THE RESOURCES *L (44 JM'hQ * lY Al'TnORITY OF THi; LEfilSLATTTm'. ISSl * fe QassJLlU Book . H 2. Ij THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA: MINERAL, FAMING, AND GRAZING LANDS, TOWNS, AND MINING CAMPS; ITS RIVERS, MOUNTAINS, PLAINS, AND MESAS; WITH A BRIEF SUMMARY OF ITS INDIAN TRIBES, EARLY HISTORY, ANCIENT RUINS, CLIMATE, ETC., ETC. A mm or imm ihfjrmaiiob coicemiss the mmm. Compiled by PATRICK HAMILTON, Under autliority of the Legislature. Pkescott, Arizona. 1881. -■•>- CONTENTS PAGE Preface 3 Act Authorizing Publication 5 Historical 7 GrENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ArIZONA 10 EivEEs AND Mountains 12 Fauna and Flora 16 Counties and Boundaries 21 Chief Towns , 25 Mining Resources 33 Cachise County 35 Pima County 41 Yavapai County 47 Pinal County 58 Gila County 61 Mohave County 66 Yuma County 71 Maricopa County 75 Graham and Apache Counties 77 Coal and Salt 79 Bullion Yield 81 Agriculture and Grazing 81 Climate 91 Eaileoads, Telegraph and Stage Lines 94 Indian Tribes 98 Miscellaneous 103 Population, Civil and Military 107 Ancient Euins 110 Eauly Spanish Missionaries 113 How to Get to Arizona 117 The Wants of the Territory 118 jUN 37 1908 D. ot D. o PREFACE. To meet the growing demand for information concerning the Territory of Arizona, the Legislature, at the session of 1880- 81, authorized the publication of this pamphlet. In the fol- lowing pages the author has endeavored to present this infor- mation in such a compact and concise form as would more fully meet the many inquiries of people desirous of coming to the Territory, and at the same time convey to the general public a comprehensive idea of the country, and its vast and varied re- sources. The facts presented have been gained by personal observation, during a residence of several years in the Territory, and it is believed they constitute a full and impartial descrip- tion of Arizona as it is to-day — its mineral, pastoral, and agri- cultural resources, towns, and settlements, with a glance at its past history and a few words regarding its future prospects. This being a publication authorized by the representatives of the people and paid for' out of the public treasury, having no private scheme to advance, or no private interest to foster, the exact truth has been sought and the statements can be con- sidered reliable. No portion of the Territory has been over- looked and no material interest has been neglected. While not claiming for this compilation exemption from all errors or mistakes, it is believed that such only will be found as are in- separable from a work of this nature. For valuable assistance in the collection of the data herein contained, the author is in- debted to many gentlemen throughout the Territory, and takes this method of tendering his sincere thanks to one and all. With the hope that the publication may, in some measure, meet the want for authentic and reliable information about the " coming country," and help to convey to the outside worl^ some adequate idea of Arizona and its grand resources, it is left with the reader to say how well the task has been performed. Patbick Hamilton, Commissioner. AN ACT TO AUTHOKIZE THE PUBLICATION OF INFORMATION OF THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA TERRITORY. Be it enacted hy the Legislative Assembly of the Territory of Ai'izona: Section 1. That Patrick Hamilton is hereby constituted and appointed a Commissioner to prepare, and cause to be published, reliable information upon the mineral, pastoral, agricultural, and other resources of the Territory; also, the cost and facili- ties of coming to the Territory, and such other general informa- tion as he may consider of value to capitalists desirous of invest- ing in our mines, or to persons who may wish to immigrate to the Territory. Sec. 2. It shall be the duty of said Commissioner to collect and prepare the information aforesaid by January 1, 1882, and he is hereby authorized to contract for the publication of ten thousand copies, in pamphlet form, upon the most reasonable terms that the work can be done, provided that the cost of such publication shall not exceed fifteen hundred dollars ($1',500). Sec 3. It shall be the duty of said Commissioner to distribute said pamphlets in the cities and railroad centers of the Eastern States, and on the Pacific coast, in such a manner as will give them the widest and most useful circulation, and he shall fur- nish thirty copies to each member of the Eleventh Legislative Assembly. Sec 4. It shall be the duty of the Territoi-ial Auditor, upon the completion of said publication, to examine the same, and if found in accordance with the provisions of this act, he shall give the said Commissioner a certificate, setting forth that the work has been performed according to law. Sec 5. It shall be the duty of said Commissioner to keep a correct account of the number of copies of said publication dis- tributed by him, and to whom, and such other information in connection therewith, as he may deem of interest, and to make a full report of the same to the Governor of the Territory on or before January 1, 1883, and the Governor shall transmit a copy of said report to the next Legislative Assembly. Sec. G. Said Commissioner shall receive as compensation, for the collection, preparation, and distribution of such information the sum of two thousand dollars. Sec 7. Upon the completion of said publication, the Com- missioner shall certify to the Territorial Auditor the amount dua ACT AUTHORIZING PUBLICATION. for said work and to whom; and the Territorial Auditor shall draw his warrant for the amount in favor of the person to whom the same is due, as shall appear by the certificate of said Com- missioner; and the Territorial Treasurer is hereby authorized and directed to i)ay said warrant out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated. Sec, 8. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after its passage. J. F. Knapp, Speaker of the House of Kepresentatives. MUKAT MaSTERSON, President of the Council. Clause 12 of the Appropriation Act, passed subsequent to the foregoing, enacts as follows : Twelfth. The sum of four thousand five hundred ($4,500) dollars is hereby approj)riated to pay the Commissioner selected to compile, publish, and distribute the pamphlet on the " Resources of Arizona Territory," and the Territorial Auditor is hereby directed to draw his warrant on the Territorial Treas- urer for the above amount, in favor of the Commissioner named 'in the act, and the Territorial Treasurer is hereby authorized and directed to pay said sum to said Commissioner out of any moneys in the Territorial Treasury not otherwise appropriated, in the manner provided for by the provision of said act. THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. HISTORICAL. The region now embraced within the territory of Arizona, was first peuetrated by Europeans nearly three hundred and fifty years ago. A quarter of a century before the founding of San Augustine, and long before Puritan or Cavalier had estab- lished themselves at Plymouth Rock or Jamestown, Spanish adventurers had explored the wilds of Arizona and New Mex- ico. Alvar Nunez de Vaca, one of the followers of Pamphilo de Narveaz, in his disastrous expedition to the coast of Florida, in 1538, being left by his commander, with four companions, on the desolate shore, resolved to penetrate the great unknown , wilderness to the westward and join their countrymen in Mexi- ico. Without compass or provisions, they struck across the continent, discovered and crossed the Mississippi two years before De Soto stood upon its banks and found a burial place beneath its turbid waters. They traversed the great plains of the West, entered New Mexico, visited the pueblo towns, passed through the country of the Moquis, and, after many hardships and privations, joined their countrymen at Culiacan, in Sinaloa. They gave glowing accounts of the country through which they passed, and their description of the " Seven Cities of Cibola," the Moquis towns, excited the spirit of adventure and cupidity among the Sj^anish conquerers, and fired the zeal- ous ardor of the missionaries. Padre Marco de Niza, under the patronage of the Viceroy Mendoza, set out from Culiacan in 1539, accompanied by a single companion, in search of the fabulous " Seven Cities." They passed through the Papague- ria and the country of the Pimas, by the valley of the Santa Cruz and into the country of the friendly Yavapais, and at last came in sight of the goal of their arduous quest. Fathet de Niza sent his companion ahead, with some Indians, who had accompanied them from the Gila. The Moquis massacred the whole party. Father de Niza did not enter the city. He set up the cross, named the country the New Kingdom of San Francisco, and returned to Culiacan. The public mind in New Spain was greatly excited by the news which the good father brought on his return. The thirst 8 THE RESOUECES OF ARIZONA. for gold and glory, and tlie desire to extend the influence of the cross, bore down all opposition. The Viceroy, Mendoza, pro- jected two expeditions to explore the marvelous country to the north; one by land under Yasquez de Coronado, and the other by sea under Fernando Alarcon, In April, 1540, Coronado niarched from Culiacanwith nearly a thousand men (principally Indians). He visited the ruins of the Casa Grande, on the Gila, and in forty-five days after starting, reached the first of the " Seven Cities." Instead of the rich and populous region which their imagination had pictured, they found a poor and insignificant village. The province was composed of seven Tillages, the houses being small and built in terraces, as they are at the present day. The inhabitants were intelligent an d industrious. They raised good crops of corn, beans, and pump- kins, dressed in cotton cloth, and were the same in all respects as their descendants, the Moquis and Zunis, are at the present time. Coronado penetrated to the New Mexican pueblos on the Rio Grande, explored the country as far east as the Canadian river, and north to the fortieth degree of latitude. Disappointed in his search for the riches he expected to find, the expedition returned to New Spain in the spring of 1542. The expedition of Alarcon sailed about the same time Coronado marched. The Gulf of California was discovered, and named the Sea of Cortez. The Colorado and the Gila rivers were also discovered. Two boats ascended the former stream to the Grand canyon. For forty years after these expeditions, no further efforts were made to explore the country. In 1582, Antonio de Espejo penetrated the country northward and discovered many popu|ous pueblos in the Rio Grande valley, which are not mentioned by the his- torian of Coronado's expedition. He visited the Zunis, and passed westward to the Moquis, who met him with presents of corn and mantles of cotton. Forty-five leagues south-westward from the Moquis villages, he discovered rich silver ore in a mountain easily ascended. Numerous Indian pueblos were found in the vicinity of the mines, and two rivers, on which grew wild grapes, walnut trees and flax, were also discovered. Those streams were no doubt the Little Colorado and the Verde. More than a century elapsed after these explorations before any permanent settlement was made in the territory now known ;as Arizona. Towards the close of the seventeenth century, the Jesuit Fathers established the missions of Guevavi, Tumacacori, and San Xavier. Missions had been established some time before among the Moquis. In 1720, there were nine missions •jn a- prosperous condition within what is now the territory of Arizona. The fruits of the untiring labors of the zealous fathers were shown in the peaceful and industrious Indian colonies which sprang up around their missions. Despite the expulsion of their founders, the Jesuits, in 17G7, and the con- Btant raids of the savage Apaches, the missions continued to flourish and grow rich, until the revolution for Mexican inde- pendence. Deprived of the protection of the vite-regal govern- ment, aiid constantly harassed by the Apaches, they languished HISTORICAL. , 9 and declined, until tliey were finally suppressed under a decree of the Mexican government in 1827. By the treaty of Guada- lupe Hidalgo, in 1846, all that portion of the present Territory of Arizona north of the Gila river was ceded to the United States. At that time the population of the Territory was con- fined to a few hundred souls within the presidios of Tucson and Tubac. "What is now known as northern and central Ariznua did not contain a single white settlement. Outside the Pima and Maricopa villages on the Gila and Rio Salado, and the Moquis towns in the extreme north-east, the savage Apache was lord of mountain, valley, and mesa. In 1854, that portion of the Territory between the Gila river and the line of Sonora was acquired from the Mexican government by purchase. It was long known as the " Gadsden Purchase," the negotia- tions for its acquisition having been conducted by the Hon. James Gadsden, then minister to Mexico. The price jDaid vvas $10,000,000, and, in the liglit of its recent developments of marvelous mineral wealth, it can be considered a good bargain. Tubac and Tucson were taken possession of by the United States troops in 1855; the Mexican colors were lowered, the Stai-s and Stripes hoisted in their stead, and the authority of the United States established where Sjianiard and Mexican had held sway for nearly 300 j'ears. Subsequent to the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the Territory formed a part of New Mexico. A memorial was presented to the Legislature of New Mexico on the first day of December, 1854, for a separate territorial organization. The name first adopted was " Pimieria," but it Avas afterwards changed to " Arizona." The word Arizona is said to be derived from two Pima words: " Ari," a maiden, and " Zon," a valley, or country. It has reference to the traditionary maiden queen ^vho once ruled over all the branches of the Pima race. Before the name was conferred on the whole Territory, it was borne by a mount- ain adjacent to the celebrated Planchas de Plata mines near the southern liue of the Territory. Arizona remained a portion of New Mexico until the twenty-fourth of February, 1863, when the act was passed organizing it as a separate Territory. The civil officers appointed by the President entered the Territory on the twenty-seventh of December, 1863, and two days later, at Navajo Springs, the national colors were given to the breeze, and the Territorial Government formally inaugurated. The seat of government was established at Fort "Whipple, in Chino valley, on the headwaters of the Verde. It was afterwards removed to Prescott, where it still remains. The history of Arizona from the establishment of a Territorial organization up to the year 1874 has been a series of fierce and bloody struggles with the savage Apaches, and of slow but steady growth. The intrepidity, daring, and self-sacrifice of the early pioneers, who won this rich domain, foot by foot, from its savage occupants, yet remains to be written, and will be one of the bloodiest pages in the history of our frontier settlements. The hostile tribes were conquered and placed on reservations 10 THE RESOUECES OP ARIZONA. Toy General Crook, in 1874, and since that time the Territory has made rapid progress in population, wealth, and general de- velopment. With the opening of a transcontinental railroad across the southern portion of the Territory, and the discovery of immense veins of silver ore adjacent thereto, Arizona has attracted the attention of the whole country, and capital and emigration have flowed in upon her at an unexampled rate. One of the first-discovered portions of North America, so long neglected and unknown, is at least beginning to yield up those treasures which for ages have remained hidden in its mountain fastnesses, guarded by the fiercest of savages. A new era has dawned for Arizona — an era of peace, progress, and prosperity. The demon of isolation and the curse of savage dominion, which so long brooded over the land, have been swept aside by the advancing tide of civilization, and Arizona's future is bright with the promise of a powerful and a prosperous state. GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ARIZONA. The Territory of Arizona comprises the extreme south-west- ern portion of the United States. It is bounded on the north by Nevada and Utah, on the east by New Mexico, on the south by Sonora, on the west 'by California and Nevada. It extends from the one hundred and ninth meridian west to the Great Colorado; and from 31'-' 28' of north latitude to the thirty- seventh parallel, and contains an area of about 114,000 square miles. The physical features of the Territory may be described as a series of elevated plateau, having an altitude of from 100 feet in the south-west, up to 6,000 and 7,000 feet above the sea level, in the north. Mountain ranges, having a general direc- tion of north-west by south-east, extend over this lofty plateau the entire length of the Territory, These mountains often pre- sent the appearance of broken and detached sjDurs, and some- times occur in regular and continuous ranges. Narrow valleys and wide, open plains lie between the mountains, while deep canyons and gorges, formed by the rains and floods, which some- times rush with irresistible force from the mountain barriers, cross the country in every direction. The most extensive of these grand mesas, or table lands, is the Colorado plateau, in the northern portion of the Territory, occupying nearly two- fifths of its entire area. This great plateau has an average altitude of between 5,000 and 6,000 feet. Its surface is diversi- fied by lofty peaks and isolated ranges; it is covered nearl}-- its entire extent with fine grasses; it is penetrated on the west by the Rio Colorado, which has worn a channel thousands of feet in depth. It is also cut by the San Juan on the north-east, and the Little Colorado, the Verde, the Salinas, and the San Fran- cisco on the south. These rivers form in places deep gorges, and again widen into beautiful and productive valleys. Perhaps GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF ARIZONA. 11 nowhere on the continent can be found a more striking .pano- rama of mountain, valley, mesa, and canyon. From north to south, from east to west, the country is crossed by mountain ranges and isolated peaks of strange' and fantastic shapes. In the eastern portion of the Territory, extending from the San Francisco Mountain on the north, to the Gila river on the south, a long line of extinct volcanoes can be traced, and immense lava fields, which are found in different portions of the Territory, prove conclusively that Arizona was, in ages past, the scene of active eruptive agencies. The south-western portion of the Territory may be described as composed of wide plains, covered in places with a sparse growth of grass, and dotted with peaks and detached spurs. The south-eastern portion of Arizona is made up of mountain ranges, which sometimes rise into commanding peaks, like the Santa Ritas and Mount Turubull, with grassy plains and rich valleys lying between. The central joortion of the Territory can show some of the most attractive scenery on the continent. It is also well watered, and contains the largest body of agricul- tural land in Arizona — the valleys of the Gila and Salt rivers. One of the wonderful curiosities of the Territory is the Grand canj'ou of the Colorado. This is one of the most stupendous chasms to be found on the continent, and probably has not its equal on the globe. It is a tremendous gorge, 400 miles in length, and from 1,500 to 6,000 feet in depth, cut through the eruptive rock by the river, in its passage for ages from its mountain sources to the sea. Down in the gloomy recesses of this forbidding gorge, which calls to mind the portal to Dante's Inferno, the light of day hardly ever penetrates, and the river, looking like a slender silver thread, foams and whirls among the rocks and falls which impede its progress. The canj'on was first discovered by Coronado's expedition in 1540, and its length and depth accurately measured. It has been explored its entire length by Major Powell, who has given a most interest- ing and vivid description of its many wonders. The Little Col- orado, one of the main tributaries of the great river, has also a canyon system of its own, but on a much smaller scale than the larger river. The geological character of the Territory exhibits almost every formation to be found on the continent. North of the Grand Colorado and the Colorado Chiquito, the surface rock is a pure sandstone. The main ranges through the central portion of the Territory are composed of granite, porphyry, and slates. The mountains extending south-east from the great cone of the San !§rancisco to the thirty-fourth parallel, are mostly of vol- canic origin. Between the Gila and the Sonora line is found granite, limestone, porphjay, trap, and much metamorphic rock. The lower portion of the Great Colorado basin bears traces of violent volcanic disturbance, and is covered in places with scoria and ashes; its upper portion is composed of granites, j)orphyry, and slates, with here and there isolated ranges and jagged peaks scorched and riven by the fiery flood which has swept over this part of Arizona in ages when our earth was young. 12 THE EESOUECES OF AKIZONA. Arizona is a land of mai'vels for tlie scientist and the sight- seer. Nowhere on the globe can the operations of nature be traced more clearly and distinctly. Torn, and riven by stu- pendous gorges and deep canyons, crowned by lofty mountains, and diversified by immense plains, grassy parks, beautiful valleys, and elevated mesas, the topography of the'couutry in variety, weird beauty, and massive grandeur, is not excelled on the continent. That the great plateau pf Arizona was once an inland sea, there can be little doubt; and the isolated mountain masses, rising like islands above its surface, and the fantastically castellated buttes, which dot its immense plains, show clearly the erosion caused by the retreating waters. Arizona is a land that offers to the geologist and mineralogist a field both interesting and instructive; a land where the great book of nature lies open, with the record of countless ages stamped on its broad pages. RIVERS AND MOUNTAINS. RIVERS. First among the rivers of Arizona is the Colorado, which washes the western border of the Territory. This mighty stream is the principal tributary of the Pacific ocean, on the North American continent, south of the Columbia. It belongs to that vast system of water-courses which have their sources in the Rocky mountain cordilleras, and drain the continent from ocean to ocean. The great river was discovered on the ninth of May, 1540, by Captain Fernando Alarcon. He ascended the stream in boats 85 leagues from its mouth. He also discovered the Gila and called it the Miraflores. The Colorado takes its rise in the Wind Eiver chain of the Eocky mountains, iu lati- tude 43° 30' north, and some 12,000 feet above tlie level of the sea. It flows towards the south-east in its upper course, and is called Green river. Below its junction with the Grand, its great tributary from the east, its course is south-westerly until it is joined by the San Juan, above the entrance to the Great canyon. From there it runs south-westerly through the great chasm of the Colorado plateau to the mouth of the Virgin, and from that point to the Gulf of California it winds its way almost due south. The length of the Colorado and its tributaries is nearly 2,000 miles, draining an area larger than New England, Pennsylvania, and Virginia combined. Above its junction Vv'ith the Grand its waters are clear and limpid, but after i)assing through the Great canyon they assume a reddish hue, and are as turbid as those of the Missouri. The river is navigable for over 600 miles by boats of light draught, but the constant changing of its channel makes navigation difficult and some- times hazardous. The valley of the Colorado below the canyon, although narrow, for such a stream, and subject to overflow, KIYERS AND MOUNTAINS. 13 contains hundreds of thousands of acres of productive soil. The great Colorado drains the eutire Territory of Arizona, and every stream and water-course within its borders finds its way to the mighty river. The Gila river, the next in size to the Colorado, takes its rise aoaoug the Mogollon mountains in New Mexico, on the divide that separates the waters of the Rio Grande and those flowing into the Gulf of Mexico, from those that flow westward to the Pacific. In the upper part of its course, the Gila is a mount- ain stream, dashing through rocky gorges, deep canyons, amid the wildest of mountain scener}'. It forms no valley of any size, except the site of old Fort West, until it parses the one hundred and ninth meridian of longitude and enters the Terri- tory of Arizona. A few miles west of the boundary line it re- ceives the San Francisco from the north, a mountain stream bordered by a narrow valley. Some miles below it is joined by the waters of the Rio Prieta. At this point the valley of the Gila rapidly widens into»^ rich and productive stretch of bottom land, known as Pueblo Yiejo, which extends west for nearly 50 miles. The Rio Bonito, a clear mountain stream, enters the Gila from the north, near the head of this valley. The San Cai'los, which rises in the White mountains, joins the Gila at the lower end of the Pueblo Viejo valley. It is a fine mountain stream, with a rich and beautiful valley, now occupied as an Indian reservation. Below the San Carlos, the Gila flows through a deep and rocky canyon formed by the Mazatzal, Mo- gollon, and Mescal ranges from the north, and the Galiuro and Pinaleno ranges from the south. Just below the canyon the San Pedro unites with the Gila, from the south. The San Pedro is a narrow, swift stream, about 25 feet in width, and averaging about three feet in depth. It rises in Sonora and flows north through a fertile valley, with grass-covered mesas on each side, which sometimes rise into lofty ridges. Its course through Arizona is about 100 miles. The Arivaypa joins the San Pedro one mile below old Fort Breckenridge. It is a clear, beautiful stream, flowing through a rocky gorge, with a narrow valley of great fertility. Below the canyon, the Gila forms a valley from one to five miles wide, which produces luxuriant crops by irrigation. The Santa Cruz, from its source in the Huachuca mountains, after flowing southward through Souora, making a curve to the west, and passing by Tubac and Tucson, enters the Gila by an un- derground channel below the Pima villages. Salt river unites with the Gila at the point of the Sierra do Estrella. It is a .bold and rapid stream, having its source in the White mount- ains, and carrying a volume of water nearly three times as large as that of the Gila. Its upper course is through deep canyons, occasionally widening into narrow and fertile valleys. The main branch of the stream is known as Black river, flowing through a rugged, mountainous country. It receives the White Mountain, Carizo creek, Tonto creek, and other streams from the north, above the canyon, and the Rio Verde below that 14 THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. point. After breaking from the canyon the Salt river runs in a south-westerly direction, through a wide plain, containing the largest body of farming land in the Territory, The river is fed by mountain springs and snows, and carries a large volume of water. It is about 150 miles in length. The Rio Verde rises in Chiuo valley, in the great plateau that stretches south from the San Francisco mountains, near latitude 35° 30' north. It pursues a southerly direction, most of the way through a beautiful and productive valley, receiving in its course Oak, Beaver, and Clear creeks from the east, and Granite creek from the west. It joins the Salt z-iver a few miles below'Fort McDowell. The length of the Verde is nearly 150 miles. It carries a volume of water almost equal to the Gila, and is one of the finest streams in the Territory. The Hassayampa and the Agua Fria take their rise in the .Sierra Prieta, near Prescott, and enter the Gila below the Big Bend, but they sink in the thirsty sands long before they reach that stream. The Gila and its tributaries drain more than one half of the Territory. The river is about 500 miles in length, four- fifths of the distance being through Arizona. The Colorado Chiquito takes its rise in the Sierra Blanco, near the line of '34° north. The country around its headwaters is covered with pine forests and dotted with beautiful mountain lakes. It pursues a north-westerly direction, and enters the Great Colorado, through a canyon half a mile in depth, 200 miles from its source. During its journey it is joined by the Rio Puerco and the Zuni river, from the north, and bj^ Silver and Carisso creeks, and other inconsiderable streams, from the south. The upper valley of the Little Colorado is rich and fertile, pro- ducing fine crops with irrigation. Williams Fork empties into the Colorado on the line of 34° 20' north latitude and 114° 8' west longitude. The Santa Maria, the eastern branch of this stream, has its rise in the Juniper range, north-west of Prescott, while another branch rises at Peeple's valley. They join the Big Sandy, that has its source in the Cactus pass, and thence flow westward to the Great river. These are the important water-courses of the Territory, though there are many others which in rainy seasons pour their turbid floods into the Colo- rado and the Gila. » MOUNTAINS. The mountains of Arizona are among the most* interesting physical features of this wonderful country, and would require a volume to describe them in detail. It cnn be said that they show very little regularitj^, although they have a marked paral- lelism in the trend and direction of their axis, from north-west' to south-east. The parallel ridges of the Great plateau diverge from two points within the limits of the Territory — the Great canj'on of the Colorado, and the canyon of the Gila above the junction of the San Pedro. Beginning 40 miles south of the Little Colorado, the San Francisco peak, the highest in the Territory, rears its lofty head nearly 12,500 feet above the level of the sea. The San Francisco may be considered the northern EIVERS AND MOUNTAINS. 15 j)oint of the great ranges which extend from the one hundred and ninth to the one hundred and thirteenth degree of longi- tude, and from the thirty-sixth parallel to the Sonora line. That part of this range north of the Gila canyon is known as the Mazatzal, and farther east as the Mogollon and Sierra Blanco. There are also many detached spurs and isolated ranges, such as the Superstition, the Mescal, the Apache, the Pinal, the Gila range, and the Sierra Nataues. Most of these mountain ranges are covered with timber, and the Mogollon, Mazatzal, Sierra Blanco, and Pinal mountains, have a splendid growth of pines, cedars, oak, and juniper. Rich and nutritious grasses cover these mountains and the high table lands adjacent. Many of the ranges attain lofty elevations. The Sierra Blanco is 11,- 300, and the Four Peaks, in the Mazatzal range, nearly 10,000 feet above the level of the sea. South of the canyon of the Gila, on the line of 32° 30', the parallel ranges of the Great plateau system are clearly defined, all having the north-west and south-east trend. The Peloncillo, the Pinaleno, the Galiuro, the Chiricahua, the Santa Catarina, the Huachuca, the Santa Rita, the Dragoon, and Whetstone are the most prominent. Nearly all of these mountains are well watered, and covered with grass and timber. Mount Graham, in the Pinaleno range, attains a height of 10,- 500 feet above sea level, while the lofty peak of Mount Wright- son, in the Santa Ritas, has exactly the same elevation. West of Tucson, in the Paj)ago country, are several isolated ranges, of which the highest is Baboquivara peak, standing like a giant sentinel, guarding the weird fastnesses of the Papagueria. The Arizona mountains, which have given their name to the Terri- tory, extend from the point of the mountain, north of Tucson, into Sonora. They are sometimes called the Tubac mountains, and the Atascoso. They are of volcanic origin, broken and ir- regular. North of the thirty- fourth parallel, and west of the Verde, is the ridge that sejDarates the waters of the Rio Verde from the Agua Fria, known as the Verde mountains. West of the range are the Bradshaw and Sierra Prieta, that girdle Prescott, and, extending north, join the Santa Maria and Juni^Der mountains. The Bradshaw and Sierra Prieta are mass- ive ranges, well watered and thickly covered with pine, oak, and juniper timber, with a fine growth of grasses. Mount Union, in the Sierra Prieta, nine miles south of Prescott, at- tains an elevation of 9,000 feet. In the basin of the Colorado, the principal ranges are the Sacramento, the Cerbat, the Huala- pai, the Peacock, the Cottonwood, and the weird and desolate Music mountain, in the north; and in the south, the Harcurar, the Plomosa, the Castle Dome, and the Chocolate ranges. Most of these run parallel to the course of the Great river, with im- mense open valleys between. I'hey are generally devoid of timber, and many of them bear the marks of violent volcanic action. There are many other, detached ranges, such as the Black Hills, east of Prescott, rich in mineral and covered with timber; the Antelope, west of the Bradshaw, JIamous for its 16 THE EESOUBCES OF ARIZONA. gold placers, and Bill Williams motintain, south-west from tlie San Fraucisco peak. The mountain system of Arizona par- takes of the character of the Sierra Nevadas and the Rocky mountain Cordilleras, and may be considered outlying spurs from both. In 43° 30' the Wind river chain of the Rocky mountains divides around the sources of the Colorado, One branch trends to the south in the Great Wasatch range, and, widening out to the level of the Great plateau, reaches the Grand canyon of Colorado on the line of the one hundred and twelfth degree of longitude. A branch of the Sierra Nevada leaves that range south-west of Owens river, and, with a gen- eral sweep to the south-west, merges into the plateau and joins the Wasatch at the Great canyon. Our space will not permit us to give more than a passing glance at the grand system of sierras, crowned with their lordly pines, and holding in their rocky embrace vast mineral wealth, which are such a mag- nificent feature of the topography of Arizona. FAUNA AND FLORA. FAUNA. The fauna of Arizona, in its extent and variety, will compare with an}- portion of the Union. Nearly all the animals indig- enous to the temperate zone are found throughout the Terri- toi'y, and in some localities it is the very paradise of the sports- man. The grizzly bear is found in the White mountain range, near Camp Apache; the cinnamon and the black bear are met with in the San Francisco, the Mogollon, the Sierra Blanco, the Bradshaw, the Mazatzal, the Chiricahaa, the Huachuca, the Santa Rita, and in nearly all the wooded mountains of the Territory. The coyote, or prairie wolf, roams through the length and breadth of Arizona. The black-tailed deer is common in the northern and central portions of the Territory; it attains a large size, and some weighing 250 pounds have been killed. The Cali- fornia lion, or cougar, makes his home in every county in the Territory. The antelope is found in large bands on the ele- vated mesas and grassy plains that stretch from the Patagonia mountains to the Coconino forest; the big-horn mountain sheep is a dweller in the almost inaccessible crags and barren mountain peaks of northern Arizona. Although the elk can hardly be considered a native of this latitude, some large speci- mens have been seen in the lofty ranges of the San Francisco and the Sierra Blanco. The fox and the wildcat are extensively distributed, some of the latter reaching a very large size. The wood rat, the kangaroo rat, and the white mouse, are found in all parts of the Territory; gophers are numerous, the black-faced variety being mostly confined* to the Sierra Bianco; squirrels are seen everywhere. The beaver inhabits the streams through- out the Mogollon, the White mountains, the Verde and its FAUNA AND FLORA. 17 tvibutfiries, and the San-Pedro. Rabbits are found in every section. Arizona offers a fine field for the ornithologist; it is exceed- ingh' rich in the number and variety of the feathered tribe. Tlie wild turkey is found in the Bill Williams, San Francisco, Mogollon, Sierra Blanco, Chiricahua, on the headwaters of the Gila and Santa Cruz, and in nearly all the wooded mountains of southern Arizona. Wild duck are plentiful in the water- courses of northern, eastern and south-eastern Arizona, and the wild goose is occasionally seen on the Colorado, the Gila and the Salt rivers. The crested quail, or California partridge, is extensively distributed and rapidly increasing since the settle- ment of the country by whites; doves and pigeons are found in the mountains and elevated plateaus. The western hawk in- habits all parts of the Territory. The crow family is well repre- sented and is met in every direction. The American eagle is found among the lofty peaks and deep canyons of the Sierra Blanco. Tliere are many species of the owl family, and their solemn hooting makes night hideous from the Utah line to the frontier of Sonora. The melod}'' of the mocking-bird is heard in Arizona wherever there is a stream or a grove; sparrows abound in the southern and central portions of the Territory, and the sweet song of the thrush trills forth in many parts of eastern Arizona. The oriole is found in the region of Camp Grant; and humming-birds, warblers, and finches are met with in the central and south-eastern valley's and mountain ranges. Water-ousels and bluebirds frequent the elevated regions of the south-east. The Arizona vireo is one of our sweetest singers, and is widely distributed; wrens are numerous in the south; swallows, buntings, jays, grosbeaks, and many species of the woodpecker are found in every part of the Territory; blackbirds are at home everywhere. Such aquatic birds as herons, snipes, sandpipers, cranes, etc., are found along the Colorado, the Gila, the Salt, and the larger streams. To describe fully the birds of Arizona, would require a volume; in brilliancy of plumage, sweetness of song, and variety of species, the feathered warblers of the eastern portion of the Territory are not excelled in the Union. FLORA. The flora of Arizona has many distinct peculiarities, and em- braces several varieties found nowhere else in the United States. For the botanist, the Territory presents a wide field for studj'' and investigation. Arizona is the home of the giant cactus, called by the aborigines, the sahitaro. This plant sometimes reaches a diameter of two feet, and frequently attains a height of forty feet. Its body is pale green, fluted like a Corinthian column; gigantic arms, like the branches of a candelabrum, put out from the m^iin trunk towards its top, the whole being covered with sharp, prickly thorns. The ^)lant bears a purple blossom, and in the latter part of June a palatable pear-shaped 2 18 THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. fruit, f rized bj' Mexicans and Indians, and tasting something like a iig. The frame of the sahuaro is composed of narrow sticks of "wood, arranged in the form of a cylinder, and held together by the outside fibers. When this " giant of the plains" falls, these ribs of v/ood are used for roofing adobe houses, fencing, etc. The prickly pear, another sjjecies of the cactus family, is found on the elevated mesas throughout the Territory. It attains a height of from four to six feet; has large fleshy leaves, which, in their tender state, are cooked by the natives, and taste not unlike string beans. It bears a pink-colored, pear-shaped fruit, palatable and refreshing to the thirsty traveler. The vinegar cactus, another variety of the plant, bears a small, deep-red berrj^ exceedingly acid in taste, vv'hich is used by the Indians as an antiscorbutic. The hianaga, or " well of the desert," is one of the most valued varieties of the cactus; it seldom reaches a height of over four feet, is of a cylindrical shape, covered by sharp thorns. The plant grows on the foothills and elevated plains. By cutting out the center, a bowl-shaped cavity is formed, which soon fills with water, affording to the thirsty wanderer a refreshing drink; the bisnaga also bears a bright yellow fruit, which is not un- palatable. There are many other varities of the cactus in all parts of the Territory, one of the most uninviting being the choUa, which sometimes grows to a height of five feet, with numerous branches covered with bunches of coarse thorns. A beautiful plant, which in the sj^ring puts forth green leaves and scarlet blossoms and is found all over the table lands of Ari- zona, is the ocot'dlo. It is by some classed with the cactus fam- ily; grows in clusters of straight poles, from ten to fifteen feet in height, covered with sharp thorns. The plant is used ex- tensively for fencing in portions of the Territory where there is a scarcity of wood. The maguey, or mescal, sometimes called the century plant, is found on every hill and plateau of Arizona, and is the most use- ful of all the natural vegetable products of the Territory. It is brought under a high state of cultivation in Mexico, and is a source of large revenue in many portions of that country. Its long, sharp-pointed green leaves branch from the root to a height of three or four feet; they are fleshy and stiff, their edges being covered with thorns. The center of the plant is a large head, something like a cabbage, from which springs a slender pole, eight to twelve feet in height, bearing near its top, short branches which produce a yellow flower. The head is the valu- able part, and is looked upon by the Apaches as their chief arti- cle of food. In preparing it for use the leaves are peeled off, the head is placed in a primitive oven made of round stones sunk in the ground, and roasted; it is then ready for use, is sweet and nutritious, tasting like a boiled beet. The Indians also make it into flat cakes, which were their principal means of subsistence when on the war-path, during the long and bloody The juice is sometimes extracted, FAUNA AND FLORA. 19 ami makes a sjTup that is very palatable; the Indians also fer- ment it and produce an intoxicating liquor called (izicin. The Mexicans distill the plant and make " mescal." It is as clear as gin, has the strong smok}' taste of Scotch whisky, and will in- toxicate as quickly as either. The Indians make ropes from the fiber of the jDlant, and a fine quality of paper has also been manufactured from it. Of all the plants growing within the limits of the Territory, it is the most valuable; it contains a large amount of saccharine matter, while its fibers can be util- ized for the making of many useful articles. The araole, or soap weed, is another of the valuable plants indigenous to Arizona, and grows all over its table lands and grassy plains. It reaches a height of three or four feet, with long and narrow pointed leaves, which make excellent ropes, paper, cloth, and other fabrics; the roots are used by the natives as a substitute for soap. For washing woolen goods it is supe- rior to the soaps of commerce, t)ie flannels being thoroughly cleansed without shrinkage; the roots are also used as a hair wash, keeping it soft and glossy. The hedeiindiUa, or grease wood, covers the hills, table lands and dry plains of Arizona, over its entire extent. It grows from two to eight feet high, and in the early summer produces a yellow blossom; wh«n the leaves are rubbed between the hands an unpleasant odor is produced and a greasy substance adheres to the fiugers. A gum is obtained from this plant which is said to be valuable for medicinal purposes. Among the other useful plants of the Territory ma}' be mentioned the pedis and the creosote bush; the former has an odor like essence of lemon. No doubt there are many other plants and shrubs, rich in medicinal qualities, which will be brought to light when the flora of Arizona is fully classified and thoroughly known. Grapes, wild cherries, currants, strawberries, and blackberries, are found in the mountains and valleys of northern, central, and eastern Arizona. The native grapes are rich in saccharine mat- ter, and produce a very palatable wine, tasting like light claret. "Walnuts are plentiful in the mountains and foothills of central Arizona. The wild coffee plant is found on the plateau of the central portion of the Territory; the berry looks like the coffee of commerce and the flavor bears a slight resemblance to the domestic article. Piue, cedar, and juniper, cover the mountains and table lands of northern and eastern Arizona; the great forest of the Mogol- lon range extends south almost to the Gila river and contains some of the finest piue timber on the continent. In the mount- ains south of the Gila, pine is found around the summits of the Piualeno, the Santa Catariua, the Santa Eita, the Huachuca, and the Chiricahua ranges, while the rolling foothills are covered with a magnificent growth of oak. Sycamore, ash, walnut, elder, and Cottonwood are found along the water-courses in all parts of the Territory. Among the valuable woods of Arizona is the mesquite. This tree is a native of the region south of the Great 20 THE nESOUECES OF ARIZONA, plateau, and is nearly always found in good soil. Alon^ the Gila, the Salt river, the Lower Colorado and the Santa Gruz Yalleys, large forests are often met v/ith, manj' trees growing to a height of thirty feet. It is a close-grained wood, makes ex- cellent wagon timber and splendid fuel. The tree is bushy in appearance, with a leaf resembling the locust; it bears large quantities of a hean-like fruit, which constitutes one of the chief articles of food among the Indians in the southern jDor- tiou of the Territory. These beans make excellent food for cat- tle and horses. A dark-looking liquid exudes from the tree during the summer months, in color and consistency like gum arable. The mesquite makes a handsome shade tree, and is one of the most valuable of the native woods of the Territory. The i^alo verde, or green tree, is a native of the soil; it is found on the dry mesas, rolling hills and barren plains of the south and south-west. It seldom attains a height of over twelve feet; its branches are covered with thorns; its wood is soft and spongy, and it does not make even good fire-wood. The iron wood is a species of the mesquite, which it much resembles. It is a heavy, close-grained wood, susceptible of a high polish; when dry it is hard and brittle and almost impossible to cut with an ax. The bean it bears is similar to the mesquite, and contains as high as 35 per cent, of gr^ipe sugar; the Indians prize it highly as an article of food. Of the grasses of Arizona, the most widely distributed is the black and white gramma, which grows in nearly every part of the Territory. A coarse grass called the gayeiie is found in the Avest and south-western portions of the country. In the higher regions, the pine, the mesquite, and other varieties, are met with. The coarse bunch grass, known as the buffalo, is found growing in many of the southern valleys and foothills. The grasses of the country are rich and nutritious, keeping stock iu prime condition all seasons of the year. FISH. Although not coming properly within the scope of this di- vision, something about the fishes of the Territory may not be out of place here. In the Colorado there is a species of the finny tribe known as the " Colorado salmon." They are a fish tasting something like a sturgeon, and reaching a large size, some weighing 70 pounds having been taken near Yuma. In the Gila there is a fish resembling a sucker; it is found in large numbers and is well-flavored. What is known as the " Verde trout " is found in that stream and its tributaries; it resembles the mountain trout, and wei'e it not for the number of bones, would be a valuable food fish. A fish called the humpback is found in the Salt river, and some weighing four pounds have been taken. A fish resembling a trout is also found in the Salt; it is of little value, being composed mostly of bones. In the headwaters of the Colorado Chiquito, and in the cold and sparkling streams which flow down from the Mogollon and the Sierra Blanco mountfiins, trout are found in abundance. These COUNTIES AND BOUNDAEIES. 21 streams, fed by hetivy winter snows, are alive witb tliis valuable fish, many of them weighinof three and four pounds. In the upper waters of the Gila is found what is known as the. white trout; it is a well-fiavored and palatable fish. The Legislature of 1880-81 passed an act for stocking the rivers and lakes of the Territor}^ with carp and other varieties suited to the climate. Already steps have been taken by the Commissioners appointed under the provisions of the act to carrj' out its objects, and Arizouans can hope in a few years to see the water-courses throughout the Territory well provided with a good supply of food fishes. Newspaper correspondents and " tender-foot " visitors have given Arizona an unenviable notoriety for the number, size, and venom of its reptiles and poisonous insects. The truth is they are not as numerous or dangerous as in many of the West- ern States. On the rolling plains and mesas several species of the rattlesnake are met with, but are far less numerous than has been popularly supposed. It is stated that in one explor- ing expedition of over 2,000 miles, not more than twenty snakes were observed. In the lofty mountain, ranges they are rarely met with. Small-sized lizards are found everywhere on the dry mesas and plains, and the horned toad is at home in many localities. The saurian known as the '* Gila monster," is found in the southern part of the Territory; it is a large species of the lizard, and makes its home on the barren plains that stretch along the Gila and its tributaries, below the canyon. It is red and black in color, is covered with scales like the alligator, and is entirely harmless. It sometimes attains a length of two feet. This variety of the lizard is peculiar to Arizona, and is consid- ered one of the institutions of this peculiar country. COUNTIES AND BOUNDARIES. The Territory of Arizona is divided into ten counties, namely: Pima, Yavapai, Maricopa, Mohave, Apache, Yuma, Pinal, Cachise, Gila, and Graham. PIMA. Pima count}', the oldest inhabited portion of th» Territory, is bounded on the north by Maricopa and Pinal, on the east by Cachise, on the south by Sonora, and on the west by Yuma county. The western portion of the county consists of drj', rolling plains, with isolated peaks and detached mountain ranges. It is covered with a sparse growth of grass, and in places, with mesquite wood. "Water is scarce in this region, but wherever it is found grazing is excellent. Its mountains are rich in gold, silver, and copper. This part of the Territory is the home of the Papago Indians, and is known as the Papa- gueria. Pima county, south and east of Tucson, may be de- 22 THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. scribed as a country of plains, rolling liills, and lofty mount- ains. The Santa Ritas and the Patagonia ranges are well watered and timbered, while their slopes are covered with fine grasses. To the north the rocky Santa Catarina stretches away toward the canyon of the Gila. The Santa Cruz flows through the county, leaving a rich and productive valley. Pima has fine grazing lauds, and its mountains are rich in minerals. YAYAFAI. Yavapai county extends from the thirty-fourth to the thirty- seventh degree of latitude, and embraces nearly three de- grees of longitude. It contains nearly one-third of the entire area of the Territory. It is bounded on the north by Utah, on the east by Apache county, on the south by Maricopa and Gila counties, and on the west by Mohave county. It embraces the larger portion of the Great Colorado plateau, and its general elevation is from four to seven thousand feet above the level of the sea. Its physical features maybe described as an immense elevated table land, crossed in all directions by lofty mountain ranges, adorned by beautiful valleys, and seamed and riven by deep can^'ons and rocky gorges. The mountains carry a fine growth of pine, oak, and juniper, while the uplands are covered with a luxuriant growth of nutritious grasses. The count}' is watered by the Colorado Chiquito, the Verde, the Agua Fria, the Hassayampa, the Santa Maria, and many other streams. That portion of the county south of the thirty-fifth parallel is rich in minerals of almost every description. The grazing resources of Yavapai are not excelled in the Territory. In the north-eastern corner of the county is that remarkable region known as the Painted desert, composed of mighty columns which have been left standing in solitary grandeur by slow de- nudations which have been at work for ages. This wild and weird region partakes of the character of the " Fata Morgana." Explorers say that on its air are depicted "palaces, hanging gardens, colonnades, temples, fountains, lakes, fortifications Avith flags flying on their ramparts, landscapes, woods, groves, orchards, meadows, and companies of men and women,' herds of cattle, deer, antelope, etc., all painted with such an admir- able mixture of light and shade that it is impossible to form any conception of the picture without seeing it." The Indians call it the country of departed spirits. MARICOPA. Maricopa county is bounded on the north by Yavapai, on the east by Gila and Pinal, on the south by Pinal and Pima, and on the west by Yuma. The western portion of the county is composed of broad plains, crossed b}' rugged mountains, cov- ered with coarse grasses, with mesquite and palo verde Avood growing in many places. The Gila river enters the county near Maricopa Wells and flows for nearly 100 miles through the western portion of it, making a rich and productive valley. Salt river, in its course through Maricopa, flows COUNTIES AND BOUNDAEIES. 23 through the finest body of agricultural land in the Territory. That portion ot Maricopa north and east of Phoenix, is a rugged, mountainous region, intersected by spurs from the Mazatzal and the Verde ranges, and known to be rich in min- erals. Maricopa, besides its great agricultural and mineral resources, contains some fine grazing lands along the Gila, the Upper Salt, and the Verde. MOHAVE. Mohave count}' occupies the north-western corner of the Ter- ritory. It is bounded on the west by the Colorado river, on the north by Utah and Nevada, on the east by Yavapai, and on the south by Yuma. 'Mohave is a region of rugged mountain ranges, with immense valleys, covered with coarse but nutritious grasses. Four well-defined ranges, the Sacramento, the Cerbat, the Hualapai, and the Cottonwood, pursue a parallel course through that portion of the county south and east of the Colorado. "Water is found in these mountains, and nearly all of them are mineral-bearing. Mohave has some fine grazing land, but its agricultural resources are limited to the valley of the Big Sandy and the Colorado. But little is known of the region north of the Colorado, though it is supposed to be an elevated plateau, crossed by mountains, seamed by canyons, and generally desti- tute of water. APACHE. Apache county occupies the north-eastern portion of the Ter- ritory. It is bounded on the north by Colorado, on the east by New Mexico, on the south by Graham and Gila counties, and on the west by Yavapai. Apache embraces a large area of the Colorado plateau, and its elevation above the sea level is from five to seven thousand feet, while some of its commanding peaks attain a height of over 11,000 feet. That portion of the county north of the Colorado Chiquito and the Rio Puerco, is composed of elevated table lands, isolated mountains, and deep and narrow canyons. In the northern end of the county is the remarkable plateau called tlie Mesa la Vaca, elevated about 1,000 feet above the surrounding formation. This is the great coal region of Arizona, which extends across the north-western portion of Apache county. This elevated region is covered by a growth of fine grass, crowned with stunted pines and cedars. "Water is not plentiful. The extreme north-eastern corner of the count}', through which flow the Rio de Chelly and its tributa- ries, is included in the Navajo Indian reservation. That part of Apache south of the thirty-fifth parallel is one of the best- timbered and watered portions of Arizona. The snowfall in this part of the territory is very heavy, giving rise to many beautiful, clear, mountain streams, which flow out through lovely valleys all the year round. The ranges of the Mogollon and the Sierra Blanco traverse this region, their summits cov- ered with a heavy growth of ^mber, while the valleys and mesas are carpeted with rich and luxuriant grasses. The valley of the Colorado Chiquito contains fine farming land, and sufficient 24 THE KESOURCES OF ARIZONA. water for irrigation. Apache county lias some of the best graz- ing lands in the Territory. In romantic and picturesque mountain scenery it is not equaled in Arizona. GRAHAM. Graham county, which has just heen organized from por- tions of Pima and Ai')ache, is bounded on the north by Apache, on the east by New Mexico, on the south by Cachise, and on the west by Pinal and Gila. The Gila river floAvs through the center of the county, making a rich and fertile valley, which is being brought under a high state'of cultivation. The Galiuro, the Pinaleno, and the Peloncillo ranges extend through the county south of the Gila, while ftorth of that stream, the Gila mountains, the Sierra Natanes, and the Sierra de Petahaj'a cross its surface in everj' direction. The mountains are gener- ally well wooded, while the broad valleys which lie between are covered with rich grasses, affording pasturage for large herds of cattle. The county is well supplied with water, and contains valuable mineral deposits near it eastern border. GILA. Gila countj^, called into existence by the last session of the Legislature, is bounded on the north by Yavapai, on the east by Graham and Apache, on the south by Pinal, and on the west by Pinal and Maricopa. It is a compact, mineral country, crossed in all directions by detached spurs and rolling uplands. The Pinal range is heavily timbered, and the whole county is covered with rich grasses. The Salt river flows nearly through the center of the county, while its southern border is Avashed by the Gila river. Gila is rich in gold, silver, and copper, and has, also, some fine cattle ranges. Its agricultural resources are confined to a narrow strip above the Salt river canyon, and the valley of the Gila and San Carlos, now included in the San Carlos Indian reservation. PINAL. Pinal county is bounded on the south by Pima, on the west by Maricopa, on the north by Maricopa and Gila, and on the east by Graham. South of the Gila, the county is made up of open, barren plains and isolated groups of rugged mountains. These plains are covered with rich gramma grasses, but devoid of water. The valley of the Gila, which flows through the county from east to west, is one of the most productive spots in the Territory, and yields large crops of grain and vegetables. Tlie north-eastern part of the county is crossed by the Super- stition, Mescal, and Salt Eiver mountains. They are rich in mineral, though deficient in limber. The eastern corner of Pinal, south of the Gila, contains some fine farming and grazing land. The San Pedro flows through the county for nearly 40 miles, and its rich but narrow valley is under a high state of cultivation. Coal has also been discovered in this region, with every promise of permanency. CHIEF TOWNS. 25 CACHISE. Cacbise county occupies the extreme south-eastern corner of the Territory. It was org-auized iu 1881, from a portion of Pima county. It is bounded on the south by Sonora, on the west by Pima, on the north by Graham, and on the east by New Mexico. The massive chain of the Chiricahua runs through the county in the east, while the Hnachuca, the Whetstone, the ' Dragoon, the Mule mountains, and the Galiuro ranges cross it from the north to south, in the west. All of these mountains are covered with pine,' oak, and juniper, while the broad valleys that lie between, and the rolling table lands bear a generous growth of nutritious grasses. The San Pedro flows through the county from its southern to its northern boundary, carrying sufificieut water to irrigate the rich and fertile valley that stretches along its banks. To the east of the Chiricahua range is the great valley of the San Simon, an immense extent of line grazing land, with water to be found along its entire extent, within a few feet of the surface. The mountain ranges of Ca- chise are well watered, while the wonderful richness of their mineral deposits has attracted the attention of the entire country. YUMA. Yuma county, which comprises the south-western portion of the Territory, is bounded on the west by tbe Colorado river. On the north by Mohave, on the east by Maricopa and Pima, and on the south by Sonora. The Gila river flows through the county for nearly 100 miles, making in its course a fine valley, which is susceptible of high cultivation. The eastern portion of the county is composed of a high table land, with detached, rugged mountains crossing it in all directions. This table land is covered with coarse grasses, and affords excellent grazing, where water can be had. Many of the isolated ranges are known to be rich in minerals. That portion of Yuma county lying along the Colorado is traversed from north to south by parallel ranges of scorched and barren mountains, such as Castle Dome, the Plomosa, the Chocolate, and many other broken and detached ranges, nearl}'^ all of which are rich in the precious metals. Besides the farming land along the Gila, Yuma has a large and productive valley on the Colorado. CHIEF TOWNS. TUCSON. Tucson, the county seat of Pima county, is situated on a sloping mesa on the right bank of the Santa Cruz river. It stands iu a wide plain, surroumled on all sides by mountain ranges. It is about midway between the Gila river and the boundary line of Sonora, and is about 250 miles east of the Colorado river, and nearly 300 miles north of the harbor of 26 , THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. Guaymas, on the Gulf of California. It is situated near lati- tude 32° 20' north, and in longitude 110° 55' west from Green- wich. The early history of Tucson is involved in obscurity. It is generally believed that it was established as a Spanish mili- tary station to protect the mission of San Xavier del Bac, about the year 1G94. Tucson remained a small and insignificant pue- blo until tlie California gold fever of '4.9 and '50, when the rush of adventurers along the southern route to the golden shores of the Pacific infused new life into the sleepy old town. After the occupation of the country by th,e American troops, in 1855, Tucson became the most important point in the Territory, and its growth has been steady ever since. With the comple- tion of the Southern Pacific railroad, the old pueblo has made rapid strides in jjopulation, wealth, and material jDrosperity, and contains, at the present time, between seven and eight thou- sand inhabitants, many of whom are Mexican. Tucson, in its general appearance, resembles a Spanish-American town. The houses, built of adobe, or sun-dried brick, are generally of one story, with flat roofs, and narrow doors and windows, with court-j^ards in the interior. The streets in the older part of the town are narrow and tortuous, and the houses make very little pretensions to architectural beauty. The advent of the railroad, however, has drawn hither an active, energetic American popu- lation, and the old order of things is being rapidly done away with. Tucson contains the largest mercantile houses in the Ter- ritory, who do a heavy trade with Sonora and the northern States of Mexico. Tlie business of the town for 1880, amounted to over $7,000,000. The place contains some fine private resi- dences, which would be a credit to any town on the coast. The Catholic cathedral is an imposing structure, built of brick and adobe. The Presbyterian church is a tasteful building of sun-dried brick. The Baptists have also a place of wor- ship, and the Methodists have laid the foundation for a large and handsome, edifice. Besides the public school, which is largely attended, the Sisters of St. Joseph have an academy for girls, with an attendance of nearly 100 pupils. A parochial school is also maintained with an enrollment of 285 pupils — 160 males, and 125 females. The Odd Fellows, Masons, Knights of Pythias, Good Templars, and United Workmen, have flourish- ing lodges. Tucson has two banking-houses, four hotels, two breweries, two flouring mills, a foundry, and large mercantile establishments in every branch of trade. Three daily and weekly newspapers are published here. The Arizona Star, by L. C. Hughes, is a bright and able chronicle of the wants and resources of the southerrr country; the Arizona Journal, by F. B. Thompson, is a reliable and newsy exponent of public senti- ment, and an active champion of the material interests of the country; the Arizona CUizen, the second oldest newspaper in the Territory, is conducted with ability by E. C. Brown, and is devoted to the vast and varied resources of Pima county and Southern Arizona. El Front0nzo, by Carlos Yelasco, is pub- lished weekly, and supplies the Si^anish-speaking population CHIEF TOWNS. 27 with the current news in their native tongue. The suburbs of Tucson afford some pleasant drives. San Xavier church is nine miles up the Santa Cruz, while Fort Lowell is at the base of the Santa Catarina mountains, seven miles away. The valley of the Santa Cruz, opposite Tucson, presents a beautiful ap- pearance, with its green fields and groves of cottonwood. Sit- uated on the main highway between the east and west, and on the direct route to the Gulf, with one railroad passing through it, and others j^rojected, and with the rich mineral belt lying all around it, Tucson has every reason to feel secure in its future. TOMBSTONE. Tombstone, the county seat of Cachise county, is one of those mining towns which has sprung into existence, as if by magic, from the discovery of the wonderfully rich ore bodies which surround it on all sides. A little more than two years ago, the site of the present town was a desolate waste; to-day an active, energetic population of over G,000 souls gives life and animation to its crowded streets. The town is built on a mesa at the southern end of the Dragoon mountains, nine miles east of the San Pedro river, about seventy miles south-east of Tucson and twenty-eight miles south of Benson, on the Southern Pacific railroad. It is situated near latitude 31° 30' north, and in longitude 110° west of Greenwich. The first house was erected in April, 1879, and since then its growth has been remarkable. Surrounded on all sides by immense bodies of rich ore, Tomb- stone presents the appearance of a typical mining camp in the full tide of prosperity. The town is built of wood and adobes. It contains many fine business houses, a large and commodious theater and public hall, four large hotels, two banks, and numerous private residences, displaying both taste and comfort. It contains four churches: Methodist, a handsome edifice, Cath- olic, Presbyterian and Episcopal. It has one public school, which is largely attended, and also a private academy, which receives generous patronage. Tombstone is the center of an immense area of rich rpineral territory. It has a large and growing trade with the adjacent mining camps, and with Sonora. Its mercantile houses carry heavy stocks, and do a thriving business. Tombstone has two newspapers, the Nugget and the Epitaph, published daily and weekly. The former is the pioneer journal of the camp, and in its general make-up and the ability displayed in its columns, is worthy of the generous support it is receiving. It is conducted by H. M. Woods. The Epitaph is a live, newsy journal, devoted to the vast resources of the Tombstone region, and has worked incessantly to bring those resources to the attention of the out- side world. Clum & Keppy are its proprietors. Water is brought to the town in iron pipes from the Dragoon mount- ains, sixteen miles away. A project is on foot to tap the cool springs in the Huachacas, twenty-one miles distant, which would supply the town with pure mountain water for all time to come. Tombstone is at present one of the most active towns 23 THE EESOURCES OF ARIZONA. on tlie Pacific coast. New buildings are going up constantly, while rich discoveries are being brought to light in the vast mineral belt which extends in all directions. Its future growth and prosperity is assured, and it promises yet to rival the me- tropolis of the Comstock in its most prosperous days. PRESCOTT. Prescott, the capital of Arizona, and the county seat of Yavapai county, is situated in a beautiful mountain glade, sur- rounded by the northern spurs of the Sierra Prieta. The town was laid out in May, 1864, and named " in honor of the eminent American writer and standard authority upon Aztec and Spanish American historj'." Its site is in latitude 34° 30' north, and in longitude 112° 30' west from Greenwich. The town has a beautiful situation, being surrounded by low hills, crowned with loft}^ pines, and covered with fine grasses. The streets are broad and laid out with tlie cardinal points of compass. In the center of the town is a large plaza, in which stands the county court-house, the finest structure in the Territory. It is built of brick and stone, two stories in height, with a mansard roof, crowned by a handsome tower. Prescott has the appearance of a homelike, Eastern town. Its buildings are of wood, brick, and stone. It contains the handsomest mercantile establishments in the Territory, many of which would be a credit to older and more pretentious communities. It is the center of an extensive mining, pastoral, and agricul- tural region, and has a large and prosperous trade. Besides its fine business establishments, Prescott can show many elegant private residences. It has a fine theater and a large i^ublic hall. Three saw mills are in constant operation near the town. Prescott has one bank, a fine brick structure 72 by 29 feet, and two stories in height, two hotels, three breweries, fifteen mercantile establishments, and, like all frontier towns, numer- ous saloons. The town is situated about 5,500 feet above sea level, and possesses one of the most delightful climates on the continent; and with its pine-covered hills, green valleys, and beautiful gardens, is one of the most attractive towns on the Pacific coast. The Catholics, the Methodists, the Baptists, the Presbj^terians and the Congregationalists, have handsome churches. A fine brick school-house, two stories in height, is one of the ornaments of the town. The Masons, the Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias, and the Foresters have flourishing societies. Two newspapers are published here, the Arizona MUier, the oldest newspaper in the Territory, and the Arizona Democrat. The former is conducted by C. W. Beach, and is untiring in its efforts to give publicity to the vast re- sources of Northern Arizona. The Democrat is owned and edited by Hon. Gideon J. Tucker, formerly of the Albany Argus and the New York Daily News. It is ably conducted, and justW appreciated for its devotion to the material interests of the Territory'. The population of Prescott is about two thou- sand. With its charming situation, fine climate, and the varied CHIEF TOWNS. 29 resources nvliicli surround it, the town ia destined to be a place of importance. rH(ENIX. Pbcenix, the county seat of Maricopa county, is situated in the great Salt river valley, twenty-five miles above the junction of the Gila and the Salt rivers, and about two miles north of the latter stream, ninety miles south of Prescott, and twenty-eight miles north of the Southern Pacific railroad at Maricopa station. It is in hititude 33° 25' north and in longitude 112° west. The first settlement was made in December, 1870, in what was then a barren desert. By bringing the fertilizing- waters of the Salt river over the plain, the vallej' has been made the most fertile and productive in the Territory. Phceuix is*a beautiful town, with wide streets shaded with groves of cotton- wood trees, and cooled by streams of water running through the principal thoroughfares. It is the center of trade for the productive farming region which surrounds it on all sides, and has a number of handsome mercantile establishments which do a prosperous business. It has three churches, Methodist, Pres- byterian and Catholic, all handsome structures. The houses ai'e generally built of adobe, as that material is found to be best adapted to this climate. A large, two-story brick school-house, is one of the chief adornments of the town. The Odd Fellows, Masons, Eed Men, United Order of Workmen, and Good Tem- plars have organizations here. The Maricopa Library Associa- tion is one of the most prosperous societies in the town. Two newspapers are published in Phoenix, the Phoenix Herald and the Arizona Gaz'Hie, the former by John J. Gosper, and the latter by McNeil & Co.; they are both well conducted, newsy journals, able exponents of the interests of the people and the resources of the Salt river valley, and are published daily and weekly. The population of Phoenix is about 1500, and is rapidly increasing. With its splendid water facilities and rich soil, with its fine farms, beautiful gardens, and shady groves, Phoenix is a handsome and a prosperous town, with a bright future before it. GLOBE. Globe, the chief town of Gila county and its county seat, is situated on Pinal creek, a tributary of the Salt river, about 120 miles north-west from Wilcox station on the Southern Pacific railroad, and about 90 miles north-east of Florence. It is a live mining town in the midst of a rich and extensive mineral - belt. The place has a pleasant situation in the valley of Pinal creek, surrounded by rolling grassy hills, and backed by the lofty, pine-covered Pinal mountains to the south. The town is built principally of wood and brick, and presents a neat and attractive appearance. It has tAvelve mercantile houses, one bank, two hotels, a handsome Methodist church, a fine public school-house, two wagon shops, two drug stores, blacksmith shops, breweries, and several saloons. The town sprang up after the rich silver discoveries in this region in 187G. It has • now a population of over 1,000, and a large and steadily grow- 30 THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. ing tratle "with the mining camps adjacent. Globe Las two weekly newspapers, the Silver Bell and tlie Chronicle. The former is conducted, by Judge Hackney, and is a reliable and consistent advocate of the wants and interests of Gila county, andthe Territory in general. The Chronicle is owned by W. H. Glover, and is a staunch friend to its section and a credit to Arizona journalism. Globe has an eligible situation in the center of a vast mineral and grazing region, and is growing steadily. FLORENCE. Florence, the principal town of Pinal county, is situated about 25 miles north-east of Casa Grande, on the Southern Pacific railroad, 80 miles north of Tucson, and 45 miles south-east of Phoenix. The town has a beautiful situation in the rich valley of the Gila. It is surrounded by groves of cottonwood, clear streams of water flow through every street, and beautiful gar- dens, where fruits and flowers grow luxuriantly, make it one of. the most attractive towns in the Territory. Its buildings are principallj' of adobe, many of them tastefully adorned. Flor- ence has several large business houses, two hotels, two commo- dious public schools, a Catholic church, a brewery, restaurants, saloons, and two flouring-mills. The town was laid out in 18G8, and has a population of 800, one third of whom are Mex- ican. It is the county seat of Pinal.' The Territorial Enier- 2)ri>ie, a weekly newspaper, is published here. It is an able and industrious champion of the many resources of that portion of the Territory. Florence is about 500 feet above sea level, in the center of one of the finest bodies of agricultural land in the Q'erritory, and with rich mines north, south, and east, will always be a prosperous town. YUMA. Yuma, the county seat of Yuma county, is situated near the junction of the Gila with the Rio Colorado, and about twenty miles north of the Sonoi-a line. On a commanding bluff, opposite the town, on the California side of the river, is Fort Yuma, built on the site of a mission established here by the Spanish fathers as early as 1771, and destroyed by the Yuma Indians ten years later. The first settlement at the site of the town of Yuma was made by Dr. Lincoln and others in 1849, who established a ferr}^ over the Colorado to accommodate the thousands who flocked to the newly discovered gold region of California. An outbreak among the Indians destroyed the ferry and killed all the owners, except three persons. In 1850, the ferry, was again started by Don Diego Jaeger and others. This party were again attacked in 1851 by the Indians, who compelled them to abandon their enterprise and retreat to California. In 1852, Heintzelmau and Stoneman (both of whom afterwards rose to high commands in the civil war), marched across the Colorado desert with a detachment of United States troops, and established the post of Fort Yuma. The ferry was again started, and the village of Arizona City CHIEF TOWNS. 31 grew up around it. In 18G4, Yuma was made the distributing* point for the military posts in Arizona, and advaiiced rapidly in population and business. It contains several large stores, three hotels (one owned by the railroad company), a large wagon shop, blacksmith shops, saloons, etc. It has one public school with a daily attendance of 50. The Sisters of Charity have also a flourishing school at this place. The Territorial prison is situated here. It is a secure and roomy structure, built of stone, and situated on a bluff above the Colorado. The railroad company have built extensive shops at this point and give em- ployment to a large number of men; they have also erected a tine bridge over the Colorado. The population is about 1,200. Yuma has two newspapers, the Sentinel and the Arizona Free Press. The former is conducted by J. W. Dorrington, and sets forth the local news of its section in an attractive manner. The Free Press is owned and edited by Samuel Purdy, Jr. It is an interesting journal, conducted with marked ability, and has done much to bring to notice the resources of Yuma county. Yuma's situation at the junction of the two largest streams in the Territory, the rich mining country which lies to the north and east of it, and its unrivaled climate for those troubled with lung diseases, will always insure its permanency and prosperity. MINERAL PARK. Mineral Park, the county seat of Mohave county, is situated on an elevated bench, on the western slope of the Cerbat range, 80 miles east of the Colorado river, and about 150 miles north- west of Prescott. The town is built mostly of adobe. It is the center of a rich mineral region. It was founded in 1871, and contains three stores, one hotel, one restaurant, one black- smith shop, one public school, and four saloons. It does a thriving trade with the surrounding mining camps. The line of the thirty-fifth parallel railroad passes about ten miles east of the town. Present population about 300. FINAL. Pinal, a prosperous town in the county of the same name, is situated on Queen creek, about thirt_y-live miles north-east of Florence. The town is built of wood and a light-colored ba- saltic rock, which is found in abundance in the vicinity, and which gives the town a permanent and substantial appearance. The place has several large stores, two hotels, one bank (a handsome structure of stone), restaurants, saloons, blacksmith shops, and all the other branches of trade which are found in' a prosperous mining town. Pinal has one church, and a public school which is well attended. The Pinal Brill is published here once a week by J. D. Reyraert. It is a live journal, full of the local and general news of its section. The Odd Fellows have a fine hall and a flourishing organization in Pinal. The mill of the Silver King mining company is situated at this point, and many productive mines in the vicinity make Pinal a growing and prosperous town. Population about GOO. 32 THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. HARSHAW. Harshaw is lively mining camp, situated in the northern spurs of the Patagonia mountains. It is built principally of ■wood. It has several mercantile establishments, who do a flourishing trade with Sonora and the adjacent mining camps. It has a population of about 600. The line mill of the Her- mosa mining company, is located at this point. The place is about sevent}' miles south-west from Tucson. The town has a delightful situation, surrounded by the oak-covered hills of the Patagonia range. It is the center of a rich and extensive mineral region, and is destined to be a' place of importance. SILVER KING. Among the other towns of note in the Territory, may be men- tioned Silver King, which has been built up around the famous mine of the same name. It is situated about live miles from the town of Pinal, and is a thriving mining camp, having three stores, two hotels, and several saloons. Population about 250. CHARLESTON. Charleston, in Cachise county, is situated on the San Pedro river, about nine miles west of Tombstone. At this point are located the reduction works of the Tombstone Milling and Min- ing Company. The town has four stores, two hotels, besides blacksmith shops, saloons, etc. It is on the main road to So- nora, and does a large trade with that State. The population of the town is about 300. GALEYVILLE. Galeyville is a lively mining town, situated on Turkey creek, on the eastern slope of the Chiricahua mountains. It is twenty miles south of the Southern Pacific railroad, and thirteen miles west of the New Mexican line. It has a beautiful situation, surrounded by groves of oak. The town was laid out in No- vember, 1880, and has a population of about 400. There are six stores, four restaurants, two blacksmith shops, two feed and livery stables, three butcher shops, thirteen saloons, barber, boot and shoe shop, etc. The town is surrounded by a rich mineral belt, and promises to become a place of importance. The country in the vicinity has an abundance of wood, water, and fine grasses. ST. JOHNS. St. Johns, the county seat of Apache county, is situated on the Little Colorado river, about two hundred miles in a direct line east of Prescott, and about twenty miles west of the bound- ary line of New Mexico. It is in the center of a rich agricul- tural and grazing region, contains a population of 700 souls, a large portion being Mexicans. The town is on the direct road from Fort Wingate to Fort Apache, and about forty miles south of the Atlantic and Pacific railroad. A large and commodious court-house has recently been erected. The town does a large MINING RESOURCES. * 33 trade in grain and wool, and has four stores, saloons, black- smith shops, etc. SAFFORD. Safford, the county seat of Graham county, is on the Gila river, near Camp Thomas, and in the center of that rich farm- ing r.egion known as the Pueblo Viejo. The town is steadily growing, has a population of about 300, and has a large trade with the agricultural region which surrounds it. It contains several stores, a hotel, saloons, etc. With its unrivaled farm- ing and grazing resources, Safford is destined to become a large town. MINING RESOURCES. The very name of " Arizona" is suggestive of streams yellow with golden sands, and mountains glittering with virgin silver. Popular belief has long considered this region as a synonym for marvelous mineral wealth, and long before that wealth was proved to have an existence, tradition and story had woven about the name a glamour of golden fancies, which modern en- terprise and modern energy are at last about to turn into solid facts. The first mention of the Territory in history is con- nected with the search for the treasures supposed to be col- lected in the Cities of the Bull; but although the expedition did not result so successfully as a sfmilar one in an earlier age, which sought and found the Gokien Fleece, it was indirectly the means of leading to the discovery of the buried treasures which underlie the mountains and valleys of this wonderful land. The hardy adventurers who followed Coronado littlo dreamed that the mountains, plains, and mesas, which they jjassed over in their wearisome journey to " Cibola," contained riches, which wovild make the fabulous wealth of the Moquis cities appear mean and insignificant. It has remained, how- ever, for a later age and another race to bring to light this vast wealth, and send it forth to benefit mankind, and enlarge and enrich the trade and commerce of the globe. The Territory of Arizona is one vast mineral field; from the line of Utah on the north, to the Mexican border on the south, and from the Colorado of the west, to the boundary of New Mexico, mineral is found in nearly every mountain range, and in every isolated peak. Nowhere on the continent is there such an ex- tensive distribution of the precious metals. While in other mineral-bearing States and Territories the deposits are confined to certain well-defined limits, in Arizona no such distinction prevails. It would appear as if nature had here, in a prodigal mood, scattered her treasures with a lavish hand, and neglected no portion of her chosen mineral domain. In the richness and variety of its ores, Arizona is also distin- guished from the mining regions of the west. This predomi- nating feature of the country was noted at an early period in its 3 34 THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. history. No mining State or Territory has j'ielded sacb masses of pure silver, and few have equaled the wonderful gold de- posits of Antelope Hill. To Arizona belongs the honor of producing the largest nugget of native silver ever found — 2,700 pounds. This mass of pure metal was confiscated by Philip v., and taken to Madrid. The mine was also declared govern- ment property, but it does not apjDear that the royal robber ever derived much benefit from it. The many rare and beauti- ful combinations in which silver is found make Arizona the favorite field of the mineralogist, while the ease and simplicity by which these ores are reduced commends itself to investors and to metallurgists alike. Pure native silver, chlorides, ruby silver, bromides, silver glance, sulphides, carbonates, and sul- phurets are the most generally distributed of the silver ores, but there are many other varieties peculiar to the Territory, which space will not permit to mention here. Gold is most generally found in its matrix of quartz. It sometimes occurs in conjunction with pyrites of iron, copper, and lead, and is met with in its pure state in creeks and gulches in all portions of the Territory. Copper is found in red and black oxides, as a green and blue carbonate, sometimes as a sulj^hate, and often in its native state. Silver ores in Arizona, which assay into the thousands, are of common occurrence, and create no com- ment. Large quantities of ore going from $5,000 to $10,000 per ton, have been shipped from the Territory, and several mines are steadily producing " rock" that will go from $15,000 to $20,000 per ton. These are simple facts which can not be gainsayed. Probably no portion of the mining domain possesses so many natural advantages for the successful working of ores. Wood and water are abundant in nearly all of the mineral-bearing mountain ranges, and in places where water is scarce at the surface, a suflacient quantity is found by sinking a short dis- tance. The climate of the country can not be excelled. Work can be prosecuted all the year round. While mountains of snow and intense cold retard operations in other States and Territories, Arizona's equable climate' is specially adapted to out-door operations, even in the middle of winter. This fact alone is worthy the careful consideration of men desiring min- ing investments. The old shafts and tunnels which have been discovered in various parts of the Territory, show that the Si^anish explorers and the early missionaries had proven the richness of Arizona mines, and had, in their crude way, worked them successfully. The almost indisputable evidence which an earlier race of miners have left in several of the gold-bearing streams of the Territory, proves conclusively that the people who once occupied this land, and whose origin is lost in the mists of conjecture, delved for the precious metals in this region — at once the oldest and the newest f)ortion of the Amer- ican Union. The same difficulties which obstructed the opera- tions of Toltec and Spaniard has also stood in the path of their Anglo-Saxon successors. Isolation and savagery have retarded MINING RESOURCES. 35 Arizona's development. These two words express the causes which have prevented the country's advancement, and deprived her of the position which she is soon destined to attain — the leading bullion-producer on the globe. But now that the savage has succumbed to his destiny, and the mountains and valleys which once resounded with his war- whooiD, re-echo the music of civilized industry; now that the Demon of Isolation, whose shadow hung like a funeral pall over the land, has been driven to more distant fields by the shriek of the locomotive, Arizona is rapidly coming to the front as the most promising mineral region in all North America. An army of prospectors are swarming through her valleys and mountains; new discoveries are constantly being made; mills and furnaces are going up; the yield of bullion is steadily on the increase; capital is seeking investment; railroads are penetrating in every direction, and henceforth the career of Arizona is to be onward and upward. The scope of this Avork will not admit of a detailed or elaborate description of every mining district in the Territory. It is believed, how- ever, that in the following brief summary of the leading camps, enough will have been shown to prove all that we have claimed for the richness and extent of the mineral field; the natural appliances for the reduction of ores, and the unrivaled op- portunities which the country presents for the investment of capital. CACHISE COUNTY. In the fall of 1877, Mr. A. E. Sheiffelin, an active and indus- trious prospector, was stopping at Camp Huachuca. He made frequent trips into the hills now embraced within the limits of Tombstone, searching assiduously for "float" and "crop- pings." Bands of renegade Indians roamed in the country east of the San Pedro at that time, and the whole region, which had once been the chosen ground of the famous Cachise and his band, was marked with the graves of white victims, who had been murdered within its " dark and bloody ground." Sheiffe- lin was admonished that he would find a " tombstone," instead of a " bonanza," beyond the San Pedro, and would add another to the many who found bloody graves among its lonely hills. The indomitable prospector paid no heed to these warnings, and his pluck and energy met with their just reward. In February, 1878, he discovered the Lucky Cuss, Tough Nut, and other mines which have since attained a national reputation. In remem- brance of the solemn joke, he named the district " Tombstone." The great richness and extent of the new discoveries soon spread far and wide, and thousands rushed to the Silverado of the south-west. An army of prospectors swarmed over the hills, many other valuable discoveries were made, a city si:)rung up as if by magic, mills and hoisting-works were erected, bull- ion began to find its way out of the camp, and to-day, a little more than three years after its discovery, Tombstone can show a population of 7,000 souls, and is one of the most prosperous mining camps in the western country. 36 THE EESOURCES OF ARIZONA. As near as can be ascertained, the mineral belt of Tombstone exteuds nearly eight miles east and west, and about five miles north aud south. On the western edge of the district, along the San Pedro river, silver had been discovered as far back as 1859, but the hostility of the Indians prevented any develop- ment. The country in which the mines of Tombstone are sit- uated may be described as a series of rolling hills, which have a gradual ascent until they merge into the Mule mountains on the south, and sti'etch away in an undulating plain to the Dragoon range on the north. The geological formation of the district presents many features worthy of study. Porphyry ap- jjears to be the predominating rock, though a capping of lime overlies the leading mines of the camp. Quartzite is found everywhere, and a granitic formation is met with on the west- ern edge of the district. As depth is attained, the surface lime disappears and porphj'ry and quartzite constitute the country rock. A notable feature of the Tombstone mines is the size of the veins and the ease with which the ore is reduced. The silver occurs as a chloride with very little base combinations, and can be worked by pan process, to 90 per cent, and upwards. The cost of extraction is merely nominal, and the facilities for re- duction are all that could be desired. The present output of bullion is over $500,000 per month, from 140 stamps. This yield is being steadily increased, and valuable paying properties are being added to the list of bullion producers every mouth. It is estimated that the bullion yield for the present year Avill amount to $7,000,000. This is a good showing for a camp a little over three years old, which did not drop a stamp until June, 1879. The daily output of ore at the present time is about 500 tons. Fourteen of the leading mines have complete hoisting-works with the latest improved machinery. Water has been struck in several claims at a depth of between 500 and 600 feet, but the inflow is as yet very light, and no difficulty is experi- enced in getting rid of it. There are over 3,000 locations in Tombstone district. In this brief sketch there are doubtless many promising properties deserving of notice besides those mentioned, but space will not admit of a separate description of each. ^ The Tombstone Gold and Silver Mining Company own the Lucky Cuss, the East Side, Tribute, and Owl's Nest. This group constitutes one of the most valuable properties in the district. The Tough Nut, the leading mine, is thoroughly opened by shafts, drifts, winzes, and open cuts. Immense ore bodies, sometimes 20 feet in width, are met with. The ore is found in spar and quartz, and is said to average $100 per ton. The company have two mills on the San Pedro, one of 10 and another of 20 stamps. It has j^aid dividends from the start, and has a large surplus on hand. This is the first organized company in the district. It employs about 125 men, and its production of bullion up to date, is said to be about $1,000,000. The Grand Central Company's property is embraced in a claim 1500 feet in length and 600 feet in width. It is incorporated MINING RESOUKCES. 37 under the laws of Ohio, witb a capital of $10,000,000, divided into 100,000 shares. It is a maguificeut property. The vein is from 8 to 12 feet wide, and runs from $80 to $100 per ton. The main shaft is down 500 feet, with three levels — 500, 1100, and GOO feet, respectively. The reduction works consist of 30 stamps on the San Pedro, which are kept constantly at work. While only in operation a few months, it is estimated that $500,000 has already been produced. Regular dividends are declared,' and the property is steadily increasing in value as depth is reached. The Western Company own the Contention, one of the first locations in the district, which has produced a large amount of bullion. The property joins the Grand Central on the north. The writer was not permitted to see the mine, and therefore can say nothing definite about its present condition. The Girard has a shaft 400 feet in depth and a vein from 4 to 6 feet in width. The ore is of high grade and has milled $100 per ton. The property is incorporated in Jersey City with a capital of $2,000,000, divided into 200,000 shares. The com- pany have put up tine hoisting-works and will soon have a mill in operation on the San Pedro. The Head Center embraces 1,300 feet in length and 500 feet in width. It is incorporated under the laws of the State of California with a capital of $10,- 000,000, in 200,000 shares. The vein averages from 4 to 8 feet, yielding about $70 per ton, about 45 per cent, of the bullion being gold. The company own a 10-stamp mill near Conten- tion City. The main shaft is down 600 feet. The first level is 500 feet, the second 400, and the third 500. Hoisting machin- ery of the most improved pattern has been erected. The Vi- zina is incorporated under the laws of the State of New York on a basis of $5,000,000 and 50,000 shares. The mine is opened by three shafts, the deepest being about 400 feet. It is the intention of the company to erect a mill at an early day. Meanwhile the mine is being thoroughly opened. Over $200,- 000 has already been taken out from ore worked in a custom mill. Fine hoisting machinery has been erected, and the work of development is pushed forward steadily. The Empire is bounded on the south by the Sulphuret and the Girard. It is incorporated under the laws of Massachusetts. The main shaft is down 450 feet and has struck a large body of high-grade ore. A hoisting engine, with a capacity to sink 1,200 feet, has been put up, and this valuable property is being thoroughly opened. The Sulphuret adjoins the Empire and the Head Center., It is incorporated under the laws of Pennsylvania. Its main shaft is down GOO feet. It has a fine location; has first-class hoisting-works, and is being opened in a systematic manner. The Bob Ingersoll, one of the most valuable claims in the dis- trict, shows 5 feet of ore that will mill $100 per ton. It has a shaft down 200 feet, and is steadily improving as it is being sunk upon. This mine is incorporated. The Sydney is a fine- looking property with a vein 12 feet wide, 4 feet of which is ore that goes from $50 to $100 per ton. The mine is owned by 38 THE EESOUliCES OF ARIZONA. San Francisco parties. The Grand Central South has a shaft 250 feet in depth. It is a large vein adjoining the Grand Central, and is considered by many the coming mine of the camp. It is incorporated in San Francisco. The Tranquillity joins the Empire and the Girard on the west. It has expensive hoisting-vi^orlcs, and is showing some very fine ore. None of the stock of this mine is on the mai'ket. The Flora Morrison is bounded on the east by the Grand Central. It is incorporated under the laws of Pennsylvania; 250,000 shares, $2 per share. It has a shaft 300 feet deep, besides drifts, cross-cuts, and winzes, and is showing fine ore. The Way Up has a shaft 300 feet, and is producing ore of a high grade. It is incorporated in New York; 150,000 shares, $10 per share. The Lucky Cuss, one of the first locations in the district, has a shaft 300 feet, and over 500 feet of drifts and cross-cuts. It has produced some of the richest ore ever taken out in the camj), and yielded about $50,000. The Sunset, south of the Lucky Cuss, has produced over $50,000. The Wedge shows a vein 3 feet wide, of high-grade ore. It has a shaft 100 feet deejD, which is steadily pushed downwards. The mine is incorporated. The Gilded Age adjoins the Goodenough, and embraces a large portion of the town site. It has one shaft down 100 feet, which has produced rich ore. The Mountain Maid has a vein from 2 to 4 feet, and runs from $50 to $300 per ton. It has 3 shafts, the deepest being 200 feet. Like the Gilded Age, it extends across the town site. Among the many other claims in the immediate vicinity of the town, may be mentioned the Cincinnati, Grand Dij)per, Naumkeg, Hawkeye, Plum, Rattlesnake, Wide AVest, Topaz, Omega, Omaha, Alpha, Prompter, Sunrise, Parallel, Little Wonder, Revenue, Survey, Defense, and hundreds of others worthy of mention here if the space permitted. Many of these claims are steadily and surely ^ developing into fine payiug jjroperties. In the western portion of the district are several well-defined and valuable mines showing rich ore and large veins. The fol- lowing are the most prominent: Owl's Nest, carrying 3 feet of ore that goes from $50 to $80 per ton. This claim has 3 shafts, the deepest being 100 feet. It is owned by the Tombstone Miniug Company. The Junietta lias a 2-foot vein assaying $150 per ton. The deepest shaft is 100 feet. The Silver Bell has a shaft 50 feet, and carries ore worth $100 per ton. The Stonewall has a large ore body that has yielded $75 per ton. It has a shaft 120 feet. The Monitor is a 6-foot vein of free-mill- ing ore, going $40 per ton, with a shaft 120 feet, in a granite formation. The Merrimac has 4 feet of ore that has milled $60, It has two shafts 60 feet each, and one 40 feet. Both these claims belong to the Monitor Mining Company, an Eastern in- corporation. The True Blue is a 2-foot vein of $100 ore, with a shaft 200 feet. The Lucknow has a shaft 50 feet, and has ore that averages $50 per ton. The Delhi, Miami, Franklin, Ran- dolph, Red Top, Argenta, Three Brothers, and many others, are in this neighborhood, and are well worthy of notice. MINING BESOUECES. 39 Tliree miles from the San Pedro, is another group of mines wbicli are producing remarkably rich ore. The Bradshaw, in its bullion yield and development, is the best known of these claims. It is a large vein, carrying ore that works from $80 to $100 per ton. It has been sunk to a depth of 400 feet; has improved hoisting machinery, and has already produced nearly $50,000. It is owned by an incorporated company in San Francisco. A 10-stamp mill is nearly conjpleted, and the mine promises tq be one of the regular bullion-producers of the dis- trict. The Alkey is a 4-foot vein, producing ore worth $100 per ton. It has a 50-foot shaft. The Bronkow, the first location in the district, is a vein 6 feet wide. It has a shaft 60 feet deep. Continual litigation has retarded the development of this property. In this necessarily brief resume, full justice can not be done to the immense silver veins of Tombstone district. The salient points only have been given; but to have a proper conception of the size, richness, and extent of the veins in this wonderful camp, a personal examination is necessary. It is safe to say that nowhere on the coast have there been found ore bodies larger, richer, or more extensive. There are hundreds of fine prospects as yet undeveloped, which give every indica- tion of being valuable, and which ofier admirable opportunities for investment. ' Califoenia District is situated in the Chiricahua mountains, twenty miles south of the Southern Pacific railroad, near the New Mexican line. The country is well wooded, and water is abundant. A thriving camp has sprung up, and many rich and valuable mines have been discovered. The ores are generally smelting, carrying much horn silver. The veins are large and ■well defined. Its proximity to the railroad and its abundance of ore, make Graleyville one of the most promising camps in Cachise county. The following are among the leading mines of the district: The Texas, the principal mine of the camp and the first discovered, is a large vein from 4 to 30 feet wide. The ore is a galena and chlorides, and averages about $40 per ton. A shaft 300 feet, and 3 tunnels, 250, 30, and 40 feet, respect- ively, expose large ore bodies. A 30-ton smelter has been erected and is now fairly under way. The Texas Milling and Mining Company are the owners of the property, which in- cludes ten other mines in the same group. The Continental shows 2 feet of ore, assaying $100 per ton, principally chlorides and bromides. It has a shaft 60 feet and a cut 30 feet. The Cashier shows 4 to feet of ore, and assays from $30 to $200 per ton. There are many other claims in this district looking well and producing good ore, which must be omitted here, but which are well worthy inspection by those who are desirous of investing in desirable mining properties. Turquoise District. — This district is situated about 18 miles north-east from Tombstone, at the southern end of the Dra- goon mountains. There is plenty of water, and sufficient wood to last for years. The ores are smelting, easily reduced, and running from $40 to |3(T0 per ton, with an average of about 40 THE RESOURCES OP ARIZONA. $80. The Mono mine shows a vein from 2 to 6 feet wide. It is a carbonate ore, which will smelt readily. Assays ^o about $80 per ton, on an average. The mine is opened by about 500 feet of shafts and drifts, and shows fine ore in every opening. It is owned by a New York company. The Defiance and the Dragoon claims are also owned by New York parties. The former shows from 2 to 20 feet of carbonate ore, which will average about $80 per ton. There are several hundred tons on the dump. Reduction works will soon be erec^d on this property. The Dragoon has a 60-foot shaft showing a 4-foot vein that goes about $80. The Bell is the south extension of the Defiance. It is a 4-foot vein, looking well. The Challenge and the Tom Scott are also very promising veins, with ore that goes $75 per ton. The Star and Bodie claims are two of the best properties in the district. The Star has a shaft about 60 feet deep, all the way in ore that runs about $60 in silver and $12 in gold per ton. The Bodie has a 70-foot shaft, with a 2-foot ledge that averages $80 per ton in silver. With its favor- able surroundings and fine ore bodies, Turquoise is destined to become a prosperous camp. Dos Cabezas or "Two Heads" district is situated in the Chiricahua range, in the north-eastern portion of Cachise count}'. Its ores are gold-bearing, carrying some silver, and its ledges are large. It is favorably situated near the line of the. Southern Pacific railroad, and has plenty of wood and water. The following are the principal mines in the district: Silver Cave has three veins, 7, 5, and 3 feet wide, respectively. The yield per ton has been $35. Several shafts, drifts, and other ojjenings have been made on this claim, and nearly $5,000 has been taken from it, the ore being worked in arrastras run by steam. The Juniper is a 6-foot vein, carrying gold and sil- ver. The ore assays $150 per ton. About $6,000 has been taken from this mine, the ore being worked in arrastras. The Silver Cave South, has 4 feet of ore that assays $50 per ton, and has several openings. The Galena Chief shows 3 feet of ore, assaying $50 per ton. The Murphy is a 4-foot vein, averaging $50 per ton. The Bear Cave has nearly 4 feet of ore that goes $80 per ton. The Greenhorn is also a 4-foot ledge, running $50 per ton. There are many other promising prospects in this camp well worthy of mention. With the erection of a 10-stamp mill, which is already on the road, Dos Cabezas will give a good account of itself. SwisHELM District. — This district is situated in the Pedro- gosa mountains, in the south-east corner of Cachise county. Its ores are a carbonate. The veins are large, and the facilities at hand for smelting, good. A St. Louis company is now operating in the district with satisfactory results. Haetford District. — This district is situated in the southern end of the Huachuca mountains. It has abundance of fine water, and some of the best pine timber in the Territory. Most of the lumber for Tombstone comes from this point. The ores are a copper and a carbonate of silver, assaying from $15 MINING RESOURCES. 41 to $60 in copper, and from $20 to $80 in silver. Some very fine properties have been opened up. The Undine, Mountain View, Lone Star, and IXL, are the principal mines. Sev- eral sales have been made, and with the unsurpassed advan- tages of wood, water, and magnificent climate, Hartford dis- trict is certain to become an important mining center. There are several other points in th6 Huaehuca range that show fine prospects, and also in the Whetstone mountains, west of Tomb- stone. Copper. — Besides its veins of silver and gold, Cachise county has also some of the largest and most valuable copper mines to be found in the Territory. At Bisbee, some twenty miles south of Tombstone, are found some of the richest copper mines in the United States. The veins are large, the grade high, and the ap- pliances at hand for reduction can not be excelled. The mines are about sixty miles from the railroad at Benson, and about twenty miles from the Sonora line. The Copper Queen, the leading mine of the camp, is an immense mountain of ore. It has been explored 160 feet in length by 150 in depth, and 120 feet in width, and as far as the explorations have extended, rich ore has been encountered everywhere. The claim is 1,500 feet long, and 600 feet wide. Two 30-ton smelters are kept running steadily, and the daily output is about 13 tons of pure copper. The ore is a carbonate and a black and red oxide, and averages about 22 per cent. The claim has been opened by 700 feet of shafts, drifts, and cross-cuts, and has already yielded over $600,000 ■worth of copper. The property is owned by an incorporated company, with headquarters in New York. The Neptune company own nine claims, the most prominent of which is the Neptune, which shows ore going 24 per cent. This company are making preparations to erect a smelter on the San Pedro river, fifteen miles distant. The Twilight shows a 6-foot vein of red oxides, carrying 25 per cent, pure copper, and is opened b}' a 70-foot shaft. The Holbrook has a 10-foot vein of red oxides, but has ^ittle work done on it. The Copperopolis shows a 5- foot vein and a 40-foot shaft. The Atlanta carries 25 per cent, ore, and is opened by a 45-foot'shaft. The Copper King is the western extension ©f the Copper Queen. It is a large vein, showing good ore.^ The Golden Gate, Ohio, Copper Prince, Cave, New York, Galena, Garfield, Bounty, Black Jack, and Dreadnaught are all fine prospects, although but little work has been done upon any of them. Bisbee, besides its immense copper veins, has silver and gold also. It is one of the most eligibly situated camps in Southern Arizona, and has a bright future before it. PIMA COUNTY. This county is the oldest mining region in the United States. At what time the first discoveries were made by Europeans is not clear, although it is believed that the Jesuit missionaries operated here as early as the latter part of the seventeenth century. By the middle of the eighteenth century mining Avas prosecuted vigorously in the Baboquivari, the Santa Rita, Arivaca, 42 THE RESOURCES OP ARIZONA. Oro Blanco, Patagonia, and at several other points in the county. From the many old shafts and tunnels which have been discovered, it is evident that the industry was carried on extensively. In this region was found the famous " Planchas de Plata," or "planks of silver," which yielded nearly five tons of the pure metal. Many of the rich mines which were worked in those days, have not been found, although the most diligent search has been made. The abandonment of the mis- sions in 1828, and the hostility of the Apaches, almost put a stop to mining in Arizona, and it was not until some time after the country came into the possession of the United States, that it was resumed. Several companies were then organized, and a great deal of bullion taken out. The constant raids of the savages, and the withdrawal of the troops, on the breaking out of the civil war, almost put a stop to all work, and not until the Indians were subdued, in 1874, did the mining in- dustry of Pima county take a fresh start. This industry has received a wonderful im2)etus by the building of the Southern Pacific railroad. Millions of dollars have been invested; new districts have been organized; an army of prospectors has in- vaded the country, and many valuable discoveries have been made. Gold, silver, copper, and lead, are found in every mountain range in the county. With the exception of the region known as the Papagueria, wood and water is abundant everywhere. The richness of its ores and the size and permanent character of its veins, have given Pima county a reputation second to no- portion of Arizona. Harshaw District. — This district is about 70 miles south-east of Tucson, in the Patagonia mountains. The hills are covered with oak and juniper, while the water supply is sufficient for the working of ores. The camp is about 50 miles south of the Southern Pacific railroad. The Hermosa is a large lode of free- milling ore. The vein is from 8 to 12 feet wide. The ore is a chloride and horn silver. One of the most complete 2')-stamp mills on the coast is kept steadily at work, crushing jibout 80 tons per day. The yield of bullion up to date has been over $700,000. The mine is opened by a tunnel 700 feet in length, cutting the vein 300 feet below the croppings. A shaft has been sunk 100 feet below the level of this tunnel, and the mine is thoroughly opened by drifts and cross-cuts. The Hermosa is one of the leading mines of the Territory. The Hardshell is a short distance west of the Hermosa. It shows a vein from 10 to 12 feet wide, of the same character of ore as the latter mine. It is opened by a shaft 50 feet deep, and by several cross-cuts. The Hardshell gives every promise of becoming one of the first mines of Pima county. The Trench is one of the old mines worked by the early missionaries, and carries some ore of a high grade. It shows a vein from 3 to 4 feet wide, carrying sulphurets of silver. The main shaft is down 400 feet, and several levels have been opened. Steam hoisting- works of the latest pattern have been erected. The Alta, south of the Hermosa, is opened by several shafts, and shows a large MINING RESOURCES. 43 ore body. It is owned by Eastern parties. The Blue Nose, the American, the Independent, and many other fine prospects in this camp, show good ore and large veins. Washington Camp is about nine miles south of Harshaw, and was formerly known as the Patagonia district. It is in the southern end of the Patagonia mountains, and has a delightful situation, being in the midst of a heavily timbered region. The Santa Cruz river, four miles distant, affords an inexhaustible supply of water. The district contains large veins of low-grade ore, carrying a heavy percentage of lead. The Davis is an im- mense vein of carbonates, being in places 20 feet wide. It has been opened by several shafts, the deepest being IGO feet, and also by drifts, cross-cuts, and winzes. The vein throughout all its workings shows large quantities of ore. The property is owned by the Patagonia Mining Company, who have erected a furnace on the Santa Cruz. The Belmont is one of the oldest locations in the district. It is three miles from the Sonora line. It has a shaft over 100 feet, and a cross-cut at the bot- tom showing 30 feet of carbonate ore, carrying considerable iron. The San Antonio is also an old location. It is oi^ened, by three shafts, the deepest being GO feet. It shows a large body of ore similar in character to the Belmont. The Holland is another large body of smelting ore. A shaft has been sunk nearly 100 feet, showing a strong vein in the bottom. The "Washington is a vein, in places 30 feet wide. The ore carries iron and copper pyrites, and requires to be roasted. It is opened by several shafts and drifts. AVhat is known as " Wash- ing Pool mines" embrace the Grasshopper, St. Louis, Chicago, Ella, Ohio, Columbus, Blue Jay, and many others. They are all large veins, carrying ore of a good grade, though mixed with much base metal. The " Old Mowry mine " is four miles north of Washington camp. Before the breaking out of the civil war, the mine was worked by Lieutenant Mowry, giving em- ployment to 400 men (principally Mexican). Large smelting works were erected, but the tall brick chimney is all that re- mains of the ruin. During the war the Apaches destroyed the building and machinery. The old shaft is down 350 feet. The ore is easily smelted, and carries from 40 to 60 per cent. lead. The mine is now owned by parties in Tucson. The Redoubt- able, Pensacola, Pelican, Chico, Thurman, and scores of others show large veins, and many of them, have shafts from 60 to 70 feet. Washington Camp is favored beyond most districts in its natural facilities for ore reduction. This, together with its im- mense veins, should yet make it one of the leading districts in the Territory. Tyndall District is situated south of the high peaks, of the Santa Rita mountains and about sixty-five miles from Tucson. The ores of the district are generally of a good grade, but the rich ore bodies are not large. This camp has suffered from bad management by unscrupulous speculators. The mines are favorably situated near the Santa Cruz, while plenty of wood is found on the mountain sides. The Josephine is a vein 5 feet 44: THE RESOURCES OF ARIZONA. wide, of free-milling- ore that has worked $60 per ton. It is opened by a shaft 75 feet deep. The Emma shows a vein 6 feet wide, some of which has yielded $100 per ton. It has a 50-foot shaft. The Magnolia has 3 feet of milling ore that assays $70 per ton. It has a shaft 30 feet. The North Star has a shaft 50 feet, and shows a 5-foot vein that has yielded $50 per ton. The Bonanza is opened by an 80-foot shaft and shows over 7 feet of fine smelting ore. The Dayton is a 4-foot vein, some of which assays $150 per ton. There is a shaft on this mine 100 feet in depth. The Bushnell shows a 6-foot vein and a shaft over 100 feet. Some ore from this claim assays $300. It is a smelting ore. The Lost mine has a shaft 150 feet and a 4-foot veiu assaying $60 per ton. The Major has a tunnel 100 feet in length. Its vein is 5 feet wide, and it has produced rock that has assayed $700. The Jefferson is a large body of smelting ore, nearly 7 feet wide. It has a shaft 150 feet in depth. The Red Cloud is a 3-foot vein of free-milling ore. It is opened by an 80-foot shaft, and has produced some very rich rock. The Laura, Happy Thought, Gold Tree, Helvetia, Red Oak, Hidalgo, Cachise, -Hamilton, Alcalde, Davis, Crown Point, and many other promising properties, are found in Tyndall district. The Aztec District is really a continuation of the Tyndall. The character of the ore is the same and the formation similar. The veins are large and well defined, and can be traced for a long distance. The same causes which have retarded the de- velopment of the Tyndall district have also operated here. Among the claims whith deserve mention, are the Empress of India, San Ignacio, Old Salaro mine, Rosario, Las Cruces, Ricard, Anahuac, Toltec, Coronado, Henry Clay, Apache, Santa Rita, Hidalgo, Seneca, La Salle, Juarez, and many others. Arivaca District.— This district is about 65 miles south of Tucson. Mining was carried on in this region long before the settlement of the country by the Americans. The camp has a delightful situation, a fine climate, and is jjossessed of abun- dance of wood and water. The formation is granite and por- phyry. The Con. Arizona is owned by the Consolidated Arizona G-old and Silver Mining Company. It is opened by a main shaft 200 feet in depth, and by levels and drifts. The ore is a chloride, which mills freely. The vein is from 3 to 5 feet wide, and the yield has been about $100 per ton. A complete 10-stamp mill has been erected on the pi-operty, and also steam hoisting- works. The vein has fiue walla, and gives every indication of being a permanent fissure. The company own three other claims on the same vein, among which the Silver Eagle has the most development. It has a shaft 78 feet, and shows a 4-foot vein that assays $75 per ton. The Albatross is a large body of sulphuret ore that gives an average assay of $80 per ton.' It is a new discovery, and has been opened by a shaft 60 feet in depth. The Arkansas is a 4-foot vein, carrying chlorides and sulphurets of silver. The ore assays $100 per ton. The MINING RESOURCES. 45 mine is opened by a 150-foot shaft and a tunnel 300 feet. The Dos Amigos shows a vein 3 feet in width that gives $80 as an average assay. It has a shaft 100 feet deep. The Idaho is a large vein, carrying ore that goes $30 per ton. It is opened by an 80-foot shaft. The Union shows a 4-foot vein of free- . milling ore assaying $50 per ton. A shaft 120 feet deep has been sunk on the claim. The Fairview is a 4-foot vein carry- ing qre that goes $40 per ton. It has a shaft 130 feet deep. The Relief has a shaft 55 feet, and a vein 4 feet wide, going $50 per ton. The Postboy shows a vein 2 feet in width, of carbonate ore, that has assayed $100 iDcr ton. It has a shaft 30 feet deep. The Longariue is opened by two shafts 100 and 80 feet, respectively, and by 300 feet of drifts and winzes. The ore is free-milling, assaying $80 per ton. The Clipper, Tennessee, Alpha, Grand Republic, Arion, Black Eagle, Blue- jay, Mentor, and Arivaca are among the many promising pros- pects of this district. No portion of Pima county presents a more inviting field for investment. The famous Cerro Colorado mine is about ten miles north of Arivaca. It was worked exten- sively, under every disadvantage, before the breaking out of the civil war, and has produced, it is said, nearly $2,000,000. The constant attacks by the Apaches compelled the abandonment of the properly, and the buildings and hoisting-works were de- stroyed by the savages. It is now owned by the Arivaca Mill- ing and Mining Comj)any. The vein is not large, but the ore is of a high grade. Bounding Arivaca on the west is the Baboquivari range, which has been mined by the old missionaries in the early days, and contains some large veins of rich ore. The Oro Fino is a vein nearly 8 feet in width, assays from which give $50 per ton. It has a shaft 60 feet. The Black Hawk is an 8-foot vein of base metal, that gives $50 per ton. A 60-foot shaft has been sunk on the property. The Silver Chief shows 4 feet of ore that assays $60 per ton. It is opened by a shaft 150 feet deep. Geo Blanco. — This