ilsley, dry goods; in July, 1879. he began traveling for the present firm. In Jan. 2, 1869, he married Miss Sarah S., daughter of George and Harriet Marvin, of Randolph, Wis.; they have two sons — George and Harry. CHARLES H. SMITH, station agent for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Com- pany, Randolph ; is a son of Charles and Ewer Smith ; hern in Milwaukee Co., in 1848 ; when 4 years old, he, with his parents, removed to Washington Co., near Hartford, where he spent his spent his time till 12 years of age, on a fiirm, removing at that time to the village of Hartford, where he spent some time attending school, and where he received the greater part of his education. In the spring of 1865, he enlisted in the 23d W. V. I., under Col. Lewis, of Madison, with which he served till the close of the war, and was mustered out of service at Fort Leavenworth, Kan.; he then returned to Hartford, where he made his home till about 20 years of age, and was engaged in attending and teaching school ; he was next in the employ of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Company, and, after seventeen years' stay at Hart- ford, was sent to Randolph as operator for a short time; thence to Swartzberg, Milwaukee Co., as operator for three and a half years; thence to Richfield, Wa-ihiniiton Co., as agent for one and one-half years; then again to Randolph, where he has been as agent for the Company since 1875. June 11, 1873, he married Miss Amy A., daughter of George and Celia Ellis, of the town of Granville, Milwaukee Co., by whom he had one son — George, deceased. Mrs. Smith died Dec. 19, 1874. Mr. Smith has been a member of the Ma.sonic Fraternitv since 1877. JOHN SMITH, fiirmer. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Randolph ; is a son of Gabriel Smith and Mary Peter- son ; born in Chemung Co., N. Y.,June 11, 1824; his father was born in 1795, and his mother in 1802; when 16 years of age, he began the ship-carpenter's trade at Fishkill, N. Y., which he afterward followed for a number of years; in 1847, he emigrated to Waukesha Co., Wis., his parents having come the year before ; in 1848, he, with his father, came to the town of Calamus, Dodge Co., and entered 130 acres of land on Section 31, Calamus, and eighty acres in Section 36, town of Courtland, Columbia Co., where he has since made his home. Here his parents both died — his fiither Feb. 17, 1864, and his mother Feb. 13, 1878, leaving five children, as follows — Adaline (now Mrs. James Stall, of Chemung Co., N. Y.), John (the subject of this sketch, who married Miss Mary J., daughter of Sylvester and Catherine Churchill, of Oneida Co., N. Y., Jan. 3, 1850, and has had five children — Athalia A. (now Mrs. Carlton Toby, of Courtland, Columbia Co., Wis.), Sarah C. (now of Buffalo, N. Y.), Anson G. (deceased), John G. and Harvey L.; the rest of his father's family are Ann E. (now Mrs. L. Stonements, of Beaver Dam j, Mary W. (now Mrs. Harvey Hitchcock, of Brown Co., Minn.), 0. P. (now of Janesville, Minn.j, Lanata (decea.sed ). John has 4S0 acres of land in Duel Co., Dakota. JOSEPH STALKER, retired farmer, Randolph; is a native of Albany Co., N. Y.; son of William and Jane ( Allen) Stalker ; born Jun9^4, 1803; Joseph followed farming with his father, in Albany Co., till about 24 years of age. March 12, 1828, he married Miss Mary Ann, daughter of Will- iam and Margaret Machesney, of Albany Co., N. Y., after which ho rented a farm in that county for two years ; then, in 1830, removed to Schenectady Co., N. Y., where he purchased a farm, and continued a tiller of the soil there for fourteen years; in 1846, with his family, he emigrated to the town of Manches- ter, Green Lake Co., Wis., where he followed farming nearly twenty-one years, whence, in the spring of 69t) BIOGRAPHICAL .SKETCHES: 1S(J7, he removed to Randolph, and has since led a more retired life; here he lo-ft his faithful and lovinj; companion, with whom he lived nearly fifty years ; she died May 12, 1877 ; they had seven eiiildren — Margaret (^deceased), Mary J., Ellen (now Mrs. John Thomas, of Berlin, Wis.), William J. (deceased), Henry (now of Cairo, 111.), Timothy (now of Boulder, Colo.), Hattie (now Mrs. Eu^ene~), A. Marsh, of Lime .Spring, Iowa. Himself and daughter are members of the Baptist Church ; he is one of the original members ; he has also been a member of the County Board for five years. ABIELi STARIC, deceased. Randolph has its many prominent men, but none perhaps took a more active part or greater interest in the early affairs of the village, than the subject of this sketch. He was the son of Nathan and Rebecca Stark; born (Dee. 20, 180(3) in Lynn, New London Co., Conn.; spent his early life on his father's farm in his native county. April .'5, 1.S31, he married Miss Jane A., daughter of Samuel and Rebecca Ely, nee Smith — a grand-daughter of the noted Dr. William Ely, of Hanover, N. J.; in the spring of 18.53, they left their home in New London Co., Conn., and immigrated to Dodge Co., Wis.; reaching the town of Westford April 19, of that year, he purchased a farm of 160 acres, eighty of which lies in the west half of the west half of Sec. 6, Westford, including much of the land where the village of Randolph now stands ; the other eighty acres lie in Sec. H(i, Randolph, and in Cortland, Columbia Co.; the forty in Sec. 36 includes the southwest portion of the village ; this farm was his home, and here he could be found at most any time, either devoting his attention to agricultural pursuits or look- ing after the interests of the little village. He died Aug. 26, 1869, leaving a widow by whom he had eleven children — William H., John G., Edward C, all of Randolph ; Laura L., deceased ; Isaac, deceased ; James A., of Piute Co., Utah; Maria A., of New York City; Mary J., Anna R.; Mrs. Morris Blodgett, of Cortland, Columbia Co., Wis., and Charles A., of Randolph. The family is connected with the Baptist Church. EDWARD C. STARK, teacher, Randolph; is a son of Abiel and Jane A. Stark, early settlers in the town of Westford, a sketch of whom is given in this work ; Edward C. was born in the town of Lime, Conn., May 31, 183S; in 1851, with his father's family he came to Westford, Dodge Co., which has been his home much of the time since ; he received the early part of his education in the dis trict schools of Connecticut and Dodge Co., attending, perhaps, the first, district school in the town of Westford ; during the winter of 1857-53, and for two or three years folbwing, he attended the Wayland University at Beaver Dam, Wis., but on account of ill health, he was forced to give up his studies before completing the course ; in 1861, he went to Iowa, and sp3nt a year in recuperating and looking after some land his father had purchased in tha"^ State ; returning home, somewhat improve! in health, ho at once began teaching, and has since followed that profession, and to-day stands among the first and mo.st success-. ful teachers of Dodu'e and Columbia Cos.; had he been more of a politician, Mr. Stark to-day would be County Superintendent of Public Schools of Columbia Co.; he was, beyond doubt, the choice of the people, but modesty kept him from putting himself forward as a cmdidate— just the kind of a man who should fill that office. Doc. 3, 1869, he married Miss Lona B., daughter of John and Minerva- Bolls, early immigrants tj Cortland, Columbia Co., Wis.; they have one son, Frederick B. Mr. S. is a member of the I. 0. 0. F. CHARLES A. STARK, attorney at law ; is a native of Westford, Dodge Co., and son of Abiel and Ja'je A. Stark; born Doe. 25, 1854; he was educated in the public school of Randolph, after which he entered upon the study of law with J. J. Dick, of Beaver Dam ; he then attended law school at Madison, Wis., one year and was there admitted to the bar in the spring of 1878 ; he at ouce begin the practice of his profession in his native village, where he is now the leading attorney ; he is a member of the I. (1 0. F. RUSSELiL WELCH, farmer, Sec. 25; P. 0. Beaver Dam; is a nitive of Cohocton, Steuben Co., N. Y.; born in 1815; is son of Freeborn and Massa Welch; in 1842. he came to Walworth Co., Wis., and made that his home for about two years; in 1844, he removed to the town of Westford, Dodge Co.; entered 120 acres of land in Sec. 25, where he has since lived and now has about oOll acres of land in the town. In 1836, he married Miss Olda, daughter of John and Margaret Cronk, of Ontario Co., N. Y.; they had eleven children, three of whom, with his wife, are deceased — Sarah, the late Mrs. James Nash, deceased ; Margaret (Mrs. Albert Horton ), of Pierce Co., Wis. ; Charlotte ( Mrs. Floyd Horton ), of Clark Co., Wis., Adaline, deceased ; Peter, of Westford ; Amanda (Mrs. Lorenzo Welch, of Westford) ; Libbie, of Da- kota ; Emiline (Mrs. Charles Wallace); John Lorenzo; Aurilda, deceased. Mr. Welch is now one of the oldest settlers in Westford. CHARLES H. WILLIAMS, farmer, Sec. 4; P. O. Fox Lake; is a son of James A. and Mary Williams, emigrants from Connecticut to Burnett, Dodge Co., Wis., in 1842, where Charles H. was born, Aug. 13, 1844 ; he received his early education in the district schojls, after which he continued the WESTFORD TOWNSHIP. 697 higher studies at Waupiin and in Wayland University of Beaver Dam and lastly at Bryant & Stratton's Business College, where he frraduatcd in 180(i ; he followed teaching for a few years, but in ISliS he bought a farm of ;>20 acres in Sec. 4, town of Westford, where he has since followed farming; in 1870, he was elected Chairman of the Town Board and was ihree times re-elected to that office; in 1876, he was elected a member of the Wisconsin Senate from the Thirteenth District. In ISdl), he married iMis.s Mary, daughter of Dr. F. A. and Elizabeth Wallace, of Vox Lake ; tliey have five children — Frederick W., Susan, Robert, Charles, Hattie. Politically, Mr. Williams is a stanch Democrat; Mrs. Williams i.s a member uf the Episcopal Church. JOHN E. WlLiLIAMS, farmer, Sees. 4, 5, 8 and 9 ; P. O. Fox Lake ; is the second son of John IL and Catharine Williams; born in the town of Burnett, Dodge Co., Wis., in 1850; when he was 17 years old, he, with his parents, removed to a farm of 305 acres in Sees. 4, 5, 8 and 9, town of West- ibni, which has been his home most of the time since. In February, 1875, he married Miss Monica J., daughter of John and Mary Cruden, of Westtbrd ; they have two children — Joseph and George. Mrs. Williams is a member of the Catholic Church of Fox Lake. Mr. Williams was elected Town Treasurer in 187!l. ROBERT T. WILLIAMS, .11. D., Randolph ; the subject of this sketch is a descendant of a line of eminent physicians of England and Wales ; he is a son of William R. and Catharine Williams ; born iu Holyhead, Angleshire, North Wales, Se])t. 10, 1841 ; his father was a banker of Angleshire till 1842, when he came to America, leaving his son Robert with his mother in Wales, and took the position of Professor of Mathematics in the University of Brooklyn, N. Y., for two years, after which, he came to Waukesha, Wis., where he held several responsible positions. Robert T. received his literary educa- tion in the schools of his native town; after which (^in 1859), he entered upon the study of medicine with his uncle. Dr. Thomas, an eminent physician and surgeon of Liverpool ; here he continued his studies for Some timi and then attendel lectures and clinics at the University of Dublin ; in 1867, he came to America, and, in 1868, he entered the Northwestern University of Chicago, where he completed his studies, and received his diploma in March, 1871 ; he at once bagan the practice of medicine with Dr. J. L. Page, of Racine, Wis., with whom he continued for four years; then, on account of his children's health, removed to Arena, Iowa Co., Wis., and continued his profession for three years; in the fall of 1878, he removed to the village of Randolph, Dodge Co., where he now continues his profes.sion. At Utica, Wis., Dec. 28, 1871, he married Miss .Jennie, daughter of John and Elizabeth Edwards, of that place ; they have had four children — Catharine E., Elizabeth E., Evadna E., William R. (dooeascd). Mr. atd Mrs. Williams are members of the Welsh Presbyterian Church. ROCirER WILLIAMS, proprii-tor of wauon-shop, Rartdolph ; is a native of South Wales; is a son of Roger and Charlotte Williams ; born in 1829 ; he emigrated to America with his parents in 1838, and .settled in Alleghany Co., Md., where he followed farming ; in 1850, with his parents, came to Columbia Co., Wis., and settled on a farm in the town of Randolph, and made that his home till 1869, when he removed to the village of Randolph and workeil at the carpenter and joiner's trade till 1871 ; he then became proprietor of a wagon-shop, where he now continues that business. In 1852, he married Miss Catharine, daughter of Ellis Thomas, of Manche.ster, Green Lake Co., Wis.; they had two children — Mary and John, both of whom, with their mother, are deceased. In 1858, he married Miss Mary E., daughter of Leonard Weed, of Manchester, Green Lake Co., Wis. ; children are David, now of Milwaukee ; Annie, deceased; Charlotte, Edgar, Willis. Mr. and Mrs. W. are members of the Methodist Church. He has been Ju.ANIE1j, Pastor of the Welsh Calvinistic Church; born in North Wales, Carnarvonshire, Nov. 24, lS2t), sou of John Daniel ; the fiimily came to New York in July, 1845, and the same year came to Fox Lake, Wis., and settled on eighty acres ; was one of the earliest settlers ; there were but five or six families in this neighborhood before him, among whom were Mr. Evans, Cather- ine Faulks, Ebenezer E. Jones, M. Burgitt and a Mr. Dart; Mr. Daniel now has a fine farm of 145 acres that be has got through his industry and frugality; his father, John Daniel, was Deacon of the Welsh Church for many years, and was one of the founders of the Lake Emely Church, and one of the most prominent men of the settlement; was a Deacon in the church in Wales for about twenty years. He mar- ried Jane Roberts and had two children — John and Margaret. Jlargaret married Daniel R. Jones, a well- to-do farmer, and a member of the Lake Emely Church. Their fither died July 4, 1859. His son. Rev. John Daniel, was married, Oct. 17, 1860, to Ellen Owens, daughter of William Owens, a prominent farmer in Columbus; he had four children — John, born Sept, 29, 1861, and is at home; William, born June 8, 1863, is living at home; Catherine, tiorn Sept. 24, 1866; Josiah, born Nov. 7, 1877. Mr. Daniel was ordained in Spring Vale in June, 1856; commenced to preach in 1848 or 1849; preached in a private house first, then in a schojlhouse, and now has a fine church. Mr. Daniel was a strong Anti-Slavery man, and was of good service to the Union cause. JOHN W. DAVIS, President of the First National Bank of Fox Lake. Mr. Davis is of Welsh descent, and came to Utica, N. Y., in 1840, and then to New York Mills, and was engaged with Benjamin S. Wolcott, of New York Mills fame, attended the Oneida Institute and studied law, and, in 1848, came to Fox Lake, and practiced law for several years ; went into partnership with A. C. Ketchem, and were together about a year when he purchased his library, and carried on the business on his own account ; in this business he handled collections largely and became the custodian of much property, and gradually worked into the banking business, and opened the first exchange office in Fox Lake; then started a bank under the State law, known as the Bank of Fox Lake, and afterward organized under the National Act ; he has been President of the bank since its organization, with the exception of a short time, when William E. Smith, the present Governor, was the President ; the bank has never closed its. doors on account of financial troubles, although many in that vicinity have not been so fortunate. Mr. Davis served four years as County Commissioner, and has been President of the village; was elected in 1853 to the Legislature, and again, the following term, was a member of the Committee on Claims, and also of the Judiciary (Com- mittee; was also Democratic candidate for State Tre;isurer, but was defeated by the present Governor, William E. Smith; in 1873, he was elected to the LegLslature again, and met some members that were 700 . BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: there twenty years before, among whom were H. L. Palmer, of Milwaukee, and Mr. Weil, of Ozaukee Co.; was on Joint Committee on Claims. Mr. Davis married, in 1846, Margaret MacConnel — their children are Alice J., married Charles W. Robinson, son of Mr. Robinson, President of the First National Bank of Bloomiiigton, 111.; they have had three children — Fred, Maggie and Arthur. Emma married W. H. Dawes, a merchant in Crete, Neb.; they have one child — Harry. Fanny married John R. Gamble, of the firm of Gamble Brothers, prominent lawyer at Franklin, Dakota ; have one child — Lillie. Mr. Davis' other children — Lillie and John W,, Jr., who are.living at home. Mr. Davis is Trustee and Treasurer of the Wisconsin Female College, and has been since its organizaiion, and was one of the principal movers in gettino- up the railroad that connects Fox Lake with the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad station. CAPT. WILLIAM J. DAWES, U. S. A.; born in Southern Ohio; son of William Dawfts, who was from Maine; his father, William M., was a revenue officer during the war of. 1812; at Boston, his son William, a lad at that time, was with his father on some of his trips about Boston ; their ancestors were near the scene of Paul Revere's memorable ride. William M. Dawes was born in 1799, and is now living with his son in Fox Lake; be came to Wisconsin in 1854, and was Treasurer and Fiscal Agent of the La Crosse & Milwaukee R. R. (now the Milwaukee & St. Paul); he was one of the first Directors, and the first to negotiate the bonds of that road. William J. Dawes, in the spring of 1861, entered the service as Captain of Co. D, 8th W. V. I. (the Eagle Regiment); was wounded at the battle of Corinth; he was made Brevet Major by President Lincoln, for his noble conduct in the battle; and, not recovering from his wounds, was appointed in the Vet. Reserve Corps, March 31, 1864; he was engaged in ten diflferent engagements; was employed in reconstruction duty in Arkansas, Mississippi, North Carolina and Virginia, and was afterward Judge of Military Commission. The following incident, as related by Capt. Dawes, is of interest: "Gens. Price and Van Dorn were driving us toward Corinth, where we under Rosecranz were making a stubborn resistance, contesting every inch of our retreat The object of our General was to tote them under the big siege guns of Forts Robbinet and Williams. By a sudden movement of the enemy, they got fire upon our regiment, which was exceedingly destructive. Of thirty- five men whom 1 took in, I lost fourteen, killed and wounded. Our field officers were all wounded. Gen. Moner had bis horse killed the moment I fell, and his Adjutant General, Temple Clark, was shot through the body. The same volley that did this mischief, cut the cord of "Old Abe," who sat on his perch viewing the scene, and he slowly raised himself on his broad pinions and floated off over the rebel lines till I lost sight of him. I was gathered up in a blanket, and carried from the field hardly knowing what most to deplore, our defeat, my own disaster, or the loss of our guardian segis. Our broken regiment now fell back and passed me, as I was carried slowly along; and, as the colors of the regiment swept by, I raised my head to salute them, and there, in his proper plice, sat our bird, having returned from his recon- naissance and taken his stand. What joy thrilled my heart, and it w;»s a sure omen of the terrible slaughter made among the rebels next day, completely destroying their army. Our eagle usually accom- panied us on the bloody field, and I heard prisoners say they would give more to capture the eagle of the 8th AVisconsin than a whole brigade of men." Mr. Dawes, toward the close of the war, was made Second Lieutenant 43d U. S. V. I., then promoted to First Lieutenant, and is now Captain, U. S. A., retired. Capt. Dawes married, in 1827, daughter of Capt. Elizur Alexander, of New Hampshire; have had three children— Frances A. ( married James Davis, who is now (Chairman of Republican State Committee of Nebraska, and is one of the leading Republican politicians of that State; they are li ing in Crete); James, J., died in 1864, when 13 years old; William A. is living at home. Capt. Dawes has been President of Board of Trustees of the Wisconsin Female College of Fox Lake, and was formerly Colonel on Gov. Randall's staff. He has, probably, the finest law library iu the State. W. J. DEXTER, cashier First National Bank, Fox Lake; born in Providence, R. I., Oct. 8, 1833; son of John B. Dexter, an old i.nd respected citizen of that city. Mr. W. J. Dexter was with the Merchants' and Manufac'urers' Bank of Providence (now the Fifth National Bank), and was after- ward cashier of Grocers' and Producers' Bank, same city, for two years, and, in 1857, came to Pox Lake, and became Cashier of the Bank of Fox Lake, which position he has held ever since. Married Amy B. Potter, daughter of Alfred Potter, of Providence, May 8, 1856; have one daughter — Helena, who is living at home. Mr. Dexter's contributions to one of the leading papers of the county, on the great financial (juestions of the day, are still in the minds of the people. Mr. Dexter's tastes naturally lead him in a literary way, and some of his productions are of no little merit. Tiie family are members of the Baptist Church. CHARLES H. EGGLESTOX ; born in Oxfordshire, England, Aug. 4, 1835; son of T. G. Eggleston, whose father was contractor for stone and quarry work ; the family came to Syracuse, N. Y., about 1836 and to Milwaukee in 1838. Mr. T. D. Eggleston went to work on the capitol at FOX LAKE TOWNSHIP. 701 Madison about this time ; also built the first lighthouse that was built in the State ; it was at Racine ; after- ward went to Waukesha and settled on a farm of IGO aeres, but worked at his trade most of the time ; in 1855, ho moved to Fox Lake and took a contract to build the Wisconsin Female College; during 1863 and 18(34, built the Ottawa University, at Ottawa, Kan. He married Jliss. I). K. Austin, and is father of six eliildreu — C. H.; Georgiana, married Washington Cleveland, and is living in Iowa ; Helen, married S. F. Smith, and lives in Reedsburg, Wis.; Frances, married J. M. Price, and lives in Columbus, Wis.; Adelaide, married C. Starkweather, and lives in Beaver Dam, Wis.; Harriet, married A. C. Kiiksieker, and lives in Cameron, Mo. Charles H. Kggleston enlisted in the 29th W. V. I.; was with Grant at Vieks- burg and with Banks' Red River expedition, and at Mobile at the time of the explosion ; was wounded at Port Gibson in the shoulder by a minie ball ; after the war, went to Ottawa, Kan., and engaged in mer- cantile business ; was there about a year, and came to Fox Lake. Married, in October, 18(30, Susan Blais- dell, of Bennington, N. Y. Went into the lumber business on Fox Lake, aud, through his good man- agement, has built up a very successful business; has been on the Town Board and Trustee of the village. Himself and family are men)bers of the Baptist Church. EBENEZEK EVANS, farmer, Sec. 9; P. 0. Fox Lake; born in South Wales, March 12, 1815 ; son of Rodeiiek Evans; his father was David Evans; Ebenezer came to Quebec, Canada, in June, 18-14, and then to Rochester, N. Y., and then to Racine and to Fox Lake in the fall of the same year ; there was only two houses in the village, one owned by Hugh Crudent and a log house called a tavern; Indians were numerous; Mr. Evans built a shanty and settled on 120 acres; cleared a quarter- section ; was the first Welshman here ; had to go to Fond du Lac and Portage to market, and drove oxen ; went to a b'uurlh of July celebration, five miles, on a sl^!d drawn by oxen ; Mr. Evans now has 170 acres under good cultivation and a competency, through his good management and industry. Married, in December, 1841, Maria Jones, daughter of Evan Jones; have had four children — -Roderick D. Evans, born Oct. 15, 1842 ; he married Maggie Tremble and is living in Randolph and is engaged in mercantile business, and is Town Treasurer ; they have had two children — Harry and Mabel. Evan Evans was born July 23, 1845, and died in December, 1853. Benjamin, born Nov. 4, 1846 ; married Mary Price; he is living in Howard Co. Iowa, and has six children — Walter, Ebenezer, Maria, Hugh, David, and one an infant. Mary Ann, born Feb. 9, 1S54 ; married Peter Dickson ; have one child— Jessie. Mr. Evans has been Deacon of the Welsh Church for twenty-five years and was one of the founders of it ; has been Clerk of the School Board eiiihteon years, also Assessor and Supervisor many times. BENJ. FER<;U"SO]V, retired ; P. 0. Fox Lake ; born in Penob.scot Co., Me., Feb. 14, 1820, son of Wm. Ferguson, who was a native of Scotland; moved to Penobscot in 1798, came from the Highlands, and was a descendant of the old Fergus clan ; he died in Westboro, Mass., about 1870. Ben- jamin came to Fox Lake. Wis., in 1844; was one of the first settlers and built the first frame house here; I'ngaged in farming, aud has been more or less engaged in agricultural pursuits ever since ; the land that he first settled im now embraces most of the village of Fox Lake. Mr. Ferguson was nominated ibr Sherifl^ in 1847, when Wisconsin was under Territorial laws, and was elected SheriflF of Dodge Co. in 1852, and in 1857 Wius nominated for State Senator, was defeated by Wm. E. Smith, the present Governor; in 1859, was elected to the State Senate ; in 1861, was nominated for Governor of State of Wisconsin, and was defeated by Gov. Harvey, who was elected by only about 1,000 majority; Mr. Ferguson had (i,000 ma- jority in Milwaukee ; Mr. Ferguson is Chairman of Board of Supervisors, and is. and has been, for many years, one of the leading Democratic politicians of the State, and has contributed his means liberally to the support of religious, charitable and institutions of learning. Married, in 1848, Widow Green; have four children ; Chas. A. Ferguson is prospecting in Leadville, Colo. ; the others died in infancy. HENRY C. FLECK, farmer, Sec. 29; P. O. Fox Lake; born in Norway May 22, 1818; sou 6f Henry H.. who was a sailor and sea-captain from his youth up, and sailed to all parts of the world ; be died in 1857, and his wife, Caroline, died in 1856 ; Henry C. came to Wisconsin in July, 1843, and claimed a section of land in Pine Lake, Waukesha Co ; in 1844, moved to Ashburn, Dodge Co.; in 1849, moved to Beloit, Rock Co., and was engaged in mercantile business there; in 1854, Mr. Fleck returned to his native country, and came back the following year; in 1857, came to Fox Lake and settled on 120 acres, and now has a fine home and farm. Married Caroline E. Gosmaun, daughter of Hans Gosmann, who was a luan of gi'cat prominence in the old country, and came to Dodge Co. in 1843, and settled on about 1,200 acres, who was the wealthiest and one of the most respected of the early settlers; he died in 1857 ; he was the father of fourteen children — Caroline, Egedie, Petronelle, Neils, Egedius, Carl, Sevrin, Sarat, Rigive, Peter, Andrew, Julie, Gotfred, August, Gabrielle and Findanus, one died in infancy. Mr. Fleck is a man fond of literary pursuits ; he has been School Treasurer several times, but has not aspired to office. Self and family are members of the Episcopal Church ; they have one daughter — Caroline W., who is living with them. w 702 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: 'H. tJERMAIN, commission merchant, Milwaukee (formerly of Fox Lake) ; born in town of Rush, Monroe Co., N. Y., May 29, 1833 ; son of E. Germain, who was of French descent. He was in the war of 1812, and died about 1873, at the age of 82 ; died in Kindare, Juneau Co. ; the family came to Milwaukee in 1844, and in 1846, came to Fox Lake ; Homer commenced business for himself in 1859; had $192 capital ; started a news and confectionery store ; carried it on successfully till 1869; built the fine brick store in Fox Lake now occupied by A. H. Potts; through his good business manage- ment retired with a competence. Married, in December, 18.55, Miss H. L. Cadwell, daughter of Nathau Cadwell. an old and respected citizen of this county ; had three children — Chas. E., Frances C. and Libbie ; all living in Milwaukkee ; his wife died in Sparta, Wis., in October, 1870. In 18G9, Mr. Ger- main was with Delorne & Quintin, in Milwaukee; and in June, 1S72, married Miss J. H. Carpenter, of Milwaukee, niece of Mr. Sittell, who was extensively engaged in the wholesale grocery business, in that city, and a man of wealth; have one child — Harry H., who is 5 years old. Mr. Germain, in March, 1873, engaged in the wholesale grocery business, with A. B. Blanchard, under firm name of Blanchard & Germain ; sold out after about two years, and on April 1, 1877, went into commission business with R. Lindblom, and is now successfully engaged in the .same business on his own account. F. HAMIliTON, attorney and counselor at law. Fox Lake ; born in Ireland and came to Oaktield, Genesee Co., N. Y., in 1835 ; in the spring of 1837. he went to Oakland Co., Mich.; returned to Oakfield in the fall of 1839 ; in October, 1846, went to Tennes.soe ; was there three years, teaching school ; and was afterward in Mississippi; in October, 1849, returned to Oakfield, and on May 1, 1850, settled in Milwaukee; went into the law office of Butler & Northington, in September, 1851, and was admitted to the bar in October. 1854 ; moved from Milwaukee to Fox Lake. Mr. Hamilton was Justice of the Peace two years in Milwaukee, and has been Treasurer of the village of Fox Lake. Married, on Aug. 30, 1853, Louisa J. Chapel, at East Avon, Livingston Co., N. Y. ; have had three children — William N., born Aug. 9, 1854, and is engaged in studying law; Francis G., born July 11, 1856, and living at home; Carrie L., born June 8, 1861. Mr. Hamilton has a successful practice as attorney and counselor at law. A. J. HAjfOIOND, stock-dealer. Fox Lake; born in Madison Co., N. Y., Feb. 15, 1837; son of Benjamin Hammond, who was from A'^ermont, as was also his father; Benjamin was a soldier in the war of 1812 ; he came to Randolph, Dodge Co., about 1868, and engaged in agricultural pursuits, and came to Pox Lake and died in 1872, at the age of 82 ; Mr. A. J. Hammond was a farmer in New York, and, in 1856, came to Randolph and engaged in agTicultural pursuits; was successful; came to Fox Lake about 1859 and went into the butchering business, and, about 1866, went into the stock business, which he has carried on very successfully ever since, and, through his industry and good management, now has a competency ; ships cattle to Chicago and Milwaukee, and handles stock from Plainfield, Westford and Fox Lake; is one of the largest and most successful dealers in stock in the county. Married, Jan. 1, 185(3, Helen M. Taylor, daughter of N. W. Taylor, an old and respected citizen of Onondaga Co., N. Y.; her father was George N. Taylor, who was of Holland descent, and was extensively engaged in the tannery business in Fayetteville, N. Y., and accumulated wealth ; Mr. Hammond is the father of two children — Ida May, born Oct. 3, 1859, and living at home; Frances Julia, born Dec. ?., 1863, also living in Fox Lake at home. Mr. Hammond belongs to the Odd Fellows' Fraternity ; himself and family are members of the Baptist Church. Mr. Hammond has one of the prettiest residences in Fox Lake, situated not far from the depot. DR. C. B. HA WES, retired. Fox Lake; born in Shoreham, Addison Co., Vt., Feb. 18, 1812 ; son of Ebenezer Hawes, who was from Mas.sachusetts ; he was in the war of 1812, and was at the battle of Plattsburg; he was an officer in the cavalry ; he died about 1813 ; Mr. C. B. Hawes lived with his mother and brother on the old homestead, then with his uncle, Northrup, until about 15 years old, when he went to Castleton, Vt., to school for two terms ; his health failing, he returned to the iusio ; after- ward he) went to Newton Academy; was there about eighteen months, and, at the age of 17, commenced to teach school and board around, which proved too much for his constitution and he had to retire to the seaside, near Boston, for his health ; returned with renewed vigor shortly after and tauglit school about eighteen terms. Married, Jan. 4, 1837, Ruth Hutchinson, daughter of John Hutchinson, of Randolph, Vt., who was one of the oldest and most respected of the early settlers in that country ; after marriage, settled in Potsdam, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., and engaged in agricultural pursuits; was there about twelve years, when he met with an accident, a fall from a building, which crippled him for a long time ; in the spring of 1850, he came to Randolph, Columbia Co., Wis., and settled on 240 acres and engaged in farm- ing ; was there till 1862, when he came to Fox Lake. Dr. Hawes, having for a number of years before this given particular attention to the hydropathic treatment of the sick, upon coming to Fox Lake, had to i FOX LAKE TOWNSHIP. 703 jrive his entire care and woric to his practice, which became very extensive; this practice, which required more solid work than the mere distribution of pills and powders, told upon his health, and he retired and is now livini; in a ]ilcasant home, enjoying the ciimrorts which have come thnniiih his honest industry. He has three children — Alban H., born Jan. 5, 1S88 (is agent of the Washington Life Insurance Co.; mar- ried Esther Tuttlc Sejit. 10, 18(51 ; his children are Edith May and 0. IJ.) ; Marvin, born Jan. lli 1840, died Dec. 4, 18tiO ; Celia, born Aug. 21, 1S41 (married E. J. Lindsay Oct. 25, 1861 ; they have had six children — Arthur II., George W., Frank IL, Walter E., Jessie E. and Edmorfd J.; Mr. Lindsay is very largely engaged iu handling agricultural iniplemehts in Milwaukee). Dr. Hawes' wife died Jlarch 12, 1862; he married Julia A.Hubbard Aug. 25, 1862. Dr. Hawes was one of the old-fashioned Anti- Slavery men. Alban llawes, who represents the Washington Life lus. Co., is one of their most suece.s.sful asents, having, through his energy, built up the Company's business to a large extent throughout the State. CHRISTIAN HRYER, farmer. Sec. 28 ; P. 0. Fox Lake ; born in Norway Nov., 1, 1821 ; son of Hans Heycr, who died many years since; Christian came to Ashburn in 1844 and settled on eighty acres; was one of the earliest settlers there; in 1850, went to California and went into the mines and returned in 1851, and in 1861, enlisted in the 15th W. V. I., and was in all the battles that this fighting regiment engaged in ; was under (xen. llose.'ranz and Gen. Grant ; was at the battles of Missionary Kidge ; Island No. 10 ; was taken prisoner at Stone River, and was in Libby Prison thirty-three days, was then exchanged ; was also in the battles of Perryville, Baton Rouge, and was wounded at Chattanoo"a ; he was promoted to a lieutenancy, Co, B, for his bravery ; only twenty-four men who first enlisted came out of his regiment safe and sound at the close of the war. At the elosj of the war, he returned to Ash- burn, and May IG, 1866, settled on 160 acres in Fox Lake, and now has a fine farm of 528 acres, with a fine residence beautifully shaded, and grounds tastefully laid out with flowers; had only SlOO when he came to this county, and was glad io get salt and potatoes to eat. Manitd, Jan. 13, 1849, E<'edie Gos- mann, daughter of Hans Gosmann, one of the oldest and richest .settlers in this county ; he was a man of sterling worth and ability, and served nine years in the Parliament of his country ; he died in 1857, tieloved and respected ; Mr. Heyer is father of three children — Carl, born Nov. 5, 1850; Matilda, born Oct. 16, 1852 and died in 1872 ; Alfred, born Sept. 16, 1854, and married, Oct. 24, 1877, Anna Gos- mann ; had one child — Ralph, born Nov. 20, 1878. Carl married the Widow Williams, and has one girl — Anna. Mr. Heycr is a Master Mason, an Odd Fellow and a member of the Grange. JOHN HOT€HKISS, Fox Lake; born at Derby, Conn., November, 1830; served three years' apprenticeship at the drug business, in Bridgeport, Coun., and in 1848 learned the printing business at Randolph, Cattaraugus Co., N. Y. Married Miss Carmelia M. Fisher, at Randolph, in 1854; came West and located at Klkhorn, Walworth Co., Wis.; owned a half-interest in and was chief editor of the Klkhorn Iu(Jipnir/<'iif, from 1856 to 1860. In 1861, enlisted and served as non-commissioned officer in the 4th W. V. I., until di.scharged for disability, in 1862. In 1863, was connected with the Sparta E(iaper, at Sparta, Wis.; in 1864, published the Delavan Patriot, one year, at Delavan, Wis.; in January, 1865, enlisted in the 148th Ind. V. I., and served until the close of the war; in September, 1866, came to Fox Lake, Wis., and .started the Rcprescitative, which is now published by himself and son. Has three children — Angle, Karl and Dean ; the family is politically, radical Republican ; religi- ously, Spiritnali.sts. ^JOSEPH Hl'XT, farmer. Sec, 19; P. 0. Fox Lake; born in Lincolnshire, England, Nov. 14, 1827 ; son ol' James Hunt, who was born and broucrht up in Wildsworth, Lincolnshire; he died about 1872 at the age of 73; Joseph came to Wisconsin and Fox Lake in 1851 ; June 16, worked there awhile, and in 1858, went to Blue Earth Co., Minn ; came back same year, and in 1859 bought eighty acres in Sec. 2^; he then worked out for several years, and in 1862 came back to his form, and has been there ever since, and now, through his honest industry has 182 acres under a fine state of cultivation, and has everythiofi; necessary for a first-class farm. Married February, 18l!2, Susan Smith, daughter of Samuel Smith, a well-to-do farmer in Westford, who came to Wisconsin from New York State ; his father was Charles Smith, and hix father was a brave soldier in the Revolutionary war; he settled in New York at a very early date. Mr. Hunt is the fiither of four children — George, born Feb, 25, 1863, and died Dec. 13, 1863; Alva W.. born Oct. 10, 1865, living at home; Frank J., born May 2, 1869; an..ther child died in infancy. Mr. Hunt was the first District School Clerk in this neighborhood, and has been School Director for six years ; he gave his aid and support to the war. ROKFiKT HIJXTKR, merchant, Fox Lake born in Fox Lake, March 4, 1855 ; son of George Hunter, who was from Scotland, near Edinburgh ; he came to Fox Lake at an early day ; was at first eni;aged withD. D. Thomas; then followed agricultural pursuits for awhile, and afterward was interested in buving 704 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: and selliiiEi; wheat; has been several times in California. He married, in 1854, Mary Stevenson, daughter of Andrew Stevenson ; they had four children — Robert, Mary (who is in California with her farher), George, living in Fox Lake, and one child died in infancy; his wife died April 28. 1874. Robert Hunter has a fine farm of IGO acres in the town of Weslford ; he is also extensively engaged in mercantile business in Fox Lake, under the firm name of Williams & Hunter ; they keep one of the largest and most complete general stocks in this part of the county, and do a first-class and satisfactory business, selling the best of goods at the lowest prices ; Mr. D. D. Williams, his partner, was born in Wales, April 9, 1847 ; the family came to Columbia Co. in 1856 ; Mr. Williams is a prosperous business man. REV. W3I. a. ISf 5IAN, Pastor Baptist Church, Fox Lake ; born in Tennessee, near Nashville, Sept. 24, 183(5; son of John Inmau; his fiither, Samuel Inman, wasa native of England, from near London, and was a descendant of Dr. Charles Inman, the celebrated mathematician, and of the same family as the Inman of steamship celebrity ; Mr. John Inman came to North Carolina, and thence to Tennessee, and was in the battle of New Orleans during the war of 1812, as well as in several of the battles with the Indians- at that time; ho died June 29, 1851. Rev. William Gr. Inman united with the Baptist Church and was baptized by Rev. W. D. Baldwin in 1853 ; the same year he entered the College at Murfreesboro, and graduated in 1856 ; he commenced to preach at the age of 18 ; in 1857 and '58, he taught school in Kentucky; was ordained at Hillsboro, Washington Co., Ky., Oct. 17, 1858. March 15, 1859, he married Miss M. B. Haggard, daughter of Ezekiel Haggard ; he was a descendant of Robert McAfee, one of the first Governors of Kentucky ; after marriage, Mr. Inman preached in Uniontown (Ky.) Church, one year; in 1861 and 1862, he was Pastor at Newmarket and Hayesville, Ky. ; in July, 1862, he went to Clarks- ville, Teun , and was Pastor there till 1869, when he was called to the Central Baptist Church, of Nash- ville, and was there six years, and was afterward Pastor in Decatur, 111., three years, and on Dec. 1, 1878, came to Fox Lake; they have one child — Jennie MjAfee," born Aug. 15, 1861, at New Market, Ky. Mr. Inman's mother was a Turpin, of an old and aristocratic family of Virginia, who settled in Prince Edward Co., that State, at a very early date; four brothers of the family were in the Revolutionary war ; Edmund Turpin was cotemporarv with Daniel Boone in Kentucky, living to be 81 years old, and died Jan. 14, 1848. MORGAN JOjVES, farmer, Sec. 15; P. O. Fox Lake; born in Wales March 15,1833; son of Thomas Jones, who was a farmer in the old country ; the family came to Waukesha, Wis., July 4, 1846 ; was there about five weeks, then came to Fox Lake. Thomas Jones took up 80 acres, and built a house; it was destroyed by fire in March, 1847; then bought another 80 acres in Sec. 17, lived there about ten years, then bought the SO acres in Sec. 18, where he was burned out before, and lived there till his death. He married Mary Jones, and had six' children — Jane, Ann, John, and Morgan and Thomas (twins), one died in infancy in Wales. In 1861, the property was divided ; Morgan settled in Sec. 15 on 160 acres, now has about 300, over 260 of which are under fine cultivation, and has all improvements per- taining to a first-class farm ; his residence is beautifully situated on the banks of Fox Lake. Married Mary Jones, daughter of Griffith Jones, Jan. 12, 1860 ; have had five children — Thomas, born Oct. 12, 1860, living at home; Jane, born Aug. 12, 1862, at home; Mary Ann, born Feb. 5, 1865; Griffith Humphrey, born March 17, 18*;7 ; John, born July 24, 1869. Mr. Jones has been Justice of the Peace; was elected during the war, 1864, and has been Assessor four years; ho gave his aid and support to the cause of the Union during the war. Himself and family attend the Welsh Methodist Church. THOMAS T. JONES, farmer. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Fox Lake ; born in South Wales, County Car- digan, town of Pattas, March 15, 1833, sou of Thomas Jones ; the family came to Wisconsin in 1846 ; in July came to Waukesha, and then to Fox Lake in August, same year. Thomas Jones was a respected member of the Welsh Calvinistic Church, and one of the earliest settlers ; he died, after a useful life, March 9, 1866, at the age of 69 : his wife died in 1859, at the age of 64 ; after her death the estate was divided, and Thoma.s settled on 120 acres in Sec. 16, and now has 484 acres, mostly under good cultiva- tion; he pays particular attention to raising stock, and has from fifty to seventy head per year; Mr. Jones is well-to-do through his good management and industry. Married, Nov. 10, 1859, Mary Davis, daughter of Daniel and Margaret Davis ; Mr. Davis was a well-to-do farmer, living in Rosendale, near Oshkosh ; Mr. Jones is the father of ten children — Thomas Albert, born Oct. 27, 1860, he h;»s attended the Fox Lake College; Daniel, born March 15, 1862, he has been a student at same college ; Evan Henry, born Oct. 13, 1863, he attended college two terms; Morgan Howel, born Jan. 11, 1866; John Francis, born Aug. 26, 1867 ; Mary Jane, born May 1, 1869 ; Margaret Ann, born Jan. 13, 1872 ; Timothy, born Sept. 5, 1875 ; William, born June 9, 1877 ; Maria, born Nov. 15, 1878. In 1875, Mr. Jones was chosen Justice of the Peace to fill a vacancy, was elected Justice of the Peace in April, 1877, and now FOX LAKE TOWNSHIP. "05 holds that oflSce ; was also Constable at nno time ; has always beon a staneh Republican. Self and family are members of the Welsh Calvinislic Methodist Cliurch, and is a man of liberal instincts. W. E. KEELEY, lawyer, Fox Like; born Dec. 1, IS53 ; son of M. Keeley, who was born ir. Gal way, Ireland, in LS09, and came to Oswciro, N'. Y., in 1847; worked first at railroadinjr, then at farmin-i five years, and came to Fox fjake April 30, 1853, and settled on eighty acres of land, and now, tlirou^jh his industry and economy, has a fine farm of 120 acres. Married, iu 1853 in New York, Cath- arine Kinney, from the same part of the old country that he was from ; he had seven children — William E., the oldest, commenced his education in a district school at Fox Lake, then tauv;ht school near Waupun two summer terms, then worked at carpenter's trade about three months, then taught school in Lish settle- ment south of Fox Lake ; then went to State University and took a college course, and graduated with honors in the class of 1878; then taught school in Sohaaiburg, and shortly after commenced to study law with Judge p]lwell, of Beaver Dam, and was admitted to the bar in the fall of 1879 ; John, another son, married Orphia Nashold, and living in Columbus, Wis., he taught school several terms; Lawrence S. has attended the State University one year, and taught school in Green Lake Co., and will take a college course; this son has a poetical taste ; Dennis T., Michael and William are the other children living at home. Mr. Keeley is to be much commended that he has seen the advantage of giving his children a thoroutrh and profitable education. J0H:W .UARSHALL., farmer, Sec. 12; P. 0. Fox Lake; born in Glasgow, Scotland, Feb. 20, 1831 ; son of John ^larshall, who was born and brought up in Gla.sgow. Scotland; he started with his family, March 20. 1849, for the United States ; he died when eight days out; the rest of the family went to Granville, Wis., then moved to Ixonia, Jefferson Co., Wis., and in 1852, came to Fox Lake, and settled on 200 acres and engaged in farming; in 1871, built a neat and comfortable residence near the banks of Fox Lake, and has a fine farm under good cultivation. Mirried, July 4, 1859, Helen Lyle, of Scotch descent; have had three children — John, born March 24, 1860, living at home and working the farm ; Charles, died in infancy ; Ellen, also died in infancy. Mr. Marshall gave his aid and support to the great Union cause during the war. CHARLES ME RWIBf, agricultural implements, Fox Lake; born in Litchfield Co., Conn., March 31, 1819 ; son of Herman Merwin, who was born and brought up in New Milford, Conn., and died about 1862, at the age of 79; his father was Abel Merwin ; he was a native of Old Milford, Conn. Charles, grandfather on his mother's side was a Baardsley, a priminent and aristocratic family in Connecticut in old times. Charles left Connecticut in 1848, and went to Trumbull Co., Ohio, on the Reserve; was there till 1854; December 6, one of the coldest days of the season, arrived in Fox Lake; came through by way of Chicago, Jefferson and Watertown, with teams; he remiined on Fox Like till 1856, when he went to Fond du Lac; was there until December, 1859, when he returned to Fox Lake and went into the lumber business, which he carried on successfully five years; carried on farm in Trenton about three years; cami to Fox Like in 1864, and engaged in selling agricultural implements, and is now exteasively engaged in that business ; in 1874, sold sixty-eight reaping michines. Married Cornelia Marsh, of Connecticut ; had one child — Andrew H., who married Lucy G lodnough and is living in Winnebago City, Minn. Mr. M. married his second wife in November, 1853, Laura A. Stevens, dausrhter of Howe Stevens, who was a brave soldier in the war of 1812, and is now living in Warren Co., Ohio, at the good old age of 85 ; children by this union are Charles E., living in Fox Lake, and practicing law and is building up a good practice; Horace Stevens is a law student and is living in Fox Lake. Mr. Merwin has been a Supervi- sor a number of times, and also Ch.airman of the Board ; is a member of the society of Odd Fellows. Andrew H. Merwin was a member of the 29th W. V. L, at the time of the war ; was honorably disch irged on account of sickness. D. iflETCALF, retired. Fox Lake; born in Delaware Co., N. Y., Oct, 21, 1827 ; son of Ira Metcalf, who came from Connecticut at an earlv day ; he was a soldier in the war of 1812 ; he died Aug. 21, 1875, at the a£e of 80. David came to Waupun in October, 1849 ; was there a short time when he moved to Westficid, Marquette Co., and took up a claim of 160 acres; there was not a house within twelve miles ; after a year, he went to Trenton and engaged in farming ; was there two years and came to Pox Fiake in the spring of 1853; then engaged in the grocery business for a year ; then went into the boot and shoe business and afterward was engaged in manufacturing wau'ons ; in 1858, he went to Min- nesota, and, returning in a few months, went to work for the Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad ; commenced on the track, and, through his industry and perse vorjince, was appointed General Roadmaster of that road cast of the Mississippi River, about seven hundred miles of road; in 1870, on account of his health, left the railroad business ; is now in partnership with George Jess, carrying on an extensive and prosper- ous banking business in Waupun. The bank was organized Dec. 6, 1875, and is doing a very successful 706 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: business. Mr. Metcalf married, in March. 1S59, Aurelia G. Gibbs, daughter of B. F. Gibbs, formerly of Delaware Co., N. Y. Mr. Metcalf has been Chairman of the Board of Supervisors ; himself and family are members of the Methodist Church, and he is one of the Trustees of that church ; in 1861, Mr. Met- calf was m lil asent between Milwaukee and La Crosse. ALEXANDER 31. 3IORRISOX, flouring-mill, Fox Lake; bom in Canaan, Essex Co.,Vt., Sept. 17, 1SI9; son of John R. Morrison, who was from Rye, N. H.; was born in 1799, and died in 1866 ; he came to Oak Grove, Wis., in 1S46, and settled on eighty acres, and afterward moved to Burnett, and died there. Alexander started for himself when 22 years old; went to Danversport, Mass.; was there seven or eight years, and came to Oak Grove, Wis. in 1858, was there a year, and went to Trenton, and farmed on sixty-five acres, and afterward acquired 165 acres; came to Fox Lake in 1868; in 1870, went into the fire insurance business, representing the American, of Chicago; purcbiised the power June 1, 1878, and together with Mr. Coman, built one of the finest flouring-mills in the State ; can turn out seventy-five bushels in twenty-four hours ; makes a fine grade of patent flour ; through perseverance, honest industry and frugality, he is in good circumstances. Married, Dec. 31, 1848, Mary J. Elliott, who was from Salem, Mass.; have had five children — Georgiana. died when 7 years old; John H., died when 4 years old; Walter E. is living in Fox Luke, and is engaged in the mill, another child died in infancy, George Albert is living at home. Mr. Morrison and family are members of Baptist Church, at Fox Like ; Mr. Morrison gave his will and support to the Union at the time of the war. R. li. PARKER, druggist. Fox Lake; born in Cortland Co., N. Y.. June 30, 1848; son of William K., who was from Saratoga Co., N. Y.; his father was also from New York State ; William K. was in business nearly twenty years in Cortland Village, as carriage and wagon manufacturer; came to Fox Lake, April, 1856, and was extensively engaged in the same business here. He married, Oct. 22, 1838, Harriet Grant, daughter of James Grant, of Norfolk, Litchfield Co., Conn., who was of Scotch descent; had four children — Joseph K. was a member of Berdan's Sharpshooters, during the war ; was one of the scouts who first discovered the enemy's evacuation of Yorktown, and was in many hard-fought engage- ments; was killed while bravely fighting for his country, at Charles City Cross Roads, June 30, 1862; Camelia, a daughter, died Jan. 11, 1858, when 16 years old; James G. continoed the carriage business after his father retired ; he met with a sad death Sept. 25, 1872 ; he with two others were sailing on the lake, a rainstorm coming up about dark the boat was capsized ; Parker was the only swimmer, he bravely struck out tor the point where soonest assistance could be got ; he had a hard time buffeting thj waves that night ; he managed to get ashore after terrible exertions and crawled to near a house and called with what little strength he had for help ; the door was opened, an answer came through the howling tempest, but that was all, no help came ; he fell asleep there and never waked up; the others perished also; he could have saved his own life by swimming to a nearer shore, but he wanted help for the others. R. L. Parker, the only remaining child, married Josephene Woodruff, daughter of Dr. J. B. Woodruff, a prom- inent physician of Fox Lake; he had two children — Hattie, born March 31, 1873; Josephene, born Aug, 1, 1878. Mr. Parker is now carrying on the drug business, established by his father in 1870; through his good management has built up a very successful trade, and has a large and complete assortment of everything pertaining to a first-class drug store. Mr. Parker is Master of the Lodge of Masons, at Fox Lake, and has been four years ; is also a member of the Odd Fellows' Fraternity ; he enlisted in Co. D, 46th W. V L, at time of war, served his time faithfully', and was honorably discharged. Mr. William K. Parker died in FeVruarv, 1878. JAMES PEXDELL, farmer. Sec. 31; P. 0. Randolph; born in Delaware Co., N, Y,, May 9, 1822 ; son of Klisha Pendell, who was a native of New York ; his father was a brave soldier in the Revolutionary war ; he was a Collector for the Government, and had several narrow escapes from being ambushed by the Indians; Elisha Pendell died in Fox Lake, Feb, 7, 1869, at the age of 82; the family came to Green Lake Co.. Wis., in 1846, and settled on 40 acres ; came to Fox Lake in 186S, and now has 250 acres under good cultivation ; started work with nothing, but through his industry, good management and frugality, has one of the finest of farms, and has all the improvements pertaining to a first-class farm. Married, Jan. 13, 1846, Mary A. Sage, daughter of Daniel Sage, of New York ; her grandfather was in the Revolutionary war; have had six children — Melissa, born Oct. 27, 1846, married L. G, Woodworth, and living in Berlin, Wis., they have three children — Sylvester, Mabel and Alice ; Sally, born Nov, 20, 1848, and died March 6, 1850; Annette, bnrn Nov. 20, 1851, died April 8, 1855; Alonzo H., born Oct, 7, 1853, married Emma Suffron; Sylvester, born Feb. 14, 1859, died July 3, 1862; EUery, born July 16, 1861, and living at home. Mr, Pendell was Collector, Treasurer and Supervisor of Manchester, and gave his aid and support to the war. Self and family are members of the Methodist Church. THOMAS R. ROBERTS, farmer, Sec. 10; P. 0. Fox Lake; born in North Wales Feb- ruary, 1S26 ; his father died in Wales when he was 6 years old; he lived to the good o'd age of 81 ; \ FOX LAKE TOWNSHIP. 707 Thoma.s R. came to Racine in Au<;ust, 18-44:, and went to Dodge Co. prospectinj;, and settled in Fox Lake the same year, one of the first Welshmen to settle in the county, and pre-empted 120 acres ; have now in the family 4(10 acres, mostly under good cultivation ; when he first came he lived in a small shanty, and was often visited by roaming bands of Indians ; the wolves used to keep them awake nights, and deer were often seen ; went about on sleds drawn by oxen. Married, February, 1877, the Widow Jones, whose first husband was Owen J. Jones; he died June, 1874; he was a well-to-do farmer in Fo.x Lake; her fatlicr-in- law, John Jones, is living in Fox Lake, at the age of S3, and came to this country with a wife and sixteen children. Mr. Thomas R. Roberts went to California in 1852, acro.ss the Plains with ox team, and was there nine years, mining most of the time ; Mr. Roberts has, through his industry, acquired plenty of this world's iioods. Self and wife are members of the Welsh Calvinistio Methodist Church. LYJIAM X. ROOT, retired farmer. Fox Lake Village ; born in Portage, Allegany Co., N. Y., Sept 10, 1827 ; son of Israel Root, who was born and brought up in Rensselaer Co., N. Y.; his father was also Israel Root, and was of old Connecticut stock, and a soldier in the Revolutionary war ; Israel Root, Jr., and family came to Milwaukee, May, 1842, soon after went to Waukesha Co., and in August, 1842, moved to town of Beaver Dam and settled on 160 acres ; Lj-man built the log house, which had two rooms — one more than usual ; in those times Indians were numerous — Lyman, becoming lost one night, camped out with them, returning in the morning; nearest market, Milwaukee; there were but seven families in Beaver Dam, all living in shanties ; Israel Root bought his land for ten shillings per acre, and after living there fifteen years, sold out for S50 per acre, and moved to Reedsburg, and lived there till he died at the age of 79. Lyman married, February 5, 1845, Lydia Hyde, of Allegany Co., N. Y. : .had five children — Charles M. is in Minnesota; Jeddu B., living in Iowa; Emma J , living in Minnesota ; Julius M. and Julia M. (twins); Julius, in Cincinnati, Ohio, and Julia, living in Minnesota; wife died Sept. 19, 1855 ; married. Dec. 23, 1855, Jane Read, of Beaver Dam ; two children by second wife — Justin D. and P]lbert D. iMr. Root moved to Fox Lake in 18(57, and settled on 150 acres, which he now owns. Has held all the different offices in the School Board, and was Justice of the Peace in Beaver Dam. Mr. Root was an old and well-known music teacher in old times ; taught in all the principal towns and villages in this part of the State ; ho is a member of the Temple of Honor and Good Templars, and the family are members of the Baptist Church. J. T. SMITH, Postmaster, Fox Lake, Vice President First National Bank, hardware dealer; born in Aberdeenshire, Scotland, in 1823; son of Alexander Smith, who came to New York in 1835, and then moved to Oakland Co., Mich., near Detroit. Mr. J. T. Smith at an early age commenced the study of medicine, and graduated at the Cleveland Medical College, Ohio; then removed to Livingston Co., 111., and carried on an extensive practice till 1851, when he went to California, and returned in 1854, and came to Fox Lake, and practiced thera three years, and, in the spring of 1857, went into the mercantile business, and, throu;;h his integrity and good management, has established a good business, and has a competency. Married Henrietta Carbart, daughter of J. W. Carbart; had two children — Regina and Nettie, who are b(jth living in Fox Lake. His wife died in 18()9. Married Cassie Purdy, daughter of Edward Purdy. an old settler of this county; have had one child, Maud, who is living at home. Mr. Smith has been Chairman of Board of Supervisors four terms, and is Postmaster, and has been for four years; he is also Vice President of the First National Bank of Fox Lake, and has been for a number of years. William E. Smith, his brother, was elected to the Legislature, from Pox Lake, in 1850, and Senator two terms; was twice State Treasurer, and was afterward elected to the Assembly, and was chosen Speaker of the House; afterward, went to Milwaukee, and was engaged in the wholesale grocery business, under the firm name of Smith, Roundy & Co.; was afterward elected Governor of the State of Wisconsin, and has just received the nomination of the Republican party for the second time. M. STAPliKTOX, merchant, Fox Lake; born in Ireland Nov. 1, 1824; came to New York in May, 1847; and, in June (i, same year, came to Watertown, Wis.; worked at his trade there; came to Fox Lake in 1850; went to California in 1852; was there two years, in the mines most of the time ; returned to Fox Lake in 1854. and has been here ever since; started in the general store business in 18()0, and, through his industry, good management and frugality, has become a successful merchant, and has accumulated wealth. Married, June 6, 1851, Catherine Johnsin, diughter of Jaiuos Johnson, of Watertown, Wis.; has had twelve children — Theresa, born Jan. 4, 1852 ( m irried Jerome B. Williams); Edward, born Nov. 1, 1854, at home; Ellen, born July 2, 185G (now in California); Louis, born Feb. 19,1858; Clara E., born Dec. 2, 1859, died Sept. 19, 1860; Alfred Martin, born Aug. 22, 1361, died Feb. 18, 1862; Mary, born Dec. 14, 1862; Harriet Ann, born Sept, 3, 1864; Belle, born Sept. 14, 1866; Katie, born Nov. 8, 18t>8; William James, born Doc. 15, 1870, died June 5, 1871; Irene Frances, born Nov. 18, 1873. Mr. Stapletoh has one of the finest residences in the county. He has 708 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: been Supervisor and Chairman of County Board, and is now President of the Village Board. Hi; is eminently a self-made man. D. I>. THOMAS, attorney at law and capitalist, Fox Lake; born in Wales March 20, 1821 ; son of D.iniel Thortias, who was a ftirmer in that country, and came to Palmyra, Portage Co., Ohio, in 1832, and cnt^arred in farming; he died in February, 1872, at the age of 83; he married Mary Jones; she died in Ohio, in 1845. David, Jr., came to Palmyra in 1842; was on the farm about two years; in 1844, was in the mercantile business, and until 18.51, when ho moved to Fox Lake, Wis., and, from IS.'il to 1854 was reading law and loaning money; in 1854, went into the mercantile business, which he carried on successfully till 1861 ; then engaged in law business and general speculation; he has been successful in his business operations, and now owns one of the finest residences in the county, situated in Pox Lake. He has not a.spired to office, but has been active in his support of the Republican party; has been con- nected with the School Board twelve years. Married, Deo. 3, 1848, in Palmyra, N. Y., Ellen Evans, daughter of David M. and Frances Evans, respected citizens of Parisville, Portage Co., Ohio; have five children — B. F., born Oct. 14, 1850 (has been a teacher in Carleton College at Northfield, Minn., three years; now at home); Martin L., born May 5, 1852 (has been teaching in Hartford, Wis.); Ida M., born Oct. 2, 1858, living at home; Fred W., born Aug. 13, 1860, at home; Grant, born Nov. 22, 1862, at home. Family are members of the Congregational Church. D. a. THOMAS, farmer and cattle-dealer. Sec. 9 ; P. 0. Fox Lake ; born in North Wales, June 9, 1834, son of Griffith Thomas ; he died in 1837 ; the family came to Wisconsin in June, 1845, to Racine Co. ; his mother died two years after, in November, 1847 ; they had four children — Catherine, married Evan Lewis, of Racine, and died fourteen months after ; Jane, married Evan W. Jones, who died in 1859 in Canada; she died in February, 1862, leaving three children — George W., Frank P. and Howell P]. ; Mr. Thomas took charge of these children and settled the estate ; George is married and is at Clintonville ; Frank P. married Lucy Shaw, daughter of the banker of that name at Manitowoc; Howell E. is living at Minnesota City, Minn. , and is telegraph operator. David Thomas, when he first came to Racine, was " bound out " to Abraham Gordon till he should be 21 years old, but left him when 15 years old, by mutual consent, and went to Alton, 111., and worked in a coal mine ; was there three years and came back to Racine and learned the carpenter trade ; afterward worked at this trade in Racine, Chicago. Fox Lake and Watertown ; about 1855, he came to Fox Lake and worked at the same business about two years, and rented a small farm; in 1859, he bought 200 acres, and now has 420 acres, and one of the finest residences in the town ; has all the modern improvements ; only had $1.50 and a kit of carpenter's tools when ho came to Fox Lake; now has a competence; Mr. Thomas is eminently a self-made man. Married, June 9, 1856, Martha Morris, daughter of Henry Morris, one of the earliest settlers in the county ; have had five children — Henry, born Oct. 4, 1858, at home (has attended Fox Lake Seminary) ; Griffith, born Oct. 23, 1859 (has attended college at Fox Lake and at Ripon) ; Ellen, Mary and Jane are the other children. Mr. Thomas pays particular attention to buying and selling cattle. G. li. THOMAS, farmer. Sec. 31; P. 0. Randolph; born in Oneida Co., N. Y., May 29, 1847 ; son of James Thomas, who was born in Montgomeryshire, North Wales, in May, 1810, and came to Oneida Co., N. Y., in 1840, and to Columbia Co. in 1849. Married Elizabeth Lloyd in 1839 ; she was the daughter of Griffith and Margaret Lloyd, who carried on farming in Wales, on the Sir William Winn estate. James Thomas has been the father of ten children — John (died in infancy), John J. (is in Leadville, Colo.), Maggie (is in Courtland), G. L. (is in Fox Lake), Elizabeth (is in Courtland), Rich- ard (is a farmer in Fox Lake), Jennie (is living at home), Willie, Mary J. and Benjamin (died when youns. Mr. James Thomas and family are members in good standing of the Congregational Church ; he is a Democrat and one of the leading spirits; he has a fine farm of some three hundred and fifty acres and all necessary improvements ; all this has been attained through his sterling industry and frugality. His son, Mr. G. L. Thomas, has a fine farm under good cultivation, and is a young man of good habits and a good manager. Richard, another son, owns a fine farm in Fox Lake of 120 acres ; is a man of musical tastes and has been active in the church choir for some years. DR. AlWOREW H. B. WADSWORTH, physician. Fox Lake; born in Ireland in 1842 ; son of EJwanl A. Wadsworth, who was a graduate of Trinity College, Dublin, and was a minis- ter of the Church of England; he died about 1819, at near the age Vf 413 years; the family moved to Toronto, Can., about 1850; Andrew attended the Toronto Grammar School and Toronto University, where he graduated in 1868; he was afterward appointed Clerk of the Process Office, connected with the Queen's Bench ; in 1869, he came to Fox Lake and has been here ever since ; Dr. Wadsworth at an early day displ.iyed a taste for the study of medicine and eagerly improved all opportunities ofi'ered to acr[uire skill in this profession ; he mjw has an extensive and growing practice.- Married, in 1873, Jennie Niium >, FOX LAKE TOWNSHIP. 709 who was born in Scotland, near Edinburgh ; have had four children — Alexander N., Helen, Minnie and Fannie. Eliza Denniston, an aunt, came to Fox Lake about 1850; she was the wife of Hans P. Dennis- ton, who was the son of Col. Denniston, who was in the war of 1812 and was an Irish patriot in 1798 (Emmet's time); Mrs. Denniston's sons, Gsorice and John, enlisted in Berdan's Sharpshooters in the late war; George died in Lincoln Hospital; John was killed in the battle of the Wilderness in 1863; Breakly, another .son, was a soldier and was wounded in the right arm ; he came home and died from the eflFects of exposure while in the service. JOHIV WEED,- capitalist, Fox Lake; born in Saratoga, Co., N. Y., Sept. 18, 1818, son of Alexander Weed, who was the son of John Weed ; Alexander was born in Grafton Co., N. H., he was a well-to-do farmer. He married Esther Smith, daughter of Samuel Smith, who was from Connecticut (Norwalk) ; there were nine children by this union — Anson is in New York State on the old homestead ; George is in Winnebago Co., Wis.; Ann Eliza is living in Saratoga Co., N. Y.; Smith Weed died in 1874 ; Rachael is living on the old homestead ; Fanny is living at Ticonderoga, N. Y.; Harriot is living in New York State ; James L. is living on the old homestead ; John L., the subject of this sketch, is the other one. .Alexander died in 1858, at the age of 84 ; he held numerous offices, and was a prominent citizen in his part of the country ; his wife died about 1860, at the age of 78. John Weed, the father of Alexander, was a soldier in the Revolutionary war, and was at the battle of Bennington and .several other engagements under Gen. Stark. The present John Weed went to Ticonderoga 'n the spring of 1845, and was in a store there six years, then returned home and remained there two years, and came to Trenton, Dodge Co., Wis., in 1854, and remained there twelve years, owning several large fiirms and buying and selling prop- erty ; moved iuto Fox Lake in 1866, and has been there ever since ; engaged as a capitalist ; is one of the Directors of the First National Bank of Fox Lake ; Mr. Weed was Treasurer of the town of Trenton when ho lived there. He is a member of the Episcopal Church. D. C. WILIilAMS, farmer; Sees. 28, 29, 32 and 33: P. O. Fox Lake; born in Oneida Co., N. Y., Aug. 12, 1825, son of Jes.sie Williams, who was born and brought up in Rome, Oneida Co., N. Y.; his father w:is David Williams, who was from the New England States ; he served as a brave soldier in the Revolutionary army seven years; he died about 1837'at the age of 86 years; he was extensively engaged in farming and dairy business, and built the first cheese-factory in the town of Rome, N. Y. Jessie Williams died in Rome, December, 1864, at the age of 66. Mr. DeWitt C. Williams came to Fox Lake and settled on 240 acres in 1853 ; he now has one of the finest farms in the State, owning 740 acres under good cultivation, and has all improvements pertaining to a first-class flirm ; has the largest and finesf. barns in this section of the country — one is 168x420 feet, and a fine new one 48x56; pays particular attention to handling stock, and ships from 150 to 200 head of cattle during the sea-son ; this farm is under good management, as is easily observed by a visit to the premises. Mr. Williams married in Janu- ary, 1854. the Widow Pier, daughter of Hiram Edgerton, of Fond du Lac, a sueces-ful farmer and old settler, who came to Wisconsin from Rome, N. Y. He married Lucinda Felton, and both are honored members of the Methodist Church. JAMES .4. WILLI.4.1IS, retired; Pox Lake ; born in East Haven, Conn., May 25, 1811; son of Jas. Williams, who was born in New Haven, and died in 1871, at about the age of 87. Jas. A. worked at one time for Noah Webster, and also for President Woolsey, of Yale College; in 1841, he went to Burnett, Dodge Co., Wis., and settled on 160 acres, purchased of the Government, which is now a part of the great Spring Brook farm ; in 1861, he moved to Westford, and in 1870, moved to Beaver Dam, and ran a flouring-mill two years; and in 1873 moved to Fox Lake ; through his industry and good management has a competency, and owns a fine residence. Married Polly Turney, of Bridgeport, Conn.; have had seven children — Emily, married A.Cook (she is dead); Mary, married August Mil- brad, and lives in Minnesota; Susan, married Austin A. Wilson, and died in Los Angeles, Cal., in January, 1877; (two of her children, Virgil and Louis Wil.son, are living with Mr. Williams in Fox Lake) ; Chas. H., married Mary Wallace, daughter of Dr. Wallace, and is living in Fox Lake Township (he was elected to the State Senate, and served two years) ; Jas. W., married Ada Webster, and is living in Miirshall, Lyon Co., Minn, (he -was County Treasurer four years, and was a member of the Legislature in 1877, and is .-ow Clerk of the Court); Artie, married Elizibeth Jess, and is living in Fox Lake (he is Deputy Sheriff of Dodge Co.); Harriet, died in 1870, at the age of 22. Mr. Williams was Supervisor in the town of Burnett several years, and County Treasurer of Dodge Co., two years, and Supervisor in town of Westford, and Chairman of the Board of Schools, and has been Trustee of Fox Lake. T. L. WILLI.4.MS, retired ; Fox Lake, Dodge Co. ; born in East Haven April 15, 1813; son of James Williams, of Connecticut, who wa.s born Dec. 15, 178i. He married Lukey Forbes ; she was the daughter of Levi Forbes, of Scotch descent, an old sea captain, who was taken prisoner during 710 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: the Revolutionary war, by the English ; Jas. W. died Aug. 7, 1872, in Fox Lake. In 1834, T. L. commenced working at the carpenter's trade in New Haven, Conn. ; went to Mobile, Ala, in 1838 ; was with Baldwin & Co., and was overseer in the lumber-mills of Origue Sibley, who was a man of eminence in that State, and gave all his means to support the Southern Confederacy; in 1842, came to Wisconsin, and located in Burnett, on what is now the Spring Brook farm; in 1344, went to Albany, and in 1S48, returned to the old farm in Burnett ; in 1854, returned to Westford and settled on 200 acres, and was for a time in Beaver Dam in flouring-mill business; came to Fox Lake in 1873, and through his untiring industry and good management won a competency. Married, in 1844, Olive H. French, of Vermont; had four children — ^Olive V., born Aug. 30, 184.5, and living in Iowa; Timothy F., born May 4, 1848, living in Iowa; Origue Sibley, born Nov. 23, 1849, living in Iowa; Elisha D., born Aug. 30, 1852, living in Minnesota. Mr. Williams' wife died Nov. 3, 1854. He married again, Aug. 1, 1855, Louisa Brown, of Wisconsin ; their children are Emily L., died in infancy ; Jojephus, born Aug. 26, 1860, is in Minnesota. Second wife died Mareh 25, 1871. He again married, Jan. 3, 1872, Louisa M. Kane, of Wes'ford ; their children arc Ralph B., born, July 26, 1S73 ; Lydia Ella, born March 25, 1878. PROF. ALBERT O. WRIGHT, Principal Fox Lake Seminary and Wisconsin Female College ; born in Rome, N. Y., in June, 1842 ; son of Albert D. Wright, who was originally from Greene Co., N. Y. ; his uncle, Albert, was a Colonel in the Revolutionary war; hi.s father, Albert D., died in Per- rysburg, Ohio, in 1853. Albert 0. Wright was educated at Beloit College, Wis.; graduated there in 1864 ; he worked his way through this college by his own honest industry, he received little pecuniary aid. After graduating, enlisted in the 40lh W. V. I., and went to Memphis ; went with Capt. Cheney with 150 men on an expedition to the neighborhood of Helena, narrowly escaped capture by the rebels. After the war, went to Union Theological Seminary, New York, and studied for the ministry, graduated in 1867, and went to New Lisbon, Wis., and assume! the duties of a Pastor; was County Superintendent of Edu- cation in Juneau Co. two years ; published a book about that time on State Constitution, which is gener- ally used in the schools, and has reached its seventh edition. He married, in February, 1874, Mrs. S. D. Carpenter, formerly from Westfield, N. Y., and daughter of Milo McWhorter, of New Lisbon, family of Scotch descent ; by her first husband had three children — Charles, Chauncey and Mary ; children by present union are Albert, born Dec. 27, 1875 ; Robert L., born Aug. 31, 1877. Mr. Wright came to Fox Lake in 1875, became Principal of the Wisconsin 'Female College, which responsible position he has filled ever since; he was appointed member of the Board of Regents of Normal Schools of Wiscon- sin, and is also an oflBcer of the Wisconsin Academy of sciences, arts and letters, and member of the State Historical Society. Mr. Wright occupies a good share of his time in literary work, and has now several works nearly ready lor the publishers. TRENTON TOWNSHIP. B. J. BOOMER, farmer, Sec. 2 ; P. 0. Beaver Dam ; born in Genesee Co., N. Y. (now what is called Wyoming Co.), March 21, 1821; son of Jabed Boomer, who came from Jefferson Co., N. Y., and his father came from Rhode Island, and settled in New York at a very early day. Jabed moved into Seneca Co., Ohio, about 1833, and died there in 1868, at the good old age of 84 years. He was a Baptist preacher ; he was near Buifaln when it burned ; a brother of his was in the Revolutionary war ; his son, Mr. E. J. Boomer, moved to Wisconsin in the fall of 1843, and located in Trenton in the spring of 1844; settled on 120 acres bought of the Government ; Indians were numerous, used to camp forty or fifty at a time on his fiirpi, thought they had as much right there as he had ; nearest neighbor was Israel Boot, near Beaver Dam ; built a log house and used blankets for partitions and doors ; Mr. Boomer, through his industry and good management, now has a fine farm of 460 acres under the best of cultivation. Married Jane WoodrulJF June 29, 1848, daughter of Seth Woodruff, who came to Wisconsin from New York in 1844; have had eight children — Sarah A., born July 27, 1849, she is now the widow of A. L. Marsh, who died Dec. 18, 1878, in Rock Co., Jlinn. (he was born in Vermont; they had two children — ^Edward L., born Aug. 26, 1873 ; Arthur, born May 10, 1875) ; Charles Edward, born Aug. 5, 1851, and died in infancy; Aminda E., born Jan. 4. 1854, married W. T. Slight and living in Watertown ; Elbert J., born June 24, 1856, living; Maryette, born Sept. 23, 1860, living at home; Herbert, born Jan. 29, 1862; Frank, born Oct. 26, 1868; Flora, born Oct. 18, 1872. Mr. Boomer is a liberal and public- spirited man, and gives support and encouragement to the churches and institutions of learning ; has been connected with the School Board many years. TRENTON TOWNSHIP. 711 WILTilAM BONXEB, farmer, Sec. 14 ; P.O. Baaver D.im ; born in North of Ireland, County Donegiil. near L indonden-y, Jan. 17, 1822 ; son of Andrew Bonner, whose fatlier was William Bonner; for four generations the Bonners were born, lived and died in Banner Town, near Londonderry ; Andrew died about 1.S47, at about the age of 5G. He married Mary A. Allen ( her mother was a Russell), who died about lcSl!7, at the age of 7.T years; their children were Margaret. William, Robert, David and Mary; William and Robert came t Democrats and Catholics; John Fisher is now holding the office of Supervisor. ROKERT <;iiOVER, former. See. 18; P. O. Lowell ; born in Claverick, Columbia Co., N. Y.. July 30, 1833; son of Nathan and Maria Glover; he was educated in the old Claverick Academy, and came to Clyman with his parents, in November, 1854: in the foil of 1858, he went into business in 720 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Whitewater, Wis., where he married Miss Emma V. Fuller in September, 1861. In August, 18(j], he enlisted as 2d Lieutenant of Co. H, 13th W. V. I.; this regiment saw service in most of the Southwestern States, doing guard duty; from November, 1862, to April, 1864, Mr. Glover, having been promoted to First Lieutenant, was in charge of the recruiting station at Madison, Wis.; rejoining his regiment, Lieut. Glover served until his term of service expired, Nov. 20, 1864. He then settled on the old hometead in Clyman, where his wife died Oct. 28, 1869, leaving two sons — R. Pierce and Fred D. On the 20th of March, 1873, he married Mrs. Mary J. Bunnell, daughter of Andrew and Elizabeth Miller. Mrs. Glover was born in S. Durham, Greene Co., N. Y., and came with her parents to Clyman in 1845, marrying A. J. Bunnell Sept. 27, 1852, who died May 1, 1855, leaving one son — James A. Mr. Glover still owns the homestead of 120 acres, and also 120 acres in Wilkinson Co., Minn., which will be his residence in the future. He is a stanch Republican, and was Town Superintendent of Schools in old times. Is a member of the Lowell Lodge, A., F. & A. M. GlISTAVrS HEIVKE, farmer. Sees. 22, 28, 15 and 2 ; P. 0. Clyman ; born in Prussia in 1836; came to America in 1851, and settled in Clyman ; worked five or six years as a farm hand, then settled on eighty acres of his present farm ; he did good work in ditching, breaking and fencing, owning a machine ; he has completely ditched his large farm, and also others. He now owns 440 acres, with good buildings, a good twenty-eight years' record for a man who came to the State penniless. Married Miss Augu.sta Li.-ike, who died in October, 1875, leaving seven children — Emma, Ellen, Matilda, Augusta, Mary, Louisa and Martha. On the 31st of October, 1876, he married Mrs. Ann Morehouse, who was born in England in 1837, and came to America in 1857, as the wife of Thomas Morehouse ; at his death, March 15, 1872, he left his wife thirty acres on Section 28, town of Clyman. Mr. Henke is Independent in politics, and a Lutheran in religion ; has been Treasurer and Supervisor ; is a carpenter, and was in the United States Service six months in 1864 and 1865. Mrs. Henke belongs to the Church of England. JOHN HENXESSY, farmer. Sees. 21 and 22; P. 0. Clyman; born in County Clare, Ire- land, June 20, 1828; came to America Aug. 2, 1849; worked at the currier's and tanner's trade in Connecticut three years and in Ohio thirty months ; .spent a short time in Washington Co., Wis., then went to C:ilifornia ; was in Marysvillc, Eureka, Shasta, Sonora and other towns, and served as a volunteer in the Royal River Indian war ; went to California a poor man, and returned with money enough to buy his faim of 157 acres, which he did in July, 1855, after a four-years stay in California ; he then made a trip East, and married Miss Catherine Murphy, of Mount Benedict, Mass., June 7, 1855, who died Aug. 8, 1871, leaving eight children — Edward J., John F., Thomas, x'^nnie, Dennis J., Henry, Mary E. and Katie E. ; Edward J. is in Berwick, Cal. ; John F. is in Lodi, Cal. ; Thomas and Annie reside in Chi- cago ; Katie is with relatives in Holyokc, and the others are on the homestead. Mr. Hennessy is Inde- pendent in politics and a member of the Catholic Church. Was Justice of the Peace and Assessor many years, declining renomination, and was United States Enrolling Officer in war times. ROBERT IRVING, teacher; P. 0. Clyman; was born in Rensselaer Co., N. Y., in 1840 ; his parents, Thomas and Mary Irving, emigrated to Wisconsin in 1847, and settled near Clyman, Dodge Co. ; that section was then comparatively new, and Robert's youth was spent amidst the hardships of pioneer life; both his parents died in 1873: he was educated at Wayland University, Beaver Dam, and evinced at an early age a decided aptness for instructing pupils and managing schools ; he has, at present writing, taught school for a period of over nineteen years, and his influence in leading young people to the higher duties and labors of life has been very marked and salutary ; he is in full sympathy with all movements which indicate progress, and he inspires in those under his influence a deep enthusi- asm in any work that improves the mind ; his profound interest in educational problems and methods of work will doubtless enlist his chief attention in future years as it has for over seventeen years of the past. He has never been ambitious for office, but he has been frequently selected to fill positions of trust in Clyman. He owns 120 acres of land on Sections 8 and 9 in Emmet Township. JOHIV M. JONES, flirmer, Sec. 17; P. 0. Oak Grove; born in North Wales Dec. 21, 1821 ; came to America in 1832 with his parents; lived in Oneida Co., N. Y., until 1846, then spent three years in Plymouth Co., Mass. Returning to Oneida Co., he lived there until 1853, then settled in Clyman ; worked six years as a laborer, then bought his farm of eighty acres. His wife died Jan. 26, 1879, leaving him one daughter, Ella. Mrs. Jones was a native of Oneida Co., N. Y., and came to Wisconsin in 1849, as the wife of David Naracong, who was killed in the Union service in 1864, and left three children — Elizabeth (deceased ), Mary F. and Charles W. Mr. Jones supports men and principles in politics, and belongs to Oak tirove Lodge, No. 7, I. O. O. F. HENRY LINDEllIER, fiirnier, Sees. 11 and 2; P. O. Juneau; born in Saxe- Weimar May 10, 1838; received his early education in his native land; in 1853, he came with his parents to America, CLYMAN TOWNSHIP. 721 and settled in Clyman, where he attended distriot school a few months, his father dying soon after. In April, 185.S, he married Miss Emily Wilke, who was born in Saxony Aug. 4, 184U, and who came with her parents to America and to Clyman in 1848. The young couple settled on their present farm of 100 acres in 1859; Mr. Lindemer bought this in a state of nature the day after the wedding, and at once b'jsran clearing and improving; built a log house, and lived pioneer fashion, the vicinity being then called "The Wild Eighties." As a result of twenty years of labor and good management, Mr. Lindemer has this well improved, a large basement-barn and modern farmhouse. Mr. and Mrs. Lindemsr have eight children — Jane, Charles, Emma, Albert, Lydia, Amelia, Augusta P. and M. Ilosa. Mr. Lindemer is a stanch Republican; has been Justice of the Peace and Supervisor; is now Assessor, and was the Repub- lican candidate for Assemblyman in his district in 1879, which usually gives a Democratic majority of 1,500. The family are members of the Evangelical Association, of which Mr. Lindemer is a Trustee and exhortcr. JERE:VIIAH ma honey, farmer, Sec. 4; P. 0. Oak Grove; born in County Cork, Ire- land, Nov. 25, 1833; is the oldest son of Timothy Mahoney, who came to America in 1842, his family coming in 1846, and locating in Chioopee, Mass.; here he worked as a gardener, removing to Clyman, Dodge Co., in the fall of 1854, with a wife and five children; bought wild land on Sees. 4 and 5; built a small house and began the pioneer work of clearing, breaking and fencing. His oldest son, the subject of this sketch, was partly educated in Ireland, afterward attending the High School at Chieopee. He married Miss Catherine E., daughter of Timothy and Margaret Driscoll, of Clyman, July 23, 1859; they have five children — -Timothy, David, Anthony, Jeremiah, Anthony and Mary E. Mr. xMahoney sjttled on 80 acres of his present farm of 138 in 1859; of this, only 30 were improved, on which was a poor frame; he has reclaimed the entire farm, erected a good house and made other substantial improve- ments. Mr. Mahont^y is a stanch Democrat; has been Supervisor three years, Town Clerk four years and Chairman two vears. Himself and family belong to the Holy Assumption Catholic Church. RUDOLPH MENGEL, farmer, Sees. 16 and 17 ; P. 0. Clyman ; born in Clyman, Dodge Co., Wis., Nov. 17, 1848; son of John and Elizabeth Mengel, who settled in Clyman in May, 1843, thus being among the very first to locate there ; Mr. M. built a small shanty, which burned in February, 1845, with most of his household goods — a hard blow, as he began with almost nothing; his wife died in 1850, leaving two children — Elizabeth and Rudolph. In 1851, he married Miss Margaret Schaller, who came from Connecticut to Clyman in 1849 ; two daughters were born to them — Paulina and Katie L. ; Mr. Mengel died Oct. 21, 1871, leaving a well-improved farm of 158 acres and a large farmhouse, which replaced the log house of early days in 18G1 ; his only son, Rudolph, has spent his life and been educated in Dodge Co. Married Miss Julia Creydt, of Lebanon, April 20, 1875; they have one daughter, Clara. Mr. Mengel is Independent in politics, and has been Supervisor and Treasurer ; has full-blooded and grade Cot,swold sheep Cloud horses and other stock. PETER NEIS, farmer, Sees. 20 and 29 ; P. 0. Clyman; born in Rhenish Prussia Nov. 30, 1833; came to Amsrica with his parents in 1846; they spent the first winter in Watertown, locating the next spring on Government land in the Clyman openings, whore they did pioneer work in clearing and improving; Peter Neis worked many years as a laborer and thrasher to get a start. Married Miss Mary Wenker Nov. 7, 1855, who was born in Alsace, and came to Ainerica and Dodge Co. in 1854 ; they have eight children — Frank, Peter, Mary, Ellen, August, Philomena, Willis and Longanus ; Mary is the wife of John Oatmao, of Milwaukee. Mr. Neis settled on his farm of 251 acres in 1865 ; began with 140 acres pirtly cleared, with poor buildings, and now has the farm well improved and a large brick house, built in 1876. Mr. Neis is Independent in politics, and, with his family, a member of the St. Isadore Catholic Church. EI>W.4.RI> O'KEEPE, merchant and saloon-keeper, Clyman Station; born in Northampton, Mass., Aug. 11, 1844; in 1846, his parents removed to Clyman, and settled on Government land ; this was at the time a wilderness ; he attended district school, and grew to manhood on the old homestead. Enlisting in November, 1863, in the 34th W. V. I., he did guard duty in Kentucky, afterward joining Sherman at Atlanta ; he drove mule teams through Georgia and the Carolinas, serving till the close of the war. Nov. 17, 1874, he married Miss Margaret Connolly, of Springfield. Mass.; they have two children — T. Gilbert and Hannah. In the fall of 1875, Mr. O'Kcefe settled on his farm of sixty acres on Sec. 28; built his store and began business in Clyman in 1879 ; intends to keep a general stock of goods for country trade. Mr. O'Keefe is a Democrat, and has been Town Clerk twice ; is a member, with his family, of the Holy Assumption Church. AL.EX.4.\I>ER R.4MSAY, farmer, Sec. 33; P. 0. Clyman; born in Forfarshire, Scot- laod, Jan. 9, 1813; spent his early life and was educated in his native country, where he worked as a 722 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: flax-dresser; came to America with a wife and three children in 1842, first locating and taking his first farming lessons in Rensselaer Co., N. Y. ; removed in 1843 to Andover, Mass., where he worked at his trade until May, 1845, when he settled in Clyman, on forty acres of his present farm of 320 acres, part of which is in the town of Emmet ; he began pioneer life by building a log house in the openings. Mr. R. describes the rush to Dodge Co. at this time to be wonderful, boats and hotels being crowded. Mr. Ramsay mirried Miss Ann Mair, of Forfarshire, June 13, 1833; they hivc six children living — Alexan- der A., David L., Annie, Margaret, Isaac and Samuel, having lost two sons, William and James, in Scot- land, Agnes and Allen dying in Clyman ; John N. Ramsay enlisted Au<:. 14, 1862, in the Sigel Guards, which went South as Co. E of the 20th W. V. I. ; he was pierced by three rebel balls, and fell dead at the battle of Prairie Grove, Deo. 7, 1862; the two eldest are married and settled as Fond du Lac Co., farmers; Annie, born in Rensselaer Co., N. Y., now lives in Nelson Co., Ky. ; the three youngeit, born in Clyman, are on the homestead. The Ramsays are Republicans, and members of the Methodist Church. As farmers and stock-men they have 150 grade Cotswold and Leicester sheep, grade short-horn cattle, Norman and Clyde horses, Poland and Berkshire hogs ; Mr. R. also has five shares in the Union cheese factory, built in 1879. MARTIIV SCHUMACHER, farmer. Sees. 1 and 2; P. 0. Juneau; born in Prussia Jan. 13, 1837; spent his early life and was educated in his native land; came to America and to Juneau in 1856 ; attended district school two wintei's, and worked as a laborer until 1861, when he enlisted in Co. E, 10th W. V. I.; was wounded at Perry ville ; was in the battle of Murfreesboro, and was badly wounded at Chickamauga ; was captured and paroled for one year; then rejoining his regiment, he fought with Sherman to Atlanta, and helped drive Hood over the Tennes.see River ; the regiment having served its three-years term, returned to Wisconsin, Mr. S. re-enlisting in the 2d U. S. Regulars ; served one year in Hancock's Veteran Armv Corps, then returned and settled on his farm of 120 acres; he began with eighty acres, only fifteen of which were cleared, on which was a log house ; his farm is now cleared, and he has a large brick house and good barns. Married Miss Mary Deutsohman in 1867 ; they have five children — -Otto, Emma, Minnie, Ella and Selma. Mr. Schumacher is a Republican, and a member, with his family, of the Evangelical Association. JAMES T. WAIjSH, Station Agent and Postmaster, Clyman ; born in Springfield, Mass., May 9, 1846 ; received his early education in Springfield, removing with his parents to Clyman in 1856 ; attended Wayland University, Beaver Dam, one term ; taught school three terms ; worked one year as assistant in the Clyman depot, and was appointed Agent and Postmaster Nov. 1, 1868. He married Mrs. Ann McGibbon in May, 1872, who married Mr. McGibbon in Providence, R. I., he dying about 1865 and leaving three children. Mr. W. owns 115 acres on Sees. 21 and 28, town of Clyman. Mr. and Mrs. Walsh have two children — Margaret L. and Ann. Mr. W. is a Democrat, and has been Town Clerk ; is a member, with his family, of the Holy Assumption Church. REV. FATHER M, J. WARD, Pastor of the Holy Assumption Church (Catholic) of Clyman ; born in the town of Edeu, Fond du Lao Co., Wis., Jan. 7, 1847 ; attended district schools during his boyhood, and in 1863, entered St. Mary's of the Lake, Chicago, remaining eight months, then entered the St. Francis Theological Seminary, of Milwaukee, where he studied seven years and four months; was ordained Dec. 22, 1872. and was an assistant Pastor in a Madison church three months; took charge of his present congregation in May, 1873 ; Father Ward is also Pastor of the missions of St. Isa- dore in Clyman, and St. Mary's, of Juneau ; the latter was built in 1874, by Father Ward ; the Holy Assumption Church was built by Father Joseph Smith in 1861 ; a mission was established here many years previously, and attended by priests from St. Barnard's, Watertown ; the congregation numbers sixty- five families, largely Irish ; St. Isadore's Mi-ssion was established, and a church built about 1841) ; the founders were S. Wenker, M. Kiefer, J. Metzger, J. Neis and others; Mr. Wenker donating the land ; this chureh was resided, re-roofed and painted in 1878 ; eighteen German families comprise the con- gregation. WILLIAM WATERHOUSE (deceasedj ; came from Yorkshire, England, in 1843, with a wife and five children ; lived eight months in Connecticut, over two years in Northampton, Mass., and in 1846, settled on eighty acres on Sec. 21, town of Clyman; not having a dollar, the family fared hard, and worked hard, getting paid in stock and produce, used to live for weeks on potatoes alone, and were glad to get middlings to sustain life, sometimes grinding wheat in a coffee-mill ; money, roads and bridges were scarce. Mr. W. died in March, 1836 ; his sons, Joseph and David, sharing the farm ; Joseph, born in Yorkshire Nov. 1, 1830, owns 120 acres, on which he has made all improvements; his mother is still with him at the age of 84 ; David, born in Yorkshire Aug. 10, 1836, now owns the homestead ; he was a jnember of the 24th W. V. I., and was in the battles of Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Jonesville and Franklin ; HUSTISFOKD TOWNSHIP. - 723 servinp; out his time, he was dischar;»od Dec. 7, 18(54. Married Miss Sarah Sutton, of Ciyrnan, Dec. 18, 18(58; they have one dauijhter — Ida E. The brothers are stanch Republicans. JOH^ C. WEATHERBY, farmer, Sec. 25; P.O. Clyman ; born in County Durham, England, Feb. 18, 1818; received an academic education, taught two years, and left a position as teacher of mathematics on coming to America in 1842. Locating in Utica, N. Y., he married Miss Ann Jarman, June '^, 1842 ; the young couple settled on forty acres of Government land in Waukesha Co., Wis. ; July, 1842, Mr. Wcatherby began the study of law with ex-Gov. Randall, in Waukesha, and was intimate with the prominent men of the county in that day ; having owned two farms in that county, he bought his present farm of 1(50 acres of Uncle Sam in 1845 ; made his own road to this farm, the family spend- ing the first night in a rude pole shed covered with marsh grass ; building a log house, he began pioneer life, and now has an improved farm and good home ; Mr. W. has taught more than twenty terms of school in the county, holding the office of Town Superintendent many years ; has been Justice of the Peace about thirty years ; Supervisor and Chairman of Clyman, and was a member of the Wisconsin Leg- islature in 1867 ; was admitted to the bar in November, 1872, and has since practiced in the County and Circuit Courts. Is Independent in politics, and in accord with the Wesleyan Church. Mr. and Mrs. Wcatherby have eleven children— J. G., M. P., W. E., R. R., Elizabeth, Mary, Ella, T. D., Margaret, Charles and Albert. JOHN WEAKER, former, See. 30; P. 0. Clyman; born in Clyman, Dodge Co., Wis., in 1844 ; son of S. Wenker, one of the first pioneers of Clyman. The farm contains ninety-six acres, on which is a timber-lot of value, held at $65 per acre. Mr. W. is a well-known farmer and thrasher, and has been Assessor and Supervisor. Independent in politics, and a Roman Catholic, with his family. Married Miss Angelina Bergermier ; they have four children — Hugo, John, Celia and Angelina. Mr. W. owns a steam thresher, and has done a good business during the past fourteen years ; he has all the stock and tools belonging to a well-improved farm. HUSTISFORD TOWNSHIP. GEORGE BAKER, former, Sees. 28, 22, 27 and 23 ; P. 0. Hustisford ; born in Erie Co., N. Y., June 14, 1822 ; attended school in his native county, where he lived until 1845, when he bought 200 acres of Government land in Hustisford, on which he settled in 1846 ; began clearing this and broke ten acres the same summer; worked for some time by the month and day in both Dodge and Walworth Cos.. having part of his farm broken up in payment. Married Miss Deborah Van Blaricum Dec. 10, 1848, who died July 24, 1866, leaving five children — Polly S., Angeline, Aaron E., James D. and George W. Beginning with just means enough to pay for his first 200 acres, Mr. Baker now has 440 acres, which he devotes to stock and grain growing ; has built a large and pleasant farmhouse and several large barns ; about 1857. he bought three head of thoroughbred Devon cattle near Trenton, TI. C., and now has a herd of twenty-nine, the only herd of full-blood Devons in Dodge Co. ; he has bred the Spanish Merino sheep for twenty-five years past, now owning three hundred and twenty; has about thirty thoroughbred Poland- China hogs, besides Percheron, Cloud and Hambletonian horses. Mr. Baker is a progres.sive farmer and stock-breeder, and is an Independent Republican in politics. His sons are with him, and his eldest daughter is the wife of David Fletcher, of Hustisford. ISAAC BLRGENS (decea.sed); born in Washington Co., N. Y., Sept. 11, 1822; came to Hustisford in 1845, and settled on eighty acres of Government land ; built a log house, in which he lived a immber of years with his father and brothers. On the 5th of May, 1848, he married Miss Sarah, daughter of John Chandler, who settled with his family on Sec. 1, town of Oak Grove, in 1845; the Chandlers built the first brickyard in Dodge Co., furnishing the brick for many of the noted old build- ings therein. Mr. Burgess bought his first plow of S. S. Bushnell, and carried it from his blacksmith- shop, four miles east of Beaver Dam, to his farm, his family living two years in a log house; Mr. Burgess added to his farm, built a large farmhouse and several barns ; he died Sept. 10, 1872, leaving his wile and three children — Charles, Eliza A. and Isaac. Charles Burgess was born in Oak Orove May 1, 1851, and has spent his life and been educated in the county. He married, Dec. 25, 1861, Mi.ss Florence D , daugh- ter of S. S. and Ciiarlotte W. Bushnell, who were among the first settlers in the county. Like his father and brother, Mr. Burgess is a Republican. He now owns 160 acres, or one-half of the old estate. Mr. and Mrs. Burgess have three children— Charles B., Lone H. and Clark B. Mrs. Isaac Burgess still 724 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: enjoys good health on the old homestead ; her daughter is now the wife of G. C. Rice, of Oak Grove ; the younger son is now in charge of her share of the estate, on which the brothers have Durham grade cattle, grade Merino sheep and Berkshire hogs. E. W. CHAPIN, farmer, Sec. 26 f P. 0. Neosho; born in Ontario Co., N. Y., Sept. IG, 1844; son of Ahira Chapin, who settled with his family in Hustisford in 1848, buying eighty acres of heavily timbered Government land, and working as a pioneer settler in clearing and improving ; Indians and deer were then plenty, and the family endured many privations, going over rough roads to the Watertown mills, etc.; Mr. Chapin improved the homestead, increasing it to 19:5 acres; he died in 1866. leaving a wife and seven children ; E. W. Chapin was educated in the county and in the Milwaukee Business Col- lege. Enlisting Sept. 11, 1864, in the 1st Wis. Heavy Artillery, he was stationed in and about the defenses of Washington, till June, 1865, when the battery was discharged ; returning to Hustisford, he has been in charge of the homestead since 1867. Married Miss Anna Coppithorn, of Ashippun, Oct 11, 1871 ; they have five sons— Frank R., R. Stuart, E. Roy, Burt and Fred. Mr. Chapin is an Independent Democrat, and a member of Neosho Lodge, 128, I. O. 0. F. The farm now contains 153 acres, upon which he has a herd of native and grade cows, also other stock and usual crops ; his brothers, Delanson, Isaac (deceased) and Ahira, were Dodge Co. Volunteers, Ahira losing a leg at Perryville. A. M. COLE, farmer. Sees. 14, 13, and 22; P. 0. Hustisford; born in Lamoille Co., Vt., April 10, 1829 ; is the only child of Asa and Ruth Cole, who settled in Hustisford, June, 1847; Asa Cole bought 160 acres, which he soon sold to William Lehman, buying his present farm of 120 acres; father and son cleared this of the heavy timber, and in 1855, A. M. Cole bought his present farm of 120 acres, which he has cleared, erecting all buildings except his house ; he owns besides, 80 acres of marsh. Nov. 29, 1854, he married Miss Susan, daughter of James Spear, who came from Maine to Dodge Co., Wis., in 1847 ; Mr. and Mrs. Cole have six living children — John A., Susan R., Allie M., Jennie J., Delia K. and Mary. The Coles are all Republicans; A. M. Cole and son are noted breeders of full-blooded Poland-China hogs and short-horn cattle ; in 1876, A. M. Cole bought a pair of full-blood Poland-Chinas of William Bloor, of Rubicon ; in 1877, J. A. Cole bought another of Shepard and Alexander, Charleston, 111., and has since purchased of the D. M. Magee Co., Oxford, Ohio, A. C. Moore, Canton, 111., and W. W. Ellsworth, Woodstock, 111.; John A. Cole is now the owner of about sixty Poland-Chinas ; the Coles bought the full-blooded bull, Duke of Burnett, 9th of H. B. Sherman, 1872, of whom they have since bought Springbrook Lass, 25th and 27th ; they also bought four thoroughbreds of Dr. W. M. Ormond, Milwau- kee and Mayflower, 2d of ex-Governor Ludington ; the Messrs. Cole now own seven full bloods and twenty-four grades, besides 110 grade American Merino sheep. PATRICK CURLE Y, farmer. Sec. 30 ; P. 0. Hustisford ; born in County Roscommon, Ire- land, 1815; came to America in 1838, and worked at his trade as tanner, in Greene Co., N. Y., until 1850 ; settled on eighty acres of wild land in Hustisford, April, 1850 ; the family saw much of pioneer life, living many years in a shanty : clearing the land of timber and a dense growth of brush, Mr. Curley added to it, and as a result of his labor, has a well-improved farm of 208 acres, a large farmhouse, built in 1863, good barns, etc.; he has made a good record, as he came to America penniless. Married Miss Elizabeth Flynn, of his native county, June, 1846 ; they have five children — Joseph, Elizabeth, Ellen, John and Mary. The family are Catholics, and Mr. Curley is Independent in politics ; has on his farm, grade Leicester and Cotswold sheep, Black Hawk and Morgan horses, besides cattle and hogs, and usual crops. CIIARLE}^ ERDHIAX, farmer. Sec. 18; P. 0. Hustisford; born in Prus.sia Jan. 23, 1841 ; spent his early life and was educated in the Fatherland; came to America in 1857, and settled in Hustis- ford, where he worked ten years as a farm laborer to get a start ; located on his present farm of 112 acres in 1867 ; as it was only partially improved, he has done good work in fencing, clearing the land of stones, etc.; has earned this farm by his own labor and management. He married Miss Emma Bolsey May 9, 1867, who was born Aug. 23, 1849, in the town of Emmet ; they have three living children — Louis, Obed and Charles ; Amos died Nov. 2, 1879. Mr. Erdman is a Republican, and is in accord with the Lutheran Church of his boyhood ; has the usual stock and crops on his farm. CHARLES N. FLETCHER, farmer, Sec. 22; P. O. Hustisford; born in Hustisford, Dodge Co., Wis., March 4, 1850 ; son of Daniel and Emily Fletcher, who came from New York State to Hustisford in 1845 ; he has spent his life and been educated in the county, working on the old homestead until 1873, when he settled on his present farm of 120 acres ; has rebuilt his house, built a basement barn, and is a fair type of the enterprising young farmers of the county. Married Miss Abbie A., daughter of F. C. Ryder, Dec. 25, 1873 ; they have two children — Gracie A. and Harry E. Mr. Fletcher is an Independent Republican ; has 130 full-blooded and grade Merino sheep, also Cloud horses, Poland and Berkshire hogs, and grade cattle. HUSTISFORD TOWNSHIP. 725 DANIEL. FLETCHER, farmer, Sec. 1 1 ; P. 0. Hustisford ; bora near Toronto, Canada, Oct. 15, 1812; lie received a common school education, and lived there until 1839, when he removed to Chautauqua Co., N. Y .; in the fall of lS4.i, he settled on his present farm, which he bought of ihe Govern- ment; a few acres had been chopped, and a log shanty built; Mr. Fletcher had money enough to pay for his land and a team, and went at the work of clearing up; built the first frame barn in the town, iu 1847, and a gcod frame house in 1849 ; to reach Watertown he was obliged to unyoke his cattle, and draw his wagon over the river by hand ; he cleared and added to his farm ; has given each of his sons a farm, still owning 14t) acres, where he built a large brick house in 1874. He married Miss Emily Morgan, of Chau- tauqua Co., N. Y., May 22, 1845; they have four liviiig children — David J., Sarah C., Charles N. and Ruth B., all born in Bodge Co., and all residents of it, except Sarah C, now Mrs. W. C. Lymm, of Wau- kesha Co., Wis.; David J. owns a farm adjoining the homestead, where he is breeding grade Merino sheep and other stock ; Daniel Fletcher is now enjoying a well-earned rest. He is a Democrat ; was Assessor and Supervisor several terms, and a member of the Wisconsin Legislature in 1856, attending the extra session. FREE:»I.4]V CiATES, farmer. Sec. 7 ; P. 0. Hustisford; born in Oneidi Co., N. Y., Sept. 26, 1822 ; spent his early life and atten'ded school in Oswego Co., N. Y.; came to Hustisford in 1847, and settled on eighty acres of Government land ; only five or six houses stood in the township, east of the river ; he built a shanty, and went at the work of clearing the land and making a home ; he has owned and improved several farms in the town, and settled on his present farm of 140 acres in 1864; has improved and fenced this farm in various ways ; he began with little or nothing, and has thus acquired his own property. He married Miss Dora Erdman in 1861 ; they have three children — Charles, Emma and Mau- rice. Jlr. Gates is a Republican ; as a farmer, he has the usual stock and crops. JAMES HALiTj, merchant and Postmaster, Hustisford ; born in Washington Co., N. Y., Deo. 5, 1821 ; in 1826, his parents settled in Lockport, N. Y., where he was educated and lived until 1848, when he removed with his family to Hustisford ; he bought forty acres of Government land and forty acres of a settler, working as a pioneer farmer until 1855, when he began business in Hustisford with J. McRae, and is thus the oldest r&sident business man of the place ; has carried on business alone since 1857; Mr. Hall has a general stock of goods for country trade, owning the building in which the stock is located. He is a Republican ; was Town Clerk several years, and was appointed Postmaster in June, 1868. Married Miss Elizabeth Wilson, of Lockport, N. Y., in January, 1848 ; they have two daughters — Emily E and Marv J. E. B. HART, farmer, Sec3. 21 and 22 ; P. 0. Hustisford ; born in Oswego Co., N. Y., Nov. 11, 1814 ; when he was 8 or 9 years of age, his parents settled in Monroe Co., N. Y., where he lived until 1836, when he settled on Government land in Milwaukee Co., Wis.; reached his claim by the aid of marked trees ; lived with two other pioneers in a small shanty, bringing out his family the same fall and building a log house the next spring ; he saw his full share of pioneer adventures and hardships ; carried mail about a month between Port Washington and Sheboygan, traveling the thirty-mile route by blazed trees and Indian trails and fording the streams ; in 1855, he bought his present farm of 185 acres; paid 31,700 for 160 acres, only twelve or fifteen acres of which were improved; has cleared a great part of this himself, and made all the improvements ; Mr. Hart has a good record, as he began in the St ite with $42, and has carved out his farm and home. He married Mi.ss Amret Nichols, of Monroe Co., N. Y., in 1835; they have eight living children — Clement L., Olive, Mary H., John R., Melvina, Amanda, Emma and Eli. Mr. Hart is a Republican, and served as Assessor in Milwaukee Co.; is a member with his wife of the M. E. Church. Has Cloud horses and other stock, with the usual crops of the county. JAMES HOOKER, fiirmer. Sees. 28, 29 and 33; P.O. Hustisford; born in Heyte-sburg, Wiltshire, Eng., July 1, 1816 ; came to America in 1836, and spent three years in Ohio as a laborer; was a short time in Illinois, then settled in Milwaukee, where he worked about six years, most of the time for Dr. Herriman ; settled on his present ftirm in the fall of 1847 ; began with eighty acres of Govirnnient land, building a log house and doing his full share of genuine pioneer work in clearing and improving his farm; he now has 147 acres, well improved, a largi- farmhouse, built in 1858, large and convenient barns, etc.; Mr. Hooker is a fair type of the successful jiioneer of the county, as he. began with a pair of oxen and a few dollars; his first load of club wheat was drawn to Milwaukee by oxen and sold for 51 cent^ per bushel. He married Miss Lois Jewett, of Erie Co., Penn., in 1845; they have two sons — William H., now on the homestead, and George W., now in New Co., Wis. Mr. Hooker is a Republican, and was Treasurer of School District No. 4, twenty-one successive years, declining re-election. He has on the farm 150 grade Spanish Merino sheep, Poland-China hogs and other stock, with the usuil crops of the county. Mr. H. is now enjoying a well-earned rest, looking back with pleasure to the early days, having since those days seen trees grow on his farm to more than a foot in diameter. 728 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: .JOHX HCSTIS, retired, attorney and counselor at law, Hustisford ; born in Philipstown, Put- nam Co., N. Y., Oct. 22, 1810; son of Joseph and Elizabeth (Knapp) Hustis. He fitted for college at the Fishkill Academy, taught by Rev. Dr. C. Westbrook, and entered Yale College in 1829 ; he graduated among the foremost of his class in 1833 ; with him were such men as James D. Dana, LL.D., now Pro- fessor of Geology and Natural History in that historic institution ; Mr. Hustis then studied law a year in the Yale Law School, and afterward in the office of J. Hine, Mount Carmel, N. Y. ; was admitted to the bar in 1830, and came to Milwaukee November, 1830; here he speculated for a time in real estate, building the first brick block in the city, 1840; this was known as Hustis' Block, and stood on the corner of Third and Chestnut Streets until a recent date. In August, 1837, he encamped sixteen miles from any house, built a log shanty, and bought 320 acres ; on this he sowed the first wheat in Dodge Co. the same fall ; in 1846, Hustisford was laid out by him, and named, as was the township, for him ; during 1845 and 1846, he built the first dam across the Rook at this point, and also a saw-mill, built the first flouring-mill, 1851, and brought his family to the village the same year. Mr. Hustis is one of the historic pioneers of the State, as he delivered the first Fourth of July oration in Milwaukee, in 1839, and was associated with Juneau, Walker and Kilbourn ; was re-admitted to the bar during the session of the first court held in the city, June, 1837, with J. H. Tweedy, J. Arnold, Col. Crocker, and others ; he was elected one of the Milwaukee and Rock River Canal Commissioners by the Territorial Legislature in 1840, and went to Columbus, Ohio, with $100,000 of Territorial bonds. Failing to make the loan, the enterprise was given up, although the Milwaukee dam and two miles of canal were built, giving the town a water power and a fresh impems. Mr. Hustis married Miss Laura A. Ludington, Aug. 29, 1839, in Carmel, N. Y. ; Mrs. Hustis was born in Kent, Putnam Co , N. Y., and is a cousin of ex-Gov. Ludington ; the family — consisting of three daughters — Mary E., Josephine L. and Florence L., and a son, Charles J. — has resided in Milwaukee since 1868, though Mr. H. spends most of his time in the village. He is an old time Republican in politics, has a residence and about 300 acres of land in Hustisford. IRA JONES, farmer, Sees. 33 and 28 ; P. 0. Hustisford; born in Petersburg, Rens.selaer Co., N. Y., March 31, 1810 ; spent his early life and married in his native State; came to Wisconsin in 1843, and spent two years in Watertown ; pre-empted 160 acres of his present farm in 1845, when there was not a house between him and Watertown, where he used to buy flour and "back it " ten miles to his home. As he had a pair of oxen and a cow, and was somewhat in debt, he was obliged to get trusted for his first plow, which he also brought from Watertown on his shoulders ; his present well-improved farm of 220 acres, and modern buildings, are the result ; he has, besides, given each of his five married children farms worth from $2,000 to $5,000 each, with stock and tools to carry them on. He married Miss Penelope Green Jan. 24, 1830 ; they have seven children — Polly A... Sydney R., Seneca B., Samuel A., Flora E., Florence L. and Lydia M.; the sons all own valuable farms in Hustisford ; Polly A., is in Minnesota, and Flora E in Iowa, both married and well settled. Mr. Jones is a Democrat ; was County Coroner six years. Justice of the Peace fourteen years, and Assessor several years ; he is both a grain and stock grower, and has probably raised as much wheat as any man in the county; has at present about 330 grade Spanish Merino sheep, besides horses, cattle, hogs, etc. Few men have done better than this substantial old pio- neer, as he not only raised and educated a large family, but gave his sons such aid that, with their inherited enterprise, thev are also cl issed among the most wealthy and progressive fiirmers of the township. S. B. JONES, farmer. Sees. 29 and 32; P. O. Hustisford; born in Rensselaer Co., N. Y., Aug. 20, 1838 ; is a son of Ira and Penelope Jones, who settled in Wisconsin in 1843 and in Hustisford in 1845 ; he has spent his life and been educated in Dodge Co., living on the homestead until February, 1863, when he settled on his present farm of 195 acres; has enlarged his farmhouse, built a new sheep- barn, and devotes his farm to both stosk and grain raising. He married Miss Eliza Baker March 25, 1863; they have six children — ^Edgar, Eleanor, Sidney, Rachel, Flora and Eliza. Mr. Jones is a Repub- lican; was Chairman of his Democratic township two years; he is a member of Heine Lodge, No. 152, I. O. 0. F., and a progressive farmer; has a flock of 200 thoroughbred Spanish Merino and Cotswold sheep; also has Berkshire hogs and Cloud horses ; he is also owner of a Limburger cheese factory, making about fortv-five thousand pounds per annum. S. it. JONES, farmer. See. 33; P. 0. Hustisford ; born in Rensselaer Co., N. Y., Feb. 24, 1836; son of Ira and Penelope Jones, who settled in Hustisford in 1845 ; was educated in the county and lived on the old farm until he w.is 24, when he settled on his present farm of 240 acres, beginning with 120 acres ; he has broken up, fenced and improved this farm, erected a modern brick farmhouse, large barns, etc.; Mr. Jones makes a specialty of .full-blooded Spanish Merino sheep, now owning about four hundred; he also has a herd of thoroughbred Berkshire hogs and other stock. In politics, a Republican ; he has been Assessor several terras and is now President of the Town Insurance Company, organized in 1875 ; He married Miss Ann Baker in March, 1860 ; thev have two children — William H. and Cora M. HUSTISFORD TOWKSHIP. 727 WILLIAM LEHMANN, farmer, Sec. Ill ; P. 0. Neosho ; born in Rhenish Prussia, Jan. IK, 1802 ; was educated in the Universities of Bonn and Tubingen, and was one of the earliest German patriots who formed secret societies with the object of establishing a united Germany ; the society was betrayed, Mr. L. arrested, tried and convicted of "constructive high treasson," in 1824, and sentenced to sixteen years imprisonment in the fortress of Zulich, since razed; in 1826, having been employed as instructor to the son of the commandant of the fortress, the son, in the absence of his father, showed Mr. Lehman the plan of the fortress ; retaining the plan in his memory he drew a map, by the aid of which he made his escape soon after. Resolved to bid the Fatherland good-bye, he landed at New York in November, 1826, soon finding employment in the Berkshire High School, of Pittsfield, Mass., as a teacher of languages, as he is conversant with Hebrew, Latin, Greek, English, French, Spanish, Italian and Ger- man ; after two years, he was called to the chair of ancient and modern languages in the Georgia College, Athens, Ga ; during his professorship here, he numbered among his pupils Messrs. A. H. Stephens, A. L. Yancey, Howell Cobb, Gen. Barteau, and other noted leaders in the late rebellion ; Mr. Lehuiann well remembers reviewing and correcting the Latin valedictory of Mr. Stephens. Prof Lehmann returned with his family to his native land in 18-15, spent two years, and, returning to America, settled on his present farm of 160 acres in 1848; on this was a small log house, a striking change from the grand residence occupied by the family in Bonn ; they saw genuine pioneer life, living three years in the log house, which was then replaced by the roomy farmhouse ; Prof Lehmann's wife, whom he married Nov. 5, 1834, was Miss Harriet M., daughter of A. Van Vechten, in his day one of the leading lawyers of the State of New York, and a descendant of the noted Dutch family which settled there in an early day ; she was also con- nected with the Schuyler fomily. A. VV. Lehmann, the eldest son, married Miss Eveline Van Vechten of Washington Co., Wis., in September, 1876 ; they have two children^Julia E. and Harriet. The younger son, Julius, was a Union soldier, artd died in the service Aug. 20, 1864; the only daughter, Catherine T., is with her parents on the homestead. Prof L. and son are in politics stanch Republican. G. W. MARTIN, deceased; born in Luzerne, Warren Co., N. Y., April 28, 1811, where he married Mrs. Eliza A. Prouty Aug. 2, 1840 ; Mrs. Martin was born in Athol, Warren Co., May 9, 1812, and married James Prouty in 1830, who died in 1838, leaving three children — Eunice, Helen M. and Catherine, all of whom have since died. Mr. Martin and family settled on the homestead in Hustisford, in 1846, having bought forty acres, built a log house, and leased a small plat in 1845 ; a millwright by trade ; he worked in Fond du Lac, Neosho, Hustisford, Waukesha, and other points, for many years ; at his death, Oct. 12, 1873, he left a well-improved firm of 160 acres, and four children — Jennie, Susan, Elizabeth and Julius W. J. W. Martin has spent his lile and been educated in the county ; is a Demo- crat, as was his father, and with his mother owns the homestead. O. D. NIMS, farmer. Sees. 25 and 26; P. 0. Neosho; born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., Feb. 19, 1836; son of Loyal Nims, who removed to Hustisford in October, 1850, and bought 107 acres of wild, heavily timbered land ; of this only one acre was cleared, on which was a log house ; this wilderness was cleared and made a home O. D. Nims lived on forty acres on Sec. 25, until Oct. 11, 1864, when he enlisted in the 1st Wis. Heavy Artillery, and was in and about the defenses of the Capitol, until June, 1865, when the battery returned, Mr. Nims being discharged from the Sickles Hospital, Alexandria, where he had been confined two or three months by sickness. His brother, Adolphus, was killed at the battle of Perryville ; William, of the 38th Iowa, died at Memphis, and Frank died at Nashville. Soon after his return from service, Mr. Nims settled on the old homestead. Married Miss Anna Dorward, of Forfarshire, Scotland, Jan. 11, 1858 ; they have six children — Frank L., Alexander W., Anna, Almira, Lillie and Harriet. Mr. Nims is a Democrat, and a member of Neosho Lodge, No. 128, I. 0. O. F. He has native cows for dairy purposes, also other stock and the usual crops. BARBER RANDALL, farmer, Sees. 32, 31 and 36; P.O. Hustisford; born in Berlin, Kens.selaer Co., N. Y., July 12, 1819; son of Benjamin Randall, who settled with his family on Govern- ment land, in Lebanon, Dodire Co., Wis., 1845 ; Benjamin Randall was intimate with such men as Judge Hiram Barber, and was a member of the first Wisconsin State Legislature, dying in April, 1859; the family used to live in a true pioneer fashion, sawing off the ends of the logs and using them for cart wheels, driving ox teams about the country by the guidance of blazed trees, etc. About 1851, Barber Randall settled on his present homestead ; has added to this until he now owns 800 acres in the towns of Hustisford, Lebanon, Ashippun, and Rubicon ; has several barns, and built a brick farmhouse, in 1869 ; Mr. Randall has lost three wives, by whom he has eight children — Myron, Albert, Charles, Sydney, Earnes, Waller, Lucetta and Franklin. On the 6th of Sepember, 1873, he married Miss Hattie A., daughter of Aaron Goodenough, of Genesee Co., N. Y.. who settled in Neosho in 1855 ; they have three children — Hattie B., F. Barber and Sarah E. Mr. Randall is a Republican ; has been Supervisor, Road 728 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: • Commissioner, and was in old times County Poormaster ; he makes a specialty of the breeding of Cloud horses, and Berkshire hogs ; has bred Cloud horses for the past twenty years, aud has sold horses from Minnesota to Texas ; now owns the thoroughbred stallion Champion Cloud, bred by J. Murray, named by J. B. Hays, of Horicon, and bought by Mr. Randall in 1876 ; this horse took the first prize at the Wisconsin State Fair, in 1879, and has taken first premiums at the Watertown and Dodge Co. fairs, for the past three years; has never failed in tjetting the first prizi where exhibited ; Mr. R. also owns a year- ling stallion which took the first State and county prizes, in 1879, he owning in all eleven full bloods and grades ; Mr. R. bought his Berkshire stock of Canada, Ohio and Illinois breeder, also of 11. Richards, of Racine Co., Wis.; on this stock he has never yet been beaten, for first premiums, on any class exhibited at the Wisconsin state, central and northern fairs, and the Dodge Co. fair ; has about 500 grade Merino sheep, and a drove of native cows, owning a creamery and making large quantities of butter. HFiNRY REX, druggist, Hustisford; born in Prussia July 28, 1842; came to America in 1855, with his parents, and settled with thorn in the town of Hubbard. Here he attended English school, living on the farm until 1873, when he began the drug business, in Hustisford, with Otto Fehland, a thoroughdruggist, for atutor; mastering the profession, Mr. Rex has since successfully continued it, having the only drug store in the place; he carries a complete line of drugs and mjdicines, pure liquors for medicinal purposes, paints, oils and varnishes, brushes of all kinds, toilet soaps, perfumery, toilet articles, shoulder braces, trusses, sponges, school-books and stationery, tobacco, cigars, pipes, notions, etc. He began in debt; has supported a family ; now owns store and stock, owing nothing. Mr. Rex is a stanch Democrat, and belongs to Heine Lodge, No. 152, I. 0. O. F. He married Miss Wilhelmina Dowe in 18G4 ; they have four living children — Charles, Emma, Lydia and Hugo. EDWARD ROBERTS, stonemason, Hustisford; born April 6, 1836, in Wales, where he attended school and lived until the fall of 1850, when he came to America; spent ten months in Ohio, having made a trip through the South ; in August, 1857, he settled in Clyman, removing to Hu.stisford in 1860. Enlisted, in 1861, in the 7th Wis. Battery; was in the siege of Island No. 10, and in many skirmishes in Kentucky and Tennessee; was wounded at Humboldt, Tenn., losing part of his foot by a rebel bullet, in consequence of which he was honorably discharged on Oct. 5, 1863, and is now drawing a Government pension. Mr. Roberts is a Republican ; has served twice as Justice of the Peace ; is also a member of the T. of H., and an Odd Fellow. He married Miss Caroline Hable in Juneau, 1870 ; they have four living children — Margaret A., Amelia S., Gladius T. and a babe. F. C. RYDER, farmer, Sec. 33 ; P. O. Hustisford ; born in Erie Co., N. Y., Aug. 15, 1824; thrown upon the world at an early age his younger life was a constant struggle with adversity ; he came to Walworth Co., Wis., in 1845, living there as a laborer at $10 and $12 per month for two years; settled in Hustisford on eighty acres of Government land in 1847, and lived ihree years with his brother-in-law, Geo. Baker ; worked at clearing up his firm and thrashing in summer and fall, and for John Hustis, as sawyer two winters. He married Miss Mary Van Blaricum Dec. 1, 1850, who was born near Belleville, Canada ; they lived for some time in a small, one-story sh inty, for which he sawed lumber, building it himself ; as a result of years of labor and management he has a well-improved farm of 258 acres, several large farms, and a large and well-built frame house, erected in 1866 ; has 250 graie Spanish Merino sheep, about twenty native grade cows. Cloud horses, and makes a specialty of Poland-China hogs. ARTHUR SALISBURY, farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Hustisford; born in Oxford, Chenango N. Y. ; spent his early life, and was educated in his native county ; came to the town of Hubbard in 1846, and bought eighty acres of good land, heavily timbered with black and white oak, miple, etc. ; after mak- ing improvements, he sold this eighty, and spent about fifteen months in his native country ; returning in 1854, he settled on forty acres of his present farm ; it was rough, stony, unimproved land, and, as a result of years of labor and management, he has this improved farm of 144 acres with good buildings. He married Miss Rhoda Merrill, of Jamestown, Chautauqua Co., N. Y., April 14, 1846 ; they have three children^Williain D., Randolph M. and Arthur. Mr. Salisbury is Independent in politics, voting for men and principles ; he was the first Superintendent of Schools in the town of Hubbard ; he has over 150 grade Merino sheep, a fine drove of Berkshire and Poland hogs, besides horses and cattle ; is also devoting considerable land to oats. J. A. SCHMIDT, M. D., Hustisford; born in Sdxe- Weimar Feb. 1, 1831 ; was educated in Reudolstadt Academy, and began the study of medicine in the University of Jena, graduating as physi- cian and surgeon in 1856 ; resolved to join his relatives in America, he landed at New York with his mother in September, 1856 ; came at once to Clyman aud bought a farm ; here his practice began, and so SHIELDS TOWNSHIP. 729 increased that he sold his farm in 1858, and has since lived in Hustisford ; he opened a drug store in 1858, which he owned five years ; the Doctor has owned and sold several farms, at present owning a home.tead of sixty acres adjoining the village. He married 3Iis Johanna Lorenz in 1859, who died in 1870, leaving two children — Anna and Amelia; in 1872, he married Miss Augusta Frensike ; they have two children — Alice and Emma. The Docor. is an independent Democrat, and has been Chairman three years and Assessor two years. EDWIIV F. UNDKRWOOD, farmer, Sec. 17 ; P. O. Hustisford; bornin Herkimer Co., N. Y., March 'I'.'>. 1828 ; spent most of his early life, and was educated in Oneida Co., N. Y. June 3, 1847, he married Miss Permelia Van Slyke, in Madi.?on Co., N. Y. ; the flmiily settled in Hustisford in Novem- ber, 1853, on an unimproved farm in Sec 1 7 ; they were almost penniless, and met and .surmounted many privations ; in five years, he made a farm and home of what was then a wild tract of brush and scrub oaks ; settled on his present farm of ninety-four and one-half acres, in 1859 ; this was also in a wild state, and his pioneer work of clearing and improving was renewed : as a result of this he has a well improved farm with excellent buildings and a pleasant home; Mr. and Mrs. Underwood have five children — Annie, Mary, Kugene, Nellie and KImer ; Annie, now Mrs. W. T. Gibbs, resides in Hustisford ; Mary, now Mrs. G. H. Roby, is a resident of York Co., Neb., where Eugene is also married and settled. Mr. Underwood is a Republican, and has been Treasurer of his Democratic Township. In October, 1864, he enlisted in the 1st Wis. Heavy Artillery; did garrison duty at Ft. Ellsworth, Virginia, and after lying sick for several weeks, was honorably discharged from Anger Hospital July 8, 1865; he is now drawing a G, Maj. Delafiekl and other noted men; in September, 1847, the family settled on the Shields homestead, then heavily timbered; roads and bridges were poor and scarce, and Indians plenty; as pioneers, they saw much hardship, which is well remembered by Mr. D.; he worked two seasons on bridges at Belvidere, Ilockford, Geneva and other Illinois towns about 1852. In politics, a Democrat, and a Roman Catholic. iMr. Donegan is a good farmer and a good citizen; has 160 acres, well improved. Married Miss Ann Feely, of Cornwall, L. C.; they have ten living children. JEREMIAH DRISCOLIi, farmer; Sec. 22; 1'. 0. Richwood; born in the County ' ork, Ireland, in 1833, son of John OUriscoll dtld spelling), who brought his fimily to America in 1886 ; after a short stay in New York City he located at Throgs Point, where he was in Government employ, working on Fort Schuyler. The subject of this sketch was educated in a select school in the villai;e ; in September, 1847, the family removed to Shields, buying and settling in Government land, which was covered with oak, maple, basswood and other timber; this was one of the first families to settle here; Shields was then a part of Emmet; and the road past the farm had existed one year. John O'Driscoll was closely identified with the early history of this town, serving as Town Superintendent of Schools, Justice of the Peace and Supervisor. His son, Jeremiah, located on his present farm of fifty acres in 1864, hav- ing married, in December, 1868, Miss Mary A. Belrose, of Watertown ; they have five children — John F., Anna, Margaret, Ellen and Daniel J. A Democrat in politics; Mr. Driscoll was Town Clerk f ur years, and is now serving his fifth term as Chairman of his township ; the family are Roman Catholics ; the parents of Mr. Driscoll still re.side on Sec. 28, the Shields homestead. MICHAEL EAGAN, farmer ; P. O. Richwood ; born in the parish of Clare, County West Meath, Ireland; came to America in 1885, and lived two years in New York City; came to Wisconsin in 1846, and purchased 120 acres in the town of Shields, Dodge Co. Married May 10, 1835, Ann Hafford, daughter of Mathew Haftord, born in 1815 in Longford Co., Ireland; have eight children — Mary, Jane, Thomas, Catherine, John, Bridget, Rose Ann, Michael. The family are members of the Roman Catholic Church ; was elected Constable two years ; Independent in politics. IILRICH HACiiMANN," telegraph operator and agent of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, also express agent at Richwood; horn in Switzerland in 1843;'came to America in 18(54, locating soon afterat Arena. Wis.; in September. 1864, he went to Houston Co., Minn., working in a flouring-milluntil February, 1865, when he enlisted in the 1st Minn. Heavy Artillery, and was stationed at Chattanooga, Tenn., till the close of the war; on his return, on account of ill health, he paid a short visit to friends in Illinois, spending the winter at Arena af school ; worked the next summer on a fiirm in Sauk Co., Wis., attending the winter school in Sumpter Township ; after spending a short time in Chicago, Mr. Hagmann obtained a position as an assistant in the Jack.souville Insane Asylum. In 1872, he married Miss Fried- erika Paulus, of that city, soon after removing to Mazo Manie, Wis., going from there to Arena, where he did his first railroad work; was in the depot during the winters of 1872-73; he taught the school in Honey Creek, Sauk Co.. Wis.; the next fall he again obtained a place in the Arena depot, and by faithful attention to his business was, at the end of three years, made station agent ; Mr. Hagmann learned operating during the winter of 1879, and was appointed agent at Richwood in March, 1879. Mr. and Mrs. Hagmann have four children — Ulrich R., Bernard C., Carl H. and Meta C. Mr. Hagmann is a Repub- lican in politics ; and a member of the Methodist Episcopal Church. WILLIAM HAMANBf, farmer; P. 0. Watertown; born in Meehlenburg, Germany, Oct. 27, 1827; came to America in 1854, and located in Watertown, Wis., where he worked at his trade — cooper — for nine years; purchased his present homestead in 1867, consisting of eighty acres on Sec. 26, town of Shields, Dodge Co. Married, in June, 1854, Henrietta Tick, daughter of Joseph and Mary Tick, natives of Germany; have five children, two boys and three girls — Henry, Lena, Martha, Mary and John. Mr. Hamann is a member of the Lutheran Church ; in politics. Democratic. JAMES HIGOINS, Si'., farmer, Sees. 28 and 33; P. O. Hubbleton, Jefferson Co.; born in County Sligo, Ireland, March 25, 1824; was educated in the common schools of his native land ; in 1847, he went to Liverpool, Eng., and superintended the shipping of iron for the Chester & Berkenhead R. R, Co. about three years; May 1, 1851, he left England for America, landing at New York, and coming at once to Shields with his family, locating on his present farm of 200 acres. His father, P. Higglns, had bought this previously, and built a log house, which still stands; the farm was then a forest SHIELDS TOWNSHIP. 731 of oak, ash, hickory, etc. As a result of the pioneer labors of father and son, the farm is now cleared and well improved, and is furnished with good buildings. Peter Higgins came to America in 1828, dying in October, 1875. His son, a stanch Democrat, was Justice of the Peace many years. Chairman of Shields seven years, was County Clerk in 1870 and 1871, and a member of the Wisconsin Assembly in 1S7G He married Miss Mary Leery July 23, 18-16, who died Oct. 7, 1870, leaving ten children — James, John, Mary A. (deceased), Peter, Thomas. Edward, William, Edmond, Albert and Mary (deceased). July 23, 1874, he married Miss Maria Mullen, of Watcrtown ; tliey have three children — Francis, Henry and Honora L. The family are Roman Cathnlics. .IOH\ KELLEY, teacher; P. O. Riehwood; born in Oneida Co., N. Y., Sept. 22, 1852; son of Martin and Mary K., who, in 1853, bougiit and settled on a form in Shields; this was heavily tim- bered and provided with a log house; the farm has been cleared and a good house built. John, the youngest son, received his early education in the district school ; attended the Northwestern University, in Watertown, one summer, and began teaching in District No. 4, Shields, during the winters of 1871 and 1872, Mr. Kelley taught three winters, then entered the Platteville State Normal School, gradu- ating in less than a year, from the elementary course; he then took up the full course, and graduated in June, 1877. Mr. Kelley taught one term in Elba, and has since taught in District No. 3, where he is now engaged. He intends to follow teaching as a profession. He is, like his parents, a Roman Catholic, and is, in [jolitics. Democratic, as is Martin Kelley, who has served as Supervisor of Shields. CARE MAY, former. See. 36 ; P. 0. Watertown ; born in Prussia July 1, 1839 ; son of Fred- erick and Mary May ; came to America in 1855, and located in Milwaukee, and moved to Watertown, Wis., in 1865; bought forty acres and sold it in 1875; bought his present homestead, consisting of eighty acres. Married, April 16, 1865, Minna Loula, daughter of Christian Loula ; have three children, two buys and one girl — (iustavus, Matilda, Otto. Member of Lutheran Church ; politics. Democrat. JAMES McCAIG, former, Sec. 34 ; P. O. Riehwood; born in County Antrim, Ireland, Aug. 15, 1838; son of A. McCaig, who came from Ireland to America in 1839, living two years in New York State, then removing to Canada, where he lived until 1845, when he came to Shields with his family, buy- ing heavily timbered Government land, which is now the McCaig homestead ; one of the pioneer families ; they lived in a log house, cleared up the farm and made a good home ; James McCaig remained with his parents until 1859, when he went via New York and the Lsthmus to California ; was two years in the mines, returning by the same route to Wisconsin, where he resided till 1865, with the exception of a summer in Buffiilo, N. Y.; in 1865, he again made the .sea voyage to San Francisco, going direct to the mines of Montana, via the Sound and Columbia River; Mr. McCaig saw many exciting times among the wild, sav- age men of that barbarous region ; he relates that he once bought a horse of the famous Chief Joseph, leader of the late Oregon outbreak ; Mr. McCaig returned down the Missouri in 1868. Married Miss Margaret A. McPhillips, of Milford, in April, 1869, by whom he has five children — JohnH., Mary A., Daniel, James T. and William A. Archibald McCaig and wife live at a hale old age on their first purchase from the United States. The family are Catholic, and Mr. McC. is Independent in politics. He has 120 acres as a homestead, and forty acres in Milford; makes a specialty of Poland-China hogs. MICHAEE MeDONOUtiH, former. Sec. 34 ; P. O. Riehwood or Watertown ; born in County Clare, Ireland, in 1821 ; spent his early life in his native land, and came to America in 1845 ; resided seven and one-half years in Hampden Co., Mass., working for the whole-souled Yankee farmers, and earning money to get his start, earning his first thousand in this laborious way ; after taking a better half, he came to Shields in 1852, locating on eighty acres of land, of which ten were cleared, on which was a log shanty ; here the family lived fifteen years, clearing and breaking the land, pioneer fashion ; the eighty has grown to a well-improved farm of 200 acres ; the log house of pioneer days was replaced by a large modern brick house in 1868. Married Miss Mary Doyle, of County Clare, in 1852; they have five chil- dren ; Mary, the eldest, is the wife of Joseph Brooks, of Emmet ; then follow Margaret, Jane, Thomas and Katie. The family arc Catholics ; Mr. McDonough is an Independent Democrat in politics. Begin- ning at 25 years of age with nothing but health and a brave purpose, he may justly consider his life a success. NICHOLAS O'CONNELE, former. Sees. 21 and 22 ; P. O. Riehwood ; born near New York City in i845; son of .Michael and Mary O'Connell, who came to Shields from New York in Sep- tember, 1848, locating on the present homestead; N. O Connell was educated in Shields, living on the i'arm until he was 22 years of age, when he entered the store of E. Sweeney, Watertown, remaining nearly three years. He owns eighty acres of land on Sec. 22, his father owning the eighty-acre homestead on Sec. 21. Mr. O'Connell is Independent in politics, and has Jseen twice Treasurer of Shields; the family belong to the Roman Catholic Church. .Mr. O'Connell has paid much attention for some time 732 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: past to improved stock, now owning full-blood and grade short-horns from the noted herds of J. Jones and J. Miles, of Waukesha Co. ; he also owns a flock of thoroughbred Leicester sheep from the flocks of J. Whittaker, Oconomowoc, John Jones and J. Smith ; Mr. O'Connell makes a specialty of the Poland- China hogs, selling to Northern Wisconsin breeders, having bought from D. Peck, of Dane Co., and H. Flynn, of Watertown. PHILIP RILEV, farmer, Sec. 27; P. 0. Richwood ; born in County Longford, Ireland, in 1815 ; came to America in 1837 ; spent eight or nine years in Westchester, N. Y. as a quarryman ; he then lived in Canada until June, 1845, when he came to Wisconsin with his family ; reached Watertown on the 4th of July, and at once bought his farm of ICO acres, getting his Government duplicate in Mil- waukee ; the farm was a wilderness as was the country around it ; Mr. Riley reached it by the aid of blazed trees; on trying to revisit it later, he lost his way in the forsst ; Mr. R. says roads and bridges, and neighbors were scarce, but that deer, bears and Indians were plenty ; the latter were generally peace- able, though they killed a settler to the north of him, which brought out the U. S. cavalry and much excitement. Mr. and Mrs. R. barricaded their door one night with barrels against a half-drunken crowd of Indians; he was the frontier settler for two years, and was glad enough to welcome Mr. Peter Higgins, his first neighbor. He married Miss Margaret McCaig, a native of County Antrim, Ireland, who came to America and New York State in 1840; they have six children— Charles, Bridget. Eliza, Philip, Michael and John. Mr. Riley is a Democrat, and, with his family, a Roman Catholic. His forest farm is now reclaimed and transformed into a home. FRANK ROCH, former ; P. 0. Richwood; born in Austria, in December, 1821; served in Austrian 5th Artillery ten years, and came to America in 1853, and located in Dodge Co., Wis., where he carries on a farm of eighty acres. Married, Feb. 25, 1852, Barbara Shertz, who died Feb. 9, 1877, leaving six children, three girls and three boys — Charles, Joseph, Matilda, Mary, Frank and Caro- line. Married, June 18, 1S7S, Lizzie Chioh. Member of the Catholic Church; politics. Democrat. LUDWIG ROTH, farmer; P. 0. Watertown; born in Baden, Prussia, May 22, 1831 ; came to America and settled in Oconomowoc, Wis., in 1854, and rented a farm which he worked for seven years, and, in 18G1, bought a farm of forty acres in the town of Watertown, Jefferson Co., sold it in 1873, and purchased his present homestead, consisting of sixty acres on Section 23, town of Shields. Married, Jan. 2, 1855, Sophia Ames, daughter of John Ames; three children, one boy and two girls — Ferdinand, Lena and Mary. Member of Roman Catholic Church ; politics. Democrat. J. C SMITH, merchant and Postmaster, Richwood ; born in County Leitrim, Ireland, 1827 ; came to America in 1842, locating in Orange Co., N. Y., where he worked as a farm hand, attending school in the winter season ; in 1849, he joined his father in Shields; lived here a short time, then remov- ing, resided three or four years in Chester, going then to Hancock Co., 111., where he remained until 1861, when he returned, and has since lived in Richwood ; he clerked in the store of F. Mertz until 1863, when he built his large store, where he carries a stock of anything and everything to meet a general trade — dry goods, groceries, hardware, boots and shoes, clothing, drugs and medicines, notions, etc. A Democrat in politics; he was appointed Postmaster about 1864, and has been Town Clerk and Justice of the Peace. He married Misa Margaret McGuire, of New York City, and with her is an attendant of the Catholic Church. F". UEHIilNCir, farmer, Sec. 24 ; P. O. Richwood ; born in Saxe-Meiningen, Moera, Germany, March 16, 1816; came to America in the fall of 1847, and located in Wisconsin on his present home- stead, consisting of 240 acres on Sec. 24. Married, Sept, 20, 1837, Margaret Krugg, daughter of George Krugg, a native of Germany ; they have eleven children — Casper, Caroline, Martin, Henry, Rosa, Edward, Emma, Fredrick, Francisca, Theodore and Otto, Makes a specialty of raising the short-horned Dur- hams, Poland- China hogs and Southdown sheep ; carries on a cheese factory. Member of the Lutheran Church ; in politics, he is Independent. JOHN WALiliS, proprietor of Riverdale Farm, Sees. 31 and 32 ; P. 0. Hubbleton ; born in the city of York, England, Dec. 21, 1820 ; his early life was spent in the enjoyment of the privileges accorded to inhabitants of his native city ; when about — years of age, he was apprenticed to a chandler, but soon gave it up, entering a grocery and provision store in Rockdale, and was for many years after engaged in mercantile pursuits in Rockdale, Burnley and Darlington ; he also traveled two years for a tobacco house in North Shields ; while still a young man, Mr. Walls joined the Odd Fellows and was for years an active and influential member ; in 1849, he was so badly afflicted by cataract of the eyes as to cause almost total blindness, and was happily relieved from this fate by an operation performed by the celebrated Dr. Niel, in Liverpool, the same year; imbued at an early age with a love for Republican institutions, Mr. Walls resolved to try his fortunes in free America; on the 23d of September, 1850, he LOWELL TOWNSHIP. 733 landed at New York City, accompanied by his mother, brothers and neii;hbors ; lie came at once to Port- laud, buying 120 acres of land and remaining until July 4, 1851, wiien he returned to Nyack, N. Y., where he married, July 24, 1851, Miss Mary Jameson Fairbourne ; Mrs. Walls was born and educated in Pontefract. Yorkshire, and came to America with her mother in the same ship with her future husband, she residing a short time in Haverstraw, N. Y., going from there to Nyack. The young couple at once " went West " and settled on the Portland Farm, where they built a frame house, which burned to the ground July 15, 1852, with most of their household goods; nothing daunted by this rebuff of Dame Fortune, they began, and, before the next Christmas, had completed a large frame house, where they kept the well-known old Franklin House about three years, to the comfort of travelers over the then new plank road; in 185ti, they sold the hotel and bought a farm on Sec. 25 in Portland ; here they lived and pros- pered until 1861, when they bought and settled on Riverdule Farm, it then being almost a state of nature and as it was left by the aborigines ; this is, perhaps, the most natural stock farm in Dodge Co., contain- ing 680 acres in one body, fifty-six of which are in Milford, Jefi'erson Co.; in 1864, Mr. Walls built the main part of his farmhouse, and, having added to it at various times, now has one of the most elegant and spacious residences in his county, built in the Gothic style and containing sixteen rooms ; he has in connection a creamery 20x30 feet, built at a cost with fixtures of §2,000 ; the entire house is 6()x30 feet ; in the creamery large ([uantities of superior butter are made on the most approved plan, the milk being furnished by his herd of about seventy grade Alderney, Galloway and Durham cows ; the butter is sold in the Chicago, New York and Liverpool markets ; Mr. Walls is also well known as a breeder of fine horses and sheep; besides his homestead he owns forty acres of timber on Sec. 24, Portland, and 320 acres in Polk Co., Wis. An outspoken Republican in politics. He has always taken a warm interest in school matters, and was a generous supporter of the Union cause in war times ; Mr. W. was the founder of the Anti-Milldam League, an association of Dodge and Jefterson Co. farmers in favor of removing the Milford dam ; he was the man who furnished the money with which to operate for months, and was also Secre- tary; through his agency, the State Board of Health visited the Crawfish Valley in September, 1878, the Board making a non-committal " report" to the Governor in April, 1879 ; Mr. Walls has been in corre- spondence with Senator McFetridge and in consultation with leading men of the State and has doubtless done more for the interests of the league than any other member of it, but, owing to personal jealousies, his connection with it was dissolved. Riverside Farm has a frontage of one and a half miles on the Crawfish, which is here so crooked that it bounds two sides of the farm — -it extends to Hubbleton Village on the south, the depot site having been purchased of Judge Levi Hubbell, the former owner of Rivcrdale, who sold the splendid farm to Mr. Walls, to whom is due the credit of making it what it is. The farm is bounded on the south by the old Watertown and Portland plaak-road, and on the west by the Lowell and Hubbleton road. On this last named road, three-fourths of a mile north of Hubbelton, are the residence and farm buildings. Mr. and Mrs. Walls are in full accord with the Episcopal faith. Mr. Walls is well and favorably known throughout his county and State as a public-spirited and successful farmer and a man of sterling worth ; the hospitality of himself and his estimable lady is freely extended to all worthy of it, as may be proved by scores of warm friends. CHRISTIAN ZIC'KART, farmer. Sec. 36 ; P. 0. Watertown ; bornin Mecklenburg, Germany, Oct. 18, 1827 ; son of Christopher Zickart ; came to America in 1857 ; same year he came to Wisconsin, and located in Jefferson Co., where he lived two years; in 1868, bought his present homestead of 100 acres. Married, July, 1836, Mary Wesdorf, a native of Germany, who died leaving one child — Christiania. Married, Nov. 23, 1860, Mary Stooshae; they had seven children — Josephine, Bertha, Emma, Frank, Bernard, Edward, Richard. Mr. Z. is a member of the Lutheran Church ; was elected School Treasurer four years ; in politics. Independent. LOWELL TOWNSHIP. J. W. BAKER, farmer, Sec. 36 ; P. O. Lowell ; is a native of Prussia ; born July 25, 1842 ; in 1854, emigrated with his parents to this country ; they settled in Lowell Township, Dodge Co., Wis., May 20, 1870, he married Caroline A. Feahling ; she was born in Clyman Township, Dodge Co., in 1851 ; they have five children — Calvin E., John A., Louis H., Albert C. and Ella A. ; Mr. Baker owns ninety- five acres of land. In p.ilitics, he is Independent; himself and family are members of the Reform Church. His father, Martin Baker, married in his native country (Prussia) Miss Anna M. Young; they emigrated to Dodge Co. in 1834 ; he died Nov. 10, 1878 ; she is still a resident of Lowell Township ; their children Y 73-t BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: are William, Katrine (now wife of Nelson Stam), Emma (wife of Maohtle), Maria (wife of Charles Liebing) and Charles ; August Feahling, father of Mrs. J. W. Baker, was born in Prussia in 1825 ; emi- grated to Dodge Co. in 1848. Married, Aug. 25, 1850, at Oak Grove, Mary E. Huebner; they now reside on Sec. 35, Lowell Township, where he owns 190 acres of land; their children are — Caroline A. (wife of J. W. Baker), Ettie, M. E., Albert A. and John A. M. 1>. BENEDICT, former, Sec. 6 ; P. 0. Lowell ; was born in Chenango Co., N. Y., in the year 1827 ; in 1886, he removed with his parents, Lewis and Lydia Benedict, to Cuyahoga Co., Ohio, where he remained until his coming to Lowell Township, Dodge Co., Wis., in 1846. In 1855, he married Miss Melissa Hound, a native of Herkimer Co., N. Y. ; born in 1838 ; they have three children — Florence A., Bertha L. and Lena B. ; Mr. Benedict owns 150 acres of land, well located and finely improved. Politically, he acts with the Republican party ; he was Justice of the Peace at one time, and has filled other local offices, and has always been identified with the educational interests in the district wherein he resides; his father, Lewis Benedict, is a native of Litchfield Co., Conn.; born June 28, 1799 ; when he was about 3 years old, his parents moved to Chenango Co., N. Y., where he married, Jan. 11, 1825, Miss Lydia Packard, a native of Delaware Co., N. Y., born June 3, 1801 ; they emigrated to Cuyahoga Co., Ohio ; thence to Lowell Township, Dodge Co., Wis., in 1846, thus becoming pioneer settlers; in 1867, they went to Floyd Co., Iowa, where they remained until 1878, when they returned to Dodge Co. ; they now reside on Sec. 6, Lowell Township. He has acted with the Republican party since its organization ; their children are M. D. (whose name appears at the head of this sketch), Lydia A. (now wife of M. 0. Snow, Floyd XJo., Iowa), Henry L. (married Sarah Blair; they also live in Floyd Co.), Augusta A. (wife of E. A. Colton, Lowell Township). Nelson Round, father of Mrs. M. D. Benedict, was a native of "York State." He married Catherine Vosburg ; they settled in Lowell Township in 1850; she died in 1851, and he in 1874; their children are Melissa, wife of M. D. Benedict; Charles M., who served in Co. C, 16th W. V. I., all through the war of the rebellion, and who is now married and lives in Dodge Co., Minn.; Allen A., who was also a soldier in Co. C, l6th W. V. I. during the war of the rebellion, is married and lives in Dodge Co., Minn.; Chlotilda, wife of William M. Waddell, Beaver Dam; Mary A., wife of Leroy McCallister. A. D. COAPMAN, telegraph operator and station agent, Reeseville ; was born in the town of Minden, Montgomery Co., N. Y., in 1837 ; in early life he received a liberal education, and learned car- riage-making in his native town ; in 1855, he went to Herkimer, and there worked at his trade until 1856 ; in the latter year, he came to Wisconsin, and lived in Wyocena, Columbia Co., until some time in 1857, when he went to Omaha, where he remained about a year, at the end of which time he returned to Wis- consin, lived in Portage a short time, then returned to Wyocena, where he remained until 1874, in which year he commenced railroading on the Milwaukee & St. Paul, now the Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul R. R.; in 1876, he came to Reeseville, and has been engaged in the capacity of depot, telegraph and express agent there since. He married, in Wyocena, Wis., Miss Velaine Kellogg, a native of Summit Co., Ohio; they have two children — E. Herbert and Prank A. In politics, Mr. Coapman is a Republican, being an earn- est supporter of that party and its principles since he attained his majority. His father, John Coapman, a native of Rensselaer Co., N. Y., held a commis.sion as an officer in the New York State Light Horse Cavalry a number of years, and was, for a long period. Postmaster of the town of Minden, N. Y. He married, in his native State, Miss Hannah Crunkhite ; they had five children — Norman, who served in the 8th Wjs. Regi- mental Band during the war of the rebellion, was honorably discharged, and died at Wyocena, Wis., in April, 1878; Anson, now a leading farmer, near Wyocena; Abram D., whose name appears at the head of this sketch ; James W., who studied law, and was admitted to the bar at Portage, Wis., when 19 years of age ; he served all through the war of the rebellion as a soldier, being in active servicemostof the time, and received an honorable discharge at the close of the war; he is now District Attorney at Kewanee, Wis., a position he has filled with credit to himself and .satisfaction to the people for over three years ; Mary E., now wife of Charles Easton, Moravia, N.Y. Jacob Coapman, grandfather of the subject of this sketch, was commissioned First Lieutenant of Co. in 2d Battalion, 5th Regiment N. Y. Artillery, April 6, 1807, and was promoted Captain during the war of 1812, m which capacity he served with distinction. Abram Coapman, great- grandfather of our subject, was commissioned Captain August, 1778, and was in active service during the war of the Revolution. Mrs. A. C. Coapman's parents, Eleazer S. and Catharine Kellogg, and family, settled in Wyocena, Wis., in 1855, where he resided until his death, in 1866 ; Mrs. C. is still living at Wyocena. HOX. D. BI. COLEMAN, Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Lowell ; was born in Hector, Tompkins Co., N. Y., Sept. 16, 1816 ; in early life ho received a liberal education ; in 1849, came to Dodge Co., and settled in Lowell Township, which has been his home since; he owns 200 acres of land. He was elected to the LOWEI.L TOWNSHIP. 735 Assembly of Wisconsin one term, and performed eminent service ; he has also been elected by his fellow- citizens to various local offices of trust. In politics, ho is a consistent and active Republican. He is a truthful and capable man, both in public and private life, attached to those things which are true and just, and ever leady to rebuke meanness in any form. JOHN 1$. COIiKMAlV, retired farmer, Lowell; was burn in Hector, Tompkins Co., N. Y., JIareh 7, IS-'iO ; ho was educated in his native town ; in 1851, be came to Lowell, Dodge Co., Wis., where he married, in IS.ili, 3Iiss Jessie Bruce, who was born in Perthsbin', Scotland, April 28, 1831, and came to Dodge Co. in IS.il ; they have one daughter, Anna, now the wife of F. W. Benson, of Lowell. Mr. Coleman owns eighty-tive acre.s of land. In politics, he is a stanch Bepublican ; he takes an active inter- (.st iu public affairs; is public-spirited, and any enterprise that gives promise of general good meets with his hearty co-operation. Ilis f ither, Joshua Coleman, was a native of Morris Co., N. J.; he married, in his native county. Miss Betsy Budd ; both died in Tompkins Co., N. Y., of which county they were honored and respected citizens for a number of years. I>. F. KI.i0>Rl, wagon-maker and blacksmith ; P.O.Lowell; was born in Murray, Orleans Co., N. Y., Sept. ti, 1820; in 1833, he moved with parents, Holden and Polly Eldred, to Medina Co., Ohio ; in 1841, he came to Wisconsin, and put up the first saw-mill in that place, and sawed the first lum- ber; he worked in Jefferson until 1842, when he went to Ashland, and, iti December of the same year (1842), he came to Lowell, and built a log house on Sec. 22, this being probably the first house in that portion of Lowell Township. He married in Oak Grove, Feb. 22, 184G, Miss Sarah Deits ; they liave three children — Emmett D., now Postmaster at Minnesota Junction ; Eldora and Charles. Mr. Eldred has resided in the town of Lowell and vicinity since 1842, with the exception of years 1847—48, when he was in the town of Burnett ; in 1855, he engaged in wagon and carriage making, and since that time he has done a good business ; he has been Justice of the Peace in Lowell for over sixteen years, and has been chosen by his fellow-citizens to fill various other offices of trust. His father, Holden Eldred, was born in Hampden Co., IMass., Oct. 16, 1796 ; he was a soldier in active service during the war of 1812, and was in the liattles of Plattsburg, Lundy's Lane and the storming of Queeustown, May 9, 1819. He mar- ried Polly Tryon, a native of Canada, born May 3, 1804; they came to Lowell, in this county, in 1842, thus becoming pioneer settlers of Dodge Co.; she died in Lowell Sept. 8, 18()0: he went to Pine Island, Minn., in 1876, where he has since lived; they had thirteen children, seven of whom are now living. David and Patience Deits, parents of Mrs. Eldred, settled at Oak Grove, Wis., in 1845, and were about the first settlers of that town. J. W. GIB$<^ON. farmer. Sec. 8 ; P. 0. Lowell ; was born iu Clifford, Sus(|uehanna Co., Penn., Dec. 31, 1827 ; in 1836, he moved with his parents to White Pigeon Prairie, thence to Michigan City, Ind., in September of the same year, from which place they removed to Racine, Wis., in 1843, and in June of the following year they came to this ( Lowell) township, and settled on Sec. 18. Sept. 30, 1855, he married Mi.ss Rosetta Nickerson ; they have seven children — William C., Josephine, Anna E., Joseph, Ulysses G., Ursula, Cclia E. Politically, in early life, Mr. Gibson acted wiih the Whig party; on the organization of the Republican party, he joined its ranks, and has remained a firm supporter of that party and its principles. In October, 1847, he was commissioned Lieutenant of Co. 5, Militia, by Henry Dddge, then Territorial Governor. He has taken an active interest iu educational interests, and has been called on to fill various school offices. He owns 147 acres of land, well improved. His fiither, William Gib.son, was born in England in 1790; he married, iu his native country. Miss Lydia A. Whiting; they emigrated to Pbiladelpiiia, Penn., in 1817, where they lived until 183t), when they moved to Whit<; Pigeon, Mich. ; thence to Michigan City, as before stated, in the autumn of the same year, where she died in 1837, and he married, in the same city, Mrs. Julia Ann Rose, and moved to this (Lowell') town- ship in 1843, having lived the j'ear prior to that in Racine, Wis. ; he died in 1872 and she in 1871. By William Gibson's marriage with Lydia A. Whiting, there were ten children, viz., Elizabeth (who married William B. Smith — he is now deceased), Jabez (now deceased), Richard (now a resident of Floyd Co., lowai, Mary J. (now wife of Joseph Winters), Joseph (now a resident of Beaver Dam), J. W. (whose name heads this sketch), Caroline (wife of G. W. Bnland), Charlotte (now deceased), Hannah Ann (wife of I). South) ; by second marriage there were no children. J. M. (iiItKEN, farmer and manufiicturer of brick. Sec. 1 ; P. 0. Lowell ; was born in Lowell Township, Dodge Co., Wis., March 23, 1845. Aug. 21, 1873, he married, in Columbus, Wis., Miss Ella .M. Cramer, daughter of Marcus and Eliza Cramer, early settlers of this (Dodge) county; they have two .liildren — William H. and Clarence M. In politics, Mr. Green is a Republican. He owns a large and finely improved farm ; in addition to managing his farm, he is extensively engaged in the manuf.icture of brick, which are widely known for their excellent ijualities. He has been Chairman of the Township 736 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: f Board of Supervisors two terms, and has also filled other local offices. His father, William H. Green, was a native of Hampton Co., N. H. ; he married, in his native county, Kliza Grout; in the spring of 1844, they eniiscrated to Watertown, Wis. ; thence to this (Lowell) township in the autumn of the same year; he died JNIarch 14, 187G ; she is still living, and a resident of Lowell Township. Mrs. J. M. Green's father, Marcus Cramer, at the breaking-out of the war of the rebellion, enlisted in Co. K, 11th W. V. L; he was wounded at the siege of Vicksburg, and died from the effects shortly after; the records of the regiment he served in show that he was a genial comrade and a brave soldier. W. K. HANIiEY, grocer, Ree»eville; was born in the city of New York in 1847 ; in 1850, his parents, Patrick and Mary Hanlcy emigrated to Watertown. Mr. W. R. Hanley attended the public schools at Watertown, and acquired a good education ; after he completed his education, he engaged to travel for S. L. Sheldon, of Madison, general dealer in agricultural implements ; at the expiration of the term he was employed for by Mr. Sheldon, he engaged as salesman for the Harris Manufacturing Co., Janesville, which company he remained with until he was tendered the general agency of the Williams Mower and Reaper, which he successfully introduced until 1874, when he came to Reeseville, and engaged in the grocery trade. He married in Richwood, Dodge Co., Miss Katie L. Demsey ; they have four children — Mary, Magnite, Anna and Willie. In politics, Mr. Hanley is a Democrat ; he is at present writing. Justice of the Peace, an office he has l>een the incumbent of two years; his parents, Patrick and .Mary Hanley, as before stated in this sketch, settled in Wisconsin in 1850; they lived at Water- town several yeais previous to their coming to Reeseville, where he still lives, actively engaged in business, having a large money capital ; she died in 1873. WILLIAM C. HILIilKER, farmer, P. 0. Reeseville. This gentleman, a leading citizen and pioneer settler of Lowell Township, Dodge Co., Wis., is a native of Herkimer Co., N. Y.; was born at Little Falls May 12, 1815. He married in his native town, his first wife, Miss Nancy Hall ; she was also a native of Herkimer Co., born in 1813; they were married in 1834, and in 1835, they moved to Onon- daga Co., where they lived uatil their coming West in 1846 ; in the latter year, they settled in Lowell l.iwusliip. Dodge Co., Wis., where she died in January, 1847 ; they had five children, three of whom are now living, viz., Thomas, who is married and lives in Sioux City, Iowa ; Alexander, married and lives in Nebraska; Lois J., lives in Onondaga Co., N. Y.; John J., died in the service of the Union, at George- town, during the war of the rebellion ; maiden name of Mr. Hilliker's present wife was Lucretia Reese, a daughter of Samuel and Elizabeth Reese, natives of New York, who settled in Lowell Township, (near the town which perpetuates his name — Reeseville) Dodge Co., Wis., in 1845 ; he died in 1875 ; his wife, Elizabeth, nee Bellj still lives and is passing her old age in ease and comfort, at the home of her son-in-law, William C. Hiliikor, the subject of this sketch; the children of Mr. Hilliker's second marriage are Ellen, now the wife of Byron Cramer, of Lake Mills, Jefferson Co., Wis.; Eveline, wife of Lorenzo Snow, Fill more Co., Neb.; Frank, who is married and lives in Kansas ; Charles, William. Mr. Hilliker has never been ambitious for office, but he has frequently been selected by his fellow-citizens to fill positions of trust, upon which he has always reflected the highest x;redit; in the early history of Dodge Co., he was one of the Board of Road Commissioners, appointed for the purpose of laying out roads; he was Chairman of the Board of Township Supervisors, for several terms; Assessor one term, and has held various other local offices. In politics, he is a consistent and active Republican ; he ever held that all men should be unfet- tered in running the race of life ; hence, he has ever been an enemy of human slavery. When Mr. Hilli- ker began life, he had nothing, and owes his success in life to his own efforts; hLs father, Benjamin Hilliker, was a soldier in active service during our second war with England, in 1812, and his father served with distinction in the war of the Revolution ; thus it will be seen that Mr. Hilliker's ancestors rendered their country service in her years of peril. *■ WILLIAM HYLAMD, Sec. 34 ; P.O. Reeseville; was born in Monroe Co., N. Y., Dec. 10, 1842 ; in the year 1847, his parents emigrated to Wiscon.sin, and settled in Lowell Township, Dodge Co. ; in his early life, William learned the shoemaking trade and worked at it several years ; his father, William Hyland, married, in New York, Miss Mary Murry ; as will be seen by the date indicated above, they were pioneer settlers of Lowell Township, where they resided until their death, which occurred, hers in 1872 and his in 1874; their children are Thomas, who is now married and resides in Colfax Co., Wis.; William, whose name appears at the head of this sketch ; John, is married and lives in Davenport, Iowa ; Mary, wife of Patrick H. Gara, Reeseville ; James, married Margaret McDonough, and have one child — Lizzie ; they live on Section 34, this (Lowellj township. William and James Hyland own eighty acres of land in the vicinity of Reeseville ; in politics they act with the Democratic party. LOWELL TO.WNSHIP. 737 PATRICK KEA.VEXY, grocer, Reeseville ; was born in County Mayo, Ireland, in 1825, where his early lite was passed in attending school and assisting his father on the farm ; in 1849, he emi- grated to the city of New York, where he lived two and a half years ; at the end of that time, he went to Lorain Co., Ohio, where he married, Aug. 27, 1854, Miss Ann Mulany ; in the spring of 1855, they came to Wisconsin and located at Reeseville, which has been their home since ; they have five children living — Michael H., ('atherine A., Peter, Patrick J. and Margaret E. Mr. Keaveny engaged in the grocery business in 18G3, and has a large custom; in politics, he is Independent, voting for whomsoever in his judgment will serve the interests of the country best ; himself and family are members of the Catho- lic Church. His father, Peter Keaveny, was born in County Mayo, Ireland, in 1786. He married, in his native county. Miss Mar3' Haran ; they emigrated to America in 1849; settled in Lowell Tuwnsliip, Dodge Co., Wis., in 1855 ; they both died about 18(54, and were buried in the cemetery at Elba, Dudge Co.; their children are Patrick, whose name heads this sketch ; James, now a resident of Clark Co., Wis., Ellen, wife of Thomas Hughes, Lowell Township, and Peter, now a resident of Kandall Co., Minn. JOHN H. KOCH, tailor, Lowell, Dodce Co.; born in Hanover, Germany, Aug. 9, 1827; came to America in 1847 ; spent six months in Buffalo, N. Y., then went to Canada and spent one winter, when he returned to Buffalo, where he remained a few weeks, and then resided in Cleveland, Ohio, about six months ; afterward, one winter in Dalton, Wayne Co., Ohio ; returned to Cleveland for three months, then came to Watertown, arriving here in the summer of 1849 ; resided in Watertown until 1877, when he removed to Lowell, whore he now resides ; Mr. K. was Alderman of his ward in Watertown in 1854 ; in August, 1862, he enlisted in Co. E, 20th W. V. I; mustered out at Cairo, 111., May 13, 1865 ; he was two years Constable in Watertown ; he is a member of St. John's Church. Aug 20, 1850, he married Rosalina Schar ; she was born in Prus.sia ; they have had eleven children; the living are: Albert, Fred Henry, Caroline, Anna, Rosaline and Adelia; they have lost four sons — Ferdinand, Martin, Gustav and William. J. W. LiEMBCirEX, a leading citizen of Lowell, was born near Ncwicd, Russia, Jan. 1, 1830; he received a thorough education in his native country; in 1853, he emigrated to Lexington, Richland Co., Ohio, where he clerked in a mercantile house until 1864, in the spring of which year he came to Lowell, and there engaged in the mercantile business, in which he continued until 1876, meeting with merited success. In 1865, he married, in Lowell, Miss Anna C. Rienhard, daughter of Peter and Anna J. Reinhard; they have three children — Willie P., Amelia and Albert F. Mr. Lembgen owns a farm of 120 acres of well-improved land, on Sees. 14 and 21. In politics, he is a Republican. He is a mm of both ^dependent thoughts and actions, and of strong personal convictions, and is a strong d>^fender of whatever he believes to be right. He is an active participator in the Lowell school interests, and is the Clerk of the School Board at that place ; he was Postmaster of Lowell post office several years, and filled that position with general satisfaction to the citizens. He has a pleasant home in the village of Lowell, where he and his family are surrounded by all modern comforts. F. W. MAECHLER, farmer; Sees. 16 and 17 ; P. 0. Lowell ; was born in Prussia Pec. 13, 1839; in 1847, he emigrated with his parents to Clyman Township, Dodge Co., Wis., thency to Lowell Township, in about 1856, where he married, in 1873, Mi.ss Carrie C. Tenney ; she was born near Concord, N. H., in 1849; they have two children — Dora E. and Alice Gertrude. Mr. Maechler owns 140 acres of land where he lives, and 160 acres in Wilkin Co., Minn. Politically, Mr. M. is a Republican, being a firm supporter of that party since its organization in Wisconsin. His father, Martin Maechler, was a soldier in the Prussian Army. Married, in his native country I Prussia) Dora E. Furstenburg ; they emigrated to VVisconsin in 1847; settled in this (Lowell) township in 1856, where they resided highly respected citizens until their deaths ; their children are Augusta, now Mrs. Pithy ; Wilhelmene, now wife of M. Richardson, Lowell Township; Amelia, wife of Carlos Church, Wilkin Co., Minn., theparent.s of Mrs. F. W. Maechler; John P. and Jane Tenney, are both residents of Concord, N. H., where they have resided a number of years. HENRY IfllLTj'ER, phy.sician, Lowell; wa.s born in Auburn, N. Y.. in 1824; his father, Klias Miller, was a soldier in active service during the entire war of 1812, and was for many years a lieutenant in N. Y. State Militia; he died Sept. 15, 1864. The mother of Dr. Milh^r was Hannah Southard; she married Klias Miller; she was a woman of rare Christian virtues, and is still living. Dr. Miller's early education was acquired at the common .schools; having a decided literary t;iste, at the age of 17 years, he began an academic course at the Auburn Academy, wherein he continued until he was 21 years of age, when he was fully prepared to enter the Vermont Medical College at Woodstock, where he remained two years ; ho then went to Pittstield, Mass., and entered the Berkshire Medical College at that place, and graduated in the fall of 1848 ; he commenced the practice of his profession in Busti, 738 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES : Chautauqua Co., N. Y. In 1850, he came to Wisconsin; located at Oak Grove, where he practiced until June ot'the following year, when he permanently located at Lowell. The Doctor is a member of the State Medical Society. Politically, Dr. Miller acts with the Republican party, though being in no sense a politician, and ever avoiding anything like political preferment. In his professional capacity, he is justly entitled to a prominent place among the best American physicians. Socially, he is highly esteemed, and, in every relation of life, he has earned the sincere re.spect and perfect confidence of all with whom he is acquainted. Dr. Miller was twice married; his first wife was Delia E. Weed (deceased) ; had two chil- dren by this marriage — Charles S. and Oscar Eugene. The maiden name of his present wife was Mary Coleman ; she is highly esteemed by all who know her, for her sociability and cheerfulness. JOHN C MILLER, farmer. Sec. 34; P. 0. Keoseville ; is a native of Prussia; was born near Coblentz July 15, 1840; in 1856, he emigrated with his father to Wisconsin, and settled in Lowcsll. He married, in the town of Lowell, Miss Sophia Runkel ; th^y have three children — John W., Ella Othelia and Louis Alfred. Mr. Miller owns 160 acres of land, finely located, well improved and possess- ing all the natural advantages native to Dodge Co. In politics, he is Independent. His father was twice married ; his fir.st wife was Ijlizabeth Polifka ; she was the mother of John C., whose name heads this sketch ; she died in Prussia. His second wife was Katie Muchat, who died in Lowell. Mr. Miller, Sr., is still living. Greorge llumkel, father of Mrs. J. C. Miller, was also a native of Prussia ; he married, in his native country. Miss Louisa Reinhard ; they emigrated to Wisconsin in 1855; she died shortly after their settling in Lowell Township, and he now resides with his son-in-law, the subject of this sketch. M. W. PEASE, proprietor of Lowell flouring-mills, Lowell ; was born in tha town of Lee, Oneida Co., N. Y., in 1817 ; in 1832, he moved with his parents to Lewis Co., thence to Jefferson Co., Wis., in 1846 ; in 1857, he came to Lowell, and has been engaged in milling ever since ; his mill is three stories high, with four run of buhrs, and has a capacity of over one hundred barrels of flour per day, which is widely known for its superior quality. In 1843, Mr. Pease married, in Jeflferson Co., N. Y., Miss Elraira E. Gould, a native of Hanover, Vt.; they have three children, all residents of Lowell — Frank M., George and Sophia (now the wife of William Leese). Mr. Pease, in his business enterprises, is straightforward and energetic ; he is deeply interested in all that concerns the growth of Lowell, and persists in pushing forward all enterprises which he deems wise and expedient, and of benefit to the public. His father, Orrin Pease, served in the war of 1812. He married, in Springfield, Mass., Sophia Wilson; they became pionears of Jefferson Co., Wis., in 184G ; .she died in Watertown in 1857 ; he died in Lowell in 1873; they had seven children, two of whom are now living — -E. 0. Pease, proprietor of flour-mill at Ripon, Wis., and M. F. Pease, whose name heads this sketch. C REI\HA.RD, Postmaster, also dealer in general merchandise, Reeseville ; is a native of Prussia, born in the year 1838; in 1847, he emigrated with his parents ( Peter and Julia Reiiihardj to Dodge Co., Wis., and settled in the town of Lowell, Lowell Township, thus becoming pioneer settlers ; in early life, the subject of this sketch received a liberal education; in 1865, he went to Manhattan, Kan., where he engaged in the mercantile business two years, at the end of which time he returnd to Lowell. In 1869, he married, in Beaver Dam, Dodge Co., Miss KJitie Shaffer, a most estimable lady; they have two children — Julia A and Gustavo. Mr. Reinhard has been engaged in the mercantile business in Reese- ville, since the autumn of 1869, and enjoys a large and constantly increasing trade. Aug. 7, 1879, he was appointed Postmaster ; he has been Secretary of the Reform Church, at Lowell, since 1876, besides attend- ing to his store ; Mr. Reinhard is extensively engaged in buying and shipping stock. In polities, he acts with the Republican party ; his father, Peter Reinhard, spent all of his active life as a farmer, and enjoyed the respect and confidence of his fellow-citizens, which an upright life can alone permanently secure ; he was born in Prussia in 1801, and died in Lowell June 14, 1871 ; his widow is still living, and resides at Lowell ; she was born in 1805 ; they had five children — Peter (now a leading farmer of Lowell Township), Philip (who has been for a number of years a merchant and Postmaster, at Lowell), William (who was unfortunately killed April 7, 1878, by his team becoming unmanageable, and throwing him out of his wagon), Christian (whose name appears at the head of this sketch), Anna C. (now the wife of J. W. Lembaen, of Lowell. PETER REINHARI>, farmer. Sec. 22; P. O. Lowell; is a native of Prussia; was born in Obesleiber Ncuweid, on the Rhine, Sept. 25, 1831 ; in 1847, he emigrated with his parents, Peter and Julia A. Reinhard, to Dodge Co., Wis.; they settled on Sec. 22, Lowell Township, where they lived a number of years honored citizens ; he died June 14, 1871 ; she is still living. Dec. 25, 1857, Feter Reinhard, the subject of this sketch, married, in Lowell, Miss Christiana Burger, a native of Prussia, born Nov. 1, 1829 ; she was a daughter of John and Christiana Burger, who were natives of Prussia, and emi- grated to this county in 1847, settling in Clyman, where he still resides ; she died in 1857 ; Mr. Reinhard LOWELL TOWNSHIP. 739 and fiiniily are members of the Reform Church; they have nine children — Peter, born Sept. 24, 1858 ; Chri.stiana, born Sept. 10, 18G0; Albert, born Oct. 10, 1802; Edward, born Nov. 23, 1804; Julia A., born Nov. 27, 1860; Ferdinand, born May 13, 1809; Henry, born Jan. 17, 1872; Ernest, born Feb. 19, 1875 ; Lena, born Nov. 24, 1876 ; Mr. Reinhard own.s 145 acres of land finely improved ; he is an enterprisinf; and energetic citizen, and takes a deep interest in everythintr that tends to promote the pros- perity of the public. In politics he acts with the Republican party ; he was at one time Treasurer of Lowell Township, and performed the duties of that office with credit to himself, as well as to the satisfac- tion of the people in ii'.neral. PETER REINHARD (deceased); was born near Neuwied, on the Rhine, March 18, 1801. He married, in his native country, Miss Julia A. Seusher ; they emigrated to Dodge Co., Wis., in 1847 ; settled in Lowell Township, where he died June 14, 1871 ; he spent nearly the whole of his active life as a farmer, and during his life enjoyed that re.spect and confidence of his fellow-citizens, which an upright life can alone secure ; bis wife is living in Lowell ; she is a woman of most exemplary character, intelligent, hospitable, and always studied the interests and welfare of those around ; their children are Peter, now a leading farmer in this (Lowell) Township ; Philip, Postmaster and merchant, Lowell ; William, now deceased ; Christian, Postmaster and merchant, Reeseville ; Anna C, now the wife of J. W. Lembgen, a leading citizen of Lowell. PHILIP REINHARD,, Postmaster, also dealer in general merchandise, Lowell ; he is the son of Peter Reinhard and Julia A. Reinhard, whose maiden name was Seusher ; he was born near Neuwied, Prussia, in 1833; in 1847, emigrated to this (Lowell) township with his parents. He married Miss Henrietta, daughter of Henry and Caroline Cramer, who settled in this county in the early period of its growth ; Mr. Reinhard and wife are members of the Reform Church ; their children are Julius P., Amelia, Fred W., Bertha, Arthur and Henrietta. Mr. Reinhard engaged in the mercantile business in Lowell in about 1804, and has constantly increasing business; he was appointed Postmaster in 1876, and has since fulfilled the duties of that ofiice with general satisfaction to the citizens interested ; he has never been an aspirant for office, but has frequently been elected to offices of trust in Lowell Township ; in polit- ical afi'airs he has attached himself to the Republican party and has taken a most active interest in its career; Mr. Reinhard is one of the representative men of Lowell, and one who has identified himself closely with its progress and the development of its religious and educational interests. HON. JOHN RUNKELi, of the firm of J. & L. Runkel, dealers in general merchandise, also manufacturers, Lowell ; Mr. Runkel was born near Coblentz, Prussia, in 1837 ; in 1847, he emigrated to this ( Lowell ) township with his parents, Jacob and Maria K. Runkel. He married Miss Mary Weber in 1847 ; they have ten children — Eddie, Fred, Lena, Bertha, John, Jacob, George, Mary, Minnie and Katie. Mr. Runkel is a Democrat in politics; he has filled various local offices, and was elected a member of the Wisconsin Assembly one term ; he has been in business in Lowell and vicinity for over twenty years and enjoys the confidence and esteem of his fellow-citizens. JACOB RIINKEL, a pioneer settler, and also a leading citizen of Lowell Township ; was born near Coblentz, Pru.s.sia, April 13, 1807 ; he was a soldier in the German Army three years. June 15, 1832, he married, in Prussia, Miss M. K. Runkel; in 1847, they came to the United States, settled in Lowell Township, Dodge Co., Wis., which place has been their home since; their children are Philip, now a grain merchant in Reeseville ; John, merchant at Lowell ; Louis, also merchant at Lowell; Kate, now the wife of Fred. Voedisch, manufacturer at Lowell ; George, a fiirmer in Lowell Township; Frederic, a dealer in agricultural implements in Lowell. Mr. Runkel, the subject of this sketch, owns a large and finely improved farm, located on the Lowell and Reeseville road, about half-way between those places ; himself and wife, though now at an advanced age, are in robust health, and are spending their years in peace and competence, enjoying the respect and confidence of the entire community, where they have lived so long old and honored citizens. LiOL'IS RUNKEL, of the firm of J. & L. Runkel, dealers in general merchandise, lumber merchants and proprietors of cooper-shop, Lowell ; Mr. L. Runkel was born near Coblentz, Prussia, in 1839; in 1847, he emigrated with his parents, Jacob and Katherine M. Runkel, who settled in Lowell Township in the year 1847 ; his boyhood was passed mostly on a farm, and the rudiments of his edu- cation were received at the at the common schools, and he became proficient in all the. common branches. April 2, 1802, he married Miss C. Weber; they have ii)ur children — Ella G., EInora, Frank O. and Charlie; .^Ir. Runkel ha.s been identified with the interests of the town of Lowell, as a business man for a period of several years, and has fully secured the confidence and respect of all with whom he has had to do ; he and his brother, John Runkel, have a large trade in their general store, which was first estab- lished by John Runkel, in about the year 1857 ; they also own and manage a cooper-shop, wherein 740 BIOGEAPHICAL SKETCHES: they give employment to about forty men ; they are also extensively engaged in the lumber trade ; every- thing they undertake bears the unmistakable impress of their energy and sound judgment ; in addition to this, they are true gentlemen, and enjoy the abiding confidence of the people, for their unimpeachable integrity. PHIIilP RUNKEIi, grain merchant, Reeseville ; was born near Coblentz, Prussia, in 1833; in 1847, he emigrated with his parents, Jacob and Katherine M. Runkel, to Lowell Township, Dodge Co., Wis., then comparatively a new country. Determining to pursue the business of husbandry, they pur- chased a farm, and in real earnest set about taming the wilderness ; success rewarded their efforts, and they now reside on Sec. 22, Lowell Township, old and respected citizens. In 1856, Philip Runkel married Miss Catherine, daughter of Daniel and Elizabeth Breyer ; they have three children living — Louis L., Emma and Frank P. About the year 1867, Mr. Runkel engaged in the grain business at Reeseville, which he has successfully continued in since, doing a large trade. He was the second Postmaster of Reese- ville, a position which he filled to the entire satisfaction of the community. In polities he is Independent, though being in no sense a politician, he believes that all political action should be prompted and controlled by generous principles and unselfish purpose. His parents, Jacob and Kathrine N. Runkel, as before stated, settled in Dodge Co. in 18-17 ; their children are John, now a merchant in Lowell, and at one time a member of the Wisconsin Assembly ; Louis, also a merchant in Lowell ; Katie, wife of Fred Voedeisch Webber; George, a leading farmer ; Fredric, dealer in agricultural implements, Lowell ; Philip, a grain merchant in Reeseville. Daniel Breyer, father of Philip Runkel's wife, was a native of Prussia ; he married, in his native country, Elizabeth Hittle ; in 184:7, they settled at Elba, Dodge Co., Wis., where he died in 1855 ; she died at Culumbus, Wis., in 1874 ; their children are Daniel Breyer, who lives at Elba ; Elizabeth, now wife of Andrew Lapp, of Lowell ; Jacob, who now lives in Minnesota ; Catherine, wife of Philip Runkel ; Louisa, wife of F. Heidbreak, Columbus ; Josephine, wife of Charles Colonius, also of Columbus ; Charles, wlio resides in Elba. AUG. ¥. SHOENWETTER, Sees. 2 and 3; P. 0. Lowell ; is a native of Prussia, born in the Province of Badenburg May 6, 1848 ; when he was 8 years old emigrated with his parents, Fred- rick and Wilhelmina Shoenwetter, to Lowell Township, Dodge Co., Wis., where Aug. F. received a libe- ral education at the district schools. Dec. 14, 1868, he married Louisa Huelbner, daughter of Christian and Wilhelmina Huebner, pioneer settlers of Clyman Township, where they still reside ; she was born in Clyman ; their children are Amanda, Lydia, John, Eiward, Bertha, Robert and Alvira. Mr. Shoen- wetter owns 200 acres of land. He is, at present writing, Chairman of the Board of Township Trustees ; has been Township Clerk several years, and has also held the office of Town Treasurer. Politically, he acts with the Democratic party. He is a man possessed of much energy, and is public spirited, and takes an active interest in everything pertaining to the advancement of the public interest-!. Mr. Shoenwetter and family are members of the Lutheran Church. WILIjIAM SEAGrER, manufacturer of cigars and tobaccos, Lowell ; was born in Germany Aug. 27, 1854; in 1860, he emigrated, with his parents, Charles and Doretha Seager, to Manitowoc Co., Wis ; thence to Beaver Dam, Dodge Co., in 1866 ; at Beaver Dam, William was educated and also learned the cigar trade ; in 1868, he engaged in business at Lowell, and has a fine, prosperous and constantly increasing trade. In October, 1878, he married, at Lowell, Miss Annie, daughter of John and Annie Drucks. Charles Seager, the father of the subject of this sketch, served in the German Army three years. He married, in his native country (Germany), Doretha Schmadbeck; they are now residents of Beaver Dam ; their children are Joseph ( who lives in Das Moines, lowaj, William (cigar raanuficturer, Lowell), Charles (lives at Beaver Dam), Henry (also at Braver Dam), John (cigir-maker, Lowell), Louisa, Minnie, Dora and Mary. Mrs. William Soager's parents, John and Annie Drucks, were natives of Germany ; they came to Dodge Co. early in its settlement ; he died in 1873 and she in 1878; their children are Charles, who lives in Jefferson Co.. Wis.; Minnie, now the wife of Henry Hertzog, Floyd Springs, Iowa; Frederic, a resident of Lowell, and Annie, wife of William Seager. W. H. SXOW, dealer in general merchandise and lumber merchant, Reeseville; was born in Cuyahoga Co., Ohio, in 1838. His father. James Snow, was a native of Massachusetts, born in 1779; his mother, Lucia Gloyd, was born in 1800; she married James Snow in New Hampshire; they moved to New York; thence Jo Ohio, and, in 1845, came West and settled in Lowell, Dodge Co., Wis., they having determined to make that place their future home; he was a man fully identified with the various interests of the county, and was deeply honored for his integrity and goodness of heart; he died Sept. 22, 1872. His mother (now deceased,) was a member of the Congregational Church, and a woman of rare Christian virtues. In early life, W. H. Snow (the subject of this sketch) attended the district schojis and acquired a good common school education ; he then learned the carpenter trade, and followed the business LOWELL TOWNSHIP. 741 of contractor and builder for a number of years; in about 18()8, he started a lumber-yard, in which line he is now doinc; a large business; in about 1872, he engaijjed in the mercantile business, in which ho has met with almost unprecodontod success; he is a public-spirited, enterprising citizen, and much of Recse- ville's growth and prcisperity is due to him. Politically, Mr. Snow acts with the Republican party. He married, in Lowell, Miss Mary J. Church, daughter of VVilliam and Caroline Church, pioneer settlers of this county; they have three children — Harry L., Willie J. and Leta. JOfI\ STITRN^ER, proprietor of hardware store and manufacturer of harness, Lowell; was born in Aidlinger, Kingdom of Wurtemburg, Germany, Nov. 18, 184(5; in 1855, became to the United States with his parents; they settled in Elba, Dodge Co., where he received a liberal education ; after he left school, he went to Cannon City, Minn., where he remained about thirteen months, at the end of which time, he returned home, and' in the spring of 1866, went to Dubuque, Iowa, returning in the autumn of the same year; in the spring of 1868, he went to Grand Rapids; remained there until February, 18(!9, when he again returned home ; remaining at home a short time only, he went back to Grand Rapids ; went thence to Dubu(|ue and from there to Sacramento, Cal., where he lived till 1873. when he again returned to Dodge Co.; in the spring of 1874, he engaged in the mercantile, lumber and hardware busi- ness, in connection with W. H. Snow, at Reeseville, and therein continued until Jan. 1, 1875, when he sold out to Mr. Snow, and, on March 15 of the same year, he engaged in the hardware and harness busi- ness in Lowell ; he is a man of stern integrity and high business (|ualifications, and he has attained well- merited success and is having a large trade. May 5, 1875, he married !Mi,ss Emily Loesh, of Reeseville; they have two children — Annie L. and Hugo. In politics, Mr. Sturner is a Democrat ; he, at the present writing, holds the office of Town Clerk, a position he has been the incumbent of for two years. His father, John Sturner, was a soldier in Germany .six years; he married, in Germany, Anna ¥i. Shepple, and emigrated to Elba, Dodge Co., in 1855: he was born Dec. 11, 1818 ; has held various offices ; he now resides in Lowell; she was born Aug. 24, 1816, died April 20, 1863, their children are John (whose name appears at the head of this sketch), Barbara (now the wife of Charles Schultz, Colby, Wis.), Louisa K. (wife of Frederick Potter, Juneau, Dodge Co., Wis.). ALFRED SUTTON, firmer. Sec 34; P. O. Reeseville; is a native of Cheshire, Eng.; was born near Glossop Feb. 14, 1839; when he was 3 years old, his parents moved to Derbyshire, where Alfred attendee' school until he was 19 ; he then enlisted in the 37th Infantry, in which he served three years in the Sepoy war in India ; at the expiration of the three-years service in the 37th Regiment, he volunteered in the Commissary Department, in which ho served seven years ; this wa.s after his return from India in 1861 ; Aug. 31, 1868, he was honorably discharged from the service. He married, in Dub- lin, Ireland, in 1867, Miss Elizabeth Dix, a native of Glasgow, Scotland; in 1868, they emigrated to Wisconsin and settled in Lowell Township, where they now reside ; they have four children living — James A., Lettie M., Charles E. and Elizabeth A. Mr. Sutton is a Republican in politics; he owns eighty acres of land ; is an enterprising and public-spirited citizen. His fiither, William Sutton, has been a resident of the United States since 1842, and of Lowell Township since 1847 ; he was born in England in 1794 ; he married his wife, Lettie Sutton, in England ; their surviving children are Mary A. (now Mrs, J. Town- send, England), Harriett (wife of Joshua Sutton, Englaml), Charles (lives in Boone Co., Neb.) and Alfred (the subject of this sketch). Mrs Alfred Sutton's parents, John and Eliza Dix, were natives of Glasgow, Scotland ; they moved to Liverpool, where he died, and she married a Mr. John Peters ; they then went to Dublin. Irehiiid, from which city they emigrated to this country and now live in Ravenna, Ohio. I>. C TERRY, farmer. Sec. 11; P. O. Lowell; is a native of New York; born in Hector, Tompkins Co., Sept. 16,1824. In early life, be received a thorough education in his native country. Sept. 24, 1849, he married, in Hector, Mi.ss Elizabeth Finton ; she was also born in Hector; in 1851, they settled in Lowell Township, Dodge Co., Wis., where they have since lived; they have two children — H. L. and -Milton E. Terry. 5lr. Terry is engaged in stock-raising and farming; he owns 24() acres of land and is one of the heaviest taxpayers in Lowell Township ; he has been .somewhat active, and heartily co-operates in all matters pertaining to the prosperity of the county; personally and socially, he is a man of excellent qualities, and throughout his life has maintained an adherence to those principles of honor, that have secured to hiiii confidence and esteem of all whom he is acquainted. In politics. Mr. Terry has been a Republican, but his faith in the purity of political pirties has become modified, and he now acts independent of party and politics, voting for whom, in his judgment, will serve the interests of the country best. His father, Nathaniel Terry, was a soldier in active .service during the war of 1812. He married Sarah Colem;in ; both were natives of Morris Co., N. J. V. M. TERRY, farmer. Sec. 17 ; P. 0. Lowell ; was born in the town of Che.ster, Morri.i Co., N. J.. March 31, 1831. In 1823, his parents moved to Hector, Tompkins Co., N. Y., where C. M. 7-42 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: received a liberal education. He married in Lodi, N. Y., Miss Martlia Townsend ; she was born in Town- sendville, N. Y., a town named in honor of her grandfather, Elijah Townsend, who was one of the first settlers of the town. They were mai'ried in 1846, and in 1851 they came to Wisconsin, and settled in this (Lowell) township, which has been their home since; they have eight children — Francis A., resides on Sec. 19, Lowell Township; he married Carrie Ettinger ; Arvesta Maria, Clarence Dewitt, Mary E , Sarah E., Delos B., Wilbur S. ani Oakley E. Mr. Terry owns 330 acres of land ; it is well located and finely improved, his residence being the best in Lowell Township. He has been an active participant in educational matters in his locality, and h;is been elected to various local offices. A portion of his farm he has fenced off into a park, and has several deer. He has acted with the Republican party, but now is not a party man, believing that all political action should be prompted of broad principles, and unselfish purpose. FREDERICK VOEDISCH, a leading manufacturer, Lowell; was born in Sasony, Ger- many, Jan. 1, 1832; was educated in his native country, also learned the baker's trade ; in 1854, he emigrated to the city of New York and there worked at his trade about one year ; then went to Little Falls and had charge of a saw-mill at that place until 1856, in which year he came to Wisconsin and worked in Milford, Jefferson Co., about two years, at the end of which time he went to Minnesota, but remained there only a short time before his returning to Wisconsin and working in Watertown, until August, 1862, when he enlisted in Co. E, 20th W. V. L; he participated in the battles of Prairie Grove, Vicksburg, Port Hudson, Fort Morgan, Spanish Fort, and was honorably discharged at the close of the war. He married, at Watertown, Wis., in 1865, Catherine Weber, daughter of Jacob and Catherine Runkel, old pioneer settlers of Lowell Township, Dodge Co.; they have two children — Delia and Alfred. Mrs. Voedisoh had four children by her first husband (John Weber, who died in the service), viz., Albert, Robert, Lena and Charlie. Politicallj-, IMr. Voedisch acts with the Democratic party ; he has been engaged in Lowell in the manufacturing of lumber, staves, etc., since 1876, and does an extensive business in con- nection with John and L. Runkel, of Lowell ; he owns half a section of land in Wilkins, Minn., a portion of which is improved. JAMES WADDELLi, retired farmer; P. 0. Beaver Dam; is a native of Scotland; born May 28, 1812 ; when he was 17 years of age, he emigrated to the city of New York, where he married, in 1838, Miss Mary Gamble; previous to their mirriage, he had learned the carriage-making trade, and had worked at it in various towns and cities in the State of New York ; in 1848, they emigrated to Wis- consin, and, in the autumn of the same year, settled on Section 7, Lowell Township, where they still reside, old and honored citizens ; by their enterprise, industry and good management, accumulated a large prop- erty and have now retired from farming, and are passing their old age in peace and plenty, and enjoy the confidence and the esteem of the community wherein they have lived so long. Their children are Will- iam, who married Miss Matilda Robbins, they reside at Beaver Dam ; Orlando, married Miss Alice C)l- ton and resides in Martin Co., Minn.; Albert, married Miss Susan Smith, resides in this (Lowell) Township; Theodore, married Miss Orville Clark, reside in Elba, this (Dodge) county; George, married Miss AdJie Church ; and Charles. Politically, Mr. Waddell is a Democrat, but is in no way stringent in his political views. JOSEPH WOIiE, boot and shoe manufacturer, also dealer in wines, liquors and cigars, Lowell; he is a native of Baden, Germany; was born March 17, 1830 ; was liberally educated in his native place, where he also learned shoemaking; in August, 1852, he emigrated to Chillicothe, Ohio, and there worked at his trade until 1853, when he went to Columbus, Ohio, thence to Watertown, Wis., where he married, Oct. oU, 1854, Miss Fannie Yeager ; in 1855, they came to Lowell, and he has been engaged in business at that place since, and has met with merited success; they have nine children — John, Theodore P., Joseph, Mary, George, Andrew, Annie, Emma and Laura. Mr. Wolf is Treasurer of the I. 0. 0. F. and Masonic Lodges of Lowell, a position he has held several terms in each of the lodges. In politics, he acts with the Democrat-^; he is an enterprising citizen, and takes an active part in the advancement of the educational and other interests of Lowell. STEPHEiV WOODWARD, Reeseville; is a native of Collins, Erie Co., N. Y.; was born in 1825 ; his early life was passed in attending school, and did not differ much from that of other wide- awake American boys; in 1847, he came to Dodge Co., Wis., which was at that time comparatively a wilderness; he remained but a short time, however, before his returning to his native county, when he married Miss Eveline Stewart, a native of Wayne Co., N. Y.; they moved to Lowell (Dodge) county, in 1855, and in the following year removed to La Crosse, Wis., where they remained until their return to Dodge Co., in 1865, since which time they have lived in Reeseville; they have three children — Alice A., now the wife of Julius E. Warren, Milwaukee ; he was a soldier in a Wisconsin regiment during the war PORTLAND TOWNSHIP. 743 of the rebellion ; Adelia, wife of D. M. Wilcox, Palo Alto Co., Iowa, George S. DurinATUS WRMwHT, proprietor of hotel and stable, Reeseville ; was born in Johnstown, Rock Co., Wis., May 5, 1 845 ; his father, Ezra Wright, was a native of Greene Co., N. Y.; his mother. Electa Ensign, was born in Erie Co.,N. Y.; she married Ezra Wright in New York, in 1841 ; they emigrated to Johnstown, Rock Co., Wis., where they lived "until 1857, when they removed to Oak Grove, this (Dodge) county ; they now reside in the town of Lowell ; their children are Martin V., who married Emma G. Sweet, of Lowell ; he is engaged in farming; Eva A., now the wife of Edwin Hunter, of Lowell Township; Datus, whose name appears at the head of this sketch, married in Lowell, Miss Mary Doty, in 18(56 ; she was born near Rome. N. Y., and was the daughter of John and Ann Doty, who were pioneer settlers of this county, and are now residents of Elba ; Datus Wright and wife came to Reeseville in 1872 ; their children are Bur- dette and Ada Velina. In politics, Mr. Wright acts with the Democrats. PORTLAND TOWNSHIP. ALiLiEN AUSTIN, former, Sec. 4; P. 0. Danville; son of Moses T. Austin, who came to Jefferson Co., Wis., about 1844; he settled on the farm where his son now resides in 1846, where he resided till his death, which occurred about 1852 ; Allen was born on the farm where he now resides, in 1850. He was married to Kate Morse, daughter of Andrew J. Morse ; have three children — -Lee, Ray- mond and Florence ; farm consists of 174 acres. SAMLEIj M. AUSTIN, farmer. Sec. 2; P. 0. Danville; was born in Grafton Co., N. H., in December, 1829 ; his parents, Samuel and Mercy Austin, removed to Penn.sylvania in 1832, thence to Ohio in 1834, and to Jeffor-son Co., Wis., July 3, 1S44 ; afterward to Elba Town-hip, Dodge Co., Sec. 34, where they resided till their death. Mr. Austin was married to Philena Adams, whose parents settled in Jefferson Co. in 1840, and came to Elba Township, Dodge Co., in 1845; have six children — Martha, Abbie and Adda (twins), Mary, Anna and Samuel ; Mr. Austin is among the earliest settlers and largest farmers of Dodge Co. ; has 800 acres of land ; is engaged extensively in stock raising. ARTHUR CUXJflNiiHAM, dealer in groceries, notions, iron produce, etc. ; P. 0. Hub- bleton, Jefferson Co., Wis.; born in County .Meath, Ireland, in 1834; when he was 6 years of age, his parents emigrated to America, living about four years in Sixth Town, U. C. ; in 1838, removed to Horn- ellsville, N. Y., coming to Waukesha Co., Wis., in 1S42; here Arthur attended school; the family after- ward lived in Milford and Portland; in 1868, Arthur returned to Milford, and farmed it two years; he located on Sec. 25, Portland, in 1871, at which time he began to buy what he calls truck; began to sell goods in 1872, and now has the only grocery store in Portland; he travels in both Dodge and Jefferson Cos. Married Miss Maria Smith Oct. 27, 1862, who was born in County Leitrim, and came to America in 1S42, with her parents, who settled in Orange Co., N. Y., she coming to Shields in 1845 ; Mr. and Mrs. C. have four children — Xancy, Arthur, Mary A. and Margaret J. Mr. C. is Independent in polities, and, with his family, a Catholic. A. C. FISHER, farmer. Sec. 14; P. O. Danville; Mr. Fisher was born in Delaware Co, N. Y., in 1806; in 1810, his father removed to Jefferson Co., N. Y., where he lived till 1846, when he came to Dodge Co., and settled on his present farm. He was married to Loviea Esterly, born in the State of New York : they have two children — Lafayette and Imogene. Mr. Fisher was engaged as a sailor during the season of 1834 ; visited Chicago and what is now Milwaukee during the summer; says the former city at that time was about the size of Waterloo, Jefferson Co., to-day. He has been Justice of the Peace two terras, also Supervisor two terras ; his farm consists of 160 acres. WILLIA^I GIN<;LES, farmer. Sec. 25; P. 0. Hubbleton, Jefferson Co., Wis.; born in County Antrim, Ireland, in 1838; son of John Gingles, Sr., who came to .\merica with his fimily in 1840; resided in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., until 1855, then settled in Portland; in 1876, he removed to 744 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Waterloo, where he owned a house, lot and farm; he died Nov. ciO, 1879, leaving a wife and nine chil- dren. William Gingles was educated in New York State and in Waterloo Village ; he has forty acres in Portland and sixty in Shields. Liberal in religion ; Republican in politics, and has held all school district offices; was Town Treasurer in 186(J, and has twice been Assessor. PHILIjIP FUCHS, farmer, Sec. 34; P. 0. Waterloo, Jefferson Co.; was born in Germany in 1825 ; came to the United States in 1855, and settled where he now lives in 1856. He wa? married to Miss A. Beken, who was born in Germany ; they have eight children. Was Town Treasurer one term, Supervisor of town two years, and. also. Chairman of the Board of Supervisors for two j'ears. PETER J. HARGEK, firmer, Sec. 3; P.O. Danville; born in Oswego Co., N. Y., in 1842. His fiither, Alfred Harger, removed to Fort Atkinson, Wis., from the State of New York in the summer of 1847, where he resided about three years ; he then settled in the south part of Elba Township, where he died in March, 1874. Mr. Harder enlisted in the fall of 1862, in the 23i W. V. I.; was at the battles of Port Gibson and Champion Hills, at the siege of Vicksburg, and thence to the vicinity of New Orleans ; was in Banks' Red River campaign, during which he was severely wounded, in consequence of which he was discharged in, March, 1864 ; he was wounded by a ball which was deeply embedded in the leg ; the ball remained in his limb till 1877, when it was removed by a surgeon ; he now h;is the ball in his possession, as a souvenir of his army life in the service of his couniry. He was married to Mary J. Rumsey, born in the State of New York. Her parents settled in Columbia Co. in 1851. They have two children — Ira and Sheron H. The farm contains 112 acres. CURISTOPHEK HODG^^ON, farmer, Sec. 36; P. O. Hubbleton, Jefferson Co , Wis.; born in Hallerton, Yorkshire, Sept. 16. 1818: spent his early life in his native land; then resolved to seek his fortune in the New World, and landed in New York Jan. 4, 1843; he lived two years near Hamilton, Canada, and then removed to Kane Co., III., working at anything which he could turn his hand to until February, 1846-, when he bought his farm of the Unit«d States patent, signed by James K. Polk; returning to Illinois, he worked until 1849, then he went via New Orleans to Liverpool, spending the winter in Old England ; in the spring of 1850, he returned with his wife and child and located on his wild Wisconsin farm ; at once began chopping, etc., breaking the land with oxen, earned by hard labor ; the young couple fared hard and worked hard, having no money, they lived one summer on bread and cheese; Mrs. Hodgson suffered much from fever and ague, and was homesick and heartsick enough ; as a result of these early struggles, they have a well-improved farm of 160 acres, a modern brick farmhouse, built in 1875, and may well be contented. Mrs. Hodgson was Mary Robson, born in Yorkshire, wherj she spent her early life, marrying Mr. Hodgson in June, 1841 ; they have three .sons — Alfred W., Chris- topher R. and Robert E.; the eldest, Jane E., married William Brown, of Hubbleton, and died Dec. 23, 1867, leaving one son — Sidney A. Mr. Hodgson and family are Wesleyan Methodists ; politics, Repub- lican. STEPHEN I^IXDERMAN, farmer. Sec. It); P. 0. Waterloo, Jefferson Co.; was born in Tompkins Co., N. Y., in 1821 ; he removed with his father. William Linderman, to the State of Ohio, in 1832, thence to Illinois in 1837 ; he came from Boone Co., III., to Dodge Co., in June, 184.5, and made a claim of a part of the farm where he now lives, and where he settled in August of that year ; he built the first house in Portland, and has the honor of being its first settler. He was married in Boone Co., 111., March, 1843, to Charlotte Rew, daughter of Ira Rew ; her pirents came to Dodge Co. in 1844 ; they had eleven children, seven of whom are living — Elizabeth E. Ranney, who was the first white child born in the town of Portland, born Jan. 21, 1844, now resides in Algona, Iowa; Jerusha M. Nashold, resides at Salmon City, Idaho; May Smith, resides at Waterloo, Jefferson Co., Wis ; Charles, married Clara Andrews, and resides on his father's farm ; Albert D., Nellie and Minnie ; Mr. Linderman has 285 acres of land, and is engaged in general firming. He and his wife are members of the Methodist Epis- copal Church. ASA PORTER, farmer, Sec. 18; P. 0. Waterloo, Jefferson Co.; was born in Oneida Co., N. Y., in l815 ; he came to Dodge Co., and entered the farm where he now lives, in the spring of 1846 ; his parents, Isaac and Betsy Porter, came to Iowa with their son, and resided with him till their death ; his mother died in 1851, his father in 1858. He was married to Susan Traey ; her parents were John and Jemima Tracy; settled in Medina, Dane Co., Wis; have two children— Garret and Algenia ; Mr. Porter's farm contains 160 acres. He and wife are members of the M. E. Church. JOHX STORER. farmer. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Danville ; born in Franklin Co., Me., in 1834 ; he came to Uodge Co., with his parents, in May, 1846; his father, Joseph Storer, settled on the farm mw owned by his son ; he died in Minnesota in March. 1879 ; his mother still resides in Minnesota ; Mr. John Storer has resided on his present farm since 1847. He was married to Kate Conklin, who was bjrn. ELBA TOWNSHIP. 745 in Duhlin, Irelanil, in 1841 ; she came to this country with her brother, Thomas Conklin, in the fall of 1854; her parents emigrated to South Carolina from Ireland about 1864, whore they are still supposed to reside. Mr. Sturi r has fmr children — Nora, Hattie, Charles and Matie. His i'arm contains 200 acres. F. A. WRIGHT, farmer, Sec. 31 ; P. O. Waterloo, Jefferson Co. ; l)orn in the town of Beth- any, Genesee Co., N. Y., in 1837; he wont to Michigan in the foil of 1855, and came to Dodge Co. in the fall of 185(5. He was married to Mrs. Chloe A. Knowlton, formerly Miss Brookins, born in Genesee Co., N. y , in 1835 ; she came to the town of Portland with her parents in 1849 ; she was married, in 1851, to Mr. Daniel Knowlton, who entered the farm where the family now reside, in 1844; he died in 1875. Mrs. Wright has ten children by her former marriage — Mary J., F. Adel, Alice S., Adda P., Azor, Eliza- beth, Thaddeus, Maud, Edith and Fannie. Farm contains 160 acres. ELBA TOWNSHIP. JOHX S. BKAN, farmer, Sec. 14; P.O. Danville; was born in Merrimac Co., N. H., in Feb- ruary, ls:;it ; he came to Elba Township in March, 1861. He enli.sted, Oct. 23 of that year, in Co. D, 16th W.V. I. ; he \^as severely wounded in the arm at the battle of Shiloh ; he then, being disabled forduty in the field, engaged in the recruiting service, afterward as Clerk of Court Martial, and in Commissary De- partment ; joined his company in October, 1863; Dec. 23, 1864, he was discharged and mustered into ser- vice as Second Lieutenant of 47th U. S. Colored Inf ; was promoted to First Lieutenant Nov. 11,1 865 ; was discharged Jan. 4, 1866. Mr. Bean was married, Oct. 26, 1864, to Ellen C. Eastman, born in New Hampshire, December, 1839 ; they have two children — Mabel O. B., and Jennie M. Bought present farm Oct. 20, 1866; he has 120 acres of land. He has been Assessor of Elba Township three terms, Justice of the Peace four terms, and Town Clerk two terms. JOHST C. BRAINERD, farmer, Section 21 ; P. 0. DanvUle ; was born in Middlesex Co., Conn., in 1810; his fauher, Calvin Brainerd, removed to Monroe Co., N. Y., in 1823, where he died, about 1860, at the age of 84 years. Mr. Brainerd was married to Mary Pease, of Monroe Co., N. Y. ; he resided in Western New York till 1854, when he removed to Dodge Co., and settled in Elba Township, on the section where he now lives. He engaged in teaching many winters, following the occupation of farm- ing the remainder of the year ; he has also been an earnest laborer in the cause of the Christian religion since his earliest manhood, and as a minister of the Gospel, has labored, both by precept and example, to make men better. He has three children — John C. ; Mary, now Mrs. Wm. Flynn ; and William P.; lost first three children. DA^IEl.. BRLIEC'HKR, farmer, Sec. 26; P.O. Danville; was born in Prussia in 1824; he came to this country with his parents, Daniel and Elisabeth Bruecher ; his father entered 160 acres of land in Elba Township, eighty of which is included in the farm of his son Daniel ; his parents had eight children, seven of whom are living, four of whom are residents of Dodge Co., two of Columbia Co. and one of Minnesota. His father died Nov. 1, 1857. He was married to Barbary King, whose parents came to this country from Germany in 1853 ; they have seven children — Louisa, Josephine, William, Edward, Elizabeth, Daniel and Charles. Mr. Bruecher has been a member of the Board of Supervisors of Dodge Co. for thirteen vears. MILE!^ BURNHAlfl, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. O. Danville; was born in Genesee Co., N. Y., in March, 1822 ; he came to Dodge Co. in October, 1844, and entered forty acres of land, where the village of Danville now stands ; he was accompanied by his cousin, Morris Burnham and Samuel Hasey ; these gentlemen were the fir.st residents of what is now Elba Township ; during this autumn, Mr. Burnham and his cousin engaged to construct a dam and saw-mill at Danville for Mr. Lawton Carrier ; but they pur- chased the property before the completion of the work. Mr. Burham was married to Caroline Johnson, daughter of Charles Johnson, who came from Racine to Elba Township in 1345 ; has three children — Melissa (now Mrs. John C. Brainerd), George and Matie, all residing at Blooming Prairie, Minn. Mr. B. was the first Township Clerk of Elba Township ; has been Justice of the Peace since 1852, except one year; served a term as member of the County Board of Supervisors; was elected to the Legislature in 1866. Mr. Burnham has the honor of being the oldest settler of Elba Township; the respect and con- fidence in which he is held by his fellow- citizens is indicated by the many places of public trust which he has held. PATRICK BLTRRELL,, farmer, Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Danville ; was bom in Ireland about 1822 ; he came to the United States in 1847 | lived in Herkimer Co., N. Y., about three years ; came to Dodge 746 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: Co. and s -ttled in Elba Township in 1851 ; settled on his present farm in 1853. He married Mary Duffy, who was born in Ireland; have had nine children, only two living — -Mary Ellon and Jane. His farm conkuns 256 acres. He and his family belon<; to the Catholic Church. B, F. COOPER, farmer, Sec. Tt ; P. 0. Danville ; born in St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., Sept. 4, 1822; he was the son of John and A. Cooper, natives of New Ensjland, and remived to Cleveland, Ohio, fr im the State of New York, about 1839; thence to Michigan, where his father died; Mr. B. F. Cooper left home when 20 years of age, and has resided in Wisconsin most of the time since; he came to Column bus in the fall of 1843, He married, Oct. 31, 1818, Adeline Hawl'^y, born in Albany, N. Y., Aug. 20, 1827 ; her father was Col. Samuel Hawley, a soldier uf the war of 1812 ; he came to Jefferson Co.. Wis., in 1845, where he died in 1856; Mr. Cooper settled on the farm he now owns in May, 1849; has five children — Ella and Pollen (twins), born June 15, 1850; Fred. Sept. 27, 1857; Cora, Aug. 27, 1863; Fra'ik, Dec. 16, 1868; lost one son — Isaac B., born June 16, 1 -!56, died March 26, 1862. Mr. Cooper has ninety-five acres of land. He and wife are membars of Olivjt Congregational Church, Columbus. JOHW CROOKE, farmer. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Columbus ; was born in County Dublin, Ireland, about 1825 ; he came to the United States in 1843; he Uved in Essex Co., N. Y., for about five years, and came to Columbus, Wis., in the fall of 1818 ; located on his present firm of 160 acres in 1860. He married Ellen Lavery, born in County Limerick, Ireland. REV. THOMAS DEJIPSEY, Pastor of St. ColumbkiU's Church; P.O. Danville; Father Dempsey was born in Clynian Township, Dodge Co., in 1859 ; he was educated at St. Francis' Seminary, Milwaukee; was ordained priest June 10, 1876 ; had charge for some time of St. James' and St. Jolin's Churches in Pond du Lac Co.; assumed present charge September, 1879 ; ofiiciates also as Pastor of St. John's Church, Lowell Township. JOHiV S. other two children reside at home. AUGUST RI<:i>l>ElIAX, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Danville; born in Germany in 18.36 ; he came to the United States with his parents, John and Sopliia lleddi'raan, in the fall of 1857, and settled in the township of Shields, Dodge Co.; in 1864, his father removed to the town of Leeds, Columbia Co., where his mother died; his father died at the house of his son, in October, 1879. He was married to Louisa Pautzlaff, a native of Germany; she came to this country in 1856, in company with her sister Wilhelmena, who died in 1861 ; her father died in Germany ; her mother and five children were lost on the steamer Austria, on the passage to this country, Sept. 13, 1858. Mr. Reddeman has three children — Matilda, Heimina and August; lost one child, Herman. He settled on his present farm in 1876; in 1877, he purchased a half-interest in the flouring-mill at Danville, of John Roberts ; his farm contains 180 acres. He has bei^n President of the Elba Mutual Insurance Co. since Jaimary 1, 1878. PATRICK ROCHE, firmer. Sec. 23 ; P. 0. Danville ; was born in County VVexti)rd, Ireland, in 1821 ; he came to this country, with his father. Robert Roche, in 1849 ; they lived in Utica, N. Y.. about two and one-half years; thence to Fox Lake Township, Dodge Co., in the fidl of 1851 ; Mr. Roche purcha.sed his present farm in 1852. He was married to Honora Flynn in 1854; they have four sons and five daughters; his farm contains 210 acres; Mr. Roche was elected to the General Assembly of the State of Iowa, in 184(!, and served one term ; has also served two terms as Supervisor of Elba Township. MATTHEW STOXE, farmer, See. .30 ; P. 0. Columbus; was born in County Middlesex, England, in 1807. He was married to Sarah Greenhill ; emigrated to Toronto, Canada, in 1832 ; in 1850, removed to Columbus, Wis , where he worked at his trade, that of saddler and harness-maker, for about two years ; Mr. Stone served an apprenticeship at his trade in London, England, six years, after which he conducted the business himself, in London, for several years ; he purchased his present farm of 220 acres in the spring of 1853 ; in 1868, Mr. Stone sold his farm, when he and wife visited their native land, returning in the spring of 1869, to Ja.sper Co., Iowa, where they remained about a year and a half, then removed to Columbus, Wis., but re-purchased their farm in 1875, where they now reside; they have eight children — -Sarah, Matthew G., Hannah, Agnes, Jo.seph H., Marshal F., Mary, and John W. MRS. SUSAN SWEET, widow of Dodge Sweet, Sec. 35; P. 0. Danville; Mr. Dodge Sweet was born in August, 1823; in 1844, he came to Jefferson Co., Wis., from Ohio, with his parents, J. T. and Esther Sweet; came to Elba Township about 1846 ; his parents are now residents of Colum- bus, Wis.; Mrs. Sweet, formerly Jliss Su'-^an Crawford, was born in Wayne Co., Ohio, in 1831 ; her par- ents, James and Phcebe Crawford, came to Jefl'erson Co., Wis., from Ohio, in 1847 ; they now reside in Fayette Co., Iowa. She was married to Mr. Sweet Aug. 6, 1848 ; settled cjii the farm where the family now reside, in 1849 ; Mr. Sweet died Sept. 1, 1861 ; Mrs. Sweet has had five children, four of whom are living — Elbert P., born Aug. 15, 1849 ; Jennie, born Feb. 24, 1851 ; Arwid, born March 28, 1853, and Elmer J., born June 8, 1858 ; lost one son. Dodge, born in 1861. died in 1863 ; farm contains 80 acres. ODEY W. TRAYNOR, farmer, Sec. 20; P.O.Columbus; son of Philip Trayuor, who came from Ireland to Dodge Co., Wis., June 1, 1849, and settled on the farm now owned and occupied by his .sons; he died in the fall of 1875 ; O. W. Traynor was born in County Kildare, Ireland, in 1838 ; his parents had eleven children, seven of whom are living ; Odey, Michael, Philip and their youngest sister, Lizzie, reside on the homestead. Their farm contains 175 acres of land, with good improvements. O. W. entered the army in 1863, as Second Lieutenant in the 4th Iowa V. C. ; was promoted to a first lieutenancy in 1865; served till June, 1866. He was City Treasurer of the city of Columbus for two years, and County Treasurer of Dodge Co. for the years 1875, 1876, 1877 and 1878. His brothers Michael and Philip were also in the Union army during the rebellion; Michael enlisted in 1861, and served until the close of the war; James entered the service with his brother Odey W., and died in 1866, of disease contracted in the army. JAMES WEKSTER, proprietor of Elba Center Stock Farm and stock-raiser, Sec. 16 ; P. 0. Danville; was born in Oneida Co., N. i'.. May 1, 1814, where he lived until he was 20 years of age. 748 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: when he went to Hartford, Conn., where he lived four years, and learned the trade of brickmaking, which business he followed for about sixteen years ; he returned to Oneida Co. and engaged in the manufiicture of brick ; also kept hotel near Rome for about two years. He was married, in 1837, to Maria Peetman, born in Montgomery Co.; they came to Oakland, Jefferson Co., Wis., in November, 18-13. In 1845, Mr. Webster purchased a farm of ninety-six acres in Lowell Town.ship, also forty acres in Elba Township, Dodge Co., and located on the forty acres in the fall of that year; he purchased his present farm in the spring of 1851, where he located in the fall of that year ; his flirm contains over four hundred acres. Mr. Webster is numbered among those early settlers of Dodge Co. who began life poor, but by hard work, economy and good management, have secured an independence. He deals quite extensively in thorough- bred stock, making a specialty of Spanish Merino sheep and short-horn cattle. Has bad seven children, three of whom are living — Jennie (now Mrs. A. M. Watson, of La Crosse), Samuel R. (married Miss Hattie Chamberlain, of Kilbourno City) and John P. ; has lost four sons — Henry, Spencer and Chester H. ; another died in infancy. Mr. Webster was President of the Elba Farmers' Insurance Company for three years ; is now President of Columbus Union Agricultural Society. He is a Republican in politics ; he and wife are members of the Congregational Church. EDWARD J. WIIiLIAMS, farmer, Sec. U; P. O. Danville; was born in Rome, Oneida Co., N. Y., Aug. 15, 1819. His father, John W. Williams, was also a native of Oneida Co., his grand- father, John Williams, a soldier of the Revolutionary war, and two brothers — Solomon and David Will- iams, having settled there in about 1780 ; his father removed to St. Lawrence Co., thence to Ohio, thence to Michigan, where he died Aug. 13, 1847 ; Mr. Williams came to Dodge Co. from Cleveland, Ohio, May I, I84G, and entered eighty acres of the farm where he now resides; in early life, he was engaged in the woolen manufacturing business : he dates his farming experience from the time he settled on his present farm ; he came to the county poor ; when he had paid the entrance fee of his first eighty acres of land, he had but 50 cents remaining; his farm now contains 184 acres ; his improvements are among the very best in the township. He has held various offices during his long residence in the county; was elected to the Legislature in the fall of 1857; was Highway Commissioner for 1848 ; Town Clerk about 1849 ; was Justice of the Peace for ten years ; Assessor of the Township for five years ; was Chairman of the Board of Supervisors for the years 1845, 1846 and 1847 ; has been Secretary of the Elba Mutual Insurance Com- pany for the past three years. He was married in 1843 to Lucia P. Howe, who was born in Vermont ; she died Aug. 5, 1847 ; his present wife was Mrs. Mary J. Ensign, formerly Miss Johnson, born in Hamil- ton Co., Ohio ; Mr. Williams has three children by his former marriage — John W., E. E. and Helen M. Mrs. Williams has one daughter by her former marriage — Mrs. Arabella Ensign Pease. BURNETT TOWNSHIP. II. S. BARRETT, farmer. Sec. 16; P. 0. Burnett Station; born Feb. 17, 1825, in Jefi'erson Co., N. Y., at Ellisburg ; son of Enoch and Pamelia Barrett, natives of New Hampshire; came to Wiscon- sin in June, 1848, and pre-empted a half-section in the Rock River land grant ; the next spring he came to Dodge Co., and worked for George Smith, on Rolling Prairie, for two or three summers, teaching school in winter. April 10, 1851, he married Genevieve H. Church, who was born Sept. 2, 1831, daughter of Silas and Fanny Church, who came from Jefferson Co., N. Y., in the spring of 1849, and settled in Bur- nett Nov. 1, 1856. Mr. Barrett bought an eighty-acre farm at Burnett Corners, and hved there till the spring of 1868; ho then sold out and bought a farm at Burnett Station, where he now resides, and has eighty acres of land which he values at $8,000, a part of the village plat of Burnett Junction being on his farm. In the fall of 1867, he built an elevator at Burnett Station, and engaged in wheat-buying, which he continued till the fall of 1871 ; then sold out elevator to John M. Sherman. In 1869, he built a cheese-factory at the station, and made cheese every summer till the fall of 1875. He was Superinten- dent of Schools for seven years in succession till 1861 ; was elected Justice of the Peace in 1858, and has held the office most of the time since. W. P. CLIFFORD, farmer, Sec. 21 ; P. 0. Burnett Station ; was born Feb. 16, 1820, in Canada East, son of Samuel and Deborah Clifford, natives of New Hampshire ; he eame to Wisconsin in the spring of 1844, and located in Burnett, Dodge Co., on his present farm in which he has 185 acres of land, worth $60 per acre. He was married, June 20, 1853, to Mary Jane Voorhee-i, who was born March 22, 1834, daughter of Tunis and Sarah Voorhees, natives of New York, who came to Burnett in the summer of 1845 from New York State ; Mr. Clifford has four children living — Gertrude Maria, now Mrs. William BURNETT TOWNSHIP. 749 M. Larrabce, of Burnett Junction, born Nov. 10, 1S53; Sliennan, born May 2, IS-iG; Charles Sumner, born Jan. 11, 18.J8, and Alfred L., born March 8, 1860 ; has lost one, James V., who was born Sept. 8, 186(1, and died Dec 6, 1871. ORV[lil>.F. BlIRUIT, farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Rolling Prairie. The subject of this sketch is a son of Isaac and Lydia Burgit ; was born in Tioga Co., N. Y., in 1824 ; when 10 years of age, with his parents, he immiiirated to Livingston Co., 111., which was their home for sixteen years, and removed from there to La Salle Co., III., where his parents both died ; he followed farming hero till 1859, and then came to the town of Burnett, Dodge Co., Wis., where he has followed the same vocation, and has a farm of 282 acres in Sees. 31, Burnett, 2.5 and 36, town of Beaver Dam, 1 and 6, town of Oak Grove. In Livingston Co., III., he married Miss Francis, dausihter of Daniel and Harriet Madison, a native of Tioga Co., N. y., but emigrated to Illinois, witli her parents, in l.'^34 ; they have had nine children, as follows — (Jeorgo, deceased, Ijydia, Eveline, Elisil, Idella, Henrietta, Emily, Clara, Esther. Mr. and Mrs. Burgit are membor.s of the Methodist Ciiurch. JESSE B. COLE, station agent, Burnett Junction; born Aug. 10, 1844, in Jefferson Co., N. V. ; son of Willis S. and Sophronia Cole, both natives of Jeiferson Co., who went to Canada when he was an infant ; lived there tliree years, then came to Wisconsin and lived in Beaver Dam a few months, thence to Woodland, Dodge Co., where they lived about twenty years; in the spring of 1811), came to Burnett, where they still reside; Jesse B. attended the High School in Horioon, from the fall of 1858 till the close of the June term in 1861 ; the next fall, after leaving school, he worked in the railroad yard in Milwaukee about three weeks, then ran as brakeman on the old Milwaukee & La Crosse Railroad about a month, when he was obliged to leave the road on account of poor health; the next spring (lSl)2), he learned telegraphing of his brother, in New Lisbon, Wis., operated a short time at Mauston, Wis., then back to New Lisbon about a month, and was then appointed operator at Sparta. Wis; May 20, IS63, was appointed joint agent at Burnett .Junction of the Chicago & North-Western and Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroads, and h.as held that position over since ; has also been agent for the American Express Company since May 1, 1868. Was married, Nov. 26, 1868, to Sarah J. Merrill, daughter of Lorenzo and Mary Ann Merrill, of Burnett; has two children — Frederick M., born Aug. IG, 1871, and Jessie Winiiefred, April 22, 1878. H. H. ELiKI\S, farmer, Sec. 22 ; P. 0. Rolling Prairie ; one of the pioneers of Dodge Co.; was born March 31, 1813, in Grafton Co., N. H.; son of Jo»iah and Nancy Elkins ; he came West in 1834, reaching While Pigeon, Mich., on Sept. 28, where he remained till May, 1835, when he came to Milwaukee, Wis., arriving on the 10th, and, in about ten days after his arrival, commenced work on the (Jovernment survey of Wiscon.sin, continuing nine months without intermission, and most of the time for ayear and a half after that; in February, 1837, he returned to White Pigeon, Mich., and, on the 12th, was married to Emily Rollins, who was born Dec. 5, 1819, in Haverhill, N. H., daughter of Daniel and Emily Rollins ; soon after their marriage, they went to Chicago and resided there till the next fldl, then removed to Southern Illinois and lived about two years in Schuyler Co.; in the fall of 1841, he again came to Wisconsin, and, in 1842, settled in the town of Burnett, where he has since resided ; at the time he came to Burnett, there were only four houses in the town, including his own, and he attended the first caucus ever held in Dodge Co., which was at Hyland Prairie; from 1850 to the fall of 1863, he was engaged in the mercantile business in Horicon, buying wheat and wool, and running his farm at the .same time. Has lost four children — -David, Ellen, Edmund and Hattie ; has three living — Emily (now Mrs. Edwin Barnard, of Mower Co., Minn.) ; Harry, of Wabash Co., Minn., and John, who is in the jewelry business in Waupun. He was married, May 6, 1868, to Miss M. E. Collier, who died Jan. 9, 1875 ; he then married Miss Eva Heath March 25, 1876 ; has three children — Mabel E., Mary H. and Emily D. ALFRED FARLOW, farmer. Sec. 28; P. 0. Minnesota Junction; was born in Kentucky, near Lexington, Sept. 1, 1821; son of Uriah and Phebe Farlow, natives of Kentucky; his father died when he was an infant, and when he was 6 years old, his mother removed to Indiana ; at the age of 15, he left home and went to learn blacksmithing in Cass Co., Mich., where he remained two years, then went to McHenry Co., 111., and followed the .same business; in the fall of 1845, he came to Wisconsin and set- tled ill Burnett, on his present farm, having bought it the July previous. Has now 240 acres of \and, worth about $15,000 ; in connection with his farming, he is engaged in breeding and dealing in hor ses ; has now two imported Norman stallions, that cost him $4,500. Oct. 6, 1839, Mr. Farlow was married to Maria Taylor, who was born Dee. 15, 1819, in the State of New York, and was the daughter of Eldad and Louisa Taylor, natives of New York. Mrs. Farlow died Oct. 6, 1879, of typhoid fever, after only one week's illness; has five children living — Simoon A., born Feb. 14, 1846; Nancy .M., June 8, 1849; Wright C, 750 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: May 22, 1855; Belle, March 20, 1858, and Mary M., May 22, 1860; has lost three children— Viola, born Dec. 17, 1844, died May C, 1850; Stanly, born June 8, 1852, died Aug. 8, 1853 ; Perry C, born Dec. 10, 1842, enlisted in 18(52 in Co. K, 29th W. V. I., and died Feb. 5, 1863, of typhoid fever, at Helena. Ark. WILLIAM FOLSOM, farmer. Sec. 29; P. 0. Burnett; born March 21, 18.30, in Windsor, Vt.; son of Enos and Jlarj' Folsora ; came to Wisconsin in November, 1853, and settled in the town of Burnett, on Section 10, in March, 1866 ; removed to Section 29, where he now resides. Has lOlii acres of land, valued at $45 per acre. Was married, in Vermont, March 16, 1860, to Fanny Lougee, wlio was born April 26, 1838, in Washington, Orange Co., Vt.; daughter of Abraham F. and Clarissa ((jilcs) Lou- gee ; when Mr. Folsom was 21 years of age, he went to New York City, and worked about eight months for Knsign & Thayer, mounting maps, then returned to Vermont and stayed with his father nearly a year, and from there, in company with his brother Charles, to Southern Ohio, remaining there till November, 1853, when they came to Wisconsin as before stated, and bought the farm on Section 16 together. In the spring of 1853, William Folsom, in company with Charles and Stephen Woodward, started from Burnett (April 14) with ox teams, drove to Omaha, and from there to Kansas, locating on some land about ten miles north of Fort Scott ; they remained there from the middle of July till the mi(idle of August, then gave up their claims and returned to Wisconsin. Mr. Folsom was Town Treasurer two years. Super- visor a number of years, and Chrirman for the last three years. Mr. and Mrs. Folsom are members of the Free-Will Baptist Church ; have lour children — Clara C., Charles R., Bertha F. and William H.; oldest 16, and youngest 9 years of age. His brother, Charles, born March 11, 1826, came with him to Wiscon- sin. Was married, in the fall of 1857, to Caroline Woodward, of Burnett, who died in February, 1862. In the spring of 1863, he married Lorissa Curtis, also of Burnett, who survives him ; lost two children, all they ever had. He held the office of Town Clerk from the spring of 1857 till his death, which occurred April 4, 1867, of typhoid fever. NATHAN F. GOODRICH, farmer. See. 30 ; P. O. Rolling Prairie ; has resided on the farm he now owns twenty-five years, having come to Wisconsin from Enfield, (jrrafton Co., N. H., in the spring of 1854, and settled where he now lives; owns 159 acres of land, worth about $60 per acre; Mr. Goodrich was the son of Abial and Betsey Goodrich, natives of New Hampshire. Married, Ajiril 2, 1851, Sarah F. Purmort, who was born June 12, 1830, daughter of John and Betsy Purmort, also natives of New Hampshire. Mr. Goodrich has always followed farming and is now paying a good deal of attention to sheep raising. Has five children living — Marian Eulettie, born March 5, 1856; John B., April 9. 1859; Charles F., Feb. 15, 1865; Gertrude Florence, April 21, 1868, and Purmort F., June 29, 1872; has last five— Sarah E., born Jan. 19, 1852, died June 29, 1863; Mary L. W., born Oct. 12, 1853, died July 14, 1863; Catharine M., born Feb. 14, 1858, died March 12, 1858; George E., born Aug. 26, 1861, died Sept. 30, 1863, and Emma E., born Oct. 13, 1863, died Dec. 22, 1863. Marian Eulettie is now Mrs. W. A. Lockwood, of Rock Rapids, Iowa. O. F. diRFENFIFLD, farmer, Sec. 34 ; P. O. Minnesota Junction ; was born in Erie Co., N. Y., March 14, 1838 ; his parents removed to Wisconsin in the spring of 1844, when he was only 6 years of age, and lived about six months near Milwaukee, then located on a farm, a part of which he now occu- pies, in Burnett, where he has 103 acres of land, valued at about $50 per acre. May 30, 1866, he mar- ried Mary J. White, who was born April 4, 1838, daughter of James and Mary White, of Burnett, who were among the first settlers of Burnett; has lost one child — Georgie, born Aug. 25, 1869, died Sept. 23, 1870 ; has no children living. His father, William Greenfield, one of the first settlers of Dodge Co., was born March 27, 1813. in Saratoga, N. Y., and died Dec. 21, 1876, in Burnett; his mother, who is still living in Burnett, on Sec. 34, was Susannah Hunt, also born in Saratoga Co., N. Y., Aoril 1, 1819. FRANKLIN B. tiJROTER, farmer. Sec. 33; P. O. Rolling Prairie ; Was born in Living- ston Co., N. Y., May 10, 1833 ; was the sou of Lyman H, and Lucy Ann Grover, natives of New York State, who removed to Wisconsin when Franklin was 10 years of age, and settled in Milwaukee Co., on the banks of '• Lake 5," in October, 1843 ; in the fall of 1845, located in Burnett, Dodge Co., and removed there in January, 1846, on the farm now owned and occupied by Franklin B.; Lyman Grover died in Bur- nett May 16, 1860, aged 59 years and 3 months; Mrs. Lucy .Ann Grover died Sept. 28, 1856, aged 62 years years and 8 months; F. B. Grover had two sisters — VVelthy, born Feb. 1, 1826; married Hezekiah Gilbert March 2, 1843; died July 25, 1861 ; Olive L., born March 1, 1829; married Frederick Cox, July 3, 1875 ; both are in Livingston Co., N. Y. Mr. Grover was married, Dec. 5, 1854, to Arvilla D. Wyman, who was born Oct. 9, 1835 ; daughter of James and Nancy Wyman, who came to Wisconsin in 1844, from Canada, and settled in the town of Oak Grove, Dodge Co.; Mr. Wyman was a native of Vermont ; Mr. Grover has three children— Lauella, born July 18, 1856, now Mrs. John BURNETT TOAVNSHIP. 751 Demedy, of Janesville, Wis.; Lucy E. and Lyman (twins), born Jan. 16, 1860 ; Lucy is now Mrs. William P. Baker, of Ransomville, N. Y., the two sisters bavins been married at the same time, Oct. II, l!S79. For the last twenty years Mr. Grover has been dealing more or less in real estate and !ive stock, and from 1868 to 1872, was a member of the manufacturinir fiini of J. S. Boweil & Co., of Beaver Dam; he now owns over 8,U(I0 acres of pine and firming lands, worth Sl.'iO.UdO, inciudiiiir his homo farm ill Dodjic Co., of 360 acres, and improved farms in Howard and Chickasaw Cos.. and Iowa and Jlower Cos., Minn.; his pine lam's are in the counties of Oconto, Lincoln and New, in Wisconsin. nRS. I.ArRETTA T. Jl'l>I> (widow), resides on Sec. 27; P. O. B^Amtt Station; was born April 28, 1S17, in Dorchester, Mass.; maiden name, Lauretta T. Bird; her first husband was Samuel R. Jewett, who was born in Ilo)ikintoii, N. H., Aug. 28, 1810; when 21 years of age, he went to Dorchester, Mass., to live, and in the suinmor of 1842, made a trip West, to look at land; be bought eighty acres, built a log house, broke ten acres, then sold out, and bought forty acres of timber, near Beaver Dam, also took a quarter section on Rolling Prairie, in Burnett. He then returned to Massachusetts, mar- ried Mi.ss Bird at her father's residence, in Dorchester, and, October 15, 1842, again started West ; went by rail from Boston to Albany, N.Y., and by chnal from there to Bufi'alo, thence by steamer Chesapeake to Mil- waukee ; were nine days making the trip ; the steamer was aground three times, and on the rocks once, but no serious damage was done to the boat, and no lives lost ; there were about 1 ,000 passengers on board, Mr. and ^Irs.' Jewett then went with team to Burnett, and lived in the house with a Mr. M. Hall, till they could get a log house built ; the family moved in soon after ; he afterward sold out, and bought again north of Sec. 27, and south part of See. 22, and in 1858 built a .stone house ; Mr. Jewett died in 1860, leaving five children — Sylvia, born Aug. 28, 1844, was the first girl born in Burnett; Hannah L., born Jan. 15, 1845 ; Zelda M., born April 17, 1847 ; Sophronia Iv, born Dec. 9, 1853; Josiah T., born Dec. 28, 1856. Sept. 11, 1862, Jlrs. Jewett was married to George B. Judd, who was born April 23, 1816, in Great Barrington, Mass., and died .\pril 19, 1S78, in Burnett; Sylvia is JLs L. B. Hules. of Wau- shara Co., Wis.; Hannah L., Mrs. John W. Childs, of Wilkins Co., 3Iinn.; Zelda M., married Robert R. Pinkerton, of Waupaca, Wis., and died Feb. 22, 1873, and Sophronia E. is now Mrs. August Oestrich, uf Iron Mountain. Dodge Co., Wis.; the Jewett estate embraces 195 acres, $60 per acre. ; has also been statistical correspondent of the A(]}E SJIITH, farmer. Sec. 31 ; P. 0. Kolling Prairie ; was born April 5, 1816, in Watertown, N. Y.; son of Trumbull and Betsy E. Smith, natives of Connecticut. In Oneida Co., N. Y., Mr. Smith married Lovina, duuithter of Stephen and Mary Cooper, natives of Rhode Island ; she died in November, 1853 ; he came to Wisconsin in the fall of 1842, and settled in Dodge Co., near Beaver Dam, and in the fall of 1844 located in Burnett, where now owns a farm of 190 acres, valued at about |50 per acre. April 16, 1854, he was married to Susan Lukins, who was born April 18, 1833, daughter of Asahel and Susanna Lukins, natives of Pennsylvania. Mr. Smith has five children living — Albert E., born Feb. 1, 1844; Lyman, born iMay 12, 1852; Mabel B., born April 23, 1857; George W., born Feb. 22, 1859; Charles H., born Aug. 25, 1862; have lost four — Mary Phidelia, born Aug. 22, 1840, died when six months old; Lyman Roswell, born March 10, 1847, died July 15, 1848; Bradley A., born T)?.o. 23, 1849", died Jan. 26. 1851 ; Newton Stephen, born Nov. 19, 1841, enlisted Aug. 19, 1862, in Co. K, 29th W.V. I., and died May 7, 1863, at James' Plantation, La., of typhoid fever. AliDESf STONE (deceased^ ; born June 16, 1805, in Massachusetts, near Worcester; son of John G. and Lydia Stone, natives of Massachusetts, who removed to the State of New York when he was about 10 years of age, and settled in Madison Co. Dec. 28, 1828, he was married to Miss Harriet Web- ster, who was born Dec. 9, 1804, in iMadison Co., N. Y. ; daughter of Plumly and Lydia Webster, both natives of the State of Now York. In the sprins of 1829, he removed to Allegany Co., N. Y., and lived there about eight years ; then went to McHenry Co., 111., where he resided till the fall of 1845, when he «ame to Wisconsin and settled in Burnett, on the farm now occupied by his widow, 116 acres, worth ^10,000. Mr. Stone was Assessor of the town of Burnett several years. Leaves sis children — Charles (living in Iowa), Mary (now Mrs. Copeland Remington, of Freeborn Co., Minn.), Nancy, William (now living in 0~hkosh, Wis.), Oscar and Sarah (who are living on the homestead with their mother) ; P. 0. Burnett Station. ]V. F. THOMAS, farmer. Sec. 28; P.O.Burnett Station; was born Aug. 7, 1826, in the town of Columl)ia, Coos Co., N. H.; his father's name was Samuel Thomas, and his mother's maiden name was Ann Folansboe : when 19 years of age, he bought his time of his father, and left New Hamp- shire for Canada, Oct. 29, 1845; lived about twenty-five miles eist of- Toronto till the next March, then came to Buffalo, and from there to Wisconsin, in what is now Kenosha Co. ; there he worked on a farm at $9 per month from April, 184(), till the 1st of September, 1847 ; he clothed himself during this time and saved money enough to pay for eighty acres of land in Burnett, Dodge Co., which he did ; he then worked four montlis at $10 per month, and the next season drove a breaking-team for another man to pay for breaking some on his own land ; in 1849, he built a house on his farm. Dec. 8, 1850, he married Cath- erine Bement, of Chemung Co., N. Y. ; has three children— William E., born May 18, 1854; Ella M. and Emma M. (twins), born Feb. 2, 1858. He owns 122 acres of land, valued at $55 per acre. AMSi>!V TIEFT, retired farmer, Burnett Junction; hm\ Aug. 13, 1810, in Charlotte, Chit- tenden Co., Vt.; sou of John Tiff'c, a native of Rhode Island, and Betsy Smith, a native of New Milford, Conn.; at the ag; of 17, Mr. Tilfc went to work for Ira Andrews, at Shelburne, Chittenden Co., Vt., to learn the' wagon-maker's trade; in October, 1831, went to Rhode Island, and worked at his trade in Providence and vicinity till the spring of 1834, when he returned to Vermont and followed the same business for sixteen years at Ferrisburg, Addison Co. Was married, Feb. 3, 1850, in South Canton, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y., to Ann Smith, who was born in Salisbury, Vt., daughter of Richard and Jemima Smith, natives of New -Jer.sey; came to Wisconsin in May of the same year, 1850, and in the fall settled in Chester, Dodge Co. Mrs. Tifft died in Chester Dec. 8, 1868. Oct. 30, 1871, was married to Phoebe Tucker, who was born in Litchfield, N. Y., July 10, 1811, and a sister of his first wife. In the spring, sold his farm in Chester (110 acres) for $4,040, and removed to Burnett Junction, where he still resides; has had three children — Alice (born Nov. 1, 1850, died Nov. 3, 1877), William F. (born Oct. RUBICON TOWNSHIP. 755 30, 1854, now attending medical Icoturos at the Vermont University, in Burlington) and Charles B. (born March 15, 185(^ now in the liardware business in Ahnapee, Wis., firm of Tift't & Hay). AIJ«USTUS VOORHEES, farmer, Sec. 33; P. 0. Minnesota Junction; born Feb. 16, 1827, in Ovid, Seneca Co., N. Y.; came to Wisconsin in May, 1845, with his parents, Tunis and Sarah Voorhces, who settled on the fiirm he now owns in Burnett, which consists of eighty acres, worth about 65,000. Was married, March 4, 18(58, to Kraily L. Falsom, who was born Jan. 25, 1839, in Montreal, Canada, daughter of Enos and Laura Falsom, natives of Vermont. In 185(), Mr. Voorhees went to Kan- sa.s, leaving Milwaukee in September with a company organized by Prof Daniels, to take part in the " Border Ruffian War," which, however, subsided before he had an opportunity to sec actual .service ; he remained in Kansas till the summer of 1858, when he went to Pike'.s Peak with the first party who visited thit place, prospecting for gold ; the same summer, he went to New Mexico, prospecting on the Rio Grande, but returned to Kansas in November of the same year. July l(i, 18C1, he enlisted in the 5th Kan. V. C, Co. A, Captain Ritchie; was with his regiment three years and one month, participating in eleven battles and coming out without a scratch ; returned to Wisconsin in the spring of 1806. Has six children — -John G., born April 9, 1861 ; Mary, born Aug. 11, 1870; Laura A., born Jan. 25, 1872 ; Charles A., born Not. 9, 1873; Gertie E., born Aug. 14, 1876, and Fannie E., born Dec. 6, 1879. CHARLES WESTOX, former. Sec. 28 ; P.O. Burnett; born Nov. 28, 1819, in Lower Canada (now called the Province of Quebec) ; son of John and Jane Weston, natives of New England ; first came to Wisconsin in July, 1846, and located in Burnett, Dodge Co., on the land he now owns ; in the summer of 1850, he returned to Canada, and married Jane Gihuan, who came to Wisconsin, and died in Burnett Oct. 29, 1857 ; June 3, 1801, he married Jane Amelia Doak, who was born May 1, 1839, daughter of James Doak, Esq., of the Province of Canada ; has seven children living — Mary, born May 27, 1852; John, April 9, 1862; Marion, July 14, 1865; George, June 19, 1809; Jane Eliza, Oct. 30, 1872; Alfred Doak, Oct. 18, 1875, and William Snow, Oct. 9, 1879; Charles James, born Sept. 23, 1867, died Sept. 19, 1868. Mr. Weston has held the office of Superintendent of Schools, Cluiinnan of Board of Supervisors and Town Clerk, and in politics is Republican. His farn) comprises 420 acres of land, which he values at S22,000. Mr. and Mrs. Weston are both members of the Episcopal Church. C^UEERN' YOUNG (deceased); was born in Mentzhausen, Germany, March 31, 1817; Mrs. Young's maiden name was Sophia Herrmann, daughter of John B. and Eliza Herrmann, and was also born in (iermany. Mr. Young was one of the early settlers of Dodge Co., having come to America in 1844, and .settled in that county ; he died Deo. 13. 1865, leaving a wife and seven children — Albert (now living in Trenton, Dodge Co.), Frances (now Mrs. Augustus Grebel, of Chester, Dodge Co.), Lucetta (now Mrs. Samuel Kcil, of the town of Trenton), George Frederick (now teaching in Iowa), Theodore, llosa and Charlie (all living with their mother on the homestead, which consists of 320 acres of land on Sec. 3, worth about $8,000)". P. 0. Burnett Station. RUBICON TOWNSHIP. MAX Al/BER, proprietor Western Hotel, Rubicon ; born in Germany in 1842 ; came to Wisconsin in 1868, locating at Rubicon, where he opened a blacksmith-shop in the village of Rubicon and also purchased two acres of land ; in 1878, he started the Western Hotel, which business he is at present engaged in. Married, in 1869, Miss Mary Hahn, a native of Wisconsin; they have had three children — Mary J., born in 1870; Frederick A., 1877; Francisco, 1879. Democrat in politics; family are members of the Catholic Church. JOSEPH ARMITAGE, farmer. Sec. 24, Hustisford, Sees. 19 and 30, Rubicon ; P.O. Necsho ; born in England in 1811; came to Wisconsin in 1846, locating in Hustisford. where he pur- chased 40 acres, afterward adding 280, his present homestead ; Mr. A. is one of the old settlers, and a very successful farmer, raising both stock and grain. Married, in 1830, Jliss Mary Sykes, a native of England; have hud eleven children, nine living. Assessor, Treasurer School District twenty-five years, also a member of the Masonic Lodge, No. 108, Neosho ; Justice of the Peace twelve years. Republican in politics. JOHN BAER, manufacturer of furniture; Neosho; born in Bavaria, Germany, in 1830; came to Wisconsin in 1853, locating at Milwaukee, where he engaged in the manufacture of furniture lor three years ; he then moved to Rubicon, openinga furniture factory at Neosho, which business he is at present engaged in. Married, in 185S, Mi.ss Caroline Abel, a native of Germany. He enlisted in the 34th W. 756 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: V. I.; was discharged on account of sickness ; he was afterward drafted again but sent a substitute. He is at present Supervisor. Independent in politics. l>ElVISOK BAKKR, groceries, dry goods, boots and shoes, etc., Neosho; born in New York June 1, 1822 ; came to Wi.soonsin in 1844, locating at Rubicon; in 1845, he purchased 120 acres and commenced fiirming ; he is one of the first settlers in Rubicon, and a very prominent man ; ho built the first hotel at Neosho, which he ran one year; he is also one of the largest land-owners in the town, having at present over four hundred acres, and raises both stock and grain, making a specialty of horses of the Arabian and Cloud breeds; Jan. 20, 1874, he opened a general store. Married, in November, 1874, Miss E. Person, a native of New York; had seven children, four of whom are living. Mr. B. is Grand Master of Neosho Lodge, No. 108, Order of Masons; also a very strong advocate of the temper- ance cause. Republican. PKTER BERESfDS, dealer in agricultural implements, Neosho; born in Holland in 1845 ; came to Wisconsin in 1854, locating with his parents in the town of Horicon, remaining about six years, when Peter removed to Rolling Prairie, where he remained three years ; he then went boating on the Missisippi River for one year. In 1865, he enlisted in Co. B, 22d W. V. I., joining the regiment at Fond du Lac; was discharged the same year on account of sickness; he then moved to Hartford, where he en'.ragel in farming. Sept. 22, 1868, he married Miss Henrietta Kissell, a native of Germany; had four children, one of whom is living. In 1869, he moved to Rubicon and purchased seventy acres, which he af.erward sold; in 1875, he went into the agricultural implement business, in which business he has been very successful. Democrat. JACOB BINDER, brewer, Neosho; born in Germany in 1848; came to Wisconsin in 1867, locating in Theresa, where he worked at the brewing business for six years ; he then moved to Neosho aud built a brewery, and is at present engaged in brewing a first-class quality of lager beer ; Mr. B. has built up a large and increasing business. Married, in 1873, Miss Elizabeth Mertis, a native of Germany ; they have had two children — John, born in 1875 ; Joseph, born in 1877. In 1877, Mr. Binder met with a serious accident in the malt mill connected with his brewery, whereby he lost his left arm. Family are members of the Catholic Church. Democrat. WILLIAM BLOOR, farmer, Sees. 17 and 20; P. 0. Neosho; born in Staffordshire, Englanil, in 1821 ; came to Wisconsin in 1845, locating at Delafield, Waukesha Co., remaining two years, when ho removed to Rubicon, and purchased 40 acres on Sec. 20, afterward adding 280 acres, his present homestead; Mr. B. is a very successful f.rmer, and deals largely in stock, making his own shipments to the Chicago aud Milwaukee markets. He has been Chairman one year. Supervisor two years. Married, in 1845, Miss Ann Frier, a native of England ; they have had nine children, six living. Republican in politics. JOH91' P. CHRISTIANSEN, farmer. Sec. 35 ; P. 0. Hartford ; born in Denmark in 1829; came to Wisconsin in 1S47, locating at Pine Lake, Waukesha Co., where he engaged in farming for three years ; in 1851, he went to California, and engaged in mining till 1854, when he returned to Pine Lake aud remained about one year; in 1855, he moved to Ashippun and purchased forty acres, and opened a general store, continuing about eight years ; in 1864, he purchased eighty acres in the town of Rubicon, afterward adding forty acres, his present homestead. Married, in 1855, Miss A. Olson, a native of Norway ; they have had seven children, six living. Mr. C. has been Supervisor, and is a Democrat in politics. JA9IES MADISON CORMWELL, station agent, C, M. & St. P. R. R., Rubicon ; born in Permelia Four Corners, Jefferson Co., N. Y., in November, 1837 : came to Wisconsin in 1848, locat- ing at Hartford, where he received his education, and the early portion of his life was .spent; April 1, 1874, was appointed station agent, C, M. & St. P. R. R , also agent for the American Express Co.. and operator for the Northwestern Telegraph Co., which position he at present holds. In 1864, he enlisted in the 4th W. V. Cav., Co. I, but was prevented from serving on account of sickness. Married, in 1866, Miss Almira C. Lawrence, a native of Wisconsin ; three children — Earl B., born in 1869 ; Frank E.,born in 1871 ; Pearl R., born in 1874. Independent in politics. HERMAN DAUE, farmer. Sees. 5, 6 and 7 ; P. 0. Woodland ; born in Germany in 1851 ; came to Wisconsin in 1854, locating, with his father, at Herman, remaining about fifteen years, when he went to Ohio, and after an absence of one year, he went to Woodland, and engaged in the wheat and lum- ber business for three years; in 1872, he moved to Rubicon, where he purchased 140 acres, his present homestead. Married, in 1876, Miss Lena Lehmkuhl, a native of Germany ; three children — Hattie and Flora, twins, born in 1877; Edward, born in 1878. Mr. Daue raises both stock and grain, and is also engaged in the nursery business ; Roadmaster. Independent in politics. KUBICO^S TOWNSHIP. 757 .IOH!V DINfirS, blacksmith; P. 0. Neosho; born in New York in 1821 ; came to Wisconsin in lS(;i), locjtin;.; at Waiipun, whure he worked at thp. blacksmith business for A. D. AiUs, for three years); he then moved to Rubicon, where he purchased fifty acres, whicii he afterward sold; in 18G5, he moved to NeoiS E. DURKEFi, farmer. Sees. 27, 35 and 3G ; P. 0. Hartford ; born in New York, in 1823; came to Wisconsin in 184.3, where he purchased 160 acres in the town of Rubicon; he then returned to New York in 1854; he made a second visit to Rubicon and located in Sec. 35, his present home-tead. Mr. Durkee is a very successful farmer ; his farm consists of 335 acres, and he raises both stock and gnin, also deals in dairy proihice ; in 1855, he purchased and refitted the saw-mill, formerly owned by Mr. Selleck, which was burned down during Mr. Durkee's absence in New York on Jan. 8, 1879. lie married, in 1854, Miss A. M. Godfrey, a native of New York, who died in 18(52, leaving a child. Tie married aijain in 1873, Mrs. Mary H. Donalson ; they have one child. W.U. C GARRETT, farmer. Sec. 27 and 28; P. 0. Rubicon ; born on Isle of Man in 1813; came to Wisconsin in 1842, when he walked from Milwaukee to the town of Ashippun, remaining one winter, when he moved to Rubicon, where he pureha.sed 160 acres from the Government, in Sec. 27 ; he went to New York the same ye.ir, and returned in 1843, and purchased forty acres more in Sec. 28 ; in 1818, he added forty acres more, which is his present homestead. Mr. Garrett is one of the first set- tlers in the town ; he also put up the first log cabin ; he mikes a specialty of stock and grain, and is con- sidered a very successful farmer; he has just completed one of the finest residences in Dodge Co. Married, May 3, 1857, Miss Ciroline Boehringer. a native of Germany; two children — Christina E., born Dec. 7, 1853; John W.. born Feb. 11, 1871; Supervisor, also Clerk of School Board for 29 years. Politics, Independent. JAMES H. U01>I>WIX, farmer. Sec. 16; P. O. Neosho; born in Saratoga Co.'. N. Y., in 1820; came to Wi.scon.sin in 1852, locatin'.; at Rubicon, where he pureha.sed eighty acres, his present homestead ; Mr. Goodwin raises both stock and grain, and is also an extensive breeder and dealer in blooded fowl. Married, in 1852, Miss Lucy Goodwin, of Oswego Co., N. Y., who died from an accident, Marth 20, 1877 at Rubicon; they have had two children — Mirette, born in 1857, and Orlando W., in 1851). Mr. G. is a member of the Order of Odd Fellows, Hartford Lodge, No. 127; Republican in politics. OLIVER B. Gl>l)DWI\, farmer, Sec. 28; P. 0. Rubicon; born in Saratoga Co. in 1833; came to Wisconsin in 1834, locating at Rubicon, where the early part of his life was spent, and he resided until the time of his father's death, in Au'.just, 1875, when he took control of the farm of eighty acres; Mr. G. makes a specialty of Berkshire hogs, half-Durham stock and blooded fowl. He has been School Treasnn-r. also Worthy Chief in the Temple of Honor and Good Templars ; Republican in politics. Cl>\R.4l> HAriiiER, farmer, Sees. 2, 3 and 31 ; P. 0. Rubicon ; born in Germany Oct. 6, 1832 ; c.uuj to Wisconsin Oct. 1, 1851, locating at Rubicon with his father ; in 1852, Conrad moved to Illinois, remaining two years, when he returned to Rubicon and purchased forty-four acres, afterwar.i add- ing 680 acres, liis present homestead ; .Mr. Hauser is about the 1 irgest land owner in Dodge Co., owning at the present time over one thousand acres ; he makes a specialty of stock-raising, feeding about one hun- dred and fifty head of cattle, and 150 hogs every year. Married, July 10, 1854, Miss Mary Fesenmaier, a native of ( rerinany ; had ten children, seven now livinur. In politics, a Democrat. JERO^IIE P. HAWN^. hardware, Neosho; born in Orlean.s, Jefferson Co., in 1842; came to Wisconsin .May 4, 1848. locating at Rubicon, with his flither, who afterward moved to Pierce Co., and died there in .January, 1877. Jerome received his early education at the district school of Rubicon ; in January, 1866, he commenced work for Joseph Perkins, Jr., of Neosho, in the hardware business, continu- ing till 1869. when he bought out Mr. Perkins, and continued the business alone. In 1863, he enlisted in the 7th Wis. Battery, joining the regiment at Memphis, Tenn.; was present at the battle of Guntown, and at the Forrest raid on Memphis; mustered out in July, 1865, when he returned to Rubicon, and eniiaged in farming forone year. Married, in 1861. .Miss Alm'ira Gillett, a native of New York, who died in 1866; had two children— Phebe M., born in 1862; Cyrus W., born in 1866, died in February, 1867. .Married again in 1868, Mrs. S. E. Davis, widow of S. E. Davis. Mr. Hawn is a charter member of the Order of Odd F'llows, also Assistant Postmaster. Republican. WILLIAM A. IVES, farmer. Section 34; P. O. Rubicon; born in New Haven, Conn., in 1810 ; came to Wisconsin Nov. 1, 1846, locating at Rubicon, where he purchased 160 acres, his present 758 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: homesteiid. Mr. Ives has been a very successful farmer, raising both stock and grain ; he also deals largely in dairy products. Married, in 1842, Miss Elizabeth Pardee; they have had eight children, five living. Was Town Superintendent for a number of years, also School (Jommissioner ; he has also just completed a very handsome residence. He is a Republican in politics. JOHK JOHXSTONE, physician, Neo.sho ; born in England in 1807; came to Wis- consin in ( ictober, 1844, locating at Waukesha Co., where he studied for the Episcopal Church ; he grad- uated as a physician in Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland, in 1849; he moved to Ashippun, where he pur- chased eighty-seven acres, where he resided till 18t!D, when he moved to Rubicon and purchased a house and lot in the village of Neosho ; he is at present performing mission work in Lebanon and Rubicon. Married, in 1835, Miss Eliza Windsor, a native of New York State, who died in 1841; three children living. Married again, in 1849, Miss Lena Thompson, who dieJ^n 1874; nine children, seven living ; School Superintendent in Ashippun. Democrat in politics. WILLIAM KEi^fUALL, wagon manufacturer, Neosho; born in New York in 1824 came to Wisconsin June 7, 184U, lojatin.; at Sugar Creek, Walworth Co., with his father, who died there July 30, 184U ; in February, 184G, he moved to Rubicon, where he purchased 100 acres on Section 31, which he afterward sold; in 1848, he opened a hotel in Waukesha Co.; one year afterward, he moved to Pal- myra, Jefferson Co., and worked at wagon-making for W. S. Ryder, remaining one year when he returned to Rubicon and started a wagon-shop at Dukey's Mills]; in 1851, he moved to Neosho and built a wagon-factory, which is considered one of the best in the county ; they make a specialty of fine Dexter spring buggies and farm wagons. He married, in September, 1845, Mi.ss Eliza Blood, a native of Ver- mont, who died in 1855, leaving two children; he married again Miss Louisa Slawson, a native of New York: she died in 1869, leaving one child; married again Mrs. Jane Goodwin, a native of New York, who died in 1876, leaving one child; married again Mary Jane Leonard, a native of Massachusetts. Mr. K. has been Justice of the Peace, also a member of the School Board for a number of years. Republican. JOHN^ LABUWI, groceries, dry goods, boots and shoes, etc., Rubicon; born in Prussia in 1827; came to Wisconsin in 1847, remaining a short time, when he returned to Buffalo in 1850; he moved to Herman, Dodge Co., Wis. remaining till 1860, when he bought out Hersh Hennie's general store at Rubicon ; Mr. L. is a very prominent man, and one of the largest land-owners in the township, owning at the present time about 530 acres, raising both stock and grain. Married, in 1853, Mi>s J. Merkl, a native of Germany ; they have had thirteen children, nine living. Chairman, Treasurer, also Justice of the Peace in both Herman and Rubicon ; at present Postmaster; Independent in polit'cs. JOHIV L. MA^Sf, farmer, Sees. 29, 30, 31 and 32 ; P. 0. Neosho ; born in New York in 1822; came to Wisconsin in 1846. locating at Rubicon, where he purchased 145 acres, his present home- stead. iMr. M. is a very solid man and one of the oldest settlers ; he has been very successful in farming ; raises stock and grain. Married, in 1849, Miss Rubie Persons, a native of New York, who died in 1872, at Rubicon ; they had four children, two boys and two girls. He married again, in 1874, Mrs. Sarah Wil- son, widow of Clark Wilson ; had three children. He has been Supervisor two years, Roadmaster and member of the School Board. WILLIAM MERCER, Jr., fiirmer. Sees. 28 and 33; P. 0. Neosho; born in East Kent, England, in April, 1815 ; came to Wisconsin in 1844, locating at Rubicon, where he purchased 120 acres, his present homestead. Mr. M. has been very successful, raising both stock and grain. Married, in 1850, Miss Maria Snyder, a native of New York ; they have had two children — Nathan, born in 1855 ; Clarissa, born in 1853, died in 1863. Republican. MRS. L. PEIRCE ; P. O. Neosho ; born in New York in 1829 ; came to Wisconsin in May, 1846, locating at Rubicon with her parents. She married, in September, 185U, George Haines, a native of Kent, England, who died, at Rubicon, in 1875 ; they had nine children, seven living. Married again, July 4, 1879, James Peirce, a native of Oiiio. Mrs. Peirce's farm consists of 120 acres, and contains some of the finest outbuildin'.rs in the county, consisting of barns, cattle sheds and granaries. JOHX J. PUTXAM, farmer. Sees. 20, 21 and 28; P.O. Neosho; born in Vermont in 1821 ; came to Wisconsin in Juno, 1847, locating in Milwaukee Co.; remained for two years, then moved to Rubicon, where he purchased eighty acres, afterward adding forty-five acres. Mr. P. is a very large dealer and breeder in fine sheep; in the year 1857, he built a saw-mill at Neo.sho, which has done a very large business. Married, in 1849, Miss M. L. Case, a native of Connecticut. He enlisted in the 39th W. V. I., and was present at the Forrest raid on Memphis; was mustered out after 100 days' service, and returned lo Rubicon ; was Supervison one term, member of the School Board and Treasurer six years in succession. Independent. PETER REMMEL, proprietor of the Wi.sconsin Hotel, Neosho; born in Prussia in 1849; came to Wisconsin in 1854, locating at Rubicon, with his father, where Peter received his education at Rl'BICOK TOWNSHIP. 769 the district school ; at the age of 22 years, ho purchased a farm of fifty-three acres, in Hustisford, Wis., which lie sohl in 1874; moved to Rubicon, then opened the Wisconsin House at Neosho, which is con sidered, by the traveling public, to be one of the best-kept hotels in the county. Married, in 1S70, Miss Katherine Schneck, a native of Wisconsin ; have four children, three boys and one girl. Member Cath- olic Church ; Democrat. FRAIVK S. REYNOLDS, physician, Neosho ; born in Byron, Fond du Lac Co., Wis., May 1, 1853, where he received his early education ; his medical education he received at the Ru.sh Medical College, Chicago, where he graduated in 1876; April 17, lS7t3, he located at Oak Grove, Dodge Co., where he practiced medicine for two years; October, 1878, he moved to Neosho, where he has a very large and growing practice. He married on April 17, 18715, Miss Loretta Voorhees, a native of Wiscon- sm ; they have two children — Edith, born Jan. 21,1877; Ethel, born Dec. 7, 1878. The Doctor is a charter member of Oak Grove Ladge, No. 7, Order of Odd Fellows, also of Wildey Lodge, No. 128, at Neosho. In the fall of 1877, he was elected County Physician of Djdge Co. In politics he is a Dem- ocrat. JOHN KOHLINtJER, farmer. Sees. 4 and 5 ; P. 0. Woodland; born in Prussia in 1832; he came to Wisconsin in 1847, locating, with his father, in the town of Herman, where ho remained till he ■was 24 years old, when he purchased seventy-two acres in See. 4, afterward adding 129 acres, his present homestead. Mr. Rohlinger is considered a very successful former, raising both stock and grain. He mar- ried, in 1857, Mi.ss M. Hein, a native of Germany; they have eight children. Mr. Rohlinger has been Justice of the Peace for two years, and a member of the School Board for nine years, also Clerk and Treasurer. Democrat in politics. HENRY P. SAYLES, of the firm of J. C. & H. P. Sayles, manufacturers of furniture and bee-keepers' supplies; born in Waukesha Co., Wis., in 1844, where he remained till he was 13 years old. when he moved to Saylesville, and w;is engaged in the lumber business with his father till 18t)5, when he formed partnership with his brother, J. C. Sayles ; their trade extends all over the States, also to Canada and Scotland ; it is the only factory of this kind in the county, and one of the largest in the State. He married, in 1871, Miss Maggie Douglas, a native of Wisconsin ; they have had two children. Mr. Sayles has been Justice of the Peace one year; Republican in politics. FRED SCHIJLTZ, of the firm of Schultz & Son, millers, Neosho ; born in Wisconsin in 1853 ; at the age of 10 years he moved to Rubicon, with his father, who purchased there 170 acres on Sec. 19, which he afterward sold ; in 1871, his father purchased the flour-mill at Neosho from William Lehman, where Fred worked till 1875, where he formed a partnership with his father, under the firm name of Schultz & Son ; they have five run of stone, and do an extensive business shipping to the Chicago and Mil- waukee markets. He married. May 1, 1875, .Miss Rosalia Wegwart, a native of Wisconsin ; have one child — Julia, born March 1, 18715. The ftvmily are members of the Lutheran Church. REV. NICHOLAS SCH.AAP, Pastor of St. Matthew's Catholic Church; born in Lun- enburg, (iermany, January, 1 841 ; came to Wisconsin in 1857, locating at Ashford ; he afterward moved to St. Francis' Seminary, Milwaukee, where he received his clerical education ; in 1870, he was ordained by Bishop Henni, at Milwaukee ; afterward took charge of his present church ; he has also two other missions in Dodge Co., and a very lar, he attended the State University at Madison for one year; inlSG7, he commenced work for William Kciid;ill in the wau;on business, continuing for eighteen months, when he went into the carpenter business and worked for Al .Vnnis for a .short time, when he went to Chicago and remained about three mon;hs ; in the fall of 1870, he went to California and returned the same year ; has since been in the carpenter business. Married, in 18Y2, Miss Ellen Cynthia Goodenough ; they have had 7tJ0 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: three thildrcn — George Fraiiuis, born May 3, 1872, died Sept. 21, 1874 ; Eihel Alice, born Nov. 5, 1875 ; Janet Elizibcth, Nov. 28, 1877. IHA.RCUS TRUMER, proprietor of the Rubicon Hotel, Rubicon ; born in Stuben, Austria, in 1842 ; came to Wisconsin in 1850, locating in Washington Co., where he purchased 109 acres and resided till 1867. when he moved to the village of Rubicon and purcha.sed the Rubicon Hotel, which ia considered first-class in every respect. Married, in 1856, Miss Teresa Waggoner, a native of Austria ; six children, three living. In 18(J1, enlisted in Co. P, 34th W. V. I., also Co. A, 35th W. V. I.; was present at the forty days' fight at Spunish Fort ; received several wounds ; served five years ; one year in Texas after the clii.se of the war; mustered out April 11, 18l)6. In 1871, member of the Legislature, Justice of the Peace for the pa-st three years, also Town Clerk ; politics, Independent. ASHIPPUN TOWNSHIP. RICHARD COPITHORN, farmer. Sec. 6; P. 0. Neosho; born in Ireland in 1817; came to Wisconsin in 1846, locating at Ashippun, where he purchased 80 acres, which he afterward sold, and purcha.sed SO acres on Sec. 6, his present homestead. JIarried, in 1846, Miss P. Luranton, a native of Ireland ; they have had nine children, sis living. Mr. Copithorn has been Supervisor, also Town Clerk, and member of School B lard ; Independent in politics. JOHN T. CURPHE Y, farmer. Sees. 20 and 21 ; P. 0. Ashippun ; born in Roche.ster, N. Y., in 1842 ; came to Wisconsin at the age of 1 year; the early part of his life was spent in Ashippun; in 1861, he made a trip through the Eastern States, also to England, visiting the home of his father, return- ing in 1863, when he resumed farming; in 1871, he purchased from his father 160 acres, his present h jmesteid ; he is considered a very successful farmer ; raises both stock and grain. He has been Asse.ssor two years. There is a natur il spring on his his farm that never goes dry, either winter or summer. WlLLIA^ri CURPHE Y, fi^rmer. Sees. 20 and 21 ; P. 0. Ashippun ; born in England in 1815; came to Wisconsin in 1844, locating at Ashippun, where he purchased 160 acres, which he after- ward sold to his son, John T. Married in 1840, Miss Elizibeth Clark, a native of the Isle of Man ; they had three children, two living. Mr. Curphey was one of the early pioneers of this township, and the first crop of wheat he raised he brought to the Milwaukee market by ox team, taking five or six days for the journey. Democratic in politics. A. DER^E, farmer. Sees. 23 and 26; P. O. Alderly ; born in France in 1816 ; came to Wis- consin in the spring of 1845; locating at Ashippun, where he purchased 145 acres, his present homestead. Mr. uerse is one of the pioneers of this town, and has been very successful in farming, raising both stock and grain. Married, in 1844, Miss Catharine Humbert, a nitive of France ; they have had twelve child- ren — eleven boys and one girl ; his oldest son, Nicholas J., is proprietor of the hotel at Alderly. Mr. Derse has been Town Treasuier for several years in succession. Assessor one year, and Town Clerk three terms. Democrat in politics. ^NICHOLAS J. DERSE, Proprietor of Alderly Exchange; born in Ashippun, Wis., in 1845, where hj received his education, at the district schools ; at the age of 14 years, he worked on the farm of .James Thomp.son for three years, afterward for J( seph Whilton for nine months, and James Lawson, for the same period; in 1876, he opened the Exchange Hotel, in Alderly, which is considered first class in every respect. Married, in fall of 1876, Miss Lizzie Laudy, a native of Emmet, Wis.; they have one child — Laura ; born' Sep*. 10, 1878. Mr. D. has been Deputy Sheriff four years, also Constable. ANDREW DOUCirl/AS, dry-goods, boots and shoes, crockery, etc., Alderly ; born at Aship- pun in 1846, where he received his early education ; in 1869, he went to Waukesha and finished his educational course, remaining one year, when he returned to Ashippun, and was engaged in farniing, till 1872, whrn he moved to Aldcrlj' and opened a general store, which business he is at present engaged in. Marriel, in Spring of 1872, Miss Louisj F. Young, a native of Wisconsin; have one child — Cordalas ; born July 7, 1876. Mr. D. was Town Clerk for three years. Democrat. JA]riES DOITGLAS, farmer. Sec. 27; P. 0. Alderly; born in Scotland in 1809; came to Wi.sconsi I in spring of 1844, locating at Ashippun, where he purchased 120 acres — his presen" home- stead; Mr. D. is the owner of a very fine farm, and is largely engaged in breeding hor.scs and cattle; he is one of the first settlers, having built the first double roof log cabin that was built in the town ; in order to obtain his lumber he had to cut a road, one and one-half miles long, throusrh the wood, and mark the ASHIPPUN TOWNSHIP. 761 trees as ;\ pjuide for him. He married, April, 1840, Miss Marsiaret Walker, a native of Scotland ; they have had nine children, six living. Town Treasurer one year. Democrat in politics. JOHN DOU, Miss Christina Quimby, a native of Michigan, who died at Ashippun in 1867. Married again in spring of 18711, Miss Elleu Leard, a native of Wisconsin, who died in February, 1879, leaving three children — Jtihn, born in May, 1871; William, born in September, 1874; Lizzie, born in September, 187(j. Mr. D. has been a member of the School Board three years, also Superintendent at the present time. Democrat in politics. OIjE H. HALiVORSON, of the firm of Christianson & Halvorson, dry-goods, groceries, boots and shoes, etc., Tolands Prairie; born in Washington Co. in 1851, where he received his early edu- cation, at the district schools; he worked on his fathers farm till 1878, when he formed a partnership with Nelse Christianson, and opened a general store, which business he is at present engaged in. Mr. H. is Assistant Postmaster at Tolands Prairie, and Republican in politics. JOHN W. HAYS, farmer, Sees. 10 and 15 ; P. O. Alderly ; born in Crawford Co., Penn., in 18H0 ; came to Wisconsin in 1847, locating at Ashippun, where the early portion of his life was devoted to his father. In 1855, he purchased 120 acres on Sec. 15, afterward adding 120 acres more, in Sec. 10, his present homestead ; Mr. H. is considered a very successful farmer, his specialty being stock; he raises a very fine quality of Spanish Merino sheep; also Durham cattle. Married in 1857 Miss Jane Hassell, a native of New York State ; have four children— Emma, born in July, 1858 ; Samuel, born in September, 1861 ; Arthur, born in October, 1863; Annette, born in March, 1807. Mr. H. was District Clerk for twelve years ; also one of the Directors of the Ashippun Mutual Fire Insurance Co. Republican in politics. ISAAC J. HUBBARD, farmer. Sec. 26 ; P. 0. Alderly ; born in Jefferson Co., N. Y., in 1819; came to Wisconsin in 1845, locating at Ashippen, where he purchased 100 acres of land, his pres- ent homestead ; Mr. H. raises both stock and grain with much success ; he is also one of the early settlers of this Township. Married in 1843 Miss Elizabeth Wood, a native of Montgomery Co., N. Y. , they have had two children — Permelia, born in 1844, married James Hayes; Amenzo J., born in 1847. Mr. H. is Republican in politics ;*has been Town Treasurer one year; also member of the School Board. JOHN H. HYDE, farmer. Sees. 4 and 9 ; P. 0. Alderly ; born in New York in 1826 ; came to Wisconsin in 1856; in the year 1865, he located at Ashippun, where he purchased 200 acres of land, his present homestead ; Mr. A. is one of the largest as well as one of the most successful farmers in the township ; he raises botb stock and grain ; also deals largely in dairy produce. Married in 1852 Miss Amelia Harlow, a native of New York ; they have had ten children, sis boys and four girls. He has been Supervisor two years and Justice of the Peace for a number of years ; also member of the School Board. Is a Republican. WILlxIAjfl LAWSON, farmer. Sees. 21 and 28; P. O. Alderly; born on Isle of Man in February. 1831; came to Wisconsin in June, 1844, locating with his parents in Ashippun; in 1855. William purchased a farm of eighty acres on Sec. 21, his present homestead; in 1863, he added seventy- six acres on Sec. 28. Married, in 1859, Miss Isabella Gurlie ; they have had three children. Mr. L. is considered a very successful farmer, raising both stock and grain. Republican. WILIilAM HENRY LEARD (deceased); born on Isle of Man in 1817; came to Wis- consin in 1844, locating in Aship])un, where he purchased 103 acres, and resided tHl his death, Feb. 20, 1870. Married Miss Jane Lawson, a native of the Isle of Man ; had three children, two living; the son, Daniel Robert, has now charge of the farm. Mr. Leard was a very successful farmer and prominent man ; he was not an office-seeker, but attended strictly to the duties of his farm ; his loss was deeply felt by the farmers of Ashippun and his sorrowing family. MICHAEL McALAVEY', farmer. Sees. 29 and 32 ; P. O. Ashippun ; born in Ireland in 1818; came to Wisconsin in 1845, locating at Ashippun, where he purchased 280 acres, his present homestead ; Mr. McA. is one of the largest as well as one of the mo.it successful farmers in the town- ship ; be came here at an earlv day. and, after years of toil, has now got a well-paying farm with a fine residence. .Married, in 1836, Miss Bridget Murphy, native of Ireland; they had two children ; she died at Ashippun ; in 1848, he married again, the same year. Miss Julia Byrnes, a native of Ireland; had five children. Was Tnwn Supervisor three years, Rjadmaster three years. Democrat. JOHN .MORTIMER, farmer, Sec. 28; P.O. Alderly; born in Yorkshire, England, Jan. 12, 1833 ; came to Wiseoasia in 1844, locating at Ashippun, where he purchased 104 acres, his present 762 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: homestead. Married in IS5G, Miss Susan Walker, a native of Yoi'ksliire, England ; had six children — Mary N., born Aug. 25, 185(; ; Joseph, born July 2, 1859; Sarah L., born Sept. 23, 1861, died Feb. 16, 1862 ; Harry F., born May 25, 1S64 ; Seth W., Oct. 22, 1870 ; Samuel, March 30, 1875, died April 22, 1875 ; he has been Supervisor two years, Treasurer of School Board for a number of years ; Mr. M. is one of the pioneers of the Township ; he is considered a very successful farmer ; raises stock and grain ; he is the youiigest man of the old settlers living at present. JOHN C. MARSHALL, of the firm of Marshall & Leslie, millers, Alderly ; born in Perthshire, England, in IS-tO; came to Wisconsin in 184-1; located with his father at Ashippun, where he received his early education, also studied one term at the Huricon High School in 18G5 ; John com- menced work with his father in the mill, continuing till 18()9, when his father retired from active busi- ness ; he took charge of the mill, which is the only one in the township'; doing a very large and increasing business, shipping to both the Eustern and Weatern marl;els. He married, fall of 1868, Miss Ellenor C. Young, a native of New York ; they have had four children, three boys and one girl. Mr. M. has been District Cli rk three years, Town Clerk one year and Justice of the Peace six years ; he also read law and was admitted to the bar in 1871. Democrat. SAMUEL. MAKSHAIiL, farmer. Sees. 26 and 27; P. 0. Alderly; born in Scotland in 1810 ; came to Wisconsin in 1844, and located at Ashippun, where he purchased eighty acres, his present homestead, in 1843; Ah-. Marshall formed partnership with Alex. Leslie, and built a saw mill which they ran till 1865; they also built a grist-mill at Alderly, which is at present under the matiagement of his son. J. C. Marshall. Mr. Samuel Marshall married, in 1863, Miss Jane Hill, a native of Scotland; they have six children; four living. Mr. Marshall was Chairman for twelve years, and also member of the first Board that sat in Ashippun; he isabout the first settler in Alderly, and owns considerable property in the villaiic. GSUSTAVE MEISSIVER, groceries, dry goods, boots and shoes, etc., Ashippun ; born in Germany in 1844; came to Wisconsin in 1869, and located at Watcrtown, where he was engaged in teach- ing school for four years ; in the spring of 1873, he moved to Ashippun, and opened a general store, which business he is at present engaged in. He married, in 1871, Miss Conradine Wittig, a native of Germany. He has been Supervisor one term, and also a member of the School Board. LijCIASJ MERRILL, farmer. Sec. 29 ; P. 0. Ashippun; born in New York in 1836 ; came to Wisconsin in 1855, locating at Ashippun. On the death of his father, he took charge of the farm of 160 acres on Sec. 29, his present homestead. In 1875, Mr. Merrill commenced the manufacture of bricks, and to-day has one of the largest brickyards in the county, turning out about 400,00(1 bricks per year ; he also manufactures a tirst-elass article of tiles. He married, Aug. 22, 1858, Miss Sarah J. Fulmer, a native of New York; had five children; four are living. Independent in politics. MYRA]V MERRILL (deceased) ; born in Madison Co., N. Y., in February, 1813; came to Wisconsin in 1855, locating at Ashippun, where he purchased 160 acres of land, and resided there till his death, Feb. 20, 1876. He mariied, in 1834, Miss P. Moore, a native of New York ; they had four chil- dren — Lucian, the oldest son, has now charge of the farm. Mr. Merrill was a member of the Baptist Church. PHILO PAT€HIN, farmer, Sees. 9, 22 and 23; P. O. Alderly; born in Deerfleld, N. Y., in 1817 ; came to Wisconsin in 1850, locating at Ashippun, where he purchased 285 acres — his present homestead ; Mr. Patchin is one of the largest and most successful farmers in the township, raising both stock and grain, also deals largely in dairy produce ; he is a carpenter and builder by trade ; he has also been an'exiensive traveler. He married, in 1844, Miss Mary Sanford, a native of Cunnecticut ; they have one child — Emily E, born June 6, 1847; married N. Folts, of Dodge Co., Wis. Mr. Philo Patehin held the commission of Lieutenant in the New York State Militia for a number of years. Republican in politics. OLE PETERSON, flo-mer. Sec. 9; P. 0. Alderly; born in Norway in June, 1840; came to Wisconsin in 1857, locating at Ashippun, with his father, until he enlisted in Co. I, 29th W. V. I.; he was at the battles of Jackson, Port Gibson, and Vicksburg ; he contracted a disease from exposure, from which he lay in hospital four mouths; mustered out in 1865, after a service of three years ; returned to Ashippun, and purchased 60 acres, his present homestead. Married, in 1866, Miss Ann Austinson, a native of Norway, who died Feb. 17, 1875; had six children — two are living; married again, in 1877, Miss Annie Nelson, a native of Norway, who died in the fall of 1878 ; had two children. Mr. Peterson raises both stock and grain. Republican in politics. WILHELM' F. RADTKE (deceased) ; bornMay 27, 1805, in Prussia; came to Wisconsin in 1829, locating at Milwaukee, where he was engaged in teaming for fourteen years ; in 1853, he moved ASHIPPUN TOWNSHIP. TU3 to Ashijipun, where he imrchased 200 acres on Sees. 10 and 20, and rei^ided there till the time of his death, Juno 0, 1876. Married, JIarch 20, 1851, Miss Lisette S. Maria Koseiuan. a native ef Mecklen- Imrii, Germany; had (ijjht children — five livini;'. Mr. Kadtke was a prominent man, a kind husband, an induluent father and a true Christian ; his less was sadly felt by his sorrowing family and large circle of friends. AIjEXAIVIIER RUDOLF, farmer, Sees. 30 and 33 ; P. 0. Alderly ; born in Uaden, Ger- many, in ISIO ; arrived in New York, August, 1830; came to Wis'-onsin in 18;:i3, locating at Black Hiver, where he reniaiiud about eighteen months, when he removed to Ashippun and purchased 1(>0 acres, his l)resent homestead. Mr. Rudolf is one of the oldest setth rs in this township ; he is a successful farmer and a good business man ; be raises both stock and grain, also deals in dairy produce. Married, October. 1847, Miss Hlizabcth McAlavay, a native of Ireland; had eleven children — one dead. Democrat in politics. SOLOMON Rl'DOLF, farmer, Sec. 20; P.O. Ashippnn ; born in Dodge Co., Wi.s., in 1848, where he received his early education ; in 1873, his father gave him 40 acres on Sec. 8, where he commenced farming for himself; he sold out. May, 1874, and ]iurcbased 80 acres on Sec. 20, his present homestead. Married, in 187 (J, Mi^s Mary Malloy, a native of Washini;ton Co., Wis. ; they Inive one child ■ — Alexander. Mr. Rudolf was Supervisor in 1S75, Assessor, and at present Chairman of Board of Sup- ervisors ; Mr. Rudolf is the first Chairman who was born in the town of Ashippun. ABEL B. SANFORD, farmer, Sec. 15; P. 0. Alderly; born in Newtown. Fairfield Co., Conn., in 1822; came to Wisconsin in 1841, locating at Waukesha, where he worked on his father's farm and taught school for five years; in 1840, he moved to Ashippun, where he purchased 120 acres, his present homestead. Mr. Sanford is one of the pioneers of the township, and has been very successful in raising both stock and grain. Mairied, Feb. 27, 1849, Miss Esther Curtis, a native of New Haven Co., Conn.; they have had eight children, five living — David A., the oldest son, graduated at Philadelphia in June, 1878, and was ordained at Milwaukee in June, 1879, and received charge of the Kemper Mission of Darlington, Wis. Mr. Sanford was, in 1848, Town Clerk; in 1849, Town Treasurer; from 1850 to 1857, Town Clerk; in I8GG. Town Clerk; 18G8-69, Town Clerk, and also Justice of the Peace two years. Democrat. EPHRAIM SHAW, former, Sec. 27 and 28 ; P. O. Alderly; born in England in 1834; came to Wisconsin with lii> father, Absalom Shaw, in 1845, locating at Ashippun, where he purchased 200 acres; on the death of his father, Aug. 18, 18G7, E])hraim took control of the farm, raising both stock and grain very successfully. Was Roadmaster one term. THOMAS STEELE, farmer, Sec. 36; P. 0. Alderly; born in Scotland in 1843; came to Wisconsin in 1856, locating at Ashippun with his father, where he received his early education at the district school; in 1867, he purchased 160 acres on Sec. 36, his present homestead. Mr. Steele has been very succes.sful in farming, raising both stock and grain ; he also handles some dairy produce. Married, in 1867, Miss Harriet Wood, whose mother was the first white woman who settled in Ashijipun ; had five children; four are living. He has been Supervisor three terms. Clerk of School Board throe years; also Town Clerk, this beins his second term. Is a Democrat. DR. WAYNE tOWNSEND, physician, Alderly; born in Grafton, Wis., in 1848; his early education was received at the district schools; he also took a term of seven months at the Nor- mal School of Whitewater, after which he went to Beloit College for one year ; in 1875, he moved to Louisville, where he graduated in the Kentucky School of Medicine; May, 1877, he located at Alderly, where he established a verj' successful and growing practice. Independent in politics. WILLIAM WALKER, farmer. Sees. 22 and 27 ; P. 0. Alderly; born in Yorkshire, En- gland, Nov. 25, 1805; came to Wisconsin April 1, 1844, locatins; at Ashijipun. where he purchased 120 acres of his present liomestead ; he is also the owner of 120 acres in Pierce Co., on which there is a nat- ural spring, which gives an unceasing supply of water. Married, in 1830, Miss Mary Forx, a native of Yorkshire, England, who died at Ashippun April 25, 1866; had four children — Susan, born July 17, 1835; John, born Sept. 12, 1837; Seth, born Nov. 10,1839; William, died at an early age. Mr. Walker is one of the early pioneers of this county ; he never held any office, having no time to spare from the duties of his farm; he has just comjileted a tine resideuce; having retired from active life, his son John now has charLre of the firm, raising boili stock and irrain with much success. Independent inpnlitics. EDWARD WEBSTER, farmer. Sees. 27,30 and 32; P. O. Alderly; born in Leeds, En- gland, in 1834 ; came to ^Visconsill in 1834, locating at Ashijijiuu, where his father purchased eighty acres on Sees. 27 and 32 ; in 1856, he jiurchased the above farm from his father, making it his present home- stead ; he also purchased twenty acres on Sec. 30 ; Mr. Webster has been very successful in raising grain ; 764 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: he is also engaged in the manufiioture of butter. Married, in 1855, Miss Emoiia Leslie, a native of Scot- land ; they have had nine children, six living ; he has been Town Treasurer one year, Supervisor one year, member of School Board six years. Democratic in politics. LEBANON TOWNSHIP. THOMAS BAKER, farmer. Sec. 4 ; P. 0. Hustisford ; born in Cornwall, England, Dec. 15, 1817 ; spent his early life, grew to manhood and married in England, marrying Miss Eliza Baker in Dacember, 1837, who died March 1, 1848, leaving five children — Mary, Ann. Eliza, Rachel R. and Thomas W, ; on the 20th of February, 1849, he married Mary E., daughter of Degury Baker, of Cornwall. In April, 1852, Mr. Baker and family left Old England for the New World ; landed at Quebec May 7, and came at once to Waukesha Co., Wis., where they lived until Mr. Baker bought seventy-five acres of his present farm in January, 1853 ; about fifty acres of this was cleared, upon which was a small house ; Mr. Baker has improved and added to this, and as the fruit of many toilsome years, has a homestead of 155 acres, a modern brick farmhousie, built in 18(i2, good barns and other substantial improvements ; he also owns 365 acres of well-improved land in Hustisford ; this is a good showing for a man who came to America with only a few hundred dollars ; he devotes the farm to both grain and stock. Mr. and Mrs. Baker are Meth- odists in belief; politics. Independent. FERDINAND GNEUWIJCH, farmer. Sec. 18 ; P. O. Lebanon ; born in Prussia Aug. 7, 1833; was educated in the fatherland, and came to America, in 1847, with his parents, who settled in Lebanon ; at 16 years of age, he began life as a sailor on the Great Lakes, and sailed on Michigan, Huron, Superior. Erie and Ontario, until the fall of 1858, when he settled on the homestead, and married Miss Ernestina Maas, of Prussia ; they have seven children — August, Louisa, Emily, Emma, Anna, Ferdinand and Paulina. Mr. G. has 230 acres well improved, with excellent buildings. In politics a Democrat ; he was, first, Town Treasurer, then Assessor, and was Chairman of his town from 1863 to 1876, when he was elected County Clerk, and, at the end of his term, was again made Chairman, which office he now holds ; Mr. Gncwuch was a member of the Legislature of VVisconsin in 1865 and 1873. Is, with his family, a Lutheran, and has always been a leading mnn and public-spirited citizen of his township. HENRY mOLDENHAl^ER, farmer, merchant and Po.stmaster, Lebanon; born in Prus- sia Feb. 21, 1831 ; in 1843, about forty from the vicinity of Berlin and Stettin agreed to come to America with Milwaukee as a rendezvous ; the parents of Henry Moldenhauor were among the number, and left Hamburg June 20, 1843, reaching Milwaukee Sept. 7 ; the entire colony settled in Lebanon, using ox teams and cutting roads to their Government farms ; the M. family consisted of parents and ten children ; Henry's twin sister, Sophia, died Oct. 10, 1843, and hers was the first body buried in the St. Paul's Cem- etery ; the family built a rude wigwam, soon after building a poor frame house, the first in Lebanon ; as one of the pioneer colony, this family is identified with the early history of the town; Henry M. has owned the homestead of 100 acres since 1857, and has it well improved with good buildings; in June, 1878, he built the only store in the town, and was made Postmaster at the same time; has general stock of dry goods, groceries, boots and shoes, hats and caps, hardware, woodenware, glassware, crockery, pitent medicines, notions, etc. He married Miss Wilhelmina Hartman, Ixonia, Jan. 26, 1855, who died Feb. 24, lS7;i, leaving ten children — Henry, Fred, Edward, Ottilie, Francis, Lezetta, Amelia, Otto, Selma and William. Mr. M. and son are Democrats, the father having been Trustee, Supervisor and Chairman. The family belons; to the Lutheran Church. REV. ERDMAN PANKOW, Pastor of St. Paul's Evangelical Lutheran Church, Lebanon; burn in Prussia Sept. 5, 1818 ; was educated in the Fatherland, where he learned the trade of tailor. Married Mi.ss Sophia C. Moldenhauer April 17, 1843; came to America with a large colony of Prussians, reaching Milwaukee Sept. 6, 1843; worked at his trade here five months, then spent a short time in Watertown, where he built and sold a house, soon buying eighty acres of Government land on Sugar Island, Lebanon; built a 14x20 feet log house, and with the aid of his wife cleared about four and one-half acres of heavy timber; wolves used to howl round their cabin, and they led a busy yet lonesome life for two years; on the 1st of January, 1846, Mr. Pankow began teaching the Lutheran school in Lebanon, which he continued just thirty-two years ; preached his first sermon as Pastor of St. Paul's the Seventh Sunday after Trinity, 1848; also has Lutheran Evangelical congregations in Milwaukee, Mayville, Schwartz- burg Station, Germantown and Sugar Island ; Mrs. Pankow died Aug. 28, 1859, leaving six children — LEBANON TOWNSHIP. 765 Wilhclmina, Herman, Erdman, Michael, Sophia and John (deceased;. On the 17th of November, 1859, he married Miss Mary L. Dammbaeh ; they have nine ceildrcn — Louisa, Albert, Adolph, Anna, Oswald, Eva, Paulina, Agnes and Angela ; Wilhelmina is married and lives in Nort'ulk, Neb. ; Herman is a photog- rapher in Marshfield, VVis. ; Erdman is Pastor of Lutheran congregations in Tomah and llidgeville, living at Ridgeville, Wis.; Micliael is Pastor of the Lutheran flock at Norfolk, Neb.; Sophia is married and lives in Tomah ; Albert and x\dolph are students at the Northwestern Univcr.sity, Watertown, and the other children are on the farm of eighty-five acres. Sec. 19, where Mr. Pankow built a pleasant home in 1858; he still owns the old Government claim on Sugar Island. FEKI>IXANI> PETSCH, farmer, Sec. 30 ; P. O. Lebanon ; born in Prussia in 1842 ; came with his parents to America in 1845, living five years in Niagara Co., N. Y.; in 1850, they removed to Lebanon, locating on a farm ; when about I'o years of age, Ferdinand returned to New York State, and, after eighteen months, again came to Wisconsin ; here he began learning the stonemason's trade, helping to build his present residence ; in August, 18G2, he enlisted in the 26th W. V. I. ; this regiment made a most brilliant record, taking an active part iu twenty-nine battles and skirmishes, in every one of which Mr. Petsch participated ; he undoubtedly saw more actual service and fighting than any man in his town ; he was engaged at the great battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg, where he narrowly missed death from a rebel shell ; was also in the battles of Wauhatchie Creek, Dalton, Resaoa, Cassville, Big Shanty, Kenesaw Mountain, Marietta, Peach Tree Creek, the battles in front of Atlanta and Savannah, and two fights in North Carolina ; the regiment was discharged at Milwaukee July 2, 1805. Mr. Petsch married Miss Louisa Rex, of Hubbard ; they have six children — Louis, Richard, Amelia, Henry, Louisa and Charles. Mr. P. is an Independent Republican and the family are Lutherans. THEODORE TESCH, farmer. Sec. 24; P. O. Ashippun ; born in Prus.sia Feb. 11, 1836, and came to America in 1856, locating on his farm of eighty acres; of this only twelve were cleared, on which was an old log cabin ; by labor and management he has an improved farm and good home ; enlisted Aug. 20, 1862, in the 26th W. V. I., and was in the great and bloody battles of Chancellorsville and Gettysburg ; the regiment was then transferred to Sherman, and was in the battles of Resaca, Dallas, Burnt Hickory, Kene-saw Mountain, Peach Tree Creek, etc.; Mr. Tesch was in Sherman's grand march, and in the fights at Bentonville and Averysboro ; at the close, went via Richmond to Washington, where his regiment was discharged, he returning to his farm and family. Married Miss Sophia Walltman in 1862 ; they have six children — Layetta, Richard, Clara, Mary, Albert and Julius. Mr. Tesch is a Democrat ; was Town Treasurer five years, and is now Assessor ; is a Lutheran, with his family. TOO LATE FOR INSERTION IN PROPER PLACE. EMMET TOWNSHIP. CHARLE$!i ARESfRERG, cooper, Sixth Ward, Dodge Co.; born in Brunswick, Germany, Oct. 8, 1832: came to America in July. 1854; located in Milwaukee; came to Watertown in May, 1856. He was married in Milwaukee, in June, 1855, to Mary Dittes; she was born in Baden, Germany ; they have had three children ; one died in infancy ; the living are Otelle and Ernst. Mr. Arenberg is one of the oldest coopers in the State ; he has been engaged in the business ever since he came to the country ; he is one of the leading citizens of the city ; he has been Supervisor ; is now President of Concordia Musical Society, having held that position several times. He has been President of the Northwestern Saengerbund, and is at present a member of that society ; he is a member of the Sons of Hermann and has been President of the same, also has held presidency of the Grand Lodge. CHARLES RECKER, cigar manufacturer. Sixth Ward, Dodge Co.; was born in Germany Aug. 26, 1S3S ; came to Watertown in 1866 ; worked as cigar-maker for Wigginhorn Bros, until Decem- ber, 1878 ; in the spring of 1879, he commenced manufacturing for himself In April, 1868, he mar- ried Augusta Zahn ; she was born in (iermany ; they have five cliildren — Christiana, Fredrick, William Charles, Victor Otto, Autiusta and an infant son. HON. CHARLES RECK^IIAN, Justice of the Peace, Sixth Ward, Dodge Co.; born in Prussia Aug. 16, 1813 ; came to America in September, 1843; located in Buft'alo, N. Y.; taught school in Western New York until he came to Wisconsin in September, 1845 ; engaged in farming until 1868. He has held the office of Justice of the Peace continuou-sly since 1853, except for three years, from 1860 to 1862, and one year prior to that time ; he was for many years Supervisor, Alderman, City Treasurer, 766 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES: School Commissioner, City Clerk, Commissioner of Public Debt, and, in 1874, he was a member of the Assembly. It would be difficult to find a man in the State who has received so many manifestations of the esteem and confidence of his neighbors and fellow-citizens as the people of this vicinity have shown to Mr. Beokman. He was married, Oct 31, 183d, to Hannah Charlotte Knuth ; she was born in Prussia Feb. 7, 1812; they have had seven children; the living are Anna Maria Eliza (now Mrs. Hermann Teiseh, of Dakota), Alvino Louise Francisco (now Mrs. Eugene Gebhart, of Watertown) and Henry Louis Martin (a resident of this citv). WILLIASI HERB!>$T, tailor, Fifth Ward, Dodge Co.; born in Mecklenburg, Germany, Jan. 5, 1837; came to America in 1851; located in New York City; remained there until 1852; then came to Watertown ; commenced learning the tailor's trade in Germany when only 14 years of age ; has continued to work at the same business ever since. He was married in Watertown to Paulina Roder, March 5, 185(5; she was born in Silesia; they have had nine children, lost five; the living are Paul, Robert, Priscella and Emma; those who have died were named William, Calvin, Euiil, Willie and Eddie. Mr. Herbst has been a member of the School Board ; he is a member and one of the Trustees of the Evansrelical Reformed Cliureh. CHARLES WILLIAM FRED HILGENDORF, grocer and saloon-keeper, Sixth Ward, Dodge Co.; born in Prussia Dec. 29, 1832; came to America and located in Watertown in 1854 ; for six months he was engaged in brickmaking; clerked two months for H. Bellach ; for twelve years, he wa» with William Buchheit ; afterward, for two years he carried on business as commission merchant at Beaver Dam, Wis.; in May, 1878, he commenced the business he is now carrying on. Mr. Hilgendorf's first wife was Louise Roeber ; she died Sept. 16, 1878, leaving two children — -Charles and Anna. March 1, 1879, Mr. Hilgendorf married Mary Roeber, his present wife. Mr. Hilgendorf is a member of the Sons of Hermann and Workingmen's Sdcieties. FREDERICK MAERZKE, wagon-maker, Sixth Ward, Dodge Co.; born in Prussia March 21, 1827 ; came to America in 18.")2 ; lived in Milwaukee one year and a half; came to Watertown in 1854; commenced wagon-maker's trade when only 14 years of age; he has been five terms Alderman of the Sixth Ward ; he is a member of the I. 0. 0. F. May 27, 1867, he was married to Mary Ann, daughter of John Habliegger ; she was born in Switzerland July 13, 184t), and died in February, 1877 ; seven children survive her — Philipp, Frederick, Jr., Charles, Oscar, Sophia and Lina ; lost one son and a daughter. CHRISTIAN MAY, cooper, also member of the firm of F. Miller & Co., proprietors flouring- miils; was born in the south part of Germany, on the river Rhine Aug. 28, 1824. In 1846, he emi- grated to America and located in Buffalo, N. Y., where he remained a little over a year, and moved to Michigan, staying there, however, but a short time. He passed two years between Milwaukee and Chi- cago, the winters being passed in the latter city, working at his trade of cooper, when he made his resi- dence in Watertown, where he began business in the summer of 1849. During Mr. May's residence in Watertown, he has been identified with all that contributed to the welfare and prosperity of his adopted residence, and the citizens have, on several occasions, testified their appreciation of his efforts by his elec- tion to city offices. Nov. 28, 1852, he married Lena Kloger, a native of Germany, but raised in Massa- chusetts, whence she was brought with her parents when 4 years of age. They have two sons — Gustavus, born Dec. 22, 1853, and Edward, Dec. 28, 1856, who are engaged in looking after the varied interests of their father. PASSENGERS BOUND FOR CALIFORNIA, COLORADO, NEBRASKA, AATiscoisrsiisr, nvroJSTT^isrA, Should, if they would consult their interest, buy their tickets via the Chicago & North -Western Railway This is the I^E-^IDIiTO- IEI-A-IXj-^AT-.^-^- of the V^JE7ST JlND JSIORTHJV^ST. This important system of Railway Lines is one of the Largtst Corporations in the World, owning and operating, under one management, 2,30o m:il e:8 o k ro^d. Its LlDee run from ('hicago in so many diroctions that it is necessary to designate its Lines by certain speciflc names, which will give a cor- rect idea to the passenger of the part of country each Line traverses. These Lines, numbering nine, are as follows : Chicago, Couucil Bluffs & California Line. Chicago, Sioux City & Yankton Line. Chicago, Clinton, Dubuque & La Crosse "Line. Chicago, Freeport & Dubuque Line, Chicago, Green Bay & Marquette Line, Chicago, La Crosse & Winona Line. Chicago, Minnesota & Dakota Line. Chicago, St. Paul & Minneapolis Line. Chicago, Milwaukee & Lake Superior Line These Lines enable the "CHICAGO & NORTH-WESTEEN " to reach all principal points in the WEST, NORTHWEST, and, through its connections, the FAR WEST. It offers every facility for Quick, Safe and Comfortable Transit to the traveler who selects this as his route. It stands second to no road in the West, and offers inducements and advantages that are not and cannot lie offered by any of its competitors. Its management adopts every improvement known to the modern Railjvay System, and is determined that the CHICAGO & NORTH- WESTERN RAILWAY shall remain the LEADING Railway of the GREAT WEST. Passengers should ask for and be certain their Tickets have a Coupon which reads, over the "CHICAGO & NORTH- WESTERN RY." All Ticket Agents will be glad to sell them via this Ijine. DC IWt p IWI RP R I Pill I MAM MOTPI r>A do Are now running regulariv between Chicago and council I\l_ IVI I^IVI ucrv . rUUl-IVIMIN nV^ICL. OMrVO BLUKFSontheCaliforniaExpressTrainsuf the CJI/C/lftO