PC 
 
 506T 
 • A3 
 
 w 
 
THE BEST GRAMMARS 
 
 
 
 
 
 DIALOGUES AND DICTIONARIES 1 
 
 FOR MODERN LANGUAGES 
 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 FRANZ THIMM 
 
 
 
 
 
 F R E I h 
 
 JIOi 
 
 AHN'S Child's G 
 „ Remodeli 
 ,, Key to 
 
 JULIUS, Germ; 
 
 MEISSNER'S G. 
 
 THIEME'S Ger 
 
 HILPERT'S Gei 
 
 N BOOKSELLER AXD PUBLISI 
 
 ook Street, New Bond Street. W. London. 
 
 [KB. 
 
 L857*. 
 
 d. .' 
 
 L857. 
 
 .'ci! 
 
 £ S. 
 
 3 
 3 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 7 
 16 
 
 d. 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 
 
 German Language. 
 
 erman Book. l'Jmo. Cloth. . . 
 2d German Grammar. 8vo. Cloth. ; 
 ditto. 8vo. sewed 
 
 AHN'S Child's 
 „ French ( 
 ,, French 
 ,, Key to 
 ,, French 
 DUDEVANT, F 
 BARRETT'S Fi 
 
 
 
 8vo. 
 
 7. . 
 
 .CL 
 
 • CI. 
 
 48o. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 3 
 1 
 3 
 1 
 2 
 2 
 4 
 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 
 AHN'S Italian i 
 
 ,, Key to 
 MARCHETTI'S 
 BLANC'S Italian 
 
 ('lass 
 
 j." CI. 
 
 oan. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 4 
 1 
 2 
 4 
 
 o : 
 
 8 ' 
 
 AHN'S Spanish 
 
 ,, Key to 
 
 SALVA'S Spanis 
 
 BLANC'S Spani 
 
 Portuguese 
 
 AHN'S Portugu. 
 
 Portuguese and P 
 
 AHN'S Dutch Gi 
 
 Dutch and Engli 
 
 j AHN'S Danish G 
 
 i Danish and Eng] 
 
 AHN'S Swedish 
 
 j Swedish and Eng 
 
 REIFF'S Russian 
 
 Russian, Turkish, 
 
 vellers in the J 
 
 AHN'S Latin Gr 
 
 Book 
 
 loth. 
 2mo. 
 Puis 
 
 4 
 4 
 2 
 8 
 sian- 
 
 4 
 2 
 4 
 2 
 4 
 2 
 4 
 2 
 5 
 
 2 
 8 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 6 
 6 
 
 6 
 
 
 
 PRESENTED BY 
 
 ingiish Dialogues. 12 mo. " 1857. . 
 
 ammar. 8vo. Cloth 
 
 ^h Dialogues. 12mo. 1857. . . . 
 
 rammar. 8vo. Cloth. 1857. . . 
 
 
 Grammar. 8vo. Cloth. 1857. . . 
 
 
 
 
 French and English Vocabulary, for 
 Zaat. 2nd. Ed. 1857. Cloth." . . 
 xmmar. 8vo. 1856 
 
 tra- 
 
 FRANZ THIMM. 
 
 3 Brook Street, New Bond Street. "W. London. 
 
 
 
 
 
A NEW 
 
 PRACTICAL AM) EASY METHOD 
 
 OF LEARNING 
 
 THE PORTUGUESE LANGUAGE. 
 
 AFTER THE SYSTEM 
 OF 
 
 F. AHN, 
 
 A 
 
 DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY AND PROFESSOR AT THE COLLEGE 
 OF NEUSS. 
 
 LONDON: 
 
 , FKANZ THIMM, 
 
 FOREIGN PUBLISHER, 3 BROOK STREET, GROSVENOR SQUARE. W. 
 
 1857. 
 

 GIFT 
 eOL. C. M. TOWN SEND 
 OCT. 22. 194© 
 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 „Learn a foreign language as you learned your mother- 
 tongue." It is the way that nature herself follows, it is the 
 same which the mother points out in speaking to her child, 
 repeating to it a hundred times the same words, combining 
 them imperceptibly and succeeding in this way in making it 
 speak the same language she speaks. To learn in this man- 
 ner is no longer a study, it is an amusement. This is in a 
 few words the Method which Prof. Ahn has so successfully 
 adopted in his continental Grammars. 
 
 The Editor of this Grammar has followed the rational 
 System, which has already procured for Prof. Ahn a Euro- 
 pean reputation, and he has adopted it for the Study of the 
 Portuguese Language. He is greatly indebted to the excellent 
 Grammars by Bosche, Muller, etc., which he has used for 
 the ground work of this Grammar and it is hoped that its 
 simplicity and utility will procure for it that favour, which 
 the German, French, Italian, Spanish, Swedish, Danish, Dutch 
 and Latin Grammars of Prof. Ahn have already found in the 
 Colleges and Schools of England. 
 
 The Editor. 
 
 The Copyright for England, France and Germany is 
 secured. 
 
INDEX. 
 
 FIRST COIRSE. 
 
 Page 
 
 The Pronunciation 1 
 
 PART I. 
 
 Declension of the definite Article 7 
 
 Declension of the indefinite Article 8 
 
 Contractions of the Article with the Prepositions 9 
 
 On the Gender 10 
 
 Masculine 10 
 
 Feminine Substantive , . 11 
 
 Formation of the Plural 14 
 
 Declension of Substantives 18 
 
 The Adjective 20 
 
 The Plural of -Adjectives 21 
 
 The Comparison of Adjectives 23 
 
 Irregular Comparisons 24 
 
 Declension of the Adjective 24 
 
 The Numbers 26 
 
 1. The Cardinal Numbers 26 
 
 2. The Ordinal Numbers 27 
 
 3. Fractional Numbers 27 
 
 4. Proportional Numbers 28 
 
 5. Collective Numbers 28 
 
 Pronouns 30 
 
 1. Personal Pronouns 30 
 
 2. Conjunctive Pronouns 31 
 
 3. Mixed Pronouns 31 
 
 4. Possessive Pronouns 33 
 
 5. Demonstrative Pronouns 34 
 
Pna-e 
 
 6. Relative Pronouns 35 
 
 7. Interrogative Pronouns 36 
 
 8. Indefinite Pronouns 37 
 
 PART II. 
 
 Collection of Words 41 
 
 Easy Dialogues 47 
 
 SECOND COURSE. 
 
 Verbs 58 
 
 The Auxiliary Verbs 58 
 
 The Regular Verbs 69 
 
 Active Verbs 69 
 
 The Passive Verbs 79 
 
 The Neuter Verbs 79 
 
 The Reflective Verbs 80 
 
 Irregular Verbs 84 
 
 Impersonal Verbs 107 
 
 Adverbs 108 
 
 1. Adverbs of Time 108 
 
 2. Adverbs of Place 108 
 
 3. Adverbs of Number and Comparison 108 
 
 4. Adverbs of Manner and Kind 109 
 
 5. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation 109 
 
 Prepositions Ill 
 
 Conjunctions 113 
 
 Interjections 114 
 
 Reading Lessons 115 
 
 Idiomatic Expressions with Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions etc. 121 
 
FIRST COURSE. 
 
 The Pronunciation. 
 
 
 1. The Alphabet. 
 
 
 
 The Portuguese Alphabet is composed 
 ing letters: 
 
 of the 25 follow- 
 
 
 pronounced 
 
 
 
 pronounccd 
 
 a 
 
 ah 
 
 n 
 
 
 ennay 
 
 b 
 
 bay 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 c 
 d 
 
 say 
 day 
 
 P 
 
 
 pay 
 
 kay 
 
 e 
 f 
 
 ai 
 effay 
 
 r 
 
 s 
 
 
 erray 
 essay . ] 
 
 9 
 h 
 
 jay 
 
 aghah 
 
 t 
 u 
 
 
 tay 
 
 00 
 
 i 
 3 
 
 ee 
 dshod 
 
 V 
 X 
 
 
 vay 
 
 shees 
 
 k 
 I 
 
 kah 
 
 ellay 
 
 y 
 
 
 ypsilon 
 zea. 
 
 m 
 
 emmay 
 
 
 
 
 There 
 
 are six vowels: a, e, i, o, u 
 
 anc 
 
 y, the rest are 
 
 consonants. 
 
 
 
 
 
 2. The 
 
 Accent. 
 
 
 
 The Portuguese language has several accents: 
 the ' acute accent, 
 the A circumflex accent, 
 
 the " hyphen, called til, is set over some letters as a substitute 
 for m, as : la for lam — be for bem — hud for Imam. 
 
 AHN, Portuguese Grammar. 1 
 
3. The Vowels. 
 
 A I. is pronounced like the a in the English word path, 
 when it has the acute accent ' : 
 
 did, tea — da, he gives — Id, there. 
 
 2. is it pronounced short and clear like the a in father: 
 
 capitao, the captain (first a), 
 
 or if found hefore the double consonants: cc, 11, mm, 
 
 nn, pp, ss, tt, as: 
 
 acclamar, to call out — annullar, to annull 
 alludir, to allude — ■ appellar, to appeal. 
 
 3. it has a soft and aspirated sound at the end of words 
 if not accentuated : vergonha, the shame. If the hyphen 
 
 til stands over the a it takes a nasal sound: 
 irmaa (pr. irmang), the sister — la (pr. lang), the world. 
 
 E has three sounds: 
 
 1. open but short like at in the English word hail, when 
 with the acute accent ' as: 
 
 pe, foot — fe, belief — se, 
 or in: mel, honey — he, he is 
 
 quero (pr. kayro), I will, 
 or in those verbs ending in er: 
 
 conhecer, to know — receber, to receive. 
 
 2. long, when with the circumflex * over it, as: 
 
 le', he reads — ve, he sees — rede, the net. 
 
 3. It is almost mute at the end of words without the ac- 
 cent, as: 
 
 liberdade, liberty — amizade, friendship. 
 
 I is pronounced like e in the English word me, and it is 
 only the accent that determines the pronunciation, as: 
 timido, timore, diffkil, javali. 
 
 has three sounds: 
 
 1. clear and strong in: molho, do. 
 
 2. soft and long in: 
 
 bolo, cake — gordo, fat — raposa, the fox (fern.). 
 
 3. quite short, almost like oo in : 
 
 poder, to be able — molho, a bundle 
 almost pronounced like molyou. 
 
 \ is pronounced like the oo in the word wood, but the 
 pronunciation depends much upon the length of the 
 
3 
 
 syllables, f. i. in tumulo, the grave, the first u is long, 
 the second is short. If provided with the til ~ and he- 
 fore m and n it takes the nasal sound. 
 
 If it follows after g and q, it is either aspirated, or 
 it is quite mute, as: guerra (gerrah), war — quero 
 (kayro), I will — quieto (key-eh-to), quite. In qual, it is 
 slightly sounded to distinguish it from the Noun cal, the 
 chalk. 
 
 X is pronounced like the vowel /. 
 
 4. The Consonants. 
 
 B is pronounced like the English B. 
 
 C before a, o, u, I and r is pronounced like k, as: 
 
 cavallo (kahvallo), the horse — cravo (krahvo), the pink 
 
 cuidado (kooeedado), the care. 
 Before e and i it sounds like s, as: 
 
 ceo (sayoj, heaven — cigarro (seegarro), cigar. 
 If the c before a, o, u has a cedille (c) it sounds like 
 s, as: 
 
 caca (kassah), chase — ago (asso), the steel 
 
 acucar (assookar), sugar. 
 The double c, is distinctly heard only before e and i, the 
 first sounds like k, the second like s, as : 
 accidente (akseedente), the accident. 
 
 D is pronounced like the English. 
 F do. do. 
 
 G before a, o and a consonant is pronounced like the English 
 
 g, as: gordo, fat — gravo, grave. 
 g before e and i sounds like the j in the English word 
 
 joy, as: general, 
 gua almost sounds like the English wa, as: guarda, pr. 
 
 gwarda. 
 
 U is only softly aspirated in few words, as: anhelar, hdltio; 
 otherwise it is mute, as: 
 
 homem (oraera), man — hora (ora), hour. 
 Many writers drop the h at the beginning and write urn, 
 uma, instead of: hum, huma. 
 
 J is pronounced like the English j. 
 
K only occurs in foreign words and is pronounced like the 
 English K. 
 
 L is pronounced like the English L. 
 
 M at the beginning of words, or between two vowels when 
 it belongs to the second syllable, is pronounced like the 
 English m, as: meniuo, child — amar, to love. 
 
 It takes a nasal sound at the end of words, or when 
 it follows after a, e, i, o or u which cannot well be de- 
 scribed, as: condicao, condition — hem (bang), well — 
 bom (bong), good. 
 
 N is pronounced like the English n, but has the same pecu- 
 liarities as m. 
 
 P is pronounced as in English. 
 
 Q sounds like k, as: qucro (kayro), I will. 
 
 It is pronounced as in English. 
 
 S is pronounced as in English; between two vowels it sounds 
 like z. 
 
 T is pronounced like the English. 
 V do. do. 
 
 X has three sounds. 
 
 \. It sounds generally like sk, as: 
 
 xarope (sharope), syrup — enxaqueca (anshakeykah), 
 
 headake. 
 
 2. After e it is pronounced like ks, as: 
 
 extencao, extenuado, expulso, excellente. 
 
 3. Between two vowels it is pronounced like gz, as: exac- 
 tamente, exornar, except in: paixao, puxo, Alexandre, 
 baixo, and some other words, where it sounds like sh. 
 
 The x must be pronounced so softly that it is 
 scarcely audible. 
 
 Z sounds like the English, as: zelo, zona. — At the end of 
 words it sounds like s, as* rapaz, luz, voz. 
 
 5. Double Consonants. 
 
 The Portuguese language has the following double con- 
 sonants : 
 
Ch 1. is pronounced like the English ch, as: 
 acho, chaga, marchar. 
 2. it is pronounced like k in words derived from Latin 
 or Greek, as: 
 
 monarchic!, archeo, archonte, Achilles. 
 
 Lh is pronounced like the 11 in the English word billiards 
 or in the French words „fille, bouilli", as: 
 mulher, woman — molho, the bundle. 
 
 Nh is pronounced like the French gn in „espagne, peigner", 
 ?, I win — banho, bath — vianha, trick. 
 
 Ph is pronounced like f, as: phil 
 
 Rh and Th are pronounced like r and t. 
 
 6. The Diphthongs. 
 
 The Portuguese language has two kinds of diphthongs: 
 the pure, those which are distinctly pronounced, and the 
 nasal diphthongs, pronounced with a nasal sound. 
 
 Pure Diphthongs. 
 ae, as: taes, olivaes. 
 
 ai (the a and i do not blend), as: pax (pa-i), ai (a-i). 
 ao, as: pdo (pa-o), mdo (ma-o). 
 au, — aula, auto, pauta, causa. 
 ei, ey, — rei, rey, lei, sei. 
 ei, — papeis, reis. 
 co, — deo, mordeo, viveo. 
 eo, — Ceo, veo, reo. 
 eu, — eu, euro, meu, seu. 
 io, — pio, rio, vio, ouvio. 
 oa, — loa, toa. 
 oe, — lieroe, doe, roe. 
 oi, — boi. 
 do, oo, — voo, soo, moo. 
 ou, — on, ouvir, douto. 
 ui, uy, — fui, Rui. 
 
 In the above the first vowel is preeminent, in the follow- 
 ing the second vowel has most emphasis. 
 ca, as: lactea, area. 
 co, — lacteo, arboreo. 
 
ia, as: gloria. 
 
 oa (pron. od and od), as: agoa, coadura, coalho. 
 
 ui (pron. ui), as: quirinal, inquirir. 
 
 uo (pron. uo), as: equoreo. 
 
 uu (pron. uu), as: equuleo. 
 
 Nasal Diphthongs. 
 
 aa (bad orthography am or an), as: ma$da (mas-sang), apple, 
 
 irmaa (ir-mang), sister. 
 ae (bad ami, am), as: capitaes (kapeeta-engs), captains, 
 
 caes (ka-engs), dogs. 
 am, as: amparo (ang-paro), protection. 
 an, as: andar (ang-dar), to go. 
 ao (bad orthogr. ao, am, an), as: captiao, captain. 
 em, ee, eem, as: lem or leem (lay-eng), they read. 
 
 bem, good. 
 im, as: fim (fing), the end. 
 
 oe (oem, oen), as : poe (pong-eng), na$oes (nahs-so-engs). 
 om, as: bom (bong), good. 
 urn, iin, as: mundo (moong-do), the world. 
 
 The Portuguese have also syllables of three vowels such, as: 
 eei, eio, eao, iao, 
 
 as: eia, hallo! — meia, half — ideia, idea — rodeao, they 
 surround — vivido, they lived. 
 
PART I. 
 
 o, the (masc.) 
 
 a, the (fern.) 
 
 pai, father 
 
 mm, mother 
 
 bom (in.), boa (f.), good 
 
 irmao, brother 
 irmaa, sister 
 e, and 
 /*e, is 
 
 Exercises. 
 
 pai. A mai. irmao. A irmaa. pai he bom, e 
 a mai he boa. bom pai, a boa mai. bom irmao, a 
 boa irmaa. irmao he bom, a irmaa he boa. 
 
 meu, minha, my — alto, great — ■ pequeno, little. 
 
 The sister is good. The father and the good brother. 
 The good mother and the little sister. The great brother. 
 My brother is little. My little brother. My mother and my 
 good sister. My father and my mother. My good mother 
 and my little sister. 
 
 3. 
 Declension of the definite Article. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Singular. 
 
 I 
 
 Norn, o, the 
 
 OS 
 
 Gen. do, of the 
 
 dos 
 
 Dat. ao, to the 
 
 a os 
 
 Ace. o, the 
 
 OS 
 
 Abl. do, from the. 
 
 dos 
 
 Plural. 
 
Feminine. 
 
 Singular. 
 Norn, a, the 
 Gen. da, of the 
 Dat. a, to the 
 Ace. a, the 
 Abl. da, from the. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 as 
 das 
 
 as 
 das. 
 
 Declension of the 
 
 indefinite Article. 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Nom. um, a 
 
 uma 
 
 Gen. de um, of a 
 
 de uma 
 
 Dat. a um, to a 
 
 d uma 
 
 Ace. um, a 
 
 uma 
 
 Abl. de um, from a 
 
 de uma. 
 
 mo$a, girl 
 bonito, pretty 
 cavallo, horse 
 agulha, needle 
 faca, knife 
 leao, lion 
 tigre, tiger 
 leopardo, leopard 
 sao, are (from ser) 
 animal, aes, animal 
 feroz, wild 
 estado, situation 
 no (em o), in, Dat. 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 miseravel, miserable 
 
 em, in 
 
 que, which 
 
 elle, he 
 
 estd, is (from estar) 
 
 ella, she 
 
 na (em a), in the 
 
 rua, street 
 
 garfo, fork 
 
 estao, are (from estar) 
 
 nas (em as), in, Ace. 
 
 gaveta, drawer 
 
 tenho, I have 
 
 lido, read 
 
 /sso, this 
 
 nos (em os), in, Ace. 
 
 livro, book 
 
 passeio, I go 
 
 2>efo fj?or oj, through 
 
 the 
 entrou, he came 
 pefe (^or a), through 
 porta, gate 
 60/, ox 
 vaca, cow. 
 
 pai he alto. -A mai he pequena. A moca he bonita. 
 cavallo do pai. A agulha da iriMa. A faca do irmao. 
 leao, [tigre e leopardo sao animaes ferozes. No estado 
 miseravel em que elle esta\ Ella esta" na rua. Os garfos 
 estao nas gavetas. Tenho lido isso nos livros do C. Passeio 
 pelo campo. Elle entrou pela porta. Um boi. Uma vaca. 
 
9 
 
 V o c a ] 
 nolicia, the news 
 muito, very 
 nobre, noble 
 cao, dog 
 labrao, bark 
 rosa, rose 
 
 mais hello, more beautiful 
 do que, than 
 tulipa, tulip 
 verao, summer 
 quente, hot 
 inverno, winter 
 rigoroso, severe 
 passaro, bird 
 cantao, sing 
 fl^MJfl, eagle 
 
 5. 
 
 b u 1 a r y. 
 
 afor, hawk 
 
 ave de rapina, bird of prey 
 
 ignorancia, ignorance 
 
 erro, error 
 
 superstfyao, superstition 
 
 deixei, I left behind 
 
 Ha, aunt 
 
 cewwa, bed 
 
 menino, crian$a, child, baby 
 
 o bra$o, the arm 
 
 carta, letter 
 
 mao, hand 
 
 secretario, secretary 
 
 saltar, to jump 
 
 janella, window. 
 
 The news is good. The horse is a very noble animal. 
 The dogs bark. The roses are more beautiful than the tulips. 
 The summers are hot and the winters severe. The birds 
 sing. The eagle and the hawk are birds of prey. Ignorance 
 is the mother of error, of superstition, and of prejudice. I 
 left my hat in the carriage. The aunt is in bed. She had 
 her child in her arms. He gave the letter into the hands of 
 the secretary. He jumped out of (pela) the window. I see 
 a man and a woman. A garden and a house. 
 
 the foil 
 from 
 
 Contractions of the Article with the Prepositions. 
 
 The Portuguese contract the Article and Preposition in 
 
 owing way: 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 de o is 
 
 formed 
 
 do 
 
 from 
 
 em o is 
 
 formec 
 
 no 
 
 de a - 
 
 - 
 
 da 
 
 - 
 
 em a - 
 
 - 
 
 na 
 
 de os - 
 
 - 
 
 dos 
 
 - 
 
 em os - 
 
 - 
 
 nos 
 
 de as - 
 
 - 
 
 das 
 
 - 
 
 em as - 
 
 - 
 
 nas 
 
 a o 
 
 - 
 
 ao 
 
 - 
 
 por o - 
 
 - 
 
 pelo 
 
 a a 
 
 - 
 
 a 
 
 - 
 
 por a - 
 
 - 
 
 pela 
 
 a os - 
 
 - 
 
 aos 
 
 - 
 
 por os - 
 
 - 
 
 pelos 
 
 a as - 
 
 
 as 
 
 
 por as - 
 
 
 pelas. 
 
10 
 
 0. 
 
 On the Gender. 
 
 the names of all 
 cupations of men. 
 
 Imperador, emperor 
 foi, was (from ser) 
 morto, killed 
 Rei, king 
 chegou, he arrived 
 hontem, yesterday 
 jesuita, the Jesuit 
 fortio, they were 
 expulsado, expelled 
 
 Masculine 
 
 masculine persons, animals, and the oc- 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 homem, man 
 
 nao ama senao, only 
 
 loves 
 a si mesmo, himself 
 Carlos, Charles 
 foi, was 
 
 Frederico, Frederick 
 ambicioso, ambitious 
 ferreiro, the smith 
 
 diligeyte, diligent 
 alfaiate, tailor 
 preguicoso, lazy 
 gordo, fat 
 gallo, the cock 
 mais forte, stronger 
 de que, than 
 gallinha, hen. 
 
 Imperador Paulo foi morto. El-Rei chegou hontem. 
 Os jesuitas forao expulsados. homem nao ama senao a si 
 mesmo. Carlos foi grande e Frederico ambicioso. ferreiro 
 he diligente e o alfaiate preguicoso. boi he muito gordo. 
 leao he muito feroz. gallo he mais forte do que a 
 gallinha. 
 
 duque, duke 
 proclamado, proclaimed 
 principe herdeiro , hereditary 
 
 prince 
 morreo, died 
 marcineiro, the joiner 
 mrpinteiro, the carpenter 
 trabalhao, they work 
 Luiz, Lewis 
 Henrique, Henry 
 poderoso, powerful 
 touro, the bull 
 matado, killed 
 vigilante, watchful 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 bello, formoso, beautiful 
 
 sanguinario \ 
 
 sanguinoso > bloodthirsty 
 
 sanguinolento ) 
 
 marido 1 hugband 
 
 esposo i 
 
 doente, ill 
 
 tio, uncle 
 
 sahio (sahir), went out 
 
 avo, grandfather 
 
 primo, cousin 
 
 filho, son 
 
 dao, they take 
 
 passeio, walk. 
 
11 
 
 The Duke of Braganza was proclaimed king. The heredi- 
 tary prince died. The joiner and the carpenter work. Lewis 
 was brave, and Henry powerful. The hull was killed. The 
 watchful dog. The beautiful horse. The tiger is very blood- 
 thirsty. The husband of this woman is very ill. The uncle 
 went out. The grandfather, the father, the cousin and the 
 son took a walk. 
 
 8. 
 
 Feminine Substantive. 
 
 The names of all feminine persons, animals and the oc- 
 cupations of women are feminine. 
 
 Imperatriz, empress 
 Rainha, queen 
 estavao, they were 
 igreja, church 
 duqueza, duchess 
 banho, bath 
 alfaiata, sempstress 
 concerto,, mends 
 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 vestido, dress 
 filha, daughter 
 tia, aunt 
 
 avo, grandmother 
 neta, granddaughter 
 jar dim, garden 
 rapariga, little girl 
 
 feia, ugly 
 mulher, woman 
 obseqw'oso, good 
 vaca, cow 
 da, gives 
 kite, milk 
 chocando, hatching 
 
 A Imperatriz e a Rainha estavSo na igreja. A duqueza 
 esta no banho. A alfaiata concerta um vestido. A mai e a 
 filha, a tia e a prima, a av6 e a neta estao no jardim. A 
 rapariga nao he feia. A mulher he muito obsequiosa. A 
 vaca da leite. A gallinha esta chocando. 
 
 abbadessa, abbess 
 
 fallou, spoke 
 
 freira I 
 
 religiosa 
 
 sor 
 
 mosteiro 
 
 convento 
 
 princeza, princess 
 
 nun 
 
 convent 
 
 estar para, was on the point 
 
 9. 
 Vocabulary. 
 
 partir, to depart 
 
 condeca, the countess 
 
 casa, house 
 
 costureira, needlewoman 
 
 pespontar, hems 
 
 lenco de pescoco, neckhand- 
 
 kerchief 
 esposa, the wife 
 negociante, merchant 
 
12 
 
 muitas vezes, frequently 
 
 caprichoso, capricious 
 
 criada, the servant 
 
 varre, sweeps 
 
 cozinha, kitchen 
 
 cabra, goat 
 
 animal domestico, domestic 
 
 animal 
 gata, cat 
 
 est a brincando, plays 
 com, with 
 
 cachorra, young dog 
 minha, my, fem. 
 prima, cousin, fern. 
 irmaa, sister 
 theatro, theatre 
 
 leoa, lioness 
 
 juba, the mane 
 
 est a, this 
 
 egoa, mare 
 
 mais bello, more beautiful 
 
 cavallo capado, the stallion 
 
 Maria, Mary 
 
 nao Ae tao, is not so 
 
 come, as 
 
 Marianna, Maryanne 
 
 Inglaterra, England 
 
 sabio, wise 
 
 soberana, sovereign 
 
 cozinheira, cook 
 
 mercado, market 
 
 diligente, diligent. 
 
 The abbess spoke with the nuns of the convent. The 
 princess was on the point of departing. The countess was 
 not at home. The needlewoman hems my pockethandkerchief. 
 The wife of the merchant. The women are often very capri- 
 cious. The servant sweeps the kitchen. The goat is a do- 
 mestic animal. The cat plays with the young female dog. My 
 cousin (fem.) and my sister were at the theatre. The lioness 
 has no mane. This mare is more beautiful than that stallion. 
 Mary is not so diligent as Maryanne. Elisabeth of England 
 was a wise sovereign. The cook went to market. 
 
 In Portuguese some of the names of animals are occa- 
 sionally masculine and feminine; to denote the gender the 
 words macho, male, or femea, female, are used, as: 
 elephante macho, the male elephant, 
 elephante femea, the female elephant. 
 Those Substantives ending in a and aa are feminine. 
 
 10. 
 Exercises. 
 Esta casa 1 tern uma boa 2 apparencia 3 . A rosa ' he muito 
 bella. A boca 5 , a orelha , a cabeca 7 , a testa 8 e a barba 9 sao 
 
 1 house. 2 good. 3 appearance. 4 rose. 
 S forehead. 9 chin. 
 
 5 mouth. 6 ear. 7 head. 
 
i;; 
 
 partes 10 do corpo n humano 12 . A janella 13 esta aberta 14 . 
 Esta agulha 15 he fina de mais 10 . Esta tinta nao presta para 
 nada. CH" ir o aparar 17 uraa penna 18 . Tenho 1 '' que escrever 20 
 uma carta 21 . Faca-me o favor 2 ' 2 de me emprestar 23 una folha 
 dc papel 21 . A garrafa 25 esta na mesa 20 . Esta cerejeira 27 
 carrega 28 muito. Esta uva 29 esta madura 30 . Esta vinha 31 
 esta em optima 32 exposieao 33 . 
 
 10 part. 11 body. 12 human. 13 window. 14 open. 15 needle. 
 16 is too fine. 17 mend. 18 pen. 19 I have. 20 to write. 
 21 letter. 22 do me the favour. 23 lend. 24 sheet of paper. 
 25 bottle. 26 table. 27 cherry tree. 28 bears. 29 grape. 30 
 ripe. 31 vine. 32 the best. 33 situation. 
 
 11. 
 The butter 1 is fresh 2 . With your permission 3 . The cup' 
 is not washed 3 . I have the honour 6 . The beer 7 is excellent 8 
 
 The oyster 9 is fresh, 
 beautiful ,2 morning 13 . 
 the most agreeable 17 
 be 20 abundant 21 . 
 
 Bring me 10 a wafer 11 . — We have a 
 
 The door 1 '' is locked 15 . Spring 10 is 
 
 time of the year 18 . The harvest 19 will 
 
 1 manteiga. 2 fresco. 3 licenca. 4 chicara. 5 levado. 6 honra. 
 7 cerveja. 8 excellente. 9 ostra. 10 traga me. 11 obrea. 12 
 Undo. 13 manhaa. 14 porta. 15 fechado. 16 primavera. 17 a 
 mais agradavel. 18 estacao. 19 colheita. 20 ha de ser. 21 
 •abundante. 
 
 12. 
 
 Exceptions. 
 
 The following Substantives ending in a are masculine: 
 
 o drama, the drama 
 o mappa, the map 
 o idioma, the idiom 
 
 o aroma, the aroma 
 
 o axioma, the principle 
 
 o did, the tea 
 
 o clima, the climate 
 
 o cometa, the comet 
 
 o dia, the day 
 
 o diadema, the diadem 
 
 o planeta, the planet 
 o poema, the poem 
 o thema, the theme. 
 
 Those Nouns ending in e, are generally masculine, 
 except : 
 
 1. those ending in ade, as: verdade, truth, etc., 
 
14 
 
 2. those ending in ie or ice, as: a velhice, the age, 
 
 3. those ending in accented e, as: a chemine, a chimney. 
 
 Nouns ending in i, y, o, u as well as those ending in /, 
 r, s and z are with few exceptions all musculine. 
 Those ending in do, are hoth masculine and feminine. 
 
 13. 
 Formation of the Plural. 
 
 Nouns ending in a, e, i, y, o, u and da form their plural 
 by adding an s to the singular. As: a rosa, as rosas; a arte, 
 as artes; o filho, os filhos. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 As rosas sao mais bellas que as tulipas. Os rios cor- 
 rem 1 por terras despovoadas 2 . As arvores sao muito frond o- 
 sas 3 . As villas sao ornadas 4 de duas igrejas. Eu nao vi os 
 pentes 5 . Os hahitantes" destas comarcas 7 sao Indios 8 . Elles 
 tern macaas. Novos reis, novas leis. Deixei os bahus nos 
 coches. Os ribeiros 9 , algumas lag6as'° e mesmo certos rios 
 ficao em secco u . 
 
 1 flow. 2 depopulated. 3 leaved. 4 ornamented. 5 comb. 6 in- 
 habitants. 7 district. 8 Indian. 9 brook. 10 lake. 11 dry out. 
 
 14. 
 These houses please me more than those edifices'. The 
 villages 2 and towns in this district 3 are not very numerous 4 . 
 The oxen 3 , cows, goats, sheep 6 and cats 7 are domestic ani- 
 mals. There are 8 many wild boars 9 , deer 10 and hares 11 in 
 these forests 12 . The cranes 13 and storks 14 are birds of pas- 
 sage 15 . The huts 16 are made 17 of the trunks of trees 18 . 
 
 1 edificio. 2 aldea. 3 regiao. 4 numeroso. 5 boi. 6 ovelha. 7 
 galo. 8 ha. 9 javali. 10 veado. 11 lebre. 12 bosque. 13 grou. 
 14 cegonha. 15 ave de arribacao. 16 barraca. 17 feito. 18 
 tronco d'arvore. 
 
 15. 
 Substantives ending in do, form their plural in oes, 
 as: a condi^ao, condition, as condi$des. 
 
15 
 
 Exceptions are: 
 
 Allan do, the German, Allemaes 
 
 Cataldo, the Catalonian, Cataldes 
 
 cdo, dog, cdes — pdo, bread, pdes 
 
 capitdo, captain, capitaes — tabellido, notary, tabellides. 
 
 The following only adtl an s in the Plural: 
 aide do, the peasant 
 
 ando, the dwarf 
 ana'do, the age 
 a benrdo, the blessing 
 christao, Christ 
 cortezao, the courtier 
 grdo, the corn 
 
 irmdo, the brother 
 mao, the hand 
 orfao, the orphan 
 orgao, the organ 
 pagao, the heathen 
 rabdo, the radish 
 villdo, the villain. 
 
 16. 
 Examples. 
 Elle abrio 1 communicoes entre as cidades e os sertoes 2 . 
 Os seroes 3 sao cumpridos. districto he proprip 4 para to- 
 das as produccoes agrico!as\ As terras sao plantadas e se- 
 meadas 7 de feijoes 8 e melo'es* Os Allemaes fizerao 10 muitas 
 invencoes 11 uteis 12 . Os capitaes nao querem obedecer 13 ao 
 general. Aqui 14 estao tres paes 15 . Os Cortezaos lisonjao 1<; 
 ao principe 17 . Os primeiros orgaos forao construidos 18 por 
 urn Allemao em 1312. Eis aqui 19 os dous 20 villaos. As ca- 
 sas sao ornadas de balcoes 21 de ferro. Aos orphaos manda- 
 se 22 aprender 23 urn officio 24 . 
 
 1 open. 2 the interior of the country. 3 evening-. 4 is suitable. 
 5 agricultural produce. 6 planted. 7 sowed. 8 black bean. 9 
 melon. 10 make. 11 invention. 12 useful. 13 obey. 14 here. 
 15 bread. 16 flatter. 17 the prince. IS constructed. 19 here 
 are. 20 two. 21 balcony. 22 one lets: 23 learn. 24 a hand- 
 icraft. 
 
 17. 
 
 The passions' of women are often very violent 2 . The 
 
 navigation 3 extended 4 , at the beginning 5 , only along the coast. 
 
 Many revolutions 6 have broken out 7 in Europe in recent times 8 . 
 
 The conditions 9 were rejected 10 . These places 11 are situated 
 
 1 paixao. 2 violento. 3 navegacao. 4 estender. 5 no principio. 
 6 revolucao. 7 rebentar. 8 no ultimo tempo. 9 condicao. 10 
 rejeitar. 11 povoacao. 
 
10 
 
 in the interior of the country 1 ' 2 . The hunters' 3 took 14 the 
 dogs to the chase 15 . The Catalonians inhabit an important ,G 
 province of Spain 17 . The notaries 18 protest 10 the hills of ex- 
 change 20 . His brothers were not at home' 21 . The first Chris- 
 tians were much persecuted 22 . The heathens are still very 
 numerous 23 . The radishes are very dear. 
 
 12 no interior do paiz. 13 cacador. 14 levar. 15 caca. 16 con- 
 sideravel. 17 Hespanha. 18 tabelliao. 19 protestar. 20 lellra 
 de cambio. 21 em casa. 22 perseguir. 23 numeroso. 
 
 Substantives endin 
 
 18. 
 ' in: 
 
 al, ol, ul change I into es, as: a sinal, as sinaes 
 el change I into is, as: amid, anneis 
 il change I into s, as: o funil, os funis. 
 
 confer, contain 
 sal, salt 
 
 mandar, to order 
 furriel, lieutenant 
 amizade, friendship 
 encontrar, to meet 
 
 Examples. 
 primavera, spring 
 terrestre, earthly 
 muitas vezes , fre- 
 quently 
 o funil, the funnel 
 
 ao pe, with 
 barril, the barrel 
 mandou, had (let) 
 por, erect 
 pharol, lighthouse. 
 
 As aguas contem differentes saes. Os animaes domesti- 
 cos. Os generaes mandavao aos furrieis. Os coroneis esta- 
 vao no conselho de guerra. Os varios sinaes de sua amizade. 
 Nao se encontra muitos caracoes nesta primavera. Os males 
 terrestres sao muitas vezes quasi insupportaveis. Os papeis 
 estao na mesa. Os funis estao ao p6 dos barris. impe- 
 rador mandou por pharoes. 
 
 19. 
 
 The poignards 1 are ground 2 . These fishing rods 3 are good 
 
 for nothing 4 . The goldsmith brought the rings 5 . The painter 6 
 
 has many brushes. Three consuls governed 7 France in 1S03. 
 
 The barrels 8 are full 9 . The officers 10 were very much dissa- 
 
 1 punhal. 2 amolar. 3 oanzol. 4 nJo valem nada. 5 anuel. 6 pin- 
 lor. 7 governar. 8 barril. 9 cheio. 10 official. 
 
17 
 
 lisfied 11 . There are'- different chalks' 3 . I like 14 pies'"'. — 
 They will discover" your tricks 17 . 
 
 11 descontenle. 12 ha. 13 cal'. 14 cu goslo. 15 pastel. 10 des- 
 cubrir. 17 ardil. 
 
 20. 
 
 Suhstantives ending in m, change their plural into ns, as: 
 hem, the treasure, bens — viagem, the journey, viagens. 
 
 Those ending in r, s and z, add es to the singular, as: 
 a colher, the spoon, as colheres — ar, the air, ares 
 deos, a God, deoses — perdiz, the partridge, perdizes; 
 
 except: 
 ourives, the goldsmith, ourives — caliz, the chalice, cah'ces 
 alferes, the ensign, alferes. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 As margens' \erdej3o 2 com a relva 3 dos prados 4 . Elle 
 fez 5 muitas viagens. Elle possue G muitos hens de raiz 7 na 
 cidade e fora della 8 . Todos os homens sao mortaes 9 . Os 
 sons dos instruments musicos. Os jejuns' nao engordao 11 . 
 ceo 12 se cobre 13 de nuvens 14 . Os moradores 15 commer- 
 ciSo lc em 17 madeiras de construccao' 8 . Comprei 19 duas colhe- 
 res de prata. As Imperatrizes de Russia e d'Austria chegci- 
 r5o 20 . Atire 21 a esse bando 22 de perdizes. Os Deoses se 
 ajuntSo 23 no Olympo. Quasi 24 todos os freguezes 25 sao In- 
 dios. Ha quatro calices na igreja. Os piratas 2u infestavao os 
 mares. 
 
 1 bank. 2 green. 3 turf. 4 meadow. 5 made. 6 possess. 7 
 (landed) property. 8 out of it. 9 mortal. 10 fasting. 11 to 
 make fat. 12 sky. 13 covered. 14 cloud. 15 inhabitants. 16 
 deal. 17 with. 18 limber. 19 to buy. 20 to arrive. 21 short. 
 22 flock. 23 assemble. 24 almost. 25 customer. 26 pirates. 
 
 21. 
 
 I hear 1 sounds 2 . The sun 3 hides" itself behind 5 thick 
 clouds 7 . We have four ducks 8 . The passages 9 are locked 10 . 
 The pictures 11 of Saints in this church are very numerous. 
 
 1 ouvir. 2 torn. 3 sol. 4 esconder. 5 de. 6 grosso. 7 nuvem. 
 
 8 pato. 9 passagem. 10 fechar. 11 imagem. 
 AU> T , Portuguese Grammar. 2 
 
IS 
 
 I offer 13 you my con- 
 gratulations 14 . The air (pi.) is always 15 pure' 6 in this Coun- 
 try. I have eaten 17 four 18 quails 19 . He showed 20 me the 
 scars 21 of his wounds 22 . In a battalion 23 there are eight 
 ensigns. The goldsmiths came together. The chalices of the 
 flowers. I was many times 21 in your house. The belligerent 25 
 powers. 
 
 12 bagagem. 13 dar. 14 parabem. 15 sempre. 16 puro. 17 co- 
 mido. 18 qnatro. 19 codorniz. 20 mostrar. 21 cicatriz. 22 
 ferida. 23 batalhao. 24 vez. 25 belligeranle. 
 
 22. 
 Declension of Substantives. 
 
 Singula r. 
 Masculine. 
 Nom. o homem, the man 
 Gen. do homem, of the man 
 Dat. ao homem, to the man 
 Ace. o homem, the man 
 Abl. do homem, from the man 
 
 Feminine. 
 a mulher, the woman 
 da mulher, of the woman 
 a mulher, to the woman 
 a mulher, the woman 
 da mulher, from the woman. 
 
 Plural. 
 
 Nom. os homem, the men 
 Gen. dos homem, of the men 
 Dat. aos homem, to the men 
 Ace. os homem, the men 
 Abl. dos homens, from the men. 
 
 I as mulheres, the women 
 j das mulheres, of the women 
 as mulheres, to the women 
 I as mulheres, the women 
 i das mulheres, from the women. 
 
 Nom. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Deos, God 
 de Deos, of God 
 a Deos, to God 
 (a) Deos, God 
 de Deos, from God. 
 
 Deoses, Gods 
 de Deoses, of Gods 
 a Deoses, to Gods 
 (a) Deoses, Gods 
 de Deoses, from Gods 
 
 chaveo, the hat 
 offerecer, to offer 
 batalha, the battle 
 
 23. 
 
 Examples. 
 inimigo, enemy 
 jardim, garden 
 luva, glove 
 
 conde, count 
 deixar, to leave 
 mordomo, steward 
 
adular, to flatter 
 lisongeiro, the flat- 
 terer 
 de sorte, in such a 
 
 manner 
 igualur, to compare 
 deo, gave (from dar) 
 
 19 
 
 granite, sound, great 
 bofetada, box on the 
 
 ear 
 calt; ado, paved 
 fizerao, they made 
 cruel, cruel 
 
 guerra, war 
 eomprar, to buy 
 toro, book 
 livreiro, bookseller 
 rancor, the rancor, 
 enmity. 
 
 pai nao esta em casa. chapeo do irmao. ge- 
 neral offereceo batalha ao inimigo. A mai ama a sen filho. 
 A irmaa esta no jardim. As luvas da mai. conde nada 
 deixou ao seu mordomo. Adulando urn lisongeiro ao Impera- 
 dor Sigismundo, de sorte que o igualava a Deos, o Imperador 
 deo ao lisongeiro uma grande bofetada. As ruas sao calca- 
 das. Os Portuguezes fizerao cruel guerra aos Indios. A mu- 
 lher comprou o livro do livreiro. rancor dos Franceses 
 contra os Inglezes. 
 
 24. 
 Exercises. 
 
 The father loves' his daughter 2 . Mary loves her friend 3 
 (fern.). The eyes of Caroline equal 4 two stars . He gave the 
 money to the woman, and paid the tailor 7 at the same time 8 . 
 Two streams 9 of the province are designated 10 by this name 11 . 
 Various estates 12 are touched 13 by this river. These offers 14 
 have been made to the Colonists 15 . He delivered 10 the letter 17 
 to the secretary 18 . The Madeira is the most importent 19 tri- 
 butary 20 of the Amazon river 21 . The name of the Islands. 
 The town is situated 22 on the left bank 23 of the river. The 
 harbour 24 of Rio de Janeiro is the most beautiful ornament 25 
 of the city. 
 
 1 amar. 2 filha. 3 amiga. 4 igualar. 5 dous (fern. duas). 6 es- 
 trella. 7 alfaiate. 8 ao mesmo tempo. 9 ribeiio. 10 assignar. 
 11 nome. 12 fazenda. 13 regar. 14 offerecimento. 15 colono. 
 16 entregar. 17 carta. 18 secretario. 19 cabal, importaate. 20 
 tributario. 21 rio do Amezonas. 22 jazer. 23 na margem es- 
 querda. 24 porto. 25 oinato. 
 
 25. 
 On the Augmentatives and Diminutives. 
 The Portuguese language has the peculiarity of the Ita- 
 
20 
 
 lian and Spanish languages in making Substantives and Ad- 
 jectives, by the addition of a syllable augmentative or dimi- 
 nutive. 
 
 I. Augmentativos. 
 
 homem, a man — homemzarao, a large, powerful man 
 tolo, a fool — toleirao, a great fool 
 
 mulher, the woman — mulherona, a large masculine woman 
 tola, the foolish woman — toleirona, a very foolish woman. 
 
 II. Diminulivos 
 are formed by changing the final vowel into „inho": 
 casa, the house — casinha, a pretty little house 
 homem, a man — homemzinho, a little man 
 bieho, a worm — bkhinho, a little worm 
 coilado, a poor man — coitadinho, a poor little fellow 
 bonilo, pretty — bonitinho, rather pretty; 
 
 others are formed by adding: zinho, zinha or sinho, inha, as: 
 coracao, the heart — coracaozinho, dear little heart 
 wo, the dog — caozinho, pretty little dog 
 irmao, the brother — irmaozmho, dear little brother 
 cabeca, the head — cabecinha, pretty little head 
 mao, the hand — maozinha, pretty little hand. 
 
 26. 
 The Adjective. 
 
 The Adjectives in Portuguese agree with the Substantives 
 in gender and number. 
 
 1. Adjectives ending in e, I and z, remain unchanged in the 
 feminine, as: forte, strong; grande, great; crnel, cruel; 
 amavel, amiable. 
 
 2. Adjectives ending in o change the feminine into a, as: 
 o bonito, the pretty, a bonita. 
 
 3. Those ending in t\, m and r, add an a in the feminine, 
 as: cm, raw, crua — nu, nude, nua 
 
 nm, a, uma — nenlmm, none, nenhuma 
 
 troidor, traitorous, traidora — protector, protectora. 
 
Adjectives ending in do change to aa in the feminine, 
 as: htruo, brilliant, hirda — sdo, healthy, saa. 
 
 27. 
 The Plurals «f Adjectives 
 
 re formed 
 
 in the same manner as (he plural 
 
 »f .Nouns, a 
 
 
 S i n g u 1 a i 
 
 
 PI 
 
 ural. 
 
 Muse. 
 
 
 Fem. 
 
 Sase. 
 
 FfcnY. 
 
 forte, 
 
 strong, 
 
 forte 
 
 fortes, 
 
 fortes 
 
 yordo, 
 
 fat, 
 
 yorda 
 
 yordos, 
 
 y or das 
 
 cru, 
 
 raw, 
 
 crua 
 
 eras, 
 
 cruas 
 
 sdo, 
 
 healthy, 
 
 saa 
 
 sdos, 
 
 sdas 
 
 igual, 
 
 equal, 
 
 iyual 
 
 iyuaes, 
 
 iyuaes 
 
 amavel, 
 
 amiable, 
 
 amavel 
 
 amaveis, 
 
 amaveis 
 
 civil, 
 
 civil, 
 
 civil 
 
 civ is, 
 
 civis 
 
 alyum, 
 
 any one, 
 
 alyuma 
 
 alguns, 
 
 alyumas 
 
 protector, 
 
 protected, 
 
 protector a 
 
 protectores, 
 
 protectoras 
 
 capaz, 
 
 capable, 
 
 capaz 
 b s e r v a t i t 
 
 capazes, 
 ns. 
 
 capazes. 
 
 1. The following add s to the plural: 
 
 medo, mediocre — tempordo, timely 
 sdo, healthy — villdo, bad. 
 
 2. The following change il into eis in the plural, as: 
 
 ayil, swift — aquatil, aquatic — debil, weak 
 difficil, difficult — docil, docile — ductil, pliant 
 esteril, sterile — facil, easy — fertil, fertile 
 fossil, fossil — frayil, fragile — futil, futile 
 habil, clever — iynobil, disgraceful — immobil, im- 
 moveable 
 itidocil, stupid — inhabil, awkward — inutil, useless 
 inverosimil , unlikely — portatil, portable — reptil, 
 
 reptile 
 util, useful — verosimil, probable — versalil, changeable 
 volatil, volatile — volubil, voluble. 
 
 o. Simplez, single, forms its plural in simplez and sim- 
 plices. 
 
22 
 
 28. 
 Examples. 
 
 A ma principal. As ruas principaes s5o calcadas. A 
 igreja nova. A nova igreja. homem velho 1 . A mulher 
 velha. Os Indios atemorisados 2 . As mulheres Indias. A 
 bella e grande cidade. sobrinho 3 moribundo 4 . A victoria 
 gloriosa. Este homem he mui villao e aquella mulher mui 
 villaa. As mulheres sao amaveis, os homens mui crueis. Um 
 moco nu e uma crianca nua. homem he affavel e a mu- 
 lher he tambem affavel. genio contraditor e a observacao 
 contraditora. A filha he gorda e o filho he gordo. Os ho- 
 mens eslao saos e as mulheres saas. povo tranquillo e 
 soffredor 5 . A sombria raiva 6 do Philippe. Os velhos bandos 
 hespanhoes 7 . Algumas 8 embarcacoes 9 que tinhao servido de 
 piquetes 10 . Uma satisfaccao inexplicavel. A igreja he uma 
 das mais bellas do reino 11 . As aguas mineraes. termino 
 he fertil. filho unico. A religao christaa. Um cavalheiro 12 
 christao 13 . A igreja de Santo Antonio he dedicada ao santo 
 do seu nome. A margem 14 direita. A guarda 15 nacional. 
 sobredito 16 districto. As grandes plantacoes 17 de cannas 18 . 
 A pequena 19 aldea 20 . Santos he uma cidade maritima a mer- 
 cantil. As autoridades militares e civis. rio aurifero. 
 
 1 old. 2 frightened. 3 nephew. 4 dying. 5 suffering. 6 hatred. 
 7 Spanish. 8 some. 9 vessel. 10 watch. 11 reign. 12 knight. 
 13 Christian. 14 shore. 15 the guard. 16 above named. 17 
 plantations. 18 sugar. 19 little. 20 village. 
 
 29. 
 Exercises. 
 
 The rich 1 man and the poor 2 woman. The pretty house- 
 The large church 3 . The fertile fields 4 . The shoemaker is 
 very industrious. The leafy 5 trees 6 . The wounded 7 soldier 8 . 
 The beautiful bridges 9 . The numerous 10 products. The old 
 uncle 11 and the fat aunt 12 . The horses are very handsome. 
 The day is very bright 13 . The climate is very agreeable 14 . The 
 winter 15 in Siberia 10 is very rigorous 17 . The geographical 18 
 and historical 19 Institute 20 . The tall man and the little woman. 
 
 1 rieo. 2 pobre. 3 igreja. 4 campo. 5 frondoso. 6 arvore. 7 
 l'erido. S soldado. 9 ponte. 10 numeroso. 11 tio. 12 tia. 13 
 claro. 14 agradavel. 15 inverno. 16 Sibiria. 17 rigoroso. 
 18 geographico. 19 historieo. 20 instituto. 
 
23 
 
 The above named 21 royal decree". The generous' 23 feelings 21 . 
 The enormous 25 forests' 20 . Some 27 sombre and broad 2S rivers. 
 The only 29 ornament. The warlike 30 Indians. Tbe preced- 
 ing 31 article 32 . The sea is very rough 33 . The following 3 ' 
 day. The following days. He is silent 35 and grave 3 ". The 
 deep 37 love 38 . 
 
 21 niencionado. 22 alvara. 23 generoso. 24 sentimento. 25 im- 
 mense). 26 selva (silva). 27 uns, umas. 28 largo. 29 unico. 
 30 bellicoso. 3t precedentc. 32 aitigo. 33 agitado. 34 seguinte. 
 35 silencioso. 36 grave. 37 profundi). 3S amor. 
 
 30. 
 The Comparison of Adjectives. 
 
 The Comparative is formed by placing mais (more) 
 or menos (less) before tbe Positive, as: 
 
 beflo, beautiful, mais hello, more beautiful. 
 
 Obs. „Than" following the Comparative is rendered by 
 que, como, or: tao — como, as — as; nao tao — como, not 
 so — as; before the particle que the word do is often pre- 
 fixed, as: 
 
 he mais prudente do que parece, 
 
 he is wiser than it appears. 
 
 The Superlative is formed 
 
 1. by placing the article before the Comparative, as: 
 
 o mais douto, the most learned 
 o mais hello, the most beautiful; 
 
 2. by adding to the Positive issimo (masc.) and issima (fern.), 
 as: hello, beautiful, bellissimo, hellissimq. 
 
 Exceptions are: 
 
 acre, harsh, acerrimo 
 amigo, friendly, amicissimo 
 antigo, old, antiquissimo 
 aspero, rough, asperrimo 
 horn, good, honissimo 
 capaz, capable, capacissimo 
 celebre, celebrated, celeberrimo 
 
 chiio, Hat, clumissimo 
 feliz, happy, felicissimo 
 fiel, faithful, jidelissimo 
 frio, cold, frigidissimo 
 kumilde, humble, humilissimo, 
 
 kumillimo 
 mdo, bad, malissimo 
 
24 
 
 nobre, noble, nobilissimo 
 prospero, prosperous, prosper 
 
 rimo 
 rico, rich, riquissimo 
 sabio, wise, sapientissimo 
 
 sagrado, sacred, sacratissimc 
 salubre, salutary, saluberriim 
 simples, simple, simplicissimo 
 valente, brave, valentissimo. 
 
 3J. 
 
 Irregular Comparisons. 
 
 Positive. Comparative. 
 
 bom, good, melhor, better, 
 mdo, bad, peior, worse, 
 
 grande, great, maior, greater, 
 pequeno, little, menor, less, 
 
 Obs. The Positive and Comparative can be strengthened 
 by placing before it: 
 
 muito, very — assaz, enough — demasiado, too, too much. 
 
 Superlative. 
 optimo, the best 
 pessimo, the worst 
 maximo, the greatest 
 minimo, the least. 
 
 Norn. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 32. 
 Declension of the Adjective 
 
 M a s c u 1 i n e. 
 
 Singular 
 o homem diligente 
 
 do homem diligente 
 ao homem diligente 
 o homem diligente 
 do homem 
 
 Plural. 
 os homens diligentes 
 dos homens diligentes 
 aos homens diligentes 
 os homens diligentes 
 dos homens diligentes 
 
 CO g. 
 
 3 S- 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Norn. 
 
 Gen. 
 
 Dat. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 Singular. 
 a mulher gorda \ g" ,*, 
 da mulher gorda l " a 
 a mulher gorda / 1 g 
 a mulher gorda 3 ►S 
 da mulher gorda ) | f 
 
 Plural. 
 as mulheres gordas 
 das mulheres gordas 
 as mulheres gordas 
 as mulheres gordas 
 das mulheres gordas 
 
 3-3 
 
25 
 
 33. 
 Examples. 
 
 A Asia he mais grande que a Europa. A Africa he me- 
 uos povoado 1 que a Europa. A rosa he mais hella que a 
 viola. A viola 2 he menos bella que a rosa. Pedro he mais 
 feliz do que Joao. filho nao he tao liberal como sen pai. 
 A historia he tao util como agradavel. dia he mais agra- 
 davel que a noite 3 . seu amaute he mais hello, mais moco 4 
 e mais rico que ella. Eu acho o agora menos Undo 5 do que 
 quando o comprei . meu livro he tao harato 7 como o vosso. 
 Elle he muito mais grande. Ella he pouco mais grande. Cae- 
 sar he muito mais estimado 8 que Pompeo. Pompeo foi muito 
 menos feliz que Caesar. Elle he o mais clouto dos homens. 
 Elle he o menos douto dos homens. Ella he a mais bella 
 das mulheres. Ella he muito amavel. Estas cadeiras 10 sao 
 feitas 11 de optima madeira 12 . Esta mulber he boa, o marido 
 he melhor e o filho he o optimo. Elle he o felicissimo dos 
 mortaes. clima he saluberrimo. He homem valentissimo. 
 filho he rico, o pai he riquissimo. neto 13 he mao, o 
 primo u he ainda peior e o tio he o pessimo. Na margem 
 do rio ha optimos pastos 15 . 
 
 1 populated. 2 violet. 3 night. 4 young'. 5 pretty. 6 to buy. 
 7 cheap, 8 esteemed. 9 learned. 10 chair. 11 made. 12 wood. 
 13 grandson. 14 cousin. 15 pasture. 
 
 34. 
 
 Exercises. 
 
 Mariana is more industrious 1 than her sister 2 . Europe 
 is not so large as America. The wife is handsomer than 
 her husband 3 . This horse is very beautiful, more beautiful 
 than yours. The most fertile fields. His cousin is very rich, 
 his uncle is still richer, and his father is the richest. The 
 man is very bad 4 , the woman is worse, and the son is the 
 worst. This wine is good, but that one is better. She is 
 much taller than her friend 5 . The tulip is not so beautiful 
 as the rose. The son is little, but the daughter is very little 
 indeed (pequenissimo). Our house is not so large as yours. 
 Amelia is smaller than her brother. The best ship 7 . The 
 
 I diligente. 2 irmaa. 3 marido. 4 mao. 5 amiga. 6 tulipa- 
 7 navio. 
 
26 
 
 worst man. The bravest knight. The simplest 8 man in the 
 world . This 10 man is very wise, and that" one is the wisest 
 of all. The climate of Siberia is very cold. The summer' 2 
 is in that country hotter and the winter 13 more rigid 1 '. A 
 great part 13 and the greater part. The turf 10 is very green' 7 , 
 but the trees 18 are still greener. I do not write so well as 
 he. This man speaks 19 as well as Cicero 20 . The English 21 
 horses are better than the French. Arabia has the best 
 horses. It is commendable 22 to recommend virtue 23 , but it is 
 better to practise 2 '' it. 
 
 8 simples. 9 no mundo. 10 este. II aquelle. 12 verao. 13 in- 
 verno. 14 rigoi'oso. 15 parte. 16 relva. 17 verde. 18 arvore. 
 19 fallar. 20 urn Cicero. 21 inglez. 22 louvavel. 23 virtude. 
 24 praticar. 
 
 35. 
 
 The Numbers (Vos Numeral). 
 1. The Cardinal Numbers (Numerates canlinaes). 
 
 um, fern, uma 
 
 1 
 
 vinte e um 
 
 21 
 
 dots, dous, fern, duas 
 
 2 
 
 vinte e dois 
 
 22 
 
 tres 
 
 3 
 
 vinte e tres 
 
 23 
 
 quatro 
 
 4 
 
 virile e quatro 
 
 24 
 
 cinco 
 
 5 
 
 vinte e cinco 
 
 25 
 
 seis 
 
 6 
 
 vinte e seis 
 
 26 
 
 sete 
 
 7 
 
 vinte e sete 
 
 27 
 
 otto 
 
 8 
 
 vinte e oito 
 
 28 
 
 nove 
 
 9 
 
 vinte e nove 
 
 29 
 
 dez 
 
 10 
 
 trinta 
 
 30 
 
 onze 
 
 11 
 
 trinta e um 
 
 31 
 
 doze 
 
 12 
 
 quarenta 
 
 40 
 
 treze 
 
 13 
 
 quarenta e um 
 
 41 
 
 quatorze 
 
 14 
 
 cincoenta 
 
 50 
 
 quinze 
 
 15 
 
 sessenta 
 
 60 
 
 dezeseis 
 
 16 
 
 setenta 
 
 70 
 
 dezesete 
 
 17 
 
 oitenta 
 
 80 
 
 dezoito 
 
 18 
 
 noventa 
 
 90 
 
 dez e nove 
 
 19 
 
 cem, cento 
 
 100 
 
 vinte 
 
 20 
 
 cento e um 
 
 101 
 
27 
 
 duzentos, fern. -«.s 
 
 200 
 
 nonecenlos 
 
 900 
 
 duzentos e urn 
 
 201 
 
 mil 
 
 1 ,000 
 
 trezentos, -as 
 
 300 
 
 mil e cento 
 
 1,100 
 
 quatrocentos, -as 
 
 400 
 
 mil e duzentos 
 
 1,200 
 
 quinhentos 
 
 500 
 
 do is mil 
 
 2,000 
 
 seiscentos 
 
 600 
 
 cem mil 
 
 100,000 
 
 setecentos 
 
 700 
 
 milhao 
 
 a million 
 
 oitocentos 
 
 800 
 
 bilhao 
 
 a billion. 
 
 Obs. Before a Noun „cem" is used, before a number 
 „cento", as: cem soldados, hundred soldiers; cento e urn, a hun- 
 dred and one. The Portuguese use the Cardinal Numbers to 
 express the date, as: chegou a quatro de Maio, he arrived on 
 the fourth of May. 
 
 36. 
 2. The Ordinal Numbers. 
 
 primeiro 
 
 segundo 
 
 terceiro 
 
 quarto 
 
 quinto 
 
 sexto 
 
 setimo 
 
 oitavo 
 
 nono 
 
 decimo 
 
 undecimo, onzeno 
 
 duodecimo 
 
 decimo terceiro 
 
 decimo quarto 
 
 decimo quinto 
 
 decimo sexto 
 
 decimo setimo 
 
 the 
 
 1 st 
 
 the 
 
 nnd 
 
 the 
 
 3rd 
 
 the 
 
 4th 
 
 the 
 
 5 th 
 
 the 
 
 6 th 
 
 the 
 
 n tli 
 
 the 
 
 8 th 
 
 the 
 
 9 th 
 
 the 
 
 10 th 
 
 the 
 
 II th 
 
 the 
 
 12 th 
 
 the 
 
 13 th 
 
 the 
 
 14 th 
 
 the 
 
 15 th 
 
 the 
 
 16 l " 
 
 the 
 
 17 th 
 
 decimo oitavo 
 
 decimo nono 
 
 vigesimo 
 
 vigesimo-primeiro 
 
 vigesimo-segundo 
 
 trigesimo 
 
 quadragesimo, quaren- 
 
 tesimo 
 quinquagesimo 
 sexagesimo 
 septuagesimo 
 octogesimo 
 nonagesimo 
 centesimo 
 millesimo 
 ultimo 
 
 the 18 th 
 the 19 th 
 the 20 th 
 the 21 st 
 the 22 nd 
 the 30 Ul 
 
 the 40" 1 
 the 50 th 
 the 60 th 
 the 70 th 
 the 80 th 
 the 90 th 
 the 1 00 th 
 the 1,000 th 
 the last. 
 
 37. 
 3. Fractional Numbers. 
 
 a metade, half I quarto 
 
 terco, the third | a quarta partei "" 
 
 a terca parte, the third part | quinto, the fifth part 
 
 \ the fourth part 
 a quarta partei 
 
2b 
 
 a quinta parte, the fifth part 
 a sexta parte, the sixth part 
 a setima parte, the seventh part 
 um oitavo, an eighth 
 uma oitava, an eighth part 
 tres oitavos, three eighths 
 
 uma novena, a ninth 
 uma nona parte, a ninth part 
 uma decima parte, a tenth part 
 um e meio, one and a half 
 dous e meia, two and a half 
 tres e meia, three and a half. 
 
 Proportional Numbers. 
 
 simples, simple 
 duplice \ double 
 duplicado J 
 
 tri P l f I triple 
 triplice J 
 
 quadruplo, fourfold 
 quintuplo, fivefold 
 wma uez, once 
 duas vezes, twice 
 
 ?m weses, thrice 
 
 sextuplo, sixfold 
 
 septuplo, sevenfold 
 
 octuplo, eigthfold 
 
 nonuplo, ninefold 
 
 decuplo, tenfold 
 
 centuplo, a hundredfold 
 
 a primeira vez, the first lime. 
 
 39. 
 Collective Numbers. 
 
 um par, a pair 
 
 ambos, ambas, hoth 
 
 um terno, a number of 3 
 
 um quaterno, a number of 4 
 
 uma dezena, a number of 10 
 
 uma duzia, a dozen 
 
 uma quinzena, fifteen 
 
 uma sessenta, sixty 
 uma centena, a hundred 
 uma vintena, twenty 
 um milhar, a thousand 
 quintal, a hundred weight 
 uma quarta do arratel, a quar- 
 ter of a pound. 
 
 todo, toda, tudo, all, every one; plur. todos, todas. 
 muito, many; tanto, so many. — pouco, few. 
 
 40. 
 E x a in p 1 e s. 
 
 Elle viveo 1 noventa annos 2 . Ella tern vinto e cinco an- 
 nos de idade 3 . exercito'' he composto 5 de noventa mil e 
 1 live. 2 year. 3 age. 4 army. 5 consists of. 
 
29 
 
 seiscentos homens. Dons mil cincocentos e trinla c qualro 
 homens forao mortos neste encontro 7 . Cem homens ficarfto 8 
 prisioneiros 9 . Ha nesta povoacao ,0 mil e setecentas almas". 
 Ha mil quinhentas casas na nossa freguezia 12 . A sua carta 13 
 he datada u de vinte e dous de Abril de mil oitocentos e 
 cincoenta e sete. Nosso tio ha de chegar 15 a treze do mez 
 que vein. comprimento 1G desta rua tern o dohro do da 
 outra. Eu fiz duas vezes a volta 17 da villa a cavallo. Urn 
 terremoto ,8 destrnio 19 a metade da cidade. Este theatro foi 
 queimado 20 tres vezes. Se cultivar a sua herdade 21 , ella se 
 elevara 22 em valor ao centuplo. 
 
 6 killed. 7 battle. 8 remained. 9 prisoners. 10 population. 11 
 
 souls. 12 parish. 13 letter. 14 daled. 15 arrive. 16 length. 
 
 17 the round. IS earthquake. 19 destroy. 20 burnt down. 21 
 inheritance. 22 to raise. 
 
 41. 
 
 Exercises. 
 
 The company' consists of one hundred men and the re- 
 giment 2 has six thousand men. There were collected 3 two 
 hundred men and nearly' seventy women. He was the first 
 who arrived 5 . The second was thy brother. The third man 
 1 have not seen. The French army consists of 600,000 men. 
 Within eight days. He had one sister and two cousins 7 with 
 him. This house would be worth a hundred times more. 
 Once I have told him, but twice he has forgotten it. The 
 first time that I had the knife ground 8 . A thousand men 
 were killed in this battle 9 . The first day of the year 10 . To 
 day is ihe first, the second, the third, the fourth of the 
 month 11 . Twenty eggs 12 . He arrived on the fifth of July. 
 The nineteenth century 13 . The year has 365 days. He has 
 three sons 14 and five daughters 15 . 
 
 1 conrpanhia. 2 iegimento. 3 ajuntado. 4 quasi. 5 chegar. 6 den- 
 tro. 7 prima. 8 amolar. 9 batalha. 10 anno. 11 mez. 12 
 ovo. 13 seculo. 14 filho. 15 filha. 
 
30 
 
 42. 
 Pronouns. 
 Personal Proitouus. 
 
 
 S i 11 g 11 
 
 lar. 
 
 
 1 st Person. 
 
 2 nd Person. 3 ri1 Person. 
 
 
 Masc. 
 
 Fern. 
 
 N-. eu, I 
 
 tu, thou 
 
 elle, he 
 
 ella, she 
 
 G. do ?7iim, of me 
 
 de ti, of thee 
 
 d'elle, of him 
 
 (Telia, of her 
 
 D. a 7ni77i, to me 
 
 a ti, to thee 
 
 a e//e, Ike, to him 
 
 a e//a, to her 
 
 Ace. me, me 
 
 te, a ti, thee 
 
 e//e, him 
 
 e//a, a ella, her 
 
 Abl. de mi77i \ from 
 por viim\ me 
 
 de ti \ from 
 
 d'elle \ from 
 
 d'ella, \ from 
 porella,i her. 
 
 pop ti 1 thee 
 
 por e//e i him 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 N. nos, we 
 
 wo'*, you 
 
 <?//<?*, they 
 
 e//a.9, they 
 
 G. de nos, of us 
 
 de vos, of you 
 
 d'elles, of them 
 
 d'e//«s,ofthem 
 
 D. a nos, lo us 
 
 a vo's, to you 
 
 a e//e*, /Aes, to them 
 
 a e£/as, to them 
 
 Ace. nos, a nos, us 
 
 a vos, vos, you 
 
 elles, a elles, them 
 
 ellas, them 
 
 Abl. de nos l from 
 por nos J us 
 
 ^/e wo'*, from you 
 
 d'elles, from them 
 
 d'ellas, from 
 
 
 
 them 
 
 Obs. If the Pronouns m?m, ti, si, nos, vos, are accom- 
 panied by the Preposition com, they are contracted thus: 
 
 com mini into commigo, with me 
 
 com ti - comtigo, with thee 
 
 com s«* - comsigo, with him 
 
 com nos - comnosco, with us 
 
 com vos - comvosco, with you. 
 
 Me is generally translated by me, as: 
 
 speak to me, fallai-me — he told me, elle disse-me 
 tell me, dizei-me — write me, escrevei-me. 
 
 The reflective 
 
 Pronoun „si 
 
 Norn, &i, 
 
 one's self 
 
 Gen. de si, 
 
 of one's self 
 
 Dat. a si, 
 
 to one's self 
 
 Ace. si, a si, 
 
 one's self 
 
 Abl. de si, po?' si, 
 
 from one's self. 
 
31 
 
 It is generally united to the Pronoun: mesmo or mesma, 
 as: de si mesmo, of one's self: 
 
 o homem nao ama senao a si mesmo, the man loves only 
 
 himself. 
 
 The Portuguese also join mesmo, to the personal Pro- 
 nouns, as: 
 
 eu mesmo, I myself 
 tot mesmo, thou thyself 
 elle mesmo, he himself 
 ella mesma, she herself 
 o homem mesmo, the man him- 
 self. 
 
 nos mesmos, we ourselves 
 vos mesmos, you yourselves 
 elles mesmos, 1 lh ey lhemselves 
 ellas mesmas, J 
 a virtude mesma, virtue itself. 
 
 43. 
 2. Conjunctive Pronouns. 
 
 The following are always used in connexion with Verbs : 
 — nos, us 
 
 me, me 
 
 tc, thee 
 
 se, it 
 
 Ihe, Him, her. 
 
 vos, you 
 Ihes, them 
 
 isto me agrada 
 he-me necessario 
 deos te ve 
 ella se louva 
 eu Ihe direi 
 eu Ihes prometti 
 
 it pleases me 
 
 I want it (have it necessary) 
 
 God sees thee 
 
 she praises herself 
 
 I shall tell him or her 
 
 I have promised them. 
 
 44. 
 3. fflixeil Pronouns 
 
 are composed of personal and conjunctive Pronouns, hy chang- 
 ing the letter e of the conjunctive Pronoun into o and a, as: 
 
 instead of me o 
 
 me a — 
 Ihe o — 
 Ihe a — 
 
 say: mo 
 ma 
 Iho 
 lha 
 
32 
 
 instead 
 
 of me os — 
 
 say: 
 
 mos 
 
 - 
 
 - me as — 
 
 - 
 
 mas 
 
 - 
 
 - Ihe os — 
 
 - 
 
 Ihos 
 
 - 
 
 - Ihe as — 
 
 - 
 
 (has 
 
 - 
 
 - te o — 
 
 - 
 
 to 
 
 - 
 
 - te a — 
 
 - 
 
 ta 
 
 - 
 
 - te os — 
 
 - 
 
 tos 
 
 
 - te as — 
 
 " 
 
 tas. 
 
 dai-mo, give me (livro, the book J 
 dai-mo, give me (cao, the dogj 
 dai-ma, give me (penna, the penj. 
 
 entrego-to, \ give it thee (libro) 
 darei-ta, 1 shall give it thee (casa) 
 entrego-tos, I give them to thee (chapeos, pl.j 
 darei-tas, I shall give them to thee (peras, pl.j. 
 
 se o, 
 se a, 
 se os, 
 se as, 
 nos o, 
 nos a, 
 
 ito selo 
 
 nos os, 
 
 changes 
 
 into nolos 
 
 - sela 
 
 nos as, 
 
 - 
 
 - nolas 
 
 - selos 
 
 vos 0, 
 
 - 
 
 - volo 
 
 - selas 
 
 vos a, 
 
 - 
 
 - vola 
 
 ~ nolo 
 
 VOS OS, 
 
 - 
 
 - volos 
 
 - nola 
 
 vos as, 
 
 ~ 
 
 - volas. 
 
 Exan 
 
 lples. 
 
 
 
 para dar-lho, 
 
 dai-mo, 
 
 eu to darei, 
 
 entrego-to, 
 
 dize-lho, 
 
 entrega-lhos, 
 
 elle nolo disse 
 
 for the purpose of giving it to him 
 
 give it me 
 
 I shall give it to thee 
 
 I hand it over to thee 
 
 they told it him or her 
 
 give them (she) to him 
 
 he told it vis 
 
 eu volos mandarei, I shall send them to you. 
 
33 
 
 
 
 
 45. 
 
 
 
 
 4. 
 
 Possessire Pronouns. 
 
 
 MasciL 
 
 ine 
 
 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Singular. 
 meu, mine 
 
 
 Plural. 
 metis 
 
 
 Singular. 
 minha, mine 
 
 Plural. 
 minhas 
 
 teu, thine 
 
 
 teus 
 
 
 tua, 
 
 thine 
 
 tuas 
 
 seu, his 
 
 
 seus 
 
 
 sua, 
 
 hers 
 
 suas 
 
 nosso, ours 
 
 
 nossos 
 
 
 nossa, 
 
 ours 
 
 nossas 
 
 vosso, yours 
 
 
 vossos. 
 
 
 vossa, 
 
 yours 
 
 vossas. 
 
 The Pronouns are declined with the definite article. 
 Masculine. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 my book. 
 
 
 my books. 
 
 N. 
 
 o meu livro 
 
 
 os mens livros 
 
 G. 
 
 do meu livro 
 
 
 dos mens livros 
 
 D. 
 
 ao meu livro 
 
 
 aos mens livros 
 
 Ace. 
 
 meu livro 
 
 
 meus livros 
 
 Abl. 
 
 do (pelo) meu livro. 
 
 dos (pelos) meus livros. 
 
 
 
 Femi 
 
 nine. 
 
 
 Singular. 
 
 
 Plural. 
 
 
 my house. 
 
 
 my houses. 
 
 N. 
 
 a minha casa 
 
 
 as minhas casas 
 
 G. 
 
 da minha casa 
 
 
 das minhas casas 
 
 D. 
 
 a minha casa 
 
 
 as minhas casas 
 
 Ace. 
 
 minha casa 
 
 
 minhas casas 
 
 Abl. 
 
 da (pela) minha 
 
 casa. 
 
 das (pelas) minhas casas 
 
 Examples. 
 
 The Portuguese say: 
 
 the father loves: a seu filho, his son 
 
 the mother loves: a seu filho, her son 
 
 the father loves his daughter: o pai ama a sua filha 
 
 the mother loves her daughter: a mat ama a sua filha 
 
 it is mine: he men 
 
 it is thine: he teu. 
 
 AHN, Portuguese Grammar. 
 
34 
 
 46. 
 5. Demonstrative Pronouns. 
 
 Este, denotes a person or thing in our immediate neigh- 
 bourhood. 
 Esse, denotes a person or thing a little more distant from us. 
 Aquelle, one still farther distant. 
 
 
 Sin 
 
 aular. 
 
 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Neuter. 
 
 N. 
 
 este, this 
 
 esfa 
 
 isto 
 
 G. 
 
 d'este, of this 
 
 d'esta 
 
 d'isto 
 
 D. 
 
 a este, to this 
 
 a esta 
 
 a isto 
 
 Ace. 
 
 este, this 
 
 esta 
 
 isto 
 
 Abl. 
 
 d'este, from this. 
 
 d'esta. 
 
 d'isto. 
 
 
 Pli 
 
 iral. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 estes, these 
 
 estas 
 
 
 G. 
 
 d'estes, of these 
 
 rf'csfcfs 
 
 
 D. 
 
 a estes, to these 
 
 a esfas 
 
 wanting. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 estes, these 
 
 esfas 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 d'estes, from these. 
 
 d'estas. 
 
 
 
 Sin j 
 
 j u 1 a r. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 esse, this one 
 
 essa 
 
 isso 
 
 G. 
 
 d'esse, of this one 
 
 rf'essa 
 
 d'isso 
 
 D. 
 
 a esse, to this one 
 
 a essa 
 
 a isso 
 
 Ace. 
 
 esse, this one 
 
 essa 
 
 isso 
 
 Abl. 
 
 d'esse, from this one. 
 
 d'essa. 
 
 d'isso. 
 
 
 Ph 
 
 ral. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 esses, these 
 
 essas 
 
 
 G. 
 
 d'esses, of these 
 
 d'essas 
 
 
 D. 
 
 a esses, to these 
 
 a essas 
 
 wanting. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 esses, these 
 
 essas 
 
 
 Aid. 
 
 d'esses, from these. 
 
 d'essas. 
 
 
 
 Sing 
 
 ular. 
 
 
 N. 
 
 G. 
 
 D. 
 
 Ace. 
 
 Abl. 
 
 aquelle, that 
 d'aquelle, of that 
 aquelle, to that 
 aquelle, that 
 d'aquelle, from that. 
 
 aquella 
 
 d'aquella 
 
 aquella 
 
 aquella 
 
 d'aquella. 
 
 aquillo 
 
 d'aquillo 
 
 aquillo 
 
 aquillo 
 
 d'aquillo. 
 
35 
 
 
 
 Singu 
 
 lar. 
 
 
 
 Masculine. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 Neuter. 
 
 N. 
 
 aquclles, 
 
 those 
 
 
 aquellas 
 
 
 G. 
 
 d'aquelles, 
 
 of those 
 
 
 d'aquellas 
 
 
 D. 
 
 dquelks, 
 
 to those 
 
 
 aquellas 
 
 wanting 
 
 Ace. 
 
 aquelles, 
 
 those 
 
 
 aquellas 
 
 
 Abl. 
 
 d'aquelles, 
 
 from those. 
 
 
 d'aquellas. 
 
 
 
 
 47. 
 
 
 
 
 
 6. Relative Pronouns. 
 
 
 i) Qual, which, declined with the article o and a: o qual, 
 a qual; plural: os quaes, as quaes. 
 
 )) Que, which, is used of persons and things, as: 
 
 o livro que, the book which 
 
 a arvore que, the tree which 
 
 os livros que, the books which 
 
 o mestre que ensina, the teacher who instructs 
 
 a mulher que tenho, the woman whom I have 
 
 o homem que eu amo, the man whom I love. 
 
 
 It is 
 
 declined: 
 
 N. 
 
 que, 
 
 who, which 
 
 G. 
 
 de que, 
 
 of whom 
 
 D. 
 
 a que, 
 
 to whom 
 
 Ace. 
 
 que, 
 
 whom 
 
 Abl. 
 
 de que, 
 
 from whom 
 
 what 
 
 c) Quern, is only used of persons. 
 
 Singular and Plural. 
 
 N. quern, who 
 
 G. de quern, of whom 
 
 D. a quern, to whom 
 
 Ace. quern, whom 
 
 Abl. de quern, from whom. 
 
 3* 
 
whose. 
 
 dj Cujo, cuja, 
 
 Masculine 
 
 Singular. 
 
 N. 
 
 G. de cujo, 
 
 D. a cujo, 
 
 Ace. cujo, 
 
 of whose 
 to whose 
 whose 
 
 Abl. de cujo, whose. 
 
 Feminine. 
 
 de cuja 
 a cuja 
 cuja 
 de cuja. 
 
 a pessoa cuja reputacao vos 
 
 admirais. 
 o ceo cujo soccorro nunca 
 
 falta. 
 a muhler cuja bella cara. 
 
 cujas bellezas. 
 a cujo j)ai. 
 
 Examples. 
 
 The person whose reputation 
 
 you admire. 
 The heaven whose assistance 
 
 never fails. 
 The woman whose beautiful 
 
 face. 
 Whose beauties. 
 To whose father. 
 
 7. 
 
 48. 
 Interrogative Pronouns. 
 
 IN 
 
 Quern, qual, que, who, which, what? 
 
 Singular 
 Masc. and Fern. 
 quern, Avho? 
 
 nd Plural. 
 
 Masc. and Fem. 
 
 G. de quern, of whom? 
 
 D. a quern, to whom? 
 
 Ace. quern, whom? 
 
 Abl. de quern, whom? 
 
 que 
 de que 
 a que 
 que 
 de que 
 
 Singular. 
 
 Masculine and Feminine. 
 
 N. qual, which? quaes 
 
 G. de qual, of which? de quaes 
 
 D. d qual, to which? a quaes 
 
 Ace. qual, which? quaes 
 
 Abl. de qual, from which? de quaes 
 
 what? which? 
 
 Plural. 
 
 which ? 
 
37 
 
 Quern he? 
 
 Quern vos disse isso? 
 
 Que quereis? 
 
 Com que se sustenta? 
 
 Que estais fazendo? 
 
 Be que se faz isto? 
 
 Que livro he este? 
 
 Que negocios tendes? 
 
 Que casa he? 
 
 Be qual fallais vos? 
 
 Qual delles? 
 
 Quern or qual dos dous? 
 
 sample s. 
 
 Who is it? 
 
 Who told that to you? 
 What do you want? 
 What does he live upon? 
 What are you doing? 
 What is this made of? 
 What book is this? 
 What business have you? 
 What sort of a house is it? 
 Of whom do you speak? 
 Which of them? 
 Which of the two? 
 
 8. 
 
 49. 
 Indefinite Pronouns. 
 
 urn, una, a, one 
 
 uns, umas, some 
 
 algum, alguma, somebody 
 
 alguns, algumas, some 
 
 nenhum, nenhuma, no one 
 
 nenhuns, nenhumas, none 
 
 cada, each 
 
 cada urn, cada uma, everyone 
 
 outro, outra, other 
 
 outros, outras, others 
 
 se, one, some one 
 
 todo, toda, all, everyone 
 
 certo, certa, a certain one 
 
 todos, todas, all 
 tudo, everything 
 
 ta \ 1 such 
 
 tales \ 
 
 qualquer \ who ever 
 quaesquer I some one 
 quemquer, any one 
 alguem, some one 
 ninguem, no one 
 outrem, another, some one else 
 muitos, muitas, many. 
 
 urn e outro \ 
 uma e outra J 
 um ou outro 
 uns ou outros 
 uma ou outra 
 umas ou outras 
 nenhum nem outro 
 nenhuns nem outros 
 nenhuma nem outra 
 nenhumas nem outras 
 
 the one and the other 
 
 the one or the other 
 
 neither the one nor the other. 
 
38 
 
 50. 
 Examples. 
 
 Eu sou pobre 1 e tu es rico. Eu amo 2 e tu am'as tam- 
 bem, elle araa, elles amao. Ella nunca 3 traz '' dinheiro com- 
 sigo. Isto me agrada 5 . Ella se louva". Eu Ihe direi 7 . Cor- 
 tailhe 3 as azas . Comprei o cavallo e montei-o 10 . Louvavel 11 
 he aconselhar 12 a virtude, mas melhor he pratica-Ia 13 . Assenta 
 no que lhe digo. A sua perda 14 . Este vento 15 he favoravel 16 . 
 Louva-se lhe a generosidade 17 . Esta flor' 8 nao he do meu 
 jardim, he do teu. que lhe digo he verdade. ceo cujo 
 soccorro nunca falta. Carlos foi grande, Frederico ambicioso, 
 este valente 19 , aquelle poderoso 20 . Aquelles que desprezao 21 
 a sciencia 22 nSo conhecem 23 o valor d'ella. A providencia 
 nao abencoa 2 '' o trabalho 25 d'aquelles que desprezao os seus 
 melhores amigos. Aquelles taes que nao amao a virtude, 
 nao a conhecem. homem que eu amo. meu livro esta 
 na mesa. De todas as obras de engenho, nenhuma ha que 
 nao tenha o seu defeito 26 . A pessoa cuja reputacao 27 vos 
 admirais 28 . Urn tal velhaco 29 deve 30 ser castigado 31 . Apren- 
 dem-se 32 com mais facilidade 33 as cousas que se comprehen- 
 dem, do que as que se nao comprehendem. 
 
 1 poor. 2 love. 3 never. 4 trazer, lo carry. 5 agradar, to please. 
 6 praise. 7 dizer, to say. 8 to cut, to trim. 9 the wing. 
 10 to mount. 11 praiseworthy. 12 to advise. 13 to practice. 
 14 the loss. 15 the wind. 16 favorable. 17 generosity. 18 
 flower. 19 valiant. 20 powerful. 21 to despise. 22 sciences. 
 23 to know. 24 to bless. 25 labour. 26 imperfection, fault. 
 27 reputation. 28 to admire. 29 scoundrel. 30 ought. 31 to 
 punish. 32 ajtrender, to learn. 33 facility. 
 
 51. 
 
 Esta batalha 1 decidira 2 a sorte 3 da campanha 4 . Este ho- 
 mem he sabio 5 , aquelle he valente. Esta arvore he nova", 
 essa velha, aquella foi desarraigada 7 . Este cavallo he arabe, 
 est'outro he andaluz, aqueH'outro he inglez. cullo 8 dos 
 idolos 9 , o qual he tao antigo como absurdo. As molestias 10 
 contra as quaes a medicina he impotente. Qual he o carac- 
 ter distinctivo dos templos gothicos? estado cujo governo, 
 cujos habitantes, cuja religiao, cujas instituicoes nos parecem " 
 
 1 battle. 2 to decide. 3 the issue. 4 the campaign. 5 wise. 6 
 young, new. 7 uprooted. 8 worshipping. 9 idols. 10 disease. 
 11 appear. 
 
39 
 
 preferiveis 12 . marido, cuja mulher, cujas filhas siSo virtuo- 
 sas, deve reputar-se feliz. amigo de cuja casa venho. 
 Quem descobrio a America? Quern fdrSo os primeiros habi- 
 tants da Grecia? Que homem he esse que vejo na estrada. 
 Nenhum homem he izento 13 de paixOes 11 . Elle em generosi- 
 dade nao cede a ninguem. Um morreo na India, o outro em 
 Franca. N8o faze a outrem o que nao quizeras te fizessem 
 a li. Em taes circumstancias. A conclusao foi tal qual eu 
 a esperava. Elle fallou 15 contra mim. Quaes sao os requi- 
 sites de um bom pin tor? 
 
 12 excellent. 13 exempt. 14 passion. 15 fallar, to speak. 
 
 52. 
 
 Exercises. 
 
 I have a dress 1 . He has stockings 2 . She has shoes 3 . 
 We have money 4 . You have houses. They have chairs 5 . He 
 received the money from thee. This horse is handsomer than 
 that one. This is white 6 and that is blue 7 . The wife of 
 my uncle. The house of my sister. The woman whose hus- 
 band was killed 8 . The man whose wife is so similar to your 
 sister. What are the requisites 10 to be a great minister 11 ? 
 Who has told you this? Of whom did you learn this news? 
 What animals are there on this island' 2 ? The man who 
 wishes to be esteemed 13 must esteem himself. All men must 14 
 die 15 . Every man and every woman received a present 10 . 
 
 1 vestido. 2 meia. 3 sapato. 4 dinheiro. 5 cadeira. 6 branco. 
 
 7 azul. 8 morto, matado. 9 igualar. 10 reqnisito. 11 ministro. 
 
 12 ilha. 13 estimar, respcitar. 14 dever. 15 morrer. 16 dom, 
 dativa. 
 
 53. 
 Exercises. 
 
 I see nobody. Nobody answers me. The one lives in 
 Holland 1 and the other in Germany' 2 . The one is an honest 
 man 3 and the other is a scoundrel'. Neither 5 the one 
 nor 5 the other. This man is a Spaniard", the other an 
 Englishman 7 , and that one a German 8 . Everyone of these 
 
 1 Hollanda. 2 Allemanha. 3 homem de bem. 4 velhaco. 5 neither 
 — nor, nem — nem. 6 Hespanhol. 7 Inglez. 8 Allemao. , , 
 
40 
 
 Indians. This is good 9 and that is bad 10 . This man loves 
 only himself 11 . Many authors maintain 12 . In certain seasons 13 
 and in certain times 14 . A certain man said. A certain per- 
 son. Such a man. The terror 15 was such that everyone 
 fled 16 . Any one of the conspirators 17 . 
 
 9 bom. 10 mao. 11 amar a si-mesmo, to love ones self. 12 af- 
 firmar. 13 estacao. 14 tempo. 15 terror. 16 fugir. 17 con- 
 jurado. 
 
PART II. 
 
 Collection of Words. 
 
 1. The Universe. 
 
 DeoSy God 
 
 o creador, the creator 
 
 o mundo, the world 
 
 o firmamento, the sky 
 
 um astro, a star 
 
 o sol, the sun 
 
 um raio de sol, a sunbeam 
 
 a lua, the moon 
 
 o luar, the moonlight 
 
 uma nuvem, a cloud 
 
 uma estrella, a star 
 
 o ceo, os ceos, the heaven 
 
 o nascer do sol, sunrise 
 
 o for do sol, sunset 
 
 um cometa, a comet 
 
 o arco iris, the rainbow 
 
 o trovao, the thunder 
 
 o calor, the heat 
 
 um relampago, a lightning 
 
 o fogo, the fire 
 
 o frio, the cold 
 
 a geada, the frost 
 
 o gelo, the ice 
 
 a luz, the light 
 
 a neve, the snow 
 
 o obscuridade, the darkness 
 
 mm trovoada, a storm 
 
 a c/m«a, the rain 
 
 o tempo, the weather 
 
 o vento, the wind. 
 
 Primavera, spring 
 estio, verao, summer 
 outono, autumn 
 invemo, winter 
 Janeiro, January 
 
 2. The Seasons. 
 
 Fevereiro, February 
 Marco, March 
 Abril, April 
 Maio, May 
 Junho, June 
 
42 
 
 Jalho, July 
 Agosto, August 
 Septembro, September 
 Outubro, October 
 Novembro, November 
 Dezembro, December 
 Segunda feira, Monday 
 Ter^a feira, Tuesday 
 Quarta feira, Wednesday 
 Quinta feira, Thursday 
 Sexta feira, Friday 
 Sabbado, Saturday 
 Domingo, Sunday 
 um seculo, a century 
 um anno, a year 
 o anno passado, the last year 
 o anno que vem, the next year 
 um moz, a month 
 uma semana, a week 
 um dia, a day 
 uma hora, an hour 
 meia hora, half an hour 
 
 hora e meia, an hour and a 
 half 
 
 um quarto d'hora, a quarter of 
 an hour 
 
 um minuto, a minute 
 
 um segundo, a second 
 
 o despontar do dia, the day- 
 break 
 
 a madrugada, the morning 
 
 a manha, the forenoon 
 
 meio-dia, noon 
 
 a tarde, the afternoon 
 
 o por do sol, sunset 
 
 a entrada, the evening 
 
 a noite, the night 
 
 meia noite, midnight 
 
 hoje, to-day 
 
 hontem, yesterday 
 
 antes d'hontem, the day before 
 yesterday 
 
 a manha, to-morrow 
 
 o fim, the end, close. 
 
 3. Water. 
 
 Uma bahia, a bay 
 
 agua corrente, running water 
 
 agua enxarcada, stagnant water 
 
 agua morta, standing water 
 
 agua doze, sweet water 
 
 agua do mar, sea water 
 
 um lago, a pond 
 
 um rio, a river 
 
 um lago, uma lagoa, a lake 
 
 um charco, a pool 
 
 a mare, the tide 
 
 mare alta, high water 
 
 mare baixa, low water 
 
 o mar, the sea 
 
 mar perigoso, a rough sea 
 
 as ondas, the waves 
 
 um regato, a brook 
 
 um nascente, a spring 
 
 uma torrente, a torrent 
 
 as ondas, the billows 
 
 um barco de vapor, a steamer 
 
 um brigue, a brig 
 
 uma fragata, a frigate 
 
 um navio mercante, a merchant 
 
 ship 
 um navio de guerra, a man 
 
 of war 
 uma ancora, an anchor 
 a rabadilha, the stern 
 a proa, the head 
 um remo, an oar 
 a cana do lemc, the helm 
 
43 
 
 um maslo, a mast 
 a bandeira, the flag 
 a lolda, the deck 
 
 uma vela, a sail 
 o velame, the sails. 
 
 4. Individuals und Relations. 
 
 Um Jwmem, a man 
 
 uma mulher, a woman 
 
 as mulher es, women 
 
 uma mulher casada, a wife 
 
 um menino, a child 
 
 um moco, a hoy 
 
 uma rapariga, a girl 
 
 um mancebo, a young man 
 
 uma moca, a young maid 
 
 um velho, an old man 
 
 uma velha, an old woman 
 
 o avo, the grandfather 
 
 a avo, the grandmother 
 
 o fed, the father 
 
 a mai, the mother 
 
 o filho, the son 
 
 a /?//««., the daughter 
 
 um irmao, a brother 
 
 uma irma, a sister 
 
 um lio, an uncle 
 
 wfla tin, an aunt 
 
 um sobrinho, a nephew 
 
 «m(i sobrinha, a niece 
 
 um primo, a cousin 
 
 ima familia, a family 
 
 os parentes, the parents 
 
 o marido, the husband 
 
 a esposa, the wife 
 
 o noivo, the bridegroom 
 
 a ?wro«, the bride 
 
 o so</ro, the father-in-law 
 
 a so</ra, the mother-in-law 
 
 o </enro, the son-in-law 
 
 a nor a, the daughter-in-law 
 
 um cunhado , a brothpr-in-law 
 
 uma cunhada, a sister-in-law. 
 
 5. The Human Body. 
 
 A pelle, the skin 
 a barba, the beard 
 a boca, the mouth 
 um braco, an arm 
 «>n cabello, a hair 
 o coracao, the heart 
 o pescoco, the neck 
 «mw dente, a tooth 
 um dedo, a finger 
 a espalda, the back 
 jonffi espadoa, a shoulder 
 o estomago, the stomach 
 a /ace, the face 
 
 um joelho, a knee 
 ?«;«« pema, a leg 
 mwa /ace, a cheek 
 a lingua, the tongue 
 um beico, a lip 
 uma mao, a hand 
 o nariz, the nose 
 iMM o/Ao, an eye 
 uma orelha, an ear 
 um pe, a foot 
 o ptfeo, the fist 
 a cabeca, the head. 
 
44 
 
 6. The House and Furniture. 
 
 Uma casa, a house 
 
 um palacio, a palace 
 
 uma quinta, a country house 
 
 uma livraria, a library 
 
 um quarto, a room 
 
 um quarto de dormir, a bed- 
 room 
 
 a escada, the staircase 
 
 uma janella, a window 
 
 o tecto de estuque, the ceiling 
 
 o solho, the floor 
 
 uma porta, a door 
 
 uma fechadura, a lock 
 
 a chave, the key 
 
 uma sala baixa, a parlour 
 
 uma sala da jantar, a dining 
 room 
 
 uma sala, a drawingroom 
 
 uma campainha, the bell 
 
 uma mobilia, furniture 
 
 uma cadeira, a chair 
 
 um castical, a candlestick 
 
 uma vella de sebo, a candle 
 
 uma chemine, a chimney 
 
 uma comoda, a chest of drawers 
 
 um espelho de sala, a looking- 
 glass 
 
 um candieiro, a lamp 
 
 uma cama, a bed 
 
 uma cortina, a curtain 
 
 uma papeleira, a writing-desk 
 
 um sofa, a sofa 
 
 uma mesa, a table 
 
 um quadro, a picture 
 
 um tapete, a carpet 
 
 as gavetas, drawers 
 
 uma toalha de mesa, a table 
 cloth 
 
 uma collier, a spoon 
 
 rima colherinha, a tea spoon 
 
 um garfo, a fork 
 
 uma faca, a knife. 
 
 7. Trees, Shrubs etc. 
 
 Os cereaes, corn 
 
 a aveia, oats 
 
 o ferio, hay 
 
 o trigo candeal, wheat 
 
 a herva, grass 
 
 a batata, potatoe 
 
 o arros, rice 
 
 wma betula, a birch 
 
 wrna ceregeira, a cherry-tree 
 
 wwa azinheira, an oak 
 
 wwa figueira, a fig-tree 
 mm /aw, a beech 
 wma Aera, ivy 
 um olmo, an elm 
 um chopo, a poplar 
 ?mw pinheiro, a pine 
 w a&eto, a fir 
 um salgueiro, a willow 
 um til, a lime-tree. 
 
 8. Fruits and Flowers. 
 
 Um damasco, an apricot 
 uma cereja, a cherry 
 uma castanha, a chestnut 
 
 um limao, a lemon 
 
 um figo, a fig 
 
 wwi morango, a strawberry 
 
45 
 
 uma groselha, a currant 
 grosellia de bagos grossos, 
 
 gooseberry 
 uma noz, a nut 
 uma pera, a pear 
 uma maca, an apple 
 o lino, the lily 
 a margarita, the daisy 
 
 o lirio dos valles, the lily of 
 
 the valley 
 o cravo, the pink 
 a papoula, the poppy 
 a primavera, the primrose 
 a rosa, the rose 
 a tulipa, the tulip 
 a violeta, the violet. 
 
 9. Dress. 
 
 Uma camiza, a shirt 
 
 umas ceroulas, drawers 
 
 uma camizola, an underwaist- 
 
 coat 
 uns calcoes, breeches 
 um colete, a waistcoat 
 uma casaca, a coat 
 um capote, a cloak 
 um chapeo, a hat 
 uma bota, a boot 
 uma anagoa, a pellicoat 
 um vestido, a gown 
 uma touca, a bonnet 
 um veo, a veil 
 um collar, a necklace 
 
 um brtnco, an ear-ring 
 pulseiras, bracelets 
 uma meia, a stocking 
 um sapato, a shoe 
 uma luva, a glove 
 uma bolsa, a purse 
 um annel, a ring 
 pos, powder 
 sabao, soap 
 
 uma toalha de mdos, a towel 
 um petite, a comb 
 uma escova, a brush 
 ma escova de dentes, a tooth- 
 brush. 
 
 10. Town and Country. 
 
 Uma cidade, a town 
 uma aldea, a village 
 os arrabaldes, the suburbs 
 um candieiro de gaz, a 
 
 lamp 
 a calcada, the pavement 
 uma praca, a square 
 uma ponte, a bridge 
 um passeio, a walk 
 «m farol, a lamp 
 
 wtna rua, a street 
 um bosquesinho, a thicket 
 um campo, a field 
 uma cavalharica, a stable 
 uma floresta 1 a foregt 
 «m« sefoa J 
 wma se&e, a hedge 
 um jardim, a garden 
 um almargeal, a meadow 
 wm verqel, an orchard. 
 
46 
 
 11. Animals. 
 
 Um cervo, a stag 
 
 um crocodillo, a crocodile 
 
 um elephante, an elephant 
 
 um coelho, a rabbit 
 
 uma lebre, a hare 
 
 um lido, a lion 
 
 um leopardo, a leopard 
 
 um lobo, a wolf 
 
 um urso, a bear 
 
 uma panthera, a panther 
 
 um rato, a rat 
 
 uma raposa, a fox 
 
 um mono, a monkey 
 
 um ligre, a tiger 
 
 um burro, an ass 
 uma ovelha, a sheep 
 um borrego, a lamb 
 um gato, a cat 
 um cao, a dog 
 Mm cavallo, a horse 
 wm macho, a mule 
 «« vaca, a cow 
 um bezerro, a calf 
 wn boi, an ox 
 «m Zeftflo, a pig 
 o gado, cattle 
 gado vacum, herds 
 </orfo meudo, flocks. 
 
 12. Birds, Fishes and Insects. 
 
 Um pata, a duck 
 
 um gallo, a cock 
 
 uma gallinha, a hen 
 
 um ganso, a goose 
 
 um pombo, a pigeon 
 
 uma aguia, an eagle 
 
 uma calhandra, a lark 
 
 «ma cegonha, a stork 
 
 mwi corwo, a raven 
 
 um cisne, a swan 
 
 uma andorinha, a swallow 
 
 um roussinol, a nightingale 
 
 wma enguia, an eel 
 
 m»w carpet, a carp 
 
 um harenque, a herring 
 
 uma lagosta, a lobster 
 
 uma ostra, an oyster 
 
 wma sarda, a mackerel 
 
 wma j?erca, a perch 
 um salmao, a salmon 
 um linguado, a sole 
 uma truta, a trout 
 win rodavalho, a turbot 
 MJHfl abelha, a bee 
 MMff aranha, a spider 
 wm sr/^o, a toad 
 uma borboleta, a butterfly 
 wma serpente, a serpent 
 w escaravelho, a beetle 
 M«d formiga, an ant 
 mmg ra, a frog 
 uma vespa, a wasp 
 Mwia mosca, a fly 
 Mm fo'c/io, a worm 
 uma vibora, a viper. 
 Mma cobra, an adder. 
 
47 
 
 E a s y 
 
 Dialogues. 
 
 1. Eating and Drinking. 
 
 Are you hungry? 
 
 I have a good appetite. 
 
 I am very hungry. 
 
 Eat something. 
 
 What will you eat? 
 
 What do you wish to eat? 
 
 You do not eat. 
 
 I beg your pardon, I eat very 
 heartily. 
 
 I have eaten very heartily. 
 
 I have dined with a good ap- 
 petite. 
 
 Eat another piece. 
 
 I can eat no more. 
 
 Are you thirsty? 
 
 Are you not thirsty? 
 
 I am very thirsty. 
 
 I am dying of thirst. 
 
 Let us drink. 
 
 Give me something to drink. 
 
 Will you drink a glass of 
 wine? 
 
 Drink a glass of heer. 
 
 Drink another glass of wine. 
 
 Sir, I drink to your health. 
 
 I have the honour to drink 
 your health. 
 
 Ym. tern fome? 
 
 Tenho boa vontade de comer. 
 
 Tenho baslante fome. 
 
 Coma alguma cousa. 
 
 Que ha de Ym. comer? 
 
 Que e o que tern vontade de 
 
 comer? 
 senhor nao come. 
 Com perdao de Ym., eu como 
 
 muito hem. 
 Tenho comido bastante. 
 Jantei de boa vontade. 
 
 Coma ainda mais alguma cousa. 
 
 Nao comerei mais nada. 
 
 Tern Ym. sede? 
 
 Nao tern Ym. sede? 
 
 Tenho bastante sede. 
 
 Estou morrendo de sede. 
 
 Toca a beber. 
 
 De-me de beber. 
 
 Quer Ym. beber um copo de 
 
 vinho ? 
 Tome um copo de cerveja. 
 Beba mais esse copo de vinho. 
 Bebo a sua saude. 
 Tenho a honra de beber a sua 
 
 saude. 
 
 2. Going and Coming. 
 
 Where are you going? 
 
 I am going home. 
 
 1 was going to your house. 
 
 Onde vai Ym.? 
 You para casa. 
 Hia d sua casa. 
 
48 
 
 From whence do you come? 
 
 I come from my brother's. 
 
 I am coming from church. 
 
 I have just left the school. 
 
 Will you go with me? 
 
 Whither do you wish to go? 
 
 We will take a walk. 
 
 We will take a walk. 
 
 W 7 ith all my heart ; most will- 
 ingly. 
 
 Which way shall we go? 
 
 Any way you like. 
 
 Let us go into the park. 
 
 Let us take your brother in 
 our way. 
 
 As you please. 
 
 Is Mr. B. at home? 
 
 He is gone out. 
 
 He is not at home. 
 
 Can you tell us where he is 
 gone? 
 
 I cannot tell you precisely. 
 
 I think he is gone to see his 
 sister. 
 
 Do you know when he will 
 come back? 
 
 No, he said nothing of it when 
 he went out. 
 
 Then we must go without him. 
 
 Donde vem Vm.? 
 
 Venho de casa de meu irmao. 
 
 Venho da igreja. 
 
 Saio da escola. 
 
 Quer Vm. vir commigo? 
 
 Onde quer Vm. Mr? 
 
 Hiremos passeiar. 
 
 Hiremos fazer um passeio. 
 
 Quero, pois nao. Com muito 
 
 gosto. 
 Per onde iremos? 
 Para aquella que quizer. 
 Vamos a tapada. 
 Vamos ter de caminho com sen 
 
 irmao. 
 Como queira. 
 
 senhor B. estd em casa? 
 Estd fora. 
 Nad estd em casa. 
 Pode Vm. dizer-me para onde 
 
 foi? 
 Nad saberei dizer-lhe ao certo. 
 Creio que foi ver a irma. 
 
 Sabe Vm. quando ha de voltar? 
 
 Nad: partio sem m'odizer. 
 
 Entad ir-nos hemos sem elle. 
 
 3. Questions and Answers 
 
 Come nearer; I have some- 
 
 thing to tell you. 
 I have a word to say to you. 
 
 Listen to me. 
 
 I want to speak to you. 
 
 What is it you want? 
 
 I am speaking to you. 
 I am not speaking to you. 
 
 Venha ca, tenho que the dizer 
 
 uma cousa. 
 Tenho que Ihe dizer duas pa- 
 
 lavras. 
 Escute-me. 
 
 Tenho desejo de Ihe fallar. 
 Que ha de novo para o sen 
 f servico? 
 
 E com Vm. que fallo. 
 Nad e com Vm. que eu fallo. 
 
49 
 
 What do you say? 
 
 What did you say? 
 
 I say nothing. 
 
 Do you hear? 
 
 Do you hear what I say? 
 
 Do you understand me? 
 
 Will you he so kind as to 
 
 repeat . . ? 
 I understand you well. 
 Why do you not answer me? 
 Do you not speak Portuguese? 
 Very little, Sir. 
 I understand it a little, but I 
 
 do not speak it. 
 Speak louder. 
 Do not speak so loud. 
 Do not make so much noise. 
 Hold your tongue. 
 Did you not tell me that . . ? 
 Who told you that? 
 They told me so. 
 Somebody has told it me. 
 I have heard it. 
 W T hat do you wish to say? 
 What is that good for? 
 What do you call that? 
 Do you know Mr. G.? 
 I know him by sight. 
 I know him by name. 
 
 Que diz Vm.? 
 
 Que disse Vm.? 
 
 Nab disse nada. 
 
 Entente? 
 
 Entende Vm. o que digo? 
 
 Entende-me Vm.? 
 
 Quer Vm. repetil'o? 
 
 Eu hem o entendo. 
 Por que me nab responde? 
 Vm. nab falla portuguez? 
 Muito pouco, senhor. 
 Entendo- o um pouco, por em 
 
 nao folio. 
 Falle mais alto. 
 Nao falle tab alto. 
 Nab faca tanta bulha. 
 Calle-se. 
 
 Nab me disse Vm. que? 
 Quern Ihe disse isto? 
 Disserab-me. 
 Disse-m'o certa pessoa. 
 Ouvi dizer. 
 Que quer Vm. dizer? 
 Para que e bom isto? 
 Como chama Vm. a isto? 
 Conhece Vm. o senhor G.? 
 Conheco-o de vista. 
 Conheco-o de nome. 
 
 4. The Age, 
 
 How old are you? Que idade tern Vm.? 
 
 How old is your brother? Que idade tern o senhor seu 
 
 irmao. 
 
 I am twelve years old. Tenho doze annos. 
 
 I am ten years and six months Tenho des annos e meio. 
 old. 
 
 Next month I shall be sixteen Hei de fazer desaseis annos no 
 
 years old. mez que vem. 
 
 1 was thirteen years old last Fiz treze annos a semana pas- 
 week, sada. 
 
 AHN, Portuguese Grammar. 4 
 
50 
 
 You do not look so old. 
 
 You look older. 
 
 I thought you were older. 
 
 I did not think you were so 
 old. 
 
 How old may your uncle he? 
 
 He may be sixty years old. 
 
 He is ahout sixty years old. 
 
 He is more than fifty years 
 old. 
 
 He is a man of fifty and up- 
 wards. 
 
 He may be sixty or there 
 abouts. 
 
 He is above eighty. 
 
 That is a great age. 
 
 Is he so old? 
 
 He begins to grow old. 
 
 Vm. nao me parecia ter tanta 
 
 idade. 
 Vm. parecia ter mais idade. 
 Cuidava que era mais velho. 
 Nao cuidava que tivese tanta 
 
 idade. 
 Que idade tern seu tio? 
 Poderd ter sessenta annos. 
 Tern obra de sessenta annos. 
 Tern mais de cincoenta 
 
 E um homem de cincoenta e 
 
 tantos annos. 
 Poderd ter cousa de sessanta 
 
 annos. 
 Tern mats de oitenta annos. 
 E uma idade assds adiantada. 
 E tad idoso como isto? 
 a fazer-se velho. 
 
 5. The Time. 
 
 What o'clock is it? 
 
 Pray tell me what time it is? 
 
 t is one o'clock. 
 
 t is past one. 
 
 t has struck one. 
 
 t is a quarter past one. 
 
 t is half past one. 
 
 t wants ten minutes to two. 
 
 t is not yet two o'clock. 
 
 t is only twelve o'clock. 
 
 t is almost three o'clock. 
 
 t is on the stroke of three. 
 
 t is going to strike three. 
 
 t is ten minutes past three. 
 The clock is going to strike. 
 There is the clock striking. 
 It is not late. 
 
 Que horas sad? 
 Tenha a bondade de dizer-me 
 r que horas sad. 
 E uma hora. 
 E uma hora passada. 
 E uma hora ja dada. 
 E iima hora e um quarto. 
 E hora e meia. 
 Sao duas horas menos des mi- 
 
 nutos. 
 Ainda nao derab duas horas. 
 Nad e mais que meiodia. 
 Sad perto de tres horas. 
 Sad tres horas em ponto. 
 Estd a dar tres horas. 
 Sad tres horas e des minutos. 
 relogio estd para dar horas. 
 relogio estd dando horas. 
 Nad e tarde. 
 
51 
 
 It is later than I thought. E mais tarde do que eu cui- 
 
 dava. 
 I did not think it was so Nad cuidava que jfo'sse tan 
 late. tarde. 
 
 6. The Weather. 
 
 What kind of weather is it? 
 
 It is had weather. 
 
 It is cloudy. 
 
 It is dreadful weather. 
 
 It is fine weather. 
 
 We are going to have a fine 
 
 day. 
 It is dewy. 
 It is foggy. 
 It is rainy weather. 
 It threatens to rain. 
 The sky becomes very cloudy. 
 The sky is getting very dark. 
 The sun is coming out. 
 The weather is clearing up 
 
 again. 
 It is very warm. 
 It is sultry. 
 It is very mild. 
 It is cold. 
 
 It is excessively cold!. 
 It is raw weather. 
 
 It rains. 
 
 It has been raining. 
 
 It is going to rain. 
 
 I feel some drops of rain. 
 
 There are some drops of rain 
 
 falling. 
 It hails. 
 
 It snows; it is snowing. 
 It has been snowing. 
 It snows in large flakes. 
 It freezes. 
 It has frozen. 
 
 Que especie de tempo faz? 
 
 Faz mdo tempo. 
 
 Faz urn tempo escuro. 
 
 Faz um tempo horrivel. 
 
 Faz bom tempo. 
 
 Havemos de ter ivm optimo 
 
 dia. 
 Ha muito orvalko. 
 Faz nevoa. 
 
 Faz um tempo chuvoso. 
 tempo estd embrulJuido. 
 ceo se esconde. 
 ceo se escurece. 
 sol comeca a apparecer. 
 tempo principia a comer- 
 
 tar-se. 
 Faz bastante calma. 
 Faz uma calma que abafa. 
 Faz um tempo bem brando. 
 Faz frio. 
 
 Faz um frio terrivel. 
 Faz um tempo frio e junta- 
 
 mente humido. 
 Ghove. 
 Choveo. 
 
 Estd para chover. 
 Sinto alguns choviscos. 
 Caem algumas got as d'agua. 
 
 Cae pedra. 
 
 Neva. Estd chovendo neve. 
 
 Gahio bastante neve. 
 
 Gahe neve em frocos. 
 
 Gela. 
 
 Gafxio geada. 
 
52 
 
 It begins to thaw. 
 
 It thaws. 
 
 It is very windy. 
 
 The wind is very high. 
 
 There is no air stirring. 
 
 It lightens. 
 
 It has lightened all night. 
 
 It thunders. 
 
 The thunder roars. 
 
 The thunderbolt has fallen. 
 
 It is stormy weather. 
 
 We shall have a thunder- 
 storm. 
 
 The sky begins to clear up. 
 
 The weather is very unsettled. 
 
 It is very muddy. 
 
 It is very dusty. 
 
 It is very slippery. 
 
 It is bad walking. 
 
 It is day-light. 
 
 It is dark. 
 
 It is night. 
 
 It is moon-light. 
 
 Do you think it will be fine 
 weather? 
 
 I do not think that it will 
 rain. 
 
 I am afraid it will rain. 
 
 I fear so. 
 
 tempo comeca a abrandar-se. 
 
 Ha dege'lo. 
 
 Faz bastante vento. 
 
 Faz uma grande ventania. 
 
 Nad ha viracao. 
 
 Estd fazendo relampagos. 
 
 Toda esta twite fez relampagos. 
 
 Troveja. 
 
 Esta trovejando. 
 
 Cahio urn raio. 
 
 tempo ameaca trovoada. 
 
 Havemos de ter alguma tro- 
 voada. 
 
 ceo comeca a Umpar-se. 
 
 tempo estd hem inconstante. 
 
 Faz bastante lama. 
 
 Ha muita poeira. 
 
 Escorrega muito. 
 
 Faz mdo tempo para se sahir. 
 
 Faz dia. 
 
 Faz escuro. 
 
 Faz noite. 
 
 Faz luar. 
 
 Cuida Vm. que teremos bom 
 tempo ? 
 
 Creio que nao ha de chover. 
 
 Tenho medo que chova. 
 Eu assim o creio. 
 
 7. Salutation. 
 
 Good morning, Sir. 
 
 I wish you good morning. 
 
 How do you do? 
 
 How are you? 
 
 Do you continue in good 
 
 health? 
 Pretty good ; and how are you ? 
 Are you well? 
 Very well, and you? 
 I am perfectly well. 
 
 Bons dias senhor. 
 Tenha Vm. bons dias. 
 
 Como estd Vm.? 
 Estd sempre de saude? 
 
 Muito bem, e Vm.? 
 Vm. estd bem disposto? 
 Muito bem, e Vm.? 
 Acho-me as mil maravil 
 
>D 
 
 And how is it with you? 
 As usual. 
 
 Pretty well, thank God. 
 I am very happy to see you 
 well. 
 
 E Vm. como vai de saude? 
 Como do costume. 
 Assas bem, gragas a Deus. 
 Eslou encantado de o ver em 
 perfeita saude. 
 
 8. The Visit. 
 
 There is a knock. 
 
 Somebody knocks. 
 
 Go and see who it is. 
 
 Go and open the door. 
 
 It is Mrs. B. 
 
 I wish you good morning. 
 
 I am happy to see you. 
 
 I have not seen you this age. 
 
 It is a novelty to see you. 
 Pray, sit down. 
 Sit down if you please. 
 Take a seat. 
 
 Give a chair to the lady. 
 Will you stay and take some 
 
 dinner with us? 
 I cannot stay. 
 I only came in to see how 
 
 you are. 
 I must go. 
 
 You are in a great hurry. 
 Why are you in such a hurry? 
 I have a great many things 
 
 to do. 
 Surely you can stay a little 
 
 longer. 
 I will stay longer another 
 
 time. 
 I thank you for your visit. 
 
 I hope to see you soon again. 
 
 Batem a porta. 
 
 Alguem estd batendo a porta. 
 
 Vai ver quern e. 
 
 Vai abrir a porta. 
 
 E a senhora B. 
 
 Tenha Vm. muito bons dias. 
 
 Estou encantado de a ver. 
 
 Ha um seculo que nao a hei 
 
 visto. 
 E milagre vela. 
 Queira assentar-se. 
 Tenha a bondade de assentar-se. 
 Queira ter o incommodo de 
 
 assentar-se. 
 De uma cadeira a senhora. 
 Quer Vm. ficar para jantar 
 
 comnosco. 
 Nao posso demorar-me. 
 Entrei somente para saber da 
 
 sua saiide. 
 Nad me posso demorar mais. 
 Vm. tern muita pressa. 
 Que pressa e esta? 
 Tenho muito .que fazer. 
 
 Vm. bem pode demorar-se mais 
 
 una instante. 
 Em outra vez ficarei mais 
 
 tempo. 
 Receba os mens agradecimentos 
 
 pela visita. 
 Espero de o ver bem cedo. 
 
54 
 
 9. Breakfast. 
 
 Have you breakfasted? 
 
 Not yet. 
 
 You have come just in time. 
 
 You will breakfast with us. 
 
 Breakfast is ready. 
 
 Do you drink tea or coffee? 
 
 Would you prefer chocolate? 
 
 I prefer coffee. 
 
 What can I offer you? 
 
 Here are rolls and toast. 
 
 What do you like best? 
 
 I shall take a roll. 
 
 How do you like the coffee? 
 
 Is the coffee strong enough? 
 
 It is excellent. 
 
 Is there enough sugar in it? 
 
 If there is not, do not make 
 
 any ceremony. 
 Act as if you were at home. 
 
 Vm. jd almocou? 
 
 Ainda nao. 
 
 Chega em boa occasiao. 
 
 Almocard comnosco. 
 
 almoco estd prompto. 
 
 Toma Vm. chd, ou cafe? 
 
 Gosta talvez mats de chocolate? 
 
 Prefiro o cafe. 
 
 Que Hie poderei offer ecer? 
 
 AM tern pad e fatias. 
 
 De anal gosta mats? 
 
 Comerei um destes paezinhos. 
 
 Como acha Vm. o cafe? 
 
 Acha Vm. o cafe com bastante 
 
 forca? 
 Acho-o excellente. 
 Tern assucar sufficiente? 
 Se nao tern o que e mister, nao 
 
 faca ceremonias. 
 Faca como se estivesse em sua 
 
 casa, 
 
 10. Before Dinner, 
 
 At what time do we dine to- 
 day? 
 
 We shall dine at four o'clock. 
 
 We shall not dine before five 
 o'clock. 
 
 Shall we have anybody to din- 
 ner to-day? 
 
 Do you expect company? 
 
 I expect Mr. B. 
 
 Mr. D. has promised to come 
 if the weather permits. 
 
 Have you given orders for 
 dinner? 
 
 What have you ordered for 
 dinner? 
 
 Have you sent for fish? 
 
 A que horas jantamos koje? 
 
 Devemos jantar as quatro. 
 Nem antes das cinco o fare- 
 
 mos. 
 Teremos lioje alguem de fora? 
 
 Espera Vm. gente? 
 
 Espero pelo senhor B. 
 
 senhor por D. prometteo de 
 
 vir, se o tempo permitisse. 
 Deo Vm. jd os ordens para o 
 
 jantar? 
 Que encommendou Vm. para 
 
 o jantar? 
 Mandou Vm. vir peixe? 
 
55 
 
 1 could not get any fish. 
 1 fear we shall have a 
 
 indifferent dinner. 
 We must do as we can. 
 
 Nab pude haver peixe. 
 >ery Quer me parecer, que hauemos 
 de ter um mdo jantar. 
 Faremos como podermos. 
 
 11. The Dinner. 
 
 To what shall 1 help you? 
 Will you take a little soup? 
 I thank you. I will trouble 
 
 you for a little beef. 
 It looks so very nice. 
 Which part do you like best? 
 I hope you like this piece. 
 
 Gentlemen, you have dishes 
 near you. 
 
 Help yourselves. 
 
 Take without ceremony what 
 you like best. 
 
 Would you like a little of this 
 roastmeat? 
 
 Will you have some fat? 
 
 Give me some of this lean, 
 if you please. 
 
 How do you like the roast- 
 meat? 
 
 It is excellent, delicious. 
 
 What will you take with your 
 meat? 
 
 Shall I help you to some ve- 
 getables? 
 
 Will you take peas or cauli- 
 flower? 
 
 It is quite indifferent to me. 
 
 I shall send you a piece of 
 this fowl. 
 
 No, thank you, I can eat no 
 more. 
 
 You are a poor eater. 
 
 You eat nothing. 
 
 Que quer que Ihe sirva? 
 Quer uma pouca de sopa? 
 Obrigado, aceitarei um pouco 
 
 de vaca. 
 Tern mui boa apparencia. 
 De que parte gosta mais? 
 Espero que este bocado e a sen 
 
 gosto. 
 Senhores, Vm. tern dous pratos 
 
 diante de si. 
 Sirvab-se. 
 Sirvao-se sem ceremonia da- 
 
 quillo de que mais gostarem. 
 Quer um pouco deste assado? 
 
 Gosta de gordura? 
 
 De-me do que nab tern gordura, 
 
 por quern e. 
 Que tal acha o assado? 
 
 Excellente. 
 
 Que quer Vm. comer com a 
 
 came ? 
 Posso servir-lhe alguma horta- 
 
 lica ? 
 Quer Vm. ervilhas ou couves 
 
 flores? 
 Gosto tanto d'um, como d'outro. 
 Vou servir-lhe desta ave. 
 
 Muito obrigado, tenho comido 
 
 sufficiente. 
 Vm. come mui pouco. 
 Vm. nab come nada. 
 
56 
 
 I beg your pardon, I do ho- 
 nour to your dinner. 
 You may take away. 
 
 Pelo contrario como suffi- 
 
 ciente. 
 Podem tirar a mesa. 
 
 12. Tea, 
 
 Have you carried in the tea- 
 things? 
 Everything is on the table. 
 Does the water boil? 
 Tea is ready. 
 They are waiting for you. 
 Here I am. 
 We have not cups enough. 
 
 We want two more cups and 
 
 saucers. 
 Bring another tea-spoon and 
 
 a saucer. 
 You have not brought in the 
 
 sugar-tongs. 
 Do you take cream? 
 The tea is so strong. 
 I shall thank you for a little 
 
 more milk. 
 Here are cakes and muffins. 
 Do you prefer some bread 
 
 and butter? 
 I shall take a slice of bread 
 
 and butter. 
 Pass the plate this way. 
 Ring the bell, if you please. 
 Will you kindly ring the bell? 
 
 We want some more water. 
 Bring it as quickly as pos- 
 sible. 
 Take the plate with you. 
 
 Is jour tea sweet enough? 
 
 Trouxeste tudo quanto e mister 
 
 para o did? 
 Esld tudo na mesa. 
 A agua estd a ferver? 
 did estd prompto. 
 Estamos a sua espera. 
 Bis -me prompto. 
 As chicaras nad sad 
 
 iffi- 
 
 cientes. 
 E mister mais duas. 
 
 Falta tambem uma collier e 
 
 um pires. 
 Esqueces-te de trazer a tenaz 
 
 do assucar. 
 Toma Vm leite? 
 did estd muito forte. 
 Pedir-lhe hei mais um pouco 
 
 de leite. 
 Ahi tern bolos, e bolachas. 
 Tal vez queira antes fatias de 
 
 pad com manteiga? 
 Aceitarei uma fatia de pad 
 
 com manteiga. 
 Passe para cd o prato. 
 Toque a campainha. 
 Tenha a bondade de tocar a 
 
 campainha? 
 E nos mister mais agua. 
 Traze-as o mais de pressa pos- 
 
 sivel. 
 Leva ao mesmo tempo este 
 
 prato. 
 seu did tern o assucar suf- 
 
 ficiente? 
 
57 
 
 Have I put sugar enough in 
 
 your tea? 
 It is excellent. 
 
 I do not like it quite so sweet. 
 Your tea is very good. 
 Where do you huy it? 
 I buy it at . . . 
 Have you already done? 
 You will take another cup. 
 
 I shall pour you out half a 
 
 cup. 
 You will not refuse me. 
 I have already drunk three 
 
 cups, and I never drink 
 
 more. 
 
 Nao sei se deitei bastante as- 
 sucar no seu chd? 
 
 Estd muy bem temperado. 
 
 Nao gosto delle muito doce. 
 
 seu chd e muito bom. 
 
 Onde o compra? 
 
 Compro-o em casa de . . . 
 
 Vm. nao quer mais chd? 
 
 Vm. ha de iomar mais wna 
 chicara. 
 
 Vou dar-lhe uma meia chi- 
 cara. 
 
 Espero qui nao a ha de engeilar. 
 
 Jd tomei tres chicaras e nunca 
 tomo mais. 
 
SECOND COURSE. 
 
 Verbs. 
 
 T h 
 
 e Auxiliary V e 
 
 1. 
 
 Ter and Haver, to have. 
 
 Infinitive Mood. 
 
 rbs, 
 
 Present. 
 
 ter or haver, 
 
 to have. 
 
 Past. 
 
 ter tido - ter havido, 
 
 to have had. 
 
 Gerund. 
 
 tendo - havendo, 
 
 having. 
 
 Participles. 
 
 tido, tida - havido, havida, had. 
 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 eu tenho 
 
 or hei, 
 
 I have 
 
 tu tens 
 
 - has, 
 
 thou hast 
 
 elle or ella tern - ha, 
 
 he or she has 
 
 nos temos 
 
 - havemos or hemos, 
 
 we have 
 
 vos tendes 
 
 - haveis, 
 
 you have 
 
 elles or ellas i 
 
 ■em - hao, 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 they have. 
 
 tinha 
 
 or havia, 
 
 I had 
 
 tinhas 
 
 - havias, 
 
 thou hadst 
 
 tinha 
 
 - havia, 
 
 he had 
 
 tinhamos 
 
 - haviamos, 
 
 we had 
 
 tinheis 
 
 - havieis, 
 
 you had 
 
 linhao 
 
 - havido, 
 
 they had. 
 
59 
 
 
 
 Past definite. 
 
 
 live 
 
 or 
 
 houve, 
 
 1 have had 
 
 tiveste 
 
 - 
 
 houveste, 
 
 thou hast had 
 
 teve 
 
 - 
 
 houve, 
 
 he has had 
 
 tivemos 
 
 - 
 
 houvemos, 
 
 we have had 
 
 tivestes 
 
 - 
 
 houvestes, 
 
 you have had 
 
 tiverao 
 
 
 houverao, 
 Past indefinite. 
 
 they have had. 
 
 tenho tido 
 
 or 
 
 tenho havido, N 
 
 
 tens tido 
 
 - 
 
 tens havido, j 
 
 
 tern tido 
 temos tido 
 
 : 
 
 tem havido, \ 
 temos havido, I 
 
 > I have had. 
 
 tendes tido 
 
 - 
 
 tendes havido, ] 
 
 
 tem tido 
 
 
 tem havido, ) 
 Past anterior. 
 
 
 tivera 
 
 or 
 
 houvera, 
 
 I had had 
 
 tiveras 
 
 - 
 
 houveras, 
 
 thou hadst had 
 
 tivera 
 
 - 
 
 houvera, 
 
 he had had 
 
 tiveramos 
 
 ■ 
 
 houveramos, 
 
 we had had 
 
 tivereis 
 
 - 
 
 houvereis, 
 
 you had had 
 
 tiverao 
 
 
 houverao, 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 they had had. 
 
 tinha tido 
 
 or 
 
 tinha havido, 
 
 I had had 
 
 tinhas tido 
 
 - 
 
 tinhas havido, 
 
 thou hadst had 
 
 tinha tido 
 
 - 
 
 tinha havido, 
 
 he had had 
 
 tinhamos tido 
 
 - 
 
 tinhamos havido, 
 
 we had had 
 
 tinheis tido 
 
 - 
 
 tinheis havido, 
 
 you had had 
 
 tinhao tido 
 
 
 tinhao havido, , 
 Future. 
 
 they had had. 
 
 terei 
 
 or 
 
 haverei, 
 
 I shall have 
 
 terds 
 
 - 
 
 haverds, 
 
 thou shalt have 
 
 terd 
 
 - 
 
 haverd, 
 
 he shall have 
 
 teremos 
 
 - 
 
 haveremos, 
 
 we shall have 
 
 tereis 
 
 - 
 
 havereis, 
 
 you shall have 
 
 terao 
 
 - 
 
 haverao, 
 
 they shall have. 
 
60 
 
 d 
 
 ompt 
 
 )und Future anterior. 
 
 hei de ter 
 
 or 
 
 hei de haver, 
 
 \ 
 
 has de ter 
 
 - 
 
 has de haver, 
 
 J 
 
 ha de ter 
 
 - 
 
 ha de haver, 
 
 I I shall (must, will) 
 
 havemos de ter 
 
 - 
 
 havemos de haver, 
 
 ( have. 
 
 haveis de ter 
 
 - 
 
 haveis de haver, 
 
 1 
 
 hao de ter 
 
 
 hao de haver, 
 Future past. 
 
 
 terei tido 
 
 or 
 
 terei havido, 
 
 I shall have had 
 
 terds tido 
 
 - 
 
 terds havido, 
 
 thou shalt have had 
 
 terd tido 
 
 - 
 
 terd havido, 
 
 he shall have had 
 
 leremos tido 
 
 - 
 
 teremos havido, 
 
 we shall have had 
 
 tereis tido 
 
 - 
 
 tereis havido, 
 
 you shall have had 
 
 terao tido 
 
 
 terao havido, 
 Conditional. 
 
 they shall have had. 
 
 teria 
 
 or 
 
 haveria, 
 
 I should have 
 
 terias 
 
 - 
 
 haverias, 
 
 thou should st have 
 
 teria 
 
 - 
 
 haveria, 
 
 he should have 
 
 teriamos 
 
 - 
 
 haveriamos, 
 
 we should have 
 
 terieis 
 
 - 
 
 haverieis, 
 
 you should have 
 
 teriao 
 
 - 
 
 haveriao, 
 
 they should have. 
 
 
 C 
 
 onditional pas 
 
 t. 
 
 teria tido 
 
 or 
 
 teria havido, 
 
 \ 
 
 terias tido 
 
 - 
 
 terias havido, 
 
 j 
 
 teria tido 
 
 - 
 
 teria havido, 
 
 \ I should have had. 
 
 teriamos tido. 
 
 - 
 
 teriamos havido, 
 
 
 terieis tido 
 
 - 
 
 terieis havido, 
 
 1 
 
 teriao tido 
 
 - 
 
 teriao havido, 
 
 / 
 
 
 Subjunctive Moo 
 
 d. 
 
 
 
 Present. 
 
 
 que tenha 
 
 or 
 
 haja, 
 
 that I may have 
 
 tenhas 
 
 - 
 
 hajas, 
 
 that thou mayest have 
 
 tenha 
 
 - 
 
 haja, 
 
 that he may have 
 
 tenhamos 
 
 - 
 
 hajamos, 
 
 that we may have 
 
 lenhais 
 
 - 
 
 hajais, 
 
 that you may have 
 
 tenhao 
 
 - 
 
 hajdo, 
 
 that they may have. 
 
01 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 que tivera 
 tiveras 
 tivera 
 tiveramos 
 tivereis 
 tiverao 
 
 or houvera, 
 
 - houveras, 
 
 - houvera, 
 
 - houveramos, 
 
 - houvereis, 
 
 - houverao, 
 
 that I might have 
 that thou mightst have 
 that he might have 
 that we might have 
 that you might have 
 that they might have. 
 
 Past definite. 
 
 que tivesse 
 tivesses 
 tivesse 
 tivessemos 
 tivesseis 
 tivessem 
 
 or houvesse, 
 
 - houvesses, 
 
 - houvesse, 
 
 - houvessemos, 
 
 - houvesseis, 
 
 - houvessem, 
 
 that I may have had 
 that thou mayest have had 
 that he may have had 
 that we may have had 
 that you may have had 
 that they may have had. 
 
 Past inde finite. 
 
 que tenha tido or tenha havido, that I may have had 
 
 tenhas tido - tenhas havido, that thou mayest have had 
 
 tenha tido - tenha havido, that he may have had 
 
 tenhamos tido - tenhamos havido, that we may have had 
 
 tenhais tido - tenhais havido, that you may have had 
 
 tenhao tido - tenhao havido, that they may have had. 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 que tivesse tido or tivesse havido, that I might have had 
 
 tivesses tido - tivesses havido, that thou mightst have had 
 
 tivesse tido - tivesse havido, that he might have had 
 
 tivessemos tido - tivessemos havido, that we might have had 
 
 tivesseis tido - tivesseis havido, that you might have had 
 
 tivessem tido - tivessem havido, that they might have had. 
 
 Simple Future. 
 
 quando eu tiver or eu houver, when I shall have 
 
 tu tiveres - tu houveres, when thou shait have 
 
 elle tiver - elle houver, when he shall have 
 
 nostivermos - nos houvermos, when we shall have 
 
 vos tiverdes - vos houverdes, when you shall have 
 
 elles tiver em - elles houverem, when they shall have. 
 
62 
 
 Com po u nd Future. 
 
 quehaja de ter 
 hajas de ter 
 haja de ter 
 hajamos de ter 
 liajais de ter 
 de ter 
 
 or haja de haver, 
 
 - hajas de haver, 
 
 - haja de haver, 
 
 - hajamos de haver, 
 
 - hajais de haver, 
 
 - hajao de haver, 
 
 Future past. 
 
 that. I shall have 
 that thou shalt have 
 that he shall have 
 that we shall have 
 that you shall have 
 that they shall have. 
 
 eu tiver tido or tiver havido, when I shall have had 
 
 tu tiveres tido - tiveres havido, when thou shalt have had 
 
 elle tiver tido - tiver havido, when he shall have had 
 
 \nostivermostido - tivermos havido, when we shall have had 
 
 jvos tiverdes tido - tiverdes havido, when you shall have had 
 
 \elles tiver em tido - tiverem havido, when they shall have had. 
 
 m p e r a 1 1 v e. 
 
 First Person: wanting. 
 
 tern tu 
 tenha elle 
 tenhamos nos 
 tende vos 
 tenhao elles 
 
 or hajas tu, 
 
 - haja elle (ella), 
 
 - hajamos nos, 
 
 - havei vos, 
 
 - hajao elles (ellas), 
 
 have thou 
 
 let him (her) have 
 
 let us have 
 
 have ye 
 
 let them have. 
 
 Ohs. All Verbs composed of ter, are conjugated like it, 
 as: confer, deter, manter, obter, reter etc. 
 
 E x a m pies. 
 
 Tenho pao 1 . Tens carne 2 . Elle tern vinho 3 . Tinhamos 
 ameixas\ Eu live morangos 5 . Elle teve uma laranja . Ti- 
 vemos framboezas 7 . Elles tiverao figos s . Hei de ter gro- 
 selhas 9 . Meu irmao 10 ha de ternozes 11 . Minhas irmaas 12 hao 
 de ter nesperas' 3 . Eu teria vacca 14 . 31eu amigo 15 teria vi- 
 tella 16 . Tereis assado 17 . Elles teriao presunto ,s . Tenha elle 
 
 1 bread. 2 meat. 3 wine. 4 plum. 5 strawberries. 6 orange. 
 7 rasberry. 8 fig. 9 gooseberry. 10 brollier. 1 1 nut. 12 sister. 
 13 medlar. 14 beef. 15 friend. 16 veal. 17 the roastmcat. 
 18 ham. 
 
63 
 
 pastel' 9 . TenhSo elles ovos 20 . Tenhamos bolo 21 . Tende v6s 
 salada 22 . Que eu tivesse pimenta 23 . Que tu tivesses vina- 
 gre 24 . Que elle livesse azeite 25 . Que n6s tivessemos mo- 
 starda 26 Que vos tivesseis assucar 27 . Que elles tivessem 
 especiarias 28 . 
 
 19 pie. 20 egg. 21 cake. 22 salad. 23 pepper. 24 vinegar. 
 25 oil. 26 mustard. 27 sugar. 28 spice. 
 
 3. 
 
 Exercises. 
 
 I have beer 1 . Thou hast fruit 2 . He has apples 3 . We 
 have a pear'. You have peaches 5 . They have cherries 6 . I 
 had grapes 7 . Thou hadst almonds 8 . He had mulberries 9 . 
 We had an apricot 10 . You had cheese 11 . They had milk 12 . 
 I shall have haselnuts 13 . My brother will have butter 14 . We 
 shall have chesnuts 15 . You will have a lemon 16 . Our garden- 
 er 17 will have celery 1S . I would have cake. Thou wouldst 
 have salad. He would have onions' 9 . Our game keeper 20 
 would have venison 21 . We would have sour cherries 22 . You 
 would have raisins 23 . Our cooks 24 would have olives 25 . That 
 our friends 20 have a rosetree 27 . That we have a myrtle 28 . 
 That you have an apricot-tree 29 . That our sisters have a bou- 
 quet 30 . That I had cream 31 . That thou hadst salt 32 . That 
 he had coffee 33 . That we had tea 3 ' 4 . That she had choco- 
 late 35 . Have courage 30 . He may have a book 37 . Let us have 
 patience 3S . Have a watermelon 39 . Let them have a melon 40 . 
 
 1 cerveja. 2 fruta. 3 macaa. 4 pera. 5 pecego. 6 cereja. 7 uva. 
 8 amendoa. 9 amora. 10 albricoque (damasco). 1l queijo. 
 12 leite. 13 avelaa. 14 manteiga. 15 castanha. 16 limao. 
 17 jardineiro. 18 aipo. 19 cebola. 20 cacador. 21 caca. 22 
 girijas. 23 passas, passas de uva. 24 cozinheira. 25 azeitona. 
 26 amiga. 27 roseira. 28 murla. 29 damasqueiro. 30 rama- 
 lhele. 31 nala. 32 sal. 33 cafe. 34 cha. 35 chocolate. 36 
 corragem, animo. 37 livro. 38 paciencia. 39 nielancia, balancia. 
 40 melilo. 
 
 4. 
 Examples. 
 
 Tenho por ventura 1 uma faca 2 ? Tens tu urn garfo 3 ? 
 Tendes vos guardanapos 4 ? Tern elles uma toalha 5 ? Tinha 
 1 by accident. 2 knife. 3 fork. 4 table napkin. 5 towel. 
 
64 
 
 eu urn prato ? Tem ella um copo 7 ? Temos nos copos? 
 Tendes vos ouro 8 ? Tem elles prata 9 ? Tinha eu iiraa colher 10 ? 
 Tinhamos n6s uma garrafa 11 ? Tinh3o elles ferro 12 ? Tive eu 
 aco 13 ? Tivestes v6s chumbo"? Terei eu papel 15 ? Teras tu 
 pennas 10 ? Vosso amigo tera o seu canivete 17 ? Teremos n6s 
 livros? Tereis vos tinta 18 ? Suas irmSas, terao uma casa 19 ? 
 Teria eu uma flor 20 ? Terieis v6s um jardim 21 ? 
 
 6 plate. 7 glass. 8 gold. 9 silver. 10 spoon. 11 decanter. 
 12 iron. 13 steel. 14 lead. 15 paper. 16 pens. 17 penknife. 
 18 ink. 19 house. 20 flower. 21 garden. 
 
 o. 
 Exercises. 
 
 Have I by accident a chamber 1 ? Hast thou a castle 2 ? 
 Has he a tree 3 ? Have we money 4 ? Are you (have you) 
 thirsty 5 ? Have thy friends a sword? Had I an opportu- 
 nity ? Hadst thou a razor 7 ? Had you a horse 8 ? Had you 
 permission 9 ? Would I have a tankard 10 ? Would she have 
 a cat 11 ? Would we have a goat 12 ? Would you have a cow 13 ? 
 Would they have an ox"? Would I have had a mule 15 ? 
 Wouldst thou have had a dog 10 ? 
 
 1 quarto. 2 castello. 3 arvore. 4 dinheiro. 5 sede. 6 occasiao. 
 7 navalha. 8 cavallo. 9 licenca. 10 cantaro. 11 gato (gata). 
 12 cabra. 13 vacca. 14 boi. 15 burro. 16 cao. 
 
 6. 
 
 Conjugation of the Verbs „ser" and ,,estar", to be. 
 
 Infinitive Mood. 
 
 Present. 
 
 ser 
 
 or estar, 
 
 to be. 
 
 Past. 
 
 ter sido 
 
 - ter estado, 
 
 to have been. 
 
 Gerund. 
 
 sendo 
 
 - estando, 
 
 being. 
 
 Participles, sido, sida - estado, estada, been. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 Present. 
 
 eu sou 
 
 or estou, 
 
 I am 
 
 tu es 
 
 - estds, 
 
 thou art 
 
 elle (ella) he 
 
 - estd, 
 
 he (she) is 
 
05 
 
 nos somos 
 
 or 
 
 esiamos, 
 
 we are 
 
 vos so is 
 
 - 
 
 estais, 
 
 you are 
 
 elles (ellas) sao 
 
 
 estao, 
 Imperfect. 
 
 they are. 
 
 era 
 
 or 
 
 estava, 
 
 I was 
 
 eras 
 
 - 
 
 estavas, 
 
 thou wast 
 
 era 
 
 - 
 
 estava, 
 
 he was 
 
 eramos 
 
 - 
 
 estavamos, 
 
 we were 
 
 ereis 
 
 - 
 
 estaveis, 
 
 you were 
 
 erao 
 
 
 estavao, 
 
 Past definite. 
 
 they were. 
 
 fui 
 
 or 
 
 estive, 
 
 I have been 
 
 foste 
 
 - 
 
 estiveste, 
 
 thou hast been 
 
 foi 
 
 - 
 
 esteve, 
 
 he has been 
 
 fomos 
 
 - 
 
 estivemos, 
 
 we have been 
 
 fostes 
 
 - 
 
 estivestes, 
 
 you have been 
 
 forao 
 
 
 estiverao, 
 Past indefinite. 
 
 they have been. 
 
 tenho sido 
 
 or 
 
 tenho estado, 
 
 I have been 
 
 tens sido 
 
 - 
 
 tens estado, 
 
 thou hast been 
 
 tern sido 
 
 - 
 
 tern estado, 
 
 he has been 
 
 temos sido 
 
 - 
 
 temos estado, 
 
 we have been 
 
 tendes sido 
 
 - 
 
 tendes estado, 
 
 you have been 
 
 tern sido 
 
 
 tern estado, 
 Past anterior. 
 
 they have been. 
 
 fora 
 
 or 
 
 estivera, 
 
 I had been 
 
 foras 
 
 - 
 
 estiveras, 
 
 thou hadst been 
 
 fora 
 
 - 
 
 estivera, 
 
 he had been 
 
 foramos 
 
 - 
 
 estiveramos, 
 
 we had been 
 
 foreis 
 
 - 
 
 estivereis, 
 
 you had been 
 
 forao 
 
 
 estiverao, 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 they had been. 
 
 tinha sido 
 
 or 
 
 tinha estado, 
 
 I had been 
 
 tinhas sido 
 
 - 
 
 tinhas estado, 
 
 thou hadst been 
 
 tinha sido 
 
 - 
 
 tinha estado, 
 
 he had been 
 
 tinhamos sido 
 
 - 
 
 tinhamos estado, 
 
 we had been 
 
 tinheis sido 
 
 - 
 
 tinheis estado, 
 
 you had been 
 
 tinhao sido 
 
 - 
 
 tinhao estado, 
 
 they had been. 
 
 AHN, Portuguese 
 
 Grammar. 
 
 5 
 
66 
 Future. 
 
 serei 
 
 or 
 
 estarei, 
 
 I shall be 
 
 serds 
 
 - 
 
 estards, 
 
 thou shalt be 
 
 sera 
 
 - 
 
 estard, 
 
 he shall be 
 
 seremos 
 
 - 
 
 estaremos, 
 
 we shall be 
 
 sereis 
 
 - 
 
 estareis, 
 
 you shall be 
 
 serdo 
 
 - 
 
 estardo, 
 
 they shall be. 
 
 
 
 Future anterior. 
 
 hei de ser 
 
 or 
 
 hei de estar, 
 
 I shall be 
 
 has de ser 
 
 - 
 
 has de estar, 
 
 thou shalt be 
 
 ha de ser 
 
 - 
 
 ha de estar, 
 
 he shall be 
 
 havemos de ser 
 
 - 
 
 havemos de estar, 
 
 we shall be 
 
 haveis de ser 
 
 - 
 
 haveis de estar, 
 
 you shall be 
 
 hao de ser 
 
 
 hao de estar, 
 Future past 
 
 they shall he. 
 
 terei sido 
 
 or 
 
 terei estado, 
 
 I shall have been 
 
 terds sido 
 
 - 
 
 terds estado, 
 
 thou shalt have been 
 
 terd sido 
 
 - 
 
 terd estado, 
 
 he shall have been 
 
 teremos sido 
 
 - 
 
 teremos estado, 
 
 we shall have been 
 
 tereis sido 
 
 - 
 
 tereis estado, 
 
 you shall have been 
 
 terao sido 
 
 
 terao estado, 
 
 Conditional, 
 
 they shall have been. 
 
 seria 
 
 or 
 
 estaria, 
 
 I should be 
 
 serias 
 
 - 
 
 estarias, 
 
 thou shouldst be 
 
 seria 
 
 - 
 
 estaria, 
 
 he should be 
 
 seriamos 
 
 - 
 
 estariamos, 
 
 we should be 
 
 serieis 
 
 - 
 
 estarieis, 
 
 you should be 
 
 serido 
 
 - 
 
 estariao, 
 
 they should be. 
 
 Conditional past. 
 
 teria sido 
 terias sido 
 teria sido 
 teriamos sido 
 terieis sido 
 terido sido 
 
 teria estado, 
 terias estado, 
 teria estado, 
 teriamos estado, 
 terieis estado, 
 terido estado, 
 
 I should have been 
 thou shouldst have been 
 he should have been 
 we should have been 
 you should have been 
 they should have been. 
 
07 
 
 que seja 
 sejas 
 seja 
 
 sejamos 
 sejais 
 
 Subjunctive Mood 
 Present. 
 or estaja, 
 
 que fora 
 foras 
 fora 
 foramos 
 foreis 
 forao 
 
 que fosse 
 fosses 
 fosse 
 fossemos 
 fosseis 
 fossem 
 
 que tenha sido 
 tenhas sido 
 tenha sido 
 tenhamos sido 
 tenhais sido 
 tenhao sido 
 
 esteja, 
 estejamos, 
 estejais, 
 estejao, 
 
 that I may be 
 that thou mayest 
 that he may be 
 that we may be 
 that you may be 
 that they may be. 
 
 he 
 
 Imperfect. 
 or estivera, that I might be 
 
 estiveras, 
 
 estivera, 
 
 estiveramos, 
 
 estivereis, 
 
 estiverao, 
 
 that thou mightst be 
 that he might be 
 that we might be 
 that you might be 
 that they might be. 
 
 Past definite. 
 
 or estivesse, 
 
 - estivesses, 
 
 - estivesse, 
 
 - estivessemos, 
 
 - estivesseis, 
 
 - estivessem, 
 
 Past 
 
 that I may have been 
 that thou mayest have been 
 that he may have been 
 that we may have been 
 that you may have been 
 that they may have been. 
 
 indefinite. 
 
 or tenha estado, that I may have been 
 
 - tenhas estado, that thou mayest have been 
 
 - tenha estado, that he may have been 
 
 - tenhamos estado, that we may have been 
 
 - tenhais estado, that you may have been 
 
 - tenhao estado, that they may have been. 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 que tivesse sido or tivesse estado, that I might have been 
 tivesses sido - tivesses estado, that thou mightst have been 
 tivesse sido - tivesse estado, that he might have been 
 tivessemos sido - tivessemos estado, that we might have been 
 tivesseis sido - tivesseis estado, that you might have been 
 tivessem sido - tivessem estado, that they might have been. 
 
 5* 
 

 68 
 
 
 
 Simple 
 
 Future. 
 
 que for 
 
 or estiver, 
 
 
 that I shall be 
 
 fores 
 
 - estiveres, 
 
 
 that thou shalt be 
 
 for 
 
 - estiver, 
 
 
 that he shall be 
 
 formos 
 
 - estivermos, 
 
 
 that we shall be 
 
 fordes 
 
 - estiverdes, 
 
 
 that you shall be 
 
 forem 
 
 - estiverem. 
 
 
 that they shall be. 
 
 Compound Future. 
 or haja de estar, 
 
 que haja de ser 
 
 hajas de ser - hajas de estar, 
 
 haja de ser - haja de estar, 
 
 hajamos de ser - hajamos de estar, 
 
 hajais de ser - hajais de estar, 
 
 hajao de ser - hajao de estar, 
 
 that I shall be. 
 
 Future past. 
 
 'tiver sido or tiver estado, when I shall have been 
 
 tiveres sido - tiveres estado, when thou shalt have been 
 
 I tiver sido - tiver estado, when he shall have been 
 
 Mvermos sido - tivermos estado, when we shall have been 
 
 }tiverdes sido - tiverdes estado, when you shall have been 
 
 tiverem sido - tiverem estado, when they shall have been. 
 
 se tu 
 seja elle 
 sejamos nos 
 sede vos 
 sejao elles 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 or estd tu, 
 
 - estejar elle, 
 
 - estejamos nos, 
 
 - estai vos, 
 
 - estejao elles, 
 
 be thou 
 let him be 
 let us be 
 be ye 
 let them be. 
 
60 
 
 Active Verbs. 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 Amar, to love. 
 
 Infinitive Mood. 
 
 Present. amar, to love. 
 
 Perfect. ter amado, to have loved. 
 
 Gerund. amando, loving. 
 
 Participles, amado, amada, loved. 
 
 amo, I love 
 amas, thou lovest 
 ama, he loves 
 
 amava, I loved 
 amavas, thou lovedst 
 amava, he loved 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 Present. 
 
 amamos, we love 
 amais, you love 
 amao, they love. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 amdvamos, we loved 
 amaveis, you loved 
 amavao, they loved. 
 
 amei, I have loved 
 amaste, thou hast loved 
 amon, he has loved 
 
 Pas? definite. 
 
 amamos, we have loved 
 amastes, you have loved 
 amdrao, they have loved. 
 
 Pas? indefinite. 
 
 tenho amado, I have loved temos amado, we have loved 
 
 tens amado, thou hast loved tendes amado, you have loved 
 tern amado, he has loved tern amado, they have loved. 
 
 amdra, I had loved 
 amdras, thou hadst loved 
 amdra, he had loved 
 
 Pas? anterior. 
 
 amdramos, we had loved 
 amdreis, you had loved 
 amdrao, they had loved. 
 
70 
 
 Pluperfect, 
 tinha amado, I had loved tinhamos amado, we had loved 
 
 tinhas amado, thou hadst loved tinheis amado, you have loved 
 tinha amado, he had loved tinhao amado, they have loved. 
 
 Future. 
 
 amarei, I shall love amaremos, we shall love 
 
 awards, thou shalt love amareis, you shall love 
 
 amard, he shall love amarao, they shall love. 
 
 Future anterior, 
 hei de amar, I shall love havemos de amar, we shall love 
 
 has de amar, thou shalt love haveis de amar, you shall love 
 ha de amar, he shall love hap de amar, they shall love. 
 
 Future past, 
 terei amado, I shall have loved teremos amado, we shall have 
 terds amado, thou shalt have loved 
 
 loved tereis amado, you shall have 
 
 terd amado, he shall have loved loved 
 
 terao amado, they shall have 
 loved. 
 
 Conditional. 
 
 amaria, I should love amariamos, we should love 
 
 amarias, thou shouldst love amarieis, you should love 
 amaria, he should love amarido, they should love. 
 
 Co nditional past. 
 
 teria amado, I should have teriamos amado, we should have 
 
 loved loved 
 
 terias amado, thou shouldst terieis amado, you should have 
 
 have loved loved 
 
 teria amado, he should have teriao amado, they should have 
 
 loved loved. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 Present, 
 que ame, that I may love que amemos, that we may love 
 
 ames, that thou mayest ameis, that you may love 
 
 love amem, that they may love. 
 
 ame, that he may love 
 
71 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 que am/no, that I might love que amdramos , that we might 
 amdras, that thou mightst love 
 
 love amdreis, that you might 
 
 amdra, that he might love love 
 
 amdrab, that they might 
 love. 
 
 Past definite. 
 
 queamasse, that I may have que amassemos , that we may 
 
 loved have loved 
 
 amasses, that thou mayest amasseis, that you may have 
 
 have loved loved 
 
 amasse, that he may have amassem, that they may 
 
 loved have loved. 
 
 Past indefinite. 
 
 que tenha amado , that I may que tenhamos amado , that we 
 
 have loved may have loved 
 
 tenhas amado, that thou tenhais amado, that you 
 
 mayest have loved may have loved 
 
 tenha amado, that he may tenhao amado, that they 
 
 have loved may have loved. 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 que twesse amado, that I might que tivessemos amado, that we 
 
 have loved might have loved 
 
 tivesses amado, that thou tivesseis amado, that you 
 
 mightst have loved might have loved 
 
 tivesse amado, that he might tivessem amado, that they 
 
 have loved might have loved. 
 
 Future. 
 
 queamar, when 1 shall love queamarmos, when we shall 
 amares, when thou shalt love 
 
 love amardes, when you shall 
 
 amar, when he shall love love 
 
 amarem, when they shall 
 love. 
 
72 
 
 Compoun 
 que haja de amar, that I shall 
 love 
 hajas de amar, that thou 
 
 shalt love 
 haja de amar, that he shall 
 love 
 
 Futur 
 que tiver amado , when I shall 
 have loved 
 tiveres amado, when thou 
 
 shalt have loved 
 tiver amado, when he shall 
 have loved 
 
 d Future, 
 que hajamos de amar, that we 
 shall love 
 hajais de amar, that you 
 
 shall love 
 hajao de amar, that they 
 shall love. 
 
 e past, 
 que tivermos amado, when we 
 shall have loved 
 tiver des amado, when you 
 
 shall have loved 
 tiverem amado, when they 
 shall have loved. 
 
 ama tu, love thou 
 ame elle, let him love 
 
 Imperative. 
 
 amemos nos, let us love 
 
 amai vos, love ye 
 
 amem elles, let them love. 
 
 SECOND CONJUGATION. 
 
 Receber, to receive. 
 
 I n fi n i t i v e Mood. 
 
 Present. receber, to receive. 
 
 Past. ter recebido, to have received. 
 
 Gerund. recebendo, receiving. 
 
 Participles, recebido, -a, received. 
 
 ndicative Mood. 
 
 eu recebo, I receive 
 
 tu recebes, thou receivest 
 
 elle recebe, he receives 
 
 recebia, I received 
 recebias, thou receivedst 
 recebia, he received 
 
 Present. 
 
 nos recebemos, we receive 
 vos recebeis, you receive 
 elles recebem, they receive. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 recebiamos, we received 
 recebieis, you received 
 recebiao, they received. 
 
73 
 
 Past definite. 
 
 recebi, I have received recebemos, we have received 
 
 recebeste, thou hast received recebestes, you have received 
 recebeo, he has received receberao, they have received. 
 
 Past indefinite. 
 
 tenho recebido, I have received temos recebido, we have received 
 tens recebido, thou hast received tendes recebido, you have rec. 
 tern recebido, he has received temrecebido,thev have received. 
 
 Past anterior. 
 
 • 
 
 recebera, I had received receberamos, we had received 
 
 receberas, thou hadst received recebereis, you had received 
 recebera, he had received receberao, they had received. 
 
 Pluperfect, 
 tinha recebido, I had received tinhamos recebido, we had rec. 
 tinhas recebido, thou hadst rec. tinheis recebido, you had rec. 
 tinha recebido, he had received tinhao recebido, they had rec. 
 
 Future, 
 receberei, I shall receive receberemos, we shall receive 
 
 receberas, thou shalt receive recebereis, you shall receive 
 recebera, he shall receive receberao, they shall receive. 
 
 Future anterior, 
 hei de receber, I shall receive havemos de receber, we shall rec. 
 has de receber, thou shalt rec. haveis de receber, you shall rec. 
 ha de receber, he shall rec. Mb de receber, they shall rec. 
 
 Future past, 
 
 terei recebido, I shall have re- teremos recebido, we shall have 
 
 ceived received 
 
 terds recebido, thou shalt have tereis recebido, you shall have 
 
 received received 
 
 terd recebido, he shall have re- terao recebido, they shall have 
 
 ceived received. 
 
 Conditional. 
 
 receberia, 1 should receive receberiamos , we should re- 
 receberias, thou shouldst re- ceive 
 
 ceive receberieis, you should receive 
 
 receberia, he should receive receberiao, they should receive. 
 
74 
 
 Conditional past. 
 
 teria recebido, I should have teriamos recebido, we should 
 received have received 
 
 terias recebido , thou shouldst terieis recebido, you should have 
 have received received 
 
 teria recebido, he should have teriao recebido, they should 
 received have received. 
 
 Subj unctive Mood. 
 
 Presetit. 
 
 quereceba, that I may receive que recebamos, that we may 
 recebas, that thou mayest receive 
 
 receive recebais, that you may re- 
 
 receba, that he may receive ceive 
 
 recebao, that they may re- 
 ceive. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 que recebera, that I might re- que receberemos, that, we might 
 
 ceive receive 
 
 receberas, that thou mightst recebereis, that you might 
 
 receive receive 
 
 recebera, that he might re- receberao, that they might 
 
 ceive receive. 
 
 Past definite. 
 
 que recebesse, that I may have que recebessemos , that we may 
 
 received have received 
 
 recebesses, that thou mayest recebesseis, that you may 
 
 have received have received 
 
 recebesse, that he may have recebessem, that they may 
 
 received have received. 
 
 Past indefinite. 
 
 que tenha recebido , that I may que tenhamos recebido , that we 
 
 have received may have received 
 
 tenhas recebido, that thou tenhais recebido, that you 
 
 mayest have received may have received 
 
 tenha recebido, that he may tenhao recebido , that they 
 
 have received may have received. 
 
75 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 que ticesse recebido, that I might 
 
 have received 
 liresses recebido, that thou 
 
 mightst have received 
 tivesse recebido, that he 
 
 might have received 
 
 que tivessemos recebido, that we 
 might have received 
 
 tivesseis recebido, that you 
 might have received 
 
 tivessem recebido, that they 
 might have received. 
 
 Future. 
 
 quando receber, when I shall 
 receive 
 receberes, when thou 
 
 shalt receive 
 receber, when he shall 
 receive 
 
 quando recebermos , when we 
 shall receive 
 receberdes, when you 
 
 shall receive 
 receberem , when they 
 shall receive. 
 
 que haja de receber, that 
 
 receive 
 hajas de receber, that thou 
 
 shalt receive 
 haja de receber, that he 
 
 shall receive 
 
 Compound Future. 
 shall 
 
 que hajamos de receber, that we 
 
 shall receive 
 hajais de receber, that you 
 
 shall receive 
 hajao de receber, that they 
 
 shall receive. 
 
 Future past. 
 
 quando tiver recebido, when I 
 shall have received 
 
 tiveres recebido, when 
 thou shalt have re- 
 ceived 
 
 tiver recebido, when he 
 shall have received 
 
 quando tivermos recebido, when 
 we shall have re- 
 ceived 
 tiverdes recebido, when 
 you shall have re- 
 ceived 
 tiverem recebido, when 
 they shall have re- 
 ceived. 
 
 recebe tu, receive thou 
 receba elle, let him receive 
 
 mperative Mood. 
 
 recebamos nos, let us receive 
 recebei vos, receive ye 
 recebao, let them receive. 
 
76 
 
 9. 
 THIRD CONJUGATION. 
 
 Partir, to divide. 
 
 Infinitive Mood. 
 
 Present. partir, to divide. 
 Past. ter partido, to have divided. 
 
 Gerund. partindo, dividing. 
 Participles, partido, partida, divided. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Present, 
 parto, I divide partimos, we divide 
 
 partes, thou dividest partis, you divide 
 
 parte, he divides partem, they divide. 
 
 Imperfect, 
 partia, I divided partiamos, we divided 
 
 partias, thou dividedst partieis, you divided 
 
 partia, he divided partiao, Ihey divided. 
 
 Past definite, 
 parti, I have divided partimos, we have divided 
 
 partiste, thou hast divided partistes, you have divided 
 
 partio, he has divided partirao, they have divided. 
 
 Past indefinite, 
 tenho partido, I have divided temos partido, we have divided 
 tens partido, thou hast divided tendes partido, you have divided 
 tern partido, he has divided tern partido, they have divided. 
 
 Past anterior, 
 partira, I had divided partiramos, we had divided 
 
 partiras, thou hadst divided partireis, you had divided 
 partira, he had divided partirao, they had divided. 
 
 Pluperfect, 
 tinha partido, 1 had divided tinhamos partido, we had di- 
 tinhas partido, thou hadst di- vided 
 
 vided tinheis partido, you had divided 
 
 tinha partido, he had divided tinhao partido, they had divided. 
 
77 
 
 Future. 
 
 partirei, I shall divide 
 partirds, thou shalt divide 
 partirei, he shall divide 
 
 partiremos, we shall divide 
 partireis, you shall divide 
 partirao, they shall divide. 
 
 hei de partir 
 has de partir, 
 ha de partir, 
 
 terei partido, 
 
 video" 
 terds partido, 
 
 divided 
 terd partido 
 
 divided 
 
 Future anterior. 
 
 I shall divide havemos de partir, we shall 
 thou shalt divide divide 
 
 he shall divide haveis de partir, you shall divide 
 hao de partir, they shall divide. 
 
 Future past. 
 
 I shall have di- 
 thou shalt have 
 he shall have 
 
 teremos partido, we shall have 
 
 divided 
 tereis partido, you shall have 
 
 divided 
 terao partido, they shall have 
 
 divided. 
 
 Conditional. 
 
 partiria, I should divide partiriamos, we should divide 
 
 partirias, thou shouldst divide partirieis, you should divide 
 partiria, he should divide partiriao, they should divide. 
 
 Conditional past. 
 
 teria partido, I should have teriamos partido, we should 
 divided have divided 
 
 terias partido, thou shouldst terieis partido, you should have 
 have divided divided 
 
 teria partido , he should have terido partido, they should have 
 divided divide. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 Present. 
 
 que porta, 'that I may divide que partamos, that we may di- 
 partas, that thou mayest vide 
 
 divide partais, that you may di- 
 
 parta, that he may divide vide 
 
 partdo, that they may di- 
 vide 
 
78 
 Imperfect. 
 
 quepartira, that I might divide que partiramos, that we might 
 partiras, that thou mightst divide 
 
 divide partireis, that you might 
 
 partira, that he might di- divide 
 
 vide partirao, that they might 
 
 divide. 
 
 Past definite. 
 
 quepartisse, that I may have que partissemos , that we may 
 
 divided have divided 
 
 partisses, that thou mayest partisseis, that you may- 
 have divided have divided 
 
 partisse, that he may have partissem, that they may 
 
 divided have divided. 
 
 que tenha partido , that 
 
 have divided 
 tenhas partido, that thou 
 
 mayest have divided 
 tenha partido, that he may 
 
 have divided 
 
 Past indefinite, 
 may 
 
 que tenhamos partido , that we 
 may have divided 
 
 tenhais partido, that you 
 may have divided 
 
 tenhao partido, that they 
 may have divided. 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 que tivesse partido, that I might 
 
 have divided 
 tivesses partido, that thou 
 
 mightst have divided 
 tivesse partido, that he might 
 
 have divided 
 
 que tivessemos partido, that we 
 might have divided 
 
 tivesseis partido, that you 
 might have divided 
 
 tivessem partido, that they 
 might have divided. 
 
 Futuri 
 
 quando partir, when 
 
 divide 
 partires , when thou 
 
 shalt divide 
 partir, when he shall 
 
 divide 
 
 shall quando partirmos , when we 
 shall divide 
 
 partirdes, when you 
 shall divide 
 
 partirem , when they 
 shall divide. 
 
79 
 
 Compound Future. 
 
 que haja de partir, that I shall (pie hajamos de partir, that we 
 
 divide shall divide 
 
 hajas de partir, that thou hajais de partir, that you 
 
 shalt divide shall divide 
 
 haja de partir, that he shall hajao de partir, that they 
 
 divide shall divide. 
 
 Future past. 
 
 quando liver partido, when I shall have divided 
 
 liveres partido, when thou shalt have divided 
 tiver partido, when he shall have divided 
 tivermos partido, when we shall have divided 
 tiverdes partido, when you shall have divided 
 tiver em partido, when they shall have divided. 
 
 mperative Mood. 
 
 partamos \ 
 parti vos, 
 partao elles, let them divide. 
 
 parte tu, divide thou partamos nos, let us divide 
 
 parta elle, let him divide parti vos, divide ye 
 
 10. 
 
 The Passive Verbs. 
 
 The Passive Verb is conjugated in all its tenses by the 
 Auxiliary Verb „ser" to be, to become, to which is added the 
 Participle of the Passive Verb, as: 
 
 sou amado — I am loved 
 
 tu es amado — thou art loved 
 
 serei amado — I shall be loved 
 
 eu seria amado — I should be loved. 
 
 11. 
 
 The Neuter Verbs 
 are conjugated with the Auxiliary Verb „ter" to have, as: 
 
80 
 
 tenho dormido — I have slept 
 tenho cahido — I have fallen 
 
 eu tenho chegado — 1 have arrived. 
 
 They are otherwise conjugated like the Active Verbs: 
 amor, receber, partir. 
 
 12. 
 
 The Reflective Verbs 
 
 are conjugated with „ter" and the Pronouns me, me — te, thee 
 — se, it — nos, we — vos, you. 
 
 Lembrar-se, to remember. 
 
 Infinitive Mood. 
 
 Present. lembrar-se, to remember. 
 Past. terse lembrado, to have remembered. 
 
 Gerund. lembrando-se, remembering. 
 Participle, lembrado, lembrada, remembered. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Present. 
 
 eu me lembro, I remember nos nos lembramos, we re- 
 
 tu te Umbras, thou rememberst member 
 
 elle se rembra, he remembers vos vos lembrais, you remember 
 
 elles se lembrao, they remember. 
 
 Imperfect, 
 eu me lembrava, I remembered nos nos lembravamos, we re- 
 ft* te lembravas, thou remem- membered 
 
 beredst vos vos lembraveis, you remem- 
 
 elle se lembrava, he remem- bered 
 
 bered elles se lembravao, they remem- 
 
 bered. 
 
 Past definite, 
 
 eu me lembrei, I have remem- nos nos lembramos, we have 
 
 bered remembered 
 
 tu te lembraste, thou hast re- vos vos lembrastes, you have 
 
 membered remembered 
 
 elle se lembrou, he has remem- elles se lembrdrao, they have 
 
 bered remembered. 
 
81 
 Past indefinite. 
 
 en me tenho lembrado, I have 
 
 remembered 
 tu te tens lembrado, thou hast 
 
 remembered 
 elle se tern lembrado, he has 
 
 remembered 
 
 nos nos temos lembrado, we 
 
 have remembered 
 vos vos tendes lembrado, you 
 
 have remembered 
 elles se tern lembrado, they have 
 
 remembered. 
 
 Past anterioi 
 had remem- 
 thou hadst 
 
 eu me lembrdra, 
 
 bered 
 tu te lembrdras 
 
 remembered 
 elle se lembrdra, he had re 
 
 membered 
 
 nos nos lembrdramos, we had 
 
 remembered 
 vos vos lembrdreis, you had 
 
 remembered 
 elles se lembrdrao, they had 
 
 remembered. 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 had 
 
 thou 
 
 eu me tinha lembrado, '. 
 
 remembered 
 tu te tinhas lembrado, 
 
 hadst remembered 
 elle se tinha lembrado, he had 
 
 remembered 
 
 nos nos tinhamos lembrado, we 
 
 had remembered 
 vos vos tinheis lembrado, you 
 
 had remembered 
 elles se tinhao lembrado, they 
 
 had remembered. 
 
 Future. 
 
 eu me lembrarei, I shall re- nos nos lembrar emos, we shall 
 
 member remember 
 
 tu te lembrards, thou shalt re- vos vos lembrareis, you shall 
 
 member remember 
 
 elle se lembrard, he shall re- elles se lembrar do , they shall 
 
 member remember. 
 
 eu me hei de lembrar, 
 
 remember 
 tu te has de lembrar, thou shalt 
 
 remember 
 elle se ha de lembrar, he shall 
 
 remember 
 
 AHN, Portuguese Grammar. 
 
 Future anterior. 
 shall 
 
 nos nos havemos de lembrar, 
 
 we shall remember 
 vds vos haveis de lembrar, you 
 
 shall remember 
 elles se hao de lembrar, they 
 
 shall remember. 
 
^2 
 
 Future past. 
 
 eu me lerei lembradq, 1 shall 
 
 have remembered 
 tu te terds lembrado, thou shalt 
 
 have remembered 
 die se terd lembrado, he shall 
 
 have remembered 
 
 nos nos leremos lembrado, we 
 shall have remembered 
 
 vos vos tereis lembrado, you 
 shall have remembered 
 
 elles se terao lembrado, they 
 shall have remembered. 
 
 Conditional. 
 
 eu me lembraria, I should re- 
 member 
 
 tu te lembrarias, thou shouldst 
 remember 
 
 elle se lembraria, he should 
 remember 
 
 nos ?ios lembrariamos, we should 
 
 remember 
 vos vos lembrarieis, you should 
 
 remember 
 elles se lembrariao, they should 
 
 remember. 
 
 eu me teria lembrado, 
 
 have remembered 
 tu te terias lembrado, thou 
 
 shouldst have remembered 
 elle se teria lembrado, he should 
 
 have remembered 
 
 Conditional past 
 should 
 
 nos nos teriamos lembrado, we 
 should have remembered 
 
 vos vos terieis lembrado, you 
 should have remembered 
 
 elles se terido lembrado, they 
 should have remembered. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 Present. 
 
 que eu me lembre, that I may que nos nos lembremos, that 
 
 remember we may remember 
 
 tu te lembres, that thou vos vos lembreis, that you 
 
 mayest remember may remember 
 
 elle se lembre, that he may elles se lembrem, that they 
 
 remember may remember. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 que eu me lembrasse, that I 
 might remember 
 
 tu te lembrasses, that thou 
 mightst remember 
 
 elle se lembrasse, that he 
 might remember 
 
 nos nos lembrassemos, that 
 we might remember 
 
 vos vos lembrasseis, that 
 you might remember 
 
 elles se lembrassem, that 
 they might remember. 
 
83 
 
 que 
 
 Past indefinite. 
 
 eu we tenha lembrado 
 tu te tenhas lembrado 
 elle se tenha lembrado 
 nos nos tenhamos lembrado 
 vds vos tenhais lembrado 
 ettes se tenhdo lembrado 
 
 that I may have remembered. 
 
 que 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 en me tivesse lembrado 
 tu te tivesses lembrado 
 elle se tivesse lembrado 
 nos nos tivessemos lembrado 
 vos vos tivesseis lembrado 
 elles se tivessem lembrado 
 
 that 
 
 might have 
 bered. 
 
 Future. 
 
 eu me lembrar 
 tu te lembrares 
 elle se lembrar 
 nos nos lembrar mos 
 vos vos lembrardes 
 elles se lembrarem 
 
 when I shall remember. 
 
 Compound Future. 
 
 que eu me haja de lembrar 
 tu te hajas de lembrar 
 elle se haja de lembrar 
 nos nos hajamos de lembrar 
 vos vos hajeis de lembrar 
 elles se hajao de lembrar 
 
 that I shall remember. 
 
 Future past. 
 
 quando eu me fiver lembrado 
 tu te tiveres lembrado 
 elle se tiver lembrado 
 nos nos tivermos lembrado 
 vos vos tiverdes lembrado 
 elles se tiverem lembrado 
 
 when I shall have remem- 
 bered. 
 
 6* 
 
84 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 Umbra- te tu, remember thou 
 
 lembre-se elle, let him remember 
 
 lembremos-nos nos, let us remember 
 
 lembrai-vos vos, remember ye 
 
 lembrem-se elks, let them remember. 
 
 Observ. In all the simple tenses of the Indicative Mood, 
 is it unimportant whether the Pronouns me, te, se, nos, vos 
 stand before or after the Verb, and one may therefore say 
 either: eu me lembro, or eu lembro-me, eu me lembrava and 
 eu lembrava-me, but in the compound tenses as well as in the 
 Subjunctive and Imperative Mood they must stand before the 
 Verb, as: eu me tenho lembrado, que eu me lembre, que eu me 
 lembrasse. 
 
 13. 
 Irregular Verbs. 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 1. Dar, to give.*) 
 Indicative Mood. 
 Present. 
 eu dou, I give Nos damos, we give 
 
 tu das, thou givest vos dais, you give 
 
 elle da, he gives elles dao, they give. 
 
 Past definite. 
 
 eu dei, I have given nos demos, we have given 
 
 tu deste, thou hast given vos destes, you have given 
 
 elle deo, he has given elles derao, they have given, 
 
 Past anterior. 
 eu dera, I had given nos deramos, we had given 
 
 tu deras, thou hadst given vos dereis, you had given 
 
 elle dera, he had given elles derao, they had given. 
 
 *) Only the irregular lenses are given, the others are conjugated in 
 the regular manner. 
 
85 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 Present. 
 
 que i'H de, that I may give que nos demos, that we may 
 
 tu des, that thou mayest give 
 
 give vos dels, that you may give 
 
 elle de, that he may give elles dem, that they may 
 
 give. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 que en dera, that I might give que nos deramos, that we might 
 tu deras, that thou mightst give 
 
 give vos dereis, that you might 
 
 elle dera, that he might give 
 
 give elles derao, that they might 
 
 give. 
 Past. 
 
 queeudesse, that I may have que nos dessemos, that we may 
 
 given have given 
 
 tu desses, that thou mayest vos desseis, that you may 
 
 have given have given 
 
 elle desse, that he may have elles dessem, that they may 
 
 given have given. 
 Future. 
 
 quando eu der, when I shall quando nos dermos, when we 
 
 give shall give 
 
 tuderes, when thou shalt vos derdes, when you 
 
 give shall give 
 
 elle der, when he shall elles derem, when they 
 
 give shall give. 
 
 2. The Verbs ending in ,,car" 
 
 have no other irregularity than that they change the c every- 
 time into qu, if an e follows in the conjugation, as: ficar, to 
 remain, 
 
 fiquei (not ficei), I have remained, 
 que eu figue (not fice), that I may remain; 
 this irregularity is only maintained for the purpose of keeping 
 the same pronunciation for the Verb throughout, which would 
 otherwise not be the case. 
 
86 
 
 3. The Verbs ending in „gar" 
 
 change the g, if followed hy an e, into gu, for the sake of 
 Pronunciation. 
 
 4. The Verbs ending in „iar" 
 
 take an e before i in all persons of the Indicative Mood, as 
 premiar, to reward, 
 
 premeio, premeias, premeia, premeiamos etc. 
 
 14. 
 
 SECOND CONJUGATION. 
 5. Dizer, to say. 
 Indicative Mood. 
 Present. 
 eu digo, I say nos dizemos, we say 
 
 in dizes, thou sayest vos dizeis, you say 
 
 elle diz, he says elles dizem, they say. 
 
 Past definite. 
 
 eu disse, I have said nos dissemos, we have said 
 
 tu disseste, thou hast said vos dissestes, you have said 
 
 elle disse, he has said elles disserao, they have said. 
 
 Past anterior. 
 
 eu dissera, I had said nos disseramos, we had said 
 
 tu disseras, thou hadst said vos disserais, you had said 
 elle dissera, he had said elles disserao, they had said. 
 
 Future, 
 eu direi, I shall say nos diremos, we shall say 
 
 tu dirds, thou shall say vos direis, you shall say 
 
 elle dird, he shall say elles dirao, they shall say. 
 
 Conditional. 
 
 eu diria, I would say nos diriamos, we would say 
 
 tu dirias, thou wouldst say vos dirieis, you would say 
 
 elle diria, he would say elles dirido, they would say. 
 
S7 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 Present. 
 
 queen diga, that I may say que nos digamos, that we may 
 la digas, that tliou mayest say 
 
 say vos digais, that you may 
 
 elle diga, that he may say say 
 
 elles digao, that they may 
 say. 
 Imperfect. 
 
 que en dissera, that I might say que nosdisseramos,t\ml we might 
 tu disseras, that thou mightst say 
 
 say vos disserais, that you might 
 
 elle dissera, that he might say 
 
 say elles disserao, that they might 
 
 say. 
 Past. 
 
 que en dissesse, that I may have que nos dissessemos, that we may 
 
 said have said 
 
 tu dissesses, that thou mayest vos dissesseis, that you may 
 
 have said have said 
 
 elle dissesse, that he may elles dissessem, that they may 
 
 have said have said. 
 Future. 
 
 quando eu disser, when I shall quondo nos dissermos, when we 
 
 say shall say 
 
 tu disseises, when thou vos disserdes, when you 
 
 shalt say shall say 
 
 elle d,isser,\\hen he shall elles disserem, when they 
 
 say shall say. 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 dize-tu, say thou digamos -nos, let us say 
 
 diga- elle, let him say dizei-vos, say ye 
 
 digao- elles, let them say. 
 
 Participle: dito, dita, said. 
 
 All Verbs composed of dizer are conjugated in the same 
 manner, as: contradizer, desdizer, etc. 
 
6. Fazer, to do, to make. 
 Indicative Mood. 
 Present, 
 eu faco, I do nos fazemos, we do 
 
 tu fazes, thou doest vos fazeis, you do 
 
 elle faz, he does elles fazem, they do. 
 
 Past definite. 
 
 eu fiz, I have done nos fizemos, we have done 
 
 tu fizeste, thou hast done vos fizestes, you have done 
 
 elle fez, he has done elles fizerao, they have done. 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 eu fizera, I had done nos fizeramos, we had done 
 
 tu fizeras, thou hadst done vos fizereis, you had done 
 elle fizera, he had done elles fizerao, they had done. 
 
 Future, 
 eu farei, I shall do nos faremos, we shall do 
 
 tu fards, thou shalt do vos fareis, you shall do 
 
 elle fard, he shall do elles farao, they shall do. 
 
 Conditional. 
 
 eu faria, I would do nos fariamos, we would do 
 
 tu farias, thou wouldst do vos farieis, you would do 
 
 elle faria, he would do elles fariao, they would do. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 Present, 
 queeufaea, that I may do que nos /acamos, that we may do 
 
 tu facas, that thou mayest do vos facais, that you may do 
 
 elle faca, that he may do elles facao, that they may 
 
 do. 
 Imperfect. 
 
 que eu fizera, that I might do que nos fizeramos, that we might 
 tu fizeras, that thou mightst do 
 
 do vos fizerais, that you might 
 
 elle fizera, that he might do do 
 
 elles fizerao, that they might 
 do. 
 
89 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 que eu fizesse, that I may have que nos fizessemos, that we may- 
 done have done 
 
 lu fizesses, that thou mayest vos fizesseis, that you may 
 
 have done have done 
 
 elle fizesse, that he may elles fizessem, that they may 
 
 have done have done. 
 
 Future. 
 
 quando eu fizer, when 1 shall quando nos fizermos, when we 
 
 do shall do 
 
 lu fizeres, when thou vos fizerdes, when you 
 
 shalt do shall do 
 
 elle fizer, when he shall elles fizerem, when they 
 
 do shall do. 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 faze-tu, do thou facamos-nos, let us do 
 
 faca elle, let him do fazei-vos, do ye 
 
 facao elles, let them do. 
 
 Participle: feito, feita, done. 
 
 7. Poder, to be able, to can. 
 Indicative Mood. 
 Present, 
 eu posso, I cail nos podemos, we can 
 
 tu podes, thou canst vos podeis, you can 
 
 elle pode, he can elles podem, they can. 
 
 Perfect, 
 eu pude, I have been able nos pudemos, we have been able 
 
 tu pudeste, thou hast been able vos pudestes, you have been able 
 elle pode, he has been able elles puderap, they have been 
 
 able. 
 
 Pluperfect, 
 eu pudera, I had been able nos puderamos, we had been able 
 tupuderas, thou hadst been able vospudereis, you had been able 
 elle pudera, he had been able elle puderao, they had been able. 
 
90 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Present. 
 
 que eu possa, that I may be que nos possamos, that we may- 
 able be able 
 
 tu possas, that thou mayest vos possais, that you may 
 
 be able be able 
 
 elle possa, that he may be elles possao, that they may 
 
 able be able. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 que eu pudera, that 1 might be quenospuderamos,t\iat we might 
 
 able be able 
 
 tu puderas, that thou mightst vos pudereis, that you might 
 
 be able be able 
 
 elle pudera, that he might ellespuderao, that they might 
 
 be able be able. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 que eu pudesse, that I may have que nos pudessemos, that we may 
 
 been able have been able 
 
 tupudesses, that thou mayest vos pudesseis, that you may 
 
 have been able have been able 
 
 elle pudesse, that he may elles pudessem, that they 
 
 have been able may have been able. 
 
 Future. 
 
 quando eu puder, if I could be quando nos pudermos, if we 
 
 able could be able 
 
 tu puder es , if thou vos puderdes, if you 
 
 couldst be able could' be able 
 
 elle puder, if he could elles puderem, if they 
 
 be able could be able. 
 
 3. Querer, to wish, to will. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Present. 
 
 eu quero, I wish nos queremos, we wish 
 
 tu queres, thou wishest vos quereis, you wish 
 
 elle quer, he wishes elles querem, they wish. 
 
Perfect. 
 
 en quiz, 1 have wished nos quizemos, we have wished 
 
 tu quizeste, thou hast wished vos quizestes, you have wished 
 elle quiz, he has wished elles quizerao, they have wished. 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 eu quizera, I had wished nos quizeramos, we had wished 
 
 tu quizeras, thou liadst wished vos quizereis, you had wished 
 elle quizera, he had wished elles quizerao, they had wished. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 Present. 
 
 que eu queira, that I may wish que nos queiramos, that we may 
 tu queiras, that thou mayest wish 
 
 wish vos queirais, that you may 
 
 elle queira, that he may wish 
 
 wish elles queirao, that they may 
 
 wish.. 
 Imperfect. 
 
 que eu quizera, that I might que nos quizeramos, that we 
 
 wish might wish 
 
 fat 5M?2erfls,that thou mightst vos quizereis, that you 
 
 wish might wish 
 
 elle quizera, that he might elles quizerao, that they 
 
 wish might wish. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 que eu quizesse, that I may have que nos quizessemos, that we 
 
 wished may have wished 
 
 tu quizesses,that thou mayest vos quizesseis , that you 
 
 have wished may have wished 
 
 elle quizesse, that he may elles quizessem, that they 
 
 have wished may have wished. 
 
 Future. 
 
 quando eu quizer, when I shall quando nos quizermos, when we 
 
 wish shall wish 
 
 tu quizeres, when thou vos quizerdes, when you 
 
 shalt wish shall wish 
 
 elle quizer, when he elles quizerem, when they 
 
 shall wish shall wish. 
 
02 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 queiras tu, wish thou queiramos nos, let us wish 
 
 queira elk, let him wish queirais vos, wish ye 
 
 queirao elks, let them wish. 
 
 9. Saber, to know. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Present. 
 
 eu sei, I know nos sabemos, we know 
 
 tu sabes, thou knowest vos sabeis, you know 
 
 elk sabe, he knows elks sabem, they know. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 eu soube, I have known nos soubemos, we have known 
 
 tu soubeste, thou hast known vos soubestes, you have known 
 elk soube, he has known elks souberao, they have known. 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 eu soubera, I had known nos souberamos, we had known 
 
 tu souberas, thou hadst known vos soubereis, you had known 
 elk soubera, he had known elks souberao, they had known. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Present. 
 
 que eu saiba, that I may know que nos saibamos, that we may 
 tu saibas, that thou mayest know 
 
 know vos saibais, that you may 
 
 elk saiba, that he may know 
 
 know elks saibao, that they may 
 
 know. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 que eu soubera , that I might que nos souberamos, that we 
 
 know might know 
 
 tu souberas,i\\dX thou mightst v 6s soubereis, that you might 
 
 know know 
 
 elk soubera, that he might elks souberao, that they 
 
 know might know. 
 
93 
 
 Future. 
 
 quando eu souber, when I shall quando nos soubermos, when we 
 
 know shall know 
 
 lu souberes, when thou vos souberdes, when you 
 
 shall know shall know 
 
 elle souber, when he elles souberem, when 
 
 shall know they shall know. 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 sabe tu, know thou saibamos nos, let us know 
 
 saiba elle, let him know saibei vos, know ye 
 
 saibdo elles, let them know. 
 
 10. Tazer, to carry, to fetch. 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Present. 
 
 eu trago, I carry nos trazemos, we carry 
 
 tu trazes, thou earnest vos trazeis, you carry 
 
 elle traz, he carries elles trazem, they carry. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 eu trouxe, I have carried nos trouxemos, we have car- 
 
 tu trouxeste, thou hast car- ried 
 
 ried vos trouxestes, you have car- 
 
 elle trouxe, he has carried ried 
 
 elles trouxerao, they have car- 
 ried. 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 eu trouxera, I had carried nos trouxeramos, we had car- 
 
 tu trouxeras, thou hadst car- ried 
 
 ried vos trouxereis, you had carried 
 
 elle trouxera, he had carried elles trouxerao, they had car- 
 ried. 
 
 Future. 
 
 eu trarei, I shall carry nos traremos, we shall carry 
 
 tu trards, thou shall carry vos trareis, you shall carry 
 
 elle trard, he shall carry elles trarao, they shall carry. 
 
94 
 
 Conditional. 
 
 eu traria, I should carry nos trariamos, we should carry 
 
 tu trarias, thou shouldst cany vos trarieis, you should carry 
 elle traria, he should carry elles trariao, they should carry. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 Present, 
 que eu traga, that I may carry que nos tragamos, that we may 
 tu tragus, that thou mayest carry 
 
 carry vos tragais, that you may 
 
 elle traga, that he may carry carry 
 
 elles tragao, that they may 
 carry. 
 Imperfect. 
 que eu trouxera , that I might que nos trouxeramos , that we 
 carry might carry 
 
 tu trouxeras , that thou vos trouxereis, that you 
 
 mightst carry might carry 
 
 elle trouxera, that he might elles trouxerao, that they 
 
 carry might carry. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 que eu trouxesse , that I may que nos trouxessemos , that we 
 
 have carried may have carried 
 
 tu trouxesses, that thou vos trouxesseis, that you 
 
 mayest have carried may have carried 
 
 elle trouxesse, that he may elles trouxessem, that they 
 
 have carried may have carried. 
 
 Future, 
 
 quando eu trouxer, when I shall quando nos trouxermos, when 
 
 carry we shall carry 
 
 tu trouxeres, when thou vos trouxerdes, when 
 
 shalt carry you shall carry 
 
 elle trouxer, when he elles trouxnem, when 
 
 shall carry they shall carry. 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 traze tu, carry thou tragamos, let us carry 
 
 traga elle, let him carry trazei vos, carry ye 
 
 tragao elles, let them carry. 
 
95 
 
 11. Ver, to see. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Present. 
 
 eu vejo, I see nos vemos, we see 
 
 tu ve's, thou seest vos vedes, you see 
 
 elle ve", he sees elles ve'm, they see. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 eu vi, I have seen nos vimos, we have seen 
 
 tu viste, thou hast seen vos vistes, you have seen 
 
 elle vio, he has seen elles virao, they have seen. 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 eu vira, I had seen nos viramos, we had seen 
 
 tu virus, thou hadst seen vos vireis, you had seen 
 
 elle vira, he had seen elles virao, they had seen. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 Present. 
 
 queeuveja, that I may see que nos vejamos, that we may 
 
 tu vejas, that thou mayest see 
 
 see vos vejais, that you may see 
 
 elle veja, that he may see elles vejao, that they may 
 
 see. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 que eu vira, that I might see que nos viramos, that we might 
 tu virus, that thou mightst see 
 
 see vos virais, that you might 
 
 elle vira, that he might see see 
 
 elles virem, that they might 
 see. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 queeuvisse, that I may have que nos vissemos, that Ave may 
 
 seen have seen 
 
 tu visses, that thou mayest vos visseis, that you may 
 
 have seen have seen 
 
 elle visse, that he may have elles vissem, that they may 
 
 seen have seen. 
 
96 
 
 Future. 
 
 quando en vir , when I shall quando nos virmos, when we 
 
 see shall see 
 
 tu vires, when thou vos virdes, when you 
 
 shalt see shall see 
 
 elle vir, when he shall elles virem, when they 
 
 see shall see. 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 ve tu, see thou vejamos nos, let us see 
 
 veja elle, let him see vede vos, see ye 
 
 vejao elles, let them see. 
 
 Participle: visto, vista, seen. 
 
 The Verbs composed of ver, are conjugated in the same 
 manner, as: prever, rever, antever. 
 
 12. Perder, to lose. 
 
 The irregularity of this Verb consists in the following 
 tenses changing the d into c. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Present. 
 
 perco, I lose perdemos, we lose 
 
 perdes, thou losest perdeis, you lose 
 
 perde, he loses perdem, they lose. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Present. 
 
 queeuperca, that I may lose que nos percamos, that we may 
 tu perms, that thou mayest lose 
 
 lose vos percais, that you may 
 
 elle perca, that he may lose 
 
 lose elles percao, that they may 
 
 lose. 
 
97 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 perde ta, lose thou percamos nos, let us lose 
 
 pgi ta die, let him lose perdei vos, lose ye 
 
 percao elks, 1<:1 them lose. 
 
 13. Valer, to be worth, 
 changes I into Ih, in the following tenses. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Present. 
 
 en valho, I am worth nos valemos 
 
 tu vales \ „„„„]„„ vos valeis \ regular 
 
 ellc vale i ° * elles valem 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Present. 
 
 que eu valha, that I may be que nos valhamos, that we may 
 
 worth be worth 
 
 tu valhas, that thou mayest vos valhais, that you may 
 
 be worth be worth 
 
 die valha, that he may be elles valhao, that they may 
 
 worth be worth. 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 valhamos, 
 valei vos, 
 valhao elles, let them be worth. 
 
 vale tu, be thou worth valhamos, let us be worth 
 
 valha elle, let him be worth valei vos, be ye worth 
 
 14. Ler, to read. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Present. 
 
 eu leio, I read nos lemos, we read 
 
 tu les, thou readest vos ledes, you read 
 
 elle le, he reads elles Urn, they read. 
 
 AMIS', Portuguese Grammar. 7 
 
Subjunctive Mood. 
 Present, 
 que eu leia, that I may read que nos leiamos, that we may 
 tu leias, that thou mayest read 
 
 read vos Uiais, that you may read 
 
 elle leia, that he may read elles leiao, that they may 
 
 read. 
 
 le tu, read thou 
 
 leia elle, let him read 
 
 mperative Mood. 
 
 leiamos, let us read 
 
 lede vos, read ye 
 
 leiao elles, let them read. 
 
 The Verb „crer" to believe, is conjugated in the same 
 manner. 
 
 15. The Verbs ending in „ger" 
 
 change g into / in all persons when it is followed by o or 
 a, for the sake of pronunciation. As: eleger, to elect; elejo, 
 que eu eleja, etc. 
 
 15. 
 THIRD CONJUGATION. 
 
 16. Ir, to go. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Present. 
 
 eu vou, I go 
 
 tu vas, thou goest 
 
 elle vai, he goes 
 
 eu hia, I went 
 
 tu hias, thou wentest 
 
 elle hia, he went 
 
 nos vamos, we go 
 vos ides, you go 
 elles vao, they go. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 nos hiamos, we went 
 vos hieis, you went 
 elles hiao, they went. 
 
 Perfect, 
 eu fui, I have gone (like the Perfect of „ser" to be). 
 
99 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 en font, I had gone (like the Pluperfect of „ser"). 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Present. 
 
 queeu vd, that I may go que nos vdmos, that we may go 
 
 tu vds, that thou mayest go vds vades, that you may go 
 
 elle vd, that he may go elles vao, that they may go. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 que eu for a, that I might go que nos foramos, that we might 
 tu foras, that thou mightst go 
 
 go vos form, that you might go 
 
 elle fora, that he might go elles fordo, that they might 
 
 go- 
 Perfect. 
 
 que eu fosse, that I may have gone (like „ser"). 
 
 Future, 
 quando eu for, when I shall go (like „ser"). 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 vai tu, go thou vamos, let us go 
 
 vd elle, let him go ide vos, go ye 
 
 vao elles, let them go. 
 
 17. Vir, to come, 
 n d i ca ti ve Mood. 
 
 Present. 
 
 eu venho, I come 
 tu vens, thou comest 
 elle vem, he comes 
 
 eu vinha, I came 
 
 tu vinhas, thou earnest 
 
 elle vinha, he came 
 
 nos vimos, we come 
 vds vindes, you come 
 elles vem, they come. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 nos vinhamos, we came 
 vos vinheis, you came 
 elles vinhao, they came. 
 7* 
 
100 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 eu vim, I have come nds viemos, we have come 
 
 tu vieste, thou hast come vos viestes, you have come 
 
 elle veio, he has come elles vierao, they have come. 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 eu viera, I had come nos vieramos, we had come 
 
 tu vieras, thou hadst come vos viereis, you had come 
 elle viera, he had come elles vierao, they had come. 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 Present. 
 
 que eu venha, that I may come que nos venhamos, that we may 
 tu venhas, that thou mayest come 
 
 come vos venhais, that you may 
 
 elle venha, that he may come 
 
 come elles venhao, that they may 
 
 come. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 que eu viera, that I might come que nos vieramos, that we might 
 tu vieras, that thou mightst come 
 
 come vos viereis, that you might 
 
 elle viera, that he might come 
 
 come elles vierao, that they might 
 
 come. 
 Perfect. 
 
 queeu viesse, that I may have que nos viessemos, that we may 
 
 come have come 
 
 tu viesses, that thou mayest vos viesseis, that you may 
 
 have come have come 
 
 elle viesse, that he may elles viessem, that they may 
 
 have come have come. 
 
 Future. 
 
 quando eu vier, when I shall quando nos viermos, when we 
 
 come shall come 
 
 tu vieres, when thou vos vierdes, when you 
 
 shalt come shall come 
 
 elle vier, when he shall elles vierem, when the 
 
 come shall come. 
 
101 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 vem tu, come thou venhamos, let us come 
 
 venha elk, let him come vinde vos, come ye 
 
 veuhao elks, let them come. 
 
 Participle: vindo, vinda, come. 
 
 18. Pedir, to request, 
 changes d in c in the following persons. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Present. 
 
 eupeco, I request (the other persons are regular: pedes, pede, etc.). 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 Present. 
 
 queen peca, that I may re- quenos pecamos, that we may 
 
 quest request 
 
 tu pecas, that thou mayest vos petals, that you may 
 
 request request 
 
 elk peca,. that he may re- elks pecao, that they may 
 
 quest request. 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 pede tu, request" thou pernios nos, let us request 
 
 peca elk, let him request pedi vos, request ye 
 
 pecao elks, let them request. 
 
 „Medir" to mesure, is conjugated in the same manner. 
 
 19. Rir, to laugh. 
 Indicative Mood. 
 Present, 
 eu rio, I laugh nos rimos, we laugh 
 
 tu ris, thou laughest vos rides, you laugh 
 
 elk ri, he laughs elks rim, they laugh. 
 
102 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Present. 
 
 queeuria, that I may laugh quenos riamos, that we may 
 tu rias, that thou mayest laugh 
 
 laugh vos Hats, that you may 
 
 elle ria, that he may laugh 
 
 laugh elles riao, that they may 
 
 laugh. 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 ri tu, laugh thou riamos, let us laugh 
 
 ria elle, let him laugh ride vos, laugh ye 
 
 riao elles, let them laugh. 
 
 20. The Verbs ending in „gir" 
 
 change the g into j in all persons where g is followed by o 
 or a. 
 
 21. The Verbs ending in ,,uzir" 
 
 drop the final e in the third person Singular of the Present, 
 as: conduz (not conduze), induz (not induze). 
 
 22. The Verbs ending in „hir" 
 change hi into i in the following persons. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 Present, 
 eu saio, I go out (the others are regular: sahes, sahe, sahi- 
 mos, etc.). 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 
 Present, 
 que eu saia, that I may go out que nos saiamos, that we may 
 tu saias, that thou mayest go out 
 
 go out vos saiais, that you may 
 
 elle saia, that he may go go out 
 
 out elles saiao, that they may 
 
 so out. 
 
103 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 sake tu, go thou out saiamos nos, let us go out 
 
 saia elle, let him go out sahi vos, go ye out 
 
 saiao elles, let them go out. 
 
 23. Subir, to mount, 
 
 changes u into o, in the second person Singular, third person 
 Singular and Plural of the Present, and in the second person 
 of the Imperative, as: sobes, sobe, sobem, sobe tu. 
 
 24. Mentir, to lie, 
 changes e into i in the following persons. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 Present, 
 en minto, I lie (tu mentes, elle mente). 
 
 Subjunctive Mood. 
 Present, 
 que en minta, that I may lie que nos mintamos, that we may 
 tu mintas, that thou mayest lie 
 
 lie vos mintais, that you may lie 
 
 elle minta, that he may lie elles mintao, that they may 
 
 lie. 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 mente tu, lie thou mintamos nos, let us lie 
 
 minta elle, let him lie menti vos, lie ye 
 
 mintao elles, let them lie. 
 
 The same irregularities occur in sentir, to feel — servir, 
 to serve — ferir, to wound. 
 
 25. Dormir, to sleep. 
 
 This Verb changes o into u in all persons, in which 
 mentir changes the e into i, as: durmo, durma, durmamos. 
 
104 
 
 i. Onvir, to hear. 
 
 Tins Verb changes uvi into uc in all persons in which 
 mentir changes e into i, as: eu ouco, I hear — que eu ouca, 
 that I may hear. 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 ouve tu, hear thou oucamos has, let us hear 
 
 ouca elle, let him hear ouvi vos, hear ye 
 
 oucdo elks, let them hear. 
 
 Some writers change u into i, as: oico, oica. 
 
 27. Por, to place, to put. 
 
 Indicative Mood. 
 
 Present. 
 
 eu poriho, I place nos pomos, we place 
 
 tu poes, thou placest vos pondes, you place 
 
 elle poem, he places elles poem, they place. 
 
 Imperfect. 
 
 eu punha, I placed nos punhamos, we placed 
 
 tu punhas, thou placedst vos punheis, you placed 
 
 elle punha, he placed elles punhao, they placed. 
 
 Pei" feet. 
 
 eu puz, I have placed nos puzemos, we have placed 
 
 tu puzeste, thou hast placed vos puzestes, you have placed 
 elle poz, he has placed elles puzerao, they have placed. 
 
 Pluperfect. 
 
 eu puzera, I had placed nos puzeramos, we had placed 
 
 tu puzeras, thou hadst placed vos puzereis, you had placed 
 elle puzera, he had placed elles puzerao, they had placed. 
 
 Future. 
 
 eu porei, I shall place nos poremos, we shall place 
 
 tu pords, thou shalt place vos poreis, you shall place 
 
 elle pord, he shall place elles pordo, they shall place. 
 
105 
 
 Conditional. 
 
 eu porta, I should place nds poriamos, we should place 
 
 tn pm ins, thou shouldst place vds porieis, you should place 
 elle poria, he should place elles poriao, they should place. 
 
 Suhjunctive Mood. 
 Present. 
 
 (pie eu ponha, that I may place que nds ponhamos, that we may 
 tu ponhas, that thou mayest place 
 
 place vds pouhais, that you may 
 
 elle ponha, that he may place 
 
 place elles ponhao, that they may 
 
 place. 
 Imperfect. 
 
 que eu puzera, that I might que nds puzeramos, that we 
 
 place might place 
 
 tupuzeras, that thou mightst vds puzereis , that you 
 
 place might place 
 
 elle puzera, that he might elles puzerao, that they 
 
 place might place. 
 
 Perfect. 
 
 que eu puzesse, that I may have que nds puzessemos , that we 
 
 placed may have placed 
 
 tupuzesses, that thou mayest vds puzesseis , that you 
 
 have placed may have placed 
 
 elle puzesse, thot he may elles puzessem, that they 
 
 have placed may have placed. 
 
 Future. 
 
 quando eu puzer, when I shall quanalo nds puzermos, when we 
 
 place shall place 
 
 tu puzeres, when thou vds puzerdes, when you 
 
 shall place shall place 
 
 elle puzer, when he elles puzer em, when they 
 
 shall place shall place. 
 
 Imperative Mood. 
 
 poe tu, place thou ponhamos nds, let us place 
 
 ponha elle, let him place ponde vds, place ye 
 
 ponhao elles, let them place. 
 
106 
 
 Gerund.: pondo, placing. 
 Participle: posto, posta, placed. 
 
 The Verbs composed by por are conjugated in the same 
 manner, as: 
 
 antepor, compor, depor, dispor, propor. 
 
 The following Verbs have two Participles, a regular and 
 an irregular one. 
 
 FIRST CONJUGATION. 
 
 aceitar, 
 
 to accept, 
 
 aceitado, 
 
 aceito 
 
 enxugar, 
 
 to dry, 
 
 enxugado, 
 
 enxnto 
 
 exceptuar, 
 
 to except, 
 
 exceptuado, 
 
 excepto 
 
 expressar, 
 
 to express, 
 
 expressado, 
 
 expresso 
 
 expulsar, 
 
 to ex pell, 
 
 expulsado, 
 
 expulso 
 
 gastar, 
 
 to spend, 
 
 gastado, 
 
 gasto 
 
 imprensar, 
 
 to print, 
 
 imprensado, 
 
 impresso 
 
 izentar, 
 
 to except, 
 
 izentado, 
 
 izento 
 
 manifestar, 
 
 to manifest, 
 
 manifestado, 
 
 manifesto 
 
 pagar, 
 
 to pay, 
 
 pagado, 
 
 pago 
 
 salvar, 
 
 to save, 
 
 salvado, 
 
 salvo 
 
 professor, 
 
 to act, profess, 
 
 profcssado, 
 
 professo 
 
 soltar, 
 
 to set at liberty, 
 
 soltado, 
 
 solto 
 
 sujeitar, 
 
 to subject, 
 
 sujeitado, 
 
 sujeito. 
 
 
 SECOND CONJUGATION. 
 
 
 
 
 
 \absoluto 
 \absolto 
 
 absolver, 
 
 to acquit, 
 
 absolvido, 
 
 absorver, 
 
 to swallow, 
 
 absorvido, 
 
 absorto 
 
 accender, 
 
 to light, 
 
 accendido, 
 
 acceso 
 
 corromper, 
 
 to corrupt, 
 
 corrompido, 
 
 corruplo 
 
 eleger, 
 
 to elect, 
 
 elegido, 
 
 eleito 
 
 encher, 
 
 to fill, 
 
 enchido, 
 
 cheio 
 
 envolver, 
 
 to envelope, 
 
 envoloido, 
 
 envolto 
 
 escrever, 
 
 to write, 
 
 escrevido, 
 
 escrito 
 
 mcorrer, 
 
 to incur (a pe- 
 nalty), 
 
 incorrido, 
 
 incurso 
 
 inlerromper, 
 
 to interrupt, 
 
 inlerrompido, 
 
 interruplo 
 
 morrer, 
 
 to die, 
 
 morrido, 
 
 morto 
 
107 
 
 prender, 
 
 to take (into 
 charge), 
 
 prendido, 
 
 preso 
 
 romper, 
 
 to break (open), 
 
 rompido, 
 
 roto 
 
 suspender, 
 
 to postpone, 
 
 suspendido, 
 
 suspenso 
 
 torcer, 
 
 to turn, 
 
 torcido, 
 
 torto. 
 
 
 THIRD CONJUGATION. 
 
 
 abrir, 
 
 to open, 
 
 abrido, 
 
 aberto 
 
 affliyir, 
 
 to afflict, 
 
 affligido, 
 
 afflicto 
 
 concluir, 
 
 to close, shut, 
 
 concluido, 
 
 concluso 
 
 contrahir, 
 
 to contract, 
 
 contrahido, 
 
 contracto 
 
 cubrir, 
 
 to cover, 
 
 cubrido, 
 
 cuberto 
 
 dislinguir, 
 
 to distinguish, 
 
 distinguido, 
 
 distincto 
 
 distrahir, 
 
 to abstract, 
 
 distrahido, 
 
 distracto 
 
 erigir, 
 
 to erect, 
 
 erigido, 
 
 erecto 
 
 exhaurir, 
 
 to exhaust, 
 
 exhaurido, 
 
 exhausto 
 
 expellir, 
 
 to expell 
 
 expellido, 
 
 expulso 
 
 exprimir, 
 
 to express, 
 
 exprimido, 
 
 expresso 
 
 exstinguir, 
 
 to extinguish, 
 
 extinguido, 
 
 extincto 
 
 extrahir, 
 
 to extract, 
 
 extrahido, 
 
 extracto 
 
 frigir, 
 
 to fry, 
 
 frigido, 
 
 frito 
 
 imprimir, 
 
 to impress, 
 
 imprimido, 
 
 impresso 
 
 incluir, 
 
 to shut up, 
 
 incluido, 
 
 incluso 
 
 inserir, 
 
 to insert, 
 
 inserido, 
 
 inserto 
 
 opprimir, 
 
 to oppress, 
 
 opprimido, 
 
 oppresso 
 
 possuir, 
 
 to possess, 
 
 possuido, 
 
 possesso 
 
 reprimir, 
 
 to surpress, 
 
 reprimido, 
 
 represso 
 
 submergir, 
 
 to submerge, 
 
 submergido, 
 
 submerso 
 
 supprimir, 
 
 to oppress, 
 
 supprimido, 
 
 suppresso 
 
 surgir, 
 
 to anchor, 
 
 surgido, 
 
 surto. 
 
 The first or regular form of these Participles is generally 
 used for the compound tenses, whilst the second or irregular 
 form is generally used with ser or estar. 
 
 17. 
 Impersonal Verbs 
 
 are only used in the third person Singular, they are: 
 
108 
 
 to lighten 
 
 Chover, to rain 
 relampager \ 
 fuzilar J 
 trovejar, to thunder 
 choviscar, to drizzle (rain) 
 nevar, to snow 
 gelar, to freeze 
 
 cJwve, it rains 
 relampaga \ {t ,j hleM 
 fuzila J 
 troveja, it thunders 
 chovisca, it drizzles 
 neva, it snows 
 #e?a, it freezes. 
 
 They follow those Conjugations to which they belong. 
 
 Adverbs. 
 
 18. 
 1. Adverbs of Time. 
 
 Hoje, to-day 
 agora, now 
 hontem, yesterday 
 presentemente, at present 
 antehontem, the day before 
 
 yesterday 
 antigamente, in times past 
 ultimamente, lastly 
 recentemente, lately 
 
 I amanhaa, to-morrow 
 fo</o, directly 
 
 depots de amanhaa, the day 
 after to-morrow 
 i rfogm por diante, from hence, 
 
 in future 
 J sempre, always 
 j desde, since 
 I ainda, yet. 
 
 2. Adverbs of Place. 
 
 aqui, here 
 
 ali, acold, there 
 
 arriba, above 
 
 abaixo, below 
 
 aZe'm. on the other side 
 
 daquem, on this side 
 a maq direita, to the right 
 a wiao esquerda, to the left 
 d'afc", from here. 
 
 primeiramente, firstly 
 segundamente, secondly 
 em terceiro lugar, thirdly 
 
 Adverbs of Number and Comparison. 
 
 depois, afterwards 
 
 raramente, de maravilha, rarely 
 
 mais, more 
 
109 
 
 menos, less 
 
 td0 } almost 
 
 como-se J 
 
 co mo, as 
 
 assim, just so, the same 
 
 melhor, lie Iter 
 
 ^e?o»', worse 
 gutm, ;ilmost 
 em parte, partly 
 quando invito, highest 
 quando menos, least. 
 
 4. Adverbs of Manner and Kind. 
 
 mwto, very 
 
 Jew, good, well 
 
 mal, bad 
 
 _p(Wco, little 
 
 wssaz, enough 
 
 demasiadamenle, too much 
 
 sufficientemente, sufficient 
 
 abundantemente, abundantly 
 
 mesmo, even 
 
 apenas, scarcely 
 
 sendo, only 
 
 principahnente, chiefly 
 
 em geral, generally, altogether. 
 
 5. Adverbs of Affirmation and Negation. 
 
 sun, yes 
 
 certamente, certainly 
 verdadeiramente, indeed 
 nao, no 
 nada, nothing 
 talvez | 
 pode ser ) perhaps 
 qui fa f 
 
 quando? when? 
 como? how? 
 p or que? why? 
 quanto? how much? 
 onde? where? 
 aonde? whereto? 
 
 The Adverbs are not declined, but some are compared 
 like the Adjectives, as: 
 
 mais rkamente, 
 menos rkamente, 
 tao rkamente, 
 muito rkamente, 
 o mais rkamente, 
 
 richer 
 less rich 
 just as rich 
 very rich 
 the richest; 
 
 hem, good, formes the Comp. 
 mal, bad, 
 
 Superl. 
 melhor — optimamente 
 peior — pessimamente. 
 
no 
 
 extempore 
 
 19. 
 The following Adverbs are principally in use: 
 
 de improviso 
 
 improvisamente 
 
 quasi, cast, almost 
 
 entao, then 
 
 desde entao, since 
 
 desde quando? since when? 
 
 de quando ha? how long ago? 
 
 quando hem 1 even 
 
 ainda quando \ 
 
 quando muito, highest, at latest 
 
 quando menos, at least 
 
 cd, here 
 
 alii, there 
 
 alii, there, where (you are) 
 
 acold, there 
 
 tr 3 az 1 behind 
 detraz ) 
 
 para traz, backwards 
 
 isto he, that is to say 
 
 em vez, em lugar, instead 
 
 tambem, also 
 
 tanto que 1 ag soon ag 
 
 logo que J 
 
 acaso, accidentally 
 
 ainda, yet 
 
 pZnalmente, at last 
 
 muito, much, very 
 
 depressa, quickly 
 
 aqui, here 
 
 ate, until 
 
 hem, well, good 
 
 mal, bad 
 
 como, how, as 
 
 como? how? 
 
 primeiro que, before that 
 
 primeiro que tudo, before all 
 
 for a, out, out of 
 
 jd, already 
 
 abaixo, below 
 
 acima, above 
 
 agora, now 
 
 hoje, to-day 
 
 amanhda, to-morrow 
 
 amanhda pela manhaa, to-mor- 
 row-morning 
 
 depots de amanhda, the day 
 after to-morrow 
 
 frequentamente, frequently, of- 
 ten 
 
 nunca, never 
 
 ordinariamente, generally 
 
 jamais, never 
 
 tarde, late 
 
 cedo, early 
 
 daqui por diante, in future 
 
 ultimamente, lastly, at latest 
 
 recentemente, lately 
 
 logo, soon 
 
 depois, afterwards 
 
 abundantemente, abundantly 
 
 com razao,justamente, injustice 
 
 absolutamenle, absolutely 
 
 jd para jd, immediately 
 
 com conditio, under the con- 
 dition 
 
 actualmente, actually, at present 
 
 de proposito, purposely 
 
 admiravelmente \ admirable 
 
 maravilhosamente I 
 
 as mil maravilhas, exquisitely 
 
 astutamente, artfully 
 
 atrai^oadamente, traitorously 
 
 de maravilha, very rarely 
 
 a miudo, often 
 
 ™ s * m } so, equally so 
 
 apressa, quickly, in baste 
 facilmente, easily 
 ao avesso, reversedly 
 as avessas, reversedly 
 
Ill 
 
 de balde, in vain 
 antes, for, before 
 juntammte, together 
 enteiramente, entirely 
 ao redor, round about 
 loncamente, foolishly 
 atrevidamente, boldly 
 felizmente, happily 
 vergonhosamente, infamously 
 nem se quer, even if 
 mais, more 
 memos, less 
 sim, yes 
 nao, no 
 
 onde, uli ere 
 wflrfa, nothing 
 de cor, by heart 
 em vao, in vain 
 escassamente, scarcely, 
 em fin, at last 
 longe, long, far 
 verdadeiramente, truly 
 dentro, thereinto 
 os weses, sometimes 
 de vagar, slowly 
 quando, when 
 quanto, how much. 
 
 rarely 
 
 Prepositions. 
 
 20. 
 The Prepositions most in use are the following 
 
 a, to 
 de, from 
 em, in 
 
 dentro, in, within 
 soore, on, over 
 debaixo 1 under 
 soft J 
 perante, before 
 
 atom 1 behind 
 traz J 
 
 enfre, between 
 
 para, after 
 
 ^erto 1 b 
 
 junto J 
 
 rfesrfe, of, from 
 
 ate, after 
 
 near, at 
 
 awfes, before 
 depots, after 
 durante, during 
 desde, since 
 com, with 
 excepto, except 
 
 f°™ \ besides 
 atem J 
 
 sem, without 
 
 contra, against 
 
 a pezar, notwithstanding 
 
 nao obsante, in spite of 
 
 para com, against 
 
 acerca, in respect 
 
 por, through 
 
 mediante, by means of. 
 
112 
 
 21. 
 
 The following arc used with the Genitive: 
 
 alem dos mares, 
 
 alem d'isso, 
 
 acerca daquelle negocio, 
 
 aquem or daquem dos mares, 
 
 antes do dia, 
 
 diante de Deos, 
 
 dentro da igreja, 
 
 de traz do palacio, 
 
 debaixo da mesa, 
 
 em cima da mesa, 
 
 ao redor or em contomo da 
 
 cidade, 
 perto de Londres, 
 fora da casa, 
 fora de perigo, 
 depots da cea, 
 defronte de minha casa, 
 defronte da igreja, 
 
 on the other side of ihe seas 
 
 besides this one 
 
 as to that business 
 
 on this side of the seas 
 
 before daybreak 
 
 before God 
 
 within the church 
 
 behind the palace 
 
 under the table 
 
 upon the table 
 
 round about the town 
 
 near London 
 out of the house 
 out of danger 
 after the supper 
 opposite to my house 
 opposite the church; 
 
 Dative: 
 
 quanto dquillo, 
 
 pegado a muralha, 
 
 desde o bico do pe ate a cabeza, 
 
 with regard to that 
 at, near the wall 
 from head to foot: 
 
 Accusative. 
 
 perante o juiz, 
 durante o inverno, 
 traz do templo, 
 entre os homens, 
 sobre a mesa, 
 con forme d lei, 
 segundo a ordem, 
 por amor de Deos, 
 pelo mundo, 
 pela rua, 
 contra elles, 
 
 before the judge 
 
 during the winter 
 
 behind the temple 
 
 among men 
 
 on the table 
 
 according to the law 
 
 in consequence of the order 
 
 for God's sake 
 
 through the world 
 
 through the street 
 
 against them. 
 
13 
 
 A (to), eu vou a Londres, I go to London, 
 
 voltar a Portugal, to return to Portugal, 
 
 nao tern nada que fazer 1 he hag nothi t0 do> 
 
 nao tern nada a fazer J 
 
 De (from), vir de Franca, I come from France, 
 vir das Indias, I come from India, 
 sahir de Londres, I go from London 
 
 (to leave London), 
 de noite, by night, 
 de dia, by day. 
 
 Por (by, from), por mar e por terra, by sea and by land. 
 
 Conjunctions. 
 
 22. 
 
 also 
 
 E, and 
 
 tambem 
 
 outrosim 
 
 tambem — como, as well — as 
 
 nao somente — mas tambem, 
 
 not only — but also 
 ora — ora, soon — soon 
 em primeiro lugar, firstly 
 entao, then 
 alem disso 1 furlher 
 de mais J 
 depot's, afterwards 
 em fim, at last 
 em parte — em parte, partly 
 
 — partly 
 ou — ou, either — or 
 
 nem — nem, neither — nor 
 
 tao, so 
 
 assim, thus 
 
 porem 1 but 
 
 mas i 
 
 com tudo, notwithstanding 
 
 ainda que, although 
 
 assim, therefore 
 
 porque, because 
 
 pois, there 
 
 a fim, that 
 
 se nao, else 
 
 com tanto que, taking for granted 
 
 that 
 bem que, certainly, indeed. 
 
 que, that 
 
 nomeadamente, namely 
 se, whether 
 
 AHN, Portuguese Gramma 
 
 23. 
 
 como, as 
 a saber, viz 
 excepto, alem, except 
 
114 
 
 onde, where 
 
 donde, whence 
 
 quando, when 
 
 desde que, since 
 
 durante que, whilst, during 
 
 antes, before 
 
 depots que 1 afterwartls 
 
 depots de J 
 
 como, as 
 
 como tambem, as soon as 
 
 tao — como, so — as 
 
 assim — que, so that 
 
 por isso, why 
 
 porque, because 
 
 por, pots, there 
 
 afim que \ that 
 
 para que J 
 
 se, if 
 
 se, posto que, in case 
 
 se nao que, if not 
 
 com tanto que, in case 
 
 ainda que, although 
 
 nao obstante, notwithstanding 
 
 tanto — tanto, the — the. 
 
 Exam 
 
 Francezes e Inglezcs. 
 
 Nem este, nem aquelle. 
 
 Ou este, ou aquelle. 
 
 Nem mat's, nem menos. 
 
 Quer o faca, quer nao, tudo 
 
 para mim he o mesmo. 
 Quer seja verdade, quer nao. 
 Antes quero pedir que furtar. 
 Antes morrerei que dizer-volo. 
 
 pies. 
 
 Frenchmen and Englishmen. 
 Neither these, nor those. 
 Either this one, or that one. 
 Neither more, nor less. 
 It is indifferent to me whether 
 
 he does it or not. 
 Whether it he true or not. 
 I will rather beg than steal. 
 I will rather die than tell it 
 
 to you. 
 
 Interjections 
 
 may be divided according to the various passions or emotions 
 expressed by them. 
 
 Of Joy: Ah! ho! 
 
 At! 
 
 apre 
 
 Of Pain: 
 
 Of Fear: At Jesus! eh, eh! at de mim! 
 
 Of Abhorrence: Va-se embora! passa fora! 
 
 Of Surprise: Oh! Ah! 
 
 Urging or Exhorting: Ora vamos! animo , animo! 
 
 arreda! hola! sentido! 
 Silencing: Chiton! calla a boca! calai-vos! 
 Wishing; provera a Deos! 
 
Reading Lessons. 
 
 1. 
 
 Em um ajuntamento 1 tie senhoras e homens suscitou-se 2 
 a questao 3 de qual era o paiz 4 melhor 5 para se habitar 6 ; e 
 tlizendo uma que Londres, outra que Pariz, este que o Brazil, 
 aquelle que a Austria ou a Italia, disse uma senhora mui 
 presumida 7 : „Pois 8 eu dou 9 a primazia 10 ao celibato, pois 
 tenho ouvido dizer a meu irmao padre 11 , que he de todos os 
 estados o mais perfeito." 
 
 1 meeting-. 2 to ask. 3 the question. 4 land. 5 better. 6 to live. 
 7 presumptuous. 8 as. 9 1 give. 10 the preference. 11 the 
 priest. 
 
 Certo 1 juiz de f6ra 2 tendo queixas do povo 3 que os ar- 
 rematantes da vacca 4 so matavao 5 um boi 6 cada dia d'assouge 7 , 
 e que este nao chegava 8 para todos, e ao mesmo tempo 9 
 ouvindo dizer aos ditos arrematanles que dous bois erao de 
 sobejo 10 ; mandou 11 por seu respeitando despacho que cada 
 dia d'assougue se matasse boi e meio. 
 
 1 a certain. 2 judge who has studied. 3 the people. 4 the privi- 
 ledged butchers of beef. 5 malar, to kill, to slaughter. 6 the 
 ox. 7 agougue, the slaughter-house. 8 chegar, to suffice. 9 at 
 the same time. 10 too much. 11 to order. 
 
 3. 
 
 Dizia o P. Antonio Vieira, que toda a fortuna d'um ho- 
 
 mem de corte 1 consistia em saber adular 2 , mentir 3 , furtar 4 , 
 e repartir 5 . 
 
 1 courtier. 2 to flatter. 3 to lie. 4 to steal. 5 to divide. 
 
116 
 
 4. 
 
 Na desgracada 1 morte 2 do Principe D. Affonso, disse EI- 
 Rei Dom Joao II. seu pai: „No excessivo sentimento em que 
 vivo da morte de meu filho, so me consola parecer-me que 
 Deos se lembrou 3 d'este reino 4 ; porque o Principe nao era 
 para Rei dos Portuguezes: os Portuguezes hao de mister Rei 
 de bronze. Era o Principe inclinado a delicias 5 . 
 
 1 unfortunate. 2 death. 3 lembrar-se , to remember. 4 kingdom. 
 5 pleasure. 
 
 Levantando 1 El-Rei D. Joao I. o sitio 2 , que tinha posto 
 a Coria, disse: ,, Grande falta 3 nos fizerao os cavalheiros da 
 taboa redonda 4 ; porque se elles aqui estiverao, nao nos le- 
 vantaramos desta cidade sem a render 5 . Respondeo Mem 
 Rodrigues de Vasconcellos: „Nao faltarao por certo, senbor, 
 aqui esses cavalbeiros; porque aqui esta Martini Vasques da 
 Cunha, que be tao bom, como dizem o foi D. Galaz; Goucalo 
 Vasques Coutinho, que he tao bom como D. Tristao; Joao 
 Fernandes Pacheco, que nao deve nada a Lancarote; e aqui 
 estou eu, que nao mereco 6 menos 7 que qualquer d'elles: 
 certo he, senhor, que so faltou aqui o bom Rei Artur, que os 
 sabia estimar, e animar com merces grandes. 
 
 1 to raise. 2 the siege. 3 want. 4 round table. 5 surrender. 6 
 to be worth. 7 less. 
 
 6. 
 
 Quando El-Rei D. Sebastiao quiz 1 fazer 2 a Jornada de 
 Africa, determinou avistar-se em N. Senhora de Guadalupe 
 com El-Rei Philippe seu tio 3 ; para se ajustar 4 esta funccao 5 
 veio 6 de Castella o duque 7 d'Alva, cavalheiro mui soberbo 8 , e 
 pouco affeicoado aos Portuguezes, e de ca foi o conde 9 de 
 Redondo. Entre a pratica 10 que tiverao, lhe perguntou 11 o 
 duque que fidalgos vinhao com El-Rei Dom Sebastiao; por- 
 que com El-Rei vinba elle, e outros como elle. Respondeo- 
 lhe o conde: „Com El Rei meu senhor vem o duque deRra- 
 
 1 querer, to wish. 2 to make. 3 uncle. 4 to arrange. 5 business. 
 6 he came (vir). 7 duke. 8 proud. 9 the count. 10 the dis- 
 cussion. 11 to ask. 
 
117 
 
 ganca, o de Aveiro, e o marquez 12 de Villa-Real; e fidalgos 
 razos 13 , como eu e vos, vem niuitos." 
 
 12 marquis. 13 the low gentry. 
 
 7. 
 
 Pedindo 1 um pobre 2 esmola 3 a Philippe II. lhe dizia 
 que se lembrasse erao irmaos; e pergunlando-lhe El-Rei por 
 que quarte, respondeo por Adao. Mandoui 4 -lhe El-Rei dar 
 um real. Replicou D o pobre que aquella esmola nao era d'um 
 irmao Rei. „Se a todos os meus irmaos", disse Philippe, 
 „eu desse outro tanto 6 , ja nao teria 7 real que dar." 
 
 1 pedir, to beg. 2 poor. 3 alms. 4 ordered. 5 reply. 6 just as 
 much. 7 1 would have. 
 
 Christovao Colon foi o primeiro que com audaz 1 forla- 
 leza 2 navegou o oceano, o descobrio 3 as Indias de Castella; 
 pelo que mereceo que os Reis Catholicos o fizessem duque 
 de Reraguas. Estava uma noite 4 ceando 5 com outros cava- 
 Iheiros seus amigos; e dizendo-lhe um que aquella fa pan ha a 
 poderia obrar qualquer outro, se lhe dessem o socorro u , que 
 fosse necessario, dissimulou Christovao Colon, e tirando um 
 ovo 7 do prato, perguntou aos demais fidalgos se poderia al- 
 gum fazer que aquelle ovo estivesse levantado 8 , sem que se 
 arrimasse 9 a cousa alguma? Responderao todos, que nao po- 
 dia ser 10 . Pegou" no ovo Christovao Colon, e dando com elle 
 mansamente 12 na mesa 13 , lhe fez uma pequena 14 m6ssa 15 , e 
 o poz muito direito. Rirao-se 16 todos, e disse Colon: „Nen- 
 hum " de "Vossas Merces 18 ha que nao acha facil navegar 
 o oceano, depois que eu de lei vim; por^m he certo, que se 
 eu nao f6ra o primeiro, nenhum seria o segundo." 
 
 1 audacious. 2 fortitude. 3 discovered. 4 night. 5 eear, to sup. 
 6 assistance. 7 egg. 8 to stand erect. 9 to assist. 10 that it could 
 not be. 11 pegar, to take up. 12 quiet. 13 table. 14 small. 
 15 break. 16 rir-se, to laugh. 17 nobody. 18 of your honours. 
 
IS 
 
 9. 
 
 Um Mahometano consultando a Aischeh raulher de Maho- 
 meto, Hie pedio uma regra ' para bem viver; e ella Ihe re- 
 spondeo: „Reconhece 2 um so Deos, refrea 3 a tua lingua, re- 
 prime 4 as tuas paixoes 5 , adquire sciencia, vive constante na 
 tua religiao, abstem-te de fazer mal u , frequenta os bons, en- 
 cobre 7 os defeitos do teu proximo 8 , soccorre 9 os pobres, e 
 espera a eternidade por recompensa. 
 
 1 rule. 2 recognise. 3 restrict. 4 surpress. 5 passions. 6 to do 
 
 evil. 
 
 i, recognise, o lesuici. t suipr 
 7 cover. 8 neighbour. 9 assist, 
 
 10. 
 
 Querendo certo homem desquitar-se 1 de sua mulber, com 
 quern tinha pouca paz 2 , appareceo 3 para este fim 4 diante 5 do 
 Provisor. Estranhou 6 elle a proposta 7 , porque conhecia a 
 mulher, e era de boas qualidades: „Porque quereis deixar 8 
 vossa mulher?" (Ihe perguntou o Provisor): „Nao he virtuo- 
 sa?" — „Sim, senhor"; respondeo o homem. — „Nao he 
 rica?" — „Sim, senhor." Emflm 9 a todas as cousas, sobre 
 que era perguntado, respondia em abono seu. Com que Ihe 
 disse o Provisor: ,,Pois se vossa mulher tem tantas cousas 
 boas, porque quereis desquitar-vos della?" A isto o homem, 
 descalcando 10 um sapato 11 , perguntou ao Provisor: „Senhor, 
 este sapato nao he novo?" — ,,Sim", respondeo o Provisor. 
 Accrescentou 12 : „nao esta" bem feito 13 ?" — „Sim, ao que pa- 
 rece", respondeo o Provisor. — „Nao he de bom cordavao, 
 e de boa sola?" — Respondeo do mesmo modo que sim. 
 „Pois v6 Vossa -Merce" com tudo isso 14 (disse o descontente 
 marido 15 ), pois eu quero tirar este sapato, e calcar outro, 
 porque eu sei muito bem aonde 16 me aperta", e faz mancar 18 , 
 e Vossa Merc6 nao o sabe. 
 
 1 to divorce. 2 peace. 3 appeared. 4 for this purpose. 5 before. 
 6 to surprise. 7 the proposition. 8 to leave. 9 in fine. 10 to 
 take off. 11 the shoe. 12 to add. 13 fazer, to make. 14 with 
 all that. 15 husband. 16 where. 17 pinch. 18 to make tame. 
 
119 
 
 11. 
 
 B o 1 o c u d o s. 
 
 Esles Indios dominao 1 na cordilheira 2 habitada 3 por sens 
 maiores 4 os Aimores, de cuja 5 barbaridade ainda guardao se- 
 mentes. Quando os Portuguezes comecarao a povoar 7 o 
 Brazil tiverao de guerrear com os ferozes 8 Aimores, a quern 
 dizem 9 que derao 10 o nome de Botocudos, de boto, e codea 11 , 
 por isso que os Indios desta nacao 12 erao rolhos, e traziao' 3 
 o corpo 14 coberto d'uma codea de gomma 15 copal com que se 
 pintavao 16 para se preservarem das ferretoadas 17 dos mosqui- 
 tos e outros insectos. Os Botocudos sao mais brancos 18 que 
 a maior parte dos demais 19 Indios do Brazil, porem, como 
 seus ascendentes os Aimores, costumao' 20 pintar a cara 21 e 
 mais partes do corpo. Dividem-se em varias tribus ou cabil- 
 das 22 , cada 23 uma com seu cabo 24 , que tern urn poder 25 ab- 
 soluto sobre os sens 20 em os negocios de maior importancia 
 como sao a caca 27 , a guerra 28 e a escolha 29 de uma nova 
 morada 30 ; mas na aldea 31 limila-se toda a sua autoridade a 
 comp6r as desavencas que sao entre elles mui frequences. 
 Este lugar nao he heredit<!rio , escoliie-se para elle o mais 
 bravo, e por vezes 32 o mais alrevido 33 se proclama por cbefe 
 da tribu, sobre tudo se por ventura o que os commandava 
 vem a morrer. Os Botocudos tern as espadoas 34 largas, o 
 pescoco 35 curto, o nariz 36 chato, as macaas 37 do roslo pro- 
 eminentes, os pes 38 pequenos, as extremidades inl'eriores del- 
 gadas 30 , mas nervosas. Furao as orelhas 10 , e o beico infe- 
 rior 41 , e enfiao no buraco 42 uma rodella de p3o 43 . Sao vinga- 
 tivos 44 e traidores 45 , posto que tinhao um exterior alegre e 
 urn ar 46 de franqueza. Nao tern especie alguma de culto; 
 considerao 47 o sol 48 como uma divindade a que cbamao 49 , e 
 reverenceao ainda mais a lua 50 , quando com sua luz os pro- 
 tege em suas excursoes nocturnas. Amao e imilao as cere- 
 monias religiosas dos christaos, qua n to isto p6de compade- 
 
 1 govern. 2 mountain chain. 3 inhabited. 4 ancestors. 5 whose. 
 6 to begin. 7 to populate. 8 wild. 9 dizer, to say. 10 they 
 gave {da?'), tl the rind. 12 nation. 13 to carry. 14 the body. 
 15 gum. 16 pintar, to paint. 17 sting. 18 white. 19 the 
 others. 20 to have the practice. 21 face. 22 hordes. 23 each. 
 24 leader. 25 power. 26 over his tribe. 27 the chase. 28 war. 
 29 the choice. 30 place of residence. 31 village. 32 sometimes. 
 33 bold. 34 shoulder. 35 neck. 36 nose. 37 cheeks. 38 foot. 
 39 thin. 40 ears. 41 the underlip. 42 a hole. 43 wooden. 44 
 vindictive. 45 traitorous. 46 an air. 47 to look upon. 48 the 
 sun. 49 to call. 50 the moon. 
 
120 
 
 cer-se com a vida nomada que fazem, assim que sao de todos 
 os Indios os que mais custao a civilizar-se. 
 
 12. 
 As grutas 1 do inferno 2 . 
 
 Deo-se 3 este nome as cavernas naturaes que se achao 4 
 na montanha em que estao assentadas a povoacao e fortaleza 5 
 da Nova - Coimbra , na provincia de 3Iato-Grosso e sobre a 
 margem direita 6 do Paraguai. No vertente 7 septentrional 8 da 
 montanha existe uma abertura que da" passo a duas especies 
 de antecamaras, 1 de braca 10 e meia de comprido 11 , e 1 de 
 largo 12 , e outra algum tanto maior. Desce-se para ellas por 
 uma ladeira que tem obra de 20 bracas de comprimento 13 , 
 guarnecida de estalactitas, que provem da filtracao continua da 
 abobada. No cabo 14 da ladeira entra-se n'uma salla parecida 
 com uma mesquita 15 , de cuja abobada pendem estalactitas de 
 differentes formas e tamanlios 16 , e o mesmo se observa no 
 cbao. A' esquerda 17 a parede sjs acha revestida d'uma in- 
 crustacao d'espalto, que com o reflexo da luz arremeda uma 
 soberba cascata. Pode esta salla ter 50 bracas de comprido 
 e IS de largo, e no fundo della existe urn espaco de 6 bracas 
 pelo menos coberto d'agua limpida porem de mao sabor 18 , 
 que da da parte de fora 19 origem a urn ribeiro 20 represado 
 i'requentemente pelas aguas do Paraguai, nas cbeias 21 que ala- 
 gao todos os annos por varias vezes os campos vizinhos. Os 
 naturaes 22 do paiz nao se atreviao 23 a entrar n'estas grutas 
 que forao pela primeira vez exploradas pelo engenheiro 24 Ri- 
 cardo Franco d'Almeida Serra, em 1791, levando em sua 
 companbia o naturalista Alexandre Rodriguez Ferreira que as 
 debuxou 25 e descreveo 20 . Em 1795, varias pessoas 27 curiosas 
 entrarao n'ellas e com fachas virao que no ribeiro que as 
 aguas ali formavao baviao jacares 28 , e que um d'elles tinha 
 uma pata de menos. 
 
 1 grollo. 2 hell. 3 one has given. 4 to find, achar-se. 5 the 
 fortress. 6 on the right shore. 7 slope. 8 northern. 9 which 
 forms the entrance. 10 fathom. 11 long. 12 wide. 13 length. 
 14 at the end. 15 Mosque. 16 size. 17 on the left. 18 bad 
 taste. 19 from the outside. 20 rivulet. 21 inundation. 22 inha- 
 bitants. 23 attempt. 24 engineer. 25 to draw. 26 to describe. 
 27 persons. 28 crocodile. 
 
Idiomatic Expressions 
 
 Verbs, Adverbs, Prepositions etc. 
 
 Andar a pe. 
 
 To go on foot. 
 
 Andar de pe. 
 
 To be unwell. 
 
 Andar a cavallo. 
 
 To go on horseback. 
 
 Andar em coche. 
 
 To drive in a carriage. 
 
 Andar a vela. 
 
 To take a sail. 
 
 Andar para diante. 
 
 To go forward. 
 
 Andar para traz. 
 
 To go backward. 
 
 Andar a traz de alguem. 
 
 To follow some one. 
 
 Andar com o tempo. 
 
 To go with the times. 
 
 Andar perdido. 
 
 To go astray. 
 
 Andar com honra. 
 
 To act honorably. 
 
 Andar de esguelha. 
 
 To go badly. 
 
 Andar de mal para peor. 
 
 Out of the frying-pan into 
 
 
 the fire. 
 
 Com o andar do tempo. 
 
 In the course of time. 
 
 Andar de galope. 
 
 To canter. 
 
 Dar um passeio, uma volta. 
 
 To take a walk. 
 
 Dar a entender. 
 
 To give to understand. 
 
 Dar fe. 
 
 To believe, to credit. 
 
 Dar fiado. 
 
 To give credit. 
 
 Dar a luz. 
 
 To publish. 
 
 Dar principio. 
 
 To begin. 
 
 Dar fim. 
 
 To end. 
 
 Dar os bom dias. 
 
 To say good day. 
 
 Dar os parabens. 
 
 To congratulate. 
 
 AHN, Portuguese Grammar. 
 
 9 
 
122 
 
 relogio da horas. 
 
 Dar boa conta de si. 
 
 Eu derei conta d'isso. 
 
 Bar em ridicularias. 
 
 Dar-se pressa. 
 
 Nao se Ihe da de morrer. 
 
 Estar escrevendo. 
 
 Estar em pe. 
 
 Estar assentado. 
 
 Estd para chover. 
 
 Estar em duvida. 
 
 Estar na cama. 
 
 Estar com, em, de, saiide. 
 
 Nao estd no meu poder. 
 
 Estar de posse. 
 
 Fazer esmolas. 
 
 Faz frio. 
 
 Faz lua. 
 
 Nao faco caso delle. 
 
 Fazer uma festa. 
 
 Fazer lugar. 
 
 Ter que fazer. 
 
 Fazer um discurso. 
 
 Fazer uma aposta. 
 
 Faz hoje oito dias. 
 
 Fazer o possivel. 
 
 Nao henho que fazer com 
 
 isso. 
 Fazer-se velho. 
 Fazer-se feio. 
 
 Faz-se tarde. 
 
 Ter razao. 
 
 Nao ter razao. 
 
 Ter chimes. 
 
 Que quer dizer isto? 
 
 Isto quer dizer, que . . . 
 
 Ha alguma cousa de novo? 
 
 Ha muito tempo, 
 
 Ha um anno. 
 
 Hir por diante. 
 
 Eilo la vai. 
 
 Hir para traz. 
 
 Hir buscar. 
 
 The clock strikes. 
 
 To behave well. 
 
 I will be answerable for it. 
 
 To become ridiculous. 
 
 To be in a hurry. 
 
 He does not fear death. 
 
 To be writing. 
 
 To stand erect. 
 
 To sit. 
 
 It is going to rain. 
 
 To be in doubt. 
 
 To lie in bed. 
 
 To be well. 
 
 It is not in my power. 
 
 To be in possession. 
 
 To give alms. 
 
 It is cold. 
 
 The moon shines. 
 
 I do not care for him. 
 
 To give a party. 
 
 To make room. 
 
 To have to do. 
 
 To make a speech. 
 
 To lay a wager. 
 
 It is a week to-day. 
 
 To do one's utmost. 
 
 I have nothing to do with it. 
 
 To become old. 
 
 To become ugly. 
 
 It is getting late. 
 
 To be in the right. 
 
 To be in the wrong. 
 
 To be jealous. 
 
 What is the meaning of it? 
 
 It means that . . . 
 
 Is there any news? 
 
 It is a long time ago. 
 
 It is a year ago. 
 
 To go forward. 
 
 There he goes. 
 
 To go back. 
 
 To fetch. 
 
123 
 
 Nada se vai metis depressa que 
 
 o tempo. 
 Yai-se fazendo tarde. 
 Nao tenho medo. 
 Nao mais. 
 Ainda nao. 
 Nao o farei. 
 Nao muito depots. 
 Queres faze)- isso on nao? 
 Urn diz sim, e outro nao. 
 Nao he bom nem mdo. 
 Elle ainda nao veio. 
 Ate onde? 
 Ate Roma. 
 Ate quando? 
 Ate que eu vivo. 
 Como assim '? 
 Comol nao quereis vir? 
 Dez libras quando muito. 
 Dez libras quando menos. 
 Dizei muito embora o que qui- 
 
 zerdes. 
 Assim he? 
 Assim seja. 
 
 Basta assim por agora. 
 Andar a passos lentes. 
 A direita. 
 A esquerda. 
 Vir de Franca. 
 
 Venho da casa da Senhora N. 
 De madrugada. 
 De noite. 
 De dia. 
 De verao. 
 
 Perto de oito horas. 
 Junto d cidade. 
 Sobre a mesa. 
 Sobre a noite. 
 Sobre to das as cousas. 
 Duas vezes no dia. 
 Na rua. 
 
 Em to do o tempo. 
 Em premio. 
 
 Nothing passes quicker than 
 
 the time. 
 It hecomes late. 
 I have no fear. 
 Nut more. 
 Not yet. 
 
 I shall not do it. 
 Not long after. 
 Will you do it or not? 
 One says yes, the other no. 
 It is neither good nor bad. 
 He has not yet come. 
 How far? 
 To Rome. 
 How long? 
 As long as 1 live. 
 How so? 
 
 What! you will not come? 
 At utmost ten pounds. 
 At least ten pounds. 
 You may say what you like. 
 
 Is it so? 
 
 Be it so. 
 
 It is enough for the present. 
 
 To go very slowly. 
 
 To the right. 
 
 To the left. 
 
 To come from France. 
 
 I come from Mrs. N. 
 
 Early in the morning. 
 
 By night. 
 
 By day. 
 
 In summer. 
 
 Towards eight o'clock. 
 
 Near the town. 
 
 Upon the table. 
 
 Towards night. 
 
 Before all things. 
 
 Twice a day. 
 
 On the street. 
 
 At all times. 
 
 For reward. 
 
124 
 
 Para que he isto? 
 Para onde? 
 Para que fim"? 
 Palavra por palavra. 
 Vai por vinho. 
 Be muito atraz. 
 Fazer passo atraz. 
 Alguns dias atraz. 
 
 What is that for? 
 
 Whereto? 
 
 For what purpose? 
 
 Word for word. 
 
 Fetch wine. 
 
 Far hack. 
 
 To take a step backwards. 
 
 A few days ago. 
 
 Leipsic, prinled by J. B Hirschl'eld. 
 
LATELY PUBLISHED 
 
 by 
 
 FRANZ THIMM, 
 
 Foreign Bookseller and Publisher. 
 3 Brook Street, Grosvenor Square. 
 
 Portuguese Language. 
 
 i s. d. 
 Ahn's Portuguese Grammar. 8vo. Cloth. 1857. .040 
 
 Portuguese and English Idiomatic Phrases 
 and Dialogues, for a rapid acquisition of 
 the Portuguese Language. 12. 1857. ... 2 6 
 Yieyra, Portuguese and English Dictionary. 2 vols. 
 
 8vo. Cloth - 1 12 
 
 ditto, ditto abridged 0100 
 
 Bdsche, Portugiesische Sprachlehre. 1853. ...040 
 Wagner's Portugiesisch-Deutsch und Deutsch-Portu- 
 
 giesisches Worterbuch. 3 Bde. 8vo. 1811. . 1 8 
 Wollheim da Fonseca, ditto. 12mo. 1856. ... 9 
 Azcvedo; Portugiesisch-Englisch-Deutsches Worter- 
 buch. 18mo 030 
 
THE BEST 
 
 GRAMMARS 
 DIALOGUES AND DICTIONARIES 
 
 FOE MODERN LANGUAGES 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 FRANZ THIMM 
 
 FOREIGN BOOKSELLER AND PUBLISHER. 
 
 3 Brook Street, New Bond Street, London. 
 
 German Language. £ s . d. 
 
 AHN'S Child's German Book. l2mo. Cloth 3 
 
 „ German Grammar. Remodelled. 1857 3 6 
 
 „ Key to ditto. 8vo. sewed 10 
 
 JULIUS, German Writing Copies , oblong-. 8vo. sewed. ..026 
 MEISSNER'S German and English Vocabulary and Dialogues. 
 
 Cloth 026 
 
 THIEME'S German and English Dictionary. Cloth 7 
 
 HILPERT'S German and English Dictionary. 2 vols. 8vo. Cloth. 16 
 
 French Language. 
 
 AHN'S Child's French Book. 12mo. Cloth 3 
 
 „ French Class Book for Beginners. 8vo. Cloth. ..016 
 
 „ French Grammar. 8vo. Cloth 3 6 
 
 „ Key to ditto. 8vo. sewed 10 
 
 „ French Reader, 1. Course for junior Classes. Cloth. .026 
 DUDEVANT, French and English Idiomatic Dialogues. Cloth. 2 6 
 BARRETT'S French and English pocket Dictionary. 48o. 
 
 Roan. 1855 040 
 
 Italian Language. 
 
 AHN'S Italian Grammar. 8vo. Cloth 4 
 
 „ Key to ditto. 8vo. sewed 10 
 
 MACHETTI'S Italian and English Idiomatic Dialogues. Cloth. 2 6 
 
 BLANC'S Italian and English pocket Dictionary. 24mo. Ro9n. 4 
 
 Spanish Language. 
 
 AHN'S Spanish Grammar. 8vo. Cloth 4 
 
 „ Key to ditto. 8vo. sewed. . • . 010 
 
 SALVA'S Spanish and English Idiomatic Dialogues. Cloth. .026 
 BLANC'S Spanish and English pocket Dictionary. 12mo. Cloth. 8 
 
 Dutch-, Danish-, Swedish- and Russian-Languages. 
 
 AHN'S Dutch Grammar. 8vo. Cloth -040 
 
 Danish Grammar. 8vo. Cloth. 1857 -040 
 
 Swedish Grammar. 8vo. Cloth. 1857 -040 
 
 REIFF'S Russian Grammar. 8vo. sewed -056 
 
 AHN'S Latin Gramar. 8vo. 1857 3 
 
 English-French-Turkish and Russian Vocabulary and Dialogues. 
 
 12mo. Cloth. 1857 026