^ii^ 
 
 Ss<*w.^' 
 
 
 >^r% 
 
 '|r< I 
 
 s* ^. 
 
 I I I 
 
 ^1 I S«^' 
 
 ^^# 
 
 % 
 
 :^^^^" 
 
 
v^ 
 
 LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
SCHOOL HISTORY 
 
 OF THE 
 
 State of Missouri. 
 
 BY 
 
 PERRY S.'^RADER, A. B. 
 
 BRUNSWICK. MO.: 
 
 P. S. RADER, PUBLISHER. 
 
 CO 
 

 Copyrighted October 9th, 1891, by Perry S. Rader. 
 
 All Rights Reserved. 
 
 •WOODWARD & TIERNAN PRINTDfG CO., ST. LOUIS. MO. 
 
PRBFACE. 
 
 In offering this little volume for use in public and other 
 schools it is not without the hope that it may aid in inspiring 
 the young with a purpose to make Missouri the brightest and 
 best of the constellation of States. Our State at this time has 
 a population almost as large as all the States had at the time 
 of the formation of the Union in 1789. Our people have come 
 from every State and almost every nation. This may be 
 indicative of strength or of weakness. It is a heterogeneous 
 people that should become homogeneous in feeling, purpose 
 and State-pride. But this is far from the case. Many Virginians 
 who have lived on our soil for a quarter of a century are yet 
 Virginians; immigrants from New England, are yet New 
 Englanders ; and the same is true of the settlers from almost 
 every State and country. We still go to other States for our 
 leading preachers, judges, lawyers, educators and governors. 
 This ought not to be. We need to cultivate a State-pride above 
 any other State, perhaps. It is also true that we have a history 
 of which we may justly be j^roud. Few States have so charming 
 and important a story. But it has rarely been told. The 
 
 ( iii ■) 
 
iv PREFACE 
 
 children in our schools know far more of the history of the 
 Atlantic States than of their own. It is the opinion of the 
 author that a fuller acquaintance with Missouri's history will 
 make her population a much stronger, a more patriotic and a 
 happier people. Knowledge of our own deeds and convictions 
 and glory will create mutual confidence and admiration, and 
 then business enterprise, moral and spiritual culture and 
 intellectual emulation will follow, and more rapidly than ever 
 before. As a native of the State, who is proud of that fact, I 
 may be permitted to wish that this volume will do its share 
 in helping toward these good results. 
 
 Brunswick, December ^, 1891. 
 
SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 
 
 Successful instruction in any branch of learning depends 
 almost entirely upon the intelligence and skill of the teacher. 
 This is peculiarly true of a history which is confined to the 
 limits of one of many States. The object of this book is to teach 
 th-e children of Missouri something of the wonderful history of 
 their native State, of the lives of the great men who have 
 adorned it with honorable and glorious deeds, and of its relations 
 to the general history of the nation. The author, in the 
 narratives herein, has not lost sight of the fact that the State 
 has been one of a great whole. But only so much of the 
 national history is given as is necessary to show that relation 
 and make her own interesting. 
 
 The biographies are to be used with discretion. To force the 
 pupil to commit to memory the exact date when some prominent 
 man became a member of the Legislature would be to burden 
 the mind with unnecessary labor. Such facts are given to aid 
 the pupil in grasping the real events in a life and to connect it 
 with State history. The mind is not a garret-room in which to 
 store away uninteresting things. Correlation of events is far 
 more important than a mere knowledge of dates and isolated 
 facts. (1) 
 
2 SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS. 
 
 The first words in each section are printed in italics so as to 
 suggest the subject matter of that section. These can easily be 
 changed, by the skillful teacher, into a question, and the pupil 
 may be trained to connect these catch-words with the subject 
 matter following, and thereby study with reference to them as 
 the conclusion of the discussions and arguments of the section. 
 
 In the Appendix may be found a treatise of the institutes of 
 the State. This properly belongs to works on Civil Government, 
 and for that reason is put in the Appendix ; but where no such 
 Civil Government is in use in the school, it is recommended 
 that this treatise be studied as a part of the State's history. The 
 list of officers is only for reference. Instead of a contents a 
 complete index is given as more useful for ready reference. 
 
^ 
 
93° Longitude 
 
 Si ^ 
 
HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 PART I. 
 FRENCH AND SPANISH PBRIOD. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 DISCOVERIES. 
 
 1. The History of Missouri has long been neglected. Missouri 
 did not come into the Union till after the war of 1812, and 
 indeed until within the memory of persons still living who 
 were residents of her soil at the time of her admission. But 
 she was the first Territory west of the Mississippi, with the 
 single exception of Louisiana, to become a State. Because of her 
 position west of that great river and on the border line between 
 the North and South, because of the national disturbances which 
 grew out of her admission, because of the special condition 
 imposed on her at the time of her admission, and because of 
 
4 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 her subsequent relations to the extension of slavery into other 
 Territories, her history is am unique one, and has no parallel 
 in other States. Its study has often been more partisan than 
 patriotic. Often prejudiced men have taught it only for the 
 purpose of dividing the people against each other, instead of 
 conserving harmony and patriotism. 
 
 2. Her history is an epitome of the history of the United States. 
 The way in which mighty forests and fertile heaths can be 
 changed by cultivation and population from a Avild wilderness to 
 a civilized community, can be traced as plainly in the history of 
 Missouri as in that of New England, the Middle or Southern 
 States. In it we can easily trace the downfall of cherished 
 institutions, and the uprising of a new order of things. In it 
 we can study the growth of laws, religion, and education. In 
 it we see an explanation of our country's wonderful growth 
 and great strength. To study thoughtfully the history of 
 Missouri, then, is, in many respects, to study the history of 
 the United States. To inspire in the young a love for Missouri 
 and a pride in her greatness and the honor of her people, and 
 thus to assist them in being more useful and worthy citizens, 
 is the object of this book. 
 
 3. TJie first white man to put foot on the soil of Missouri 
 was Hernando De Soto, in 1541. De Soto was a Spaniard. 
 He had been with Pizarro in the conquest of Peru, and had 
 returned from his buccaneering ventures there to Spain with 
 a fortune of a half -million dollars. Hearing of the wonders of 
 Florida and the country beyond it, that it abounded in gold 
 and precious stones, he was fired with a passion for its conquest. 
 
DISCOVERIES. 5 
 
 and obtained permission from the King to fit out an expedition 
 for this purpose at his own expense. It was more like a royal 
 pageant than an exploring party. His force consisted of six 
 hundred followers, twenty officers, and twenty- four ecclesiastics, 
 all gorgeously arrayed in splendid armor. He landed in great 
 pomp at Tampa bay in 1539, and driving a great number of 
 cattle and hogs before him for food for his men, proceeded 
 west. The Indians and forests interposed. His followers were 
 not trained to overcome the hardships of either. Some were 
 killed by the Indians, and others died from sickness. No gold 
 was found. The Indians told him of fabulous amounts of it 
 to be had on the Mississippi river. He pressed forward and 
 reached the river near Memphis, Tenn., in 1541, and pursued 
 his way north into the region now known as New Madrid 
 county in our own State. He then moved west, crossed the 
 Ozark mountains, and spent the winter on the prairies and 
 plains beyond, all the time searching for gold and silver, but 
 finding none. He moved southward into Arkansas, reached 
 Hot Springs and White river, and then came back to the 
 Mississippi, where he died in the spring of 1542. The Indians 
 believed him to be the Son of the Sun, who could not die. 
 His priests, to conceal his death, therefore, wrapped his body 
 in a mantle, sunk it at midnight in the great river he had 
 discovered, and chanted over it the first requiem ever heard 
 in the Mississippi valley. ''The wanderer," says Bancroft, 
 ''had marched over a large part of the continent in search of 
 gold, and found nothing so remarkable as his burying place." 
 Most of his soldiers perished before they reached Spain. 
 
6 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 4. French Explorations. The Spanish, however, were not the 
 first settlers. On the contrary, they did nothing toward 
 colonizing Missouri, and it was two hundred and twenty years 
 after De Soto's death till they again appeared on this territory. 
 Even the part they then took, was unimportant. In the 
 meantime the French, moved by a desire of doing missionary 
 work among the Indians and enticed by the profitable fur trade, 
 had pushed many hundred miles further west than had the 
 English settlers along the Atlantic coast; had, from their homes 
 in Canada, penetrated the forests around the Great Lakes, made 
 several explorations of the Mississippi, and taken possession of 
 the country in the name of France. We must speak briefly of 
 these expeditions. The first was in 10 73, by James Marquette. 
 He belonged to a noble family of the beautiful old cathedral 
 city of Laon in France. He was a kind of soldier-priest, and 
 it was in spirit of a missionary to the Indians that he and 
 Louis Joliet, with five other men, left Quebec, which was then 
 a French colony, and began a toilsome journey toward the 
 Southwest. They discovered the upper Mississi^Dpi, and passed 
 down it to the mouth of the Arkansas. 
 
 6. La Salle and the ascent of the Missouri. In 1682 La Salle, 
 another Frenchman from Quebec, explored the Mississippi to its 
 mouth, and formally took possession of the whole country in the 
 name of Louis XIV., the reigning King of France, in whose 
 honor he called the country Louisiana. It was of indefinite 
 limits, and, of course, included the present territory of Missouri. 
 So our soil first belonged to France. Within the next fifty years 
 various settlements were projected, all in the interest of the 
 
DISCOVERIES. 
 
 mining of gold and silver. Most of these were on the east bank 
 
 of the Mississippi, but in 1705 a prospecting party of Frenchmen 
 
 ascended the Missouri river to where 
 
 Kansas City is now situated. This 
 
 was the first ascent of this noble 
 
 river by white men. It was first 
 
 called Pek-i-ta-nou-i, by Marquette, 
 
 which is an Indian word, meaning 
 
 ' 'muddy water. ' ' About 1712, it was 
 
 first called Missouri, from the .name 
 
 of a tribe of Indians who inhabited 
 
 the country at its mouth and along 
 
 a considerable portion of its banks. 
 
 There is no authority for the often 
 
 "repeated assertion that "Missouri 
 
 means muddy." This definition of 
 
 the word was given it after the name 
 
 of the river was changed from Pekitanoui to Missouri. 
 
 6. An exploration of the interior of Missouri by the French was 
 begun in 1719. The authorities at New Orleans ordered the 
 expedition, and De Dutisne was placed in charge of it. He 
 started with his force from the mouth of Saline river, a stream 
 about seventy miles south of St. Louis. He moved northwest 
 across the Ozark mountains to the Osage river, near which he 
 came upon a village occupied by Osage Indians, containing about 
 100 cabins and huts. One hundred and twenty miles further 
 west he found two other large villages, inhabited by Poncas 
 Indians, who seemed to own many horses. He returned by way 
 of the Missouri river, and took formal possession of the country 
 
 ROBERT CAVALIER DE LA SALLE. 
 
8 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 by erecting posts with the king's arms. After this expedition 
 the daring Frenchmen ventured into the forests for purposes 
 of hunting, trading and mining. The rapidity with which they 
 came excited the jealousy of the Spanish, who still claimed the 
 country. 
 
 7. The Spanish Caravan. The Spanish authorities determined 
 to destroy the power of the French along the Missouri and 
 Mississippi. In 1720 they organized a motley troop at Santa Fe, 
 to which was given the name of ''The Spanish Caravan." It 
 moved across the plains and entered the Missouri country. Its 
 leader had been informed that the Pawnee Indians were friends 
 of the Spanish and enemies of the French and Missouris. He 
 directed his guides to lead him to the Pawnee camp. Instead of 
 doing so, they led him to the camp of the Missouris. There he 
 told the Missouri chief of his intention to kill all his tribe and 
 exterminate the French. The chief heard him with silence, 
 treated the caravan with hospitality, summoned his warriors and 
 while the Spanish supposed they were in the midst of their 
 friends, fell upon them and exterminated the whole caravan. 
 
 8. Fort Orleans. The boldness of the Spanish caravan induced 
 the French to send a force up the Missouri, w^hich built a fort 
 somewhere along the south shore, within the present limits of 
 Saline County, perhaps about fifteen miles above the mouth of 
 Grand river. De Bourgmont, from Mobile, was in command, and 
 called it Fort Orleans. At this time a general Indian war was 
 being waged, which greatly interfered with the fur trade. To 
 remedy this, Bourgmont undertook to make peace among the 
 Indians. He succeeded in holding a council of their chiefs, on 
 
THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 9 
 
 the Kansas river, where the pipe was smoked, and a general 
 peace was concluded. Soon after this Fort Orleans was destroyed 
 and the garrison massacred, probably by the Missouris, who were 
 always troublesome to the whites, but this point is in doubt. 
 The fur trade went on, but so far there had been no permanent 
 settlement within the present limits of Missouri. 
 
 CHAPTER II, 
 
 THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 9. The first place settled in Missouri was Ste. Genevieve 
 (pronounced Jen-e-veev) in about 1735. It was about three 
 miles from the present town of that name on the Mississippi 
 river, sixty miles below St. Louis. For some time daring and 
 hardy Frenchmen had been gathering in and around Kaskaskia, 
 a settlement in Illinois, until at this time it had about six 
 thousand people. Most of them had come in search of gold and 
 silver. Some of them, under Renault, a wealthy and extensive 
 miner, crossed over into Missouri in search of these metals. 
 They found none, but they did find lead in abundance. 
 Furnaces were prepared for smelting, and it was conveyed in 
 boats, to New Orleans, and then to France. In 1785 the old town 
 was destroyed by flood, and the site of the present town was 
 selected. Many settlers came from the east side of the 
 
10 HISTOR Y OF MIJSSO URL 
 
 Mississippi, and the town soon became an important trading 
 point. 
 
 10. The next settlement of any consequence was St. Louis. Its 
 founder was Laclede, whose name has since been given to many 
 business institutions in the State. His full name was Pierre 
 Laclede Ligueste, but he was more generally known as Pierre 
 Laclede. He was a man of great business sagacity. In 1762 he 
 and some associates, among them Antoine Maxent, obtained from 
 M. D'Abbadie a monopoly of the fur trade with the Indians of 
 Missouri. D'Abbadie was the director-general, the civil and 
 military commander of Louisiana, and exercised a vice-regal 
 authority. Laclede explored the regions along the Mississippi in 
 search of the best point at which to establish a trading post and 
 sell goods. His keen commercial sense directed him to a bluff 
 on the west side of the river. Here on the spot where the old 
 Merchant's Exchange and Barnum s Hotel afterwards stood, 
 on the south side of Market street, which took its name from 
 the only market house the city contained for sixty years, he 
 cleared away the heavy timber and erected his trading post, 
 in February, 1764. This was the beginning of St. Louis. 
 Laclede was right. It was the best place for trade then. It is 
 the best now. 
 
 11. The first settlement in St. Charles wsls made by Blanchette, 
 "the hunter," about the time St. Louis w^as founded, and was 
 called Village des Cotes (the village of the hills). It was the 
 first settlement north of the Missouri river. Most of the Indian 
 wars, massacres and adventures which attended the early 
 settlements of the State, took place here. It was here the first 
 
THE FIRST SETTLEMENTS. H 
 
 forts were built, and here the renowned Indian chief, Black 
 Hawk, made his first efforts against the whites. 
 
 12. About this time ended French rule in Missouri. The battle of 
 Quebec, in which had met the chivalrous Montcalm and the 
 noble Wolfe, the one commanding the intrepid French and the 
 other the invincible English, had been fought more than four 
 years before. It was the end of a contest between these two 
 peoples for the possession of America. It was decided in favor 
 of the English, and the decision marks an epoch in the progress of 
 civil liberty. France, by a treaty ratified at Fontainbleau in 
 1763, gave up all her territory in America — the Canadas, and all 
 that part of Louisiana east of the Mississippi, except New Orleans, 
 to England; and New Orleans and all the country west of the 
 river, to Spain as an indemnification for her losses in the war. 
 England thus acquired rule over the east side of the river before 
 Laclede had settled in St. Louis, but Missouri belonged to Spain. 
 England at no time before or after this was entitled to Missouri's 
 soil. Because of the long war between England and France, the 
 settlers along the upper Mississippi valley, most of wdiom were 
 Frenchmen, greatly disliked the idea of being subject to England. 
 It was thought Spain could never exercise dominion over her 
 newly acquired territory, and hence many of them crossed over 
 the river into Missouri. This will explain why the population 
 increased so rapidly for the next few years, and why it was 
 mostly French, although governed by Spain. 
 
 13. St. Angers rule. Although the title to Louisiana was now 
 in Spain, the officers of that nation did not succeed in formally 
 taking possession of the country till 1770. Soon after the treaty 
 
12 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 was signed, St. Ange de Belle Rive, who was commander for the 
 French in Illinois, surrendered his authority to Captain Sterling, 
 the representative of England, and settled in St. Louis. He was 
 followed by many of the French settlers east of the river. By 
 common consent, and probably by permission of the government 
 at New Orleans, he was made the commandant of the settlement. 
 He was a wise and safe ruler. 
 
 14. St. Ange and Pontiac. St. Ange and the settlers were 
 enemies of English rule, and friends to England's enemies. 
 They were admirers and supporters of Pontiac, a powerful Indian 
 chief, who was the terror of the whites from the Atlantic to the 
 Mississippi. Pontiac, aided by the French, had met a strong 
 English army at Pittsburgh under Braddock and George 
 Washington, and disastrously defeated it. St. Ange invited 
 Pontiac to visit him, which he did. He was entertained with 
 great distinction at the house of Madame Chouteau (Sho-to) and 
 was visited by the principal citizens. But when France lost her 
 possessions in America, Pontiac thereby lost his greatest support. 
 His allies among the Indians soon afterwards forsook him. He 
 was crushed in spirit and sought to drown his sorrow in 
 intoxicating drink. He visited Cahokia, richly dressed in robes 
 adorned with eagles' feathers. Becoming stupefied by drink, he 
 wandered into a thicket near the place, and was there assassinated 
 by a Kaskaskia Indian, who was hired by an English trader and 
 received a barrel of whisky for the murder. St. Ange had his 
 body brought to St. Louis and buried at the intersection of 
 Walnut and Fourth streets, where it still rests. Near his grave 
 St. Ange was buried in after years. Houses are there now, 
 
SPA NISH B ULE. 13 
 
 and it is known by few that the great Pontiac and the good 
 St, Ange lie in unmarked graves in the midst of the great city. 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 SPANISH RrLE. 
 
 15. Tfie first Spanish lieutenant-governor, acting as a subordinate 
 in most things to the governor at New Orleans, was Don Pedro 
 Piernas. The people regretted to see the flag of France low^ered, 
 and even shed tears when they realized that they were to be ruled 
 by one of a different blood and nation from themselves. But 
 their regrets did not last long. Piernas was a mild and safe ruler. 
 He made few laws, and they were just and easily obeyed. He 
 appointed St. Ange captain of his infantry, and filled nearly all 
 the subordinate offices w4th Frenchmen. He began systematic 
 surveys of the lands and appointed a Frenchman surveyor. He 
 further publicly confirmed all the land grants made by St. Ange 
 between the time of the transfer of the territory from France to 
 Spain in 1763 and the beginning of the Spanish rule in 1770, 
 which grants would of course have been illegal had he not 
 confirmed them. He finally won the entire confidence of the 
 people by marrying a French lady, so that after they had known 
 him for five years they again shed tears to give him up. He had 
 found a population of 891, most of which was confined to St. 
 
14 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Louis and Ste. Genevieve. The people were mostly French, and 
 few of them could read or write. There were no schools and 
 very little desire for any. But they were honest, industrious 
 and peaceable. Indeed, during the entire Spanish period of 
 thirty-eight years, only one case of murder of a white man by a 
 white man in St. Louis is reported. 
 
 16. The soil at that time was covered with thick forests or rank 
 prairie grass, filled with all kinds of game, and inhabited by 
 Indians who lived in wigwams and hunted and fished for 
 subsistence. The French settlers were possessed of an aptitude 
 for easy and peaceable intercourse with the natives. They studied 
 their language, took part in their sports, adapted themselves to 
 their usages, humored their whims, and never ridiculed their 
 religious notions. Often the settler, of plastic temper, with a 
 free-and-easy manner, would decorate his hair with eagle feathers, 
 attach hairy fringes to his hunting shirt, and mix and mingle 
 with the Indian as if he were his equal. Hence it was that there 
 were fewer Indian wars in the early settlement of Missouri than 
 in many of the other States. 
 
 17. The land was oivned largely hy tenancy in common. The 
 principle of landlord and tenant, or of proprietary government, 
 which was the most usual way of holding the soil in the early 
 Atlantic States, never existed among them. The monopoly of 
 -the fur trade granted to Laclede was only a semblance to it, and 
 even that, after it expired in 1772, was never repeated, and 
 thereafter but few settlers received any special favors from the 
 government. The settlements had each a common in the rear of 
 the houses, inclosing hundreds of acres under one fence for the 
 
SPANISH RULE. 15 
 
 benefit of all. But the settlements themselves were compact 
 villages, for the settlers were sociable and loved to congregate 
 together. Nearly all the early ones were along some river. A 
 long street usually extended parallel to it. The land along it was 
 divided into lots a few rods wide and perhaps twice as long. On 
 these the houses were built, which were usually one story high, 
 constructed of corner posts and studs, to which were attached 
 numerous cross-ties. Then a stiff mortar, made of mud and cut 
 straw, was plastered onto the outside. The roof was shingled 
 with bark or clapboards. The chimney was the celebrated 
 stick-and-dirt chimney." It was made of rock and burnt dry 
 to some distance above the intense heat of the fire, and from 
 that distance was finished with alternate pieces of wood and 
 clay plaster. The floors were made of logs with the upper 
 roundness hewn flat, or of split logs, the flat sides of which were 
 turned up, and, by notchings in the ends, were thus put on a 
 level. These were called puncheon floors. The doors were hung 
 on wooden hinges. Back of each house was a field, 192 feet wide 
 and 7,800 feet long, containing about thirty-four acres/ Each 
 villager had one or more of these fields assigned to him, according 
 to his desires, or the necessities of his family. Next to the fields 
 was the common, stocked with cattle, hogs and horses, the 
 property of all. 
 
 18. Hospitality tuas a duty and a virtue. Each house was a free 
 hotel to the extent of its capacity. Amusements, festivals and 
 holidays were frequent. There were no statutory laws; no trades 
 nor professions; no courts, no prisons. The priests were their 
 instructors and judges in all matters of learning and religion. 
 
16 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 In politics they were attached to France, and were not anxious 
 about any political questions, believing that France ruled the 
 world and ruled it right. 
 
 19. TJiere were no trials by jury during either the French or 
 Spanish period. This great bulwark of English liberty — perhaps 
 the distinctive characteristic of their government wherever the 
 Anglo-Saxon race has spread — had no sway till after Missouri 
 was acquired by the United States. If one wished to recover 
 property, or had committed a crime, the matter was submitted to 
 a judge, who decided as he understood the law and merits of the 
 cause, or as his prejudices directed him. 
 
 20. We have now come to the time of the Revolutionary War, which 
 though fraught with very great consequences, yet disturbed these 
 sturdy settlers very little. They were French subjects of Spain, 
 and the war was fought by England and her subjects. These 
 settlers, removed a thousand miles from the scene of the war, 
 therefore took no part in it, except as did Spain and France, to 
 sympathize with the Colonies and wish for their success. In 
 1778 Virginia sent out General George Rogers Clark, who 
 captured the British settlements in Illinois, such as Kaskaskia, 
 Cahokia and St. Vincent's, now Vincennes. The British 
 undertook, soon after this, a comprehensive movement for the 
 expulsion of the Spanish from the Mississippi Valley. The plan 
 was first to capture St. Louis, recapture the towns taken by Gen. 
 Clark, and then move down the river to New Orleans. In a 
 spirit of generous chivalry, Gen. Clark offered his force to 
 Governor DeLeyba, a cowardly, drunken, weak-minded Spaniard, 
 who, in 1778, had succeeded Cruzat as governor. Leyba assured 
 
SPANISH RULE. 17 
 
 him there was no need of his aid, and it was therefore refused. 
 The people, however, began a series of fortifications, and con- 
 structed a rude wall, which extended around the city and down 
 to the river. Four or five months passed and nothing happened. 
 But, on the 26th of May, 1780, a force of 150 whites and 1,500 
 Indians gathered in the woods around St. Louis, and first 
 captured two citizens where the fair grounds are now situated, 
 and which at that time, were outside the wall. They were John 
 Babtiste Riviere, whom they kept as prisoner, and a man by the 
 name of Cardinal, after whom Cardinal Spring is named. Him 
 they killed. The hostile force proceeded at once to the attack. 
 In doing so they intercepted several citizens, some of whom they 
 killed, others escaped and alarmed the town. The fort had a 
 few cannon, and the people were well supplied with small 
 fire-arms. With these they made a spirited and determined 
 resistance. The Indians were terrified by the cannon and 
 withdrew. The number killed has never been definitely known. 
 It was perhaps not more than thirty, though Lieutenant-Governor 
 Sinclair says ''sixty-eight were killed, and eighteen blacks and 
 white people taken prisoners." During the battle Commandant 
 Leyba was aroused from a drunken carousal by the sound of the 
 artillery. He at once ordered the firing to cease. Some of the in- 
 habitants did not hear the order, and continued to fire. He then 
 directed the cannon -to be turned oil them, which was done. This 
 so infuriated the people that his removal was requested of the 
 Governor at Louisiana. -He died within a month, from suicide, 
 despised by every one as a traitor. Cruzat, whom he had two years 
 before succeeded, was again appointed Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
18 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 2 1 . Cruzat had succeeded Piernas as Lieutenant-Governor , in 1775. 
 His first term lasted till 1778, and was modeled after that of his 
 wise predecessor. His second term, which began in 1780 and 
 lasted till 1787, was mild and prosperous. A census, taken in 
 1785, shows a population of about 1,500 for all Missouri, which 
 number was swelled to 2,100 by another census of 1788. This 
 increase was largely due to a freshet in the Mississippi, which 
 overflowed much of Kaskaskia and Cahokia, and caused some of 
 the inhabitants of those towns to cross over into Missouri. To 
 such a height did the angry waters rise that 1785 was long 
 afterwards known as 'Hhe year of the great water." While 
 Cruzat was commander, the trade of the Mississippi was much 
 impaired by pirates. Grand Tower was a large column of rock 
 situated about midway between St. Louis and the mouth of the 
 Ohio. Here a large band of pirates collected and would capture 
 and pillage passing boats, appropriate their cargoes, and kill 
 their crews. These depredations went on until 1788, and many a 
 daring robbery and foul murder was committed. Other portions 
 of the river were also infested. That year, however, the Governor 
 at New Orleans ordered all boats traveling on the river to go 
 together. By this means their combined strength was too much 
 for the pirates, and they were dispersed and never afterwards 
 heard of. 
 
 22. In 1787 ^ Manuel Perez came into office. During his 
 administration, bands of Shawnees and Delawares, driven by 
 the advancements of the whites from beyond the Alleghanies, 
 settled near Ste. Genevieve and Cape Girardeau. Here they 
 remained for thirty-five years, till 1825, when they were required 
 
SPANISH RULE. 19 
 
 to move still further westward. They were peaceable and 
 industrious and never quarreled with the whites of these regions. 
 They became useful to them as hunters and small farmers, and 
 were established in small settlements close to the whites as an 
 intervention between them and more unfriendly tribes. In after 
 years one of these Shawnee chiefs is said to have addressed these 
 words to General Harrison: ''You call us your children ; why 
 do you not make us happy as our fathers, the French, did? 
 They never took from us our lands; indeed, they were in common 
 between us. They planted where they pleased, and cut wood 
 where they pleased. So did we. But now, if a poor Indian 
 attempts to take a little bark from a tree to cover him from the 
 rain, up comes a white man and threatens to shoot him, claiming 
 the tree as his own." The honorable conduct of the Missouri 
 settlers toward the Indians is a part of our history which admits 
 of just pride. 
 
 23. Li 1793 Trudeau came into office, and in 1799 he was 
 succeeded by the last of the Spanish commandants, Delassus 
 (de-la-su), a Frenchman by descent, and perhaps also by birth. 
 Aside from the "hard winter" of 1798-99 and the "small-pox", 
 of 1801, there are but two important facts to consider. They 
 explain the rapid increase of the population which in 1800 arose 
 to about six thousand, and in 1803 to about ten thousand, and 
 also why nearly all of the increase was English instead of 
 French. By the Revolutionary war the Colonies acquired all 
 the soil east of the Mississippi except Florida, and Congress in 
 1787 passed a law prohibiting slavery north of the Ohio river. 
 Hence many of the settlers in that territory who owned slaves 
 
20 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 came to Missouri, and many others from the slave States sought 
 homes where the law did not apply. The other cause was the 
 liberal terms upon which the immigrant could obtain soil west 
 of the Mississippi. In 1796 the English of Canada threatened 
 an invasion of Upper Louisiana. The Spanish authorities 
 conceived themselves under the necessity of strengthening their 
 settlements for defense. They argued that the hostility of the 
 people of the United States would prove a sufficient guaranty of 
 their fidelity to Spain. Hence lands were freely offered to all 
 such settlers as would pay the office fees and expenses of 
 surveying. By these terms one could get eight hundred acres 
 of land of his own choosing, for about fifty dollars, almost 
 entirely free from subsequent taxes. In making these grants 
 no favoritism was shown Catholics as against Protestants, and 
 the king gave orders that the people were not to be disturbed in 
 the exercise of their religion. 
 
 24. Such in brief is the History of Spanish Rule in Missouri. It 
 was, for the most part, brave, manly and wise. The people were 
 far away from the civilization of the world, in the very heart of 
 a continent inhabited by savages, with only a few settlements by 
 white persons within a thousand miles of them. They were free 
 from taxation, free from the tyranny and interference of a foreign 
 king, and untrammeled by a bigoted priesthood. Yet the 
 amicable terms they maintained with the Indians, and the 
 orderly government they held over themselves without laws or 
 juries, and almost without officers of any kind, enlist at once our 
 a.dmiration and hold our serious thought. So that we do not 
 wonder that, when the country was transferred to the United 
 
SPANISH RULE. 21 
 
 States in 1804, ''few of the French and part of the English- 
 Americans only were reconciled to the change, though they 
 never manifested any discontent." 
 
 25. Population. Another census taken in 1800, gives the 
 population of St. Louis at 925; of St. Charles, at 875; of Ste. 
 Genevieve, at 949; of New Madrid, at 782, and the entire 
 population of Missouri at 6,028. Of this number 4,948 were 
 w^hites, 197 free colored, and 883 slaves. Nearly four years 
 later when the territory was transferred to the United States, it 
 had increased to 9,020 whites and 1,320 colored, most of the 
 latter being slaves. 
 
22 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 PART II. 
 
 TKRRITORIAL l^ERIOD. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 
 THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE. 
 
 26. The situation. By the treaty of 1763 Spain acquired all 
 the countr}^ west of the Mississippi and the island on which New 
 Orleans is situated. Events which startled the world liad been 
 taking place in Europe toward the close of this century. 
 Napoleon Bonaparte was in the full flush of military triumph,, 
 and had raised France to great political supremacy on land. He 
 w^ished also to advance her to a high position at sea and in 
 commerce. In furtherance of this plan he determined to have 
 Louisiana. He asked the king of Spain to cede all that territory 
 to France, and in return offered to establish the king's son-in-law 
 upon the throne of the new kingdom of Etruria, which he wa& 
 about to set up. The transfer was made on October 1st, 1800, 
 and thus the title to a territory much larger than all the 
 thirteen original colonies was acquired by the single stroke of 
 the pen. But the negotiation was kept secret. Napoleon feared 
 
THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE. 23 
 
 if England knew it at once she might make it impossible for him 
 ever to possess the countr3^ But, nevertheless, the title to 
 Missouri was now in France again. We must see how it came 
 to belong to the United States. 
 
 27. The imr chase. It was not many months till it became 
 known in America that the cession had been made. The 
 announcement created great unrest throughout the country, 
 especially in the Ohio valley, which at this time was inhabited 
 by over a half -million people from the Atlantic States. For 
 some years before the transfer to France, Spain had claimed the 
 sole right of the navigation of the Mississippi, which was the 
 only way the people of the Ohio country had of reaching the 
 world's markets. This claim on the part of Spain greatly 
 disturbed their trade and aroused the people to indignation and 
 resentment, and led them to declare they would take up arms to 
 hold the Mississippi. The people beyond the Alleghanies gave 
 little heed to these Ohio troubles till Louisiana was transferred to 
 France. Then a protest arose from the whole nation. A weak 
 nation like Spain was not to be feared, but a powerful one like 
 France, in full control of the Mississippi river and a strong 
 garrison at New Orleans, could greatly impair the power and 
 greatness of the United States. President Jefferson, therefore, 
 instructed Mr. Livingston, the minister to France, to protest in 
 the name of his nation against any attempt by France to occupy 
 Louisiana. But about this time England was drawn into the 
 war against Napoleon. She was mistress of the sea and could 
 easily thwart Napoleon's plans of possessing himself of Louisiana. 
 She too objected to France having that great country and 
 
24 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 determined to oppose Napoleon in any attempt to possess himself 
 of it. From these reasons and because of the demand for all his 
 forces for his military operations on land, Napoleon saw the 
 coveted prize had gone from him forever. Besides he was in 
 need of money. But he was determined to put it out of the 
 reach of England, and hoping to conciliate the United States 
 toward him he proposed to Mr. Livingston to sell Louisiana. 
 President Jefferson sent Mr. Monroe, afterwards President 
 himself, to France to assist in the purchase of New Orleans and 
 West Florida, but on his arrival he found Napoleon willing to 
 sell all of Louisiana. Monroe and Livingston therefore under- 
 took to purchase the whole. Napoleon had instructed his officer 
 not to take less than fifty million francs, but he at first asked one 
 hundred million. The American ministers offered eighty million, 
 and the trade was soon closed. Of this sum, which amounted 
 to $15,000,000, one-fourth was remitted because of the damage 
 which had been done to the trade of the Ohio country after 
 Louisiana had been transferred from Spain to France. 
 
 28. The contract of purchase was signed on May 3rd, 1803, and 
 on October 17th the treaty was ratified in the United States Senate 
 by a vote of twenty-four to seven, and, on the 21st, Congress, by 
 a large majority of each house, at once provided for the bonds 
 with which to pay for the purchase. By Article III. of the 
 contract, written by the great Napoleon himself, it was stipulated 
 that **the inhabitants of the ceded territory shall be incorporated 
 in the Union of the United States and admitted as soon as 
 possible, according to the principles of the Federal Constitution, 
 to the enjoyment of all the rights, advantages and immunities of 
 
MISSOURPS FIRST YEARS AS A TERRITORY. 25 
 
 citizens of the United States ; and in the meantime they shall 
 be maintained and protected in the free enjoyment of their 
 liberty, property, and the religion which they profess." These 
 words are important, because they entered largely into the con- 
 troversy which grew out of Missouri's application for admission 
 into the Union. The purchase having been made and indorsed 
 by Congress, it only remained for the United States to take 
 formal possession of the territory. This was easily done. On 
 the 9th of March, 1804, the American troops crossed the river 
 and entered St. Louis, and Delassus, on the part of Spain, 
 delivered Upper Louisiana to Captain Amos Stoddard, of the 
 United States Army, who had been commissioned by France to 
 receive it in her behalf, and on the next day he transferred it to 
 the United States. The territory thus acquired amounted to 
 900,000 square miles, almost one-third of the entire area of the 
 United States at present, and included all the country west of the 
 Mississippi to the Rocky mountains except a part of Texas and 
 New Mexico. 
 
 CHAPTER II. 
 
 MISSOURPS FIRST YEARS AS A TERRITORY. 
 
 29. Louisiana was divided into two parts soon after its transfer 
 to the United States. All of it now within the State of Louisiana 
 was then called the Territory of Orleans ; to the rest was given 
 
26 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 the name of the District of Louisiana at first, but within a year 
 it was changed to the Territory of Louisiana. It of course 
 embraced the country now called Missouri. For the purposes of 
 government the district was attached to the then Territory of 
 Indiana, whose governor at that time was General William 
 Henry Harrison, afterwards President for a short time. He first 
 set in operation the powers of the United States over the new 
 territory. The people objected to being attached to Indiana, and 
 drew up a remonstrance and petition to Congress in which they 
 asked to be organized as a territory of the second class. Fifteen 
 men, ''elected by the free men of the district," were chosen to 
 prepare the paper, and of this number eight were of French 
 extraction, which fact indicates of what races were the settlers of 
 Missouri at that time, and also how readily the Frenchman 
 adopted the political methods of his neighbors of English blood, 
 with whom almost alone it was a rule to ask for a redress of 
 grievances by petition. 
 
 30. TJieir petition was in part granted. Congress recognized 
 three grades of territories at that time. The district was 
 separated from Indiana and erected into a Territory of the first 
 or lowest grade, instead of the second, for which they had asked. 
 The Governor and three judges, to be appointed by the President, 
 were to make laws for the government and regulation of the 
 Territory, subject all the time of course to the approval of 
 Congress. This was agreeable to the people. But nothing was 
 done toward a settlement of the disputed titles to their lands. 
 These were in great confusion because of the loose way in which 
 the Spanish had always made surveys and grants of land, and 
 
Missorurs first years as a territory. 27 
 
 because much soil had heen granted to settlers by the Spanish 
 rulers after the territory had been ceded to France in 1801 and 
 before it had heen transferred to the United States in 1804. 
 Nothing was done towards remedying the uncertainty of the 
 land-claimants' tenures, and as a result immigration was greatly 
 retarded, and the people undertook to defend their titles for 
 themselves. There were courts for them to apply to, but not 
 sufficient laws to enable the courts to give relief. The delay of 
 Congress in passing the needed legislation begot impatience and 
 disorder among the people. In some cases the adverse claimants 
 to the soil, with gun in hand, determined between themselves 
 who should be its owner. .. But in 1812, after a delay of n.early 
 eight years. Congress passed a law confirming the titles of the 
 inhabitants of the different villages to the lands which they had 
 occupied prior to the Louisiana purchase. This gave the desired 
 relief. The tide of immigration now set in strongly again and 
 the price of land increased, in some instances, six hundred per 
 cent in a few years. It must be remembered, however, that 
 these disorders in regard to the land titles were almost entirely 
 confined to those parts of the territory which had been settled 
 during the Spanish domination and which now were fast losing 
 their French aspect because of the rapid influx of persons of 
 English blood. 
 
 31. The first Governor appointed under the new order of 
 things was General James AVilkinson. With him were associated 
 as chief justice, J. B. C. Lucas, a very worthy gentleman, who 
 had been a judge in Pennsylvania; and as secretary, Dr. Joseph 
 Browne, who was a brother-in-law of Aaron Burr, by whose 
 
28 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 request he obtained the appointment. Just at the time of 
 Wilkinson's appointment the dissatisfaction above spoken of in 
 regard to bind titles was beginning. His previous life and" 
 general qualifications, it was thought, would check all this, and 
 bring the United States government into popular favor with the 
 inhabitants whose traditions, customs and blood were so very 
 different from those of the rest of the Union. But this proved 
 to be a sad mistake. To properly . understand these assertions 
 it will be necessary to speak of the unusual course of the 
 contemptuous Aaron Burr and Wilkinson's connection therew^ith. 
 32. Burr and Wilkinson. Burr had, in 1801, been elected 
 Vice-President, and prevented from being President only by a 
 very narrow majority vote of the House of Representatives. 
 Becoming unpopular as a politician, sour at his disappointment, 
 but still ambitious for political renown, towards the close of his 
 term he came to the West with the object of revolutionizing 
 Mexico, making himself its ruler, and ultimately attaching all 
 the country w^est of the Alleghanies to his dominions. He 
 expected his chief support from the Territory of Louisiana. 
 There is no reason to believe that Wilkinson was not influenced 
 by him and perhaps half-heartedly and secretly joined in his 
 plans. Burr visited the Territory in September 1805, and in 
 1807 he was put on trial for conspiring to break up the Union, 
 and the next year Wilkinson was tried as an accessory to his 
 crime. The latter was the principal witness against Burr, and 
 in the course of the trial was able to show that he had written to 
 the proper authorities at Washington more than a year before the 
 final collapse of Burr's plans, that "Burr was about something, 
 
MISSOUEFS FIBST YEARS AS A TERRITORY. 29 
 
 and an eye ought to be kept on him." This letter perhaps 
 prevented Wilkinson's conviction, but it will be seen that it was 
 written a year after Burr had first visited him. In fact the 
 evidence seems strong that Wilkinson at first secretly supported 
 Burr, but within a year, from fear of the results or from some 
 other equally good cause, concluded it best not to yoke his 
 fortunes with Burr's any longer. Wilkinson, besides his com- 
 promising relations with Burr, was a speculator in land and his 
 conduct was otherwise odious to the people. Hence he was 
 removed after acting as Governor about two years and was 
 succeeded by General Meriwether Lewis, of the celebrated 
 Lewis-and-Clark Expedition. He afterwards became prominent 
 in the war of 1812. 
 
 33. In the mea7itime the people prospered. The population, at 
 first confined almost entirely to the villages, had begun to 
 extend itself into the surrounding forests and prairies. Settlers 
 had found their way into Warren county, as far west as the 
 present western boundary of St. Charles county, into Franklin 
 county and along the Gasconade. Most of the immigrants at 
 this time were from the Atlantic States. Their industry, 
 superior knowledge and enterprise soon gave them a controlling 
 influence. They occupied the most prominent positions and 
 took the lead in society and business. No more immigrants 
 came from France and Spain. Lands began to have a recognized 
 value and soon speculations in them were active. The pursuits 
 of the people began to be largely agricultural. In 1808 the first 
 newspaper was established. It was the first paper published 
 west of the Mississippi river. It was called the ' 'Missouri 
 
20 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Gazette," and with varying success has been continuously 
 jpublished since. Its present name is the ''St. Louis Republic." 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 EXPLORING EXPEDITIONS. 
 
 34. The famous expedition of Lewis and Clark was projected 
 "by President Jefferson soon after the purchase of Louisiana, and 
 
 was placed in charge of General 
 Lewis, the President's private 
 secretary, and Captain William 
 Clark, of the Ignited States Army. 
 Each of these gentlemen after- 
 wards became Governor of Mis- 
 souri by appointment. The com- 
 pany was composed of nine young 
 men from Kentucky, 'fourteen 
 soldiers, two Canadian boatmen 
 and a few servants. They began 
 the ascent of the Missouri river 
 in May 1804, and passed up it to 
 its head waters, stopping off fre- 
 quently to explore the surrounding country, collected facts about 
 the character and strength of the various Indian tribes, about 
 the fertility of the soil, and the number and extent of the 
 
 GEN. MERIWETHER LEWIS. 
 
EXPLORING EXPEDITIONS. 81 
 
 tributaries of this great river. They spent the first winter just 
 this side of the Rocky Mountains in forts constructed by them- 
 selves. Early next spring they began crossing the mountains 
 and had many a sharp and wild encounter with grizzly bears, 
 mountain lions and other animals. In November, 1805, they 
 reached the ocean, having traveled over four thousand miles. 
 It was the first expedition of the kind ever undertaken by our 
 government, and the return of the party safe and successful, 
 after an absence of over two years, was hailed with delight 
 throughout the entire West. Congress joined in the general 
 acclaim and voted each of the persons engaged in the expedition 
 a tract of land in recognition of his services ; and in further 
 reward for General Lewis's services, he was appointed Governor 
 of the territory which he had done so much to make known. 
 
 35. About the same time Zebulon Montgomery Pike made like 
 expeditions to the sources of the Mississippi, Arkansas, Platte 
 and Kansas, and thereby really rendered more service to 
 Missouri than did the expedition of Lewis and Clark. In 1810 
 the journals of travels kept by Pike were published, with maps 
 and atlases of the country explored, and extensively read. They 
 furnished the first reliable information of the extent and value 
 of the new country. After their appearance all complaints were 
 hushed about the amount paid for the Louisiana purchase. Pike 
 county, in the eastern part of the State was named for this 
 energetic explorer. It was because of his well-earned celebrity, 
 perhaps, that many people in the Eastern States for a long time 
 knew the name of only one county in Missouri and that was 
 Pike. 
 
32 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 CHAPTER IV. 
 
 THE NEW MADRID EARTHQUAKE. 
 
 36. A little after midnight of December 16th, 1811, began a 
 series of earthquakes among the most extensive and destructive 
 in the world's history. They extended over half a hemisphere. 
 Sabrina, one of the Azores Islands, was elevated 360 feet above 
 the level of the sea. Caracas, a city of Venezuela of 10,000 
 people, Avas totally destroyed and sunk sixty feet under water. 
 In America, the center of the earthquake's disturbances, both in 
 point of violence and in position, was near New Madrid on the 
 Mississippi river, in the southeastern part of Missouri. The 
 disturbances extended north to the mouth of the Ohio river, 
 south to the mouth of the St. Francois, and far into Arkansas 
 and Tennessee. They began in a sudden shock which shook 
 down walls, wrecked houses, tore up trees and set many things 
 on the surface contrariwise. This was followed by undulations 
 of the earth resembling waves, increasing in elevation as they 
 advanced, and when they had attained a fearful height, the 
 earth would then burst and vast volumes of water, sand and 
 pit-coal were thrown up as high as the tops of trees. The earth 
 rocked and reeled under men's feet. Fissures were formed, six 
 hundred and even seven hundred feet in length, and twenty or 
 thirty in breadth. Large oak trees were split in the center and 
 forty feet up the trunk, and one part left standing on one side of 
 the fissure, and the other part on the other twenty feet distant. 
 
THE NEW MADRID EARTHQUAKE. 33 
 
 There issued no burning flames, but flashes such as result from 
 the explosions of gas. The atmosphere was filled with this thick 
 gas, to which the light imparted a purple hue. The waters in 
 the Mississippi river suddenly rose several feet. In some places 
 trees which had rested on the bottom of the river for perhaps 
 centuries, were elevated above the water and yet rested on the 
 soil. Other places off the shore suddenly sunk and the water 
 overflowed them. The water thrown up during the eruption of 
 the ''land waves" was lukewarm, so warm as to produce no 
 chilly sensation to persons wading or swimming through it. Many 
 fissures, besides the ones described, were of an oval or circular 
 form,' forced up to a considerable height, and others formed large 
 and deep basins one hundred yards in diameter. 
 
 37. But the most marked features yet remaining of the extent 
 of these land disturbances were the great depressions and 
 elevations of the surface. Great tracts of country which hitherto 
 had been lakes became dry land, and much dry land became 
 lakes. Reelfoot Lake, on the opposite side of the river in 
 Tennessee, twenty miles long and seven wide, was formed. The 
 trunks of dead oaks and cypresses above thirty feet in height 
 cover its bottom, over which boats can now be plied without 
 interruption. A large extent of country on the Missouri side of 
 the river was sunk ten feet below its former elevation. Much of 
 the soil was ruined for agricultural purposes, some of it for all 
 time. 
 
 38. Afterwards Congress attempted to give relief by passing a 
 law granting to each proprietor who had sustained serious loss, 
 a section of land in what was known as the ''Boone's Lick 
 
34 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 country," on condition that he relinquished his desolated farm 
 to the Government. Twice as much land was ''located" under 
 this law as was ever destroyed in the New Madrid country. The 
 ''locations" were called New" Madrid claims, and because of their 
 conflict with other entries, have been the source of endless 
 litigation. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 OTHER SETTLEMENTS. 
 
 39, Wc have noiv come to the first settlement by people of 
 English blood within Missouri. It was in How^ard county, in 
 the river bottom- near Franklin, in 1810. The country had been 
 previously visited by William Nash and some surveyors in 1804, 
 who located claims, and again by Lewis and Clark who explored 
 the country and speak of having encountered many rattle- 
 snakes there. In 1807 Nathan and Daniel Boone, at this time 
 residents in St. Charles county, and sons of the celebrated 
 Daniel Boone, began the manufacture of salt at Boone's Lick 
 in the western part of w4iat is now Howard county. This they 
 shipped down the river in canoes made from logs, hollowed out 
 and made water-proof by daubing the open places with clay. 
 Col. Benjamin Cooper with his large family joined them in 1808, 
 but Governor Lewis informed them that the protection of the 
 government from the Indians would not be extended them 
 
OTHER SETTLEMENTS. 35 
 
 at that distant home, and ordered them to return to the 
 Gasconade settlement. This they did, but in 1810 Cooper, 
 accompanied by about one hundred and fifty families, mostly 
 from Madison county, Kentucky, again came to Howard county, 
 and of this great number all settled in Howard except Stephen 
 and Hannah Cole who crossed the river and became the first 
 settlers of Cooper county, near the present site of Boonville. 
 
 40. Daniel Boone was a man whose like this country perhaps 
 will never see again. His father came from England and 
 settled in Bucks county, Pennsylvania, where Daniel was born, 
 July 14, 1732 (the same year in which George Washington was 
 born), and where he received the rudest education. When he 
 was eighteen his family moved to North Carolina. In 1769 with 
 five hunters he explored the border regions of Kentucky, and 
 was captured by the Indians but soon made his escape. In a 
 short time he was joined by his brother, and both were captured 
 and a companion was killed. They escaped, his brother returned 
 to North Carolina and he was left alone in the wilderness with 
 only his rifle to gain subsistence and defend himself from the 
 Indians. He continued his explorations, and in 1773 he moved 
 to Kentucky with seven other families, and was soon employed 
 to lay out the lands by Virginia, of which Kentucky was then 
 a part, and in commanding the garrisons which had been 
 established for fighting the Indians. His life in Kentucky was 
 spent in hunting, fighting the Indians, being captured by them 
 and escaping. In 1792 he lost all his lands because of defective 
 title and quitted Kentucky in disgust. Hearing of very fertile 
 lands in Missouri, he came here about 1794 and settled forty-five 
 
36 HISTOB Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 miles northwest of St. Louis, in what is now Warren county, 
 
 ■ m 
 
 DANIEL BOONE. 
 
 There he obtained a grant of ten thousand acres of land, by 
 
OTHER SETTLEMENTS. 37 
 
 reason of an agreement he formed with Delassus to bring one 
 hundred and fifty families into Upper Louisiana from Virginia 
 and Kentucky. But the grant was never confirmed because 
 Boone failed to get the signature thereto of the direct repre- 
 sentative of the Spanish crown. Afterwards Congress granted 
 him a thousand acres for his gallant public services. He spent 
 most of his latter days with his son, Major Nathan Boone, and 
 died in 1820 in his house, a two-story stone, the first of its kind 
 in Missouri, some six miles from the Missouri river in St. Charles 
 county. His body was buried in a cherry coffin which he had 
 prepared himself and kept ready for years. The Legislature 
 adjourned for one day out of respect for the old hero. The 
 remains of himself and wife were afterwards interred with 
 ceremonial pomp at Frankfort, Kentucky, in 1845. His 
 descendants in Missouri are numerous and can be found in 
 various parts of the State. Only a few years ago one of his 
 kindred, the Hon. B. G. Boone, of Clinton, served as Attorney- 
 General. 
 
 41. Territorial officers. Wilkinson, the first Governor of the 
 Territory of Louisiana, was succeeded in the spring of 1807 by 
 Meriwether Lewis, who, while on his way to Washington, 
 committed suicide in Tennessee in 1809 by shooting himself. 
 President Madison appointed as his successor Gen. Benjamin 
 Howard of Lexington, Kentucky. In 1812 Congress passed a 
 law by which on the 12th of December of that year Louisiana 
 was to be advanced from the first to the second grade of 
 Territories, and its name changed to Missouri. The last official 
 act of Gov. Howard was to issue a proclamation ordering an 
 
38 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 election to be held in November for a delegate to Congress and 
 for members of the Territorial Legislature to be organized under 
 this law. He resigned soon after this to become brigadier- 
 general in the army during the war of 1812, and died in St. 
 Louis in 1814, having filled his position with commendable 
 merit. Howard county, which was settled while he was 
 Governor, was named in his honor. He was succeeded by 
 
 Captain William Clark, of the 
 celebrated expedition of Lewis 
 and Clark, who served as Gov- 
 ernor till Missouri was admitted 
 into the Union. No man ever 
 in the West had more influence 
 over the Indians than did ''Red- 
 c-- head," the name by which 
 Clark was known. He stood 
 between them and the whites 
 for years, was always their 
 trusted friend and averted many 
 a threatened invasion by them 
 and succeeded in amicably purchasing their lands for the United 
 States or obtaining them by treaty. Edward Hempstead of St. 
 Louis was elected the first delegate to Congress in 1812 and was 
 the first delegate to that body from west of the Mississippi river. 
 He was succeeded in 1815 by Rufus Easton, and he in 1817 by 
 John Scott, who served till Missouri became a State. All were 
 honorable and able men. By an act of 1816 Missouri was 
 advanced to the third or highest grade of territorial government. 
 
 Vn\V ^^^ \ 
 
 CAPTAIN WILLIAM CLARK. 
 
OTHER SETTLEMENTS. 39 
 
 42. The settlement about Boone's Lick grew rapidly. However, 
 the Indians, especially the Pottawatomies and Foxes, stole the 
 settlers' horses and kept them in almost constant alarm. Five 
 different forts were built for their protection, but nevertheless 
 many of the prominent men were killed, some of them in their 
 own houses. Yet there was no power to avenge their wrongs or 
 to prevent these recurrences except the strength of their own 
 arms, for this part of the Territory at that time was beyond the 
 organized jurisdiction of any government. In 1816 Franklin — 
 now known as Old Franklin — was laid off opposite the present 
 site of Boonville. It was the first town of any importance west 
 of St. Charles. It grew rapidly and soon came to have con- 
 siderable population. Indeed, for many years Franklin was the 
 center of societ}^ and commerce for all that class of immigrants 
 who came from the older States and who for the most part 
 settled, not in St. Louis and south of it along the Mississippi, 
 but in what soon became Howard county. Among its inhab- 
 itants were men who afterwards became the most prominent 
 Governors and useful Supreme Judges of the State. It was for 
 many years a Government land-office, with Thos. A. Smith as 
 Receiver and Charles Carroll as Register. It had the first 
 newspaper published west of St. Louis, which still lives in the 
 ^'Columbia Statesman." The old town has long since been 
 mostly washed away by the encroachings of the Missouri river. 
 
 43. Howard county t(^as organized in 1816. It at first included 
 all that territory from which have since been carved thirty-one 
 counties, twelve south of the Missouri river and nineteen north 
 of it. For this reason it is yet known as the ''mother of 
 
40 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 counties." Its seat of justice was first Cole's Fort, on the south 
 side of the river in Cooper county; in 1817, it was removed to 
 Franklin and in 1823 to Fayette. It was long the center of 
 political influence in the State and before the war ^'Howard 
 county, the mother of Missouri Democracy," was frequently 
 heard. Around Franklin as a center, population rapidly 
 increased, and in a few years it had spread out into what 
 afterwards became Boone, Callaway, Cooper and Chariton 
 counties. All central Missouri was being rapidly transformed 
 from a wilderness into happy homes. 
 
 44. The Wen- of 1812 ended in 1815. At its close immigra- 
 tion to Missouri set in more rapidly than perhaps was ever 
 elsewhere known in tlie United States up to that time. The 
 rush was greatest from Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina and 
 Tennessee. As many as one hundred persons are said to have 
 ''passed through St. Charles in one day on their way to Boone's 
 Lick, and this rate was kept up for many days together." Many 
 of these ''movers" brought with them a hundred head of cattle, 
 besides hogs, horses and sheep and from three to twelve slaves. 
 These long trains presented a sight which will never be seen in 
 this country again. It was long before the day of railroads and 
 just before the time of steamboats. There was the huge wagon 
 filled with the family's "plunder," drawn by three or four yoke 
 of oxen. Next came the herds of cattle and sheep, each with 
 many bells, making a beautiful chime, and as this mingled with 
 the dull thud of the wagon, the coarse voice of the herder and 
 driver, a peculiar impression was made which only those can 
 appreciate who have heard it. At night the family would camp 
 
OTHER SETTLEMENTS. 41 
 
 around the fire, the cattle would lie down and ruminate, the 
 ''movers" would recount the thrilling incidents of the day, the 
 slaves joining in, and, whenever an opportunity offered, telling 
 strangers of the "quality" of their families. 
 
 45. When the immigrant arrived at ]iis journey's end^ his first 
 business was to look him out a farm. Though land speculators 
 had done much to confuse titles to the soil, yet land was 
 abundant, and with no great toil each man could "open him up 
 a farm." A log cabin was easily raised^ and the land fenced 
 with what was known as a "Virginia rail fence." Until his 
 first crop was raised, he could easily obtain a subsistence for 
 himself and family by hunting and trapping. At that time the 
 forests, and even prairies, which were covered with a high 
 luxuriant grass, abounded in deer, bear, wolves, panthers, wild 
 cats, wild turkeys and various small game. The flesh of some of 
 these, such as the deer and bear, furnished him food, and their 
 skins were made into serviceable clothes. While his lot was 
 romantic yet it required stern hardihood to endure it. The 
 Indians were about him and were not always friendly. The 
 fiercer wild animals attacked his young cattle, and often carried 
 away his lambs and pigs. He had but few books and papers, 
 schools were rare, and only occasionally did he hear the Gospel 
 preached, but his hardships inspired him with self-confidence 
 and a purpose of character, which yet mark his descendants. 
 
 46. His log cabin differed somewhat from the houses of the 
 French settlers. The posts were not set upright and slats nailed 
 horizontally to them, as was the fashion with the French settler, 
 but instead, he generally used large logs, hewn into shape, and 
 
42 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 fitted into one another by means of notches in the ends. These 
 were hiid one on another, and the spaces between were filled 
 with pieces of wood called ' 'chinking" and around these was 
 daubed a plaster made of clay. The door was made of heayy 
 cross-pieces and rough -hewn boards. They were hung on 
 wooden hinges and fastened on the inside with a wooden latch. 
 The latch could be raised from the outside by a string attached 
 to it which passed through a hole in the door aboye the latch. 
 To lock the door was simply to draw the string inside, and so 
 ''my latch-string always hangs on the outside" became a popular 
 term of hospitality and an assurance of welcome to the neighbor 
 or passing stranger. The windows were without glass. The 
 light was admitted by a shutter which stood ajar, or through 
 greased paper attached to a frame- work something like a sash. 
 Sometimes the cabin was thirty feet square, and if two rooms 
 were built a wide hall ran between, and the larger room was 
 called the "big house." As the farmer grew wealthier, popula- 
 tion increased and the means of transportation improyed, all 
 these things gaye way to the conyeniences of modern life. 
 
 47. He had Utile money, and indeed had need for but little. 
 He raised his own food. The materials for his clothing were 
 grown in his fields or sheared from his flocks and were conyerted 
 into cloth and made into garments by the women of the house- 
 hold. What trading he did was mere barter; that is, the 
 exchange of one article for another. Peltries, lead and its 
 product in the shape of shot, were used in the place of money. 
 There were Spanish dollars, howeyer, and these were often cut 
 into halves, quarters, and even eighths, which, because of their 
 
OTHER SETTLEMENTS. 43 
 
 small size, came to be called ''bits." For any less amount pins, 
 needles, sheets of writing paper, and other articles of small 
 value were used. 
 
 48. But agriculture was not the only pursuit. Lead was 
 produced in great abundance. ''One million five hundred 
 thousand pounds were annually turned out by the Maramec 
 mines alone, which gave employment to three hundred and fifty 
 hands, exclusive of smelters, blacksmiths and others." Much 
 of it was turned into shot and a tower for that purpose was 
 erected at Ste. Genevieve. The fur trade was very large. As 
 early as 1804 it amounted to two hundred thousand dollars per 
 annum. Large trading companies, with headquarters in St. 
 Louis, were organized, which sent out trappers along almost 
 every tributary of the Missouri to the Rocky mountains. 
 
 49. In 1811, The New Orleans, the first steamboat built west of 
 the Alleghany mountains, made the trip from Pittsburgh to 
 New Orleans. This settled forever the question of the use of 
 steam as a motive power on the western waters. In the next 
 eight years sixty-three steamers were built and plied on the Ohio 
 and Mississippi. On the second of August, 1817, the first steam- 
 boat that ever ascended the Mississippi above the mouth of the 
 Ohio arrived at St. Louis. Its name was "General Pike" and 
 its master was Jacob Read. On May 28th, 1819, the Inde- 
 pendence, the first steamboat to ascend the Missouri, arrived at 
 Franklin, having been twelve days on the journey from St. 
 Louis. Soon after this steamboats became common on these 
 rivers, and their appearance, which was at first dazzling, became 
 familiar sights. They added a new impetus to commerce and 
 
44 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 assisted much in the speedy delivery of the mails. Yet these 
 conveniences could scarcely be compared to our modern rail- 
 roads. It usually took a letter from four to six weeks to come 
 from New York or Washington, and the postage on a single 
 letter, even many years afterwards, w^as twenty-five cents. 
 
 60. The last feiv years before Missouri's admission into the 
 Union was a season of severe trial in finances. The year 1818 
 found nearly everybody in debt. The Bank of St. Louis was 
 established in 1816, and the next year the Bank of Missouri, 
 with a capital of $250,000, was organized. These for a time 
 increased the volume of business, but also aided the spirit of 
 speculation in land and accelerated other ventures. Government 
 land was sold for two dollars an acre, one-fourth cash and the 
 rest in payments of two, three and four years. So great was the 
 mania for speculation in land, that rarely none but the first 
 payment was made. Dealing at the stores was also upon credit. 
 Payments were made with promissory notes or bank notes, which 
 were considered as good as cash. These of course drove out the 
 coin ; and when the day of final settlement came there was no 
 money with which to make payments. Land and all kinds of 
 farm products, though abundant, were unsalable. The Terri- 
 torial Legislature tried to give relief by issuing certificates which 
 were made receivable for taxes and debts of every kind due the 
 State. The courts set this act aside, and for doing so were of 
 course summarily abused, but relief came in time, though slowly, 
 as is usual after such depressions. 
 
 51. Population of the entire territory now known as Missouri 
 was about 20,000 in 1810. In 1820 it was 66,000. The popula- 
 
OTHER SETTLEMENTS. 45 
 
 tion of St. Louis in 1811 was about 1,400, ' 'composed of a 
 motley mixture of Canadian-French, a few Spaniards and other 
 Europeans, and a somewhat larger proportion of Americans." 
 In 1820 it was 4,928. Of the population of this territory in 1820 
 about 10,000 were slaves. The number of counties increased 
 from five to fifteen in the ten years preceding 1820. 
 
46 IIISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 PART III. 
 
 IVIISSOURI AS A SXAXE. 
 
 CHAPTER I. 
 THE ADMISSION OF MISSOURI INTO THE UNION. 
 
 52. The Territorial Legislature made application for the 
 admission of Missouri into the Union as a State in 1818. The 
 application produced a violent sectional issue in American 
 politics. It opened up a long acrimonious struggle between the 
 North and South for political supremacy in the nation. That 
 struggle, attended with bitterness from its beginning, continued 
 up to the time of the civil war, through that w^ar, and has 
 scarcely ended even yet. The people of Missouri wished to 
 decide for themselves whether slavery should exist in the State. 
 To this the North urged two strong objections. 
 
 53. The first was, the people were sure to permit slavery. It 
 existed in the Territory at the time of the application ; had been 
 there for fifty years, and nothing was surer than that the people 
 would not voluntarily abolish it. Slavery had never existed 
 north of the Ohio river, above the latitude of which lies most of 
 Missouri. The admission of Missouri would be a precedent. If 
 
THE ADMISSION OF MISSOURI INTO THE UNION 47 
 
 the privilege were given to her people to decide upon the 
 existence of slavery within her borders, so must, it be extended 
 to the whole Louisiana purchase. Missouri was on the border 
 line between free and slave labor. The question, then, was 
 whether Congress would interfere with the further extension of 
 slavery. If permitted to exist in Missouri, without some 
 limitations now agreed upon, it might, by the voice of the 
 people, exist in all the Louisiana purchase. Against its further 
 extension many citizens throughout the North protested in the 
 name of freedom, humanity and a higher civilization. 
 
 64. The second objection was, the admission of Missouri 
 would turn over the control of the nation from the North to the 
 South. It was also the real objection, the one which did most 
 in controlling the northern members in Congress. The Union 
 had been originally formed of seven free and six slave States. 
 Up to February 1819 there had always been one more free than 
 slave States, there being at this time ten of the former and nine 
 of the latter. The free States had acquired a large and constantly 
 increasing predominance in Congress. This was the political 
 situation when early in 1819 Missouri and Alabama made 
 application to become States. Both were slave Territories, both 
 had been settled by emigrants mostly from slave States, and of 
 course it was assumed that their political affiliations would be 
 with the South. If admitted, the number of slave States would 
 be increased from nine to eleven, while the free States would 
 remain ten. This would give the South the mastery in Congress. 
 
 55. Alabama. — Georgia had ceded Alabama's territory, and 
 in doing so had made stipulations in regard to slavery, which 
 
48 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 were regarded by Congress as deciding that slavery as a form of 
 labor might exist in that State. Accordingly Alabama was 
 admitted without opposition as a slave State. This made the 
 number of Northern and Southern States exactly the same. The 
 fight for political supremacy, therefore, was not made over 
 Alabama but Missouri, which lay much further north, and was 
 supposed to be connectional ground between the free soil and 
 slave territory, and might, therefore, be claimed by either. The 
 South espoused the cause of the people of Missouri because it 
 wished to gain political ascendency 'in Congress and because it 
 was intimately interested in the extension of slavery. 
 
 56. The struggle for the admission of Missouri was precipitated 
 in Congress by a resolution of Mr. Tallmadge of New York: 
 "That the further introduction of slavery shall be prohibited; 
 and that all children born within the State after the admission 
 thereof shall be free at the age of twenty-five years." This led 
 to a long discussion in which hot and bitter words were bandied 
 to and fro with frequency. It will be remembered that when the 
 contract of purchase was signed, transferring Louisiana from 
 France to the United States, article third, written by the great 
 Napoleon, provided that "the inhabitants of the ceded territory, 
 shall be incorporated into the Union of the United States, and 
 admitted as soon as possible, according to the principles of the 
 Federal Constitution, to the enjoyment of all the rights, 
 advantages, and immunities of citizens of the United States, and 
 in the meantime they shall be maintained and protected in the 
 free enjoyment of their liberty, property and the religion which 
 they profess." This contract with this article in it, was accepted 
 
THE ADMISSION OF MISSOURI INTO THE UNION. 49 
 
 in 1803 by Congress. It was now seized upon by the opponents 
 of the TaUmadge resolution as having settled the question of 
 slavery in Missouri before her application for admission. Slaves, 
 it was contended, were property. Slavery existed in the Territory 
 when the terms of purchase from Napoleon were signed, when 
 those terms were accepted by Congress, and had been here ever 
 since. If, therefore, slavery was to be prohibited there it should 
 be left to the State itself to do so. Besides it was further con- 
 tended that these terms of purchase were exactly similar in their 
 tenor to the stipulations Georgia had made wh^n ceding Alabama, 
 and which stipulations obtained for that State the right to abolish 
 or maintain slavery as she pleased. 
 
 57. To deny 3Iissouri the same right was, therefore, to take 
 from her her dignity as one of a Union of equal States, to make 
 her yield to conditions which had never before been imposed on 
 any State, and which would not now be attempted in her case if 
 the free still outnumbered the slave States. This point was 
 urged with great ability by John Scott, Missouri's delegate then 
 in Congress, who felt that to deprive the people of the right of 
 choosing their own local institutions was a humiliating condition, 
 and violated the old maxim that ''all just governments derive 
 their powers from the consent of the governed." In reply to him 
 it was held that slavery existed only by virtue of a local law ; 
 that it had never been sanctioned by national laws, and that on 
 the contrary the Constitution had from the first implied an 
 opposition to it, in that it contained an agreement that the slave- 
 trade should cease in 1808. The supporters of the Tallmadge 
 resolution further held that slavery was not only a moral wrong. 
 
50 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 a political evil, a commercial weakness, but it was contrary to 
 universal freedom which must necessarily inhere in a republic. 
 These views were so discordant that one would scarcely suppose 
 a compromise for the admission could ever be reached. Yet 
 such vv'as the fact. 
 
 58. The Missouri Compromise. This was accomplished by the 
 application of Maine for admission in December 1819, and while 
 Missouri's case yet seemed hopeless. Maine would of course be 
 a free State. Had she applied for admission at the same 
 time Alabama and Missouri did, perhaps all the contention of 
 which we have spoken would never iiave arisen. Then, admitting 
 the three at once, the free would not have been outnumbered by 
 the slave States. As it was, those in favor of letting Missouri 
 settle the question of slavery for herself declared both Missouri 
 and Maine should be admitted without regard to slavery or both 
 kept out. This brought on a dead-lock in Congress, which 
 lasted for weeks and finally ended in a measure known as the 
 ''Missouri Compromise." This was an agreement that Maine 
 should be brought into the Union ; that Missouri should settle 
 for herself the question of the existence of slavery within her 
 territory ; and that slavery should forever be prohibited from all 
 other territory "north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes 
 north latitude" which was the south line of Missouri. The 
 agreement was implied, though not expressed, that Missouri 
 shoi.ld be admitted into the Union according to this agreement. 
 This compromise opened up the way for Missouri's admission. 
 In 1857, long after that was accomplished, the Supreme Court of 
 the United States declared this compromise, by which slavery 
 
THE ADMISSION OF MISSOURI INTO THE UNION. 51 
 
 was excluded north of thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes, 
 unconstitutional, and that therefore the South had no right to 
 yield to it and the North no right to ask it. 
 
 59. But the people of Missouri accepted the compromise as 
 final, and hegan at once to form a State government. A con- 
 vention to frame a constitution met in a hotel, known as the 
 * 'Mansion House," in St. Louis, early in June, 1820. David 
 Barton was elected president. Among its members were some 
 very able men. Some of them were afterwards very prominent 
 in the affairs of the State, such as David Barton, Edward Bates, 
 Alexander McNair, Thos. Riddick, John Rice Jones, Duff Green, 
 Pierre Chouteau, Jr., Benjamin Reeves, A. Buckner, John D. Cooke 
 and John Scott. There were in all forty-one members. They 
 were in session a little over a month, and spent for stationery 
 $26.25 and framed a constitution which in some respects was 
 superior to any Missouri has since had. It withstood all attempts 
 to supplant it by another until 1865 when the war-time emergency 
 articles, called the ''Drake Constitution," replaced it. It took 
 effect immediately without submission to a vote of the people. 
 This constitution was to pass through the fiery ordeal of being 
 approved by Congress before Missouri could become a State. As 
 had been supposed all along, the constitution permitted the 
 existence of slavery. It was reasonably and properly supposed 
 by the people of Missouri and by the South that the Northern 
 delegates had consented to this by the agreement known as the 
 Missouri Compromise. But now when the State claimed a ful- 
 fillment of this promise Congress would not stand to the agree- 
 ment, and hence a second compromise had to be agreed upon. 
 
52 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 60. One clause of Missouri's Constitution stipulated its legis- 
 lature should enact a law to '^prevent free negroes and mulattoes 
 from coming to and settling in the State." This clause it was 
 now contended was contrary to a provision of the federal con- 
 stitution which guaranteed to 'Hhe citizens of each State the 
 privileges and immunities of citizens in the several States." 
 The members of Congress from the North held that free negroes 
 were recognized as citizens in some of the old States and hence 
 this clause in Missouri's constitution was in conflict with the 
 federal constitution. It will be remembered that it is made the 
 duty, by that same constitution, of the Supreme Court of the 
 United States to determine what State laws are in conflict with 
 it, and when any law is found to be so it is void from the time of 
 its enactment. Why Congress should desire to assume the 
 functions of this high judiciary is not explicable except on 
 political grounds. 
 
 61. The claim led to an absurdity. If one State could declare 
 a certain class of men '^citizens" and then the constitution should 
 come in and say all the other States should therefore acknowledge 
 them as citizens too, and should extend to these citizens all 
 the privileges and immunities of citizens of each of these 
 respective States, of course there would be no limit to citizenship. 
 Free negroes would not alone be citizens. One State might 
 declare a Chinaman or an Indian a citizen, and by this claim all 
 the other States must acknowledge him a citizen, and must have 
 nothing in their laws which would not allow him ''all the 
 privileges and immunities" of any of their own residents. This 
 of course led to an absurdity. The object of the clause in the 
 
THE ADMISSION OF MISSOURI INTO THE UNION. 53 
 
 Missouri constitution was to keep an undesirable class of persons 
 from settling within her borders. Illinois had exactly the same 
 law as late as 1846, and Congress at no time attempted to 
 interfere with it. This clause, however, was the subject for long 
 and bitter discussion in the House. The Senate saw the absurdity 
 and dishonesty of such opposition and soon became in favor of 
 admission. 
 
 62. It was at this time that the great Henry Clay of Kentucky 
 came to the rescue. He has been called the author of the 
 ^'Missouri Compromise." *This is a mistake. Mr. Thomas of 
 Illinois was the author of that measure, yet Mr. Clay gave it his 
 powerful support. But he was the author of the second com- 
 promise. He induced the House to agree to leave the provision 
 for the admission of the State to a committee of twenty-three 
 members from the House — the then number of States — to act 
 jointly with a committee from the Senate. This committee 
 reported to the House a resolution admitting Missouri whenever 
 her legislature should pass a Solemn Public Act repealing the 
 clause in reference to the exclusion of free negroes and mulattoes, 
 and when this was done the President should proclaim her 
 admitted. This resolution passed the Senate by a vote of 
 twenty-eight to fourteen, and the House by a vote of eighty-six 
 to eighty-two. 
 
 63. The Solemn Public Act. Then the Governor of Missouri 
 called the Legislature together to pass the ^'Solemn Public Act." 
 It first spoke of the absurdity of Congress in demanding it, 
 declared if any clause in the State constitution was in conflict 
 with the federal constitution, that clause was therefore void and 
 
54 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 had always been ; but ''to give to the world the most unequivocal 
 proof of her desire to promote the peace and harmony of the 
 Union," it there ''solemnly and publicly declared and enacted" 
 that no part "of the constitution of this State shall ever be con- 
 strued to authorize the passage of any law by which any citizen 
 of either of the United States shall be excluded from the enjoy- 
 ment of any of the privileges and immunities to which such 
 citizens are entitled under the constitution of the United States." 
 A certified copy of this Act was sent to President Monroe. He 
 promptly issued a proclamation declaring the admission of the 
 State complete. The precise date thereof was August 10th, 1821. 
 Thus ended for a time a struggle which had not up to that time 
 had a parallel in the admission of any other State. 
 
 CHAPTER II, 
 
 FIRST YEARS AS A STATE. 
 
 64. The first election, under the new constitution, was held on 
 the fourth Monday of August, 1820. Political parties did not 
 divide the voters. On the contrary, the personal popularity and 
 merits of the several candidates determined the result, for the 
 most part. Alexander McNair and William Clark, both of St. 
 Louis, were the candidates for Governor. The latter had been 
 the Territorial Governor for eight years. He was now defeated 
 
FIRST YEARS AS A STATE. 
 
 55 
 
 "by a majority of 4,020 votes in a total vote of 9,132. William 
 H. Ashley of St. Louis was elected Lieutenant-Governor. The 
 State government in all its branches did not immediately go into 
 effect. It was far into the year 1821 before either the Circuit 
 or Supreme courts were in operation. 
 
 65. First Governor. — Alexander McNair was born in Penn- 
 sylvania in 1774, and received a fair English education. His 
 parents died about the time he became of age, and he and his 
 brother agreed upon the division of their estate in a novel 
 manner — that whosoever should 
 be victor in a fair encounter 
 should be owner of the home- 
 stead. Alexander received a 
 severe whipping at the hands 
 of his brother, to which he 
 afterwards acknowledged he 
 owed the honor of being Gov- 
 ernor of Missouri. In 1804, he 
 moved to St. Louis, and for a 
 number of years was United 
 States Commissary for that 
 station. In the city tax-list of 
 1811, he appears as taxed for 
 one of the nineteen ''carriages for pleasure" then held in that 
 city. During the war of 1812, he was colonel of Missouri 
 militia in the United States service. He was elected Governor 
 in 1820, and held office till 1824, and died in St. Louis in 1826. 
 He was a man of great popularity and strict integrity. 
 
 ALEXANDER MCNAIR. 
 
56 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 66. The General Assembly, which is the name given the 
 legislative branch of the State government, was composed at its 
 first session of fourteen Senators and forty-three Representatives, 
 At that session, which met in St. Louis in September, 1820,, 
 acts were passed creating the counties of Boone, Callaway, 
 Chariton, Cole, Gasconade, Lafayette, Perry, Ralls, Ray and 
 Saline. Most of these were carved from the territory first 
 embraced in Howard county. David Barton and Thomas Hart 
 Benton were elected LTnited States Senators. They were not 
 allowed to take their seats in the Senate however until 1821,, 
 because the State was not j^et admitted into the Laiion. Mr. 
 Barton was a native of Tennessee and was a soldier in the war of 
 1812. He had served as judge of the circuit court a short time 
 about 1816, but had no brilliant career as a jurist. He was a 
 fluent orator and a man of resplendent genius. At the time of 
 the admission of Missouri he was the most popular man in the 
 State. He was chairman of the convention that framed the State 
 constitution and was unanimously elected to the Senate in 1821 
 and re-elected in 1825. During his last term he became unpopular 
 in the State because of his espousal of the cause of John Quincy 
 Adams for the Presidency against General Jackson, who was a 
 great favorite in Missouri. Accordingly, in 1833 he was defeated 
 as a candidate for Congress, but afterwards served one term in 
 the State Senate. Toward the close of his life he became insane 
 and died near Boonville in 1837. 
 
 67. Col. Benton was elected United States Senator with Mr, 
 Barton, but not without great opposition. Mr. Benton had been 
 a resident of Tennessee, had there been a member of th^ Legis- 
 
FIRST YEARS AS A STATE. 57 
 
 lature, and attained to the rank of colonel as commander of a 
 Tennessee regiment in the war of 1812. But his brother, Jesse 
 Benton, and Amos Carroll had there fought a duel. Andrew 
 Jackson had earnestly espoused the cause of Carroll, which led 
 Thomas Benton to vigorously denounce Jackson. In return 
 Jackson attempted to horsewhij) Benton on the streets of Nash- 
 ville, and was shot in the arm by Jesse Benton. This made the 
 Bentons very unpopular in Tennessee, and in 1813 Mr. Benton 
 came to Missouri. In 1817 he had a very noted duel with 
 Charles Lucas, at that time United States attorney for the district 
 of Missouri, and a son of the first chief justice of. the Territory. 
 Lucas was about twenty-five years old, and Benton was about 
 forty. Lucas had challenged Benton, and when the fight came 
 off was wounded in the neck but not killed. He expressed him- 
 self as satisfied. Then Benton in a violent rage demanded of. 
 Lucas that they fight till one or the other was killed. This they 
 afterwards did and Lucas was killed. In the minds of many 
 people this action of Mr. Benton was regarded as murder, and 
 lost him many friends in the new State. He was opposed for the 
 Senate by his adversary's father, Judge Lucas, and the balloting 
 ran through several days without a choice. Finally Mr. Barton 
 said he preferred Benton for his associate. He was accordingly 
 elected, and served for thirty years, the longest term ever 
 extended to any Senator by any State. 
 
 68. The first Congressman. Missouri was then entitled to 
 only one Congressman. John Scott was elected. He had for 
 some time been the Territorial delegate and was a man of ability. 
 He was born in Virginia, in 1782, graduated at Princeton 
 
58 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URl 
 
 College in 1805, and soon afterwards settled at Ste. Genevieve, 
 Missouri ; was a delegate to Congress from the Territory of 
 Missouri from 1817 to 1821 and then a Representative in 
 Congress till 1827, where he took high rank as a man of educated 
 talent and hold integrity. When the contest came up in the 
 House of Representatives for the election of a President he voted 
 for John Quincy Adams, and was supported in his action by 
 Senator Barton, but opposed by Mr. Benton, who favored 
 Jackson. As a consequence Scott was never again returned to 
 Congress. Nor did he ever again enter politics. He devoted 
 himself studiously to the practice of law, and for forty years had 
 a practice which extended over a great part of the State. 
 
 69. The Supreme Court. By the terms of the constitution 
 the judges of the Supreme and Circuit courts were to be 
 appointed by the Governor, and the appointments confirmed 
 by the Senate. This law remained in force till 1851, when 
 it was changed, and judges thereafter were elected just as 
 other officers. The first members of the Supreme Court were 
 Mathias McGirk of Montgomery county, John D. Cook of 
 Cape Girardeau, and John Rice Jones of Pike county. They 
 were all men of great probity and judicial learning, and were 
 elected without any regard to their politics. Mr. McGirk 
 remained a member of the court until 1841. Mr. Cook resigned 
 within a year or two, and Judge Jones died in 1824. Both 
 had been members of the constitutional convention. Mr. 
 Jones had also been very prominent in the Territorial days 
 as a member and president of the Legislative Council. He 
 was the first English lawyer resident within the country now 
 
FIRST YEARS AS A STATE. 
 
 59 
 
 called Illinois, having settled at Vincennes in 1787. He came 
 to Missouri in 1808, and afterwards settled at Potosi, where 
 he became the partner of Moses 
 Austin, the man who gave his 
 name to the capital of Texas. 
 George Tompkins was appointed 
 in place of Mr. Jones, and 
 served till 1845, twenty - one 
 years, and then retired, having 
 become sixty - five years old, 
 beyond which age no person was 
 then legally capable of being 
 judge. He had in early man- 
 hood been a school teacher, and 
 about 1810 conducted the only 
 English school in St. Louis, but 
 
 afterwards located in Franklin, Howard county 
 appointed to the Supreme Court from that place. 
 
 70. The State Seal. The constitution of Missouri provided 
 that the Secretary of State should procure a seal of the State 
 with suitable emblems and devices, ''which should not be 
 subject to change." The Legislature of 1822 directed what 
 the devices and emblems should be, and the present seal was 
 fashioned and has been in use since. The following is a 
 description of it: On a circular shield equally divided by a 
 perpendicular line, is a red field on the right side, in which 
 is the grizzly bear of Missouri. Above, separated by a wave 
 or curved line, is a white or silver crescent in an azure field. 
 
 JOHN RICE JONES. 
 
 and was 
 
60 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 On the left, on a white field are the arms of the United States. 
 A band surrounds the escutcheon, on which are the words, 
 
 ''United we stand, 
 divided we fall." For 
 the crest, over a yellow 
 or golden helmet, full- 
 faced and grated with 
 six bars, is a silver star, 
 and above it is a con- 
 stellation of twenty -three 
 smaller stars — Missouri 
 being the twenty-fourth 
 State to unite with the 
 Union, the large star 
 represents her and the 
 other stars the rest of 
 the Union. The supporters are two grizzly bears, standing on 
 a scroll on which is inscribed the motto of the State, "Salus 
 populi suprema lex es/o" — let the welfare of the people be 
 the supreme law. Underneath the scroll are the numerals, 
 MDCCCXX., which was the year of the adoption of the first 
 constitution. Around the entire circle are the words, ''The 
 Great Seal of the State of Missouri." This seal is still kept in 
 the office of the Secretary of State and is stamped on every 
 contract to which the State becomes a party. 
 
 71. Rufus Easton. — One of the most noted men in Missouri 
 throughout the entire Territorial period and long after she 
 became a State, was Rufus Easton of St. Louis. He was born 
 
FIRST YEARS AS A STATE. 
 
 61 
 
 in Connecticut in 1774, and came to Missouri in 1804, having 
 previously distinguished himself as a lawyer in New York, and 
 was the same year appointed a Terrritorial judge of the United 
 States Court. Two years later he became the attorney of the 
 court, and in 1808 became the 
 first postmaster of St. Louis. 
 He continued to practice law 
 and soon became the leading 
 lawyer of the Territory. In 1813 
 he went to Congress, and was suc- 
 ceeded two years later by Edward 
 Hempstead. Upon the organiza- 
 tion of the State government he 
 became Attorney-General and held 
 the office till 1826. He died in 
 St. Charles in 1834. No man in all 
 the early Missouri history was more 
 thoroughly devoted to, and in- 
 fluential in, up-building the moral, 
 social and commercial life of the people. As a lawyer, he 
 had no peer in the Territorial days, and as a man of upright 
 conduct he did more than any other person in exposing the 
 conspiracy of Aaron Burr. 
 
 : U' 
 
 RUFUS EASTON. 
 
62 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 CHAPTER III. 
 
 BATES AND MILLER— 1824-32. 
 
 72. The second Governor was Frederick Bates of St. Louis. 
 He had been prominent in the Territorial days and was a 
 member of the constitutional convention. His opponent was 
 William H. Ashley, who had been Lieutenant-Governor during 
 McNair's administration, and because of his daring intrepidity 
 in advancing the fur-trade into the Rocky mountains and in 
 fighting the Indians, had invested his character with much 
 romance. But Bates was successful. Before Mr. Bates had 
 served a year as Governor, the people were called upon to mourn 
 his death. Benjamin Reeves of Howard county had been elected 
 Lieutenant-Governor along with him, and of course the office of 
 Governor would have fallen to him had he not resigned before 
 the death of Governor Bates. Under the law, therefore, the 
 office devolved on the President of the Senate pro tempore, who 
 at that time was Abraham J. Williams of Columbia, and who at 
 once began to exercise the duties of Governor. He proclaimed a 
 special election to be held December 8th, 1825, which resulted in 
 the election of John Miller of Howard county, who served out 
 the remainder of the term. A strange coincidence in the lives 
 of Williams and Miller was that neither of them was ever 
 married. The case of Mr. Williams was the only one in the 
 history of the State in which the President of the Senate pro 
 tempore became Governor. He served until January 20th, 1826. 
 
BATE 8 AND MILLER— 1S2 4-32. 
 
 63 
 
 73. Frederick Bates was born in Goochland county, Virginia, 
 in 1777. His education was begun in a private family school and 
 ended in an academy. He studied law and at the age of twenty 
 went to Detroit, a military post, and became its postmaster. In 
 1805 he was appointed by President 
 Jefferson the first judge of the 
 Territory of Michigan. In 1806 he 
 moved to St. Louis, and from that 
 time till Missouri became a State 
 Mr. Bates was continually in some 
 capacity a Territorial officer. He 
 was Secretary of the Territory 
 under Governors Lewis, Howard 
 and Clark, and during the interims 
 between their administrations he 
 was acting Governor, and also 
 during their protracted absence 
 from the Territory. In 1808 he 
 compiled the ''Laws of the Territory of Louisiana," the first 
 book printed in St. Louis. In 1824 he was elected Governor 
 to succeed McNair, without any solicitation or effort on his part. 
 He died August 4th, 1825. 
 
 74. Dueling had become a threatening evil among the promi- 
 nent men of Missouri, and had greatly shocked public sensibility. 
 Many of the duels had been fought on an island in the Mississippi 
 river below St. Louis, which was long afterwards known as 
 "Bloody Island." During the administration of Governor Bates 
 the Legislature undertook to break up this barbarous practice 
 
 FREDERICK BATES. 
 
64 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 by making it odious. A bill passed botb bouses making the 
 ''whipping post" the mode of punishment. But the Governor 
 vetoed the bill because he could not approve of whipping as the 
 penalty. In his veto message he said: ''I am happy to record 
 my utter detestation and abhorrence of dueling. My duty to my 
 neighbors and myself would compel me, if possible, to put down 
 so barbarous and so impious a practice." After his veto the bill 
 failed to pass. This is the first recorded veto by a Governor of 
 Missouri of which we have any knowledge. 
 
 75. The Visit of La Fayette. The year 1825 was made memor- 
 able by the visit of Marquis de La Fayette, and his son George 
 Washington La Fayette, to St. Louis. This great man, after an 
 absence of fifty years in his own beloved France, had, on the 
 invitation of the President of the United States, made a visit to 
 the country whose independence he had done so much to win. 
 While his own land had been filled with tumult, war and 
 poverty, he now found the thirteen Colonies developed into a 
 strong young nation of twenty-six States, happy, prosperous and 
 free. He visited every State, and in St. Louis, with its largely 
 French population, he was received with great favor. His 
 entrance into the city was an ovation — not like the triumph 
 of a military conqueror, but like that of a devoted father 
 and patriarch returning to his own after a long absence in a 
 patriotic trust elsewhere. He came up the Mississippi, landed 
 at the city on April 29th, 1825, where half of its population 
 had assembled to meet him, all familiar with his name, and 
 many of them of the same nationality and familiar with his 
 language. 
 
BA TES AND MILLEB—1 82 4-32 . 65 
 
 76. TJte capital of Missouri was fixed by the constitution 
 on the Missouri river., within forty miles of the mouth of the 
 Osage (see map). Congress had granted the State four sections 
 of hand to be used for the seat of government. The first session 
 of the General Assembly had appointed a commission of five 
 men to locate the capital. After long and weary examinations 
 Jefferson City was chosen and the first session of the Legislature 
 met there in 1826. Prior thereto it had held its sessions in 
 St. Charles. The State-house was begun in 1823, at Jefferson 
 City, on the site now occupied by the Governor's mansion, and 
 was completed by 1826, at a cost of $25,000. It burned down in 
 1837, and the present building was in part erected the next year 
 from stone taken from quarries at the edge of the bluff only a 
 few rods from the Capitol. This building was enlarged in 1887, 
 the whole structure having cost not less than $600,000. It is 
 one of the finest in all the States. 
 
 77. In 1828 General Miller was re-elected Governor, without 
 opposition. The Adams part}^, which was now beginning to 
 be called the Whig party, had no candidate. Daniel Dunklin 
 of Potosi was elected Lieutenant-Governor. Miller's adminis- 
 tration was most satisfactory to the people. He was born in 
 Berkeley county, Virginia, November 25th, 1781, reared on a 
 farm, and had the advantage of a common school education 
 only. He evinced his predilection for militar}^ life when a 
 boy by always ' 'playing soldier," and his ability to lead by 
 always being captain of his company. In the early part of the 
 present century he located at Steuben ville, Ohio, where he edited 
 and published the ''Western Herald" and "Steubenville Gazette 
 
 >> 
 
66 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 While thus engaged, he was appointed general of the State 
 militia of Ohio, and held the rank of colonel in the United 
 States army throughout the war of 1812. He commanded the 
 19th United States Infantry and was assigned to duty under 
 Gen. William Henry Harrison. In May, 1813, while General 
 Harrison was collecting forces at Fort Meigs (pro. Megs) for 
 the purpose of invading Canada, General Procter of the British 
 
 army, under the cover of night, 
 erected a hattery of six guns 
 so near the fort as to make its 
 dislodgment necessary by General 
 Harrison. Instead of assuming 
 the responsibility of a commander 
 and ordering the troops to take the 
 battery. General Harrison called 
 a council of war, and asked each 
 colonel if he could or would take 
 that battery. When Col. John 
 Miller was called, he was in- 
 dignant at what he regarded as 
 General Harrison's unmilitary deportment, and without making 
 excuse, replied (using the identical words which afterwards 
 became so famous), '^I'll try. Sir." He was given a detachment 
 of 350 men, a part of whom were regulars, and the remainder 
 volunteers and Kentucky militia. These brave soldiers attacked 
 a body of British regulars and Indians, of more than double their 
 number; but the impetuosity of their charge was irresistible, 
 and after a severe struggle they drove the enemy from the 
 
 JOHN MILLER. 
 
BA TES AND MILLEB—1 82 4-32 . 67 
 
 batteries. They spiked the cannon, took a large number of 
 prisoners, and having fully accomplished his object, Miller 
 returned in triumph to the fort. The engagement was one of 
 the most bloody and desperate of the whole war, and its brilliant 
 success was due to his intrepid gallantry. Ten months later 
 Col. James Miller of the 6tli United States Infantry, under 
 similar circumstances made the same reply — ''I'll try. Sir" — at 
 Lundy's Lane, and his heroism was rewarded by an order 
 directing the words to be stamped upon the buttons of the 
 soldiers of his regiment. But equal glory for equal heroism is 
 due Col. John Miller for his heroic daring at Fort Meigs. At 
 the close of the war Colonel Miller was retained in the regular 
 army and ordered to duty in Missouri. In 1817 he resigned 
 his command and held the office of Register of Lands till 1825, 
 when he was elected Governor, and served till 1832, a period 
 of nearly seven years, a longer term than has ever been extended 
 to any other Governor. In 1836 he was elected to Congress and 
 served six years. He died March 18th, 1846. 
 
 78. Congressmen. — In 1828 the Adams or Whig candidate 
 for Congress was Edward Bates, a brother of Frederick Bates, 
 and the eloquent gentleman who afterwards became a member 
 of President Lincoln's Cabinet as Attorney-General of the L^nited 
 States. The Democrats had two candidates, Dr. William Carr 
 Lane and Spencer Pettis, both of whom were popular with the 
 people, with about an equal number of supporters. The 
 Democratic leaders regretted this double candidacy, and lest 
 both be defeated it was proposed that one should withdraw. 
 The matter was left to Mr. Benton, and he promptly decided 
 
68 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 that Pettis should alone be the Democratic candidate. Mr. Pettis 
 was elected and reflected credit upon himself and his State. In 
 1830 he was a candidate again against David Barton. The 
 whole nation was then much concerned about President Jackson's 
 purpose to abolish the United States Bank, the Democrats in 
 Missouri enthusiastically supporting Jackson, and the Whigs 
 with equal earnestness opposing him. The president of the bank 
 
 was Nicholas Biddle, who, from 
 that fact, was the leader of the 
 party which clamored for its re- 
 charter. Mr. Pettis in his canvass 
 warmly criticised Biddle, and 
 thereby gave offense to Major 
 
 -_ Thomas Biddle, an officer in the 
 
 United States army at St. Louis, 
 and a brother of the president of 
 the bank. Major Biddle scurril- 
 ously attacked Pettis through a 
 newspaper, to which Mr. Pettis 
 replied in kind. Thereupon 
 Biddle went to his room at the 
 hotel and severely chastised him with a cowhide. Mr. Pettis, 
 upon the urgent request of Thomas Benton, continued to make 
 his canvass, and was elected by an overwhelming majority, the 
 people feeling that he had been attacked on account of his 
 political opinions and therefore gave him a very large vote. A 
 short time thereafter he challenged Major Biddle for a duel, and 
 both were killed on Bloody Island. This duel did much to 
 
 EDWARD BATES. 
 
BA TES AND MILLEB—1 824-32 . 69 
 
 arouse harsh feelings between the political parties of Missouri, 
 but it also in a few years did much to create a public sentiment 
 against the barbarous practice of dueling and in less than ten 
 years it had almost disappeared from the State. But the death 
 of Pettis made necessar}^ a special election to fill his place in 
 Congress. It resulted in the election of Wm. H. Ashley, 
 who continued in Congress till 1837, and was succeeded by 
 ex-Governor John Miller. 
 
 79. Slavery attracted attention even at this early date. A 
 unique incident occurred in regard to it about 1827. It was 
 an effort to set in operation plans for its gradual destruction. 
 Accordingly a secret meeting was held, attended by twenty of 
 the leading politicians of both parties, in about equal numbers 
 from each. The United States Senators at that time were 
 Messrs. Benton and Barton. The first was a Democrat and the 
 other a Whig. Both took part in this meeting and led the 
 movement. An agreement was signed by all the members 
 present by which they undertook to persuade each party to 
 commit itself to gradual emancipation of slavery. Resolutions 
 in the form of memorials were drawn up to be presented to the 
 people throughout the State for signatiire. A very little matter 
 made the whole undertaking impossible before the day on which 
 it was to be first presented to the public. Arthur Tappan of 
 New York was at that time a very noted, enthusiastic but 
 fanatical Abolitionist. The report was published generally that 
 Tappan had entertained some negro men at his private table, 
 and that these negroes had ridden out in his private carriage 
 w4th his daughters. This ''raised such a furor" that the movers 
 
70 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 in this laudable plan ''dared not permit the memorials to see the 
 light." It is difficult to appreciate in our day the effect of the 
 conduct of Tappan. But it is another illustration of what small 
 things sometimes change the history of nations. These twenty 
 men claimed they had the power to carry out their project, but 
 after the Tappan incident they began to fear the result if they 
 should succeed. 
 
 80. Governor 3Iiller's administration was a time of general 
 prosperity. The great body of the people were quietly toiling 
 and preparing for the rising greatness of the State. All kinds 
 of agricultural industry were followed with profit. At first most 
 products sold at very low prices ; wheat at fifty cents per bushel, 
 potatoes at fifty cents, flour at $1.50 per hundred and pork at the- 
 same price, cows at from eight to twelve dollars and working 
 oxen at from thirty to forty dollars. But these low prices were 
 largely due to the difficulty of reaching the world's markets.. 
 Towards the close of his term steamboats became more frequent 
 on the rivers, and transportation cheaper and easier. Then 
 prices became better. The ''prairie fires" at this time presented 
 a sight never to be seen again. The prairies and woods were 
 filled with snakes and numerous wild animals. To destroy these 
 and prevent vegetation from decaying, in the nights of spring 
 and fall the "prairie fires" were set, and made a beautiful scene^ 
 though sometimes attended with danger. 
 
 81. At the election in 1832 there were three candidates for 
 Governor. Daniel Dunklin of Washington county was the 
 Democratic, Dr. John Bull of Howard was the anti-Jacksort 
 candidate and Samuel C. Davis was an independent candidate- 
 
GOVERNOR DUNKLIN'S ADMINISTRATION 
 
 71 
 
 Dunklin was elected by a majority of about 1,100. The Lieu- 
 tenant-Governor was Lilburn W. Boggs of Jackson county. Dr. 
 Bull was the same year elected a member of Congress, under a 
 new apportionment which gave Missouri two representatives 
 instead of one. Governor Dunklin was inaugurated November 
 22d, 1832. 
 
 CHAPTER IV 
 
 GOVERNOR DUNKLIN'S ADMINISTRATION— 1832-36. 
 
 82. Daniel Dunklin, fifth Governor of Missouri, was born 
 in Greenville District, South 
 Carolina, in 1790; moved to 
 Kentucky in 1807, and to 
 Potosi, Missouri, in 1810. He 
 was sheriff of Washington 
 county while Missouri was yet 
 a Territory, and was a member 
 of the constitutional conven- 
 tion of 1820. He became 
 Governor, November 1832, and 
 espoused the cause of public 
 schools so ardently that he 
 may be justly called the Father 
 of the Common School System 
 
 of Missouri. One month be- daniel dunklin. 
 
 fore his term as Governor expired he resigned to accept the office 
 
72 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 of Surveyor-General of Missouri, Illinois and Arkansas, which 
 had been tendered him by President Jackson. In this capacity 
 he established the boundary line between Missouri and Arkansas, 
 and laid out most of the counties of these three States. He died 
 in 1844, and is buried near Pevely, Jefferson county, on the 
 serene bluffs overlooking the Mississippi — one of the most 
 beautiful places on the majestic river. 
 
 83. The Asiatic cholera, perhaps the most violent epidemic 
 ever known in America, reached St. Louis in 1832. It had 
 devastated cities in Europe ; had crossed the seas and invaded 
 New York, Philadelphia and Baltimore. The people of St. Louis 
 had taken warning and made vigorous efforts to prevent its 
 coming by using proper food and carefully cleaning the streets. 
 But the deadly malady nestled in the wings of the wind and 
 baffled all opposition. It first attacked a soldier at Jefferson 
 Barracks, at the outskirts of the city. It then spread rapidly 
 among the people, many of whom fled to other climates. It 
 lasted six or seven weeks. During a greater part of this time 
 there were from twenty to thirty deaths a day. When it finally 
 disappeared there had fallen one in every twelve 6f the city's 
 population. It also appeared the same year in Ste. Genevieve > 
 Cape Girardeau, and other places, but the next year it prevailed 
 with greater fatality in them. In 1849 it came again to St. Louis, 
 with more direful results. In the midst of the consternation 
 which seized upon the people a board of physicians pronounced 
 against a vegetable diet and in favor of meat, and the city council 
 passed a law prohibiting the use or sale of vegetables. The people, 
 interpreting this to mean that meat was a remedy for the disease, 
 
GOVERNOR DUNKLIN'S ADMINISTRATION. 73 
 
 engorged themselves with it, eating even to gluttony. The price 
 arose to enormous sums. But in a month or two the undue 
 stimulating effects of the meat diet were seen, and the ordinance 
 repealed. But still the number of deaths reached 160 a day, and 
 between April 30th and August 6th, 4,060 persons died from 
 cholera alone. In 1850 and 1851 and again in 1867 it prevailed 
 at various points along the Mississippi and Missouri, but rarely 
 reached the towns a few miles from the river courses. In all 
 these places the dreadful pestilence stalked the land leaving 
 death and despair in its wake. The healthiest and stoutest men 
 were often the first stricken. Persons of robust bodies would be 
 attacked and in three or four hours waste away to skin and 
 bones. So infectious was the disease supposed to be that burials 
 frequently took place at night by torchlight, and often women 
 and even parents assisted in burying their own dead. 
 
 84. Lovejoy. — Another noted attempt to emancipate slaves 
 was made about this time by Rev. E. P. Lovejoy, who, on his 
 return from the theological school at Princeton College in 1833, 
 began in St. Louis the publication of a paper devoted to the 
 condemnation of slavery and its gradual extinction. His views, 
 though at this day they would be regarded as mild and prudent, 
 were abusive and full of denunciation. They were received in 
 the spirit in which they were made, and instead of winning the 
 people to his cause he drove them from him, and soon they 
 shared his spirit of denunciation and became as abusive as he 
 was. At the end of a year or two he found a longer residence in 
 Missouri unprofitable and unsafe, and announced his purpose to 
 remove to Alton, Illinois. The people thereupon sacked his 
 
74 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 office, threw his presses into the street, but without personal 
 injury to him. At Alton he followed the same course pursued 
 in St. Louis, but with worse results. His office was twice sacked 
 and in a third attempt Lovejoy was shot. His death aroused 
 great feeling in the North, and greatly incensed its people toward 
 the South, especially toward slavery, although he had not met 
 his death in a slave State or at the hands of slaveholders. Being 
 a man of talent and noble purposes, had he pursued a milder 
 and more persuasive course, he might have averted much of 
 the trouble which afterward came to Missouri. But his life 
 was only another illustration of how unalterably opposed 
 Missourians are to abuse and outside interference^ with their 
 affairs. 
 
 85. The Platte Purchase forms a unique niche in our American 
 history. It was a procedure by which a large tract of land was 
 added to an already large State. It was brought about by the 
 inhabitants of Clay and adjoining counties, led by men then or 
 afterwards prominent in the State, and all gentlemen of ability 
 and honor. Among them were General Andrew S. Hughes, 
 who was said to be scarcely second to the celebrated John 
 Randolph in wit and sarcasm and was a lawyer of excellent 
 parts; Wm. T. Wood, afterwards a resident of Lexington and 
 a well known judge; A. W. Doniphan, the brave commander of 
 ''Doniphan's Expedition" of the Mexican war; and David R. 
 Atchison, afterwards United States Senator. With the assistance 
 of these gentlemen, Senators Benton and Linn pushed through 
 Congress a bill by which all the country now embraced in the 
 counties of Atchison, Andrew, Buchanan, Holt, Nodaway and 
 
GOVERNOR DUNKLIN'S ADMINISTRATION. 75 
 
 Platte became a part of Missouri. On September 17th, 1836, 
 Captain William Clark, who had been superintendent of Indian 
 affairs throughout Missouri since the time he was the Territorial 
 Governor, formed a treaty with the Sac, Fox, and Iowa Indians, 
 by which they ceded this territory to the United States. In 
 return the Indians were given $7,500 and 400 sections of land in 
 northwestern Kansas, and the entire country, therefore, has 
 been known as the Platte Purchase. It all lies between the 
 Missouri river and a meridian line drawn through the mouth 
 of the Kansas river, at Kansas City, and comprises one of the 
 richest bodies of land to be found anywhere. In December, 1836, 
 Congress passed a law opening the country to settlement, and 
 the next year found it teeming with people from every State and 
 many came from Canada, on account of the Canadian rebellion. 
 In a few years Platte county was next to St. Louis in population, 
 and sent three members to the Legislature, and Buchanan sent 
 two. This ascendancy continued till the large emigration to 
 Kansas in 1856. 
 
 86. The election for Governor in 1836 took place in August, 
 and was preceded by a warm campaign. Lilburn W. Boggs was 
 the Democratic candidate, and William H. Ashley of St. Louis, 
 the Whig candidate. Boggs was elected, and Franklin Cannon 
 of Cape Girardeau was chosen Lieutenant-Governor. The vote 
 at this election was sixty per cent greater than it had been four 
 years before. In November, Ashley was elected a Representative 
 in Congress. 
 
76 
 
 HISTORY OF' MISSOURI. 
 
 CHAPTER V. 
 
 GOVERXOR BOGGS AND MORMON TROUBLES. 
 
 '^ 
 
 
 87. Lilburn W. Boggs, the sixth Governor of Missouri, was 
 born at Lexington, Kentucky, in 1796. He served as a soldier 
 in the war of 1812, and in 1816 came to Missouri, first settling 
 
 at St. Louis, then at St. Charles, 
 Franklin, and Fort Osage in 
 Jackson county, being engaged 
 most of the time in the fur-trade 
 with the Indians. In 1826 he 
 was elected to the Legislature, 
 and served in that body during 
 several sessions. In 1832 he 
 became Lieutenant - Governor, 
 and on the resignation of Gov- 
 ernor Dunklin, assumed the 
 duties of his office. He was 
 elected Governor in his own 
 right within a month, inaug- 
 urated November 23rd, 1836, and served four years. He was 
 afterwards a leading member of the State Senate, and in 1846 
 moved to California, where he filled honorable public offices, 
 and died in 1861. 
 
 LILBURN W. BOGGS. 
 
GOVERNOR BOGGS AND MORMON TROUBLES. 77 
 
 88. The first military glory of any consequence won by 
 Missourians was in 1837, during the Seminole war. The Semi- 
 nole and Creek Indians had agreed to move from Florida west 
 of the Mississippi, and the national Government ordered them 
 to do so. They refused to go, and when the attempt was made 
 to force them, they retreated to their swamps, and from there 
 carried on a fierce predatory warfare for a year or two. The 
 Government was in need of soldiers and the Secretary of War 
 called on Missouri for one thousand mounted volunteers. This 
 of itself was a compliment to the State, for such a request was 
 made of no other State. They were enrolled from Boone, 
 Callaway, Howard, Jackson, Ray, Chariton and Marion, and 
 were soon on the march to Florida, under the gallant Colonel 
 Richard Gentry of Columbia. After a toilsome journey they 
 joined the regular army under General Zachary Taylor and took 
 part in a bloody battle with the Indians near 0-kee-chd-bee 
 Lake, where the whole force of the Seminoles had been gathered 
 under Tiger Tail, Alligator and other warriors. The soldiers 
 had to cross a miry swamp to reach the Indians and to stand 
 knee-deep in mud and water while the battle lasted. Nevertheless 
 these hardy volunteers, with Colonel Gentry in the lead, bravely 
 marched on and fought on till the Indians were routed. One 
 hundred and forty of them, mostly Missourians, were killed, 
 among them Colonel Gentry. This battle ended the war. Gen. 
 Taylor, in his report of it, did great injustice to the Missouri 
 volunteers, and spoke of them so sneeringly as to lead them to 
 think they had been slandered by him. The matter came up in 
 the Missouri Legislature, where, after a thorough investigation. 
 
78 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 resolutions of the highest praise of Colonel Gentry and the 
 volunteers were adopted. The President, through the Governor 
 of Missouri, was requested to have justice done in the matter, 
 but nothing came of this request. 
 
 MORMON TROUBLES. 
 
 89. The founder of Mormonism was Joseph Smith, an unedu- 
 cated, fanatical youth of New York, who regarded himself as the 
 ^'Revelator and Prophet" of a new faith, and claimed he was, by 
 divine appointment, to establish a kingdom as precursory of the 
 millennial reign of Christ on earth. He was born at Sharon, 
 Vermont, in 1805, and removed with his father to Palmyra, 
 New York, in 1815. Here he became within a few years much 
 impressed by religious revivals, but soon relapsed into his habits 
 of swearing and drunkenness. In 1823 he claimed an angel came 
 to him and revealed the place where plates containing inscrip- 
 tions of the early history of America could be found. These 
 plates the angel of the Lord delivered to him the next day at the 
 place mentioned in the dream. They were covered with Greek 
 and Hebrew characters, resembling hieroglyphics, and by the 
 aid of Oliver Cowdery, whom John the Baptist came to the earth 
 to ordain, he translated them into the ''Book of Mormon," as 
 a special revelation from Heaven. This book has been the 
 mythical source of the Mormon faith, and ever since the faithful 
 Mormon, or Latter Day Saint, often tells of his ''revelations." 
 The proof is pretty good now that it was written by an erratic 
 Presbyterian minister, as a part of a novel he had prepared on 
 
GOVERNOR BOGGS AND MORMON TROUBLES. 79 
 
 the ten lost tribes of Israel, and which he had submitted to the 
 publishers but never printed, but while there a copy was stolen 
 by a printer. 
 
 90. At Independence. — Smith made some converts in New 
 York. In 1831 he moved to Ohio, and the next year to Jackson 
 county, Missouri, found the ''Zion" of his prophecy at Inde- 
 pendence and named it the ''New Jerusalem." The ''Saints" 
 entered much land, owned all things in common, though most 
 of the titles were in the bishops, established the "Lord's Store- 
 house" at the New Jerusalem and started the "Evening Star," 
 the first newspaper published in that part of the State, in which 
 weekly appeared "revelations" promising wonderful things to 
 the faithful. They called all persons not Mormons, Gentiles, 
 and pronounced curses upon them, who tarred and feathered two 
 of their bishops and threw their printing press into the streets. 
 An encounter took place between the Mormons and Gentiles in 
 1833, near Westport, in which the latter were defeated, and two 
 .Gentiles and one Mormon were killed. Then the Mormons 
 determined to drive out the Gentiles from Independence, but the 
 latter were successful and compelled the Mormons to cross the 
 river into Clay, Carroll and chiefly Caldwell county. 
 
 91. Li Caldivell county the Mormons began another town and 
 called it "Far West," and Joe Smith promised it would soon 
 become one of the mighty cities of the world. Missionaries 
 canvassed the East for converts. They poured into the new 
 town rapidly. Settlements soon extended over four or five 
 counties. In 1837 they began work on the temple at Far West. 
 It was to be the most magnificent in the world. Five hundred 
 
80 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 men began work on it and in a half day excavated a cellar 120 
 by 80 feet and four feet deep. But it was never to be completed. 
 Many industrious, prosperous citizens had been drawn hither. 
 But their prosperity was to end also. Many thieves had also 
 come. They believed it was proper for them to steal from the 
 Gentiles. They, therefore, wandered through the country and 
 appropriated whatever they saw and desired. The county 
 officers being Mormons, no punishment was inflicted upon the 
 thieves. This condition appealed to the citizens of other parts 
 of the State for interference. 
 
 92. It iirst began at DeWitt on the Missouri river in Carroll 
 county. Here the Mormons had established a thriving settle- 
 ment. It was a good boat landing and the best port for Far 
 West trade. Colonel G. W. Hinkle was the principal man of 
 the town. A committee of citizens, led by Rev. Sarchel Woods, 
 notified him that at a large meeting in Carrollton it had been 
 determined to drive the Mormons from DeWitt. Hinkle drew 
 his sword and defiantly threatened death to all persons who 
 would interfere with the Saints. ''Put up your sword. Colonel," 
 said Mr. Woods. ''I am an old pioneer, have heard the Indians 
 yell, the wolves howl and the owls hoot; and am not alarmed at 
 such demonstrations." But Hinkle did not go, and toward the 
 last days of September, 1838, four or five hundred troops, under 
 General Congreve Jackson of Howard county, had bivouacked 
 near the town. The Mormons were reinforced also, and the 
 Gentiles were anxious for a fray. But Judge Earickson, of 
 Howard county also, interfered in the interest of amicable settle- 
 ment. The Mormons finally agreed to leave, to pay for all the 
 
GOVERNOR BOGGS AND MORMON TROUBLES. 81 
 
 cattle stolen, and the Gentiles were to pay first cost on their 
 lands. Men, women and children loaded their goods into 
 wagons and started a long, sad train for Far West. 
 
 93. Mormons expelled.— The indignation against the Mormons 
 had now become general. The people clamored for their expul- 
 sion from the State. Governor Boggs ordered out the militia to 
 put down the insurgents and enforce the laws. General John 
 B. Clark of Howard county was put in charge of the raw militia 
 and General A. W. Doniphan of the regular militia. A thousand 
 Mormons, commanded by Colonel Hinkle, were in arms. Clark 
 and Doniphan first met in the southwest part of Caldwell, David 
 Patten, or Captain ''Fear-Not," who led the "United Brothers 
 of Gideon," and who was here killed. Fifteen miles east of Far 
 West they met 125 Mormons under arms, and a skirmish ensued 
 in which eighteen of them were killed, some of them after they 
 had surrendered. Clark and Doniphan pressed on toward Far 
 West. The Mormon leaders agreed upon terms of surrender 
 without a battle. They were to deliver up their arms, surrender 
 their prominent leaders for trial, and all other Mormons should 
 leave the State. Much distress followed these terms of surrender 
 and the consequent removal. Many of the Mormons were poor. 
 Like most early settlers of Missouri they had put most of 
 their money in land. This they were required to part with for 
 almost nothing. Farms were traded for a horse, or a wagon 
 or a yoke of oxen. Most of their number, at that time about 
 4,000 in Caldwell count}^, went to Nauvoo, Illinois. Far West 
 is now a cornfield with only a few gravestones to mark its 
 former site. 
 
82 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 94o Among the leaders surrendered were Joseph Smith, Parley 
 P. Pratt, Col. Hinkle, Jacob Gibbs and others, about twenty in. 
 all. They were indicted for treason, arson, murder, robbery, 
 resisting legal process, etc. By change of venue their cases- 
 were taken to Boone county for trial. On the way Joseph Smith 
 escaped by bribing the guard. Pratt escaped from jail. Gibb& 
 and. the others were tried before Judge David Todd and acquitted. 
 General Doniphan was their lawyer. Joe Smith joined his 
 followers in Illinois. There, about 1842, he had another 
 ' 'revelation" authorizing polygamy. He, his brother and others- 
 were arrestecf and lodged in jail. Here a mob put them to death 
 in June, 1844, but not till the Prophet had fought with desperation 
 for his life, killing one man and wounding two others. After 
 his death the ''Council of Twelve Apostles" elected Brigham 
 Young to be his successor. The Mormons were soon driven 
 from Illinois to Utah, where they are still numerous and 
 powerful. 
 
 95. The part taken by Governor Boggs to drive out the 
 Mormons determined their leaders upon his assassination. He 
 lived at Independence, and to that place in 1841 came Peter 
 Rockwell, a Mormon, who hired as a common laborer under a 
 different name. After he had become acquainted he easily found 
 an opportunity for his desperate intention. Late one evening as 
 Boggs was leaning with his back to an open window, Rockwell 
 shot him in the head. The wound was a terrible one; three of 
 the balls lodged in his head and neck ; another passed through 
 and came out at the mouth. Nevertheless he recovered. Rock- 
 well was tried and acquitted. 
 
THE ADMINISTEA TION OF REYNOLDS AND MARMABUKE. 83 
 
 CHAPTER VI. 
 
 THE ADMINISTRATION OF REYNOLDS AND MARMADUKE. 
 
 96. The Presidential election of 184-0 was attended with deep 
 interest in Missouri, as in other States. The Whig candidate 
 was William Henry Harrison, who had set in operation the 
 powers of the United States government in this territory. He 
 was called the ''Log Cabin Candidate" and the contest was called 
 the "Log Cabin, Coon Skin, and Hard Cider Campaign." Great 
 assemblages were held throughout the State, addressed by the 
 most powerful orators of the day, among whom were many men 
 of great ability. At these ''log cabins, real coons and hard 
 cider were liberally displayed," and bands of music, banners 
 and great processions. Harrison was opposed by the Democratic 
 candidate, Martin Van Buren. 
 
 97. There ivas some dissatisfaction in Missouri with the 
 Democratic party, which had been in power in the federal 
 government for many years, because of the wide-spread financial 
 troubles of the few years before. These had grown out of the 
 wild speculations in lands and general recklessness in trade 
 which had seized upon the nation some years before, and these 
 financial panics were the natural results of the stringency and 
 reaction following these reckless speculations. But the Whig 
 
84 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 party saw a good opportunity to turn them to fine political 
 advantage and was not slow to do so. A few years before the 
 charter of tlie old United States Bank, which had been in 
 existence, with the exception of a few years, for forty years,- 
 expired. The Whigs strongly favored its re-charter, but were 
 defeated by the Democrats under the lead of President Jackson, 
 who had the national funds deposited in the various State banks. 
 In each State there was one central bank, with branches at other 
 commercial centers. In Missouri the principal bank was in 
 St. Louis, with branches at Fayette, and later on at other points. 
 This action on the part of Jackson preceded only about a year 
 the storm which swept over the financial world in 1837, although 
 the death blow to the bank had been given in 1832. The fate of 
 the bank had little or nothing to do with the distress, yet they 
 came close together and the Whig party made much out of the 
 coincidence. But the people of Missouri had, from their organi- 
 zation as a State, profited by the lessons learned in the financial 
 troubles of 1818, and had avoided in a great measure much of 
 this speculation. They had always believed in ''hard money,". 
 or gold and silver, and hence never were afflicted with the 
 ''wild-cat" paper currency which proved so injurious to tlie 
 prosperity of some States, except as they felt it in their foreign 
 trade. The Democratic party being then the special advocates 
 of "hard money," the majority of them up to this time had voted 
 with that party. 
 
 98. TJtc WIn'g.9 undertook to win tliem from their old faith, 
 and the campaign of 1840 was the most energetic of any ever 
 had in the State prior to the civil war if not up to tliis time. 
 
THE ADMINISTRATION OF REYNOLDS AND MARMADVKE. 85 
 
 They supplemented their national ticket in Missouri by adding 
 
 to it one of the most powerful stump-speakers ever in the State, 
 
 General John B. Clark of Howard county, as candidate for 
 
 Governor. Their principal doctrines were opposition to Jackson's 
 
 policy, and the liberal use of the State's and Government's money 
 
 in public improvements within 
 
 the State. But the Democrats 
 
 were also active. They regarded 
 
 President Jackson as the people's 
 
 friend and the doctrines he and 
 
 his followers so much emphasized 
 
 as the true principles of civil 
 
 government. In opposition to 
 
 Clark they nominated Thomas 
 
 Reynolds, also of Howard county, 
 
 and a man of solid worth, and 
 
 in spite of the active efforts of 
 
 the Whigs the Democrats again 
 
 carried the State, as they had 
 
 always done since the formation 
 
 of parties in the State, and as they have never failed to do 
 
 since when all men in the State were allowed the right to vote. 
 
 Thomas Reynolds was elected Governor, and Meredith M. 
 
 Marmaduke of Saline, Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 99. The Whigs at this election for the first time assumed 
 a distinct organization in Missouri. Before that, some Whigs 
 had been very prominent in politics, and had been elected to 
 important offices, but they were chosen often on account of their 
 
 ,^'1'^^ 
 
 JOHN B. CLARK. 
 
86 HISTOR Y OF MISSO UEI. 
 
 personal popularity and worth, rather than because of their 
 politics. But for the next twelve years the party made bold and 
 aggressive campaigns at every election, although it at no time 
 gained control of the State. Among its members were many of 
 the ablest and best men Missouri has ever had. They were also 
 its wealthiest, which fact contributed no little to their defeat at 
 the polls. The Whigs were often styled the ''aristocrats" of 
 Missouri by their political enemies, and this did its share in 
 preventing the party from gaining strong hold on the popular 
 heart. 
 
 100. Muster Day was a time of much interest to the people 
 of Missouri up to about 1840. In 1825 the Legislature had 
 enacted an elaborate law for organizing the militia. By it every 
 man over eighteen years old and under forty-five, except a few 
 specially exempt, were enrolled as State soldiers. The purpose 
 of the law was to prepare the State for Indian wars or any other 
 emergency that might arise. The militia were arranged in 
 divisions, brigades, regiments, battalions and companies. A 
 company consisted of sixty-four privates, each battalion of five 
 companies, each regiment of two battalions, each brigade of four 
 regiments, and a division of any number of brigades. Captains, 
 commanded companies, majors commanded battalions, colonels- 
 regiments, brigadier-generals brigades, and major-generals- 
 divisions. The Adjutant-General of the State was the chief 
 officer of the militia. Captains, majors and colonels were elected 
 by the vote of privates; generals, by the vote of under officers. 
 On the first Saturday of April every year, the citizens of each 
 township, or, if the population was sparse, of each county, came 
 
THE ADMINISTRATION OF REYNOLDS AND MARMADUKE. 87 
 
 together to be organized into companies and drilled for soldiers. 
 This was called ' 'Muster Day. " Then in May, the companies came 
 together and were organized into battalions, drilled and paraded 
 for several days. In October, drills were had by regiments and 
 brigades. All of these occasions were looked forward to by 
 the people with a great deal of interest and expectation. The 
 wealthy made display of gorgeous uniforms and splendid steeds, 
 and chivalric heroes were received with demonstrations of 
 popular favor. On Muster Day, nearly all the people from the 
 surrounding country witnessed the organization and drill of 
 the soldiers, and as a result it became a time when debts were 
 paid, loans made and much trading done. No other day in all 
 the year was so generally observed, and none did so much to get 
 the people acquainted with each other. It also did much toward 
 cultivating a pride in the State and her institutions. Offices in 
 the militia, though almost entirely without emolument, were as 
 eagerly sought after as any in the State. However, there were 
 some persons exempt from this service. They were any civil 
 officer, preachers, teachers, millers and students in school. 
 Ministers were at no time required to perform any kind of 
 military service, nor were the-y permitted to hold any civil office 
 till the new constitution was adopted in 1865. But under the 
 military law ministers could be chaplains, and to be chosen as 
 such was an honorable distinction. 
 
 101. Imprisonment for cleht. — The one action in Governor 
 Reynolds' life for which he will be most remembered, and in 
 which he most prided, was the repeal of all laws which permitted 
 imprisonment for debt. This was done b}^ the Legislature at its 
 
88 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 session in 1842-43. Up to this time when one proved in court 
 that another owed him a debt, however small or large, he could 
 have him imprisoned till it was paid. The laws in those times 
 were unduly hard on the debtor. They allowed him but few 
 things that a sheriff could not lay hold of and sell. If he had 
 been unfortunate and lost his property, he could retain not 
 over a hundred dollars worth for his family, and besides the 
 
 avaricious creditor could come 
 with an armed officer and take 
 him away to jail, and thereb}^ 
 deprive his wife and children of 
 the benefit of his toil. The worst 
 part about such a law was that 
 it was the cruel and avaricious 
 man, the one without mercy or 
 a danger of want, who oftenest 
 made use of it. It also worked 
 the greatest hardship on those 
 who needed the State's protection 
 most. This barbarous law, which 
 was once in force in most of the 
 early States, Governor Reynolds 
 determined to have repealed. He wrote the act himself and by 
 earnest and persistent endeavor pushed it through the Legislature. 
 It was one of the shortest laws ever enacted, and simply read, 
 ''Imprisonment for debt is hereby forever abolished." 
 
 102. In ISIfS died Dr. Letuis F. Linn, one of Missouri's 
 Senators in Congress. He was perhaps the most popular man 
 
 THOMAS REYNOLDS. 
 
THE ADMINISTRATION OF REYNOLDS AND MARMADUKE. 89 
 
 the State ever had. He was born in 1795, near Louisville, 
 Kentucky. In early life he began the study of medicine and 
 became by his own efforts a very skillful and successful 
 physician. In 1816 he moved to Ste. Genevieve, Missouri, and 
 though often tendered public 
 office steadfastly declined. His 
 chivalric conduct in caring for 
 the sick at the time of ' the 
 cholera scourge in 1833 made 
 him the idol of southeast Mis- 
 souri. During the pestilence 
 Alexander Buckner and his wife 
 of Cape Girardeau had died on 
 the same day. Buckner at the^ 
 time represented Missouri in the 
 national Senate, and numerous 
 petitions were sent Governor Dunklin to appoint Dr. Linn 
 to the vacancy, who himself was just recovering from an 
 attack of the cholera contracted while attending to others stricken 
 with the dreadful disease. The Governor did so and when the 
 Legislature met he was unanimously elected. He was re-elected 
 in 1836 and again in 1843, this time receiving 119 out of the 
 129 votes, and during the whole period carefully looked after 
 the interests of his State in that august body. Meetings were 
 held in almost every county of the State to pay proper tribute to 
 his name when he died, and the Legislature unanimously voted 
 to erect a suitable monument to his memory. The Legislatures 
 of Wisconsin and Iowa voted unanimously to wear mourning 
 
 LEWIS F. LINN. 
 
90 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 for him for thirty days, so highly did they appreciate his services 
 while in the Senate in behalf of their young States. David R. 
 Atchison of Platte county succeeded him in the Senate and served 
 till 1855. 
 
 103. Governor Reynolds, elected in 1840, was a man of 
 excellent ability. He was born in Kentucky, resided in Illinois 
 for a few years, where he was Supreme Judge of the State. In 
 1828 he moved to Missouri, was successively a member of the 
 General Assembly, Speaker of the House, Circuit Judge, and 
 Governor. While yet holding this last office, on February 9th, 
 1844, for the first time in his life, he asked a divine blessing 
 at his breakfast table, then went to a room in the Executive 
 
 Mansion, locked the door and 
 shot himself. For several months 
 he had been in poor health. It 
 was thought this and domestic 
 troubles had impaired his sanity. 
 He left a note in which he said 
 ''the abuse and slanders of his 
 enemies" had rendered his life 
 
 a burden to himself and prayed 
 God to "forgive them and teach 
 them more charity." Lieutenaijt- 
 Governor Marmaduke became the 
 Governor and served till the 20th 
 of the next November, being a 
 
 man of eminently respectable talents, and making a wise and 
 
 safe ruler. 
 
 M. M. MARMADUKE. 
 
THE ADMINISTRATION OF REYNOLDS AND MARMADUKE. 91 
 
 104. The election of 184-4- has some interests beyond ordinary 
 elections. Congress, at a previous session, had given instruction 
 for the division of the State into Congressional districts. By the 
 census of 1840, Missouri had, because of the great increase of 
 her population, become entitled to five Representatives in 
 Congress instead of two as was the case from 1830 to 1840. Up 
 to this time the State had never been divided into Congressional 
 districts, nor was it now. The Legislature would not acknowledge 
 the authority of Congress in the matter and refused to district 
 the State. This action created some feeling in political affairs, 
 and the Whigs, professing to believe the election of Congressmen 
 on a general ticket in this wise would be illegal, refused to 
 nominate candidates, and let the election go by default. The 
 Democrats, left free from the opposition of a common rival, 
 disagreed among themselves. One faction, which wished for 
 stable silver and gold (hard) money and also desired the return 
 of Thomas H. Benton to the Senate, became known as ''Hards," 
 and nominated John C. Edwards of Cole county for Governor, 
 and James Young of Lafayette for Lieutenant-Governor, and 
 placed on the same ticket five candidates for Congress. The 
 ''Softs" desired a liberal issue of paper money and were opposed 
 to the return of Mr. Benton to the Senate, his long dominant 
 infiuence in the State having become irksome to them. They 
 did not nominate a candidate for Governor, but supported 
 Charles H. Allen, an Independent candidate, who was also 
 supported by the Whigs. Edwards was elected by a majority 
 of 5,600 votes, and was inaugurated November 20th, 1844. At 
 this election John S. Phelps and Sterling Price were elected to 
 
92 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Congress — men destined to become very prominent in State 
 affairs for the next thirty years. 
 
 CHAPTER VII, 
 
 THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF GOVERNORS EDWARDS AND KING. 
 
 105. John Cummings Edwards, the ninth Governor of 
 Missouri, was born in Kentucky in 1806, but was reared 
 in Rutherford county, Tennessee, and received a classical 
 
 education. He was licensed to 
 practice law in Tennessee, and 
 came to. Missouri in 1828. In 
 1830, he was appointed Secretary 
 
 i 
 
 of State by Governor Miller, and 
 held the office till 1837, and then 
 was a member of the Legislature 
 for one term, in the meantime 
 giving special attention to his 
 farm of which he was very 
 fond. In 1840, he was elected 
 to Congress and in 1844 he 
 became Governor and served till 
 
 the 27th of December, 1848. The following May he left Missouri 
 
 for California, where he died in 1888. 
 
 JOHN C. EDWARDS. 
 
THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF EDWARDS AND KING. 93 
 
 106. Attempts at a new constitution. In 1845 sixty-six 
 delegates were chosen to a convention, provided for by the 
 Legislature, to frame a new constitution for the State. They 
 were the strongest and best the State afforded, and were chosen, 
 in many cases, without any regard for their politics. The 
 instrument was drawn up, and voted on at the next election, in 
 1846. A majority of the votes outside of St. Louis were for it, 
 but in that city so great was the opposition, that it was defeated 
 by 9,000 votes on the entire count. This was largely due to one 
 newspaper, ''The New Era," edited by William Campbell, one 
 of the brightest men in the State, who opposed the new constitu- 
 tion on the ground that it provided that judges of the Supreme 
 and Circuit courts should be elected by the people instead of 
 appointed by the Governor, as the law then required. He 
 brought to bear the whole power of his powerful writing against 
 this change, and succeeded in defeating the new constitution. 
 But at the very next session of the Legislature the old con- 
 stitution was amended, the change providing for an elective 
 judiciary, and this amendment being ratified at the following 
 session it became the law, and thereafter judges were elected by 
 the people. 
 
 107. The Annexation of Texas and the acquirement of New 
 Mexico are a part of the history of Missouri. The United States 
 had once a shadowy title to Texas. Under Preside^ Monroe it 
 was traded to Spain for the Floridas. The policy of the nation, 
 it mattered not which party was in power, was from that time 
 on to regain it. But from the time Spain acquired it there 
 had been a constant stream of emigrants thither from Missouri. 
 
94 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 Hence the people of this State were closely connected with those 
 of Texas by ties of blood. ''It is probably within bounds to 
 assert that between 1822 and 1836 there were few prominent 
 Missouri families that were not at some time represented in the 
 life of Texas." In 1835 Texas won her independence from 
 Mexico in a predatory war known as the "Texas Rebellion," and 
 was largely assisted by Missourians who could not ignore her 
 cry for help, although all the assistance given was by private 
 -citizens, who gave their aid on their own responsibility and not 
 from any authority or consent of the State or nation. But soon 
 after winning her independence Texas desired to become a State. 
 This was at first stoutl}^ opposed, but in 1844 her admission 
 was made the principal issue in the Presidential campaign. 
 Missouri's interest in the matter was yet strong. She was in 
 favor of the admission of Texas, and so cast her vote against 
 Henry Clay, the most popular candidate the oj^position could 
 bring forward, and always a favorite in Missouri. The nation 
 as well declared for her admission, and the matter having been 
 settled by the popular voice, Texas was admitted into the Union 
 in 1845. Mexico had prior thereto warned the United States 
 that such admission would cause her to declare war. Accord- 
 ingly on April 24th, 1846, the Mexican commander on the 
 Texas border notified General Zachary Taylor that he considered 
 hostilities to have begun, and a few days afterwards Congress 
 declared "war existed by the act of Mexico." 
 
 108. Many Missourians took part in the Mexican war. A few 
 hundred of them joined the regular army under Taylor and Scott 
 and shared in the honor of capturing the city of Mexico. But so 
 
THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF EDWARDS AND KING. . 
 
 95 
 
 far as the United States was concerned this was by no means as- 
 important as the subjugation and acquirement of New Mexico, 
 which was done ahnost entirely by Missouri vohmteers. In the 
 middle of May, 1846, Governor Edwards called for volunteers to 
 join the ''Army of the West." Thirteen hundred and fifty-eight 
 men assembled at Fort Leaven- 
 worth from the counties of 
 Jackson, Lafayette, Saline, 
 Clay, Franklin, Cole, Howard, 
 and Callaway. A. W. Doni- 
 phan of Clay was elected 
 colonel, and because of his 
 prudent wisdom and energy 
 in the campaign, it has usually 
 been called ''Doniphan's Ex- /^ 
 pedition." They were joined 
 there by 300 regulars from the 
 United States Army, with 16 
 pieces of artillery, and the 
 whole force was placed under the command of General Kearney,, 
 also a citizen of Missouri. In June they set out over the plains 
 for Santa Fe, 900 miles distant and reached it in less than fifty 
 days, having traveled through an uninhabited country and 
 suffered much for water, yet with little loss in men or animals. 
 109. Upo7i their approach, the Mexican governor abandoned 
 the place as a result of a bribe, and so the Americans took 
 possession "without firing a gun or shedding a drop of blood." 
 Santa Fe was then the center of the overland trade with Missouri 
 
 ALEXANDER W. DONIPHAN. 
 
96 • IIISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 and the distributing point of all trade of northern Mexico. It was 
 the political capital of the country north of the Rio Grande, 
 which hitherto had resisted all attempts at conquest by Texas. 
 The next day after its capture, General Kearney issued a 
 proclamation by which he absolved the people from all allegiance 
 to Mexican authority, and by ''one stroke of the pen transformed 
 them into citizens of the United States." This proclamation was 
 not acknowledged by the President, but he virtually connived at 
 it, and it was upheld by the sword for two years and then ratified 
 by the treaty of 1848, which ended the Mexican war. General 
 Kearne}^ with characteristic energy and aggressiveness, caused 
 a constitution and code of laws to be prepared by Doniphan and 
 Willard P. Hall, both lawyers, which changed New Mexico in 
 name and fact from a province of Mexico into a Territory of the 
 United States. He appointed Charles Bent Governor and F. P. 
 Blair, Jr., Attorney-General. Both were Missourians. He then 
 set out for the Pacific coast to bring California under like 
 subjugation, leaving Colonel Doniphan in command. The day 
 after his departure Colonel Sterling Price arrived at Santa Fe. 
 He had resigned his seat in Congress and taken the lead of a 
 large force of men who had collected in companies of one each 
 from the counties of Boone, Benton, Carroll, Chariton, Linn, 
 Livingston, Monroe, Randolph, Ste. Genevieve and St. Louis, 
 and marched to join the ''Army of the West." 
 
 110. Leaving Price in charge of (lie troops at Santa Fe, and 
 having in a short time put down a considerable uprising of the 
 Navajo (pro. Nav-a-ho) Indians, who had long been in hostilities 
 with the people of New Mexico, Doniphan started to Chihauhau 
 
THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF EDWARDS AND KING. 97 
 
 (Slie-waw-waw) 900 miles distant, to join General Wool. A 
 sandy desert, without wood or water, had to be crossed. In 
 three days this was done and the army had running water. 
 They arrived on Christmas day at a little place called Bracito 
 ( Bra-se-to ) . Here they halted and began to collect feed for their 
 horses and water and fuel. Suddenly a superior force of 
 Mexicans darted upon them in full fire. The Missourians 
 quickly formed on foot, held their fire till the Mexicans came 
 within easy range of their guns and after a half hour's fighting 
 drove them from the field, "leaving sixty-three dead and one 
 hundred and fifty wounded." 
 
 111. Capture of Chihauhmi. — Two days later Doniphan 
 reached El Paso and learned Wool had not taken Chihauhau nor 
 moved toward it. After waiting till the 8th of February for the 
 arrival of some artillery from Santa Fe under Captain Weightman, 
 he set out again. In three weeks he was within fifteen miles of 
 Chihauhau, 225 miles from El Paso, with 924 effective men and 
 a caravan of 300 traders' wagons which had followed him all the 
 way for protection and trade with the Mexicans. Here Doniphan 
 learned ''the enemy was strongh^ posted on high ground, fortified 
 by entrenchments and well supplied with artillery," consisting 
 of ''about 4,000 men, of whom some 1,500 were rancheros 
 badly armed with lassos, lances and corn-knives." Despite 
 their superior numbers he determined to attack them. He 
 advanced with seven dismounted companies and three mounted. 
 A charge of these with the aid of two twelve-pound cannon 
 decided the battle. The Mexicans fled. Three hundred of them 
 were killed, three hundred wounded and forty prisoners. The 
 
98 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 Missourians' loss was one killed and eleven wounded. The 
 Missourians now started for the mouth of the Rio Grande, which 
 they reached the 9th of June, 1847, and the next da}^ embarked 
 for New Orleans and for home. 
 
 112. After leaving Chihaukau only one incident need be 
 mentioned. This is a pleasing and novel episode. The Mexican 
 people of Parras had shown great kindness to the sick of Wool's 
 army. After he left they had been plundered and threatened 
 by a marauding band of Indians. Although Mexicans they 
 appealed to Doniphan for help, who detached Captain Reid 
 and thirty-five men for the purpose. They severely punished 
 the Indians and recaptured and returned to their parents 
 eighteen Mexican boys and girls. This shows how willing these 
 Missouri boys were to do an act of humanity to even an enemy 
 in distress. 
 
 113. This was the end of " Doniphan^ s Expedition.' ' He had 
 traveled 3,000 miles from Fort Leavenworth to the mouth of the 
 Rio Grande in nine months, with a loss all told of less than 
 fifty men, and had prepared the way for the acquirement by the 
 United States of New Mexico, a tract twice as large as Missouri. 
 
 114. We must return to Santa Fe to note what had been going 
 on there. There was a * 'deadly hostility'' toward the Americans; 
 an intrigue was formed, and at an uprising of Mexicans on the 
 19th of January, 1847, Governor Bent had been killed while 
 on a visit to his family at Taos, seventy miles from Santa Fe. 
 Colonel Price set out at once with 350 men and met the Mexicans 
 at Canada, New Mexico. After a short skirmish the Mexicans 
 were driven from their position. They left behind thirty-six 
 
THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF EDWARDS AND KING. 99 
 
 dead on the field. Price's loss was two killed and seven 
 wounded. Price followed on. He was joined by Captain 
 Burgwin with one company, which swelled his number to four 
 hundred and eighty. Tlie enemy had taken refuge in a pueblo 
 near San Fernando de Taos. This place was enclosed with 
 strong walls and pickets. In it were two pyramid-shaped 
 buildings, seven or eight stories high, and built of sun-dried 
 brick. Their walls were thick and pierced for rifles. Here the 
 Mexicans successfully defended themselves for two days. Price's 
 cannon could not make a breach in the stubborn walls of these 
 buildings. He therefore ordered that they be stormed on all 
 sides at once. The soldiers cut their way through the walls with 
 axes, and then brought up their six-pound cannon, by which 
 the ''holes were widened into a practicable breach." The 
 buildings were carried without further resistance and the siege 
 was ended, with 150 Mexicans killed out of six or seven hundred, 
 and seven of the Missourians killed and forty-five wounded, 
 many of whom died. Fifteen of the prisoners were hanged for 
 treason. 
 
 115. Thus ended the revolt. But it began again in a few 
 months. It had all the time been carried on by small bands of 
 marauders, red and white, who robbed passing trading wagons. 
 Soon came the report that a large hostile force was approaching 
 from the South. Price called for additional troops. He was 
 soon at the head of 3,000, nearly all of whom were from 
 Missouri. With this number he found no difficulty in 
 maintaining order and the position he had won. The people 
 of New Mexico in a short time submitted to the situation, and 
 
100 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 the treaty of 1848 ending the Mexican war gave sanction to 
 what had been done by Kearney, Doniphan and Price, and 
 acknowledged that New Mexico had for some time been territory 
 of the United States. 
 
 116. In 18J/.8 Austin A. King, of Ray county, was put 
 forward by the Democrats for Goyernor, and James S. Rollins, 
 of Boone, by the Whigs. The Democrats had steadily gained 
 in numbers during the past four years, and although Rollins 
 
 was one of the most popular and 
 gifted men in the State, King 
 was elected by 15,000 majority 
 out of a total yote of 83,000. 
 Thomas L. Price, a Benton Dem- 
 ocrat from Cole county, was 
 elected Lieutenant - Goyernor. 
 With few exceptions the Goy- 
 ernors of Missouri haye been men 
 of ability, learning and integrity, 
 and Austin A. King may be 
 regarded as the equal of almost 
 any of them. He was moreoyer 
 an eminently practical man, of 
 fine habits and free from those 
 vices which sometimes beset public men. He was born in 
 Tennessee in 1801, a son of an old Reyolutionary family, and 
 received a good education for his day. He became a learned 
 lawyer, and came to Missouri, first settling in Boone county, 
 and served one term in the Legislature from there. In 1837 he 
 
 !/ 
 
 AUSTIN A. KING. 
 
THE ADMINISTRATIONS OF EDWARDS AND KING. 101 
 
 moved to Ray county and was appointed Circuit Judge, and 
 served in that capacity till elected Governor. When the war 
 came on he earnestly, and even bitterly, denounced the secession 
 movement, and was elected by the Union party to Congress in 
 1862 and served two years. He died in 1870. 
 
 117. A destructive fire occurred in May, 1849, among the 
 boats of St. Louis. The steamer *' White Cloud" took fire. 
 Twenty-three other boats were soon in fiames. The line of 
 conflagration was a mile long. The fire spread to the city and 
 whole blocks were burnt. All the buildings on Front street, 
 from Locust to Market, were swept away. Three million dollars 
 was the value of the property destroyed. 
 
 118. The Iowa Line. — In 1849 the Supreme Court of the 
 United States settled the long and sore contest between Iowa 
 and Missouri as to which should own a strip of land twenty 
 miles wide lying between the undisputed territory of each. 
 Missouri claimed the northern border should be a parallel of 
 latitude which passed through the rapids of the river Des 
 Moines, and Iowa claimed it should be a line which passed 
 through the rapids of the Mississippi twenty miles further south. 
 From 1837 the inhabitants of this strip had voted at Missouri 
 elections. But in 1845 a Missouri sheriff, acting under the 
 order of a Missouri court, had arrested some criminals on this 
 strip, and was himself arrested and convicted by an Iowa 
 Territorial court on the ground that he was exercising authority 
 on Iowa territory. The contention at once took a serious face, 
 and was made the subject of many fiery speeches in the 
 campaigns for several years. Unfriendly and revengeful feelings 
 
102 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 began to grow between the people of Missouri and Iowa. The 
 matter was quietly and peaceably settled, however, by the United 
 States Supreme Court, and thus the importance of having such 
 a body to settle disputes between the States was shown 
 
 119. The Indian border line was adopted as the proper dividing 
 line between the two States. It ran almost in the middle of the 
 twenty-mile strip. It had been established in 1816, by John 
 Sullivan, as the northern boundary of Missouri. Sullivan 
 was a United States surveyor, appointed for the purpose of 
 establishing this line. The mistake made in running it was one 
 cause of the trouble, and that mistake has never been corrected 
 and still remains. He began on a meridian one hundred miles, 
 north of Kansas City, and, instead of running due east, varied 
 to the north, and at the river Des Moines had varied four miles- 
 in that direction. But the United States had by no less than 
 sixteen treaties with the Indians recognized the line he ran as 
 the border of Missouri. Missouri had so regarded it up to 1837,. 
 and the court now held that it should forever be the dividing 
 line between the two States. It is perpetually marked by iron 
 and stone posts four feet six inches long, squaring twelve inches- 
 at the bottom and eight at the top, and set deep in the ground 
 every ten miles along the entire border. On the north side of 
 three of these iron posts is the word ''Iowa" and on the south 
 side the word ''Missouri." By this decision Missouri lost a 
 strip of land ten miles wide on the east and fourteen on the 
 west; and Iowa lost the rest of the twenty-mile strip. 
 
BENTON AND THE J A CKSON RESOL UTIONS. 103 
 
 CHAPTER VIII. 
 BENTON AND THE JACKSON RESOLUTIONS. 
 
 120. The slavery question again stirred the State. It grew out 
 of the acquisition, by the nation, of California and New Mexico. 
 All of the last and part of the first lay south of parallel thirty-six 
 degrees and thirty minutes, agreed upon by Congress as the line 
 north of which slavery was not to exist. But African slavery 
 had never existed in New Mexico. When it therefore became 
 territory of the United States, the North contended that slavery 
 must not be introduced there. It was the desire of the South 
 that it should. A large portion of the people of Missouri held 
 that the proper way to settle the matter was for Congress not 
 to interfere at all, but to let the inhabitants of the territory 
 determine for themselves whether they wished slavery or not 
 within their bounds. By way of giving expression to this view 
 a series of propositions known as the ^'Jackson Resolutions" 
 were passed -by the Legislature in January, 1849. They were 
 so called because Claiborne F. Jackson of Howard county, 
 afterwards Governor of the State, was chairman of the committee 
 Avhich reported them to the Senate, though they were written, 
 it is said, by Judge W. B. Napton, a member of the Supreme 
 Court from the county of Saline. 
 
 121. The Jackson Resolutions were passed by a vote of about 
 twenty-four to seven in the Senate and sixtv to twenty-two in the 
 
104 HISTOB Y OF IflSSO URL 
 
 House, the Democrats generally voting for them and the Whigs 
 against. The resolutions were six in number. Only the salient 
 points of each are here given. The first contended that the 
 Constitution gave Congress no power to legislate on the subject 
 of slavery; the second, that the territories ought to be governed 
 for the benefit of the people of all the States and that under 
 the Constitution no laws could exclude the citizens of any part 
 of the Union from moving to such territories with their 
 property; the third, that the General Assembly regarded the 
 conduct of the Northern States as releasing the slave-holding 
 States from all further adherence to the Missouri Compromise, 
 but, for the sake of harmony and the preservation of the 
 Federal Union, they would agree to the application of the 
 principles of that compromise to these territories; the fourth, 
 that the right to prohibit slavery in any Territory belongs 
 exclusively to the people thereof; the fifth, that if Congress 
 passed any act in conflict with these principles, Missouri will 
 cooperate with ^'the slave - holding States for our mutual 
 protection against the encroachments of northern fanaticism." 
 The sixth resolution instructed Messrs. Benton and Atchison, 
 Missouri's United States Senators, to act in conformity with these 
 resolutions. Atchison did so, but Benton refused, and appealed 
 to the people for indorsement. He claimed slavery was an 
 ''incurable evil" and therefore it ought not be extended. 
 
 122. The claim luas admitted by many of the men who voted 
 for the resolutions, but they yet held that the people of the 
 territory ought to determine for themselves whether slavery 
 should exist in their midst ; that it was not a question whether 
 
BENTON AND THE JACKSON RESOLUTIONS. 105 
 
 slavery was right or wrong, but of non-interference by 
 Congress. They said the people of the slave-holding States had 
 a right, under the Constitution which guaranteed freedom of 
 commerce between the States, to go into any of the Territories 
 they had helped to acquire, taking their slave property with 
 them if they so desired, upon the same footing as that upon 
 which people of the North were permitted to move into the same 
 Territory with their horses or other personal property. It was 
 by no means certain that all the Territories would desire to become 
 slave States. Some would not. Mr. Benton had always been 
 quietly opposed to slavery, but he could have accepted this view 
 of non-interference without surrendering his convictions in regard 
 to it. It was afterwards, in 1857, accepted by the Supreme 
 Court of the United States, the final authority on all such 
 questions. 
 
 123. But Mr. Benton ivas not a man of Compromises. He 
 welcomed friction, and gloried in the prospect of overcoming 
 his enemies. He was possessed with superb courage, physical 
 and moral, and an imperious will. He ignored and brushed 
 aside the views of the supporters of the Jackson Resolutions. 
 He had no conciliation to make. He had always been ardently 
 devoted to the Union. In this ardor and his own imperious 
 domination, he mistook the views and purposes of those of his 
 own party who differed from him. He had been a devoted 
 follower of Andrew Jackson, and gave great support to that 
 man of iron in his endeavors to humiliate, break down, and 
 punish Mr. Calhoun, against whom Jackson had a deep personal 
 grievance. Benton could see nothing in the Jackson Resolutions 
 
106 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 but a reiteration of Calhoun's nullification doctrines. He thought 
 they meant disunion and secession. Perhaps he was honest in 
 this view. His ardor for the Union and his devotion to Andrew 
 
 / J 
 
 THOMAS II. BENTON. 
 
 Jackson and his dislike for Calhoun perhaps led him to enlarge 
 their import and grounded him in his belief. Yet the friends 
 of the Resolutions did not so regard them. Many of those who 
 strongly supported them, were a few years later loyal supporters 
 
BENTON AND THE JACKSON RESOLUTIONS. 107 
 
 of the Union cause. Benton had given the Resolutions a 
 meaning which few or none of those voting for them believed 
 was the proper inference. He appealed to the people to stand 
 to his interpretation. He made a tremendous struggle to be 
 sustained, and spoke with incisive invective against his 
 opponents in every part of the State. Strong men of the 
 Democratic party opposed him. The Whigs took no j^art in the 
 contest. 
 
 124. When tJie General Assembly met Benton ivas defeated, the 
 opposing Democrats voting with the Whigs and thus elected 
 Henry S. Geyer of St. Louis to the United States Senate. Mr. 
 Benton had been the political leader and autocrat of the State 
 for thirty years. But from this time on his power was broken. 
 He represented St. Louis one term in Congress from 1852-54, 
 but was then defeated by Luther M. Kennett, a Know-nothing. 
 In 1856 he was an unsuccessful candidate for Governor on his 
 own personal strength as an independent candidate, but was 
 defeated. Had he not tried to make the Jackson Resolutions 
 mean something which the great body of the people did not 
 intend them to mean, he might have held his seat in the Senate 
 till his death. After his defeat the Democratic party committed 
 itself to non-interference by Congress in questions of slavery 
 in new territories, and there was political peace for a few years 
 till the breaking out of fresh trouble in Kansas. 
 
 125. Henry S. Geyer, who succeeded Mr. Benton in the 
 Senate, was born in Maryland, came to Missouri about 1815, 
 was a member of the Convention in 1820 which framed the 
 Constitution, w^as a member of the Legislature for several terms, 
 
108 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 and Speaker of the House for the first five years after the 
 admission of Missouri into the Union. No man of the earh^ 
 days did more to systematize Missouri's Laws. He was regarded 
 as the ablest hiwyer of the State prior to the Civil War, and in 
 
 his practice before the United 
 States Supreme Court came in 
 contact with Daniel Webster, 
 Reverdy Johnson, and other men 
 of great fame and was a match 
 for any of them. He made an 
 argument and won the decision in 
 the famous Dred Scott case, which 
 attracted attention throughout half 
 the enlightened world. But as a 
 statesman he was a great disap- 
 pointment. He made no brilliant 
 record in the Senate, and this 
 became all the more apparent from 
 the fact that he was the only 
 avowed Whig ever elected to that body from Missouri. He 
 died in 1859 at the age of sixty-one. 
 
 126. Internal improvements. In the meantime the State had, 
 for the first time since its organization, committed itself to a 
 liberal policy of internal improvements. As early as 1836 
 charters had been granted to private companies to construct 
 better wagon roads. Commercial centers had sprung up far 
 from the navigable rivers. Freighting to them had been done 
 almost exclusively by ox- wagons. Plank or macadam roads 
 
 HENRY S. GEYER. 
 
BENTON AND THE JACKSON RESOLUTIONS. 109 
 
 were now constructed. This gradually called into use wagons 
 and other vehicles drawn by horses. No State aid had been 
 given to any of these improvements. But in 1849 the General 
 Assembly — the same one which passed the Jackson Resolutions — 
 found the State out of debt and her revenue largely increasing, 
 and a popular demand for State aid to railroads. In February 
 the construction of the Missouri Pacific railway from St. Louis 
 to the western border of the State was authorized. The survey 
 was soon made, and construction began in July 1850. Other 
 railroads were then rapidly projected. 
 
 127. The doors of the public treasury had been opened to 
 the Missouri Pacific. Other roads claimed an equal right 
 to favoritism. There was no stopping place now. In quick 
 succession aid was given to the St. Louis and San Francisco 
 (the ''Frisco"), the Iron Mountain, the Wabash, the Hannibal 
 and St. Joseph, and other railroads. In eight years these roads 
 received from the State its bonds to the amount of twenty-three 
 million dollars, which they were allowed to sell for cash, but 
 the interest of which the roads agreed to pay. In this most of 
 them failed, and hence the State had to pay the interest. Besides 
 this immense sum of about twenty million dollars, the debt was 
 in a few years atigmented by the great debt caused by the civil 
 war. But for most of the war debt the State was^ reimbursed by 
 the United States government. In 1865 the entire debt was 
 thirty-six millions. In 1872, the first year all the citizens were 
 again allowed to vote, it amounted to over twenty-one millions, 
 and in 1891 to over ten millions. 
 
1 10 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 CHAPTER IX. 
 
 FROM IS 52 TO 1861. 
 
 128. At the election of 1852 Sterling Price of Chariton county 
 was put forward by the Democratic party for Governor. The 
 Whigs nominated James Winston of Benton county, who was 
 a grandson of the great Patrick Henry, and a man of many 
 marked characteristics. He was a natural orator and dis- 
 tinguished for his brilliant conversations, but was awkward 
 and clumsy. He was a great walker and made his canvass of 
 the State on foot. He was the best natured of men, and did not 
 give himself a moment's concern when the returns announced 
 that Price had been elected by a majority of nearly 14,000 
 votes. Wilson Brown of Cape Girardeau was elected Lieutenant- 
 Governor. The new Governor was inaugurated the first Tuesday 
 in January 1853, and the Legislature for many weeks was 
 stirred by animated discussions of the famous Jackson Resolu- 
 tions which had been passed by the previous session of the 
 General Assembly. 
 
 129. Sterling Price was born in Virginia in' 1809, educated 
 at Hampden-Sidney college, and came to Missouri with his 
 father in 1831, first settling at Fayette, and two years later 
 at Keytesville in Chariton county, where he engaged in 
 merchandising and keeping hotel for two years, and then 
 settled on a large farm six miles south, and engaged in 
 agricultural pursuits till 1861. In 1840 he was elected to the 
 
FBOM 1832 TO 1861. 
 
 Ill 
 
 Legislature and was chosen Speaker, and in 1842 was re-elected 
 to both positions. In 1845 he was elected to Congress. When 
 the Mexican war broke out he resigned and was commissioned 
 
 GEN. STERLING PRICE. 
 
 by President Polk to raise and command a regiment, and 
 before the war closed rose to the rank of Brigadier-General. 
 In 1852 he was elected Governor as an anti-Benton Democrat^ 
 
112 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 and made the State a faithful, safe and wise chief magistrate. 
 During his term he urged the Legislature to pass a law increasing 
 the salary of the Governor, for the benefit of his successor. The 
 Legislature provided for the increase to begin at once. Governor 
 Price refused to accept the additional salary, and it was never 
 afterwards claimed by him. In 1860 he supported Stephen A. 
 Douglas for the Presidency, and was elected to the convention 
 wdiich declared Missouri would not secede and was m^de its 
 chairman. After the capture of Camp Jackson by the Union 
 troops, he accepted from Governor Jackson the appointment 
 of Major-General of the State troops, and in May 1862 joined 
 the Confederacy and fought for it till it was vanquished. The 
 brilliant qualities which he exhibited in so many ways during 
 that war so endeared him to the people of the South, that with 
 the exception of Lee and Jackson, no man among all their 
 cherished heroes is remembered with more ardent and sincere 
 affection. After the war he returned to St. Louis and engaged 
 in the business of a commission merchant, and died there in 
 1867. 
 
 130. The Gasconade railroad disaster occurred on November 
 1st, 1855. The Missouri Pacific Railroad, the first built within 
 the State, had been completed from St. Louis to Jefferson City, 
 and it was proposed to celebrate the occasion by a noted 
 excursion to the State capital. The train consisted of nine 
 crowded cars, and some of the most prominent men in the State 
 were on board. The bridge across the Gasconade river had 
 been completed with the exception of one span. In place of 
 this strong temporary scaffolding had been erected, and the 
 
FBOM IS 52 TO 1862. 
 
 113 
 
 inspectors pronounced it strong enough to carry the train across 
 in safety. That was a sad mistake. In the midst of a great 
 storm, while the thunders pealed and the lightnings flashed, it 
 gave way under the Aveight of the engine, several cars went 
 down, forty-three persons were killed outright, and a much 
 larger number badly wounded. 
 
 131. At the election in 1856 the Democratic candidate for 
 Governor was Trusten Polk of St. Louis. Robert C. Ewing 
 was the American candidate and Thomas H. Benton was 
 an independent candidate. Polk 
 was elected. He received 47,000 
 votes, Ewing 40,500, and Benton 
 27,600. The election of United 
 States Senator enlisted more 
 than ordinary interest. Two years 
 before the Legislature had bal- 
 loted for days, trying to elect a 
 successor to David R. Atchison. 
 It had failed to do so and for two 
 years Missouri had only one 
 Senator, Henry S. Geyer. But in 
 1857 James S. Green was elected 
 to serve till 1861, and Trusten 
 Polk to serve till 1863. Polk 
 within a few months resigned as Governor, and Hancock 
 Jackson, the Lieutenant - Governor, served till the special 
 election in August, when Robert M. Stewart was chosen over 
 James S. Rollins. 
 
 DAVID R. ATCHISON. 
 
114 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 132. Trustcn Polh was born in Delaware in 1811, graduated 
 at Yale College in 1831, and came to Missouri in 1835, settling 
 in St. Louis, where he took the highest rank as a lawyer 
 and citizen. No man in the State was more popular with 
 the young members of the bar, none more respected by the 
 
 people. He was a man of the 
 cleanest habits, of great candor 
 and sincerity. In 1843 he was 
 city Counselor of St. Louis and 
 in 1856 was elected Governor, 
 and within a few months to the 
 United States Senate. He made 
 a useful Senator, being very 
 attentive to the interests of his 
 constituents. Early in the war 
 
 he was expelled from the Senate 
 
 * 
 
 by the Republican members on 
 a charge of disloyalty. He died 
 in St. Louis in 1876. His 
 public services after * the war 
 
 were given to his church and to upbuilding the educational 
 
 interests of the State. 
 
 133. James S. Green was born in Virginia, in 1817, and 
 was educated at the common-field schools of that State. He 
 came to Missouri in 1837, settled in Lewis county, and a few 
 years later was admitted to the bar. He was a member of the 
 constitutional convention of 1845, and at once measured arms 
 with the ablest members in forensic debate. In 1846 and 1848 
 
 TRUSTEN POLK. 
 
FEOM 1852 TO 1861. 
 
 115 
 
 he was elected to Congress, and again in 1856, but before 
 lie took his seat was chosen United States Senator by the 
 Legislature. He was a strong 
 believer in State - rights, and 
 his arraignment of Benton before 
 the people of Missouri in 1849, 
 when but thirty-two years of 
 age, was one of the most ag- 
 gressive and most successful 
 warfares in political annals. He 
 was a very strong debater. In 
 the Senate he had peers but no 
 master. He was the one man 
 of all the members of that body 
 that Stephen A. Douglas most 
 disliked to meet. He was ex- 
 pelled from the Senate early in 1861 for secession utterances. 
 This ended his public career. 
 
 134. James S. Rollins was born in 1812. His ancestry 
 was of Irish and Virginia stock. His father was a man of 
 wealth, and he received a thorough classical education. To 
 him is largely due the educational system of Missouri. He is 
 properly called the Father of the State University, and his 
 efforts aided the public school system and secured the normal 
 schools, the agricultural college, the school of mines, and two 
 of the lunatic asjdums. He did much also toward building 
 up the great railroad systems in the State. He came to Missouri 
 in 1830 and spent a year on his father's farm, who had settled 
 
 JAMES S. GREEN. 
 
116 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 near Columbia, which place was Mr. Rollins' home till his 
 death. He became a lawyer and practiced with distinction. He 
 became a member of the Legislature at the age of twenty-six, 
 
 JAMES S. ROLLINS. 
 
 as a Whig. He was again elected in 1840, 1846, 1854, 1866 and 
 1868, at least half of the time as a member of the Senate. The 
 first bill he ever wrote was one providing for the establishment 
 of the University, and the first speech he made in the Capitol 
 
FBOM 1852 TO 1861. 117 
 
 was in support of this bill. It became a law in 1838. In 1848 
 he was the Whig nominee for Governor against Austin King, and 
 made a splendid canvass of the State in which he pleaded for 
 general public education and internal improvements, and was 
 defeated by 15,000 majority for King. He was again Whig 
 candidate for Governor in 1857, against Robert M. Stewart, 
 when there were no other officers to be elected, this election 
 beino' to fill a vacancv caused bv the resignation of Governor 
 Polk, who had been elected United States Senator. Stewart was 
 elected by 231 majority. When the threatenings of dire war 
 came on he was for the Union, but did not declare himself as 
 unconditionally so until after the clouds of war had burst. He 
 was elected to Congress in 1860 against John B. Henderson 
 (Democrat), by about 275 majority, and again elected in 1862 
 by a majority of over 5,000. In that body he boldly espoused 
 the Union cause, and although a large slave-holder, ably 
 supported and voted for the Thirteenth Amendment to the 
 Constitution abolishing slavery. In 1862 he introduced the 
 bill providing for the Pacific railroad from the Missouri river 
 to the Pacific coast. It became a law. In 1872 Mr. Rollins 
 was before the Democratic convention as a candidate for 
 Governor, but was finally defeated by Silas Woodson. He died 
 in 1889, full of honors and years. He was one of the ablest and 
 most polished speakers in the State, and his speeches always 
 abounded with the steadfastest patriotism. 
 
 135. Robert Morris Stewart came from New York, where he 
 was born in 1815, and received a good education. He taught 
 school when he was seventeen and until he was twenty, moved 
 
118 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 to Kentucky, studied law, was admitted to the bar at Louisville^ 
 came to Missouri in 1839, in a few years settled in St. Joseph 
 and practiced law. In 1845 he was elected to the State Consti- 
 tutional Convention and soon gained a well-deserved reputation 
 as a debater. From 1846 to 1857 he was a member of the State 
 Senate. In 1857 when Governor Polk resigned, he was elected 
 
 as a Democrat and made an 
 excellent officer. When the 
 question of secession was sub- 
 mitted to the peoj)le, he was 
 elected a delegate to the con- 
 vention which was to finally 
 decide the matter, as a Condi- 
 tional Union man, but soon 
 ^ ardently and unconditionally sup- 
 ported the Union, but not as 
 an abolitionist, for he was always 
 opposed to abolition, but as an 
 opponent to secession and a 
 steadfast adherent to the govern- 
 ment his fathers had established. 
 In 1848 he projected and survej^ed at his own expense the 
 Hannibal and St. Joseph railroad, and obtained from Congress 
 a grant of land which insured the building of the road. He 
 also was tlie projector of the St. Joseph and Denver road. After 
 his retirement as Governor, he became editor of the St. Joseph 
 "Journal,'' till his health failed him. He was much afflicted, 
 but of indomitable energy, and much of the surveys of these 
 
 ROBERT M. STEWART. 
 
FBOM 1852 TO 1861. 119 
 
 railroads was superintended by him while hobbling about on 
 crutches. His decided stand against secession, when so much 
 seemed to depend on the action of ^lissouri, helped to save 
 the State to the Union, and made his action one of national 
 consideration. He was never married, was a man of free-and- 
 easy habits, and died in 1871. 
 
 KANSAS TROUBLES. 
 
 136. Sectional contention would not cease. In 1854 it arose 
 afresh when a bill passed Congress organizing Kansas into a 
 Territory. The Missouri Compromise had been repealed by 
 that bill. The Compromise was the first effort made by Congress 
 to interfere with the local institutions or affairs of a State. It 
 cannot be wondered at then that all of Missouri's representatives 
 in Congress were in favor of its repeal. But other States saw the 
 injustice of such distinctions. The bill for the repeal passed 
 overwhelmingly,, and declared in favor of letting the inhabitants 
 of any new territory determine for themselves whether they 
 wished slavery therein. By this privilege the people of Kansas 
 could decide for themselves in favor of slavery or against 
 it. This was the same doctrine as the fourth of the Jackson 
 Resolutions. (See section 121.) 
 
 137. Botli North and South wished to he triumphant in Kansas. 
 The struggle is important as a part of the history of each, and 
 especially of Missouri, because it was the last peaceful contest 
 for political supremacy by each before final appeal to arms, and 
 on the part of the South Missouri was the chief representative, 
 
120 HISTOR Y OF MISSO UEI. 
 
 while Massachusetts was the most enthusiastic actor among the 
 northern States. Long before the Kansas bill became a law 
 it was generally supposed that Congress would pass it. To 
 therefore gain a majority vote of the people of Kansas in 
 declaring against slavery, Emigration Aid Companies and 
 ''Kansas Societies, Leagues and Committees" were organized 
 in Massachusetts and throughout the North which sent out men 
 to Kansas to be ready to vote. These companies practically sent 
 out men only. As many as 223 men to five women were in one 
 compan3^ A United States marshal who searched this company 
 found no agricultural implements but many guns, revolvers 
 and ammunition. All the companies were not as this one, but 
 there were few actual settlers. By such a course it became 
 evident that Kansas would become a free State. Nearly three 
 thousand immigrants, mostly from Missouri, in search of new 
 lands and wide range for their stock, had settled within this 
 new Territory.' They cared but little for slavery themselves. 
 But when they saw the purposes and results of the Emigrant 
 Aid Companies they were constrained to do what they could to 
 defeat those purposes. 
 
 138. Counter Aid Societies were formed in Missouri. They 
 were known as Blue Lodges. Their objects were the same as 
 those of the Emigrant Aid Companies. Neither were right. 
 But the Missourians thought themselves far less to blame for 
 aiding in the formation of a new State adjoining their border 
 and so far inhabited, in the main, by their own kinsmen than 
 were people of a State a thousand miles away. Besides, the 
 Blue Lodges were formed as a result of, and as a counter-balance 
 
FROM IS 52 TO 1861, 121 
 
 to the Emigrant Aid Companies. Just ho\y many pretended 
 settlers were sent out by either of these societies will never be 
 known. Much illegal voting was done on both sides in the 
 ensuing years, and a terrible guerrilla warfare was the result. 
 The political rights of these ''settlers" came to be known as 
 ''squatter sovereignty." At the election in November 1854, a 
 pro-slavery delegate was elected to Congress. The opposition 
 charged that the Missourians had elected him by fraud. But 
 they did not contest the legality of his election and he was 
 allowed to take his seat, 
 
 139. An election of the members of the Territorial Legislature 
 which Congress had provided for was held in March 1855. 
 The pro-slavery party, or the "Missourians," as it was called, 
 was successful. In February previous a census showed an 
 entire population of 8,601, and 2,905 voters, of whom a large 
 majority were from slave States. There were 6,307 votes cast. 
 The eastern immigrants charged that 5,000 Missourians had 
 crossed over into Kansas Territory and voted. The pro-slavery 
 men charged that a company of northern immigrants had arrived 
 at Lawrence on the day of the election and voted notwithstanding 
 such a short stay. Undoubtedly there was much illegal voting 
 on both sides and the evidence seems to be strong, though not 
 conclusive, that the Missourians were the chief sinners. The 
 election of six pro-slavery members was contested, and the 
 contest sustained, the Governor giving the certificates of election 
 to the opposing anti-slavery candidates. He also took it upon 
 himself, when there were no contests, to refuse certificates to 
 two other members who had been elected by illegal votes. But 
 
122 HISTOR Y OF 311380 URL 
 
 after these attempts at righting the matter the anti-slavery men 
 were still dissatisfied. 
 
 140. They refused to acknowledge the authority of this Terri- 
 torial Legislature, or to be obedient to laws it passed. They 
 disregarded its laws whenever they chose and resisted arrest 
 whenever they were brought to account for so doing. Then 
 began the active trouble. The grand jury made some indict- 
 ments, and the sheriff attempted to arrest the offenders. They 
 resisted, and the anti-slavery leaders, by speeches, through 
 their papers and in many ways, urged them to do so. The 
 sheriff ordered by-standers to assist him in making the arrests. 
 The offenders would then be joined by anti-slavery sympathizers. 
 These contending factions soon learned to rob each other, burn 
 each others houses and destroy other property. From these 
 differences in Kansas sprang many kinds of lawless and political 
 crimes, and finally a civil war between the rival factions which 
 did not end till the final establishment of the anti-slavery party 
 in 1859. 
 
 141. During these disturbances John Brown inaugurated a 
 system of murder for opinion's sake and in the dead of night 
 put to death five peaceable settlers whom he had never before 
 seen, whose only crime was that they differed with him in regard 
 to slavery. For this crime he went unpunished. Such a course 
 soon brought into activity a set of robbers and marauders who 
 were described as ''jayhawkers." The counties in Missouri 
 adjoining Kansas now began to suffer. Their inhabitants had 
 much more property to lose than those of Kansas because they 
 w^ere older settlers. These marauders were not slow to learn this 
 
FBOM IS 52 TO 1861. 123 
 
 fact. They cared as little for Missouri law as for Kansas 
 authority. They came into these counties and took whatever 
 they could. One of these raids was headed by John Brown, 
 and was made in December 1858. He took away eleven slaves. 
 A slave owner was also killed whose only crime seems to have 
 been an objection to the way in which he was dispossessed of his 
 property. This raid was made soon after the Governors of the 
 two States had attempted to bring about reconciliation. There 
 were other raids also, in which ''peaceable and law-abiding 
 citizens" were subjected to outrages, insults and lawless violence. 
 The General Assembly of Missouri appropriated thirty thousand 
 dollars to be used by Governor Stewart as he thought best. 
 Three thousand dollars were offered as a reward for John Brown. 
 He nevertheless succeeded in conducting the negroes into Canada 
 and then sold his stolen horses in Ohio. All his raids in 
 Missouri were marked by blood. Yet he was received in many 
 parts of the North, not as a monomaniac or a fugitive from law, 
 but as a popular hero. The General Assembly of Missouri at 
 the time it appropriated the thirty thousand dollars for the 
 suppression of these raids declared it did ''not doubt that at 
 least nmety-nnie out of every hundred of the citizens of Kansas 
 deplore the events under consideration." The efforts put forth 
 by the Legislature, the Governors of Missouri and Kansas, and 
 the officers of the United States Army, partially quieted the 
 troubles, and the guerrilla warfare ceased for two years. 
 
 142. But in ISGO it began again. This time the jayhawkers 
 were led by the desperate James Montgomery. They broke up 
 a United States Court and compelled the judge and its officers 
 
124 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 to flee for their lives. They also killed a citizen of Missouri 
 by name Samuel Hindes. Their charge against him was that 
 he was in search of runaway negroes. Congress had some time 
 before this passed the Fugitive Slave Law, by which any slave 
 owner was permitted to pursue a fugitive slave into a free State^ 
 recover him and return to his home. It was while Hindes 
 was in search of a fugitive slave in Kansas that Montgomery 
 established himself at Fort Scott, a town just over the Missouri 
 border, whence he declared he intended to ''clean out southern 
 Missouri of its slaves." 
 
 143. The people of Missouri became very much excited at 
 these threats. Exaggerated reports were brought to Governor 
 Stewart that Montgomery had begun to lay waste the country 
 and that ''citizens of Missouri on the Osage and in Bates 
 and Vernon, are flying from their homes into the interior." 
 Brigadier-General D. M. Frost was ordered to proceed to the 
 border with enough men to end the difficulty. He reached it in 
 November 1860, with 650 troops, but found General Harney 
 of the United States Army had preceded him. Montgomery, at 
 the advance of these forces disbanded his jayhawkers and fled. 
 Frost in his report to Governor Stewart said Hindes' "only 
 crime was that he had been faithful to the laws and institutions 
 of his State." He also says the "deserted and charred remains 
 of once happy homes" were general. 
 
 144. Jayliawhing now ceased as such, but it did not actually 
 cease. It did not cease during the first two or three years of 
 the civil war, nor indeed so long as there was left anything 
 along the Missouri border for the "jayhawkers" to steal or 
 
FBOM 1852 TO 1861. 125 
 
 anybody to rob. But they now came with United States com- 
 missions in their pockets under '^ which guise they carried on a 
 system of robbery and murder which left a good portion of the 
 frontier of southeast Missouri an entire waste.*' 
 
 145. The progress in wealth and jyojpulation from 1850 to 1860 
 was enormous, notwithstanding the predatory disturbances on 
 the Kansas border. The population had increased from 682,000 
 to 1,182,000, a net increase of a half million, and an increase 
 in percentage of seventy-three for the ten years. Of this number 
 115,000 were slaves. Their increase had been 27,000, or thirty 
 per cent. Of all the population 160,000, or one-seventh were 
 foreign born in 1860. Of these 88,000 were German, and 43,000 
 were Irish. The revolutions in Germany in 1849 had caused 
 many of its inhabitants to seek safety in Missouri. This explains 
 the large immigration of Germans during this decade. The 
 failure of the potato crop in Ireland in 1846-47 will also explain 
 the large immigration from that country. These new immigrants 
 turned their attention mostly to farming, especially the Germans, 
 and became useful and prosperous citizens. Missouri had risen 
 in these ten years from the rank of thirteenth to eighth in the 
 number of her population and was now the first of the Southern 
 States. 
 
 146. MissourVs -financial prosperiti/ was not behind the 
 increase in population. The assessed value of her property had 
 arisen from one hundred and thirty-seven million dollars in 
 1850 to five hundred and one million in 1860, an increase of 
 two hundred and sixty-five per cent. The property consisted 
 mostly in farms and agricultural wealth. The manufactured 
 
126 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 products were estimated at forty million dollars in 1860 and the 
 capital invested in factories was twenty millions. But much 
 wealth was made known during this decade. By a system of 
 surveys it became known that one-fifth of the State is underlaid 
 with workable beds of coal; that there are ''more than a thousand 
 valuable veins of lead and half as many of iron, besides many 
 of zinc, copper, hydraulic lime-stone and other minerals. The 
 new immigrants had also shown that much of the country south 
 of the Osage river, heretofore regarded as worthless, was very 
 valuable for grapes and other fruits. 
 
 CHAPTER X. 
 
 IS 60 AXB THE WAR. 
 
 147. The new Republican jmrty — From the time John Quincy 
 Adams became President in 1825 up to the election of 1852 
 there had been two leading political parties, the Democratic 
 and Whig. While the Whig party had among its members 
 many of the ablest men of the nation yet it had never been 
 successful at the polls, except in the election of Harrison in 1840 
 and of Taylor in 1848. But in most of the free States many 
 Whigs and Democrats had for some years been forming anti- 
 slavery societies and the cause of the restriction of slavery was 
 stirring the people. The troubles in Kansas and the debates in 
 Congress on the subject had given new force to this cause, so 
 
1860 AXD THE WAB. 127 
 
 that after the election in 1852, at which the Democrats elected 
 Franklin Pierce to be President, the Whig party went out of 
 existence and a new party wholly devoted to opposing the 
 extension of slavery was formed. It in time took the name 
 of Republican. In 1856 its candidate for the Presidency was 
 John C. Fremont, a son-in-law of Thomas H. Benton. He 
 received 115 of the 289 electoral votes, and hence the new part}^ 
 had great hopes of success in 18G0. 
 
 148. Public feeling ivas now at unrest and deeply disturbed. 
 The agitation of abolition had stirred the people as nothing else 
 had ever done. A large class of people in the North were 
 determined to destroy slavery at any cost. Many people in the 
 South felt that the only way to preserve their own peace and 
 property was to quietly withdraw from the Union. Others 
 believed it wisdom to remain in the Union and there settle their 
 troubles. It seems strange now that any civilized people who 
 had established and for seventy years lived under a republic 
 of popular sovereignty, could have wished to perpetuate slavery. 
 But there were mitigating circumstances. Slavery had originally 
 existed in all the Colonies. When it became unprofitable in the 
 North the slaves were sold into the South where it was profitable. 
 Many of the now slave-owners had inherited it from their 
 fathers and not sought it. Slaves were valuable property. Men 
 have, in every civilized country, been slow to give up valuable 
 property without resistance. Besides it was difficult to know 
 what to do with the slaves if they were freed. Many persons 
 feared the consequences if millions of ignorant people should 
 be turned loose, penniless, among their old owners. Beyond 
 
128 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 this, it can be said in all truthfulness that slavery had been a 
 benefit to the slaves themselves. They had been taken from 
 savage and barbarous races in Africa, and the discipline of 
 slavery in America had taught them many of the habits of 
 civilization. They had learned how to work, which always 
 exalts a people ; had learned the arts of peace and frugal 
 honesty. But slavery had been no benefit to the white people 
 of the South, and a better reason for its extinction was the 
 desire of the slaves themselves to be free. 
 
 149. Tlie Fugitive Slave Law did much to aggravate the con- 
 tentions and troubles between the North and South. It had been 
 passed by Congress a few years before and gave to each slave-owner 
 the right to pursue a runaway slave into any State and retake him 
 without any verdict from a court declaring who was his rightful 
 owner. All the claimant had to do was to exhibit to a marshal, 
 a certificate from a county clerk describing the slave. The 
 marshal was then required to put the slave into his peaceable 
 possession. This law the United States Supreme Court said did 
 not violate the Constitution. The decision gave great offense to 
 the North. At least fourteen Northern States by their legislatures 
 soon passed laws nullifying the Fugitive Slave Law by making it 
 a crime for any sheriff to obey it, and by forbidding any State 
 officer to aid in enforcing it. Their course made it impossible to 
 enforce this law of Congress. The Southern States then argued if 
 fourteen Northern States could thus nullify a law of the Union 
 that they could withdraw from that Union. In the Presidential 
 campaign of 1860 the Breckenridge party in the South declared 
 if the Republican party were successful at the polls the Southern 
 
1860 AND THE WAB. 129 
 
 States would withdraw from the Union. When it did succeed 
 they proceeded at once to carry out that threat. 
 
 150. The Election. — The Democratic party in 1860 divided 
 into two factions. One part, known as the State-rights men, 
 nominated John C. Breckenridge of Kentucky for President. 
 The other part, which was opposed to secession and to the 
 interference of the national go^^ernment with the local affairs 
 and institutions of any State, nominated Stephen A. Douglas 
 of Illinois. The remnant of the old Whig and Know-nothing 
 parties,, now known as Constitution-Union men, nominated 
 John Bell of Tennessee for President and . Edward Everett of 
 Massachusetts for Vice-President. The Republicans nominated 
 Abraham Lincoln. The contest in Missouri was warm and 
 intense, but not violent. The State was carried by Mr. Douglas 
 which was the only State that gave him its electoral vote. 
 Mr. Lincoln was elected. The number of votes for Douglas in 
 Missouri was 58,801, for Bell 58,372, for Breckenridge 31,317, 
 for Lincoln 17,028. Nearly all those voting for Lincoln were 
 Germans. Of those who voted for Breckenridge, not half were 
 in favor of secession. Many of them had come from the South, 
 -and in the intense excitement of the time their sympathies 
 naturally enlisted them with the ''Southern Rights men" who 
 carried every Southern State. Besides most of them, perhaps 
 -all, opposed the interference by Congress with the reserved 
 rights of the States, but did not wish to carry this opposition 
 to the extreme of secession. 
 
 151. On the State ticket the Democrats did not divide. Their 
 candidate was Claiborn F. Jackson of Saline county, who was 
 
130 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 a Douglas Democrat and who received 74,446 votes. Sample Orr, 
 an ''American" or ''Know-nothing," received 64,583 votes. 
 The Breckenridge candidate was Hancock Jackson, who received 
 11,415 votes. James Gardenhire was the Republican candidate; 
 he received only 6,135 votes. Mr. Jackson was elected. 
 
 CHAPTER XI. 
 
 THE FIRST MONTHS OF IS 61, 
 
 152. Tlie Situation.— On December 20th, 1860, South 
 Carolina, through her Legislature, declared she no longer owed 
 any allegiance to the Union. Within six weeks Mississippi, 
 Florida, Alabama, Louisiana, Georgia and Texas — seven States — 
 seceded. As Missouri was at this time the first in population 
 of the slave-holding States and as most of her people were of 
 Southern origin, it may be seen at once that she was now 
 confronted with the gravest problem she had ever had to settle. 
 
 153. The Governors. Robert M. Stewart, the retiring Gov- 
 ernor, had been reared in New York and his feelings naturally 
 inclined him with the North. He sincerely desired to keep 
 Missouri in the Union. But he was opposed to forcing South 
 Carolina and the other seceded States back into the Union, and 
 if the Union should undertake to do tliis he was opposed to 
 Missouri helping in the undertaking. He was also opposed to 
 troops coming into Missouri either to wrest her from the Union 
 
THE FIRST MONTHS OF 1861. 131 
 
 or keep her in it. He stated the proper position for Missouri 
 to assume and adhere to, was '^ armed neutrality." He set 
 forth all these points forcibly in his last message in which he 
 said: ''If South Carolina and other Cotton States persist in 
 secession Missouri will desire to see them go in peace, with a 
 hope that a short experience at separate government will induce 
 them to return to their former position. In the meantime 
 Missouri will hold herself in readiness, at any moment, to 
 defend her soil from pollution and her property from plunder 
 by fanatics and marauders, come from what quarter they may." 
 He closed his message by saying : ''I here record my unalterable 
 devotion to the Union so long as it may be made the protector 
 of equal rights." There can be no doubt, as subsequent events 
 under more exasperating tests showed, that at this time the 
 great majority of the people of Missouri were of the same opinion 
 as Governor Stewart. The votes given the various candidates 
 in November showed this and the vote in February made it still 
 more clear. 
 
 154. Governor Jackson, unlike Governor Stewart, had been 
 reared in the South, and many social and political ties, bound 
 him to her people. In his inaugural address he declared that 
 all Missouri wished was ''to be let alone." He believed the 
 Northern States had, by passing laws which nullified the 
 "Fugitive Slave Law," themselves practically abandoned the 
 Union. He believed if arms were employed by the general 
 government to force a State back into the Union that it would 
 be such an insult as all the States ought to resent, and in that 
 event the true position for Missouri would be to secede and 
 
132 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 unite' with the South. He declared ''the destiny of the slave- 
 holding States is one and the same. Their common origin, 
 pursuits, tastes, manners and customs bind them together in 
 one sisterhood. And Missouri will, in my opinion, best consult 
 
 CLAIBORNE F. JACKSON. 
 
 her own interests, and the interests of the whole country, by a 
 timely determination to stand by her sister slave-holding States." 
 It cannot be denied that Governor Jackson was at this time in 
 favor of Missouri's seceding if the federal government should 
 
THE FIRST MONTHS OF IS 61. 133 
 
 make war on the seceded States to force them back into the 
 Union, but until that was done he was not in favor of secession. 
 Even this position he afterwards abandoned, when the seceded 
 States attempted to capture the government forts and arsenals 
 within their respective borders. He, then took the position at 
 first declared by Stewart that the proper course for Missouri was 
 to preserve an ''armed neutrality," and keep out of the State 
 all ''marauders come from what quarter they may," but to take 
 no part herself in the conflict between the States. 
 
 155. The Legislature. The Lieutenant-Governor, whose duty 
 it is to preside over the Senate, was Thomas C. Reynolds. From 
 the outset he was in favor of secession, because he believed it 
 impossible for Missouri to preserve an ''armed neutrality" in 
 the impending conflict, which he saw was inevitable. He 
 accordingly urged the General Assembly to declare Missouri 
 determined to resist all attempts by the federal government to 
 force the seceded States back into the Union or to collect the 
 government revenue in those States. He also urged that to 
 make her able to resist coercion she must organize and enlarge 
 her military forces. He appointed all the committees of the 
 Senate in accordance with his views, and placed men on these 
 committees who would endeavor to shape legislation in keeping 
 therewith. Bills were immediately introduced in both houses 
 to arm and equip the State militia and to provide for a 
 State convention to consider what position Missouri should 
 take in regard to secession. These bills were received with 
 prompt and almost unanimous approval in the General 
 Assembly. 
 
134 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 156. The First Gun. Events seemed to be rapidly urging 
 Missouri on to secession, and the Southern Rights men were 
 ''exultant and even defiant." But just at this time an event 
 took place which made the supporters of the Union bold and 
 aggressive. President Buchanan had sent a war vessel, the 
 ''Star of the West," laden with stores, guns and ammunition, 
 for the purpose of strengthening Fort Sumter and other arsenals 
 in South Carolina. As she attempted to land at Charleston the 
 South Carolina forces fired on her, drove her back, and the first 
 gun of the war was fired. Northern men now thought only of 
 resenting the insult to the flag, and this occurrence put new 
 purpose in them and iron in their purposes. But Southern men 
 were enraged by the President's attempt to overawe them by 
 sending this vessel and strengthening these forts, and were 
 equally determined. 
 
 157. The bill creating the convention passed the General 
 Assembly and became a law on January 18th. In the Senate 
 there were only two votes against it. In the House there were 
 eighteen against and one hundred and five for it. The duties 
 and powers thus committed to this convention were contained 
 in the following words creating it, which said it was "to consider 
 the then existing relations between the United States, the people 
 and governments of the different States, and the government 
 and State of Missouri ; and to adopt such measures for 
 vindicating the sovereignty of the State and the protection of its 
 institutions as shall appear to them to be demanded." The law 
 also provided if such convention should finally pass a secession 
 ordinance that it should never be valid until submitted to the 
 
THE FIRST MONTHS OF 1861. 135 
 
 people and adopted by a majority of the qualified voters of the 
 State. These '\j'Ords creating this convention are important, 
 because the limit and extent of its powers are by them defined 
 and the purposes of calling it set forth. In the subsequent 
 pages it will be seen that the convention when it came together 
 far exceeded the limitations and purposes contemplated by the 
 Legislature and exercised powers never before claimed by any 
 body in the State. It is to be further observed that whatever 
 might have been the individual washes of the members of this 
 General Assembly for secession, yet they voluntarily transferred 
 what power they had to take Missouri out of the Union to other 
 hands and were determined that no body of men should take her 
 out, but that this must be done, if done at all, by the people 
 themselves. 
 
 158. The People. The election of delegates to this convention 
 was to take place on February 18th, just one month after the 
 bill creating it became a law. A thorough canvass was at once 
 begun throughout the State and carried forward with great 
 interest till the end. The people divided into three parties, 
 namely. Secessionists, Conditional Union men and Unconditional 
 Union men. The leaders of the Secessionists w^ere Governor 
 Jackson, Lieutenant-Governor Reynolds, both United States 
 Senators (James S. Green and Trusten Polk), General D. R. 
 Atchison (formerly Ignited States Senator) and Thos. L. Snead 
 (editor of the ''St. Louis Bulletin"). They did not desire the 
 disruption of the Union, and deplored the haste of South 
 Carolina and the other States in leaving it. But believing that 
 all the seceded States would remain out of the L^nion and form 
 
136 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 a separate Confederacy, they considered it the true duty of all 
 the slave-holding States to unite together ; believing also, that 
 if a separate confederacy were formed, there would be war 
 between it and the Union, they felt they were bound by the 
 strongest kindred ties to stand by the South. They were not 
 especially devoted to slavery. In fact slavery was no longer 
 the most prominent question in these discussions. It was from 
 this time on put far in the background. The issue rose 
 transcendently above this. ''They were secessionists only 
 because they believed the Union had been dissolved, that its 
 reconstruction was impossible, that war was inevitable, and that 
 in war the place for Missouri was by the side of the Southern 
 States, of which she was one;" so wrote the learned Thomas 
 L. Snead, twenty years after the war had ended, who of all the 
 Secessionists best understood the situation. 
 
 159. The Conditional Union men were tlie most formidable 
 opponents of the Secessionists. They M^ere led by Judge 
 Hamilton R. Gamble of St. Louis, A. W. Doniphan of Clay, 
 James S. Rollins of Boone, John B. Clark of Howard, ex-Gov- 
 ernor Sterling Price of Chariton, ex-Governor R. M. Stewart of 
 St. Joseph, William A. Hall of Randolph, John S. Phelps of 
 Greene and Judge John F. Ryland of Lafayette, ably assisted by 
 the ''Missouri Republican," then the ablest paper w^est of the 
 Mississippi, and edited by the great Nathaniel Paschall, "a man 
 of mature age, strong intellect and consummate common sense." 
 These leaders were the ablest, most popular and most prominent 
 men in the State, and it is doubtful if any State in the L^nion 
 could have shown at that time a finer array of many-sided great 
 
THE FIRST MONTHS OF 1861 . 137 
 
 men. Their astuteness, popularity, well-known patriotism, 
 added to the fact that many of them were themselves large 
 slave-owners, at once began to divide the Secessionists. They 
 were for Union, provided the Federal Government would not 
 attempt to force the seceded States back and coerce them into 
 submission. They declared themselves ready to resist coercion. 
 But they did not fear it. They pleaded with patriotic pride 
 for the preservation of the Union of their fathers, which had 
 been bought with blood and which had brought a thousand 
 blessings to one curse ; they urged the people that they must 
 not allow their feelings to control them, but must remember 
 that the steps they took might involve their children and their 
 children's children in untold misery. 
 
 160. The Unconditional Union men were for the Union come 
 what might. They believed the seceded States should be coerced 
 into submission. The impersonation of this movement was 
 Frank Blair. He saw that the only outcome of the trouble was 
 war, that it must come in the near future and he was determined 
 to hold Missouri for the Union. Blair contended that what was 
 wanted in the convention were ^'men who were now and who 
 would hereafter, under all circumstances, and in every 
 emergency, be for the Union;" that he himself intended to 
 stand by it to the last and to oppose in every way the secession 
 of Missouri. At first his chief following was among the 
 Germans, who had no kindred in the South, who had bought 
 their lands from the Federal Government, who had enjoyed 
 uninterrupted peace under it, and who felt that they should 
 stand by it. But soon he had some able seconds. Thev were 
 
138 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 Samuel T. Glover, James 0. Broadhead, B. Gratz Brown and 
 Edward Bates, all of St. Louis. 
 
 161. The election of ninety-nine delegates to this convention 
 took place on February 18tli, and resulted in an overwhelming 
 victory for the Union cause. Not a single avowed Secessionist 
 was elected. The Union candidates received a total majority 
 of 80,000, and the entire vote therefor was almost three-fourths 
 of all the ballots cast. It was a great disappointment to the 
 General Assembly, whose members had confidently looked for 
 an overwhelming victory for secession. It put a stop to any 
 preparations by it for war and for two months the discussions 
 were mild, and submissive to the popular will. On the other 
 hand the triumph of the Union men emboldened the convention, 
 after a session or two, to take the extremest action. 
 
 CHAPTER XIL 
 
 THE CONVENTION. 
 
 162. The Convention, whose members had been elected on 
 the 18th of February, the very day on which Jefferson Davis 
 had been inaugurated President of the Confederacy, met at 
 Jefferson City on the last of the month. Ex-Governor Sterling 
 Price was elected President. He was an avowed Union man. 
 The fifteen State-rights men voted for Nathaniel W. Watkins, 
 a half-brother of Henry Clay. Soon after organization the 
 
THE CONVENTION 
 
 139 
 
 Convention adjourned to meet in St. Louis on March the 4th, 
 the day Lincohi became President. Its members were the ablest 
 men in the State, now met at the time of the greatest crisis in 
 its history, ''to consider its 
 relations to the Government of 
 the United States.". In the last 
 pages of this volume may be 
 found a list of these delegates 
 and the counties for which they 
 were delegated to act. Of the 
 ninety-nine members fifty- three 
 w^ere natives of either Virginia 
 or Kentucky, three were Ger- 
 mans and one an Irishman. 
 Thirteen were from the North. 
 Mr. Gamble who had been 
 Supreme Judge of the State, 
 Willard P. Hall the vice-pres- 
 ident, Robert AVilson of great ability, James 0. Broadhead one 
 of her ablest and most scholarly lawyers, and John B. Henderson 
 always a steadfast opponent of secession, were Virginians. 
 
 163. The Committee on Federal Relations, through its chair- 
 man, Hamilton R. Gamble of St. Louis, on the 9th of March 
 made a report declaring that secession by Missouri was "certainly 
 not demanded." A part of the report said, "the true position 
 of Missouri to assume is that of a State whose interests are bound 
 up in the maintenance of the Union, and whose kind feelings 
 and strong sympathies are with the people of the Southern 
 
 JAMES O. BROADHEAD. 
 
140 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 States, with whom we are connected by the ties of friendship and 
 blood." The resohitions were adopted by ahnost a unanimous 
 vote, the opposition to each being only five or six votes. Thus 
 was secession finally defeated. The Convention also declared the 
 employment of military force to coerce the seceded States would 
 plunge the country into war, and it therefore "earnestly en- 
 treated" the federal Government and the seceded States "to with- 
 hold and stay the arm of military power and upon no pretext 
 whatever to bring upon the nation the horrors of civil war." 
 
 164. A difference of opinion manifested itself in the conven- 
 tion when the question was raised, what would Missouri do if the 
 Pl'esident should call on her to furnish troops to coerce the 
 seceded States? They were opposed to coercion, but what would 
 Missouri do if she were going to remain in the Union, if 
 Congress and the President determined to undertake coercion 
 and should call on her for troops for the purpose? Mr. James 
 H. Moss, a delegate of ability fi'om Clay county, said he would 
 not vote for secession under any circumstances, and introduced 
 a resolution asking the Convention to declare that Missouri would 
 "never furnish men or money for the purpose of aiding the 
 general Government in any attempts to coerce a seceding State." 
 He supported the resolution warmly, and passionately pleaded 
 with the Convention to pass it. He declared "Missouri would 
 never, never furnish a regiment to invade a seceded State." 
 William A. Hall, of Randolph, who had been a circuit judge for 
 sixteen years, replied to Mr. Moss, in argument that could not 
 be gainsaid, "if Missouri remained in the Union it would be her 
 duty to furnish both men and money to the general Government 
 
THE COXYENTION. 141 
 
 when properly called upon for them, whether to coerce a State 
 into submission or for any other purpose." Mr. John B. Hen- 
 derson, of Pike, declared "the President has no more power to 
 use force than you or I," and that no man could believe the 
 ''President will so far disregard his duties under the Constitu- 
 tion, or forget the obligations of his oath, as to undertake the 
 subjugation of the Southern States by force." Mr. Prince L. 
 Hudgins, a State-rights man from Andrew county, said: "I da 
 not believe a State has a Constitutional right to secede; but seven 
 States claim to have seceded, and I for one am anxious to bring 
 them back. You cannot do this by threats, nor by force, nor by 
 abuse." Nearly all the delegates spoke against coercion, yet the 
 Moss resolution failed, some voting against it because it was 
 useless, a greater number honestly accepting Judge Hall's logic. 
 By ''the pitiless logic of facts" when the war did come on 
 Mr. Moss raised and commanded a regiment for the subjugation 
 of the South, and Mr. Henderson was one of the most ardent 
 supporters of Lincoln in the use of force. And Mr. Hudgins 
 before the next session of the Convention was arrested in St. 
 Louis as a secessionist, thrown into prison and kept there until 
 after the fall of Lexington, when he was exchanged for other 
 prisoners. 
 
 165. Adjourned. The Convention, after it passed these reso- 
 lutions, brought its labors to a close and adjourned on March the 
 22nd, subject to the call of the executive committee. By this last 
 arrangement it provided a way for self-perpetuation till secession 
 became utterly impossible, as we shall hereafter see. On the 
 28th of the same month the Legislature adjourned without having 
 
142 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 made any arrangements for the war, or for raising and support- 
 ing a militia for the protection of the State. In fact it may be 
 said, in all truthfulness, that the vast majority of the people 
 did not want war, nor did their desires go to the extent of even 
 those of Governor Stewart, who counseled ''armed neutrality." 
 
 166. The bill for arming the State, called the ''Military Bill," 
 was taken up in the Legislature on March 5th. Governor Jackson 
 urged its passage with all the power of his personal influence. 
 It was favored by most of the State-rights members. But some 
 Union men also favored it. They wished to prepare the State 
 for defense from any kind of marauders ; but the majority of the 
 members interpreted the recent election to mean that the people 
 were opposed to secession and to any kind of warlike actions 
 The bill was defeated, and Missouri again recorded her unwil- 
 lingness to secede. 
 
 167. The election of United States Senator this year throws 
 some light on the position the General Assembly regarded the 
 State as holding to secession. Early in the session when it 
 became apparent that a convention would be held to consider the 
 question of secession, the Legislature had determined not to elect 
 a successor to James S. Green, whose term would expire on March 
 the 3rd, till after it was learned whether the people preferred 
 secession or the Union. When they voted for the Union, 
 the Legislature proceeded to elect a Senator, on March 12th. 
 Mr. Green had been one of the most popular men in the State, 
 but he was an avowed secessionist. His election was therefore 
 impossible, although on one ballot lie got 76 out of the 156 
 votes cast. Waldo P. Johnson, of Osceola, St. Clair county, was 
 
THE ARSENAL AND CAMP JACKSON. 143 
 
 elected on the 15tli ballot. As indicating the part taken in the 
 war by those most prominent in bringing it on, it is proper here 
 to remark that James S. Green, who was set aside for being a 
 secessionist, ''did not raise his hand nor his voice for the South 
 during the war, while Johnson, who had been elected because he 
 was a good Union man, quickly resigned his seat in the Senate, 
 entered the army, and fought for the Confederacy till the end of 
 the war." 
 
 CHAPTER XIII. 
 
 THE ARSENAL AND CAMP JACKSON. 
 
 168. There was a Government Arsenal in St. Louis, well stored 
 with forty thousand or more stand of arms and other valuable 
 munitions of war. This arsenal now became the center of all 
 warlike intentions. Both sides wanted it, in the event that 
 there was to be war. Governor Jackson had all along believed 
 the war to be inevitable, and if it came he believed Missouri 
 would be the natural ally of the South, and he determined to 
 put her on that side if he could. He did not declare this purpose 
 publicly, but he instructed General Frost, who had gone into 
 camp just at the edge of St. Louis after his return from the 
 Kansas troubles with about 700 men, to keep himself well 
 informed of all movements and if he deemed it necessary, to 
 seize the arsenal and hold it for future disposal. General Frost in 
 
144 HISTOR Y OF MISSO UBL 
 
 furtherance of this plan waited upon its commander, Major Bell, 
 who frankly told him tluit he thought the State had a right to 
 claim the arsenal as being on her soil and that he would not 
 defend it against the proper State authorities, but would against 
 ''all irresponsible mobs." But before Frost could thus peaceably 
 take possession of the arsenal, it was supplied with additional 
 troojDS, Major Bell was relieved of command, and Major Hagner 
 put in his place, and by the 18th of February, the day on which 
 the State voted not to secede, there were four or five hundred 
 soldiers behind the walls, able to repulse almost any attack 
 which might be made on it, and on the next day General Harney 
 notified the President that there was no danger of an attack and 
 never had been. In this condition of things each side would 
 have gone on without any disturbance from the other, had there 
 not appeared on the scene a man who was ready for war. This 
 man was Captain Nathaniel Lyon. 
 
 169. Captain Lyon was born at Ashford, Connecticut, 
 educated at West Point and was an officer of the regular army. 
 He was at this time forty-three years old and is described as 
 having been "of less than medium height; slender and 
 angular ; with abu-ndant hair of a sandy color, and a coarse, 
 reddish-brown beard. He had deep-set blue eyes, and features 
 that were rough and homely." His disposition made him 
 fretful and impatieii^ under restraint. He could see only one 
 side of a question, "but he saw that with terrible earnestness, and 
 with no patience with any person who saw the other side. All 
 persons who did not agree with him he regarded as being 
 influenced by unworthy or improper motives. He was devoted 
 
THE ARSENAL AND CAMP JACKSON. 
 
 145 
 
 to the Union and always eager to crush those who were not. 
 Upon his arrival at St. Louis he at once set to work to make 
 
 himself department commander, and never ceased until he had 
 been given almost unlimited power to do as he pleased.. His 
 chief helper was Frank Blair, who at all times pushed him 
 
146 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 forward. Yet he was restive, and this led him to fear that 
 Mr. Lincohi ''lacked the resolution to grapple with treason and 
 to put it down forever." He thought the best thing to do with 
 a conservative man like Major Hagner was to ''pitch him in the 
 river." He had been in Kansas through all its border troubles 
 between the Free-soil and the Pro-slavery men. He had formed 
 the greatest dislike to the latter and in the troubles between the 
 two factions said he foresaw "sectional strife, which I do not 
 care to delay." He came to St. Louis possessed with this idea 
 and feeling, and at once went to drilling the "Wide Awakes" 
 and other volunteer soldiers, and those quartered within the 
 arsenal. In this he showed the greatest diligence and skill. He 
 inspired every one with his own courage and zeal. By the 
 middle of April, four regiments had been enlisted, and he 
 proceeded to arm them with guns from the arsenal. With this 
 well-trained force he and Blair felt strong enough to attack the 
 State government, and they lost no time in finding a pretext for 
 so doing. 
 
 170. A Call For Troops. — Fort Sumter surrendered on April 
 13th, 1861. On the same day President Lincoln issued a 
 proclamation "for seventy-five thousand men to suppress 
 combinations too powerful to be suppressed by the ordinary 
 course of judicial proceedings," and on the same day the 
 Secretary of War telegraphed Governor Jackson his requisition 
 for four regiments of infantry. On the 16th the Governor 
 replied, "not one man will the State of Missouri furnish to 
 carry on an unholy crusade upon the seceded States." The 
 people of Missouri indorsed the Governor's reply, but to Blair 
 
THE ARSENAL AND CAMP JACKSON. 147 
 
 and Lyon it was reason enough to make an attack upon Frost. 
 Besides, this reply was supplemented by frequent reports that 
 guns and ammunitions, obtained from the Government arsenal 
 in Louisiana, had been secretly brought up the river and 
 conveyed to Camp Jackson, where Frost's little command was 
 now encamped. 
 
 171. Liberty Arsenal. — There was another Government arsenal 
 about four miles south of Liberty in Clay county. It was in 
 charge of Major Nathaniel Grant and two other men, and 
 contained about 11,000 pounds of powder, about 1,500 guns and 
 twenty or thirty small cannon. On April 20th, just six days 
 after President Lincoln's call for troops, 200 men under the 
 command of Colonel H. L. Routt, most of them from Clay and 
 Jackson counties, quietly took possession of this arsenal, with 
 no interruption except the protests and railings of Grant, at 
 whom they only laughed. Within the next few days they 
 carried away most of the guns and powder. These were never 
 retaken but were used in after years in the service of the 
 Confederacy. The captors, however, seemed to have had no 
 other purpose than to supply themselves with arms and 
 ammunition for whatever troubles that might arise. But the 
 capture of this arsenal and the reports about Camp Jackson 
 determined Lyon on making the attack upon that camp. 
 
 172. New Regiments . — Besides he had been encouraged by a 
 special order from the Secretary of War at Washington, Mr. Simon 
 Cameron, who on April 30th directed him to "enroll ten thousand 
 loyal citizens of St. Louis and vicinity." Five new regiments 
 were enrolled under this order, known as the ''Home Guards," 
 
148 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 while the other live regiments already enrolled were known as 
 Missouri Volunteers. The first regiment of the Missouri Volun- 
 teers was composed mostly of natives of this country and Irishmen. 
 The other nine were composed almost exclusively of Germans. 
 
 173. The time was noiv opportune to make the attack. General 
 Harney, who was in charge of the department, and to whom 
 therefore Lyon and Blair were inferior officers, had been 
 summoned to Washington to answer for his official conduct on 
 the complaint of Blair. This complaint was founded on a conflict 
 between Lyon's troops and the St. Louis police. Lyon had been 
 patroling the streets in front of the arsenal with his troops. This 
 was in violation of the city laws and an interference with the 
 duties of the Board of Police Commissioners. The Board 
 complained to Lyon and demanded that he should obey the laws. 
 Lyon refused. The Board was powerless to enforce their 
 complaints in the face of his well armed troops, and appealed 
 to General Harney. He ordered Lyon to withdraw his patrols 
 into the limits of the arsenal and not to issue arms to anyone 
 except by his sanction. This led Blair to charge Harney to the 
 Secretary of War, as having controverted his orders, and in 
 consequence Harney was summoned to Washington to defend 
 himself. Harney, who was opposed to any aggressive attacks, 
 was now out of the way and Lyon was left in full command. 
 
 174. General Lyon, disguised as an old woman, on May the 
 9th, the next day after the arms and ammunitions had been 
 received at Camp Jackson from Louisiana, drove through the 
 camp, and satisfied himself that the men had in their possession 
 guns and ammunitions which had been taken from the captured 
 
THE ARSENAL AND CAMP JACKSON 149 
 
 United States arsenal at Baton Rouge and which rightfully 
 belonged, in his opinion, to the federal Government. These 
 were easily to be seen, for Frost had required them to be stacked 
 outside at the entrance to the regular camp. Lyon returned and 
 reported that the camp was ''a nest of traitors." This was 
 Thursday the 9th. Harney would return on Sunday. He and 
 Blair determined on an attack forthwith, and that it should be 
 made next day. On the next morning, General Frost, who had 
 for two days been receiving reports that Lyon would make an 
 attack on his camp, addressed him a letter in which he denied 
 that he or any part of his command was actuated by any hostile 
 intentions to the federal Government, and closed by adding: 
 ^'I trust after this explicit statement we may be able, by fully 
 understanding each other, to keep far from our borders the mis- 
 fortunes which unhappily afflict our common country." But 
 Lyon refused to receive the letter and sent it back. His troops 
 were already forming for the march to the camp, which he 
 declared was made up mostly of secessionists, who were plotting 
 to overthrow the Government's authority. 
 
 175. The Attack. — He surrounded the camp with his well 
 disciplined soldiers, and sent a demand to Frost for his imme- 
 diate and unconditional surrender. As his force numbered 7,000 
 men and more, and Frost's 700, the latter at once did so. The 
 captured soldiers stacked their arms and were arranged in a line 
 along Olive street, which was occupied by Lyon's troops, there 
 halted and kept standing over an hour. Great numbers of men, 
 women and children from the city gathered around the troops 
 and prisoners, and at times attacked the troops with stones, and 
 
150 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 called them, in derision, "Dutch Blackguards," because one of the 
 German companies called itself Die Schwartze Garde (the Black 
 Guard). The soldiers resented this by firing into the crowd, first 
 with a few shots, which were almost immediately "followed by 
 volley after volley." When the firing ceased twenty-eight 
 persons lay dead or mortally wounded, among them three of the 
 prisoners who had only a little while before surrendered, and an 
 infant in the arms of its mother and one of Lyon's soldiers. 
 The march was at once resumed to the arsenal and the next day 
 the prisoners were released on their own parole not to bear arms 
 against the Government while the Civil War should last. 
 
 176. The attack upon Camp Jackson proved to be a bl under. 
 It was intended to crush out all spirit of secession in the State 
 and completely disarm and crush the influence of those who 
 wished it to secede. This number was small. It will be remem- 
 bered that the question of secession had been submitted to the 
 people on February 18th and had been declared against by a 
 majority of eighty thousand votes. Since that time instead of 
 gaining, the secession sentiment had waned. Even the doctrine 
 of the numerous Conditional Union men, that Missouri would 
 secede only when the federal Government should attempt to 
 coerce and force the seceded States back into the Union, had 
 been abandoned, and most of those who had prior to February 
 18th held to this view, had prepared to quietly submit to this 
 attempted coercion. With the exception of Governor Jackson 
 and a handful of his enthusiastic followers, the vast majority of 
 the people preferred that Missouri should remain in the Union 
 and take no part in the Civil War, now already begun in other 
 
THE ARSENAL AND CAMP JACKSON. 151 
 
 States. But now every thing was changed. In the twinkling of 
 an eye, a thrill of horror ran through the State at the needless 
 killing of private citizens and surrendered prisoners by a foreign- 
 born soldiery led by an unrelenting captain from another State, 
 whose course seemed to receive the entire sanction of President 
 Lincoln. The news was telegraphed to Jefferson City. At that 
 very time it happened the ''Military Bill," designed for the 
 organization of the State militia for any emergency that might 
 arise, was being considered and had been under consideration for 
 several days. It was being successfully opposed, because it was 
 believed the people had pronounced against any military prepara- 
 tions, and for the further reason that it was feared the Governor 
 might use the militia in aid of secession. The bill for these 
 reasons could never have been passed had not the Camp Jackson 
 affair occurred. But as an indication of the popular revulsion 
 and excitement that the United States forces had attacked the 
 State's forces, within fifteen minutes after the news had been 
 received at the Capitol the Military Bill had been rushed through 
 both houses of the General Assembly, and was ready for the 
 Governor's signature. Within five days the Legislature passed 
 laws authorizing the expenditure of over two million dollars "to 
 repel invasion and put down rebellion," as it said. 
 
 177. Preparations for the War by both sides now went on 
 apace. Hundreds of men who, up to this time, remained loyal 
 to the Union felt themselves driven into the secession movement 
 by the unfortunate affair at Camp Jackson. Among them 
 was Sterling Price, who had been Governor of the State from 
 1853-57, and who had reflected great glory upon Missouri in the 
 
152 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Mexican War. He now offered his sword to Governor Jackson 
 to fight for what he declared to be in defense of the State. He 
 was appointed major-general of ' 'Missouri State Guards." The 
 State was divided into eight military districts and over each was 
 appointed a brigadier-general to organize and drill the militia. 
 For this purpose Governor Jackson appointed A. W. Doniphan, 
 Monroe M. Parsons, James S. Rains, John B. Clark, Thomas A. 
 Harris, Nathaniel W. Watkins, A. E. Steen, W. Y. .Slack and 
 James H. McBride; Colonel Doniphan, however, refused to accept 
 the appointment, but remained steadfast in his allegiance to the 
 Union, yet took no part in the war. 
 
 178. General Harney had in the meantime returned to St. 
 Louis. He deemed the attack on Camp Jackson as proper and 
 just, and said two of the streets of the camp were called Davis 
 and Beauregard, after Jefferson Davis and the general who had 
 led the attack on Fort Sumter, and that soldiers therein had 
 openly worn the dress and badge of Confederate soldiers. He 
 issued a proclamation on May 14th in which he declared ''No 
 Government in the world would be entitled to respect that would,- 
 for a moment, tolerate such openly treasonable preparations," 
 and announced that the whole power of the United States 
 would be employed, if necessary, to maintain its authority 
 as ''the supreme law of the land." Beyond this he wished 
 only to preserve the general peace and to protect all loyal 
 citizens from violence of any kind. On May 17th he asked 
 the War Department for ten thousand stand of arms, and 
 that nine thousand men should be furnished him by Iowa and 
 ^Minnesota. 
 
THE ARSENAL AND CAMP JACKSON. 153 
 
 179. Price-Harney Agreement. — -While these preparations for 
 war were going on, conservative men appealed to Harney and 
 Price to preserve the peace and agree upon a plan of neutrality; 
 General Harney accordingly sent an invitation to General Price 
 to meet him for the purpose of forming such an agreement, 
 which Price, with Governor Jackson's approval, readily ac- 
 cepted. The Price-Harney agreement was formed, wherein each 
 avowed it was his purpose ^'to restore peace and good order," 
 and Price was to be intrusted with the duty of keeping order in 
 the State, subject to the laws of the Federal and State govern- 
 ments. H this were done the people were assured by Harney 
 that he would have no occasion, as he had no wish, ''to make 
 military movements in the State which might create jealousies or 
 excitement.'" In accordance with this agreement. Price dis- 
 missed the troops at Jefferson City. But because the agreement, 
 which Harney said produced a good effect throughout the State, 
 did not include that all military organization should cease and the 
 militia be dispersed, this action of Harney's gave great offense 
 to Blair and Lyon, who at once determined upon his removal. 
 Accordingly, 0. D. Filley, as a member of the St. Louis ''Safety 
 Committee," which had all along supported Lyon and Blair, sent 
 out a circular letter to every part of the State asking that full 
 and detailed reports be sent in of all offensive treatment of loyal 
 Union men by the secession element. These reports were very 
 voluminous. They were forwarded to President Lincoln, who 
 sincerely believed them, but Harney did not, but declared 
 that Price was faithfully carrying out his part of the agree- 
 ment. The President thought these outrages "should be 
 
154 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 stopped," and therefore relieved Harney, and put General Lyon 
 in conimand. 
 
 180. War Declared. General Lyon was no longer impeded 
 by a conservative superior officer, but was left free to pursue any 
 course he pleased. Both sides began at once to again make 
 active preparations for the war. But before much had been 
 done William A. Hall and other honorable citizens made another 
 effort to prevent a conflict, and persuaded Governor Jackson to 
 ask an interview with General Lyon ''for the purpose of effecting 
 a pacific solution of the troubles of Missouri." Lyon regarded 
 Governor Jackson as a traitor, but if he should come to St. Louis 
 for this purpose, Lyon promised that he would not arrest him 
 while there or on his way back to the capital. Accordingly the 
 interview took place at the Planters' House, St. Louis, on the 
 11th of June. The Governor was accompanied by General Price 
 and Thomas L. Snead, who appeared for the State, while Lyon, 
 Blair and Major Conant represented the federal Government. 
 General Lyon led the conference for his side, which lasted for 
 four or five hours. In a proclamation which the Governor 
 published next day he declared that in this interview he had 
 proposed to Lyon and Blair: ''That I would disband the State 
 Guard and break up its organization ; that I would disarm all 
 the companies which had been armed by the State ; that I would 
 pledge myself not to attempt to organize the militia under the 
 Military Bill ; that no arms or other munitions of war should 
 be brought into the State ; that I would protect all citizens 
 equally in all their rights, regardless of their political opinions; 
 that I would suppress all insurrectionary movements within the 
 
THE ARSENAL AND CAMP JACKSON. 155 
 
 State ; that I would repel all attempts to invade it from whatever 
 quarter and by whomsoever made ; and that I would thus 
 maintain a strict neutrality in the present unhappy contest, and 
 preserve the peace of the State." This was a clear abandonment 
 of secession by the Governor, but the proposition was made upon 
 the condition that the federal Government would undertake to 
 disarm the Home Guards, and would pledge itself not to occupy 
 with its troops any locality in the State not occupied by them 
 at that time. Finally, when this proposition had been fully 
 discussed (till all present understood it), Lyon suddenly broke 
 up the conference by this reply: '^Rather than concede to the 
 State of Missouri the right to demand that my Government shall 
 not enlist troops within her limits, or bring troops into the State 
 whenever it pleases, or move its troops at its own will into, out 
 of, or through the State ; rather than concede to the State of 
 Missouri for one instant the right to dictate to my Government 
 in any matter however unimportant, I would" (pointing to 
 everyone in the room) ''see you, and you, and you, and you, 
 and you, and every man, woman and child in the State, dead and 
 buried. This means war;" and, turning to the Governor, he 
 said; "in an hour one of my officers will call for you and 
 conduct you out of my lines." And it did mean war. Men who 
 had known and loved each other for years, now bade farewell 
 and turned away, a part to fight for the Union, the other part 
 for the State. 
 
 181. Francis Preston Blair was born at Lexington, Kentucky, 
 February 19, 1821, and died in St. Louis, Missouri, July 8, 1875. 
 He was a descendant of the Blairs and Prestons of Virginia, two 
 
156 
 
 HISTORY OF MLSSOURL 
 
 families of great excellence and marked intellect. His father was 
 Francis Preston Blair, the trusted adviser of Andrew Jackson 
 and afterwards of Mr. Lincoln. A truer type of the American 
 
 FRANK P. BLAIR. 
 
 patriot was never known than the elder Blair. At the age of 
 nine Frank went with his father to Washington and was well 
 instructed in the hest schools. At twenty he graduated at the 
 
THE ARSENAL AND CAMP JACKSON 157 
 
 renowned Princeton College. Two years later he graduated in 
 law from the Transylvania University of Kentucky. He came 
 to St. Louis and began the practice of law with painstaking 
 energy. His health failing, he went in 1845 to New Mexico and 
 took part in setting in operation the government of the United 
 States in that newly conquered territory. He returned to 
 Missouri, again pursued his profession, and in 1852 and 185S 
 was elected to the Missouri General Assembly. He espoused the 
 cause of Free-soil and Emancipation with greatest energy and 
 courage. At that time his cause was most unpopular, but no 
 kind of threats or intimidation deflected him from his course. 
 He gained but little following outside of St. Louis, but in that 
 city the German citizens were his strong supporters. In 1856 
 he had so thoroughly organized the Free-soil party that he was 
 elected to Congress, and was again elected in 1858 and 1860. In 
 1858 his party candidates were elected to the municipal offices 
 of St. Louis and held them without interruption to the close of 
 the war. He foresaw the impending struggle in Missouri long 
 before other men did and he set about to crush every effort at 
 secession, and not till the last gun was fired did he cease. He 
 held a ratification meeting of Mr. Lincoln's nomination in 1860, 
 which was much disturbed by some lawless persons. To put a 
 stop to this he organized a kind of vigilance company or body- 
 guard known as the "Wide Awakes." These accompanied him 
 wherever he went in his canvass and protected him from 
 insult and his audiences from being dispersed. He afterwards 
 organized them into the first Union company formed in the 
 State and was made its captain. Then he enlarged it into a 
 
158 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 regiment and was elected its colonel. Then he went off to the 
 war, and neither side ever had a braver officer nor one who did 
 harder fighting. He took part under General Grant in the siege 
 of Vicksburg in 1863, and was in the hottest of all the fight. 
 ''During the siege, by an order of Grant, he laid waste the 
 country for fifty miles around Vicksburg, drove off the white 
 inhabitants, burned the grist mills, cotton gins and granaries, 
 and destroyed the crops." On the death of General McPherson 
 he was made general of the seventeenth army corps. He did 
 valiant service ujider General Sherman in the subjugation of 
 Tennessee and continued with him till the close of the war, 
 always bearing the brunt of battle. He took part in the siege 
 of Atlanta and in the subsequent ''march to the sea," in which 
 his men were always in front, and never went hungry if there 
 was anything to forage on, and for this reason they w^ere often 
 accused of wantonness. 
 
 He had always been opposed to the radical emancipationists 
 and in 1863 again offered himself in St. Louis as a Conservative 
 Republican candidate for Congress. He got 153 more votes than 
 Mr. Knox, the Radical Republican, but Congress declared the 
 latter elected. When the war was over Mr. Blair was found 
 to be the best friend of the vanquished in the State. He was 
 a man of steel and iron to crush out secession, but when the 
 secessionists yielded he laid down his arms. He had fought 
 for the Union and won, and he wished to re-establish it in its 
 best sense as a Union of the whole people. He returned to 
 Missouri and found hard, rigid laws which disfranchised half 
 of the citizens of his former days before the war. He could 
 
BOONVILLE, CARTHAGE AND COWSKIN PRAIRIE. 159 
 
 have had any office in the gift of the State for the acceptance, 
 but he voluntarily put all aside, and espoused the cause of the 
 disfranchised men. He canvassed the State, amid great danger 
 and insult, and finally won. President Johnson nominated him 
 for many offices but the Senate always refused to confirm the 
 appointments. In 1868 he was a candidate for Vice-President 
 on the Democratic ticket with Seymour. In 1871 he was a 
 member of the State Legislature and was elected United States 
 Senator, to fill out the unexpired term of Charles D. Drake, and 
 served till March 4th, 1873. 
 
 CHAPTER XIV. 
 
 BOONVILLE, CARTHAGE AND COWSKIN PRAIRIE. 
 
 182o Jackson and Price hastened to Jeferson City immediately 
 after the conference with Lyon, arriving there at two o'clock in 
 the morning. Before daylight the Governor had issued his 
 proclamation, setting forth in full the propositions of the con- 
 ference, and asking for fifty thousand volunteers "for the 
 purpose,", he said, "of repelling the attack that had been made 
 on the State and for the protection of the lives, liberties and 
 property of her citizens." He also sent orders to the com- 
 manders of the different military districts (mentioned in section 
 177), to assemble their men and prepare for active service. On 
 the next day he and Price, and the State officers with the State 
 
160 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 papers, hastily set out for Boonville, General Price having 
 previously caused the railroad bridges over the Osage and 
 Gasconade to be destroyed so as to prevent Lyon's approach by 
 rail, and directed General Parsons, who had collected a small 
 force, to retire to a point along the Missouri Pacific railroad and 
 there await orders. On his arrival at Boonville Jackson found 
 General John B. Clark already there with several hundred men. 
 They continued to arrive during the next two days, and came in 
 little squads from all around the country, but mostly from north 
 of the river where Clark and Price and Jackson were greatly 
 beloved. But Price soon became convinced that it would be 
 impossible for him to hold the river against the superior force of 
 General Lyon, who was rapidly moving up the river. He 
 needed time to organize an army, train the troops who knew 
 nothing at all of a soldier's duties and to furnish them with guns 
 and ammunition. He, therefore, leaving Jackson and Clark 
 behind him, hastened on to Lexington, His plan was to assume 
 command of the troops who had been assembling at that point, 
 which had been threatened by a large body of Kansas and 
 national forces, and withdraw them to the southwest, where he 
 hoped for time to organize, arm and equip them. 
 
 183. Tlie movements of General Lyon were equally active. 
 Immediately after the conference in St. Louis with Jackson and 
 Price, he telegraphed to Washington for 5,000 stand of arms 
 and authority to enlist more troops in Missouri. Both requests 
 were immediately granted. He ordered Colonels Sigel, Salomon 
 and B. Gratz Brown with their regiments to set out for Spring- 
 field. Brigadier-General Thomas W. Sweeney was put in 
 
BOONVILLE, CARTHAGE AND COWSKIN PRAIRIE. 161 
 
 command of this expedition, and its object was to intercept 
 Governor Jackson if he should attempt to retreat to Arkansas. 
 Lyon himself took 2,000 well trained troops and started by boat 
 next day for Jefferson City. He arrived there on the 15th of 
 June, and leaving Colonel Boernstein and 300 men to hold the 
 city, he himself proceeded up the river. When within eight 
 miles of Boonville, he landed most of his men, and caused the 
 boats to move on past the city with the rest, in order to deceive 
 Jackson as to his real movement. 
 
 184. The Battle of Boonville was fought on Monday, June 
 17th, between Colonel Marmaduke with less than 500 men, and 
 General Lyon with over three times that number. The engage- 
 ment was sharp and was kept up for some time. It took place 
 one mile east of the city and resulted in routing Marmaduke, 
 with two men killed and five slightly wounded. Lyon's loss 
 was two men killed and nine wounded. Jackson was now 
 obliged to beat a hasty retreat to the southwest, which he did 
 with his entire force, including General Parsons who had joined 
 him at Boonville on the very day of the fight with Lyon. Lyon 
 remained at Boonville two weeks waiting for his transportations, 
 and thoroughly discouraging any secession movements by his 
 very presence. This battle of Boonville, trifling as it may 
 appear from the amount of fighting done, proved to be perhaps 
 the most important to the Union cause fought in Missouri 
 during the entire war. It was the first real fight between the 
 State and Union forces and the Union had won. It was fought 
 on the part of the State, by volunteers alone. When these were 
 defeated it almost put a stop to volunteer enlistment in Price's 
 
162 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 army. The ardor of the Southern sympathizers had led them 
 to believe that Jackson's forces would gain this battle. When 
 he failed they were so discouraged and -calmed that they quietly 
 submitted. All north Missouri was now in complete subjection. 
 At Lexington Price was threatened with a force of 2,500 men 
 from Kansas under Major Sturgis. He therefore ordered his 
 troops to proceed southward under command of General Rains, 
 to join Jackson, and set out himself for Arkansas to induce 
 General Ben. McCulloch with a large Confederate army to enter 
 the State and assist in driving Lyon from it. 
 
 186. The Battle of Carthage. Jackson retreated southward 
 rapidly. His force consisted of between six and seven thousand 
 
 men, so badly organized and so 
 poorly supplied with arms and 
 ammunition that it was little 
 better than a mob. At Lamar 
 he was joined by Rains and as 
 he approached Carthage he sud- 
 denly found Colonel Sigel in 
 his front, with about a thousand 
 well armed men. On July 5th a 
 line of battle w^as drawn on a 
 ridge which gently inclined to- 
 wards Coon creek, about nine 
 miles from Carthage. About 
 2,600 infantry armed with shot- 
 guns and rifles, and 1,500 mounted men similarly armed, took 
 part in the fight on the part of the State troops. Sigel opened 
 
 MAJ.-GEN. FRANZ SIGEL. 
 
BOONVILLE, CARTHAGE AND COWSKIN PRAIRIE. 163 
 
 the fight with a steady fire of shot, grape and shell. It was kept 
 up for about an hour, when about two thousand of Jackson's 
 unarmed men were ordered to take shelter in the skirting of 
 woods on his right. Sigel did not know they were unarmed but 
 supposed they were ordered to attack him in the rear, and with- 
 drew his men in good order beyond the creek. There he left 
 Essig's battery and five companies of infantry to prevent the 
 State troops from crossing. When the troops got within 400 
 yards of the ford they were met by the well directed shots from 
 Essig's battery. Here the hottest fighting of the day followed. 
 But Generals Clark and Parsons managed to cross at another 
 ford, and were about to cut off any possibility of Essig's escape. 
 He therefore fell back to the main body of Sigel's army, who 
 continued his retreat on to Sarcoxie, fifteen miles away. Sigel's 
 loss was thirteen killed and thirty-one wounded. Jackson's loss 
 was ten killed and sixty-four wounded. The losses on each 
 side have often been erroneously reported to be three or four 
 hundred. 
 
 186. Other Movements. — The day after the battle of Carthage, 
 Governor Jackson entered that city with his army, and there was 
 met by General Price, who had been successful in Arkansas in 
 inducing General McCulloch to cross the border with several 
 regiments of Confederate and Arkansas troops, and who had on 
 July the 5th captured a company of 137 men, whom Sigel had 
 left at Neosho for the protection of that town. They also 
 captured what they regarded still more highly, namely, 150 
 stand of arms and six wagons laden with supplies. Here for the 
 first time the State troops came in sight of Confederate soldiers 
 
164 HIS TOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 and they were hailed with loud huzzas and great rejoicings. 
 On July 9th Price went into camp on Cowskin Prairie, in 
 McDonald county, for the purpose of organizing his army. 
 
 187. Governor Jackson Leaves the State. On July 12th Gover- 
 nor Jackson left for Memphis, in order to persuade General Polk, 
 to whose command all the country west of the Mississippi was 
 attached, to send into Missouri a sufficient Confederate force to 
 repossess the State. This was now necessary to his fortunes, as 
 it was well known that one of the first acts of the Convention, 
 which had been called to reassemble on July 22nd, would be to 
 depose Jackson, and elect a Governor of its own choosing, and 
 organize a State government to wield the power of the State 
 against the South. Polk ordered General Pillow to take 6,000 
 men from West Tennessee and move them by way of New Madrid 
 into Missouri. There they would be joined by a force of State 
 troops under Jeff. Thompson. The object was to move upon 
 Jefferson City, threaten St. Louis as they passed, drive the 
 Federal forces from the State and re-establish Jackson at the State 
 capital. General Pillow did move to Missouri but not until it 
 was too late to do Jackson any good. Besides, his movement 
 was only a feint. On August 3rd, General Fremont with nine 
 large vessels and a large force of troops dropped down the Mis- 
 sissippi river to Bird's Point, and virtually caused Pillow and 
 Thompson to abandon their invasion, though he did not fire a 
 gun, and in a few days returned to St. Louis. 
 
 188. Lyon's Movement. — We left General Lyon at Boonville. 
 On the 17th of June he issued a proclamation in which he stated 
 the Governor and Legislature had adopted means to effect a 
 
BOONVILLE, CARTHAGE AND COWSKIN PRAIRIE. 165 
 
 separation of the State from the Union, that they sympathized 
 with the secession movement, that constant complaints had been 
 made to him, accompanied by appeals for relief, against the 
 hardships of the Military Bill. This relief he considered it the 
 duty of a just government to give. He remained in Boonville 
 two wee'ks and then set out to run Jackson down, give him battle 
 and compel him to surrender or drive him from the State. 
 
 189. General Fremont in Command. — Before leaving Boon- 
 ville Lyon had been informed that Missouri had been detached 
 from the Department of the West and added to the Department 
 of the Ohio, commanded by General George B. McClellan. 
 General Blair at once set out for Washington to obtain a revoca- 
 tion of the order making this change. He did not succeed, but 
 finally persuaded the Administration to organize Illinois and all 
 the country west of the Mississippi to the Rocky Mountains into 
 the ''Western Department" under the command of General John 
 C. Fremont who took control July 26tli with headquarters at 
 St. Louis. Colonel John D. Stevenson was placed in command 
 of the Missouri from its mouth to Kansas City, given a sufficient 
 force to garrison Jefferson City, Boonville and Lexington, and 
 ordered to protect the loyal inhabitants of adjacent counties, to 
 disperse all gatherings of hostile men and prevent volunteers 
 from crossing the river to Price. All the rest of the State north 
 of the river was intrusted to Colonel Samuel Curtis, who had 
 already occupied parts of it with Iowa troops. Southeast 
 Missouri was held by an ample force gathered at Cairo, Illinois, 
 under General Prentiss. Then Lyon started for Springfield. He 
 arrived within twelve miles of that place on July 12th, and, 
 
166 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 * 'accompanied by a body-guard of ten stalwart troopers for his 
 especial escort, he dashed through the streets of the city on his 
 iron-grey horse, his bearded warriors being mounted on powerful 
 chargers and armed to the teeth with great revolvers and massive 
 swords." The next day he telegraphed to headquarters that 
 Governor Jackson was in that vicinity with not less than 30,000 
 men, and asked for 10,000 additional troops. As a matter of 
 fact Jackson had on the previous day left for Arkansas, and the 
 entire combined force of Lyon's foes did not at any time amount 
 to over 15,000 men, armed and unarmed. 
 
 190. Organization. — Lyon's two weeks delay at Boonville 
 proved invaluable to Price. After the battle at Carthage he led 
 his troops toward Cowskin Prairie, and there had a breathing 
 spell, and began at once a systematic organization of his army 
 and energetic preparations for an active campaign. He had 
 few arms or military supplies of any kind, and no money with 
 which to procure them. But he needed no money to pay the men. 
 They never expected any pay, had never been promised any, but 
 had volunteered their services to fight for the State and to help 
 the Governor maintain its dignity and himself at its head as its 
 rightful executive, as they believed. They were intelligent men; 
 such men imbued with the spirit and purposes which actuated 
 them, can alw^ays devise munitions of war. Governor Jackson on 
 leaving the capital had brought along a supply of powder. The 
 lead was taken from the Granby mines near by. One of the 
 officers. Major Thomas H. Price, devised from the trunks of large 
 trees monster molds for buckshot and bullets. There were a few 
 cannons in the army, but no ammunition for them, either. The 
 
THE BATTLE OF WILSON'S CREEK, 167 
 
 way these were prepared is thus told by Lieutenant Barlow, who 
 was an officer of artillery : ^'One of Sigel's captured wagons 
 furnished a few round shot ; with these for a beginning, 'an 
 arsenal of construction' was established. The owner of a tin- 
 shop contributed canisters ; iron rods which a blacksmith gave 
 and cut into small pieces made good slugs, and a bolt of flannel, 
 with needles and thread, provided material for cartridge bags. 
 A bayonet made a good candle-stick, and at night the men went 
 to work making cartridges and filling the bags from a barrel of 
 powder placed some distance from the candle." The work of 
 organizing and equipping the State Guard thus went on apace, 
 and by the end of July it was ready to take the field with an 
 effective force of 5,000 men armed with hunting rifles, shotguns, 
 a few cannons and a few army guns, while 2,000 more unarmed 
 men were waiting to pick up the guns of those who might be 
 stricken in battle or by disease. 
 
 CHAPTER XV. 
 
 THE BATTLE OF WILSON'S CREEK. 
 
 191. Forward Movements. — On the 28th and 29th of July 
 General Price, with a force of 5,000 armed and 2,000 unarmed 
 Missourians, General McCulloch with a brigade of 3,200 well 
 armed men, and General Pearce with 2,500 Arkansas troops, in 
 all nearly 13,000 men, began to unite their forces near Cassville, 
 
168 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 fifty-two miles southeast of Springfield. On the 31st they started 
 for that city. Lyon learned of the movement next day, but was 
 led to believe they were marching upon the city by separate 
 routes. He determined therefore to attack them in detail and 
 started the same day to meet the force advancing from Cassville. 
 He went twenty-four miles in that direction, but being unable to 
 learn anything about the army in front of him, which was, in 
 fact, the entire forces of Pearce, Price and McCulloch, and fear- 
 ful that they, with their larger force, would flank him and cut off 
 all communication with Springfield, on Monday, August 3rd, he 
 returned thither. By this time McCulloch had pretty well lost 
 confidence in ''the undisciplined mob" of Missouri troops, and in 
 order to pacify him General Price, who was a far abler general, 
 yielded to him the chief command. McCulloch followed Lyon 
 toward Springfield to Wilson's Creek, about nine miles south- 
 east. Here he camped in a considerable valley, within reach of 
 some ripening cornfields, which were to be the only subsistence 
 of his army for the next day or two. Near the ford across this 
 creek the valley was narrow, and toward the west was a hill 
 gradually rising from the creek to a height of nearly one hundred 
 feet, and covered with undergrowth and scrub-oak trees. This 
 hill has since been known as "Bloody Hill," and here on 
 Saturday, August 10th, 1861, was fought the bloody battle of 
 Wilson's Creek. 
 
 General McCulloch still hesitated to move on Springfield 
 and attack Lyon. He delayed till Friday when Price, having 
 heard that General Lyon was greatly perplexed, notified him 
 that unless he moved at once he would resume command him- 
 
THE BATTLE OF WILSON'S CREEK. 169 
 
 self and make the fight with his forces alone. McCuUoch 
 yielded, and that night the combined troops were ordered to rest 
 on their arms prepared to march at any moment. General Lyon, 
 who had always overestimated the size of the armies in front of 
 him, had received no assistance from General Fremont, who was 
 now in charge of the Western Department. Two regiments had 
 been ordered to him from Kansas and the Missouri river. But 
 these could not reach him inside of two weeks. By that time 
 the enlistments of one-third of his men would expire, and as 
 they had received no pay, he knew that they would not re-enlist 
 but would return home. He believed it would be defeat to fight. 
 Yet he knew to retreat was to turn over to Price all southwest 
 Missouri, perhaps all the State except St. Louis, to lead 
 thousands of volunteers to join Price's army, to discourage the 
 Union cause and to re-establish Jackson as Governor. Defeat 
 was better than this. He would hazard battle rather than 
 retreat. Friday, August 9th, he ordered Colonel Sigel to set out 
 late in the afternoon with his entire force of 1,200 men, turn the 
 Confederates' right flank and attack them in the rear. He him- 
 self set out with -4,200 men. About midnight he halted within 
 two miles of Bloody Hill, and on the next morning at dawn 
 started for that point. At five o'clock he came in contact with 
 the advance State forces under Hunter, which fell back over the 
 brow of Bloody Hill. As they did so Lyon opened on them with 
 his cannon, and immediately Sigel, who had completely gained 
 the Confederate right, responded with his guns upon the eastern 
 outposts. McCulloch hastened off to meet Sigel and Price to 
 engage Lyon. Price's and Lyon's forces formed within three 
 
170 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 hundred yards of each other, but the undergrowth kept them 
 entirely concealed. Price deployed three thousand and one 
 hundred men under Generals Clark, Parsons and McBride along 
 the eastern declivity ; Lyon, leaving the rest of his men for 
 reserve, took one thousand nine hundred of them and formed 
 along the western side, his under officers being the afterwards 
 famous Generals Schofield, Totten, Sturgis, Granger, Elliott and 
 Osterhaus. Price waited for Lyon to make the attack. This he 
 did soon after six o'clock. ^'Forward" rang along the lines and 
 was plainly heard by both sides. Then followed the crackling of 
 the brush through which Lyon's men were advancing, then the 
 sharp click of a thousand rifles, the reply of a thousand shot- 
 guns and the roar of the cannon. The battle raged for five 
 hours with desperate fury. '^The lines approached again and 
 again within less than fifty yards of each other, and then, after 
 delivering a deadly fire, each would fall back a few paces to re- 
 form and re-load, only to advance again to this strange battle in 
 the woods." Frequently the deepest silence would fall upon 
 the men after one of these charges. The two armies were 
 grappling in a death struggle for Missouri. 
 
 About nine o'clock Sigel had been completely routed with 
 very little hard fighting and was in full retreat to Springfield. 
 His men had taken instant flight on the dashing onslaught of 
 the third Louisiana regiment, which they took for Iowa friends. 
 Throwing themselves into the brush which lined both sides of 
 the road, they became separated. Sigel and Salomon, with about 
 two hundred Germans and Carr's company of cavalry, started 
 for Springfield, but were suddenly set upon by Colonel Major, 
 
THE BATTLE OF WILSON'S CREEK. 171 
 
 with some mounted Missourians and Texans. The Germans 
 being abandoned by Carr, were nearly all either killed, wounded 
 or captured. Sigel reached Springfield with one man only. 
 
 The entire Confederate force, after the defeat of Sigel, was 
 ordered to assist Price in his conflict with Lyon. Seeing all this 
 army concentrating before him, Lyon determined to dash upon 
 Price with all his might and crush him to the ground before 
 these gathering forces could come to his relief. Then followed 
 the hottest fight of the day. "The engagement at once became 
 general and desperately fierce along the entire line. Price's men 
 appearing in front, often in three or four ranks, lying down, 
 kneeling and standing, and the lines often approaching within 
 thirty or forty yards." Walking along in front of his men, 
 now broken down by the long night-march and four hours' hard 
 fighting, the intrepid Lyon encouraged them to make one more 
 effort to win the day. Suddenly, his horse was shot from under 
 him, and he himself was wounded in the head and in the leg. 
 He was stunned for the moment, and was heard to confusedly 
 say he feared the day was lost. Then recovering himself, he 
 mounted another horse and rode gallantly along the lines, 
 waving his hat and urging his men to follow. The soldiers 
 instantly closed around him, and together they dashed into the 
 fight. The next moment a ball had pierced Lyon's breast and 
 he was dead. The command fell on Major Sturgis, who ordered 
 retreat. The Union forces moved away in perfect order from 
 the field for which they had fought so bravely and so ably. 
 
 192. The results of the battle. Of the 5,400 Union men 
 who took part in the fight 1,317 officers and men were killed. 
 
172 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 wounded or missing. The heaviest loss was by the first Missouri 
 regiment of vokinteers (Blair's old regiment) and Osterhaus' 
 battalion which lost 350 out of 925 men, or about thirty-seven 
 per cent. General Lyon, every brigadier-general and every 
 colonel engaged on Bloody Hill were either killed or wounded, 
 so that the army was led off by a major. The total loss of the 
 Confederate and State troops was 1,230 killed and wounded, out 
 of 10,000 men who in some way took part in the battle. The 
 heaviest loss was among Churchill's Arkansas regiment which 
 lost 197 men out of 500, or thirty-nine per cent. Colonels 
 Weightman, Foster, Kelly, Burbridge, Cawthon and Ben Brown 
 were killed ; Generals Slack and Clark and Price were wounded . 
 The total number wounded, killed and missing on both sides 
 was 2,547, or sixteen per cent. Of the 7,700 men who took 
 part in the battle on Bloody Hill, on both sides, 1,880 or about 
 twenty-five per cent were killed or wounded. Old soldiers who 
 took part in the battle have frequently corroborated each other 
 in stating that on one acre of the field where the battle was 
 fiercest, at least half the surface was covered with dead or 
 dying men. 
 
 193. TJie Dead. Major Sturgis reached Springfield about 
 five o'clock with the rest of Lyon's army. In the afternoon 
 he had sent an officer under a flag of truce to beg the body of 
 General Lyon. After the great soldier had been killed his 
 body was borne to the shade of a tree near by, and when retreat 
 was ordered it was obeyed so hastily that the body was left 
 behind. It was now conveyed to Springfield in General Price's 
 own wagon, which he proffered for the purpose. The next 
 
THE BATTLE OF WILSON'S CREEK. 173 
 
 morning the whole Union army continued its retreat to 
 RoUa, and in the confusion of starting, Lyon's body was 
 again forgotten. Mrs. John S. Phelps, wife of the afterwards 
 Goyernor, had it buried in Springfield. Soon afterwards it was 
 disinterred and sent to Connecticut, his natiye State, and there 
 finally buried. After the battle the Confederates remained on 
 the field which they had won, and ministered to the wounded 
 and buried the dead of both armies. Before sunset on that 
 withering hot day, all those who had died for the Union and 
 all those who had died for the State, and all those who had 
 died for the South, had been laid side by side under the sod. 
 
 194. The Retreat. — Lyon's army had been completely 
 defeated. It was now at the mercy of Price and McCulloch 
 if they chose to pursue. It had an immense and richly-laden 
 wagon train and other ''spoils" yalued at $1,500,000. These 
 it undertook to conduct safely to Rolla. Their adyersaries had 
 come out of the battle with six or eight thousand men who 
 had scarcely fired a gun. Besides, the battle gaye them plenty 
 of arms and ammunition. They could also haye had this 
 immense army train, and thereby supplies for their army for 
 months. But McCulloch refused to follow up the yictory and 
 take easy possession of the fruit which the rules of war made 
 his. He was a Confederate officer in command of a Confederate 
 army. He had been stationed in Arkansas for the defense of 
 Indian Territory. His duty was to defend, not to attack. 
 Missouri was yet in the Union. He had no authority to attack 
 a loyal State. He had repelled Lyon's intended inyasion of 
 Arkansas and Indian Territory, and haying succeeded he now 
 
174 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 conceived it his duty to withdraw from Missouri. In vain did 
 Price beg him to lead the forces against the retreating Union 
 army. To have done so would have been to retake the State 
 within sixty days. Price was unable to accomplish this 
 movement with his forces alone, and before he could undertake 
 it the Union army had increased to many times larger than 
 his own. Sturgis made the trip to Rolla in peace. On the 
 w^ay he w^as joined by many fugitives, who with their wives 
 and children, cattle and horses, wagons and household goods, 
 were fleeing before the victorious army. On August 17th, he 
 arrived at Rolla, 150 miles northeast of Springfield. 
 
 195. Distinguished Men. It is worthy of note that at least 
 seven of the officers who took part in the battle of Wilson's 
 creek afterwards became major-generals in the Union army, 
 among whom were Schofield, Stanley, Steele, Sigel, Granger, 
 Osterhaus and Herron; also that thirteen of them became 
 brigadier-generals, among whom were Sturgis, Carr, Plummer, 
 Mitchell, Sweeney, Totten, Gilbert and Powell Clayton. Among 
 the Missourians who rose to the rank of general, were Price, 
 Parsons, Slack, Jo. Shelby, John B. Clark, Jr., Colton Green, 
 and Frank Cockrell. 
 
THE LAST MONTHS OF 1 861 . 175 
 
 CHAPTER XVI. 
 
 THE LAST MONTHS OF 1861. 
 
 196.' The second meeting of the Convention, which, instead of 
 dissolving after its March session, had only taken a recess to 
 reconvene at the call of its executive committee, was begun in 
 Jefferson City on July 22nd. Its former president, Ex-Governor 
 Price, had accepted the position of major-general of the State 
 troops, and his seat was declared vacant from that fact. Gene- 
 ral Robert Wilson, of Buchanan county, was elected president 
 in his stead. The Convention then entered upon some extra- 
 ordinary proceedings. On July 3rd it declared the office of 
 Governor vacant and elected one of its own members, Hamilton 
 R. Gamble, of St. Louis, Governor in Jackson's place. It 
 declared the office of Lieutenant-Governor vacant and elected 
 Willard P. Hall, of St. Joseph, in Mr. Reynolds' stead. It went 
 further and declared the offices of the members of the Legislature 
 vacant and agreed upon a time for electing their successors. 
 Before that time had arrived the election was postponed, by 
 subsequent sessions, till November 1862, and before an election 
 was held at all, it passed laws prescribing that no person should 
 be allowed to vote who did not indorse the actions of the Conven- 
 tion. It went still further and began to perform the duties of 
 the General Assembly, and these duties it exercised for seventeen 
 months before giving the people a chance to elect a new Governor 
 
176 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 ill Jackson's place, or a new Legislature in place of the one whose 
 powers it had assumed. These acts of the Convention have 
 usually been excused on the ground of military necessity. That 
 the great mass of the people quietly submitted to such a change, 
 was positive proof that they realized the State was now in the 
 midst of a great war, which required the exercise of new and 
 extraordinary powers of the body which assumed to act for the 
 State; and whether they approved of the course of the Convention 
 or not as being the best policy, it remains true that nearly all its 
 members were conservative, loyal men, who at all times had in 
 mind only to secure peace and keep the State in the Union. 
 As soon as it was certain that the destiny of the State would be 
 safely Union in the hands of a new Legislature, the Convention 
 laid down its assumed powers and permitted the Legislature to 
 exercise them as it had done in former days. 
 
 197. Proclamations. — On August 3rd, 1861, Governor 
 Gamble issued his first proclamation. He announced himself 
 for the Union. He stated that many persons had joined 
 Jackson's or Price's army under a sense of duty to State 
 authority. He announced that they were under no such obli- 
 gation ; that the act of the Legislature by which the State 
 Guard — the name by which Price's troops were known — was 
 organized, had been set aside by the Convention, and, therefore, 
 was not binding on the people of the State. He commanded the 
 State Guards to disband and return home, and the troops 
 belonging to the Confederacy to depart from the State. He 
 promised that all those citizens in arms who would return to 
 their allegiance to the Union and become loyal and peaceable 
 
THE LAST MONTHS OF 1861. 177 
 
 should have the Union's protection. On August the 24th he issued 
 another prochimation calling for 32,000 men to enlist for six 
 months 'Ho protect the lives and property of the citizens of the 
 State." On August 5th Governor Jackson, who had returned to 
 the State, issued from New Madrid his proclamation which he 
 called the Declaration of Independence of the State of Missouri. 
 After reciting various usurpations and outrages by the Federal 
 military and civil authorities against the people of Missouri, he 
 declared "in their name, by their authority and on their behalf, 
 the political connection heretofore existing between said States 
 and the people and government of Missouri is, and ought to be, 
 totally dissolved ; and that the State of Missouri as a Sovereign, 
 Free and Independent Republic, has full power to levy war, 
 conclude peace, establish commerce, contract alliances and do all 
 other acts and things which independent States may of right 
 do." This proclamation was pretty generally laughed at. It 
 was issued for the purpose of strengthening the secession cause 
 in Missouri, but gave Jackson's enemies in the Convention and 
 out of it an additional argument for their claim that Missouri 
 could be kept in the Union only by an armed force to fight down 
 all opposition. In November, General Price issued his procla- 
 mation, also, in which he said he was ardently "struggling, in 
 behalf of a bleeding country, against the most causeless and 
 cruel despotism known among civilized men," and asked for 
 50,000 new volunteers. Only a few thousands responded to this 
 call. 
 
 198. Fremont's Proclamation. General Fremont, who was 
 more of a cavalier than a soldier, busied himself in issuing his 
 
178 HISTORY OF MISSOURI, 
 
 ''emancipation proclamation," which was finally done on August 
 30th. He declared martial law throughout the whole State, 
 suspended the civil courts and declared all persons who should 
 be taken with arms in their hands should be tried by a court- 
 martial, and, if found guilty, should be shot. He further 
 declared all property of every kind of all persons who had or 
 would take up arms against the United States should be confis- 
 cated to the public use, and all their slaves set free. President 
 Lincoln set aside all that part of this ''proclamation" which 
 related to confiscation of property and liberation of slaves. 
 
 199. Battle of Lexington. After the battle of Wilson's Creek, 
 General McCulloch withdrew to Indian Territory, General Pearce 
 took his Arkansas troops back to Arkansas, and General Price 
 started north for the Missouri river. On the 13th of September 
 his forces drew up in front of Lexington, and on the 18th began 
 besieging the place. The Union troops were well intrenched 
 behind good embankments on Masonic College Hill, the present 
 location of Central Female College. General James A. Mulligan 
 was in command with about 1,500 Missourians and an equal 
 number of Illinois troops. General Price's men numbered about 
 7,000 fit for service. They made movable breastworks of bales of 
 hemp, under shelter of which they approached within thirty 
 yards of Mulligan's works. The siege was kept up for fifty-two 
 hours. Then Mulligan surrendered. According to General 
 Price the fruits of this victory were 3,000 prisoners, 5 pieces of 
 artillery, over 3,000 stand of arms, 750 horses, about $100,000 
 worth of commissary stores and a large amount of other property. 
 He also obtained the restoration of "$900,000 in money which 
 
THE LAST MONTHS OF 1861. 179 
 
 » 
 
 had been taken from a bank in the city." During the siege both 
 armies underwent great hardships. When it first began 
 thousands of Price's troops, who had not slept or eaten for 36 
 hours, fought desperately all day. When Mulligan surrendered, 
 his men were entirely out of water, and all they had had during 
 a great part of the siege had been obtained by catching the water 
 of a slight rain in their blankets and then wringing them in 
 buckets. 
 
 200. Hunter and HaUecJc. After the battle of Lexington, 
 feeling keenly the loss of that important place and the previous 
 death of General Lyon, Fremont took the field himself on the 
 27th of September with 20,000 men well armed. Three days 
 later General Price abandoned Lexington, having held that place 
 only a week, and started southward. Fremont, who had gone 
 to Jefferson City expecting Price would attack him there, also 
 turned southward, following almost the route previously traveled 
 by Lj^on. Several little squads of Confederates or State troops 
 were run into along the march to Springfield, and some sharp 
 skirmishing, but no hard-fought battle took place. When the 
 Osage river was reached a rude bridge was constructed after a 
 few days, and all the troops, now swelled to 30,000, crossed 
 over and proceeded rapidly to Springfield where Price was 
 supposed to be. On November 2d, Fremont received notice 
 that he had been relieved of command and replaced by General 
 David Hunter, who was some distance in the rear. Nevertheless, 
 110 of his officers requested him to lead the forces against Price. 
 He stated that unless Hunter came up by night he would do so. 
 Hunter failed to come up. The whole army was preparing to 
 
180 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 « 
 
 move before dawn, but at midnight Hunter arrived, set 
 Fremont's order aside, then fell back from Springfield and in 
 five days was himself superseded by Halleck, w^ho continued 
 to fall back, and so 1861 closed with no more battles. 
 
 201. The Secession Legislature. While General Price w^as 
 at Lexington, Governor Jackson issued a call from that place 
 for the General Assembly to meet on October 21st at Neosho 
 in the southwest corner of the State, where it could be under 
 the shelter of Price's army. Just how many members were 
 present is not known, for the records of its proceedings were 
 lost. Perhaps not a quorum of either house. If this were true, 
 its actions could not be binding upon the State. Yet it is true 
 that it passed a secession act by which it declared Missouri 
 withdrawn from the Union. It elected John B. Clark, Sr., 
 and R. L. Y. Peyton to the Confederate Senate at Richmond, 
 Virginia, and eight other gentlemen to the House. For purposes 
 of its own the Confederacy chose to recognize these acts of the 
 Legislature as legal, and admitted Missouri into the Confed- 
 eracy. There can be no doubt that many of the people indorsed 
 the action of this Legislature. In fact, ever since the attack 
 on Camp Jackson, public sentiment had been growing for 
 secession. But the Convention, which some months before this 
 declared vacant the seats of the members of the Legislature, still 
 exercised the duties of that body and was sustained by the strong 
 hand of military power. In its subsequent dealings with the 
 State, Congress chose to recognize the Convention as being the 
 only powder that could take Missouri out of the Union. Con- 
 sequently the State never seceded. But after this ''Secession 
 
THE LAST MONTHS OF IS 61. 
 
 181 
 
 Act" the organization of the State Guard ceased, and all those 
 who ''went south" and joined the Confederate army were known 
 as Confederates, although it was more than three months after 
 this before any of them ever saw 
 a Confederate flag. Soon after this 
 Governor Jackson went south and 
 remained out of the State most of 
 the time till his death, which 
 occurred at Little Rock, December 
 6th, 1862. From that time on 
 Thomas C. Reynolds, the Lieuten- 
 ant-Governor, acted in Jackson's 
 stead till the people elected Thos. 
 C. Fletcher Governor, in 1864. Of 
 course the power he exercised was 
 limited, and was in dispute of 
 the right of Gamble to act as 
 Governor of the State. He ap- 
 pointed members to the Confederate Congress, both House and 
 Senate, and made a few other like appointments, but aside from 
 this he was Governor only in name. 
 
 THOMAS C. REYNOLDS. 
 
182 HISTORY OF MISSOURI, 
 
 CHAPTER XVII . 
 
 EVENTS IN 1862. 
 
 202. Order No. 2^. The war had produced local disturbances 
 in nearly every county in the State, and in some localities 
 neither life nor property was safe. But in St. Louis everything 
 was orderly and the Union forces there were in full control. 
 From this reason many avowed supporters of the Union cause 
 had taken refuge in the city. General Halleck, on December 
 12th, issued ''Order No. 24," making assessments on certain 
 wealthy citizens of the city, who favored the cause of Governor 
 Jackson or the Confederacy, by which the}^ were required to 
 contribute money for the support of these refugees. Some of 
 these citizens refused to pay the assessments and their property 
 was seized by force. Samuel Engier, a prominent merchant, 
 did not approve of this summary way of taking away his 
 property, and attempted to recover it by suit at law. For so 
 doing he and his lawyer were arrested and lodged in a military 
 prison. After this the assessments were generally paid. This 
 method of raising funds was repeated during the next few years 
 by the various little commands stationed at different points in 
 the State and great sums of money were thus obtained. 
 
 203. Oilier Orders. The Convention at its third session in 
 October, had passed a law that no person should hold any civil 
 office in the State who did not, within sixty days, take an oath to 
 support the Union and the acts of the Convention. General 
 
E VENTS m 1862. 183 
 
 Halleck issued an order extending this law to include the Mer- 
 cantile Library of St. Louis, all the officers of railroads in the 
 State and all the professors in the State University, ''which 
 should not be used," he declared, ''to teach treason or to instruct 
 traitors." Any officer who refused to take this oath was replaced 
 by one tliat did. The Provost Marshal also issued his order 
 requiring a copy of all newspapers to be sent to him, that their 
 loyalty might be inspected, and if any paper was not so sent it 
 was suppressed. 
 
 204. Battle of Pea Ridge. General Halleck had wintered a 
 large part of Fremont's army in and around Lebanon, Laclede 
 county, under command of General Curtis, while General Price 
 remained around Springfield. On February 11th, 1862, Curtis 
 moved out upon Price who fell back towards Cassville, then 
 across the State line into Arkansas, where he was joined by 
 General McCulloch, and General Albert Pike with a large number 
 of Indians and white troops from Indian Territory. It was as 
 Price's troops came in sight of McCulloch 's men that they for 
 the first time saw a Confederate flag — about the middle of Feb- 
 ruary, 1862. These, added to Price's 8,000 Missourians, made 
 a grand army of nearly 20,000 men, and the whole was placed 
 under the command of General Van Dorn, a very courageous and 
 daring officer. Curtis, with perhaps a less number of troops, 
 followed Price at some distance, and encamped near Pea Ridge, 
 a little place only a few miles over the line in Arkansas and 
 about thirty miles from Cassville. Hei'e, early in the morning 
 of March 6th, 1862, he w^as vigorously attacked by Van Dorn, 
 and a bloody battle followed, which was skilfully and 
 
184 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 desperately fought on both sides. It histed for three days, with 
 ever-changing fortunes to the opposing forces. At one time it 
 seemed that the Union cause would win, then the opposition, 
 then again the Union. On the third day victory perched on the 
 Federal banner, and the Confederates retreated. The Union 
 loss was 1,351 killed, wounded and missing. The Confederate 
 loss was about the same. General McCulloch was killed, so was 
 General Mcintosh and General W. Y. Slack, of Chillicothe, Mo., 
 and General Price was wounded in the arm. 
 
 205. Price joins the Confederacy. One month after the battle 
 of Pea Ridge General Price published an order in which he bade 
 farewell to the State Guard. Shortly afterward he was trans- 
 ferred to the east side of the Mississippi with about 5,000 State 
 troops who had followed him into the Confederacy, and from 
 this time on they were known as Confederate troops. They 
 were from time to time joined by other Missourians, but it is not 
 likely that the number ever exceeded ten thousand men. Of 
 their subsequent career it is not proper here to speak. Suffice 
 it to say that this band of men fought on till the 9th of April, 
 1865, and on that day, the very one on which Lee surrendered, 
 their number now reduced to 400, they fired their last gun at 
 Fort Blakely on the Gulf of Mexico. 
 
 206. State Militia. The State Convention, which held its 
 third session in October, 1861, had also passed a Military Bill, 
 not greatly unlike the ''Military Bill" passed by the General 
 Assembly in May, which had been urged by Lyon and the 
 Convention as one cause for attacking Camp Jackson. This 
 bill provided for the organization of the supporters of the 
 
EVENTS IN IS 62. 
 
 185 
 
 Convention and the Union cause throughout the State, under 
 the name of the ''Missouri State 
 Militia." Companies of these 
 were enlisted in nearly every 
 county, and among the promi- 
 nent officers thereof, who were 
 tlien and have since been also 
 prominent citizens of the State, 
 were Colonel John F. Philips 
 of Pettis, Colonel T. T. Crit- 
 tenden of Johnson, Major A. 
 W. Mullins of Linn, Colonel 
 John F. Williams of Macon, 
 and General Odin Guitar of 
 Boone. 
 
 207. Missourians in Opposing Companies. Early in April 
 General Halleck set out for Corinth, Mississippi, and left 
 General Schofield in command in Missouri. Governor Gamble 
 appointed him Brigadier-General of Missouri State Militia, with 
 power to call as much of it into active service as might be 
 required to put down all marauders. Confederate companies for 
 opposing these were also organized, and as a result most of 
 the battles and skirmishes thereafter took place between these 
 opposing companies of Missouri citizens. A few of the most 
 important will be noticed. 
 
 208. Porter, Poindexter and Guitar. Colonel Jo. C. Porter 
 led a band of marauding secessionists in the northeastern part 
 of the State. They were first attacked by Colonel H. S. Lipscomb, 
 
 JOHN F. PHILIPS. 
 
186 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 with 450 State ^lilitia in Schuyler county, early in July, 1862. 
 Driven out of this county they passed rapidly into Scotland, 
 Marion and Warren counties, and on July 22d suddenly fell 
 upon Major H. C. Caldwell (now United States Circuit Judge 
 of the district of which Missouri is a part) at Florida, in Monroe 
 county. Porter then turned south, and was met at Brown's 
 Spring in Callaway county on July 27th by Colonel Guitar with 
 about 400 State militia and Major Caldwell with a part of the 
 third Iowa. The fighting was desperate, many were killed and 
 wounded on each side, and Porter was defeated. Porter now 
 
 retreated rapidly to the north 
 and near Kirksville was joined 
 by J. A. Poindexter ; and their 
 combined forces of over 1,500 
 men made a stand in this town. 
 They were attacked August 6th, 
 by General John H. McNeil, aided 
 by ''Merrill's Horse," and were 
 terribly defeated, sustaining a 
 loss of over 200 killed, wounded 
 or captured. Among the pris- 
 oners were seventeen men who 
 were charged with having taken 
 up arms after being released 
 upon their oath to bear allegi- 
 ance to the Union. These were condemned to death and shot. 
 The remnant of Porter's force retreated southward and was met 
 at Compton's Ferry, on Grand river in Carroll county, by Colonel 
 
 ODIN GUITAR. 
 
EVENTS IN 1862. 187 
 
 Guitar, who, by attacking him while crossing the river, caused 
 great confusion among his men and completely broke up his 
 band. Guitar also encountered Poindexter on Yellow creek in 
 Chariton county and routed him completely. For these gallant 
 achievements Governor Gamble promoted Guitar to the rank 
 of Brigadier-General of Enrolled Missouri Militia. 
 
 209. McNeil at Palmyra. Ahoni the time of his retreat and 
 raid southward through Marion county three of Porter's men 
 had captured Andrew Allsman, who had formerly been a Union 
 soldier, but, being too old to endure the active duties of the 
 service, had returned home, and, being well acquainted in the 
 county, was frequently called upon for information as to the 
 loyalty of certain citizens and to accompany scouting parties 
 in search of suspected persons. He had also needlessly busied 
 himself as a tale-bearer to officers of the State militia and other- 
 wise made himself odious to the Confederate element. After 
 his capture General John H. McNeil had published in the papers 
 a notice to Porter that unless Allsman was returned within ten 
 days, ten captured men, who he alleged had belonged to 
 Porter's band and had violated their paroles, when in fact some 
 of them had never been in arms, should be put to death. It 
 was not then known whether Allsman had been killed or not, 
 but as he never returned there can now be no doubt of it. At the 
 end of the ten days the ten men, who were not responsible 
 for the arrest or absence of Allsman, were taken from the 
 Palmyra prison, put into wagons, each one seated on his coffin, 
 and driven a half mile east of town. Then the coffins were 
 removed and placed in a row a few feet apart, each of the men 
 
188 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 was made to kneel beside his coffin, and then thirty soldiers 
 of the second Missouri State Militia were commanded to fire, 
 and this terrible crime against humanity stood, and still stands, 
 as a dark spot in American History. 
 
 210. Disfranchisement and Soldiers at the Polls. The Con- 
 vention elected on the 18th of February, 1861, had in June, 
 1862, passed a law that no person should vote who had been 
 found in arms against the government of the United States or 
 the provisional government of Missouri since December 17th, 
 1861, or ''who had directly or indirectly given aid, comfort, or 
 countenance to the enemies or opposers thereof." The resolu- 
 tion was first introduced by Ex-Governor R. M. Stewart. It 
 disqualified many men who had before this been voters. As to 
 those who had actually taken up arms this measure worked no 
 hardship while the war lasted, for they showed no desire to 
 vote anyhow. But it disfranchised many persons whose only 
 crime was that they were relatives or friends to those who had 
 taken up arms. At the election held in the following November, 
 the soldiers were at the polls with their guns. They were there 
 to prevent anybody from voting who were disqualified by the 
 act of the Convention. Soldiers at the polls are always objection- 
 able to a people accustomed to governing themselves ; but in this 
 case the objection was great, because they were there to aid in 
 enforcing a law which prescribed a punishment for an offense 
 which had been committed before the act was passed, and which 
 disqualified almost as many more men as had ever taken up arms. 
 But, at the election in 1863, the soldiers were required to vote in 
 their camps, and this proved more satisfactory to the people. 
 
E VENTS IN 1 8 62 . 189 
 
 211. Emancipation Efforts. None but Union men voted in 
 1862 ; hence none but Union men were elected. The only 
 question which divided the voters was emancipation of slaves : 
 whether they should be freed at once, or after ten or twelve 
 years, or with or without pay to their owners, or whether they 
 should be freed at all. County officers, members of Congress 
 and members of the Legislature were elected. The emancipa- 
 tionists were successful. They had a large majority in the 
 House of Representatives of the Legislature, which met on the 
 last Monday of December, but not two-thirds of both houses. 
 They could not, therefore, pass an emancipation act. The State 
 Constitution stood in their way. It forbade the Legislature 
 to free slaves except by paying full value for them before freed. 
 Such payment could not well be made by a State alread}^ heavy 
 in debt from the war. Emancipation could come through the 
 Legislature, then, only by an amendment to the Constitution. 
 This could be made only by two-thirds of all the members of 
 each house in two successive Legislatures. This number of one 
 Legislature were required to first vote for the amendment. 
 Then it had to be published in all the papers in the State a year 
 before a general election. If the next Legislature after such an 
 election by two-thirds of each house should vote for the amend- 
 ment, it became a part of the Constitution. This was too slow 
 a process for the emancipationists. They had only a majority in 
 the present Legislature. It was not known that they would have 
 that in the next one. Emancipation would be delayed four 
 years, perhaps longer. The Convention must be appealed to. 
 It was thought it had unlimited power. If not, perhaps it 
 
190 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 would assume it. Governor Gamble was requested to call 
 another session of the Convention. He did. It met in June, 
 1863. 
 
 CHAPTER XVIII, 
 
 1863 AXD IS 64. 
 
 212. The last Sessio7i of the Convention was held in June, 1863. 
 An '^ ordinance" was passed declaring all slaves free after July 
 4th, 1870, but all those over 40 years old should remain under 
 the control of, and be subject to, their owners for the rest of their 
 lives ; those under 12 years, until they were 23 years old ; and 
 those of all other ages until the 4th of July, 1876 ; but none were 
 to hg sold after July 4th, 1870. The Convention also declared 
 that all parts of the State Constitution in conflict with this 
 ordinance were void and '^lereby abrogated." It adjourned sine 
 die July 1st, 1863. It will be seen hereafter that this ordinance 
 was supplanted by another law before the time arrived for its 
 enforcement. 
 
 213. Neiv Senators. Trusten Polk and Waldo P. Johnson had 
 been expelled from the United States Senate in 1862, because of 
 their secession sentiments and aid to the secession movements. 
 Robert Wilson of Andrew, and John B. Henderson of Pike, 
 were appointed to the vacancies b}^ Lieutenant-Governor Hall, in 
 the absence of Governor Gamble. In January, 1863, the 
 General Assembly elected Mr. Henderson to fill out the unex- 
 
1863 AND 1864. 191 
 
 pired term of Polk, and then elected him to serve six years till 
 March 4th, 1869, but elected none to fill out Mr. Johnson's 
 term, which would terminate March 4th, 1867, but in the 
 following November it elected B. Gratz Brown for a term 
 expiring March 4th, 1867. 
 
 214. The Sacking of Lawrence. That a rank growth of gene- 
 ral freebooting should have sprung up along the border in both 
 Missouri and Kansas was to be expected from the lawless state 
 of affairs which has been recounted under the head of ''Kansas 
 Troubles." The war opened a wider field for spoliation. Early 
 in the struggle appeared a band of ''jayhawkers," known as ''red- 
 legs," because they wore red morocco leggings. The band was 
 originally devoted to horse stealing, but became flexible enough 
 to include rascals of every kind. At intervals the band would 
 dash into Missouri, seize horses and cattle, commit other and 
 worse outrages, then return with their booty to Lawrence and 
 sell it at public auction. They did not hesitate to shoot people 
 who objected to their acts or inquired into their doings. Mr. 
 Spring, an honorable Kansas historian, says: "The gang con- 
 tained men of the most desperate and hardened character, and 
 a full recital of their deeds would sound like a biography of 
 devils." The people of Lawrence could not drive them out or put 
 a stop to their maraudings, and so their course of robbery, rapine 
 and murder went on. The depredations of these red-legs, the 
 campaign of Lane into Missouri some time before, and the 
 troubles dating back to 1854, led to the awful destruction of 
 Lawrence on August 21st, 1863. Quantrill, who led the raid, 
 once lived in Lawrence — "a dull, sullen, uninteresting knave" — 
 
192 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 and, just as the war began, was driven from the town to Missouri 
 for some misbehavior. He now returned at the head of a band 
 of Missouri bushrangers. They rode quietly into Kansas, 
 traveled forty miles the night before the massacre and reached 
 Ijawrence at daybreak, 175 strong. Armed with revolvers, they 
 were commanded to ''kill every man and burn every house." 
 With a wild cry like that of savage Indians, they dashed through 
 the sleeping and defenseless town, killing men indiscriminately, 
 but especially butchering all red-legs to be found. In the 
 meantime they shouted — ''We are here for revenge, and we have 
 got it !" Stores, banks, hotels and dwellings they rifled and then 
 set them on fire, and of the dead 183 were counted; and from 
 this sickening scene — the town in flames, the principal streets 
 lined with corpses, many of them charred and blackened — the 
 guerrillas galloped away, easily evading Major (lately Senator) 
 Plumb with 250 Union troops, whom they passed on the way and 
 escaped. "Order No. 11" was four days later issued for the 
 purpose of taking reprisals for this raid on Lawrence, and 
 making it impossible for such men to live in border counties. 
 
 215. Order No. 11. On August 25th, 1863, General Thomas 
 Ewing, of the Eleventh Kansas Infantry Volunteers, issued from 
 his headquarters at Kansas City an order which has become 
 famous as "Order No. 11," and which shows the biting misery 
 the people then had to endure on account of the fratricidal war 
 which was being carried on, not by great generals and brave 
 soldiers in open and honorable battle, but by roving bands 
 of guerrillas of both armies, whose purpose was to murder, rob 
 and despoil, almost as much as to maintain the authority of the 
 
1S6S Ayn 1864. 193 
 
 Union or establish the authority of the Confederacy. Order 
 No. 11 commanded all persons then living in the counties of 
 Cass, Jackson and Bates, except those living in the principal 
 towns, to remove from their places of abode within fifteen days. 
 All persons who could show to the nearest military commander 
 that they were loyal citizens, were permitted to move to the 
 military stations or to Kansas. All other persons were to move 
 entirely out of these counties. Their grain and hay were to be 
 taken to the nearest military station, where the owners were 
 granted certificates showing their value, and all produce not so 
 delivered was to be destroyed. The military commanders were 
 directed to see this order promptly obeyed, and they did so with 
 dire earnestness. The whole district soon presented a scene of 
 desolation rarely equaled. Cass was almost wholly depopulated. 
 Of its 10,000 inhabitants only about 600 remained in the county, 
 and these were gathered at the military stations of Harrisonville 
 and Pleasant Hill. There was also an immense destruction of 
 property. Immediately after the close of the war it was esti- 
 mated that at least one-third of the houses had been burned 
 and one-half of the farms laid waste. In Bates results were still 
 worse. Within fifteen days nearly every inhabitant had crossed 
 its border, and for three years its history was a blank. During 
 these years the prairie fires swept over the land, adding to 
 the desolation, and when, in 1866, the older inhabitants 
 returned, not a vestige of their old homes was left save the 
 blackened chimneys rising above the rank weeds. From these 
 reasons these counties were, for a score of years, known as ''The 
 Burnt District." A member of General Ewing's staff was. 
 
194 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Colonel George C. Bingham, who opposed the issuing of this 
 order, and begged Ewing not to issue it. When Ewing per- 
 sisted, he became defiant and told him if he did so he would 
 make him 'infamous." Being one of the finest artists in the 
 State, after the war closed he painted ''Order No. 11." The 
 painting became very celebrated, was copied, and can to this day 
 be found in some Missouri homes. But as soil cannot be 
 destro^^ed, after the unhappy conflict had closed, many old 
 soldiers from either army settled in these counties, and to-day 
 they are among the most prosperous in the State. 
 
 216. Radicals and Conservatives. The campaign in the fall 
 of 1863 excited much interest. Those who approved of the 
 Convention's ordinance emancipating slaves, wdio supported the 
 administration of Governor Gamble and the actions of the Con- 
 vention, and opposed Order No. 11, and other kindred acts, were 
 called Conservatives. Those who favored the freeing of the slaves 
 at once, who wanted all the management of the war, together with 
 the State and Enrolled Militia, turned over to the national 
 Government, who opposed the administration of Governor 
 Gamble, and who favored more rigid election laws, were called 
 Radicals. Much interest was taken in this campaign. The 
 Conservatives were successful, electing their three judges of the 
 Supreme Court by a majority of only a few hundred out of a 
 total vote of 93,777. 
 
 217. Price's Raid. In January, 1864, General Rosecrans 
 had succeeded to the command of the Western Department. The 
 first formidable force he was called upon to resist, was General 
 Price, who, since the battle of Pea Ridge had been in Arkansas 
 
1863 AND 1864. 195 
 
 and the South. Early in September he started upon a bold 
 dash through the State, which has been known as ''Price's 
 Raid." He entered southeastern Missouri with a large force. 
 At Pilot Knob he met General H. S. Ewing with 1,200 men, 
 who gallantly held his position for a time, then spiked his guns, 
 blew up his magazine, and retreated to Rolla to join his forces 
 with General McNeil's. His loss had been about ten men, 
 while Price's had been several times that number. The Union 
 forces from every part of the State were now concentrated at 
 Jefferson City to defend the capital, and the whole was in 
 command of General Brown, ably re-enforced by General Clinton 
 B. Fisk from north of the river, and General McNeil from 
 Rolla. Price moved rapidly in that direction, burning the 
 bridges behind him so as to impede pursuit. On October 5th 
 he met the outposts of the Union army at the Osage river, under 
 command of Major A. W. Mullins and Colonel John F. Philips. 
 They gradually fell back with slight skirmishing as he ap- 
 proached. Price soon found the capital well intrenched, and 
 a large army prepared to resist any attack. He, therefore, moved 
 onward toward Boonville and Lexington, hotly pursued by 
 General A. J. Smith. Soon a very heavy Union force, under 
 command of General Pleasonton was in pursuit of Price, whose 
 army was now being rapidly increased by recruits. In Saline 
 county he sent General Jo. Shelby and General John B. Clark, 
 Jr., to attack Glasgow, on the opposite side of the river in 
 Howard county, which they easily captured. At Little Blue 
 creek in Jackson county. Price encountered General Curtis, and 
 a sharp contest for a few hours was waged, when Curtis fell 
 
196 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 back. But on the 20th his forces were defeated at Independence 
 by Pleasonton. Price had been disappointed in the small 
 number of recruits he had gathered. The number had not been 
 over six thousand and the raid had accomplished nothing, and 
 so he hastily retreated to Arkansas, his troops on the way 
 undergoing the greatest hardships for lack of food and water. 
 He entered the State no more till the war was ended. During 
 the raid. Price had marched 1,434 miles, and fought forty-three 
 battles and skirmishes. 
 
 218. The Centmlia Massacre. On September 27th, 1864, a 
 band of over 200 murderous outlaws, under the command of the 
 notorious guerrilla chief. Bill Anderson, made a dash upon 
 Centralia, a small town upon the Wabash railroad in the 
 northern part of Boone county. They first employed themselves 
 in robbing the stores of their goods and private citizens of their 
 money, and when the train arrived from St. Louis they robbed 
 the passengers of their money and jewelry. On board the train 
 were twenty-three Federal soldiers. These surrendered, but were 
 taken to the edge of the town and shot, while begging for their 
 lives. The number has been reported by Anderson's men as 27. 
 Such was what is known as the "Centralia Massacre." Then they 
 returned, set fire to the train, and set it in motion to run at its 
 will, and the whole was burned. Later in the same day the 
 guerrillas were attacked by Major Johnson, who was in the 
 neighborhood, with 150 militia. The lines of battle were drawn 
 up just at the edge of town. Anderson's followers dashed with 
 tremendous ferocity upon Johnson's force, and sixty-eight of 
 them were killed at the first fire, so accurate was the marksman- 
 
1863 AND 1864. 197 
 
 ship of the guerrillas. Johnson's men fled in every direction, 
 but were overtaken, and seventy-three of them were killed and 
 robbed. The guerrillas had only two killed. Anderson, after 
 this massacre, began burning the towns and bridges and depots 
 along the railroad, and a month later was met in Ray county 
 by Colonel S. P. Cox, with a company of Enrolled Militia from 
 Caldwell and Daviess counties, and killed. 
 
 219. Other Engagements. It would be a mistake to suppose 
 because Price was outside the State during the greater part of 
 the war, that therefore there was peace and order. The important 
 battles have been mentioned, but this was not all the war nor 
 the greater part of it. According to the official records, between 
 the time of the capture of the Government arsenal at Liberty, 
 on April 20th, 1861, and the 20th of November, 1862— a period 
 of nineteen months — over three hundred battles and skirmishes 
 had been fought within the State. During the next two years 
 it is estimated there were 150 more, but they were relatively 
 more destructive of life. So here is a total of 450 battles and 
 skirmishes for the entire war, an average of four for every 
 county in the State. North of the river these engagements were 
 mostly between the State or Enrolled Militia, and regularly 
 enlisted Confederates who were attempting to make their way 
 south to join the regular army. It was to prevent them in this 
 attempt that these skirmishes were fought. But, nevertheless, 
 many of them "went south," as it was then described, and 
 fought on till peace was established. Most of them went after 
 the battle of Pea Ridge, from which time the State was practic'ally 
 under the control of the Union authorities, and no Confederate 
 
198 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 army of any consequence was in the State till the time of Price's 
 raid, nearly two years and a half afterwards. There must have 
 been some cause for their going. Two reasons are given. 
 
 220. One ivas found in the Order of Governor Gamble on July 
 22nd, 1862, enrolling the entire fighting population of the 
 State, and authorizing General Schofield to call into active 
 service such a portion of it as he might deem necessary to put 
 down all marauders and preserve the peace. This order was 
 generally regarded as preliminary to a draft. The Southern 
 sympathizers looked upon it as an attempt to force them into the 
 Union army and to make them fight against their Southern 
 friends and kindred, whether they wished to or not. And they 
 were, therefore, determined that if they must fight at all it would 
 be for the South. Some of Price's men who had returned 
 home after he had published his farewell address to the State 
 Guard and joined the Confederacy, had led guerrilla outbreaks 
 and done other unlawful acts, such as burning railroads, but 
 most of them, by far, took an oath not to bear arms against the 
 United States or the provisional government of Missouri, and 
 had given a bond to faithfully keep this oath, which they were 
 trying to do. But this order of Governor Gamble's they regarded 
 as breaking the contract, w^iich the oath implied, that they 
 were not to fight any more, and so they now 'Svent south" 
 again. 
 
 221. The Second Reason. But a larger number of men were 
 induced to join the Confederacy because of the way they were 
 treated by the Union officers and soldiers. Unoffending 
 citizens, notably those who were suspected of disloyalty, were 
 
1863 AND 1864. 199 
 
 constantly interfered with. Some military officials, especially 
 those from other States, 'instead of discharging the duties of their 
 office in such a way as to give as little offense as possible, acted 
 as if it were the true policy to exasperate the people among 
 whom they were stationed and drive them into the rebel army, 
 or worse still, into some wild and predatory band of guerrillas." 
 They seemed to forget that there was such a thing as military 
 law, and frequently conducted themselves in a manner which 
 would not have been excusable even in an enemy's country. 
 But it is fair to add that these insults and offenses to private 
 citizens often resulted from ignorance and excess of zeal rather 
 than from a spirit of wantonness and a desire for personal gain. 
 Their ignorance consisted in the fact that, by some curious 
 process, they appeared to have satisfied themselves that Missouri 
 was disloyal, which was never the case, especially when the 
 people were left in peace to decide for themselves for or against 
 the Union. 
 
 222. The Number of Soldiers. But the number of these men 
 that ''went south" was not as large by far as is usually 
 supposed. The entire number that enlisted during the last 
 three years of the war was less than 20,000. Add to these the 
 10,000 who had joined Price east of the Mississippi, and 10,000 
 for those who either returned home after the battle of Pea Ridge 
 or had prior to that time served as State troops, and the 
 number is swelled to the grand total of 40,000 men, which will 
 include all the soldiers that Missouri furnished to Jackson and 
 the Confederate service. But the number of Union enlistments 
 reached the magnificent array of 109,111 men, which was 33,000 
 
200 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 more than the number furnished by Iowa, 89,000 more than by 
 Kansas, and three-fourths as many as by Massachusetts, and is 
 an undeniable answer to all assertions that Missouri was ever 
 disloyal to the Union. Of these 109,111, eight thousand were 
 negroes, who had formerly been slaves. The Provisional 
 Government had been so successful in managing the affairs of 
 the State, that they established order over a great part of it and 
 answered every call made by the national authorities upon them 
 for men without a draft and with a small expenditure of money. 
 The number of Union soldiers was forty-seven per cent of the 
 entire number of men of military age, and the number furnished 
 both armies w^as sixty-four per cent of those subject to military 
 duty. These figures become more instructive when it is remem- 
 bered that in 1860 Mr. Lincoln obtained only ten per cent of 
 the State's vote. 
 
 223. Governor Gamble having died on January 31st, 1864, 
 aged sixty-six, Lieutenant-Governor Willard P. Hall became 
 Governor. Hamilton R. Gamble was born in Virginia, in 1798, 
 and w^as of Irish descent. He w^as educated at Hampden-Sidney 
 College. Before he was of age he was admitted to the bar in 
 three States. In 1818 he moved to Franklin, Howard county, 
 and was shortly afterward appointed prosecuting attorney. At 
 that time the territory of Howard embraced nearly one-third of 
 the present State. In 1824, Governor Bates appointed him 
 Secretary of State, which required him to move to St. Charles, 
 the then capital. Soon afterward, on the death of Bates, he 
 settled in St. Louis, and made that his home till his deatli. 
 After he took up his home there he soon established a reputation 
 
IS 63 AXD IS 64. 
 
 201 
 
 as a great lawyer, and from that time on was connected with 
 
 almost every important suit pending in the St. Louis courts 
 
 followed them to the Supreme Court of the United States, argued 
 
 
 HAMILTON R. GAMBLE. 
 
 them in person and obtained a high reputation as a jurist. 
 In 1846 he was a member of the Legislature. In 1852 he 
 became Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, and served for 
 
202 HISTOR Y OF MISSO VRL 
 
 three years, being at the time a Whig. When the important 
 question of secession was submitted to the people, he earnestly 
 and ably espoused the cause of the Union, and was elected 
 without opposition to the Convention which was to decide 
 Missouri's course during the war, and was made chairman of 
 the committee on Federal relations, and wrote the report 
 against secession which was adopted. When Claiborne Jackson 
 was deposed as Governor, Mr. Gamble was elected to the office 
 of Provisional Governor by the Convention. He assumed the 
 duties of Governor August 1st, 1861, and exercised them till 
 his death. He was chosen for only one year, but by a vote of 
 the Convention, in June, 1862, he was to continue in office till 
 after the election in November, 1864. His powers as Governor 
 were great, but he exercised them with a steadfast purpose to 
 restore peace. 
 
 224. Willard P. Hall was born at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, 
 in 1820, and was of New England stock. He graduated at Yale 
 College at the age of nineteen, at twenty-one he was admitted 
 to the bar at Huntsville, Missouri, settled in St. Joseph in 
 1842, and gave such evidence of his ability that the next year 
 Governor Reynolds appointed him Circuit Attorney. In 1844 
 he was Presidential elector on the Democratic ticket and carried 
 the vote of his State, which had been cast for James K. Polk, 
 to Washington. The next year he joined Doniphan's regiment 
 for service in the Mexican War. General Kearney detailed him 
 to draft a code of laws for New Mexico, which he did, and so 
 successfully that it has remained the law of that Territory to 
 this day. In 1847 he went to Congress, and was a member 
 
THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR FLETCHER. 
 
 203 
 
 of that body for six years. He then resumed the practice of 
 law and the management of his 
 large farm near St. Joseph, 
 and gained the reputation of 
 being one of Missouri's greatest 
 lawyers. He was elected to the 
 Convention in 1861 and became 
 one of its most prominent 
 members against secession. 
 When Thomas C. Reynolds was 
 deposed as Lieutenant-Governor, 
 he was elected by the Convention 
 in his stead, and when Mr. 
 Gamble died he became Gov- 
 ernor, and served as such about 
 one year. 
 
 WILLARD P. HALL. 
 
 CHAPTER XIX. 
 
 THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR FLETCHER. 
 
 225. Thomas C. Fletcher became Governor January 2d, 
 1865, and served till 1869. He was the first Republican, the 
 first native-born, and the youngest Governor of Missouri up 
 to that time. He received 71,531 votes, and his Democratic 
 opponent, Thomas L. Price, received 30,406. He was born 
 in Jefferson county, January 22d, 1827, and in early life received 
 
204 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 a very meagre education. This defect he remedied by hard and 
 persistent study while serving as deputy clerk of the courts of 
 his county. Afterwards he was elected clerk of these courts, 
 
 and in 1856 was admitted to the 
 bar. In 1860 he advocated the elec- 
 tion of Mr. Lincoln, and soon after- 
 wards warmly indorsed the course 
 of Lyon and Blair. He recruited the 
 31st Missouri regiment of infantry 
 and was made its colonel ; was 
 wounded and captured, and in 
 1864 was nominated for Governor 
 while serving as brigadier-general 
 under Sherman, in Georgia. He 
 opposed the wholesale disfran- 
 chisement of the Drake Constitu- 
 tion and did what he could to have it repealed ; but while it 
 remained the law he enforced it with firmness and vigor. He has 
 never held office since being Governor. 
 
 226. The Constitution of 1865. The General Assembly had 
 submitted to the people, at the election in 1864, a proposition for 
 a Convention to amend the Constitution. It was voted to have 
 the Convention by a majority of 29,000, and QQ delegates were 
 elected thereto. It met in the Mercantile Library Hall, in St. 
 Louis, in January 1865, and elected Arnold Kreckel president 
 and Charles Drake vice-president. It in time adopted a con- 
 stitution which never had a parallel in America for its rigid* 
 severity. It became known in history as the ''Drake Consti- 
 
 THOS. C. FLETCHER. 
 
THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR FLETCHER. 205 
 
 tution," because Charles D. Drake was the leading spirit in the 
 Convention, and from this fact and its extreme severity, has 
 been called the ''Draconian Code," in comparison to the laws of 
 Draco of Greece, which affixed the penalty of death alike to 
 petty thefts and murder, Draco justifying them by saying small 
 offenses deserved death, and he knew no greater punishment for 
 great ones. 
 
 227. Manumission Day. The Convention, on January 11th, 
 1865, passed an ordinance which declared that "hereafter in this 
 State there shall neither be slavery nor involuntary servitude, 
 except in punishment of crime whereof the party shall have 
 been duly convicted, and all persons held to service or labor as 
 slaves are hereby declared free." This ordinance received an 
 overwhelming majority on final passage, 60 delegates voting 
 for it and only 4 against it. The Convention refused to submit 
 this ordinance to the people by a vote of 44 to 4, and Governor 
 Fletcher next day issued his proclamation that "henceforth and 
 forever no person shall be subject to any abridgement of liberty, 
 except such as the law shall prescribe for the common good, 
 or know any master but God." An effort was also made in the 
 Convention to "pay loyal owners for their slaves," but this, too, 
 failed by a vote of 44 to 4, and hence the vexed question of 
 slavery was settled now, at last in all its aspects, forever. This 
 ordinance was passed January 11th, 1865, and for that reason 
 this day has since been known as "Manumission Day." But 
 for a number of years there had practically been no slavery 
 in Missouri, the slave-owners making little or no efforts to 
 restrain their slaves. There had been 114,931 of them in I860-, 
 
206 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 and by this time many thousands had either gone off to other 
 States or enlisted in the army. 
 
 228. The Test Oath. Th-e Convention had done a good 
 work in passing the ''Manumission Act." Had it stopped at 
 this, no one would have thought of calling its declarations the 
 "Draconian Code." But it went further and prescribed a ''test 
 oath," which prevented at least one-third of the people from 
 voting till 1872^ and almost as many more would have been 
 disfranchised had they sworn strictly to the truth when they 
 came to take that oath. This test oath declared that no person 
 should vote or hold any kind of office, who had "ever" engaged 
 
 in hostilities, or given aid, com- 
 fort, countenance or support to 
 persons engaged in hostilities, 
 against the Government of the 
 United States ; or had given 
 mone}^, goods, letters, or infor- 
 mation to its enemies, or by act 
 or word manifested his adherence 
 to the cause of such enemies, or 
 his sympathy with those engaged 
 in carrying on rebellion; or had 
 ever been in anywise connected 
 with any society unfriendly to 
 such Government; or had ever 
 knowingly harbored, aided or countenanced any person engaged 
 in guerrilla warfare; or had ever done any act to prevent being 
 enrolled into the military service of the Union or the State. 
 
 CHARLES D. DRAKE. 
 
THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOVEJ^NOR FLETCHER. 207 
 
 Any person who had done any of these things, or any other 
 thing like them, could not vote, teach in any public or private 
 school, practice law, preach the Gospel, ''or be competent as 
 a minister of any religious denomination, to preach, teach, or 
 solemnize marriage, unless such person shall have first taken 
 said oath." It did not only require allegiance and loyalty to 
 the Union from that time on, which would have been a just 
 and wise provision, but it applied to all men who had ever 
 borne arms against the United States, or had sympathized at 
 any time with those who did take up arms, or had done them 
 acts of common kindness, or had refused to bear arms for the 
 national Government. All. disloyal citizens attempting to teach 
 or preach without taking this oath were to be fined not less than 
 five hundred dollars, or committed to prison not less than six 
 months, or both; and if they falsely took it, they were to be tried 
 for perjury and punished with imprisonment in the penitentiary. 
 229. A Retrospective Law. An effort was made in the Conven- 
 tion to change the words ''has ever" (been guilty of the things 
 recited as offenses in the oath) to "who has since December 
 17th, 1861," been guilty of them. This was done for a very just 
 reason. On August 3d, 1861, Governor Gamble issued a 
 proclamation in which he promised that all citizens in arms who 
 should return to their homes, and become peaceable and loyal, 
 should not be molested. This proclamation was indorsed by 
 President Lincoln, who promised to such persons the protection 
 of the national Government. The Convention of 1861 had, in 
 October of that year, promised that all persons who would obey 
 this proclamation and take the oath of allegiance to the Govern- 
 
208 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 ment before December 17th, 1861, should not be punished ''for 
 offenses previously committed." Many citizens in the State had 
 thereupon taken this ''oath." Others had returned from Jack- 
 son's support and become loyal citizens. It was but just that 
 good faith should be kept with these men, and that the "test 
 oath" should not be made to apply to them. But the Convention 
 thought otherwise. The iron-clad oath was made to apply alike 
 to all time, past and future. 
 
 230. Ousting the Officers. The Convention, on March 17th, 
 1865, passed an ordinance vacating the offices of the judges of 
 the Supreme Court, of all the circuit courts and all the county 
 offices. The ordinance was to take effect May 1st, and was never 
 submitted to the people. It gave the Governor the power to 
 fill all these offices by appointment. Many of the terms of the 
 officers, all of whom had been elected by the people, had not 
 expired, notably those of the Supreme Judges. They had been 
 elected for a term of six years, and had served not more than 
 fifteen months. The reason assigned for this wholesale removal 
 was that only loyal men should be in office. This was delusive, 
 for Governor Hall in his last message on the 29th of December 
 previous, had announced that "all of the civil offices of the 
 State are filled with men of avowed loyalty." The real reason 
 was to get rid of the Supreme Court judges. But there were 
 great obstacles in the way of their removal. It was not yet sure 
 that the people would adopt the new Constitution. To submit 
 the question of removal to them along with the Constitution 
 might result in the defeat of both ; the people would see no use 
 in turning out officers elected only a short time before. By the 
 
THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR FLETCHER. 209 
 
 old Constitution, which was the supreme law until replaced by a 
 new one, they could be removed only by the Legislature, which 
 would not meet till January. By that time the Supreme Court 
 might set aside the test oath and other portions of the 
 Constitution. That method was too slow. The power of removal 
 had not been granted to the Convention when the people elected 
 their delegates. It could be assumed only in violation of the old 
 Constitution, which had been in effect since 1820. It was 
 assumed, and with one fell sweep the offices of all" judges and all 
 county offices were vacated. 
 
 231. Defeat Forestalled. The Convention agreed to submit 
 their Constitution to the people for indorsement. But to make 
 sure that it would not be rejected, they also passed an ' 'ordi- 
 nance" declaring that no one should vote for or against it who 
 would not first take the test oath. In order to be sure that none 
 took the oath falsely, a system of registration of voters was 
 provided for. The registering officer was given the power to 
 pass upon the qualifications of all persons to vote, and if he 
 deemed any of them could not truthfully take this oath, he 
 refused to enter their names upon the rolls. Yet, after these 
 extreme precautions, the Constitution was adopted by the people 
 by a majority of only about 1,800 out of a total vote of 85,000, 
 which was 55,000 less votes than were cast for and against 
 having the convention the previous November. The election 
 was held June 6th, 1865. 
 
 232. Enforcing the Ousting Ordinance. The American people 
 have always been quick to resent ^ny interference by a legisla- 
 tive body with the judiciary, especially when it partakes of 
 
210 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 partisan politics. This ''ousting ordinance" was no exception 
 to the rule. It gave great offense to a large number of persons, 
 and assisted in driving them to the side of the reactionary 
 current of feeling then rapidly setting in. The enforcement of 
 the law against the Supreme Judges was resisted by two of the 
 judges, W. V. N. Bay and J. D. S. Dryden. Judge Bates 
 had resigned. Soon after the ordinance became a law Gover- 
 nor Fletcher appointed David Wagner, Nathaniel Holmes and 
 W. L. Lovelace Supreme Judges. Judges Bay and Dryden 
 declared the law without proper authority and refused to vacate. 
 Governor Fletcher, therefore, directed the police of St. Louis to 
 arrest them and forcibly eject them from the court. This was 
 done, and they were taken before a criminal court of the city for 
 disturbing the peace, and never afterwards attempted to resume 
 their offices. 
 
 233. The Results of the Draconian Code. A most violent 
 proscription followed the enforcement of this ''test oath." "Tens 
 of thousands of old and honored citizens, men of education and 
 influence, who had taken no part in the war, were denied the 
 right to vote, and that, too, on the adoption of an organic law 
 which was to govern them and their children after them." But, 
 hard as this was, it is not to be compared to the further penalty 
 of the law which forbade them to preach, teach, practice law or 
 follow other simple employments. Their only remaining rights 
 seemed to be, as they were plainly told, "to pay taxes, work the 
 roads and hold their peace." In St. Louis, Francis Preston 
 Blair — whose patriotism is a nation's pride, and who had done 
 more than any other man to keep Missouri in the Union — 
 
THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR FLETCHER. 211 
 
 was denied the privilege of voting because he refused to take the 
 test oath. He filed an oath that he had been loyal ever since 
 the adoption of the Constitution, and he would full and true 
 allegiance bear to the State and national Governments thereafter ; 
 but claimed the judges of election had no right to inquire 
 as to his conduct prior to the' time the Constitution was adopted. 
 He brought suit in the Supreme Court to compel the election 
 officers to receive his ballot. It decided against him. 
 
 The Missouri Baptists at their annual State meeting, fifty 
 delegates being present, agreed to decline to take the oath, 
 even if they had to give up preaching to do so. They declared it 
 interfered with religious liberty, with freedom of the worship 
 of God and was contrary to the federal Constitution. The Catholic 
 archbishop informed the clergy they could not take the oath 
 without a surrender of religious liberty. Some men, who 
 believed the dictates of conscience more binding upon them 
 than this '^code," undertook to preach the Gospel anyhow. For 
 doing so they were indicted as criminals. Fourteen ministers 
 were indicted at Palmyra at a single session of the circuit court. 
 At other places men were indicted 104 times a year for no 
 greater crime than preaching the glad message of salvation ; a 
 much greater number were indicted a less number of times ; 
 a few were consigned to the common jail. These were not bad 
 and quarrelsome men, but as good, able and peaceable as could 
 be found in the State, and clergymen of both Protestant and 
 Catholic churches. In Cape Girardeau county three Sisters of 
 Charity were dragged into court and tried for teaching without 
 having taken this iron-clad oath, but the jury refused to convict 
 
212 . HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 them. At Louisiana, the Rev. J. A. Cummings, a priest in 
 the Catholic church, was convicted in the circuit court. His 
 crime was teaching and preaching without having taken the 
 oath referred to. There was no evidence that Mr. Cummings 
 had been guilty of any act of disloyalty, or that he had at any 
 time a disloyal thought or sympathy. He was not so charged. 
 He was charged only with preaching and teaching without 
 having taken an oath, which had he taken falsely, however 
 loyal he was then and thereafter, would have made him liable to 
 imprisonment in the penitentiary. He was convicted, sentenced 
 to pay a fine of five hundred dollars and to be committed to jail 
 till the fine and costs were paid. He appealed his case to the 
 Supreme Court of the State. It decided against him. Then 
 he appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States, and it set 
 the test oath aside as contrary to the nation's Constitution. 
 That court declared it an ex post facto law. It said no State was 
 permitted to enact a law which punished men for offenses com- 
 m.itted before the law was passed. After that decision, indict- 
 ments ceased for preaching the Gospel and practicing law and 
 pursuing other employments. These indictments had in but few 
 cases been followed by fine and imprisonment. Final action had 
 been taken in but very few of them, the courts in most cases 
 delaying trial in the matter till the national Supreme Court should 
 decide the Cummings case. When that decision was made in 
 favor of the preachers, teachers and lawyers, the indictments 
 were never again called up in court, and never again heard of. 
 
 234. Registration Act. The Supreme . Court of the United 
 States had, by its decision in the case of J. A. Cummings and 
 
THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR FLETCHER. 213 
 
 in that of Francis P. Blair, set aside all that part of the test oath 
 which disfranchised so many men. Since then some of the 
 strongest Union men in the State had set themselves against it, 
 including such prominent citizens as Francis P. Blair, John S. 
 Phelps, B. Gratz Brown, Carl Schurz, Samuel P. Glover, John 
 F. Philips, James 0. Broadhead and Willard P. Hall. The 
 movement had gained great momentum, but still its opponents 
 had a majority in the Legislature. At the session of 1868 
 it was therefore determined to again make an attempt at 
 general proscription. A very stringent registration law was 
 passed. It gave the Governor power to appoint superintend- 
 ents of registration in each senatorial district, who in turn 
 appointed three registers in each county. These four officers 
 were authorized to make a list of all the legal voters in the 
 county. They were forbidden to enroll any person who 
 would not* take an oath of loyalty, and besides were given 
 the power to refuse to enroll any others than those they chose. 
 In many counties they chose to refuse half the citizens. In 
 some cases wealthy candidates for office influenced the registers 
 to enroll their followers, but few others. No one was allowed 
 to vote whose name was not enrolled by these registers. 
 This law, perhaps, disfranchised more voters than the original 
 ''test oath." It was made a principal issue in the campaign 
 of 1868, and the canvass was attended with bitterness and often 
 violence. 
 
 235. The Election of 1868. The Republican candidate for 
 Governor was Joseph W. McClurg of Camden county. The 
 Democratic candidate was John S. Phelps of Springfield. 
 
214 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 McClurg's majority was 19,000, and the whole vote cast was 
 145,000. E. 0. Stanard of St. Louis was elected Lieutenant- 
 Governor. 
 
 CHAPTER XX, 
 
 MCCLUBG'S ADMINISTRATION. 
 
 236. Joseph W. McClurg was born in St. Louis county, 
 February 22d, 1818, and was educated at Oxford, Ohio. He 
 
 taught school in Ohio and Louis- 
 iana, and was deputy sheriff in 
 St. Louis before he was twenty- 
 one. Two years later he was 
 licensed to practice law, but 
 soon afterwards ■ engaged in 
 merchandising in Camden 
 county. When the war came 
 on he took positive and enthusi- 
 astic grounds for the Union. 
 He entered Congress as 'a 
 Republican in 1862 and served 
 till January 1869, when he 
 resigned to become Governor 
 of Missouri. He was again a 
 candidate in 1870, but was defeated. In his last message 
 to the Legislature he recommended the passage of a law 
 
 JOSEPH W. MCCLURG. 
 
MCCLUBG'S ADMINISTRATION. 215 
 
 prohibiting the sale of intoxicants as a beverage — the only time 
 such a recommendation was ever contained in a Governor's 
 message. In 1889 he was appointed by President Harrison 
 Register of the United States Land office at Springfield, Missouri. 
 
 237o Negro Suffrage. The Legislature had in 1867 agreed by 
 a large majority to submit to the people an amendment to the 
 Constitution granting the negro the privilege of voting. The 
 amendment was voted on at the election in November, 1868, and 
 was defeated by nearly 19,000 majority. But on .January 7th, 
 1870, the question again came before the Legislature in the 
 XVth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, 
 which the Legislature adopted by about a two-thirds vote of both 
 houses, thus giving the negro the privilege of voting. This was 
 before the ballot had been restored to those who were disfran- 
 chised by the Drake Constitution. 
 
 238. Repeal of the Test Oath. The same Legislature, how- 
 ever, agreed to submit to. the voters an amendment to the 
 Constitution abolishing the test oath. This was voted on in 
 November, 1870. A very warm and earnest campaign preceded 
 the vote. The Republican party disagreed in regard to what 
 should be done with the great number of disfranchised citizens. 
 Many were in favor of postponing the giving of the ballot to 
 these men. These were called ''Radical Republicans." But an 
 equal number believed in entire removal of all political disabili- 
 ties at once. They were called ''Liberal Republicans." The 
 Republicans met in Convention, in Jefferson City in August, 
 1870, and voted to adhere to the Radical Republican doctrine, by 
 a vote of 349 to 342, and nominated Joseph W. McClurg the then 
 
216 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 Governor, for re-election. The Liberal Republicans withdrew • 
 from the Convention, adopted a platform for immediate re- 
 enfranchisement, and nominated B. Gratz Brown for Governor. 
 The Democrats declined to nominate State officers, but supported 
 the Liberal Republican ticket. Mr. Brown was elected by 41,000 
 majority, and the people voted to repeal the test oath, by a 
 majority of 111,000, there being only about 16,000 votes against 
 it. J. J. Gravelly was elected Lieutenant-Governor. The 
 Liberal Republicans and Democrats had also obtained a majority 
 in both houses of the Legislature, and they went to work at 
 once to repeal all obnoxious laws, and restore to ever}^ man 
 equality before the laws, and remove all disabilities from all. 
 As a result, at the election in 1872 the vote was 112,276 greater 
 than it was in 1870, an increase of sixty-seven per cent in two 
 years. By this fact we can arrive at an estimate of the number 
 disfranchised. Of this number — 112,276 — it is not proper to 
 count the negro vote, because the XVth Amendment to the 
 national Constitution, bestowing on negroes the right to vote, 
 became a law of the nation prior to the election of 1870. It is 
 possible, however, that twenty-five per cent of the increase, or 
 28,000, were immigrants and young men now for the first time 
 old enough to vote. This would leave 84,000 men who had been 
 disfranchised by the sweeping proscription of the Drake Consti- 
 tution — more than twice as many as ever took up arms as State 
 Guards or Confederate troops. 
 
 239. The restoration to citizenship was wise and just. What- 
 soever good reason there might have been for denying to so 
 many citizens the right to vote and follow their chosen employ- 
 
MCCLUBG'S ADMINISTRATION. 217 
 
 meiit in 1865, it could not be urged that the conduct of these 
 men had been such as to make it unsafe to trust them with full 
 and equal citizenship within a few years after the war had closed. 
 Their conduct was as peaceable and orderly as that of any class 
 of men in the State. Not even did the preachers, teachers and 
 lawyers, after the United States Supreme Court had restored to 
 them the privilege of following their chosen pursuits, make harsh 
 or disloyal assertions in public. Political subjects were rarely 
 spoken of in the pulpit or school. The great mass of these men 
 had quietly returned to their homes, controlled by a desire for 
 peace and to submit in good faith to the authority of the Union. 
 They had gone diligently to work at whatever employment was 
 open to them, to regaining their lost fortunes, rebuilding their 
 burnt houses, and re-establishing themselves in the land whose 
 fruits they had enjoyed before the war. Nothing is to be feared 
 from such men, and now that the duty was upon them again to 
 maintain the Union they loyally and honestly undertook to do so. 
 240. Senators. In January, 1867, Charles D. Drake was 
 elected to the Senate of the United States to succeed B. Gratz 
 Brown, whose term expired March the 4th of that year. Mr. 
 Drake served till 1871, when he resigned to become a judge of 
 the Court of Claims in Washington, and was succeeded by 
 Francis P. Blair who served out the remainder of the term till 
 1873. Carl Schurz (pronounced Shoorts) was elected for a term 
 of six years, from 1869-75, to succeed John B. Henderson. Mr. 
 Schurz was a native of Germany. After his term in that body 
 terminated he was a member of President Hayes' Cabinet as 
 Secretary of the Interior. 
 
218 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 CHAPTER XXI, 
 
 THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR BROWN 
 
 241. Benjamin Gratz Brown, the 20th Governor, served from 
 January 1871 to 1873. He was born at Lexington, Kentucky, 
 in 1826, and was a descendant of much honored families of 
 Virginia and Kentucky. He received the best of schooling in 
 
 his native State and graduated 
 at Yale College at the age of 
 twenty-one. He came to Mis- 
 souri in 1849, settled in St. 
 Louis, and began the practice 
 of law, but abandoned it in a 
 year or two. In 1852 he was 
 elected to the Legislature and 
 was re-elected in 1854, both 
 times as a ''Free Soil man." In 
 1854 he became editor of the 
 ''Missouri Democrat," and con- 
 tinued as such till the breaking 
 out of the war, with great ability 
 and reputation. Early in the 
 war he raised a Union regiment, became its colonel, and bore 
 himself as a gallant and brave officer in the campaign in south- 
 west Missouri. In 1863 he was elected to the United States 
 
 B. GRATZ BROWN. 
 
THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR BROWN. 219 
 
 Senate by the radical emancipationists, and served till 1867. 
 In 1866 he led the opposition to the test oath proscription. In 
 1870 he was nominated for Governor by the Liberal Republicans, 
 was elected and served two years. Then he returned to St. Louis, 
 resumed the practice of law and gained distinction at the bar. 
 In 1872 he was nominated by the Liberal Republicans for Vice- 
 President along with Horace Greeley for President, and was 
 defeated. He was a most excellent Governor, and did much 
 to bring about peaceable and kind feelings between the discordant 
 elements created by the war. He died in St. Louis, respected, 
 honored and loved as a good and true man. 
 
 242. Peace and Prosperity. As the people got away from 
 the war and began to study the lessons it had taught, the better 
 side of mankind again showed itself. A general desire for peace 
 grew stronger and stronger. A purpose to restore order, to 
 re-establish prosperity, to retrieve broken fortunes, was manifest 
 everywhere. Many a noble estate had been swept awa}^ by 
 the fell hand of cruel war. Many a rich plantation had been 
 laid waste, many a comfortable farm-house had been burnt, 
 cattle and horses and all kinds of stock had been seized and 
 driven from the land, confidence was destroyed, and deep 
 feelings of resentment had laid hold on those formerly neighbors. 
 But now that it was all over, that the cause was gone, these 
 feelings gave way to higher and better and more manly ones, 
 and the determination was sure and settled that the war should 
 be over forever. Men began, in their cool and quiet labors, to 
 see that they could honestly differ about even such a thing as 
 war. This was followed by peace and mutual confidence, and 
 
220 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 now again the woodsman's axe was heard in the forests, the 
 plow was set deeper into the soil, the grain ripened in the fields 
 was garnered and sold in the open market. A few malevolent 
 spirits still sulked abroad, but the great body of the people — 
 Union and Confederate soldier, northerner, southerner, foreigner 
 and native alike — united in action and feeling in intellectual and 
 moral up-building. While the war had lasted many of the schools 
 were closed, till at one time there were only 1,200 open. By 1870 
 this number had increased to 5,000. Population had decreased 
 from 1,182,000 in 1860 to about 900,000 in January, 1865. 
 Now, in 1870, it was 1,719,000, according to the United States 
 census, but in fact it was somewhat smaller. The taxable wealth 
 had almost doubled within the four years previous to 1870. 
 Tens of thousands of immigrants, mostly from the Atlantic States 
 and north of the Ohio, had come into Missouri and acquired 
 homes. On every side the people were fast effacing all traces 
 of the war. 
 
 243. Neither was the negro neglected nor forgotten. He had 
 been a slave; he was now a citizen. He must be educated and 
 taught the responsible duties of citizenship. Schools were 
 established for him, too. At first this was opposed by many 
 of the old slave-owners, but heartily supported by a few, and 
 later on by all of them, and in many cases enthusiastically, until 
 to-day there are good schools provided for him in every town 
 and in almost every township. The annual length of these 
 schools is the same as those for white children, though there is, 
 as a matter of course, a difference in the comparative merit and 
 worth. The negroes themselves have shown both a willingness 
 
THE A BMINISTRA TION OF GO VERNOR BR ^yN. 221 
 
 and an earnest desire to be educated and to use the schools 
 properly. In this State, the relations of the two races promise 
 harmony and honest and just treatment. In spite of the carpings 
 of pessimists and the slanders of the political partisans, the 
 wide expanse of history does not contain an instance of more 
 honorable, humane and wise treatment by a powerful dominant 
 race of a weak and dependent one, lately liberated and left to 
 live among their old owners, than that of Missouri furnishes. 
 
 244. Railroad Difficulties. The Drake Constitution permitted 
 counties to subscribe any sum of money to aid in building 
 railroads. It unfortunately authorized the county court to issue 
 bonds binding the county for the payment of these subscriptions 
 whenever two-thirds of the qualified voters of the county should 
 assent thereto. These courts, in some cases, were characterless 
 or ignorant men, and the '^qualified voters" were not the people 
 who owned the property of the county, and who, therefore, 
 would have to pay its bonds, for many of them had been dis- 
 franchised, but a class of men w^ho were governed more by other 
 motives than justice and patriotism. The elections frequently 
 were merely formal, only a small jDer cent of the tax-payers 
 being permitted to vote. Dishonest speculators, in a few 
 instances, bribed the courts to make the subscriptions without the 
 people's knowledge or consent. Bonds to the amount of fifteen 
 million dollars and over were issued by the various counties. 
 But the roads were never built. Usually, work w^ould be com- 
 menced on the road-beds at various places along the proposed 
 routes, and kept up with great vigor for a few weeks, and then 
 reports would come that the companies had become bankrupted, 
 
222 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 and work would cease. Only partial payments were ever made 
 for the work done. 
 
 In the meantime, the bonds were run off to New York and 
 elsewhere, and, before they had matured, were sold to third 
 parties, who paid little or no money for them, but afterward 
 claimed that they were innocent of any knowledge of the fraud 
 practiced upon the tax-payers. As the courts had the power 
 by law to issue the bonds, the United States Supreme Court 
 held they must be paid. As a result, debts of several hundred 
 thousand dollars were fastened upon Lafayette, Cass, Knox, 
 St. Clair and other counties. 
 
 245. Payment of these bonds luas, in a few cases, made in full; 
 in others, terms of compromise were agreed upon by which the 
 bond-holders accepted fifty or sixty or eighty per cent of the face 
 of the bonds as full payment ; but in other cases, where the 
 debts were enormous and the . fraud glaring, pa3aiient was 
 resisted. In Cass county popular resentment became violent, 
 and at Gun City on April 24th, 1872, a large uprising of the 
 people put to death three men concerned in issuing the bonds. 
 Judge J. C. Stevenson, one of the County Judges, and James C. 
 Cline, County Attorney, had been indicted for complicity in the 
 fraudulent issuing of the bonds. On this date they and Thomas 
 Dutro, who was one of Cline 's bondsmen, were on a train which 
 was intercepted by about three hundred citizens of Cass county. 
 They were mercilessly shot down, and the train greatly damaged 
 by the infuriated men. Popular feeling in Cass and surround- 
 ing counties soon became intense. Governor Brown called out 
 the militia, and sent General Frank Cockrell and Colonel John 
 
THE ADMINISTRATION OF GOVERNOR BROWN 223 
 
 F. Philips as special commissioners for the State to urge peace 
 and order. These efforts were entirely successful. Attempts 
 were afterwards made to punish the men who assisted in the 
 killing, but no jury could be persuaded to convict them. 
 Since that time the bond-holders have brought suit against these 
 counties in the United States courts, which decided against the 
 counties and instructed the county courts to levy taxes to pay 
 these debts. But a new set of judges had, in the meantime, 
 come into office; men, who considered it unjust to pay bonds for 
 roads that had never been built. They refused to levy the taxes, 
 and were in some instances sent to prison for contempt of 
 Federal authority. But there they were treated with considera- 
 tion. But they would not order the levy, and, when they tired of 
 the attempts to force them to do so, they would resign, and 
 their successors pursued the same course. By this means the 
 Federal courts were powerless to enforce payment, though 
 various attempts were made for ten years. But in nearly every 
 county these bonds have now been settled by compromise. 
 
 246. There ivere other railroad debts. At different times prior 
 to the war the State granted to various railroad companies aid 
 in the construction of their roads by issuing State bonds to 
 the amount of $23,701,000. For this aid the companies agreed 
 to pay the interest on these bonds as fast as it became due, 
 and if they failed to do so the roads were to be forfeited to the 
 State. The Hannibal and St. Joseph road paid its bonds, which 
 amounted to three million dollars, and also the interest. But 
 default in the payment of the interest of the other roads was 
 made between January, 1859, and July, 1861, and soon after the 
 
224 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 war the Pacific, the Southwest Branch of the Pacific, the Iron- 
 Mountain, the North Missouri and other roads were sold by the 
 State. In addition to this there was forfeited to the State and 
 sold along with the roads 1,824,000 acres of land, which had 
 been granted to them by Congress, and pledged to the State as 
 payment of this debt. The entire debt at the time of the sale, 
 including principal and interest, was over thirty-one million 
 dollars, and the State realized from the various sales only a 
 little over six millions, so that there remained a debt of 
 twenty-five millions, which the State has since had to pay, 
 besides the many millions in interest maturing since the sale. 
 These railroad debts have been the source of nearly all the State's 
 present debt. The original bonds bore six and seven per cent 
 interest. But the State has steadily been paying the debt, 
 and in 1885 it bought up nearly half of its six per cent bonds by 
 new bonds which bear only three and a half per cent interest, 
 and thus a great amount of money is saved annually in interest 
 alone. 
 
 247. The Election of 1872, The Liberal Republican move- 
 ment which began in 1870, and which subsequently spread over 
 all the Union, continued. Efforts were made to reunite the two 
 discordant factions of the party, but they utterly failed. On 
 August 21st, 1872, the Liberal Republicans and the Democrats 
 met in separate conventions, in Jefferson City, to nominate a 
 joint ticket. A committee of conference was appointed from 
 each convention, which soon agreed upon a fusion ticket. The 
 various offices were divided up between the two parties according 
 to their numerical strength. The Democrats nominated the 
 
GOVERNORS WOODSON AND HARDIN. 225 
 
 candidate for Governor, the four Supreme Judges, eight of the 
 Presidential Electors, Treasurer, Attorney-General and Auditor ; 
 the Liberals named the Lieutenant-Governor, Secretary of State, 
 Register of Lands and seven Presidential Electors. Silas Wood- 
 son of Buchanan county was the nominee for Governor, and 
 Charles P. Johnson of St. Louis for Lieutenant-Governor. The 
 two conventions then came together into one, and indorsed the 
 nominations as a whole. In September, the regular Republicans 
 nominated John B. Henderson for Governor. At the election, 
 Woodson's majority was 35,444, and the entire electoral vote of 
 the State was cast for Greeley for President and Brown for Vice- 
 President. At the time for the next election in 1874, the Liberal 
 Republican movement had disappeared, the vast majority of that 
 party having become Democrats, but a few re-united with the 
 regular Republicans. 
 
 CHAPTER XXII. 
 
 GOVERNORS WOODSON AND HARDIN 
 
 . 248. Silas Woodson was born in Kentucky in 1819. He 
 was reared on a farm, attended the *4og-school-house" in the 
 neighborhood, and employed much of his time in reading and 
 study. He was licensed to practice law at the age of twenty-one, 
 and three years later was elected to the Legislature, and re-elected 
 several times in the next twelve years. He also was Circuit . 
 
226 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Attorney for four years. In 1854 he came to Missouri and 
 settled in St. Joseph, where he was soon recognized as a lawyer 
 of marked ability. In 1860 he was elected Circuit Judge and 
 
 served with acceptability through 
 the stormy days of the war. He 
 was elected chairman of the Dem- 
 ocratic State Convention of 1872. 
 He was not then a candidate for 
 Governor. But there were six 
 candidates, among them James S. 
 Rollins, William H. Hatch and 
 John S. Phelps. Three ballots 
 were made without any choice, 
 and in the midst of the fourth 
 the name of Woodson was pro- 
 posed as a compromise candidate, 
 and it was received with such 
 enthusiasm that he was nominated 
 almost unanimously. He was inaugurated January 8th, 1873, 
 and served two years. 
 
 249. Woodson as Governor. During the term of Governor 
 Woodson there was the greatest financial oppression. The crisis 
 was precipitated by the failure of Jay Cooke & Company of New 
 York in the spring of 1873. The panic soon became general. 
 Every State in the Union felt the bitings and gnawings of 
 business failure. In Missouri, bank after bank closed its doors, 
 and business was temporarily paralyzed. To add to the troubles 
 there was a failure in crops, owing to a drought which set in 
 
 SILAS WOODSON. 
 
GOVERNORS WOODSON AND HARDIN. 227 
 
 ill the summer of 1873 and lasted for eighteen months, with very 
 little rain at any time. The Governor, in his message of 1874, 
 said: ''Thousands who in days gone by have been able, without 
 serious difficulty or great loss, to obtain money with which to 
 pay debts or taxes, cannot procure a dollar for any purpose, 
 except at the most ruinous sacrifices." He proposed to meet 
 the difficulties, as far as possible, by cutting down expenditures 
 in all offices, and so earnestly did he plead with the Legislature 
 that it and subsequent sessions reduced State and county expenses 
 nearly one-half in every branch of the State government except 
 that of public education. 
 
 250. The Grange. The financial troubles of 1873 and 1874 
 were in part due to the natural collapse of the reckless specula- 
 tion which seized upon the people at the close of the war, and 
 of the high prices which that war had created with the assistance 
 of a large amount of discredited paper money. But a very large 
 part of the people did not accept this as the cause, and through- 
 out the West there began to form farmers' societies which were 
 called the Grange. Sometimes the order was called the Patrons 
 of Husbandry, but it was better known by the former name. It 
 spread rapidly throughout the West and soon had 1,200,000 
 members, with local societies in almost every neighborhood. 
 Many of its members, and most of its leaders, were men of 
 intelligence and integrity, but its great membership was 
 undoubtedly due to the financial troubles of 1873-74. The order 
 refused to admit lawyers, bankers, capitalists and merchants 
 as members. It was organized on the basis that nearly all 
 financial troubles were due to bad legislation, and it proposed 
 
228 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 to unite all laborers, especially farmers, in an attempt to repeal 
 all bad laws and make all necessary good ones. This, of course, 
 had been the desire of all good citizens from the beginning of the 
 nation, but thoughtful men soon observed that the Grange acted 
 upon the dangerous theory that any law which aided agriculture 
 was bound to benefit all kinds of business and every pursuit. 
 This led much of the press in the East, and even in the States 
 wdiere the organization was strongest, to oppose it, as teaching 
 doctrines which w^ould array one class of citizens against another. 
 This opposition the Grange met by declaring the unfriendly 
 press was dominated by the capitalists and corporations, and 
 hence there began to be discordant relations between the order 
 and the political parties. 
 
 251. At the Election of 1874. the Democratic party nominated 
 Charles H. Hardin of Audrain county for Governor, and 
 Norman J. Colman for Lieutenant-Governor. The Republicans 
 declined to make any nominations, but the Grange and that 
 party united in what was called the People's Party, and 
 nominated William Gentry, an extensive farmer of Pettis county, 
 for Governor. The cry of the Granger members of the People's 
 Party was ''Reform," by which they meant retrenchment in 
 governmental expenditures. But Governor Woodson and the 
 Legislature had already forestalled them by passing the laws 
 cutting down expenses, and hence few of the Democratic farmers 
 saw any reason to leave their party on that account. Hardin 
 was elected by a majority of 37,463, and the Democrats elected 
 all the thirteen Congressmen from the State. The part the 
 Grange had taken in politics at this election caused much 
 
GOVERNORS WOODSON AND HARDIN. 
 
 229 
 
 dissatisfaction among its members, and the order soon began 
 to lose power, and in a year or two went down almost as fast 
 as it had risen. 
 
 262. Charles H. Hardin was born in Kentucky in 1820, but 
 came with his parents to Missouri when a mere infant. He was 
 reared to manhood in Columbia, and enjoyed the advantages 
 of good schools. He afterwards graduated with the degree of 
 A.B. from Miami University, in Ohio. He returned to 
 Missouri, studied law, located at Fulton, rapidly rose in his 
 profession, and soon became known as a laborious, painstaking 
 lawyer, whose pleadings always 
 bore the test of judicial investi- 
 gation. In 1848 he became 
 prosecuting attorney for the 3rd 
 judicial circuit, which embraced 
 several counties, and during the 
 entire term none of his indict- 
 ments were quashed for inac- 
 curacy. In 1852, '54 and '58 
 he represented Callaway county 
 in the Legislature as a Whig, 
 and in 1855 was one of the com- 
 mittee of three which revised 
 all the laws of the State and 
 codified them in book form. In 
 1860 he was elected to the State Senate from the district 
 composed of Boone and Callaway, and was the author of the 
 resolution creating the convention to which was referred the 
 
 C. H. HARDIN. 
 
230 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 question of secession. He attended the called meeting of the 
 Legislature held at Neosho in October, 18G1, and was the only 
 member who voted against secession. He remained unalterable 
 in his allegiance to the Union during the war but took no active 
 part in the troubles of those times. In 1872 he was again elected 
 to the Senate and maintained his former reputation for laborious 
 and conscientious work. In 1874 he was elected Governor, and 
 his administration was one of the most honorable in the entire 
 history of the State. In 1873 a college for the education of girls 
 was projected at Mexico, at which place he had lived since 1861, 
 and named Hardin College in his honor. From his munificent 
 hand it has received over $53,000 up to this time. 
 
 253. Francis Marion Cockrell was elected United States Senator 
 in 1875 to succeed Carl Schurz, and was re-elected in 1881, and 
 again in 1887, and still represents the State in that high office.. 
 He was born in Johnson county in 1834, and with the exception 
 of Lewis V. Bogy, was the first and only native-born Senator 
 ever elected from Missouri. He was reared to hard toil on the 
 farm, and attended the common schools till 1851 when he 
 entered Chapel Hill College^ in Lafayette county, whence he was 
 graduated in 1853. He studied law, gained prominence in his 
 profession, but resolved not to enter politics till he had reached 
 his fortieth year. Early in the civil war he enlisted as a State 
 Guard, took part in the battles of Wilson's Creek and Pea Ridge, 
 then joined the Confederate army, rose rapidly to the rank of 
 general, and took part in a score of the principal battles of the 
 war. His gallantry and bravery at Vicksburg, Mississippi, and 
 Franklin, Tennessee, have made his name historic for almost 
 
GOVERNORS WOODSON AND HARDIN. 
 
 231 
 
 FRANCIS M. COCKRELL. 
 
 all time. ''Cockrell's Brigade" has been pronounced among 
 the finest body of soldiers in the 
 Confederate army. They were 
 all Missourians. After the war 
 a few years he again resumed 
 the practice of law, and in 1874 
 was a candidate for the Dem- 
 ocratic nomination for Governor, 
 but was defeated by C. H. Hardin 
 by a very small majority, but 
 in the following January was 
 elected Senator, the first civil 
 office he ever held. A State 
 is rarely favored with a more 
 faithful representative than Mr. Cockrell. 
 
 254. Locusts. In 1874 and '75 all the country west and 
 north of Missouri, even to and beyond the Rocky Mountains, was 
 plagued by a devouring insect. Governor Hardin, in his message, 
 called them the Rocky Mountain Locusts, but the people usually 
 referred to them as Kansas' Grasshoppers. They were about two 
 inches long and looked very much like the ordinary grass- 
 hopper that has always been seen in this State, except their legs 
 were of a reddish color, and parts of their bodies, wings and 
 head were more or less reddish, also. They came down from the 
 mountains in 1874, filling and almost darkening the heavens by 
 their great number. They quickly overran Colorado, then came 
 on through Kansas, and late in the summer invaded Missouri. 
 In Colorado and parts of Kansas they ate up every green thing, 
 
232 HISTOR Y OF MISSO URL 
 
 taking every live blade of grass and every leaf on tree and bush 
 and flower and vegetable. They entered a few counties in 
 Missouri, but in 1874 they came after most of the crops had 
 matured, and hence did not do so much damage. They deposited 
 their eggs, however, and as it became warm next year these 
 hatched out in great numbers. The people fought them before 
 they were able to fly, and thus greatly mitigated the pest. The 
 most effective way was by digging ditches, putting in a few 
 inches of straw, then driving the locusts into the ditch and 
 burning the straw. Yet, in spite of all these efforts, they over- 
 ran several counties along the western border of the State. The 
 first months of 1875 were dark days for these counties. Their 
 wheat and meadows were destroyed by the locusts. They 
 planted their corn, but it was devoured as fast as it came up. 
 Again they would plant it, thinking that the insects would leave 
 as soon as they became able to fly, and again it was devoured. 
 Governor Hardin proclaimed that June 3d, 1875, should be 
 observed as a day of ' 'fasting, thanksgiving and prayer," for 
 Divine deliverance from the vexatious plague. The proclamation 
 was generally observed, especially in that part of the State where 
 the danger seemed most imminent. But throughout the State 
 the people responded liberally with money and provisions for the 
 sufferers. About this time, in fact on the very next day, heavy 
 rains set in. Up to that time the long continued drought had 
 not abated in western Missouri, though slight rains had fallen in 
 the spring months of 1875, but now they became heavy and 
 frequent. This was regarded as a forerunner of deliverance. 
 It was. The locusts began to move about June 11th, but a 
 
GOVERNORS WOODSON AND HARDIN. 233 
 
 strong southwest wind drove them further into the interior of the 
 State, but in a day or two the wind shifted to the east, and by 
 the 15th the locusts were all gone. The next year they came 
 again, but did little damage, and since that time have not 
 appeared. The citizens of these counties began at once to 
 retrieve the loss. They planted their crops again, and, the season 
 being very favorable from that time on, the yield waS bountiful. 
 All over the State the crops were prodigious in 1875, and this 
 fact served largely to alleviate the business depression of the two 
 previous years. 
 
 255. The Neiv Constitution. The people did not become any 
 nearer satisfied with the Drake Constitution as they more 
 thoroughly adjusted themselves to re-establish peace. They felt 
 it was out of harmony with the spirit of the age. At the election 
 of 1874 a convention to frame a new constitution was voted for. 
 Sixty-eight delegates, two from each senatorial district, were 
 elected thereto on January 6th, 1875. They were able men, of 
 great personal worth and wisdom. Their names may be found 
 in the appendix. Sixty of them were Democrats, six Republi- 
 cans and two Liberals. They met in the capitol May 15th, 1875. 
 Waldo P. Johnson was elected president, and Nathaniel W. 
 Watkins vice-president. A thorough revision of the entire 
 organic law of the State was made. Some of the provisions at 
 the time were thought to be radical, but so far they have worked 
 no hardship, and the people seem as well satisfied with the 
 Constitution as an intelligent people ever did with any law. 
 In fact, all persons look to it as a very strong tower of defense, 
 and a promoter of prosperity, peace and order. 
 
234 HISTOR Y OF IflSSO URL 
 
 256. Only two of its provisions will here be spoken of. It 
 prohibited the Legislature from imposing a debt upon the State 
 in any amount above $250,000, without two-thirds of the voters 
 at an election should authorize it to do so, and did not permit 
 towns and counties to issue bonds for any purpose except the 
 erection of public improvements. This w^as done to put a stop to 
 the wasteful, and sometimes wicked, issue of bonds for building 
 railroads. Its other marked feature was the thoughtful pro- 
 visions in reference to public schools. Under the liberal laws 
 it permitted the Legislature to make, Missouri now outranks 
 almost every State in the Union in the amount of her school 
 funds, and spends five million dollars every year for education. 
 The other provisions cannot be presented, but, at the final vote in 
 the Convention on its adoption, not a vote was recorded against 
 it, and on the SOtli of October, it was adopted by the people, 
 there being 91,000 votes for it and 14,500 against it. It went 
 into operation January 1st, 1876, and has since been the 
 supreme law of the State government. 
 
 257. Terms of Office. By the new Constitution, the term of 
 the Governor and of nearly all other State and many county 
 officers was lengthened from two to four years, and it was pro- 
 vided that the Governor and Treasurer could not be re-elected as 
 their own successors. It was thought the Governor would 
 choose men because of their special fitness rather than for their 
 political influence in making his appointments, if not permitted 
 to succeed himself. As the Treasurer handles the State's money, 
 it was considered it would be less liable to be purloined if 
 frequent changes were made in the officers, and for the same 
 
GOVERNORS WOODSON AND HARDIN. 235 
 
 reason county treasurers and sheriffs are not permitted to serve 
 continuously but four years, but almost all other officers are 
 eligible to re-election for any number of terms. Elections under 
 the new Constitution are held the first Tuesday after the first 
 Monday in November, of all even years, and the officers elected 
 assume their duties in the folloAving January. 
 
 258. The General Assembly, under the new Constitution, 
 meets only once in two years, unless called together by the 
 Governor for a special term. It convenes on the first Wednesday 
 of January of each odd year. Its members receive five dollars 
 a day for the first seventy days of the session and one dollar 
 thereafter. Once every ten years all the laws are revised and 
 arranged in volumes called the Revised Statutes of Missouri. 
 For this session the members receive five dollars per day for 
 one hundred and twenty days. 
 
 259. At the election in 1876 the Democratic and Republican 
 party each nominated strong and talented men for Governor, 
 John S. Phelps of Greene and G. A. Finkelnburg of St. Louis. 
 The issues in the campaign that followed were largely national. 
 The Democratic majority was 52,000, and Phelps was inaugurated 
 Governor January 8th. Henry C. Brockmeyer of St. Louis was 
 elected Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
236 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 CHAPTER XXIII. 
 
 FROM 1877 TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 260. John S. Phelps was born in Connecticut December 22'd, 
 1814. His father, Elisha Phelps, was a lawyer of prominence 
 in that State and served also as a member of the Legislature, 
 in other State offices, and three terms in Congress. His grand- 
 father was a gallant and brave 
 officer in the Revolutionary war. 
 He was educated at Washington 
 (now Trinity) College, studied 
 law and was admitted to the bar 
 in his native State. In 1837 
 he came to Missouri and settled 
 at Springfield. Under the laws 
 of the State then he must needs 
 obtain a new license before he 
 could practice law in Missouri, 
 and that, too, from the chief 
 justice of the Supreme Court. 
 Phelps made the journey to 
 Jefferson City on horseback, and on arrival learned that Judge 
 Tompkins was some distance in the country at a saw mill. There 
 the judge was found and the examination had, the applicant 
 sitting on a log, and the hard knotty questions, hard like the 
 
 JOHN S. PHELPS. 
 
FROM 1877 TO THE PRESENT TIME. 237 
 
 logs around them, were plied by the learned judge. The license 
 was written on a leaf torn from an old blue ledger and, from this 
 unique circumstance young Phelps turned away to become one of 
 the most prominent and influential men in the State's history for 
 the next forty years. He soon became noted in southwest 
 Missouri as a great lawyer, and in 1840 was elected to the Legis- 
 lature as a Democrat. In 1844 he was elected to Congress, and 
 was a member of that body continuously till 1862. At that time 
 the most important committee of the House was the committee 
 of Ways and Means, and of this Mr. Phelps was eight years 
 chairman. When the war came on he sided with the Union, 
 and did much toward aiding General Lyon in his efforts to grasp 
 the State from the hands of Governor Jackson. In 1861 he 
 organized '^ Phelps' Regiment," was its colonel for several 
 months, and, at the battle of Pea Ridge, commanded it in person 
 and saw it suffer a loss of thirty per cent of its men. In 1862 
 he was military Governor of Arkansas. In 1863 he resumed the 
 practice of law at Springfield. He was frequently put forward 
 during the next few years for United States Senator as a Union 
 Democrat, but always defeated. In 1868 he was the Democratic 
 candidate for Governor and was elected in 1876, served for 
 four years, and filled the office with creditable honor and 
 wisdom. So well satisfied were the people with his administra- 
 tion that he doubtless would have been elected again had not the 
 Constitution adopted in 1875 made it impossible for him to 
 succeed himself. He died in St. Louis in 1886. 
 
 261. Senators. In 1873 the Legislature elected Lewis V. 
 Bogy to the United States Senate, to succeed General Blair. He 
 
238 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 possessed much ability, and was the first native of Missouri to 
 be elected Senator by her own Legislature. He was a descendant 
 of one of the old French families of the old river-town of Ste. 
 Genevieve. He died while in office, and Governor Phelps 
 appointed D. H. Armstrong of St. Louis his successor, to serve 
 till the meeting of the Legislature in January, 1879. It elected 
 General James Shields, of Carrollton, to fill out the unexpired 
 term, which lasted only a few weeks, and George G. Vest of 
 Sedalia to the new term. Mr. Vest was re-elected in 1885 and 
 again in 1891, each time for six years. He and Mr. Cockrell 
 are the present Senators from Missouri. 
 
 262. George Graham Vest was born in Kentucky in 1830, 
 and attended a celebrated private school for ten years, then 
 
 entered Centre College, Ken- 
 tucky, and graduated in 1848 ; 
 and in 1853 graduated in law 
 from Transylvania University. 
 He came to Missouri the same 
 year, began practice at George- 
 town, then the county-seat of 
 Pettis county, moved to Boon- 
 ville in 1856, and in 1861 was 
 a member of the Legislature, 
 where he took the lead of the 
 State Rights men. When the 
 war began he went south, and 
 
 GEOEGE G. VEST. 
 
 was in Price's army when elected by the Legislature at Neosho 
 to the provisional Congress of the Confederacy at Richmond, 
 
FROM 1877 TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 239 
 
 Virginia, and served till 1863, and then was appointed Senator 
 to the same body by Lieut. -Gov. Thomas C. Reynolds, to succeed 
 General John B. Clark, Sr. In 1867 he returned to Missouri, 
 resumed the practice of law, and in 1879 was elected United 
 States Senator, which office he still holds. As an orator he has 
 long been regarded as among the ablest the State has ever had. 
 
 263. Thomas T. Crittenden was elected Governor in 1880. 
 The Republican candidate was D. P. Dyer of St. Louis. 
 Robert A. Campbell of St. Louis was elected Lieutenant- 
 Governor. Mr. Crittenden was born in Kentucky in 1832, and 
 reared at Cloverport on the Ohio 
 river. His primary education 
 was in the log-cabin school-house 
 of that time, but in 1852 he 
 entered Centre College in that 
 State, and was graduated there- 
 from in 1855. He studied law 
 with his uncle, the great J. J. 
 Crittenden, and came to Mis- 
 souri and settled at Lexington. 
 In 1862 he enrolled in the State 
 militia, was made lieutenant- 
 coloneL and served till the close 
 of the war. He then resumed 
 
 THOS. T. CRITTENDEN. 
 
 the practice of law at Warrensburg as the partner of General 
 Frank Cockrell. He became leader in the liberal movement for 
 equality of citizenship, peace, fraternity and good will, and 
 boldly advanced these ideas in a brilliant canvass of a great part 
 
240 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 of the State. In 1872 he was elected to Congress, and again in 
 1876. His administration is remembered mostly for the break- 
 ing up of the James Boys band of outlaws and murderers, the 
 terriblest set of train and bank robbers in all Western history, 
 and also for a settlement of the Hannibal and St. Joseph 
 railroad debt. The State had, in 1851 and 1855, issued its bonds 
 to the amount of $3,000,000 to aid in building that road. 
 During this administration, after a great number of law suits, 
 the road paid the debt with interest. 
 
 264. In 1882 died Judge William B. Napton, who had been a 
 member of the Supreme Court twenty-five years between 1839 
 
 and 1881 — a longer term than was 
 ever accorded any other judge. 
 He was born and reared in Prince- 
 ton, New Jersey, and graduated 
 from Princeton College. Then 
 he went to Charlottesville, 
 Virginia, where he was for six 
 3^ears private tutor for General 
 Gordon's family, and enjoyed the 
 friendship of some of the most 
 noted men of that State. He 
 came to Missouri at the age of 
 twenty-four, and, at the solicita- 
 tion of Governor Miller, became 
 editor of the ^'Booneslick Democrat" at Fayette, which at that 
 time was the political center of the State In 1836 Governor 
 Boggs appointed him Attorney-General, and in 1839 a member 
 
 JUDGE W. B. NAPTON. 
 
FROM 1877 TO THE PRESENT TIME. 241 
 
 of the Supreme Court, which position he held till 1852. In 1857 
 he was elected, without seeking the office and without nomina- 
 tion, a member of the court, but was ousted in 1862 by the 
 provisional Convention. He at once took up the practice of law 
 in St. Louis, and obtained great distinction. " Upon the sudden 
 death of Judge Ewing in 1873, Governor Woodson, without the 
 knowledge of Judge Napton, made out his appointment and sent 
 him his commission as a member of the court. The appointment 
 coming as it did, accompanied with the earnest solicitation of 
 others, led him to accept the honor, and in 1874 he was elected 
 to fill out the unexpired term of Judge Ewing, and served till 
 1881. He was, perhaps, the finest scholar and most learned 
 jurist ever actively connected with Missouri affairs. So 
 honorable, able and great has been the Supreme Court of 
 Missouri that it would have done honor to any nation in 
 nistory, and of its great judges Napton admittedly is given the 
 highest rank. 
 
 265. There were three candidates for Governor in 188 If. The 
 Democrats nominated John S. Marmaduke ; the Republicans, 
 Nicholas Ford of Andrew county ; and the Prohibitionists, John 
 A. Brooks of Kansas City. Neither Marmaduke nor Ford had 
 any ability as public speakers, and neither had ever been 
 intimately or extensively identified with State or national affairs ; 
 consequently; the campaign was largely overshadowed by the 
 national contest for the Presidency between Blaine and Cleve- 
 land. The Prohibitionists, however, made a more energetic 
 campaign and polled more votes than ever before or since. 
 Marmaduke was elected, and Albert P. Morehouse was chosen 
 
242 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 Lieutenant-Governor. The principal features of this administra- 
 tion were the Local Option law and the legislation regulating, 
 railroads. For some time public sentiment had been growing 
 against the grasping power and extortionate greed of railroads. 
 An effort was made in the Legislature of 1887 to give relief, but 
 without success, and an adjournment was had, leaving the 
 
 matter entirely unsettled, much 
 to the regret of the Governor 
 and a large part of the people. 
 Thereupon he called an extra 
 session to consider this ques- 
 tion. After an animated ses- 
 sion, prolonged through several 
 weeks, a law was passed forbid- 
 ding railroads to f)ool with each 
 other in keeping up the price 
 of traffic, also forbidding them 
 from charging higher rates for 
 
 short distances than for longer 
 ones over the same road and to 
 the same market, also from 
 charging small shippers higher rates per car than large ones. 
 The law seems to have satisfied the public demands, and since 
 that time all agitation of the subject has quieted. 
 
 266. TJie Local Option Law was enacted in 1887 in the interest 
 of temperance. It gave to each town of 2,500 population the right 
 to decide, by a majority vote, whether or not intoxicating liquors 
 should be sold therein, and to all the rest of the county, except 
 
 JOHN S. MARMADUKE. 
 
FROM 1877 TO THE PRESENT TIME. 243 
 
 such towns, the same privilege. Under this law nearly all of the 
 principal towns and a majority of the counties have held elec- 
 tions. In a majority of them the vote has been against the 
 selling of liquors, but in nearly every one of these cases the 
 election has been declared invalid because proper notice was not 
 given in the newspapers, or because of some other legal defect. 
 The whole State of Missouri was alive with these elections in 1887 
 and 1888, but of late years public interest in them has much 
 declined. 
 
 267. John Sappingtoii Marmaduke was born in Saline county, 
 in 1833, being a son of M. M. Marmaduke, who became Governor 
 on the death of Thomas Reynolds in 1844. He was reared on 
 the farm, entered Yale College at the age of seventeen and West 
 Point Military Academy at the age of twenty, from which he was 
 graduated in 1857, and was assigned to duty in Utah as an officer 
 in the regular army under the renowned Albert Sidney Johnson. 
 When civil war broke in mad fury over the land, he resigned 
 from the United States army, organized a company of State 
 Guards and joined Governor Jackson at Boonville. Contrary to 
 his advice. Governor Jackson, who was his uncle by marriage, 
 ordered him to give battle to General Lyon at that place. He 
 obeyed the order, led his little army to certain defeat in face of 
 Lyon's stalwart troops, then quickly resigned from the State 
 Guard, proceeded to Richmond and tendered his sword to 
 Jefferson Davis, and then went off to the war. He became a 
 colonel in Albert Sidney Johnson's army, and, for gallant con- 
 duct at the battle of Shiloh, was breveted brigadier-general on the 
 field. He subsequently took part in the war in Missouri and 
 
244 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOVRI. 
 
 Arkansas. When the war was over he became a commission 
 merchant in St. Louis. Afterwards he became interested in jour- 
 nalism and became owner of 
 a farmer's paper called the 
 ''Journal of Agriculture." In 
 1876 he was elected Railroad 
 Commissioner, and in 1884 
 Governor, and served just three 
 years, till December 28th, 1887, 
 on which day he died. Albert 
 P. Morehouse, the Lieutenant- 
 Governor, immediately succeeded 
 to the office and held it for one 
 year. Mr. Morehouse was a 
 native of Ohio, who came to 
 Missouri in 1856, and after 
 teaching school for a time 
 became a lawyer, and rose to eminence in northwest Missouri 
 as a citizen. He served several terms in the Legislature and died 
 in September, 1891. 
 
 268. At the election of 1888 the Democratic candidate for 
 Governor was David R. Francis of St. Louis, and the Republican 
 was E. E. Kimball of Nevada. Francis was elected, and Stephen 
 Clay comb of Jasper county, was chosen Lieutenant-Governor. 
 
 269. David Rowland Francis was born in Kentucky in 1850, 
 and moved with his parents to St. Louis in 1866, where for four 
 years he attended Washington University, graduating with the 
 degree of Bachelor of Arts in 1870. His expenses while at college 
 
 A. p. MOREHOUSE. 
 
FROM 1877 TO THE PRESENT TIME. 
 
 245 
 
 were defrayed partly by money he had earned as a newsboy in 
 Richmond, Kentucky, during the 
 war, from 1861 to 1864. To 
 complete his education he in- 
 curred a debt of several hundred 
 dollars, which he repaid out of 
 the first money earned after 
 graduation. In 1870 he entered 
 upon successful commercial 
 pursuits, which he has continued 
 to the present time. In 1884 he 
 was president of the Merchants' 
 Exchange. In March, 1885, he 
 was elected Mayor of St. Louis, 
 and in November, 1888, was 
 elected Governor, and inaugurated 
 January 14th, 1889. 
 
 270. Conclusion. The census of 1890 gave the population of 
 the State as about 2,679,000. This had been an increase of nearly 
 400 per cent in forty years, or from 682,000 in 1850. No country 
 in the world can show a more industrious, peaceable people, hon- 
 estly devoted to the highest pursuits of civilized life. The 
 population is scattered pretty evenly over the entire State. It is 
 free from the baneful and deteriorating influences of very large 
 cities, and the enervating effects of being separated from the 
 throbbing, busy humanity of the world. 
 
 The area of the State is 65,350 square miles, and it is divided 
 into 114 counties. There are over 6,000 miles of railroad, and the 
 
 GOV. D. R. FRANCIS. 
 
246 
 
 HISTORY OF MISSOURI. 
 
 taxable wealth of the State is about nine hundred million dollars. 
 The State debt is a little over ten millions, and the bonds sell 
 as high and readily in the markets of the world as those of the 
 United States. The territory is well supplied with rivers, and 
 the annual rainfall is large. There are lead, iron and zinc in 
 
 untold quantities. A large part 
 of the State is underlaid with 
 excellent coal, and these beds are 
 to be found in ready access to 
 each county. Numerous other 
 mineral products are found in 
 large quantities and of excellent 
 quality. The State is so rich in 
 everything that contributes to 
 the comforts of man that it could 
 be made to supply the wants of 
 twenty-five millions of people. 
 There is a strong central Univer- 
 sity at Columbia, and two others 
 in St. Louis, namely, Washington 
 University, and the St. Louis 
 University. There are not less than forty colleges and semi- 
 naries; the strongest colleges being William Jewell at Liberty, 
 Central at Fayette, Westminster at Fulton, Drury at Springfield, 
 Central Female at Lexington, Stephens and Christian at Colum- 
 bia, Bayard at Clinton, Scarritt Institute at Neosho, and the three 
 State Normals at Warrensburg, Cape Girardeau and Kirks ville. 
 There are schools for the education of physicians and lawyers. 
 
 CHIEF JUSTICE T. A. SHERWOOD. 
 
FROM 1877 TO THE PRESENT TIME. 247 
 
 also commercial schools. Besides, there are nearly ten thousand 
 public and private schools. The inhabitants of Missouri have 
 always been a religious people, and in every county and town, 
 and in almost every township, there are faithful men of God 
 proclaiming the Gospel. The leading religious denominations 
 are Baptist, Methodist, Catholic, Presbyterian, Christian, Epis- 
 copalian, Lutheran and Congregationalist. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 MIS SO UBl IXS TITUTES. 
 
 271 — The Constitution adopted in 1820 provided for a State government which 
 has since been changed in some minor respects, but these were so unimportant 
 that in this division the institutes of the State as they now exist will be treated. 
 The Constitution then adopted remained in force till 1865, with a few amend- 
 ments. These could be made in this wise : The proposed amendment was first 
 voted for by two-thirds of both houses of the General Assembly ; it must then be 
 published three times in all the newspapers in the State at least twelve months 
 before a general election; if two-thirds of both houses of the next General 
 Assembly thereafter voted for the amendment it became a part of the Constitu- 
 tion. In 1865 this Constitution was replaced by a new one adopted by a vote of 
 the people, and this one was itself replaced by another adopted by a vote of the 
 people in 1875, which is now in force. It can be amended by the Legislature 
 submitting the proposed amendment to the people at a general election. The 
 amendment must be published for four weeks in some newspaper in each county, 
 and if a majority of the votes for and against it are for it, it becomes a part of 
 the Constitution. The Constitution is the supreme law of the land, and all acts 
 of the Legislature or of any convention in conflict with it are void. 
 
 272 — The Officers of the State are, in a general way, Governor, Lieutenant- 
 Governor, Secretary of State, Auditor, Treasurer, Attorney-General, Judges of 
 the Supreme Court, Court of Appeals and Circuit Courts, Members of the General 
 Assembly, Eailroad Commissioners, Superintendent of Public Instruction, and 
 county officers. 
 
 273 — The Governor had always been elected in Missouri by the direct vote of 
 the people. This is done in a simple way. Each party has delegates from all 
 
250 APPENDIX. 
 
 over the State which meet in convention and name its candidate for Governor 
 and for the other offices as well. Then, on the first Tuesday after the first Mon- 
 day in November the candidates are voted for at the polls and the candidate 
 getting the most votes is to be the next Governor. This has always been the rule 
 for electing the Governor, which has never been violated but once, and that was 
 in 1861, when a convention called for other purposes considered it best, in order 
 to keep the State in the Union, to declare the office of Governor vacant, and 
 elected a provisional Governor to the office. The Governor's term of office was 
 four years up to 1865 when, under the Drake Constitution adopted that year, it 
 was changed to two years, but in 1875 was again changed to four years, and now 
 no man can be elected for more than one term. He is the head of the govern- 
 ment of the State, must live at the capital, can pardon criminals, veto or sign 
 bills passed by the General Assembly ; appoints the warden of the penitentiary, 
 commissioners of insurance, regents of the University, normal schools and 
 asylums for the insane, and looks after the general interests of the State. The 
 State furnishes him the mansion wherein he lives, and his salary is $5,000 a year, 
 and a secretary at |2,000 He must be thirty-five years old, a citizen of the State 
 seven years, and of the United States ten years at the time of his election. 
 
 274 — The Attorney -General is the legal adviser of the State. His duty is to 
 give written opinions to all the State officers and to the General Assembly, when 
 requested, on any question affecting the interests of the State, and also to appear 
 before the Supreme Court as the lawyer for the State in all suits to which the 
 State is a party, and in all cases where convictions for crimes have been obtained 
 and appealed to it for final adjudication. 
 
 275 — The Secretai-y of State is elected every four years in the same manner as 
 is the Governor. His duty is to keep the archives of the State, to keep the reg- 
 ister of the official acts of the Governor and preserve and print the laws passed 
 by the General Assembly, and issue commissions to notaries public, corporations, 
 etc. His salary is $3,000 per year. 
 
 276 — The Auditor is a kind of check on the Treasurer. It is his duty to 
 examine and pass upon all claims against the State, to enter them proi^erly upon 
 the records and to issue his warrant on the Treasurer for the payment of those 
 found correct. He must also keep a full and accurate account with all persons in 
 each county who handle the State's revenue, and keep a register of its bonds, of 
 which he is custodian. His salary is $3,000 and his term of office is four years. 
 
MISSOURI INSTITUTES. 251 
 
 277 — TJie Treasurer is the custodian of the State's moneys. He receives all 
 dues and taxes paid the State and keeps tliem to be paid out again upon a war- 
 rant from the State Auditor. His salary is $3,000 per year and his term four 
 years. He cannot be re-elected aa his own successor. 
 
 278 — TJie Superintendent of Public Instruction is the highest educational officer 
 of the State. His duty is to look after the public school funds, apportion to each 
 school district annually its share of the State fund, and to exercise a general 
 supervisory control over the normal and public schools of the State. His salary 
 is $3,000 per year. 
 
 279 — The Railroad Commissioners are three in number, and the term of each 
 is six years, but one is elected every two years. Consequently the Commission is 
 a perpetual body, two of its members being at all times experienced Commission- 
 ers. Their duty is to inspect railroads, regulate freight and passenger charges, 
 and look after the enforcement of law regulating railroads. This is a new office 
 and the extent of its usefulness has not yet been determined. The salary of 
 each Commissioner is $3,000 per year. 
 
 280 — The General Assembly is the legislative or law-making body of the State. 
 It is composed of two houses, the Senate and House of Representatives. A bill, 
 before it can become a law, must pass both houses and be approved by the Gov- 
 ernor. If he vetoes a bill passed by both houses, that is, returns it with his 
 objections without signing it, it then must be voted on again and passed by two- 
 thirds of the vote of each house before it can become a law. By this means 
 each house operates as a check upon the other, and the Governor's power of veto 
 as a check on both. If a bad measure should incautiously be approved by one 
 house its defects would most likely be discovered before it got through the other. 
 Its defects or unrighteousness would not likely escape the detection of both the 
 other house and the Governor too. In popular governments there is much more 
 danger of having too many laws than too few. A law to be strong must impress 
 the great mass of the people as being wise and just and necessary, and in our 
 State a majority of both houses and the Governor must be convinced of the 
 righteous wisdom of a bill before it can become a law. The General Assembly 
 convenes in regular session the first Wednesday in January of each odd year 
 and can convene by call of the Governor for special sessions. 
 
 281 — The Senate is composed of thirty-four members, and the term of each is 
 four years. The State is divided into thirty-four districts, and in each there is 
 
252 APPENDIX. 
 
 about the same amount of population. The Senators from the odd-numbered 
 districts are elected on Presidential years ; those from the even-numbered dis- 
 tricts two years later; so one-half of the Senators are constantly experienced 
 members. The presiding officer for the Senate is the Lieutenant-Governor, who 
 appoints all committees, and who also becomes Governor on the death of that 
 officer. The Senate approves or rejects the Governor's appointment of officers. 
 The Senate can also impeach a State officer by a vote of two-thirds of the Sen- 
 ators present. 
 
 282 — The House of Bepresentatives is the more numerous branch of the 
 General Assembly. It has at least one member from each county, and in large 
 counties any number above one according to the population. The term of office 
 is two 3'ears. The Speaker is the presiding officer. 
 
 283 — The Judiciary Organization is composed of the Supreme Court, Court of 
 Appeals, Circuit Courts, Probate Courts, and Justices of the Peace. It will be 
 necessary here, before entering upon the discussion of these, to speak of our judi- 
 cial system in general. There are two kinds of law in this State, known as 
 common and statutory law, and equity law. The common law is derived from 
 the old law in England and from the written decisions of judges of Supreme 
 and Appeal Courts in this country, and gives great attention to forms and 
 methods of procedure. The common law is always in force except when replaced 
 or repealed by laws passed by the General Assembly which are called statutory 
 laws. For its administration in the lower courts there are a judge, whose duty 
 it is to declare the law, and a jury to apply the law as thus instructed by the 
 judge. But frequently there arise cases in which neither the common nor statu- 
 tory law can give relief. In these cases the matter is referred to the judge 
 alone, who is guided by what help he can get from former decisions and by what 
 he believes is right under the circumstances. Such is called equity law. In our 
 State all the courts can try a common law or statutory case, but none except the 
 Circuit and Appeal Courts can try equity cases. 
 
 284 — The Supreme Court is the highest judicial tribunal in Missouri. It has 
 in some respects more power than both the Governor and General Assembly. A 
 law may be passed by the latter and signed by the former, which the Supreme 
 Court may set aside as contrary to the State Constitution. It can undo acts of 
 the General Assembly and of the Governor by pronouncing them wrong or with- 
 out authority, but nothing can undo its acts except itself. Besides these powers 
 
MISSOURI INSTITUTES. 253 
 
 of determining constitutional questions, it has appellate jurisdiction over crimes 
 of the grade of felonies, and actions at common law and equity where the amount 
 involved is not less than twenty -five hundred dollars, and over cases involving land 
 titles. The court is composed of seven judges, each of whom serves ten years, 
 at least one of whom is elected every two years. By this means there are four 
 experienced judges at all times. The decisions of the court are written out and 
 published in a continued series of volumes called the Jlissouri Seports. These 
 decisions are binding upon all the inferior courts which usually give no decision 
 in conflict with them. A judge may be re-elected. Formerly the Supreme Court 
 was composed of three judges, who were appointed by the Governor and who 
 could serve till they were sixty -five years of age. Now they are elected by direct 
 vote of the people. Among the judges of the Supreme Court have been the 
 ablest and most learned men in the State. The high ability and noble integrity 
 of these men at almost all times are matters for State pride. 
 
 285 — Courts of Appeal. There are two of these courts, namely, the St. Louis 
 Court of Appeals and the Kansas City Court of Appeals. They are supplement- 
 ary courts of the Supreme Court, and are established for the purpose of relieving 
 that body of too much business. They are the courts of appeal for all suits in 
 which a less sum than twenty-five hundred dollars is involved, and also in cases 
 of lesser crimes. Each has three judges, all of w^hom serve twelve years. One is 
 elected every four years, so that two members are always experienced judges. 
 They have no jurisdiction over cases involving constitutional questions. The 
 St. Louis Court of Appeals has jurisdiction over the eastern and southern part 
 of the State and the Kansas City Court over the rest of it. The decisions of 
 these courts are also published for the guidance of inferior courts in a series of 
 volumes called the Missouri xippeal Beports. 
 
 286 — Tlie Circuit Courts are the great trial courts of the State. There are 
 thirty of them. Each is presided over by a judge who must be a lawyer. In 
 each county there is a Sheriff, Clerk of the Court, Attorney, Grand Jury and 
 Petit Jur}^ to assist him in carrying on the business of the court. The court has 
 charge of civil cases, or cases growing out of contracts and wrongs, and also of 
 criminal cases, but in the large cities, and a few counties, there are separate 
 judges for criminal cases. In all trials in these courts, except in equity cases, 
 every suitor has a right to demand a jury of citizens to pass upon his cause, but 
 in a civil case the cause may, by the agreement of both sides, be determined by 
 
254 APPENDIX. 
 
 the judge alone without any jury. In criminal trials, however, the jury cannot 
 be waived except by a plea of guilty. 
 
 287 — The Grand Jury is composed of twelve citizens of each county, appoint- 
 ed by the County Court, for the purpose of inquiring into any violation of the 
 law. They secretly investigate charges brought to their knowledge, and when 
 convinced of their truth, present an indictment to the judge ; that is, they make 
 out a formal accusation in writing, charging certain persons of certain crimes. 
 Then the Sheriff takes charge of the indicted person and brings him before the 
 court to be tried before the Petit Jury, which also consists of twelve men. The 
 judge presides and the prosecuting attorney acts as the lawyer for the State. The 
 sheriff is the executive officer of this court for all kinds of cases. He represents 
 the State in making effective the decisions of the court. 
 
 288 — The County Court has a supervisory control over the affairs of the 
 county, except in cities where its duties are mostly done by councils and street 
 commissioners. It allows demands against the county, issues warrants on the 
 county treasury, cares for paupers, issues saloon licenses, builds bridges, opens 
 up roads, orders elections, and chooses Grand and Petit Juries for the Circuit 
 Court. It is composed of three members, one of whom is called the presiding 
 judge. 
 
 289 — The County Clerk is the clerical officer for the County Court. He keeps 
 the record of the county's financial standing, which shows the amount of taxes 
 assessed against each township, how much was paid, how much any creditor is 
 indebted to the county, what is the amount of the county's debt, and for what it 
 is due. The County Eecorder enters of record the deeds to land, and mortgages 
 against all kinds of property, and issues and records marriage licenses. The 
 Circuit Clerk keeps the records of the Circuit Court. The Collector gathers in 
 the taxes due the county, turns over the money so collected to the Treasin-er, who 
 pays it out upon warrants issued by the school boards. County Court, or Circuit 
 Clerk, or sends it to the State Treasurer. The Coroner holds inquests over the 
 bodies of persons who have come to violent or casual death, or those whom he 
 suspects may have been murdered, and institutes legal inquiries as to the causes 
 of their death. 
 
 290 — The Probate Court, administered by one judge, looks after the property 
 of minors, appoints administrators of the estates of deceased persons, allows 
 claims against such estates and requires administrators to prove proper manage- 
 
STATE OFFICERS. 255 
 
 ment thereof. He also proves wills to be genuine and secures homes for the 
 insane. In every township there is a Justice of the Peace who is also called a 
 magistrate. He is the conservator of peace for his township and county, and 
 can determine suits not involving over §250, and also punish small misdemean- 
 ors, and hold the perpetrators of felonies for examination by Grand Juries. The 
 executive officer of his court is the constable. 
 
 STATE OFFICEBS. 
 
 The following list gives the Governors of Missouri during its entire history 
 and the dates at which they w^ere such : 
 
 Spanish Lieutenant- Governors — Pedro Piernas, 1770-75 ; Francisco Cruzat, 
 1775-78; Fernando De Leyba, 1778-80; Francisco Cruzat, 1780-87; Manuel 
 Perez, 1787-92; Zenon Trudeau, 1792-99; Carlos Dehault Delassus, 1799-1804. 
 
 Territorial Governors — William Henry Harrison, 1804-05 ; James Wilkinson, 
 1805-06; James Brown, Secretary and Acting Governor, 1806-07; Frederick 
 Bates, Secretary and Acting Governor, May 1807 to October 1807; Meriwether 
 Lewis, 1807-09; Frederick Bates, Secretary and Acting Governor, 1809-10; Ben- 
 jamin Howard, 1810-12; Frederick Bates, Secretary and Acting Governor, 
 1812-13 ; Wllham Clark, 1813-20. 
 
 /S^aie G^overnors— Alexander McNair, 1820-24; Frederick Bates, 1824-25; 
 Abraham J. AVilliams, August to December, 1825 ; John Miller, 1825-32; Daniel 
 Dunklin, 1832-36; L. W. Boggs, 1836^0; Thomas Eeynolds, 1840-44; M. M. 
 Marmaduke, February to November, 1844; John C. Edwards, 1844-48; Austin A. 
 King, December 1848 to January 1853; Sterling Price, 1853-57; Trusten Polk, 
 1857-57; Robert M. Stewart, 1857-61; Claiborne F. Jackson, inaugurated 1861, 
 deposed July 31, 1861, died October, 1862; Thomas C. Reynolds in Jackson's 
 stead from October 1862 till 1865 ; Hamilton R. Gamble, Provisional Governor, 
 1861-64; Willard P. Hall in Gamble's place, 1864-65; Thomas C. Fletcher, 
 1865-69; Joseph W. McClurg, 1869-71 ; B. Gratz Brown, 1871-73; Silas Woodson, 
 1873-75 ; C. H. Hardin, 1875-77 ; John S. Phelps, 1877-81 ; T. T. Crittenden, 1881- 
 85 ; John S. Marmaduke, 1885-88 ; A. P. Morehouse, 1888-89; D. R. Francis, 1889- 
 
 Lieutenant- Governors — William H. Ashley, St. Louis, 1820 to November, 1824; 
 Benjamin H. Reeves, Howard County, elected in 1824 and resigned within a few 
 
256 APPENDIX. 
 
 months to become a member of the commission which opened up the noted road 
 from Leavenworth to Santa Fe; Daniel Dunklin, Washington County, 1828-32; 
 Lilburn AV. Boggs, Jackson County, 1832-36; Franklin Cannon, Cape Girardeau, 
 1836-40; M. M. Marmaduke, Saline County, 1840 to February 9, 1844; James 
 Young, Lafayette County, 1844-48; Thomas L. Price, Cole County December 
 1849 to January 1853; Wilson Brown, Cape Girardeau, 1853-57; Hancock Jack- 
 son, Randolph County, 1857-61 ; Thomas (J. Reynolds, St. Louis, elected 1860 and 
 office declared vacant July 30th, 1861, by the Convention, and Willard P. Hall, 
 Buchanan County, chosen to office provisionally and served till January 31st, 
 1864; George Smith, Caldwell County, 1865-69; Edwin O. Stanard, St. Louis, 
 1869-71; Joseph J. Gravelly, Cedar County, 1871-73; Charles P. Johnson, St. 
 Louis, 1873-75; Norman J. Colman, St. Louis, 1875-77; Henry C. BrocKmeyer, 
 St. Louis, 1877-81 ; Robert A. Campbell, St. Louis, 1881-85; Albert P. Morehouse, 
 Nodaway County, 1885-88; Stephen H. Claycomb, Jasper County, 1889- 
 
 Secretaries of State (Appointed by Governor up to 1852 ; thereafter elected by 
 the people.) — Joshua Barton, St. Louis County, 1820-21; W. G. Pettus, St. 
 Charles, 1821-24; Hamilton R. Gamble, Howard County, 1824-26; Spencer Pet- 
 tis, St. Louis County, 1826-28; P. H. McBride, Boone County, 1829-30; John C. 
 Edwards, Cole County, 1830-35; Henry Shurlds, Washington County, 1835-37; 
 Peter G. Glover, Callaway County, 1837-39 ; James L. Minor, Marion County, 
 1839-45; F. M. Martin, Jefferson County, 1845-49; Ephraim B. Ewing, Ray 
 County, 1849-53; John M. Richardson, Greene County, 1853-57; Benjamin F. 
 Massey, Jasper County, 1857-61 ; Mordecai Oliver, Greene County, selected by 
 Convention in place of Massey removed, 1861-65 ; Francis Rodman, Buchanan 
 County, 1865-71; E. G. Weigel, St. Louis, 1871-75; M. K. McGrath, St. Louis, 
 1875-89; A. A. Lesueur, Lafayette, 1889- 
 
 State Treasurers (Appointed by Governor till 1852 ; thereafter elected by the 
 people.) — Peter Didier, St. Louis County, 1820-21; Nathaniel Simonds, St. Louis 
 County, 1821-28; James Earickson, Howard County, 1829-33; John Walker, Cole 
 County, 1833-38 ; Abraham McClellan, Jackson County, 1838-43 ; Peter J. Glover, 
 Cole County, 1843-51 ; A. W. Morrison, Howard County, 1851-61; George C. 
 Bingham, Jackson County, 1862-65, elected by Convention; Wm. Bishop, Cass 
 County, 1865-69; W. Q. Dallmeyer, Cole County, 1869-71; Samuel Hayes, 
 Buchanan County, 1871-73 ; Harvey W. Salmon, Henry County, 1873-75 ; Joseph 
 Mercer, Jackson County, 1875-77; Elijah Gates, Buchanan County, 1877-81; 
 
JUDGES OF SUPREME COURT. 257 
 
 Phil. Chappell, Cole County, 1881-85; John M. Seibert, Cape Girardeau County, 
 1885-89; Ed. T. Noland, Jackson County, 1889-90; Lon. V. Stephens, Cooper 
 County, 1890- 
 
 Attorneijs- General — Edward Bates, St. Louis County, 1820-21 ; Rufus Easton, 
 St. Louis, 1820-26; Robert W. Wells, Cole County, 1826-36; W. B. Napton, 
 Howard County, 1836-39; S. M. Bay, Cole County, 1839^5; B. F. Stringfellow, 
 Chariton County, 1845-49; William A. Robarts, Boone County, 1849-51; James 
 B. Gardenhire, Buchanan County, 1851-57; Eph. B. Ewing, Ray County, 1857- 
 59 ; J. Proctor Knott, Scotland County, 1859-61 ; Aikman Welsh, Johnson County, 
 1861-64, appointed; T. T. Crittenden, Johnson County, 1864-65; Robert F. Win- 
 gate St. Louis, 1865-69; Horace P. Johnson, Cole County, 1869-71; A. J. Baker^ 
 Schuyler County, 1871-73; H. Clay Ewing, Cole County, 1873-75; John A. Hock- 
 aday, Callaway County, 1875-77; Jackson L. Smith, Cole County, 1877-81; D. H. 
 Mclntyre, Audrain County. 1881-85; B. G. Boone, Henry County, 1885-89; 
 John M. Wood, Clark County, 1889- 
 
 State Auditors (Appointed by Governor till 1852 ; thereafter elected by the 
 people.)— William Christie, St. Louis, 1820-21; W. V. Rector, St. Louis, 1821-23; 
 Elias Barcroft, St. Louis, 1823-33 ; Henry Shurlds, Washington County, 1833-35 ; 
 Peter G. Glover, Callaway County, 1835-37; Hiram B. Baber, Cole County, 
 1837-45; William Monroe, Morgan County, February to December 1845; J. R. 
 McDearmon, St. Charles, 1845-48; George W. Miller, Cole County, 1848-49; 
 Wilson Brown, Cape Girardeau, 1849-53; W. F. Buffington, Cole County, 1853- 
 61; AV. S. Mosely, New Madrid County, 1861-65; Alonzo Thomson, Nodaway 
 County, 1865-69; D. M. Draper, Montgomery County, 1869-73; George B. Clark, 
 Washington County, 1873-75; Thomas Holladay, Madison County, 1875-81; 
 John Walker, Howard County, 1881-89; John M. Seibert Cape Girardeau, 1889- 
 
 JUDGES OF SUPREME COURT.* 
 
 Appointed by Governor till 1851 ; thereafter elected by the people. 
 Mathias McGirk, Montgomery County, 1822-41 ; William Scott, Cole County, 
 1841-62, and then removed for failure to file oath; John D. Cook, Cape Girar- 
 deau, 1822-23; Rufus Pettibone, Pike County, 1823-25; Robert Wash, St. Louis, 
 
 *Sinee 1873 the term of the office of Supreme Judge has been ten years. 
 
258 APPENDIX. 
 
 1825-37; John C. Edwards, May to December, 1837; William B. Napton, Saline 
 County, 1839-52; John F. Ryland, 1852-58; W. B. Napton, 1858-62, and then 
 removed for failure to file oath ; John Rice Jones, Pike County, 1822-24 ; George 
 Tompkins, Howard County, 1824-45; P. H. McBride, Monroe County, 1845-49; 
 J. H. Birch, Clinton County, 1849-52; Hamilton R. Gamble, St. Louis, 1851-54; 
 Abiel Leonard, Howard County, 1855-58; John C. Richardson, 1858-59; E. B. 
 Ewing, Ray County, 1859-62, and then removed by convention for failure to sign 
 oath; Barton Bates, St. Charles, W. V. N. Bay, Franklin County, J. D. S. 
 'Dry den, Marion County, appointed in January, 1862, by Governor Gamble, 
 elected by people 1863, and ousted by convention of 1865, Bates resigning, and 
 Dryden and Bay being removed by Governor Fletcher. David Wagner, 
 appointed, 1865-69; Nathaniel Holmes, 1865-68; James Baker, 1868-69; W. L. 
 Lovelace, 1865-66; T. J. C. Flagg, 1866-69. In 1868 three judges were elected: 
 David Wagner, Scotland County, for six years, 1869-75 ; Warren Currier, 1869-73 ; 
 Philemon Bliss, Boone County, for two years, 1869-71 ; Currier resigned in 1871, 
 and Washington Adams, Cooper County, was appointed till 1873. H. M. Vories, 
 St. Joseph, 1873-79; Washington Adams, 1873-75; Ephraim B. Ewing, from Janu- 
 ary to June, 1873, deceased, and W. B. Napton appointed to fill vacancy till Janu- 
 ary, 1875, then elected and served till 1881 ; Thomas A. Sherwood, Greene County, 
 1873-83 ; Warwick Hough, Jackson County, 1875-85 ; John W. Henry, Macon 
 County, 1877-87; Elijah H. Norton, Platte County, 1879-89; Robt. D. Ray, Car- 
 roll County, 1881-91 ; ^ Thomas A. Sherwood, = 1883- ; Francis M. Black, 2 Jack- 
 son County, 1885- ; Theodore Brace, ^ Monroe County, 1887- ; Shepard 
 Barclay, 2 St. Louis, 1889- ; James B. Gantt,^ Vernon County, 1891- ; John 
 L. Thomas,^ Jefferson County, appointed, 1891- ; G. B. Macfarlane,^ Audrain 
 County, appointed, 1891- . 
 
 Speakers of the House of Bepresentatives — James Caldwell, 1820-21 ; Henry S. 
 Geyer, 1821-26; Alex. Stewart, 1826-28; John Thornton, 1828-32; Thomas Rey- 
 nolds, 1832-34; John Jamison, 1834-38; Thomas H. Harvey, 1838-40; Sterling 
 Price, 1840-44; Claiborne F. Jackson, 1844-48; Alex. M. Robinson, 1848-50; 
 Nathaniel W. Watkins, 1850-52; Ruben Shelby, 1852-54; William Newland, 
 1854-56; Robert C. Harrison, 1856-57; James Childs, 1857-58; John F. Coffe, 
 
 1 Chief Justice at present; 2 constitute Division No. 1 of present court; ^ Constitute 
 Division No. 2 of present court. 
 
REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. 
 
 259 
 
 1858-60; Christian Kribben, February to December 1860; John McAfee, 1860; 
 Q. L. Marvin, 1863-64; Walter L. Lovelace, 1864-65; Andrew J. Harlam 1865-69; 
 James C. Orrick, 1869-71; R. P. C. Wilson, 1871-73; Mortimer Mcllhaney, 
 1873-75; B. G. Boone, 1875-77; John F. Wilhams, 1877-79; J. Edwin Belch, 
 1879-81; T. P. Bashaw, 1881-83; Joseph S. Richardson, 1883-85; John M.Wood, 
 1885-87; John W. Alexander, 1887-89; Joseph J. Russell, 1889-91; Wilbur F. 
 Tuttle, 1891- 
 
 UNITED STATES SENATORS. 
 
 {A) 
 
 (B) 
 
 David Barton, Howard County, 1820-30; Alex. Buck- 
 ner, Cape Girardeau, 1830-33; Lewis F. Linn, Ste. 
 Genevieve, 1833-13; David R. Atchison, Platte 
 County, 1843-55 — no successor till 1857; James S. 
 Green, Lewis County, 1857-61; Waldo P. Johnson, 
 St. Clair County, elected, resigned and expelled in 
 1861; Robert Wilson, Andrew County, 1862-63; B. 
 Gratz Brown, St. Louis, 1863-67 ; Charles D. Drake, 
 St. Louis, 1867-70; Daniel F. Jewett, St. Louis, 
 1870-71; Frank P. Blair, St. Louis, 1871-73; Lewis 
 V. Bogy, St. Louis, 1873-77; D. H. Armstrong, St. 
 Louis, 1877-79; James Shields, Carroll County, 
 1879-79 ; George G. Vest, Pettis County, 1879- 
 
 Thomas H. Benton, St. 
 Louis, 1820-51 ; H. 
 S. Geyer, St. Louis, 
 1851-57: TrustenPolk, 
 1857-61, resigned and 
 was expelled ; John 
 B. Henderson, Pike 
 County, 1862-69; Carl 
 Schurz, St. Louis, 1869- 
 75; Francis M. Cock- 
 rell, Johnson County, 
 1875- 
 
 REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. 
 
 17th, 18th and 19th Congress (1821-27)— John Scott, Ste. Genevieve. 
 20th Congress (1827-29)— Edward Bates, St. Louis. 
 21st Congress (1829-31)— Spencer Pettis, St. Louis. 
 22nd Congress (1831-33)— WilHam H. Ashley, St. Louis. 
 
260 APPENDIX. 
 
 23rd Congress (1833-35)— William H. Ashley, St. Louis, and John Bull, Howard 
 County. (Elections by general ticket till 1846.) 
 
 24th Congress (1835-37) — William H. Ashley, St. Louis, and Albert G. Harrison, 
 Callaway County. 
 
 25th Congress (1837-39)— John Miller and Albert G. Harrison. 
 
 26th Congress (1839-41)— John Miller, and John Jameson, Callaway- County. 
 
 27th Congress (1841-43)— John Miller and John C. Edwards. 
 
 28th Congress (1843-45)— James M. Hughes, Clay County; James H. Relfe, 
 Washington County; John Jameson, Callaway County; James B. Bowlin, 
 St. Louis, and Gustavus M. Brown, Monroe County. 
 
 29th Congress (1845-47) — James B. Bowlin, St. Louis; James H. Relfe, Wash- 
 ington County; Sterling Price, Chariton County (resigned and was suc- 
 ceeded by William McDaniel, Marion County) ; John S. Phelps, Greene 
 County, and Leonard H. Sims, Greene County. 
 
 30th Congress (1847-49) — 1st District, James B. Bowlin, St. Louis; 2nd, John 
 Jameson, Callaway County; 3rd, James S. Green, Lewis County; 4th, Wil- 
 lard P. Hall, St. Joseph; 5th, John S. Phelps, Springfield. 
 
 31st Congress (1849-51)— 1st District, James B. Bowlin; 2nd, W. V. N. Bay, 
 Franklin County; 3rd, James S. Green; 4th, Willard P. Hall; 5th, John S. 
 Phelps. 
 
 32nd Congress (1851-53) — 1st District, John F. Darby, St. Louis; 2nd, Gilchrist 
 Porter, Pike County ; 3rd, John G. Miller, Cooper County ; 4th, Willard 
 P. Hall; 5th, John S. Phelps. 
 
 33rd Congress (1853-55)— 1st District, Thomas H. Benton, St. Louis; 2nd, Alfred 
 W. Lamb, Marion County ; 3rd, John G. Miller, 4th, Mordecai Oliver, Ray 
 County; 5th, John S. Phelps; at large, Jas. J. Lindley, Lewis County, 
 and Samuel Caruthers, Madison County. 
 
 34th Congress (1855-57)— 1st District, L. M. Kennett, St. Louis; 2nd, Gilchrist 
 Porter; 3rd, J. J Lindley; 4th, Mordecai OUver; 5th, Thos. P. Akers, 
 Lafayette County; 6th, John S. Phelps; 7th, Sam Caruthers. 
 
 35th Congress (1857-59)— 1st District, Francis P. Blair, St. Louis; 2nd, T. L. 
 Anderson, Monroe County; 3rd, John B. Clark, Howard County; 4th, 
 James Craig, St. Joseph; 5th, James H. Woodson, Jackson County; 6th, 
 John S. Phelps ; 7th, Samuel Caruthers. 
 
REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. 261 
 
 36th Congress (1859-61)— 1st District, J. R. Barrett, St. Louis; 2nd, T. "L. Ander- 
 son; 3rd, John B. Clark ; 4th, James Craig; oth, J. H. Woodson ; 6th, John 
 S. Phelps; 7th, John AV. Noell, St. Francois County. 
 
 37th Congress (1861-63) — 1st District, Francis P. Blair (resigned and J. R. 
 Barrett elected) ; 2nd, James S. Rollins, Boone County ; 3rd, John B. Clark 
 (expelled and Wm. A. Hall elected in his stead) ; 4th, E. H. Norton. 
 Platte Count}' ; 5th, John W. Reid, Jackson County (expelled and Thos L. 
 Price, Cole County, elected) ; 6th, John S. Phelps; 7th, John W. Noell. 
 
 38th Congress (1863-65) — 1st District, James Knox, St. Louis; 2nd, Henry T. 
 Blow, St. Louis; 3rd, John W. Noell (died, and John G. Scott, Jefferson 
 County, elected) ; 4th, Semphronius H. Boyd, Greene County; 5th, Joseph 
 W. McClurg, Camden County; 6th, Austin A. King, Ray County; 7th 
 Benj. F. Loan, Buchanan County; 8th, Wm. A. Hall, Randolph County; 
 Oth, James S. Rollins. 
 
 39th Congress (1865-67) — 1st District, John Hogan, St. Louis, 2nd, Henry T. 
 Blow; 3rd, Thomas Noell, St. Francois County; 4th, John R Kelsoe; 5th, 
 Joseph W. McClurg; 6th, Robt. T. Van Horn, Kansas City; 7th, Benj. F. 
 Loan, Buchanan County ; 8th, John F. Benjamin, Shelby County ; 9th, 
 George W. Anderson, Pike County. 
 
 40th Congress (1867-69)— 1st District, Wm. A. Pile, St. Louis; 2nd, C. A. New- 
 combe; 3rd, Thos. E. Noell (deceased, and J. R. McCormick, Iron Countj% 
 elected); 4th, J. J. Gravelly, Cedar County; 5th, Jos. W. McClurg 
 (resigned, and John H. Stover, Morgan County, elected); 6th, R. T. Van 
 Horn; 7th, B. F. Loan; 8th, John F. Benjamin; 9th, Geo. W. Ander- 
 son. 
 
 41st Congress (1869-71)— 1st District, Erastus Wells, St. Louis; 2nd, G. A. Fin- 
 kelnburg, St. Louis; 3rd, J. R. McCormick; 4th, S. H. Boyd, Greene 
 County ; 5th, S. S. Burdette, St. Clair County ; 6th, Robt. T. Van Horn ; 
 7th, Joel F. Asper, Livingston County; 8th, J. F. Benjamin; 9th, Pat 
 Dyer, Pike County. 
 
 42nd Congress (1871-73)— 1st District, Erastus Wells; 2nd, G. A. Finkelnburg; 
 3rd, J. R. McCormick; 4th, H. E. Havens, Greene County; 5th, 8. S. 
 Burdette; 6th, A. Comingo, Jackson County; 7th, I. C.Parker, St. Joseph; 
 8th, James G. Blair, Lewis County; 9th, Andrew King, St. Charles 
 County. 
 
262 APPENDIX. 
 
 43rd Congress (1873-75) — 1st District, E. O. Stanard, St. Louis; 2nd, Erastus 
 Wells; 3rd, W. H. Stone, St. Louis; 4th, Kobt. A. Hatcher, New Madrid; 
 5th, Eichard P. Bland, Laclede County; 6th, H. E. Havens; 7th, T. T. 
 Crittenden, Johnson County; 8th, Abram Comingo; 9th, I. C. Parker; 
 10th, I. B. Hyde, Mercer County; 11th, John B. Clark, Jr., Howard 
 County; 12th, John M. Glover, Lewis County; 13th, A. H. Buckner, 
 Audrain County. 
 
 44th Congress (1875-77) — 1st District, Edward C. Kehr, St. Louis; 2nd, Erastus 
 Wells, St. Louis; 3rd, Wm. H. Stone, St. Louis; 4th, Kobt. A. Hatcher; 
 5th, Eichard P. Bland; 6th, Chas. H. Morgan, Lamar; 7th, John F. 
 Philips, Sedalia; 8th, Benjamin J. Franklin, Kansas City; 9th, David Eea, 
 Savannah ; 10th, Eezin A. DeBolt, Trenton ; 11th, John B. Clark, Jr. ; 12th, 
 John M. Glover, La Grange; 13th, Aylett H. Buckner, Mexico. 
 
 45th Congress (1877-79)— 1st District, Anthony Ittner, St. Louis; 2nd, Nathan 
 Cole, St. Louis; 3rd, Lyne S. Metcalf, St. Louis; 4th, Robt. A. Hatcher; 
 5th, Eichard P. Bland; 6th, Chas. H. Morgan; 7th, T. T. Crittenden; 
 8th, Benjamin J. Franklin; 9th, David Eea; 10th, Henry M. Pollard, 
 Chillicothe; 11th, John B. Clark, Jr.; 12th, John M. Glover; 13th, Aylett 
 H. Buckner. 
 
 46th Congress (1879-81)— 1st District, Martin L. Clardy, Farmington ; 2nd, Erastus 
 Wells, St. Louis; 3rd, E. Graham Frost, St. Louis; 4th, Lowndes H. Davis, 
 Jackson ; 5th, Eichard P. Bland ; 6th, James E. Waddill, Springfield ; 7th, 
 Alfred M. Lay, Jefferson City (died 1879, John F. Philips, elected) ; 8th, 
 Sam, L. Sawyer, Independence; 9th, Nicholas Ford, Andrew County ; 10th, 
 Gideon F. Eothwell, Moberly ; 11th, John B. Clark, Jr.; 12th, Wm. H. 
 Hatch, Hannibal; 13th, Aylett H. Buckner, 
 
 47th Congress (1881-83)— 1st District, Martin L, Clardy; 2nd, Thos. Allen, St. 
 Louis, died, and succeeded by James H. McLean, St. Louis; 3rd, E. 
 Graham Frost; 4th, Lowndes H. Davis; 5th, Eichard P. Bland; 6th, Ira 
 S. Hazeltine, Springfield; 7th, Huron M. Eice, Boonville; 8th, E. T. Van 
 Horn; 9th, Nicholas Ford; 10th, Joseph H. Burrows, Gainesville; 11th, 
 John B. Clark, Jr.; 12th, Wm. H. Hatch; 13th, Aylett H. Buckner. 
 
 48th Congress (1883-85)— 1st District, W. H. Hatch ; 2nd, Armstead M. Alexander, 
 Paris; 3rd, Alexander M. Dockery, Gallatin; 4th, James N. Burns, St. 
 Joseph; 5th, Alex. Graves, Lexington; 6th, John Cosgrove, Boonville.; 
 
REPRESENTATIVES IN CONGRESS. 263 
 
 7th, Aylett H. Buckner; 8th, John J. O'Neil, St. Louis; 9th, James O. 
 
 Broadhead, St. Louis; 10th, Martin L. Clardy ; 11th, Eichard P. Bland; 
 
 12th, Chas. H. Morgan; 13th, Eobt. W. Fyan, Marshfield; 14th, Lowndes 
 
 H. Davis. 
 49th Congress (1885-87)— 1st District, Wm. H. Hatch; 2nd, JohnB. Hale, Car- 
 
 rollton ; 3rd, Alex. M. Dockery ; 4th, James N Burnes ; 5th, Wm. Warner, 
 
 Kansas City; 6th, John T. Heard, Sedalia; 7th, John E. Hutton, Mexico; 
 
 8th, John J. O'Neil; 9th, John M. Glover, St. Louis; 10th, Martin L. 
 
 Clardy; 11th, Richard P. Bland; 12th, Wm. J. Stone, Nevada; 13th, Wm. 
 
 H. Wade, Springfield; 14th, Wm. Dawson, New Madrid. 
 50th Congress (1887-89)— 1st District, Wm. H. Hatch; 2nd, Chas. H. Mansur, 
 
 Chillicothe; 3rd, Alex. M. Dockery; 4th, James N. Burnes (died 1889, 
 
 Chas. F. Booher, Savannah, elected); 5th, Wm. Warner; 6th, John T. 
 
 Heard ; 7th, J. E. Hutton ; 8th, John J. O'Neil ; 9th, John M. Glover ; 10th, 
 
 Martin L. Clardy; 11th, Richard P. Bland; 12th, Wm. J. Stone; 13th, 
 
 Wm. H. Wade; 14th, James P. Walker, Dexter. 
 51st Congress (1889-91)— 1st District, Wm. H. Hatch; 2nd, Chas. H. Mansur, 
 
 Chillicothe; 3rd, Alex. M. Dockery; 4th, Robt. P. C. Wilson, Platte City; 
 
 5th, John C. Tarsney, Kansas City; 6th, John T. Heard; 7th, Richard H. 
 
 Norton, Troy; 8th, F. G. Niedringhaus, St. Louis; 9th, Nathan Frank, St. 
 
 Louis; 10th, Wm. H. Kinsey, St. Louis; 11th, Richard P. Bland; 12th, 
 
 Wm. J. Stone; 13th, Wm. H. Wade; 14th, James P. Walker (died, R. H. 
 
 Whitelaw, Cape Girardeau, elected). 
 52n.l Congress (1891-93)— 1st District, Wm. H. Hatch; 2nd, Chas. H. Mansur; 
 
 3rd, Alex. M. Dockery; 4th, R. P. C. Wilson; 5th, J. C. Tarsney; 6th, 
 
 J. T. Heard; 7th, R. H. Norton; 8th, J. J. O'Neil; 9th, S€th W. Cobb, St. 
 
 Louis; 10th, Sam. Byrns, Potosi; 11th, R. P. Bland; 12th, David A. 
 
 DeArmond, Butler ; 13th, R. W. Fyan, Marshfield ; 14th, Marshall Arnold, 
 
 Benton. 
 
264 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 MEMBEBS OF THE CONVENTION OF 1861. 
 
 J. S. Allen, Harrison County. 
 
 Eli E. Bass, Boone County. 
 
 Geo. Y. Bast, Montgomery County. 
 
 R. A. Brown, Cass County. 
 
 Orson Bartlett, Stoddard County. 
 
 J. H. Birch, Clinton County. 
 
 Joseph Bogy, Ste. Genevieve County. 
 
 S. M. Breckenridge, St, Louis. 
 
 J. O. Broadhead, St. Louis. 
 
 H. E. Bridge, St. Louis. 
 
 Isidor Bush, St. Louis. 
 
 J. R. Chenault, Jasper County. 
 
 Samuel C. Collier, Madison County 
 
 A. Comingo, Jackson County. 
 
 R. W. Crawford, Lawrence County. 
 
 Robert Calhoun, Callaway County 
 
 M. P. Cayce, St. Francois County. 
 
 R. W. Donnell, Buchanan County. 
 
 Geo. W. Dunn, Ray County. 
 
 Wm. Douglas, Cooper County. 
 
 Charles Drake, Moniteau County. 
 
 A. W. Doniphan, Clay County. 
 
 C. D. Eitzen, Gasconade County. 
 
 R. B. Frayzer, St. Charles County. 
 
 Joseph Flood, Callaway County. 
 
 John D. Foster, Adair County. 
 
 N. F. Givens, Clark County. 
 
 H. M. Gorin, Scotland County. 
 
 H. R. Gamble, St. Louis. 
 
 T. T. Gantt, St. Louis. 
 
 J. J. Gravelly, Cedar County. 
 
 A. S. Harbin, Barry County. 
 
 R. A. Hatcher, New Madrid County. 
 
 V. B. Hill, Pulaski County. 
 
 W. J. Howell, Monroe County. 
 
 Prince L. Hudgins, Andrew County. 
 
 Willard P. Hall, Buchanan County. 
 
 William A. Hall, Randolph County. 
 
 John B. Henderson, Pike County. 
 
 Littleberry Hendrick, Greene County. 
 
 Henry Hitchcock, St. Louis. 
 
 Robert Holmes, St. Louis. 
 
 John Holt, Dent County. 
 
 Harrison Hough, Mississippi County. 
 
 John How, St. Louis. 
 
 J. M. Irwin, Shelby County. 
 
 Z. Isbell, Osage County. 
 
 William Jackson, Putnam County. 
 
 R. W. Jamison, Webster County. 
 
 J. W. Johnson, Polk County. 
 
 J. Proctor Knott, Cole County. 
 
 C. G. Kidd, Henry County. 
 
 W. T. Leeper, Wayne County. 
 
 M. L. L. Linton, St. Louis. 
 
 John F. Long, St. Louis. 
 
 J. T. Matson, Ralls County. 
 
 A. W. Maupin, Franklin County. 
 
 J. H. Moss, Clay County. 
 
 Vincent Marmaduke, Saline County. 
 
 A. C. Marvin, Henry County. 
 
 J. W. McClurg, Camden County. 
 
 J. R. McCormick, Perry County. 
 
 Nelson McDowell, Dade County. 
 
 James McFerrain, Daviess County. 
 
 Ferd. Myer, St. Louis. 
 
 W. L. Morrow, Dallas County. 
 
THE ORGANIZATION OF THE COUNTIES. 
 
 'Z65 
 
 E. H. Norton, Platte County. 
 
 J. C. Noell, Bollinger County. 
 
 Samuel Orr, Greene Count3\ 
 
 John F. Philips, Pettis County. 
 
 Wm. G. Pomeroy, Crawford County. 
 
 Philip Pipkin, Iron County. 
 
 Sterling Price, Chariton County. 
 
 J. P. Eoss, Morgan County. 
 
 R. D. Ray, Carroll County. 
 
 J. T. Redd, Marion County. 
 
 C. G. Rankin, Jefferson County. 
 
 M. H. Ritchey, Newton County. 
 
 Fred. Rowland, Macon County. 
 
 S. L. Sawyer, Lafayette County. 
 
 E. K. Sayre, Lewis County. 
 
 J. K. Sheeley, Jackson County. 
 
 Robert M. Stewart, Buchanan County. 
 
 Thos. Scott, Miller County. 
 
 Thos. Shackelford, Howard County. 
 
 J. H. Shackelford, St. Louis. 
 
 Jacob Smith, Linn County. 
 
 Sol. Smith, St. Louis. 
 
 J. T. Tindall, Grundy County. 
 
 W. W. Turner, Laclede County. 
 
 J. G. Waller, Warren County. 
 
 N. W. Watkins, Cape Girardeau County. 
 
 Warren Woodson, Boone County. 
 
 A. M. Woolfolk, Livingston Count}'. 
 
 LTriel Wright, St. Louis. 
 
 Aikman Welch, Johnson County. 
 
 Robert Wilson, Buchanan County. 
 
 Ellzey Van Buskirk, Holt County. 
 
 G. W. Zimmerman, Lincoln County. 
 
 THE ORGANIZATION OF THE COUNTIES. 
 
 Originally there were five districts or counties in the Territory, viz. : St. Louis, 
 St. Charles, Ste. Genevieve, Cape Girardeau, and New Madrid. The various 
 sessions of the Legislature, both in the Territorial days and after Missouri became 
 a State, organized counties as follows : 
 
 In 1813 — Jefferson, Franklin, Wayne, Lincoln, Pike, Madison, Montgomery 
 and Cooper. In 1820 — Lillard, Perry, Ray, Cole, Chariton, Ralls, Saline, Gas- 
 conade, Boone and Callaway. In 1821 — St. Francois and Scott. In 1822— Clay. 
 In 1826 — Jackson, Marion and Lafayette (changed from Lillard). In 1829 — 
 Crawford. In 1830-31— Randolph. In 1832-33— Carroll, Chnton, Greene, Mon- 
 roe, Lewis, Morgan, Pettis, Pulaski, Ripley, Warren and St. Clair. In 1834-35 — 
 Barry, Henry, Benton, Johnson, Polk, Shelby, Stoddard, Cass and Van Buren. 
 In 1836-37 — Audrain, Caldwell, Clark, Daviess, Linn, Livingston, Macon, Miller 
 and Taney. In 1838-39^Newton, Platte and Buchanan. In 1841— Adair, 
 Andrew, Shannon, Bates, Camden (changed from Kinderhook), Dade, Gentry, 
 
266 
 
 APPENDIX. 
 
 Grundy, Holt, Jasper, Scotland and Wright. In 1842 — Dallas, Osage and 
 Ozark, In 1845 — Atchison, Dunklin, Harrison, Knox, Mercer, Mississippi, Mon- 
 iteau, Xodaway, Putnam, Reynolds, Schuyler, Sullivan, Texas and Hickory. In 
 1849 — Butler, McDonald, Laclede and Stone. In 1851 — Bollinger and Vernon. 
 In 1855 — Barton, Maries and Webster. In 1857 — Douglas, Howell, Iron and 
 Phelps. In 1859— Carter. In 1860— Christian. In 1861— Pemiscot and Worth. 
 These dates show the movement of population and the disposition of the people, 
 as soon as they became sufficiently numerous, to separate from the old mother 
 counties and form new ones of their own. 
 
 MEMBEB8 OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL CONVENTION OF 1873. 
 
 Waldo P. Johnson, St. Clair County, 
 
 President. 
 Nathaniel W. AVatkins, Scott County, 
 
 Vice-President. 
 
 A. M. Alexander, Monroe County. 
 W. Adams, Cooper County. 
 
 D. C. Allen, Clay County. 
 
 F. M. Black, Jackson County. 
 H. C. Brockmeyer, St. Louis. 
 H. Boone, DeKalb County. 
 
 G. W. Bradfield, Laclede County. 
 J. O Broadhead St. Louis. 
 
 G. W Carlton, Pemiscot County. 
 Wm. Chrisman, Jackson County. 
 L. F. Cotty, Knox County. 
 S. R. Crockett, Vernon County. 
 T. W. B. Crews, FrankUn County. 
 
 E. V. Conway, St. Francois County. 
 L. J. Dry den, Warren County. 
 
 B. R. Dysart, Macon County. 
 
 L. H. Davis, Cape Girardeau County. 
 
 J. C. Edwards, St. Louis. 
 
 C. D. Eitzen, Gasconade County. 
 
 J. F. T. Edwards, Iron County. 
 
 R. W. Fyan, Webster County. 
 
 J. L. Farris, Ray County. 
 
 L. Gottschalk, St. Louis. 
 
 J. Hyer, Dent County. 
 
 T. T. Gantt, St. Louis. 
 
 J. A. Holliday, Caldwell County. 
 
 J. B. Hale, Carroll County. 
 
 W. Halliburton, Sullivan County. 
 
 C. Hammond, Chariton County. 
 
 N. C. Hardin, Pike County. 
 
 T. J. Johnston, Nodaway County. 
 
 H. B. Johnson, Goi©- County. 
 
 H. C. Lackland, St. Charles County. 
 
 A. M. Lay, Cole County. 
 
 W. H. Letcher, Saline County. 
 
 E. McCabe, Marion County. 
 
 A. V. McKee, Lincoln County. 
 
 M. McKellop, Atchison County. 
 
LOCATION OF STATE INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 267 
 
 P. Mabrey, Ripley County. 
 
 B. F. Massey, Newton County. 
 H. T. Mudd, St. Louis. 
 
 C. B. McAfee, Greene County. 
 N. A. Mortell, St. Louis. 
 
 J. A. Maxey, Howell County. 
 E. H. Norton, Platte County. 
 E. A. Nickerson, Johnson County. 
 William Priest, Ealls County. 
 Joseph Pulitzer, St. Louis. 
 P. Pipkin, Jefferson County. 
 J. H. Rider, Bollinger County. 
 J. P. Ross, Morgan County. 
 J. R. Rippey, Schuyler County. 
 
 J. F. Rucker, Boone County. 
 
 J. W. Ross, Polk County. 
 
 J. C. Roberts, Buchanan County. 
 
 John Ray, Barry County. 
 
 Wm. F. Switzler, Boone County. 
 
 J. H. Shanklin, Grundy County. 
 
 Thomas Shackelford, Howard County. 
 
 H. J. Spaunhorst, St. Louis. 
 
 Geo. H. Shields, St. Louis. 
 
 J. H. Taylor, Jasper County. 
 
 A. R. Taylor, St. Louis. 
 
 A. Todd, St. Louis. 
 
 Levi J. Wagner, Scotland County. 
 
 H. C. Wallace, Lafayette County. 
 
 LOCATION OF STATE INSTITUTIONS. 
 
 *University, Columbia ; School of Mines and Metallurgy, Rolla ; Normals for 
 education of teachers, Kirksville, Warrensburg and Cape Girardeau; Lincoln 
 Institute, for education of colored teachers, Jefferson City ; Lunatic Asylums, 
 No. 1 Fulton, No. 2 St. Joseph, No. 3 Nevada; Supreme Court, Jefferson City; 
 United States Court for the Western District of Missouri, John F. Philips, Judge, 
 holds its sessions at Kansas City, Springfield, Jefferson City and St. Joseph ; 
 United States Court for Eastern District of Missouri, Amos L. Thayer, Judge, 
 holds its sessions at St. Louis and Hannibal ; Penitentiary, Jefferson City ; 
 Reform School for Boys, Boonville ; Reform School for Girls, Chillicothe; Deaf 
 and Dumb Asylum, Fulton. 
 
 *The main buDding of the University was destroyed by fire January 8th, 1892. 
 
DIVISIONS. 
 
 Part I. — French and Spanish Period. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Chapter I — Discoveries 4 
 
 " II— First Settlements 9 
 
 III— Spanish Rule ^ 13 
 
 Part II. — Territorial Period. 
 
 • 
 
 Chapter I — The Louisiana Purchase 22 
 
 ** II— Missouri's First Years as a Territoiy 25 
 
 " III — Exploring Expeditions 30 
 
 i' IV— New Madrid Earthquake 32 
 
 «^ V— Other Settlements 34 
 
 Part III. — Missouri as a State. 
 
 Chapter I— Admission of Missouri into the Union 46 
 
 " II -First Years as a State 54 
 
 III— Bates and Miller, 1824-32 62 
 
 " IV Governor Dunkhn's Administration, 1832-36 71 
 
 " V — Governor Boggs and Mormon Troubles 76 
 
 " VI — Governors Reynolds and Marmaduke 83 
 
 " VII— Governors Edwards and King 92 
 
 " VIII — Benton and the Jackson Resolutions 103 
 
 '' IX — Price, Stewart and Kansas Troubles 110 
 
 X— 1860 and the War 126 
 
 " XI— First Movements of 1861 130 
 
 '• XII — The Convention Against Secession 138 
 
 " XIII — The Arsenal and Camp Jackson 143 
 
 " XIV — Boonville, Carthage and Cowskin Prairie 159 
 
 " XV— Battle of Wilson's Creek 167 
 
 XVI— The Last Months of 1861 175 
 
 XVII— Events in 1862 182 
 
 XVIII— 1863 and 1864 190 
 
 " XIX— The Administration of Governor Fletcher 203 
 
 " XX— McClurg's Administration 214 
 
 '' XXI — The Administration of Governor Brown 218 
 
 " XXII — Governors Woodson and Hardin 225 
 
 '* XXIII— From 1877 to the Present Time 236 
 
 Appendix — Missouri Institutes and List of Officers 249 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS-. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Atchison, D. R 113 
 
 Bates, Edavard 68 
 
 Bates, Frederick 63 
 
 Benton, Thos. H 106 
 
 Blair, Frank P 156 
 
 BoGGS, L. W 76 
 
 Boone, Daniel 36 
 
 Broadhead, Jas. O 139 
 
 Brown, B. Gratz 218 
 
 Clark, John B., Sr 85 
 
 Clark, Capt. William 38 
 
 Cockrell, Francis M 231 
 
 Crittenden, T. T 239 
 
 Doniphan, Alex. W 95 
 
 Drake, Chas. D 206 
 
 Dunklin, Daniel 71 
 
 Easton, Rufus 61 
 
 Edwards, John C 92 
 
 Fletcher, Thos C 204 
 
 Francis, David R 245 
 
 Gamble, Hamilton R 201 
 
 Geyer, H. S 108 
 
 Green, Jas. S 115 
 
 Guitar, Odin 186 
 
 Hall, WiLLARD P 203 
 
 Hardin, Chas. H 229 
 
 Jackson, Claiborne F 132 
 
 PAGE, 
 
 Jones, John Rice 59 
 
 King, Austin A 100 
 
 La Salle 7 
 
 Lewis, Meriwether 30 
 
 Linn, Dr. L. F 89 
 
 Lyon, Captain Nathaniel 145 
 
 McClurg, Joseph W 214 
 
 McNair, Alexander 55 
 
 Marmaduke, John S 242 
 
 Marmaduke, M. M..... 90 
 
 Miller, John 66 
 
 Morehouse, A. P 244 
 
 Napton, W. B 240 
 
 Phelps, John S 236 
 
 Philips, John F 185 
 
 Polk, Trusten 114 
 
 Price, Sterling Ill 
 
 Reynolds, Thomas 88 
 
 Reynolds, Thos. C 181 
 
 Rollins, James S 116 
 
 Sherwood, Thos. A 246 
 
 SiGEL, Franz.. 162 
 
 State Seal 60 
 
 Stewart, Robt. M 118 
 
 Vest, Geo. G 238 
 
 Woodson, Silas 226 
 
INDEX 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Aid to railroads 109 
 
 Alabama, admitted as a S^ate 47 
 
 Amendment to Constitution, how 
 
 made 249 
 
 Anderson, the bushranger 195 
 
 Ange's rule 11 
 
 Animals, numerous wild 41 
 
 Anti-Slavery societies 127 
 
 Army of the West 95 
 
 Arsenal at Liberty 147 
 
 Arsenal in St. Louis 143 
 
 Ashley, W. H 72, 75 
 
 Assessments from suspected per- 
 sons 182 
 
 Atchison, D. R 74, 104, 113 
 
 Attorney-General, duties of 250 
 
 Auditor, duties of 250 
 
 Baptists, refused to take oath 211 
 
 Barton, David, Senator 51, 56 
 
 Bates, Barton, Judge 210 
 
 Bates, Edward 51, 67 
 
 Bates, Frederick, Governor 62 
 
 Battle of Carthage 162 
 
 " Chihuahua 97 
 
 " Boonville 161 
 
 *' Lexington 178 
 
 Pea Ridge 183 
 
 Wilson's Creek 167 
 
 Battles and skirmishes 197 
 
 Bay, Judge W. V. N...., 210 
 
 Benton, Thos. H 56, 91, 103-108, 113 
 
 Benton's bitter contest for Senate ... 57 
 
 Biddle, Major Thos 68 
 
 Bingham, Col. Geo 194 
 
 Blair, F. P 96, 155, 213 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Blair refuses to take oath 210 
 
 " Bloody Hill " 168 
 
 Blue Lodges 120 
 
 Boggs, Lilburn W 70, 75, 76, 82 
 
 Bogy, Senator L. V 261 
 
 Boone, Daniel 35, 36 
 
 Boonville, battle of 161 
 
 Boonville, settled 35 
 
 Brockmeyer, H. C 235 
 
 Brown, B. Gratz 160, 191, 213, 218 
 
 Brown, John 122 
 
 Bull, Dr. John 71 
 
 Burr, Aaron 27-29 
 
 Camp Jackson, attacked 147, 150 
 
 Camp Jackson, effects of attack 151 
 
 Capital of Missouri 65 
 
 Carthage, battle of 162 
 
 Cass County 193 
 
 Centralia Massacre 195 
 
 Circuit Clerk, duties of 254 
 
 Circuit Court, powers 253 
 
 Citizens of one State also of an- 
 other 52 
 
 Chihuahua, battle of 97 
 
 Cholera ... 72 
 
 Clark, George Rogers 16 
 
 Clark, Captain William 30, 38, 75 
 
 Clark, Jno. B., Sr 85, 180 
 
 Clay, Henry 53 
 
 Cockrell, Frank M 230 
 
 Colman, Norman J 228 
 
 Common law defined 252 
 
 Compton's Ferry fight 186 
 
 Conditional Union Men 136 
 
 Congressmen 57 
 
274 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Congressmen, new 91 
 
 list of 259 
 
 Congressional delegates 33 
 
 Confederate flag 181 
 
 Constitution, meaning of 249 
 
 first 51, bQ 
 
 ** attempts at new 93 
 
 " Drake 204 
 
 " effects of 211 
 
 " overthrown 212 
 
 of 1875 233 
 
 Constitutional Convention of 1875, 
 
 members of 266 
 
 Convention of 1861 139 
 
 " '' members of 264 
 
 " " second meeting 
 
 of 175 
 
 Convention of 1861, Abrogates Con- 
 stitution 190 
 
 Convention of 1861, last session 190 
 
 Coroner, duties of 254 
 
 Counties, increase in number of 45 
 
 *' organization of 265 
 
 '' new 40 
 
 Count)' Clerk, duties of 254 
 
 Courts, kinds 252 
 
 Crittenden, T. T 185, 239 
 
 Cruzat 17, 18 
 
 Cummings, Kev. J. A., convicted 
 
 for not taking oath 212 
 
 Curtis, General 183 
 
 D'Abbadie, Commandant 10 
 
 Delawares and Shawnees.. 18 
 
 Delassus, Spanish ruler 29 
 
 DeLeyba, '' '' 16 
 
 DeSoto, Ferdinand 4 
 
 DeWitt and Mormons 80 
 
 Disfranchised citizens, number of.. 216 
 *' " behavior of 217 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Doniphan, A. W 74, 95 
 
 Doniphan's Expedition 98 
 
 Don Pedro, Spanish ruler 13 
 
 Drake, Chas. D 206, 217 
 
 Drake Constitution, adopted 209 
 
 Dryden, Judge J. D. S 210 
 
 Dueling 63 
 
 Dunklin, Daniel, Lieut. -Governor. 65 
 
 " " Governor 70, 71 
 
 Dyer, D. P 239 
 
 Earthquake, New Madrid 32 
 
 Easton, Rufus. 61 
 
 Edwards, John C, Governor 91 
 
 Emancipation efforts 69 
 
 '* by Convention 190 
 
 " of slaves 205 
 
 Emigration aid companies 120 
 
 Engagements, other 197 
 
 Equity Law 252 
 
 Ewing, General Thomas 193 
 
 Expedition of Lewis and Clark 30 
 
 ** Z. M.Pike 31 
 
 Explorations of interior of Missouri 7 
 < 
 
 Far West 79 
 
 Filley, O. D.'s circular letter 153 
 
 Finances, troubles in 44 
 
 Financial troubles in 1873 226 
 
 Finkelnburg, G. A 258 
 
 Fire among boats of St. Louis 101 
 
 First settlement 9 
 
 *' whiteman 4 
 
 Fletcher, Thomas C 203 
 
 Fort Orleans 8 
 
 '' Sumter 134 
 
 Francis, Governor D. R 244 
 
 Franklin, settled 39 
 
 Free negroes and mulattoes 52 
 
INDEX. 
 
 lib 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 French characteristics 14 
 
 " explorations 6 
 
 ** rule ended 11 
 
 ' ' ownership of land 14 
 
 '* social habits 15 
 
 *' houses 15 
 
 Fremont in command 165 
 
 Fremont's emancipation proclama- 
 tion 177 
 
 Fremont's march on Springfield.... 178 
 
 Frost, General D. M 144 
 
 Fugitive Slave Law 128, 131 
 
 Gamble, Hamilton R 185, 200 
 
 " becomes Governor 175 
 
 Gamble's proclamation 176 
 
 Gamble and the test oath 207 
 
 General Assembly, powers of.. .235, 251 
 
 Gentry, Colonel Richard 77 
 
 Geyer, H. S., succeeds Benton, 
 
 107, 108, 113 
 
 Governor's duties 249 
 
 Governors, list of.. 255 
 
 Governor's salary 250 
 
 Grange 227 
 
 Grasshoppers 231 
 
 Green, James S 114, 142 
 
 Guitar, Odin 185 
 
 Gun City tragedy 222 
 
 Hagner, Major, in St. Louis 144 
 
 Hall, William A., arguments for 
 
 Union 137, 140 
 
 Hall, Willard P 200, 202, 213 
 
 Halleck, General, in command..l79, 185 
 
 " issues Order No. 24 182 
 
 Hannibal & St. Joseph railroad 240 
 
 Hardin, Charles H., Governor 228 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 *' Hards " and '' Softs " 91 
 
 Harney, General 148, 152, 153 
 
 Harrison, W. H 19, 26, 66, 83 
 
 Hempstead, Edward 33 
 
 Henderson, John B 141, 190, 225 
 
 Hinkle, Colonel G. W., and the 
 
 Mormons 80 
 
 Houses, character of 41 
 
 House of Representatives 252 
 
 Howard County 39 
 
 Hudgins, Prince L 141 
 
 Hughes, General Andrew S 74 
 
 Hunter, General David 179 
 
 "I'll try sir," Miller m 
 
 Immigrants, character of 41 
 
 Imprisonment for debt 87 
 
 Indians attack St. Louis 17 
 
 Indians, Seminoles and Creeks 77 
 
 Internal improvements 108 
 
 Iowa line 101 
 
 Jackson, Claiborne F 131 
 
 " deposed as Governor 175 
 
 " and Lyon Conference 154 
 
 " leaves the State 164 
 
 " resolutions 103 
 
 " retreats South 162 
 
 Jackson's proclamation for troops.. 154 
 " secession proclamation... 177 
 
 James Boys 240 
 
 Jay hawkers 122 
 
 Jefferson, President 23 
 
 Johnson, C. P 225 
 
 Johnson, Waldo P 143 
 
 Jones, John Rice 51, 59 
 
 Judiciary organization 252 
 
 Justice of Peace, powers and duties, 255 
 
276 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Kansas troubles 119-125 
 
 Kennett, Luther M., defeats Ben- 
 ton 107 
 
 King, Austin A., Governor 100 
 
 Kirksville, battle at 186 
 
 Laclede, first settler of St. Louis... 10 
 
 Lafayette, visit of (34 
 
 Lands, cheap, in 179(5 20 
 
 Lane, Dr. Wm. Carr ()7 
 
 La Salle 7 
 
 Lawrence, sacking of 191 
 
 Laws, kinds of, in Missouri 252 
 
 Lead, mining in 43 
 
 Legislature, relation to secession... 133 
 
 Lewis, Meriwether 29 
 
 Lexington, battle of 178 
 
 Lieutenant-Governors, list of 255 
 
 Linn, Dr. L. F., Senator 88 
 
 Livingston, Minister to France 23 
 
 Local Option Law 242 
 
 Locusts 231 
 
 Log Cabin 41 
 
 Louisiana, named 7 
 
 ' ' purchase 22 
 
 " " amount of 25 
 
 ** " price paid for.. 24 
 
 ** transfer to U. S 25 
 
 District of 26 
 
 " Territory 26 
 
 Lovejoy, Rev. E. P 73 
 
 Lucas, Judge J. B. C 27 
 
 Lucas, Chas 57 
 
 Lyon, Captain Nathaniel 144 
 
 *' and Blair 148, 154 
 
 " and Frost 149 
 
 '' at Springfield 166 
 
 * movements of 160 
 
 " killed 171 
 
 Lyon's proclamation 154 
 
 PAGE, 
 
 Manumission Day 205 
 
 Marmaduke, J. S 161, 241, 243 
 
 Marmaduke, M. M 85 
 
 Marquette, James 6 
 
 Martial law 178 
 
 McBride, General J. H 152 
 
 McClellan, General G. B 165 
 
 McClurg, Jos. W 214 
 
 McCulloch, Ben 169, 183 
 
 McGirk, Mathias 58 
 
 McNair, Alex., first Governor 55 
 
 McNeil, John H 186 
 
 Mercantile Library officers 182 
 
 Mexican w^ar ^ 152 
 
 Military districts 152 
 
 Military Bill 142, 151 
 
 " by Convention 184 
 
 Militia, State 86, 184 
 
 Militia at polls 188 
 
 Miller, John, Governor 62 
 
 Missouri, named 7 
 
 " organized as territory of 
 
 first grade 26 
 
 Missouri, organized as territory of 
 
 second grade 37 
 
 Missouri, organized as territory of 
 
 highest grade 38 
 
 Missouri, applies for admission into 
 
 Union 46 
 
 Missouri, objections to admission, 46, 47 
 Missouri, struggles to become a 
 
 State 48-^1 
 
 Missouri Compromise, No. 1 50 
 
 No. 2 53 
 
 '' Missouri Gazette " 30 
 
 Missourians in Kansas 121 
 
 " in Mexican War 94 
 
 " in Seminole War 77 
 
 Mormon troubles 78-82 
 
 " leaders tried 82 
 
 Mormons expelled 81 
 
INDEX. 
 
 277 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Monroe, special Minister to France, 24 
 Montgomery, James, jay hawker... 123 
 
 Money 42 
 
 Moss Resolution in Convention 140 
 
 Mulligan, James A 178 
 
 Mullins, Maj. A. W 185, 195 
 
 Muster Day 86 
 
 Napton, Judge W. B 103, 240 
 
 Negro, provided for 220 
 
 " Suffrage 215 
 
 Neosho, skirmish at 163 
 
 " Secession Legislature 180 
 
 New Madrid claims 34 
 
 New Mexico 95 
 
 Oath of loyalty, first 188 
 
 Officers of the State 249 
 
 '' duties of 249 
 
 salaries of 249-251 
 
 " in battle of Wilson's 
 
 Creek 170, 174 
 
 Ohio Valley troubles 23 
 
 Order No. 11 192 
 
 Order No. 24 182 
 
 Orders, other 183 
 
 Ousting Ordinance 208 
 
 '' enforced 209 
 
 Palmyra and McNeil 187 
 
 Parsons, Monroe M 152 
 
 Peace and prosperity 219 
 
 Pea Ridge, battle of 183 
 
 People, feeling in regard to seces- 
 sion .* 135 
 
 Perez, Manuel, Spanish ruler 18 
 
 Pettis, Spencer 67, 68 
 
 Peyton, R. L. Y., Confederate Sen- 
 ator 180 
 
 Phelps, John S 91, 213, 226, 235 
 
 Philips, John F 185, 195 
 
 Pike, General Albert 183 
 
 Pirates on river 18 
 
 Platte Purchase 74 
 
 Polk, Trusten ....114, 190 
 
 Pontiac, Indian chief 12 
 
 Poindexter 185 
 
 Porter, Jo 185 
 
 18 
 
 21 
 
 21 
 
 40 
 
 44 
 
 125 
 
 245 
 
 70 
 
 Population 
 
 in 
 
 1785 
 
 
 
 1800 
 
 
 
 1804 
 
 
 
 1812 
 
 
 
 1820 
 
 
 
 1850 
 
 
 
 1890 
 
 Prairie fires... 
 
 
 Preachers indicted for preaching... 211 
 Price, Sterling, 
 
 91, 96, 110, 151, 178, 183, 203 
 
 Price joins Confederacy 184 
 
 Price's raid 194 
 
 Price, Thos. L 203 
 
 Price-Harney agreement 153 
 
 Probate judge, duties of 254 
 
 Prohibitions 241 
 
 Prohibition message, Mc'Clurg's... 214 
 Prosperity during Miller's term 70 
 
 Quantrell's attack on Lawrence 191 
 
 Quebec 11 
 
 Radicals and Conservatives 194 
 
 Railroad Commissioners, duties of, 251 
 difficulties 221 
 
278 
 
 INDEX. 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Railroad disaster at Gasconade 112 
 
 State debt 233 
 
 Recorder, duties of 254 
 
 Red-legs : 191 
 
 Reeves, Benjamin 51, 62 
 
 Registration Act 212 
 
 Regiments, new 157 
 
 Renault 9 
 
 Republican party 126 
 
 Republicans, Liberal 215 
 
 Radical 215 
 
 Reynolds, Thomas 85, 88, 90 
 
 Reynolds, Thomas C 181, 203 
 
 Rollins, James S 113, 115, 226 
 
 Sac, Fox and Iowa Indians 75 
 
 Safety Committee 153 
 
 SantaFe 95, 98, 99 
 
 School system; Dunklin, father 
 
 of 71 
 
 Schurz, Carl 213, 217 
 
 Scott, John 51, 57 
 
 Secession 130 
 
 " vote against 138 
 
 ** Convention against 141 
 
 " Legislature at Neosho 180 
 
 Secessionists 135 
 
 Secretary of State, duties of 250 
 
 Seminole AVar 77 
 
 Senate, State; how composed, etc.. 251 
 
 Senators, United States, list of 259 
 
 " 190 
 
 Settlements, Boone's Lick 33-3i 
 
 first EngUsh 34 
 
 Shawnees and Delawares 18 
 
 Sherwood, Judge T. A 246 
 
 Sheriff, duties of 254 
 
 Sigel, General Franz 160, 162 
 
 Slack, W.Y 152, 184 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Slavery, prohibited north of the 
 
 Ohio 19 
 
 Slavery, bounded with 36° 30^ 50 
 
 " discussed 127 
 
 Slaves, first efforts at emancipa- 
 tion 69 
 
 Slave and Free States, number 
 
 of 47 
 
 Soil, adverse claimants to 27 
 
 Solemn public act 53 
 
 Soldiers, number of 199 
 
 Spanish caravan 8 
 
 rule , 13, 20 
 
 Spain, troubles with 23 
 
 Speakers of Missouri House 258 
 
 Stanard, E. 214 
 
 State Bank 84 
 
 State Guard, organized 167 
 
 " " organization of ceased, 
 
 181, 184 
 State University, faculty required 
 
 to take oath of loyalty 183 
 
 State Seal 59 
 
 Steamboats, first 43 
 
 St. Charles, settled 10 
 
 St. Louis, settled 10 
 
 Ste. Genevieve, settled 9 
 
 Stewart, R. M...113, 117, 118, 130, 188 
 Superintendent of Public Schools .. 251 
 
 Supreme Court 246 
 
 " duties of 252 
 
 " members of 257 
 
 Sturgis, Major 170, 173 
 
 Tallmadge of New York 48 
 
 Taylor, General Zachary 77 
 
 Terms of office, length of 234 
 
 Territory, Missouri's first years 
 as a 25 
 
INDEX. 
 
 279 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Territorial officers 37 
 
 Test oath 206 
 
 " defeat forestalled 209 
 
 repealed 215, 216 
 
 Texas, annexation of 93 
 
 Thomas of Illinois 53 
 
 Tower, Grand 18 
 
 Treasurer, duties of 251 
 
 Trudeau, Spanish ruler 19 
 
 Unconditional Union men 137 
 
 PAGE. 
 
 Van Dorn 183 
 
 Vest, G. G 238 
 
 Vote against secession 138 
 
 Wagner, Judge David 210 
 
 War declared 154 
 
 War, preparations for 151 
 
 Whigs 67, 85 
 
 Wilkinson, Territorial Governor... 27 
 
 Wilson's Creek, battle of 167 
 
 " results of battle at, 172 
 
 Winston, James 110 
 
 Woodson, Silas 225 
 
/^ 
 
■>■). 
 
 (^ 
 
LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 
 
 017 136 426 7