V v ..l^Lf* 'Q ' ./\ JP^K V ■° " ^ *f! *° £% .»•• >0 X C° * SJ*»l" °o 9° <** ,cr *» ,, A!'» *b„ 4* • «•!•♦ ^ or > rf>* ^ ^ i.* v .•i^'.'s • s\ 4? -■•'• / V : QUiESTIONES GRAMMATICS: OR GRAMMATICAL EXERCISES, BY QUESTION ONLY. FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS. PARTICULARLY ADAPTED TO ADAM'S LATIN GRAMMAR. WITH AN APPENDIX, CONTAINING A LIST OF IRREGULAR VERBS. By JOSEPH DANA, a. m. SECOND EDITION, CORRECTED AND ADAPTED TO GOULD'S EDITION OF ADAM'S LATIN GRAMMAR. Boston : HILLIARD, GRAY, LITTLE AND WILKINS. 1828. DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS, to wit : District Clerk's Office. Be it remembered, That on the twenty-third day of October, A. D. 1828, in the fifty-third year of the Independence of the United States of America, Hilliarcl^ Gray, Little and Wilkins, of the said District, have deposited in this Office the title of a Rook, the right whereof they claim as Proprietors, in the words following, to wit: "Questiones Grammatical : or Grammatical Exercises, by Question only. For the Use of Schools. Particularly adapted to Adam's Latin Grammar. With an Appendix, containing- a List of Irregular Verbs. By Joseph Dana, A. M. Second Edition, corrected and adapted to Gould's Edition of Adam's Latin Grammar." In conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States, entitled "An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by securing the Copies of Maps, Charts and Books, to the Authors and Proprietors of such Cop- ies, during the times therein mentioned:" and also to an Act, entitled, "An Act supplementary to an Act, entitled, An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by securing the Copies of Maps, Charts and Books, to the Authors and Proprietors of such Copies, during the times therein men- tioned ; and extending the Benefits thereof to the Arts of Designing, Engraving and Etching Historical, and other Prints." Txrn av riAviQ $ Clerk of the District JNO. W. DAVIS,£ Qf Ma J ssachuse{fs . f03 JAMES LORJNG, PRINTER. PREFACE. A thorough and familiar acquaintance with the Grammar of the Latin language is acknowledged to be a most important part of classical education. The pupil, who shall have acquired this, will have already sur- mounted the most formidable obstacles to his progress, and may reasonably expect to find his course of Latin studies easy, pleasant, and honorable. With a hope of contributing something to promote this object, this little work has been prepared. It pursues the general method of IV an English work, published with the same ti- tle, accommodated to the grammar of the Eton School. It asserts no claim to origin- ality in design, nor to peculiar skill in the ex- ecution. Its questions, it is hoped, will be found to embrace all the general principles and rules of the grammar, with as much of the details as will consist with the conven- ience of instructors generally. To those who may think it expedient to proceed to a great- er degree of minuteness, the notes at the bottom of the page may suggest materials for further questions. The advantage and even necessity of adopting occasionally this mode of instruction* by question, is obvious to all who have observed the progress of youthful study. Even to the diligent and industrious pupil it will not be without its use. It is found by experience that the form of words contained in the grammar may be committed to memory, and its rules may be mechanically repeated \ without any just sense of their spirit and import. The efforts of the instructor must be unremittingly exerted, to familiarize to his pupil the subjects of his studies, and to present them to his mind in such a form as shall be adapted to excite his interest, and to compel him to reflect, to discriminate, and to judge. GRAMMATICAL QUESTIONS. What is Grammar -? What are rudiments of Grammar ? What is Orthography ? What is the number of Letters in the Latin ? How are the letters divided ? Which are the Vowels ? Which of the letters are called Mutes ? Why are they so called ? Which of the consonants are called Semivow- els ? Which of the semivowels are called Liquids, and why ? Which of the letters are called Double con- sonants ? What is a Diphthong ? What is a Proper diphthong ? Give an ex- ample. What is an Improper diphthong ? 8 What is a Syllable ? What is a Monosyllable ? dissyllable ? poly- syllable ? ETYMOLOGY. What is a word ? What is Etymology ? How are Words divided ? What is a Simple word ? Give an example. What is a Compound word ? Give an example. What is a Primitive word ? Give an example. What is a Derivative word ? Give an example. PARTS OF SPEECH. What are parts of Speech ? How many parts of Speech are there ? Name the parts of speech ? Which of the parts of speech are declined ? Which undeclined ? OF NOUNS. What are the two classes of Nouns ?* What is a Substantive noun ? * The adjective seems to be improperly called noun : it iff only a word added to a substantive or noun, expressive of its quality. But as the substantive and adjective together express but one object, and in Latin are declined in the same manner, they have been comprehended under the same general name. What is a Proper substantive or name ? What is a Common substantive or name ? How are Latin nouns declined ? How many Genders have nouns ? How many Cases* have nouns ? Name them. How many Numbers have nouns ? What are the Englishf signs of the cases of Latin nouns ? How many Declensions have Latin nouns ? How are the declensions distinguished ? What is the termination of the genitivej singu- lar in each declension ? GENERAL RULES OF DECLENSION. What cases of neuter nouns are alike in both numbers ? What is the termination of these nouns in the Plural number ? What cases in the plural number of all nouns end alike ? Which of the cases in the Singular number of nouns of all genders are usually alike ? * Cases are changes of the terminations of nouns to express the relations of things : the nominative is called by grammari- ans casus rectus ; the others casus obliqui. t The English signs of the Latin cases are a or an, and the, of the nominative and accusative ; of, or s with an apostrophe, of the genitive ; to or for of the dative ; o, or an address to a person, of the vocative ; and with, in, by and from, of the ablative. % Sometimes instead of « in the genitive of the first declen- sion, the poets use di ; as Jluldi in medio. Virg, 10 What is peculiar to the declination of proper names ?* GENDER. What do the genders severally denote ?■ What is understood by a noun of the common || gender ? doubtful gender ? On what does the gender of nouns, signifying things without life, usuallyf depend ? How do you ascertain the gender of the names of brute J animals ? What gender have the names of months, H" winds, rivers, and mountains ? Why so ? What is the gender of the names of countries, § towns, trees, and ships ? Why ? * Proper names have no plural ; unless several of the same name be spoken of; as duodecim Ccesares. || There is also a class of nouns found in good authors, some- times in one gender and sometimes in another: as, hie or hcec finis: hie or hoc vulgus. Such are said to be of the doubtful gender. t On their termination and declension. X They usually follow the gender of their termination. Thus, aquila, aq eagle, is feminine, because nouns in a, of the first de- clension, are feminine. "T They are masculine, because yn-p.nsis, venttis, rn.nns 7 and fiu- vius are masculine ; and because a proper or particular name usu- ally follows the gender of the general name under which it is comprehended : as hie Aprilis, hie Tiberis. $ These are feminine, because terra, urbs, arbor, and navis are feminine : thus haec JEgyptus, haec Corinthus, &c. To these may be added the names of islands : as haec Cyprus ; also of ma ny jewels and plants, from gemma and planta, fem. 11 FIRST DECLENSION. What are the terminations of the first declen- sion ? What is the termination of Latin nouns of this declension ? Of what gender are these nouns ?* Decline penna, a pen. What nouns of this declension form the dative and ablative plural differently from penna?f What appears to be the purpose of this differ- ence ? Decline filia. What are the terminations of the Greek nouns of this declension ? What is the gender of each ? Decline JEneas. Decline Anchises. Decline Penelope. SECOND DECLENSION. What are the terminations of nouns in the sec- ond declension ? * They are feminine. The exceptions are few ■ Hadria, the Adriatic sea; cometa, a comet ; planet a, a planet ; are mascu- line; so sometimes taljja, a mole ; dama, a fallow deer. Pascka, the passover, is neuter. f Filia, nata, dea, dornina, socia, faniula, serva, anima, equa, ■mala, asina, liherta, and conscrva have usually abus in the dative and ablative, to distinguish thern from masculines in us. Nouns in es and e sometimes form the accusative in cm. Sometimes the genitive plural of Latin nouns of this declension is contracted ; as ; ccelicolum for ctflicolarum ; JEneadum for JF.- neadarum. 12 Of what gender* are nouns of this declension ? Which are of the neuter gender ? Decline gener, a son in law. Decline ager, a field. Decline dontinus, a lord. Decline regnum, a kingdom. How do proper names in ius form the voca- tive? Decline Virgilius. Decline filius.\ Decline Deus. Which are the Greek terminations of this de- clension ? How are nouns in ost declined ? Decline Alpheos, a Grecian river. How are nouns in on declined ? Decline Ilion, the city Troy. THIRD DECLENSION. How many terminations or final letters has the third declension ? * Humus, alvus, and vannus, are exceptions ; these with a few nouns derived from Greek nouns in os are feminine ; also some names of jewels and plants ; as hsec beryllus ; haec carbunculus. t Filius and genius form the vocative in i, Deus has Deus in the vocative, and in the plural Dii, and Diis, more frequently than Dei' and Deis. Populus, xulgus, chorus, agnus, lucus, fluvius, and Bacchus, i sometimes, according to the poets, make the vocative in e or us. X Nouns in os form the accusative in urn or on. 13 Of what gender* are the nouns of this declen- sion ? When is a noun said to increase ?f When is a noun said to increase in the plural ? Decline sermo, speech. Decline rupes, a rock. Decline lapis, a stone. Decline caput, a head* Decline sedile, a seat. Decline iter, a journey. Decline opus, a work. Decline parens, a parent. What are the exceptions! in the formation of the accusative singular ? What nouns form the ablative in i ?|| What nouns form the genitive plural in ium ? * Nouns in o, n, er, or, and os are masculine : in as, es, is, ys, x, and s after a consonant are feminine : in a, e, i, y, and t, are neuter ; but from these are many exceptions. t A noun is said to increase, when it has more syllables in any of the other cases, than in the nominative: as rex, re^is : it is said to increase in the plural, when in any plural case it has more syllables than in the genitive singular. t Some nouns in is have im in the accusative ; as, sitis, sitim: some have both em and im ; as, navis, navem and navim. |l Nouns in e, and neuters in al and ar, have i in the ablative. 2 14 FOURTH DECLENSION. How are nouns of the fourth* declension dis- tinguished ? What are the endings of nouns in this declen- sion ? Of what gender are nouns of this declension ? What is peculiar to neuter nouns of this de- clension ? Decline fructas. Decline coniu. Decline domus.% FIFTH DECLENSION. How are nouns of this declension || distinguish- ed ? Decline res, a thing. IRREGULAR NOUNS. What are the three classes of irregular nouns ? VARIABLE NOUNS. In what particulars are nouns variable ? * Nouns of this declension are distinguished by the genitive singular in us, and dative in ui. X Domus is partly of the second declension ; the genitive do- mi signifies at home, or of home ; domus, of a house. || Nouns of the fifth declension have only one termination, and are all of the feminine gender except dies, which is masc. or fern. in the singular, and masc. in the plural, and meridies, masc. The poets sometimes make the genitive of this declension, and more rarely the dative in e: as, Libra die somnique pares ubi fee erit heras. The genitive of this declension is by contraction from uis, the ancient form ; as, anus, for anuis, which accounts for its being long. 15 Nouns variable in gender, To what classes may nouns variable in gen- der be reduced ? In what respect is the gender of Avernus* va- riable ? Decline Avernus in both numbers. Name the other nouns which are declined in the same manner. In what respect are jocas, a jest, and locust a place, variable ? Decline them. In what respect is the gender of carbasus, and Pergamus variable ? Decline them. How is the gender of ccdum and Elysium variable ? Decline them. Decline Argos. How is the gender of rastrum and frcenum variable ? Decline them. How is the gender of delirium and epulum variable? Decline them. Decline balneum. Nouns variable in declension. How are nouns denominated which vary in declension ? Give examples. DOUBLE NOUNS. Decline respublica. Decline jusjurandem, * These nouns are by some thought to be properly adjectives having rnons understood in the singular, and jug a or cacumina in the plural. t When we speak of passages in a book or topics of discourse, loci only is used. 16 Decline paterfamilias. Decline Jupiter. Decline bis. Decline vos* DEFECTIVE NOUNS. In what respect may nouns be defective ? Nouns defective in case. Name a few nouns which are wholly indeclin- able ? What is a monoptota ? Give an example. What is a diptota? Give an example. Decline vesper. Decline verberis, n. gen. De- cline its plural. What is a triptota ? Decline preci, dat. a prayer. Decline feminis, gen. the thigh. What nouns of this class want the gen. dat. and abl. plural ? What are those nouns called which are declin- ed in four cases ? In which cases are these deficient ? Decline vicis, gen. Decline pecudis, gen. Decline sordis, ditionis, opis. What are those nouns called which want on- ly one case ? 17 In what case are os? the mouth, lux, and fax defective ? Decline chaos. Nouns defective in number, 1. What nouns are used in the singular only, from the nature of the things which they express? Give examples. 2. Name some of the masculine nouns which are rarely used in the plural. 3. Name some of the feminine nouns which are rarely found in the plural. 4. Name some of the neuters which have no plural. 5. What nouns" want the singular from the nature of the things which they express ? 6. Give examples of masculine nouns which are rarely used except in the plural num- ber. 7. Give examples of feminine nouns which want the singular number. 8. Give examples of neuters which want the singular number. REDUNDANT NOUNS. In what respect are nouns said to be redun- dant ? * The names of feasts, books, games ; also names of many cixiesj as Athena, Mycence. 2* 18 Give an example of a noun redundant in ter- mination. Give an example of a noun redundant in de- clension. Give an example of a noun redundant both in termination and declension. according to their signification and derivation. What is a collective noun ? Give an example. What is a patronymic noun ? Give an exam- ple. What is a gentile noun ? Give an example. What is an abstract noun ? Give an example. What is a concrete ? Give an example. What is a diminutive noun ? Give an example. What is a verbal noun ? Give an example. THE ADJECTIVE. What is an adjective ? In what manner are adjectives varied ? For what purpose are they varied ? How are adjectives distinguished as to their terminations ? ♦ How are adjectives of three terminations de- clined ? In what manner are adjectives of one and two terminations declined ? 19 Decline bonus, good. Decline tener, tender. What adjective of three terminations vary from the general rule ? Decline anus* Decline alius. Decline felix. Decline prudens. Decline mi lis. Decline mitior. Decline acer. What is the termination in the ablative singu- lar of adjectives of the third declension? If the nominative neuter be e, what is the ab- lative ? What is the ending of the genitive plural of adjectives of the third declension? V/hat is a verbal adjective ? Give an example. What is a participial adjective ? Give an ex- ample. What is an abverbial adjective ? NUMERAL ADJECTIVES. How are numeral adjectives divided ? Which of the numbers are called cardinal ? Decline duo. Decline tres.. Which are called ordinal ? Which are the distributive numerals ? Which are the multiplicative numbers ? * Unus is used in the plural only when joined to a noun which has no singular. 20 COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. What does the comparison of adjectives ex- press ? Which of the adjectives may be compared ? AVhat are the degrees of comparison ? What does the positive degree express ? What the comparative? What the superlative? How is the comparative degree regularly form- ed ? Give an example. How the superlative ? Give an example. How is the superlative formed from the posi- tive in er P In what manner is the force of certain adjec- tives increased,* without a change in the termination ? IRREGULAR AND DEFECTIVE COMPARISON. What are the comparative and superlative de- grees of bonus ? of malus P of magnus ? What of facilis ? of gracilis ? of humilis P of titer t of inferus P of veins P What is the comparative degree of senex ?\ What ofjuvenis P * By the use of the adverbs magis, maxima, valde, admodum&c. In this form are compared adjectives in us, pure ; with many oth- ors; including some which are also regularly compared. Adjectives compounded with per and prce, have usually the force of the superlative, and admit of no other comparison. t To supply the superlative of senex, we say maximus natu ; to of juvenisy minimus natu. Adjectives in His and bills want the superlative. 21 What is the superlative of deterior? ofociorP of prior P oipropior P of ulterior ? What is the superlative of inclytusP of meritus P What of novus ? of par ? of sacer P OF PRONOUNS. What is a Pronoun ? What is the number of the simple pronouns? Name them. Which of these are substantives ? Decline ego* Decline tu. Decline sui. De- cline ille. How does ipse differ in its declination from ille, and iste ? Decline hie. Decline is. Decline quis* De- cline qui. In what manner are mens, tuns, and suits, de- clined ? What is the vocative masculine of mens ? Decline the Compound pronoun idem. Decline quisnam — quispiam — -quisquam — - quisque — quisquis. Decline aliquis, — ecquis,—nequis, — siquis, — numquis. What is the accusative singular of quidam r What the genitive plural ? • Ego wants the vocative, because one is not supposed to call upon himself. Mihl'is often by the poets contracted into mi. 22 THE VERB. What is a verb ? How are verbs distinguished as to their sig- nification ? Why ? What is an Active verb ? Give an example. What is a Passive verb ? Give an example. What is a Neuter verb ? Give an example. When is the active verb called Transitive ? When is it Intransitive ? What is a Substantive verb ? What is a Participle ? What do you understand by a verb Common ?* How are verbs declined, or varied ? How many Voices are there ? How many Modes ? How many Tenses ? How many Numbers ? How many Persons ? What do the voices express ? How is the Indicative mode distinguished ? How the Subjunctive ? How the Imperative ? How the Infinitive ? What is expressed by Tenses ? * Verbs common are such as, ending in or, are used both as active and passive ; as comitor, dignor, hortor, meditor, &c. The present tense indicative is sometimes used to express the custom of d<»ing a thing; as Scribimus indocti doctique. Hor. It is frequently used as a more animated way of expressing past time ; as Linquimus Ortygice partus. Virg. Jlccedo ad pedisse- quas ; quae sit rogo. Sororem esse aiunt C'nrysidis. Sometimes a future tense is familiarly expressed by the present ; as, Quce prima pericula vUo, Virg. Quam prendimus arcem. Quam max navigo Ephcsum. Plaut. 23 What is expressed by the Present tense ? Whatby the I mperfect ?* What by the Per- fect ? What by the Pluperfect ? What by the Fu- ture ? What are their English signs severally ? What is conjugation ? How many Conjugations have Latin verbs? How are these conjugations distinguished ? THE AUXILIARY VERB SUM.f Indicative Mode. Decline the verb sum through the present tense of the indicative, with the English. * Although the imperfect tense always expresses an action as passing ,and not finished, at some time past, yet the perfect in this case is equally admissible: as, Thucydidi maxime credo, quod setate proximus erat, et ejusdem civitatis jfwi£. Nep. The- mistocles unus restitit, et universos pares esse aiebat. Nep. The- mist. The perfect tense indicative comprehends what in Greek and English are two separate tenses. It is properly the indefinite perfect, the aorist, I write ; in which sense it is often inter- changeable with the imperfect; the one expressing a past action as going on, the other as completed, which difference is immaterial to the general signification of the sense. Orationem ejusmodi kabuit. Sail. Cessi, et sublato montem genitore petivi. Virg. Cojiticuere omnes, intentique ora tens- bant. Samia mihi mater fuit ; ea habitabat Rhodi. The future tense indicative is sometimes used in the second person for the imperative mode ? as, Tu hose silebis. Ciceronem puerum curabis et amabis. Cic. When an action is mentioned as having continued for some time, and still continuing, the Latin verb must be in the present tense ; when in English the imperfect and perfect are used : as, Jampridem cupio ^Egyptum visere.. Cic. Plus jam sum libera quinquennium. Ut patria careo, bis frugibus area trita est. t This irregular verb being necessary to the formation of many parts of the passive voice, as well as to express the future 24 What is the imperfect ? What the perfect ? What the pluperfect ? What the future ? Decline them tviih the correspondent English. Subjunctive Mode. Decline the subjunctive present. What is the imperfect? What is the perfect? What the pluperfect ? What the future ? Decline them with the English. Imperative Mode. What is the second person in the imperative ? Decline it in both numbers. Why is there no first person in the imperative ? Infinitive Mode. What is the present and imperfect tense of the infinitive mode ? What the perfect and pluperfect ? What the future infinitive ? Participle. What is the participle of the future in rus ? REGULAR VERBS. First Conjugation — Active Voice. Conjugate amo, or, in other words, name its tense of the active infinitive, it is necessary that it be thorough- ly learned before the other verbs are declined. The third person of the imperative is permissive, and is ex- pressed in English by let. The second person of the present tense subjunctive is used as an imperative. So the second per- son of the perfect subjunctive. 25 principal parts, from which the other parts in the active voice are derived. Indicative Mode. Decline amo in the present tense indicative. Decline the imperfect. Decline the perfect. The pluperfect. The future — with their pro- per English. Subjunctive Mode. What is the first person singular of the sub- junctive* present ? Decline it. Decline the subjunctive imperfect. Decline the perfect. The pluperfect. Decline the future. Imperative Mode. Decline the imperative of amo. * Although the action expressed by the subjunctive mode be usually conditional or contingent ; yet in dubitative sentences, and after certain particles, as qui, quoniam, cum, &c. the subjunctive has often no other meaning than the indicative, and it might be convenient, for the sake of distinction, to call it the False sub- junctive. The subjunctive present expresses a contingent event passing either at the time of speaking, or at some future time, as to these it is often indefinite, and sometimes includes both. Haud ista dicas, si cognoris me vel amorem meum. Ter. Ubi socordia? te tradideris, nequicquam Deos implores. The subjunctive imper- fect sometimes refers also to the present time, and sometimes to the future. Nanquam naturam, mos vinceret. Cic. Starent etiam. nunc mcenia Phcebi. Ov. 26 Infinitive Mode. What is the present tense of the infinitive ?* What is the perfect ? What is the future ? Name the present participle. Name the future participle. What are the gerunds? Repeat them with their English signification. What is the first supine ? What the latter supine ? Amor. Conjugate the passive verb amor. Indicative Mode. Decline amor in the indicative present tense. What is the imperfect ? Decline it. What the perfect ?f Decline it. What the pluperfect ? Decline it. What the future ? Decline it. Subjunctive Mode. What is the subjunctive present tense ? What the imperfect ? What the perfect ? * If the action of the infinitive mode bear the same time with the action of the preceding verb, on which it depends, whether present, past, or future, the present tense infinitive is used. Chreme vin > tu homini stulto mihi auscultare. Ter. Post- quam ante ostium me audivit stare, approperat. Ter. Turn fre- ta debuerant vestris absistere remis. Ov. Fac intelligam adversa te aequo ferre posse. Cic. t In the perfect tense the participle with sum denotes a thing done without reference to the time when ; but with fui, it de- notes a thing done with reference to the time ; the same distinc- tion applies to the other tenses when auxiliaries are used. 27 What the pluperfect ? What the future ? Decline them. Imperative Mode, What is the imperative* mode ? Decline it. Infinitive Mode. What is the infinitive present tense ? What the infinitive perfect tense ? What the infinitive future ? Participles, Name the perfect participle. Name the futuref participle. Second Conjugation ; Active Voice — Doceo. Conjugate the regular verb doceo. Indicative Mode. Decline doceo in the present tense indicative. What is the imperfect ? What is the perfect ? What the pluperfect ? What the future ? Decline them. Subjunctive Mode.% What is the subjunctive present ? Decline it. * In the second person plural of the imperative mode, ama- minor, doceminor, &c. are sometimes, although rarely, used for amamini, docemini, t The participle in dus has always the passive signification, whether it be derived from a verb passive, or from a verb com- mon or deponent, X False subjunctive. — The tenses of the subjunctive are often expressed in English as the same tenses of the indicative, and one tense sometimes apparently used for another. The assertion that one tense or mode is sjnonymous with another should be received with caution, but here it seems unavoidable. Quid tris- tis es ? Rogasne quid tristis ego sim ? Ter. And. Dolorne ma- lum est ? Quserendum est dolorne malum sit. Quam dulcis est libertas ! Quam dulcis sit libertas breviter proloquar. Cic. Tusc, 28 What is the imperfect ? What the perfect ? What the pluperfect ? What the future ? Decline them. Imperative Mode. What is the imperative ? Decline it. Infinitive Mode. What is the infinitive present ? What the infinitive perfect ? What the future ? Participle. What is the present participle ? What the future participle ? Gerunds. Supines. Name the gerunds. The supines. Second Conjugation — Passive Voice. How is doceor conjugated ? Indicative Mode. Decline doceor in the present tense. What is the imperfect ? What the perfect ? What the pluperfect ? What the future ? Decline them. Subjunctive Mode* What is the subjunctive present ? * The ris of the second person is more usual than re in pas- sive verbs : so the erunt of the perfect indicative active than ere, especially in prosaic authors. In the compound tenses the learner should be taught to vary the participle, like the adjective noun, according to the gender and number of the substantive to which it is applied: thus amatus est, he was loved, when applied to a man ; amata est, she was loved, when applied to a woman ; omn- ium est, it was loved, when applied to a thing. 29 What is the imperfect ? What the perfect? What the pluperfect ? What the future ? Decline them. Imperative Mode, What is the passive imperative from doceor? Infinitive Mode, What is the infinitive present tense? What the perfect ? What the future ? Name the perfect participle passive. The future participle. Third Conjugation — Active Voice — Lego. How is lego conjugated ? Indicative Mode, Decline lego in the present tense. The imperfect.* The perfect. The pluperfect. The future. Subjunctive Mode. Decline the subjunctive present tense. The imperfect. The perfect. The pluperfect. The future. Imperative Mode. Decline lego in the imperative. Infinitive Mode. What is the present tense infinitive ? The perfect ? The future ? * In the third conjugation e is long before bam y bas, bat, in the singular ; also before mus and tis, and mur and mini, in the plural. 3* 30 Participles. What is the present participle ? The future f Gerunds. Supines. Name the gerunds. The supines. Third Conjugation — Passive Voice — Legor. Indicative Mode. How is legor conjugated ? Decline legor in the present tense* The imperfect. The perfect. The pluperfect. The future. Subjunctive Mode. Decline the present tense subjunctive- Decline the imperfect. The perfect. The pluperfect. The future. Imperative. Decline the imperative of legor. Infinitive. What is the present tense infinitive ? What the perfect ? What the future ? Participles. What is the perfect participle ? What the future participle ?* Fourth Conjugation — Active Voice — Audio, How is audio conjugated ? * Ask the same questions throughout respecting capio a* re- specting lego. jlat, ningit,ro?'at,hyemat, serenat, lapidat, gclat, grandinat. These are true impersonals, containing their nominative case within themselves. To the class of true impersonals belong miscrct, piget, pudet, panitet, tadet ; also passive impersonals derived from neuter verbs. All other verbs called impersonal agree with an infinitive mode, or the sentence, used as a nominative case ; or with the nominative hoc or id understood. 39 Decline piignatur in the modes and tenses of the passive voice ? Decline favetur. Decline curritur. Decline venitur. In what parts are impersonal verbs usually deficient ? PARTICIPLES, GERUNDS, SUPINES. What is a Participle ? How many participles have Latin verbs ? Give an example of each. What number of participles have neuter verbs ? How many have deponent and common verbs ? Is the Latin perfect* participle of the active or the passive signification? Which of the participles are changed into adjectives ? Give examples. What is a Gerund ? How declined ? Is the signification of gerunds more usually active or passive ? What is a Supine ? How many supines have verbs ?f What are their terminations ? Is their signification active, or is it passive ? * The Latins have no present participle in the passive voice, nor have they a perfect participle in the active voice. t Neuter verbs have only one supine. The supine in um some- times signifies passively ; so the supine in u sometimes, though rarely, signifies actively. 40 ADVERBS. What is an Adverb ? What is its use ? How are adverbs usually divided ? How are adverbs of circumstance subdivided ? Are adverbs sometimes compared ? Give examples. PREPOSITIONS, What is a Preposition ? What is the number of prepositions govern- ing the accusative case ? Name them. What is the number of those which govern the ablative case ? Name them. Which are those prepositions which govern sometimes the accusative and sometimes the ablative case ? Why are prepositions so called ? What are the inseparable prepositions ? Why are they so called ? INTERJECTIONS. What are Interjections ? Give a few examples. CONJUNCTIONS. What is a Conjunction ? Give examples. 41 SYNTAX. What is a sentence ? What is that part of grammar called Syntax ? What is Concord ? What is understood by Government ? GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF SYNTAX. What parts are essential to every sentence ? What does every adjective require? Which of the cases are governed by other words ? By what part of speech is the genitive case governed ? By what part of speech is the dative case gov- erned ? By what the accusative ? How is the vocative case governed ? How the ablative case ? How is the infinitive mode governed ? What is a simple sentence ? What is intended by the term subject f What by the term attribute P CONCORD. What words in sentences are said to agree to- gether ? 4* 42 When, and in what respect, do substantives; agree together ? Rule L Give an example. In what particulars do adjectives agree with substantives P R. 2. Is the substantive always expressed ? When the substantive is understood, or sup- plied by the infinitive, what is the gender of the adjective ? Give an example. In what particulars does the verb agree with its nominative ? R. 3. Give an example. Is the nominative case to the verb always ex- pressed ? What shall be the number of a verb to agree with a collective noun, or noun of multi- tude ? What case of the noun or pronoun precedes the infinitive ? R. 4. Give an example. What is the English sign of the case before the infinitive ? When may a verb have the same case after as before it ? R. 5. Give an example. What verbs most frequently have the same case after as before them ? If a verb be placed between two nominatives of different numbers, with which must it agree ? Give an example. 43 GOVERNMENT. When two substantives meet having a differ- ent signification what shall he the case of the latter? R. 6. Give an example. What is the government of substantive pro- nouns of different signification ? When the latter substantive has an adjective of praise or dispraise, in what case should they be put ? R. 7. Give an example. What case does a neuter adjective govern when placed without a substantive ? R. 8. Give an example. What case do opus^ and usus, signifying need, govern ? R. 9. Give an example. ADJECTIVES. What is the government of verbal adjectives, and those signifying affection of mind ? R. 10. Give an example. What case do partitive* adjectives govern ? R. 11. Give an example. * Partitives signify a part of any number of persons or things ; as, alius, nullus, quis, qui, &c. They are sometimes used with the prepositions de, e, ex or in. Verbals in bilis and dus, are of- ten used with the preposition a. The dative case is not properly governed by adjectives, or other words, but put after them, to express the object to which they refer. Substantives have also sometimes a dative after them. Dignus, indignus, and contentus have sometimes the genitive after them ; as, dignus avorum. Virg. 44 What other adjectives govern the genitive plu- ral ? R. 11. Give an example. What adjectives require the dative case? R. 12. Give examples. What case is put after verbals in bilis and dus f How are adjectives of usefulness ', fitness ', and the contrary, used ? What are the adjectives which govern the ab- lative ? R. 13. Give examples. What adjectives govern the genitive and ab- lative ? R. 14. Give examples. GOVERNMENT OF VERBS. The Genitive case. What case does sum* require when it signifies possession, property, or duty? R. 15. Give examples. What words are exceptions to this rule ? What case is governed by satago, misereor, and miser esco ? Give examples. R. 16. The Dative case. What is the general rule of verbs which re- quire the dative case ? R. 17. Give exam- pies. * In this case some substantive is understood ; as, officium, munus, by which the latter noun is really governed. Some other words, especially such as express an affection of the mind, govern the genitive ; as, discrucior animi. Ter. 45 What case is governed by sum and its com- pounds ? Give examples. Which of the compounds of sum is excepted ? What case is governed by est, taken for ha- beo? What case is governed by verbs compounded with satis, bene and male f What case is governed by verbs compounded with the nine prepositions, ad* ante, &c. Give the rule of verbs signifying to profit or hurt, &c. The Accusative case. What case is governed by active verbs ? R. 18* Give an example. What neuter verbs govern the accusative ? What case is governed by recordor, memini f reminiseor and obliviscor ? The Ablative case. What case is usually governed by verbs of plenty and scarceness? R. 20. Give ex- amples. * Verbs compounded with these prepositions, which govern the dative only, are neuter and intransitive verbs. Transitive verbs compounded with these prepositions govern the accusative and dative ; and sometimes the accusative and ablative. Juvo, IcbcIo and offendo govern the accusative. Jubeo usually has the accusative and infinitive. In the best authors, viz. Cic. Cass. Liv. Tac. it is sometimes found with the dative. Verbs of motion or tendency to a thing are used with the prep- osition ad and the accusative. Egeo and indigeo frequently govern the genitive ; as, Eget ceris> Qv. Non tarn artis indiget quam laboris. Cic. 46 What case is governed by utor, abutor, fruor, fungor, potior, and vescor? R. 21. Give examples. Which of these words sometimes has the gen- itive ? Give an example. VERBS GOVERNING TWO CASES. What cases are governed by sum* when taken for affero ? R. 22. Give an example. What cases are governed by verbs of accus- ing r condemning, acquitting, and admonish- ing ? R. 23. Give examples. What is the government of verbs of valuing? R. 24. Give an example. What cases are governed by verbs of compar- ing, giving, declaring, and taking away f R. 25. Give examples. What is the government of verbs of asking and teaching ? R. 26. Give examples. What cases are governed by verbs of loading, binding, clothing, depriving, &c. ? R. 27. Give an example. * Two datives are also used after habeo, do, verto, relinquo, tribuo,fore } duco, and some others ; among which are words of naming. Verbs of accusing, &c. instead of the genitive frequently have the ablative with the preposition. Verbs of accusing have sometimes the genitive of the person, and the accusative of the thing: as accuso inertiam adolescen- tium. JEstimo sometimes governs the ablative with the accusative. Cdo governs two accusatives \ as celavit me hanc rem. 47 PASSIVE VERBS.* When a verb in the active voice governs two cases, which of the cases does it retain in the passive ? R. 28. Give examples. IMPERSONAL VERBS. What case do impersonals generally govern ?■ R. 29. Give an example. What case do refert and interest govern? What cases are governed by miseret> pcenitet, pudetj tcedet and piget ? What by deceit delectat, juvat, and oportet ? Infinitive Mode, How is the infinitive mode governed ? R. 30. Give an example. By what other parts of speech is the infinitive sometimes governed ? Give examples. Participles, Gerunds, and Supines. What cases do participles, gerunds and su- pines govern ? R. 3L Give examples. How are gerunds construed ? R. 32. What case does the gerund in dum with est govern ? * Passive verbs are commonly used with the ablative, and th<* preposition a. They also sometimes govern the dative ; as neque cernitur ulli for ah ullo. Virg. An infinitive, or part of a sentence may supply the place of the genitive. Miseret, poenitet, &c. are sometimes used personally : as norm& Uatc tepudent. Ter. 48 How is the gerund in di governed ? How the gerund in do of the dative ? How the gerund in dum of the accusative ? How the gerund in do of the ablative ? In what manner do gerunds which govern the accusative, sometimes change their form ? R. 36. On what word does the supine in urn depend ? R. 37. Give an example. On what part of speech does the supine in u depend ?* R. 38. Give an example. ADVERBS. To what parts of speech are adverbs joined ?f R. 39. Give examples. What case is governed by certain adverbs of time j place, and quantity? R. 40. Give an example. What case is governed by certain derivative adverbs? R. 41. Give an example. PREPOSITIONS. What is the number of prepositions which govern the accusative case ? Name them. * The supines being verbal nouns used only in the ablative singular, are not governed, strictly speaking, by the word after which they are placed, but by prepositions understood : the su- pine in um by ad ; the supine in u by in. t Adverbs are sometimes joined to substantives: as Homerus plane orator. The adverb is commonly placed immediately before or after the word which it qualifies. 49 What is the number of prepositions which govern the ablative case. Name them. When do in, sub^ super, and subter govern the accusative case ?* What cases do they govern when motion or rest in a place is signified ? R. 44. What case does a preposition govern when compounded with another word ? R. 45. INTERJECTION. With what cases are o, heu, and pro constru- ed ? R. 48. What case is governed by hei and vce, R. 47. CIRCUMSTANCES. What are those circumstances, which in Latin are expressed in different cases ? Price. In what case shall a noun be which signifies the price of a thing ? R. 48. Give an example. Are there exceptions to this rule ? Name them. * In signifying into governs the accusative, when it signifies in or among, it governs the ablative. A and e are used only before consonants ; a b and ex before vowels, and sometimes before consonants. 50 Marnier and cause* In what case shall the cause, manner, and in- strument be put? R. 49. Give examples. Place.f What shall be the case of the noun signifying the place where ? R. 50. Give an example. What shall be the case if the noun be of the third declension, ox plural number? In what case should be the name of a town signifying the place whither? R. 51. Give an example. In what case shall be the name of a town sig- nifying the place whence f R. 52. Give an example. How are domus and rus used ? R. 53. What other words are used in the same man- ner? Do the names of countries, provinces, &c. fol- low the same rule as towns ? R. 54. Measure or distance. In what shall the noun be put which signifies measure or distance ? R. 55. Give exam- ples. * The ablative of cause is really governed by a preposition un- derstood. t When a thing is said to be in company with another, it is called the ablative of concomitancy, and has the preposition cum usually added. When a thing is said to be done, not in a place, but near a place^ we use the preposition ad, or apud. 51 In what case must be the noun expressing the excess or difference of measure and dis- tance ? Time. In what case shall be the noun signifying the time when P R. 56. Give an example. In what case the noun signifying the time how long ? Give an example. COMPOUND SENTENCES. What is a compound Sentence ? How is it made up ? What are the parts called ? RELATIVES. In what particulars does the relative agree with its antecedent? R. 57. When is the relative the nominative case to the verb ? If a nominative case comes between the rela- tive and the verb, in what case shall the relative be put ? When the relative is placed between two sub- stantives of different genders, with which of them shall it agree ? When the relative follows two words of dif- ferent persons, with which of them shall it agree, 52 CONJUNCTIONS. How are the conjunctions* et, ac, atque, nec T neque, aut, vel, &c. used ? R. 58. If two or more substantives singular be cou- pled by a conjunction, what must be the number of the adjective, verb, or relative- to agree with them ? * R. 59. To what mode are ut, quo, licet, ne, ulinam? and dummodo usually joined ? R. 60. COMPARATIVES. What case is governed by the comparative! degree? R. 61. Give an example. When the conjunction quam is expressed, how is the noun to be construed ? Give an ex- ample, Ablative Absolute. When are the participle and adjective said to be placed absolutely P R. 62. Give an example. * To this rule belong especially the copulative and disjunctive conjunctions: also, quam, nisi, prtBterquam, an] so adverbs of likeness: as, ceu. tanquaw, nisi. Interrogate es placed indefinitely, have after them the subjunc- tive mode, whether they be conjunctions, adverbs, adjectives or pronouns. So the relative qvi in a continued discourse ; as nihil est quod deus efficere non possit. When any thing doubtful or contingent is signified, conjunc- tions and indefinites are usually construed with the subjunctive. f The ablative is really governed by prai understood ; it is sometimes expressed ; &s.f ' i^° a ip*. VV ^ Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. 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