$' 'j 1889. THE STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA THE STATISTICAL, HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL ABSTRACT. AGRICULTURAL, MINERAL, COMMERCIAL, MANUFACTURING, EDUCATIONAL, SOCIAL, AND GENERAL STATEMENTS. Oj ^"^ PUBLISHED BY FRANK H. HAGERTY, Commissioner of Immigration and Ex-Officio Territorial Statistician, ABEEDEEN, S. D. ;TATE CONSTITl'TIOl^ Aberdeen, S. D. 1889. THE V ' 'ITE OF NORTH DAKOTA THE STATISTICAL, HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL ABSTRACT. AGKfCULTUEAL, MINERAL, COMMERCIAL, MANUFACTURING, EDUCATIONAL, SOCIAL, AND GENERAL STATEMENTS. 'A .'V /p 'y PUBLISHED BY PRANK H. HAGERTY, ■;oiiiMi3sioNER ov Immigration and Ex-Officio Tebeitorial Statistician, ABEKDEEN, S. D. Aberdeen, S. D. DAILY NEWS PRINT. 1889. ^ By Transter MOV Iti '^^^ PAET II I. CONSTITUTIOX. XI. Mineral Resources. | II. Election Returns. XII. Manufactures. III. Official Dieectory. XIII. Educational Facilities IV. Boundaries. XIV. Churches. V. Population. XV. Public Institutions. VI. Climate. XVI. Public Lands. VII. Agriculture. XVII. Finances. VIII. Irrigation. XVill. Newspapers. JX. Stock. XIX. Railroads. X. Timber. XX. Post Offices. CONSTITUTION NORTH DAKOTA, 1889. PREAMBLE. We the people of North Dakota, f^rateful to Almighty God for the blessings of civil and religious liberty, do ordain and establish this constitution. ARTICLE I. BECLARATION OF RIGHTS. Section 1 All men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain inalienable rights, among which are those of enjoying and defending life and liberty, acquiring, possessing and protecting property and reputation, and pursuing "and obtaining safety and happiness. a. ■ .■.• Sec 2 All political power is inherent in the people. Government is insti- tuted 'for the protection, security and benefit of the people, and they have a ri<^ht to alter or reform the same whenever the public good may require. Sec 3 The State of North Dakota is an inseparable part of the American Union and the Constitution of the United States is the supreme law of the land. Sec 4 The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall be forever guaranteed in this state and no person shall be rendered incompetent to be a witness or juror on account of his opinion on matters of religious belief; but the liberty of conscience hereby secured shall not be so construed as to excuse acts of licentiousness, or iustify practices inconsistent with the peace or safety of this state. Sec 5 The privilege of the writ of habeas corpus shall not be suspended unless when in case of rebellion or invasion, the public safety may require. Sec 6 All persons shall be bailable by sufficient sureties, unless for capital offenses when the proof is evident or the presumption great. Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor shall cruel or unusual punishments be inflicted. Witnesses shall not be unreasonably detained, nor be confined in any room where criminals are actually imprisoned. Sec 7 The right of trial by jury shall be secured to all, and remain invio- late; but a jury in civil cases, in courts not of record, may consist of less than twelve men, as may be prescribed by law. , „ . . ■, u Sec 8 Until otherwise provided by law, no person shall, for a felony, be proceeded against criminally otherwise than by indictment, except m cases arising in the land or naval forces, or in the militia when in actual service in time of war or public danger. In all other cases, offenses shall be prosecuted criminally by indictment or information. The legislative assembly may change, regulate or abolish the grand jury system. 6 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. Sec. 9. Every man may freely write, speak and publish his opinions on all subjects, being responsible for the abuse of that privilege. In all civil and criminal trials for libel, the truth may be given in evidence, and shall be a sujB&cient defense when the matter is published with good motives and for justi- fiable ends; and the jury shall have the same power of giving a general verdict as in other cases; and in all indictments or informations for libels the jury shall have the right to determine the law and_the facts under the direction of the court, as in other cases. Sec. 10. The citizens have a right, in a peaceable manner, to assemble to- gether for the common good, and to apply to those invested with the powers of government for the redress of grievances, or for other proper purposes, by peti- tion, address or remonstrance. Sec. 11. All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation. Sec. 12. The military shall be subordinate to the civil power. No standing army shall be maintained by this state in time of peace, and no soldiers shall, in time of peace, be quartered in any house without the consent of the owner; nor in time of war, except in the manner prescribed by law. Sec. 13. In criminal prosecutions in any court whatever, the party accused shall have the right to a speedy and public trial ; to have the process of the court to compel *lie attendance of witnesses in his behalf; and to appear and defend in person and with counsel. No person shall be twice put in jeopardy foi the same offense, nor be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty or property without due i^rocess of law. Sec. 14. Private property shall not be taken or damaged for public use with- out just compensation having been first made to, or paid into court for the owner, and no right of way shall be appropriated to the use of any corporation, other than municipal, until full compensation therefor be first made in money or ascertained and paid into court for the owner, irrespective of any benefit from any improvement proposed by such corporation, which compensation shall be ascertained by a jury, unless a jury be waived. Sec. 15. No person shall be imprisoned for debt unless upon refusal to de- liver up his estate for the benefit of his creditors, in such manner as shall be prescribed by law; or in cases of tort; or where there is strong presumption of fraud. Sec. 16. No bill of attainder, ex post facto law, or law impairing the obliga- tions of contracts shall ever be passed. Sec. 17. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude, unless for the punish- ment of crime, shall ever be tolerated in this state. Sec. 18. The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, pa- pers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be vio- lated; and no warrant shall issue but upon probable cause, supported by oath or afifirmation, particularly describing the place to be searched and the person and things to be seized. Sec. 19. Treason against the state shall consist only in le^'ying war against it, adhering to its enemies, or giving them aid and comfort. No person shall be convicted of treason unless on the evidence of two witnesses to the same overt act, or confession in open court. Sec. 20. No special privileges or immunities shall ever be granted which may not be altered, revoked or repealed by the legislative assembly; nor shall any citizen or class of citizens be granted privileges or immunities which upon the same terms shall not be granted to all citizens. Sec. 21. The provisions of this constitution are mandatory and prohibitory unless, by express words, they are declared to be otherwise. Sec. 22. AH courts shall be open, and every man tor any injury done him in his lands, goods, person or reputation shall have remedy by due process of law, and right and justice administered without sale, denial or delay. Suits may be brought against the state in such manner, in such courts, and in such cases, as the legislative assembly may by law direct. Sec. 23. Every citizen of this state shall be free to obtain employment wherever possible, and any person, corporation, or agent thereof, maliciously STATE OF NOKTH DAKOTA. 7 interfering or hindering in any way any citizen from obtaining or enjoying em- ployment already obtained, from any other coriwration or person, shall be deemed guilty of misdemeanor. Sec. 24. To guard against transgressions of the high powers which we have delegated, we declare that everything in this article is excepted out of the gen- eral powers of government and shall forever remain inviolate. ARTICLE II. THE LEGISLATIVE DEPARTMENT. Sec. 25. The legislative power shall be vested in a senate and house of representatives. Sec 26. The senate shall be composed of not less than 30 nor more than 50 members. Sec. 27. Senators shall be elected for the term of 4 years except as herein- after provided. Sec. 28. No person shall be a senator who is not a qualified elector in the district in which he may be chosen, and who shall not have attained the age of 25 years, and have been a resident of the state or territory for 2 years next preceding his election. Sec. 29. The legislative assembly shall fix the number of senators, and divide the state into as many senatorial districts as there are senators, which districts, as nearly as may be, shall be equal to each other in the number of inhabitants entitled to representation. Each district shall be entitled to one senator and no more, and shall be composed of compact and contiguous territory ; and no portion of any county shall be attached to any other county, or part thereof, so as to form a district. The districts as thus ascertained and deter- mined shall continue until changed by law. Sec. 30. The senatorial districts shall be numbered consecutively from one upwards, according to the number of districts prescribed, and the senators shall be divided into two classes. Those elected in the districts designated by even numbers shall constitute one class, and those elected in districts desig- nated by odd numbers shall constitute the other class. The senators of one class, elected in the year 1890, shall hold their office for 2 years, those of the other class shall hold their office 4 years, and the determination of the two classes shall be by lot so that one-half of the senators, as nearly as practicable, may be elected biennially. Sec. 31. The senate, at the beginning and close of each regular session, and at such other times as may be necessary, shall elect one of its members presi- dent pro tempore, who may take the place of the lieutenant governor under rules prescribed by law. Sec. 32. The house of representatives shall be composed of not less than 50 nor more than 140 members. Sec. 33. Representatives shall be elected for the term of 2 years. Sec. 34. No person shall be a representative who is not a qualified elector in the district for which he may be chosen, and who shall not have attained the age of 21 years, and have been a resident of the state or territory for 2 years next preceding his election. Sec. 35. The members of the house of representatives shall be apportioned to and elected at large from each senatorial district. The legislative assembly shall, in the year 1895, and every tenth year, cause an enumeration to be made of all the inhabitants of this state, and shall at its first regular session after each such enumeration, and also after each federal census, pro«»«d to fix by law the number of senators which shall constitute the senate of North Dakota, and the number of representatives which shall constitute the house of rep- resentatives of North Dakota, within the limits prescribed by this constitution, and at the same session shall proceed to reapportion the state into senatorial districts, as prescribed by this constitution, and to fix the number of members of the house of representatives to be elected from the several senatorial districts; Provided, that the legislative assembly may, at any regular session, redistrict the state into senatorial districts, and appoition the senators and representatives respectively. 8 STATE OF NORTH DAKO'J A. Sec. 36. The bouse of representatives shall elect one of its members as speaker. Sec. 37. No judge or clerk of any court, secretary of state, attorney general, register of deeds, sheriff or person holding any office of profit under this stake, except in the militia or office of the attorney at law, notary public or jus- tice of the peace, and no person holding any office of profit or honor under any foreign government, or under the government of the United States, except postmasters whose annual compensation does not exceed the sum of $300, shall h(dd any office in either branch of the legislative assembly or become a mem- ber thereof. Sec. 38. No member of the legislative assembly, expelled for corruption, and no person convicted of bribery, perjury or other infamous crime shall be eligible to the legislative assembly, or to any office in either branch thereof. Sec. 39. No member of the legislative assembly shall, during the term for which he was elected, be appointed or elected to any civil office in this stale, which shall have been created, or the emoluments of which shall have been in- creased, during the term for which he was elected; nor shall any member re- ceive any civil appointment from the governor, or governor and senate, during the term for which he shall have been elected. Sec. 40. If any person elected to either house of the legislative assembly shall offer or promise to give his vote or influence in favor of, or against any measure or proposition pending or proposed to be introduced into the legisla- tive assembly, in consideration, or upon conditions, that any other person elected to the same legislative assembly will give, or will promise or assent to give, his vote or influence in favor of or against any other measure or proposi- tion, pending or proposed to be introduced into such legislative assembly, the person making such offer or promise shall be deemed guilty of solicitation of bribery. If any member of the legislative assembly shall give his vote or influence for or against any measure or proposition, pending or proposed to be introduced into such legislative assembly, or offer" promise or assent so to do upon condition that any other member will give, promise or assent to give his vote or influence in favor of or against any other such measure or proposition pending or proposed to be introduced into such legislative assembly, or in consideration that any other member hath given his vote or influence, for or against any other measure or proposition in such legislative assembly, he shall be deemed guilty of bribery. And any person, member of the legislative assembly or person elected thereto, who shall be guilty of either such offenses, shall be expelled, and shall not thereafter be eligible to the legislative assembly, and on the conviction thereof in the civil courts, shall be liable to such further j)enalty as may be pre- scribed by law. Sec. 41. The term of service of the members of the legislative assembly shall begin on the first Tuesday in January next after their election. Sec. 42. The members of the legislative assembly shall in all cases except treason, felony and breach of the peace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at the sessions of their respective houses, and in going to or return- ing from the same For words used in any speech or debate in either house, they shall not be questioned in any other place. Sec. 43. Any member who has a personal or private interest in any measure or bill proposed or pending before the legislative assembly, shall disclose the fact to the house of which he is a member, and shall not vote thereon, without the consent of the house. Sec. 44. The governor shall issue jvrits of election to fill such vacancies a.-; may occur in either house of the legislative assembly. Sec. 45. Each member of the legislative assembly shall receive as a com- pensation for his services for each session, $5 per day, and 10 cents for every mile of necessary travel in going to and returning from the place of the meet- ing of the legislative assembly, on the most usual route. Sec. 46. A majority of the members of each house shall constitute a (juo- rum, but a smaller number may adjourn from day to day, and may compel the attendance of absent members, in such a manner, and under such a penalty, as may be prescribed by law. STATE .OF KOE.TH DAKOTA. 9 Sec. 47. Each house shall be the judge of the election returns and qualifi- cations of its own members. Sec. 48. Each house shall have the power to determine the rules of proceed- ing, and punish its members or other persons for contempt or disorderly be- havior in its presence; to protect its members against violence or oflfers of bribes, or private solicitation, and with the concurrence of two-thirds, to expel a member; and shall have all other powers necessary and usual in the legislative assembly of a free state. But no imprisonment by either house shall continue beyond 30 days. Punishment for contempt or disorderly behavior shall not bar a criminal prosecution for the same offense. Sec. 49. Each house shall keep a journal of its proceedings, and the yeas and nays on any question shall be taken and entered on the journal at the re- quest of one-sixth of those present. Sec. 50. The sessions of each house and of the committee of the whole shall be open unless the business is such as ought to be kept secret. Sec. 51. Neither house shall, without the consent of the other, adjourn for more than three days nor to any other place than that in which the two houses shall be sitting, except in case of epidemic, pestilence or other great danger. Sec. 52. The senate and house of representatives jointly shall be designated as the Legislative Assembly of the State of North Dakota. Sec. 53. The legislative assembly shall meet at the seat of government at 12 o'clock noon, on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in January, in the year next following the election of the members thereof. Sec. 54. In all elections to be made by the legislative assembly, or either bouse thereof, the members shall vote viva voce, and their votes shall be entered in the journal. Sec. 55. The sessions of the legislative assembly shall be biennial, except as otherwise provided in this constitution. Sec. 56. No regular sessions of the legislative assembly shall exceed sixty days, except in case of impeachment, but the first session of the legislative as- sembly may continue for a period of 120 days. Sec. 57. Any bill may originate in either house of the legislative assembly, and a bill passed by one house may be amended by the other. Sec. 58. No law shall be passed except by a bill adopted by both houses, and no bill shall be so altered and amended on its passage through either house as to change its original purpose. Sec. 59. The enacting clause of every law shall be as follows: Be it enacted by the Legislative Assembly of the State of North Dakota. Sec. 60. No bill for ithe appropriation of money, except for the expenses of the government, shall be introduced after the fortieth day of the session, ex- cept by unanimous consent of the house in which it is sought to be introduced. Sec. 61. No bill shall embrace more than one subject, which shall be ex- pressed in its title, but a bill which violates this provision shall be invali- dated thereby only as to so much thereof as shall not be so expressed. Sec. 62. The general appropriation bill shall embrace nothing but appropri- ations for the expenses of the executive, legislative and judicial departments of thestate, interest on the public debt, and for public schools. All other ap- propriations shall be made by separate bills, each embracing but one subject. Sec. 63. Every bill shall be read three several times, but the first and sec- ond reading, and those only, may be upon the same day; and the second read- ing may be by title of the bill unless a reading at length be demanded. The first and third readings shall be at length. No legislative day shall be shorter than the natural day. Sec. 64. No bill shall be revised or amended, or the provisions thereof ex- tended or incorporated in any other bill by reference to its title only, but so much thereof as is revised, amended or extended or so incorporated, shall be re-enacted and published at length. Sec. 65. No bill shall become a law except by a vote of a majority of all the members elect in each house, nor unless, on its final passage, the vote be taken by yeas and nays, and the names of those voting be entered on the jour- nal. 10 STATE OF NOBTH ETAKOTA. Sec. 60. The presiding officer of each house shall, in the presence of the house over which he presides, sigu all bills and joint resolutious passed by the legislative assembly; immediacely before sach signing their title shall be pub- licly read and the fact of signing shall be at once entered on the journal. iSEC. 67. No act of the legislative assembly shall take eflect until July 1st after the close of the session, unless in case of emergency (svhich shall be ex- pressed in the preamble or body of the act), the legislative assembly shall, by a Aote of two-thirds of all the members present in each house, otherwise direct. Sec. 6S. The legislative assembly shall pass all laws necessary to carry into efiect the provisions of this constitution. Sec. 69. The legislative assembly shall not pass local or special laws in any of the following enumerated cases, that is to say: 1. For granting divorces. 2. Laying out, opening, altering or working roads or highways, vacating roads, town plats, streets, alleys or public ground. 3. Locating or changing county seats. 4. Regulating county or township afifairs. 5. Regulating the practice of courts of justice.. 6. Regulating the jurisdiction and duties of justices of the peace, police magistrates or constables. 7. Changing the rules of evidence in any trial or inquiry. 8. Providing for changes of venue in civil or criminal cases. 9. Declaring any person of age. 10. For limitation of civilactious. or giving eflect to informal or invalid deeds. 11. Summoning or impaneling grand or petit juries. 12. Providing for the management of common schools. 13. Regulating the rate of interest on- money. 14. The opening or conducting of any election or designating the place of voting. 1.5. The sale or mortgage of real estate belonging to minors or others under disability. 16. Chartering or licensing ferries, toll bridges or toll roads. 17. Remitting fines, penalties or forfeitures. 18. Creating, increasing or decreasing fees, percentages or allowances of pub- lic officers. 19. Changing the law of descent. 20. Granting to any corporation, association or individual the right to lay down railroad tracks, or any special or exclusive privilege, immunity of fran- chise whatever. 21. For the punishment of crimes. 22. Changing the names of persons or places. 23. For the assessment or collection of taxes. 24. Affecting the estates of deceased persons, m.inors or others under legal disabilities. 25. Extending the time for the collection of taxes. 26. Refunding money into the state treasury. 27. Relinquishing or extinguishing in whole or in part the indebtedness, liability or obligation of any corporation or person to this state, or to any mu- nicipal corporation therein. 28. Legalizing, except as against the state, the unauthorized or invalid act of any officer. 29. Exempting property from taxation. 30. Restoring to citizenship persons convicted of infamous crimes. 31. Authorizing the creation, exten^^ion or impairing of li^^ns. 32. Creating offices, or prescribing the powers or duties of officers in coun- ties, cities, townships, election or school districts, or authorizing the adoption or legitimation of children. 33. Incorporation of cities, towns or villages, or changing or amending tha charter of any town, city or village. 34. Providing for tlie election of members of the board of supervisors in townships, incorporated towns or cities. 35. The protection of g;ime or fish. STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 11 Sec. 70. In all other cases where a general law can be made applicable, no special law shall be enacted; nor] shall the legislative assembly indirectly enact such special or local law by the partial repeal of a general law; bat laws repealing local or special acts may be passed. ARTICLE III. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. Sec. 71. The executive power shall be vested in a governor, who shall reside at the seat of government and shall hold his office for the term of two years, and until his successor is elected and duly qualified. Sec. 72. A lieutenant governor shall be elected at the same time and for the same term as the governor. In case of the death, impeachment, resig- nation, failure to quality, absence from the state, removal from office, or the disability of the governor, the powers and duties of the office for the residue of the term, or until he shall be acquitted, or the disability be removed, shall devolve upon the lieutenant governor. Sec. 73. No person shall be eligible to the office of governor or lieutenant governor unless he be a citizen of the United States and a qualified elector of the state, who shall have attained the age of 30 years, and who shall have resided 5 years next preceding the election within the state or territory, nor hall he be eligible to any other office during the term for which he shall have seen elected. ' Sec. 74. The governor and lieutenant governor shall be elected by the <[ualified electors of the state at the time and places of choosing members of the legislative assembly. The persons having the highest number of votes for governor and lieutenant governor respectively shall be declared elected, but if two or more shall have an equal and highest number of votes for governor and lieutenant governor, the two houses of the legislative assem bly, at its next regular session, shall forthwith, by joint ballot, choose one of such persons for said office. The returns of the election for governor and lieutenant governor shall be made in such manner as shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 75. The governor shall be commander-in-chief of the military and naval forces of the state, except when they shall be called into the service of the United States, and may call out the same to execute the laws, suppress insurrection and repel invasion. He shall have power to convene the legis- lative assembly on extraordinary occasions. He shall, at the commencement of each session, communicate to the legislative assembly by message, informa- tion of the condition of the state, and recommend such measures as he shall deem expedient. He shall transact all necessary business with the officers of the government, civil and military. He shall expedite all such measures as may be resolved upon by the legislative assembly and shall take care that the laws be faithfully executed. Sec. 76. The governor shall have power to remit fines and forfeitures, to grant reprieves, commutations and pardons after conviction, for all offenses ex- cept treason and cases of impeachment; but the legislative assembly may by law regulate the manner in which the remission of fines, pardons, commuta- tions and reprieves may be applied for. Upon conviction for treason he shall have power to suspend the execution of sentence until the case shall be report- ed to the legislative assembly at its next regular session, when the legislative assembly shall either pardon or commute the sentence, direct the execution of the sentence, or grant further reprieve. He shall communicate to the legislative assembly at each regular session each case of remission of fine, reprieve, com- mutation or pardon granted by him, stating the name of the convict, the crime for which he is convicted, the sentence and its date, and the date of the remis- sion, commutation, pardon or reprieve, with his reason for granting the same. Sec. 77. The lieutenant governor shall be president of the senate, but shall have no vote unless they be equally divided. If, during the vacancy in the office of governor, the lieutenant governor shall be impeached, displaced, re- sign or die, or from mental or physical disease, or otherwise, become incapable of performing the duties of his office, the secretary of state shall act as gover- nor until the vacancy shall be filled or the disability removed. 12 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. Sec. 78. When any office shall, from any cause, become vacant, and no mode is provided by the constitution or law for filling such vacancy, the governor shall nave power to fill such vacancy by appointment. Sec. 79. Every bill which shall have passed the legislative assembly shall, before it becomes a law, be presented to the governor. If he. approve, he shall sign, but if not, he shall return it, with his objections, to the house in which it originated, which shall enter the objections at large upon the journal and pro- ceed to reconsider it. If, after such reconsideration, two-thirds of the mem- bers elect shall a^ree to pass the bill, it shall be sent, together with the objec- tions, to the other house, by which it shall likewise be reconsidered, and if it be approved by two -thirds of the members elect, it shall become a law; but in all such cases the vote of both houses shall be determined by the yeas and nays. and the names of the members voting for and against the bill shall be entered upon the journal of each house respectively. If any bill shall not be returned by the governor within three days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been presented to him, the same shall be a law, unless the legislative assembly, by its adjournment, prevent its return, in which case it shall be a law, uule^-s he shall file the same, with his objections, in the office of the secretary of state, within fifteen days after such adjournment. Sec. 80. The governor shall have i)ower to disapprove of any item or items, or part or parts of any bill making appropriations of money or property em- bracing distinct items, andthepartor parts of the bill approved shall be the law, and the item or items, and part or parts disapproved shall be void, unless en- acted in the following manner: If the legislative assembly be in session he shall transmit to the house in which the Isill originated a copy of the item or items, or part or parts thereof disapproved, together with his objections there- to, and the items or parts objected to shall be separately reconsidered, and each item or part shall then take the same course as is prescribed for the passage of bills over the executive veto. Sec. 81. Any governor of this state who asks, receives or agrees to receive any babe upon any understanding that his official opiaion, judgment or action shall be influenced thereby, or who gives or offers, or promises his official influ- ence in consideration that any member of the legislative assembly shall give his official vote or influence on any particular side of any question or matter upon which he may be required to act in his official capacity, or who men- aces any member by the threatened use of his veto power, or who offers or promises any member that he, the said governor, will appoint any particular person or persons to any office created or thereafter to be created, in considera- tion that any member shall give his official vote or influence on any matter pending or thereafter to be introduced into either house of said legislative as- sembly, or who'threatens any member that he, the said governor, will remove any person or persons from office or position with intent in any manner to in- fluence the action of said member, shall be punished in the manner now or that may hereafter be provided by law, and upon conviction thereof shall forfeit all right to hold or exercise any office of trust or honor in this state. Sec. 82. There shall be chosen by the qualified electors of the state, at the times and places of choosing members of the legislative assembly, a secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, superintendent of public instruction, commissioner of insurance, three commissioners of railroads, an attorney general and one commissioner of agriculture and labor, who shall have attained the age of 25 years, shall be citizens of the United States, and shall have the qualifications of state electors. They shall severally hold their offices at the seat of govern- ment for the tern of two years and until their successors are elected and duly qualified, but no person shall be eligible to the office of treasurer for more than two consecutive terms. Sec. 83. The powers and duties of the secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, superintendent of public instruction, commissioners of insurance, commission- ers of railroads, attorney general and commissioner of agriculture and labor, shall be as prescribed by law. Sec. 84. Until otherwise provided by law, the governor shall receive an an- nual salary of $3,000; the lieutenant governor shall receive an annual salary of $1,000; tiie secretary of state, auditor, treasurer, superintendent of public in- STATE OF NOETH DAKOTA. 13 struction, commissioner of insurance, commissioners of railroads and attorney gfeueral shall each receive an annual salary of |2,000; the salary of the com- missioner of agriculture and labor shall be as prescribed by law, but the salaries of any of the said officers shall not be increased or diminished during the period for which they shall have been elected, and all fees and profits arising from any of the said offices shall be covered into the state treasury. ARTICLE IV. JUDICIAL DEPARTMENT. Sec. 85. The judicial power of the State of North Dakota shall be vested in a supreme court, district courts, county courts, justices of the peace, and in such other courts as may be created by law for cities, incorporated towns and villages. Sec. 86. The supreme court, except as otherwise provided in this constitu- tion, shall have appellate jurisdiction only, which shall be co-extensive with the state, and shall have a general superintending control over all inferior courts under such regulations and limitations as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 87. It shall have power to issue writs of habeas corpus, mandamus, quo warranto, certiorari, iiijanetion, and sufh other original and remedial writs as may be necessary to the proper exercise of its jurisdiction, and shall have au- thority to hear and determine the same; Provided, hoivever, that no jury trials shall be allowed in said supreme court, but in proper cases questions of fact may be sent by said court to a district court for trial. Sec. 88. Until otherwise provided by law three terras of the supreme court shall be held each year, one at the seat of government, one at Fargo in the county of Cass, and one at Grand Forks in the county of Grand Forks. Sec. 89. The supreme court shall consist of three judges, a majority of whom shall be necessary to form a quorum or pronounce a decision, but one or more of said judges may adjourn the court from day to day or to a day cer- tain. Sec. 90. The judges of the supreme court shall be elected by the qualified electors of the state at large, and except as may be otherwise provided herein for the first election for judges under this constitution, said judges shall be elected at general elections. Sec. 91. The term of office of the judges of the supreme court, except as in this article otherwise provided, shall be six years, and they shall hold their offices until their successors are duly qualified. Sec. 92. The judges of the supreme court shall, immediately after the first election under this constitution, be classified by lot, so that one shall hold his office for the term of three years, one for the term of five years and one for the term of seven years from the first Monday in December, A. D. 1889. The lots shall be drawn by the judges, who shall for that purpose assemble at the seat of government, and they shall cause the result thereof to be certified to the secre- tary of the territory, and filed in his office, unless the secretary of state of North Dakota shall have entered upon the duties of his office, in which event said certification shall be filed therein. The judge having the shortest term to serve, not holding his office by election or appointment to fill a vacancy, shall be chief justice, and shall preside at all terms of the supreme court, and in case of his absence the judge having in like manner the next shortest term to serve shall preside in his stead. Sec. 93. There shall be a clerk and also a reporter of the supreme court, who shall be appointed by the judges thereof, and who shall hold their offices during the pleasure of said judges, and whose duties and emoluments shall be prescribed by law and by rules of the supreme court not inconsistent with law. The legislative assennJ)ly shall make provision for the publication and distribu- tion of the decisions of the supreme court, and for the sale of the published volumes thereof. Sec. 94. No person shall be eligible to the office of judge of the supreme court unless he be learned in the law, be at least 30 years of age and a citizen of the United States, nor unless he shall have resided in this state or territory of Dakota three years next preceding his election. 14 STATE OF NORTH DAKu^fA. Sec. 95. Whenever the population of the State of North Dakota shall equal 600,000 the legislative assembly shall have the power to increase the number of the judges of the supreme court to iive, in which event a majority of said court, as thus increased, shall constitute a quorum. Sec. 96. No duties shall be imposed by law upon the supreme court or any of the judges thereof, except such as are judicial, nor shall any of the judges thereof exercise any power of appointment except as herein provided. Sec. 97. The style of all process shall be "The State of North Dakota." All prosecutions shall be carried on in the name and by the authority of the State of North Dakota, and conclude "against the peace and dignity of the State of North Dakota." Sec. 93. Any vacancy happening by death, resignation or otherwise in the office of judge of the supreme court shall be filled by appointment by the governor, which appointment shall continue until the first general election thereafter, when said vacancy shall be filled by election. Sec. 99. The judges of the supreme and district courts shall receive such compensation for their services as may te prescribed by law, which compensa- tion shall not be increased or diminished during the term for which a j udge shall have been elected. Sec. 100. In case a judge of the supreme court shall be in any way inter- ested in a cause brought before said court, the remaining judges of said court shall call one of the district judges to sit with them on the hearing of said cause. Sec. 101. When a judgment or decree is reversed or confirmed by the supreme court, every point fairly arising upon the record of the case shall be considered and decided, and the reasons therefor shall be concisely stated in writing, signed by the j udges concurring, filed in the of&ce of the clerk of the supreme court, and preserved with a record of the case. Any judge dissenting therefrom may give the reasons of his dissent in writing over his signature. Sec. 102. It shall be the duty of the court to prepare a syllabus of the points adjudicated in each case, which shall be concurred in by a majority of the judges thereof, and it shall be prefixed to the published reports of the case. DISTKICT courts. Sec. 103. The district court shall have original jurisdiction, except as otherwise provided in this constitution, of all causes both at law and equity, and such appellate jurisdiction as may be conferred by law. They and the judges thereof shall also have jurisdiction and power to issue writs of habeas corpus, quo warranto, certiorari, injunction and other original and remedial writs, with authority to hear and determine the same. Sec. 104. The state shall be divided into six judicial districts, in each of which there shall be elected at general elections, by the electors thereof, one judge of the district court therein, whose term of office shall be four years from the first Monday in January succeeding his election, and until his successor is duly qualified. This section shall not be construed as governing the first elec- tion of district judges under this constitution. Sec. 105. Until otherwise provided by law said districts shall be consti- tuted as follows: District No. 1 shall consist of the counties of Pembina, Cavalier, Walsh, Nel- son and Grand Forks. District No. 2 shall consist of the counties of Ramsey, Towner, Benson, Pierce, Rolette, Bottineau, McHenry, Church, Renville, Ward, Stevens, Mountraille, Garfield, Flannery and Bnibrd. District No. 3 shall consist of the counties of Cass, Steele and Traill. District No. 4 shall consist of the counties of Richland, Ransom, Sargent, Dickey and Mcintosh. District No. 5 shall consist of the counties of Logan, La Moure, Stutsman, Barnes, Wells, Foster, Eddy and Griggs. District No. 6 shall consist of the counties of Burleigh, Emmons, Kidder, Sheridan, McLean, Morton. Oliver. Mercer, Williams, Stark, Hettinger, Bow- man. Billings, McKenzie, Dunn, Wallace and Allred, and that portion of the Sioux Indian reservation lying north of the 7th .standard parallel. STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 15 Sec. 106. The legislative assembly may, whenever two -thirds of the mem- bers of each house shall concur therein, but not oftener than once in four years, increase the number of said judicial districts and the judges thereof; such dis- tricts shall be formed from compact territory and bounded by county lines but such increase or change in the boundaries of the districts shall not wori; the removal of any judge from his office during the term for which he may have been elected or appointed. Sec. 107. No person shall be eligible to the office of district judge tinless he be learned in the law, be at least 25 years of age and a citizen of the United States, nor unless he shall have resided within the state or territory of Dakota at least two years next preceding his election, nor unless he shall at the time of his election be an elector within the judicial district for which he is elected. Sec. 108. There shall be a clerk of the district court in each organized county in which a court is holden, who shall be elected by the qualified elec- tors of the county and shall hold his office for the same term as other county officers. He shall receive such compensation for his services as may be ])ve- scribed by law. Sec. 109. "Writs of error and appeals may be allowed from the decisions of the district courts to the supreme court under such regulations as may be pre- scribed by law. COUNTY COURTS. Sec. 110. There shall be established in each county a county court, which shall be a court of record, open at all times, and holden by one judge elected by the electors of the county, and whose term of office shall be two years. Sec. 111. The county court shall have exclusive original jurisdiction in probate and testamentary matters, the appointment of administrators and guardians, the settlement of the accounts of executors, administrators and guardians, the sale of lands by executors, administrators and guardi- ans, and such other probate jurisdiction as may be conferred by law; Provided, that whenever the voters of any county having a population of 2,000 or over shall decide by a majority vote that they desire the juris- diction of said court increased above that limited by this constitution, then said county courts shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the district courts in all civil actions where the amount in controversj^ does not exceed $1,000 and in all criminal actions below the grade of felony, and in case it is decided by the voters of any county to so increase the jurisdiction of said county court, the jurisdiction in cases of misdemeanors arising under state laws which may have been conferred upon police magistrates, shall cease. The qualifications of the judge of the county court in counties where the jurisdiction of said court shall have been increased shall be the same as those of the district judge, except that he shall be a resident of the county at the time of his election, and said county judge shall receive such salary for his services as may be provided by law. In case the voters of any county decide to increase the jurisdiction of said county courts, then such jurisdiction as thus increased shall remain until otherwise provided by law. justices OF THE PEACE. Sec. 112. The legislative assembly shall provide by law for the election of justices of the peace in each organized county within the state. But the num- ber of said justices to be elected in each organized county shall be limited by law to such a number as shall be necessary for the proper administration of justice. The justices of the peace herein provided for shall have concurrent jurisdiction with the district court in all civil actions when the amount in con- troversy, exclusive of costs, does not exceed $200, and in counties where no county court with criminal jurisdiction exists thfey shall have such jurisdiction to hear and determine cases of misdemeanor as may be provided by law, but in no case shall said justices of the peace have jurisdiction when the boundaries of or title to real estate shall come in question. The legislative assembly shall have power to abolish the office of justice of the peace and confer that jurisdic- tion upon judges of county courts, or elsewhere. 16 STATE or XORTH DAKOTA. POLICE MAGISTRATES. Sec. 113. The legislative assembly shall provide by law for the election of police magistrates in cities, incorporated towns and villages, who in addition to their jurisdiction of all cases arising under the ordinances of said cities, towns and villages, shall be e.v-officio justices of the peace of the county in which said cities, towns and villages may be located. And the legislative assembly may confer upon said police magistrates the jurisdiction to hear, tiy and deter- mine all cases of misdemeanors, and the prosecutions therein shall be by infor- mation. Sec. 114. Appeals shall lie from the county courfc, final decisions of justices of the peace and police magistrates, in such cases and pursuant to such regula- tions as may be prescribed by law. MISCELLANEOUS. Sec. 115. The time of holding courts in the several counties of a district shall be as prescribed by law, but at least two terms of the district court shall be held annually in each organized county, and the legislative assembly shall make provisions for attaching unorganized counties or territories to organized counties for judicial purposes. Sec. 1 16. Judges of the district courts may hold court in other districts than their own under such regulations as shall be prescribed by law. Sec. 117. No judge of the supreme or district court shall act as attorney or counselor at Jaw. Sec 113. Until the legislative assembly shall provide by law for fixing the terms of courts, the judges of the supreme and district courts shall fix the terms thereof. Sec. 119. No judge of the supreme or district court shall be elected or ap- pointed to any other than judicial offices, or be eligible thereto, during the term for which he was elected or appointed such judge. All votes or appoiut- ments for either of them for any elective or aijpointive office except that of judge of the supreme court or district court, given by the legislative assembly or the people, shall be void. Sec. 120. Tribunals of conciliation may be established with such powers and duties as shall be prescribed by law, or the powers and duties of such may be conferred upon other courts of justice; but such tribunals or other courts, when sitting as such, shall have no power to render judgment to be obligatory on the parties, unless they voluntarily submit their matters of difference and agree to abide the judgment of such tribunals or courts. ARTICLE V. elective franchise. Sec. 121. Every male person of the age of 21 years or upwards belonging t» either of the following classes, who shall have resided in the state one year, in the county six months and in the precinct ninety days next preceding any elec- tion, shall be deemed a qualified elector at such election: First — Citizens of the United States. Second — Persons of foreisin birth who shall have declared their intention to become citizens one year and not more than six yeai-s prior to such election, conformably to the naturalization laws of the United States. IViird — Civilized persons of Indian descent who shall have severed their tribal relations two years next preceding such election. Sec. 122. The legislative assembly shall be empowered to make further ex- tensions oS suffrage hereafter, at its discretion, to all citizens of mature age and sound mind, not convicted o£ crime, without regard to sex; but do law extending or restricting the right of suffrage shall be in force until adopted by a majority of the electors of the state voting at a general election. Sec. 123. Electors shall in all cases except treason, felony, breach of the peace or illegal voting, be privileged from arrest on the days of election during their attendance at, going to and returning from such election [and no elector shall be obliged to perform military duty on the day of election except in time of war or public danger. STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 17 Sec. 124. The general elections of the state shall be biennial, and shall be held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November; Provided, that the first general election under this constitution shall be held on the first Tues- day after the first Monday in November, A. D. 1890. Sec. 125. No elector shall be deemed to have lost his residence in this state by reason of his absence on business of the United States or of this state, or in the military or naval service of the United States. Sec. 126. No soldier, seaman or marine in the army or navy of the United States shall be deemed a resident of this state in consequence of his being sta- tioned therein. Sec. 127. No person who is under guardia nship, non compos mentis or insane, shall be qualified to vote at any election, nor shall any person convicted of treason or felony, unless restored to civil rights. Sec. 128. Any woman having qualifications enumerated in Sec. 121 of this article as to age, residence and citizenship, and including those now qualified by the laws of the territory, may vote for all school officers, and upon all questions pertaining solely to school matters, and be eligible to any school office. Sec. 129. All elections by the people shall be by secret ballot, subject to such regulations as shall be provided by law. ARTICLE VI. MUNICIPAL CORPORATIONS. ' Sec. 130. The legislative assembly shall provide by general law for the or- ganization of municipal corporations, restricting their powers as to levying taxes and assessments, borrowing money and contracting debts, and money raised by taxation, loan or assessment for any purpose shal 1 not be diverted to any other purpose except by authority of law. ARTICLE VII. CORPORATIONS OTHER THAN MUNICIPAL. Sec. 131. No charter of incorporation shall be granted, changed or amended by special law, except in the case of such municipal, charitable, educational, penal or reformatory corporations as may be under the control of the state; but the legislative assembly shall provide by general laws for the organization of all corporations hereafter to be created, and any such law, so passed, shall be sub- ject to future repeal or alteration. Sec. 132. All existing charters or grants of special or exclusive privileges, under which a Jona j^fZe organization shall not have taken place and business been commenced in good faith at the time this constitution takes effect, shall thereafter have no validity. Sec. 133. The legislative assembly shall not remit the forfeiture of the char- ter to any corporation now existing, nor alter or amend the same, nor pass any other general or special law for the benefit of such corporation, except upon the condition that such corporation shall thereafter hold its charter subject to the provisions of this constitution. Sec. 134. The exercise of the right of eminent domain shall never be abridged, or so construed as to prevent the legislative assembly from taking the property and franchises of incorporated companies and subjecting them to pub- lic use, the same as the property of individuals; and the exercise of the police power of this state shall never be abridged, or so construed as to permit corpo- rations to conduct their business in such a manner as to infringe the equal rights of individuals or the general well-being of the state. Sec. 135. In all elections for directors or managers of a corporation each member or shareholder may cast the whole number of his votes for one candi- date, or distribute them upon two or more candidates, as he may prefer. Sec. 136. No foreign corporation shall do business in this state without hav- ing one or more places of business and an authorized agent or agents in the same, upon whom process may be served. Sec. 137. No corporation shall engage in any business other than that ex- pressly authorized in its charter. 18 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. Sec. 138. No corporation shall issue stock or bonds except for money, labor done, or money or property actually received; and all fictitious increase or stock or indebtedness shall be void. The stock and indebtedness of corporations shall not be increased except in pursuance of general law, nor without the consent of the persons holding the larger amount in value of the stock first obtained at a meeting to be held after 60 days' notice given in pursuance of law. Sec. 139. No law shall be passed by the legislative assembly granting the right to construct and operate a street railroad, telegraph, telephone or electric light plant within any city, town or incorporated village, without requiring the consent of the local authorities having the control of the street or highway pro- posed to be occupied for such purposes. Sec. 140. Every railroad corporation organized and doing business in this state, under the laws or authority thereof, shall have and maintain a public office or place in the state for the transaction of its business, where transfers of its stock shall be made, and in which shall be kept for public inspection books in which shall be recorded the amount of capital stock subscribed, and by whom; the names of the owners of its stock and the amount owned by them respectively; the amount of stock paid in and by whom, and the trans- fers of said stock ; the amount of its assets and liabilities, and the names and place of residence of its officers. The directors of every railroad corporation shall annually make a report, under oath, to the auditor of public accounts, or some officer or officers to be designated by law, of all their acts and doings, which report shall include such matters relating to railroads as may be pre- scribed by law, and the legislative assembly shall pass laws enforcing by suit- able penalties the provisions of this section; Provided, the provisions of this section shall not be so construed as to apply to foreign corporations. Sec. 141. No railroad corporation shall consolidate its stock, property or franchises with any other railroad corporation owning a parallel or competing line; and in no case shall any consolidation take place except upon public notice given at least 60 days to all stockholders, in such manner as may be pro- vided by law. Any attempt to evade the provisions of this section, by any railroad corporation, by lease or otherwise, shall work a forfeiture of its char- ter. Sec. 142. Eailways heretofore constructed or that may hereafter be con- structed in this state, are hereby declared public highways, and all railroad, sleeping car, telegraph, telephone and transportation companies of passengers, intelligence and freight, are declared to be common carriers and subject to leg- islative control; and the legislative assembly shall have power to enact laws regulating and controlling the rates of charges for the transportat'on of passen- gers, • intelligence and freight, as such common carriers, from one point to another in this state; Provided, that appeal may be had to the courts of this state from the rates so fixed ; but the rates fixed by the legislative assembly or board of railroad commissioners shall remain in force pending the decision of the courts. Sec. 143. Any association or corporation organized for the purpose shall have the right to construct and operate a railroad between any points within this state, and to connect at the state line with the railroads of other states. Every railroad company shall have the right with its road to intersect, connect with or cross any other; and shall receive and transport each other's passengers, tonnage and cars, loaded or empty, without delay or discrimination. Sec. 144. The term "corporation," as used in this article, shall not be understood as embracing municipalities or political divisions of the state imless otherwise expressly stated, but it shall be held and construed to include all associations and joint stock companies having any of the powers or privileges of corporations not possessed by individuals or partnerships. Sec. 145. If a general banking law be enacted, it shall provide for the reg- istry and countersigning by an officer of the state, of all notes or bills designed for circulation, and that ample security to the full amount thereof shall be deposited with the state treasurer for the redemption of such notes or bills. Sec. 146. Any combination between individuals, corporations, associations, or either, having for its object or effect the controlling of the price of any pro- STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 19 duct of the soil or any article of manufacture or commerce, or the cost of exchange or transportation, is prohibited and hereby declared unlawful and against public policy, and any and all franchises heretofore granted or ex- tended or that may hereafter be granted or extended in this state, whenever the owner or owners thereof violate this article, shall be deemed annulled and become void. AETICLE VIII. EDUCATION. Sec. 147. A high degree of intelligence, patriotism, integrity and morality on the part of every voter in a government by the people being necessary in order to insure the continuance of that government and the prosperity and happiness of the people, the legislative assembly shall make provision for the establishment and maintenance of a system of public schools which shall be open to all children of the State of North Dakota, and free from sec- tarian control. This legislative requirement shall be irrevocable without the consent of the United States and the people of North Dakota. Sec. 148. The legislative assembly shall provide at its first session after the adoption of this constitution, for a uniform system of free public schools throughout the state; beginning with the primary and extending through all grades up to and including the normal and collegiate course. Sec 149. In all schools instruction shall be given as far as practicable in those branches of knowledge that tend to impiess upon the mind the vital impor- tance of truthfulness, temperance, purity, public spirit, and respect for honest labor of every kind. Sec. 150. A superintendent of schools for each county shall be elected every two years, whose qualifications, duties, powers and compensation shall be fixed by law. Sec. 151. The legislative assembly shall take such other steps as may be necessary to prevent illiteracy, secure a reasonable degree of uniformity in course of study and to promote industrial, scientific and agricultural improve- ment. • Sec. 152. All colleges, universities and other educational institutions, for the support of which lands have been granted to this state, or which are sup- ported by a public tax, shall remain under the absolute and exclusive control of the state. No money raised for the support of the public schools of the state shall be appropriated to or used for the support of any sectarian school. ARTICLE IX. SCHOOL AND PUBLIC LANDS. Sec. 153. All proceeds of the public lands that have heretofore been, or may hereafter be granted by the United States for the support of the common- schools in this state; all such per centum as may be granted by the United States on the sale of public lands; the proceeds of property that shall fall to the state by escheat; the proceeds of all gifts and donations to the state for common schools, or not otherwise appropriated by the terms of the gift, and all other property otherwise acquired for common schools, shall be and remain a perpetual fund for the maintenance of the common schools of the state. It shall be deemed a trust fund, the principal of which shall forever remain in- violate and may be increased but never diminished. The state shall make good all losses thereof. Sec. 154. The interest and income of this fund, together with the net pro- ceeds of all fines for violation of state laws, and all other sums which may be added thereto by law, shall be faithfully used and applied each year for the benefit of the common schools of the state, and shall be for this purpose ap- portioned among and between all the several common school corporations of the state in proportion to the number of children in each of school age, as may be fixed by law, and no part of the fund shall ever be diverted even tempora- rily from this purpose, or used for any other purpose whatever than the main- 20 STATE OF XOETH DAKOTA. t^nance of common schools for the equal benefit of all the people of the state; Provided, hoicever, that if any portion of the interest or income aforesaid be not expended during any year, said portion shall be added to and become a part of the school fund. Sec. 155. After one year from the assembling of the first legislative assem- bly, the lands granted to the state from the United States for the support of the common schools, may be sold upon the following conditions, and no other: No more than one-fourth of all such lands shall be sold within the first 5 years after the same become salable by virtue of this section. Xo more than one-half of the remainder within 10 years after the same become salable as aforesaid. The residue may be sold at any time after the expiration of said 10 years. The legislative assembly shall provide for the sale of all school lands subject to the provisions of this article. The coal lands of the state shall never be sold, but the legislative assembly may by general law provide for leasing the same; the words ''coal lands" shall include lands bearing lignite coal. Sec. 156. The superintendent of public instruction, governor, attorney gen- eral, secretary of state and state auditor shall constitute a board of commis- sioners, which shall be denominated the "Board of University and School Lands," and subject to the provisions of this article and any law that may be passed by the legislative assembly, said board shall have control of the appraise- ment, sale, rental and disposal of all school and university lands, and shall di- rect the investment of the funds arising therefrom in the hands of the state treasurer, under the limitations of Sec. 160 of this article. Sec. 157. The county superintendent of common schools, the chairman of the county board and the county auditor, shall constitute boards of appraisal, and under the authority of the state board of university and school lands shall appraise all school lands within their respective counties, which they may from time to time recommend for sale at their actual value, under the prescribed terms, and shall first select and designate for sale the most valuable lands. Sec. 158. No land shall be sold for less than the appraised value, and in no case for less than $10 per acre. The purchaser shall pay one-fifth of the price in cash, and the remaining four-fifths as follows: One-fifth in 5 years, one-fifth in 10 years, one-fifth in 15 years and one-'fifth in 20 years, with interest at the rate of not less than 6 per centum, payable annually in advance. All sales shall be held at the county seat of the county in which the land to be sold is situate, and shall be at public auction, and to the highest bidder, after 60 days' adver- tisement of the same in a newspaper of general circulation in the vicinity of the lands to be sold, and one at the seat of government. Such lands as shall not have been specially subdivided shall be offered in tracts of one-quarter sec- tion, and those so subdivided in the smallest subdivision. All lands designated for sale and not sold within two years after appraisal shall be reappraised before they are sold. Xo grant or patent for any such lands shall issue until payment is made for the same; Provided, that the lands contracted to be sold by the state shall be subject to taxation from the date of such contract. In case the taxes assessed against any of said lands for any year remain unpaid until the first Jlonday in October of the following year, then and thereupon the contract of sale for such lands shall become null and void. Sec. 159. All land, money or other property donated, granted or received from the United States or any other source for a university, school of mines, reform school, agricultural college, deaf and dumb asylum, normal school or other educational or charitable institution or purpose, and the proceeds of all such lands and other property so received from any source, shall be and remain perpetual funds, the interest and income of which, together with the rents of all such lands as may remain unsold, shall be inviolably appropriated and ap- plied to the .specific objects of the original grants or gifts. The principal of every such fund maybe increased but shall never be dimin.shed, and the interest and income only shall be used. Every fund shall be deemed a trust fund held by the state, and the state shall make good all losses thereof. Sec. 160. Ail land mentioned in the preceding section shall be appraised and .sold in the .same manner and under the same limitations and subject to all the conditions as to price and sale as provided above for the appraisal and sale of lands for the benefit of common schools; but a distinct and separate account STATK OF XOKTII DAKOTA. 21 shall be kept by the proper officers of each of said funds; Provided, that the limitations as to the time in •which school land may be sold shall apply only to lauds granted for the support of common schools. Sec. 161. The legislative assembly shall have authority to provide by .law for the leasing of lands granted to the state for educational and charitable pur- poses; but no such law shall authorize the leasing of said lands for a longer period than five years. Said land shall only be leased for pasturage and meadow purposes and at a public auction after notice as heretofore piovided in case of sale; Provided, that all of said school lands now under cultivation may be leased at the discretion and under the control of the board of university and school lands, for other than pasturage and meadow purposes until sold. All rents shall be paid in advance. Sec. 162. The moneys of the permanent school fund and other educational funds shall be invested only in bonds of school corporations within the state, bonds of the United States, bonds of the State of North Dakota, cc in first mortgages on farm lands in the state not exceeding in amount one- third of the actual value of any subdivision on which the same may be loaned, such value to be determined by the board of appraisers of school lands. Sec. 163. No law shall ever be passed by the legislative assembly granting to any person, corporation or association any privileges by reason of the occu- pation, cultivation or improvement of any public lands by said person, corpo- ration or association subsequent to the survey thereof by the general govern- ment. No claim for the occupation, cultivation or improvement of any public lands shall ever be recognized, nor shall such occupation, cultivation or im- provement of any public lands ever be used to diminish either directly or in- directly the purchase price of said lands. Sec. 164. The legislative assembly shall have authority to provide by law for the sale or disposal of all public lands that have been heretofore or may hereafter be granted by the United States to the state for purposes other than set forth and named in Sees. 153 and 159 of this article. And the legislative assembly, in providing for the appraisement, sale, rental and disposal of the same shall not be subject to the provisions and limitations of this article. Sec. 165. The legislative assembly shall pass suitable laws for the safekeep- ing, transfer and disbursement of the state school funds; and shall require all ofiicers charged with the same or tha safe keeping thereof to give ample bonds for all moneys and funds received by them, and if any of said officers shall convert to his own use in any manner or form, or shall loan with or without interest or shall deposit in his own name, or otherwise than in the name of the State of North Dakota, or shall deposit in any banks or with any person or per- sons, or exchange for other funds or pi-operty any portion of the school funds aforesaid, or purposely allow any portion of the same to remain in his own hands uninvested except in the manner prescribed by law, every such act shall constitute an embezzlement of so much of the aforesaid school funds as shall be thus taken or loaned, or deposited, or exchanged, or withheld, and shall be a felony ; and any failure to pay over, produce or account for, the state school funds or any part of the same intrusted to any such officer, as by law required or demanded, shall be held and be taken to be prima facie evidence of such em- bezzlement. AETICLE X. county and township organization. Sec. 166. The several counties in the Territory of Dakota lying north of the 7th standai-d parallel, as they now exist, are hereby declared to be coun- ties of the State of North Dakota. Sec. 167. TLo legislative assembly shall provide by general law for organiz- ing new counties, locating the county seats thereof temporarily, and changing county lines; but no new county shall be organized, nor shall any organized county be so reduced as to include an area of less than 24 congressional town- ships, and containing a population of less than 1, 000 Z/o)irtJirfe inhabitants. And in the organization of new counties and in changing the lines of organized coun- ties and boundaries of congressionel townships, natural boundaries shall be observed as nearly as may be. 22 STATE OF XORTH DAKOTA. Sec. 168. All changes in the boundaries of organized counties before taking effect shall be submitted to the electors of the county or counties to be affected thereby, at a general election, and be adopted by a majority of all the legal votes cast in each county at such election ; and in case any portion of an organ- ized county is stricken off and added to another, the county to which such portion is added shall assume and be holden for an equitable proportion of the indebtedness of the county so reduced. Sec. 169. The legislative assembly shall provide by general law for chang- ing county seats in organized counties, but it shall have no power to remove the county seat of any organized county. Sec. 170. The legislative assembly shall provide by general law for town- ship organization under which any county may organize whenever a majority of all the legal voters of such county, voting at a general election, shall so determine; and whene'ver any county shall adopt township organization, so much of this constitution as provides for the management of the fiscal con- cerns of said county by the board of county commissioners may be dispensed with by a majority vote of the people voting at any general election; and the affairs of said county may be transacted by the chairman of the several town- ship boards of said county, and such others as may be provided by law for incorporated cities, towns or villages within such county. Sec. 171. In any county that shall have adopted a system of government by the chairmen of the several township boards, the question of continuing the same may be submitted to the electors of such county at a general election in such a manner as may be provided by law, and if a majority of all the votes cast upon such question shall be against said system of government, then such system shall cease in said county, and the affairs of said county shall then be transacted by a board of county commissioners as is now provided by the laws of the Territoiy of Dakota. Sec. 172. Until the system of county government by the chairmen of the sev- eral township boards is adopted by any county the fiscal affairs of said county shall be transacted by a board of county commissioners. Said board shall con- sist of not less than 3 and not more than 5 members, whose term of office shall be prescribed by law. Said board shall hold sessions for the transaction of county business as shall be provided by law. Sec. 173. At the first general election held after the adoption of this consti- tution, and every two years thereafter, there shall be elected in each organized county in the state a county judge, clerk of court, register of deeds, county auditor, treasurer, sheriff and state's attorney, who shall be electors of the county in which they are elected and who shall hold their office until their successors are elected and qualified. The legislative assembly shall provide by law for such other county, township and district officers as may be deemed necessary, and shall prescribe the duties and compensation of all county, town- ship and district officers. The sherifl' and treasurer of any county shall not hold their respective offices for more than four years in succession. ARTICLE XI. REVENUE AND TAXATION. Sec. 174. The legislative assembly shall provide for raising revenue suffi- cient to defray the expenses of the state for each year, not to exceed in any one year four (4) mills on the dollar of the assessed valuation of all taxable property in the state, to be ascertained by the last assessment made for state and county purposes, and also a sufficient sum to pay the interest on the state debt. Sec. 175. No tax shall be levied except in pursuance of law, and every law imposing a tax shall state distinctly the object of the same, to which only it shall be applied. Sec. 176. Laws shall be passed taxing by uniform rule all property accord- ing to its true value in money, but the property of the United States, and the state, county and municipal corporations, both real and personal, shall be ex- empt from taxation, and the legislative assembly shall by a general law exempt from taxation property used exclusively for school, religious, cemetery or chari- table purposes, and personal property to any amount not exceeding in value STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 23 $200 for each individual liable to taxation; but the legislative assembly may, by law, provide for the payment of a "per centum of gross earnings of railroad companies to be j>aid in lieu of all state, county, township and school taxes on property exclusively used in and about the prosecution of the business of such companies as common carriers, but no real estate of said corporations shall be exempted from taxation in the same manner and on the same basis as other real estate is taxed, except roadbed, right of way, shops and buildings used exclusively in their business as common carriers; and whenever and so long as such law providing for the payment of a per centum on earnings shall be in force, that part of Sec. 179 of this article relating to assessments of railroad prop- erty shall cease to be in force. Sec. 177. All improvements on land shall be assessed in accordance with Sec. 179, but plowing shall not be considered as an improvement or add to the value of land for the purpose of assessment. Sec. 178. The power of taxation shall never be surrendered or suspended by any grant or contract to which the state or any county or other municipal cor- poration shall be a party. Sec. 179. All property, except as hereinafter in this section provided, shall be assessed in the county, city, township, town, village or district in wtiich it is situated, in the manner prescribed by law. The franchise, roadway, road- bed, rails and rolling stock of all railroads operated in this state shall be as- sessed by the state board of equalization at their actual value, and such assessed valuation shall be apportioned to the counties, cities, towns, townships and districts in which said roads are located, as a basis for taxation of such property, in proportion to the number of miles of railway laid in such counties, cities, towns, townships and districts. Sec. 180. The legislative assembly may provide for the levy, collection and ■disposition of an annual poll tax of not more than one dollar and fif<^y cents ($1.50) on every male inhabitant of this state over 21 and under 50 years ot age, except paupers, idiots, insane persons and Indians not taxed. Sec. 181. The legislative assembly shall pass all laws necessary to carry ■out the provisions of this article. ARTICLE XII. PUBLIC DEBT AND PUBLIC WORKS. Sec. 182, The state may, to meet casual deficits or failure in the revenue, or in case of extraordinary emergencies, contract debts, but such debts shall never in the aggregate exceed the sum of $200,000, exclusive of what may be the debt of North Dakota at the time of the adoption of this constitution. Every such debt shall be authorized by law for certain purposes to be definitely mentioned therein, and every such law shall provide for levying an annual tax sufficient to pay the interest semi-annually, and the principal within 30 years from the passage of such law, and shall specially appropriate the proceeds of such tax to the payment of said principal and interest, and such appropriation shall not be repealed nor the tax discontinued until such debt, both principal and interest, shall have been fully paid. No debt in excess of the limit named shall be incurred except for the purpose of repelling invasion, suppressing in- surrection, defending the state in time of war, or to provide for public defense in case of threatened hostilities; but the issuing of new bonds to refund exist- ing indebtedness shall not be construed to be any part or portion of said $200,- 000. Sec. 183. The debt of any county, township, town, school district, or any other political subdivision, shall never exceed five (5) per centum upon the assessed value of the taxable property therein ; Provided, that any incorporated city may, by a two-thirds vote, increase such indebtedness three (3) per centum on such assessed value beyond said five (5) per centum limit. In estimating the indebtedness which a city, county, township, school district or any other political subdivision may incur, the entire amount of existing indebtedness, whether •contracted prior o"r subsequent to the adoption of this constitution, shall be in- 24 STATE OF XOKTH DAKOJ A. eluded; Provided farther, that any incorporated city may become indebted in any amount not exceeding four (4) per centum on such assessed value without regard to the existing indebtedness of such city, for the purpose of constructing or purchasing water works for furnishing a supply of water to the inhabitants of such city, or for the purpose of constructing sewers, and for no other purpose whatever. All bonds or obligations in excess of the amount of indebtedness permitted by this constitution, given by any city, county, township, town, school district, or any other political subdivision, shall be void. Sec. 181. Any city, county, township, town, school district, or any other political subdivision incurring indebtedness shall, at or before the time of so doing, provide for the collection of an annual tax sufficient to pay the interest and also the principal thereof when due, and all laws or ordinances providing for the payment of the interest or principal of any debt shall be trrepealable until such debt be paid. Sec. 185. Neither the stat« nor any county, city, township, town, school district or any other political subdivision shall loan or give its credit or make donations to or in aid of any individual, association or corporation, except for neces.sary support of the poor, nor subscribe to or become the owner of the capital stock of any association or corporation, nor shall the state engage in any work of internal improvement unless authorized by a two-thirds vote of the people. Sec. 186. No money shall be paid out of the state treasury except upon appropriation by law and on warrant drawn by the proper officer, and no bills, claims, accounts or demands against the state, or any county or other political subdivision, shall be audited, allowed or paid until a full itemized statement in writing shall be filed with the officer or officers whose duty it may be to audit the same. Sec. 187. No bond or evidence of indebtedness of the state shall be valid unless the same shall have indorsed thereon a certificate, signed by the auditor and secretary of state, that the bond or evidence of debt is issued pursuant t-o law and is within the debt limit. No bond or evidence of debt of any county, or bond of any township or other political subdivision shall be valid unless the same have indorsed thereon a certificate signed by the county auditor, or other officer authorized by law to sign such certificate, stating that said bond, or evidence of debt, is issued pursuant to law and is within the debt limit. ARTICLE XIII. 3IILITIA. Sec. 188. The militia of this state shall consist of all able-bodied male persons residing in the state, between the agro of 18 and 45 years, except such as may be exempted by the laws of the United States or of this state. Persons whose religious tenets or conscientious scruples forbid them to bear arms shall not be comi^elled to do so in times of peace, but shall pay an equivalent for a personal ser\ice. Sec. 189. The militia shall be enrolled, organized, uniformed, armed and disciplined in such a manner as shall be provided by law, not incompatible with the constitution or laws of the United States. Sec. 190. The legislative assembh' shall provide by law for the establish- ment of volunteer organizations of the several arms of the service, which shall be classed as active militia, and no other organized body of armed men shall be permitted to perform military duty in this state, except the army of the United States, without the proclamation of the governor of the state. Sec. 191. All militia officers shall be appointed or elected in such a manner as the legislative assembly shall provide. Sec. 192. The commissioned officers of the militia shall be commissioned by the governor, and no commissioned officer shall be removed from office except by sentence of court mirtial pursuant to law. Sec. 193. The militia foree> sh?ll in all cases, except treason, felony or breach of the psace, be privileged from arrest during their attendance at mus- ters, parades and election of officers, and in goinj; to an 1 returning from the same. STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 25 ARTICLE XIV. IMPEACHMENT AND REMOVAL FROM OFFICE. Sec. 194. The house of represeatatives shall have the sole power of im- peachment. The concurrence of a, majority of all members elected shall be necessary to an impeachment. Sec. 195. All impeachments shall be tried by the senate. When sitting for that purpose the senators shall be upon oath or affirmation to do justice according to the law and evidence. No person shall be convicted without the concurrence of two-thirds of the members] elected. When the governor or lieutenant governor is on trial, the presiding judge of the supreme court shall preside. Sec. 196. The governor and other state and judicial officers, except county judges, justices of the peace and police magistrates, shall be liable to impeach- ment for habitual drunkenness, crimes, corrupt conduct, or malfeasance or misdemeanor in office, bat judgment in such cases shall not extend further than removal from office and disqualification to hold any office of trust or profit under the state. The person accused, whether convicted or acquitted, shall nevertheless be liable to indictment, trial, judgment and punishment accord- ing to law. Sec. 197. All officers not liable to impeachment shall be subject to removal for misconduct, malfeasance, .crime or misdemeanor in office, or for habitual drunkenness or gross incompetency, in such manner as may be provided by law. Sec. 198. No officer shall exercise the duties of his office after he shall have been impeached and before his acquittal. Sec. 199. On trial of impeachment against the governor, the lieutenant governor shall not act as a member of the court. Sec. 200. No person shall be tried on impeachment before he shall have been served with a copy thereof, at least 20 days previous to the day set for trial. Sec. 201. No person shall be liable to impeachmeiit twice for the same offense. ARTICLE XV. FUTURE A3IENDMENTS. Sec. 202. Any amendment or amendments to this constitution may be proposed in either house of the legislative assembly, and if the same shall be agreed to by a majority of the members elected to each of the two houses, such proposed amendment shall be entered on the journal of the house with the yeas and nays taken thereon, and referred to the legislative assembly to be chosen at the next general election, and shall be published, as provided by law, for three months previous to the time of making such choice; and if in the legis- lative assembly so next chosen as aforesaid such proposed amendment or amend- ments shall be agreed to by a majority of all tie members elected to each house, then it shall be the duty of the legislative assembly to submit such proposed amendment or amendments to the people in such manner and at such time as the legislative assembly shall provide; and if the people shall approve and ratify such amendment or amendments by a majority of the electors quali- fied to vote for members of the legislative assembly voting thereon, such amendment or amendments shall become a part of the constitution of this state. IS two or more amendments shall be submitted at the same time they shall be submitted in such manner that the electors shall vote for or against each of such amendments separately. ARTICLE XVI. compact with the UNITED STATES. The following article shall be irrevocable without the consent of the United States and the people of this state: Sec 203. Firxt — Perfect toleration of religious sentiment shall be secured, and no inhabitant of this state shall ever be molested in person or property on account of his or her mode of religious worship. 26 STATE OF >rORTH DAKOTA. Second — The people inhabiting this state do agree and declare that they for- ever disclaim all right and title to the unappropriated public lands lying within the boundaries thereof, and to all lands lying within said limits owned or held by any Indian or Indian tribes, and that until the title thereto shall have been extinguished by the United States, the same shall be and remain subject to the disposition of the United States, and that said Indian lands shall remain under the absolute jurisdiction and control of the Congress of the United States; that the lands belonging to citizens of the United States residing without this state shall never be taxed at a higher rate than the lands belonging to residents of this state; that no taxes shall be imposed by this state on lands or property therein belonging to, or which may hereafter be purchased by the United States, or reserved for its use. But nothing in this article shall preclude this state from taxing as other lands are taxed, any lands owned or held by any Indian who has severed his tribal relations, and has obtained from the United States, or from any person, a title thereto, by patent or other grant, save and except such lands as have been or may be granted to any Indian or Indians under any acts of Congress containing a provision exempting the lands thus granted from taxation, which last mentioned lands shall be exempt from taxation so long, and to such an extent, as is or may be x^rovided in the act of Congress grant- ing the same TJiird — In order that payment of the debts and liabilities contracted or in- curred by and in behalf of the Territory of Dakota may be justly and equita- bly provided for and .made, and in pursuance of the requirements of an act of Congress approved Feb. 22, 1839, entitled "An Act to provide for the division of Dakota into two states and to enable the people of North Dakota, South Da- kota, Montana and Washington to form constitutions and state governments and to be admitted into the Union on an equal footing with the original states, and to make donations of public lands to such states, ' ' the states of North Da- kota and South Dakota, by proceedings of a joint commission, duly appointed under said act, the sessions whereof were held at Bismarck in said State of North Dakota, from July 16, 1389, to July 31, 1889, inclusive, have agreed to the following adjustment of the amounts of the debts and liabilities of the Territory of Dakota which shall be assumed and paid by each of the states of North Dakota and South Dakota, respectively, to-wit: This agreement shall take effect and be in force from and after the admission into the Union, as one of the United States of America, of either the State of North Dakota or the State of South Dakota. The words "State of North Dakota," whenever used in this agreement, shall be taken to mean the Territory of North Dakota in case the State of South Da- kota shall be admitted into the Union j)rior to the admission into the Union of the State of North Dakota; and the words "State of South Dakota," whenever used in this agreement, shall be taken to mean the Territory of South Dakota in case the State of North Dakota shall be admitted into the Union prior to the admission into the Union of the State of South Dakota. The said State of North Dakota shall assume and pay all bonds issued by the Territory of Dakota to provide funds for the purchase, construction, repairs or maintenance of such public institutions, grounds or buildings as are located within the boundaries of North Dakota, and shall pay all warrants issued un- der and by virtue of that certain act of the legislative assembly of the Territory of Dakota, approved March 8, 1889, entitled "An Act to provide for the refund- ing of outstanding warrants drawn on the capitol building fund." The said State of South Dakota shall assume and pay all bonds issued by the Territory of Dakota to provide funds for the purchase, construction, repairs or maintenance of such public institutions, grounds or buildings as are located within the boundaries of South Dakota. That is to say: The State of North Dakota shall assume and pay the follow- ing bonds and indebtedness, to-wit: Bonds issued on account of the hospital for insane at Jamestown, North Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $266,000; also, bonds issued on account of the North Dakota University at Grand Forks, North Dakota, the face aggre- gate of which is $96,700; also, bonds issued on account of the penitentiary at Bismarck, North Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $93,600; also, refund- ing capitol building warrants dated April 1, 1889, $33,507.46. STATE OF NOETH DAKOTA. 27 And the State of South Dakota shall assume and pay the following bonds and indebtedness, to-wit: Bonds issued on account of the hospital for the insane at Yankton, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $210,000; also, bonds issued on account of the school for deaf mutes at Sioux Falls, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $51,000; also, bonds issued on account of the university at Ver- million, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $75,000; also, bonds is- sued on account of the penitentiary at Sioux Falls, South Dakota, the face aggre- gate of which is $94,300, also, bonds issued on account of the agricultural col- ege at Brookings, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $97,500; also, bonds issued on account of the normal school at Madison, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $49,400; also, bonds issued on account of the school of mines at Kajpid City, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $33,000; also, bonds issued on account of the reform school at Plankinton, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $30,000; also, bonds issued on account of the nor- mal school at Spearfish, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $25,000; also, bonds issued on account of the soldiers' home at Hot Springs, South Dakota, the face aggregate of which is $45,000. The states of North Dakota and South Dakota shall pay one-half each of all liabilities now existing or hereafter and prior to the taking effect of this agreement incurred, except those heretofore or hereafter incurred on account of public institutions, grounds or buildings, except as otherwise herein specifically provided. The State of Soath Dakota shall pay to the State of North Dakota $46,500, on account of the excess of territorial appropriations for the permanent improve- ment of territorial institutions which under this agreement will go to South Dakota, and in full of the undivided one-half interest of North Dakota in the territorial library, and in full settlement of unbalanced accounts, and of all claims against the territory, of whatever nature, legal or equitable, arising out of the alleged erroneous or unlawful taxationof Northern Pacific railroad lands, and the payment of said amount shall discharge and exempt the State of South Dakota from all liabilities for or on account of the several matters hereinbefore referred to; nor shall either state be called upon to pay or answer to any portion of liabilities hereafter arising or accruing on account of transactions heretofore had, which liability would be a liability of the Territory of Dakota had such territory remained in existence, and which liability shall grow out of matters connected with any public institutions, grounds or buildings of the territory situated or located within the boundaries of the other state. A final adjustment of accounts shall be made upon the following basis: North Dakota shall be charged with all sums paid on account of the public institu- tions, grounds or buildings located within its boundaries on account of the cur- rent appropriations since March, 9, 1889, and South Dakota shall be charged with all sums paid on account of public institutions, grounds or buildings lo- cated within its boundaries on the same account and during the same time. Each state shall be charged with one-half of all other expenses of the territorial government during the same time. All moneys paid into the treasury during the ijeriod from March 8, 1889, to the time of taking effect of this agreement by any county, municipality or person within the limits of the proposed State of North Dakota shall be credited to the State of North Dakota; and all sums paid into said treasury within the same time by any county, municipality or person within the limits of the proposed State of South Dakota shall be credited to the State of South Dakota; except that any and all taxes on gross earnings paid into said treasury by railroad corporations since the eighth day of March, 1889, based upon earnings of years prior to 1888, under and by virtue of the act of the legislative assembly of the Territory of Dakota, approved March 7, 1889, and entitled "An Act providing for the levy and collection of taxes upon prop- erty of railroad companies in this territory," being Chap. 107 of the Session Laws of 1889 (that is, the part of such sums going to the territory], shall be equally divided between the states of North Dakota and South Dakota, and all taxes heretofore or hereafter paid into said treasury under and by virtue of the act last mentioned, based on the gross earnings of the year 1888, shall be dis- tributed as already provided by law, except that so much thereof as goes to the 28 STATE OF XOETH DAKOTA. territorial treasurer shall be dirided as follows: North Dakota shall have so much thereof as shall be or has been paid by railroads within the limits of the proposed State of North Dakota, and South Dakota so much thereof as shall be or has been paid by railroads within the limits of the proposed State of South Dakota: each state shall be credited also with all balances of appropriations made by the Seventeenth Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Dakota for the account of the public institutions, grounds or buildings situated within its limits, remaining unexpended on March 8, 1S39. If there shall be any indebt- edness except the indebtedness represented by the bonds and refunding war- rants hereinbefore mentioned, each state shall at the time olf such final adjust- ment of accounts assume its share of said indebtedness as determined by the amount paid on account of the public institutions, grounds or buildings of such state in excess of the receipts from counties, municipalities, railroad corpora- tions or persons within the limits of said state, as provided in this article; and if there should be a surplus at the time of such final adj ustment, each state shall be entitled to the amounts received from counties, municipalities, railroad cor- porations or persons within its limits over and above the amount charged it. And the State of North Dakota hereby obligates itself to pay such part of the debts and liabilities of the Territory of Dakota as is declared by the foregoing agreement to be its proportion thereof, the same as if such proportion had been originally created by said State of North Dakota as its own debt or liabitity. Sec. 204. Jnrisdiction is ceded to the United States over the military reser- vations of Fort Abraham Lincoln, Fort.Buford, Fort Pembina and Fort Totten, heretofore declared by the president of the United States; Frovided, legal pro- cess, civil and criminal, of this state, shall extend over such reservations in all cases in which exclusive jurisdictiori is not vested in the United Stat««, MB^f crimes not commited within the limits of such reservations. Sec. 205. The State of North Dakota fcereby accepts the several grants of land granted by the United States to the State of North Dakota by an act of Congress entitled "An Act to provide for the division of Dakota into two states, and to enable the people of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana and "Wash- ington to form constitutions and state governments, and to be admitted into the Union on equal footing with the original states, and to make donations of public lauds to such states.'' under the conditions and limitations therein men- tioned; reserving the right, however, to apply to Congress for modifications of said conditions and limitations in case of necessity. ARTICLE XYIL MISCELLANEOUS. Sec. 206. The name of this state shall be "North Dakota." The State of North Dakota shall consist of all the territory included within the following boundaries, to-wit: Commencing at a point in the main channel of the Red River of the North, where the 49th degree of north latitude crosses the same; thence south up the main channel of the same and along the boundary line of the State of Minnesota to a point where the 7th standard parallel intersects the SI me; thence west along said 7th standard parallel produced due west to a point where it intersects the 27th meridian of longitude west fromW;^shington; thence north on said meridian to a point where it intersects the 49th degree of north latitude; thence east along said line to place of beginniug. Sec. 207. The following described seal is hereby declared to be and hereby constituted the great seal of the State of North Dakota, to-wit: A tree in the open field, the trunk of which is surrounded by three bundles of wheat; on the right a plow, anvil and sledge; on the left a bow crossed with three arrows, and an Indian on horseback pursuing a bufialo towards the setting son; the foliage of the tree arched by a half circle of forty-two stars, surrounded by the motto " Liberty and union now and forever, one and inseparable; " the word.s "Great Seal" at the top; the words "State of North Dakota" at the bottom; "October 1st" on the left and "1889" on the right. The seal to be two and one-half inches in diameter. STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 29 Sec. 208. The right of the debtor to enjoy the comforts and necessaries of life shall be recognized by wholesome laws exempting from forced sale to all heads of families a homestead, the value of which shall be limited and defined by law, and a reasonable amount of personal property; the kind and value shall be fixed by law. This section shall not be construed to prevent liens against the homestead for labor done and materials furnished in the improvement thereof, in such manner as may be prescribed by law. Sec. 209. The labor of children under 12 years of age shall be prohibited in mines, factories and workshops in this state. Sec. 210. All flowing streams and natural watercourses shall forever remain theproperty of the state for mining, irrigating and manufacturing purposes. Sec. 211. Members of the legislative assembly and judicial department, except such inferior officers as may be by law exempted, shall, before they enter on the duties of their respective offices, take and subscribe the following oath or affirmation: " I do solemnly swear (or affirm as the case may be) that I win support the constitution of the United States and the constitution of the State of North Dakota; and that I will faithfully discharge the duties of the office of. according to the best of my ability, so help me God " (if an oath) ("under pains and penalties of perjury," if an affirmation), and no other oath, declaration, or test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust. Sec. 212. The exchange of "black lists " between corporations shall be pro- hibited. Sec. 213. The real and personal property of any woman in this state, acquired before marriage, and all property to which she may after marriage become in any manner rightfully entitled, shall be her separate property and shall not be liable for the debts of her husband. ARTICLE XVIII. CONGRESSIONAL AND LEGISLATIVE APPORTIONMENT. Sec. 214. Until otherwise provided by law, the member of the house of representatives of the United States apportioned to this state, shall be elected at large. Until otherwise provided by law, the senatorial and representative districts shall be formed and the senators and the representatives shall be apportioned as follows: The First district shall consist of the townships of Walhalla, St. Joseph, Neche, Pembina, Bathgate, Carlisle, Joliet, Midland, Lincoln and Drayton, in the county of Pembina, and be entitled to one senator and two representa- tives. The Second district shall consist of the townships of St. Thomas, Hamilton, Cavalier, Akra, Beauleau, Thingvalla, Gardar, Park, Crystal, Elora and Lo- doma, in the county of Pembina, and be entitled to one senator and two rep- resentatives. The Third district shall consist of the townships of Perth, Latona, Adams, Silvesta, Cleveland, Morton, Vesta, Tiber, Medford, Vernon, Golden, Lampton, Eden, Rushford, Kensington, Dundee, Ops, Prairie Centre, Fertile, Park River and Glenwood, in the county of Walsh, and be entitled to one senator and two representatives. The Fourth district shall consist of the townships of Forest River, "Walsh Centre, Grafton, Farmington, Ardock, village of Ardock, Harrison, city of Graf- ton, Oakwood, Martin, Walshville, Pulaski, Acton, Minto and St. Andrews, in the county of Walsh, and be entitled to one senator and three representatives. The Fifth district shall consist of the townships of Gllby, Johnstown, Stra- ban, Wheatfield, Hegton, Arvilla, Avon, Northwood, Lind, Grace, Larlmore and the city of Larlmore, Elm Grove, Agnes, Inkster, Elkmount, Oakwood, Niagara, Moraine, Logan and Loretta, in the county of Grand Forks, and be entitled to one senator and two representatives. 30 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. The Sixth district shall consist of the Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth wards of the city of Grand Forks, as now constituted, and the townships of Falconer, Harvey, Turtle Eiver, Ferry, Eye, Blooming, Meckinock, Lakevilleand Levant, in the county of Grand Forks, and be entitled to one senator and two repre- sentatives. The Seventh district shall consist of the First and Second wards of the city of Grand Forks as now constituted, and the townships of Grand Forks, Brenna, Oakville, Chester, Pleasant View, Fairfield, Allendale, Walle, Bentru, Ameri- cus, Michigan, Union and Washington, in the county of Grand Forks, and be entitled to one senator and two representatives. The Eighth district shall consist of the county of Traill, and be entitled to one senator and four representatives. The Ninth district shall consist of the township of Fargo and the city of Fargo in the county of Cass, and the fractional township number 139, in range 48, and be entitled to one senator and two representatives. The Tenth district shall consist of the townships of Noble, Wiser, Harwood, Reed, Barnes, Stanley, Pleasant, Kenyon, Gardner, Berlin, Raymond, Maple- ton, Warren, Norman, Elm River, Harmony, Durbin, Addison, Davenport, Casselton and the city of Casseltou, in the county of Cass, and be entitled to one senator and three representatives. The Eleventh district shall consist of the townships of Webster, Rush River, Hunter, Arthur, Amenia, Everest, Maple River, Leonard, Dows, Erie, Empire, Wheatland, Gill, Walburg, Watson, Page, Rich, Ayr, Buffalo, Howes, Eldrid, Highland, Rochester, Lake, Cornell, Tower, Hill, Clifton and Pontiac, in the county of Cass, and be entitled to one senator and three representatives. The Twelfth district shall consist of the county of Richland, and be entitled to one senator and three representatives. The Thirteenth district shall consist of the county of Sargent, and be entitled to one senator and three representatives. The Fourteenth district shall consist of the county of Ransom, and be entitled to one senator and two representatives. The Fifteenth district shall consist of the county of Barnes, and be entitled to one senator and two representatives. The Sixteenth district shall consist of the counties of Steele and Griggs, and be entitled to one senator and two representatives. The Seventeenth district shall consist of the county of Nelson, and be entitled to one senator and one representative. The Eighteenth district sha,ll consist of the county of Cavalier, and be entitled to one senator and two representatives. The Nineteenth district shall consist of the counties of Towner and Rolette , and be entitled to one senator and one representative. The Twentieth district ishall consist of the counties of Benson and Pierce, and be entitled to one senator and two representatives. The Twenty-first district shall consist of the county of Ramsey, and be en- titled to one senator and two representatives. The Twenty-second district shall consist of the counties of Eddy, Foster and Wells, and be entitled to one senator and two representatives. The Twenty-third district shall consist of the county of Stutsman, and be entitled to one senator and two representatives. The Twenty-fourth district shall consist of the county of La Moure, and be entitled to one senator and one representative The Twenty-fifth district shall consist of the county of Dickey, and be en- titled to one senator and two representatives. The Twenty-.gixth district shall consist of the counties of Emmons, Mcintosh, Logan and Kidder, and be entitled to one senator and two representatives. The Twenty-seventh district shall consist of the county of Burleigh, and be entitled to one senator and two representatives. The Twenty-eighth district shall consist of the counties of Bottineau and McHenry, and be entitled to one senator and one representative. The Twenty-ninth district shall consist of the counties of Ward, McLean, and all the unorganized counties lying north of the Missouri river, and be en- titled to one senator and one representative. STATE OF NOBTH DAKOTA. 31 The Thirtieth district shall consist of the counties of Morton and Oliver, and he entitled to one senator and two representatives. The Thirty-first district shall consist of the counties of Mercer, Stark and Billings, and all the unorganized counties lying south of the Missouri river, and be entitled to one senator and one representative. ARTICLE XIX. PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. Sec. 215. The following public institutions of the state are permanently lo- cated at the places hereinafter named, each to have the lands specifically grant- ed to it by the United States in the act of Congress approved Feb. 22, 1889, to be disposed of and used in such manner as the legislative assembly may prescribe, subject to the limitations provided in the article on school and public land's contained in this constitution: Pirst — The seat of government at the city of Bismarck, in the county of T>ur- leigh . Second — The state university and the school of mines at the city of Grand Forks, in the county of Grand Forks. Third— The agricultural college at the city of Fargo, in the county of Cass. Fourth — A state normal school at the city of Valley City, in tl e county of Barnes; and the legislative assembly in apportioning the grant '..f 80,000 acres of land for normal schools made in the act of Congress referrer". to, shall grant to the said normal school at Valley City as aforementioned, fifty thousand (50,- 000) acres, and said lands are hereby appropriated to said institution for that purpose. Fifth— The deaf and dumb asylum at the city of Devils Lake, in the county of Ramsey. fi'ia;i!/i— Astate reform school at the city of Mandan, in the county of Mor- ton. ;S^ewn//t— Astate normal school at the city of Mayville, in the county of Traill; and the legislative assembly, in apportioning the grant of land made by Congress in the act aforesaid for state normal schools, shall assign 30,000 acres to the institution hereby located at Mayville, and said lands are hereby appro- priated for said purpose. , ^ , , j5;,yj//j_ A state hospital for the insane, and an institution for the feeble- minded in connection therewith, at the city of Jamestown, in the county of Stutsman; and the legislative assembly shall appropriate 20,000 acres of the grant of land made by the act of Congress aforesaid for "other educational and charitable institutions" to the benefit and for the endowment of said institu- tion. Sec. 216. The following named public institutions are hereby permanently located as hereinafter provided, each to have so much of the remaining grant of 175,000 acres of land made by the United States for "other educational and charitable institutions," and is allotted below, viz.; Pii-st — A soldiers' home, when located, or such other charitable institution as the legislative assembly may determine, at Lisbon, in the county of Ransom, with a grant of 40,000 acres of land. Second — A blind asylum, or such other institution as the legislative assem- bly may determine, at such place in the county of Pembina as the qualified electors of said county may determine at an election to be held as prescribed by the legislative assembly, with a grant of 30,000 acres. Third — Ln industrial school and school for manual training, or such other educational or charitable institution as the legislative assembly may provide, at the town of EUendale, in the county of Dickey, with a grant of 40,000 acres. Fourth — A school of forestry, or such other institution as the legislative as- sembly may determine, at such place in one of the counties of McHenry, Ward, Bottineau, or Rolette, as the electors of said counties may determine by an election for that purpose, to be held as provided by the legislative assem- bly. 32 STATE OF KOETH DAKOTA. Fifth — A scientific school, or sach other educational or charitable institution as the legislative assembly may prescribe, at the city of Wahpeton, county of Eichland, with a grant of 40.000 acres. Provided, That no other institution of a character similar to any one of those located by this article shall be established or maintained -without a revision of this constitution. ARTICLE XX. PKOHIBITIOX. To be submitted to a separate vote of the people as provided by the schedule and ordinance. Sec. 217. No person, association or corporation shall, within this state, man- ufacture for sale or gift, any intoxicating liquors, and no person, association or corporation shall import any of the same for sale or gift, or keep or sell or offer the same for sale or gift, barter or ti-ade. as a beverage. The legislative assem- bly ihall by law prescribe regulations for the enforcement of the provisions of this article, and shall thereby provide suitable penalties for the violation thereof SCHEDULE. Sectiox 1. That no inconvenience may arise from a change of territorial government to state government, it is declared that all writs, actions, prosecu- tions, claiius and rights of individuals and bodies corporate shall continue as if no change of government had taken place, and all processes which may, before the organization of the judicial department under this constitution be issued under the authority of the Territory of Dakota shall be as valid as if issued in the name of the state. Sec. 2. All laws now in force in the Territory of Dakota, which are not repugnant to this constitution, shall remain in force until they expire by their own limitations or be altered or repealed. Sec. 3. All fines, penalties, forfeitures and escheats accruing to the Terri- tory of Dakota shall accrue to the use of the states of North Dakota and South Dakota, and may be sued for and recovered by either of said states as necessity may require. Sec. 4. All recognizances, bonds, obligations or other undertakings hereto- fore taken, or vrhich may be taken before the organization of the judicial department under this constitution, shall remain valid, and shall pass over to, and maybe prosecuted in the name of the state; all bonds, obligations or other undertakings executed to this territory, or to any officer in his official capacity, shall pass over to the proper state authority, and to their successors in office, for the uses therein respectively expressed, and mnv be sued for and recovered accordingly; all criminal prosecutions and penal ..ctions which have arisen, or may arise before the organization of the judicial department under this consti- tution, or which shall then be pending, may be prosecuted to judgment and execution in the name of the state. Sec. 5. All property, real and personal, and credits, claims and choses in action belonging to the Territory of Dakota at the time of the adoption of this constitution, shall be vested in and become the property of the states of North Dakota and South Dakota. Sec. 6. Whenever any two of the judges of the supreme court of the state elected under the provisions of this constitution shall have qualified in their offices, the causes then pending in the supreme court of the territory on appeal or writ of error from the district court of any county or subdivision within the limits of this state, and the papers, records and proceedings of said court, shall pass into the jurisdiction and possession of the supreme court of the state, except as otherwise provided in the enabling act of Congress, and until so superseded the supreme court of the territory and the judges thereof shall STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 33 continue, with like power and jurisdiction as if this constitution had not been adopted. Whenever the judge of the district court of any district elected under the provisions of this constitution shall have qualified in his office, the several causes then pending in the district court of the territory within any county in such district, and the records, j)apers and proceedings of said district court, and the Seal and other property pertaining thereto, shall pass into the jurisdiction and possession of the district court of the state for such county, ex- cept as provided in the enabling act of Congress; until the district court of this territory shall be superseded in the manner aforesaid, the said district court and the judges thereof shall continue with the same jurisdiction and power to be exercised in the same judicial districts respectively as heretofore constituted under the laws of the territory. Sec. 7. Until otherwise provided by law, the seals now in use in the supreme and district courts of this territory are hereby declared to be the seals of the supreme and district courts respectively of the state. Sec. 8. Whenever this constitution shall go into effect, the books, records and papers, and proceedings of the probate court in each county, and all causes and matters of administration and other matters pending therein, shall pais into the jurisdiction and possession of the county court of the same county, and the said county court shall proceed to final decree or judgment, order or other determination in the said several matters and causes as the said probate court might have done if this constitution had not been adopted. And until the election and qualification of the judges of the county courts provided for in this constitution, the probate judges shall act as the judges of the county courts within their respective counties, and the seal of the probate court in each county shall be the seal of the county court therein until the said court shall have procured a proper seal. Sec. 9. The terms "probate court" or "probate judge" whenever occur- ring in the statutes of the territory shall, alter this constitution goes into effect, be held to apply to the county court or county judge. Sec. 10. All territorial, county and precinct officers, who may be in office at the time this constitution takes effect, whether holding their offices under th« authority of the United States or of the territory, shall hold and exercise theii respective offices, and perform the duties thereof as prescribed in this constitu- tion, until their successors shall be elected and qualified in accordance with the provisions of this constitution, and official bonds of all such officers shall con- tinue in full force and effect as though this constitution had not been adopted, and such officers for their term of service, under this constitution, shall receive the same salaries and (compensation as iiby this constitution, or by the laws ol the territory, provided for like officers; TProivVZe^Z, that the county and precinct officers shall hold their offices for the term for which they were elected. There shall be elected in each organized county in this state, at the election to be held for the ratification of this constitution, a clerk of the district court, who shall hold his office under said election, until his successor is duly elected and quali- fied. The judges of the district court shall have power to appoint state's attor- neys in any organized county where no such attorneys have been elected, which appointment shall continue until the general election to be held in 1890, and until his successor is elected and qualified. Sec. 11. This constitution shall take effect and be in full force immediately upon the admission of the territory as a state. Sec. 12. Immediately upon the adjournment of this convention, the gov- ernor of the territory, or in case of his absence or failure to act, the secretary of the territory, or in his absence or failure to act, the president of the constitutional convention, shall issue a proclamation, which shall be pub- lished and a copy thereof mailed to the chairman of the board of county com- missioners of each county, calling an election by the people on the first Tuesday in October, 1889, of all the state and district officers created and made elective by this constitution. This constitution shall be submitted for adoption or rejec- tion at said election to a vote of the electors qualified by the laws of this terri- tory to vote at all elections. At the election provided for herein the qualified voters shall vote directly for or against this constitution, and for or against the article separately submitted. *3 34 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. Sec. 13. The board of commissioners of the several counties shall thereupon order such election for said day, and shall cause notice thereof to be given for the period of 20 days in the manner provided by law. Every qualified elector of the territory, at the date of said election, shall be entitled to vote thereat. Said election shall be conducted in all respects in the same manner as provided by the laws of the territory for general elections, and the returns for all state and district officers, and members of the legislative assembly, shall be made to the canvassing board hereinafter provided for. Sec. 14. The governor, secretary and chief justice, or a majority of them, shall constitute a board of canvassers to canvass the vote of such election for all state and district officers and members of the legislative assembly. The said board shall assemble at the seat of government of the territory on the fifteenth day after the day of such election (or on the following day if such day fall on Sunday), and proceed to canvass the votes on the adoption of this constitu- tion and for all state and district officers and members of the legislative assem- bly in the manner provided by the laws of the territory for canvassing the vote for delegate to Congress, and they shall issue certificates of election to the persons found to be elected to said offices severally, and' shall make and file with the secretary of tlie territory an abstract, certified by them, of the num- ber of votes cast for or against the adoption of the constitution, and for each person for each of said offices, and of the total number of votes cast in each county. Sec. 15. All officers elected at such election shall, within 60 days after the date of the executive proclamation admitting the State of North Dakota into the Union, take the oath required by this constitution, and give the same bond required by the law of the territory to be given in case of like officers of the territory and districts, and shall thereupon enter upon the duties of their re- spective offices; but the legislative assembly may require by law all such offi- cers to give other or further bonds as a condition of their continuance in office. Sec. 16. The judges of the district court who shall be elected at the election herein provided for shall hold their offices until the first Monday in January, 1893, and until their successors are elected and qualified. Ail other state officers, except j udges of the supreme court, who shall be elected at the elec- tion herein provided for, shall hold their offices until the first Monday in Jan- uary, 1891, and until their successors are elected and qualified. Until other- wise provided by law the judges of the supreme court shall receive for their services the salary of $4,000 per annum, payable quarterly; and the district judges shall receive for their services the salary of $3,000 per annum, payable quarterly. '' Sec. 17. The governor-elect of the state, immediately upon his qualifying and entering upon the duties of his office, shall issue his proclamation conven- ing the legislative assembly of the state at the seat of government, on a day to be named in said proclamation, and which shall not be less than 15 nor more than 40 days after the date of such proclamation. And said legislative assembly, after organizing, shall proceed to elect two senators of the United States for the State of North Dakota; and at said election the two persons who shall receive a majority of all the votes cast by the said senators and repre- sentatives shall be elected such United State senators. And the presiding officers of the senate and house of representatives shall each certify the elec- tion to the governor and secretary of the State of North Dakota; and the governor and secretary of state shall certify the elections of such senators as provided by law. Sec. 18. At the election herein provided for there shall be elected a repre- sentative to the Fifty-first Congress of the United States, by the electors of the state at large. Sec. 19. It is hereby made the duty of the legislative assembly at its first session to provide for the payment of all debts and indebtedness authorized to be incurred by the constitutional convention of North Dakota, which shall re- main unpaid after the appropriation made by Congress for the same shall have been exhausted. STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 35 Sec. 20. There shall 'be submitted at the same election at which this consti- tution is submitted for rejection or adoption, Article XX., entitled "Prohibi- tion," and persons who desire to vote for said article shall have written or printed on their ballots ' ' For Prohibition, ' ' and all persons desiring to vote against said article shall have written or printed on their ballots "Against Pro- hibition. ' ' If it shall appear according to the returns herein provided for that a majority of all the votes cast at said election for and against prohibition are "For Prohibition," then said Article XX. shall be and form a part of this con- stitution, and be in full force and eifect as such from the date of the admission of this state into the Union. But if a majority of said votes shall appear ac- cording to said returns to be "Against Prohibition," then said Article XX. shall be null and void, and shall not be a part of this constitution. Sec. 21. The agreement made by the joint commission of the constitutional conventions of North Dakota and South Dakota concerning the records, books a7id archives of the Territory of Dakota, is hereby ratified and confirmed ; which agreement is in the words following, that is to say: The following books, records and archives of the Territory of North Dakota, to-wit: All records, books and archives in the offices of the governor and sec- retary of the territory (except records of articles of incorporation of domestic corporations, returns of election of delegates to the constitutional convention of 1889, for South Dakota, returns of elections held under the so-called local option law in counties within the limits of South Dakota, bonds of notaries public appointed for counties within the limits of South Dakota, papers relat- ing to the organization of counties situate within the limits of South Dakota, all which records and archives are a part of the records and archives of said secretary's office; excepting, also, census returns from counties situate within the limits of South Dakota and papers relating to requisitions issued upon the application of officers of counties situate within the limits of South Dakota, all which are a part of the records and archives of said governor's office). And the following records, books and archives shall also be the property of the State of North Dakota, to-wit: Vouchers in the office or custody of the auditor of this territory relating to expenditures on account of public institutions, grounds, or buildings situate Avithin the limits of North Dakota. One warrant register in the office of the treasurer of this territory, being a record of warrants issued under and by vir- tue of Chap. 24 of the laws enacted by the Eighteenth Legislative Assembly of Dakota Territory. All letters, receipts and vouchers in the same office now filed by counties and pertaining to counties within the limits of North Dakota. Paid and canceled coupons in the same office representing interest on bonds of North Dakota. All other records, books and archieves which it is hereby agreed shall be the property of South Dakota, shall remain at the capitol of North Dakota until demanded by the legislature of the State of South Dakota, and until the State of North Dakota shall have had a reasonable time after such demand is made to provide copies or abstracts of such portions thereof as the said State of North Dakota may desire to have copies or abstracts of. The State of South Dakota may also provide copies or abstracts of such records, books and archives, which it is agreed shall be the property of Nor.th Dakota, as said State of South Dakota shall desire to have copies or abstracts of The expense of all copies or abstracts of records, books and archives which it is herein agreed may be made, shall be borne equally by said two states. Sec. 22. Should the counties containing lands which form a part of the grant of lands made by Congress to the Northern Pacific Eailroad Company be compelled by law to refund moneys paid for such lands or any of them by pur- chasers thereof at tax sales thereof, based upon taxes illegally levied upon said lands, then and in that case the State of North Dakota shall appropriate the sum of 125,000, or so much thereof as may be necessary, to reimburse said counties for the amount so received from said illegal tax sales and paid by said counties into the treasury of Dakota Territory, which said State of North Da- kota is to assume and pay. Reports of gross earnings of the year 1888 in the same office, made by corporations operating lines of railroad situated wholly 36 STATE OF NOETH DAKOTA. or mainly within the limits of North Dakota. Eecords and papers of the office of the public examiner of the Second district of the territory. Records and pa- pers of the office of the district boaid of agriculture. Records and papers in the office of the board of pharmacy of the district of North Dakota. All records, books and archives of the Territory of Dakota which it is not herein agreed shall be the property of North Dakota, shall be the property of South Dakota. The following books shall be copied, and the copies shajl be the property of North Dakota, and the cost of such copies shall be borne equally by said states of North Dakota and South Dakota. That is to say: Appropriation ledger for years ending November, 1889-90 — one volume. The auditor's current warrant register — one volume. Insurance record for 1889 — one volume. Treasurer's cash book, " D. " Assessment ledger, ' " B. " Dakota Territory bond register — one volume. Treasurer's current ledger — one volume. The originals of the foregoing volumes which are to be copied shall at any time after such copying shall have been completed be delivered on demand to the proper authorities of the state. Sec. 23. This constitution shall after its enrollment be signed by the presi- dent of this convention and the chief clerk thereof and such delegates as desire to sign the same, whereupon it shall be deposited in the office of the secretary of the territory, where it may be signed at any time by any delegate who shall be prevented from signing the same for any reasons at the time of the adjourn- ment of this convention. Sec. 24. In case the territorial officers of the Territory of Dakota, or any of them who are now required by law to report to the governor of the territory, annually or biennally, shall prepare and publish such reports covering the transactions of their offices up to the time of the admission of the State of North Dakota into the Union, the legislative assembly shall make sufficient appro- priations to pay one-half of the cost of such publication. Sec. 25. The governor and secretary of the territory are hereby authorized to make arrangements for the meeting of the first legislative assembly, and the inauguration of the state government. Sec. 26. The legislative assembly shall provide for the editing, and for the publication, in an independent volume, of this constitution, as soon as it shall take effect, and whenever it shall be altered or amended, and shall cause to be published in the same volume the Declaration of Independence, the Constitu- tion of the United States and the Enabling Act. STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 37 II. THE OFFICIAL VOTE OF NORTH DAKOTA BY COUNTIES. FIRST STATE ELECTION, OCT. 1, 1889. COUNTIES. Barnes Burleigh Benson Bottineau Billings Cass Cavalier Dickey Eddy Emmons Foster Grand Forks Griggs Kidder La Moure Logan Morton McHenry ..... McLean Mcintosh Mercer Nelson Oliver Pembina Pierce Richland Ransom , Ramsey Rolette Stark Stutsman , Steele Sargent Traill Towner Walsh Wells Ward Total.. Majority..., Rep. in Con- gress. 1, 250 775 475 3.S6 45 2, 842 668 1,088 240 392 237 2,170 341 257 59i 77 687 220 222 375 70 665 28 1,563 172 1,194 998 790 289 434 863 549 1,138 1,525 188 1,K37 190 292 26. 077 14,071 446 310 105 303 14 1,288 515 507 16? 73 126 1,026 2(9 90 234 13 331 64 41 20 15 223 48 1,217 56 790 252 330 205 179 547 92 110 470 241 1,099 148 107 12, 006 Governor. 1,191 771 467 335 45 2,712 647 1,087 241 391 23.^ 1,929 346 259 594 77 680 219 223 375 70 628 28 1,553 181 1,199 998 779 250 432 818 546 1,027 1, 524 184 1,842 186 296 25, 365 498 322 111 304 14 1,411 534 506 161 78 131 1.263 205 88 235 13 335 68 41 20 15 260 48 1,241 46 771 261 343 238 182 603 92 216 469 244 1,100 152 114 12, 733 Lieutenant Governor. 1,119 760 481 334 45 2,932 648 1,090 240 392 240 2,267 366 259 570 77 692 219 223 375 70 660 28 1,582 184 1,107 1,015 805 292 431 653 542 1,056 1,522 188 1,854 190 291 576 332 101 805 14 1, 203 525 504 159 77 127 929 187 88 257 13 338 66 41 20 15 226 48 1,211 45 862 245 317 200 183 753 9S 191 469 241 1, 086 149 115 25, 779 13, 463 12, 316 Secretary of State. 1,282 764 466 333 45 2,936 670 1,092 242 392 238 2,194 359 258 599 77 681 219 223 375 70 617 28 1,587 181 1,198 1,014 G12 294 435 867 408 1,056 1,292 18-* 1,846 192 290 413 331 115 305 14 1,201 511 503 161 77 129 991 193 86 230 13 337 66 41 19 15 268 48 1, 205 47 788 245 497 198 179 547 225 192 635 240 1, 095 147 117 25, 6.0 12, 424 1 13, 196j State Treas- urer. State Audi- tor. 1,254 769 469 332 45 2, 9.36 472 1,091 238 392 2,37 2 229 '370 258 597 77 681 221 223 375 70 660 28 1,623 182 1,196 1,015 798 289 434 867 540 1,054 1,551 167 1,484 192 291 25, 707 13,321 442 326 112 306 14 1,194 706 504 165 77 129 962 181 88 233 13 337 64 41 19 15 226 48 1, 165 46 788 244 325 201 179 546 82 194 442 261 1,448 147 116 1,252 767 475 333 45 2,671 703 1,082 224 392 242 2,233 363 258 594 77 681 223 223 364 70 633 28 1,619 171 1,162 1,004 763 293 433 868 546 1. 056 1,421 189 1,786 186 289 12, 386 25,7191 12, .356 13,363!. District Judges.— The vote on the various district judges was as follows: First district— A. J. O'Keefe (rep.), 4,250; C. F. Templeton (dem.), 6,713. Second district— D.E.Morgan (rep.), 2,701; Jas. F. O'Brien (dem.), 1,465. Thirddistrict—Seth Newman (rep.), 3,131; W.S. McConnell (dem.), 3,549. Fourth district — W.S. Lauder (rep.), 3,055; S. H. Snvder (dem.), 2,077; E. S. Ellis (ind.), 1,279. Fifth district — O. H. Hewitt (rep.), 2,371; Roderick Rose (dem.), 3,310. Sixth district — W. H. Winchester (rep.), 2,352 ; John C. Hollemback (dem.), 1,624. Scattering. — For governor, 18; lieutenant governor, 8; secretary of state, 11; treasurer, 4; auditor, 3; superintendent of public instruction, 12; attorney general, 2; commissioner of insurance, 9 ; commissioner of railroads, 8 ; commissioner of agriculture and labor, 1 ; supreme oourt judges, 11 ; congressman, 3. 38 STATE OF XORTH DAKOTA. OFFICIAL TOTE BY COUNTIES.— Coxtixced. ..,. ic » T> w Com. of Commis- ■ ft"n^°!r 'in^tVuction I Agriculture sioner of In-I Judges of the Supreme Court, and Labor. suranee. COTNTIES. Barnes Burleigh Benson Bottineau Billings Cass Cavalier Dickev Eddy: Emmons Foster Graad Forks., ftriggs Kidder La Moure Logan Morton McHenry McLean Mcintosh Mercer Xelson Oliver Pembina Fierce Richland Eansom Ramsey Rolette Stark -Stutsman Steele Sargent.. Traill Towner Walsh Wells Ward 1,240 771 4S0 332 4a 2,808: 661 1,087 242 392. 237; 2, ua 368 259 599 77 680 221, 223, 375j 70! 653 1 28' 1,527 183 1,198 849 803 292 435 870 560 1,054 1.5.52 183 1,856 192 283 4.31, 325; 102 307 14 1, 324! 524 506 161 1281 1,027 183 87 231 13 337 64 41 19 15 234 48 1,266 45 797 393 321 200 179 544 81 190 440 241 1,086 147 1,2701 771 433 i 335 45 3,077 670 968: 239 392! 237; 1, 7741 371 260' 593 77, 679 221' 223' 3751 70: 660 28' 1,590] 183 1, 199' 1, 014 714; 292 i 435: 868 559 1,0561 1,523 1 188- l,861i 193; 29l| c p g- a 1 o ^ fi S? a in" o •a- >> ' 2 s ^ ti fe > a ^ 434 325| 99 304; 13 1,044! 513 619 164 7"! 129 934 180j 86 237 13 339 64 41 19 14 227 4Si 1,2031 451 7.S6| 245 310! 201 ; 179 544 80 192; 465 2411 1,0811 1461 115| 1,245. 7711 480! 333| 451 2,9431 699; 1,093 237 1 391 i 225, 2, 260; 365' 259; 5971 68l| 221 1 223 3731 70j 662! 28 1 1,587 1 1831 l,198j 1,017 811 i 290! 435! 866] 5481 1,053! 1, 553 1881 1,853 188 291 452 -325 101 307 14 ,196 479 502 164 140 931 187 87 233 13 33 63 41 19 15 225 48 ,201 1 45; 7871 1. 244i 1: 313' 203! 179i 546 93 1 193! 1 4381 1 241 ,083| 1, 148| 115 ... 222 764, 486 333 45 098 670 094 239 392 237 263 366 235 604 77 709 221 223 374 70 659! 281 5391 183 200| ,W9i 807 ; 2921 435 898 559 056 554 188 859 192 Total Majority.. 437 327 96 306 14 ,035 514 494 163 77 129 932 175 110 226 13 309 63 41 19 15 225 48: ,202 45! 786 199 317 201; 175; 515' 82 1 192i 4.38 j 241 1 ,0801 147 ,228, 1, 7611 4801 334 45 ,f38l 2, 664: ,100| 1, 239 4691 2331 ,268i 2, 5.50 259 594; 673 221 1 264; 375 70^ 6581 28' ,0161 1, 181! ,200 1, 999 810 293! 4351 868| 562 ,054 188 ,8.54 191 292 ,268 760 480 326 45 ,929 665 ,098 244 391 244 ,260 368 259 662 77 681 221 223 375 70 656 28 ,584 179 ,199 ,001 4561 3251 991 313; 13I 413 323 99 305 13 ,195, 1,186 515 513 2921 292; 4351 43-51 868; 868! 560! 470| ,0.52; 1,050 ,5-50 1,552 1 189: 1881 ,8721 1,8-531 1 1901 19l| 289 289, 501 163 IS 128i 892' 187 86 232 13 337 63 41 19 15 226 48 210 48 784 2471 311! 198; 179 1 547 162 1 194, 438 240 1 500 1-54 77 124 895 181 86 232 13 237 63 41 19 la 223 '47 1,202 45 787 280 309 201 179 546 79 192 438 239 0751 ,073 1471 147 !-25, 8.55 12, 148 25, 784 11, 746 26, 3-39 11, 7S5 26, .332;11, 388 27, 126 27, 315 26, 289 11, 840 11, 696 14.038 14. .5.54 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 39 OFFICIAL VOTE BY COUNTIES— Concluded. COUNTIES. Barnes Burleigh Benson Bottineau Billings Cass Cavalier Dickey Eddy Emmons Foster Grand Forks. Griggs Kidder La Moure Logan Morton McHenry McLean Mcintosh Mercer Nelson Oliver Pembina Pierce Richland Ransom Ramsey Rolette Stark Stutsman Steele Sargent Traill Towner Walsh Wells Ward Railroad Commissioners. Total Majority.. ,000 769 481 333 45 ,935 654 ,074 226 392 234 ,254 349 2.59 597 77 663 216 223 375 70 660 28 ,542 180 , 1S6 999 801 292 434 861 536 ,134 ,541 188 ,848 180 25, 636 •967 760 473 326 43 2,909 599 1,091 186 392 234 2,163 345 259 597 77 622 212 208 375 70 658 27 1,531 174 1,190 1,002 783 292 396 846 466 1,177 762 481 349 45 2,943 604 1,084 240 392 233 2,243 273 259 59.7 77 591 121 222 375 70 633 19 1,421 157 1,192 1,006 799 300 435 869 569 1,0501 1,049 1,4091 1,339 187. 187 1,794 145 24, 850 1,790 184 25, 057 1,020 340 101 .303 14 1,226 537 528 262 77 131 931 303 86 234 13 485 64 41 19 15 227 54 1,212 46 809 272 339 201 205 573 199 106 640 241 1,140 190 453 324 109 310 14 1,204 623 503 159 77 127 1,028 192 86 232 13 337 64 55 19 15 239 47 1,301 45 794 243 324 201 181 548 96 111 598 240 1,157 158 406 324 101 251 14 1,190 514 503 150 77 126 948 175 86 231 "l3 339 177 41 19 15 240 49 1,334 75 786 244 324 187 179 540 79 93 439 236 1,088 157 Constitu- tion. 12,227111,750 1,673 1,083 SVS 450 57 4,049 684 1,4/1 381 462 333 687 351 340 818 90 924 257 264 394 84 127 47 1,762 221 1,409 1,110 810 435 610 1,334 241 973 1,411 284 606 336 3.50 27, 441 19,334 2 45 116 1 31 269 26 13 2 4 1,930 150 3 11 1 660 30 830 1 251 23 231 10 47 861 177 462 93 2,248 43 8,107 Prohibition. 861 269 292 365 4 1,739 634 966 212 106 148 1,534 345 186 414 26 358 163 69 166 22 540 29 1,483 124 1,011 670 591 112 171 509 444 620 1,117 148 1,760 124 220 18, 552 1,159 745 799 212 228 53 2,156 439 '537 158 347 186 1,432 180 151 395 61 644 101 170 199 63 276 40 1,137 70 885 557 416 304 394 809 172 577 824 216 1,132 190 168 17, 393 40 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. III. OFFICIAL DIRECTORY OF THE STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. Issued by F. H. Hagerty, Commissioner of Immigration, Dakota Territory. Capital — Bismarck, Burleigh County. U. S. Senator, - - - Gilbert A. Pierce, - - - Bismarck. U. S. Senator, ... Lyman R. Casey, - - - Jamestown. Beipresentative to Congress, - H. G, Hansbrough, - - Devils Lake. Governor, John Miller. Lieutenant Governor, --..... Alfred Dickey. Secretary of State, John Flittie. State Treasurer, - - - - L. E. Booker. State Auditor, John P. Bray. Superintendent Fuhlic Instruction, . - - - WiLLiAM Mitchell. Assistant Superintendent Public Insti'uction, - - - - F. W. Cathro. Attorney General, Geo. F. Goodwin. Commissioner of Insurance, ------- A. L. Carey. Commissioner of Agriculture and Labor, - - - - H. F. Helgesen. Public Examiner, -------- J. A. Percival. commissioners of railroads. Geo. S. Montgomery, D. Bartlett, F. S. Underbill. supreme court. Chief Justice, -------- GuY C. H. Corliss. Joseph M. Bartholobieu, Alfred Wallin. ClerJC; - - - R. D. HOSKINS. Court Reporter, - - E. W. Camp. district court. First District, Charles F. Templeton, Judge. Second District, ------- D. E. Morgan, Judge. Third District, - - - - - - - Wm. B. McConnell. Judge. Fourth District, - - - W. S. Lauder, Judge. Fifth District, --- RODERICK Rose, Judge. Sixth District, ----- Walter H. Winchester, Judge. land districts. Register. Receiver. Bismarck, Oscar E. Rea. D. W. Hutchinson. Devils Lake, - - - - E. G. Spilman, S. S, Smith. Fargo, - - - - - - M. F. Battelle, Frank S. De Mers. Grand Forks, . - - - James M.Corbet, James Elton. U. S. District Attorney, - JOHN MURPHEY, - - Yankton. S. D. U. S. Marshal, - - - D. W. Maratta, - - - Fargo. Sui-veyor Genei-al, - - B. H. SULLIVAN, - - - Huron, S. D. state institutions. University of North Dakota — Grand Forks; Homer B. Sprague, M.A., Ph.D., president; John G. Hamilton, secretary. Hospital for Insane — Jamestown; Dr. O. W. Archibald, superintendent. Penitentiary — Bismarck; Dan Williams, warden. Board of Agriculture — I. C. Wade, president, Jamestown; Gerald Pierce, sec- retary, Bismarck; G. E. Bowers, treasurer, Hillsboro. Board of Pharmacy — Frank Frisby, president, Bismarck. STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 41 OFFICIAL DIRECTORY — Continued. COUNTY. Barnes Benson Billings Bottineau Burleigh Cass Cavalier Dickey Eddy Emmons Foster Grand Forks. Griggs Kidder La Moure Logan McHenry Mcintosh McLean Mercer Morton Nelson Oliver Pembina Pierce Ramsey Ransom Richland Rolette Sargent Stark Steele Stutsman Towner Traill Walsh Ward Wells County Seat. Valley City Minnewaukan Medora Bottineau Bismarck Fargo Langdon Ellendale New Rockford Williamsport ., Carrington Grand Forks... Cooperstown... Steele La Moure Napoleon Towner Ashley Washburn Stanton Mandan Lakota Sanger Pembina Rugby Devils Lake.... Lisbon , Wahpeton St.John Forman Dickinson Sherbrooke Jamestown Cando Caledonia Grafion MiDOt Sykeston County Clerk OR Auditor. Chas. S. Walker*. James M.Cubbison J C. Williamson M. O. Tibbits R.R. Marsh* P. S. Golberg*.... H. D. Allert* Thurlow Weed*.... H.E.Gardner E.T. Herrick G. L. Farnham... W. J. Anderson*. P. A. Melgard*... Albert G.Clark.... George R.Fralick' Geo A. Brvant... Allen Mitchell*.... J. H.Wishek Herman Hanson. Henry C. Loy John Foran N.F.Webb* George Sanger J. Kabernagle*.... C. A. Erickson Henry Hale* Thos. J. Harris.... O.H.Perry* Chas. J. Partridge* Chas. Afdem George Auld C. G. Huntley* Wm. W. Graves*.. B. F. Berry* H. A. Langlie* O. M. Eraser Wm. Collins C.V.Brown Treasurer. 0. H. de S. Irgens. Carl G. Brown J. A. Ferris P. R. Ferguson Jonn P. Dunn A. H.Burk Geo. F. Winter T.W. Millham L.G.Willis Dugald Campbell. E.F.Porter A. Abrahamsen.... Knud Thompson.. Isaac A. Foye W.E. Brewer Chas. J. Hoof Geo. H.Soule T. O. Gulark J. J. Robinson D.P.Tresler Frank A. Briggs... W. C. Daniels J.W.Hendricks.. E.T.Thompson... Christian Even son Ole Serumgard Hans P. Grinager. O. K. Ulsaker Thos. Hesketh J. D. Yaiser J. A. Farrah K. H. Brunsdale... S. R. McGinnis Chas. H. Ensign... K. J. Nomland N. O. Noben G. S. Reishus D.T.Davis Sheriff. John Simons. Fred Snore. E. G. Paddock. David Hoover. Frank Donnelly. C. W. Smith. Gunder Nelson. W. A Cros,s. Jas. E. Daley. James S. MoGee. Ralph Hall. Jas. K. Swan. M. L. Michaels. T.J. Woodmause. J. W. Stoddard. O. T. House. W. R. Pitts. C. D. Johnson. Peter Landquist. C. C. Moore [mer. G. F. Bingenhei- F. K. McCoy. P. H. Bagnell. Wm. James Frank J. Sikes. Ever Wagness. T. N. Onim. J. H. Miller. Thos. C. Flynn. F. G. Bartlett. Jerry Hayes. S. L. Linn. M. H. Schmitz. J. H. McCune. S. N. Heskin. Gunden Olson. E. Coleman. Jay Carr. ♦Auditor. 42 STATE OF XORTH DAKOTA. OFFICIAL DIRECTORY — Continted. COUNTIES. Barnes Benson Billings Bottineau Burleigh Cass Cavalier Dickey Eddy Emmons Foster Grand Forks Griggs Kidder La Moure Logan McHenry Mcintosh McLean Mercer Morton Nelson Oliver Pembina Pierce Ramsey Ransom Richland Rolette Sargent Stark Steele Stutsman Towner Traill Walsh Ward AVells Clerk of Dis- trict Court. Register of Deeds. A. J. Henry J. L.Richmond.... J. S. Seaton John W. Bennett.. Ed. S.Allen L. W. Schruth John E. Truax T.M.Evans Wm. O. Baird D. R. Streeter James Murphy L. K. Hassell J, P. Jorgenson.... L. B. Roseberry.... E.M.Whitman.... James A. Weed C. D.Rice C. C. Hammond... Charles E. Merrill S. C. Walker BL B.Doyle Chas. Adler George Sanger Henry D. Borden. Wm. S. Russell T. C. Saunders Gilbert LaDu J. Shippam Frank F. Phillips J. W. Christian.... E. R. Bonney W. A. Winslow T. F.Branch A. H. Riggs O.P.Clark James Garbutt James Johnson John A. Williams. J. D. Black J. M. Cubbison... J. C. Williamson M. O.Tibbits John N. Richards J.H. Hanson P. K. Haugen Geo. H. Keyes H. E. Gardner E. T. Herrick G. L. Farnham E.G. Elwood RollefBerg Albert 6. Clark... J.T.Butler Geo. A. Bryant Geo. T.Inkster J. H. Wishek Herman Hanson... Henry C. Loy Joseph Miller A. M. Tofthagen... George Sanger J. H. Anderson.... 0. A. Erickson jH.M. Creel Ir. M. Davis iJ. M. Ruggles Ole E. Petesron.... A.F.Price George Auld M. B. Cassell A.B.Ashley W. E. Pew AsaSargeant Wm. Tierney Wm. Collins C. V. Brown Attorney. G. K. Andrus.... E. S. Rolfe W. H. Francis.. V. B. Noble F. V. Barnes S. B. Bartlett.... FredZick John H. Boyle.. Joseph Curry... I SUPERIXTEND- iEXT OF Schools. Belle S. Sjiurr. M. F. Minehau. W. F. Dantz. F. W. Cathro. W. T. Perkins. W. Clapp. E. J. Fox. C. A. Kent. Heber McHugh. John M. Cochran. Tver Jacobson , W. F. Cochrane... N. B. Wilkinson.. Chas. E. Jones . Geo. H. Fay N. F. Boucher... H. G.Yoss M. N. Johnson B. W. Shaw Wm. J. Kneeshaw J. F. O'Brien., Pat Rourke.... W. S. Lander. J. E. Bishop J. G. Campbell. C.J. Paul J. A. Frye O. O. Whited.... F. W. Ames W.J.Hughes... E. A. Mears A. G. Corell W. B. Andrus. L. J. Eisenhuth. M. A. Shirley. Theo. F. Kerr. Mamie Portner. J. M. Devine. Janie C. Foster. H. J.Koppeadah 1 . A. S. Wiles. L. M. Wallin. Alice v. Cook. E. J. Steele. M. L. Williams. Mrs. H. R. Thurston. C. E. Jackson. I. M. McBride. John F. Cowan. W. F. Granger. W. M. House. John E.Brown. S. A. Danford. Alice A. Allison. S. J. Axdahl. T. S. Wads worth. H. C. Meacham. Joseph Kennedy. R. M. Evans. Sade Webber. Kate Needham. STATE OF KORTH DAKOTA. 43 OFFICIAL DIRECTORY— Concluded. COUNTIES. Barnes Benson .... Billings.... Bottineau. Burleigh... Cavalier Dickey Eddy Emmons Foster Grand Forks. Griggs Kidder La Moure Logan McHenry Mcintosh McLean Mercer Morton Nelson Oliver Pembina Fierce Eamsey Ransom Richland Rolette Sargent Stark Steele Stutsman Towner Traill Walsh Ward. Surveyor. Assessor. 5 2 6 2 6 3 1 4 5 6 5 1 5 6 5 5 2 4 6 6 6 1 6 1 2 2 4 4 2 4 6 3 5 2 8 1 2 Wells 1 5 Frank White V. B. Matthews.. Ole Honeman Thos.B. Herron... J.D.White O. McGuinn E. J. Hermans H. W.Allen. Alex. Oldham.... U. A. Ueland Frank R. Hill... C.N. Valentine. John T.Bailey LaMotte Miles , M. T. Records Stephen Card Lvman N. Gary.. County Judge. cu.virman Board OP County Commissioners. Frank E. Hebert.. Frank Creek M. E. Severance. J. W. Blanding... Gus. E. Deschene.. John W. Peck.. E. W. Palmer , J.H. Horney.. J. M. Snyder.. John Amb jTp. Assessors J. B. Warreu ITp. Assessors.. H. B. Johnson Chas. Biladeau J.B.Hardy.... Nicholas Flagler... J. JefF Dobbin D. Green. Samuel Ells jHenry U. Thomas James Michels. C. H. Mason J. E. McCaul J. A.Van Eeghen. Anton Svensrum.. Archie McArthur L. D. Dana. A. M. Thompson.. John F. Philbrick Anderson Healy. E. H. Holte A. Roberts Wm. Strehlow. To. Assessors H. E. Dorval E. I. Donovan. Tp. Assessors S. A. Bowes D.B. McDonald. A.D. Tomlinson... A. C. Buck J. W. Hackney. Charles Mclntyre John Klefristra.... James B.GLiytoo. E. T. Guptil Geo. H.Estabrook F. G. Barlow. Tp. Assessors Richard Bennett.. O.L.Steele. F.Greenland Peter E. Nelson... R. C. Cooper. J. D. Williams R. P. Allison John Harcourt. John Flaherty J. W. Johnston A. E. Raney. S. M. Barry .Tohn Orner Wm. E. Hoke. Peter N. Gilberg... W. D. McClintock. G. W. Strong. H. A. Garbelmann R. A. Larimer C. V.Bosye. P.H.Nelson A. C. Ranard Oliver O. Rhude. Samuel Sprecher.. George Hawley... Wm. T.Jones. G.A.Breckenridge E. C. Rice J. J. Luck. Ole O. Forde H. D. Fruit J.H.McLaughlin. Henry Albers C.M.Griffith Louis Connolly. Tp. Assessors E. A. Armstrong.. S. L. Haight. E T Stromman... David P. Thomas Geo. W.Spaun. Albert Roberts D. G. Duell Jas. McCormick. E. O. Faucette E.J. Ryman L B.Chanlberhn. Tp. Assessors John Shippam P. S. Larson. Alex. Charlebois... JohnBurke Patrick Forest. Thos. Johnson J. M. Vail John Herman Lewis L.Lewis W H Richards A.C.McGillivray. WarrenArcher John Duncan Martin Hanson. C. R. Flint Thos. Hayes J.J. Eddy. T J Noyes Ed. F. Sibley Jas. J. McCanna. J. O. Kjelsberg P. Herbrandson. I. L. Currie Joseph Tombs. J. B. Roark Wm. Nack. H.B. Chess MarkKady. 44 STAJE OF XOETH DAKOTA. THE STATE LEGISLATURE OF 1889. SENATE. President, Lieut. Gov. Alfred Dickey. DiST. Post Office. Coujtty. 1 — Judson La Moure Pembina .Pembina. 2 — *A. F. Appleton Crystal Pembina. 3 — Roger Allen Park River Walsh. 4— *JamesH. Bell Minto Walsh. 5 — J. E. Stevens. Xorthwood Grand Forks. 6 — *M. L. McCormack Grand Forks Grand Forks. 7 — Geo. B. Winship Grand Forks Grand Forks. 8— W. H. Robinson Mayville TrailL 9 — John E. Haggart Fargo Cass. 10 — H. J. Rowe Casselton Cass. 11— *H. R. Hartman Wheatland Cass. 12 — Andrew Slotten Wahpeton Richland. 13 — Andrew Hegleson MUnor Sargent. 14 — Andrew Sandager Lisbon Ransom. 15 — Samuel A. Fisher Valley City Barnes. 16— J. O. Smith Hatton Griggs. 17— D. S. Dodds Lakota Nelson. 18 — ^*John McBride Langdon Cavalier. 19— *R. D. Cowan RoUa Rolette. 20 — E. L. Yager Minnewaukan Benson, 21 — W. E. Swanston Grand Harbor Ramsey. 22 — F. G. Barlow Barlow Foster. 23 — Bailey Fuller Jamestown Stutsman. 24 — H. S. Deisem La Moure La Moure. 25— *M. E. Randall Ellendale Dickey. 26 — J. H. Worst Williamsport Emmons. 27— C. B. Little Bismarck Burleigh. 28 — Anton Svensrud Bottineau Bottineau. 29— E. H. Belyea Minot Ward. 30 — George Harmon Mandan Morton. 21 — X. C. Lawrence Dickinson Stark. • Secretarv: C. C. Bowsfield. Sergeant-at-Arms: J. W. Woods. Speaker, David B. Wellmak. DisT. Post Office. Coitntt. , /John H. Watt Pembina Pembina. t R- B. Richardson Drayton Pembina. n/*H. L. Norton Hamilton Pembina. \ John Stadelman Cavalier Pembina. „/ John H. McCuUough Park River Walsh. \X. N. Foss Park River Walsh. (John Montgomery Ardoch Walsh. A. O. Haugerud Grafton Walsh. Alex. Thompson Minto Walsh. f. f Franklin Estabrook Inkster Grand Forks. t NelsTanberg ! Northwood Grand Forks. g f Geo. H.Walsh GrandForks Grand Forks 1*L. J. Zimmer Manvel Grand Forks. STATE OF KOEIH DAKOTA. 45 DisT. Post Office. County. -/A. P. Hougen Reynolds Grand Forks. ' toieT. Gronli Emerado Grand Forks. fRoderick Johnson Hillsboro Traill. I *0. T. Jalir Portland Traill. J. F. Selby Hillsboro Traill. H. H. Strom Hillsboro Traill. g TE. S. Tyler Fargo Cass. 1 Frank J. Thompson Fargo Cass. {Eli D. Mclntyre Casselton Cass. N. B. Pinkham Fargo Cass. John O. Bye Hickson Cass. (H. D. Court Buffalo Cass. 11 -j Frank Langer Everest Cass. (. W. W. Beard * Hunter Cass. (B. H. Hankinson Haukinson Richland. R. N. Ink Wahpeton Richland. A. O. Heglie :..Walcott Richland. ^o/E. W. Bowen Forman Sargent. 1 W. S. Buchanan Forman Sargent. J , / R. N. Stevens Lisbon Ransom. \j. L. Green Lisbon Ransom. , r f Duncan McDonald Valley City Barnes. \ C. J. Christianson Valley City Barnes. jg r W. H. H. Roney Clifford (Traill) Steele. I Chris. Balkan Coopersto wn Griggs. 17 — Ole E. Olsgard Lakota Nelson. -JO f *W. H. Murphy Langdon Cavalier. 1 *F. R. Renaud Langdon Cavalier. 19 — James Britten Cando Towner. cyr^j Geo. E. Ingebretson Minnewaukan Benson. \D. P. Thomas Rugby Pierce. ey-. f James McCormack Devils Lake Ramsey. 1 C. A. Currier Devils Lake Ramsey. Qf, /D. B. Wellman, Speaker New Rockford Eddy. """ t Luther L. Walton Sykeston Wells. no / George Lutz Jamestown Stutsman. \ John Milstad Jam esto wn Stutsman. 24 — L. A. Ueland Edgeley La Moure. r,c f W. B. Allen Ludden Dickey. lA. T.Cole Ellendale Dickey. no f George W. Lilly Ashley Mcintosh. 1 W. L. Belden Napoleon Logan. 2~/ E. A. Williams Bismarck Burleigh. \ George W. Rawlings Sterling Burleigh. 28 — James Reed Towner McHenry. 29— A. C. Nedrud Minot Ward. OQ f A. W. Hoyt Mandan Morton. i P. B. Wickham New Salem Morton. 31 — C. C. Moore Stanton 4 Mercer. Chief Clerk: J. G. Hamilton. Sergeant-at-Arms: Feed. Snore. ♦Democrats; all others Republicans. PART II. IV. BOrXDAEIES. The State of North Dakota is located oa the northern boundary of the United States, about midway between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and half way between the Gulf of Mexico and Hudson's bay, in the heart of the North American continent. Its southern boundary is the 7th standard parallel, which separates it from South Dakota, its northern boundary being the 49th parallel, -which separates it from the British provinces of Manitoba and Assini- boia, and barely half way between the equator and the north pole. The east- ern boundary is formed by the Red Eiver of the North, which separates it from Minnesota. The western boundary is the Greenwich meridian of 104°, and the Washington meridian of 24°, which separates it from Montana. Its extent from north to south is a little over 210 miles, while from east to west it is about 360 miles. It contains 52 counties, of which 14 are unorganized, and has an area of 74,312 square miles, or 47,569,680 acres. GeogTapliical Di"VTlsioris. — The state has several marked geographical divisions; the principal ones being the Eed river valley, the James river valley, the Devils lake and Turtle Mountain regions, the Mouse river country, the Missouri slope or coteau country, and the West Missouri or West North Dakota country. The main features of these sections are described under their re" spective headings. Red River Valley. — The Red River of the North is so called to dis- tinguish it from the large southern river of the same name. In speaking of the valley of the Red river it must not be understood to apply to a narrow depression, as is usually the case with rivers, but to a broad, level plaiii, from 50 to 60 miles wide, and high enough above the river to prevent overflow and afford the best of d rainage ; and yet it is " bottom land ' ' in the sense of hav- ing a deep black mould as fertile as any in the world. The Red river valley is the garden spot of the North. In ancient times its surface was probably the bed of an immense lake, Avhose waters, receding, left a heavy, black alluAial deposit from two to four feet deep. This richest of soils produces the best of No. 1 hard wheat, and raises three-fourths of the crop of North Dakota. The valley is a veritable farmers' paradise; there is none other like it on the con- tinent for the production of small grains. The Red river is navigable from Fargo to Winnipeg, and before the days of railroads it enjoyed a large traffic; it empties into Lake Winnipeg, the waters of which reach Hudson's bay through Nelson river. The valley is now well supplied with railroads; it con- tains over one-third of the present population of North Dakota, and has room for many thousands more. Only about one-fifth of the area of the valley is STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 47 in use at the present time, a fact which will give one some idea of the immense capacity and resources of this great wheat basin. The cost of wheat raising has been reduced to the minimum, the figures prepared by a large farmer show- ing an outlay of 40 cents per bushel. It is not only as a granary that the Ked river valley is entitled to especial prominence. It is coming to be known as the home of fine horses and cattle, the thoroughbreds and popular breeds pre- dominating in the stock raised on farms. There are a number of successful breeding farms in the valley, and this industry promises to assume very large proportions. Not the least significant showing in connection with the successful raising of the best and soundest of horses and cattle in the Eed river valley, is the fact that but little or no corn is used in feeding. The substitution of barley ground with vegetable fodder is highly satisfactory. The use of this fodder with a certain proportion of small grain is no new thing in stock raising in northern climates. The Canadians prefer the barley and peas to any other feed, and claim it is better for stock than corn. Results are what tell and con- vince, and these may be studied to advantage in the Red river valley. The valley of the Red river is not only of extreme fertility, but so is all of North Dakota. As early as 1882 Prof. Denton, a gentleman of high reputation as a geologist and agricultural chemist, and whose opinions have been verified by results, said: ' ' It would be hard to find as large a connected body of good land elsewhere «n this continent, where the best food of man can be as readily produced, as that which exists within the boundaries of Dakota, and through the heart of which lies the Northern Pacific railroad. From Motley, Minn. , west, the soil improves, being either underlaid by limestone, or the limestone countries lying to the north have by glacial agency furnished the soil with valuable constitu- ents. Boulders are comparatively few, and the soil becomes deeper, richer, blacker, every mile till the Red river valley is reached, when the soil is un- surpassed by that of the Nile valley. Here for nearly fifty miles in breadth is exceedingly deep, dark, fine soil" — (meant to include both surface and sub- soils) — "and with no boulders or gravel, a remarkable fact in a region so far north, and with boulders lying over the country east, west and south of it. "When the cold of the glacial period gave place to the present climate, the indications are that the change took place instantaneously, and the great ice- sheet then covering , this northern region — in some places a mile or more in thickness — was" (by a new inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of its orbit) "suddenly introduced to a temperate climate. Melting in the hot sum- mer suns, it produced a flood, the effects of which are observable to the geolo- gist, from north Minnesota to the Gulf But such a body of ice melted not in one, or a dozen summers. For many years lay the great ice-field to the north, preventing the passage of waters in the direction the general slope of the coun- try here would have led them, and thus, as far south as the slope of the land would permit, a lake existed where the Red river valley now is, and gradually enlarged to the north as the ice melted. At the bottom of the lake mud was continually being deposited, produced by the ground-down Silurian, devonian and cretaceous beds lying to the north, over which the ice still for many years continued to move, bearing masses of their earthy substances; when it was all melted, the dammed-up waters found a natural outlet to Hudson's bay, and the Red river was formed. Thus in the Red river valley the glacial drift — 48 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. boulders, gravel, etc. — is covered deep beneath the lake mud, and that mud is now the soil of the country, admirably adapted to the production of grain best fitted to build up the physical system of man. "From the Eed river valley west to the Bad Lands, a breadth of more than 300 miles, is an exceedingly fertile prairie country, destined throughout its entire extent to be a very rich agricultural region. The poorest land anywhere to be found is better than the average of Massachusetts, In some places are large accumulations of glacial material — sand, gravel and boulders piled confusedly together where they had been pushed by the sliding glacier or left where they had melted out of its mass. But in most of the railroad cuttings — especially nearing the Missouri river — were evidences of the action of large bodies of water, which had modified the drift material, sorting it into stratified beds of sand and gravel ; — evidences, also, that large bodies of water had rested at times on the land, depositing sediment — and beds of loess, very similar in appearance to that of Iowa and Missouri, had been formed — pro- ducing soils of great fertility." Lands can still be had in the Eed river valley at very low price, considering the advantages of being near markets, railroads, schools, churches and post offices, and offering other of the comforts and conveniences of much older communities. There is still some Government land in the second and third tiers of counties from the river, the land offices for which are at Fargo and Grand Forks. So fertile and productive has this great region proven to be, that it is esti- mated that it will furnish a heavy traffic for a railroad every 15 miles apart. The St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Eailway has three trunk lines through most of the western half of the valley, built to strike the very richest and best crop-producing sections of this region. This road hauls a large part of the en- tire grain tonnage of the valley, and it has been a most potent factor in a de- velopment so rapid that it has not been equaled in the settlement of any part of the United States. From Fargo north to the boundary one of the trunk lines of this railway reaches for a distance of 170 miles, and enjoys the distinc- tion of having the largest grain elevators and grain tonnage at original points of any line in the world. The line from Wahpeton, with its various branches running north through the valley, also runs through a magnificent farming section, already well developed, and hardly, if any, less inferior in productive capacity. From Grand Forks north to the boundary, 90 miles, the railway stations of this modern Egypt, although but 4 to 5 miles apart, each have from 4 to 10 large grain elevators, with a combined storage capacity at each station ranging from 200,000 to 400,000 bushels of wheat, an elevator capacity which would be notable in other parts of the country in cities of 50,000 popu- lation. At certain stations in Walsh and Pembina counties this road has re- ceived as much as 1,000,000 bushels of wheat for freight from a single crop. The long lines of tall elevators are the most prominent objects seen in crossing the prairies, and although of such great capacity, yet during a year of average yield they have proven to have an insufficient capacity for the storage of the grain received from the surrounding farmers. During the fall of 1889 this branch line of railway has hauled an average of 75 cars a day of wheat, received from elevators and farmers along the line, within a distance of 90 miles. Be- sides this daily movement of wheat, which has continued since September 15th STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 49 on the crop of the present season, on December 1st there was quite 1,500,000 bushels in store at the 11 stations between Grand Forks and the boundary- This will convey some idea of the astonishing productiveness of even the north- ern part of the Eed river valley. Contrary to general opinion, the yield and quality of crops grown in the valley increases slightly as we go northward until we reach the boundary, demonstrating the fact that in the northesn part of the Eed river valley is found the most favorable soil and climate for the produc- tion of the small grains. The valley is also traversed north and south of Fargo by branches of the Northern Pacific road. The Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul also comes to Fargo, making three great railroad systems in the great valley. Not only is this valley well supplied with railroads, but nearly every organized county in the state is penetrated by the iron rail. James River Valley.— The James river valley in North Dakota con- tains some of the most prosperous counties of the stiate. The country along the river from La Moure to Jamestown is charming, and the lands are fertile. Large crops of wheat are harvested in this region and in the district north of Jamestown, and farming of every kind is profitable. All grain is sown in the spring. Fair crops of potatoes, flax, oats and light yields of wheat can be gathered from the soil the first year if the breaking is done early. Sod crops ot flax have brought as high as $15 to the acre, generally several times the cost of the land. Oats, after wheat, make a fine yield, and are the least exhausting of any crop produced. The summer nights are too cool for the large varieties of corn common to Iowa, Illinois and South Dakota, but the Indian varieties, small grained, give profitable yields. Sweet or table corn does as welt as in Maine, where it is extensively grown for canning purposes. All the forage crops, millet, alfalfa, etc., do well, while the root crops, potatoes, turnips, etc. , grow tons to the acre. The breaking season begins the first of June, after all seeding is usually over, the latter commencing about the tenth of April. The hay harvest commences during the middle part^f July and continues about four weeks. The barley, oats and wheat harvesting season begins about the tenth of August, the crops coming in the order named. Stock raising is becoming more of a leading industry all the time, and cattle and horses are imported freely for breeding purposes. There are some fine herds of thorough- bred stock in the valley, in both North and South Dakota. Cattle from James- town took first premium at the Minnesota State Fair this year, as well as at the territorial fair at Grand Forks. The James river valley is one of the most noted artesian well difjtricts in the world. The well at Jamestown is of sufficient volume and force to supply the city with water for all purposes. The Presbyterian College, standing on a high bluff three-quarters of a mile distant from this well, is supplied with water all over the building at a pressure of 60 I)ounds to the square inch. There is not any Government land to speak of along the James river, the little there is being found mostly in the Fargo and Devils Lake land districts. The Northern Pacific Eailroad Company owns considerable land in this section, which can be bought on long time at low figures. Land can never be lower than now. On this subject E. V. Smalley of the Northwest Magazine, whose knowledge of Dakota lands is from exten- sive personal inspection, says: "Land in Dakota will never be of lower value than at the present time. It will certainly rise with the fuller settlement of the country, the division and *4 50 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. admission of Dakota as two states, the building of new lines of railroad, and the growth of the towns. It is not extravagant to say that within five years all good virgin land in Dakota, suitable for farming and stock raising, will be worth at least $10 per acre, as similar land now is in Nebraska, Iowa and Kansas." Branches of the Northern Pacific railroad run north and south from the main line at Jamestown through the valley of the James, the north branch in- tersecting the Manitoba at Leeds while the south line is crossed at La Moure by a branch coming from Fargo, and ends at Oakes, where connection is made vrith the Chicago & Northwestern, the Fargo branch terminating at Edgeley, where connection is made with the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul. During the hunting season this region, as vrell as all of watered sections, offers a great variety of game. On the prairies are to be found numerous mem- bers of the grouse f;imily,!while along the streams and lakes gather millions of geese, brant, ducks and other waterfowl. In the fields, after harvest, the geese settle down in such numbers that the ground for acres seems to be covered with snow. In the timbered section four-footed game is found, while the lakes and rivers afford plenty of fishing. Devils Lake and Turtle Mountains. — The Devils Lake region and the Turtle Mountain and Big Coulee country lying north of it present numerous points of attraction to the settler. The magnificent body of water bearing the former name — a veritable inland sea — with its romiutic scenery and heavy forest belts, constitutes a charm that contributes to one's residence anywhere within a day's riding distance from the lake. Tne climate is cold but bracing, the soil good, and the grasses most excellent. Crops of all kinds are raised, and special attention is being paid to the growing of fine stock. There are many Canadians of means located in this part of the state. They are raising and breeding fine cattle and horses, and have introduced some very valuable stock, and are rapidly transforming this into a stock country of some preten- sions. The Tartle Mountains are a range of hills covering a region 20 by 40' miles, two-thirds lying in the United States and the remainder in Manitoba. The early maps depicted the region in the form of a turtle, but it has no such, fanciful shape. The highest points, Butte St. Paul and Bear Butte, rise but a few hundred feet above the sorrounding low rolling hills and prairies. Coal i& abundant, and so is building stone, and iron ore is said to exist in paying quantities. There are numerous pretty streams of water. The timber in the Turtle Mountains draws a good deal of immigration that way, and the good farming land everywhere is being settled on and improved very fast. Besides the Canadians, there is a Missouri colony in the Big Coulee country, well known for their splendid mules, which make superior draught animals. The vacant pub- lic lands in this district may be entered at the Devils Lake land office. Here, as in all parts of the two Dakotas, the wagon roads are always good. In the East and South, where farmers haul their products to market over rough, uneven and muddy roads, the expenses often more than balance the profits. The ad- vantages of good country roads are understood by those who have struggled and toiled over the bad fall, winter and spring roads of the Eastern and South- ern states. In the D.ikotas large loads can be hauled, and horses be spared the worry and strain caused by muddy and uneven roads. A good all-the-year- round dirt road is one of the boasts of North Dakota, but of which little is said in comparison to its value. STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 51 The St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba Eailway, by its Montana extension and various branch lines, has caused, a rapid settlement and development of this part of North Dakota, from Devils lake, east, west and north. The main line leaving Grand Forks, runs in general a direct westerly course to the eastern boundary of Montana at Buford. A branch line runs north from Church's Ferry to St. John at the eastern end of the Turtle Mountains, and another from Eugby Junction to Bottineau at the western end of the mountains, providing ample transportation facilities for those sections. This line of railway possessed no land grant in North Dakota, thus leaving every section of land on each side of the road free to settlers, which has been a very important advantage, and con- duced to the settlement of the country tributary to the lines of the Manitoba more rapidly than where every other section was included within the limits of a land grant. The Turtle Mountain region is rapidly assuming prominence for stock raising as well as for grain raising. On the smooth southern slopes of the mountain at Bottineau was raised the wheat which took the premium at the New Orleans "World's Fair. That part of the St. John's branch extending from Church's Ferry to Cando has all of the characteristics of soil and climate which have proved so favorable to grain growing in the Red river valley. This section is developing so rapidly that it will soon assume a front rank both in grain and stock raising. Mouse JRiver Country. — The building across North Dakota of the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railway brought thousands of settlers into the Mouse river country in 1886-87. The tide of immigration flowed on across the coteaus and along the upper Missouri. Settlement in this section was somewhat retarded by the delays in Government surveys, but immigrants are hardy and determined, and on once getting to a new country will take ' ' squat- ter sovereignty " rights rf they can't have something better right away. There are still some desirable lands left a?ong the railroad, and more than half the entire vacant area at present open to settlement is found in the interior stretches of country where the early pioneers can have the choice of claims and will not have very long to wait for the building of branch lines of railway connecting with the trunk roads leading East. , There is much fine coal land all along the Mouse river, farmers being able to dig their own supplies from the hillsides. These lands are situated in the Devils Lake and Bismarck land districts. The comu ,g of the railroad has changed everything as f by magic, in a region where the grazing of cattle furnished the only pursuit a few years ago. The United States census of 1890 will show some remarkable compari- sons, as between 1885 and 1890, for this section, and should furnish some very effective campaign material for immigration purposes. There are many large herds of cattle and flocks of sheep all through this region. The grass here does not die or decay the year of its growth, but sun-cures on the ground and re- mains as nature-made hay. The decay does not begin until the next year, after the snow has melted and the spring rains fall. The Mouse river comes down from the British territories, and after a long sweep in ox-bow shape through North Dakota, returns north to reach Hudson's bay along with the Ked river. Northwestern Dakota, through which the St. Paul, Minneapolis & Manitoba railway runs, has a contour of surface decidedly different from that of other parts of the state. The Mouse river, heavily timbered, is a valley sunken on an average of 200 to 300 feet below the level of the surrounding plains. 52 STATE OF XORTH DAKOTA. The settlers in tliis section of the country are engaged very largely in sheep and cattle raising. The sheep industry, especially, has rapidly increased in the past year. An abundance of shelter and plenty of nutritious grasses, with a -vvinter climate modified by chinook winds from the Pacific, make this an ideal section for sheep and stock raising. The farm-steads of the settlers along the river are mostly built of logs. Although many of them have only been in the country from two to four years, yet there is a general increase of prosperity throughout this section. The Des Lacs river, tributary to the Mouse, has a valley 75 miles in length, with an abundance of wood and coal in the bluffs, making most inviting op- portunities to the stock raiser and farmer for settlement. Leaving the Mouse river valley near Minot, the line of the Manitoba pushes directly westward to the Missouri slope, which river it reaches at Williston, thence following its val- ley to the Montana line. This section, though thinly settled, has been occupied along the Missouri river for a number of years, by ranchers who came into the country by steamer on the Missouri before the advent of the railway. Here thousands of acres are still open to the settler under the homestead, pre-emp- tion and tree claim acts. Tlie 3Iissouri Slope. — The Missouri slope comprises that part of North Dakota lying west of the divide, or coteau region, between the James and Missouri rivers. The intermediate region consists of natural meadows, lake lands, knolls, rolling hills and sloping vales. In this region there is much Gov- ernment land. Those who have settled here like it. The climate is as health" ful as anywhere in the world, and the country is not only excellent for raising horses, cattle, sheep and hogs, but for the growth of wheat and all of the cereals and root crops. The free range and the fine native grasses offer great inducements to stockmen. Above and below Bismarck, along the Missouri, considerable attention has been successfully given to small fruits. Wild fruits grow in much profusion along the Missouri and other streams. The term ' ' coteau, ' ' as applied to the dividing ridge, is from the French, and means " little hills.'' It is a region of geological interest, and swarms with game birds during the season. No northern land has a greater variety of wild roses than North Dakota, and from early spring to late autumn the prairies and hillsides bloom with dainty flowers. There never was a time in Dakota, no matter how the weather affected the field crops, that there was not plenty of wild grasses, which, sun- cured on the ground, made nutritious feed, and preferred by stock to tame hay in the stack. This region is opened up by the main line of the Northern Pacific. West North. Dakota. — West of the great river the country is known as the West Missouri country, and extensively advertised as such. This is mis- leading, because readers are liable to confound it with the State of Missouri. It should be called West North Dakota. It is quite unlike East North Dakota. The surface is more undulating, being a succession of widely separated hills and broad valleys, with conical, flat-topped and rounded buttes present in every landscape. There is little snow west of the divide formed by the Coteau range, and the climate in other respects is different from that of eastern North Da- kota. The streams are open first to the north and west, and the season begins at Bismarck and Mandan a little earlier than in the same latitude east of the James river. There is generally a certain prospect for corn, which has time to STATE OF NOETH DAKOTA. 53 mature. In the West North Dakota country there are a number of German- American colonies, which have proved thrifty and prosperous. Crops of all kinds are raised with uniform success. The country is well watered by the Heart, Knife, Cannon Ball, Green, Sweetbriar, Curlew, Little Missouri, and other streams. The country is fertile, pleasing to the eye, and free homesteads can be had in sight of the Northern Pacific railroad. The soil contains mineral and vegetable deposits of great value, cases being known where it was so strongly impregnated with lime that the subsoil could be used for plastering purposes, the earth being simply mixed with sand and hair to form a good mor- tar. The native coal is found on both sides of the Missouri river in this region, cropping out from the grassy sides of buttes and ridges in great abun- dance. There are as fine farming lands yet untaken in this part of North Dakota as have ever been filed on. By going a little distance from the railroad persons can get the pick of these lands, and they will not have to wait long before the tracks of some liew line are laid to their doors. The lands in this section lie within the Bismarck land district. POPULATION. There has been no official enumeration of Dakota since 1885, when the total of both sections of the territory was 415,610, the increase in the preceding five years having been 280,433, but the increase in the last four years has not been at an equal rate. To figure on the basis of 5 persons to each voter the present population of North Dakota is 190,490, the total vote for governor at the October election being 38,098. There are 14 unorganized counties in which votes were not cast nor counted, taking which, together with the stay-at-homes in the organized counties, will safely allow an estimate for North Dakota of 200,000 population. The following is the vote and estimates by counties: COUNTIES. "Votes Cast for Governor, Barnes BeusoD Billings Bottineau Burleigh Cass Cavalier Biokey Eddy Emmons Foster Grand Forks Griggs Kidder La Moure Logan McHenry .... Mcintosh McLean Mercer 59 639 093 123 181 593 402 469 36fi 192 551 347 829 90 287 .395 264 85 Estimated Popula- tion. COUNTIES. 42.T S'U 295 195 465 615 905 965 010 345 830 960 755 735 145 450 435 975 320 445 Morton .... Nelson .... Oliver Pembina... Pierce Ramsey ... Ransom.... Richland.. Rolette .... Sargent.... Stark Steele Stutsman. Towner. .. Traill Walsh Ward Wells Total. Votes Cast for Governor. Estimated Popula- tion. 1,015 888 76 2,794 227 1,122 1,2,59 1,970 488 1,243 614 638 1,421 428 1,V93 2,942 410 338 5, 07."! 4,440 380 13, 97.) 1,135 5,610 6, 295 9,850 2,440 6,215 3,070 3,190 7,105 2,140 9,965 14,710 2,050 1,690 190, 490 54 STATE OF NOETH DAKOTA. The Scandinavians — the Norwegians outnumbering the Swedes — and Cana- dians comprise the bulk of the foreign population of North Dakota, and both classes are very desirable. So, too, are the German colonists west of the Mia" souri river. The native American population comes from the Eastern and prairie states, and are an energetic, thrifty people. VI. Seasons. — North Dakota is cold in winter, but dry, and both human beings and animals can stand a pretty low temperature under such circumstances with- out feeling it much or suffering from it. There is no rain in winter, and no mud or slush. Under foot the snow lies crisp and hard. The storms are not so fre- quent as in Ohio or New York, and blizzards like that of 1888 are of short du- ration and occur only once in many years. The winter breaks in March, and seeding and farming operations begin as soon as the frost is out of the ground to the depth of a few inches. There is no stormy weather and muddy roads in the spring or autumn. The summers are distinguished by warm days tem- pered by constant breezes, and by cool nights. The fall is a delightful season of bright, sunny wheather, and frequently extends far into December. Plowing generally continues until about the middle of November. During the winter of 1888-89 farmers were able to do some kind of work in their fields every month. Temperature. — The mean annual temperature, as shown by the records of signal offices at widely separated points in North Dakota, is as follows: Bis- marck, 39.4°; Fargo, 37°; Pembina, 34.4°; FortBuford, 38.7°. The annual rain- fall at the same places is as follows: Bismarck, 20.10 inches; Fargo, 27.17 inches; Pembina, 21.91 inches; Fort Buford, 13.91 inches. For general health- fulness there are few climates that can equal that of North Dakota; consump- tion rarely originates here, and malarial diseases are unknown. Eastern people who think North Dakota is hyperborean or sub-arctic, will be astonished to learn that winter is not a dreaded season; on the contrary it is an agreeable time of rest and refreshment from the labors of the harvest, and without the slush and variableness of Atlantic and lake state winters. That it is healthy is seen in the robust, active and energetic people. Warm clothing is necessary and with it the cold is rendered powerless. Cold can be kept out, but not heat. The cold of a humid region is felt much more keenly than in a dry climate. Down on the Gulf coast 30° above zero is more penetrating and chilly than zero in North Dakota, and 20° or 25° above zero temperature in New Orleans will give a Northern man shakes like an ague. The winds of North Dakota are not as piercing as those of Nebraska, Iowa and Kansas, or nearest to the warmer rising air currents which cause the winds. Rainfall. — There has been more or less discouragement at what seems a diminished rainfall. It is a well-established fact that affairs in both the material and moral worlds have their seasons. We have heat waves and cold waves, and the results from long periods of observation show that a series of years of de- creased rainfall and increased rainfall succeed each other as regularly as night follows day. Prof. Warren Upham of the United States Geological Survey, who STATE OF NOBTH DAKOTA 55 has been spending much time during the last four years in North Dakota, claims to have found a scientific basis for the theory of changing periods of maximum and minimum moisture by studying the shore lines of Devils lake and other bodies of vrater which show regular fluctuations of wet and dry periods. It is his opinion, and he is willing to stake his professional reputation upon the asser- tion, that the greatest degree of aridity or lack of moisture has been reached, and that wet seasons may be expected for a series of years. It is his opinion that the range from most moisture to the least swings over a period of from ten to twelve years. Confidence of more than ordinary importance can be placed in the utterance of such a man, who has had superior opportunities to delve into the mysteries of Nature and learn her secrets. The rainfall may not be materially increased by Settlement, cultivation and tree planting, but better use is made of what falls, and conditions more con- ducive to the growth of new and better forms of plant life are developed. Man is changing and subverting the climate and country to his own use, not in viola- tion of, but in accordance with, natural law. By turning over the sod and breaking up the upper crust, so long impervious to rain, a storehouse is made for water, which gradually evaporating, instead of rushing off in torrents, re- lieves the aridity of the air and establishes relationship with the clouds through electric conductors from the ground in the form of ascending moisture. It has not been long since meteorologists placed the western line of agriculture at the 97th meridian, the eastern boundary of the Dakotas, but settlers paid little atten- tion to the rain limit, and pushed on west after homes until they are now found cultivating the ground in Montana, Wyoming and Colorado, to our benefit, hundreds of miles beyond the old meridian, and the once sun-dried and hard- trodden plains of Dakota, Nebraska and Kansas have blossomed into fields and gardens. It is quite evident that we are in the period of diminished rainfall, while other regions are suffiering from an oversupply, but our fat years will come, and in the exuberance of plenty the present lean ones will be forgotten. The Nortll. — Those who come here with the idea that they are on the northern limit of agriculture are surprised to learn that the North is further on, just as the West is further on. Hundreds of miles north of the northern boun- dary line of the state white people live and cultivate the ground. North of the international boundary line permanent white settlement was made before what is now Dakota was purchased by the United States. Few persons realize the enormous extent of territory lying north of the 49th parallel. It is a region larger than the entire area of the United States. Although under the general name of Canada, it is divided into eight distinct provinces, in all having a com- bined area of nearly 3,500,000 square miles and a population of 4,500,000. The railroad mileage is about 15,000 miles; the banks have $230,000,000 assets; the imports and exports exceed $200,000,000 a year, and the governmental revenues aggregate $35,000,000 per annum. Wheat is raised hundreds of miles north of the northern boijndary of North Dakota. The resources of fields, pastures, forests and mines of this vast region are boundless, and in the future must add immensely to the world's wealth. 5^ STATE OF NORTH DAKO'J A. VII. AGRICULTUEE. The foundation of the wealth and prosperity of the Dakotas is iu their agri- cultural products, and development is still in its infancy. The older states are overtaking their food-producing capacity, while the possibilities of our agricul- tural interests are still an unknown quantity. So rapid has been the growth of the Dakotas and so marvelous the yield of cereals, that the great trade centres have not ceased wondering at the new factors in food production. North Dakota attracted attention by producing a wheat that is a grade unto itself, — No. 1 hard, — famous now all over the civilized world as making the best flour ever known. Civilization has kept pace with the use of white bread among the masses. North Dakota not only produces bread for its own people, but sends millions of bushels of the bread-making cereal away to feed the hungry of other lands. Of 2,500 samples of wheat from all parts of the world tested by the chemist of the National Department of Argriculture, No. 1 hard from North Dakota led all others for possessing the largest percentage of nutritious properties. For the past three years the Territory of Dakota led all the states and territories in the total yield of wheat, of which quantity the north state's share was more than half. North Dakota's claim to agricultural greatness is not confined solely to the growth of wheat, it produces all the small grains in gracious abundance and of splendid quality. The Board of Agriculture of North Dakota is constituted as follows: I. C. Wade, president, Jamestown; J. P. Power, vice president, Wahpeton; Gerald Pierce, secretary, Bismarck; E. Y. Searles, treasurer, Hillsboro; J. B. Valland- igham, Valley City; Joseph Tombs, Grafton; R. T. Kingman, Hillsboro; R. D. Glasgow, Cisselton; Clarence Price, Bismarck; H. I. Norton, Hamilton; Wm. Budge, Grand Forks. The North Dakota Farmers Alliance is now a state organization to itself, independent of the South Dakota alliance. The officers are Walter Muir of Cass county, president; James Dobie of Pembina county, and Andrew Slotten of Richland county, respectively first and second vice presidents; M. D. Wil- liams of Stutsman county, secretary; S. W. XJnkenholz of Morton county, treasurer; Ira S. Lampman of Barnes county, lecturer. F. B. Fancher of Stuts- man county has charge of the insurance department. The official organ is the Capital, published at Jamestown. Statistics. — The accompanying tables, which show the acreage and yield of crops for 1888 and 1889, are of interest, and furnish food for reflection. It will be seen that in 1883 the little more than 3,000,000 acres in cultivation, out of a total of quite 48,000,000 in the state, produced nearly 40,000,000 bushels of small grains, not including divers other products of the soil. The table of acreage and yield in 1888 is combined, while those of 1889 are given sepa- rately. The first table is the report of 1888: STATE OF NOETH DAKOTA. 57 AGRICULTURE, 1888. COUNTIES. Barnes Benson *Billings Bottineau ♦Burleigh Cass Cavlalier *Dickev Eddy.'. *Emmons Foster *Grand Forks.. ♦Griggs Kidder La Moure Logan McHenry *McIntosh McLean *Mercer Morton Nelson Oliver *Pembina ♦Pierce ♦Ramsey Ransom Richland Rolette Sargent Stark Steele Stutsman ♦Towner ♦Traill ♦Walsh Ward Wells Land in Farm and Used in Connection Therewith. Acres Un- der Culti- vation. 154, 620 34, .'iTe 200 30, 788 35, 345 59.^, 645 71,375 131, 939 31,541 14,909 40, 675 323,214 55, 782 30, 090 73, 604 2,716 8,483 39, 061 10, 008 3,080 23, 532 91,930 3,066 270, 196 6, 760 106, 167 114,025 158, 808 23, 651 94, 313 15, 1?4 114. 423 62, 707 4,473 254. 424 276, 585 6,161 30, 057 Acres Under Fence. Total num- ber of Acres in Farm (Cultivated and Uncul- tivated). 6, 743 4,125 1,000 2,123 13, 877 35, 275 10, 778 11,317 3,405 1,268 1,194 37, 882 7, 812 1,327 3,723 1, 465 8, 0(56 200 8^3 186 4,916 8,373 35, 799 11,297 13, 950 20, 626 4,381 11,779 1,282 13,152 4,204 1,241 29, 953 3d, 742 3,875 282 276, 189 83, 585 115,062 99, 085 664,713 227, 228 407, 860 70, 066 87,4.33 112,691 513, 035 114, 106 61,976 166,692 15, 280 59, 437 45. 562 15, 900 135, 269 227, 627 17,916 455, 461 22,896 401,916 191,615 30r!, 680 120, 052 211,614 56, 865 192, 151 122,875 102, 794 359,615 466, 959 49, 770 26, 816 Present Cash Value. Of Farm Including Improve- ments. Of Farming Implements and Machinery. SI, 550, 049 389,915 399, 930 530, 565 4, 295, 004 929, 170 2, 409, 693 341,740 347, 795 4-=54, 031 4, 222, 766 527, 120 338, 020 1,145,607 130,500 93, 726 308, 900 10, 175 2C4, 296 1,139,344 67, 928 4,679,672 7'2, 895 1,462,255 1,927,710 1,833,558 620, 727 967, 319 209, 252 1, 426, 828 729,610 684, 130 4,713,145 3, 003, 704 124,650 49, 810 S1.52, 058 52, 490 1,197 32, 648 71,871 263, 748 105,903 75, 204 32,130 22, 320 18,825 242, 787 57, 773 25, 785 90, 537 4,616 9,809 13,777 2,614 32,816 76, 147 5,049 272, 121 12, 203 113, 403 123, 438 123, 927 41,810 111,292 14, 576 88, 044 51,406 35, 157 260, 623 152,642 6,777 22, 283 Acreage and Yield. Corn. Acres. Bush 207 9 2,391 15 1, 500 2,832 1,064 31,775 12, 940 2,280 42 38, 648 2,100 'ee" 16 33, 900 "987 235 469 62 199 215 462 610 2,485 26 795 51 760 1,608 836 836 172 45 371 "85 13 Total 3,344,053 353,451 6,604,791 «!42,341,539 $2,819,806 18,966 277,441 • Incomplete. 1,379 6,940 675 293 2,364 2, 497 3,767 34, 127 10 3,078 100 13, 570 45, 174 14, 137 22, 465 1,190 225 1, 972 58 STATE OF XOETH DAKOTA. AGRICULTURE, 18S8 — CosxnnJED. ACREAGE SOWS AND THE YIELD OF THE CROPS FOE THE YEAR. "Wheiat. COUXTIES. Bushels. Acres. Oats. Bushels. Rye. Bushels Barley. Acres. Bushels. Barnes . Benson ♦BilUngs. Bottineau *Burleigh , Cass Cavalier , ♦Dickev , Eddy *Emmons Foster *Grand Forks., *Griggs Kidder La Moure Logan McHenry ♦Mcintosh McLean *Mercer. ......... Morton Nelson Oliver *Pembina *Pierce *Kamsey Ransom Richland Rolette Sargent Stark Steele Stutsman ♦Towner "Traill ♦Walsh Ward Wells Total.. 11,732 18,313 368, 728 42, 528 6 », 099 22, 183 7,670 22, 013 206, 421 36, 618 24, 891 46, 031 1,386 2,029 10, 392 4,842 464 8,361 55, 320 649 173, 798 6,760 66, 967 81,288 110, 186 9,677 61,355 5, 242 72,910 42, 975 22, 459 227, 712 187, 523 1,932 17,931 2, 161, 429 94, 795 176, 6il 3, 179, 093 517,691 847,247 133, 965 63, 885 216, 885 2, 169, 396 190,992 220, 141 530, 798 13, 840 20, 74ti 125, 715 49, 313 3,895 84,212 295, 480 5,795 2, 0«9, 206 66, 600 418,468 942, G92 1, 086, 674 70, 867 831. 792 58, 543 594, 053 339, 786 75, 073 2, 174, 568 2, 284, 392 19, 527 184, 335 21,139 3,717 90 2,580 6,98» 55, 433 10, 162 15, 613 3,832 2,476 4,193 33, 475 6,013 3,806 9,998 447 1,475 4,023 2,396 350 4,024 8,544 761 25, 963 1,012 10, 391 19,101 23, 671 3,269 12, 759 2,838 13, 175 8,801 4, 229 27, 588 31, 039 l,2r.9 3,3S8 334, 015 106,876 900 46,852 163,250 1, 706, 187 326, 632 359, 640 122, 806 57, 523 127,628 1,120,018 206, 569 105, 235 258, 514 11,358 32, 389 89, 931 50, 060 4,7iJ9 77, 903 290, 245 13,388 957, 872 20,240 345, 675 484,465 614, 208 65,150 366,444 79,654 451, 728 259, 219 117,032 953, 001 915, 865 23, 203 95. 760 137 2 3 120 72 32 2 227 7 122 15 4 42 96 94 11 2,054 40 4,995 618 84 1,864 1,674 514 "so 110 606 25 4, 256 10 77 7 201 7 257 18 192 3 17 90 366 6,617 3,782 5,537 799 565 513 10,196 1,796 459 1,534 56 119 681 100 44 176 2,092 18 10, 579 69 1,997 236 30 802 702 980 70 515 2,291 1,167 2,728 571 2,526 133 118 1,575 405 3,711 5,734 58 21,051,598 390,018 136,304 13,013 1,196 2,694 107, 270 92, 912 123, 721 14,947 11,254 12,593 259, 160 39,667 11,424 38.207 1.560 2,244 15,882 2,074 506 1,758 42,048 228 299,405 72,047 27,067 63,336 6,546 53,822 3,527 29,970 40,053 7,161 103, 296 147, 337 750 2,915 11,362,174 1,093 I 17,402 72, 725 1, 847, 894 = Incomplete. STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 59 AGRICULTURE, 1888 — Concluded. ACREAGK SOWN AND THK YIELD OF THE CROPS FOR THE YEAR. Flax. Beans. Peas. Broom Irish Corn. Potatoes. Buck- wheat. < COUNTIES. 1 < < 3 u o < 3 i 3 u < 3 u < 3 3 728 182 375 271 62 8,407 366 543 550 25 277 75 1,034 291 12 8,312 2,699 1,918 ""2,"548 1,172 223 67,711 777 5, 948 4, 575 382 440 272 11, 997 1,566 35 54, 819 11 48 9 54 1 75 7.^52 89 10 134 627 1, 395 248 831 58 276 170 75, 477 9,639 1,000 7,673 63, 805 144,010 25, 202 76, 452 9,668 29,510 16,755 '""s 2 ■"■3 4 '■■■'2 ""3 23 64 13 10 "27 15 "46 00 '"36 '"253 iuo 100 Benson *Billing8 4 8 123 12 *Burleigh 83 67 83 8 2 5 6 4 1 1 26 2 8 158 115 20 74 49 44 20 11 161 6 71 5 *Dickey 12 71 Eddy ♦Emmons 20 4 129 60 39 ♦Grand Forks.. ?24 83, 883 167: 14,517 188! 26,100 Kidder 3 11 12 69 La Moure .... 470 35 108 167 115 47 610 234 66 # 529 56 276 478 715 54, bSS 3,119 8,927 17, 532 13, 823 4,217 66, 945 19,942 6,524 79, 595 5,600 20, 332 46,449 65, 124 9,654 47,219 39, 742 33, 441 71,415 2,683 71,20; 76, 907 8,777 11, 345 McHenry ♦Mcintosh 8 59 5 2 46 17 35 12 497 51 292 606 180 20 1,916 3,531 478 98 114 16 54 136 4 50 59 10 564 86 2,147 37 239 236 50 84 688 1 562 450 40 4,732 574 14, 965 208 2,102 1,702 150 303 6,581 8 5,148 8 1 3 9 8 8 2 ■■■4 15 4 12 45 15 18 101 165 115 24 75 82 45 213 ""2 "31 27 18 4 10 18 ""'i '""i 5 47 106 Richland 92 2 2 7 20 9 4 583 358 400 496 48 670 861 82 9fa stark L.. Steele Stutsman 7 *Traill ♦Walsh Ward Wells _ Total 27, 361 200, 068 419 1,057 318 2,385 8 106 13, 249 1, 368, 847 139 625 9 — * Incomplete. 60 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. . ic c-Jtr — o r» C) c; -r c. o ^ *i o c^ o r» C) c^ T ■^ '^ r^CJCOOiCtt— •^C:::l^cc^45i^-?^Grc^(^;-•;r-r^■■-ir•.-- ■ 3C JC O C; iC ?C — xoc — icc_- :^x«.':c:x-^r-. :r::rxt^o^ o ^- r^ ^^ n c^ ic ■ "T C^ -^ Ci Ci 1— — o o m ( WU^aCClCt^tO-H-SIQ — 50 m^l c^ : :csac 1— '^KJT'OC •— iC O t^ CC --csoo'^rc : cc eo o cfl •H «c :cc-^o CC T-t ^- c^ c^ O'^ o r*< — to ic ' c; r — r c; ::: w «--H .1?? iio"5"*' X o o to ^ -co — - — ■ o u: i-t t2 o -^ -r- ■ — O^MClC^C^^COXi-i' )XTr*,-HSO^-QOOii:ii:0*0-*C^to::50S5Ci — — - - -- - ^ j^ '^ ^ 00 r-lCSTl- wt* »—co X X — L- — ; — ^ l^' «-^o^xccof 'V Cl o K2 C5 t- CO o •oo soooot^ooooxos: 3 C^ O ^ C^l OC -r Ci -T" Ci •— : ^ TT « O i-iO n X :0 C5 : : CO T-^o oc 'O CO ioc-^OiCi-- ~. — «r^ ritcr^r-- — r-ociorztcc; OJQOOtO— 'OOCOC^OtC^lOSOOOt— : CJt-^r-r:xco-?'i-'Ca=o.-? c;tcr^r---^i Cite c^ to — -^ I t^"^ kc"t-^crrrr-"«c*c^ic'rrx'"V"cr cfio^M" ^^rfi^-fOQCO — XXXO Tcs Jib^^Hx-— *-::i>-ctoxr]i>.riH »'"''o' ' cf cT x"x*co'r^^"-=-~t^c^'"r-~to'"c^*c"o"co — — :r-roo-rCi-HC^c- — r^c^t-: C. C^ •Wt^C:X?OC^»-iC^*-'C0i-*C^ roo — Ci-HC^c^ — r^?^t-:rooQiQ'<3'»--i>oo cooo ro co:o-^ciOt^u3C;ooo — — ■ r; to rs -r -^ X r-i ir: i.t tl.OXOS-rC:t-*t^^-^t-iOt^CQC^OSC^«— re* -m" cT r^^-r^cT o~ to" rT N* __ _Ci':^cct^t-C30:.oiC^c^ : S5 r: z3 C: i-* r; '^ "ic ^ ^" i* ~ ^ ?^ ~= ,T2 ' ■ ooiotoH^ror^^wrrC'is^toc^O' cs ci : :o cc t^ to C5 c « i-iO — u-cr. toorito — r: i^tooc;ir;c^OL;ro --rcto^to--Oi--r2or:0"X-^o;Trt-ro ec — osOr^t-. — xc^r^x-r-xt-xxx-r o'td' co"x"?c"to~^-^x*^-^t-"^"x'^f L*"^j'cc~-r" cj o — c^ r* xt^j'OC^ 04 2s ■•* o i§i qH s !£ I a. S H ►« <5S c3-= = = ? = • iiiililllllli ^ ;2C — :. — — — — X XX XC" STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 61 Small Farming. — It is the aggregation of small things that makes large ones. It is the small farmer of the East who comes out ahead in the long run. By the term small farmer, we mean the one who makes good use of all the chances presented by farm life. Money is made in bulk by securing large crops of any marketable product, but in handling large crops the odds aud ends should not be neglected, because in these in the off years there may be salva- tion. There is money in gardening, in poultry and eggs, in butter and cheese, and a score of other things which seem trifling to a man who harvests 3,000 or 4,000 bushels of dollar wheat, but supposing there is a hot wind, a lack of rain or a frost? The man who puts all his eggs in one basket is liable to go to smash. In a country and climate as suitable and favorable to the growth of poultry and the production of eggs as North Dakota, the product ought to ex- ceed $119,565, as shown by the returns of 1888. It is the tendency of Ameri- cans to run to large results, and for this reason we call upon foreign lands for products so easily and generously yielded on our own soil with but little at- tention and care. During the month of September, 1889, according to the re- port of the National Bureau of Statistics, the United States imported 20,000,000 dozen eggs, and the past fiscal year shows the country to have imported $50,. 000,000 more than it exported — an enormous drain of treasure. Many smal] articles that can be readily produced in Dakota are imported every year, yet in spite of that the country is growing, but it will grow faster in the direction of prosperity through the medium of the small savings, economies and produc- tions. The table on the following page shows the value of garden products, poultry, butter, cheese and honey produced during 1888: 62 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. SMALL FAR^nNG, 1888. Gardens. Poultry Dairy Products During the Year 1888. Bees. 3 2 cS > Value of Poultry and Eggs sold during the Year 1888. Made in Family. Value of Milk sold dur- iugthe Yearotherthan that sold to Cheese Fac- tories and Creameries. -a a S OQ O (.1 .§ a 3 13 a COUNTIES. Cheese. Butter. 3 o C-oo •z, .a a IS 82,658 20 200 338 3,819 3,741 1,185 671 25 155 280 2,477 210 288 1,345 89,356 287 4,080 200 207,434 63,685 83,435 1 6 Benson *Billings 50 Bottineau 382 8,695 12, 974 1,631 3,606 655 2,151 395 8,581 905 1,628 3,031 405 9,704 1,481 50 1,360 500 40, 179 53, 582 332, 802 96, 855 152, 963 29, 600 520 34, 610 275, 363 50, 626 25, 882 76, 528 7,930 39, 988 *Burleigh 10, 141 1,723 1 32 2 Cass Cavalier *Diekey 7,938 100 419 1 Eddy *Emmoiis Foster 1,250 3,101 1,047 150 255 9,400 1,025 *Grand Forks 7,946 721 79 1,594 1 *Griggs Kidder La Moure Logan McHenrr 423 596 25 •Mcintosh McLean 27 99 1,384 401 146 972 400 11,229 938 1,315 170 1,663 1,142 810 259 1,557 239 9,252 3,553 607 5,668 350 5,190 2,989 6,367 1,020 4,664 2,408 1,768 3. 978 915 1,086 2,515 2,570 1, 550 590 41, 360 9,255 91,415 87, 165 17, 775 243, .^54 600 110,622 159, 810 139, 669 45, 768 97, 880 34, 538 95, 130 120, 880 37, 573 189, 654 23S, 513 45,606 5,855 *Mercer ion 65 187 1 Morton Nelson 2 Oliver *Pembina 78 1 *Pierce *Ranisey 930 4,235 2,024 980 1,455 6,000 999 4,325 1,677 198 2,370 61 2,119 5, 625 300 Ransom e" 294 250 Richland Rolette Sargent Stark Steele Stutsman ♦Towner 3 1,450 1,741 4,886 2, 827 6, 771 176 1,530 205 445 400 956 2,745 2,005 ♦Traill 3,415 5,092 ♦Walsh Ward 24 Wells Total 813,744 ' S1 10 ."^fi.T 79 fi«Q 1 !J am i=;q 1 «:;9 nt:7 1 35 588 ' 1 1 * Incomplete. STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. 63 Fruits. — The abundance of wild fruits to be found in the timber along the streams is evidence that with right care in selection, planting, etc. , tame varieties can be successfully grown in North Dakota. Fruits are among the last things to come in the settlement of a new country, but the time will come when orchards will be found in every part of the north state. It is reasonable to believe this, when fruit trees grow to the east in parallels far north of ours. The returns of nurseries, and the numbers of fruit trees and acres of berries, for 1888, appear in the following table: < O m 0) as 1^ Orchards. Berries. Grapes COUNTIES. v. CO to o ® a ^ t- g air = ,t Cavalier ♦Dickey 43 10 Eddy io 35 1 15 5 ♦Grand Forks 766 43 262 14 1 Kidder 10 648 i 9 34 6 541 89 10 10 32 88 29 682 2 33 3 42 18 150 212 1d9 1 58 141 5 2 Rolette 1,252 9S 29 611 157 Stark Steele 15 69 1 348 110 1 1 1 2 418 ♦Traill 6 57 898 142 809 368 2 Ward 7 Total 410 4,987 7,792 757 15 48 ♦ Incomplete. Note. — The term acre as applied to berries probably means patches or gardens. 64 STATE OF XOETH DAKOTA. Grasses. — The wild grasses have heretofore been so abundant and nutri- tious that the need of cultivating tame varieties has been little felt; but as the ranges become more circumscribed the cultivated grasses and forage plants are given more attention. All the varieties common to the Northern states will grow; in fact, the Jiorth temperate zone is the only part of the world in which the grasses reach perfection. The following table shows the acres of grasses in cultivation or to be cultivated in 1839, together with the tons of tame and wild hay cut in 1888: COUNTIES Barnes Benson ♦Billings Boitineau ♦Burleigh Cass Cavalier *Dlckey Eddy ♦Emmons , Foster *Grand Forks *Griggs Kidder La Moure Logan McHenrv ♦Mcintosh , McLean , ♦Mercer Morton Xelson Oliver ♦Pembina ♦Pierce ♦Ramsey , Ransom Richland Rolette Sargent Stark Steele Stutsman ♦Towner ♦Traill ♦Walsh Ward Wells Acres of Grasses is Ccltivatiox oe to BE Cultivated in 1889. o Hg c *o O C a) o c3 I. a> jj SHoo 3,187 ],233 I 692 238,125 62,431 ♦Incomplete. STATE OF NOBTH DAKOTA. 65 VIII. IRRIGATION. The rainfall of North Dakota is sufficient to mature crops, but it is not al- ways seasonable, and owing to the droughty character of a few seasons past, the question of irrigation is coming prominently to the front. A convention was held at Grand Forks recently, and a memorial was prepared asking Con- gress to take steps preliminary to the construction of a canal from the Missouri river in Montana, eastward through Montana and North Dakota to the Red river. From this water could be drawn for a vast acreage. The convention adopted resolutions urging Congress to give the settled regions first attention, rather than the unsettled sections. The two Dakotas have a fair settlement of people, and have paid into the United States treasury over $20,000,000 for lands, besides vast sums expended in the improvement of these lands. If aid is given less settled regions the people of the Dakotas could not be benefited, even if they had money, because they have already exercised their rights under the claim laws. Another and important feature attending the conversion of arid lands to the west of us into productive fields, when there is already an over-production of cereals, is one of interest if not alarm to every Dakotan, as well as to dwellers in all of the humid and sub-humid prairie states. Had the farmers of Dakota been able to irrigate their fields this year, their crops would have been enormous instead of being merely fair. By tapping the arte- sian basin and utilizing the flow of rivers, the fields of both Dakotas could be made to rival those of the Nile in productiveness. This artificial supply of water would not only produce wonderful crops of grain, but vegetables, grasses, forage plants, small fruits and trees would spring forth in plenty, covering the face of the country with orchards and forest groves, and giving character and beauty to the landscape not possible now without great labor. 66 STATE OF >-OETH DAKOTA. IX. STOCK. The growing of wheat has been engaged in by the farmers of North Dakota largely to the exclusion of all other means for making money from the soil. This was only natural because it took very little capital to raise wheat and the returns were speedy and profitable. Of late years, however, farmers find that mised or diversified farming pays better in the long run. The adaptability of North Dakota to successful stock raising in connection with mixed farming is becoming better understood. The success in raising live stock has become so satisfactory that every farmer is providing himself, as fast as he can, with as many head of cattle, horses, sheep and hogs as he can obtain. While wheat is the principal harvest crop, oats, flax, barley, rye, corn and all of the root crops are largely and profitably raised, yet the climate has proven most favor- able for the rapid and healthful growth of cattle, horses, sheep and hogs, and the native grasses are so plentiful and nutritious that the live stock indus- try, both with farmers and with stock raisers who make it a speciality, is grow- ing in importance. There is no more desirable part of the republic to engage in the stock-growing industry than is offered on the broad and open grazing ranges of North Dakota. The coteaus. a chain of low, grassy hills running through a portion of the new state east of the Missouri river, and also the wide extent of rolling prairies west of the Missouri, afford unsurpassed advantages for the profitable raising of sheep, cattle and horses as a business. Sheep, wherever tried, have done remarkably well, the dry atmosphere giving exemption from diseases peculiar to them, which have always formed so formidable an enemy to sheep raising in sections of the East. It may also be stated that North Da- kota is free from the dreaded scourge, hog cholera. Hogs raised on roots and grains make sweeter and better meat, and not so fat and gross as the corn-fed swine. Hogs weighing from 500 to 600 pounds have been raised without a grain of corn. Statistics. — The returns herewith presented are incomplete, but they give an idea of the general distribution of the stock interests in the various coun- ties of the state. The table giving the death loss is one of value, in that it shows a very low percentage of mortality, particularly when the fact is known that much of this stock received very little care or extra feed during the winter season: STATE OF NOBTH DAKOTA. 67 ui padduo 100 AV JO spniioj JO aaqran^ •8881 J.VSX ^Rl Sound sjBtaiuy 10 aniB^v 1 cv a: C-. M r- « ■* 4 fC t-» CC fC ^ CO t^?^ioco«£>t^'^coou^^^co W O O 00 c^ -.Jft^lOt^OilMOCO^^— CSQOCO ot^05C^o^"^«oooocoi^asco T.^ ^ «3 .-I C^ Tf ^ C^ Tl ^t£> r-< O CO ^H ci o r^ CO 00 CO C^ LO ^ ■OSlCCCtMTTOS^mcO^^O iScocVtcco^'Cor-c^'-it'^ t-i ^-eo tXi 00 -^ OOd CO lO ^ ^^ irr CO o ic — c o CO m 04 C'l -^ T-H CO T C-I or to 1^ 3s cc -^^ tl 1~ 0> " -* CM aaiMg JO .1 a q to" n >i 00 to -:}< 05 to t^ 1^ lo c^i ^ 00 o 0-. r^ . ^^31 tCOO(COO»-iCO oicoioocc»ootoc!Oi=ot-iot^r;'2St:'^°''SnS2£S SsCOCOtOOC. 00Tri:~t0-3'«l0OC0r)tO .-«;oococoo>cor~ocoiMireoi-.or~cO'-M-*'-;<>)0>''Ooco^ CI w c^ -^ ^^ T.^ ,-. CO " ' I o-*oooo>tDQOQOO-. ooe»M-*mmmoiooir;r-;^^(3sr^OT-liO05f-«0DiC^00iCC0C0 — --'CitOI^CStOOsr^'^ .,„„-. janin SSTOffie5o»§r:S-00(>)coco-.^r toco-^" -r'Tir « co-^-c-'r^'co m •SMOO qouK JO laqmn^ ■sassy p u B sainiv[ JO J a q TO n j^ lO-Ht^OitOC-J — OOOlOOOOOlOE-t^CJOWg-CCOO^^^COO 0-. — 00-*lOOOO-!fC^t0001>COOC^'£COlC05l_-0<5-*^O^C2 OOOCOIO^Ht£)CItCI>'*F-l»CC>4ti(NOOCOC^COCOlO»-'CCi-"'^ 0!« CO — cm^ oj^ oor: co-a'o»ioo-3'(M'^'CtDi-i^oo C3.eI>1^012'^2'^ tot^ooo-*— 'cooi^'if-rt— 'co--e2oococD3'in2;gr--21£?S CT-LnWi-HatI--CNClOt^-^t^00t0^t0.-'*-'-3.ooo--oioto oo«i; ^ co-ncjocs.. — a-« cm a) 60 (»»a f^ CO O CC 00 O CC »-t "-1 CO r-i ■fli Tj< i-( if to — ' -^ >■ CO 1-1 l-H rH OO O -^OOCO O CO lO 00 M CM r^ CO 1-1 .r 9 q ra n ^ i-« Oi -.r; L"^ (M — T CO O O O 05 ■* c j *d98t|c; JO J O q oi n ^T O X) Ol IC CO o -^ t>- 1'- o -^ o 4:5 JO jaquiu^ t^ r* '-' Tf* t-* QO 1-1 1— CO ir^ — • Oi Tjt o CO CM 00 C» CO !>■ CO •S.UOO qaiTWr JO Jaqtanjsi OS r^ TT CO " C5 T-H GO (N C^l r-« Tj< Tt< CO eq -^ i>o> « « « STATE OF NOKTH DAKOTA. 69 North Dakota is not all a treeless plain, by any means, and the settlers on her open prairies have no reason whatever to feel discouraged about the future of their own section. All they have to do is to apply themselves industriously to the task of planting, and replanting when necessary, the timber that can and does grow in this fruitful soil. The timber area of North Dakota may be classified as native and cultivated. The extent of the native timber belts alone will surprise most people. The Red river valley is in part a well- wooded country. A number of forest varieties are thrifty natives of the bottom lands adjacent to the Red River of the North, and its tributary streams, the Shey- enne. Wild Rice, Maple, Goose, Turtle, Forest, Park, Tongue and Pembina rivers. There is considerable oak and other timber bordering on Devils lake, and a heavy growth of poplar, balm of Gilead, ash and oak in the Turtle Mountains. The timber along the Missouri river is mostly cottonwood, which in places grows to an immense size. There is not much timber on the James river, what is found there being confined to a number of straggling patches and a few larger groves. Fringes of trees line all the streams tributary to the Missouri. The cultivated area of timber is larger than would be supposed, the returns of artificial forests, by counties, being as follows: STATE OF XOETH DAKOTA. ARTIFICIAL FORESTS Teees Ose Year Old -VXD OVEK. COL N'TIES. No. Acres Cottonwood Xo. Acres Box Elder. No. Acres Ash. No. Acres Maple. No. Acres OtherVarie- ties. 622 6i 739 255 70 25 3 512 18 *Billings 19 864 676 349 158 131 87 59 612 989 116 586 133 1,219 30 573 135 •222 470 71 30 550 62 17 133 59 110 Cass 19 5 27 73 62 1, 472 Eddv •581 fGrand Forks 703 111 4,056 79 12 65 42 74 29 21 10 461 12 Kidder 3 2 8 52 209 66 1 720 148 30 181 186 178 5 479 171 49 3 S S 12 Oliver 31 50 900 60 fRamsey 285 384 415 2 6,991 15 253 298 tJ 2,260 1 63 230 393 432 68 8,405 98 157 393 1 342 824 74 20 42 5 3,596 37 31 54 1 59 126 1 13 43 96 1 3,027 Richland Rolette Sargent 140 94 1,072 10 Steele 1 102 23 tTowTier i-Traill +Walsh Ward 3 2 21 1 122 553 706 Wells .54 Total 20.814 18.663 5.528 3, 354 7. 1-23 * Not reported. t Incomplete. STATE OF NOBTH DAKOTA. 71 XI. MINERAL RESOURCES. Coal. — The mines of North Dakota are chiefly coal. The whole of the country west of the Missouri river and a considerable part of that east of the Missouri river is underlaid with deposits of lignite coal, which crops out in many places in veins from 4 to 20 feet in thickness. "The lignite coal, some- times known as brown coal," says E. V. Smalley in the NortJiwest Magazine^ ' ' is less rich in heating properties in proportion to its weight than anthracite or bituminous coal, but is nevertheless an excellent fuel for domestic purposes and for stationary engines. It is much better domestic fuel than wood. It is mined very cheaply from the outcroppings in the sides of the hills, and is more and more coming into general use as the common domestic fuel of the country." Lignite coal is largely mined for shipment at Sims, Morton county, and at Dickinson, Stark county, on the Northern Pacific railroad. It is also mined for local consumption at New England City, in Hettinger county, and at all of the towns in each of the counties west of the Missouri river. It is also mined east of the Missouri river; at Coal Harbor and other places in McLean county; at the Hawley mine in Burleigh county; at several points in Emmons county; at several points in the Mouse river country and at the Pony Gulch mines in "Wells county. Settlers in the region west of the Missouri river, where numerous out- croppings of coal are found in almost every township, are in the habit of min- ing their own fuel. A little work with pick and shovel uncovers a vein on the side of a hill from which a wagon can be loaded without much labor. Lignite coal is wood in the first conversion into coal. It retains to a great extent the texture of the wood from which it was formed, and its vegetable character can often be seen in the carbonized sections of limbs and trunks of trees. The pro- portion of carbon in this variety of coal will average about 50 per cent. The existence of these extensive coal beds is an important matter for the future development of North Dakota, and for the comfort and prosperity of the set- tlers, insuring them an ample supply of cheap fuel for all future time. Building' Stones. — There are fine deposits of various kinds of stone in the Turtle Mountains, and boulders suitable for foundation purposes are plen- tifully scattered over North Dakota. The discovery of valuable minerals has been announced from the Turtle Mountains, but coal, iron and oil are known to exist in quantities. A geological survey of the state would no doubt reveal wealth of which we now have no knowledge. Clays for brick making, pottery, etc., abound. At Dickinson, Stark county, an excellent cream-colored brick is made. XII. MANUFACTURES. The manufacturing interests of North Dakota are not commensurate with its possibilities and wants. Its largest and most important industry is flour making, a business capable of large expansion, which is also true of a varied class of factories for whi«i\ the fields and pastures can furnish an abundance of raw material. STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. Flouring- Mills.— The milling statistics of the state, as far as could be obtained, are as follows: OVER 200 BARRELS CAPACITY. LOCATION. Capital Em- ployed. Value of 1 Annual | Product. LOCATION. Capital Em- ployed. Value of Annual Product. Bismarck 850,000 40, 000 75, 000 45. 000 100, 000 5160,000 1 150, 000 ; 240,000 1 175, 000 . 250, 000 i Hillsboro j Jamestown ' Mandan Minto Valley City $42,000 38, 000 60, 000 36,000 48,000 8160,000 140,000 210, 009 155, OUO 190,000 Fargo *Grand Forks * Grand Forks has two other mUls of a combined capital of 540,000 with an output of 8120,000. UNDER 200 BARRELS CAPACITY. LOCATION. Capital ' Value of Em- Annual ; ployed. Product. Colfax i §12,000 Pembina | 25,0ii0 New Salem j 10,000 Washburn i 6,000 Salem 10,000 La Moure i in, 000 Wahpeton 25,000 Lisbon 10,000 Walhalla \ 10,000 Gladstone ' 15,000 Glen Tllin I 8,000 Tower Citv 20,000 842,000 70, 000 35, 000 23, 000 33, 000 35,000 70, 000 33,0tiO 36, 000 40,000 35, 000 63, 000 LOCATION. Capital Value of Em- I Annual ployed. : Product. New Rockford Arvilla Oakes Miinor Grandin Caledonia Mayville , Portland Daily St, John Dunseith 810,000 40,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 15, 000 50, 000 20, 000 20, 000 8,000 12, 000 835, 000 110, 000 30, 000 29,000 30,000 48,000 135,000 60,000 50,000 25,000 30,000 These mills are famished with the latest and most approved rolling appli- ances and the best attainable machinery, and make superior grades of flour, such as only can be made from No. 1 hard wheat. When it is understood that mill- ions of bushels of wheat are annually shipped to Eastern milling points, one can readily see the chance for expanding the manufacture of flour. Creameries. — Attention is being turned to the manufacture of butter in creameries, the number, value a ad output being as follows: LOCATION. Capital Value of Invested. Product. LOCATION. Capital Invested. Value of Product. Valley Citv 88,000 12,000 15,000 8,000 12,000 .•i, 000 824,000 1 35,000 50,000 1 25,000 ; 35,000 ; LI. 000 Taylor 85,000 12,000 10,000 6, 000 8,000 J12 000 38,000 26,000 18,000 • Wahpeton 25. 000 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA! 73 This, too, is an industry capable of indefinite expansion, owing to free ranges. The creamery product is gilt edge and brings high prices. A good article of dairy butter is also extensively made, and has become a valuable addition to the income of every practical farmer. Reports of the establishment of cream- eries and of an occasional cheese factory are on the increase. Most of them are organized on a liberal scale, and the work entered upon with all the energy that Dakota men usually give to enterprises which promise to be of public good Dairy products will soon present quite a figure in the statistics of our new state. The statistics of butter and cheese made on farms wdll be found in a table elsewhere. liUmbering'. — The principal saw mills of North Dakota are at Grand Forks, the logs coming on the Red river from the pineries of Minnesota. Every leading town of the state, however, has planing mills and wood-working shops of various kinds. Minor Industries. — Besides the saw and flour mills, every community has small factories engaged principally in repair work and manufacturing for local demands. There are several large brickyards, and clay of excellent qual- ity abounds. XIII. EDUCATIONAL FACILITIES. North Dakota enters the Union with 1,362 public schools, giving employ- ment to lj741 teachers. Money for the support of these schools was raised from direct taxation, the territory having in the last five years expended over $10,000,000 for this purpose alone. Is this not wonderfulfor a region so recent- ly marked off on the map as a part of the "Great American Desert?" By admission the state comes into possession of its school lands, Sees. 16 and 36, or 1,280 acres, in each township, or a couple of million acres in all, none of which can be sold under $10 an acre. The money from the sale of these lands will create a permanent school fund such as none of the other states had on entering the Union. Besides the common schools, all the towns have graded and high schools, the state has a university of splendid character, the consti- tution makes provision for additional institutions, giving higher, special and technical education, while several of the religious organizations have colleges and academies bearing records for efficiency and good results. The graded schools are modeled upon the best experience of the older East, with courses of study equal to any in much larger Eastern cities. A noticeable feature is the large percentage of attendance as compared with the enumera- tion, as shown by the following table: CTTTFS -N^- °f Pupils ^ Teachers. Enumerated. Fargo ! 22 Grand Forks 14 Jamestown ; 11 Bismarck 8 Lisbon 5 Wahpeton 4 1,158 Pupils in School. 1,147 1,301 I 827 510 394 247 220 594 421 206 410 74 STATE OF XORTH DAKOTA. These schools are all supplied with suitable buildings and apparatus to prop- erly carry on the work. Good teachers are employed, and good salaries are paid. Very few states show a higher percentage of pupils in regular attendance in schools than in North Dakota, a significant fact and one in which all take pardonable pride, when it is known that in the sparsely settled localities pupils often live long distances from school. The constitution of Xorth Dakota has two articles, divided into nineteen sections, devoted to the question of schools and school lands. The educational sections proper are six in number and provide for all grades of instruction from the common school to the university. Sec. 147 makes it the duty of the legislature to establish and maintain a system of public schools, and then de- clares that ''this legislative requirement shall be irrevocable without the con- sent of the United states and of the people of North Dakota." This is proba- bly the first instance of a constitutional provision making it impossible for a state to change a common legislative requirement without the consent of the United States. Denominational Sctools. — The CongregationaUsts have a college at Fargo ; the Presbyterians have one at Jamestown ; the Baptists have a univer- sity at Tower City, while the Catholics have schools at Fargo, Grand Forks and Bismarck. And since Jamestown has been made the see city of the Catholic diocese of North Dakota, no doubt schools of this sect will be established there. A.11 these schools present facilities for a liberal education under christian in- fluences. XIV. CHUECHES. No new community is better supplied with churches and religious advantages than North Dakota ; every town and thickly settled farm neighborhood has its church, an^ all the leading christian denominations are represented. The Methodists are in numbers sufficient to have the north state set apart as a con- ference field; the Episcopalians have a bishop, and so have the Catholics, the state having enough of both sects to be made into a separate diocese. The Congre- gationaUsts, Presbyterians and Baptists, too. have governing bodies confined to the state borders. Considering its years. North Dakota can point with pride to its church, school and social privileges. • XV. PUBLIC IXSTITCTIOXS. The educatioual, benevolent and reformatory institutions of North Dakota are among the best in the land, and reflect great credit upon the people for their broad and liberal methods and expenditures in providing higher educa- tional advantages, and in caring for the defective and criminal classes. Of the latter, however, there are few, there being but 55 convicts in the penitentary, or one in every 3.300 of the population, a ratio smaller than in any other state in the Union. The cause of higher education is cared for by a state university, besides several denominational colleges, to which aid is given in support of normal courses. STATE OF XOKTH DAKOTA. 75 North Dakota University. — Prominent among Western educational institutions is the university at Grand Forks. The object of this university, according to its charter, is to "provide means of acquiring a thorough knowl- edge of the various branches connected with scientific, industrial and profes- sional pursuits, in the instruction and training of persons in the theory and art of teaching, and also instruction in the fundamental laws of the United States." The main building of the university is 51x150 feet in size, four stories high, and is furnished throughout with modern appliances. There are two wings to the main building, besides an astronomical observatory, and a dormitory build- ing 55x103 feet forms a part of the college building, the cost of all being over $80,000. The natural history, anatomical, mineralogical and geological col- lections consist of about 2,500 specimens. The collection of skulls and skele- tons representing the different order of mammalia, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fishes, is especially good. A very large and choice collection of Black Hills minerals is one of the features of the museum. The typical fossils of the vari- ous formations of the Silurian and devonian ages are well represented, and there is an unusually fine collection of birds mounted and classified. There are like- wise many anatomical models and other preparations for illustrating the lectures in the several departments of natural science. Every department is well equipped with apparatus. The library numbers nearly 1,000 volumes, embracing, in addition to the leading encyclopedias, dictionaries and atlases, a fine collection of standard works on science, metaphysics, history, etc. No student who haa resided in the state for one year next preceding the date of his or her ad- mission, is required to pay for tuition in any department in the university yet established. A nominal fee to cover incidental expenses, consisting of $5 for all students who reside in the state and $10 for all others, is required to bb paid at the beginning of each year. Two degrees, bachelor of arts and bacheloi of science, are conferred, and teachers' certificates are given to the graduates Oi the normal department. Dr. Homer B. Sprague is president, assisted by a very competent corps of instructors. John G. Hamilton, is secretary. The trus- tees are as follows: W. N. Roach, Larimore; H. G. Mendenhall, Grand Forks; Albert L. Hanson, Hillsboro; James Twamley, Minto; Chas. E. Heidel, Valley City. Hospital for the Insane. — This institution, located at Jamestown, is a model of its kind. 'The buildings consist of four ward buildings, two for each sex, kitchen buildings, assembly hall, office building and residence, engine house, water tower, bams, etc., and cost $276,000. Except the barns ana stables, all the buildings are substantially erected of brick, on solid stone base- ments, in the most approved style of modern architecture for hospital purposes, designed with a view to securing the best sanitary conditions, with strict refer- ence to comfort and convenience in the care and treatment of patients. The buildings are all separate and distinct, so that while more room, comfort and privacy is secured between the sexes, any extensions may be easily made as needed. The buildings are connected with corridors. In case of fire or epi- demic diseases the advantage ot separate buildings is apparent. The buildings are lighted with incandescent electric lights, supplied with water pipes through- out, steam-heating apparatus, and a perfect system of sewage. It has been the constant aim of the management to have the furnishings perfect and conven- ient, even to the smallest details. Pictures, musical instruments, flowers and 76 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. other evidences of refinement and taste are found in profusion. The patients are kept as neat and clean as possible. Their minds are diverted from despond- ent subjects, and all are cheered and amused and exercised in every reasonable vray, which method seems to be the only proper course to pursue with insanity. Many, with his treatment, recover. There is very little if any force used, and there are no jail cells or iron bars to give the impression of confinement or prison life. Kindness and cheerfulness, judging from the results here, certainly seem to be the best remedies for unhinged minds. The location for the hospital is all that can be desired, commanding a view *hatis unsurpassed for beauty, — the varying landscape spread out for miles' in .■very direction, — the James river, skirted with timber, winding around t^e loot of the bluff, with a grand view of the city of Jamestown and the valley of the James for miles around. There is a large farm and garden connected with Ihe institution, much of the work being done by the patients. All the vege- *ables used are grown in the garden, sfud the fields supply all the grain and hay keeded for horses and cows. The officers and trustees are as follows: Resident ifficers: Dr. O. W. Archibald, superintendent; E. Schwellenbach, steward; D. S. Moore, assistant physician; Mrs. M. A. Archibald, matron. Trustees: F. B. Fancher, Jamestown; John A. Rea, Bismarck; X. K. Hubbard, Fargo; David Russell, Steele; E. R. Kennedy, Ludden. Penitentiary. — This is one of the complete prisons of the country. It is a well-constructed and suitably arranged building of brick, iron and stone, and contains 72 cells, warden's office, departments for guards, officers' and guards' dining hall, chapel, barber shop, kitchen and storeroom. It stands on a tract of 43 acres, two miles east of the business centre of Bismarck, and cost nearly $100,000. The furnishings and appliances are of the plans adopted by the older states, including steel cells, water works, severs, laundry and steato- heating apparatus. The prison grounds have been nicely laid out, and several hundred young trees planted, stables, root houses, and other out buildings erected, mostly by prison labor. The prisoners have also been employed in improving the capitol grounds. This is one of the few penitentiaries in the land in which the convicts are not dressed in stripes, and the large number of "trusties '' — those on good behavior — and no escapes, indicate that kind treat- ment is more beneficial, not to say humane, than to subject convicts to harsh and humiliating treatment. There are 55 inmates, or one in every 3,300 of the population of the state. Dan Williams is warden. The trustees are as follows: R. M. Tuttle, IMandan; John Haggart, Fargo; John Simons, Valley City; Alex. McKenzie, Bismarck; P. McHugh, Langdon. New Institutions. — While the north state begins with three public in- stitutions as against ten in the south state, the constitution of North Dakota makes liberal provisions for all that may be needed in that direction. It takes the matter out of the hands of legislative bodies, and thus prevents locality contests. It locates the capital at Bismarck, the state university (already established) and school of mines at Grand Forks, the agricultural coUege at Fargo, a normal school at Valley City, appropriating 50 000 acres of land there- for; the deaf and dumb school at Devils Lake, the reform school at Man- dan, a normal school at Mayville, appropriating 20.000 acres of land therefor; an hospital for the insane with an institution for the feeble-minded in con- nection therewith, at Jamestown, appropriating 20.000 acres of land therefor. STATE OF NOKTH DAKOTA. 77 The insane hospital is already established, and has become famed all over the whole country for its completeness and perfect management. It also perma- nently locates the following institutions: A soldiers' home at Lisbon, with a grant of 40,000 acres of land; a blind asylum at such place in the county of Pembina as the electors may determine at an election, with a grant of 30,000 acres; an industrial school for manual training at Ellendale, with a grant of 40,000 acres; a school of forestry at such place in one of the counties of McHenry, Ward, Bottineau or Kolette, as the electors of said counties may de- \ termine by an election for that purpose, and a scientific school at Wahpeton, ' ' with a grant of 40,000 acres; provided, that no other institution of a character similar to any one of those located shall be established or maintained without a revision of the constitution. The Capitol. — North Dakota begins business with a permanent capital city. When the capital was removed from Yankton to Bismarck, the citizens of the latter city donated a capitol building costing $100,000, and grounds of 320 acres, largely laid out in town lots, to be sold for the benefit of the terri- tory. The main part of the building only is completed, it being without the north and south wings. As planned it is four stories high, built of native pressed brick and terra cotta, trimmed with white limestone facings, columns and sills, and heated throughout by steam. It occupies a commanding site on au elevated plateau about a mile north of the business centre. On the second fioor are the offices of the governor, secretary, auditor, treasurer and attorney general. The third floor is occupied by the offices of the railroad commission, ■'^ rooms for the various legislative committees, library, and historical collections, and the legislative chamber, which extends in height through the fourth story. • The senate hall is on the fourth floor. The building when completed will be one of the finest edifices in the Northwest. The report of the capitol commis- sion furnishes the following data concerning the financial status of the capitol building and grounds: Cash donated by citizens of Bismarck $100,000 00 Cash received from 24ilots sold 38,849 00 Total indebtedness, including interest to April 1, 1889 83,507 46 Total cost of capitol and grounds, including interest and indebtedness to April 1, 1889 222,356 46 Unsold lots now owned by state, 749 — appraised value 85,521 00 The north half of the north half of section 9, township 139, range 80, 160 acres, not valued. Capitol Park, 20 acres, and buildings, not valued. 78 STATE Of NORTH DAKOTA. XVI. PUBLIC LANDS. . The land offices in North Dakota, there being four, Fargo, Grand Forks, Devils Lake and Bismarck, represent districts in which there can be found millions of acres of land subject to entry under the various land laws. The annexed tables give the average of vacant lands yet remaining in the different counties of the state, except that Dickey county has 21,540 acres, Mcintosh 49,920, and Em- mons 42,400 acres, attached to the Aberdeen district in South Dakota; and 2,080 acres in Sargent county; and 1,520 acres in Kichland county, in the Watertown (S. D.) district. FARGO LAND DISTRICT. OFFICE AT FARliO, CASS COUNTY. Michael F. Battelle, Register. Frank S. DeMers, Receiver. COUXTIES. Acres Va- cant Oct. 1, 18S9. 50,560 1 .5,187 ' 16, 673 16,646 30, 820 COUNTIES. Acres Va- cant Oct. 1, 18S>9. Dickey 7, 590 40, 7t> j 21 07.i ! Foster 49, 4-2!» 1 Eddv 25, OSS 1 • Total acres vacant 263^33. GRAND FORKS LAND DISTRICT. OFFICE AT GRAXD FORKS, GRASD FORKS COO'TY. James M. Corbet, Register. James Elton, Receiver. COUNTIES. Acres Va cant Oct. 1, 1889. COUNTIES. Acres Va- cant Oct. 1, 1889. Eddy Nelson 22,000 i 33, 000 10,000 Cavalier Ranisev *225, 000 t91, 500 Walsh - tl78, 700 Total acres vacant 560,200. * Six towns unsurveyed, 13.3,000 acres. fFourtowns unsurveyed, 90,000 acres. X Four towns unsurveyed, 90,"00 acres. DEVILS LAKE LAND DISTRICT. OFFICE AT DEVILS LAKE, RAMSEY COUNTY. E. G. SpiLMAJf, Register. S. S. Smith, Receiver. COUNTIES. .\cres Va- cant Oct.! 1, 1889. ■ Acres Va- COUNTIES. cant Oct. 1, 1889. Eddy .39,500 1 213, 650 551,65!» 806, 740 517, 440 Rolette \ .lOfi 79(1 Wells 536 150 Church 641,260 Pierce 541 470 28, 280 Total acres vacant 4.182.J .30 STATK OF NOKTH DAKOTA. BISMARCK LAND DISTRICT. OFFICE AT BISMARCK, BDRLKIGH COUNTV. Oscar E. Uka, Register. D. W. Hutchinson, Receircr. COUNTIES. Mclutosh.. Ewmons... Logan Morton Hettinger., Bowman..., Billings Stark Oliver Burleigh . Kidder Stutsman.. Wells Sheridan... Wallace.... McLean .... 178, fi60 237, 9(50 230, 380 738, 5.50 624, 1)40 348, 160 671,040 450, 240 159, 840 285, 560 265, 120 215,201) 183, 680 311,790 85, 640 96, 160 COUNTIES. Mercer Dunn McKenzie Stevens Ward Renville Mountraille Flannery .«.. Biiford Allred MoHenry Williams Foster Eddy Garfield Acres. 184, 480 358, 400 368, 640 737, 280 473, 440 880, 640 819, 200 , 187, 840 942, 080 163, 840 81, 920 317, 440 3,52t 960 20, 200 Total acres vacant ll,622,.50O How to Obtain Public Liands. — There are four land offices in North Dakota, and all can be reached by rail. In each office there are two officers — a register, who records the filings made by settlers and keeps rnn of the disposi- tion of lands, and a receiver, who takes charge of the moneys paid for public lands and is the authority to whom proof of settlement must be made to secure the deed or patent from the Government in the closing act known as "proving up. ' ' He is also judge in contests made for non-compliance with the land laws. In securing agricultural lands there are three methods: By taking a homestead, pre-emption or tree claim, 160 acres being the maximum amount that can be filed on in each case. A homestead and tree claim, or a pre-emption and tree claim can be taken at the same time, but a pre-emption cannot be taken up before the homestead is ' ' proved up, ' ' or vice versa. The pre-emption and homestead require residence on the land to secure title. In tree claims of 160 acres each, eight years are given in which to raise ten acres of trees, the law requiring proof that 675 thrifty trees are growing on each acre, or 6,750 in all. Thus it is seen that the settler can secure 480 acres of public land. The intending settler by applying to the register can get a plat to townships in which there is still vacant land. This official will give the applicant all the information he possesses concerning the character of the land and how to reach it. With the plat he proceeds to the locality it designates, and by aid of the figures on the section posts or stones, makes his selection. Settlers already on the ground, and anxious to have neighbors, are always glad to assist in locating the home seeker. In every town adjacent to vacant lands are agents who for a small fee will aid persons in locating lands. After selection is made, the land office is again visited, where the register will supply the blanks on which the applicant will fill out a description of the township, range, section and quarter where his selection may be, and make affidavit of his intention to settle on the same. These are filed with the register and a fee of $14 paid, if a homestead is taken, after which, at the expiration of five years, the Government will give a deed or patent with no additional cost except $4 when final prooi" is made. If 80 STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. the settler does not want to wait live years for deed, he can within one year of settlement change to pre-emption and pay $1.25 an acre if ontside of a railroad grant, or $2.50 if within. The only land coming within the $2.50 provision in North Dakota is along the Northern Pacific. The pre-emptor can pay in cash or by military bo nnty land warrants, agricultural college, private claims or supreme court scrip. Soldiers can deduct the term of their service in the army from the time necessary to secure a homestead, but must make entry at land office in person, and pay a declaratory fee of $2. In making entry for tree claim, $14 must be paid, and a like sum at the end of eight years on final proof. Relinquishments of public lands may often be obtained at very low figures. Information about this class of lands must be sought from private parties, either the claimants themselves or their agents. There are cases where through imj- rovidence or neglect the claimant has failed to comply fully with the pro- visions of law and is willing to sell out cheap rather than stand the risk of a contest. But these are opportunities a person must hunt up for himself. Deeded. Liauds. — Farmers who wish to buy land outright and live in the more settled localities can find cheap deeded lands, improved and unimproved, at very reasonable figures. Superior improved farming lands worth $50 to $60 an acre can be bought for $20 an acre. Land that sells at $10 an acre is well worth $20 to $25 an acre. Unimproved land can often be obtained as cheap as $5 and $6 an acre, which is putting a North Dakota farm within nearly every- body's reach, aside from the free land area, where all may have one for the filing and bona fide settlement of the same. Among the leading advantages which North Dakota has to offer at this time, her cheap deeded lands should not be overlooked. Railroad Lauds. — Grants of land were made by the Government in aid of the construction of the Northern Pacific and other Western railroads at a time when public policy demanded the encouragement of such enterprises, which have since proved to be of many times the value which furnished the consideration of the land grant. In Dakota Territory, however, there were but two j'rants for this purpose, one of 500,000 acres to what is now the Chicago & Northwestern road in South Dakota, and the other of 10,000,000 acres to the Northern Pacific Railroad in North Dakota. This company has still for sale 7,000,000 acres of land on easy terms to settlers. The Northern Pacific lands are among the most desirable to be had, price, soil and location consid- ered, and with the increasing tide of immigration flowing northward and westward from St. Paul, will be disposed of only less rapidly than the public domain. The prices of these lands range chiefly from $3 to $6 an acre for ag- ricultural lands, and $1.25 to $4 an acre for grazing lauds. Terms of sale allow five and ten years' time at 7 per cent, one-sixth or one-tenth of the amount of the purchase money being required in advance. Further informa- tion about these lands will be cheerfully furnished by the general emigration agent of the Northern Pacific Railroad, St. Paul, Minn., to whom all inquiries are referred. STATE OF NORTH DAKOTA. XVII. FINANCES. State Debt. — North Dakota enters the Union with a bonded indebtedness of $539,807.46, of which every dollar was well expended, for the erection of public institutions. The interest rate on this debt is very low, from 4 J to S^ per cent. The schedule of bonds issued is as follows: 130,000.00 Six per cent bonds, dated May 1 , 1883, issued for construction of Univb. " - of North Dakota at Grand Forks, payable May 1, 1903, or at the option of the si,ate after May 1, 1893. 50,000.00 Six per cent bonds, dated ^ay 1, 1883, issued for the construction of the Second Dakota Penitentiary at Bismarck, payable May 1, 1903, or at the option of the state after May 1, 1888. 50,000.00 Six per cent bonds, dated May 1, 1884, issued for construction of North Dakota Hos- pital for Insane at Jamestown, payable May 1, 1904, or at option of state after May 1, 1894. 63,000.00 Six per cent bonds, dated May 1,1 885, issued for erection of additional buildings, etc.. North Dakota Hospital for Insane at Jamestown, payable May 1, 1905, or at option of state after May 1, 1890. 24,000.00 Six per cent bonds, dated July 1, 1885, issued for deficiency in construction, etc., of North Dakota University at Grand. Forks, payable July 1, 1905, or at option of state after July 1, 1895. 14,600.00 Six per cent bonds, dated July 1, 1885, issued for improvements, etc., North Dakota Penitentiary, payable July 1, 1905, or at the option of the state after July 1, 1895. 29,000.00 Four and one-half percent bonds, dated May 1, 1887, issued for North Dakota Peni- tentiary at Bismarck, payable May 1, 1917, or at the option of the state after May 1, 1897. 153,000.00 Four and one half per cent bonds, dated May 1, 1887, issued for North Dakota Hos- pital for Insane at Jamestown, payable May 1, 1902. 20,000.00 Four per cent bonds, dated May 1, 1887, issued for University of North Dakota at Grand Forks, payable May 1, 1897. 22,700.00 Four per cent bonds, dated May 1, 1889, issued for University of North Dakota at Grand Forks, payable May 1, 1909, or at option of the state after May 1, 1899. 83,507.46 Five per cent refunding warrants for "capitol" dated April 1, 1889, payable April 1, 1894. 1539,809.46 County Debt.— The county indebtedness June 1, 1889, was $1,361,978, less $226,303 cash on hand for payment of bonds and warrants, leaving the actual debt at that time $1,125,667. This indebtedness was contracted for pub- lic improvements, court houses, bridges, etc. The summary of county indebt- edness is given in the following table: *6 82 STATE OF XOKTH DAKOTA. SUiLMARY OF COUXTY INDEBTEDNESS JUNE 1, 1889. COMPILED FROM RETURN'S OF COUNTY CLEEEB AXD AUDITORS TO THE TERRITORIAL STAT- ISTICIAN. Barnes Benson BL'lings Bottineau. Burleigh .. Cass Cavalier Dicker Eddy,'. Emmons Foster Grand Forks. Griggs Kidder La Moure Logan McHenry Mcintosh McLean Mercer Morton Nelson (a) Oliver 'Pembina Pierce(6) Ramsey Ransom Richland Rolette Sargent Stark Steele Stutsman Towner Traill Walsh Ward Wells COUNTIES. Amount of Bonds Issued. §55,000 27, 500 1,200 59,600 100,000 16,000 20,500 14,900 20,000 18,000 39,000 62,000 S7,000 3,500 6,500 9,0C0 19,000 65,000 40,000 3,000 40,000 58,000 28,906 20,000 10,000 15,001, 20,000 63.500 21,300 105 25,000 Amount of Warrants Out- standing. ■ Amount of Cash in Sinking Fund. 844,794 1,854 1,914 6,930 100,853 35,000 1,735 190 3,054 25,478 2,437 27,794 11,559 9,501 5,484 7,604 5,533 8,740 18, 126 22,w?5 ^i^?=OJCOCPj£C5I>Ot^t;-C2;^r;COt-OOOOC2 lO -^ T-^ C^ OQ ICl C 5 »0 Ci ^ Ci CO i-H -^ t- 10 CO I> »C T)« CO c^rrOoioj ^-^ot-oomcocctci^utit-tSOoo^^coQOico — -^ OS O ■!-« lO CO T OiC io-rJ*cDOOOI>-Cii-H'-'OC^CO«tiiO ■•-*_« t^ -n* CQ to CM 05 r- '^^'i^uj^^i-^'-^ cc" r-<" '-^" *H wTi-T c^T'-T T-T ic o" i-T i-T <.-( -r-HCCOfMC^i-HT-lT-HCOC^ ^^ rt CC CO I^CO'<110^tC>»COrHCC0^(NC0t-«C0OCM^^<^l0U5i-i«-i'-^C^OCCC0C0C0ai^r-C0C^l0 cocortt^COO'<*tlOO»00 »oco?^toir50CJOiot-iOTj)r-(00 l-l ^l-l Oi CO ift O O i-" O ' CNi-'t^ rH"t*'"o'"co'jri-ri-ro"cr<-rc^ T-I CO rH »-H IM lO CJ -#TflOCOh-Tj*OQO-^'«--'-'CCi ■^Ol-^COOCC^COOO»OTt<'MO 00c 00 00 (M JOOOOOOO J O O O O O O O .._ ^ ^ „^ ^ - , 000(N»Or-O^l0-*C0i-'O OC0Tt4Q0t0C0W^i0COOOC^"^ ^^W^SS^So'^Si0OO^.S O CO O^'* ^ t- 00000000 00000000000000 000000000 OOlOOOOO o O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O o o o o o o o o o o o <=> o o O O »^ O o o So§S^t-t--^^-r^c^Ol^ulcoo■^oai^ocoocooot:S!J;^?2S^Si^?;^t^2SS c5c^^^tiUU«o-^oocoiO'-'a^i>ooocoou:)oa>^ooococoiCOu:io:>cococot--ioc^^ lOO^tDCOO^CqiOOT-HrJi^t-0^lOCOlCC-C-10e^COOI>-HOC-C- coco i-HOiCO-MTtfTjiCOCOOOi-ti-ir-i-t COtO ICO ITv OtOr-'-' ^c^ -^co^cc ^^^^ ^ o 10 O :« ^cooi-^'-^'o'^c^'^T-rTjrcio'ororc2'c cDi> ■^o>o^asOOtoc^oior-cococ-£i.-iooOi-tco(M;^;5^«a 5Tta Moure. Walsh. Benson. McHenry. Walsh. Richland. Richland. Burleigh. Pembina. Grand Forks. Walsh. McLean. Cass. Traill. Pembina. McLean. Emmons. Dickey. Cass. Mountraille. Cass. Emmons. Buford. Griggs. Emmons. Stutsman. McHenry. Emmons. Burleigh. Cavalier. Cass. Dickey. Richland. Benson. Dickey. Pembina. Mcintosh. Stutsman. II^DEX, igrleulture, 56. Statistics of, 57-60. Board of, 55. Farmers' Alliance, 56. ^ Small farming, 61. Statistics of, 62-64. ^rea, 46. rtificial forests, statistics, 70. ssessed valuation, 82, 83. Janks, 84. Barley, statistics, 58-60. Bees, statistics, 62. Building stone, 71. Buckwheat, statistics, 59, 60. Butter, statistics, 62. Capitol building, 77. Cattle, statistics, 67, 83. Cheese, statistics, 62. Churches, 74. Climate, 54. Rainfall, 54, 55. Seasons, 54. Temperature, 54. The North, 55. Coal, 71. Constitution, 5. Amendments, future, 25. Apportionments, 29. Boundaries of state, 28. Compact with U. S., 25. County organization, 21. Courts, 13. Corporations, 17. Declaration of rights, 5. Debt, settlement of, 27. Division of property, 35. ■ Education, 19. Elective franchise, 16. Executive department, 11. Impeachment, 25. Institutions, public, 31. Judicial department, 13. Lands, school and public, 19. Legislative department, 7. Militia, 24. *7 Constitution — Miscellaneous, 28. Prohibition, 32. Preamble, 5. Public debt and works, 23. Removal from office, 25, Revenue, 22. Schedule, 32. Seal, description, 28. Taxation, 22. Town organization, 21. Corn, statistics, 57-60. Coteau region, 52. Courts, 13. County, 15. District, 14. Justice, 15. Police, 16. Supreme, 13. Creameries, 72. Dairy products, statistics, 62. Debt, state and county, 81, 82. Devils Lake country, 50. Educational facilities, 73. Denominational schools, 74. Graded schools, 73. Public schools, 73. State institutions, 75-77. Farmers' Alliance, 56. Finances, 81. Flax, 59, 60. Flouring mills, 72. Fruits, statistics, 63. Garden products, statistics, 62. Geographical divisions, 46. Grains and statistics, 64. Hay, statistics, 64. Honey, statistics, 62. Horses, statistics, 67-83. Hospital for insane, 75. Irrigation, 65. James river valley, 49. Judicial districts, counties in, 40-43. 90 INDEX. Land in farms, 57. Acres cultivated, 57. , Acres under fence, 57. Value of land, 57. Lauds, public, 78. Deeded, 80. Land offices, list of, 78, 79. Legislature, names of members, 44, 45. Live stock and statistics, 66-68. Live stock mortality, 67. Manufactures, 71. Flouring mills, statistics, 72. Creameries, statistics, 72. Lumbering, 73. Minor industries, 73. Mineral resources, 71. Building stones, 71. Coal, 71. Clays, etc., 71. Missouri slope, 52. Mouse river country, 51. Mules, statistics, 67, 83. Newspapers, 84. Nurseries, statistics, 63. Oats, statistics, 58-60. Officials, county, 41-43. State, 40. Orchards, statistics, 63 Penitentiary, 76. Post offices, 86-88. Potatoes, 59, 60. Poultry, statistics, 62. Population, county, estimates, 53. Public lands, location of, 78, 79. How to secure, 79. Eelinquishments of, 80. Railroads, 85. Bailroad lands, 80. Rainfall, 54. Red river valley, 46. Rye, statistics, 58-60. Schools, 73. Sheep, statistics, 67, 83. Swine, statistics, 67, 83. Temperature, 54. Timber and statistics, 69, 70. Turtle Mountain region, 50, 51. University, Grand Forks, 75. Valuation, assessed, 82, 83. Vote for state officers, 37-39. West North Dakota, 52. Wheat, statistics, 58-60. Wool clip, 67. I