^cf/ooL Law 
 
BRARY OF CONGRESS. 
 
 Cliap. Copyright No.__ 
 
 Slielf..il__liJ(i5 
 
 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 
 
SCHOOL LAW 
 
 
 FOR 
 
 TRAINING CLASSES 
 
 BY 
 
 W. D. JOHNSON 
 
 n 
 
 PiuNCiPAL Union School, (.'oopekstown, N. Y. 
 
 SYRACUSE, N. Y. 
 
 C. W. BAKDEEN, PUBLISHER 
 
 1901 
 
 Copyright, 1901, by C. W. Bardeen 
 
 V^ 
 
Library of Con^re'sa 
 
 Iwu CoHtes Received 
 FEB 2 1901 
 
 ^ Copyright entry 
 
 SECOND COPY 
 
 V - 
 
 l^J.s^'- 
 
 ,r< 
 
PRKKACK 
 
 I have felt in my own teachers classes the need of 
 a manual of school^law which should follow closely 
 the training syllabus, giving all that is required and 
 no more than is required. This manual is made up 
 from my ow^n notes prepared for that purpose. 
 
SCHOOL LAW FOR TRAINING CLASSES 
 
The School Law of the State of New York 
 
 STATE SUPERIN^TENDENT OF PUBLIC IKSTRUCTIOlSr 
 
 Term. — 3 years. 
 
 Terwb begins. — April 7. 
 
 How and when elected. — By joint ballot of the senate 
 and assembly on the second Wednesday of February 
 next preceding the expiration of the term of the then 
 incumbent. 
 
 Salary.— %b, 000. 
 
 Appointments. — Deputy (salary |4,000) and clerks. 
 Deputy performs duties of Superintendent in case he 
 yacates office. 
 
 Duties. — 1. Ex-officio a regent of the University of 
 the State of New York, a trustee of Cornell University. 
 
 2. Shall have general supervision over the State 
 normal schools. 
 
 3. Shall provide for the education of the Indian 
 children of the State. 
 
 4. Shall annually report to the legislature (a)^the 
 condition of the common schools of the State; (b) 
 apportionment of school moneys made by him; (c) 
 plans for the improvements of the schools and the 
 advancement of public instruction in the State. 
 
 5. Shall grant under his hand and seal of office cer- 
 tificates of qualifications to teach, and may revoke the 
 same. 
 
 (9) 
 
10 STATE SUPERINTENDENT 
 
 6. Shall keep in his office a list of all persons who 
 hold a license to teach in the State. 
 
 7. Shall remove a school commissioner from office 
 who is guilty of any wilful violation or neglect of duty. 
 
 8. Shall prepare suitable registers, blanks, forms, and 
 regulations for making all reports as he shall deem 
 conducive to the proper organization and government 
 of the common schools. 
 
 9. Shall apportion to the counties according to 
 population, on or before the 20th of January, all school 
 or public moneys. Said moneys shall be payable on 
 the first day of April next after the apportionment. 
 
 10. In case of an appeal to him from any act or de- 
 cision pertaining to common schools, his decision shall 
 be final. 
 
 11. Shall have charge of teachers' institutes and of 
 training classes. 
 
 SCHOOL COMMISSIONER 
 
 How elected. — By electors of school commissioner's 
 district. 
 
 Term. — 3 years. 
 
 When term begins. — Jan. 1 next after his election. 
 
 Oath of office. — Must take oath of office before county 
 clerk or a judge of a court of record within ten days 
 after the commencement of the term. 
 
 Salary,— %1, 000, with 1200 allowed by the board of 
 supervisors for expenses. The supervisors have power 
 to increase this allowance. 
 
 Vacancy. — County clerk to give notice to county 
 judge, or if that office is vacant to superintendent of 
 public instruction, who appoints a commissioner to 
 serve until January 1st following. 
 
SCHOOL COMMISSIONER 11 
 
 How office vacated. — Removal by superintendent, of 
 public instruction for neglecting duties of his office; 
 by resignation, in which case, he must file his resigna- 
 tion in county clerk's office; by removal from county; 
 by accepting the office of supervisor, town clerk or 
 trustee of a school district. 
 
 What prohibited from doing. — He shall not engage in 
 the business of publisher of books or manufacturer 
 of school apparatus, nor shall he sell books and school 
 apparatus while commissioner. A violation of the: 
 above shall be a misdemeanor and shall subject him 
 to removal from office. 
 
 Duties. — 1. To ascertain whether the school district 
 boundaries in his district are definitely and plainly 
 described in the records of the proper town clerk. 
 
 2. To visit all schools in his district as often as 
 shall be practicable; to inquire into their management, 
 the course of study and mode of instruction, the text- 
 books used, the condition of the school-houses, sites 
 and appendages; to examine the school libraries. 
 
 3. When repairs on the buildings shall be deemed 
 necessary for the health and accommodation of pupils, 
 he shall direct the trustees to make alterations or re- 
 pairs at an expense not exceeding 1200, unless an 
 additional sum shall be voted by the district. He may 
 direct that repairs shall be made on school furniture 
 at an expense not exceeding $100. He may also direct 
 the trustees to abate any nuisance upon the school 
 premises at an expense not exceeding $25. 
 
 4. He shall, for reason, condemn a school-house, 
 and deliver the order to the trustees or one of them, 
 and transmit a copy to the superintendent of public 
 
12 SCHOOL COMMISSIOKEE 
 
 instruction. The order shall state what amount the 
 commissioner deems necessary to erect a school-house 
 to accommodate the children of the district. Upon 
 receipt of order, the trustees shall call a special meet- 
 ing of the inhabitants of such district to consider the 
 question of building a school-house therein. Such 
 meeting shall have the power to determine the size of 
 said school-house, the material to be used in its erec- 
 tion and to vote a tax to build the same, but the com- 
 missioner's estimate shall not be reduced more than 
 twenty-five per centum of such estimate. If no tax 
 shall hav^e been voted by district within thirty days, 
 the trustees shall contract to build the same and levy 
 a tax to cover the expense. The commissioner's esti- 
 mate may be increased by a vote of district. 
 
 5. He shall conduct the uniform examinations. 
 
 6. He shall examine any charge affecting the moral 
 character of any teacher within his district. If the 
 charge be sustained, he shall annul his certificate by 
 whomsoever granted. If the teacher holds a certifi- 
 cate of a superintendent or a normal school diploma, 
 he shall notify the superintendent forthwith of such 
 annulment. 
 
 7. Every school commissioner shall have power to 
 take affidavits and administer oaths in all common- 
 school matters, but without fee. 
 
 8. On August 1 he shall make an annual report of 
 the condition of the schools of his district, to the 
 superintendent. He shall take the trustees' report 
 from the town clerk's office and deposit these with an 
 abstract of his report with the county clerk. 
 
TRUSTEE 13 
 
 TRUSTEE 
 
 Term. — One year, if one trustee; three years, if three. 
 
 How and when elected. — By ballot at annual school 
 meeting. 
 
 Term begins. — Immediately after his election. 
 
 Change in number. — District may change from three 
 to one by majority vote; from one to three by two- 
 thirds vote. 
 
 Offices trustee cannot hold. — District collector, clerk or 
 librarian, supervisor, school commissioner. 
 
 Vacancy filled. — By district within 30 days after 
 vacancy; after that by appointment by supervisor. 
 
 How vacates office. — By publicly declaring that he will 
 not accept the office, and by neglecting to attend three 
 successive meetings of board. The superintendent 
 may remove a trustee for neglecting duty or disobey- 
 ing orders. 
 
 Duties.— 1. Call special meetings. 
 
 2. Make out tax-list within 30 days after a tax has 
 been voted by district. 
 
 3. In absence of the clerk, give notice of meetings. 
 
 4. Annex to tax-list a warrant directed to the 
 collector. 
 
 5. Purchase or lease school-house site. 
 
 6. Have custody of school property. 
 
 7. Insure the school property. 
 
 8. Employ teachers as needed. He cannot employ 
 teacher for less than 10 weeks, unless to fill out an 
 unexpired term; or for more than one year, 
 
 9. Provide two water-closets with separate ap- 
 proaches, which shall be separated by a close fence 
 not less than seven feet high. Must be kept in whole- 
 
14 TRUSTEE 
 
 some condition. For failure to comply with this act, 
 the State superintendent may withhold from the dis- 
 trict its public money. 
 
 10. Must make annual report to school commissioner 
 on August 1 in each year ending on July 31st preced- 
 ing, sign and certify to the same and deliver to town 
 clerk, on August 1. 
 
 11. Shall provide for building fires and cleaning 
 schoolroom or rooms, and for janitor work generally, 
 and pay for such service such reasonable sum as may 
 be agreed upon therefore. 
 
 12. Shall establish temporary or branch school to 
 relieve an over-crowded school-house or for the better 
 accommodation of school children. 
 
 13. Shall submit plan of ventilating, heating and 
 lighting of a proposed new school-house to the com- 
 missioner for his approval. (The installments for build- 
 ing school-house shall not extend beyond 20 years.) 
 
 POV^ERS OF SCHOOL MEETII^G 
 
 1. Appoint chairman. 
 
 2. Elect by ballot the school officers. 
 
 3. Adjourn from time to time. 
 
 4. Designate sites for a school-house. 
 
 5. Determine to have treasurer of district. 
 
 6. Fix amount of bond of collector and treasurer. 
 
 7. Vote a tax for a school library. 
 
 8. Vote a tax to supply deficiency in any former 
 tax. Failing in this the trustees are authorized to 
 raise by direct tax any reasonable sum to pay balance 
 of teacher's wages remaining unpaid, but not for more 
 than 4 months in advance. 
 
BOARD OF EDUCATION 15 
 
 9. Vote a tax not exceeding $25 in any year for the 
 purchase of maps, etc. 
 
 10. Authorize the trustees to insure the school 
 property. 
 
 11. Vote a tax for teacher's wages. 
 
 12. Alter and modify their proceedings. 
 
 POWERS OF BOARD OF EDUCATION 
 
 1. Prescribe the course of study- 
 
 2. Prescribe the text-books used. 
 
 3. Prescribe rules and regulations for the govern- 
 ment and discipline of the schools. 
 
 4. Transfer pupils and to admit non-residents. 
 
 5. Purchase site designated by a district meeting 
 and construct school-house. 
 
 6. Take and hold any legacy to district. 
 
 7. Establish an academic department. 
 
 8. Keep the school-house and furniture in repair. 
 
 9. Purchase furniture and apparatus. 
 
 10. Provide fuel and other necessaries. 
 
 11. Fill vacancies in the board. 
 
 12. Eemove members of board for misconduct. 
 
 13. Publish each year 20 days before the annual 
 meeting, in at least one newspaper of the district, a 
 detailed account of all moneys received and expended. 
 
 14. Appoint an attendance officer. 
 
 15. In villages of 5,000 or over appoint a superin- 
 tendent. 
 
 16. Establish truant schools. 
 
 17. Establish kindergartens. 
 
 TEACHERS 
 
 I. Licenses. 
 
 a. Normal school diploma. ] 
 
16 TEACHERS 
 
 h. State certificate. 
 
 c. College graduate certificate. 
 
 d. Uniform certificate. 
 
 e. Training class certificate. 
 /. Temporary license. 
 
 g. Drawing certificate. 
 h. Kindergarten certificate. 
 i. Vocal music certificate. 
 a. 1. A normal school diploma is granted after a 
 course of two to four years in a normal school. 
 
 2. To enter a normal school, candidates must be at 
 least 16 years of age and must pass a creditable exam- 
 ination in the common English branches. 
 
 3. A normal diploma is a life license to teach. 
 
 h. 1. To be eligible to a State certificate, a teacher 
 must have at least two years' successful experience in 
 the schools of the State. 
 
 2. Examinations are held once each year. 
 
 3. Trials extend over three years. 
 
 4. Subjects required are those for the first grade 
 certificate and astronomy, botany, chemistry, geology, 
 general history, plane geometry, literature, philosophy 
 of education, rhetoric, zoology. French, German, 
 or Latin may be offered for astronomy or zoology. 
 
 5. Certificate good for life. 
 
 c. 1. College graduate certificate may be granted to 
 college graduates of three years' successful experience 
 in teaching. 
 
 2. To be eligible, he must have become entitled to 
 1st grade certificate. 
 
 3. A college graduate professional certificate good 
 for three years is furnished at graduation to students 
 
LICENSES 17 
 
 of approved colleges who have taken a professional 
 course in pedagogy approved by the superintendent. 
 
 d. Uniform certificates are of three grades, called 
 first, second and third. 
 
 Third-Grade, 
 
 1. Term. — Issued for one year and limited to a par- 
 ticular school. But one shall be granted to the same 
 person. 
 
 2. Experience. — None. 
 
 3. Educational requirements. — American history, 
 arithmetic, composition, geography, grammar, orthog- 
 raphy, penmanship, physiology and hygiene, school 
 law, and reading. 
 
 4. Standing. — 75 fc in each subject. 
 
 5. Number of trials. — The four examinations within 
 one year. 
 
 Second-Grade. 
 
 1. Term. — Issued for 3 years. 
 
 2. Number of certificates. — One to same person. 
 
 3. Experience. — 10 weeks; attendance upon a normal 
 school or upon a training class for one year will be 
 accepted in lieu of such experience. 
 
 4. Educational requirements. — Those subjects required 
 for third-grade ; and civil government, current topics, 
 drawing, methods and school management. 
 
 5. Standing. — 65 fo in drawing and 75 fo in all other 
 subjects. 
 
 6. Number of trials. — Candidates must obtain certifi- 
 cate within two years from the date of the first examina- 
 tion. The holder of a third-grade certificate shall be 
 entitled to a second-grade certificate on attaining 
 within a period of one year from the issuance of such 
 
18 , TEACHERS 
 
 certificate the prescribed standing in the additional 
 subjects required for a second-grade certificate. 
 First-Grade. 
 
 1. Term. — 10 years. 
 
 2. Renewals. — Renewed for a period of 10 years, 
 provided the holder has taught under it successfully 
 for a period of five legal school years. 
 
 3. Experience. — 2 years. 
 
 4. Educational requirements. — Those subjects required 
 for second-grade; and algebra, book-keeping, English 
 composition, physics, the philosophy and history of 
 education. 
 
 5. Standings. — 65 ^ in drawing and 75 fo in all other 
 subjects. 
 
 6. Number of trials. — Candidates must secure certifi- 
 cate within three years. The holder of a certificate 
 of the second-grade shall be entitled to a certificate 
 of the first-grade on attaining within the time for 
 which such second-grade certificate is valid the pre- 
 scribed standing in the additional subjects required for 
 a first-grade certificate. 
 
 Notes. — All certificates are dated August 1. 
 
 The examinations occur in August, November, Janu- 
 ary and April. 
 
 Candidate who has attained 90 fo in any subject 
 under the merit rule will be exempt from examination 
 in that subject when he tries for a higher certificate. 
 
 The holders of second-grade certificates who have 
 taught successfully for five years will be exempt from 
 examination in all subjects credited on their present 
 second-grade certificates with a standing of 75 fo. 
 
 Candidates for certificates of any grade shall be 
 
LICENSES 19 
 
 exempt from examination in any subject in which they 
 have attained a standing of 75 ^ in a examination for 
 a State certificate, obtained not more than five years 
 previously. 
 
 No person can receive a certificate to teach in the 
 State who is under 18 years of age. 
 
 e. Training Class Certificate. 
 
 Term. — 3 years. 
 
 Reneioals. — Eenewable under the same conditions as 
 first-grade certificates. 
 
 Experience. — Attendance upon training-class instruc- 
 tion for at least two terms, as explained under train- 
 ing class regulations. 
 
 Educational requirements. — 75 ^ in each subject for a 
 second-grade certificate and 75 fo in each professional, 
 subject designated in the course of study for teachers' 
 training classes. 
 
 /. Temporary Licenses are issued by the superin- 
 tendent of public instruction for such time as he deems 
 necessary, but only in cases in which public convenience 
 absolutely requires it. 
 
 g. Drawing Certificate. 
 
 Limitations. — These certificates entitle the holder to 
 teach drawing only. 
 
 Term. — 3 years. 
 
 Reneiuals. — Under the same conditions as first-grade 
 certificates. 
 
 Experience. — One year's successful experience in 
 teaching in the public schools or one year's professional 
 training in a State normal school or in a training class. 
 
 Educational requirements. — A third-grade certificate 
 and 75 fo on a special paper in drawing. 
 
20 TEACHERS 
 
 Candidates who have completed an approved course 
 of study in a high school will not be required to sub- 
 mit papers in third-grade subjects. 
 
 h. Kindergarten Certificate. 
 
 Limitations. — To teach in a kindergarten only. 
 
 Term. — 3 years. 
 
 Reneivals. — Under the same conditions as first-grade 
 certificates. 
 
 Experience. — One year's professional training in 
 kindergarten work in a State normal school or in a 
 training class. 
 
 Educational requirements. — 75 fo each in methods, 
 school management, history of education and 75^ in 
 a special examination in the subject of kindergarten 
 work and in any other special professional subject 
 designated for training classes. 
 
 Number of trials. — Three consecutive examinations. 
 
 i. Vocal Music Certificate. 
 
 Limitations. — Certificates may be granted to candi- 
 dates who establish to the satisfaction of State super- 
 intendent that they are qualified to teach vocal music. 
 These certificates entitle the holder to teach vocal 
 music only. 
 
 Term. — o years. 
 
 Renewals. — Under the same conditions as first-grade 
 certificates. 
 
 REGULATIONS FOR CITIES 
 
 Primary and grammar schools. — Xo person who does 
 not possess one of the following evidences of qualifica- 
 tions can be employed in the primary and grammar 
 schools of a city employing a superintendent of schools: 
 
LICENSES 21 
 
 a, A life State certificate issued by the State super- 
 intendent of public instruction; 
 
 h. A diploma issued by the authorities of a State 
 normal institution in this State; 
 
 c. A college graduate certificate issued by the State 
 superintendent of public instruction; 
 
 d. Graduation from a three years' course in a high 
 school or academy approved by the State superintend- 
 ent of public instruction or from an institution of 
 learning of equal or higher rank likewise approved, 
 and subsequently thereto graduation from a school or 
 class for the professional training of teachers, having 
 a course of not less than 38 weeks, which must also 
 be approved by the State superintendent of public 
 instruction ; 
 
 e. Three years successful experience in teaching and 
 a. valid teacher's certificate. Division e does not apply 
 to Albany, Buffalo, Jamestown, Middletown and ^ew 
 York. 
 
 High school certificates. — After August 1, 1901, no per- 
 son who does not possess one of the following qualifica- 
 tions or who was not employed in high school teaching 
 in this State during the school year ending July 31, 
 1901, shall be employed to teach foreign languages, 
 English, mathematics, botany, zoology, physiology, 
 physics, chemistry, physiography, history, civics, eco- 
 nomics, or psychology, in any high school or high 
 school department in any city whose teachers are ex- 
 amined and licensed under the authority of the State 
 superintendent of public instruction or in any village 
 authorized by law to employ a superintendent of schools : 
 
22 TEACHERS 
 
 a. A State certificate issued since 1875 by the State 
 superintendent of public instruction; 
 
 b. A college graduate certificate issued by the same 
 authority; 
 
 c. Graduation from a college approved by the State 
 superintendent, and graduation from a pedagogical 
 course in a university or college also approved by the 
 State superintendent, or in lieu of graduation from 
 such course three years' experience in teaching; * 
 
 (L A normal school diploma issued on the comple- 
 tion of a classical course in a State normal school in 
 this State, or in a State normal school of another 
 State whose classical course has been approved by the 
 State superintendent; 
 
 e. A normal school diploma issued on the comple- 
 tion of a course in a State normal school other than 
 the classical course will be accepted for those subjects 
 above enumerated which were included in the course 
 completed by the person holding such normal school 
 diploma; 
 
 /. A first-grade certificate and in addition thereto a 
 standing of 75 fo attained in an examination under the 
 direction of the State superintendent in each of the 
 above enumerated subjects which such person is em- 
 ployed to teach. 
 
 These rules do not apply to the cities of Albany, 
 Buffalo, Jamestown, Middletown, and New York. 
 The certification of teachers in these cities is under 
 the supervision of local authorities. 
 
 Dates of '^examination. — Examinations for all persons 
 required to qualify in special subjects under rule/ will 
 be held on the second Thursday and Friday of Janu- 
 
COKTRACTS 23 
 
 ary and August of each year. The first examination 
 was held January 10 and 11, 1901. Candidates desir- 
 ing to qualify under this rule may also attend the 
 regular State examination for life State certificate. 
 
 II. Annulment of Certificate. 
 
 In New York State a license to teach may be annulled 
 upon proof that the teacher is lacking in moral char- 
 acter, learning, ability to teach, or has failed to attend 
 the institute, or to keep an engagement to teach. 
 
 The State superintendent can annul a teacher's 
 certificate for any of the above causes; the school 
 commissioner can annul a teacher's certificate only for 
 immoral conduct. 
 
 Conditions on which an annulment may be made 
 because of the lack of moral conduct: (a) the charges 
 must be specific; (h) only present offences considered; 
 (c) the offence must be serious; (d) the teacher must 
 have notice. 
 
 The teacher's final defence is an appeal to the State 
 superintendent, whose decision is final. 
 
 Teacher may be discharged by trustee for immorality, 
 incapacity to teach, or neglect of duty. 
 
 III. Teacher's Contract. 
 
 Prerequisites. — (a) Required age; (b) valid license to 
 teach; (c) no relation to trustee, unless trustee is 
 authorized to hire such teacher by a two-thirds vote of 
 legal voters in district, or unless the teacher is hired 
 by board of education, one of whose members is related 
 to teacher. 
 
 A trustee making a contract with a teacher who has 
 not the proper prerequisites is personally liable for the 
 salary of said teacher; the district is not liable. 
 
24 TEACHERS 
 
 Conditions. — Contract (called memorandum of hiring) 
 must be written and signed by officer or officers em- 
 ploying teacher and by teacher and delivered to 
 teacher. A duplicate copy is retained by contracting 
 officer or officers. The contract must contain: (a) 
 length of term of employment; (6) the amount of 
 compensation; (c) the time or times when such com- 
 pensation shall be due. The pay of any such teacher 
 shall be due and payable at least as often as at the end 
 of each calendar month of the term of employment. 
 Whether stated in contract or not, it is implied that 
 the teacher shall fill all blanks in the school register, 
 preserve it, verify its correctness by oath and deliver 
 it to district clerk. 
 
 Powers 0/ trustees over teachers under contract. — Trus- 
 tees may make rules and regulations relative to the 
 discipline of the schools under their charge; prescribe 
 the studies to be taught; grade and classify the schools; 
 regulate the admission of pupils, and the management 
 and superintendence of said schools. Teachers have 
 the exclusive control of the methods of imparting in- 
 struction; of the assignment of seats to pupils; of 
 regulating the order in which classes shall recite; of 
 conducting recitations and examinations. 
 
 IV. EXTEi^T OF AUTHORITY OF TEACHERS. 
 
 The teacher derives his authority from the trustee 
 who hires him. 
 
 The authority of the teacher in the schoolroom and 
 on the school-ground is absolute. Any person who 
 shall disturb any district school may be arrested on 
 complaint of trustee or teacher. 
 
 The teacher has no authority over the action of a 
 
AUTHOBITy 25 
 
 pupil on his way to and from school. The detention 
 of pupils after school hours is not legal; but this 
 practice has been usually sanctioned by trustees and 
 
 parents. 
 
 Punishments must be inflicted upon the school 
 
 premises. 
 
 V. Corporal punishment. 
 
 Teachers have a legal right to inflict corporal punish- 
 ment unless such punishment has been forbidden by 
 statute or by an act of the trustees. The teacher has 
 the same right to punish a pupil that a parent has. 
 
 VI. Suspension and expulsion. 
 
 The teacher may suspend; the trustees may expel. 
 It is a duty of the teacher when he suspends a pupil 
 to notify the trustees at his first opportunity of such 
 suspension. It is a duty of the trustees to limit the 
 time of suspension. 
 
 Causes of suspension are : (a) immorality of pupil ; 
 (6) insubordination; (c) damage to school property; (d) 
 infectious disease; (e) lack of vaccination; (/) in- 
 capacity. 
 
 DISTRICT clerk 
 
 How, and for how long elected. — By majority vote at 
 a,nnual school meeting, for one year. 
 
 Duties. — 1. To record the proceedings of all meet- 
 ings of the voters of his district in a book to be pro- 
 vided for that purpose by the district, and to enter 
 therein true copies of all reports made by the trustee 
 or trustees to the school commissioner. 
 
 2. To give notice of time and place of holding special 
 district meetings. If his office be vacated, |^trustees 
 
26 DISTEICT CLERK 
 
 shall call special meeting. If offices of both clerk and 
 trustee be vacated, the school commissioner shall call 
 such meeting. No other business shall be transacted at 
 such special meeting except that which is specified in 
 the notice. The notice shall be served upon each 
 taxable inhabitant qualified to vote at district meetings, 
 at least five days before day of said meeting. To 
 notify said voter, said notice shall be read in the voter's 
 hearing, or in case of his absence a copy of the notice, 
 or so much thereof as relates to the time, place and 
 object of the meeting shall be left at his abode six days 
 before time of the meeting. 
 
 3. To post in at least five of the most public places 
 of district, notice of an adjourned meeting, at least 
 five days before the time appointed for such meeting. 
 
 4. To give a like notice of every annual school meet- 
 ing. 
 
 5. To notify persons elected to district ofiices. 
 
 6. To give to the town clerk the names and addresses 
 of such officers, under a penalty of five dollars for 
 neglect. 
 
 7. To keep and preserve all records belonging to his 
 office, and to deliver the same to his successor, or in 
 dissolved district to town clerk. Penalty for non-com- 
 pliance is 150. 
 
 8. To attend all meetings of trustees and keep a 
 record of the same. 
 
 ^N'oTE. — The clerk shall notify in writing persons 
 elected to district offices, unless they were present at 
 the meeting electing them. They accept the office to 
 which they are elected if they do not refuse it when 
 present at the meeting. Unless a written refusal to 
 
treasueer; collector 27 
 
 serve in case of absence from meeting is filed with the 
 clerk within five days thereafter, such person shall be 
 deemed to have accepted the office. 
 
 TREASURER 
 
 How^ and for how long elected. — By ballot at school 
 meeting, for one year. 
 
 Duties. — 1. To be custodian of all moneys belonging 
 to school district. 
 
 2. Execute and deliver to trustees, a bond, the 
 amount of which shall be fixed by district meeting, 
 with two surities. 
 
 3. File such bond with district clerk. 
 
 4. Pay over to successor district moneys remaining 
 in his hands. 
 
 5. Pay out money only upon the written order of 
 trustees. 
 
 6. Make an itemized report at annual school meeting., 
 
 COLLECTOR 
 
 How^ and for how long elected. — By ballot at annual 
 meeting, for one year. 
 
 Duties. — 1. To execute a bond, not less than ten day 
 before receiving warrant for the collection of taxes, 
 in such an amount as the district meeting shall have 
 fixed, with two surities, approved by trustees. The 
 bond, with the approval of the trustees endorsed upon 
 it, shall be filed in town clerk's office. 
 
 2. Execute a bond for double the amount of the last 
 apportionment to district, with like condition of surities 
 when he shall disburse to teachers the money appor- 
 tioned by the State for teachers' wages. 
 
 3. Perform duties of district treasurer, if district 
 does not elect one. 
 
28 SUPEEVISOR 
 
 4. Return tax list and warrant after the collection of 
 taxes to trustees, who are to file same in town clerk's 
 office within 15 days after the said list and warrant 
 shall have been returned. 
 
 5. Report to supervisor of town all school moneys 
 in his hand on or before the first Tuesday in March. 
 
 6. Pay over to his successor all school moneys left 
 in his hands. 
 
 Note. — To offset the taxes returned unpaid, the 
 county treasurer shall be directed to pay to the col- 
 lector from the county treasury, out of any moneys 
 raised for contingent expenses, or for the purpose of 
 paying the amount of taxes so returned unpaid, 
 enough to balance the unpaid taxes, with 1 ^ additional 
 for collecting. If no moneys are in the treasury for 
 such purpose, the board of supervisors shall pay to 
 collector the amount of the unpaid taxes, by voucher 
 or draft on the county treasurer, 
 
 SUPERYISOR 
 
 Duties. — 1. To make on the first Tuesday of March 
 in each year, a return in writing to the county treas- 
 urer, showing the Amount of school moneys in his 
 hands not paid on the orders of trustees for teachers' 
 wages, nor drawn by them for library purposes. 
 
 2. Distribute the school moneys in iiis hands appli- 
 cable to the payment of teachers' wages, upon the 
 written orders of the trustees. 
 
 3. Pay over, upon order of trustees, to collector or 
 treasurer the above moneys, when he has properly 
 executed a bond for receiving said moneys. 
 
 4. Report to town auditors at their annual meeting 
 all school moneys received and disbursed by him. 
 
TOWN CLERK 29 
 
 0. Execute a bond for the faithful performance of 
 his duties as one of the custodians of school moneys. 
 
 6. Sue for and recover penalties and forfeitures, 
 when the duty is not elsewhere imposed by law, for 
 the district. 
 
 7. Act with school commissioner and town clerk in 
 the erection or alteration of a school district. 
 
 TOWN CLERK 
 
 Duties. — 1. To receive from the supervisors the cer- 
 tificates of apportionment of school moneys to the town. 
 
 2. Notify trustees of the filing of such certificates. 
 
 3. See that trustees of school districts make and 
 deposit with him their annual reports. 
 
 4. Furnish to the school commissioner the names 
 and post-office addresses of the school district officers 
 reported to him by the district clerks. 
 
 5. Eeceive and record the above-referred-to report 
 made by the supervisor. 
 
 6. Act with school commissioner and supervisor in 
 the erection or alteration of a school district. 
 
 7. Distribute to trustees all books, blanks and circu- 
 lars from the State superintendent or school commis- 
 sioner for that purpose. 
 
 LIBRARIES 
 
 The trustees shall appoint a teacher of the school 
 under their charge as librarian. The librarian with 
 the trustees shall be responsible for the proper care of 
 the books, and shall make such reports as the superin- 
 tendent requires. 
 
 Condition for obtaining library money from the State. — ■ 
 1. Common school districts shall raise the minimum 
 
30 LIBRARIES 
 
 amount of $5; union free school districts, $25. No 
 maximum limit is set. But if any part of the State 
 library money available to the county remains unap- 
 plied for after Oct. 15, applications will be accepted 
 from common school districts for sums as great as $40, 
 and from union free school districts for sums as great 
 as 1100. 
 
 2. Trustees must make application to the school 
 commissioner. 
 
 3. The district may raise money by tax or otherwise. 
 
 4. Application must be reported to the superintend- 
 ent between annual school meeting and the third Tues- 
 day in March. 
 
 5. Library money will be paid to supervisor with the 
 public money. 
 
 6. List of books must be approved by superintendent. 
 
 7. The books must consist chiefly of books of refer- 
 ence, history, science, travel, classic or standard litera- 
 ture and pedagogy. 
 
 8. Entire sum appropriated must be expended before 
 the close of the school year. 
 
 9. The librarian should keep a careful record of the 
 books loaned and of additions by purchase or otherwise? 
 and at the close of the year should give to the trustees 
 a report of the condition of the library, and any recom- 
 mendation which he may choose to offer. 
 
 STATE SCHOOL MONEYS AND APPORTIOI^MEN'T 
 
 Sources. — 1. The Literature Fund, established by an 
 act in 1786, grew out of the sale of public lands. It 
 was increased by grants from the legislature. It now 
 amounts to $284,000. The income is apportioned by the 
 regents for the benefit of high schools and academies. 
 % 
 
SCHOOL MOKBYS 31 
 
 2. The Common School Fund was established in 
 1805. Its capital, 14,348,140, grew out of the sale of 
 500,000 acres of State lands. From the revenues of 
 this fund, $170,000 are annually appropriated to the 
 common schools and 16,000 to Indian schools. 
 
 3. The United States Deposit Fund grew out of an 
 act of congress which, in 1836, divided the surplus in 
 the United States treasury among the States according 
 to their representation. New York's share was about 
 $4,000,000. From the income of this fund their is dis- 
 tributed by the regents 134,000 a year to academies, 
 $25,000 for public libraries, and 126,500 for regents' 
 examinations; about 125,000 is added to the capital of 
 the common school fund and $75,000 for dividends to 
 the common schools. 
 
 4. The State School Tax or Free School Fund 
 is an amount fixed annually by the legislature and used 
 for common and normal schools, teachers' institutes, 
 training classes, school commissioners' salaries, and 
 other expenses of the department of public instruction. 
 
 5. The College Land Script Fund, amounting to 
 about 1475,000, grew out of the sale of the western 
 public lands that were granted by the United States 
 for the support of State agricultural colleges. Its in- 
 come, $20,000 per year, is paid to Cornell university to 
 maintain free scholarships, one to each of the 150 as- 
 sembly districts in the State. 
 
 6. The General School Tax, or General Fund, is the 
 amount paid from the general treasury of the State 
 for educational purposes. Appropriations are made 
 from this for higher and elementary education, the 
 
32 SCHOOL MON^EYS 
 
 State library and museum, reform schools, institutions 
 for the deaf, dumb, blind, etc. 
 
 7. Local taxes pay about three-fourths of the annual 
 common school expenses. 
 
 How apportioned by State superintendent — (1) On or 
 before Jan. 20, he sets apart from the free school fund 
 the commissioners' salaries; 
 
 (2) From the same fund the sum of 1800 to each 
 city of the State and to each incorporated village hav- 
 ing a population of 5,000 or upwards, and to each 
 union free school district having a like population, and 
 in each case any city is entitled to more than one 
 member of assembly, according to the unit of repre- 
 sentation adopted by the legislature, 1500 for each 
 additional member of assembly, to be expended for the 
 support of the public schools of the city (said super- 
 intendent must exclusively devote his time to the 
 general supervision of schools of city or school district, 
 and State superintendent shall cause an enumeration 
 of the inhabitants to ascertain whether the population 
 is 5,000); 
 
 (3) From the income of the United States Deposit 
 Fund, the library moneys; 
 
 (4) From the free school fund, a sum not exceeding 
 16,000, for a contingent fund; 
 
 (5) From State tax, a sum for the support of the 
 Indian schools; 
 
 (6) The remaining State school moneys shall be 
 divided into two parts. He shall apportion to each 
 school district maintaining a school with a duly quali- 
 fied teacher or succession of duly qualified teachers for 
 160 days, inclusive of legal holidays that may occur 
 
APPORTIONMENT 33 
 
 during the term of said schools and exclusive of Satur- 
 days, its quota of 1100. Each district is entitled to as 
 many quotas as it has duly qualified teachers, teaching 
 in the district for 160 days during the school year. A 
 deficiency not excluding three weeks during any school 
 year caused by a teacher's attendance upon a teachers' 
 institute within the county, shall be excused; 
 
 (7) The remainder of the State school moneys, and 
 also the library moneys separately, shall be apportioned 
 among the counties, according to population. 
 
 How apportioned by school commissioner. — On the third 
 Tuesday of March in each year, he (1) shall set apart 
 any library money apportioned by the superintendent; 
 (2) shall set apart to every district which did not par- 
 ticipate in the apportionment of the previous year such 
 equitable sum as the superintendent shall have allowed 
 to it; (3) shall apportion in each district its library 
 money; (4) shall apportion remaining money belong- 
 ing to district according to aggregate attendance of 
 resident pupils between 5 and 18 years of age. If the 
 district maintains a kindergarten, the age limits are 
 4 to 18. 
 
 How distributed by State and county treasurer, — The 
 moneys so apportioned are payable on April 1 succeed- 
 ing, to the county treasurer, who shall, upon receipt of 
 commissioner's certificate of apportionment, pay to 
 each supervisor the moneys apportioned to his town, 
 when the supervisor shall have filed a bond approved 
 by the treasurer. 
 
 How distributed by supervisor. — The supervisor shall 
 pay out the library moneys and the school moneys for 
 teachers' wages upon the written orders of trustees. 
 
34 TRAIKIKG CLASSES 
 
 If the district shall have a treasurer or shall have desig- 
 nated its collector to be the custodian of its school 
 moneys, these officers shall receive from the supervisor 
 said school moneys. 
 
 TEACHERS'" TEAINING CLASSES 
 
 Conditions of apportionment. — ISTo school shall receive 
 an apportionment unless it can (a) furnish an instruc- 
 tor for not less than 4 recitations daily of 35 minutes 
 each, who is either a college graduate of not less than 
 three years' experience in teaching in the public schools 
 of tJie State; a graduate of a normal school of this 
 State from a higher course than the elementary course, 
 of at least two years' experience since graduation; a 
 holder of a State certificate granted since 1875; (b) 
 furnish a suitable room, separate from all other depart- 
 ments of the school ; (c) furnish the class with oppor- 
 tunity for observing methods of teaching in the grades ; 
 (d) conduct the recitations of class separate from 
 recitations of other classes of the school ; (e) maintain 
 legal class for at least 36 weeks; (/) observe implicitly 
 the conditions of admission. 
 
 Qualifications for admission. — Candidates must be 17 
 years of age; must declare their intention to remain 
 in class during year, unless excused for cause, and to 
 teach at completion of course; must have moral char- 
 acter, talents, and aptness necessary to success in 
 teaching; must hold a third-grade certificate and a 
 standing of 60 fo in civics, or a second-grade certificate 
 (these must be in force, or have expired not later than 
 the end of the school year preceding), or a regents' 
 preliminary certificate and 14 academic counts, 4 of 
 
TEAIIsril^G CLASSES 35 
 
 which shall be in English, 2 in American history, 2 in 
 civics, 2 in physiology and the other 4 optional. 
 
 Organization.— 1. The school year is divided into two 
 terms of not less than 18 nor more than 20 weeks. 
 
 2. New classes are organized in September only, but 
 fully qualified persons may be admitted at the begin- 
 ning of the second term. 
 
 3. The class must consist of not less than 10 nor 
 more than 25 members. 
 
 4. The compensation is $1 for each week's instruc- 
 tion of each member. 
 
 5. An organization blank and register must be filled 
 out and sent to the Department at the end of the third 
 week. 
 
 Rulings and requirements. — 1. No institution can be 
 allowed more than 1450 for any one term's instruction. 
 
 2. No allowance can be made for less than 16 weeks 
 or more than 20 consecutive weeks. 
 
 3. Training class certificates are granted only upon 
 the completion of a year's work. 
 
 4. No person holding a training class certificate or 
 entitled to hold one is eligible to membership in a 
 training class. 
 
 5. No member can remain in class for more than 2 
 years. 
 
 Course of study. — Arithmetic, school management, 
 including the art of questioning, school law, reading, 
 history of education, drawing, language and grammar, 
 geography, physiology and hygiene. United States his- 
 tory, orthography, composition, penmanship, civics, 
 psychology and principles of education. 
 
36 TRAINING CLASSES 
 
 Note. — Persons holding training class certificates 
 dated prior to Aug. 1, 1896, will receive full credit on 
 the first year's work in State normal schools for all 
 subjects in the above course, except methods, history 
 of education, school management, drawing and music. 
 
 Practice work. — It is expected that the critic teacher, 
 at least twice a week, will give an opportunity to wit- 
 ness practical work, either in the grades or by observ- 
 ing a model lesson given before the class by the critic. 
 
 Examinations. — These will begin on the third Tues- 
 day in Januar}?" and the second Tuesday in June and 
 will continue for 3^ days. Successful candidates will 
 receive certificates for three years, renewable the same 
 as are the first-grade certificates. The candidates must 
 not enter any other examination for a teacher's certifi- 
 cate during the term. 
 
 Duties of commissioner to classes. — School commissioners 
 are instructed to accept one year's work in class as an 
 equivalent for the 10 weeks successful experience in 
 teaching required in the regulations governing uniform 
 examination. Any number failing to secure a training 
 class certificate may become a candidate for a second- 
 grade certificate. 
 
 After visiting the class, the commissioner is directed 
 to send to the Department a report of the number in 
 the class satisfying the conditions of admission, the 
 character and quality of the instruction, and the im- 
 provement of the opportunities afforded for observation 
 and practice work. At the close of the term the results 
 of the final examination must be reported. He is ex- 
 pected to inspect every class under his jurisdiction as 
 often as once each month during the term. 
 
TRAIISTING SCHOOLS 37 
 
 Each member shall attend the teacher's institute held 
 in the district where the class is, and shall keep a record 
 of the subjects discussed and methods presented. 
 
 The commissioner conducts the final examination and 
 issues the certificates. 
 
 Transfer of training classes. — These classes were trans- 
 ferred from the regents to the department of public in- 
 struction in 1889. 
 
 Duties of superintendent to classes. — 1. To apportion 
 out of the income of the United States Deposit Fund, 
 not otherwise appropriated, 130,000, and out of the 
 free school fund, 130,000 for the instruction of the 
 members of the classes. 
 
 2. To designate the schools in which instruction 
 shall be given. 
 
 3. To maintain adequate supervision and pay for the 
 same out of the above appropriations. 
 
 TRAINING SCHOOLS 
 
 The public school authorities of any city may estab- 
 lish and maintain one or more training schools for the 
 professional instruction of teachers for not less than 
 38 weeks. 
 
 The State superintendent is authorized to set apart 
 from the free school fund one dollar for each week of 
 instruction of each pupil for the maintenance of said 
 classes, provided said apportionment does not exceed 
 $100,000 in each year. If the sum to be apportioned 
 shall exceed in any one year 1100,000, the superin- 
 tendent shall apportion to each school its pro rata of 
 said sum. 
 
 [See article Primary and Grammar schools, under 
 regulations for cities. That is a part of this act.] 
 
38 PHYSIOLOGY LAW 
 
 PHYSIOLOGY LAW 
 
 The nature of alcoholic stimulants and narcotics 
 and their effects on the human system shall he taught 
 as thoroughly as any other branches under State con- 
 trol, or supported wholly or in part by public money 
 of the State and in reformatory institutions. 
 
 All pupils in the aboye schools below the second 
 year of the high school and above the third primary, 
 not counting kindergarten year, or in corresponding 
 classes of ungraded schools, shall be taught and shall 
 study this subject every year with text-books in pupils' 
 hands for not less than three lessons a week for ten or 
 more weeks, or its equivalent. They must pass satis- 
 factory tests in the subject before being passed to higher 
 grades. The study may be omitted above the eighth 
 year, where there are nine or more years below the 
 high school. 
 
 In the three primary grades the instruction shall be 
 oral for not less than two lessons a week for 10 weeks, 
 or its equivalent. 
 
 The local school authorities shall provide needed 
 facilities and definite time and place for this branch in 
 the regular courses of studies. The text-books in the 
 pupil's hands must be graded to the capacities of 
 fourth-year, intermediate, grammar, and high school 
 pupils. 
 
 The text-books in the grades must give this subject at 
 least one -fifth of their space, and in the high school at 
 least twenty pages shall be given to the nature and 
 effects of alcoholic drinks and narcotics. The subject 
 must be treated in the various divisions of the text-books. 
 
 All regents' examinations in physiology and hygiene 
 
COMPULSORY EDUCATION 3^ 
 
 shall include a due proportion of questions on the 
 nature of alcoholic drinks and narcotics and their 
 effects on the human system. 
 
 The best methods of teaching this branch shall be 
 given in all normal schools, training classes and teach- 
 ers' institutes. Every teacher must pass a satisfactory 
 test to show that he knows the best methods of teach- 
 ing it. 
 
 The superintendent may revoke the license of a 
 teacher who wilfully refuses to teach this subject. 
 
 For failing to comply with the provisions of this law, 
 the State superintendent shall withhold all public 
 money from any school district, normal school, or train- 
 ing class guilty of a violation of its provisions. 
 
 COMPULSORY EDUCATIOl^ L"AW 
 
 Definitions. — School authorities means the trustees or 
 board of education or corresponding offices of a city 
 or district. Persons in parental relation to a child in- 
 cludes those who have the care, custody or control of 
 such child. 
 
 Required attendance upon instruction. — Every child be- 
 tween 14 and 16 years of age, not regularly and law- 
 fully engaged in some useful employment or service, 
 and every child between 8 and 12 shall attend upon in- 
 struction annually, during the period between October 
 1st and the following June as the public school of the 
 district shall be in session. Every child between 12 
 and 14, in proper physical and mental condition to 
 attend school shall attend at least 80 secular days of 
 actual attendance, which shall be consecutive, except 
 for holidays, vacations, and detentions by sickness, and 
 
40 COMPULSORY EDUCATIOK 
 
 shall attend the remaining part of the school year un- 
 less regularly and lawfully employed. 
 
 If any such child shall so attend upon instruction 
 elsewhere than at the public school, the instruction 
 shall be substantially equivalent to that given in the 
 public school and shall be given under the same con- 
 ditions as to attendance. 
 
 Absences for cause from attendance shall require 
 from absentees proper excuses. 
 
 Instruction shall be by a competent teacher given at 
 least in reading, spelling, writing, arithmetic, English 
 grammar, and geography. 
 
 Duties of persons in 'parental relation to children. — Every 
 person shall cause the children, in proper physical and 
 mental condition, under parental relation to him to 
 attend school or present to the proper authorities an 
 affidavit that he is unable to compel such child to at- 
 tend. A violation of this is a misdemeanor, punishable 
 for the first offense by a fine not exceeding $5, and for 
 •each subsequent offence by a fine not exceeding $50 or 
 by imprisonment not exceeding 30 days or by both. 
 
 Persons employing such children. — If any person, firm 
 or corporation employ a child between 12 and 14 years 
 of age during the school year, the child must present 
 to his employer a certificate from the superintendent 
 of schools or from such other officer as the school au- 
 thorities may designate, that said child has attended 
 school for the tme required by law. It shall be unlaw- 
 ful to employ such child contrary to the above, and it 
 shall be unlawful to employ any child between 8 and 
 12 years of age. Penalty for each offence is $50, 
 which must be paid to treasurer of city or village or 
 
COMPULSORY EDUCATIOIf 41 
 
 to supervisor of town and added to the public moneys 
 of city, village, or district in which, the offence occurred. 
 
 Teachers^ records of attendance. — An accurate record 
 of attendance of all children between 8 and 16 years 
 of age shall be kept by the teacher of every school, 
 showing each day by the year, month, day of the 
 month and day of the week of such attendance, and 
 the number of hours in each day thereof ; and each 
 teacher upon whose instruction any such child shall 
 attend elsewhere than at school shall keep a like record 
 of such attendance. Such records shall be open to 
 the inspection of the attendance officers. A wilful 
 refusal by the teacher to answer any inquiry lawfully 
 made by such officer shall be a misdemeanor. 
 
 Attendance officer. — The school authorities of each 
 city, union free school district, or common school dis- 
 trict in an incorporated village shall appoint and may 
 remove at pleasure one or more attendance officers of 
 such city or district, and shall fix their compensation 
 and may prescribe their duties not inconsistent with 
 this act and may make rules and regulations for the 
 performance thereof; and the superintendent of schools 
 of such city or school district shall supervise the en- 
 forcement of this act within such city or village. The 
 town board of each town shall appoint one or more 
 attendance officers whose jurisdiction shall extend over 
 all school districts in said town, and shall fix their 
 compensation which shall be a town charge. The town 
 attendance officer shall be removable by school com- 
 missioner. 
 
 Arrest of truants. ^-Th.^ attendance officer may arrest 
 without warrant any child between 8 and 16 years of 
 
42 COMPULSORY EDUCATION 
 
 age, found away from home, and who is then a truant 
 from instruction. He shall forthwith deliver a child 
 so arrested either to the custody of a person in parental 
 relation to the child, or of a teacher from whom such 
 a child is then a truant, or in case of habitual and in- 
 corigible truants, shall bring them before a public 
 magistrate for commitment by him to a truant school. 
 The attendance officer shall promptly report such arrest 
 and the disposition made by him of such child to the 
 proper authorities. 
 
 Truant schools. — The school authorities of any city 
 or school district may establish schools, or set apart 
 separate rooms in public school buildings, for children 
 between 8 and 16 years of age, who are habitual truants 
 from instruction upon which they are lawfully required 
 to attend, or who are insubordinate or disorderly dur- 
 ing their attendance upon such instruction, or irregular 
 in such attendance. Such school or room shall be 
 known as a truant school; but no person convicted of 
 crimes or misdemeanors, other than truancy, shall be 
 committed thereto. 
 
 Such authorities may provide for the confinement, 
 maintenance and instruction of such children in such 
 schools; and they or the superintendent of schools in 
 any city or school district may, after reasonable notice 
 to such child and the persons in parental relation to 
 such child, and an opportunity for them to be heard, 
 and with the consent in writing of the persons in 
 parental relation to such child, order such child to at- 
 tend such school or to be confined and maintained 
 therein for such period and under such rules and regu- 
 lations as such authorities may prescribe, not exceed- 
 
COMPULSORY EDUCATIOK 43 
 
 ing the remainder of the school year; or may order 
 such child to be confined and maintained during such 
 period in any private school, orphans' home or similar 
 institution controlled by persons of the same religious 
 faith as the persons in parental relation to such child^ 
 and which is willing and able to receive, confine and 
 maintain such child, upon such terms as to compensa- 
 tion as may be agreed upon between such authorities 
 and such private school, orphans' home or similar 
 institution. 
 
 If the persons in parental relation to such child shall 
 not consent to either such order, such conduct of the 
 child shall be deemed disorderly conduct, and the child 
 may be proceeded against as a disorderly person; and 
 upon conviction thereof, if the child was lawfully re- 
 quired to attend a public school, the child shall be sen- 
 tenced to be confined and maintained in such truant 
 school for the remainder of the current school year; 
 or if such child was lawfully required to attend upon 
 instruction otherwise than at a public school, the child 
 may be sentenced to be confined and maintained for 
 the balance of such school year, in such private school, 
 orphans' home, or other similar institution, if there 
 be one, controlled by persons of the same religious 
 faith as the persons in parental relation to such child, 
 which is willing and able to receive, confine and main- 
 tain such child for a reasonable compensation. 
 
 Such confinement shall be conducted with a view to 
 the improvement, and to the restoration, as soon as 
 practicable, of such child to the institution elsewhere, 
 upon which he may be lawfully required to attend. 
 The authorities committing any such child and in cities 
 
44 . COMPL'LSORY EDUCATION 
 
 and villages the superintendent of schools therein shall 
 have authority in their discretion to parole at any 
 time any truant so committed by them. 
 
 Every child suspended from attendance upon instruc- 
 tion by the authorities in charge of furnishing such 
 instruction, for more than one week, shall be required 
 to attend such truant school during the period of such 
 suspension. 
 
 The school authorities of any city or school district, 
 not having a truant school, may contract with any other 
 city or district having a truant school, for the con- 
 finement, maintenance and instruction therein of 
 children whom such school authorities might require 
 to attend a truant school, if there were one in their own 
 city or district. Industrial training shall be furnished 
 in every such truant school. The expense attending the 
 commitment and costs of maintenance of any truant 
 residing in any city or village employing a superintend- 
 ent of schools shall be a charge against such city or 
 village, and in all other cases shall be a county charge. 
 
 Withholding the State moneys by State superintendent. — 
 Any city or district that wilfully omits and refuses to 
 enforce the provisions of this act, after due notice, 
 may have withheld from it one-half its public money; 
 but whenever the provisions of this act have been com- 
 plied with, all moneys so withheld shall be paid over 
 by the superintendent to such city or district. The 
 superintendent is empowered to employ assistants to 
 aid him in carrying out the provisions of this act, and 
 to fix their salaries. He may remove them from time 
 to time and appoint their successors. The sum of 
 
SPECIAL OBSERVANCES 45 
 
 112,000 is appropriated to carry out the provisions of 
 this act. t 
 
 ARROR DAY 
 
 When. — The Friday following the first day of May 
 in each year shall be known throughout the State as 
 Arbor Day. 
 
 Object of day. — It shall be the duty of the school 
 authorities to assemble the scholars in the school build- 
 ing or elsewhere, and to provide for and conduct, 
 under some officer having oversight of the school, such 
 exercises as shall tend to encourage the planting, pro- 
 tection and preservation of trees and shrubs, and an 
 acquaintance with the best methods to be adopted to 
 accomplish such results. 
 
 Duties of State superintendent. — The superintendent 
 shall have powder to prescribe from time to time a 
 course of exercise and instruction in the subjects herein 
 before mentioned, which shall be adopted and observed 
 by the public school authorities on arbor day and upon 
 receipt of copies of such course, the school commis- 
 sioner or city superintendent aforesaid shall promptly 
 provide each of the schools under his or their charge 
 with a copy, and cause it to be observed. 
 
 FLAGS 
 
 The school authorities of every public school in the 
 several cities and school districts of the State shall 
 purchase a United States flag, flagstaff and the neces- 
 sary appliances therefor, and shall display such flag 
 upon or near the public school building during school 
 hours, and at such other times as the school authorities 
 may direct. The necessary funds to defray the ex- 
 
46 CONTKACTS WITH OTHER DISTRICTS 
 
 penses incurred by this act shall be assessed and col- 
 lected in the same manner as moneys for public school 
 purposes are now raised by law. 
 
 SCHOOL DISTRICT CONTRACTS FOR INSTRUCTION OF PUPILS 
 AND TRANSPORTATION OF CHILDREN 
 
 Whenever any school district, by a vote of a majority 
 of the qualified voters present and voting threreon, 
 shall empower the trustees thereof, the said trustees 
 shall enter into a written contract with the trustees or 
 boards of education consenting thereto, or any other 
 district, village or city, whereby all the children of 
 such district may be entitled to be taught in the pub- 
 lic schools of such city, village or school district for a 
 period of not less than 160 days in any school year, 
 upon filing a copy of such contract, duly certified by 
 the trustees of each of such school districts, or by the 
 secretary of the board of education of such city or 
 village in the office of the State superintendent of 
 public instruction. Such school district shall be 
 deemed to have employed a competent teacher for 
 such a period, and shall be entitled to receive one 
 distributive district quota each year, during which 
 such contract shall be continued. 
 
 The board of education of any city or village, and 
 the trustees of any school district so contracting with 
 any other school aistrict, shall report the number of 
 persons of school age in such district, together with 
 those resident in said city, village or school district, 
 the same as though they were actual residents thereof, 
 and shall report for the pupils attending such schools 
 from such adjoining districts to the superintendent of 
 
SCHOOL MEETI1^^GS 47 
 
 public instruction, the same as though they were resi- 
 dents of such city, village or district. 
 
 Whenever any district shall have contracted with 
 the school authorities of any city or village or other 
 school district for the education therein of the pupils 
 residing in such common school districts the inhabi- 
 tants thereof entitled to vote are authorized to pro- 
 vide, by tax or otherwise, for the conveyance of the 
 pupils residing therein to the schools of such city, vil- 
 lage or district with which such contract shall have 
 been made, and the trustees thereof may contract for 
 such conveyance when so authorized in accordance 
 with such rules and regulations as they may establish. 
 
 SCHOOL YEAR 
 
 Begins on Aug. 1 and ends on July 31, next fol- 
 lowing. 
 
 TIME OF ANNUAL SCHOOL MEETING 
 
 The annual school meeting of each district (except 
 in districts organized under special acts) shall be held 
 on the first Tuesday of August in each year, and, un- 
 less otherwise fixed by vote of a previous district meet- 
 ing, the same shall be held at the school-house, at 7 :30 
 o'clock in the evening. 
 
 QUALIFICATIONS OF VOTERS AT SCHOOL MEETINGS 
 
 Every person of full age residing in any school dis- 
 trict and who has resided therein for a period of 30 
 days next preceding any annual or special meeting 
 held therein, and a citizen of the United States, who 
 owns or hires, or is in the possession, under a contract 
 of purchase, of real property in such school district 
 liable to taxation for school purposes ; and every such 
 
48 SCHOOL MEETINGS 
 
 resident of such district, who is a citizen of the United 
 States, of 21 years of age, and is the parent of a child 
 or children of school age, some one or more of whom 
 shall have attended the-district school in said district 
 for a period of at least 8 weeks within one year pre- 
 ceding such school meeting ; and every such person 
 not being the parent, who shall have permanently resid- 
 ing with him or her a child or children of school age, 
 some one or more of whom shall have attended the 
 district school in said district for a period of at least 8 
 weeks within one year preceding such school meeting ; 
 and every such resident and citizen as aforesaid, who 
 owns any personal property, assessed on the last preced- 
 ing assessment-roll of the town, exceeding fifty dollars 
 in value, exclusive of such as is exempt from execution. 
 No person shall be deemed to be ineligble to vote at 
 any such school district meeting, by reason of sex, 
 who has one or more of the other qualifications afore- 
 said. 
 
 CHALLENGES 
 
 Any legal voter at ^ district meeting may challenge 
 any person offering to vote at such meeting as unquali- 
 fied, and, unless the challenge is withdrawn, the 
 chairman at such meeting shall require the person so 
 offering to make the following declaration: " I do de- 
 clare and affirm that I am, and have been for the 30 
 days last past, an actual resident of this school dis- 
 trict, and that I am qualified to vote at this meeting. " 
 Every person making such declaration shall be per- 
 mitted to vote on all questions proposed at such meet- 
 ing; but if any person shall refuse to make such 
 declaration, his or her vote shall be rejected. 
 
INSTITUTES 49 
 
 Any person who shall wilfully make a false declara- 
 tion, after his or her right to vote has been challenged, 
 shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor; and any 
 person not qualified to vote at any such meeting, who 
 shall vote thereat, shall thereby forfeit five dollars, to 
 be sued for by the supervisor for the benefit of the com- 
 mon schools of the town. 
 
 QUALIFICATIONS OF SCHOOL OFFICEES 
 
 Every district ofi&cer must be a resident of his dis-^ 
 trict and qualified to vote at its meetings. No person 
 shall be eligible to hold any school district office who 
 cannot read and write. A person to be eligible to the 
 office of treasurer must also be a taxable inhabitant of 
 said district. 
 
 'No school commissioner or supervisor is eligible to 
 the office of trustee, and no trustee can hold the office 
 of district clerk, collector, treasurer or librarian. 
 
 A person can hold but one school district office at 
 the same time, and any person holding a school dis- 
 trict office, who shall be elected or appointed to an 
 accepts such other district office, thereby vacates the 
 said school district office theretofore held by him or her. 
 
 TEACHERS INSTITUTES 
 
 All schools in school districts and parts of school 
 districts within any school commissioner district where- 
 in an institute is held, not included within the bound- 
 aries of an incorporated city, or certain union school 
 districts, named in section 4, of title 10, of the Con- 
 solidated School Law of 1894, shall be closed during 
 the time such institute shall be in session; and such 
 closure of the school during such institute, at which 
 
50 INSTITUTES 
 
 a teacher has attended, shall not work a forfeiture of 
 the contract under which such teacher was employed. 
 Trustees of every school district are directed to give 
 the teacher or teachers employed by them, the whole 
 of the time spent by them at an institute or institutes 
 held as aforesaid, without deducting anything from 
 the wages of such teacher or teachers for the time so 
 spent; and all teachers under a contract to teach in 
 any school commissioner district shall attend such in- 
 stitute so held for that district, and shall receive wages 
 for such attendance. 
 
 Wilful failure on the part of the teacher to attend a 
 teacher's institute as required, shall be considered 
 sufficient cause for the revocation of such teacher's 
 license, and a wilful failure on the part of trustees to 
 close their schools during the holding of an institute 
 as required, shall be considered sufficient cause for 
 withholding the public moneys to which such districts 
 would otherwise be entitled. Any person under con- 
 tract to teach in a school in any commissioner district 
 is required to attend an institute, if held for that dis- 
 trict, even though at the time the school is not in ses- 
 sion and shall be entitled to receive wages for such 
 attendance. 
 
 SUMMER INSTITUTES 
 
 It shall be the duty of the State superintendent to 
 establish and maintain three summer institutes for at 
 least three weeks each year, to be located at three con- 
 venient and accessible points. Such institutes are to 
 be supplied with proper instructors, to be appointed 
 by the superintendent, utilizing, so far as practicable, 
 
II^STITUTES 51 
 
 those who are employed as institute conductors. Tui- 
 tion is free to all teachers of the State or those who 
 are preparing to teach therein. The superintendent 
 shall establish regulations for the government of these 
 schools, and for the examination thereat. The con- 
 ductor of these institutes shall report to the superin- 
 tendent the names of the persons in attendance, the 
 number of days attended by each teacher, and a full 
 statement of all expenses, with vouchers, incurred by 
 him in carrying on the institute. The sum of 16,000 
 is annually appropriated out of the free school fund 
 for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this 
 act. 
 
Training Class Questions in School Law 
 
 Juke, 1896 
 
 1. What remedy has the teacher in case the parent 
 insists on disturbing the work of the school ? 
 
 2. Name two causes for which a district may forfeit 
 aU or part of its public money. 
 
 3. Name the legal holidays in this State. State the 
 provision of school law with regard to keeping school 
 on holidays. 
 
 4. State with regard to the superintendent of pub- 
 lic instruction (a) the mode of election and term of 
 office; (6) three of his chief duties. 
 
 5. In a district having three trustees, when can two 
 of them legally do business ? 
 
 6. Does the compulsory attendance law deprive the 
 teacher or trustee of the power of suspension ? Ex- 
 plain your answer. 
 
 7. Name the different kinds of teachers licenses. 
 
 8. Where does the authority of the teacher over the 
 pupil begin and end ? 
 
 Jai^uary, 1897 
 
 9. If the teacher refuses to fulfil a contract, -what 
 may be the penalty ? 
 
 10. If a trustee refuses to fulfil a contract what 
 remedy has the teacher ? 
 
 11. After teachers quotas, the library moneys, and 
 
 (53) 
 
54 TRAINIKG CLASS QUESTIONS 
 
 the salaries of school commissioners are apportionedy 
 (a) on what basis does the State superintendent appor- 
 tion the balance of the moneys to the several coun- 
 ties ? (b) On what basis do the school commissioners 
 apportion to the school districts ? 
 
 12. Xame two causes for which a trustee or board 
 of education may discharge a teacher. 
 
 13. What are the limits of school age in this State ? 
 
 14. Name two certificates which require professional 
 training on the part of the applicant. 
 
 15. Mention the school district officers elected at 
 the annual school meeting and the term of office of 
 each. 
 
 16. In a district having a sole trustee, if the voters 
 at an annual meetng fail to elect, who legally has 
 power to act as trustee ? 
 
 17. Who has sole power in the matter of admitting 
 to school non-resident pupils and of fixing the rate of 
 tuition ? 
 
 18. How often does the law require that the teacher 
 shall make affidavit to the correctness of the record of 
 attendance ? 
 
 January, 1898 
 
 19. Mention two conditions that must be fulfilled to 
 entitle a school district to reckon institute week in the 
 aggregate attendance. 
 
 20. In case the law relative to teaching the effects 
 of narcotics and stimulants is not enforced, what pen- 
 alty may be imposed on (a) the school district ; (b) the 
 teacher wilfully refusing to teach the subject ? 
 
 21. Specify two school officers who are especially in- 
 
SCHOOL LAW 55 
 
 terested that the record of attendance shall be accu- 
 rate. Give a reason in each case. 
 
 22. What qualifications are required for admission 
 to training classes organized, in union schools and 
 academies ? 
 
 23. If the law called " The Health and Decency 
 Act " is not enforced, what penalty may be imposed 
 upon (a) the school district; (b) the trustee ? 
 
 24. Who are subject to a fine for violating the com- 
 pulsory education law ? 
 
 25. Mention two purposes for which the public 
 money apportioned to a school district may be used. 
 
 26. If the voters of a school district fail to vote a 
 tax for the payment of a teacher's wages, what power 
 in the matter does the law confer upon the trustee ? 
 
 27. (a) What educational qualification is required 
 for common school district officers ? (b) What addi- 
 tional qualification must a common school district 
 treasurer possess ? 
 
 28. On what basis is the library money apportioned 
 to the school district ? 
 
 June, 1898 
 
 29. Mention three official duties of the school com- 
 missioner relatin to training classes. 
 
 30. Specify the certificates that do not require the 
 endorsement of the commissioner to make them valid 
 in his district. 
 
 31. The teacher's record of attendance of pupils 
 between eight and sixteen years of age must contain 
 five items of information. Mention three of them. 
 
 32. How may a school district retain its organization 
 
o6 TRAINING CLASS QUESTIONS 
 
 and share in the public money without maintaining a 
 school in the district ? 
 
 33. State a purpose for which the voters may bond 
 a school district. 
 
 34. Who are eligible to appointment as school 
 librarians in common school districts ? By whom are 
 they appointed ? 
 
 35. Under the school law relative to the display of 
 the flag, (a) who is charged with the duty of providing 
 the flag and fixtures; (6) how is the expense met; (c) 
 when is the flag to be displayed ? 
 
 36. Specify the sources from which the State school 
 money is derived. 
 
 37. Under the law providing for the annual observ- 
 ance of Arbor Day what power is conferred upon the 
 State superintendent of public instruction ? What 
 duties are imposed upon the authorities of every pub- 
 lic school in the State ? 
 
 38. What items must the teacher's contract contain ? 
 
 January, 1899 
 
 39. Under what conditions is it a misdemeanor for a 
 trustee to give to a duly qualified teacher in order for 
 salary legally due ? 
 
 40. Mention two documents relating to school dis- 
 trict matters that must be filed witn a town officer and 
 name such officer. 
 
 41. Mention the qualifications that render a teacher 
 eligible to appointment as a training class instructor. 
 
 42. Mention two limitations to the power of trustees 
 to contract with a teacher. 
 
 43. Trustees are required to make two written re- 
 ports annually. To whom is each report made ? 
 
SCHOOL LAW 57 
 
 44. Mention two conditions that entitle a village or 
 union school district to receive public money towards 
 a' superintendent's salary. What is the sum received ? 
 
 45. State in substance two provisions of the law re- 
 lating to the teaching of physiology and hygiene. 
 
 46. What are the legal limits of school age ? ' 
 
 47. How large a sum may a school commissioner order 
 expended for (a) repairs on a school building; (b) new 
 furniture ? 
 
 48. What officer apportions the State school money 
 to the counties ? Upon what basis is the money 
 apportioned ? 
 
 JuJS[E, 1899 
 
 49. What school district officer is required to give a 
 bond ? What authority fixes the amount of the bond ? 
 
 50. Mention a duty of the State superintendent re- 
 lating to (a) the financial support of the schools; (6) 
 the professional training of teachers ; (c) the licensing 
 of teachers. 
 
 51. State two causes for which a teacher may be 
 legally discharged. 
 
 52. Mention the three general and one of the four 
 special qualifications that entitle a person to vote at a 
 school meeting. 
 
 53. Mention two provisions of the compulsory at- 
 tendance law. 
 
 54. Under the law relating to the teaching of physi- 
 ology and hygiene, when may the instruction be oral ? 
 
 55. Name three officers through whose hands the 
 State school money passes. 
 
 56. Mention the special advantages to the teacher 
 from having the contract of hiring in writing. 
 
58 TRAIKING CLASS QUESTIONS 
 
 57. In whom is vested the power to fix the amount 
 that is to be paid (a) for teachers wages; (b) for a 
 site for a school-house ? 
 
 58. What is the maximum time for which a trustee 
 or board of trustees may make a contract with a 
 teacher ? 
 
 January, 1900 
 
 59. State the general provisions of the law relating 
 to the maintenance of persons committed to a truant 
 school. What is the maximum term of detention ? 
 
 60. In what specified way is the trustee directed to 
 pay the teacher his wages ? How often shall payments 
 be made ? 
 
 61. State the qualifications for admission to a train- 
 ing class. 
 
 62. Describe in detail the manner of voting for 
 school district officers. 
 
 63. Mention the main provisions of the law relating" 
 to summer institutes. 
 
 64. Mention five duties of a school commissioner. 
 
 65. (a) What must the trustee know with regard to 
 the school register before he is authorized to pay the 
 teacher his wages ? (b) Who is the final custodian of 
 the register ? 
 
 66. Describe the manner of calling a special disl;rict 
 meeting. What business may be transacted at such" 
 meeting ? 
 
 67. Mention three items that the law declares must 
 be definitely set forth in a teacher's contract. 
 
 68. What is the trustee's power as to the dismissal Of 
 a teacher during a term of employment ? 
 
school law 59 
 
 Juke, 1900 
 
 69. Mention an officer of the school district who re- 
 ceives payment for his services, and tell how he is paid. 
 
 70. Mention three purposes for which the school 
 commissioner may legally order the trustee or trustees 
 to expend money. 
 
 71. Specify two written reports that should be sub- 
 stituted at the annual school meeting and mention 
 three items in one of them. 
 
 72. What details of the plan of a new school -house 
 must be officially approved before the plan is finally 
 adopted ? What official must approve them ? 
 
 73. Name the subjects that must be included in a 
 course of study to meet the requirements of the com- 
 pulsory education law. 
 
 74. Mention three officials who have judicial power 
 in school matters. 
 
 75. In the employment of teachers what is the limi- 
 tation upon the trustee's power as to (a) relationship; 
 (b) qualifications ; (c) term of employment ? 
 
 76. State in substance three provisions of the law 
 relating to the teaching of physiology and hygiene. 
 
 77. Mention three classes of certificates that are 
 valid for life and two that may be renewed without re- 
 examination. 
 
 78. Mention three of the special sums that the State 
 superintendent is required to set aside before making 
 the general apportionment. 
 
 Januaey, 1901 
 
 79. Mention the basis upon which the school com- 
 
60 TRAINING CLASS QUESTIONS 
 
 missioner apportions the State school money to the 
 school districts. 
 
 80. Name two conditions under either of which a 
 school district is entitled to a district quota. 
 
 81. As stated in the law, what is the general purpose 
 of Arbor Day ? When does it occur ? 
 
 82. State three of the duties imposed by school law 
 upon the town clerk. 
 
 83. What two annual reports is the school district 
 collector required to make ? 
 
 84. If the district meeting fails to vote a tax to pay 
 the teacher's wages, what duty does the law impose up- 
 on the trustee ? 
 
 8o. Mention the duties of the attendance officer. 
 
 86. In case of wilful failure to close school as re- 
 quired by law during a teachers institute, what penalty 
 may be imposed on the school district ? In case of 
 wilful failure of a teacher to attend the institute, what 
 penalty may be imposed on the teacher ? 
 
 87. Mention five different kinds of teachers certifi- 
 cates and state by whom each is issued. 
 
 88. Give the substance of the declaration that can- 
 didates are required to sign on entering a training 
 class. 
 
STANDARD TEACHERS- LIBRARY. Xo-^. ID. .?(>, 21. 31. 32, 45, 47, 36, etc. 
 
 The New York Uniform Qnestion Books. 
 
 New York requires that )io public school teacher shall he licensed except 
 after passing one of the regular stated examinations upon the questions pre- 
 pared by the State Department at Albany, and sent out from there, being 
 UNIFORM /or the entire State. 
 
 Never before were questions subjected to such previous tests a,s these. 
 New York has a State Examining Board, made up of the Institute Instruc- 
 tors, the Inspectors of Teachers' Classes, and the Examinations Clerk. 
 These are all high-salaried men — the best the State is able to find at $2,500 
 to $4,000 a year. The subjects are divided up among these men, and each 
 prepares on his own topic the best set of questions he can make. Then the 
 sets of questions are discussed by the entire board, every possible criticism 
 of the individual questions and of the set of questions as a whole being sug- 
 gested and discussed in open meeting. Finally the questions thus amended 
 and approved are submitted to the State Superintendent for his inspection. 
 
 They may reasonably be called Standard Questions for the Examination 
 of Teachers ; and they have a special advantage in that they are graded. 
 
 Ours are the only complete editions of these Questions with Answers, 
 and are as follows : 
 
 1. The Neto York Question Boole, with all the Questions of the Uniform, 
 State, Cornell University Scholarship, and Normal School Entrance Exam- 
 inations to March 31, 1890, with Answers to the Uniform Questions. 8vo. pp. 
 461. Cloth, $2.00 ; manilla, $1.00. 
 
 2. The same. Supplement No.'l, April, 1890, to June, 1891, Bvo., pp. 163 ; 
 No. 2, Aug., 1891, to June, 1892, 8vo, pp. 139. Each in manilla, 25 cents. 
 Both in one volume, cloth, uniform with the New York Question Book, $1.00. 
 
 The number of Questions in these three volumes is as follows : algebra, 
 339; American history, 733; arithmetic, 958 ; astronomy, 100; book-keep- 
 ing, 220 ; botany, 123 ; chemistry, 110 ; civil government, 674 ; composition, 
 207 ; current topics, 548 ; drawing, 499 ; French, 30 ; general history, 143 ; 
 geography, 984 ; geology, 109 ; geometry, 199 ; German, 30 ; grammar, 1046; 
 Latin, 195 ; literature, 160 ; methods, 549 ; penmanship, 61 ; physics, 240 ; 
 physiology, 707 ; reading, 83; rhetoric, 64; school economy, 91; school 
 law, 228 ; zoology, 120— Total, 9,460. 
 
 3. The sai7ie. Uniform Questions and A^isivers only, Supplements No. 3, 
 Aug., 1892, to June, 1893 ; No. 4, Aug., 1893 to June, 1894 ; No. 5^ Aug., 1894 
 to June, 1895; No. 6, Aug., 1895, to June, 1896; No. 7, Aug., 1896, to June, 1897; 
 No. 8, Aug. 1897, to June, 1898; No. 9, Aug., 1898 to June, 1899; No. 10, Aug., 
 1899 to June, 1900. Each, cloth, $1.00 ; manilla, 50 cts. 
 
 4. The same, the Questions and Anstoers in Drawing from August, 1892, 
 to June, 1896. The same, Aug., 1896 to June 1898. The same, Aug., 1898 to 
 Nov., 1900. Each, cloth, $1.00, manilla, 50 cts. 
 
 5. The saine, the Questions and Ansivers \\\ (a) Algebra: (b) American 
 History; (c) Arithmetic; (d) Art of Questioning and History of Education: 
 (e) Book-Keeping; (/) Civil Government: (g) Geography : (h) Grammar: 
 (i) Methods and School Economy: (^O Physics: (/) Physiology: (m) School 
 Law. Each. niMnilla. 25 cts. 
 
THE SCHOOL BULLETIX PVBLI CATIONS- 
 
 Helps for the Uniform Examinations 
 
 The best helps in all subjects are the questions themselves already 
 given, with the answers, elsewhere advertised. Other special helps in each 
 subject are as follows: 
 
 American history. — For rapid review, to fix the outlines in mind, 
 get Williams's "Topics and References" (50 cts.), or Godard's 
 " Outlines " (50 cts.). Remember that there are always questions in 
 New York State history, for which the only books are Prentice's 
 ($1.50) and Hendrick's (75 cts.). 
 
 J.r^^!Ame<^c.— Bradford's "30 Problems in Percentage" (25 cts.) 
 and Bassett's " Latitude, Longitude, and Time " (25 cts.) may carry 
 you through where you otherwise would fail. 
 
 Geography. — There are always questions on New \''ork State 
 geography; get Bardeen's "Geography of the Emire State" (75 
 cts.). The "Regents' Questions in Geography", with answers (.50 
 cts.), is excellent. 
 
 Grammar. — The questions are all upon the old lines of straight 
 grammar. Take a thorough drill in Kiddle's "3000 Grammar Ques- 
 tions and Answers " ($1.00). He was editor of Brown's grammar. 
 
 Orthography. — Sanford's "Limited Speller" (25 cts.) contains 
 ever}'- word ever given at these examinations, and does not waste 
 your time on words not likely to be given. 
 
 Physiology. — You will get help from the two Dime Question 
 Books, "Physiology", and "Stimulants and Narcotics" (lOcts. each). 
 
 School Laio.—Tha only book is Bardeen's " Manual of School 
 Law ", cloth $1.00; paper 50 cts. 
 
 Civil Government.— Get Northam's "Civil Government for Com- 
 mon Schools " (75 cts.). It is the only adequate New York book. 
 
 Current Topics.— The best preparation is the Current Topics 
 given in The School Bulletin, $1.00 a year, 10 cts. a number, For 
 each examination get the three proceding numbers, sent for 25 cts. 
 
 Draivi7ig.—Gei Greene's " Perspective " (50 cts.). 
 
 Methods and School Economy.— Get DeGraff's "School Room 
 Guide", and Landon's "School Management ", each, cloth, $1.50; 
 paper, 50 cts. 
 
 Advanced English.— \ii\V(}iee\\& "Outlines of Sentence Making" 
 (60 cts.) gives just the preparation for this subject. 
 
 Algebra.— Get Michael's "Algebra for Beginners " (75 cts.). 
 
 Book- Keeinng.— The " Dime Question Book of Book-Keepiug " 
 g j (10 cts.) will very likely carry you through. 
 
 ^ I History of Education.— WxWhvm^'s, ''Ui'itovy oi Modern Educa- 
 
 tion " ($1.50) is much the best book, and answers the questions on 
 education in New York. 
 
 PAysics.— The " Dime Question Book of Physics" (10 cts.) will 
 be of much help. 
 
-STAND ABD TEACHERS' LIBRARY, .Vo. IS- 
 
 The New York State Examination Questions 
 
 These are not the Uniform examination questions, but the questions 
 given at the annual examinations for New' York State certificates, good for 
 life and the highest evidence of qualification provided for by school law. 
 The subjects are as follows : 
 
 algebra civil government geology orthography 
 
 American history composition geometry physics 
 
 arithmetic drawing German physiology 
 
 astronomy French grammar rhetoric 
 
 book-keeping general history hygiene school economy 
 
 botany general literature Latin school law 
 
 chemistry geography methods zoology 
 
 No answers to these questions have ever been published except in two 
 subjects. The questions in book-keeping given at the first fifteen examina- 
 tions, with full answers, solutions, and forms, are published in a paper- 
 covered volume of 31 pages; price 10 cts. The questions given at the first 
 18 examinations in drawing are published with full answers in a leatherette- 
 covered book of 67 pages; price 40 cts. All the questions from the begin- 
 ning in 1875 to the examination of 1894, inclusive, are published in a single 
 volume of 402 pages: price in manilla 50 cts.; in cloth, $1.00. The ques- 
 tions for 1895, 1896, 1897, and 1898 are published in separate paper-covered 
 pamphlets at 10 cts. each, and the series will be continued from year to year. 
 
 The best helps in all subjects are the questions themselves already 
 given. The Uniform Questions with full answers given are also of great 
 assistance. Other special helps in each subject are as follows: 
 
 American, history.— ¥oY rapid review, to fix the outlines in mind, get 
 Williams's "Topics and References" (50 cts.), or Godard's "Outlines" (.50 
 cts.). Remember that there are always questions in New York State his- 
 tory, for which the only preparation is Hendrick's " Brief History of the 
 Empire State " (75 cts.). 
 
 Atnthmetic.—Mv'Ad^ovd's "30 Problems in Percentage" (25 cts.) and Bas- 
 setfs "Latitude, Longitude, and Time" (25 cts.) may carry you through 
 where you would otherwise fail if you are weak in these subjects. 
 
 Civil Government.— Gat Northam's "Civil Government for Common 
 Schools " (75 cts.). It is the only adequate New York book. 
 
 Geograpliy.— There are always questions on New York State geography; 
 get Bardeen's "Geography of the Empire State" (75 cts.). The "Regents' 
 Questions in Geography", with answers, is excellent (.50 cts.). 
 
 Gram?nar. — The questions are all upon the old lines of straight gram- 
 mar. Take a thorough drill in Kiddle's "3000 Grammar Questions and 
 Answers " ($1.00). He was editor of Brown's grammars. 
 
 OrtJiography.—'fii\.\\iovd'% "Limited Speller" (25 cts.) contains every 
 word ever given at these examinations, and does not waste your time on 
 words not likely to be given. 
 
 School Law.— The only book is Bardeen's " Manual of School Law'* 
 cloth 11.00; paper 50 at« 
 
■THE SCHOOL BULLETIN PUBLICATIONS- 
 
 The Regents' Questions 
 
 7. The Regents' Questions in Arithmetic, Geograpliv, Graiiimar, and 
 Spelling from the first examination in 1866 to June, 1882." Being the 11,000 
 Questions for the preliminary examinations for admission to the University 
 of the State of New York, prepared by the Regents of the University, and 
 participjited in simultaneously by more than 250 academies, forming a basis 
 for the distribution of more than'a million of dollars. Comvlete tvith Key. 
 Cloth, 16mo, pp. 473. $2.00. 
 
 2. Com.'plete. The same as above but without answers. Cloth, pp. 340. $1. 
 
 3. Separately. The same, each subject by itself, all Manilla, 16mo: 
 
 Arithmetic, 1293 Questions, pp. 93. 25 cts. Geography, 1987 Questions, pp. 
 70, 25 cts. Grammar, 2976 Questions, pp. 109, 25 cts. Spelling, 4800 Words, 
 pp. 61, 25 cts. Keys to Arithmetic, Geography, and Grammar, each 25 cts. 
 
 In the subjects named, no other Question Book can compare with these 
 either in completeness, in excellence, or in popularity. By legislative en- 
 actment no lawyer can be admitted to the bar in the State of New York 
 without passing a Regents' examination in these subjects. No questions on 
 
 OTHER SUBJECTS OR OF LATER DATE are printed 'BY SUBJECTS Or WITH ANSWERS. 
 
 4. The Regents' Examination Papers for the Academic Years 1892-3, 
 1893-4, 1894-5, 1895-6, 1896-7, 1897-8. Cloth, 12mo, each year, $1.00. 
 
 These books give no answers, but they contain all the questions for the 
 year in all departments, including Academic, Medical, Dental, Veterinary, 
 Law, and Library examinations, embracing the following subjects: algebra, 
 anatomy, arithmetic, art topics, astronomj^, bibliography, book-binding, 
 book-keeping, botany, Cffisar, cataloguing, chemistry, Ciicero, contracts, 
 corporations, dentistry, drawing, electric engineering, English, ethics, 
 French, geography, geolog}^ geometry, German, Greek, histology, N. Y., U. 
 S., English, French, Greek, and Roman history, home science. Homer, 
 hygiene, Italian, Latin, law, library work, Am., English, French, German, 
 Latin, and Greek literature, metallurgy, materia medica, obstetrics. Ovid, 
 painting, pathology, pedagogics, physical geography, physics, physiology, 
 psychology, real property, Sallust, Shakspeare, spelling, stenography, sur- 
 gery, therapeutics, torts, trigonometry, Virgil, wills, Xenophon, zoology. 
 
 5. The Dime Question Boohs, with full answers, notes, queries, etc. 
 Paper, pp. about 40. By A. P. Southwick, Each 10 cts. 
 
 ELEMENTARY SERIES ADVANCED SERIES 
 
 3. Physiology. 1. Physics. 
 
 4. Theory and Practice. 2. General Literature. 
 6. U. S. History and Civil Gov't. 5. General History. 
 
 10. Algebra. 7. Astronomy. 
 
 13. American Literature. 8. Mythology. 
 
 14. Grammar. 9. Rhetoric. 
 
 15. Orthography and Etymology. 11. Botany. 
 
 18. Arithmetic. 12. ZoOlogy. 
 
 19. Physical and Political Geography. 16. Chemistry. 
 
 20. Reading and Punctuation. 17. Geology. 
 
 The immense sale of the Regents' Questions ivith answers in Arithme- 
 tic, Geography, Grammar, and Spelling has led to frequent inquiry for like 
 questions in the Advanced Examinations. As it is not permitted to print 
 anstvers to these, we have had prepared this series. Frequently a 11.50 book 
 is bought for the sake of a few questions in a single study, Here the studies 
 may be taken up one at a time, a sjoecial advantage in Nev) York, since ap- 
 plicants for State and Uniform certificates may piresent themselves for ex- 
 amination in only part of the subjects, and receive partial certificates. The 
 same plan is very generally pursued elsewhere. These books are not in any 
 sense of the word treatises on these subjects, but they are suggestive and 
 stimulating. 
 
School Bulletin Publications 
 
 NOTE.— Binding is indicated as follows : B boards^ G cloth, L leatJierette 
 M manUla, V paper. Size as follows: 8:416 indicates S wo, 2?i?- kl6; 12:393 in- 
 dicates 12mo, pp. 393 ; 16:389 indicates 16mo, pp. . 389. Numbers preceding the 
 binding and size give the pages in the Trade Sale catalogue of 1900 on which 
 the books are described, the fullest description being placed first. Books 
 preceded by a dagger (t) are selected by the State Superintendent of Public 
 Instruction for the New York Teachers' Libraiy. Books preceded by (T) 
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 Books starred may be had also in the Standard Teachers' Library, 
 manilla binding, at 50 cts. each. Unless expressly ordered to be sent in this 
 binding, such volumes are always sent in cloth. 
 
 A DAY of My liif e, or Everyday Experiences at Eton. 27 C 16:184 $1 00 
 
 Ackerman (Mrs. M. B.) Review Questions to accompany nendric'K's His- 
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 Adams. Wall Map of the State of New York, 68x74 inches, 81 C 5 00 
 
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 Cards, 15 cts.; Checks, 40 cts.; Certificates, 50 cts. 
 
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 (9) 
 
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Feb-l© leoi 
 
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