Class_£)a9TCL Book ,\/n 5_ __^.. Copyright N° COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT. ERRATA. Page 15, line 18, instead of complied, read compiled. Page 18, note 2, instead of introtlum, read introitum. Page 133, line 29, instead of of Tierce, read ^octurn. Page 133, line 35, instead of Isocturn, read of Tierce. Page 140, note 1, instead of 0:^niAXE/i/, read OMMANXEY. A SYNTHETICAL MANUAL OF LITURGY BY THE REV. ADRIAN VIGOUREL, S. S. Professor of Liturgy in the Seminary of St. Sulpice, Paris. Translated from the French with the Author's approbation by the REV. JOHN A. NAINFA, S. S., St. Mary's Seminary, Baltimore, Md. Metropolitan Press JOHIf MUEPHY COMPANY PUBLISHEES BALTIMORE, MD: NEW YORK: 200 W. Lombard Street. 70 Fifth Avenue •J UrJt^.«.HY of CONGRESS 5 iwu Cooitis Hecelved | » OCT ii«90r I Ocnyigr^t Entry CLASS /^ ^^^^j:^! **°' .V5 Umprimatur: S James Card. Gibbons, Archbishop of Baltimore, Baltimore, June 21, 1907. LC Control Number tnip96 028024 Copyright. 1907, by John Murphy Company. s I -a. ^1 Table of Contents, NUMBERS. PAGES INTRODUCTION. Preface. 1 Liturgy and Worship 1 2 Development of Liturgy 2 3 Perfect Liturgy 3 4 Liturgical functions 4 5 Liturgical year 5 6 Liturgical provisions 6 7 Liturgical science 6 8 Plan of the Course 7 PRELIMINARY STUDY. Central Point of Catholic Liturgy. 9 Essential parts of the Christian Sacrifice 9 10 Complementary parts 10 11 Synthesis 12 PART FIRST. ELEMENTS OF WORSHIP. CHAPTEPv I.— Books. 1 2 Liturgical books 15 CHAPTER II.— TJie Church and its Ftiniishiiigs. THE CHURCH. 13 1. Place of tvorship 17 II. Divisions of the Church 18 14 Enumeration of its parts 18 1 5 General development 19 16 External development 21 17 III. Various Churches 23 18 IV. Sanctiflcation of Churches: Laying of cornerstone. ... 24 Solemn blessing — Consecration 25 iV TABLE OF CONTEXTS. FURNISHINGS OF THE CHURCH. 1° Preparation for the Sacrifice. Purification of the Soul. NUMBERS. PAGES. 19 Baptistery 27 20 Holy Water font 28 21 Confessional 28 Enlightenment or Instruction. 22 Ambo and Pulpit 28 23 Pews and Chairs 29 24 Images, Pictures, Windows 29 2° Divine Praise. 25 Ctioir and Singing 30 26 Instruments of music, Organ 31 27 Lectern 31 3° The Sacrifice: Sanctuary. 1. Altar. 28 Material and shape 32 29 Different kinds : fixed, portable or sacred stone 33 30 Consecration and meaning 31 2. Appointments of the Altar. 3 1 Steps 36 32 Shelves and tabernacle 36 33 Cross and Candlesticks, Lights 37 34 Accessories 39 35 3. Matter for the Sacrifice 40 4. Church vessels 41 36 Sacred vessels : Chalice and paten, ciborium, pyx, osten- sorium 41 37 Other objects: Oil Stocks, Holy Water vessels. Sprinkler. 43 Censer and boat. Cruets, Ewer, Pax 44 Bell and Clapper 44 TABLE OF CONTEXTS. V 5. Cloths and Okxamexts of the Altar. NUMBERS. PAGES. 38 Upon the altar, cloths, cover 45 In front : Antipendium 45 Over the tabernacle : Canopy, Veil of the Cross 45 39 Chalice : purificator, pall 46 Veil, burse, corporal, cover of the ciborium, etc 47 CHAPTER 111.— Clergy. 40 1. Hierarchy : Its degrees 48 412. Clerical dress 50 42 Choir habit 51 43 3. Vestments in general 52 (a) Their blessing, their color 52 44 (1)) Vestments of priests and ministers at Mass: amict, alb, cord, maniple, stole, tunic, dalmatic, chasuble 53 45 Outside the Mass : cope, humeral veil, ombrellino 56 46 (c) Pontificals: stockings, sandals, gloves, ring, pectoral, cross, gremial, hand-candlestick, pallium 5T 47 (d) Ornaments of the Pope; falda, fanon, subcingulum, tiara 59 48 Appendix : Sacristy 60 Priests' houses 61 Cemetery 61 4. Gestures and Ceremonies 62 49 (a) General principles. Rules. Their importance. .. a . . 62 50 (&) Elements of Ceremonies: attitudes, movements, actions 62 51 (c) General ceremonies 64 CHAPTER lY.— Liturgical Calendar. 52 Liturgical calendar GQ 53 Day and year 6(j 54 Reformation of the Civil year 67 55 Perpetual Calendar 68 Months, fixed feasts 68 Movable feasts, Sundays, Dominical letter 69 56 Easter : Epact — golden number 70 VI TABLE OF CONTEXTS. NUMBERS. PAGES. 57 Age of the moon 71 58 Feasts dependent on Easter 72 59 Degrees of feasts 78 PART seco:n^d. Liturgical Functions. 60 Division 74 First Function : The Sacrifice of the Mass. 61 Preliminaries, General principles, Division 74 I. Primitive Liturgy. CHAPTER l.—Tlie Mass. I. History of the Mass. 62 Tore-Mass' or 'Mass of Catechumens' 7G 63 Mass of the faithful 77 64 Different Liturgies 79 Oriental 70 Occidental 79 65 Western Liturgies 79 11. Our Modern Mass. 66 General plan SI 1 . Preparation SI 67 Purification : At the foot of the altar S2 At the Altar S^ 68 Instruction 85 2. Celebration of the mystery SG 69 Oblation S6 70 Consecration .- S7 Preamble : Preface 87 Action 88 Sanctificatiou 89 71 Synthesis 90 72 Communion 91 Preparation, breaking, kiss of peace 91 Reception, thanksgiving 92 73 3. Conclusion, Ite rnissa est. Blessing, Last Gospel 9a TABLE OF CONTENTS. Vll III. Defects and Accidents. NUMBERS. PAGES. 74 Contrary to the integrity of the Sacrament 94 Contrary to the integrity of the Sacrament 94 To the respect due to the Sacrament , 95 CHAPTER Ih—Ditferent Masses. I. Various Texts. 75 Origin of this diversity 96 76 Missal, collection of texts. Selection for each day 97 77 Masses with respect to the feast of the day 98 Votive Masses 99 78 Private Masses 'j9 Mass of a transferred feast ; — of the Sacred Heart 100 Masses for the Dead (Requiem) 101 80 General principles on Requiem Masses 101 81 Privileged high Masses — corpore praesente — after a burial without Mass 102 On certain days ; — anniversaries 103 Low Masses 103 II. Different Modes of Celebration. 82 Low Mass ; Priest 104 83 Server 105 84 Faithful 106 85 Chanted Mass (Missa Cantata); pecularities 106 Parts sung by the celebrant 106 86 Use of the organ 107 87 Solemn Mass ; officiating ministers 107 88 Incensing at ordinary Masses and Requiem Masses 107 89 Genuflections o 108 90 Masses before the Blessed Sacrament exposed 109 91 Pontitical Mass 110 92 Mass in presence of the Bishop 110 III. Assistants. 93 Private Mass ; public Mass ; parochial Mass Ill Conventual Mass 112 Vlll TABLE OF CONTENTS. Second Function : Offices^ NUMBERS, PAGES. 94 Preamble : Offices strictly liturgical 112 Offices not strictly liturgical 112 Pious practices 112 CHAPTER 1.— Offices Strictly Liturgical, I. The Office in General. 1. Nature of the office 113 95 Eucl 113 96 Materials 114 2. Division of the Office for each day 115 97 Order of the Office ; Isiglit Hours ; Day Hours 115 98 Obligation IIG 99 Interruption 117 100 Each week : Sundays and ferials 117 Hymns of Vespers ; Votive Offices 117 Each year 118 101 General division 118 102 Christmas 118 103 Easter 118 104 Marial Cycle and Sanctoral 120 3. Selection of the Office to be recited 120 105 Degrees of Offices : (a) Rite and class 120 106 Doubles : first class ; second class ; major ; minor 121 107 Semidoubles 122 108 Simples 123 109 (&) Other distinctions: Character, Dignity, Extension, Obligation 124 Occurrence 1 25 110 Office preferred 125 111 Translation 127 112 To what day is the translation to be made? Free daj's. . . 128 113 Simplification 129 114 Omission. — Remark : Table of occurrences 130 115 Concurrence: Its causes 130 116 General rules : Vespers to be preferred 131 TABLE OF CONTEXTS. IX NUMBERS. PAGES. Vespers divided. — Commemorations 131 Order of commemorations : Suffrages 132 Same commemorations not to be repeated 133 117 Appendix : Division of the Breviary 134 II. Offices ix Particular. 118 1. Each day : at all hours 135 Preparation 135 Body of the office 135 Conclusion 136 Details on each hour 136 119 Matins 136 Iiivitatory 137 H5^mn 137 One or three Xocturns 137 120 Lauds 139 121 Little Hours 139 Prime 140 Tierce 141 Sexte 141 None. Remark 141 1 22 Vespers 141 123 Compline 142 2. On certain days 143 124 Little Office of the Blessed Virgin 143 125 Office of the Dead 143 1 26 Gradual Psalms ,. 144 127 Penitential Psalms 144 128 Litany of the Saints 144 1 29 Commendation of the Soul 144 130 Prayers before and after meals 144 131 Itinerary 144 3. Offices partly exterior 145 1 32 Processions 145 General principles ; End ; Order 145 133 Different processions 145 Candlemas ; Palm Sunday ; St. Mark and Rogation Days ; Blessed Sacrament; Blessed Virgin; Extraordinary.. 146 X TABLE OF CONTENTS. NUMBERS. PAGES. 134 Funerals 146 —of Adults 146 From the bouse to the cliurcli : in the church : office : . . . . 146 Mass : Absolution : from the church to the cemetery 147 In paradisnm; in the cemetery 147 135 Funerals of Infants 147 136 Solemn blessing of a Cemetery 148 CHAPTER 11.— Offices not Strictly Liturgical. 137 In honor of the Blessed Sacrament 149 138 Solemn Exposition ; Forty Hours' devotion 140 Less solemn Exposition ; Private Exposition 149 139 Processions of the Blessed Sacrament 150 140 Benediction ; closing the Exposition 150 141 Solemn Benediction 151 142 Benediction with the Ciborium 152 Relics of the True Cross and of the Saints 153 Third Function — Sacraments and Sacramentals. PRELIMINARIES. 143 Relations of Sacraments and Sacramentals to the Eucharist 154 General rites 155 144 Ritual and Pontifical ; Roman Ritual 156 General principles 156 Preparation 156 Administration 156 Registration 157 Baptism 158 General rubrics 158 145 Preliminaries — Importance of Baptism and of its right administration 158 146 Sacrament: Sign; Matter; Form; Union of matter and form ; Ministers ; Subject ; Sponsors 158 147 Administration : Time and place 160 Things to be prepared 161 148 Infant Baptism — Preliminaries ; catechumenate 162 TABLE OF CONTEXTS. xi NUMBERS. PAGES 149 Purification : Exorcism ; salt ; sign of the Cross 163 150 Instruction: introduction into the churcli ; creed; Pater 164 151 Renunciation: insalivation ; renunciation; first unctions 164 152 Baptism : Interrogations 164 153 Regeneration 165 154 Complement: Unction with Holy Chrism; White gar- ment ; candle ; admonitions ^65 Exceptional cases 167 155 Baptizing a number together 167 156 Private baptism ; ceremonies to be supplied 167 157 Baptism of adults 168 Preliminaries 168 1 58 Ceremonies 168 159 CONFIEMATION 169 Preliminaries 169 Ceremonies ,, 169 160 Penance : General Rubrics 170 161 Ceremonial 172 EUCHABIST 173 162 General Rubrics : Principles 173 163 Practice 1 74 164 Communion at Mass 175 165 Communion outside the Mass 176 166 Communion of the sick and Viaticum 177 167 Solemn administration of the Viaticum 177 168 ExTEEME Unction : Preliminaries 179 169 Administration i SO 170 After the administration 181 171 Funerals (See also page 145) 181 172 .Holy Orders : General ordinations 181 173 Tonsure , 132 174 Minor Orders 183 1 75 Subdeaconship 134 1 76 Deaconship 1S4 177 Priesthood Ig^ 178 Episcopate Igg Xii TABLE OF CONTENTS. NUMBERS. PAGES. 179 Matrimony 190 180 Conseceatiojns and Benedictions: General principles.. 191 181 Persons consecrated or blessed 192 182 Things blessed annually , 192 183 Occasional blessings 193 PART THIRD : — Liturgical Year. CHAPTER 1.— Cycle of the Festivals of Our Lord or * ''Proper of the Time.''' (1) Period connected tcith Christmas 194 1 84 Preparation : Advent ; its duration 194 Penance ; prayer 195 Antiphons 196 Vigil of Christmas 197 185 Festivals : Christmas ; its history ; office ; masses 197 186 Octave of Christmas: festivals included; particularity of their Vespers ; Holy Innocents 198 1 87 Circumcision 199 188 Epiphany : particulars ; its Octave 200 189 Time after Epiphany : festivals in this season 201 (2) Period connected with Easter 202 Preparation 202 190 Septuagesima : Sexagesima 202 191 Lent : particulars ; Laetare Sunday 203 1 92 Passion Time 205 Holy Week 206 193 Palm Sunday 206 194 Tenebrae Office 207 195 Holy Thursday: Mass; Blessing of the Oils; Repository; ''Maundy''' or Mandatum 208 196 Good Friday: Morning Office; Veneration of the Cross; Mass of the Presanctified 209 197 Holy Saturday: New Fire; Paschal Candle; Prophecies; Procession to the Baptismal Font ; Mass 210 Paschal Time 212 198 Easter 212 199 Octave of Easter 213 TABLE OF CONTENTS. Xlll NUMBERS. PAGES. 200 Paschal rite 213 Siiudays after Easter ; Rogation Days 215 201 Ascension 215 202 Pentecost and its Octave 215 Time after Pentecost 216 203 Trinity Sunday: Corpus Clivisti; Sacred Heart; Sundays after Pentecost 216 204 (3) Other feasts of our Lord 217 Transfiguration : Invention and Exaltation of the Cross ; Precious Blood, etc 217 Dedication of the church 218 CHAPTER ll.—Marial Cycle. 205 Festival of the cycle 219 Immaculate Conception 219 Annunciation 219 Visitation, etc 220 Purification 220 Seven dolors 220 Assumption 220 206 Other feasts of Mary 220 CHAPTER 111.— Proper of the Saints, or ''SanctoraV 207 Different classes of Saints 222 208 All Saints' Day 222 Holy Angels' 223 209 St. John the Baptist , 223 210 St. Joseph 223 21 1 Holy Apostles 224 212 Confessors 226 213 Virgins and Holy Women 226 215 Proper of the Diocese; of a country; of an order, etc 227 216 Patron Saints and Titulars 227 217 Conclusion 228 Bibliography 232 Appendix — Catalogue of feasts 238 Index — Alphabetical 242 TRANSLATOR'S NOTE. This work, done into English, is presented to the public with the permission and encouragement of the author, who himself has suggested the introduction of a certain number of modifications. It belongs to the class termed by the French "precis'^ — that is a complete summary of a science, which professors should teach, in a limited time, to pupils who, for the most part, do not aim to rise above the level of elementary principles. Such is the case with Liturgy. With a book of this sort at hand, students may follow with ease and interest the oral teaching of the professor, which may not be other than a simple, but always scientific, elucidation of the short sentences of a book, such as is founded on greater liturgical works, on more extensive manuals and cere- monials or, above all, on the personal experience of the professor, who has made Liturgy a serious and system- atic study. Baltimore, June 20, 1907. I i PREFACE. Liturgical study has singularly benefited by the prog- ress of historical science. Its special publications have multiplied — in France, since the impulse, given b}^ Dom Gueranger and his Solesmes School, upon the restoration of the Eoman liturgy ; and in England, following upon the Oxford movement. Germany, meeting liturgical docu- ments side by side with patrological memorials, has not failed to add her contingent of valuable observations. Thus the taste for original research, even to the very fountain heads, has been renewed and developed within the last century. Along this line in previous centuries, the Benedictines, the Jesuits, the Oratorians^a Mabilion, a Muratori, a Claude de Yert, a Lebrun, a Menard, a Lesley, with many others, have made valuable discoveries, of which we find a full collection in the Patrology of Migne. The admirable Dictionnaire cVArclieologie Chretienne et de Litiirgie, published under the editorship of Dom Cabrol of Farnborough, classifies these materials. Thanks to their alphabetical order, this series of remarkable monoghaphies permits the enquirer to determine easily the exact stage of development in each detail, whilst a copious bibliog- raphy enables him to verify for himself. Already the results obtained, and their probable conclu- sions have been placed within reach of the public, by means of important works. Les Origines du Ciilte Chretien, by Mgr. Duchesne; UHistoire du Breviaire, by Mgr. Eatiffol; the work of Dom Baumer, Qeschichte des Breviers; Le Litre de la Priere antique^ by Dom Cabrol; numerous passages from the Annee liturgiquey begun by Dom Gueranger, and con- XVI PREFxlCE. tinued bv his sons of Solesmes, have revived the taste for this kind of research. The beautiful Solesmes publication, called Paleograpliie Musicale, gives us in Vol. Y. the peculiarly suggestive essays of Dom Cagin. By means of these works may we not attempt to estab- lish some few land-marks by a liturgical synthesis ? A Professor, above all in the elementary course of a Seminary, should endeavor to interest his pupils. Within limited time he must familiarize them with ideas to be used throughout life. These ideas will serve them in good stead, as it is prescribed^ that they be imparted to the faithful in order that they may live supernaturally even as their instructors have lived. This were hardly possible without evolving some laws, to which liturgical actions seem subject, laws which have guided their development from inception to maturity. If these principles were not regarded, we fear that a course of Liturgy would prove but a dry interpretation of rubrics; and even those historical suggestions, which are usually introduced, would offer but the limited interest of erudition, whereas the soul of Liturgy resolves itself in- to the study of principles and the grouping of actions around their causes. This we may attempt. To do so is the purpose of this work. Whatever may be the objective value attributed to it, it will possess the merit of a scientific hypothesis, which arranges facts, and assigns to them at least a provisional reason, and will, perhaps, explain the introduction of cer- tain apparent anomalies into the general law. 1. For example, we read in the Roman Ritual : "7n s