Qass. 
 Book. 
 
 
SENATE No. 1. 
 
 ADDRESS 
 
 HIS EXCELLENCY / 00%^ 
 
 JOHN A. ANDEEW, 
 
 TWO BRANCHES 
 
 tslatnre of Passatjjnsetts, 
 
 JANUARY 9, 1863 
 
 i.v<--'^ ■;•>/, 
 
 ^^nrfAA^LO^ 
 
 BOSTON: 
 
 WEIGHT & POTTER, STATE PRINTERS, 
 
 No. 4 Spring Lane. 
 
 18 63. 
 

 ex$ii 
 
 ^^i^i 
 
A D D E E S S . 
 
 Gentlemen of the Senate and 
 
 House op Representatives : — 
 
 Assembled in the Capitol of the Commonwealth to 
 inaugurate the political year with becoming ceremo- 
 nies, and to enter upon the honorable duties of your 
 trust as law-givers of the People, I join you in humble 
 thanksgiving to Almighty God for the merciful provi- 
 dences which have attended all the experiences of the 
 year which has closed behind us ; and for the promises 
 and signs of His continued favor to the obedient. 
 
 I invite your thoughtful consideration of the attitude, 
 aifairs, prospects and duties of the Commonwealth. 
 
 The permanent Public Debt, exclusive of the loans 
 of the credit of the Commonwealth to various 
 Railroad Corporations, is $5,257,000 00 
 
 Provision has been made for this debt as follows : — 
 
 7,716 shares Western Railroad stock at $140 per 
 
 share is, $1,080,240 00 
 
 Back Bay Lands Fund, 375,000 00 
 
 Almshouse Sinking Fund, .... 69,2G0 00 
 
 Union Loan Sinking Fund, .... 1,771,525 00 
 
 Claims of the State against the United States, say, 1,800,000 00 
 
 $5,096,025 00 
 
GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. 
 
 [Jan . 
 
 The receipts into the Treasury of the Cominon- 
 wealth, from the ordinary revenue for the year 1862, 
 were $2,947,732.48, and were derived from the follow- 
 ing sources, namely : — 
 
 Direct State Tax of 1862, . . $1,763,108 62 
 Balance of direct State Tax for 
 
 former years, .... 13,048 56 
 
 Bank Tax, ........ 
 
 Savinjjs Bank Tax, ...... 
 
 Insurance Tax, ....... 
 
 Insolvency Courts, ...... 
 
 Income from Sinking Funds applicable to the extin- 
 guishment of public debt, and accrued interest on 
 scrip sold, ....... 
 
 Miscellaneous, ....... 
 
 1,776,157 18 
 
 654,022 50 
 
 228,683 21 
 
 111,021 79 
 
 32,652 00 
 
 112,022 91 
 33,172 89 
 
 },947,732 48 
 
 The disbursements for the year amounted to 
 !|1,683,390.93, and were for the following purposes : — 
 
 Executive Department, including the Governor 
 
 and Council, Secretary's, Treasurer's, Auditor's, 
 
 and Attorney-General's Departments, . . $60,455 99 
 
 Judicial Department, 110,047 44 
 
 Legislative Department, 128,393 45 
 
 Agricultural Department, . . . . . 30,881 67 
 
 State Library, 4,300 00 
 
 Sergeant-at-Arms, including State House accounts, 13,900 78 
 
 Bank Commissioners, ...... 8,388 09 
 
 Insurance Commissioners, ..... 5,502 53 
 
 Military Department, 37,330 20 
 
 Disbursements for Charitable Institutions, «&c., . 320,323 50 
 
 State Aid to Families of Volunteers, . . . 435,251 77 
 
 Miscellaneous, ....... 61,415 99 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 5 
 
 Disbursements for Correctional Institutions and 
 
 purposes, ........ $142,512 64 
 
 Interest, including $51,403.35 premium on coin, . 324,680 88 
 
 1,683,390 93 
 
 The collections of the revenue have heen promptly 
 made ; and, although in the midst of war, and not- 
 withstanding the millions of dollars by voluntary 
 contributions and public appropriation expended in 
 various forms of succor to our brave defenders in the 
 field, and of relief to their families at home, the 
 Treasury of the Commonwealth presents a spectacle 
 of strength and prosperity usual only in peace, and 
 worthy the resources and patriotism of the people of 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 The returns from the cities and towns on account 
 of aid furnished to the families of volunteers during 
 the year 1862, exhibit the amount of about two 
 millions of dollars, for which the Municipalities have 
 a claim to be reimbursed by the Commonwealth and 
 for which provision will need to be made by the 
 present General Court. This belongs to a class of 
 public burdens which will be met by the people with 
 cheerful alacrity. 
 
 Interest on the bonds of the Commonwealth lent to 
 the Eastern Railroad Company for $500,000, and to 
 the Norwich and Worcester Railroad Company for 
 
6 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 1400,000, became due at the State Treasury on the 
 first days of July last and of January current. 
 
 The price of com to pay this interest July 1, 1862, 
 was 10 per cent. ; January 1, 1863, 33 per cent. 
 
 The amount of interest due July 1, 1862, was 
 $24,500, the x)remium on gold, 10 per cent., $2,450 ; 
 the amount of interest due January 1, 1863, was 
 124,500, premium on gold 33 per cent., $8,085. 
 Total, $49,000, at a iiremium of $10,535. 
 
 The payments were made by the Treasurer in coin 
 as required by law, but their reimbursement in com, 
 demanded by the Treasurer, was refused by the 
 corporations for whose benefit the credit of the State 
 was pledged, which repaid those sums only in United 
 States currency, legally tendered to the Treasurer, at 
 a loss to the treasury of $10,535. 
 
 Raising troops in 1862. 
 
 At the close of the year 1861, Massachusetts had 
 sent to the field 3,736 militia for three months' service, 
 and twenty-two regiments and eight companies of 
 infantry, one regiment of cavalry, five batteries of V 
 light artillery, and two companies of sharpshooters, 
 volunteers for three years. During the year 1862, 
 4,043 miUtia were assembled at Boston, (in the month 
 of May,) on requisition from the Federal Govern- 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 7 
 
 ment ; and thirty regiments and four companies of 
 infantry, three companies of cavahy, five batteries 
 of light artillery, five companies of heavy artillery, 
 and two companies of militia (Cadets,) were sent 
 mto Federal service. Since the new year another 
 battery of light artillery has gone to the field. Of 
 these, thirteen regiments and three companies of 
 infantry, the three companies of cavalry, four batteries 
 of light artillery, and the five companies of heavy 
 artillery, were three years' volunteers ; seventeen 
 regiments of mfantry and one battery of light artil- 
 lery were mustered for nine months, and one bat- 
 tery of light artillery and one company of infantry 
 for six months. Of the two Cadet companies, 
 one remained m Federal service for two months 
 and one for five months. There are now recruit- 
 mg in the State an additional regiment of cavaby, 
 three more hght artillery batteries, and another 
 company of sharpshooters. Including these, Massa- 
 chusetts has at this time in the service of the 
 United States fifty-two regiments of infantry, two regi- 
 ments and three companies of cavalry-, fourteen batteries 
 of light artillery, one regiment and three companies of 
 heavy artillery, and three companies of sharpshooters, 
 which computed at theii- full strength would make an 
 aggregate of 60,000 men. But many of these corps 
 
8 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 are now far from full. The rolls of some sliow less 
 than a thu'd of the full strength for duty, such has 
 been the loss by battle and disease, without a corres- 
 ponding accession of recruits. During the year 1862, 
 however, nearly 7,000 recruits appear, by the state- 
 ment of the Federal Superintendent of the Recruiting- 
 Service, to have been sent to the Massachusetts 
 regiments in the field ; and according to an estimate 
 reported to me by the Adjutant-General, more than 
 1,200 were sent in 1861. This branch of the service 
 has long been within exclusive control of Federal 
 officers, having been organized in December, 1861, by 
 an Order of the War Department. A General Super- 
 mtendent of the Recruiting Service was designated by 
 the Secretary of War, and stationed at Boston, under 
 whose direction recruiting parties sent back to the 
 State from the corps in the field, pursue thek work, 
 and from whom, together Avith the Federal staff 
 officers on duty here, the funds are di-awn for the 
 Federal bounty and advance pay, the authorized 
 expenses of recruiting, and the subsistence, equip- 
 ment and transportation of recruits. The extent of 
 the power of the State Government has been to 
 •encom-age enlistments into old corps in preference to 
 new organizations, whenever and however it has had 
 opportunity, by popular appeals, and by personal and 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 9 
 
 written advice to municipal magistrates. Its exer- 
 tions to this end would have been more effective, had 
 the duties of this recruiting service also been imposed 
 upon it, in like manner with the original raising 
 of volunteer corps. The line of demarcation drawn 
 by the Federal Government, is well defined, assign- 
 ing to the State Governments - the labor of raising 
 new corps, the recruitment for which, after they 
 have once been completed, and have passed into 
 Federal service, it reserves to itself, and executes 
 through the recruiting parties detailed by regimental 
 commanders, and acting under the army officers 
 detailed from the head-quarters of the army to super- 
 intend recruiting in the States. During the past 
 year, it has reserved also the provision of all supplies, 
 of whatever description, pertaining to the staff depart- 
 ments of the army, as well for the new troops raised 
 by the States, as for recruits for old corps. The 
 advantages to the Federal Government of this system, 
 are obvious, in preventing inflation of the prices of 
 goods by competition between the different States, and 
 in securmg uniformity of cost, color, shape and 
 quality. But its inevitable circumlocution, in respect 
 to the new corps, and the inability of the State 
 Government always to control the provision and issue 
 of supplies to the best advantage — in the absence 
 
 2 
 
10 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 of any depot of supply in New England — Avere 
 clogs on our recruiting service which we did not 
 encounter in 1861, when the State delivered its 
 regiments to the Federal Government, fully armed 
 and equipped at its own expense. Nevertheless, 
 the number of troops sent from the State in 1862, 
 largely exceeded that of the previous year, the 
 period occupied bemg about the same in both, for 
 during the spring of 1862 the Federal Govern- 
 ment pursued the policy of refusing to accept new 
 troops, and even discontmued for awhile the recruit- 
 ing for corps aheady in the field. Early in June, 
 however, it was resumed, and a call for 15,000 
 more volunteers for three years was made on Massa- 
 chusetts, which in August was followed by the 
 call for 19,000 militia for nine months. A com- 
 parison of the dates at which the various corps 
 raised by the State during the two years, were sent 
 into active service, shows that notwithstanding the 
 change in the system of supplies, and the increased 
 difficulty of recruiting, by reason of so large a 
 portion of the population of military age liaAdng 
 already been enlisted, the military movements of 1862 
 were as prompt and active as were those of 1861. 
 [The table marked (A) attached to the printed copy 
 of this Address, affords means for the comparison.] 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 11 
 
 Whatever may have been the comparative disadvan- 
 tages under which in 1862 we assumed the duty 
 of raising anew the Massachusetts contingent for the 
 Union army, the unfailing patriotism of the people 
 and the powerful support of the municipal govern- 
 ments enabled us to overcome all difficulties. 
 
 The orders fixing the time for marching each corps 
 from the State, are practically determined by the 
 military authorities of the United States. I have 
 always insisted, that, so for as possible, every corps 
 should receive a full outfit and equipment before 
 leaving the Commonwealth. Thus much I have felt 
 was demanded by my duty to the soldiers and the 
 people. And I deeply regretted the denial of our 
 request that all of the troops of Massachusetts 
 destined for expeditions by sea, should be permitted 
 to remain in barracks and to embark from our own 
 ports, where the Government of their own State could 
 protect them from such needless hardships and perils 
 as were encountered by some of them in their 
 encampment and embarkation at New York. 
 
 The conduct of the troops of this Commonwealth, 
 whether in camp, on the march, or under fire, has 
 won the unqualified commendation of all the generals 
 under whom they have served. They are universal 
 favorites, sought for by commanders for their intelli- 
 
12 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 gence, obedience and valor. Interesting reports of 
 their military history from the colonels of many of 
 the corps, and letters from many general officers 
 under whom they have acted, have been received, 
 which afford evidence, besides that derived from 
 other sources, of the brilliant heroism and patient 
 endurance of these sons and brothers of our people. 
 These documents are all in the hands of the Adjutant- 
 General who will remember them in the preparation 
 of his Annual Report. 
 
 The Draft. 
 
 It is impossible to find space in this Address 
 to narrate all the proceedings under which our con- 
 tingent of militia was raised. The requisitions from 
 the National Government, the regulations under 
 which this department was conducted, the orders 
 emanating from the military head-quarters of the 
 Commonwealth, the rules there adopted and its 
 methods of proceeding, will be recited in the report 
 of the Adjutant-General. And a full and carefully 
 prepared narration and explanatory statement of all 
 matters relating especially to the drafting of militia, 
 will be found in that report. 
 
 The orders for nineteen thousand and eighty militia .'; 
 to be drafted for nme months' service came while we 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 13 
 
 were yet raising a part of our contingent of the three 
 years' vokmteers, called for on the 2d of June. The 
 duties thus imposed, in their manifold details relat- 
 ing to the new enrolment, exemption, computation 
 of quotas, distribution of quotas, and the like, 
 plainly demanded the undivided supervision of an 
 officer to be specially detailed for that service. No 
 officer then on duty could be spared for the employ- 
 ment. To this end, I appointed a gentleman, as an 
 Assistant Adjutant-General, of rare adaption to the 
 precise labors these peculiar duties involved, who has 
 performed his delicate and arduous task with success 
 and intelligence which merits this acknowledgment. 
 
 Questions of grave practical importance, affecting 
 the interests and feelings of large masses of the 
 people, sometimes involving local and geographical 
 considerations, points of honor on which whole 
 communities were sensitive, points of right even, 
 touching which all men are jealous, many of them 
 difficult, all of them new and without a precedent, 
 have crowded upon the Executive for decision. For 
 their correct decision he alone was responsible. The 
 responsibility could not be shared. Grateful for the 
 cordial, intelligent and constant assistance I have 
 always received from all the other officers surrounding 
 J me, military and civil, as opportunity was afforded 
 
14 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 them, I owe to the people of Massachusetts and to 
 the officers of their municipal governments, an inex- 
 pressible gratitude for the considerate forbearance, 
 the manly zeal, the unfaltering patriotism with which 
 the determinations of this Department have been 
 accepted and sustained. 
 
 Bo^mties. 
 
 The payment of bounties by cities and towns to 
 encourage enlistments in the military service, thus 
 relieving their enrolled militia from being subjected to 
 draft, will demand your attention, and legislation will 
 be needed in order to legalize such action of the 
 municipal authorities. I respectfully recommend that 
 the Commonwealth assume all such bounties up to 
 some reasonable and liberal amount, per capita. The 
 call made upon a given locality for recruits, is a matter 
 of convenience in the raising of troops. The duty 
 of furnishing its contingent, in fact, resides in the 
 Commonwealth itself; and, since the policy was 
 universal, and was adopted by common consent, of 
 substituting the motive of bounties in the stead of 
 conscription, I cannot doubt that true equity requires 
 the burden of taxation for then* payment to be ascer- 
 tained and laid on the taxable property and polls of 
 the whole people, in the proportion which the whole | 
 
18G3.] SENATE— No. 1. 15 
 
 burden bears to the valuation of the whole Common- 
 wealth. Otherwise, we shall leave it to the towns to 
 pay, not in proportion to their means of payment, but 
 in proportion to the number of men they enlisted. 
 This would seem to be unjust to the poorer towns, 
 and the more so because such communities have 
 already to endure the loss to theii- industry and pros- 
 perity occasioned by devoting their young and active 
 men to the service of the country. 
 
 I would venture the suggestion that this is a kind of 
 obligation which ought not to be unnecessarily thrown 
 on the shoulders of another generation. The duty of 
 bearing arms in the national defence rests on the 
 generation of the time being. The expenses incident 
 to the selection of the precise individuals who shall 
 perform military duties for the community, should 
 be paid by those who constitute that community ; 
 and I recommend that a system of State taxation 
 be adopted for the extinguishment, within five years, 
 of this class of obligations. 
 
 Desertion. 
 
 Desertion, in the sense of wanton flight from duty, 
 I am confident, is rare. But, owing to the unsyste- 
 matized way in which sick and wounded men were, 
 for many months, disposed of ; the difficulties attend- 
 
16 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 ant on finding tlieir regiments and reaching them ; 
 and their dread of the convalescent and the 
 stragglers' camps at Alexandria ; many men not 
 unwilling to do their duties, have been detained 
 from their regiments, and not accounted for until at 
 last they became marked on the rolls as absentees 
 without leave. Certain conspicuous instances of such 
 mistakes have occurred within my personal knowl- 
 edge. Convalescent soldiers are de tamed as nurses 
 in hospitals ; others are sent on detached duty of 
 every sort, detailed to assist quartermasters and com- 
 missaries ; rolls, returns, books of whole regiments 
 are utterly lost on retreats or hasty marches ; and 
 many missing men are, in consequence unjustly 
 reported, for the time, as deserters. On lists of more 
 than twelve hundred soldiers reported to these head- 
 quarters as absent without leave, only some twenty 
 had manifestly deserted, in the criminal sense, so as 
 to justify their being publicly announced by name. 
 Indeed, it was the somew^hat rhetorical testimony of 
 one of the most devoted of our regimental com- 
 manders that the bravest and most daring exhibitions 
 he had witnessed during the war were the efforts of { 
 his men to escape to the front. 
 
 I, of course, do not include in these remarks those 
 persons attracted by recent bounties, of whom there! 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 17 
 
 have been too many striving to enlist withont the 
 purpose of servmg. 
 
 Acknowledgment is clue to the municipal magis- 
 trates, of their cordial co-operation with the Provost 
 Marshal in his efforts to restore absentees to their 
 regiments, undiscouraged by the difficulties in the 
 Federal system of reimbursing the expenses of such 
 service. 
 
 Hegimental Rolls, and The Soldiers' Families' Relief 
 
 Law. 
 
 The perfectness of our regimental rolls, (necessarily 
 and constantly changing,) and the facility of access to 
 the information they should supply, are in the imme- 
 diate present, and will be for many years to come, 
 objects of grave practical importance. The relief 
 afforded by the towns to the families of volunteers, 
 the reimbursement of the towns therefor, the adjust- 
 ment of questions concerning national bounties, bounty 
 lands and pensions, are among the more apparent 
 reasons for solicitude in rendering these records full, 
 authentic, and easy to be consulted and understood. 
 Nor is it any more than just to our volunteers, their 
 families and posterity, to say nothing of the claims of 
 history upon the fidelity with which we record the 
 great transactions of our time, that the name and fate 
 
 3 
 
18 GOYERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 of every actor in the War should be preserved in 
 permanence and without error. I have therefore 
 caused measures to be recently taken in the office of 
 the Adjutant-General for the thorough revision of all 
 the regimental rolls and for the preparation of an 
 additional roll, with an alphabetical arrangement, con- 
 taining in eleven columns, a consolidated outline of 
 the particulars needing to be known and of possible 
 attainment. 
 
 I respectfully call your attention to the condition of 
 families dependent on volunteers who have fallen in 
 the service by wounds resulting fatally or in perma- 
 nent disability. The death or discharge of such, in 
 many cases, puts their families in danger of pauperism, 
 which the temporary continuance of the State relief 
 might permanently avert. I am aware, there is 
 a sense in which it seems true that you can scarcely 
 do one more harm than to help him ; and yet the 
 duty of society imposes the utmost solicitude to assist 
 those to help themselves who have lost their natural 
 stay and staff in serving the common cause. 
 
 But no public benefaction can sujiply the deepest 
 want of all. The gentle and sympathizing offices of 
 neighborly kindness and personal good will, alone 
 can cheer the sorrowmg heart of widowhood, encour- 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 19 
 
 age the sinking hopes and smooth the rugged way of 
 orphanage. 
 
 The Act for the rehef of the families of vohmteers 
 inchides among its beneficiaries the brothers and 
 sisters, standing m need of aid, dependent on the 
 volunteer at the time of liis enlistment. But by an 
 omission, apparently inadvertent, it does not include 
 them in the class of dependent relatives, the expense 
 of whose rehef shall be reimbursed to the towns by 
 the Commonwealth. I recommend an amendment 
 supplymg this omission. 
 
 The Ordnance Bureau. 
 
 I have akeady alluded to the change m the method 
 of equipping our troops which has occurred withui 
 the year, the State havmg pro\ided theh origmal 
 supplies m 1861, the United States in 1862. This 
 was the case also with thek armament. Durmg the 
 past year, the State received from England nearly six 
 thousand Enfield rifled arms, being the remainder of 
 the purchases made there by its agent m 1861. All 
 of these, together with such other eff"ective arms as it 
 akeady held, were issued to its troops, but for the 
 remaming arms necessary, it was obliged to draw 
 upon the Federal Ordnance Bureau, from which 
 there were received during the year, 8,100 Springfield, 
 
20 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 2,700 Enfield, and 3,600 Austrian muskets, all rifled. 
 Of the thirteen volunteer three years' infantry regi- 
 ments, which marched from the State m 1862, one, 
 (the Twenty-eighth,) received its arms in 1861, and 
 two, (the Thktieth and Thirty-first,) were furnished 
 independently of the State Government. The remain- 
 ing ten were armed, five with Springfield and five with 
 Enfield rifled muskets. Of the seventeen regiments 
 of nine months' uifantry, four received Sprmgfield 
 rifles, five Enfield rifies, two Windsor rifles, four 
 Austrian rifles, and two Springfield smooth-bored 
 muskets. So far as the State Government was able to 
 discriminate, it issued the superior arms to the 
 regiments having the longest term of service ; but 
 owing to the receipt of the arms from the United 
 States by instalments proportioned to the progress of 
 the recruitment, its discretion in this respect was 
 inconsiderable. 
 
 The State Arsenal is now almost empty of arms 
 belonging to the Commonwealth. Less than a 
 hundred rifles remain there, and hardly enough 
 smooth-bored muskets to arm a single regiment. 
 Of the fragments of our Volunteer Militia, the Cadets 
 of the Fu'st and Second Divisions, four companies of 
 cavalry, one section of artillery and a single company 
 of infantry alone remain ; and these are not all armed. 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 21 
 
 In time of peace such destitution of military supplies 
 would awake apprehension. In such a time as this, I 
 can regard it only with the utmost anxiety. I have 
 the honor, therefore, to repeat earnestly the recommen- 
 dation which I addressed to the Legislature of the last 
 year, that contracts be immediately authorized for the 
 supply to the State of not less than fifteen thousand 
 stand of first-class arms, and that domestic mdustry 
 and skill be employed for their manufacture. Our 
 Springfield rifles are unquestionably superior to any 
 of foreign make which can be imported at equal cost. 
 
 In this connection I regret to be obliged agam 
 to allude to the abuse of arms issued to militia 
 companies, and at the camps of rendezvous, more 
 especially at those of the nine months' than of the 
 three years' volunteers. The report of the Master 
 of Ordnance will aflbrd exact information concerning 
 this grievance, which is important not only on 
 account of its pecuniary consequence, but as indicat- 
 ing an inadequate standard of military discipline. 
 And of even greater possible consequence is the fact 
 ' that upon sudden emergency dependence must some- 
 times be placed upon the arms so abused. 
 
 A new National Militia Law may reasonably be 
 expected. Congress cannot long defer this duty. 
 Meanwhile, this Commonwealth can by*certain modifi- 
 
22 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 cations of its own legislation, and by furnishing the 
 needed arms and equipments, create an active body of 
 troops adapted to all the purposes of a State militia. 
 
 The reasonable security of the State demands a 
 militia organization which shall include in addition 
 to infantry, two regiments of cavalry and at least 
 five batteries of light artillery, for whose arms and 
 equipment I recommend that an appropriation be 
 made. The park of field-pieces now owned by the 
 State, would be madequate for actual service, in view 
 of the modern improvements in ai'tillery. The 
 larger part of this military material, when obtained, 
 should remam on deposit in the arsenal ; and for the 
 ordinary use of the infantry regiments of militia, for 
 drill and parade, a number of second-class arms should 
 be provided, which can readily be purchased on reason- 
 able terms, the importation of them into the country 
 during the past year having exceeded the demand for 
 them for active service. 
 
 Two unserviceable iron guns, six pounders, have 
 been delivered by the Master of Ordnance, on 
 consultation with the Governor and Council, to ' 
 Dr. Upham, the Massachusetts surgeon in charge 
 of the hospital at Beaufort, North Carolina, to 
 be used as gateposts of a fence which he was erecting 
 at his own e'kpense, around the hospital cemetery 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 23 
 
 where repose the remams of many of the soldiers of 
 our Commonwealth, heroes of Hoanoke and of 
 Newborn. 
 
 Smee the summer of 1862, several of our volunteer 
 corps, which reported that their colors had become 
 unfit for use by being torn in battle and worn by the 
 exposm-es of service, have been supplied by the 
 Master of Ordnance with new flags, upon the return 
 to his charge of those which they had borne so 
 honorably through two campaigns. I respectfully 
 ask an appropriation to cover the expense thus 
 incurred, and of the replacement when needed, of the 
 colors of all the Massachusetts troops. It is our 
 proud satisfaction to know that never yet has the 
 white standard of this Commonwealth been surren- 
 dered to the enemy. 
 
 Fortifications and Coast Defence. 
 
 Under date of October 14th, 1861, a ckcular letter 
 was addressed by the Federal Secretary of State to 
 the Governors on the seaboard and the lakes, request- 
 "ing them to submit to the Legislatures of their States 
 the subject of coast defences, and urgmg that such 
 defences should be perfected by a temporary use of 
 the means of the States, on conference with the 
 Federal Government and with the assurance of 
 
24 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 reimbursement from the Federal treasury. These 
 suggestions were immediately acted upon, especially 
 by the Governments of Massachusetts and Maine, 
 whose seaboard is more extensive and exposed than 
 that of any others of the loyal States. Information 
 was requested and partially obtained from the War 
 Department to enable an estimate of the cost of com- 
 pleting and arming the fortifications projected for the 
 Massachusetts coast; and the subject was presented 
 to Congress m the belief that the system to be 
 pursued by the States m respect to the advance and 
 employment of then* funds and the time and mamier of 
 reimbursement, should be defined by Federal legisla- 
 tion. No Federal legislation, however, was procured, 
 although earnest appeals were made to the appropriate 
 committees, the State of Maine being represented 
 before them by commissioners deputed for the purpose, 
 and Massachusetts by the Governor, the Master of 
 Ordnance, and a number of the most prominent 
 merchants of her capital. Notwithstandmg this inac- 
 tion, the Legislature of Massachusetts, m February, 
 adopted a Resolve authorizing the Governor, with the 
 advice of the Council, to enter into contracts to the 
 amount of five hundred thousand dollars, for the 
 manufacture of ordnance suitable for the defence of 
 its coast, but with the restricting provisions that 
 
 i\ 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 25 
 
 advertisement should be made for proposals for these 
 contracts, and that the work should be done under the 
 supervision of officers to be appointed by the Govern- 
 ment of the United States. By an estimate based on 
 the data procured from the War Department, and 
 revised by consultation with such Federal ordnance- 
 officers as were accessible, the cost of completing the 
 armament of the Massachusetts coast, according to the 
 project of the Engineer Bureau, was calculated at 
 about twelve hundred and twenty thousand dollars for 
 guns of the calibre of eight inches and upwards, after 
 making allowance for all such ordnance which could 
 be expected to be received from the Federal Govern- 
 ment during the years 1862 and 1863 ; and the cost 
 of the lesser calibres would swell the amount to much 
 more than fifteen hundred thousand dollars. The 
 legislative Resolve, therefore, had it been susceptible 
 of execution, would have made provision for about 
 one-third of this amount. Dkectly upon its passage 
 application was made to the War Department for 
 the detail of an ordnance officer to superintend 
 the work ; but the request was declined from 
 unwillingness to spare any such officer from strictly 
 Federal service. While this application was yet 
 undecided, the conffict occurred in Hampton Roads 
 between the Merrimack and Monitor; the former 
 
26 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 theories of naval attack and coast defence were 
 suddenly disturbed; and a serious doubt was cast 
 upon the stability of any projects of fortification or 
 armament of our harbors. At this time my presence 
 at Washington was officially requested by the Depart- 
 ment of AVar, and I was there urged to propose to the 
 Legislature to concentrate its expenditui-e upon the 
 immediate construction of iron-clad vessels for coast 
 defence. The result was the passage of the Eesolve 
 of March 25th, authorizmg the use of any portion of 
 the sum provided for ordnance by the Resolve of Feb- 
 ruary 14th, m building one or more hon-clad steamers 
 for the protection of the coast of Massachusetts. A 
 committee of two members of the Executive Council, 
 to whom were added the President of the Boston 
 Board of Trade, and an eminent civil engmeer, was 
 forthwith charged mth the execution of this Resolve. 
 The plans for such a vessel were in progress, and 
 parties stood ready to contract for the construction, 
 when' a protest agamst the work was received from 
 the Department of the Navy, allegmg that that 
 Department was willing to put " under construction 
 in every pai't of the country, all that the utmost 
 resources of the people could accomplish," and that 
 it was " sorry to find a State entering the market in 
 competition witli Government, the result of which 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 27 
 
 could only injure both parties." To this the answer 
 was returned that there were at least two mechanical 
 establishments in Massachusetts capable of building 
 such vessels immediately, but that it did not appear 
 that Government had attempted to engage the services 
 of either of them. The reply of the Navy Depart- 
 ment was an offer to each of these establishments of a 
 contract for building an iron-clad steamer ; and on the 
 same day the War Department advised me that as the 
 Department of the Navy desired to have exclusive 
 control of the building of such vessels, it was " glad to 
 have it do so," and withdrew its own desire that Massa- 
 chusetts should proceed further in the enterprise. 
 Almost simultaneously the Ordnance Bureau of the 
 War Department replied to my inquhies, that it had 
 " engaged to the full extent of then* capacity all the 
 foundi'ies which are known to be prepared to cast 
 suitable and reliable heavy cannon " " for arming the 
 fortifications on the coasts," and that it was "not thought 
 that any aid from the State Legislature is necessary to 
 expedite the work." A renewed application to the 
 Department for the detail of an ordnance officer in 
 accordance with the Resolve of February l-lth, was 
 now again refused ; and by this refusal that Resolve 
 seemed to be practically annulled, for the result of 
 the conflict between the Merrimack and Monitor had 
 
28 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 rendered the advertisement for proposals for any 
 armament, unless of very large calibre, of at least 
 doubtful expediency, and the want of a proper 
 officer to frame the proposals and superintend the 
 work rendered it impossible to execute the provisions 
 of the Resolve. Nevertheless, the fact remained that 
 our harbors were comparatively defenceless ; and yet 
 so far as could be inferred from the letter of that 
 Cabinet Minister who was the exponent of the foreign 
 policy of the nation, there was need that they should 
 be instantly armed, and by the States. But while the 
 reports of the Engineer Bureau showed that it was of 
 more importance to arm the land batteries which 
 were ready to receive their cannon, than to throw up 
 new works, those of the Ordnance Bureau further 
 shoAved that all the foundries in the country which 
 were capable of casting suitable ordnance, were 
 engaged to the fidl extent of their capacity ; and the 
 protest of the Navy Department had prevented the 
 construction by us of floating batteries for harbor 
 defence. It became evident, therefore, that the only 
 mode for the State to supply its needs, would be by 
 mducing established foundries to greatly enlarge their 
 works, or new parties to build new foundiies ; for the 
 proposition urged upon Congress for the establishment 
 ■of a great National Foundry had failed, from causes to 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 29 
 
 which it is needless to allude. In pursuing inquii-ies 
 in this dii'ection, it was believed that Professor 
 Treadwell, and gentlemen with whom he was asso- 
 ciated, could be induced to build immediately new 
 and extensive works to make the ordnance which 
 bears his name, provided that a contract could be 
 entered into with the State, to an amount sufficient 
 to justify the large investment of private capital which 
 would be required. I at once submitted to an able 
 commission, consisting of the Master of Ordnance, an 
 officer of my personal staff, and two distinguished 
 civil engineers, the question of the ascertained or 
 probable merits of the Treadwell gun, especially 
 with regard to the attack or defence of ii'on-clad 
 batteries, and to its capacity to penetrate iron 
 plates with solid shot, and also the question of the 
 feasibility and advantages, or otherwise, of an attempt 
 to supply in part by its manufacture, our deficiency of 
 ordnance. Their report was unanimous in favor of 
 the merits of the gun, and recommended that the 
 State should enter mto a contract for one hundred 
 rifled hundi-ed-pounders of that pattern, and make 
 such an appropriation as would enable the construc- 
 tion of a greater number, if their early success should 
 render such an mcrease deskable. On his part 
 Professor Treadwell, with responsible associates, was 
 
30 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 ready to engage to establish a foundry which should 
 deliver ten of these hundi'ed guns within six months, 
 and the remainder within eighteen months. The 
 report of this committee, together mth all the commu- 
 nications from the Bureaus of the War Department, 
 and other documents illustrative of the subject and of 
 the difficulties which hampered action under existing 
 legislation, were laid by me before the Joint Committee 
 of the General Court on Federal Relations. The 
 committee, on April 24th, reported a Resolve free 
 from the provisions which were impracticable of 
 execution in that of February 14th. This Resolve 
 was adopted by the House of Representatives without 
 a division, and received its several readings in the 
 Senate, where on its passage to be enacted, during 
 the last night of the session, it was defeated by a 
 single vote, the opposition to it proceeding in large 
 part from senators representing seaboard counties ; a 
 result exhibiting a sense of security from danger. 
 
 Constantly mindful of the vast mterest involved in 
 the whole subject of coast defences, I have continued 
 correspondence with the appropriate bureaus of the 
 Departments of War and the Navy ; and am prepared 
 to exhibit to a committee of the General Court their 
 latest conclusions, with the facts on which they rest, 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 31 
 
 both as contained in unpublished documents and in 
 private though official communications. 
 
 Harbors and Flats. 
 
 By a Resolve of the last General Court a commission 
 was established upon the Harbors and Flats of the 
 Commonwealth, with directions to report to the 
 Legislature by the fifteenth day of the present month. 
 I am advised that probably no report embracing any 
 system for the care and preservation of the harbors, 
 and the use and disposal of flats, belonging to 
 the Commonwealth, can be made during the 
 current session. But it is believed that durmg 
 the approaching sprmg, the Commissioners will be 
 enabled to receive opmions and information from the 
 officers of the United States Coast Survey, resulting 
 from their recent and exhaustive examinations, without 
 which it would be unsafe to venture to mature any of 
 the plans contemplated in the constitution of the 
 commission. I take the liberty to urge again the 
 views I had the honor to suggest in this place a year 
 ago, in reference to the proprietary aujd commercial 
 rights and interests of the Commonwealth, involved 
 in the intelligent, scientific and systematic care and 
 disposition of our principal harbors and their flats. 
 
32 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 Cared for by the State as a prudent owner would 
 guard his own property, I believe the flats in Boston 
 Harbor may be ultimately made the source of a vast 
 fund in money, and of great benefits to the com- 
 mercial prosperity of Massachusetts, and that shore 
 owners holding Avater fronts now of little value, 
 may, by uniting with the Commonwealth in a common 
 purpose for the improvement of all, reap a common 
 advantage, and the taxable wealth of the city and 
 State derive a large addition. Harbors are, in a just 
 sense, a property held in sacred trust for the commerce 
 of all nations and to promote the civilization of man- 
 kind. They ought to be protected by the Government 
 with sleepless and jealous vigilance. 
 
 The Trojj and Greenfield Railroad. 
 
 The Act of the last General Court, (Acts of 1862, 
 chapter 156,) " providing for the more speedy com- 
 pletion of the Troy and Greenfield Railroad and 
 Hoosac Tunnel," directed the appointment of " three 
 able, impartial and skilfid Commissioners to investigate 
 the subject of finishing the Troy and Greenfield Rail- 
 road and of tunnelling the Hoosac Mountain, whose 
 duty it shall be to report to the Governor and Council 
 what, in their judgment, will be the most economical, 
 practical and advantageous method of completing said 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 33 
 
 tunnel and road, the estimated cost of fitting the same 
 for use, the time within which the tunnel can be 
 completed, and what contracts can be effected, and 
 with what parties, for completing said tunnel and road, 
 and the probable cost of the same, the probable 
 pecuniary value of the road and tunnel when com- 
 pleted, the sources and amount of traffic and income, 
 and all other facts in their opinion useful to assist the 
 Governor and Council in determining the best method 
 of securing a continuous railroad communication 
 between Troy and Greenfield." Certain other powers 
 and duties were conferred on the Commissioners, in 
 part preliminary, and in part subsequent, in their 
 operation, to the rendering of theh report to the 
 Governor and Council. Under this Act three gentle- 
 men were appointed, each one of whom was carefully 
 selected as being, in the words of the Act, at once 
 " ahle^ impartial and skilful'' They entered forthwith 
 upon the performance of their task and have pursued 
 it constantly with the aid of engineers of the fhst 
 distinction, one of whom has visited and explored all 
 the great railway tunnels of Europe and collected all 
 the knowledge attainable there tending to illustrate 
 the questions of science and experience submitted by 
 the law to the Commission. An elaborate report has 
 been prepared by this gentleman and is in the hands 
 
 5 
 
34" GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 of the Commissioners, under whose direction the 
 drawings connected with it are being reduced for 
 convenience in printing. A similar report from 
 another engineer of large experience in construction 
 of tunnels in this country, has also been prepared for 
 the board. 
 
 The report of the Commissioners to the Governor 
 and Council is not yet made, but it is understood to be 
 in rapid preparation. I am unable, therefore, to com- 
 municate to the Legislature, at the begimimg of its 
 present session, so fully as I had hoped, on the subject 
 of this important and mteresting enterprise of estab- 
 lishmg a new avenue for our trade with the West, 
 piercing the Green Mountain range, and opening up 
 to greater activity the economical resources of our 
 Northern tier of towns. I trust that the conclusions 
 and reasoning of the Commissioners, when published, 
 will settle conflicting opinions in the muids of the 
 people, and, if favorable to the active pursuit of the 
 enterprise, that its prosecution will enjoy an unani- 
 mous support. The work can be pursued relieved 
 from all factitious embarrassments, and contracts can 
 be made by those in the sole interest of the Common- 
 wealth, superintended by citizens of the highest expe- 
 rience and capacity. 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 35 
 
 Banking and Currency. 
 
 The report of the Bank Commissioners will exhibit 
 the condition of our banking institutions. I repeat 
 my former suggestions that radical changes in our 
 financial system should be adopted with great caution. 
 
 The Secretary of the Treasury in his recent able 
 report on the financial affairs of the nation, recom- 
 mends to Congress the creation of a national system of 
 banking which, if carried out, may interfere with our 
 own, and may deprive the Commonwealth of a large 
 income now derived from the tax on banking capital. 
 The Secretary's plan is to authorize free bankmg, to 
 be based on a deposit of national bonds. This course, 
 he suggests, will create a demand for government secu- 
 rities ; will furnish a perfectly safe, convenient and 
 uniform currency ; will check the ckculation of bills 
 of unsafe banks ; and greatly tend to strengthen the 
 Union of the States. It is believed by some that if this 
 system should be authorized, many of our banks would 
 fall into it, while others equally well informed believe 
 that most of them would continue to act under their 
 present charters. The Secretary proposes no coercive 
 measures except a slight tax on the circulation of the 
 old banks. While this tax might be injurious to the 
 country institutions which derive a large profit from 
 then' circulation, its effect on those in the large 
 
36 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 cities would be light, for there the circulation is 
 unimportant. 
 
 Moneyed corporations are naturally cautious in their 
 movements, and are inclmed to hesitate and deliberate 
 much before adopting new methods. But whatever 
 may be the operation of the Secretary's system on the 
 New England banks, there can be no doubt of its great 
 usefuhiess to the West, where an abundant and safe 
 currency has never existed, and thus indirectly the 
 whole country will derive a benefit proportional to the 
 advantages of a national currency, simple, uniform and 
 of unquestionable value. Should Congress adopt the 
 system proposed, securing to the United States some 
 part of the profit derivable from the issue of paper 
 money, while it Avould probably compel Massachusetts 
 to abandon the revenue received from its tax on the 
 banking capital of the Commonwealth, it would at the 
 same time relieve the people from their liability to other 
 taxation for the support of the National Government 
 and the payment of its debts, to an extent equivalent 
 to the revenue realized to the Treasury of the United 
 States from that source. And should the measure be 
 adopted, it is questioned even by some of its supporters 
 whether the prosperity of our country banks would, 
 after all, be permanently injured. But, much as I 
 should regret to see any proper investment in the 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 3T 
 
 Commonwealth rendered unproductive by legislation, 
 that regret would be tempered by the consideration 
 that the same capital would never need to be mactive, 
 whenever and wheresoever safe busmess should present 
 itself to the enterprise of industry and skill, while 
 whenever or wherever such business opportunities do 
 not present themselves, the loans of banks are of 
 necessity less profitable and secure. Nor can it be 
 doubtful that the substantial pecuniary advantage of 
 New England busmess interests demands the nation- 
 ahzation of the currency, so that the paper represen- 
 tative of a dollar shall be alike valuable in Boston and 
 in Chicago, and the indebtedness of the West to the 
 East find at all times a medium of adjustment, and the 
 trade between the two sections of the Northern States 
 flow unimpeded by oppressive and ruinous rates of 
 exchange. 
 
 Pleuro-Pneumonia. 
 
 Under the Act of February, 1862, three Commis- 
 sioners were appointed on contagious diseases of cattle 
 — one a veterinary surgeon, one a doctor of medicine^ 
 and the third a member of the Executive Council, all 
 being of some agricultural experience. They were 
 immediately called by the Selectmen of Milton to 
 investigate cases of disease among neat cattle which 
 
38 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 had broken out there and was creating alarm. The 
 animals were carefully examined and found to be 
 infected by Pleuro-Pneumonia. The Commissioners 
 ordered the entire isolation of all herds of cattle 
 in the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Plymouth and 
 Worcester, which could, by any possibility, have come 
 into contact with any of the infected animals. One 
 hundred and fifty-four animals have died or have been 
 killed by order of the Commissioners, of which number 
 seventy-seven, or just one-half, were found diseased, 
 and in every case but one, contact has been proved. 
 
 The Commissioners are satisfied that the disease is 
 never generated from local causes ; that it is altogether 
 an imported disease ; that it is generally communicated 
 by contact of breath ; that it cannot be eradicated by 
 treatment ; that those cattle which have apparently 
 recovered are really the most to be feared, from the 
 danger of relapse ; and that, by care, the disease may 
 be prevented from extending from one herd to 
 another. The expenses of the Commission, as nearly 
 as can now be estimated, are about $5,700. The 
 appropriation bemg but $5,000, there will^De a defici- 
 ency to be supplied by legislation. The disease is 
 apparently extmgished, and has now no visible foot- 
 hold in the Commonwealth. The ease and celerity of 
 its eradication by prompt treatment on its re-appearance 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 39 
 
 last year, removes all apprehension that it may here- 
 after become unmanageable, unless precautionary 
 measures, when needed, shall be too long delayed. 
 
 Farming. 
 
 The cultivated crops of the farm, the last year, were 
 usually quite up to the average production, while 
 fruits of nearly every description were more than ever 
 abundant. 
 
 The increasing attention paid to sheep husbandry 
 promises to lead to important and satisfactory re- 
 sults. It is for the interest of the several towns 
 to encourage the keeping of sheep by a more rigid 
 enforcement of the law enacted for their protection. 
 By the returns from two hundred and ninety-seven 
 towns it appears that the number of dogs licensed 
 in those towns in 1862 was twenty thousand 
 nine hundred and fifty-two, for which the amount 
 paid was $22,630.20. The estimated number 
 in those to^vns unlicensed, was twelve thousand 
 five hundred and thirteen. I recommend the adop- 
 tion of adequate penalties to enforce the law. 
 Apart from the mere question of cheap production 
 of wool, the experience of the most advanced agricul- 
 tural nations, like England, Germany and France, 
 goes to show that sheep are a necessity of a good 
 
40 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 general system of husbandry, on even the highest- 
 priced lands, and amid the densest population. Yet 
 the number of sheep has for many years constantly 
 decreased in this Commonwealth, until within the last 
 two years. Thus in 1840 there were three hundred 
 seventy-eight thousand two hundred twenty-six, by the 
 census of the United States ; while in 1860 they had 
 diminished to one hundred and fourteen thousand 
 eight hundred twenty-nine, and the production of wool 
 from one million sixteen thousand two hundred thirty 
 pounds in 1845, to three hundred seventy-three thou- 
 sand seven hundred eighty-nine pounds in 1860, 
 although meanwhile, the number of neat cattle and 
 horses had largely increased, so that the gross value 
 of live stock, which in 1850 was |9,647,700, had, 
 in 1860, become |1 2,73 7,444, notwithstanding the 
 constantly growing claims of manufactures and the 
 mechanic arts upon the industry of our people. 
 
 The Secretary of the State Board of Agriculture 
 spent several months of the summer and autumn in 
 Europe, where he had unusual facilities for the study 
 and observation of the agriculture of the old world. 
 Some account of his observations will be presented 
 in his Report to the Legislature. 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 41 
 
 Public Schools. 
 
 Of all our public institutions, those devoted to 
 popular education are the source of the most unmin- 
 gled satisfaction and pride. It swells one's heart to 
 feel that, in the midst of a war, in which for very 
 national existence this people is contending on land 
 and sea, the humblest child in Massachusetts may 
 daily find an open door and an outstretched hand of 
 welcome to all the uses and the delights of learning. 
 The rebellion itself would have been impossible had a 
 system of Free Schools pervaded the Union ; for they 
 would have lifted the people of the rebel States above 
 the chance of those delusions, fed by ambitious, 
 jealous, and despotic men, to whose wiles popular 
 ignorance left them victims. 
 
 The average attendance of the teachers of Massa- 
 chusetts at their Institutes, is reported to be larger by 
 twenty during the last twelve months than in any 
 former one of the seventeen years they have been 
 held. The interest exhibited by the people in educa- 
 tional meetings has never been greater. The number 
 of students in our Normal Schools and Colleges 
 is believed to be diminished only by enlistments 
 in the Army of the Union. And there they have 
 lavished a contribution of devoted patriotism, not 
 merely on field and line, but on rank and file, illumined 
 
42 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 by intellect, and graced by culture.*' Our Common 
 Schools are the distributors of those gifts of learning, 
 of which the higher institutions of literature and 
 science are the reservoirs. Every mtelligent laborer 
 helps to weave, with cunning hand, into the warp and 
 woof of all the wealth and uses of mankind the sub- 
 limest thought and the marvellous divinations of 
 thinkers, discoverers and inventors. For happiness, 
 for honor, for wealth and strength, as well as for 
 duty, let us invest a generous portion of the inheri- 
 tance in the undecaying riches of the intellect. 
 
 The policy of emancipation is the discovery of a 
 new world. It will open fields of effort for every 
 variety of gift. The untutored labor, the wasteful 
 husbandry, the unskilful mechanism, the mines 
 unwrought, the waterfalls untamed, and all their 
 boundless possibilities of development, invite your 
 
 * The alumni and undergraduates of our colleges occupy every rank 
 in the service, from those of General and Admiral, through every grade, 
 including Surgeons and Chaplains, down to that of privates in the ranks 
 and seamen before the mast. 
 
 Harvard College has sent into the field four hundred and thirty of her 
 sons, more than seventeen per cent, of the whole number of her living 
 alumni ; Amherst, of her undergraduates and graduates of the last five 
 years, has sent one hundred and fifty-nine, how many of earlier classes 
 cannot now be ascertained; and Williams College, as nearly as can be 
 learned, has given one hundred and eleven of her graduates and under- 
 graduates to the army of the United States. 
 
 Thirty undergraduates of the Normal Schools are also in the service of 
 the Union. 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 43 
 
 sons. A task is before them they cannot abandon, a 
 destiny they cannot avert, a power no poKcy can 
 dwarf, an achievement such as no history has ever 
 written. Let narrow partisans contrive a Union from 
 which New England is rejected, if they will ; — the Free 
 Schools of New England will span the moat and scale 
 the w^all. And whenever in peace or war, in arts or 
 arms, is sought the help of men in whose hearts cour- 
 age is made strong by faith, whose thinking, scheming 
 and fruitful brains are guides to untu'ing hands 
 instructed in every art of ingenious civilization, — 
 the graduates of your nurseries of learning will 
 answer to the call, freer and stronger than the wind 
 that floats your flag, in that mysterious power, of 
 which Minerva, leaping full armed from the brain 
 of Jove, is the type to the reason of philosophers, as 
 well as to the dream of poets. 
 
 School of Agriculture and the Ai'ts. — University 
 System. 
 
 At the last session of Congress an Act was 
 passed (chapter 130 of Acts of the 37th Congress, 1st 
 session,) granting to each of the several States a por- 
 tion of the public domain " to the endowment, 
 support and maintenance of at least one College, 
 where the leading object shall be, without excluding 
 
44 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 other scientific and classical studies, and including 
 military tactics, to teach such branches of learning 
 as are related to agriculture and the mechanic 
 arts in such manner as the Legislatures of the 
 States may respectively prescribe, m order to pro- 
 mote the liberal and practical education of the 
 industrial classes in the several pursuits and pro- 
 fessions in life." The apportionment to each State 
 is " in quantity equal to 30,000 acres of land for 
 each senator and representative in Congress to 
 which the States are respectively entitled by the 
 apportionment under the census of 1860." 
 
 The Act provides that the land, aforesaid, after 
 being surveyed, shall be apportioned to the several 
 States in sections or subdivisions of sections, not less 
 than one quarter of a section ; and whenever there 
 are public lands in a State subject to sale at private 
 entry at one dollar and twenty-five cents per acre, 
 the quantity to which said State shall be entitled 
 shall be selected from such lands within the limits 
 of such State ; and the Secretary of the Interior 
 is du'ected to issue to each of the States in 
 which there is not the quantity of public lands 
 subject to sale at private entry at one dollar and 
 twenty-five cents per acre, to which said State may 
 be entitled under the provisions of the Act, land 
 
1868.] SENATE— No. 1. 45 
 
 scrip to the amount in acres for the deficiency of its 
 distributive share ; said scrip to be sold by said State 
 and the proceeds thereof apphed to the uses and 
 purposes prescribed in the Act, and for no other 
 uses and purposes whatsoever ; and it further provides 
 that in no case shall any State to which land scrip 
 may be thus issued, be allowed to locate the same 
 within the limits of any other State, or of any ter- 
 ritory of the United States, but its assignees may 
 locate said land scrip upon any of the unappro- 
 priated lands of the United States subject to sale 
 at private entry at one dollar and twenty-five cents 
 per acre. 
 
 By the provisions of the Act, it is made incum- 
 bent upon every State which desires to avail itself of 
 its benefits, to express its acceptance of the con- 
 ditions prescribed, within two years from the date 
 of its passage ; that is, prior to July 2, 1864. 
 And it is also required that any State which may 
 claim and take the benefit of the provisions of the 
 Act shall establish at least one CoUege within five 
 years, " where the leading object shall be to teach 
 such branches of learning as are related to agriculture 
 and the mechanic arts." But " no portion of said 
 fund, nor the interest thereon, shall be applied, di- 
 rectly or indirectly, under any pretence whatever, to 
 
46 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 the purchase, erection, preservation or repair of any 
 buildmg or buildings." 
 
 The last will and testament of the late Benja- 
 min Bussey devises a large property and estate In 
 trust to the President and Fellows of Harvard College, 
 " as a permanent, pubhc, corporate body, especially 
 charged with the care and superintendence of the 
 higher branches of education." It dkects his home- 
 stead estate called "Woodland Hill," in Eoxbury, 
 consisting of over two hundred acres of land, to be 
 retained by the trustees, and, " that they will establish 
 there a course of instruction in practical agriculture, 
 in useful and ornamental gardening, in botany, and 
 in such other branches of natural science as may 
 tend to promote a knowledge of practical agriculture, 
 and the various arts subservient thereto, and con- 
 nected therewith, and cause such courses of lectures 
 to be delivered there, at such seasons of the year, 
 and under such regulations as they may think best 
 adapted to promote the ends designed ; and also to 
 furnish gratuitous aid if they shall thmk it expedient, 
 to such meritorious persons as may resort there for 
 instruction :" the institution so established to be called 
 the " Bussey Institution." 
 
 The will appropriates one-half of the net income 
 of the whole trust property other than Woodland 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 47 
 
 Hill, " to the support of said institution, and of 
 such branches of instruction in the physical sciences, 
 there or at Harvard College, as are subservient 
 thereto, and connected with the great objects of 
 said institution." 
 
 Agricultural societies, professorships, and instruc- 
 tion m the schools of Europe, originated about one 
 hundred years ago ; but the first attempt to actuahze 
 the conception of scientific agriculture practically 
 taught and illustrated m educational mstitutions, was 
 made, in Germany, at the beginning of the present 
 century by Thaer, a Doctor of Medicine, m his native 
 town of Zell, in Hanover. His school was broken 
 up by the French invasion in 1803. But in 1806, 
 under the patronage of the King of Prussia, he 
 founded an Agricultural School, vntli a model farm 
 of four hundred acres, about twenty miles from Berlin, 
 where he remained until his death in 1828. In 
 his treatise on the principles of Agriculture (in 
 1809), he urges the necessity of a knowledge of 
 botany, zoology and chemistry, and other sciences, in 
 order to a complete comprehension and cultivation of 
 practical farming ; and concludes that " it is then 
 evident that Agriculture ought to borrow from every 
 science the priticiples which she employs as the foundation 
 of her own."" 
 
48 GOYERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 Pestalozzi originated in Switzerland contemporane- 
 ously with the labors of Thaer in Germany, his indus- 
 trial or manual labor schools, near Berne. 
 
 Twenty-two years have elapsed since Liebig, com- 
 bining the results of his own original researches and 
 investigations vidth the published knowledge of his 
 time, printed his work upon " Chemistry in relation to 
 Agriculture and Physiology" which, immediately as- 
 suming a place in universal scientific hterature, was 
 soon read in all languages and excited a new spirit of 
 inquiry and experiment among agriculturists and 
 chemists in Europe and in America. The impulse 
 given to agricultural education by the revelations of this 
 master of science, was immediate. And there are now 
 colleges, high schools, elementary agricultural schools 
 for the peasantry, all over Eiu'ope, from Ireland to 
 Russia, and a large number of professorships of 
 agriculture in different universities. 
 
 Many States of the American Union, have abeady 
 set on foot measures for the promotion of agricultural 
 schools and colleges. Michigan provided for such a 
 college in her State Constitution. One has been 
 established in each of the States of New York, Iowa 
 and Minnesota. But neither of these is now open. 
 An Agricultural College has been established in 
 Maryland, and is in operation. An embryo institu- 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 49 
 
 tion, under private enterprise, exists in Illinois : so 
 also does another, in the State of Ohio. The course of 
 instruction in the three last alluded to, does not essen- 
 tially depart from that usual in ordinary colleges. 
 The Agricultural College of Pennsylvania is the 
 largest and most prosperous of this class of institutions 
 of whose existence in this country I have any knowl- 
 edge. Its course of study involves a period of four 
 years, and includes mathematics, natural philosophy, 
 chemistry, botany, geology, paleontology, mmeralogy 
 chrystallography, and practical agriculture and horti- 
 culture. A " partial scientific and practical course" is 
 established for the benefit of those students desiring: 
 to pursue the other studies of the full course, omitting 
 the higher mathematics. 
 
 Evidence of the intelligent interest of our own Com- 
 monwealth in this dhection is found in the Resolves 
 of 1850, the reports of the commissioners the next 
 year, (embodying that of Professor Hitchcock which 
 is to be hereafter alluded to,) and the establish- 
 ment of the State Board of Agriculture. It is also 
 exhibited in the charter of the Massachusetts Institute 
 of Technology, incorporated the 10th of April, 1861, 
 " for the purpose of mstituting and maintaming a 
 society of arts, a museum of arts, and a school of 
 industrial science, and aiding generally, by suitable 
 
 7 
 
50 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 means, the advancement, development and practical 
 application of science, in connection with arts, 
 agriculture, manufactures and commerce." 
 
 The conjunction of these dedications of public 
 funds and private charity to scientific and practical 
 education seems fortunate and auspicious. The main 
 design of both is the same. There are suggestions 
 in each which afford significant hmts for our instruc- 
 tion. Combining all the opportunities they propose, 
 an enterprise becomes possible in Massachusetts, 
 grander than either. 
 
 This Congressional grant is exposed to the danger 
 of being divided in each State among several unim- 
 portant seminaries, instead of being concentrated on 
 one institution of commanding mfluence and efficiency. 
 An institution requhing " military tactics " and " such 
 branches of learnmg as are related to agriculture and 
 the mechanic arts," to be taught " without excluding 
 other scientific and classical studies," must of necessity, 
 to be worthy of Massachusetts, involve large expendi- 
 tures, and demand an assemblage of men of the highest 
 talents as teachers. For although agriculture was the 
 first art invented, it must be the last to be brought to 
 perfection, since it requhes contributions from every 
 branch of natural science, and aid from every other art. 
 We shall not use the grant of Congress msely, if we 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 51 
 
 make of it simply a means of giving farmers' sons such 
 an education as they could obtain by living on a well- 
 managed farm and attending an ordinary high school. 
 It must be made the means of a positive increase of 
 human knowledge m the departments bearing on 
 agriculture and manufactures, and the medium of 
 teachmg not only farmers, but those who shall become 
 teachers and improvers of the art of farming. 
 
 Such an institution should have ample lands for 
 experimental purposes, and even on a moderate scale 
 of completeness should embrace the following distmct 
 professorships : 
 
 1. Mathematics pure, and applied to Surveying, 
 Levelling, &c. 
 
 2. Drawing and Design. 
 
 3. General Physics and Meteorology. 
 
 4. Mechanics and Engineermg, especially as 
 applied to agricultural machinery and processes, to 
 rural architecture, road making, &c. 
 
 5. General and Agricultural Chemistry. 
 
 6. Chemical Analysis, especially as applied to 
 soils, manures and products. 
 
 7. Botany and Vegetable Physiology. 
 
 8. Zoology and Animal Physiology, including 
 breeding of animals, their diseases and treatment. 
 
 9. Geology and Mineralogy. 
 
52 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 10. Practical Husbandry, with superintendence of 
 model farms. 
 
 In many of these departments one or more assist- 
 ants, or sub-professors, would be necessary, and the 
 whole corps of instructors could hardly fall short 
 of twenty. 
 
 The " Central School of Arts and Manufactures " in 
 France, counts forty professors and teachers. " The 
 Conservatory of Arts and Trades " has a number not 
 inferior, and has also three subordinate, or auxiliary, 
 colleges in the Provinces. The " Polytechnic School 
 of Viemia " has fifty-eight instructors. 
 
 The excellent and elaborate report of Professor 
 Hitchcock, printed m 1851 with our legislative doc- 
 uments of that year [House Doc, No. 13,] comprising 
 the results of his learned researches and survey of 
 the agricultural mstitutions of Europe, assigns six 
 professors, as " the smallest number of professors 
 with which an institution could be respectable and 
 useful, even at its commencement. The number is 
 much less than it is at nearly all the higher 
 agricultural seminaries in Europe. There it ranges 
 from eight to twenty." The following pregnant sug- 
 gestion, looking forward to an institution of wise and 
 hberal breadth and of true public economy, like that 
 which the language of our xAct of Congress indicates, 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 53 
 
 illustrates the comprehensiveness as well as the 
 carefulness in observation, of this report : " By the 
 addition of a single professorship of technology to 
 such an mstitution as has been described, and 
 extendino: the collection of instruments to those of 
 every art, this school might become a school of 
 sciences, as vj^ell as of commerce and manufactures, 
 and thus afford an education to the son of the 
 mechanic and merchant, as well as the farmer." 
 
 The time of each of these professors need not be 
 exclusively devoted to the school, but a thorough 
 exhibition of the sciences m their relations to 
 mechanics and agriculture is impossible without the 
 aid of men of the highest talents, each giA^ng himself 
 specially to one of the departments of science ; 
 besides the aid of men of high acqukements taking 
 charge of the practical departments enumerated. 
 
 Such men, masters in these departments, are rare, 
 or, if found, are already bound by various obligations 
 to other objects or other institutions. If our Common- 
 wealth is to retain, her wonted place m noble works, 
 we must seize, at the earhest opportunity, upon as 
 many men of this character as may be found m the 
 country, and at once organize oiu' mstitution, to be a 
 model for other States that may avail themselves of 
 the grant from Congress. Not only a laudable State 
 
 '^ 
 
51 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 pride demands this, but the highest considerations of 
 patriotism and philanthropy demand it. 
 
 The Act of Congress does not make provision 
 sufficient for an Agricultural School of the highest 
 class in each State. Nor would it be possible now to 
 find, disconnected from our colleges and universities, 
 as many men of high talent, and otherwise competent, 
 as would be required to fill the chahs of one such 
 school. But Massachusetts already has, in the projected 
 Bussey Institution, an agricultural school, founded, 
 though not yet m operation, with a large endowment, 
 connected also with Harvard College and the Lawrence 
 Scientific School. She can therefore, by securing the 
 grant from Congress, combining with the Institute of 
 Technology and the Zoological Museum, and working 
 in harmony with the college, secure also for the agri- 
 cultural student for whom she thus provides, not only 
 the benefits of the national appropriation, but of the 
 Bussey Institution and the means and instrumen- 
 talities of the Institute of Technology, as well as 
 those accumulated at Cambridge. The benefits to our 
 State, and to our country, and to mankind, which can 
 be obtained by this co-operation, are of the highest 
 character, and can be obtained m no other way. The 
 details of the connection of the Bussey Institution 
 with the Scientific School and the College, are not yet 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 65 
 
 fully wrought out ; but I apprehend that little diffi- 
 culty would be found in connecting it also with the 
 grant from Congress, if the gentlemen who may be 
 intrusted by the State with the work, will approach it 
 with the perception of the absolute necessity for 
 husbanding our materials, both men and money, and 
 concentratmg all our efforts upon making an institu- 
 tion worthy of our age and of our people. Its summit 
 must reach the highest level of modern science, and 
 its heads must be those whom men will recognize 
 as capable of plamiing a great work, and of working 
 out a great plan. 
 
 The fifth chapter of the Constitution of Massachu- 
 setts, celebrates the wisdom of our ancestors, who 
 " so early as the year 1636, laid the foundation of 
 Harvard College, in which University many persons 
 of great eminence have, by the blessing of God, been 
 initiated in those Arts arid Sciences which qualify 
 them for public employments both in Cliurch and 
 State," reciting that " the encouragement of arts and 
 sciences, and all good literature, tends to the honor 
 of God, the advantage of the Christian religion, and 
 the great benefit of this, and the other United States 
 of America." And it declares that it " shall be the 
 duty of Legislatures and Magistrates, in all future 
 periods of this Commonwealth, to cherish the inter- 
 
66 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 ests of literature and the sciences, and all seminaries 
 of them ; especially the University at Cambridge, 
 public schools, and grammar schools in the towns ; 
 to encourage private societies, and public institutions, 
 rewards and immunities for the promotion of agricul- 
 ture, arts, sciences, commerce, trades, manufactures 
 and a natural history of the country." 
 
 I venture the opinion that the advantages presented 
 by the various institutions which now cluster around 
 the college, may be so combined with other institu- 
 tions as to realize more fully in actual experiment 
 the true idea of a University. I camiot doubt 
 that the people of the Commonwealth have a right 
 to those benefits ; the prevention of all the waste 
 of means, the weakening of resources, the repeti- 
 tions of professorships, libraries, apparatus and other 
 material, consequent on scattering instead of con- 
 centration. Model farms, and experimental culture in 
 all the varieties of soil our lands present, as the wise 
 and expert may hereafter advise, and also branches 
 or subordinate schools, are not to be discouraged. 
 Neither are the schools and colleges for academic 
 study already provided or contemplated, nor any gifts 
 or grants thereto, to be less ftivored in the future. 
 Nor does unity of plan and co-operation ui method, of 
 necessity imply confinement of all the departments of 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 57 
 
 an institution to one place. The object should be to 
 centralize and economise means and power, while 
 distributing and popularizing education and its fruits. 
 But, in order to fulfil the highest functions of a 
 University adapted to the wants and development of 
 modern society, to an intellectual and free people, its 
 professorships, libraries and apparatus should be so 
 combined and distributed as to include the faculties 
 of Divinity, of Law, of Medicine, of Military instruc- 
 tion, of Letters and Natural Science, all of them 
 organized and represented in theii* highest perfection. 
 The faculty of Divinity should have, as its basis, a 
 strong corps of scholars versed in Hebrew literature 
 and history, in ecclesiastic history, and in dogmatic 
 theology, admitting as professors members of every 
 church competent to teach. The teaching of the law 
 school should include the civil law, comparative juris- 
 prudence, political economy and diplomacy. The 
 faculty of letters should combine the deepest scholars 
 in ancient literature, including Sanscrit, and the other 
 Oriental languages, as well as Greek and Latin ; and in 
 the antiquities proper, history in all its ramifications, 
 the modern languages and their literature, philosophy 
 in all its branches with its history. For the faculties of 
 medicine and of natural sciences, should be combined 
 mathematicians, astronomers, physicists, chemists, 
 
 
58 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 mineralogists, botanists, zoologists, geologists, devot- 
 ing themselves chiefly to the scientific pursuit of their 
 study ; and also men distmguished for theu' eminence 
 in the application of the sciences to the useful arts, 
 civil engineers, architects, mining engineers, military 
 engineers, and agriculturists. 
 
 That we should continue to build on the foundation 
 our fathers laid, endeavoring to make actual in the 
 life of our society their ideal, I religiously believe. 
 Let us plan to concentrate here the " gladsome 
 light" of universal science. Let learning be illus- 
 trated by her most brilliant luminaries, and let the 
 claims of every science be vindicated by its bravest 
 champion. Two-thirds of an amount equal to the 
 sum we annually, and wisely, expend in public and 
 private instruction, would found professorships and 
 furnish the fund which would give to Massachusetts 
 a University worthy the dream of the fathers, the 
 history of the State, and the capacity of her people. 
 
 The territory of Massachusetts comprises you know 
 an area of 7,800 square miles, with a population in 
 1860 of 1,231,065, or 157tVo to the square mile. 
 Massachusetts is the tenth m area of the old thii'teen 
 States. Of the thu'ty-three States considered in the 
 census of 1860, she is in area the thirtieth. But 
 notwithstanding the immense emigration from East 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 59 
 
 to West, Massachusetts, which in 1790 was the 
 fourth State in population, was still the seventh in 
 1860, her population being by the square mile the 
 densest, and in absolute increase by the square mile 
 the largest. The value of her products by the census 
 of that year was $283,000,000, or $229.88 for each 
 person m the Commonwealth, not including the 
 product of navigation. By our last year returns, the 
 capital invested in her one hundred and eighty-three 
 banking companies was $67,544,200 ; the deposits in 
 her ninety-three institutions for savings amounted to 
 $50,403,674.23, and were made by 248,700 depositors. 
 The tonnage of vessels entered and cleared at her 
 ports the last year was 1,691,336 tons, and the total 
 of her foreign imports and exports was $61,972,580. 
 The capital mvested by Massachusetts in her railways 
 whose motive power is steam, excluding many mil- 
 lions of her capital thus invested in other States, is 
 $63,272,801.71. The aggregate length of these 
 roads is one thousand five hundred and thirty-one 
 miles : of which three hundred and forty-three miles 
 are laid with double track. Their total income for 
 the year 1861, was $9,016,149.12. They divided 
 ^lio per cent, to their stockholders ; leaving on 
 hand an aggregate surplus of $3,562,290.48. The 
 product of the capital and industry devoted to six 
 
60 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 branches of manufactures, namely, of agricultural 
 implements, sawed and planed lumber, cotton and 
 woollen goods, leatlier, and boots and shoes, which in 
 1850 amounted to |66,323,242, in 1860 reached 
 1116,499,391 ; and the farms of Massachusetts, appre- 
 ciated by the demand for agricultural products created 
 to supply her army of artisans, rose in value during the 
 same ten years from 1^109,076,347 to $122,645,221. 
 
 Side by side with this economical prosperity stands 
 the diminution of pauperism and crime. The number 
 of persons supported in the State Almshouses and 
 Rainsford Island Hospital was less in 1862 than it was 
 in any but one of the last five years, and was seven- 
 teen and one-half per cent, less than the number m 
 1861. The expense of these institutions was less in 
 1862 than in any year but one smce they were 
 opened (in 1854,) being $122,783.53, which is $12,- 
 220.86 less than then expense in 1861. The whole 
 number of persons committed to our Jails and Houses 
 of Correction m 1858 was fourteen thousand five 
 hundred ninety-nme ; the number in 1862 was but nine 
 thousand seven hmidred and five. The expense of 
 the Jails and Houses of Correction in 1858 was $222,- 
 721.77 ; but m 1862, it had fallen to $182,006.63. 
 
 The entire value of the real and personal property 
 of the State m 1860, as shown by the Report of 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 61 
 
 the Valuation Committee of the Legislature, was 
 $897,795,326 ; and the profits of her industry, as 
 shown by the products of the yeai*, were thhty-three 
 per cent, upon her valuation. She printed books to 
 the value of $397,500 ; her periodical literature and 
 newspapers numbered two hundred and twenty-two 
 different publications, disseminating more than one 
 hmidred million copies of then* several issues. By 
 the last returns we had four thousand six hundred 
 and five public schools, attended in the winter of 
 1862, by two hundred and twenty-seven thousand 
 three hundi*ed and nineteen scholars, with a mean 
 average attendance, during the school year, of one 
 hundred and seventy-eight thousand eight hundred 
 and nmety-two, taught by seven thousand two hundred 
 and fifty-five instructors, on which schools were expend- 
 ed, exclusive of the expense of repairing and erecting 
 school-houses, and the interest on money invested in 
 such property, and of the cost of school books, nearly 
 $1,613,000. When we add to this statement one 
 hundred and eight high schools in which Latin and 
 Greek are taught, sixty-three incorjDorated academies, 
 with thirty-five hundred scholars, paying $85,000 
 tuition, and six hundred and thu'ty-eight private 
 schools, paymg $350,000 tuition ; when we consider 
 the expense of buildings, apparatus, libraries, school 
 
62 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 books, prizes, Teachers' Institutes and the like, not 
 contained in those computations, we shall probably 
 find an annual sum devoted to the education of 
 the children of the people of the Commonwealth, 
 besides the expenses of our colleges and schools 
 of medicine, law and theology, amounting to more 
 than three millions of dollars. It is estimated by the 
 Board of Education that the sum annually expended 
 to promote popular education in Massachusetts, 
 including the annual expenditure for school-houses 
 and the interest of money invested in them at their 
 present cash valuation, the cost of school books in 
 public and private schools, the expense of Normal 
 Schools, Teachers' Institutes and Associations, the 
 Board . of Education, printing, and State scholarships, 
 but not including the cost of instruction in col- 
 leges, professional schools and Reformatory Institu- 
 tions, amounts to more than thirteen dollars to 
 every person in the State between five and fifteen years 
 of age, and more than two dollars and a half to 
 each person of the entire population of the Common- 
 wealth. Our public libraries in 1860 were 1,462. 
 Their volumes numbered 604,015. The value of 
 our churches m 1860 was computed to be ten and 
 a quarter millions of dollars, and their pulpits are 
 occupied by about two thousand preachers of the 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 63 
 
 Gospel. Besides the instructions of our pulpits, 
 and schools, and books, and periodicals, we have 
 the benefit of countless lyceums and lectures, 
 and of constant importations from every other State, 
 and from every country whfere literature and printing 
 are known. 
 
 Is Massachusetts unable, then, in view of her 
 material resources, and the quality of her people, to 
 adjust a plan contemplating the ultimate consecration 
 to the purpose I have indicated, of a fund — to be 
 secured by taxation, by donation, by the testamentary 
 bequests of her citizens — adequate to the work'? 
 Regard, a moment, your positive wealth. Consult its 
 wonderful growth. Remember that you owe all of it 
 to cultivated, instructed, iritelligerit industry. You have 
 conquered, by fhst understanding, nature. You have 
 studied her mysteries, guessed her secrets, and thus 
 unlocked her treasures. And doubt not that in the 
 wonderful future about to dawn upon our country, the 
 part you are to enact of beneficence and glory, under 
 the inspiration of your generous culture and expanding 
 thought, will transcend all the former achievements of 
 your mdustry, and will outshuie the lustre of your 
 arms. 
 
 I commend to the legislators and people of Massa- 
 chusetts these considerations and opmions, which have 
 
64 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 earnestly impressed my own mind and are the results 
 of patient study and reflection. They are inspked by 
 the idea of realizmg the highest culture, secui'mg the 
 amplest means and material, and husbanding them in 
 the surest way to the good of all the people, and for 
 the renown and influence among the States of the 
 Union, of this venerable Commonwealth. Let no 
 friend of any local institution, actual or proposed, 
 avert his eyes. When we shall have obtained one 
 central school, or a combination of schools inter- 
 changeably working each with and for the others, 
 devoted to the grandest development of knowledge 
 for agricultural, mechanical and military uses, and to 
 the enlargement of the domain of science and art, 
 to the discovery and encouragement of their true 
 prophets and teachers, and to the widest diffusion of 
 all their influences, then you will find the local semi- 
 naries springing up and distributing the results, — just 
 as our town and district schools to-day disseminate 
 the elementary lessons of science of which every boy 
 and girl would be left m ignorance, were it not for the 
 higher institutions, the original thmkers and the life- 
 long students. 
 
 I respectfully recommend that the Legislature take 
 measures at its present session to secure to the Com- 
 monwealth the benefits of the grant from Congress, 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 65 
 
 and that the funds of the Bussey Institution may not 
 be allowed to slumber as they now do, but be ren- 
 dered available for the use of the present generation, 
 by purchasing, if possible for a reasonable price, the 
 life estate which now encumbers Woodland Hill, 
 and causing the funds to be rendered as productive as 
 possible, with a single view to the objects contemplated 
 by the donor. 
 
 The Boston Society of Natural History^ and the Institute 
 of Technology. 
 
 I have pleasure in calling your attention to the 
 earnestness with which the Boston Society of Natural 
 History, and the Massachusetts Institute of Technol- 
 ogy, have persevered m their respective plans. 
 
 The former of these societies, strengthened in its 
 resources by the liberality already so largely exercised 
 in behalf of the public needs, has nearly completed a 
 stately and commodious building on the land assigned 
 to it by the Legislature, and will be in condition to 
 remove its collections and transfer its operations to 
 the new edifice in the course of the coming spring. 
 
 The Institute of Technology, though not yet pos- 
 sessed of a sufficient fund available for building 
 purposes, is making progress in that dhection with 
 prospect of a large measure of success. Should 
 
66 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 it fail, during the winter, to make up the entire 
 amount required by the act of the Legislature, it may, 
 I thmk, reasonably plead the peculiar circumstances 
 of the times, and the great practical importance of its 
 objects, as a ground for your further indulgence. 
 It has, meanwhile, begun its operations as a Society of 
 Arts, where communications and reports are made and 
 discussions held on industrial subjects, and where 
 important inventions, models and specimens are 
 exhibited, explained and criticised. It is preparing, 
 also, to make a beginning in some branches of the 
 School of Industrial Science and in the collection of 
 machinery, materials, products, and other objects 
 suitable for its intended Museum. In these several 
 modes of activity it aims to contribute to the cause 
 of practical improvement, even at the commencement 
 and while it is awaiting the accumulated means 
 necessary for the erection of the School of Industrial 
 Science and the Museum of Practical Arts proposed 
 to be established on the land assigned to the Institute 
 for this purpose on the Back Bay. 
 
 Two Years Amendment. 
 
 I have the honor to invite the favorable action of the 
 Legislature upon the Resolve adopted by the last, and 
 constitutionally referred to the present. General Court, 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 67 
 
 " providing for an amendment to the Constitution 
 relative to the qualification of voters," proposing the 
 repeal of the twenty-third article of amendment 
 which precludes adopted or naturalized citizens from 
 v.oting and from eligibility to office, for two years 
 subsequent to naturalization. I have no doubt that 
 the people of the Commonwealth will cheerfully 
 consummate the purpose of the Resolve so soon as 
 you shall present it to their decision. 
 
 Public Institutions — Their Returms. 
 
 It has been the aim of the Governor and Council 
 to visit all the penal and charitable institutions of the 
 State, and of the respective counties. This would 
 have been fully accomplished had other commanding 
 cares permitted it. Nearly all, however, have been 
 visited during the year. And it is a grateful task to 
 bear mtness to the prevailing spirit of intelligent 
 humanity with which they are conducted. I would 
 respectfully urge a careful study of thek* Reports. 
 The reduction of pauperism and crime is the sure 
 consequence of increasing knowledge and thrift in 
 any community. And the education into industry, 
 good habits and intelligence of those unfortunately 
 predisposed by early neglect, by actual lapse or 
 inherited tendency, helps to counteract the fatal 
 
 1 
 
68 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 ,• 
 
 proclivity. I would, therefore, while there is so much 
 to commend in these institutions, that some method 
 were devised by which through exact statistical returns 
 it should be possible to compare them each with all the 
 others, to compare the business and experience of ouq 
 year with another, to watch the symptoms of social 
 disorder and disease in the body of the State, and to 
 study the cure. But, after having earnestly endeav- 
 ored to institute some such comparison, I have been 
 compelled to abandon the task. The returns are in- 
 complete, dissimilar in their arrangement, not ordered 
 by a system common to them all ; and, therefore, 
 though separately interesting and instructive, are 
 unadapted to the grand purpose of generalization. 
 Partial efforts were made by the Legislature last 
 year m the true direction. But they were partial 
 only. Such a system as an able committee could 
 devise, comprehending all our educational, reforma- 
 tory, sanitary, penal, industrial and monetary insti- 
 tutions, explained by specific interrogatories and 
 prepared forms of returns, would be universally 
 recognized as a guide hereafter to practical legisla- 
 tion, as well as to philosophical mquiry. 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 69- 
 
 Hospital for Inebriates. 
 I most respectfully, but urgently advise that the 
 Legislature initiate measures to establish an asylum 
 for the treatment of Inebriates. Drunkenness is a 
 disease as well as a sin. We have long since 
 legislated for its punishment ; let us no longer delay 
 to legislate for its cure. By every motive of humanity 
 and reason, by every law of duty, it challenges our 
 consideration. I am led to believe that it is in our 
 power so to economize the room in our sanitary 
 and pauper institutions as to enable experiments 
 to be made with one hundred and fifty patients, 
 without any material increase of public expenditure. 
 
 Our Heroic Dead. 
 
 There is a history in almost every home of Massa- 
 chusetts, which will never be written. But the 
 memory of kindred has it embalmed forever. The 
 representatives of the pride and hope of uncounted 
 households, departing, will return no more. The 
 shaft of the archer, attracted by the shining mark, 
 numbers them among his fallen. In the battles of 
 Big Bethel, of Bull Run, of Ball's Bluff, of Roanoke 
 Island, of Newborn, of Winchester, of Yorktown, of 
 Williamsb,urg, of West Point, of Fair Oaks, the 
 battles before Richmond from MechanicsviUe to 
 
70 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 Malvern Hill, of James's Island, of Baton Kouge, 
 of Cedar Mountain, of Bull Run again, of Chan- 
 tilly, of Washington in North Carolina, of South 
 Mountain, of Antietam, of Fredericksburg and Golds- 
 borough, — through all the capricious fortunes of 
 the war the regiments of Massachusetts have borne 
 her flag by the side of the banner of the Union. 
 And, beyond the Atlantic slope, every battle-field 
 has drunk the blood of her sons, nurtured among 
 her hills and sands, from which in adventurous 
 manhood they turned then* footsteps to the West. 
 Officers and enlisted men have vied with each other 
 in deeds of valor. The flag, whose standard-bearer, 
 shot down in battle, tossed it from his dying hand 
 nerved by undying patriotism, has been caught by the 
 comrade, who m his turn has closed his eyes for the 
 last time upon its starry folds as another hero-martyr 
 clasped the splintered stafl" and rescued the symbol 
 at once of country and of their blood-bought fame. 
 
 How can fleeting words of human praise gild 
 the record of their glory? Our eyes suflused with 
 tears, and blood retreating to the heart, stirred 
 with unwonted thrill, speak with the eloquence of 
 nature, uttered, but unexpressed. From the din of 
 the battle, they have passed to the peace of eternity. 
 Farewell! warrior, citizen, patriot, lover, friend, — 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 71 
 
 whether in the humbler ranks or bearmg the sword 
 of official power, whether private, captain, surgeon or 
 chaplain, for all these in the heady fight have passed 
 away, — Hail ! and Farewell ! Each hero must sleep 
 serenely on the field where he fell in a cause " sacred 
 to liberty and the rights of mankmd." 
 
 Worn by no wasting, lingering pain, 
 " No cold gradations of decay, 
 Death broke at once the vital chain, 
 And freed his soul the nearest way." 
 
 Massachusetts — Union — Libertij. 
 Massachusetts, limited in territory, aiming to culti- 
 vate and develope the capacities of both man and 
 nature, given to no one distinctive pursuit, but devoted 
 to many, is at once an agricultural, commercial and 
 manufacturing Commonwealth. The mdividual citizen, 
 adapting himself to the seasons and the market, is not 
 unfrequently an expert in divers callings. In the 
 winter he cuts ice on Crystal Lake for Calcutta, and he 
 goes fishing in the summer on the Banks of Newfound- 
 land. He carries on his father's homestead in the srrow- 
 ing season, and makes boots for Boston market in the 
 intervals of farming. He scours the Pacific in a New 
 Bedford whaler while he is young and fond of adven- 
 ture, and settles down at last the keeper of a country 
 
72 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 store on Nantucket. He goes to college for his own 
 education, and teaches school himself in the college 
 vacation. He manufactures ploughs and reapers in 
 Massachusetts, and puts his earnings into railroads in 
 Michigan, Iowa, and Wisconsin. Massachusetts buys 
 material from all who have it to sell, and vends her 
 wares m every State. Her sons have been found 
 pursuing their way in every opening of the West and 
 South, while her own narrow but hospitable borders 
 afford a prosperous home to tens of thousands honest 
 sons and daughters of toil, from every nation in 
 Europe. 
 
 Peaceful, rural, and simple in their tastes, her 
 people, never forgetting the lessons learned by their 
 fathers, not less of War than of Religion, are found in 
 arms for their fathers' flag w^herever it waves, from 
 Boston to Galveston. The troops of Massachusetts 
 in Maryland, in Virginia, in the Carolinas, in Louis- 
 iana, in Texas ; the details from her regiments for 
 gunboat service on the southern and western rivers ; her 
 seamen in the navy, assisting at the reduction of the 
 forts from Hatteras Inlet to the city of New Orleans, 
 or going down to that silence deeper than the sea, in 
 the Monitor or the Cumberland, — all remember their 
 native State as a single star of a brilliant constel- 
 lation, the many in one, they call their country. By 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 73 
 
 the facts of our history, the very character of our 
 people, and the tendencies of their education, industry 
 and training, Massachusetts is independent in her 
 opinions, loyal to the Union, and the uncompromising 
 foe of treason. 
 
 Geographically on one side of the continent, her 
 soldiers come from the Golden Gate of California to 
 encamp by Dorchester Heights, that they may serve 
 under the white flag of the Pilgrim Commonwealth. 
 We proudly count our brethren in public station and 
 in all the honored walks of private life, m Oregon as 
 well as in Barnstable. Her sons have sent from 
 around the world theii- benefactions for the relief of 
 the families of her braves. Though no drop of the 
 " Father of Waters " laves our shores, or descended 
 on any hill top which sheds into our streams; yet, 
 narrowed by no policy of sectional or territorial jeal- 
 ousy, we would gladly and proudly contribute through 
 the National treasury, in the interest of our National 
 defences, for the connection by Ship Canal of the 
 Mississippi with Lake Michigan, and of Lake Erie 
 with the Hudson. 
 
 Unionists m no double sense, we have held from 
 the begmning that the Government, greater than any 
 class of men or of interests, has an original and impre- 
 scriptible right to the devoted and hearty service of 
 
 10 
 
74 GOVERNOR'S ADDRESS. [Jan. 
 
 every subject of its protection and power. We deny 
 the rightfulness of the rebellion, and we are in arms 
 against it ; and we have equally denied that the rebel 
 States could rightfully be allowed to impose their 
 treasonable will upon any human being whose interest 
 or deshes would make him loyal. While our wives 
 surrender their husbands and our fathers then* sons to 
 all the perils of a dreadful war waged by rebellion, 
 we have never discovered a reason why the rebels 
 should retain their slaves, and compel them to be 
 rebels too. Supporting always the government, Avith- 
 out conditions as to its policy, we rejoice with unutter- 
 able joy that its policy is that of human nature, and 
 not that of human sophistry ; and we hail the return- 
 ing day of the civic vu'tues, which our national 
 departure from the practice of Justice and the prin- 
 ciples of our fathers, had discouraged hi the North 
 and had overthrown in the South. 
 
 Gentlemen of the Senate and 
 
 House op Representatives: 
 
 Practical questions of grave and important moment 
 are before the government and the people of the 
 United States. A large number of poor persons, 
 without capital save then' ability to labor, with new 
 motives to industry, subordination and good conduct, 
 
1863.] SENATE— No. 1. 75 
 
 will claim an interest in the thoughts of statesmeu. 
 Near Fortress Monroe, in the Sea Islands of South 
 Carolina, in New Orleans, and in its neighboring par- 
 ishes, they have already tried the new-born gift of 
 liberty, with success and honor. 
 
 In a few brief years, we shall have paid the national 
 debt incurred during the present war, by the enlarged 
 value which freedom will have given to the property 
 of the rebel States, the increased productive ability of 
 freedmen over slaves, and their multiplied power to 
 buy and consume the products of manufactures and 
 the arts. 
 
 The people of America will have saved the Union, 
 saved democratic-republican liberty, both menaced by 
 the same dangers, will have perpetuated the govern- 
 ment, magnified the Constitution and made it honor- 
 able, and will have crowned a great career of glory 
 with an act of expedient justice unequalled for its 
 grandeur in all the history of mankind. 
 
76 
 
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 ADDRESS 
 
 HIS EXCELLENCY JOHN A. ANDREW, 
 
 TO T H K 
 
 LEGISLATURE OF MASSACHUSETTS, 
 
 JANUARY 9, 1863. 
 
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