|0 ^^% •• / **^'^^'y '°^'-^-*%'>' \*^^\/ %* \/ .^^% **'% 5.* ^S^ •** X**^?P?^V <,*-."**^c.* V'^^V ^--f-l'Vo' .♦^^r?. •y ^ \/ k>- y^.i^-\. ^°.-^Si.°- ./-iwJ^'^ <'°.' /% s^^ ^ %. • .I* ^%- .^^\ ^"-^^^ *.>^ .-JssSC^i-. \./ ♦*«^'- •^-'- ■'* *^*^ ./'-*. ^0' **.'i^tr.\«*" '^o^*'^-'*?' \'^^'\^'^ %'^-"' V c*' .*«IB»'. •e^ J* ■ .t« Final Report of the State Council of Defense of i ^ I ^^ Illinois ' ^ 1917—1918—1919 An Ofl&cial Body Created by an Act of the General Assembly Approved by the Governor May 2, 1917 Published by authority of the STATE OF ILLINOIS «C?X3 n. of ft. NOV 22 1919 <-' TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Officers and Members of Council, v Letter of transmittal to Governor Frank O. Lowden 1 Chapter I. Origin and Organization 7 II. Setting up Council Machinery 10 III. Making the Machinery Work 15 IV. How the Council was Financed 19 V. Women : The Council's Right Arm 22 VI. Waking up Illinois 25 VII. Food: Illinois' Biggest War Work 36 VIII. Fuel: Illinois Takes the Lead 43 IX. Military Affairs: State and National 52 X. Executing United States Government Tasks 55 XI. Working for the Army and Navy 62 XII. A Helping Hand to Illinois Business 65 XIII. For Military, Naval and Civilian Health 67 XIV. "Profiteering in Patriotism" Checked 69 XV. War Records and War History 71 XVI. New Laws Inspired by the Council 7?) XVII. Winding up the Council Activities 75 Appendix Page I. A Bill, For an Act to Establish a State Council of Defense, etc.... 77 II. ResolYition by the State Council of Defense on the Death of John P. Hopkins 79 III. Rules, Officers and Standing Committees of the State Council of Defense 80 IV. Counties Auxiliary and Neighborhood Committee of the State Council, Final Report of 83 V. Cook County Auxiliary of the State Council of Defense, Final Report of 96 VI. Financial Statement 103 VII. Woman's Committee, Final Report of 105 VIII. Publicity Department, Final Report 159 IX. Unified Bureau of Public Speakers, Final Report of 162 X. Four Minute Men, Final Report of 164 XI. U. S. Government War Exposition, Final Report of 184 XII. Illinois Centennial Celebration, Chicago Committee, Final Report.... 187 XIII. Food Production and Conservation Committee, Final Report of 190 XIV. U. S. Boys' Working Reserve, Final Report of 205 XV. Fuel for the Use of Public and Quasi-Public Institutions of the State, Final Report of 216 XVI. Fuel Economy of the Electrical Railways, Final Report of 218 XVII. Alilitary Affairs, State and Local Defense, Committee on, Final Report of 220 iii XVIII. Commercial Economy Administration, Final Report of 242 XIX. Non-War Construction Bureau, Final Report of 245 XX. Public Service Reserve (Ship Builders), Final Report of 246 XXI. Civilian Personnel Committee, Final Report of 247 XXII. Home Registration Service Committee, Final Report of 249 XXIII. Highways Transport Committee, Final Report of 251 XXIV. Engineering and Inventions Committee (Naval Consulting Board), Final Report of 254 XXV. Spyglasses, Binoculars and Telescopes, Committee on (For Use of Navy ) , Final Report of ^ 255 XXVI. Advisory Committee of the Electrical Industry, Final Report of 256 XXVII. U. S. Merchant Marine, Final Report of 257 XXVIII. Law and Legislation, Committee on, Final Report of 258 XXIX. War Recreation Service Committee, Final Report of 259 XXX. War Business Committee, Final Report of 262 XXXI. Sanitation, Medicine and Public Health, Committee on. Final Report of 264 XXXII. License Committee for War Aid and War Charities, Final Report of 268 XXXIII. War History, Advisory Committee on, Final Report of 272 State Council of Defense of Illinois OFFICERS SAMUEL INSULL, Chairman B. F. HARRIS, Vice-chairman JOHN P. HOPKINS* Secretary J. OGDEN ARMOUR, Treasurer MEMBERS J. Ogden Armour Dr. Frank Billings Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen B. F. Harris John H. Harrison John P. Hopkins* Samuel Insull Levy Mayer John G. Oglesby Victor A. Olander David E. Shanahan John A. Spoor Roger C. Sullivan* Fred W. Upham Charles H. Wacker John H. Walker *Mr. John P. Hopkins died on October 13, 1918. To fill the vacancy thus created. Governor Lowden appointed Mr. Roger C. Sullivan on October 23, 1918. Mr. Sullivan assumed his duties at the meeting of the Council held on October 25, 1918, and was elected Secretary of the Council. Final Report of the State Council of Defense of Illinois July 1, 1919 To the Honorable Frank O. Lowden, Governor of Illinois. Sir: Herewith is submitted the final report of the State Council of De- fense of Illinois for the entire period of its active life from the date of its creation on May 2, 1917. The Council's affairs were wound up and its activities terminated as soon as orderly procedure would permit after signing of the armis- tice on November 11, 1918; but, the Council having been created "for the duration of the war," a skeleton organization was maintained, to close up minor business details and to preserve the Covmcil's identity, pending official termination of the war period by formal action of the President and Senate of the United States. Citizens of Illinois may be justly proud of the record of their state in the Great War. In men and money and materials — in products of the farm, the factory and the mine ; in whole-hearted response to every call for service or sacrifice imposed by the time — Illinois gave to the nation and to the nation's cause on a scale surpassing even her own best traditions and her rank in the union of states. The contribution of the State Council of Defense to that record cannot be separated from the record itself; for the war-time achieve- ments of the state were, in large part, the composite result of efforts by the tens and hundreds of thousands of devoted men and women in all walks of life who worked under the direction of this Council. In summing up the results of their work, it is only fair to lay emphasis upon this fact : most of the work done under the Council's direction was of a kind that cannot be reduced to tables of statistics or ex- pressed in definite terms ; for, in war time as at no other time, mo- mentous results are often the product of efforts that cannot be weighed, measured, or even approximately estimated. In the opinion of the State Council of Defense, the superlative con- tribution of Illinois to the national resources during the war was unin- terrupted social and industrial peace. It is no secret now that condi- tions existed in our state at the beginning of the war which were the occasion of grave concern. Those conditions passed with scarcely a 1 2 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE ripple to mark their passing. This happy result was the product of many forces and influences. The State Council of Defense believes its most important work was done in giving effective cohesion, direc- tion and momentum to those forces and influences, and in focusing them for the production of a public morale that was impregnable throughout the most trying period in the state's history. Two com- prehensive facts bear witness: (1) the selective draft, as well as every other governmental war measure, was accepted in Illinois without ques- tion or quibble; (2) there was not one strike of importance in the state during the war period. In all of this, you, sir, not only set the Council an example to fol- low, but you made the Council's work infinitely easier than it would otherwise have been. From the first you set a pattern of undivided loyalty and unfaltering devotion to the cause of the United States. You did not seek to curry favor with either pacifists or hyphenates by soft speaking; nor did you recognize politics or partisanship as a factor in the prosecution of the war. If the Council had not had you for its bulwark (and its pioneer in what it undertook to do) its difficul- ties would have been tremendous and it might not have overcome all of them. Credit is also due, and is hereby acknowledged, to the General As- sembly which clothed the Council, when creating it, with power to make itself effective; and to the elected and appointed officers of the state who uniformly assisted and supported the Council's efforts. The newspapers of the state, almost without exception, were one hundred per cent helpful. From the very first, day by day and week by week, they gave the Council complete co-operation, regardless of the strain put upon them by war conditions. Without their hearty and constant help, the bright war record of Illinois would have been impossible. Then again that multitude of men and women throughout the state who were engaged in one or another kind of war work under the direction of, or in co-operation with, the Council — of them it is difficult to speak with seemly restraint. They responded promptly and effectively to every call upon their time and energies, and those calls were many. Besides the specific war tasks laid upon them by the Council, and through the Council by the national government, they were in most instances the local representatives, organizers and work- ers for Liberty Loans, food and fuel production and conservation, the Red Cross, and all other recognized war relief or philanthropic under- takings. Wherever they went, and in all that they did, practical patriotic thought and action were advanced and public morale was strengthened. The effectiveness with which the State Council of Defense em- ployed the facilities and energies thus placed undei^ts direction is to be judged by what Illinois did concretely in the war. This is not to say that the Council was directly responsible for the state's contribu- tions in men and money and materials ; it is to say that those contribu- tions were made promptly and in such generous measure because the State Council of Defense organised the public mind of the state for every ivar need, j Illinois put into the national military and naval forces, STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 6 during the period of the Council's activities, a total of 351,153 men: 24,663 in the navy, 3,678 in the marines and 322,812 in the army. The United States borrowed approximately $19,000,000,000 for the war on bonds and war savings stamps. Of this sum Illinois furnished, in round numbers, $1,650,000,000. In other words, with about 5.5 per cent of the country's population, Illinois took more than 7.5 per cent of the nation's war loans. Total collections for various war aid and relief organizations, of which a record was kept, ran beyond $45,000,000, divided as follows : Red Cross (contributions only) $16,165,100 Y. M. C. A 4,896,187 Salvation Army 781,941 United War Work 13,935,452 War Recreation Board 550,000 '*Smileage" Books 100,000 Under State Council's licenses (partially estimated) 10,000,000 These figures do not include the first generous contribution to the Knights of Columbus or the fees of the two Red Cross membership drives. The last sum named above was collected for local aid of all kinds and was collected and disbursed with an overhead of approxi- mately IO3/2 per cent. The crop of 1917 (a war contribution) was the largest of any state in that year. The crop of 1918 was third in volume in the his- tory of the state and the greatest in money value ever produced by any state^$879,679,900 — but it was more than those terms signify. It was a war crop in the strictest sense, planned and apportioned, as to products, according to the express request of the national food authorities, which request was put into effect by Illinois as a definite program. Notwithstanding the drain upon man power, the state in 1918 turned out manufactured products valued at $6,000,000,000— $3,943,000,000 in Chicago, the rest down-state. Of these, about $2,000,000,000 worth were on direct war contracts, but virtually all were war contributions, for Illinois factories are not largely given to the production of luxuries or non-essentials. Add to this record, in a war year, the production of Illinois coal fields and oil wells, and the figures reflect credit upon every industry, and virtually upon every individual, in the state. These contributions by Illinois in men, money and materials repre- sented more than fertile fields and wide-spread industries ; they repre- sented an organised state of mind, civilian morale and team ivork. No matter what specific undertaking the Council had in mind, prepara- tion of the people for war-time duties was always its first considera- tion. It undertook to help the government get done the things the government wanted done, instead of telling the government how to run the war. The Council took requests of the national government as orders. In turn, the Council's subsidiary and auxiliary organizations took the State Council's requests as orders. Consequently, acceptance of the draft law, of food and fuel restrictions, of food production re- 4 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE quirements, of amusement curtailment, of longer working hours, of restrictions upon business and industry, and of money demands in un- heard-of amounts, were all achieved not only without protest, but heartily. Whilst in all this the Council followed the direction of the national government in general, it did not hesitate, when occasion required, to initiate and to point the way. Thus, to name but a few examples, this Council and its subsidiaries may be said to have set the pace for other state councils and for the federal government itself in respect to the following: (1) Declaration for federal control of basic commodities, especially food, fuel and transportation. (2) Intensive cultivation of patriotism by neighborhoods and communities as represented by the Council's Neighborhood Committee. (3) Fostering the beginnings of the Four-Minute Men. (4) Development of a definite food production program for the entire state. (5) The seed corn campaign which saved the Illinois corn crop of 1918 and helped other states. (6) Definite promotion of, and co-operation with, the U. S, Boys' Working Reserve and formation of farm labor bureaus to insure both the planting and harvesting of the great war crop of 1918. (7) Exploitation of the "Mercer County Plan" for selling Liberty Bonds and for raising Red Cross and other welfare funds. (8) Organized effort by states and lesser units to conserve money, materials and man power for the necessities of essential war industries. (9) Providing machinery for supplying shorthanded federal government departments with sorely needed civilian help, particularly the technically trained. (10) Co-ordination of highway transport by motor truck with intcrurban electric lines. (11) Definite utilization of the Fourth of July for patriotic and American- ization purposes, (12) Co-ordination and co-operation — complete team work — among all organ- izations doing any kind of legitimate war work in Illinois under cither the Council or other recognized authority. For its own varied and complex tasks, as well as for effective co-operation with all other war work agencies, the Council had to develop closely-knit organizations for each main branch of its work. These organizations covered the entire state, permeated every county, and in many counties were carried down to the school district unit. They were officered and operated entirely by volunteers, who took hold of them and made them function with the sureness of a well-built busi- ness machine. The men and women who carried on this work under the direction of the Council furnished one of the most inspiring features of the war period. Too much cannot be said in praise of them. Without thought of their own private interests and without hope of reward or even recognition of their personal sacrifices and efforts, they gave their time, their energy and their best thought without stint. They were as truly — and as usefully — in the service of their state and their country as were those who bore official titles or wore the nation's uni- form. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 5 Only the high spots — the general operations and composite results — - of the work done by these subsidiary and auxiliary organizations of volunteers are covered in the succeeding chapters. The details of their operations and the machinery employed by them are summarized in an appendix to this report; but the complete record (too voluminous for inclusion in a single volume) exists only in the records of the Council and of its subsidiary and auxiliary organizations, which are now among the archives of the State of Illinois. The cost of the State Council and its work, expressed in dollars in so far as it can be, emphasizes the significance of the general record. The State of Illinois made only one appropriation for the Council, $50,000. Therefore, the Council has cost the taxpayers of the state, as a whole, less than 7/10 of one cent per capita. Actual expenditures were, of course, much more than that, but the total, including contributed office space and maintenance (light, heat, janitor, etc.), was under $275,000. The excess not provided for by state appropriation was met by: private contributions. $100,300; con- tributed office space and maintenance (figured at commercial rates), $86,090.40; miscellaneous receipts, $44,840.55. Therefore, counting every item that can be accurately stated in figures, the total of approx- imately $275,000 listed as Council Expenditures was only a little more than four cents per capita, which is believed to be the lowest per capita cost achieved by any similar war organization. The purposes for which the entire amount was spent is shown in the auditor's financial state- ment, included in this report. But expenditures by the Council on specific departments and for definite purposes, as shown in the financial statement, are no gauge of the total expenditures for work done under the Council's direction by the citizenship of Illinois. The costs of administration for council subsidiaries and auxiliaries throughout the state were mostly borne by the members of those local organizations who were also doing the work committed to their organizations. The Woman's Committee and its organizations and many other committees and executive departments of the Council itself very largely financed themselves, as shown by their reports printed in the appendix. If the Council had had to pay commercial prices for what it got done, an appropriation equal to the largest given to any State Council — $5,000,000 — would have been none too large for Illinois. The Council was able to make this record, on the financial side, only because it had an army of unpaid volunteers who labored under its direction with an enthusiasm and devotion seldom given to one's personal aflFairs. These contributions in personal service amounted to far more than direct money contributions. Acknowledgment of these contributions by name is impossible ; the names alone would make a volume ; and since specific acknowledgment of them cannot be made, the names of contributors in cash or its equivalent in office facilities and the like are also omitted from this report. Survey of the State Council's work would be incomplete without touching upon many activities not originated by the Council and not under its specific direction, but with which the Council closely co-oper- b STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE ated, and which are, therefore, summarized in this report. Under this head come practically all United States Government war activities, military, naval, financial, industrial and social ; also privately organized but officially recognized or sanctioned enterprises for soldier, sailor and civilian welfare: all this in pursuance of the Council's conception that its duty comprehended promotion of every undertaking that might contribute in any degree to winning the war. Therefore, the work of the State Council of Defense from first to last was a demonstration of team work. All war vmdertakings suc- ceeded by virtue of the spirit of co-operation. Since this unity of thought and purpose can be achieved under stress of war, why can it not be approximated, at least, in time of peace? Patriotism is but a higher development of team work. The teamwork principle is quite as applicable to the problems of peace time as to the problems of war. If the State of Illinois has learned this from the experience of the State Council of Defense, then the greatest achievement of the Council is yet to be realized. Respectfully submitted, Samuel Insull, Chairman. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE OF ILLINOIS ORIGIN AND ORGANIZATION The State Council of Defense of Illinois came into existence by act of the Illinois General Assembly as a part of the national program for carrying on the war, and simultaneously with national preparation for war. On April 2, 1917, the Congress of the United States was assembled in extraordinary session and addressed by the President, who asked the Congress to declare that a state of war existed between the United States and Germany. A joint resolution to that effect was adopted by the Senate of the United States on April 4, 1917, and by the House of Representatives of the United States on April 6, 1917. On that same day — April 6, 1917 — the President issued a proclamation giving effect to the joint resolution of the Congress. By an act of Congress passed on August 29, 1916, the Council of National Defense had been created to organize and mobilize the resources of the country for effective utilization in case of war. This body was composed of the following members of the Cabinet of the President of the United States: The Secretary of War, Chairman; the Secretary of the Navy; the Secretary of the Interior; the Secretary of Agriculture; the Secretary of Commerce; the Secretary of Labor. On April 9, 1917, the Secretary of War, as Chairman of the Council of National Defense, wrote to the governors of all the states asking for the creation of state councils of defense to work with and under the direction of the Council of National Defense. A few days later the Chairman of the Council of National Defense called a conference of representative citizens, one from each state, to be appointed by the governor, to meet in Washington, D. C, on May 2 and 3, 1917. The purpose of this conference was to consider the war needs of the nation and to promote the formation of state councils of defense for co-operat- ing with and executing the plans of the Council of National Defense. The Illinois representative in this conference was later appointed chair- man of the State Council of Defense of Illinois. Powers and Duties of State Council The Act of the General Assembly of Illinois creating the State Council of Defense was passed and approved by the Governor on May 2, 1917. (See Appendix I.) Briefly, the duties of the Council as prescribed by the Act, were the following : 1 — To co-operate with and assist the Council of National Defense in the performance of all its duties, then existing or afterwards imposed. 7 is STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 2 — To co-operate with councils of defense of other states. 3 — To carry out within lUinois such plans of national defense as might be mutually agreed upon by the Council and the Council of National Defense. 4 — To recommend to the Governor and the General Assembly laws necessary to the common defense of the public welfare. To fulfill the obligations imposed by the Act, the Council was given the following powers : 1 — To adopt rules for its internal government and procedure. 2 — To form advisory and other committees outside its own membership. 3 — To organize subordinate bodies for assistance in special investigations. 4 — To appoint necessary experts, stenographers, clerks, etc. 5 — To make investigations of all questions directly or indirectly relating to the duties or powers vested in the Council, and to that end to subpoena witnesses and require their testimony, and compel the production of books, papers or documents relevant to any investigation. The Act further provided that all officers, departments, institutions and agencies of the state government, and all local and municipal officers of the state, must render the Council such aid and assistance as it might require; and in the event of any witness refusing to testify or produce books, papers, etc., such person could be punished for contempt by any circuit court in the state. (See Appendix I) Qualifications of Members The Act further provided that the Governor should designate the chairman of the State Council of Defense, and should appoint the mem- bers of the Council "with reference to their special knowledge of labor, industries, public utilities, the development of natural resources, sani- tation, finance, transportation, or some other subject matter relating to national or state defense." (See Appendix 1). In accordance with this provision, the Governor appointed the members of the State Council of Defense "for the duration of the war in which the United States is now engaged, and no longer," The Act further provided that members of the Council should serve without pay, but that actual expenses might be allowed. No expense account was ever submitted by any member of the Council. The harmony of purpose and action which was characteristic of the State Council of Defense of Illinois throughout its existence is worthy of mention at this point. As indicated by its personnel, the Council represented interests the most diverse. It had to deal with questions of the most complex character — questions on which men of the kind embraced in the Council's membership are sometimes sharply divided. Yet from its first meeting to its last, action by the Council was always unanimous. There were differences of opinions at times but, when subjects before the Council had been fully aired in discussion, the policy to be followed or the action to be taken was always declared by unanimous vote. All of the members of the Council appointed by the Governor in the first instance served to the end, with one exception. The circle was broken on October 13, 1918, by the death of Mr. John P. Hopkins, the Council's Secretary and one of its most active and hard-working mem- bers. (See Appendix II.) STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Council Organized for Work The first meeting of the Council was held at Springfield, on May 8, 1917, in the office of the Governor. An office of the Council was estab- lished at the State Capitol, but it was provided that meetings might be held elsewhere to serve the convenience of a majority of the members. At this first meeting of the Council, a committee of five (5) was named to draft rules to govern the proceedings of the Council, and to name standing committees among which the work of the Council should be apportioned. The report of that committee was made and adopted at the next meeting of the Council, which was held in the office of the Chairman, in Chicago, May 12, 1917. (See Appendix III.) It became evident at these first meetings of the Council that an executive and working organization of considerable size would have to be built up for the Council's purposes, although the proportions of the task were not even then fully realized. Hence provision was made in the Rules for an Assistant Secretary to handle office organization, and for other necessary assistance, and after two meetings at the office of the Chairman, in Chicago, permanent headquarters were established at 120 West Adams Street, Chicago. The use of the build- ing at that number — equipped, heated, lighted and maintained — ivas offered to the Council zvithout expense, and the offer was accepted. The first meeting of the Council at 120 West Adams Street was held on May 26, 1917; and thereafter that place became the center of the activities of the Council, as well as of many of the activities of the federal government. The entire building of six floors was occupied by men and women engaged in war work under the direction of the State Council or of the federal government, virtually all of whom, except clerks and stenographers, were volunteers, working without pay. Office space requirements for the Council's work, or work done in co-operation with it, eventually overflowed the capacity of the building at 120 West Adams Street. These additional requirements were pro- vided mostly at 72 West Adams Street, and some at 112 West Adams Street — also without cost to the Council. 11. SETTING UP COUNCIL MACHINERY Early in its experience, the Council learned that it would have to undertake a multitude of tasks of great variety, and that, to fulfill the obligations imposed by the Act creating it, the method of procedure would have to be fitted to the end sought. Therefore, from the begin- ning it was both desirable and essential for the Council to deal with cer- tain matters as a body; to refer others to its standing committees for action or investigation ; and to organize, outside its own membership, active or advisory committees either to initiate or to carry out definite projects, or to investigate and advise the Council on the proper course to pursue in specific instances. Upon this basis the Council undertook to organize Illinois for the state's part in the war. That process of organization was carried into every county, and was added to whenever a new task was set or a new request was made by the national government. In general, however, Illinois was organized under the Council, or in co-operation with it, to meet the obligations of the war in good spirit, however onerous they might become, and to make, with fortitude and determination, the sacrifices war might impose. In effecting this organization the Council did not hesitate to ask service of any one, man or woman, qualified to do the particular thing which needed to be done. And in behalf of the public at large the Council desires to report that responses to its requests were almost universal and were made with alacrity and willingness which could come only from sound and steadfast loyalty. Auxiliaries of Three Classes The Committees, boards and the like, organized by the Council may be roughly separated into three classes : ( 1 ) organizations of a state- wide character, with local bodies in each county or smaller community ; (2) organizations which did state-wide and continuing work, through a central organization only; (3) bodies created to do particular and specific things, or which were wholly advisory. In forming these organizations the Council, whenever possible, recognized and incorporated within its own organizations, or worked with, all such bodies, committees and the like which were already in existence. j...:,: ii:^!- i j'S Central Plus Local Bodies In the first class of Council Committees, which not only did state- wide work but which had either county or community local sub-divi- sions, or both, were the following: The Woman's Committee — Represented and directed, under the supervision of astanding committee of the Council, a federation for war purposes of prac- 10 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 11 tically all women's organizations in the state. It had a central organization eventually of twenty-two departments, with count}' and community (and in some cities ward and precinct) subdivisions. This committee was identical in organi- zation, membership and work with the Illinois Division of the Woman's Com- mittee of the Council of National Defense. The Publicity Committee — Was a standing committee of the Council direct- ing a local publicity committee in each county composed of a chairman and local newspaper publishers, with a foreign language publicity committee in Cook County. Its work was, fundamentally, two-fold: (1) to stimulate, facilitate and hasten the war tasks of the United States Government and the State of Illinois by familiarizing the body of the people, through publicity, with the nature of those tasks, the reason why of each, and the purpose served by each ; and (2) to keep the public informed on results achieved. To this end, the com- mittee worked with all other organizations that were under the Council's direc- tion or that co-operated with it. Food Production atid Conservation Conwiittee — Was a standing committee of the Council directing local organizations by Counties in the promotion of in- creased food production and conservation. Neighborhood Committee — Had a central organization with county and community (in Cook County, exemption district) subdivisions. Its primary function was the promotion of patriotic thought and action. Counties Auxiliary — Had a central organization with county subdivisions ; was the agency employed by the Council for carrying on any particular piece of work, state-wide or local, not otherwise provided for. Cook County Auxiliary Committee — Had a central organization with exemp- tion district subdivisions. Functions were identical with those of Counties Auxiliary, but relating only to Cook County. County Executive Committees — Organized by counties only, each committee representing a federation of all war work bodies of the county in the interest of co-operative and co-ordinated effort. Had no central organization; reported direct to the Council. County Finance Committees — Organized by counties onlj', to sj^stematize and co-ordinate collection of funds for war work, local, state, or national; had no central organization. Highzi'ays Transport Committee — Organized by districts and divisions to promote use of public roads to supplement and relieve rail transportation. Commercial Economy Administration — Organized in municipalities through- out the state, by trades chiefly, for the purpose of systematically reducing expense and thus turning into other channels both money and man power. Non-War Construction Bureau — At time of disbanding (after 2 months work) organized in over eighty counties of state, for the purpose of eliminating all unnecessary construction, and as a consequence turning over to war purposes railroad equipment, construction materials of all sorts, and labor. Central Bodies Only Organizations of the Council which fell in the second class, that is to say, those which did state-wide and continuing work, through a central organization (although a few had local branches for particular work) were the following: War Recreation Board of Illinois Educational Committee Advisory Committee of the Electrical Industry Committee on Engineering and Inventions License Committee Public Service Reserve Committee. Civilian Personnel Committee Intelligence Committee Social Hygiene Committee 12 state council of defense For Special Service In the third class, organizations which came into existence either to do a special thing or to advise the Council upon a particular subject, were the following: Committee on Coal Production and Distribution Committee on Fuel for Public and Quasi-Public Institutions. Committee on Fuel for Electrical Industries Home Registration Service Committee Committee on Spyglasses, Binoculars and Telescopes Advisory Committee of the Committee on Sanitation, Medicine and Public Health Advisory Committee on Dentistry. Patriotic Food Show Committee Committee on enlargement of Great Lakes Naval Training Station and completion of winter accommodations at Fort Sheridan Chicago Committee on Illinois Centennial U. S. Government War Exposition Committee. These committees were not created all at one time, but were organ- ized from time to time, as the occasion required or tasks of the Council demanded. It was the policy of the Council to develop and maintain a flexible, efficient organization, capable of dealing with any need which might arise within the state, or of meeting any obligation laid upon it by the national government. While no exact census of the men and women acting under and virtually taking orders from the Council was ever taken, it is estimated that through its central and local organizations, the Council directed and controlled the war work of an army numbering well above 50,000 people, in the down-state counties, and 30,000 more in Cook County, or 80,000 in all ; and through the Woman's Committee, more than 300,000 more. In the Interest of Team Work The foregoing committees and organizations were directly under and wholly controlled by the Council. All of their activity was closely co- ordinated. Their executive representatives met weekly with the Chair- man of the Council and in these conferences the purpose and problems and new undertakings of each were considered. The effect of this was the utmost possible degree of harmonious and co-operative effort. In addition to its own organization, the Council maintained close and friendly relations with all recognized official, quasi-official and philanthropic organizations of national scope through both its central and local bodies. It gave to such organizations all the aid and support possible, housing some of them, and in a great many instances officials of central or local Council bodies served also as state or local officials of such national bodies as the Fuel Administration, the Red Cross, and Liberty Loan Committees. The branches of the national service and the national relief organizations with which the Council co-operated in this way were the following : American Red Cross Army Y. M. C. A. Salvation Army Knights of Columbus . , STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 13 Jewish Welfare Board. Four Minute Men United States Fuel Administration United States Food Administration French Red Cross Commission Military Training Camps Association Military Entertainment Council of Illinois United States Boys' Working Reserve Liberty Loan Campaign Committee Seventh Federal Reserve District United States War Savings Committee American Protective League National Security League United States War Camp Community Service In the interest of co-ordinated effort, periodical conferences were held, with the chairman of the Council presiding, in which representa- tives of nearly all of the organizations just named participated and in which the "one-for-all and all-for-one" spirit was cultivated, so that the experience, advice and co-operation of all organizations was drawn upon for the particular problems of one organization. Help from State Departments In many departments of its work the Council had such valuable help from various permanent state bodies, departments and insti- tutions, and the help so freely given, that it felt it could call upon them at any time to perform the special tasks for which they were equipped and be sure of a prompt and willing response. The state institutions and departments with which the Council specifically co- operated were these : State Department of Agriculture State Department of Education University of Illinois Illinois Farmers Institute State Normal Schools High Schools of the State Chicago Schools Grade Schools of the entire state Public Libraries of the entire state A ready and willing spirit to help the Council at all times was also shown by the University of Chicago, Northwestern University, Lewis Institute and the Chicago School of Domestic Arts and Sciences, and toward them the Council felt as it did toward state institutions, namely, that for all war work they could be considered as a part of the Council's organization. Co-Operation With Other Councils Under its authority to co-operate with state councils of defense of other states, the Council brought about the establishment of a Confer- ence of thirteen Mississippi Valley State Councils, namely: Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, South Dakota and Wisconsin. The Conference was organized originally to consider coal production and distribution, but the creation of the United States Fuel Administration relieved it of that obligation. It was continued, however, to meet any 14 3TATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE emergency which might arise, and could be called upon to do anything requisite in the area named. The chairman of this council was the Chairman of the Conference, and Fred H. Hamill, of Iowa, was Secretary. ,; ..- J_^ Council's First Purpose In effecting its state organization, the Council was controlled by the idea that the first and essential purpose to be attained was to get co-operation, united effort, in behalf of any and all undertakings of the Council and the national government. This applied to food produc- tion and conservation as well as to war relief, the practice of thrift and economy, and general support of government enterprises and purposes. Upon America's entrance into the war, naturally and almost over- night — and before an official body could be created by the legis'.ature — there came into existence a considerable number of voluntary organiza- tions to consolidate patriotism, provide war relief, encourage thrift and serve other war purposes. The members of such bodies were enthusias- tic and earnest. It would have been a sad error for the Council to have arbitrarily dissolved their organizations. Likewise, to have permitted the continued operation of a considerable number of unofficial and inde- pendent societies, committees and boards would have engendered an undesirable rivalry, and have caused much confusion and wasteful duplication of effort; also it would have encouraged fraud by the unscrupulous and imposition upon the generous. Patriotic Work Co-Ordinated As a solution of the problem thus presented, the Council undertook to assimilate the truly patriotic voluntary organizations. That work was most satisfactorily accomplished. Some few organizations formed under immature plans and with indefinite aims had to be dissolved. But in general the members of voluntary organizations came into the Council's organization willingly, and did exceedmgly good work. Thus all the war work of the people of Illinois was eventually done under the direct supervision of the national government, under the supervision of some one of the national relief or philanthropic organizations recog- nized by the national government, or under the supervision of the State Council of Defense. To have brought about this co-ordination and co-operation was re- garded by the Council as one of its best achievements. III. MAKING THE MACHINERY WORK Before the Council had any of the organizations named in the pre- ceding chapter, except its Publicity Department, and the Woman's Committee, and betore co-operation with other bodies had been (or could be) effected, it discovered the need of local representation throughout the state upon which it could depend for prompt and definite action. From the outset this Council accepted the requests of the Council of National Defense and such other national government departments and organizations as tantamount to orders. It undertook to carry out all such requests as though they were orders. Also, the Council conceived it to be its duty to aid every nationalized war effort, whether conducted by official or quasi-otficial organizations ; such things as selling Liberty Bonds and War Savmgs Stamps, collecting funds for the Red Cross and for all worthy war relief organizations, local, national or international ; selling "smileage" books, co-operation with the Food and Fuel Adminis- trations, establishing motor truck freight transportation, recruiting labor for war industries, aiding in putting the selective service law into effect, recruiting for the Marines and special Army services, and innumerable other matters of major or minor importance. In some instances it was possible for the Council to get results by primary action ; in others, special or standing committees were able to do the jobs specified ; but in the great majority of cases it required organizations reaching into all communities to get effective response to official or quasi-official requests — organizations that would take the Council's requests as orders and act accordingly. County Auxiliary Organization Effected To be able to carry the government's as well as its own requests to the farthest communities, the Council organized, first, the Counties Auxiliary, and then the County Executive and the County Finance Committees. The Counties Auxiliary was a central organization with a local axuiliary in each county ; the other two were local organizations only reporting directly to the Council. While the central organization of the Neighborhood Committee (described in Chapter AT) was completed first, the Counties Auxiliary was undertaken first. Organization of it had to proceed slowly because each County Auxiliary was. in effect, the local executive organization of the State Council of Defense. Hence its members had to be men and women who could be depended upon to "carry on" and "follow through" — to work regularly week by week, as the Council itself worked. To that end, members of each County Auxiliary were care- fully selected. Each one included a representative of labor and a 15 16 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE woman, who was always the Chairman of the Woman's Committee of the Council for that County. As requests came to the State Council from federal government departments, or other recognized sources, and as Illinois conditions required service of the Council, bulletins were sent to the County Auxiliary Committees advising and instructing them, and they were depended upon to obtain results and report back to headquarters in Chicago. If the County Auxiliary Committee thought it advisable to form subordinate sub-committees to facilitate its work, it was at liberty to do so. Thus it will be seen the work of the Council permeated the state to the smallest hamlets. (See Appendix IV.) County Finance Committees Important Each County Auxiliary was responsible for financing its own work. For this purpose, a strong finance committee in each county was requested. Originally this finance committee undertook merely to manage the business end of the activities in the county; eventually it enlarged its field of operations and practically took over the manage- ment of "drives" and the collection of funds for all war relief work, with excellent results, co-operating of course with the organization seeking financial aid in each instance. The object was never to sub- merge organizations already created in the organization of the Council, but to work as closely with them and to lend them such co-operation as would net the best results. (See Appendix IV.) Team Work by Counties Effected County Executive Committees were born of necessity plus the Council's belief in co-ordination and co-operation. Each County Executive Committee was a co-ordinating organization. Its purpose was to get the whole community together in behalf of each and every undertaking backed by the Council, to prevent duplication of eflfort and conflict of authority, and to provide a common meeting ground for all the war workers of each county, both federal and state, official and quasi-official, for the discussion and determination of plans, means and methods for carrying out all war tasks imposed upon the county. While the County Auxiliary, County Finance and County Executive Committees were organized separately, by intention, the tendency was for them all to merge, in eflfect at least, into one body, and to extend the organization into townships and school districts. The Neighbor- hood Committee was also included in this merging process, and, to a degree, practically all other war organizations, so that the performance of a war duty in a particular county had behind it the weight and energy of all the active war workers of that county. The County Executive Committee, in most cases, thus came to be composed of the following state and federal organization representatives: The Chair- man, labor representative and woman member of the County Auxiliary ; the County Chairmen of the Neighborhood, Finance, Food Production and Conservation, Publicity and Legal Advisory Committees of the State Council of Defense; county representatives of the United States Boys' Working Reserve, Liberty Loan Organization, War Savings STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 17 Committee, Federal Fuel Administration, American Red Cross, Fed- eral Food Administration, Y. M. C. A., Knights of Columbus, etc. (See Appendix IV.) Cook County Auxiliary an Example The Cook County Auxiliary, as perfected early in 1918, illustrated conspicuously and concretely why the Council had to devise a scheme of organization that would be at once comprehensive and all-inclusive, flexibly adjustable to widely varying contingencies, and centralized in authority. Cook County presented aggravated examples of all problems encotmtered down-state, along with others peculiar to itself on account of Chicago's large and complex population. Effecting co-ordination and co-operation of war activities in Cook County meant co-ordinating not only the officially created or officially recognized state and national organizations charged with specific functions, but also the multitude of aid, relief and other war-purpose agencies which grew up in Chicago among the foreign-born, among religious and fraternal organizations, among associations of professional men and women and among the people generally, by wards, by exemption districts and by neighbor- hoods ; also the various organizations for special forms of war-relief to the Allies, which were in existence before this country entered the war. This problem was solved with a large measure of success. Using the exemption district as the basic territorial unit, local war work organizations were consolidated or federated in each of the county's 95 exemption districts, many of them having permanent head- quarters; organizations of larger scope were co-ordinated in the Cook County Auxiliary itself. Consequently, Chicago and Cook County were blanketed by a complete organization equipped to carry on the standard tasks imposed by the war and to undertake special or emer- gency work when called upon. (See Appendix V.) Results Justified the Methods The Council found the general method of dealing with war duties, as outlined in the foregoing, to be most effective. A few counties were not as closely organized as the Council desired, but in most counties results were satisfactory and in many they were most gratifying. In the counties which had close organization, the shortness of time required to comply with a government request, or to make up quotas for loans or war relief, was amazing. Counties so organized which required more than a day to subscribe their respective quotas for loans or relief apologized for the delay. In these counties the Food Adminis- tration, Fuel Administration, Liberty Loan, War Savings, Red Cross, and other relief organizations and the State Council organizations were all one. What one was asked to do, the inclusive organization got done. In all of them virtually the entire populations were signed up to do what the government asked, upon notice ; and when a request was for- warded, notice was given promptly and the thing was done, almost automatically. If there were those who were disloyal, or had reserva- tions, they were known ; consequently they kept their disloyalty well in hand. 18 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Efficiency of the Council's organization was strikingly illustrated in the latter months of the war. Washington called for two particularly unpopular pieces of work: (1) prohibition of all construction work not essential to war purposes; (2) conservation of man and money power by restricting retail store deliveries, confining Christmas giving to "useful" articles, etc. Within thirty days of the call from Washing- ton, 89 of the 102 counties had non-war construction boards in opera- tion. Within sixty days, the merchants of every town in Illinois of 2,000 or more inhabitants, including Chicago, were organized and voluntarily enforcing the restrictions on their business. Speaking for the state in general, the Council desires to report that while, naturally, there was not always unanimity of opinion concerning this, that or the other request or requirement of the government, yet the overwhelming majority of the people of the state, men and women, took pride in obeying requests and strictly meeting all requirements. IV HOW THE COUNCIL WAS FINANCED A gratifying feature of the State Council's work was the small cost of it in dollars. The Act of the Illinois General Assembly creating the Council appropriated $50,000 for its expenses. That sum would not have paid for the postage stamps used. This small appropriation was in no sense due to legislative parsimony, but was due entirely to the utter lack of conception, by everybody concerned, of the amount of work the Council would be called upon to do. One state council had an appro- priation of $5,000,000; others had appropriations of $1,000,000 and $2,000,000; many had appropriations of $100,000 or more. But the lack of a large appropriation by the Illinois Council was perhaps an advantage instead of a handicap; it put the work of the Council and of the volunteers who came into its service on a higher patriotic plane than could have been reached with abundant funds in sight for paying to have the work done. The Council was enabled to function chiefly by means of cash con- tributions from private citizens and business houses who realized that its work was too important to be crippled by lack of money, and con- tributed office space, maintenance, light, heat, and other services, which were the equivalent of cash, with some assistance from incidental profits on legitimate patriotic enterprises, promoted by the Council, which did much good in themselves besides helping out the Council's treasury. Private Interests Help Out The activities of the Council quickly outgrew its financial resources. In its earlier months scarcely a day passed without a new task imposed by the Council of National Defense or by some department of the Fed- eral Government, or arising out of some need local to Illinois. The Council never stopped to inquire whether its finances would cover the expenses inseparable from new activities; if a thing needed to be done it was undertaken. The executives in all of the regularly functioning departments of the Council, as well as all officers and members of all subsidiary and auxiliary committees and other bodies worked without pay. Only stenographic and clerical help at headquarters and such obvious items of expense as printing, postage, telegraph and telephone service, etc., had to be paid for. Yet, with all of these items held down to the lowest possible limits, the appropriation of $50,000 by the General Assembly 19 20 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE was exhausted before March, 1918, and it became necessary to devise other ways and means of carrying on activities of the Council. The General Assembly would not convene in the natural course of events until January, 1919. It was not deemed advisable to ask the Governor to call a special session of the General Assembly for the single purpose of making additional appropriation for the State Council of Defense. After full deliberation and consultation with Governor Lowden, it was decided that the necessary funds to keep the Council in operation should be sought by private subscription. The governor personally placed the situation before a few men in March, 1918. At his request, they promptly organized themselves into a finance committee and quickly raised and turned over to the Council the sum of $100,300, which enabled it to carry on its work without in- terruption. Unexpected profits from the food show at the Coliseum, amounting to approximately $7,500, came in handy while this committee was at work. Lowest Per Capita Cost Counting only cash actually expended, the total cost of the State Council of ]3efense was under $189,000. Including with this the contri- butions of rent, heat, light and other services, which were the equivalent of cash, the cost expressed in dollars was, in round numbers, about $275,000. But the State of Illinois paid for the State Council of Defense and its work only $50,000, the original appropriation in the act creating the Council. The population of Illinois, as of July 1, 1918, according to the official estimate of the U. S. Census Bureau, was 6,317,734. There- fore, the cost of the State Council of Defense, and of all of the work done under its direction, to the people of Illinois was a little less than seven tenths of one cent per capita; and, counting all of the expenses measurable in dollars, the per capita cost was only a little more than four cents. This is believed to be the lowest per capita cost of any state council in the country that pretended to have an organization and to carry on distinctive work in connection with the war. The sources from which the Council derived its funds may be summed up as follows : State Appropriation $ 50,000.00 Cash Contributions $100,300.00 Contributions in Rent and Service 86,090.40 Incidental Profits on Patriotic Enterprises Promoted by the Council 44,840.55 The details of Council finances are set forth in the financial state- ment submitted herewith. (See Appendix VI.) This brings up a fact believed to be unique in the histories of all state councils of defense. This Council would have been literally STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 21 a money-making institution for the State of Illinois if it could have kept all the money it made on enterprises undertaken without Jntent to earn a profit. It made $7,500.00 out of a Patriotic Food Show, and $3,400.00 out of a Cook Book prepared for that show, which was distributed at a nominal cost all over the world. But the Council's largest profits were turned back into the United States Treasury ; more than $300,000 from the War Exposition on the Lake Front in Chicago which under the law had to be turned over to the Committee on Public Information; $142,000 profit on the Seed Corn Campaign, which had to be turned over to the United States Department of Agriculture. Had the Council been able to keep all it made, it would have paid expenses without "passing the hat," and would have had more than a quarter of a million dollars to turn into the state treasury. V WOMEN: THE COUNCIL'S RIGHT ARM First in importance among the organizations subordinate to the Council was the Woman's Committee. It was organized immediately upon the creation of the Council, and had an important part in almost every activity and undertaking of the Council and of the Council of National Defense, with which it was directly affiliated as the Illinois Division, Woman's Committee, Council of National Defense. In October, 1918, the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense was merged with the Field Division of the Council of National Defense. This caused no interruption or confusion in women's war work in Illinois because, from the first, the Illinois Divi- sion of the merged national Woman's Committee had been identical in organization, membership and activity with the State Council Woman's Committee — thanks to the foresight of the latter body's officers. Women's Organization Comprehensive The direct and collateral membership and influence of the Woman's Committee was tremendous. It included all the members of virtually all the women's organizations of the state, for when the call came for women to help win the war all these organizations unanimously volunteered. These women's organizations were federated under the Woman's Committee through an advisory committee, composed of a city (Chi- cago) committee and a state council which numbered 54 in the begin- ning and eventually had 96 members. This advisory committee met once a month at State Council headquarters with the Executive Com- mittee of the Woman's Committee. Allowing for inactivity by one- third of the membership of these federated organizations, (and that is believed to be a liberal estimate) there remained an active working force of more than 300,000 women under the direction of the Woman's Committee. In addition, a number of women's organizations were created especially for war work, all of which were affiliated with the Woman's Committee. Further than that, the women of Illinois were canvassed to register for war purposes, to pledge themselves for whatever service they might be called upon to render, and there were in the files of the Woman's Committee the signed pledges of 698,584 women. Purpose of the Woman's Committee The purpose of the Woman's Committee, the task it set for itself, was this : "To give every woman in Illinois an opportunity for patriotic service at home or abroad and incidentally to be an inspirational center for the entire state." 22 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 23 To promote efficiency in the execution of this broad program, to prevent duplication of effort and to utilize, by co-operation and co- ordination, organizations already in existence, the specific activities of the Woman's Committee were organized, systematized and carried on through twenty-two departments of endeavor. The names of these departments indicate the range of activity, as follows : Organization, Finance, War Information, Publicity, Speakers, Registration, Volun- teer Placement and Filing (to utilize registration), Motor Corps, Courses of Instruction, Employment, Illinois Training Farm, Food Production, Thrift and Conservation (including food and fuel conserva- tion), Child Welfare, Women and Children in Industry, Social Service, Social Hygiene, Recreation for Girls, Liberty Chorus and Community Singing, Americanization, Allied Relief, and Liberty Loan. For keeping in touch with its members and guiding their participa- tion in war-winning enterprises, the Woman's Committee perfected its organization by counties and then carried it right down through the county, wherever possible, to the city and township unit — in many communities to school district and voting precinct units. There were 2,136 of these local units working for the Woman's Committee at State Council headquarters. The chairmen of the local units and their departmental officers numbered 7,700 — each one of them an executive directing the war-winning efforts of many other women. Under this guidance, women who had never found an interest out- side of their homes and their limited social spheres learned to seek service for the sake of the service itself — community service and serv- ice to their country. Hence it was that women for the first time dropped lines of social demarcation and prejudice against those of different creed, race, religion, color and convictions, and worked with them for one big absorbing cause — the winning of the war. The Woman's Committee in a large measure, financed itself, but received some help from the Council, particularly in the matter of necessary printing. Peaks of Achievement In every phase of war work, the Woman's Committee was helpful, but its chief value, according to its own estimate, lay in maintaining what might be called "home morale." The Committee took this for its special field. It concerned itself with the need of the hour, whatever that need was — the raising of money, selling of bonds and savings stamps, assisting in the various "drives," the production of food, the conservation of food, fuel and clothing, the making of knitted gar- ments, surgical dressings and refugee clothing, and so on. The Woman's Committee definitely registered women for war service, placed them in volunteer service and found paid positions for those who had to be self-supporting. It stimulated the support of social work throughout the state and organized, in connection with the "Children's Year," a thorough campaign for child welfare. Girls and young women were organized into patriotic service leagues to provide them with wholesome organized recreation and at the same time give them an opportunity to render war service. Classes for teaching English were organized among the foreign born. Community singing 24 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE was organized. Courses of instruction for women anxious to do war work and to take the places of men called to war were carried on. An experimental training farm was operated. Working conditions of women and children were watched. In other words, the problems of food, morals, health, education, recreation, citizenship and enlargement of social and industrial democracy for women and children workers became largely the work of the women of the state, organized under the Woman's Committee. A Record that Makes a Book The activities of the Committee were adapted to keeping the people of every community up to the mark in all matters of patriotism, of war aid and relief, and in observance of all rules and requirements of the national government made necessary by war conditions. Through its wide and inclusive membership, the Woman's Committee was of incalculable value in behalf of all conservation measures ; in the sale of Liberty Bonds ; in getting money for the Red Cross, and all other war aid and relief agencies; in promoting child welfare, and in finding employment for women forced to become self-supporting by the war as well as in finding women to take men's places in industrial employ- ment in order to release men either for essential war work or for service in the Army or Navy. The scope and definite character of Woman's Committee under- takings and achievements were extraordinary, particularly in respect to registration, educational and research effort and to the organizing that had to precede result-getting. It was a revelation to anyone who might have thought that women were not yet schooled to attack and to cope with the dry, grinding details out of which results are constructed. The record of it all, as carried through by the twenty-two depart- ments into which Woman's Committee activities were divided, makes a volume in itself. That record is being published separately and is also on file in the records of the State Council. One must look there for the complete story of the Woman's Committee work and for the details which reflect the vital character and the deep human significance of it; but a comprehensive summary of the record is included in this report. (See report of the Woman's Committee, Appendix VII.) VI WAKING UP ILLINOIS In one aspect, this is the most important chapter in the history of the State Council of Defense of Illinois. When the Council came into existence, its most patent and pressing obligation — an obligation particularly imposed upon it by the creating Act — seemed to be the development of a civilian morale which would insure to the nation the full and willing co-operation of Illinois in all measures required for the successful prosecution of the war. The state has a polyglot population and a multitude of interests. At the time America entered upon the war, the war spirit of the people had not been aroused fully ; essential war duties and sacrifices were not clearly sensed. Sedition or disloyalty was not general, but there was, to phrase it mildly, considerable indifference and hesitancy in personal attitude toward the war. The Council undertook to arouse the spirit of the people, to make known the causes of the war, the inevitability of this country's partici- pation in it, and the necessity for an agressive, solidified patriotism to win. In this it followed the lead of Governor Lowden. To carry on this campaign to awaken the public to the actualities of a time of war, the Council employed a variety of methods. Chief among them were the public press, mass meetings and community gatherings, the distribution of patriotic literature and the employment of community, county and state leaders in thought and action in the performance of specific patriotic tasks. Publicity Department Established Immediately upon its organization, the Council established a Pub- licity Department. Later, the central Publicity Department was sup- plemented by publicity committees throughout the state, which became in most counties active, effective bodies in the maintenance of com- munity morale. As soon as established, the Publicity Department began a news and editorial service for all the daily and weekly newspapers of the state. There was a three- fold purpose in this : First, to enlist as active propa- gandists in the American cause the editors of the state ; second, to disseminate information on the state's part in the war, to advise the public on progress of the nation's war preparations, to bring home to the people the individual duties and the service required of each, and to prepare them for the inevitable sacrifices of Avar ; third, to interpret to the public, day by day and week by week, the functions, purposes and efforts of the State Council of Defense as a means of insuring prompt and effective public response to the Council's undertakings. 26 state council of defense Service to Newspapers Begun To this end, the PubHcity Department undertook the task — and a heavy task it was — of sifting, editing and, as it were, "pre-digesting" the pubHcity material sent out by the many departments and activities of the national government, and by the Liberty Loan, Red Cross, and all other organizations which were seeking public attention for one purpose or another. This tremendous mass of material was boiled down to the limits which would render it usable in the great majority of Illinois newspapers, and particularly the weekly newspapers, which reach a very large part of the population that can be reached by no other medium. As a consequence, the newspapers of the state came to depend upon the State Council's publicity service to such an extent that, during the last year of the war, the greater part of all war propaganda published in Illinois, no matter where it originated, was material that had gone through the Council's "condensing laboratory." (See Appendix VIII) On November 30, 1917, the Publicity Department also inaugurated publication of the "State Council News." This was a small, four-page, weekly publication which served as the official bulletin of the State Council. It was sent to the executives and active workers of all sub- sidiary Committees of the Council. The purpose of it was to keep these workers in close touch with headquarters, and, by helpful sug- gestion and inspiration, direct them in their work. It is believed that the little paper well served its purpose. Splendid Response by Newspapers There are something less than a thousand editors in the state, whose papers are printed in English. Their response to the appeal of the Council was spontaneous and virtually unanimous. Most of them were already committed to the war, and overnight the whole body in effect enrolled as American propagandists. From the beginning they gave the Council the most valuable possible help in carrying out all requests of the national government, in heartening the people to bear the bur- dens of the war, in fortifying the courage of the public, and in discour- aging all forms of disloyalty and combating enemy propaganda. When these editors enlisted, it was for the duration of the war. They con- tinued their patriotic efforts to the end with unabated zeal, giving their space generously in behalf of every undertaking of the government, and day by day and week by week exhorting the whole citizenship of the state to increased effort and unwavering support of the Allied cause. The service they rendered the state and the nation was of inestimable value, and the Council would have had great difficulty in performing its duties without their aid. Illinois and particularly Chicago, has an unusually large number of papers printed in foreign languages. In the mass, these too, were help- ful in building up and maintaining the morale of the foreign-born. Most of the editors of these papers were just as enthusiastic and as highly deserved public confidence and gratitude as the editors of papers printed in English. state council of defense 27 Making a New Fourth of July The earliest considerable effort of the Council to arouse the spirit of the public through public meetings was when it urged universal and serious observance of the Fourth of July, 1917. As the Council was then without local organizations of its own, it called upon the press, the clergy, fraternal organizations, labor organizations, nationalistic societies, the mayors of cities, towns and villages, and various civic and commercial bodies throughout the state to help promote the undertak- ing. The repsonse to that request was gratifying. In a great majority of the communities of the state, — cities, towns, villages and school districts — observance of the day included addresses upon the causes of the war and the duties of citizenship in a time of war. One of the Council's suggestions was that a religious service be held in each church in the state ; it was almost universally adopted by clergymen of all faiths, thus giving a devotional character to the observance of the day everywhere, such as it probably never had had — certainly not since the earlier years of the Republic. In 1918, the Council got an earlier start on the Fourth of July observance. Every subordinate body throughout the state was officially bulletined to celebrate the Fourth, and the character of the celebration desired was outlined. The consequence was that the nation's birth- day was celebrated that year as never before in the history of the state, and celebrated, as never before, in a manner to emphasize the high significance of the occasion. Participation by the foreign-born was a marked feature of the day, particularly in Chicago, and in other cities where the foreign-born colonies were large. Under the general direc- tion of the Cook County Auxiliary of the Council, approximately one hundred celebrations, all of them broadly patriotic and inspiringly American in character, took place. The permanence of this effort by the Council to give the Fourth of July a new character is indicated by the preparations in progress as this is written for celebration of the national anniversary in 1919. The patriotically educational and Americanizing character of last year's celebration is being continued and extended in the preparations for this year in Chicago and throughout the state. The Council likes to believe that it has done something toward changing the annual observ- ance of the Fourth of July from an occasion of noise, frivolity and dis- sipation to one of high patriotic significance. Neighborhood Committee Started In the early days of its efforts, the Council was convinced that there was serious need to bring the war closer to the people and to spread a right understanding of its causes by word of mouth, as well as by every other available method ; newspaper publicity alone was insufficient. When the Great War started in Europe, there were in the United States, as was natural in a population composed of many nationalities, almost as great a variety of opinions on the subject as there were languages to express them. Though ours was classed amongst the 28 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE neutral countries, it was next to impossible to keep people from "taking sides." When this country was finally forced into the war, there were still, although in the minority, many citizens who clung to their original views on the war, who were opposed to our taking part in it, and who contended that the Central Powers were justified in loosing war upon the world. Some, if not much, of this feeling antagonistic to the aims and purposes of the allied nations and of the United States was due to lack of a clear understanding of the situation. At the meeting of the Council on August 7, 1917, the suggestion was received from Governor Lowden that the Council arrange a series of public meetings "for the purpose of educating the people of the state with reference to the various subjects in connection with the war," and the Chairman was given authority to proceed. At the next meeting of the Council, August 16, 1917, a resolution by Mr. Victor A. Olander was adopted, which provided that "the Publicity Committee develop a plan for enlisting volunteers among patriotic citizens to organize and address patriotic neighborhood meetings in every community of Illinois for the purpose of arousing the people to appreciation of the ideals of true patriotism and love of country ; that such meetings, wherever pos- sible, should be held in school houses and other public buildings under the supervision of local neighborhood committees reporting to and acting under the guidance of central, city, or county committees appointed by the State Council of Defense ; and that such committees should be representative of all classes of citizens in such city or county." Pursuant to Mr. dander's resolution, a meeting of representative citizens of all nationalities was held on August 22, 1917, in the State Council's assembly room, and said meeting proceeded to organize under a resolution offered by Mr. Wm. G. Beale, which provided for "union of the loyal people of Illinois into one general, patriotic campaign under the State Council of Defense, in order to help our country and to secure a just and lasting peace for all nations" ; the campaign to be participated in "by all men and women who are willing to pledge their whole- hearted support to our Government." This action was approved by the Council on August 28, 1917, and the Council's Publicity Committee was directed to build the necessary organization, to be known as "The State Council of Defense Neighbor- hood Committee." (For details of Neighborhood Committee organiza- tion and efifort, see Appendix IV) How Neighborhood Committee Grew The Neighborhood Committee idea was similar to (and perhaps it inspired) the community council idea later urged upon state councils by the Council of National Defense. The Committee was organized and in operation by mid-September, 1917. Its basic program was to promote patriotic discussion of the war literally by neighborhoods, to enlist the enthusiasm of the intensely patriotic in arousing the spirit of the less ardent, to deal individually with the openly or slyly disloyal. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 29 and to concentrate the energies of each community of the state upon the task of winning the war, whatever the ramifications of that task might be. The Neighborhood Committee served that purpose well. As soon as a central organization was completed, the organization of local committees by counties and cities and then by neighborhoods, was begun, and carried into the furthermost corners of the state. In many counties there were from fifteen to thirty separate Neighborhood Com- mittees, and in Cook County there were from one to three or more such committees in each of the ninety-five local exemption districts. The members of these committees were persistently and consistently pro- moters of a proper war spirit and inspirers of civilian morale. They took the lead in war work, in providing war aid and relief, in Ameri- canizing the foreign-bom, in combating enemy propaganda, and in dis- tributing patriotic literature. Innumerable meetings were held under the direction of the general and local Neighborhood Committees — in public buildings, in school houses, in churches, in private homes. In some localities, meetings w€re held at regular periods; in others they were held as occasion required. In general, these meetings were addressed by local speakers — men who knew the individuals of their audiences — neighbor talking to neighbor. The central organization of the Neighborhood Committee also found the distribution of patriotic literature to be essential to its work, and established a document department which sent to individuals and local organizations more than 222,000 pamphlets on the war. Some of these were printed by the Council, but mostly they were furnished by the Committee on Public Information at Washington. Speakers Bureau Found Necessary The central organization of the Neighborhood Committee was soon forced to establish a speakers bureau to provide for larger gatherings than neighborhood meetings. Its organization was called upon to help Liberty Loan, Red Cross and all other drives. Chautauqua associa- tions and managers co-operated with it and drew upon its resources. When the Committee's activities ceased, it had assigned approxi- mately 500 speakers to 6,690 public meetings. These speakers were of varied types — French soldiers and British soldiers and American soldiers, priests and ministers, lawyers and laymen and public officials of the state and of the nation, foreigners and native-born. In the latter months of the war particularly, many American soldiers who had been at the front were sent out, especially to large industrial plants to talk to workmen in the noon hour. The co-ordination principle to which the Council held so steadfastly eventually led, in October, 1918, to amalgamation of the Neighborhood Committee's speakers bureau with the speakers bureaus of 25 other war work organizations, as the Unified Bureavi of Public Speakers of the State Council of Defense. Had the war continued into 1919, as expected, the Unified Bureau of Public Speakers, an outgrowth of Neighborhood Committee Work, 30 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE would have been serving practically all platform propaganda needs in Illinois, in behalf of every war purpose. When war activities ceased, the organization of the Unified Bureau of Public Speakers was turned over to the speakers bureau of the Woman's Committee. (See Appen- dix IX) Four Minute Men Started Here An organization which rendered a very great service in "waking up Illinois" (and the whole nation), and in arousing people every- where to the duties and obligations of war-time, was the Four Minute Men. Strictly speaking, this was not a Council organization ; but the Council gave it the aid, encouragement and fostering care in its incipiency, without which it might never have been able to grow to the proportions it attained or to take so large a place in the war work of America. The idea of the Four Minute Men organization was an Illinois idea. Donald M. Ryerson, of Chicago, conceived it, and just before America got into the war brought it to the attention of several persons who became, later, members of this Council. With their encouragement, the idea was tried out in Chicago. The idea was for a selected organiza- tion of speakers, all doing team work by speaking on the same subject at the same time, who would address ready-made audiences at the motion-picture theatres (also at regular theatres, and elsewhere) upon the immediate need of the hour. This required co-operation by the managers of motion-picture houses and places where audiences might be gathered, and it was through the efforts made to try out the idea in Chicago that such co-operation was attained. Four Minute Men Nationalized As soon as this Council was organized, official recognition was given to the Four Minute Men. The idea was tried out and from the first was successful. Upon the suggestion of the Council it was offered to the national government, was immediately accepted, and under the general direction of the Committee on Public Information, the Four Minute Men became a national institution with divisions in each state. Nationalization of the Four Minute Men did not cause any sever- ance of relations with the Council. The Council housed, aided and encouraged the Illinois Division throughout its existence, and the Four Minute Men reciprocated. There was a remarkable growth of the organization in this state.- When the armistice was signed, it had about 2,000 speakers on its lists, who addressed, upon an average, about 700,000 people a week. In every campaign in behalf of the government, the work of the organi- zation was most effective — whether that campaign was for selling bonds, collecting funds for the Red Cross, arousing interest in the ship-building program or combating German propaganda. Hence, the Council takes pride in the fact that it was the first official body to give encouragement to the idea and to lead in the promotion of the STATE COUNCIL OP DEFENSE 31 work the Four Minute Men organization has done (For additional details on the Illinois Division of the Four Minute Men, see Appendix X). Lake Front Demonstration "Demonstrates" The first conspicuous achievement of the Neighborhood Committee in promoting aggressive patriotic thought and action was the mass meeting and Lake Front demonstration on Sunday afternoon, October 21, 1917, in Chicago. After that occasion, the most skeptical ceased to harbor a thought of any serious deflection of public sentiment in Illi- nois away from hearty support of the nation's war purposes and war plans. The Auditorium theatre was completely filled and there was an overflow meeting in Grant Park of 250,000 people. The Auditorium gathering was addressed by Governor Lowden, Hon. Henry T. Rainey, M. C, and Hon. Clarence Darrow, and the invocation was by the Most Rev. George W. Mundelein, Archbishop of Chicago. Entertainment for the out-door audience was provided by the Great Lakes Naval Training Station band led by Lieut. John Philip Sousa, and by maneuv- ers by uniformed regiments of sailors from Great Lakes, of the Illinois National Guard and of the Illinois Reserve Militia. Groups of the great out-door gathering were addressed by Former Governors Charles S. Deneen and Edward F. Dunne and a dozen others. Patriotic co-operation by the Cook County organizations of the two major political parties deserves special mention here. The officers and leaders of both Republican and Democratic county committees took hold of the Lake Front demonstration project as if it were their own and, working through their ward and precinct organizations, they contributed much to the success of the occasion. Similar co-operation was extended by these organizations on other occasions, including systematic preparation for worthy celebration of the Fourth of July. Other Notable Patriotic Events The Council also promoted, either directly or through a subordinate agency, many gatherings, conferences and meetings of a purely patriotic character, including the following as the most noteworthy : Congressional Conference — A conference which took place in Chicago, November 28th, 1917, to which were invited the two senators and all members of Congress from Illinois and also all state officers. It was a frank, heart-to-heart talk among public ofiicials on Illinois in the war, with a great mass meeting at Medinah Temple in the evening, which was addressed by Senators Lawrence Y. Sherman and James Hamilton Lewis and Hon. Henry T. Rainey, M. C. Illinois War Conference — A conference of Illinois war workers, which took place in Chicago January 14th and 15th, 1918. Notwithstanding that the weather was very bad and transportation was largely blocked throughout the state, there was a very good attendance from most parts of Illinois. General sessions of the conference were addressed by Dr. A. B. Scherer, of Pasadena, Cal., and Arthur E. Bestor, chairman of the speaking division of the Committee of Public Information, and a very large mass meeting at Medinah Temple in the evening of January 14th was addressed by Sir Frederick E. Smith, Bart.. K. C, M. P., Attorney General of Great Britain, and Hon. John W. Davis, Solicitor General of the United States. Successful divisional conferences of the different organi- zations of the Council were held, and also of the Four-Minute men, the U. S. Boys' Working Reserve, the Federal Fuel Administration and the Woman's Liberty Loan Committee. 32 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Food Production Conference— Held at Urbana, Illinois, January 28-Fcbruary 1, 1918, both dates inclusive, for the purpose of outlining a program of food production to be recommended to the farmers of the state. Movement supported by State Council; College of Agriculture, Illinois University; and Corn Growers' and Stockmen's Convention. Conference attended by over 1,000 leading farmers of state, all counties represented. Recommendations arrived at published in pamphlet form and distributed to farmers. ■ War Conference of Illinois Nezvspaper Editors — A remarkably large and successful conference and luncheon of active Illinois editors which took place at the Hotel Sherman, Chicago, March yth, 1918 — the largest and most representa- tive gathering of Illinois editors ever assembled. It was addressed by Governor Lowden; John H. Harrison of Danville, of the Council; James Kceley, publishcf of the Chicago Herald; Mrs. Virginia Barlow LeRoy, editor of the Streator Independent Times; J. M. Sheets, editor of the Oblong Oracle, and Bernard J. Mullaney, director of publicity, of the Council. Entertainment of Belgian Soldiers — This took place in Chicago May 25, 1918, nnder the direction of the Cook County Auxiliary. Three hundred and thirty- nine officers and men of the Belgian army, survivors of the armored motor car corps which had been sent to Russia and had fought there until Russia collapsed, were passing through America on their way back to the Western front as guests of the United States. They stopped for a day in Chicago, and the patriotic demonstration in their behalf was one of the most enthusiastic the city ever witnessed. At least half a million people lined the streets covered by a shout parade; the veterans were loaded with gifts and flowers, and everything possible was done for their comfort. Entertainment of French Soldiers — The visit of ninety-six officers and men of the famous French Chasseur Alpine corps (the "Blue Devils of France") on May 28th and 29th, 1918, was the occasion for another display of extraordinary patriotic fervor. The Cook County Auxiliary was in charge of their entertain- ment. They spent a day at the Great Lakes Naval Training Station were given a luncheon by the Four-Minute Men and a dinner. Everywhere they were received with greatest enthusiasm. Patriotic Meeting at Attditorium Theatre — June 13, 1918, at which Messrs. Justin Godart and Daniel Blumenthal, representing France and Alsace-Lorraine, were the principal speakers, and at which the "Blue Devils" (Alpine Chasseurs) of France were guests of honor. Mass Meeting, February 17, J918 — Addressed by Dr. C. Angelescu, Rou- manian Minister, visiting Chicago. Largely attended by foreign-born population, and considered one of the most successful demonstrations of patriotism. Mass Meeting, June 23, igi8 — Addressed by Colonel, the Earl of Dunmore, V. C, M.V.O., D. S. 0., at Municipal Pier, under auspices of Cook County Auxiliary Committee ; very largely attended, and considered highly satisfactory meeting, most of audience being foreign-born. Entertainment of Lord Northcliffe and Sir Stephenson Kent, and their par- ties, when in this country, though no large patriotic gatherings were planned for either, they speaking to smaller meetings of business-men only. These two gentlemen were the guests of Chicago simultaneously. Standardizing the National Anthem Another effort of the Council in arousing and maintaining the patriotism of the state was in getting general recognition of "The Star Spangled Banner" as the national anthem, and in stopping misuse of the anthem which might tend to belittle it in the public mind. By the direction of the Council letters were sent by the Chairman early in December, 1917, to all clergymen, band and orchestra leaders, theatre managers (regular and motion picture), restaurant and hotel managers and the heads of entertainment agencies throughout the state, requesting them to have the anthem played upon all public occasions. They were requested, also, to have the anthem played formally, either STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 33 at the opening or closing of programs (preferably the former) and not as a part of a program, and not to permit it to be played as a part of a medley or combined with other airs. Hundreds of letters were received in response to this request, all pledging willing compliance with it. The result was distinctly good. Upon virtually every public occasion now, the national anthem is played with respect and listened to respectfully throughout Illinois. United States Government War Exposition One of the most interesting enterprises undertaken to build up the civilian morale and educate the people to the magnitude of the nation's war task was the United States Government War Exposition, held in Grant Park, on Chicago's lake front, September 2-15, 1918, under the joint auspices of the federal government's Committee on Public Infor- mation, and the State Council of Defense of Illinois. The object of the exposition was to visualize the achievements of the various federal departments in the Government's war program, and to satisfy the curiosity of the public concerning implements of war, actuat trench warfare, care of the soldiers in the way of hospital accommoda- tion, entertainment for leisure hours, etc. The war trophies and war material, which constituted a large part of the stationary exhibits, were furnished by the Committee on Public Information ; the State Council of Defense organized the exposition, staged the special features, enlisted co-operating agencies and provided for all of the details of management. This undertaking was planned, set up, and made ready for opening to the public, in a remarkably short time — something like six weeks. The crowds that visited it each day were evidence of the place it filled. Co-operating war relief organizations joined in this exposition; special days were set aside for celebration by the citizens from the allied countries ; in fact every effort was put forth to make the occasion unforgettable by those who witnessed it, as well as to stir the public to further efforts toward aiding the government in winning the war. The exposition's success was comparable only to that of the World's Fair. It ran fourteen days. The smallest day's attendance was 48,449; the largest, 271,885. The total attendance for the fourteen days was 1,955,602. Tickets of admission were given the widest possible distribution among school children, and with the co-operation of the Chicago Asso- ciation of Commerce, among employes of business houses. Tickets were thus sold in advance at a nominal price to bring the exposition as close as possible to the mass of the people. The aim of the Council, which was responsible for the business management, was simply to make the exposition pay for itself. It was so successful, even at nominal admission prices, that it earned a net profit of $306,146.51. Under restrictions imposed by law, all of this had to be turned over to the Committee on Public Information. (Appendix XL) 34 state council of defense Public Schools an Important Factor. As the spirit of the people rose in support of the war, the pubHc schools became a valuable adjunct of patriotic effort. Throughout Chi- cago and in many parts of the state, a definite patriotic program was part of each school day. The school children also gave assistance in selling Liberty Loans, soliciting for the Red Cross and the like. The children responded so heartily — for youth is never disturbed by doubt or compromise ; it is always positive — that the schools came in time to receive so many appeals, in the name of patriotism, that all of them could not be answered and it was sometimes difficult to decide which should be ignored. To cope with this situation the Council appointed an educational Committee composed of leading educators, who mapped out a consistent policy and program to be followed in patriotic school work. This committee played a particularly important part in promoting the U. S. Boys' Working Reserve (for names of Committee, etc., see Appendix XIV). Chicago Celebration of Illinois Centennial The centennial of Illinois statehood occurred while the United States and the allies were at war with Germany ; hence commemorative cele- bration of it was also serviceable as a means of arousing further active patriotism and was so employed by the state Centennial Commission at several historic spots in the state. The Commission's plans for a celebration in Chicago miscarried, so Governor Lowden asked the State Council of Defense to undertake it. The Chairman of the Council appointed a general committee for the purpose. The week of October 7-12, 1918, was chosen for the cele- bration. A pageant was deemed the most appropriate means of de- picting the 100 years of history to be commemorated. The pageant was produced before packed houses at the Auditorium on the evenings of October 9, 10 and 11, and on the afternoon of October 12. Patriotic mass meetings, addressed respectively by Professor Thomas G. Mas- saryk, later president of Czecho-Slovakia, and Governor Lowden, took the place of the pageant on the evenings of October 8 and 12. In connection with this celebration, a statue of Alexander Hamil- ton was unveiled in Grant Park on September 28, and an Illinois Cen- tennial monument was unveiled in Logan Square, Chicago, both hav- ing been provided for by the B. F. Ferguson Fund. The expenses of this celebration were defrayed by the sale of boxes at the Auditorium (the rest of the house was open free to the public), and the sale of Centennial half dollars, a special coin struck by the United States Government. (See Appendix XII.) Great Cumulative Effect Another important factor in the Council's patriotic program to arouse the people of the state was the Chicago Branch of the National Security League. This organization, while not a part of the Council, co-operated with it extensively, particularly in the matter of arranging patriotic meetings and the distribution of literature. This league had STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 35 the services of a large body of men of prominence in affairs of high patriotism and devotion to their country, and it worked in complete harmony with the Council throughout the period of the war. These instances are given chiefly to show the character of the work done by the Council to arouse dormant patriotism. Although they were major incidents, taken all together, they were but a minor part of the work done by the Council to achieve that end. The Council feels that the cumulative effect of all that was done was tremendous, and repaid many times over all it cost in money, energy and effort. In carrying out this program, the Council had unfailing co-operation from the Woman's Committee. It also had co-operation with and valuable help from the Committee on Public Information at Washington, the various religious organizations and a great many fraternal, commercial and social organi- zations of the state. VII FOOD: ILLINOIS* BIGGEST WAR WORK When the Council was created unofficial campaigns were under way to induce the voluntary conservation of food and to bring about in- creased food production. There had been much discussion, official and general, of governmental control of food and other basic products, but no action had been taken. At its first business meeting (held May 12, 1918) the Council passed the following resolution, offered by Mr. J. Ogden Armour: Resolved, That it is vitally necessary to our country and people, that there be immediate conservation by the United States of foodstuffs, grains, fuel and other basic commodities, and that upon the prompt enactment of proper legislation of this kind will depend the safety and preservation of our nation and our success in the war ; and that delay in adopting such a law will be fraught with dangerous consequences ; Resolved, further, That the Congress of the United States be urged to enact, at once, a rigid and comprehensive Food, Fuel and Commodity Act that will vest in a Commission to be appointed by the President, full power (subject to appropriate safeguards) to regulate and control the production, distribution, transportation and price of food-stuffs, grains, fuel and other basic commodities. A Stroke for Federal Control As directed by the Council, the resolutions were telegraphed to the President, to the President of the Senate and to the Speaker of the House of Representatives at Washington, as the first official endorse- ment of federal control of basic commodities — an idea which was later crystallized into law in the Lever Act, which brought about both the U. S. Food Administration and the U. S. Fuel Administration. Until necessary legislative action was taken the Council was limited to propaganda and persuasion to secure increased production and pre- vent waste. It used those powers to the utmost. Through the publicity department and with the hearty co-operation of the publishers of the state three campaigns were started promptly and were carried on ener- getically to the end of war activities, as occasion required : 1. Voluntary restriction of the use of wheat and meat. 2. A canning campaign, to prevent the waste of vegetables or fruits, either in home gardens or upon the market. 3. The use of substitutes for essential meats, fats, wheat and sugar. Special Food Campaigns Pushed As a beginning, and upon the request of the Council of National Defense, the Council undertook to bring about discontinuance of the practice of returning unsold bread by retailers throughout Illinois, as a means of conserving wheat. The chairman of the Council got in touch 36 I STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Z7 with 2,300 wholesalers and 18,000 retailers ; several meetings were held, and the practice was completely stopped by July 10, 1918. In general conservation work the Woman's Committee rendered valuable aid. That committee organized a majority of the counties of the state very quickly, and by mid-summer women throughout the state were exhorting against waste, organizing canning clubs, teaching canning and drying, and advocating and demonstrating the use of substitutes for essential products needed by the army or for shipment abroad to our allies. As an incident of its work, before the Food Administration was given definite powers under the Lever Act, the Woman's Committee secured signatures to 672,000 Hoover food pledges. The campaign in behalf of food conservation by canning and dry- ing vegetables was carried on by the Publicity Department and the Woman's Committee throughout the Summer and Fall of 1917, and with the Food Production and Conservation Committee aiding, was well under way for the Summer of 1918, at the end of the calendar year, Recipes in great number were sent out. drying and canning clubs were organized throughout the state in 1917, and more in 1918 and the women of the state in general were made aware of the vital necessity for the home preservation of fruits and vegetables as long as the war lasted. (Appendix XIII.) Patriotic Food Shows Inaugurated The campaign to induce the use of substitutes for meats, fats, sugar and wheat was both extensive and varied. Through the Publicity Department and the Woman's Committee, exhortation was employed throughout 1917, and again numberless recipes were distributed. Demonstration was added after the organization of the Food Produc- tion and Conservation Committee, beginning with a corn meal demon- stration in Chicago. The original one, held in a vacant store in November, was followed by some twenty-five others in Chicago and other parts of the state, and the success of these minor undertakings inspired the Patriotic Food Show, which took place at the Coliseum, Chicago, January 5th to 13th, 1918. Despite two blizzards of extraordinary severity, that show was attended by 125,000 people, and was a success financially as well as a demonstration in the use of substitutes for essential food prod- ucts. It became the model for more than 250 such demonstrations throughout the nation. Each county in the state — generally under the direction of local organizations of the Woman's Committee — held similar shows on a smaller scale, and it was copied in twenty or more states. The United States Food Administration, the United States De- partment of Agriculture, the University of Illinois, the University of Chicago, the Chicago Normal School, Lewis Institute and the Chicago School of Domestic Arts and Sciences co-operated with the Council in producing the show, and also in compiling the Patriotic Recipe Book, of which more than 300,000 copies were sold at a nominal price and sent to every part of the world. (See Appendix XIII.) 38 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Various other campaigns to educate the public in the use of substitutes were carried on, chiefly through the Woman's Committee, all with the fundamental idea of conserving essential foods for the use of the army. (Appendix XIII.) Food Production Taken Up When the Council was created plans for food production in 1917 were too far advanced for much to be done in that year. But when the Lever Act became effective, providing for federal control of food already in existence, the Council was free to plan for increased production in 1918. This task was undertaken early in the Fall of 1917. The Pub- licity Department began it with propaganda in behalf of increased Fall wheat acreage, and in September the Food Production and Conservation Committee began extending its organization through- out the state. As seen by the Council, three principal things needed to be done to achieve that end : 1. To provide a farm labor supply which would permit increased crops in 1918. 2. To get the co-operation of the agricultural interests in behalf of a definite production program. 3. To take steps to meet a serious seed corn shortage which it was ap- parent early in the Winter might dangerously reduce the state's best crop. Farm Labor and Boys' Working Reserve To help solve the labor problem, the Council got behind the United States Boys' Working Reserve. That organization had been of some help in providing farm labor in 1917. A total of around 1,200 town and city boys betAveen sixteen and twenty-one years of age had gone to the farms for the Summer, and reports of what they had accom- plished indicated that much better work might be expected another year. So a definite program for enrollment and education of town and city boys for farm work was adopted with the Council's co-opera- tion, as early as October, 1917. (See Appendix XIV.) There were two major things to be done to make the Boys' Work- ing Reserve a valuable adjunct of the farmers of the state; (1) to enroll the boys, and (2) to give those enrolled rudimentary instruc- tion in farm work. The enrollment was carried on by an agent of the Reserve in each county; by the principals of all town, township and city high schools, and by county superintendents in each county. This work was aided by wide publicity given the undertaking through the Council's Publicity Department, posters, and speakers for both the Woman's Committee and the Neighborhood Committee. When this had been well started the Council found that a third thing was equally necessary, namely: to cultivate among the farmers a willingness to utilize the boys to be furnished by the Reserve. In the beginning the farmers were very skeptical of the Reserve's usefulness. This attitude was overcome by the influence of the Council's compre- hensive organization, ■I state council of defense 39 High Schools Co-operate To prepare the boys for work on the farms the Educational Com- mittee of the Council had prepared, under the direction of Dean Eugene Davenport of the State College of Agriculture, University of Illinois, a series of twenty-two farm-craft lessons, which were made a part of the curriculum of every high school of the state. These les- sons were also adopted by the Reserve in a number of other states, and in 1919 they were published by the national government for the general use of the Reserve throughout the nation. With this preparation, about 20,000 boys were sent to the farms in 1918, beginning in April. By a special arrangement effected through the Educational Committee, they were given credit in their school work for the work done on the farms. About 1,000 of these were sent out of the state, 250 going to Michigan to help save the sugar beet crop, upon the request of the United States Food Administration. It is probably not an overstatement to say that the success of the United States Boys' Working Reserve in Illinois would have been im- possible without the help it had through the public schools. The State Superintendent of Public Instruction, the Chicago Board of Education and county superintendents, local school authorities and high school principals and teachers throughout the state gave the movement their heartiest support. (See Appendix XIV.) r Adult Labor Mobilized Further to help meet the labor shortage on the farms, the Farm Labor Administration was established, under the direction of the Food Production and Conservation Committee, which in February began a publicity campaign to induce men who had farm training to go back to the farms, and to bring middle-aged farmers out of retirement and into active service. This campaign was very effective, and was supple- mented by county clearing houses throughout the state, and a central clearing house in Chicago, ^here a committee of practical farmers passed on the qualifications of applicants for farm work. By virtue of an early and favorable Spring in 1918, the labor shortage was not as great at planting time as it was feared it might be, but the admin- istration found permanent places for 2,101 men on the farms. With harvest time approaching, the danger of much waste through lack of men to get in the wheat crop again threatened seriously, so the Labor Administration, aided by the United States Department of Agriculture, went out through the towns and villages and organized an emergency reserve of 50,000 men. This army was made up of men from the shops, stores and the factories ; business and professional men, and, in a few instances, women. It gave splendid service, and not a single acre of wheat was wasted through lack of labor to harvest it. (Appendix XIII). Crop Program Formulated To get an agricultural production program for Illinois, the Council enlisted the aid of the State College of Agriculture, the Corn Growers and Stockmen's Convention and the Illinois Farmers' Institute. The 40 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE three first named joined in a call for a war conference to work out a program, which conference was in session at Urbana from January 28th to February 1st, 1918, both dates included. It was a gathering of practical, experienced men of reputation, who gave each phase of the subject of food production the most careful and informed con- sideration. Separate committees of experts worked out separate reports for each branch of husbandry, after which a general committee put the whole into a concrete program which was suitable and practic- able for every county in the state, and which fitted the war crop needs of the government as expressed by the United States Department of Agriculture. (Appendix XIII.) Wheat Crops Increased The eflfect of the Council's food production campaigns was con- cretely illustrated by the wheat crop ; was the more clearly illustrated because wheat is not the state's main crop. The United States Government asked the whole country in the fall of 1917, to grow more wheat — to increase the acreage in wheat-growing sections and elsewhere to grow wheat in place of other crops, when possible. Illinois responded with a 10 per cent increase in the acreage of fall wheat. The increased fall wheat acreage in other states averaged only 4 per cent. Illinois responded again to spring wheat planting and doubled the acreage of the previous year. Another response to the "more wheat" appeal came in the form of better farm- ing, which was a feature of the farm program formulated at Urbana. Attention to the farm labor problem supplemented this promotional work. A direct consequence of all this was an Illinois wheat crop in 1918 of 60,991,000 bushels, an increase of 70 per cent over the crop of 1917, which was twice that of 1916. The Government asked for more barley, too, and Illinois raised 4,750,000 bushels, double the crop of 1917; for more rye, and Illinois raised 3,800,000, nearly five times the 1917 crop. The oats crop was 45,000,000 bushels short because the government asked for these other crops instead of oats. Equally marked results of the Council's food production work were revealed in the corn crop, but for a different reason. (Appendix XIII). How THE Corn Crop Was Saved An extraordinary early fall with a sharp freeze at an unprecedented date in 1917, threatened Illinois with an altogether unusual danger to her greatest crop — a seed corn shortage. Fortunately, the danger was realized as early as December, 1917. The Council, through the Food Production and Conservation Committee and the Publicity Department, at once began a campaign to induce farmers to make an early germination test of the corn they expected to use for seed, which was carried on through the press, by means of posters and through the Illinois Farmers' Institute. The Seed Corn Administration was established in January, and a complete survey of the state was made, which revealed that only two-thirds of the usual corn area could be planted unless unusual (7 \ STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 41 measures were adopted. So. besides preaching to all farmers the necessity for testing, scientifically, each ear of corn shelledTor seed the Coimc.l made an arrangement with certain Chicago banks to finance the pttrchase of a large stock of tested seed. These banks advanced he Council $495,000 (and were ready to advance $1 250 000 if that amount was needed), with which 125.000 bushels of' corn tTan 16 0m''H- ■?^'T;^ '"^'T'' ^^'^^ ^"^^^^^ --^ sold to more than 16,000 individual Illinois farmers, and 65,000 bushels were turned over to the United States Department of Agriculture for use in other states And the educational campaign uponihe text. "Test Your Seed Corn, was carried on until the very last day of planting. The result of the campaign and of the purchase and sale of tested ¥h1was68 0Ko° i;^^f' -- \-- -op of 351,450,000 bush s Ihis was 68,000 000 bushels below the great crop of 1917 but because year, ,o produce results of incalculable value. Th importance o testnig seed corn by germination was impressively demons"rated Thousands of farmers who never before employed this tes it is retfrns'' TAppe^dix X™St''"' " """ """^'"""^ """"^^^ "°P War Gardening Promoted adv^r'nttd Ihti r^"' ""^ ^°°^ production, the Council continuously Cnuurl *h^^f ^"^lo" of war gardens in all available spaces. The Counc 1 came mto existence too late in 1917 to do much except in the way of propaganda, earned on through the Publicity Departn^ent but home gardens were given a definite place in the food roduction program worked out at the Urbana conference, and were the subject and'thrPood'p 'J * r '^'''''TJ Department, the Woman's Commi te and the Food Production and Conservation Committee all through the late winter and spring months of 1918. Under the urging of the local organization of the two latter bodies, literally thousands^ o acres o vacant lots and other waste lands were planted in gardens in the cities towns and vil ages of the state, and in Chicago the Food ProdSon and Conservation Committee had a special department to deal wkh war gardens. Reports show that within the city limits of Chi ago I' ?^^loo ""^7^^^ '^^' ordinarily non-producing land was plantfd 'ii^f^ti^9t8r rA^t&i^/r '''''-'' '' ''' '"^^ Soft Corn Utilized efre^tive'^'Wt^'rnl^ '^" ^'""''^ T conserving food was a short but ettectiye soft corn campaign. As a result of the early frosts of ''soft'' nt'hnT"' thousands of fields of corn that were immatu e o soft at husking time This corn, when cribbed, very quickly heated and spoiled In ormation reached the Food Production a'nd Con ela- tion Committee that experiments in heavily salting such corn had been 42 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE successful in keeping it from spoiling, and through the press and its county organizations that committee spread the news broadcast among corn growers. A very great many adopted the plan, and the Council helped in getting a supply of salt to meet their needs Also the mter- est of the State College of Agriculture was enlisted, and that mstitution undertook scientific experimentation of salting and other methods ot perserving unripened corn, which are expected to be of permanent value to husbandry. (Appendix XIII). Still another service of the Food Production and Conservation Committee was to act as a bureau of information upon varied subjects, chief among which was in getting priority orders from the govern- ment for the shipment of soft corn and other grams, fertilizer, lime- stone and the like. Importance of Council's Food Work It is the conviction of the Council that its efforts in behalf of increased food production and its seed corn campaign were among its best contributions to the war work of the state All the sub- organizations charged with this work labored faithfully, and the co- operation of the state departments called upon, of the State College of Agriculture, and of the farmers themselves, was admirable. Without such co-operation, the Council could have done little. In addition, the co-operation of all interests in this big undertaking to increase acreage, conform to a program, and increase production per acre gave an illuminating illustration of the fine war spirit of the agricultural industry. In the latter part of 1918 the Food Production and Conservation Committee organized the Agricultural War Board of Illinois. This body was composed of the state's leading practical and scientific repre- sentatives of the agricultural industry. Its purpose was to co-operate specifically with the farmers of the state in solving new problems thrust upon them by war conditions. When the Council wound up its affairs the activities of the Agricultural War Board were trans- ferred to the Illinois Agricultural Association, which is undertaking to carry out the idea upon which the War Board was based as being of permanent value to the agricultural industry. (See Appendix Xlli.) I VIII FUEL: ILLINOIS TAKES THE LEAD How the Illinois Council handled the coal crisis — how they gathered together the operators and miners to agree on a price and, when no agreement was reached, announced that they themselves had the power to regulate prices, threatened to do so, and called a conference of sixteen state councils to take preliminary steps, thus winning the attention of the whole country to the need of a federal fuel administrator — is com- monly known. — Century Magazine for December, 1917. As for fuel, the determined action of the Illinois Council last Summer in exposing the operators' rapacity, in threatening to set prices, and in calling a conference of other Mid-Western Councils, did much to pave the way for the Fuel Administration. — New York Evening Post of August 17, 1918. The Council came into existence to find a ready-made fuel problem awaiting solution. Before there was a State Council of Defense the Governor of Illinois was overwhelmed with letters in regard to the price and supply of fuel, not only from consumers in Illinois but from adjoining states as well. This correspondence was turned over to the Council as soon as it was organized. Also the Council of National Defense had some time previously organized a Committee on Coal Production, with an Illinois coal opera- tor as its chairman, and the Federal Trade Commission had under way an investigation of the economic problems of coal production. About the same time there was introduced in Congress a bill, known after its enactment as the Lever Act, which did not become effective, how- ever, until August 10, 1917. As previously stated the Council at its first meeting, and before the introduction of the Lever Bill in Congress, adopted a resolution urging upon Congress the immediate enactment of ''a rigid and comprehensive Food, Fuel and Commodity Act." (For this resolution in full, See Chapter VII.) But in the meantime fuel production, conservation, and price were all matters of urgent inportance to Illinois as a state, and because no federal agency had then undertaken to deal with the matter in its en- tirety, the Council was impelled to do so. Many Difficult Factors Encountered Many factors combined to cause a critical situation in the fuel field. Increased demand for fuel throughout the country, induced by tremen- dous war orders in almost every branch of manufacturing, brought a sharp increase in price. Lack of, or diversion of, railroad equipment threatened a coal shortage for the coming winter and had a depressing influence upon production. Unusually high living prices caused wage unrest among miners. Mine operators complained that retailers were 43 44 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE retarding production by failure to order Winter supplies. Retailers retorted that their customers would not buy because of the high prices demanded by operators. Taking cognizance of this situation, the Council, at its meeting of May 26, 1917, adopted the following report from its committee on Food, Fuel and Conservation: Fuel Situation Surveyed "The advance in the price of coal, like so many other price advances, grew out of an hysteria or mad rush to get supplies at any cost. "Individuals and concerns — but notably coal brokers or speculators, as dis- tinguished from regular dealers and consumers — rushed to the coal producers with all sorts of fancy offers and premiums. "With prices once advanced, operators have been loath to reduce them, and we find prices unreasonably and unconscionably high in many instances. "It also seems to be a more or less general practice for operators not to contract more than half their present output (and that at good advances) and to use the remaining fifty per cent of their production for the open market, which means usually all they can sell it for. "We find that freight rates have advanced little or nothing; that the price paid miners has increased possibly twenty-five cents per ton, but that otherwise costs in operation have advanced no more in proportion than in other lines. "While for some time there has been a great car shortage, yet during the past year the mines have operated about two hundred and thirty days, which is about maximum record. "The Illinois coal production figures for the year ending March 31, 1917, have not yet been accurately determined, being estimated at an increase of from five to twenty-five per cent over the previous year. However, in the last year Illinois mines have been called upon to supply coal to the extent of at least two million tons in the Great Lakes region, as well as at Gulf and Atlantic coast ports, where little or none of our coal has hitherto gone. "Not now or ever in recent times have our Illinois mines operated at anything like their actual equipped capacity. Under normal conditions this excessive capacity brought competition that frequently resulted in coal sold at little or no profit, and in not a few instances big steam users could get their grades at less than cost. We find that some mines have stored great quantities of coal at various points distant from the mines, and that a few are now preparing to store great quantities at the mines, when car supplies do not meet production. We do not find any special shortage in coal mine labor. Definite Remedies Proposed "We have reached the conclusion : "First: It is to the vital interest of all concerned that the mines be fur- nished with car supply as near their capacity as possible and that, failing in proper car supply, the mine operators should be encouraged or, under proper provisions, required to produce every possible pound and store above ground the production in excess of car supply. The gain from getting maximum results from mine and men would probably meet the extra cost of storage as well as meet the economic and social demand that every producer be at full time work. "Second: That the unnecessary and exploiting activities of coal brokers, speculators and interlopers, as opposed to the necessary and legitimate trans- actions of regular dealers and consumer-purchasers, be prohibited. "Third: That if these provisions do not succeed in correcting the present unreasonable and unjustified situation in coal prices, then, "Fourth : Forthwith, the whole matter of coal production, distribution and price should be taken in hand by Federal authorities and by the State Council of Defense of Illinois, and that in that event, the State Council use all of its power to effect a satisfactory change in prevailing conditions." STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 45 Following this report, the Council appointed a special Advisory Commtttee on Coal Production and Distribution, made up of coa^ operators and railroad presidents. After a thorough investigat on o portal on Hn;;l' ^'^'^f ' '''''''''' ^^ P^^^^^^^ -^^ the trans- portation lines this special committee reduced to a report a concrete program for the handling of coal in quantities. This prograr^ was ent by the Council to all coal dealers, coal roads and connecfing lines industrial plants, public utility concerns, municipalities, steam rai^ roads and mine operators of Illinois, and their co-operation in cTrrW out the recommendations was asked. ^ctnyiug The result was good, but not good enough to meet conditions. Price Problem Taken Up n.J".*^^ meantime the Council was carrying on through the Publicity Department a campaign to induce coal users of all kinds to buy their t^.Jl ^o^. household consumption, with consequent suffering and co^. R~fY ^'^^'^^ ""T"^^ the poorer people-when Winter should nnKl?; I '■'^'°" °^ *^'^ ^'^^' P"^^ °^ ^0^1' the response of the public was not sufficient to ayert the threatened danger of '?!!]v°Tq^7 T° r°^ ''m ^^^^!' ^'°"' ^^'^ ^''^ °^ J^"e to the middle ot July 1917, the Council itself and its officers and members held frequent conferences with coal operators and dealers on ways and means for increasing production and for inducing lar^e and small con- sumers alike to buy early and store for Winter u!e. Always howeyer the question of price interyened and it became apparent that the public at large would not buy coal so long as it considered the price to be n tl? ^;n .?° VY "^T'"^ °-^ ^" ^^°^""'^ °" J"ly 1^' it was decided to take up the whole coal question, price included, and follow it through to a dehnite conclusion. ^ Mine Operators Appealed To 91 Tqi?^^ T"^' ^ ^^^""'^^ meeting of the Council was called for July Zl, iyi7, and representative operators from all parts of Illinois— iiftv m number— were invited to attend and present their side of the case. _ This conference was an all-day session. Most of the operators invited to participate were present in person or by representatives. The general trend of their arguments was that the mine price of Illinois coal could not be reduced. The upshot of the conference was the appointment of a committee of nineteen-seven members and the chairman and secretary of the Council, seven representa- tives of the operators and three representatives of the United Mine Workers of America— to continue the discussion, and to try to reach an agreement. ^ o^ ^YJ"'^^ ^^'''°'' °^ ^^^ ^P^^'^^ J°i"t committee took place on Tuly U The representatives of the operators presented a report in sup- port of the prices then existing and questioning the right of the Council legally to intervene in the determination of prices The discussion was continued through the day and through a good part 46 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE of July 24, 1917, the representatives of the United Mine Workers supporting the position of the operators on prices at the mines. Price Problem Not Solved The nine representatives of the Council concurred in a report stating, (1) that the price of coal was excessively high, and (2) that the Council possessed drastic powers to meet war exigencies. They also made ready to furnish a further report by the Law and Legisla- tion Committee of the Council, setting forth the legal powers of the Council. A third meeting of the special joint committee took place July 26, 1917, and again Council members, operators and mine workers failed to reach a solution of the problem. The report of the Committee on Law and Legislation was made to the Council on August 7. It suggested three courses of procedure for the Council, (1) to seize and operate the mines as a war measure (the Council possessing power to do so), (2) to call immediately a meeting of representatives of State Councils of neighboring coal producing states to agree upon a uniform measure of relief and method of proce- dure, and (3) either separately or in conjunction with other states, to take immediate steps to secure the enactment of a federal law to give a national administrative body full powers over coal production, dis- tribution and prices.' This report was adopted, and at once copies of it were telegraphed the President of the United States, the Governor of Illinois and various other national officials. The Council also directed the chairman to call a conference of representatives of the State Councils of Defense of Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Dakota, Tennessee, West Virginia and Wisconsin to meet in Chicago on August 16, 1917, to consider and agree upon a program. State Control Is Undertaken Before this conference could assemble representatives of the coal operators called upon the Governor at Springfield on August 10, and after an all-day conference with him, signed the following agreement: "The operators agree to reserve the amount of coal necessary for consump- tion by the people of the State of IlHnois and to sell same at prices to be determined as hereinafter provided. "The Governor is to appoint a representative to be known as Director of Coal, to act in tlie Governor's behalf upon all questions arising as to the pro- duction, prices, distribution and transportation of coal to be consumed by the people of Illinois during the remainder of the coal year expiring on March 31, 1918. "The State Council of Defense is to appoint a committee of three of its members to act hereunder. "The Illinois coal operators are to appoint a committee of three who are to be granted full power to act upon behalf of all the coal operators in the State of Illinois with respect to all such questions. "The mine workers of Illinois are to appoint a committee of three mem- bers who are to be granted full power to act upon behalf of their organiza- tion upon all such questions. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 47 Price Fixing Provided For "The Director of Coal shall have the power from time to time to determine the price of coal at the mine mouth in the various districts of the state, to be sold as above set forth to consumers in the State of Illinois; such price, however, in no case to exceed the maximum price as fixed from time to time by the Federal Government. Such Director of Coal, before determining any price of coal, shall in respect of such price give to all the above named com- mittees an opportunity to be heard. "The Director of Coal and the three above named committees are im- mediately to take up the subject of distribution and retail prices with the coal retailers of the state, to the end that the retailers join with the operators in the powers herein conferred and to be conferred upon the Director of Coal so far as retail prices may be concerned. "The Director of Coal and the three above named committees are imme- diately to take up the subject with the railroads, to the end that the rail- roads join with the committees herein provided for in the powers herein con- ferred and to be conferred upon the Director of Coal, so far as the question of transportation may be concerned. • "It is the substantial essence and spirit of the arrangement provided for by this instrument that all action of every kind taken or to be taken under this arrangement shall be had and taken with the utmost possible dispatch." Following immediately upon the signing of the agreement by the operators, the Governor named the Chief Justice of the Illinois Su- preme Court as Fuel Director for the state, who at once began a sur- vey of conditions and costs that would enable him to fix an equitable price for coal. Upon this same day, August 10, 1917, the Food, Feed and Fuel Con- trol bill, generally known as the Lever Act, was signed by the Presi- dent and became a law. Thirteen States Act Jointly On August 16, 1917, the conference of representatives of Mississippi Valley states, previously referred to, was held in Chicago. The follow- ing states were represented : Iowa, Kansas and Wisconsin by their Governors and other mem- bers of their State Councils ; Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, North Dakota, Ohio, and South Da- kota by other state ofificials or members of their State Councils. Follow- ing an all-day discussion of the subject the following resolutions were unanimously agreed upon : "(1) The production, transportation, distribution and price of coal re- quire immediate and drastic supervision, regulation and control, both on the part of the Federal Government and of the States. We recognize that, in order to effect appropriate and instant relief, it is necessary that there should be concurrent, co-ordinate, harmonious and immediate action on the part of the Federal Government and of the different States. The States, in their individual capacity, have the power to effect such control and regulation within the respective States. Under the legislation just passed, the Federal Govern- ment has the power to make such regulation and control decisive, complete and effective. "(2) The production of coal must be stimulated, encouraged and increased to the utmost capacity of the mines, so that the needs of the people and indus- tries of this country and of our Allies may be fully and promptly met. There- fore, every possible agency within the power of the Federal and State Govern- 48 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE ments should be immediately brought into requisition so that the necessary production of coal can be promptly effected; and in bringing about this result there must be no interference with the earnings and wages of laborers. Entire Coal Situation Discussed "(3) There is an urgent necessity for a complete reorganization of the methods and machinery of transportation and distribution. These facilities should be at once enlarged and increased to the utmost. The elimination of delays in transportation, the non-despatch of coal from the mines to the nearest markets by the shortest routes, the shipping of coal into coal-producing States, the abuse of reconsignment privileges, delays in unloading — these and other practices which interfere with the production, despatch and handling of coal should be at once corrected. We urge that the nine gateways of Lake Erie be utilized to the fullest extent. At present only two are so used. "(4) The price of coal is unreasonably excessive, and in many cases extortionate. Therefore, it is recommended that the Governors and State Coun- cils in the coal-producing States should immediately proceed, if they have not already done so, with the ascertainment of the approximate cost of producing, handling and distributing coal to the ultimate consumer; and we recommend that this be done, so that a report can be made to an adjourned meeting of this Conference, to be held in Chicago on next Thursday, the 23rd inst. "(5) We recommend that in those States where proceedings are already on foot to fix the price of coal to the ultimate consumer, such proceedings shall continue to their final conclusion. Whatever action is so had shall be taken and co-ordinated with such steps as the Federal Government may take, it being the purpose of this report to make it plain to the people of this country that there is no desire, and that no attempt should be made, to bring about a con- flict between Federal and State authorities. The purpose of this Conference is to accomplish a general and uniform result, for the best good of all the people, with the use of all National and State instrumentalities which can possibly be made available. Protection of Consumers Sought "(6) These resolutions are adopted with the single end in view of protect- ing, not merely the people of the coal producing States, but equally the con- sumers of coal in all other States, it being the design and intention of this Conference to avoid all possible discrimination, and to take steps for the common good of the entire nation. "(7) We recognize the far-reaching provisions of the Food, Feed and Fuel Control Bill, which became a law on the 10th inst., and also of the Prefer- ential Shipments Bill, otherwise known as the Newlands Bill. Under both of these enactments the Federal Government is equipped with the authority and machinery to effect instant relief, in connection with such action as may be found proper or necessary on the part of the different State Governments ; and we most earnestly but respectfully urge immediate action on the part of the Federal Government. The States here represented pledge their heartiest support to and co-operation with all action which the Federal Government and the various States may take to relieve the most critical emergency which now exists in the coal situation throughout the country. "(8) We recommend that a copy of these resolutions be forthwith tele- graphed to the President of the United States; and that copies be sent to the Governors and State Councils of Defense of the different States." Coal Director Begins Work In obedience to instructions, these resolutions were telegraphed the President that same day, and the following day, August 17, 1917, the chairman of the conference and of this Council received this telegram from the President : STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 49 "Telegram received. Can assure you that the matter is receiving most careful consideration and everything that can be done will be done." Upon this day also, the Coal Director for Illinois (that is to say, the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court), began hearings as a pre- liminary to fixing the prices of coal, under the agreement made at Springiield on August 10. Representatives of operators appeared be- fore the Coal Director and disavowed the agreement which had been made at Springfield. The Coal Director nevertheless proceeded with the hearings, main- taining the right of the state to fix prices in such an emergency as then existed, and preparations were made to take over the mines in the name of the state and operate them in behalf of the public welfare. President Fixes Coal Prices While these preliminaries were in progress the President resolved the situation, on August 21, by himself fixing mine-mouth bituminous coal prices for the entire country. The President made drastic reduc- tions in the prices of Illinois coal, as follows : Fixed Price Operators' Price Illinois, Mine run $1.95 $3.25 " Prepared sizes 2.20 4.00 Screenings 1.70 3.25 Iinnois Third Vein, Mine run 2.40 3.50 " " " Prepared sizes 2.65 4.00 Screenings 2.15 3.25 Following this, the President, on August 22, 1917, fixed the mine- mouth prices for anthracite coal and named Dr. Harry A. Garfield as Fuel Administrator for the United States. Thus the principle which the Council had indorsed at its first meeting, namely, federal control of fuel together with food and other basic commodities, be- came operative and the reason for state intervention disappeared. "Buy and Store'" Campaign Immediately upon the creation of the Federal Fuel Administration the Council reopened its campaign to induce coal consumers to buy and store coal, and carried it on until Winter. Because of the lateness of the season, because transportation facilities were largely monopolized by war orders, and because strikes had reduced production, when Winter came there was a very serious shortage in the supply. In the meantime, on October 22, 1917, John E. Williams was appointed Fuel Administrator for Illinois upon the recommendation of the Council, and the Council aided him in getting county admin- istrators throughout the state. Also in the meantime, on August 23, 1917, an adjourned meeting of the conference of State Councils for thirteen states was held and resolutions were adopted warmly indors- ing the action of the President, and urging the railroads of the coun- try to do all possible to better transportation facilities. The Amer- ican Railways Association appointed a sub-committee to handle the 50 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE distribution of open-top equipment, and much was done to make up for inadequate production of coal through the Summer months. The State Council aided in the work of this organization. Not enough, however, was accomplished to avert the threatened shortage, which came early in the Winter. Coal Saving Campaign Taken Up As soon as the Council had concluded its publicity campaign to induce the purchase and storage of coal by consumers, it began one for the conservation of coal and the most strict economy by all fuel users. This campaign reached both manufacturers and households ; public utilities and municipalities. Everyone was warned of the neces- sity to be just as sparing of fuel as circumstances would permit. Also there was evolved through this Council, in behalf of econ- omy, a plan for the combination of public utilities in all communities in which a fuel saving could be achieved thereby. This plan was presented to the Washington authorities, was adopted by them and after the first of the year was put into effect in hundreds of municipali- ties. No definite figures are available to show the saving thus efifected but it was important. Public Institutions Helped Foreseeing, however, that a coal shortage was inevitable, despite all that had been done to induce coal storage and fuel economy, the Coun- cil, on November 9, 1917, at the direct request of the State Fuel Admin- istration, appointed an advisory Committee on Coal for Public and Quasi-Public Institutions. The members of this committee were prac- tical and experienced men, and the duty of the sub-committee was to see that all public and quasi-public institutions, like the state hospitals, county hospitals, schools, street car lines, gas companies and electric light companies and such institutions and enterprises should be sup- plied with fuel as a first necessity of the public welfare. This committee immediately got in touch with all the institutions and enterprises included in the scope of its duty, urging upon them first to store all coal possible and to be as saving as possible in the use of fuel, and second, to call upon the committee in time of need for aid. When the time of the shortage did come the committee was of great service in having coal assigned to these public and quasi- public institutions, so that all were able to perform their functions — without sufifering in the public institutions and without stopping service of essential public utilities. (See Appendix XV.) When Coal Shortage Came The coal shortage began to be felt in December, 1917, and lasted through the greater part of the winter. It was aggravated by unpre- cedented weather and storms. Throughout this entire period the Council worked very closely with the State Fuel Administration (which was housed in the State Council of Defense building), and was able to give material aid in getting general observation of fuel regulations for fuel saving and "heatless" days, and in finding coal for distribution STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 51 to relieve suffering- and to keep in operation essential public enter- prises. The Council appointed an advisory committee on Fuel Econ- omies of Electric Railways, which made recommendations by which it believed 60,000 tons of coal a year could be saved. The Federal Fuel Administration did not put these recommendations into effect, but some companies did so on their own motion, and substantial fuel savings were reported. (See Appendix XVI.) Many meetings of coal producers and distributors, of public officials and representatives of the various industries and of leading citizens were called by the Council and in this way public morale was main- tained and a general spirit of helpfulness was engendered so that the dangerous period was weathered without disturbances and without serious suffering. Early Buying in 1918 Urged As soon as it was out of the danger zone of the coal shortage, the Council (acting again in co-operation with the State Fuel Administra- tion) began a publicity campaign for the early buying and storing of coal for the Winter of 1918-19. The Council also urged maximum production and coal economy throughout the year. The Council has reason to believe that its efforts to encourage the early buying and storage of coal in 1918, and to stimulate both produc- tion of coal and economy in the use of it, were fruitful. In trying to maintain and to speed up coal production, the Council had valuable co-operation from Mr. Frank Farrington, of Springfield, President of the United Mine Workers in the Illinois District. IX MILITARY AFFAIRS: STATE AND NATIONAL When the United States entered the war, there were eight regiments of infantry, one of cavalry and three batteries of artillery of the Illinois National Guard for internal protection of the state but liable to be called for national service. It was obvious, of course, that such regiments would be incorporated in the national army within a short time, and within thirty days of the declaration of war, the national government notified the state authorities that the National Guard regiments would be inducted into the federal service on July 25, 1917. It was essential that some provision be made to give the state the military protection which the situation demanded. Prompt Action to Protect State Ways and means of providing state troops for emergencies were discussed at the first two meetings of the Council, and the following program was agreed upon : First — That there should be organized three additional regiments of the National Guard for service within the state only. Second — That, with the consent of the federal government a Reserve Militia should be authorized for service within the state only. Third — That the Council should be authorized to organize a Volunteer Training Corps, from which the Reserve Militia should be recruited, and to serve as state troops in case of need. This program was laid before Governor Lowden and had his approval. To carry it out, legislation was necessary, as well as the consent of the national government. The latter was secured by the Adjutant General of the state on May 15, 1917, immediately after which the necessary bills were drafted and introduced in the General Assembly, which was then in session. Through the interest of the Lieutenant Governor, who was chairman of the Council's Committee on Military Affairs, and the Speaker of the House, who was a member of the Council, early enactment of the bills was secured. (See Appendix XVIL) The work of recruiting and organizing the three additional regiments of the National Guard fell to the Adjutant General, and was soon accomplished. Volunteer Training Corps Formed The Council's Committee on Military Affairs at once took up the task of organizing the Volunteer Training Corps, and the response was quick and generous. An auxiliary committee, having jurisdiction in Cook County, gave effective aid in the task. The units of the Corps were armed by the Council (with arms supplied by the national 52 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 53 government) but the individual members were required to provide their own uniforms and provide their own drill halls and the like, facts which should be remembered in connection with the rapidity with which the Corps was recruited and the patriotism with which it was maintained. As soon as a sufficient number of units had been organized, the authorized Reserve Militia was created by the Governor, and, as soon as they were armed and sufficiently trained, the units of the Corps were inducted into that service. There were two divisions of the Reserve ; the first, comprised four regiments, in Cook County, and the second, with two regiments formed, a third in the process of organization and a considerable number of independent units in a depot organiza- tion, in the 101 counties outside of Cook. When the Committee on Military Affairs ceased activity at the beginning of the year 1919, a total of 17,566 men had been organized under its direction, into 243 units. These were disposed of as follows : Units Men Mustered into Reserve Militia 90 6,996 Supply Companies, Reserve Militia 2 ISO In Reserve Militia Depot Organization 92 5,151 Merged with other Companies 3 365 Transferred to National Guard 2 186 Medical unit 1 100 Band : 1 50 Disbanded 44 3,202 Recognition revoked 4 366 Transport Companies disbanded 4 1,000 Total remaining in State military service, or subject to call 12,998 Valuable Work for the State The men were all uniformed and armed with modern rifles. The officers were largely men with National Guard experience, or who saw service in the Spanish-American war. The men were largely those in exempted or deferred classifications under the selective service law. Taken in conjunction with the three regiments of the National Guard, the Reserve Militia and the Volunteer Training Corps were capable of protecting the state under almost any imaginable conditions. The Volunteer Training Corps served another helpful purpose. The Council invited all men liable to be called under the selective service act to participate in the training given the units of the Corps, so that when they should be called they would be grounded in the rudiments of drill and familiar with orders. A very large number of such men took advantage of the opportunity offered, and were greatly benefited by the instruction they received. Some units of the Volunteer Training Corps made remarkable records in this respect, many men so trained passing quickly for non-commissioned and even commissioned officers, when finally called to the colors. One unit passed 148 men through its rolls into the National Army (besides maintaining its full complement of 75 men and drilling 500 drafted 54 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE men), of whom four became captains and 23 lieutenants. Another unit, besides drilhng 150 drafted men, graduated 37 men, including one navy ensign, two army captains and two army lieutenants. A third graduated 116 men of whom five became commissioned officers. (See Appendix XVII.) Big Voluntary Enlistment Record While the raising of national forces was not one of the duties of the Council, this body gave all the aid it could to securing voluntary enlistments, especially in giving publicity to calls for men for special services, and the Council itself, as well as its local organizations, was able to be of much assistance to local exemption boards and district boards. Upon all occasions when help could be given these organiza- tions, it was forthcoming from the Council. In this connection it is interesting to know that Illinois furnished a total of 351,153 soldiers and sailors for the national service. Of this number 322,812 were in the United States Army; 24,663 in the Navy, and 3,678 in the Marines. When the selective service law came to be applied in Illinois, nearly half of the state's quota had been tilled because the young men of our state had volunteered. In some communities, there was no draft because the quota had been more than filled by voluntary enlistment. The total number registered in the state for military service was 1,572,747. X EXECUTING UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT TASKS As stated previously in this report, the Council from its inception regarded the authoritative requests of any authorized branch of the National Government as orders. Acting upon that point of view, the Council was able to aid the Government not only in getting before the people through its Publicity Department and its subsidiary organiza- tions, and securing action upon measures of universal significance (like food conservation, fuel saving, bond buying, etc.), but was able to serve various national departments in a number of specific instances. It was gratifying to note, month by month, rising recognition at Washington of the Council's splendidly effective state organization, of its ability to carry out the Government's undertakings within the state, no matter what they might be, and of its whole-hearted readiness to do so. Commercial Economy Administration Organized An instance of quick execution of specific government tasks was the Council's Commercial Economy Administration. For some time the United States War Industries Board had been seeking ways and means of saving time, materials and money by eliminating waste, and of saving man power by cutting out non-essential practices in every- day business, particularly retail business. In August, 1918, the Coun- cil was asked to take hold of this movement. The Commercial Econoniy Administration was immediately organized and began by campaigning to regulate deliveries by the stores of Illinois, to induce people to carry home their own parcels, and to limit Christmas presents to useful things. This looked like a hard task— flying in the face of lifelong habit — but within sixty days the merchants of every town of 2,000 or more inhabitants in Illinois, including Chicago, had limited their de- liveries to one a day ; women everywhere, who had never done so be- fore, were carrying home their own parcels ; the merchants themselves, in every town of the state, were appealing to their patrons, in the name of the State Council, to buy only useful gifts for Christmas, and to buy those early. Besides, there was a board in virtually every town to see that these rules were enforced. (See i\ppendix XVIII.) Conservation of Money and Materials Conservation of financial resources, as well as of materials, man- power and transportation, was considered by the Council back in November, 1917. It foresaw that much capital which might be needed for war purposes was in danger of being tied up in big public and quasi-public enterprises — public improvements, public utility exten- sions and the like — that could as well wait until after the war and 55 56 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE probably would have to be left unfinished if undertaken. A special committee on Conservation of Financial Resources was appointed, com- posed of members of the Council including the two labor members, and the National Council of Defense was memorialized. Meanwhile the authorities at Washington were developing the system of priority orders, covering both transportation and the manu- facture and sale of materials, as a means of restricting unnecessary construction, both public and private ; but without means of checking the flood of priority requests somewhere near the flood's source, not all was accomplished that was desired. Later the War Industries Board asked all State Councils of Defense to assist in curtailing ex- penditure for unnecessary private and public improvements. The Illi- nois Council appointed for this work a special Committee on Public Improvements (three Council members to assist the Council's chair- man) ; but the root of the difficulty was not reached. The Council's powers in this relation were only advisory to the War Industries Board. The proponents of each project — whether a road, a bridge, a church, a hospital, a school or a purely private piece of work — always wanted their case made an exception and usually were bent on getting what they wanted "by hook or by crook." Non-War Construction Bureau Created The Council made strong representations on the subject to the War Industries Board. It believed that the unnecessary drain on financial and other resources, caused by unnecessary construction work, could be stopped only by adopting a plan tantamount to local authority in each State to disapprove and prevent inauguration of any public or private construction work that did not fall within clearly defined classes of necessary construction. The War Industries Board, in September, 1918, authorized State Councils of Defense to create machinery for sifting out essential from non-essential construction projects. The power of such state organiza- tions was advisory only, but it served the purpose of giving the War Industries Board definite information upon which to act. The Council received word from Washington on September 17, 1918, to organize for this work. Through the excellent machinery provided by the Council's state-wide organization already described, 89 of the state's 102 counties were organized within thirty days and equipped with efifective non-war construction boards under the direc- tion of the Non-War Construction Bureau at Council headquarters. When the end of the war came, only fifty-five days after the creation of this bureau, non-essential construction work, to the amount of $13,- 873,324.35, had been deferred until after the war and few even com- plained about it. Certain classes of construction wo^k were, of course, permitted to go forward, including the following : Farm buildings costing not more than $1,000; building repairs and extensions costing not more than $2,500; public highway improvements approved by the United States Highway Council; construction necessary to the operation of railroads, mines, and United States government war contracts. (See Appendix XIX.) state council of defense 57 Recruiting Labor for Essential War Industries When it became suddenly necessary for all departments of the government to effect an unprecedented expansion to meet war needs, there was a shortage of clerical, technical and other help, which greatly hampered daily operations. On the other hand, this Council found that great numbers of persons, especially the technically trained, were eager to find a way of serving the government in some capacity. Creation of machinery for connecting the demand with the supply was suggested by this Council to the Council of National Defense on November 19, 1917. When authority to do this came from Washington, a Civilian Personnel Committee and a Public Service Reserve Committee, hav- ing identical membership and officers, were appointed in December, 1917, with the express understanding that the Chairman of these identi- cal committees would be named as state director of the United States Public Service Reserve, a co-operating agency of the United States Employment Bureau, under the United States Department of Labor, Besides executing certain specific tasks (as will appear), this Com- mittee, and its Chairman as State Director of the Public Service Re- serve, worked closely with federal officials and departments in mobiliz- ing and distributing labor for essential war work. This included en- forcement of the Provost Marshal General's "work or fight" order and employment of women wherever possible to release men for essential war industries. At armistice time, this work was going forward sys- tematically through community branches of the Public Service Reserve in and around the industrial centers of the state. Especially important work was done in stemming a tendency, which at one time threatened to become serious, to draft labor unnecessarily from one part of the country to another. Enrolling Shipbuilders and Civilian Help The campaign for enrolling shipyards workers was the Public Serv- ice Reserve Committee's most conspicuous single piece of work, and it illustrated the promptness and completeness with which this Council agency functioned. On January 17, 1918, Illinois was asked to enroll skilled mechanics as volunteers for shipyard work, those so enrolled to be called as needed. The state's quota was fixed at 23,662. On February 17, 1918, Illinois had enrolled 23,678 skilled men, being the first state to enroll its quota. Enrollments were continued, and a total of 29,613 volunteers were recorded. (vSee Appendix XX.) To facilitate enlistments of civilian help, particularly the technically trained, for the federal government, the Secretary of the Council's Committee on Civilian Personnel (and Committee on Public Service Reserve), was appointed special representative of the Ordnance De- partment, U. S. Army, Civilian Personnel Section, but his office con- tinued to serve all departments of the government and conducted several recruiting campaigns for branches of the technical section of the Army. Pie secured 2,112 civilian employes for the Ordnance Department of the Army and recruited nearly 2,000 more, mostly technically trained, for special services of the government. This was in addition to the nearly 30,000 enrolled as volunteers for ship building. (See Appendix XXI.) 58 state council of defense Extensive Housing Survey Made Early in 1918 the U. S. Government found that execution of heavy war contracts was hampered frequently by lack of housing facilities for the labor imported from other parts of the country to work on those contracts. It announced, therefore, that in the future such con- tracts would be placed, when possible, in territory prepared to provide and house labor. The Housing Bureau of the U. S. Department of Labor asked for help in making necessary surveys of housing facilities: On July 12, 1918, the State Council of Defense authorized creation of the Home Registration Service Committee to work with the U. S. Department of Labor. A little later the Chairman of the U. S. Hous- ing Corporation asked the Illinois Chapter of the American Institute of Architects to make a study and report on housing in the industrial districts in Chicago and adjacent territory. In the interest of co-ordination the architects' committee was made a sub-committee of the Council's Home Registration Service Commit- tee and both co-operated with representatives of the Indiana State Council of Defense so that the survey might include Hammond, Gary and Indiana Harbor, Ind., and all territory in the Chicago industrial district. The work of the Committee included : House to house tabulation of available housing facilities (35,089 rooms and 4,584 house-keeping units in houses, flats and hotels), in all of that part of Chicago lying south of 31st St. and East of Halsted St.; survey of opportunities for creation of new housing facilities throughout the Chicago and adjacent industrial territory; survey of transportation facilities with reference both to existing industries and housing facilities and to prospective industries and housing needs ; a survey of water supply, sewerage, etc., in respect to sanitary conditions and possible future needs. The Committee saw in this work a broad opportunity for public service, for doing something that would be useful both during the war and after its termination. The acute situation responsible for this Com- mittee and its work passed with the cessation of hostilities, of course, but the reports of the Committee and co-operating agencies are of great permanent value in connection with future development of the indus- trial district in the Southern part of Chicago and adjacent thereto across the Indiana line. (See Appendix XXII.) An "Illinois Idea" in Highways Transport In the beginning, as presented to the Council by the Highways Transport Committee of the Council of National Defense, the highway transportation question was chiefly one of highway maintenance to serve foreshadowed movement of military supplies and even troops by motor truck ; so the Council appointed a Highways Transport Com- mittee composed of the State's highway engineers. It soon became evident that highway transport could be employed to best advantage in easing the railroads of short haul and L. C. L. (less than carload lot), traffic, and increasing facilities for the distribution of foods and other necessities. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 59 Survey of Illinois conditions developed a further fact; that in the absence of uniformly good roads covering a wide area, as a state, the usefulness of motor truck transportation could be greatly enhanced by co-ordinating it with suburban and interurban electric lines, and letting motor trucks be feeders of the electric lines. This may be called the Illinois idea in highway transportation. It was followed out in this state and adopted by the National Highways Transport Committee for recommendation to other States. With this situation developed, the Council's Highways Transport Committee was enlarged. The original engineer members were made the Highways Division and a Transport Division was formed to handle the practical problems of promoting freight movement by motor truck and hooking up this service with the electric lines. The doing of this necessitated surveys to determine where road conditions, on the one hand, and commercial and industrial conditions on the other, offered a field for the development of systematic highway trans- portation. Systematic Development of Road Transport The Transport Division set about systematic development of road transportation throughout the state. It platted the state into districts and then into divisions of districts, the divisions embracing groups of counties, with an organization in each division and each district. Prac- tically all of these were completed and functioning at armistice time. But it was in the Chicago industrial district and adjacent territory that the Transport Division of the Highways Transport Committee gave its clearest demonstration of highway transportation facilities. This district embraced the counties of Cook, Lake, Du Page, Will, McHenry. Kane, Kendall and DeKalb in Illinois and (in co-operation with the Indiana Committee) Lake and Porter Counties of Indiana, taking in Hammond, Whiting, East Chicago, Indiana Harbor, Gary and other industrial points. In this territory motor truck transport was systematically developed by co-ordinating existing facilities, starting new motor truck express lines, establishing return load bureaus to avoid empty return- ing trucks, supervision of rates and so on ; in other words, use of the highways to ease the railroads was taken up comprehensively as an entirely new branch of the transportation industry. Here Was Big Constructive Work The results were surprising. When the aggressive and construc- tive work of the Highways Transport Committee ceased with suspen- sion of activity by the State Council of Defense, more than 50 per cent of the short haul and L. C. L. tonnage, originating in or con- signed to points within thirty-five to fifty miles of Chicago, was moving by road transport; and plans had been completed and tentative arrange- ments had been made for moving every pound of freight in that territory, if necessary. These plans and arrangements were in anticipa- tion of a rail embargo on the Chicago district by the federal govern- ment, which at one time was a serious possibility. 60 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE This work of the Highways Transport Committee with complete maps, charts, etc., now a part of the Council's records, should be i^aluable in developing motor truck transport to serve peace time needs, If there is a field for utilization of the highways to move short haul and miscellaneous L. C. L. freight in and around congested industrial sec- tions, the ground work for this industry has been done by the Highways Transport Committee of the State Council of Defense. (See Appendix XXHI.) Sifting Out War Inventions Another specific service was performed by the Council's Committee on Engineering and Inventions, which was allied with the United States Naval Consulting Board. It was a mystery organization in the sense that none of its reports or the results of the work it did were made public. It was composed of men of high technical training who received and investigated all inventions and suggestions submitted for winning the war. Such of these as seemed feasible or important were forwarded to Washington. The Committee investigated a total of 2,458 inventions, ranging all the way from improved methods of load- ing cartridges to cock-sure plans for destroying submarines and Berlin by electricity, and gave personal interviews to 2,443 inventors. It found 60 inventions worthy of further serious consideration by the governnYent's experts and 200 "possibilities"; the Washington authori- ties were saved the burden of examining the other 2,198. (See Ap- pendix XXIV.) Furnishing "Eyes for the Navy" Shortly after the outbreak of the war, the United States Navy found there was a grave shortage of spy-glasses, binoculars and tele- scopes in the United States, and issued an appeal to persons owning such glasses to lend them to the Navy. The Council named a special Committee on Spy-Glasses, Binoculars and Telescopes to collect pri- vately-owned glasses and forward them to the Navy Department. By the efforts of this Committee, a total of 2,306 glasses were collected, forwarded to Washington, and accepted for the use of the Navy. The Navy Department reported that the Illinois Cotnicil led all the rest in furnishing "Eyes for the Navy." (See Appendix XXV.) Electrical Industry Men for the Government At the beginning of the war, the Government called for a very large number of men skilled in various branches of the electrical trades, chiefly telegraph and radio operators. The Advisory Committee of the Electrical Industry of the Council was created to supply the men. This body secured, for the Signal Corps and other branches of the Army, a great many telegraphers and radio men who were already trained, and in addition established 42 free schools where men were trained as telegraph, radio and buzzer operators. About 8,000 stu- dents were enrolled in these schools, and when active warfare ceased with the signing of the armistice, 25 schools were still in full operation. This undertaking was financed by the Committee itself. (See Ap- pendix XXVI.) state council of defense 61 Helping the Merchant Marine Another field in which the Council gave aid, although the organ- izations were not under the direct jurisdiction of the Council, was that of the Merchant Marine. Three schools were maintained in Chi- cago under the direction of the United States Shipping Board, for the training of men for this service. The help of the Council was chiefly through publicity and in getting recruits. The first of these was a School of Navigation for the training of deck officers for the Mer- chant Marine, and thus far 262 of its students have been licensed as masters, first, second or third mates (of whom 51 were on ships taken over by the Navy). The second school was for the training of engine room officers, and a third trained firemen, oilers, water-tenders and the like. (See Appendix XXVII.) American Protective League Working in conjunction with the Department of Justice, and, in fact, a part of that Department of the federal government, was the American Protective League, with headquarters at 120 West Adams Street, Chicago, furnished by the State Council of Defense. This was the volunteer secret service upon which the government relied so much for investigation of disloyalty or apparent disloyalty, for checking dis- loyal plotting against war industry, for ferreting out active enemy spy activities, for investigating evasion of the selective draft law, for en- forcing food and fuel regulations, and practically and generally seeing that war-time laws were obeyed. This organization worked in close harmony with the State Council throughout the state and it found the state-wide organization repre- sented in the Neighborhood and County Auxiliary Committees, of great assistance in its work. The Intelligence Committee of the Coun- cil, which was in touch with conditions throughout the state, worked directly with the American Protective League. XI WORKING FOR THE ARMY AND NAVY Under its broad charter of powers and responsibilities, the Council, from its organization, regarded it a duty to aid in all possible ways the recruiting of the armed forces of the United States, and to promote the welfare and protect the rights of the men composing these forces. Before the Selective Service Law was passed, the Council actively helped, by publicity and in every other way possible, the recruiting cam- paigns of the Regular Army, the Marines, the Illinois National Guard and the Navy. After enactment of the draft law, the Council aided in recruiting for special services and was able, through special represen- tatives of the War Department, selected for that purpose, and the Pub- licity Department, to get a very large number of men with special train- ing or qualifications for Government service. This work was carried on to the end although, of course, general recruiting for the Army was taken care of by the Selective Service Law. Aid to Great Lakes and Fort Sheridan In the very first weeks of its existence, the Council was able to be of considerable assistance to the Navy Department as represented by the U. S. Naval Training Station at Great Lakes, Illinois. When the war came the Training Station's facilities and equipment for taking care of recruits were simply swamped. Built to accommodate not more than 1,700 blue-jackets in training, the station was called upon within a few weeks to take care of nearly 20,000. More land had to be acquired for housing accommodations and much construction work had to be put through on an emergency basis. The Council sent a special committee of its members to Washing- ton, placed the large business experience of other members at the service of the naval officers in charge of Great Lakes Station, and so materially assisted in overcoming obstacles and delays arising from con- fusion incident to the country's sudden entrance into the war. These prompt efforts by the Council and its members played a part, at least, in putting Great Lakes Station in a position to develop rapidly into the largest naval training station in the world, where nearly 50,000 men at a time were in training for war service at sea. The Council also assisted in establishing the station permanently on a greatly en- larged basis. Fort Sheridan was turned into an Officers' Training Camp in the spring of 1917, and the quarters erected were of the simplest construc- tion meant only for use during warm weather. As the winter of 1918 approached, the temporary character of housing construction there was found to be inadequate, and was not promptly remedied. The situation 62 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 63 was brought to the attention of the Council, and steps taken in conse- quence put the barracks in reasonably comfortable condition before the coming of extreme weather in the winter of 1917-18, which was one of the coldest experienced in this part of the country in forty years. Legal Aid to Men in Service To protect the interests of the men in the national service, the Council, through its Committee on Law and legislation, prepared and caused to be widely distributed among the men first called under the Selective Service Law, a booklet on "The Legal Rights of Soldiers and Sailors," which was just what its title implied. It set forth simply, and in language readily comprehended by the lay mind, the protection the law gave to the man called upon to fight for his country. When additional laws, giving further protection to the men in the service, were enacted by Congress, an enlarged edition of this booklet was issued and distributed throughout Illinois. Also a legal advisor to men called to service was appointed for each exemption district who, with the booklet of the Council as his text-book, personally advised all the men called what their legal rights were and how to protect them. (See Appendix XXVIII.) Through the widest possible publicity the Council also called the attention of all men drawn for service to the provision of the War Risk Insurance Act, and urged them to take out insurance. Wholesome Recreation for Soldiers and Sailors At an early date, the Council made plans to provide men on leave and in transit with entertainment and recreation. A club house in Chicago, dances, and theatrical performances were included in the program. Later, this work was undertaken and carried out by the War Recreation Board of Illinois, which the Council appointed, financed and housed. This organization was also the State branch of the War Camp Com- munity Service. The work it did was financed in most states by the National body, but the Illinois branch co-operated directly with the State Council of Defense, which collected, through its local organiza- tions, the fund of about $550,000.00 required to carry out its program to protect the health and maintain the morale of the Illinois men in the service by furnishing them with helpful and wholesome recreation. Particular mention, for generous and hearty co-operation in this work is due to the theatrical profession — theatre-owners, managers, performers, musicians and stage hands. Vaudeville entertainment was provided gratuitously at Fort Sheridan, Great Lakes, Rockford, Peoria, Rantoul, Urbana and Chicago ; free Sunday matinees for soldiers and sailors were a regular weekly feature, a special performance of some popular attraction being given each Sunday afternoon exclusively for men in uniform, all concerned working without pay. Many volunteer organizations and private individuals were also generous contributors of time and substance to soldier and sailor enter- tainment, particularly in conducting dances and similar social diver- sions for soldiers and sailors on leave. The Council gratefully acknowl- edges its indebtedness to them. 64 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE The club house planned by the Council was opened in March, 1918. A second and a third came later. The Board's work not only served to keep the young men on leave out of the mischief into which they might naturally fall, but also gave them a better idea of the country's appreciation of their service. (See Appendix XXIX.) Soldier and Sailor Welfare Promoted The Illinois Council also co-operated to the limit of its opportuni- ties with all organizations having to do, either directly or indirectly, with the welfare of soldiers and sailors, both in training camps at home, and in service abroad. The Council's various committees and departments supported the American Red Cross "drives" for members and for funds ; it exploited the opportunities offered to women to knit, make surgical dressings, and otherwLse serve the Red Cross ; it gave wide publicity to the campaign for enrollment of nurses. The Red Cross in return co-operated closely with the Council, particularly through the Chicago Chapter, in help- ing the Council's License Committee restrict unauthorized and un- worthy enterprises in the name of "war relief." The Chicago Chapter also co-operated closely with the exemption district committees of the Cook County Auxiliary of the State Council of Defense. Similar co-operation was given to the war work of the Young Men's Christian Association, the Knights of Columbus, and the Jewish Welfare Board. The Council's support also went to the Military En- tertainment Council, and helped much in enabling that organization to sell more than $100,000 worth of "Smileage" Books in Illinois, which served as tickets of admission to soldiers and sailors at camp entertainments where admissions were charged. The Council also gave hearty support to the Salvation Army campaign for war funds. The Cook County Auxiliary of the Council practically managed the Salva- tion Army "drive" in Chicago, and similar support down through the state enabled that organization to raise $781,941.00, which was nearly three times what it expected to raise when the "drive" started. XII A HELPING HAND TO ILLINOIS BUSINESS The Council also feels that it has given aid to the national govern- ment in quite another direction, and at the same time has performed a service to the manufacturing interests of the state. Early in 1918 a situation arose that disclosed these things: (a) That the placing of the great bulk of war material orders in the eastern States was causing serious delay in the Government's war pro- gram; (b) that eastern shops and factories were overcrowded and undermanned; (c) that Illinois shops and factories were in many in- stances idle and in others running short-time for .lack of essential war work (as non-essential work had either been greatly reduced or entirely stopped) ; (d) that labor was recruited in Illinois for eastern States which could be employed to better advantage on war work here at home; (e) that there was ample housing in Illinois manufacturing cities for war industries labor, while there was a lack of it in the East, which further interfered with the war program. A canvas of Illinois manufacturers showed that they were not only eager to engage in war work from patriotic motives, but that they were equipped to give the Government promptly achieved results; also that there had been little concerted effort made at Washington to bring war orders to Illinois. Therefore, both for the good of the national defense and for the good of ilhnois' busmess mterests, the Council called a meeting of the manufacturers of Illinois to consider the situa- tion in all its phases, to decide what was the best thing to do and then apply the ways and means for doing it. Real and Important Results Achieved This meeting was held at the Chicago headquarters of the Council on March 15th, 1918. It was attended by representatives of all the commercial and manufacturing organizations of the State, and by a large number of individual manufacturers. There was a full dis- cussion, the upshot of which was the appointment of a War Business Committee to work out a program and put it into effect. This committee achieved the following things : (a) brought about team work among Illinois manufacturers in seeking war work; (b) established much closer relations between the manufacturers of the Mississippi valley and the Government departments which had author- ity to award war contracts; (c) made a detailed survey of the manu- facturing resources and facilities of the entire State, county by county, 65 66 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE and reported it to the Washington authorities; (d) established a war industries bureau at Washington with a staff of salesmen who kept in close touch with all Government departments. The work done by this committee was most effective. Through this committee's efforts $510,000,000 worth of war business was brought to Illinois. By means of these contracts, factories and shops which had been threatened with the hard necessity of shutting down were kept open and busy and thousands of men who might otherwise have been compelled to go to other States to do essential war work were kept at home at good wages. More important than any of this, however, Illinois was thus enabled to make a business contribution to the prosecution of the war in keeping with the importance of her in- dustries, in addition to buying bonds and paying taxes. (See Appendix XXX.) XIII FOR MILITARY. NAVAL AND CIVILIAN HEALTH Under the general direction of its Committee on Sanitation, Medicine and Public Health, the Council performed a double function ; It aided materially in supplying the Army and Navy with capable and efficient surgeons and physicians and dentists ; it aided in the preservation of health, amongst both the civilian population of the State and the men of the Army and Navy in training within the State. Medical Profession Organized for War As soon as the Council was organized the chairman of the Com- mittee on Sanitation, Medicine and Public Health effected organiza- tion of the medical fraternity throughout the State, by counties, to aid in securing for the uniformed service of the Government the State's quota of surgeons and physicians. A like organization was effected by the Dental Advisory Committee. Available surgeons and physicians thus mobilized were called to service from time to time, and the re- mainder of available men were registered and ready to be called. Thus Illinois was prepared to do her full share in furnishing men for surgi- cal and dental services to the nation. It should be said in behalf of the men of these professions that little or no organization effort or persuasion was needed, as they volunteered almost unanimously. (See Appendix XXXI.) In an advisory capacity, the Committee on Sanitation, Medicine and Public Health was able to do much. One of its early activities was to make a survey, under the personal direction of its chairman, of the health and sanitary conditions at the U. S. Naval Training Station, Great Lakes, Illinois, in May, 1917. The abnormal increase of the number of recruits there, and the inability of the Government to main- tain a building pace equal to that increase, caused a serious condition. The report of the Council's Committee served to quiet the fears of the families of recruits and was also of great value to the Government. Health Work in Many Directions The chairman of the committee, Dr. Frank Billings, was called to the service of his country (first, in August, 1917, as head of the Red Cross Mission to Russia and, shortly after his return, to service in Washington as a colonel in the medical service), but upon his recom- mendation an advisory committee was named by the Council, which became the adivsor of the Council in all health and sanitary matters. (See Appendix XXXI.) 67 68 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Throughout the war period, the Council and the soldiers and sail- ors furnished by Illinois had the close co-operation and invaluable aid of the Advisory Committee on Social Hygiene. As a branch of the Red League, the purpose of this organization was to educate and warn the men in the uniformed service of the dangers of venereal diseases. Through pictures, literature, lectures and exhibits, every Illinois man in either the Army or the Navy was reached, with very gratifying results. Another advisory committee on the general subject of health and sanitation was that on Mental Hygiene. The Illinois Society for Mental Hygiene offered its entire organization for this service under the Council. The Council acknowledges its obligations to these organizations, and commends them for valuable and patriotic services. (See Ap- pendix XXXI.) XIV "PROFITEERING IN PATRIOTISM" CHECKED An important task of the Council was to supervise the collection of funds for war aid and relief, and to prevent impostors from gull- ing the public in the name of the nation's defenders. Almost contemporaneous with the creation of the Council the General Assembly enacted a law prohibiting the solicitation of funds, goods and articles of value for war aid or relief unless those making the collection should be licensed by this Council, with certain excep- tions. The exceptions were : the American Red Cross, the Y. M. C. A., the Knights of Columbus the Jewish Welfare Board, the Salvation Army and other like bodies which had been recognized by the United States Government; the immediate family, dependents or friends of a soldier or sailor; ^any church, club or fraternal organization soliciting among its own members only. This law became effective July 1, 1917, and the Council established a License Bureau, under the direction of a duly authorized committee, to enforce it. In general it was willingly obeyed, although the Council was called upon to prevent much fraudulent solicitation, and to stop many undertakings which seemed to promise returns entirely in- adequate to the cost and effort. In war times the people who stay at home are generous to aid those who are doing the fighting, and a large number of people can always be found who will contribute to any project purporting to be for a worthy cause without inquiring closely into the worthiness of the solicitors. Also there are always unscrupulous persons who will abuse charity to make a few dollars for themselves. Through the vigilance of the Council's License Bureau virtually all of those who sought to prey upon the generous and kindly disposed people of Illinois were detected and prevented. Also there is another class, animated by good intentions but who propose projects in which the overhead expenses practically absorb the receipts ; these, too, were denied the privilege of working upon the sympathies of the public at large. License Bureau's Tangible Results It took time to put the License Bureau's machinery into effective operation. A great many enterprises involving solicitation of funds and therefore subject to the licensing law, were already under way when the law became applicable on July 1, 1917. The License Bureau had to overtake these enterprises, bring them into compliance with the law with as little friction as possible and then apply its regulations to them while it was still in the midst of framing its own regulations and creating the machinery for enforcing them. In these circumstances 69 70 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE it is remarkable that, during its first year, the bureau licensed and supervised the solicitation, collection and administration of war aid and rehef funds amounting to $3,425,662.01. During its second year, although solicitation enterprises diminished in number after the armistice and sharply declined in the spring of 1919, the licensees of the bureau collected an aggregate of $5,415,90378. These figures do not include contributions to certain organizations with headquarters outside of Illinois, which were licensed to solicit in this state, but which did not, in their accounting, separate Illinois receipts from funds collected elsewhere. Therefore, it is a conser\'a- tive estimate to say that the bureau, in two years, licensed and super- vised the collection of considerably more than $10,000,000. Admin- istration and distribution expense of the various funds licensed by the bureau averaged only approximately 10^ per cent. The bureau handled, all told. 1499 applications for licenses and in the two years to July 1, 1919, 1045 enterprises were approved and licensed. It is an interesting fact that licensees of the bureau still have in their possession, and undistributed, funds to the imposing amount of $1,269,590.87. (See Appendix XXXII.) XV WAR RECORDS AND WAR HISTORY The State Council of Defense believes it has completed every definite task committed to it, or undertaken by it, except one ; and completion of that one by a competent agency has been provided for. The Council was so absorbed in the pressing daily work of the war period — the tangible tasks incident to winning the war — that it did not take up creation of adequate machinery for preserving the war records and war history material of the state until late in the Summer of 1918. The subject was brought up at one of the regular weekly meetings of departmental executives and a committee was delegated to investigate the subject. It was decided that the work involved should include much more than a mere collection of dry statistics and obvious war records in detail. As a report of the pre- liminary committee expressed it : "The universal plea of tomorrow will be : 'Tell us about the Great War.' Men and women feeling its results will seek to know its origin, growth and consummation. Materials for the story, if not the story itselt, must be accurate, rich in detail, unbiased and living. The story cannot be fully told in the records of Army and Navy, in national returns on Liberty Loans, or in financial reports. It must be told in human terms — pieced like an old fashioned quilt from the story of service flags. Every clipping from the village newspaper, telling of John Brown's enlistment and the bridging of the gap he left behmd, is an expression of what the war is and means. Pamphlets, pledge cards, proclamations, posters and letters give the record." To give proper dignity and strength to this undertaking, the Coimcil added a War History Committee to its list of standing committees. An Advisory Committee on War History was created to handle the details. The Advisory Committee's work was only well started at armis- tice time. An official bulletm was sent to all of the County Auxiliary Committees, advising them of the Council's purpose in respect to war history materials and laying out for them a working program adaptable to their respective counties and local commtmities. The work was taken up inmiediately in probably one-third of the counties. Another bulletin, similar in purpose, was sent to librarians, educators and all others known to be actively interested in historical research, several thousand in all ; hence, although not all of the county organizations responded, almost every community in the state had notice of what the Council was undertaking to do and had somebody on the ground who could be depended upon to take hold. The Illinois State His- torical Library was of great assistance in these inaugural steps. 71 72 state council of defense Functions Transferred to State Historical Library When the Council's county and other subsidiary organizations were released, the War History Committee was, of course, left without machinery with which to operate. Nevertheless, it is believed the ground work for the collection and preservation of war records and history materials throughout the state had been well laid. Records of the Council itself, now among the archives of the State of Illinois, are, of course, a mine of material bearing upon almost all phases of the war that touched the people of this state. The Illinois State Historical Library, by formal vote of its trus- tees, had already extended co-operation to the Committee and con- sented to act as a central depository for all records and materials that might be collected. Therefore, the Advisory Committee recommended, the Council's committee concurring, that further collection and pres- ervation of war records and war history material be made a function of the Illinois State Historical Library and that the General Assembly be asked to provide whatever funds might be required. The Council is advised that the General Assembly has made an appropriation for this purpose and has provided further appropria- tion for compiling the history of the Thirty-third Division of the National Army, which was in effect an entire division of Illinois troops and which made such a brilliant record in the closing months of the war all along the Allied front from the Meuse River to Belgium. Therefore the Council feels that while the specific task of its War History Committee was not completed, the work which it inaugu- rated was important, was given a good start, and has been left in competent hands. (See Appendix XXXIII.) i XVI NEW LAWS INSPIRED BY THE COUNCIL _ One of the duties imposed upon the Council by the Act creating It was "to recommend to the Governor and the General Assembly laws necessary to the common defense or the public welfare." When actual warfare in Europe ceased, there was no longer occasion or reason for the Council to recommend war measures to the consideration of the General Assembly; but the experience of the Council did suggest the desirability of legislation, for peace time on certain subjects which wartime stress had made conspicuous The conclusions drawn from these experiences were embodied in a reso- lution adopted at the last meeting of the Council for the transaction ot general business, which took place on January 18, 1919. The reso- lution was as follows : ''Whereas one of the duties imposed by law upon tlie State Coun- cil of Defense of Illinois is to recommend the enactment of laws perti- nent to the purposes for which said Council was created. , t',7'''?^u°^\ ^^ ^'" Resolved, That the State Council of Defense of Illinois hereby recommends to the Governor and to the General Assembly of Illinois the enactment of laws necessary to give effect to the following conclusions : ;'l. Because the English language is the common as well as the official language of our country, and because it is essential to good citizenship that each citizen shall have or speedily acquire as his natural tongue, the language in which the laws of the land, the decrees ot the courts and the proclamations and pronouncements of its officials are made, and shall easily and naturally think m the language in which the obligations of his citizenship are defined, it is the sense of this Council that the teaching of the common branches of education fas reading, writing, arithmetic, geography, common grammar and sio'I^ld S7in '?h°%^ .n.theelen.entary grades of all schLls in niinois shnnHK^K 1 English anguage, and that such teaching in English should be by law made obligatory. "2. Because the Americanization of aliens is greatly advanced when they acquire familiarity with the common language of our c^un" try, and because this acquisition of our language is helpful to every individual in every industry and greatly lesrens^iability to accidents It IS the sense of this Council that the general scheme of oublic ednra ^Z^'^'T^^r' }^'\''^'' should, by means of ^venng cases ^ acqi sit?on°°o? The tTu'l ^''^"^^^ ^'^ ^^^^^^^-s'^-S and facilitating after Dass^nJthlLf''' language by aliens who have come here atter^ passing the age of compulsory attendance at school. "3. Because sound bodies contribute to the value of citizenshio essen public susceptibility to diseases of a general charac er and thereby advance the common good by producing a higher stSe of ^ubHc health. It IS the sense of this Council that there fhould be °ncCed m the curriculum of all the elementarv schools of he state courses rZ^n"Au\'T^' '^' P"P'i^ ^^^'''' °f cleanliness, temperance and the Sh l ^°K,^' ^"^ toi^fo.^"! them of the need to maintain the pub c health as an obligation of citizenship. puouc 73 74 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE "4. Because it is highly advisable that each mature citizen of the state shall have some vocation as a means of livelihood, it is the sense of this Council that provision should be made by law for the expansion of vocational training in the schools of the state. "5. Because worthy aid and relief projects, depending for support upon funds secured by public subscription, are prejudiced and damaged by the ease with which fraudulent aid and relief projects can be exploited in normal times, and because it is desirable that funds con- tributed for aid and relief should be used in great part for aid and relief purposes, instead of being diverted to pay extravagant 'com- missions' or wasted in excessive costs of administration, it is the sense of this Council that solicitation of funds by public subscription of every character should be under state supervision and that all un- authorized and unlicensed public solicitation of funds, or the equivalent, should be prohibited under proper penalties." Action by General Assembly This resolution was, by order of the Council, forwarded to the Governor and to the presiding officers of House and Senate of the General Assembly. Bills giving effect to all five recommendations were promptly introduced in the General Assembly and were passed. The Governor promptly approved the bills on the four subjects first named, but (reluctantly, the Council believes) vetoed the fifth. The vetoed bill was intended to make permanent the wholesome supervision over public solicitation of funds and goods which had been exercised by the License Bureau of the State Council of Defense. Unfortunately, the bill was so drawn that many persons who recognized the highly commendable purpose of it yet feared it would interfere unwarrantably with some entirely worthy undertakings, and on that account the Governor withheld his approval. The purpose of the new statutes pertaining to elementary teaching in English and to utilization of public school facilities for teaching the English language to the foreign-born speaks for itself. The need of more attention in the public schools to the subject of personal hygiene was emphasized by the somewhat startling number of physically defective young men disclosed by examinations under the selective service law. The desirability of more attention to vocational training was also emphasized by war experience. The Council is gratified to have been in some measure responsible for the enactment of laws on these subjects. XVII WINDING UP THE COUNCIL ACTIVITIES The reason for existence of the State Council of Defense and the usefuhiess of it did not cease abruptly when the armistice with Ger- many was signed, on November 11, 1918. Throughout the days and weeks of high tension immediately following that event, when the whole world was nervously absorbing the scope and exact meaning of the armistice terms, the Council was needed to hold the civilian lines taut, as the Army and Navy in active service were holding their lines. When it became clear that the armistice amounted to uncon- ditional surrender by Germany, and that active warfare would not and could not be renewed, then reason for continued activity by the Council ended. From the States' Section of the Council of National Defense and from other Washington sources, many suggestions came which looked toward conversion of this and other state councils into peace-time organizations for after-the-war reconstruction. This Council was unable to see the situation in that light. The State Council of Defense of Illinois was created and organized specifically for a war-time purpose. Its state organization was erected to cope with necessities of war time, and no others. The men and women who constituted that organization had been literally enlisted — and even drafted, but drafted with their prompt consent — as for war. The tasks laid upon them had been war tasks. The weight of those tasks, which were never light, had been borne with a willingness and a devotion that only the call of one's country in time of dire war need would inspire. In these circumstances, the Council believed that its duty to the state, to itself, and to the men and women who had worked so faith- fully under it without hope or desire of reward beyond satisfaction in the work itself, clearly lay in "demobilizing" its army at the earliest possible date and in the fullest sense of the term. Consequently, it proceeded to demobilize its organization and to liquidate its business as rapidly as orderly procedure would permit. Council Organizations "Honorably Discharged" Organizations which the State Council had built to do some specific thing for the federal government, of which the Commercial Economy Administration and the Non-War Construction Bureau were conspicu- ous examples, stopped work automatically when the government, soon after the armistice, lifted the restrictions with the execution of which they were concerned. In an official bulletin, issued by the Chairman of the Council and the Chairman of the Counties Auxiliary on December 2, 1918, the state-wide organization by counties was honorably discharged. This 75 76 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE included honorable discharge of county executive committees, county finance committees, county auxiliary committees, and all other repre- sentatives of Council departments and organizations which operated by counties. The Cook County Auxiliary Committee was officially dissolved and its members honorably discharged by an official bulletin issued on December 20, 1918. The Committee on Military Affairs, Local and State Defense, closed up its work and turned over all organizations under its direction to the Adjutant General's office on December 31, 1918. The Woman's Committee terminated its operations as a subsidiary of the State Council of Defense early in January, 1919, but continued to function in connection with certain phases of reconstruction work as the Illinois Division of the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense. The speakers' bureau of the Woman's Committee took over the records and files of the Unified Bureau of Public Speakers of the Council, which ceased operations on January 15, 1919. The Publicity Department continued publication of the State Coun- cil News until December 13, 1918, as a means of carrying the Coun- cil's various steps in liquidation to the organization throughout the state. To discharge a similar purpose in respect to the entire popula- tion, the Department's news and editorial service to the daily and weekly newspapers was continued until February 8, 1919. All other auxiliary and subsidiary organizations of the Council ceased work and wound up affairs in hand as the Council itself terminated, one by one, all of its war-time activities. One Meeting and Then — Finis The headquarters of the Council, at 120 West Adams Street, Chicago, was closed on February 15, 1919, by order of the Council voted at the meeting held on January 18, 1919, which was the last meeting of the Comicil for the transaction of general business. There- after, a skeleton organization was maintained at 72 West Adams Street, Chicago, to care for uncompleted minor details of Council business, and to answer questions, the public having acquired the habit during the life of the Council of coming to it for information on every conceivable subject directly or indirectly pertaining to the war. The License Bureau of the Council was continued in full opera- tion when all other activities were suspended, because it filled a real need in the state, pending the expected enactment of legislation trans- ferring its powers and functions to some department of state govern- ment. The bill for that purpose having failed to become a law, as described in the preceding chapter, the License Bureau continued to function during the life of the Council itself. When this report was written, the State Council of Defense of Illinois was practically a liquidated concern. Its official life could not be ended under the terms of the Act by which it was created prior to issuance of the official peace proclamation by the President of the United States. W^hen that proclamation was issued, the Council met in formal session, transferred its official records to the keeping of the state and adjourned sine die. APPENDIX I A BILL For an Act to establish a state council of defense, and making an appropriation therefor. Section I. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, represented in the General Assembly : There is hereby established a State Council of Defense. §2. The State Council of Defense shall consist of fifteen persons who shall be appointed by the Governor and with the advice and consent of the Senate. Their term of office shall be for the duration of the war in which the United States is now engaged, and no longer. The Governor shall designate the membef who shall act as chairman. §3. The members of the State Council of Defense shall be appointed with reference to their special knowledge of labor, industries, public utilities, the development of natural resources, sanitation, finance, transportation, or some other subject matter relating to National or State defense. §4. It shall be the duty of the State Council of Defense : (1) To co-operate with and assist the Council of National Defense in the execution of the duties prescribed by an Act of Congress of the United States approved August 29, 1916, entitled, "An Act making appropriations for the sup- port of the army for the fiscal year ending June thirtieth, nineteen hundred and seventeen and for other purposes," or any Act amendatory thereof or sup- plemental or additional thereto; (2) To co-operate with councils of defense in other states in so far as such co-operation is in harmony with the policies of the Council of National Defense; (3) To carry out within the State of Illinois such plans of national defense as are mutually agreed upon between it and the Council of National Defense; (4) To recommend to the Governor and to the General Assembly the enact- ment of such laws as are, in its judgment, necessary, in time of war, to the com- mon defense or the public welfare. §5. The State Council of Defense shall have power: (1) To adopt rules for its internal government and procedure; (2) To form advisory and other committees outside of its membership; (3) To organize subordinate bodies for its assistance in special investiga- tions ; (4) To appoint, without reference to the State civil service law, experts, stenographers and clerks and to fix their compensation ; (5) To make full investigation as to all questions directly or indirectly relating to or bearing upon the powers or duties vested in it by this Act, and to subpoena witnesses and to require their testimony and to compel the production of account books and files and all papers and documents relevant to any investi- gation or matter which may be under consideration by it. §6. The members of the State Council of Defense shall serve without compensation, but the actual and necessary expenses of the members thereof, incurred in tlie discharge of duties under this Act, shall be a proper and legiti- mate charge against the appropriation hereinafter made. 77 78 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE §7. All officers, departments, institutions and agencies of the State gov- ernment, and all local and municipal officers, shall co-operate with and render such aid and assistance as the State Council of Defense may require. §8. The Secretary of State shall provide the State Council of Defense with suitably furnished rooms in the capitol. The Superintendent of Printing or the Department of Public Works and Buildings after July 1, 1917, shall fur- nish it with all necessary printing, binding, stationery and office supplies. §9. In case of the refusal of any person to comply with any subpoena issued hereunder or to testify to any matter regarding which he may be inter- rogated or to produce account books, files, papers and documents relative to any investigation being conducted by the State Council of Defense, any circuit court of this State, or any judge thereof, either in term time or in vacation, upon the application of the State Council of Defense, or any member thereof, shall issue an order requiring such person to comply with such subpoena, or to testify, or to produce account books, files, papers and documents, or either, and any failure to obey such order of the court, or judge thereof, may be punished by the court as a contempt of court. §10. The sum of fifty thousand dollars is hereby appropriated for the purpose of carrying out the provisions of this Act. The Auditor of Public Accounts shall draw his warrant for the sum hereby appropriated upon the pre- sentation of vouchers certified to by the chairman of the State Council of Defense and approved by the Governor. §11. Whereas, an emergency exists, therefore this Act shall take eiTect from and after its passage. Approved by the Governor, May 2, 1917. APPENDIX II Resolution by the State Council of Defense on the Death OF John P. Hopkins John P. Hopkins, member and Secretary of the State Council of Defense of IlHnois from its organization, passed away on Sunday, October 13, 1918. To his fellow members of the Council his death was a tre- mendous shock. Each and all feel that thereby the public service of America and the War service of Illinois have suffered a heavy loss. His devoted energy, his splendid intelligence and his clean, vnifailing, unwavering patriotism were given to the service of the Council in unstinted measure. It was characteristic of the man that he should regard service to his State and his Country as the most compelling obligation of his life, and that in the performance of that service he would give his utmost powers, disregarding health, personal comfort and personal interest. By the death of John P. Hopkins, the members of this Council have lost more than an ardent, resourceful fellow-worker; each has lost also a friend whose counsel was wise, whose companion- ship was wholesome, enlightening and enjoyable, and whose de- pendability was unquestioned under all circumstances ; Therefore, it is resolved, by the State Council of Defense of Illinois, that Illinois and America should revere the memory of John P. Hopkins as one who served his State and his Country with an undivided heart, with a clean soul and with all his strength, even unto his death ; and that this Council, in continuing its work, will keep always in mind the spirit, the devotion and the sacrifice of John P. Hopkins, as the highest testimonial which we, the members of the Council can make to his worth and character. 79 APPENDIX III RULES, OFFICERS AND STANDING COMMITTEES OF THE STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE OF ILLINOIS The report of the State Council's Special Committee on Rules, etc., which was adopted at the second meeting of said Council on May 12, 1917, provided for officers and standing committees, and prescribed their duties, as follows : Officers and Assistants There shall be a Chairman, Vice-Chairman, Treasurer and Secretary of the Council. The Chairman is designated as such by the Governor from among the members of the Council. The Vice-Chairman, Secretary and Treasurer shall be members of the Council, shall be elected by the Council on May 12, 1917, and shall hold office at the pleasure of the Council. Vacancies may be filled at any time by the Council. The Council or the chairman shall from time to time appoint such assistant officers, experts, stenographers, clerks and employees as the Council or chairman may deem proper. Unless the Council or chairman shall otherwise designate in writing at the time of their appointment, such assistant officers, experts, stenographers, clerks and employees shall be employed for no particular period of time. All said assistant officers, experts, stenographers, clerks and employees may be discharged, removed or suspended at any time by the Council or chairman. Duties of Officers The Chairman of the Council shall have the general supervision and manage- ment of the business and affairs of the Council and of the assistant officers and employees thereof, but subject always to the direction and control of the Council. The Chairjnan shall preside at all meetings of the Council and shall be ex-officio a member of all the committees hereinafter named. He shall have such other powers and discharge such other duties as may from time to time be prescribed by the Council. The Vice-Chairman shall have all the powers and discharge all of the duties of the Chairman in case of the death, sickness, absence or inability to act of the Chairman. He shall have such other powers and discharge such other duties as may from time to time be prescribed by the Council. The Treasurer shall be the custodian of all moneys that come into his possession, custody and control as Treasurer, and he shall pay out and disburse the same upon vouchers signed by the Chairman. He shall have the right to himself select and appoint an assistant, but the Treasurer shall be responsible for such assistant. The Treasurer shall give such bond for the faithful discharge of his duties as the Council may prescribe. He shall discharge all the duties and have all the powers usually pertaining to such an officer, and shall have such other powers and discharge such other duties as may from time to time be pre- scribed by the Council. The Secretary shall be the official custodian of the corporate records and seal of the Council, and shall discharge all the duties and have all the powers usually pertaining to such an office. He shall have such other powers and dis- charge such other duties as may from time to time be prescribed by the Council. All assistant officers and employees of the Council shall discharge such duties as may from time to time be prescribed by the Council or the Chairman. Committees and Their Powers The Council shall appoint from its own members, on May 12, 1917, Commit- tees of three members each (all of whom shall serve without compensation) as follows : 80 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 81 Auditing Committee — This Committee shall audit and pass upon all accountf for expenses and dishursements, and discharge all other duties usually apper- taining to such a Committee. Co-Ordination of Societies CoiiiDiittec — The function of this Committee shall be the co-ordination with the Council of the activities of all bodies pursuing purposes in the State of Illinois that come within the field of the Council. Food, Fuel and Conservation Committee* — The production, conservation, supply, distribution, transportation and price of food, fuel and other basic com- modities, the avoidance of waste, and all other allied subjects are assigned to this Committee. Industrial Survey Committee — The purposes of this Committee are, to make a survey of the manufacturing and industrial plants in Illinois and to supplement the industrial survey in Illinois of the Council of National Defense. The survey of this Committee shall be broad enough in scope to include all industries effective for war purposes. This Committee shall also have such other powers as pertain to allied subjects. Labor Committee — This Committee is concerned with the supply, distribution and welfare of labor. Law and Legislation Committee — This Committee shall have charge of all matters of law and legislation pertaining to the Council or pertaining to the Council in its relations to or in co-ordination with the Council of National Defense and the Councils of Defense of other States. This Committee will advise the Council and all of its Committees on all legal and legislative matters. Military Affairs and State and Local Defense Committee — The primary duty of this Committee will be to co-operate with the Federal Government in the creation of a National Army. It shall also deal with whatever National Guard, State Guard, Militia, Provisional or volunteer military organizations that are at present created or may be authorized. It shall also, in co-operation with the Federal Government, concern itself with aiding in recruiting and assisting in the selecting and procuring of camp sites and facilities. This committee shall also be concerned with the keeping of a watchful over- sight upon all important points of possible danger to the State, with the idea of planning and providing necessary military or civil protection. The Committee shall also deal with all allied matters pertaining to the National, State and local defense. Publicity Committee — All matters of publicity pertaining to the Council, and all other allied subjects, are assigned to this Committee. Sanitation, Medicine and Public Health Committee — This Committee shall deal with all matters relating to hygiene, medicine, sanitation and public health. Survey of Man Power Committee — This Committee shall, in co-operation with or supplemental to, the Federal Government, deal with the method of registration and ascertainment of the man-power of the State. Women's Organizations Committee — The function of this Committee shall be the co-ordination and utilization of women's organizations working in fields similar to those of the Council. General Powers and Duties of Committees In order to assist said Committees in performing their functions, each of said Committees is empowered, by and with the consent and approval of the Council, to appoint or organize assisting Committees or sub-Committees com- posed of persons outside of the members of the Council. All members of said assisting or sub-Committees shall serve without compensation. The work, activities, reports and conclusions of all officers, committees, advisory committees, assisting committees or sub-committees shall be subject to the final control and supervision of the Council and shall not represent or be binding upon the Council until approved by it. When the Federal Fuel Administration established control over all fuel matters, the name of this Committee was changed by amendment of the Rules to: "Food Production and Conservation Committee." 82 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Officers Elected and Committees Appointed In pursuance of the foregoing provisions under the head of "Officers and Assistants," officers of tlie Council were installed on May 12, 1917, and com- mittees were appointed (then and afterward), as follows: OFFICERS Chairman Samuel Insull Vice-Chairman B. F. Harris Secretary John P. Hopkins* Treasurer J. Ogden Armour committees Auditing Industrial Survey David E. Shanahan, Chairman John P. Hopkins*, Chairman John H. Walker John A. Spoor John P. Hopkms* Victor A. Olander Co-Ordination of Societies Fred W. Upham, Chairman Labor Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen John H. Walker, Chairman John H. Walker John H. Harrison Food, Fuel and Conservation"^ ^'■- ^rank Billings J. Ogden Armour, Chairman John A. Spoor Sanitation, Medicine and Public Health B. F. Harris t-, t7 r> ^r • Dr. I^rank Billings, Chairman Law and Legislation Charles H. Wacker Levy Mayer, Chairman Fred W. Upham John G. Oglesby David E. Shanahan e x t\j n ciurvey of Man Power Military Affairs and State and Local Victor A. Olander, Chairman T r r^ J-'<^tense j^^^^ -^ Harrison John G. Oglesby, Chairman y~, , tt -iir i Dr. Frank Billings Charles H. Wacker David E. Shanahan ^ ,,. . Woman's Organisations Publicity Samuel Insull, Chairman Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen, Chairman John H. Harrison Charles H. Wacker Victor A. Olander Fred W. Upham War History Committeet Samuel Insull, Chairman Charles H. Wacker Roger C. Sullivan John H. Walker Victor A. Olander •Mr. John P. Hopkins died on October 13, 1918. To fill the vacancy thus cre- ated, Governor Lowden appointed Mr. Roger C. Sullivan on October 23, 1918. Mr. Sullivan assumed his duties at the meeting of the Council held October 25, and was elected Secretary of the Council and assigned to the committeeships for- merly held by Mr. Hopkins. tChanged to Food Production and Conservation Committee, as previously noted. JAdded to list of standing committees by amendment of the rules. Assistant Secretary Provided To organize the office and working force, the Council, on May 19, 1917, elected Mr. E. W. Lloyd Assistant Secretary. Mr. Lloyd continued in this position until he was appointed executive head of the Non-War Construction Bureau on September 17, 1918. Mr. George F. Mitchell was elected Assistant Secretary of the Council on October 4, 1918, and served in that capacity until the Council was dissolved. APPENDIX IV FINAL REPORT OF THE COUNTIES AUXILIARY AND NEIGHBOR- HOOD COMMITTEE OF THE STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE February 5, 1919. To the State Council of Defense: Pursuant to your instructions, herewith is presented the final report of the Counties Auxiliary and the Neighborhood Committee of the State Council of Defense of IlHnois. The Counties Auxiliary Organized on October 1, 1917, with Mr. F. W. Butterworth of Danville as Chairman (resigned May 3, 1918, to handle certain technical industrial problems for the federal government), and Mr. Walter S. Brewster of Chicago as Secretary — and the Neighborhood Committee — organized about the middle of September, 1917, with Mr. Harold L. Ickes as Chairman, Mr. George W. Perkins, Vice-Chairman, and Mr. L. E. Myers, Secretary — were consolidated on or about May 1, 1918. Since that time they have been conducted in this ofhce as a single department with Mr. Walter S. Brewster as Chairman, and Messrs. Emerson B. Tuttle and Secor Cunningham as Secretaries. The process of con- solidation in the several counties of the state has been carried on as rapidly as possible and has resulted, in a considerable number of the counties, in central- izing the control of the various activities in the County Executive Committee. Organization of County Auxiliary Committees The Counties Auxiliary started its work by organizing in each county of the state a County Auxiliary Committee consisting of four men and one woman, the latter in every case being the County Chairman of the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense. A little later a representative of Industrial Labor was added to the County Auxiliary Committee in those counties where there are any important industries. Duties of the County Auxiliary Committees The duties of the County Auxiliary Committee were to carry out in its own territory such work of the State Council of Defense as was not specifically delegated to some other organization; to make a survey of county condition! from time to time as directed and to co-operate with all other committees, assisting them in their work wherever it might be necessary. One of the most important duties assigned to this Committee was to assist in organizing various specialized committees of the State Council and some of the Federal Activities. Direction Bulletins The County Auxiliary Committees have received their instructions from this ofifice in the form of Direction Bulletins which have dealt with a great variety of subjects as is indicated in the following Index of Bulletins sent out. A^o. I — Duties and General Instructions — This had to do purely with organi- zation matters, and gave instructions as to the organization of the County Auxiliary Committee. No. 2 — Neighborhood Sub-Committees — Requested nominations from which the executive officers of the Neighborhood Committee might select their County Chairmen. No. 3 — Second Liberty Loan — Instructed the County Auxiliary Committees to give all possible assistance to the Liberty Loan Organization which operated under the jurisdiction of the Federal Reserve Bank. 83 84 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE No. 4 — Instructing the County Auxiliary Committees to Assist in the Organi- sation of the County Committee of the Food, Fuel and Conservation Committee (now known as the Food Production and Conservation Committee). No. 5 — Publicity — Instructing the County Auxiliary Committees to organize a County Publicity Committee in conjunction with the newspapers of the county. No. 6 — Industrial Labor — Instructing the County Auxiliary Committee to nominate suitable representatives of Industrial Labor to serve on the committee. No. 7 — Requesting Advice — To the Federal Fuel Administrator as to the personnel of his organization in the several counties. No. 8 — Loyalty — Requesting information as to any communities or indi- viduals suspected of disloyal or Pro-German sentiments. No. 9 — Meetings — Instructions as to the holding of meetings of the various committees. No. 10 — Foreign Population Survey — Requested reports on colonies of foreign populations, and information as to their leaders, etc. No. II — Relations With District Fuel Administration Committee — Request- ing assistance of the County Auxiliary Committee in financing the expenses of the local Fuel Administrators. No. 12 — Requesting Bi-Weekly Reports— On general conditions in the county on blanks furnished by this office. No. IS — General County Organisation — Instructions as to the formation of County Executive Committee, and enclosing Organization Chart. No. 14 — Requesting County Auxiliary Committees to provide clerical assist- ance for the Local Draft Boards. No. 15 — Co-operative Delivery — Urging the organization of Co- Operative Delivery Systems by the merchants in small and medium sized cities and towns in accordance with the recommendation of the Commercial Economy Board of the Council of National Defense. No. 16 — Requesting the donation of Spyglasses, Binoculars and Telescopes for the use of the Navy. No. 17 — Survey of Factory Waste — Requesting a survey of the reclamation and disposal of waste materials in the industrial establishments. No. 18 — War Conference — Invitation to members of the County Com- mittees to attend a War Conference which was held in Chicago on January 14 and IS, 1918. No. 18-A — Supplementary instructions on the War Conference. No. ig — Raihvay Car Service — Contained advice to shippers and consignees designed to relieve the strain on our railroad transportation. No. 20 — Enrollment Agents for United States Public Service Reserve — Instructing the County Committees to assist in enlisting men for the various mechanical departments in the Army. No. 21 — Illinois Thrift Week — February 3-10, 19 18 — Urging the County Committees to assist the county chairmen of the War Savings Committee in their work. No. 22 — April 6th — "Illinois Flag Day" — With instructions for patriotic observance on this day. No. 2S — Assistance to Draft Boards— Again asking for clerical assistance to the Local Draft Boards for the transcription and transmittal of occupational cards. No. 24 — War Business Conference — Asking information with reference to manufacturing plants now producing war materials, and a survey of the unused industrial facilities of the state which might be used for the production of war materials. Bulletins to a Mailing List of About 1,450 In addition to the Bulletins addressed specifically to the County Auxiliary Committees, this department has prepared and sent out, not only to the Auxiliary Committees, but also to the county chairmen of all of the other committees of STATE COUNCIL OP DEFENSE 85 the State Council and of the various co-operating Federal Agencies, Bulletins of instruction over the signature of the Chairman of the State Council of Defense; or in other words, to all the members of the County Executive Com- mittee, a mailing list of about fourteen hundred and fifteen names. iVo. / — County Finance Committee — Giving instructions for the formation in each county of the state of a committee which should be the permanent county organization for the raising and collection of all money for war purposes, which organizations would be available to undertake the money raising campaigns for the American Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., Liberty Loans, and in fact all of the duly recognized war relief activities. No. 2 — Red Cross Membership Campaign — Urging all of the State Coun- cil War Workers throughout the state to assist in the American Red Cross Membership Campaign. No. 3 — IVar Relief — Outlining the activities and scope of the American Red Cross, and the plan of co-operation of the State Council Organization with the Red Cros s and the general conditions governing the solicitation of funds for War Relief by individuals or societies and the licensing thereof. N'o. 4 — Campaign for Salvation Army War Work — Urging the assistance of all State Council workers to the Salvation Army in its campaign for funds for war work. No. 5 — Income Tax Schedules — Urging the filing of income tax schedules during the week, February 18th to 23rd, 1918, in order to relieve the strain on the collector's office. No. 6 — Official United States War Moving Pictures — Giving information as to the showing of the Moving Pictures prepared by the Committee on Public Information in Washington, put out in tue State of Illinois by the State Council of Defense. The State Council acquired from the Committee on Public Informa- tion in the early part of 1918, live sets of moving picture reels, graphically depicting activities in our training camps. These were exhibited in Chicago, Evanston and in twenty-tive counties throughout the state and are still being shown. The pictures were put out primarily for educational purposes and to enable parents and friends to see the soldiers and sailors in preparation for the army and navy. A small admission fee was charged, about sufficient to pay expenses and a little more, thus helping to defray current running expenses of the county organizations. Under the direct supervision of the State Council, "Pershing's Cru- saders," another War Picture, was exhibited for two weeks at Orchestra Hall. Eleven organizations engaged in war relief work were allowed to retain one- third the proceeds of all tickets sold by them. The plan was a success and the result was a substantial sum to each organization. No. 7 — War Garden Alovonent — Instructing our County Committees to co-operate with and assist in the work of the Food Production and Conserva- tion Committee in promoting the War Garden Movement. N'o. 8 — Necessity for Complete County Organization — Urging the perfecting and completing of the organization of the State Council in every county, and suggesting that those persons who have been appointed on these com- mittees, who cannot devote sufficient time to effectively perform their duties, should resign, giving way to some one who will carry on the work effectively. No. 9 — Third United States Government Liberty Loan — Calling upon every member of every committee in the State Council in each county to assist in the flotation of this loan. Letters have been received from officials of Liberty Loan Campaign organ- ization expressing their appreciation of assistance given by the State Council organization. No. 10 — Legal Advisory Board — Instructions as to the formation of Legal Advisory Committees in each county, to advise drafted men as to their legal rights before entering into service. No. II — Tuberculosis War Problem — Instructions as to formation of Medi- cal Committees in each county to deal with this important subject. 86 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE No. 12 — Illinois IVar Sewings Pledge JVcck — Urging co-operation with the War Savings Committee in carrying on this campaign. No. IS — Educational Week — May nth to iStli, Inclusive — This campaign carried on in co-operation with the Educational Institutions of the state was for the purpose of encouraging the young people to continue their studies until such time as the Government shall call for their services. No. 14 — Red Cross Campaign Week — May 20th to May 27th — Urging full co-operation with the American Red Cross in its second War Fund Campaign. Red Cross War Fund officials have assured us that the assistance of our County Committees has been of great value. No. 15 — Coal Week — June 3rd to 8th — Setting forth the program adopted by the Illinois Fuel Administrator with reference to the coal problem, for the purpose of preventing a coal famine during the coming winter. No. 16 — Meetings for Drafted Men — With instructions as to the holding of meetings for drafted men under the auspices of the Legal Advisory Boards, Medical Advisory Committees, and Red Cross Home Service Section. No. 17 — Recruits for the U. S. Marine Corps — Urging the assistance of our County Organizations in recruiting men for the United States Marine Corps. A^o. iS — Independence Dav Celebration — Stating the resolution passed by the STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE with reference to the observance of the Fourth of July, and recommendation for the celebration thereof. No. ig — National War Savings Day — June 28, 1918 — Urging the co-operation with the War Savings Committee in the sale of War Savings and Thrift Stamps. Questionnaires — On April 5th a questionnaire was sent out to all County Auxiliary Committees requesting information as to organization. On June 24th a questionnaire requesting information as to assistance given by Legal Advisory and Medical Committees for drafted men was sent out. No. 20 — Curtailment of Unnecessary Enterprises: Thrift and Economy — ■ Urging County Committees to co-operate with War Industries Board in cur- tailing construction not actually essential for the winning of the war. No. 21 — Proposed War Conference — A canvass of the county committees regarding members that could be counted on to attend a proposed War Con- ference some time in November. No. 22 — Conservation of the Business Interests of the Men with the Colors — Requesting the County Executive Committees to enlist the co-operation of the public in protecting the business interests of men in the service. No. 23 — Co.Ordination — Transmitting the wish of President Wilson that all war activities, federal and otherwise, utilize the State Council system rather than to extend their own organizations or form new ones. Suggesting that any members of committees who cannot devote the necessary time to carry on the work successfully, should resign and give way to some one who can. No. 24 — Alien Enemy Property — Enlisting aid for the Alien Property Cus- todian in locating alien enemy property. No. 25 — Commercial Economy Administration — Asking for the recommenda- tions of the County Executive Committees for County Administrators for the Commercial Economy Administration, a new department created by the State Council of Defense. No. 26 — Discouraging the E.rchange of Liberty Bonds for Merchandise and Other Securities. _ No. 27~C hautauquas—A general commendation of the patriotic service which is being performed by Chautauquas. No. 28 — Registration Day — Urging County Committees to give the widest possible publicity to Registration Day, and to do everything in their power to make it a day of patriotic demonstration. No. 29 — Notice of Organization of a Non-War Construction Bureau — And request for the nomination of three men in each county to serve in the committee. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 87 No. 30 — Highways Transport Committee — Notice of the creation of this committee and request for recommendations for district, division, and county chairmen. No. 31 — The Development of Neighborhood Auxiliaries — Requesting the enlarging of the Neighborhood Committees into Neighborhood Auxiliaries, in order to co-ordinate the war work in the community on the same plan as the Executive Committees in the county, and in order to bring every man, woman and child to take an active part in war work. No. 32 — United War Work Campaign — November 11 to iS, 1918 — Urging the co-operation of county committees in making this campaign a success. No. 33 — "Stay on the Job" — Urging County Committees to maintain their organization regardless of the signing of the armistice, and to be prepared for any tasks which may be assigned to them. No. 34 — War History Committee — Requesting recommendations for mem- bership in the War History Committee, and outlining the procedure for the collection and preservation of the materials of war history. No. 35 — Apprehension of Deserters — Asking assistance for the War De- partment in the apprehension of deserters. No. 36 — Honorable Discharge to County Committees — Disbanding the County Executive, Auxiliary, Finance and Neighborhood Committees, the Non- War Construction Bureau, and Commercial Economy Administration. Questionnaire — Sent to the Chairman of the Executive and Finance Com- mittees requesting information regarding the organization, personnel and ef- ficiency of the Finance Committees, as the United War Work Campaign Com- mittee wished to use these committees in making their drive, wherever they were equipped to do so. In addition to the Bulletins, circular letters were sent out from time to time, among which were the following : Liberty Chorus and Community Singing — On August 8th we sent out cir- cular letters to our neighborhood chairmen requesting their co-operation with the County Chairmen of the Women's Committee in organizing Liberty Choruses and promoting Community Singing. Grozv More Wheat — On August 16th we sent out circular letters enclosing pamphlets of the Food Production and Conservation Committee on_ "Grow More Wheat" and requesting the co-operation of the Executive Committees in promoting this propaganda. United War Work Campaign — On September 18th we sent out a letter to the Executive Committee Chairman in each county inviting him to attend a conference in Chicago on September 24th and 25th to represent War Camp Community Service in making plans for the United War Work Campaign. Feed Your Garden Now — On October 6th, 1918, we sent a circular letter_ to our Neighborhood Committee Chairmen with instructions to use his organization in distributing "Feed Your Garden Now" circulars for the Food Production and Conservation Committee. Workers for Munition Plants— On October 6th, 1918, we sent out to E.xecu- tive Committees circular letter containing copy of telegram from Chairman of Field Division of the Council of National Defense asking for assistance in recruiting workers for munition plants. War Risk Insurance Frauds — On October 10th, 1918, we sent out circular letters enclosing bulletin from the Bureau of War Risk Insurance, to the Execu- tive Committee Chairmen, asking for assistance in stamping out frauds in con- nection with claims for allotments and allowances. CO-ORDINATION OF WaR WoRK BY CoUNTIES AUXILIARY From the above list of subjects dealt with by this department, it will be seen that the State Council of Defense delegated to the Counties Auxil- iary the duty of co-ordinating the work of all of its various departments and bringing about harmonious co-operation with all of the various War <55 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Activities, whether under State or Federal auspices. The most effective means employed in such co-ordination has been the formation of the County Executive Committees and County Finance Committees. Personnel of the County Executive Committees The County Executive Committee in each county consisted of the chair- men of the several committees of the State Council of Defense and of the Federal activities; in some counties there were also included the chairmen of local voluntary organizations which were efficiently carrying on some branch of war work. A typical committee consisted of the following : Chairman of County Auxiliary Committee (State Council). Labor Representative of County Auxiliary Committee (State Council) Chairman, Woman's Committee (State Council). Chairman, Neighborhood Committee (State Council). (NOTE — In a number of counties the County Auxiliary and Neigh- borhood Committee had been consolidated under one chairman.) Chairman, Finance Committee (State Council). Chairman, Food Production and Conservation Committee (State Council). Chairman, Publicity Committee (State Council). Chairman, Legal Advisory Board (State Council). Director, U. S. Boys' Working Reserve (Federal). Chairman, Liberty Loan Organization (Federal) Chairman, War Savings Committee (Federal). Administrator, Federal Food Administration (Federal). Chairman, Red Cross (Federal). Administrator, U. S. Fuel Administration (Federal). Chairman, Y. M. C. A. Chairman, Knights of Columbus. Relation of County Auxiliary Commitee to Executive Committee It will be noted from the above list that the chairman of the County Auxiliary Committee, the labor representative and the chairman of the Woman's Committee all became members of the County Executive Committee when it was organized, and therefore the work which had heretofore been done by the County Auxiliary Committee was in most instances taken over by the County Executive Committee. Functions of Executive Committee While the functions of the County Executive Committee were purely ad- visory and consultive, it has acted as a clearing house for all of the various war activities in the county, has minimized duplication of effort and expense, has prevented conflict of authority between committees, and has brought about a high standard of co-operation between the State Council of Defense and the various federal activities. From the very nature of things it has enjoyed great prestige and its authority has been recognized by the public. While co-ordinating the work of all the various committees, the Executive Commit- tee has not assumed executive jurisdiction over its constituent committees which have continued to receive their orders from and report to their state executive officers. The County Executive Committee, as such, was instructed to report direct to the Chairman of the State Council of Defense. The duties of organization and routine of management and correspondence were delegated by the Chairman of the State Council to the Counties Auxiliary and Neigh- borhood Committee department, and those matters are therefore included in this report. Classification of County Executive Committees According to our records the County Executive Committee has been organ- ized and the chairman and secretary selected, in seventy-eight (78) counties; of these twenty (20) may be classified as Tiaving carried on their work with a particularly high standard of efficiency; in thirty-eight (38) counties the work STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 89 has been carried on well, but with a looser organization and a lower standard of co-operation ; the remaining twenty (20) counties have not been so well organized, and while specific tasks have been well performed, reports to this office do not indicate a very high standard of efficiency. Functions of County Finance Committees The County Finance Committees were designed to co-ordinate the money raising campaigns for all of the Major War Activities, and as a permanent organization their records of contributions to the various funds were available for each successive campaign, wherever they functioned properly. It was not the intention to interfere with the work of any of the accredited organizations, but ratlier to be of the utmost possible assistance to all of them, for it seemed evident that by merging the interests of all and placing at their disposal one efficient organization, larger amounts of money could be raised with very much less effort and expense and with less confusion and annoyance to the public. Classification of County Finance Committees Our County Finance Committees completed their organization, more or less raising campaigns for all of the major war activities, and as a permanent efficiently, in seventy-seven {IT) counties and these counties have taken an active part in tlie various financial campaigns for Liberty Loans, Red Cross, Salva- tion Army, War Camp Commamity Service, United War Work Fund, etc., and have done excellent service. Letters have been received from the Seventh Federal Reserve Director of Sales of the Liberty Loan Organization, the State Directors of the Red Cross, Salvation Army, War Camp Community Service and the United War Work Campaigns, expressing their appreciation of the assistance given in these campaigns by our Finance Committees. Treatment of Delinquents by Finance Committees Various methods of organization were adopted in the several counties and the policies pursued in following up those who failed to subscribe or who made inadequate subscriptions varied considerably. Some of the most interesting methods have been — - (a) "Flying Squadrons" which went about the county and inter- viewed the delinquents. (b) "Boards of Review" which called before them the individual and discussed with him the failure to subscribe the amount at wliich he had been rated. (c) The policy of accepting from the subscriber his "assessed quota" in full or not at all. (d) Publishing in the local press the full list of subscribers, thus show- ing up the slackers by a process of elimination. (e) One county during the Liberty Loan Campaign summoned to a large mass meeting all delinquents and also invited to that meeting a con- siderable number of patriotic citizens who had made adequate subscriptions. Patriotic and educational speeches were delivered by high grade speakers and those in attendance at the meeting were urged to place their ^subscrip- tions. This meeting resulted in a very considerable subscription by those who had not previously subscribed. (f) Two counties erected "Slacker Boards" on which were to be posted publicly the names of delinquents. We are advised that a very small number of names were ever posted, but the effect on public opinion in the counties was far from good. (g) Local committees in a number of counties have reported to this office the names of alleged slackers and we have written letters to these individuals calling to their attention their duties and responsibilities as patriotic citizens, reminding them that their refusal to contribute had created an antagonistic sentiment in the community against them and urg- ing them to clear their record by an adequate subscription. 5 V 90 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE This office whenever consulted has discouraged policies of compulsion and has urged that educational methods be used. For the most part our County Finance Committees have operated very successfully and have been wisely and efficiently administered. There have been a few instances of the assumption of undue authority and the use of too drastic methods. I am gratified to report that these instances have been few in number and have not had a serious effect. The War Chest Plan for Money Raising In spite of the disapproving attitude of the State Council of Defense toward the War Chest idea, seven counties in the state adopted the War Chest plan throughout the county, and local War Chests were established in a consider- able number of cities and townships in other counties. The administration of the War Chests has m the main been fairly satisfactory, but I am more than ever convinced that the early ending of the war saved many of them from difiticulties which might have proved insurmountable. Injustices have undoubtedly been done to many of the Allied Relief organizations and the smaller war charities which did not operate under Federal auspices. So far as I am informed the War Chests have all fulfilled their obligations to the various national war activi- ties, such as Red Cross, United War Work Fund, etc. In connection with the work of the County Finance Committees in the earlier months of our organization there was considerable dissatisfaction with the methods of assignment of county quotas for the various financial cam- paigns, and no uniform method of assignment had been adopted. Through the summer, therefore, the Chairman of your committee devoted a considerable amount of time to working out a basis for the assignment of quotas which should be just and equitable to all counties. Mr. Jonathan B. Cook, a Certified Public Accountant of Chicago, volunteered his services in this connection and as a result of his efforts a plan was worked out which has proven eminently satisfactory. This plan was adopted by the United War Work Executive Com- mittee and as a result I have heard not a single complaint as to the quota assigned to any county in the state. Organization of Legal Advisory Boards Instructions from the Council of National Defense, in the form of Bulle- tin No. 84, dated February 4th, 1918, were received requesting that a local Legal Advisory Board be formed in connection with each county organization sub- ordinate to the Illinois State Council of Defense for the purpose in general of giving free legal advice to the drafted men and in particular to advise them as to their rights and duties under the Selective Service Law ; to explain to them the benefits of the war risk insurance ; the allotment of soldiers' and sailors' pay; to explain the Soldiers' and Sailors' Relief Act, and to give such other legal advice as might be required. Pursuant to such instructions a comprehensive legal booklet was prepared and sent in large numbers to the county organizations together with the State Council's Bulletin No. 10, instructing them as to the formation of their Legal Advisory Boards, setting forth thefr duties and advising them that it was of primary importance that each drafted man be notified that he might receive free legal advice touching his rights and duties as a soldier or sailor. Legal Advisory Boards Organized in 90 Counties The State Council's instructions to its county organizations received hearty and speedy co-operation with the result that out of one hundred and one (101) counties, exclusive of Cook County, ninety (90) counties formed such Boards, reporting the same to the State Council of Defense at Chicago, giving the name of their Chairman. These Legal Advisory Boards have ably performed such duties as they were requested to. Consolidation of Neighborhood Committee and Counties Auxiliary The Neighborhood Committee was fully organized about the middle of September, 1917, with Mr. Harold L. Ickes as Chairman; Mr. George W. Per- kins, Vice-Chairman, and Mr. L. E. Myers, Secretary. During the latter part STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 91 of April, 1918, Mr. Harold L. Ickes, resigned as Chairman of the Neighbor- hood Committee to accept an important position with the Y. M. C. A. work in England and France. About this time Mr. F. W. Butterworth, Chairman of the Counties Auxiliary also resigned to devote all his time to Government work in his own business organization. The resignation of these two gentlemen who had so ably conducted the work of their respective departments from their inception seemed to the State Council of Defense to be an opportune time to consolidate the executive offices of the two committees. Mr. Walter S. Brewster, formerly Secretary of the Counties Auxiliary, was, therefore, ap- pointed as Chairman of the Counties Auxiliary and of the Neighborhood Com- mittee; Mr. Emerson B. Tuttle being appointed Secretary of the Counties Auxiliary, and Mr. Secor Cunningham, Secretary of the Neighborhood Committee. At about this same time the plan of organization for Cook County was perfected, and Mr. L. E. Myers, formerly Secretary of the Neighborhood Com- mittee, was appointed Executive Secretary of the Cook County Organization, the Chairman of the State Council of Defense being the Chairman of the Cook County Committee. Purpose of Neighborhood Committee Organization The Neighborhood Committee was organized for the purpose of stimulating patriotic sentiment in the state by encouraging the holding of small Neighbor- hood meetings at which the people themselves might meet and discuss the issues involved in the war, and be brought to an understanding of their duties and responsibilities as citizens. Larger patriotic mass meetings have been organized for which the Committee has supplied speakers through our Speakers' Bureau. The patriotic message was carried to the farmers through the co-operation of Farmers' Institutes. The holding of patriotic exercises in public schools was encouraged. Much intensive work was done among the citizens of the state, of German birth and descent, and the Committee encouraged the organization of groups of citizens of foreign origin in order to give them an opportunity for patriotic self expression. Speakers were supplied to churches, clubs, etc., and the Committee has encouraged the organization of local speakers bureaus in the various counties. Plan of Organization of Neighborhood Committee The plan of organization adopted was to form a general county committee with a Chairman, Secretary, etc., and then proceed to organize local committees in various centers in the county. These centers were chosen with reference to convenience of the people of the county rather than by any arbitrary geographi- cal distribution. In the fully organized counties there were from fifteen (15) to thirty (30) centers established. In some counties, township lines were fol- lowed, in others, school districts, but the organization was not uniform. A typical committee in a center consisted of five men and five women, but thi» was not strictly followed and there was considerable variation. 1,079 Local Committees; 8,000 Members According to our records, these local committees were established in one thousand seventy-nine (1,079) centers throughout the state with a membership of approximately eight thousand (8,000) individuals. Classification of Neighborhood Committees The work of organization of the Neighborhood Committee was actively carried on by correspondence, personal interviews, and by the visits to the various counties by the Chairman and our State Organizer, Mrs. Josephine Clement. The Organizer has visited during the past year sixty counties and complete or partial organization was accomplished in all but ten counties of the state. Eight (8) of these ninety-one counties had excellent organizations com- plete in all respects ; forty-two (42) had excellent organizations but had not included women members; forty-one (41) had an inactive or incomplete organ- ization. 92 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Organization of Neighborhood Auxiliaries About a month before the armistice was signed, we sent out Bulletin No. 31, "The Development of Neighborhood Auxiliaries," recommending the exten- sion of County Organization by the creation of Neighborhood Auxiliaries, in accordance with the request and sviggestions of the President and the Council of National Defense. This bulletin described in detail the organization of these Neighborliood Auxiliaries, or Cominunity Executive Committees as they might be called, for they were modeled on the same lines as the County Executive Committees. The signing of the armistice on November 11th halted this work of broadening the scope of usefulness of the Neighborhood Committees, but a good deal of progress had been made in some counties. General Accomplishments of the Neighborhood Committees The work of the Neighborhood Committees was most varied, but as it was of rather an intangible nature, it is difficult to report actual accomplishment. A very large number of local meetings were held but there is no way to estimate the number thereof. The work of the Committee, however, had a large in- fluence in stimulating the patriotic sentiment of the state, and bringing our citizens into closer harmony with the policy of the Government in prosecuting the war. The energies and patriotic enthusiasm of a large number of citizens were enlisted for the various war activities and directed into proper channels. Mass Meeting in Chicago, October 21, 1917 After May 1st, 1918, the Cook County Organization was treated as a separate department, but before that time the Neighborhood Committee organ- ized and conducted a number of large mass meetings and patriotic demonstra- tions in the city of Chicago, notable among which was the meeting on Sunday afternoon, October 21st, 1917, which was addressed by Governor Frank O. Lowden, Hon. Henry T. Rainey, and Mr. Clarence S. Darrow. Tiie meeting was held in the Auditorium Theatre, with an overflow demonstration on the Lake Front. It is estimated that not less than two hundred and fifty thousand (250,000) people were brought together on this occasion. Mass Meeting in Chicago, February 17, 1918 On February 17th, 1918, the Committee organized a meeting in honor of Dr. C. Angelescu, the Roumanian Minister, and members of the legation who were visiting in Chicago at that time. This meeting was one of the most successful and largely attended demonstrations of patriotism on the part of foreign born citizens that has been seen in Chicago. Distribution of War Literature by Neighborhood Committees The propaganda and patriotic education work of the Neighborhood Com- mittee was carried on by the distribution through the county and community centers of approximately two hundred twenty-two thousand (222,000) pam- phlets and posters. These pamphlets, most of which were provided by the Com- mittee on Public Information at Washington, supplemented by the pul)lications of the University of Chicago press and the Propaganda Bureaus of the Allied nations, were published in English, German, Polish, Italian and other languages. Loyalty Pledge Cards; Circulated by the Neighborhood Committees The circulation for general signature in the counties of Loyalty Pledge Cards, that is, a declaration of loyalty on the part of the individuals, was success- fully carried on in forty counties, and proved to be a very effective means of crystallizing public sentiment and furnished a foundation for the further activi- ties of the County Neighborhood Committees. Liberty Choruses Liberty Choruses were established in a considerable number of communities under the joint auspices of the Woman's Committee and the Neighborhood Committee, and much was done in the way of encouraging community singing. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 93 Organization of Speakers' Bureau The Speakers' Bureau was organized under the auspices of the Neighbor- hood Committee in the fall of 1917 by Mr. Henry F. Dickinson, a Chicago lawyer, who volunteered his services, and was conducted by him for several months, when he was succeeded by Mr. David Jamieson of Chicago, who had volunteered his services to assist Mr. Dickinson. Mr. Jamieson continued as Manager of the Bureau until it was incorporated into the Council's Unified Bureau of Public Speakers. 500 Different Speakers; 6,690 Meetings So far as possible the work of the Bureau was carried on by volunteer speakers, but there were times when it was necessary to employ^ a few paid speakers to do special work. From tlie time of organization until November 1st. 1918, the Speakers' Bureau assigned approximately five hundred (500) speakers to about six thousand, six hundred and ninety (6.690) meetings throughout the state, among them being many distinguished public officials, both from our own country and our Allies. Returned Soldiers as Speakers We had from time to time the services of British, Canadian, French and American returned soldiers who did most effective work in bringing before the people the meaning of the war. Co-operation of Speakers' Bureau With Other War Activities The Speakers' Bureau co-operated with many other organizations engaged in war service, including American Red Cross, Liberty Loan, War Savings, Security League, Union League Club. Churches, etc. Several loyal and patriotic citizens of German birth or descent were of the greatest possible service in speaking in those communities where we had a large German population, and they did splendid work along the lines of patriotic education. On November 1st, 1918, the Unified Bureau of Public Speakers was organ- ized and took over the administration of the Speakers' Bureau. Organization of Hungarian Patriotic Association Under the direction of the Neighborhood Committee, the Hungarian Patri- otic Association was formed in April, 1918, its object being to spread America's propaganda and to educate and endeavor to make good citizens of this foreign born race. Many successful meetings were held and thousands of loyalty cards were signed, and the present officers and directors intend to continue their organization on an active basis. In addition to the subjects treated of in the bulletins enumerated in the first part of this report we have dealt with a number of problems, among which the following may be especially noted. The Use of the German Language The use of the German language, particularly in churches, schools, Sunday schools, etc., has been a constant source of agitation, notably in those counties of the state which have a considerable population of German origin. In dealing with this question we recognized that little had been done prior to the war in the way of discouraging the use of foreign languages and that as a result many of our citizens of (jerman birth had very slight knowledge of English and depended on German for their religious, political and social knowledge and intercourse. We, therefore, urged that the use of the German language in primary schools, parochial schools, Sunday schools, and wherever young chil- dren were concerned, should be given up as a voluntary patriotic act and as a concession to public opinion. We did not request churches to give up preach- ing in German, nor did we request the discontinuance of the publication and distribution of German language newspapers and periodicals. We urged, how- ever, that the German language in churches, newspapers, etc., should be used as an instrument for patriotic education and for the stimulating of a higher standard of American citizenship. As a result of this policy a number of churches voluntarily gave up the use of the German language in all their church exercises, and others discontinued its use in their parochial and Sunday schools. 94 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE The interpretation of this policy in the various localities by the County Committees and local Neighborhood Committees for the most part had excel- lent results. There were a few instances where the local people clashed with the German element and there were a few sporadic outbreaks of mob violence. On the whole, however, the matter was well handled. Local problems arising from this question were dealt with in large numbers in this office by correspondence and personal interviews. State Fair Exhibit Upon the suggestion of the Council of National Defense, and with only about a week of preparation, an exhibit of the work and outline of methods of the State Council of Defense, including all committees, was presented at the Centennial Fair, Springfield, Illinois, beginning August 9th, 1918, and continuing for two weeks. Not only was the work of the Committees directly under the jurisdiction of the State Council of Defense included in this exhibit, but that of co-operating Federal Activities as well. The exhibit received most favorable comment in the press, and was a center of interest, reaching many thousands of people daily. Literature from the Department of Public Information, the University of Chicago, State Council Organization Charts, and the State Council News were distributed daily in large quantities during the entire session. The following committees were represented : Executive Committee. Neighborhood Auxiliaries. Food Production and Conservation. U. S. Boys' Working Reserve. U. S. Food Administration. U. S. Fuel Administration. Young Men's Christian Association. Young Women's Christian Association. Salvation Army. Liberty Loan Committee. Allied Relief. Woman's Committee, including following departments : Social Service. Hygiene. Food Conservation. Child Welfare. Women and Children in Industry. Distinctive features were presented by each committee and special mention should be made of the Food Conservation Bureau, the Allied Relief and the Child Welfare. Attendants in these and all departments were provided by individual committees. The Chairman of the Counties Auxiliary and Neigh- borhood Committee, and of the Food Production and Conservation Committee were present for several days, and the co-operation of the Sangamon County Executive Committee also contributed much to the success. General supervision of the Exhibit was in charge of the State Organizer. It is difficult to estimate the value of such an undertaking, but without doubt many people learned of the existence, aims, and obligations of the State Council who had never heard of the organization and could not have been reached otherwise. U. S. Government War Exposition During the period of September 2nd to 15th, 1918, the Chairman of the Counties Auxiliary and Neighborhood Committee took part in the activities of the United States Government War Exposition which was held on the Lake Front in Chicago. Applications for Ovt:rseas Service with American Red Cross Early in July the American Red Cross asked our assistance in securing information with reference to applicants for overseas service. Reference re- ports were sent to our County Committees in one hundred ninety-four (194) instances, one hundred eighty-two (182) of which were investigated and re- turned to the American Red Cross, and we were advised by the officials of the Red Cross that this service was of great valu?, STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 95 Army Deserters During the last two months of our existence the military authorities reported to us something over fifty (50) cases of desertions from the army by men living in the State of Illinois, outside of Cook County. These cases were reported in every instance to our County Committees with a request that if the deserter returned to his home he should be apprehended. Our County Com- mittees were instrumental in returning to military service several of these deserters. Headquarters Established We strongly recommended to all of our county organizations the establish- ment of headquarters or offices conveniently located, in which should center the work of all the war activities, both those of the State Council of Defense and of co-operating federal agencies. Such headquarters were established in twenty-three (23) counties and in a number of instances similar local headquarters were established in several communities in the same county. The Boards of County Supervisors in eighteen (18) counties made appro- priations to defray in part at least the expenses of such offices and the conduct of the State Council of Defense work. The county organizations have co-operated with practically all of the war activities, both state and federal, and have been largely instrumental in co- ordinating the war work of the state. We were called upon for recommendations for the personnel of the county organizations of many of the War Activities and assisted in all of the financial campaigns for Liberty Loans, War Savings Stamps, Red Cross, United War Work Campaign, etc., not only through the work of our Finance Committees, but by publicity and propaganda. Special reports and surveys were obtained on a variety of subjects which assisted in the work of the other departments of the State Council and of the Federal Agencies. In those counties where organization was more or less complete, the Chair- man and members of the various committees performed their tasks with a remarkable devotion to duty and patriotism, and while efficiency varied, their services were of the utmost value. Requests or suggestions from this office were accepted as orders and were carried out with cheerfulness and promptness, even in those cases where there might have been a difference of opinion as to the necessity or wisdom of the order. It has been the greatest plasure to me to know and work with so many patriotic citizens representing such a variety of interests throughout the state, who have been willing to sacrifice their own personal convenience to the call of duty. I have appreciated more than I can express the cordial personal relations and loyal and faithful co-operation of this large number of individuals. In closing this my final report I desire to express my admiration and respect for the Chairman, Officers and Members of the State Council of De- fense under whom it has been my privilege to serve for fifteen months. I also desire to record my appreciation of the loyal and faithful service of Mr. Emerson B. Tuttle and Mr. Secor Cunningham, secretaries, respectively, of the Counties Auxiliary and Neighborhood Committees, whose assistance in my work has been invaluable. I also desire to express my gratitude and appreciation to Mr. David Jamie- son. Manager of the Speakers' Bureau, and to all of the members of our office staff who have labored cheerfully, efficiently and faithfully in this patriotic work which we have been carrying on. To the heads of all of the other Departments of the State Council of Defense I desire to express my appreciation of their invariable courtesy and co-operation in all of our relations. It is with a feeling of real regret that I terminate this period of service which has been filled with so many pleasant associations which will leave a lasting memory. Respectfully submitted, Walter S. Brewster, Chairman. APPENDIX V. FINAL REPORT OF THE COOK COUNTY AUXILIARY STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE January 20th, 1919. To the State Council of Defense: Complying with your request for a report covering the organization and activities of the Cook County Auxiliary of the State Council of Defense, I am pleased to advise that this organization as now constituted was definitely organ- ized on February 4th, 1918. Prior to that time centralization of the State Council's activities in Cook County were delayed for a number of reasons, particularly the following : 1. Chicago being the center of all State Council activities, as well as of all federal war activities in Illinois, there was not the same need here, as in down state counties, for a central body to stimulate and systematize volunteer war work. 2. Many local and community branches of the Neighborhood Committee had been created here, as well as a variety of bodies organized in wards and lesser territorial units, all of which contributed to stirring up the public and advancing war undertakings. 3. Particular groups of citizens — physicians, ministers, school teachers, fraternal organizations, etc.^ — had been organized for war work and were regu- larly and effectively functioning. Eventually, conditions which had apparently lessened the need of a central organization in Cook County (particularly those suggested in Paragraph No. 2 above) developed a situation which made the formation of a central Body an imperative necessity. A multitude of war work and patriotic organizations grew up, many of which overlapped both in purpose and in territory covered. To save time, energy and money, it became obviously necessary to co-ordinate and systematize the work of these organizations and eliminate duplication and consequent waste of money and human energy. By this time it had become evident that the method of co-ordinating all war activities of a given county into a County Executive Committee, which the State Council had developed elsewhere throughout the State, was the proper method of procedure in Cook County — adapted, of course, to fit the larger and denser population of Chicago and the conditions due to multiplicity of nationali- ties. Mr. Lewis E. Myers, first as secretary and afterward as chairman of the general Neighborhood Committee, having intimate acquaintance with the needs of the situation, worked out the necessary adaptation based on exemp- tion districts and it was put into effect on the date stated. All Cook County Neighborhood committees and other bodies subordinate to or affiliated with the State Council, directly or indirectly, were automatically absorbed into the Cook County Auxiliary. Officers of the Auxiliary and officers of the constituent bodies were appointed as follows : Lewis E. Myers, Chairman; Walter H. Wilson, Vice-Chairman ; Thomas H. Knight, Secretary. Executive Committee Lewis E. Myers, Chairman Walter H. Wilson, Vice-Chairman Burridge D. Butler Robert M. Sweitzer Robert E. Durham E. J. E. Ward Mrs. Wm. S. Heflferan Walter H. Wilson B. J. Mullaney T. J. Webb 96 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 97 Co-ordination Committee Robt. M. Sweitzer, Chairman Lewis E. Myers, Vice-ChairmaH L. A. Calvin, Secretary Fuel Committee Robt. E. Durham, Chairman J. W. O'Leary, Vice-ChairmaH E. W. Lloyd, Secretary Neighborhood Committee Lewis E. Myers, Chairman Geo. W. Perkins, Vice-Chairman L. A. Calvin, Secretary License Committee E. J. E. Ward, Chairman Wm. A. Fox, Vice-ChairmaH J. H. Gulick, Secretary Finance Committee Walter H. Wilson, Chairman Herman Waldeck, Vice-ChairmaH Lewis E. Myers, Secretary Woman's Committee Mrs. Wm. S. Hefferan, Chairman Mrs. Grace Trout, Vice-Chairman Miss Emily Napieralski, Secretary Publicity Committee B. J. Mullaney, Chairtuan W. H. Culver, Secretary U. S. Boys' Working Reserve Burridge D. Butler, Chairman Peter Fleming, Secretary Food Production and Conservation Committee T. J. Webb, Chairman John R. Thompson, Vice-Chairman Peter Fleming, Secretary At the first meeting of the Cook County Auxiliary the purpose of the organization, its functions and opportunities, with emphasis on the need of co-ordinated effort to eliminate duplication and effect proper team work, were all fully explained by Mr. Myers, who also explained the plan of organization. Since that date, the Cook County Auxiliary has been the agent of the State Council of Defense in all forms of war activity within the territorial limits of the county. The first and most important, as well as the largest piece of work under- taken by the committee, was the co-ordination of war activities in Cook County. The difficulties of this were enormous. Almost every locality had at least some kind of war relief organization; many also had Neighborhood Committees or other patriotic bodies. They were organized by wards, towns or villages; some by selective draft board districts and some by local communities or neighborhoods. They had a great variety of names and in many cases, elastic purposes, so that two or more organizations were frequently doing similar, if not identical, classes of work. Confusion, misdirected and dissipated energy and considerable working at cross purposes were among the consequences. Practically all of these organizations were jealous of their separate identities; many of them were proud, and justly so, of the work they had done; some had considerable funds in hand or income provided for; others had originated as local organizations of relatives and neighbors formed to furnish creature comforts to the men who had gone into the army and navy, and here senti- mental considerations were strong. Hence the difficulty — at times it seemed an impossibility — of welding these bodies into one well-co-ordinated organization covering the entire county, without destroying the spirit and enthusiasm of the original units. Chairman Myers finally worked out a plan predicated upon making the selective draft law exemption district the basic unit of the county organization. Starting from this point, all war activities in each of the 95 exemption districts 98 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE of Cook County were consolidated into one district organization. These dis- trict bodies were then federated as the Cook County Auxiliary of the State Council of Defense. This plan carefully charted, was thoroughly considered by the Co-ordina- tion Committee and was approved. On May 20th, 1918, a general meeting of all organizations in the county was called by the Co-ordination Committee, the plan presented and adopted and immediately put into effect. Some friction was encountered, of course, in applying the plan, but not to any disturbing or ham- pering degree. Representatives of practically all organizations readily came to see, with the increasing pressure of war problems, that close organization and team work were essential to the proper execution of the tasks imposed upon all citizens by the war. The plan worked better week by week. It eliminated duplication ; it c©n- centrated and systematized war work of every kind, from gathering war relief funds to promoting patriotic thought and action by means of public meetings and otherwise; still more important, perhaps, it brought every community in the county into active participation in the responsibilities and activities of war time. When the county was platted into exemption districts, it was discovered that some districts had practically no war activities. These had to be stim- ulated and organized so that finally there was a tangible, active unit of the Cook County Auxiliary in each one of the 95 exemption districts. These con- stituted an army of at least 35,000 men and women enrolled for patriotic service, whatever that service might be. As it settled down to earnest, systematic attention to the problems of war time, the value of this organization was fully demonstrated. Its expenses, besides those borne by the State Council of Defense, were defraj-ed by the personal contributions of some 45 public spirited citizens. Obviously the greater part of the Cook County Auxiliary's work was the guiding of systematic, every-day routine incident to the multitude of con- stantly active war-time undertakings, either throughout the county or in local communities. An important item was the matter of licensing the solicitation of funds for war relief of various kinds. All applications for permission to solicit funds in Cook County for war aid and relief were passed upon by the Auxiliary's License Committee. Of the 349 applications considered, 289 were licensed and 61 were either rejected, wfthdrawn, tabled or co-ordinated. Several conspicuous enterprises which were masquerading as war relief, but which were more or less in the nature of money-getting enterprises for private benefit, were reorganized on a proper basis or put out of business. The total amount collected under the 289 licenses issued has not been definitely ascertained, the audit not being completed, but it was probably in excess of $5,000,000, and the cost of collecting and administering these funds was less than 10 per cent. In other words, 90 per cent of every dollar col- lected for war aid or war relief was devoted to that use. Among conspicuous events under the direction of the Cook County Auxil- iary, these may be mentioned : Belgian Corps d'Elite On May 25th, 1918, the Cook County Auxiliary received and entertained 340 Belgians en route from the eastern to the western front. On their arrival here they paraded in the Loop and the chief of police estimated that more than 600,000 people gathered in the Loop to view these soldiers, the largest crowd that had ever been brought together in the Loop. These men were afterwards entertained by the Illinois Athletic Club, Union League and Uni- versity Clubs, and left Chicago that same evening. Alpine Chasseurs On May 29th, 1918, the Cook County Auxiliary received 160 Alpine Chas- seurs, members of the famous Blue Devil regiment of France, who were taken to the Great Lakes Naval Training Station and entertained there until the morning of May 30th. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 99 Their return to Chicago was followed by a parade in the Loop, a tour of the boulevards in automobiles and tea at the Edgewater Beach Hotel, followed by a dinner and reception at the Blackstone Hotel. On Thursday night, June 13th, a large meeting was held at the Illinois Theater in honor of Messrs. Justin Godart and Daniel Blumenthal, repre- sentatives of France and Alsace-Lorraine, respectively, which meeting was dis- tinctly in the interest of the Alsace-Lorrainers. Earl of Dunmore There was a large meeting held Sunday evening, June 23d, 1918, at the Municipal Pier, which was addressed by Colonel, The Earl of Dunmore, V. C, M. V. O., D. S. O., which was very successful. Mexican Editors Twenty Mexican editors visited Chicago during their tour of the United States and were entertained by the Cook County Auxiliary for three days, visit- ing Great Lakes Station, North Shore Country Club, the stockyards, and steel plant at Gary, Ind. Marine Recruiting A committee to stimulate marine recruiting was organized on June 13th. Five offices were opened in the Loop and 3,553 men were enlisted — some 400 more than were enlisted througli all other agencies combined. Patriotic Meetings During July an arrangment was made with a number of socialists who were in sympathy with the war to hold patriotic street meetings, at which a great deal of patriotic literature was distributed. These meetings grew to be most active and important. Fourth of July Celebration With the co-operation of more than twenty clubs and societies, and of the county committees of the Democratic and Republican parties, the Auxiliary organized a city-wide observance of the Fourth of July on a high and educa- tionally patriotic plane. There were approximately 100 formal celebrations of the nation's birthday throughout Chicago, in which fully half a million persons participated, including sixty-three nationalities, representing practically all the foreign-born elements of the city's population. Salvation Army Drive At a meeting of the Cook County Auxiliarv, held on Monday, June 17th, 1918, the matter of taking in hand a "drive" 'for $250,000 for the Salvation Army Overseas War Fund was undertaken. This drive lasted one week, be- ginning August 12th, and proved most successful — $483,000 being collected at a cost of about 3 per cent. Red Cross Investigations During July an arrangement was effected whereby applications to the Red Cross, Y. M. C. A. and other war agencies for personal service overseas were referred to the Cook County Auxiliary for investigation. From July to De- cember, 1918, 572 such applications were investigated and reported to the in- quiring agency. Illicit Solicitation and Sedition The Committee worked in close harmony with the American Protective League in uncovering and satisfactorily disposing of many cases of sedition as well as illicit solicitation and improper collections for war aid or war relief, which cases varied in character from selling service stamps for the benefit of the Red Cross to selling stock in an airship company on the pretext of patriotic service. 100 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Representatives of the various Exemption District Committees were most helpful in reporting cases of illicit solicitation and sedition. One of the most effective pieces of work done by this Committee wai in connection with the holding of a proposed parade on Labor Day by the Dal-ma-ti-ska Sloga, an organization of Dalmatians and Croatians, all technically "alien enemies," located in South Chicago. Due solely to the efforts of this Committee the permit for a parade wai denied by the chief of police and the writ of mandamus, filed by the attorneys for the Dalmatian organizations, was defeated in the courts. United War Work Campaign The Cook County Auxiliary, through its Exemption District Committees, co-operated with the United War Work Campaign, which occurred in October, and the final report of the Executive Committee of that campaign gave the Cook County organization credit for having collected $810,908. War Savings Campaign An arrangement was also effected with the Exemption District organiza- tions outside of the city to co-operate with the War Savings Committee in its effort to sell the allotted quotas in these various districts. Non-War Construction On September 21st, at your direction. Chairman Myers appointed a Com- mittee on Non-War Construction for Cook County, the following gentlemen serving in that capacity: L. E. Myers, Chairman, Chicago. Frank L. Doherty, Chicago. Frank M. Carroll, Vice-Chairman, H. G. Hetzler, Chicago. Chicago. W. H. Donovan, Chicago Heights. J. C. Cannon, Chicago. Charles H. Patten, Palatine. This Committee was particularly fortunate in being able to get Mr. Frank M. Carroll, superintendent of construction for Holabird & Roche, to accept the vice-chairmanship of the Committee, which met daily, and which, to the date of its dissolution November 15th, passed on 336 applications for building permits. The total value of the permits passed upon by this Committee was $10,784,381. Service Flag Raisings During the summer months there was a falling off in the holding of patriotic meetings, but these meetings were succeeded by so-called "Flag Rais- ings," on which occasions flags with stars representing the men gone into service from a particular neighborhood, were appropriately dedicated by the fam- ilies and friends of these men, and these occasions were made the subject of patriotic demonstrations. The flag raisings continued through the summer and fall. The influenza epidemic which prevailed in October prevented these celebrations during that time and after the signing of the armistice, November 11th, there were only a few such Flag Raisings held. However, there were 126 applications for these celebrations approved during the months of July, August and September. Free Music Through the influence of the Cook County Auxiliary, the Musicians' Union was prevailed upon to furnish free music for all patriotic meetings, with the result that bands and orchestras were furnished in great numbers through the generous co-operation of Mr. Joseph Winkler, president of the Musicians' Union, and Mr. Edgar A. Benson. These musical organizations contributed their services without limit as to number and entirely without compensation. Military Funerals Many requests for proper escort for military funerals were received by the Cook County Auxiliary which arranged to take care of them, and waj STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 101 able to respond immediately when called upon in this way until the influenza epidemic, when the Healtli Department issued an order forbidding the attend- ance of more than ten persons at any one funeral. School Halls During the winter of 1918 the School Board saw fit to charge from $7.00 to $9.00 for the use of assembly halls in the public schools. We conferred with President Davis and some of the members of the School Board and succeeded in convincing them there should be no charge for this service, and worked out an arrangement with them by which the free use of school halls would be granted upon applications approved by us. This arrangement was made eflfective September 20th, and 47 permits were granted to lipld weekly, semi-weekly and single meetings in the various school halls from that date to the'latter part of November. Bishop of Arras A dinner in honor of the Bishop of Arras, heading the French Ecclesiastic Mission, was held November 11th at the Blackstone^ Hotel, with a meeting at Orchestra Hall following. The coincidence of thTs meeting occurring on the day peace was celebrated resulted in awaking an unusual interest. The din- ner was largely attended and the meeting at Orchestra Hall was limited only by the capacity of the building. Bishop of Northampton On November 19th the Right Reverend Keating, Bishop of Northampton, and the British ecclesiastics accompanying him, were entertained at dinner at the Blackstone Hotel. Victory Meetings On the evening of November 22d an "All-Chicago Victory Meeting" was held at the Coliseum, which was addressed by Governor Lowden and Honorable Clarence Darrow. This was a most successful meeting, being attended by 12,000 persons, and a most unusual occurrence was the presence of the entire Chicago Symphony Orchestra, which had never before appeared at a meeting of this kind, its services being contributed by the Chicago Civic Music Asso- ciation. Desertions During the latter part of the war the War Department established the practice of reporting desertions to State Councils of Defense and requested their co-operation in locating deserters. The Cook County Auxiliary, through its various committees, handled 666 such cases, actually finding and returning 11 men to their respective camps. It also was able to report to the War Department the death of two men while absent on leave. Red Cross Christmas Roll Call In December, 1918, an arrangement was effected whereby the Cook County Exemption District Committees co-operated with the Chicago Chapter of the American Red Cross in handling its Christmas Roll Call Membership Campaign. Bulletins During its life, the Cook County Auxiliary Issued notices, instructions, etc., to each of its Exemption District and Neighborhood Committees in the form of bulletins. These bulletins numbered 34, and were on the following subjects : War Gardens. Coal Shortage. Burning and Storage of Indiana Coal. Four-Minute Men Talking in Moving Picture Theaters. Women's Organizations. Licenses. Marine Recruiting. 102 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Legal Rules — For Guidance of Legal Advisory Boards and Soldieri and Sailors. Salvation Army Drive. Liberty Loan Campaign. Unauthorized Collections for War Aid and War Relief. War Exposition in Grant Park. Thrift and Economy. Liberty Loans. Use of Assembly Halls in School Buildings. Patriotic Emblems to Be Used on Windshields, Windows, etc. Materials for Gas Defense — Peach Stones, Nut Shells, etc. Employment in Munitions Plants. Infliuenza Epidemic — Discouraging Gathering of Crowds at Meeting!, etc. Further Development of Community Councils. Necessity of Continuing Work Even After Signing of Armistice. United War Work Campaign. Work of Reconstruction — Returning Soldiers and Sailors. Victory Meeting. Christmas Tree Festival and Animal Circus — Woman's Committee. Instructions for Dissolution of Cook County Organizations. Red Cross Christmas Roll Call. Termination of Affairs of Cook County Auxiliary. A great many calls were received from the Draft Boards for interpreter! and stenographers, and every such request was promptly met. The State Council of Defense decided to curtail its activities as rapidly as possible after the signing of the armistice and on December 3d Bulletin No. 31 was issued to all Cook County Exemption District and Neighborhood Committee chairmen, requesting the dissolution of their organizations not later than December 20th, 1918. The Cook County Auxiliary officially terminated its activities December 31st, 1918, although the License Committee of the organization is still in force and will continue until peace is finally declared. This report would not be complete without grateful acknowledgment of the Committee's appreciation of the constant and loyal help given it by the officers and individual members of the various constituent organizations, with- out which the Committee's accomplishments would have fallen far short of what they were. Respectfully submitted, L. E. Myers, Cliairman. APPENDIX VI FINANCIAL STATEMENT July 1, 1919. To the State Council of Defense: I submit herewith financial statement of the State Council of Defense of Illinois as of June 30, 1919. This statement covers receipts from all sources and all expenditures by Council authority for the entire period from organization of the Council to June 30, 1919. In scanning the main items of expense, it will be understood, of course, that "clerical" includes the usual stenographic and other office assistance. This was the only kind of personal service at headquarters paid for by the Council, and the expense of it was segregated and charged to the various committees and departments which had the service; hence there is no salary account. The financial statements follows : FINANCIAL STATEMENT— JUNE 30, 1919. INCOME ACCOUNT: Cash received from State of Illinois (appropriation) $ 50,000.00 Cash donations by private subscribers 100,300.00 Building Space and Expense of Operating Same — (Light, Heat, Janitor, Elevator and Miscellaneous Service) contributed 86,090.40 Miscellaneous Cash Receipts: 44,840.55 Moving Pictures v-$ 3,189.94 Patriotic Food Show 7,696.88 P'ood Show Recipe Books 3,385.71 Seed Corn Administration 22,059.92 Sale of Furniture 8.508. 10 $44,840.55 $281,230.95 EXPENDITURES: Counties Auxiliary (Printing and Stationery, Postage and Cleri- cal Expense) $ 1,984.53 Closed Expense of Committees 1,828.72 (Clerical, Printing, Stationery, Postage, Tele- phone, Telegraph, etc., for the following specific purposes, which closed up as soon as work was done, or moved from bldg. : Investigation by Labor Committee of E. St. Louis Race Riots $ 659.95 U. S. Government Free Naval School 68.43 Inter-Allied Bureau 415.57 Naval Reserve Force 61.85 Printing Legal Rules and Suggestions to Soldiers and Sailors by Law and Legislation Commit- tee 113.97 Farm Machinery Department 59.70 Medical Officers Reserve 72.05 Chicago Council of Social Agencies 280.00 Exchange 5.50 Military Entertainment Committee ("Smileage") 91.70 $1,828.72 Educational Committee 12.16 Executive Expense, (Clerical, Printing and Stationery, Postage, Telephone, Telegraph, Furniture, Supplies, etc) 30.172.63 103 104 STATE COUNCIL OP DEFENSE Receipts Brought Forward 281,230.95 EXPENDITURES— Continued : Neighborhood Committee, (Literature, Postage, Mass Meetings, Traveling Expenses of Speakers, etc.) 35,054.43 Womans Committee (Printing, etc.) 19,095.40 Publicity Department (Printing, Postage, Clerical, etc.) 23,125.59 Military Affairs (Clerical, Printing, etc.) 7,374.08 Fonr Minute Men 10,983,47 Food Production and Conservation Committee 5,720.24 U. S. Boys' Working Reserve (Printing, Clerical, Postage, etc.) 12,735.82 Engineering and Inventions Committee (Affiliated with U. S. Naval Consulting Board — Clerical, Printing, Postage, etc.) 2,448.07 License Committee (Clerical, Printing, Postage, etc.) 4,087.94 War Recreation Board (Representing U. S. War Camp Com- munity Service — Clerical, Printing, Postage, etc.) 4,086.12 U. S. Fuel Administration (Printing, Postage, Clerical, etc.).... 4,451.19 Civilian Personnel Committee (Representing Civilian Personnel Section, Ordnance Dept., U. S. A.— Clerical, Printing, etc.) 1,847.74 Spy Glass Committee (Clerical, Expressage, etc.) 869.44 Farm Labor Bureau (Clerical, Traveling Expenses, etc.) 3,668.53 Public Service Reserve (Co-operating with U. S. Employment Service) 218.35 War Garden Bureau (Clerical, Printing, Stationery, Postage Etc.) 4,216.27 Cook County Auxiliary (Clerical, Printing, Stationery, Postage, etc.) 1,634.35 Commercial Economy Administration (Printing, Stationery, Postage, Clerical, etc.) 2,150.35 Home Registration Service Committee 91.63 U. S. Government War Exposition 17.84 Highways Transport Committee (Clerical, etc.) 925.35 State Fair (Exhibits, fraveling Expenses, Printing, etc.) 417.56 Non-War Construction Bureau (Printing, Stationery, Postage, etc.) 2,222.44 Illinois Centennial Committee 3.79 Unified Bureau of Public Speakers (Printing, Stationery, Post- age, Traveling Expenses of Speakers, etc.) 2,292.34 Community Singers and Liberty Chorus (Clerical, Printing, Organization Expense) 768.20 U. S. School of Navigation 79.06 Building Space and Expense of Operating Same 86,090.40 Total Expenditures $270,674.03 Balance 10.556.92 The above balance is made up as follows : Cash on hand 66.31 Cash in bank to the credit of J. Ogden Armour, Treasurer.. 10,308.61 Accounts Receivable 182.00 10,556.92* *Of the above there is set aside $5,000.00 to cover unsettled accounts. Disposition of the unexpended balance is subject to the order of the Council. Respectfully submitted, J. H. GuLicK, Auditor. APPENDIX VII WOMAN'S COMMITTEE OF THE STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE May IS, 1919. To the State Council of Defense: Now that the war is over and the work of the women of Illinois during that period can be reviewed apart from the exciting, and often tense, moments of enactment, it spreads out in bold and glorious panorama as an achievement well worthy of being written into the annals of the State. Individually, the entire womanhood of the State responded with a solemn eagerness as if to a chal- lenge "to arms" and at every turn one heard the familiar refrain, "I want to help. Isn't there something I can do?" This humble and anxious willingness of every woman to do her part in helping win the war never wavered nor relaxed in the slightest until the war was won. The women soon regarded their work as the less^ spectacular but vitally necessary "home work," maintaining the "home lines" and community morale so that the all important and sensitive morale of the soldiers at the front, so dependent on the morale back home, might be maintained and strengthened. It concerned itself with the need of the hour — whatever that need was — the raising of money, selling Liberty Bonds, War Savings Stamps, assisting with the big "drives" of the government, the producing of food, the saving of food, fuel and clothing, the making of knitted garments, surgical dressings and refugee clothing. The Woman's Committee, State Council of Defense of Illinois, definitely registered women for war service, placed them in volunteer service and found paid positions for them ; it stimulated the support of social work throughout the State and organized, in connection with the Children's Year, a thorough campaign to save the lives of its children. The girls and young women were organized into patriotic service leagues with a view to furnishing them wholesome organized recreation and an oppor- tunity to render war service; a campaign showing the dangers of social diseases was carried on among young women in industrial plants, stores and offices. Classes were organized among non-English speaking adults for the pur- pose of teaching them the English language and American ideals of citizenship. Community singing was organized, and the creation of courses of instruction for women anxious to do war work and to take the places of men called to war was stimulated everywhere. An experimental training farm was opened and young women were trained in agricultural methods. Investigations of work- ing conditions of women and children were made and a careful watch kept of the enforcement of labor laws afifecting them. In other words, the problems of food, morals, health, education, recreation, the quality of citizenship and the securing of a greater measure of social and industrial democracy for women and children workers became largely the work of the women of the State (organized under the Woman's Committee) who felt called to the responsibility of maintaining intact, and strengthening, the social fabric throughout the state and of making our democracy at home real and worthy of the sacrifices of its soldiers and sailors. Origin and Early History In the first week of February, 1917, a few days after the German ambassador had been dismissed by President Wilson, Mrs. James W. Morrisson called a meeting of women to consider possible action if the country was to be plunged into war. About twenty or twenty-five were present, mainly the heads of the large organizations in the city. Opinions varied from those of the extreme pacifist to those of the most ardent advocate of immediate preparedness The 105 106 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE meeting was about to break up when a motion was made for a committee to investigate defense societies for women already organized in the east, and to be prepared to report recommendations, should the group be called together again. The committee consisted of Mrs. George Isham, Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen, Mrs. Cyrus Hall McCormick, Mrs. Kellogg Fairbank, Mrs. Russell Tyson, and pos- sibly others ; these five women taking a leading part. Towards the end of March Mrs. Isham induced Mrs. Ira Couch Wood to make a study of the various preparedness societies which had been started in the East. Mrs. Wood was in Washington on April 2, when the President made his historic address to Congress calling for a declaration of war. The day following, a number of national organizations of women met in Washington for action. Mrs. Philip N. Moore of St. Louis, President of the National Council of Women, had called a meeting at the Willard Hotel ; the National League for Women's Serv- ice, recently organized in New York, was holding a conference at the Shoreham Hotel ; Mrs. Carrie Chapman Catt and Miss Maude Wood Parke of the National American Woman's Suffrage Association were holding conferences with promi- nent women then present in Washington. Illinois Women Start Early Upon her return Mrs. Wood reported on the work being done in Boston, New York, Washington and Philadelphia, with some report of the conferences of the national women's organizations. This report, with an outline for a plan of an organization in Illinois, was presented informally to the Committee and was accepted, and it was decided that the whole plan be offered to the Chicago Chapter of the Red Cross to see if they wished to take up organization on the scale suggested, covering the dozen or more lines of activity. Mr. Marquis Eaton of the Chicago Chapter of the Red Cross, after consultation with his committee, decided that the Red Cross could not cover all of the different lines of service suggested, but that the Red Cross would take up only the lines of work that came within its well-known sphere. It was then decided to hold a general meeting on Monday, April 23, in the foyer of Orchestra Hall, and in the meantime the whole matter was presented to Governor and Mrs. Lowden and approved. The Orchestra Hall meeting was attended by representatives of the various state and city organizations of women "for the purpose of considering the best method of co-ordinating the work of women's organizations to meet conditions in this national crisis." Mrs. Ira Couch Wood presented her report recommending an organization for Illinois which should be a clearing house of women's activities and which should eliminate duplication of effort. In conclusion she said : "Let me add that I am convinced that the most valuable thing any woman can do for her country at this moment is to eliminate waste in every form ; to conserve food stuffs for the benefit of others ; to sim- plify life so that labor may be released to serve where it is most vitally needed ; to realize that patriotism is first an attitude of mind and soul ; that its expression should work from within outward — from home and city, to nation and allies; that neglect of home duties or local charities for War Relief is the worst form of unpreparedness. Patriotic service for our country and our allies, now our highest duty, must not be at the expense of any good work now being carried on, l3ut in addition to it, and at the expense of our ease, our leisure time, our entertainments and our luxuries. Patriotism is a serious purpose, not an hysterical outburst ; its strength is measured by its capacity for sustained devotion and un- tiring endeavor." This sentiment became the keynote of the varied activities which grew out of the organization formed at this meeting, and the plan suggested by Mrs. Wood was adopted in its general outline. This provided for a state advisory com- mittee composed of the presidents of all the state-wide organizations of women, and certain women to represent the state at large. A small executive committee was to be chosen from this body and the usual officers to be elected. The de- STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 107 partments of work suggested were to be : Food Production, Thrift, Home Charities, Courses of Instruction, Women and Children in Industry, Education, Publicity, Finance, Red Cross and Allied Relief. Preliminaries of Organization A communication from Governor Lowden to the Orchestra Hall meeting stated that the plan of war work suggested by Mrs. Wood's report would fit in with the work of the State Council of Defense which he would be authorized to appoint very soon, and he asked that organization be delayed. On April 25 the papers gave news of the appointment of a Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense, with Dr. Anna Howard Shaw as its chairman, and head- quarters in Washington, D. C. On the Friday following, all the women of the state were called to mourn the sudden death of Mrs. George Isham, who had been the prime mover in the organization of women to meet the national crisis. Announcement was shortly made of the appointment of the State Council of Defense of Illinois, with Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen as a member of it. The committee of women which was acting until a definite organization could be formed had previously chosen Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen to act as chairman in place of Mrs. Isham. About a week after the meeting in Orchestra Hall, temporary headquarters were established in the Garland Building. Meanwhile a copy of the general plan of organization adopted for Illinois was sent to the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense in Washingtqn. A mass meeting of women in the rooms of the Fortnightly early in May adopted completed plans for the woman's organization in Illinois. Mrs. Bowen was chosen permanent chairman; Mrs. George Plummer, secretary; Mrs. Cyrus Hall McCormick, treasurer ; Mrs. Ira Couch Wood, director. A list was prepared of the heads of the various organizations of Illinois, with some women to rep- resent the state at large, to form the Advisory Committee. The Finance Com- mittee became active and money was immediately pledged to carry on the work. At the close of this meeting Mrs. Bowen received word of her appointment by the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense as temporary chair- man for Illinois, but inasmuch as the organization was complete in Illinois and Mrs. Bowen chosen permanent chairman, it was not necessary to go through the procedure of having the temporary chairman call the meeting for organization as was done in the other states. The Executive Committee continued to meet in the little room of the Garland Building, with its furniture of two tables, one desk (loaned), a few chairs and several boxes to provide seats for the committee members. The first four volun- teers who came and offered their services were : Miss Virginia Chandler, Miss Margaret Reilley, Miss Mary Nixon and Miss Agnes Foreman. Settling Down to Real Work Mrs. Wood resigned as Director of the Illinois Committee to become Execu- tive Secretary of the Woman's Committee, Council of National Defense in Wash- ington. Mrs. Frederick Dow was chosen Vice-Chairman and Miss Harriett E. Vittum was appointed Director to succeed Mrs. Wood. The Information De- partment later grew out of the initiative of Miss Virginia Chandler, who saw the great need for this service and developed it. When the Woman's Committee in Washington sent out its plan of organ- ization it was found to be almost identical with that of the Illinois plan which was already in operation. There were a few minor changes in names of depart- ments, but the plan of work was practically identical. At the meeting in the Fortnightly rooms Mrs. Lowden had been made hon- orary chairman and after the appointment of the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense in Washington, two other women, Mrs. Antoinette Funk and Miss Agnes Nestor were chosen as honorary chairmen. On May 14, 1917, the office was moved to 60 East Madison Street. At the same time, the committee was offered quarters in the State Council of Defense 108 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Building at 120 West Adams Street, so the executive offices were moved to that place, with Mrs. Bowen and Miss Vittum in charge, and the headquarters at 60 East Madison Street, in charge of Miss Edna P. Strohm, Assistant Director, con- tinued to be known as Registration Headquarters. It was at this latter place that the memorable registration of women for war service began months before the state-wide registration drive took place. A little group consisting of Mrs. Harlan Ward Cooley, chairman of Registration, Miss Irene Warren, Mrs. E. J. Mc- Carty, and Mrs. H. B. Hull, spent hours in conference working out plans for that big event. An information desk was started under the direction of Miss Mar- garet Conover, who had as assistants. Miss Eleanor West, Miss Margaretta Blair, Mrs. Powell Pardee, Miss Estelle Ward and Mrs. Charlotte Kuh. The Conservation and Thrift Committee, under the chairmanship of Miss Isabel Bevier, established a desk with Miss Elizabeth Allen in charge, and an effective window display which showed food values and indicated foods to be used as substitutes. The Social Service Committee with Mrs. Dunlap Smith as Chairman, started its activities here with Miss Ethel Bird in charge. The Speakers' Committee, under the chairmanship of Mrs. Kellogg Fairbank, was actively conducted by her assistant. Miss Agnes Foreman. This little group, almost altogether rnade up of volunteer workers, was assisted by many other able and devoted volunteers among whom were : Mrs. Furness Hately, Mrs. Small, Mrs. H. M. Hoyt, Miss Mary Nixon, Mrs. George Meeker, Mrs. M. B. Hilly, Mrs. Russell Opdyke, Mrs. Frank Gordon. Meanwhile the work of administration and organization was going forward rapidly from the executive office at 120 West Adams Street, where a publicity committee began work under Miss Mary Waller, and an information committee under Miss Virginia Chandler. A Women and Children in Industry Committee under Mrs. Raymond Robins also established an office there. A group of faith- ful volunteers composed of Mrs. Robert Forgan, Mrs. Howard O'Brien, Mrs. E. S. Talbot, Jr., and Mrs. Frank Johnson, assisted regularly with the work, and took charge of a general information desk. On August 4, 1917, the branch headquarters at 60 East Madison street were merged with those at 120 West Adams street, and from that time all activities of the Woman's Committee were directed from the latter place until February 1, 1919, when it ceased to exist as the Woman's Committee of the State Council of Defense, and became solely the Woman's Committee, Council of National Defense, Illinois Division, with offices in the Fine Arts Building. Officers and Committees Appointed Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen was from the first chairman of the Woman's Com- mittee ; Mrs. Frederick A. Dow, vice-chairman ; Mrs. Cyrus Hall McCormick, treasurer, and Mrs. George Plummer, secretary. An organization committee reported on a plan of work and committees were formed, a chairman for each being named as follows : Finance, Mrs. J. Ogden Armour ; Red Cross, Mrs. Philip Schuyler Doane ; Allied Relief, Mrs. Russell Tyson; Home Charities (later named Social Service), Mrs. Dunlap Smith; Thrift and Conservation, Miss Isabel Bevier; Courses of Instruction, Mrs. William S. Hefferan ; Food Production, Mrs. Henry M. Dunlap; Co-ordination (later named Organization), Miss Jessie I. Spafiford; Women and Children in In- dustry, Mrs. Raymond Robins ; Speakers, Mrs. Kellogg Fairbank ; Reg- istration, Mrs. Harlan Ward Cooley; Publicity, Mrs. Cecil Barnes. The following were named as members at large: Mrs. George W. Trout, Mrs. Frank Funk, Mrs. Edwin Johnson and Mrs. Henry Solo- mon.. An advisory council of 54 members was also appointed. The officers, to- gether with the chairmen of standing committee (later named departments) and members of a committee at large formed the Executive Committee. Later, standing committees or departments were added with chairmen as follows : War Information, Miss Virginia Chandler; Social Hygiene, Dr. Rachelle Yarros; Recreation for Girls, Mrs. B. F. Langworthy; Liberty STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 109 Loan, Mrs. Howard T. Willson; Child Welfare, Mrs. Ira Couch Wood; Woman's Land Army, Mrs. Tiffany Blake ; Volunteer Placem.ent and Filing, Mrs. Robert S. DeGolyer; Americanization, Mrs. Edward Bemis. An Employment Department was opened in connection with the Courses of Instruction Department, and the Registration Department was merged with the Volunteer Placement and Filing Department. The Liberty Loan Department, in conformity with a ruling of the Woman's Liberty Loan Committee at Washing- ton, formally withdrew its organization from that of the Woman's Committee, in May, 1918. In the course of time Mrs. Willis Wood became recording secretary; Mrs. George R. Dean, corresponding secretary; the office of Director was discon- tinued, and Miss Edna P. Strohm became general executive secretary. To the Executive Committee were added as members at large: Mrs. Benjamin Auer- bach ; Mrs. Harlan Ward Cooley, following her resignation as chairman of the Registration Department; Mrs. Kellogg Fairbank, following her resignation as chairman of the Speakers' Department; Mrs. James W. Morrisson, Mrs. Arthur Ryerson, and Mrs. Howard T. Willson, following the withdrawal of the Liberty Loan Committee from the Woman's Committee, and Miss Estelle Ward. The change in personnel of department chairman from those mentioned above will be indicated in the department reports to follow. The membership body of the Woman's Committee was made up of repre- sentatives from all city-wide and state-wide women's organizations. These groups formed what were known respectively as the City Committee and the State Council and together they were known as the Advisory Committee. Their original membership totaled 54 ; it was gradually increased until it totaled 96. The membership of the organizations these members represented totaled 302,333. At the close of the work of the Woman's Committee, State Council of Defense, in February, 1919, the membership of the Advisory Committee was as follows : City Committee — Amberg, Mrs. Wm. A., Chicago. Bartlett, Miss Florence, Chicago, Secretary of Eleanor Association. Bartelme, Miss Mary, Chicago, Asst. Judge of the Juvenile Court. Baur, Mrs. Jacob, Chicago, Chicago Chairman Liberty Loan. Bley, Mrs. John C., Chicago, Pres. Housewives' League. Bloom, Mrs. Henry Max, Chicago, Johannah Lodge. Britton, Mrs. Gertrude Howe, Chicago. Breckenridge, Miss S. P., Chicago, Dean, School of Civics and Philanthropy. Burns, Mrs. Thos., Chicago, Catholic Woman's League. Coleman, Mrs. Jos. G., Chicago. Davis, Mrs. W. H., Chicago, Federation of Colored Women. Dean, Mrs. Richmond, Chicago. Dickson, Mrs. W. F., Chicago, British-American Woman's Club. Dow, Mrs. Arthur C, Chicago, Daughters of American Revolution. Dyson, Mrs. Orion E., Chicago, Arche Club. Evans, Mrs. Lynden, Chicago, Home Preparedness League and School of Domestic Arts and Science. Fairbank, Mrs. Kellogg, Chicago. Fursman, Mrs. Ida May, Chicago, President, Chicago Teachers' Fed- eration. Hamilton, Dr. Alice, Chicago, U. S. Government Expert Occupa- tional Diseases. Hefferan, Mrs. Wm. S., Chicago. Hobson, Mrs. Albion W., Chicago, Chicago Association, Collegiate Alumnae. Johnson, Mrs. Edwin T., Oak Park, Pres. Chicago Woman's Club. Judson, Mrs. Harry Pratt, Chicago, Woman's War Aid U. of C. King, Miss Florence, Chicago, Woman's Ass'n of Commerce. Levy, Mrs. Felix, Chicago, Pres. Council of Jewish Women. Martin, Mrs. Alfred T., Chicago, Pres. Daughters of the Flag. 110 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Moody, Mrs. John W., Chicago, Chicago Guardian Ass'n of Camp Fire Girls. Morrisson, Mrs. Jas. W., Chicago, Chicago Equal Suffrage Ass'n. Munroe, Mrs. Chas. A., Chicago, Food Conservation Bureau. Pierce, Miss Katherine, Chicago, Junior League. Romberg, Mrs. Edwin, Chicago, Conference of Jewish Women's Organizations. Rosenwald, Mrs. Julius, Chicago. Ryerson, Mrs. Arthur, Chicago. Scliee, Miss Florence, Chicago, Altrusa Club. Schweizer, Mrs. Albert H., Chicago, Chicago Political Equality League. Smith, Mrs. Dunlap, Chicago, Woman's City Club. Solomon, Mrs. Henry, Chicago, Jewish Women's Organizations. Spofford, Miss Florence, Chicago, Emergency Drivers of Chicago. Stillman, Mrs. Chas. B., Wilmette, Federation of Women High School Teachers of Chicago. Temple, Miss Grace, Chicago, Chicago and Cook County War Thrift Stamps. Tunnicliff, Miss S. B., Chicago, Fuel Administration. Tyson, Mrs. Russell, Chicago, American Fund for French Wounded and Allied Relief. Van Buskirk, Mrs. Wni., Chicago, Pres. League of Cook County Clubs. Vittum, Miss Harriet E., Chicago, Chicago Federation of Settle- ments. State Council — Adams, Mrs. G. Cooke, Chicago, State Regent, Daughters of Brit- ish Empire. Ahrens, Miss Minnie, Chicago, Visiting Nurses Ass'n. Baker, Mrs. Mandlebert W., Springfield. Bevier, Miss Isabel, Urbana, Department of Household Sciences University of Illinois. Blake, Mrs. Tift'any, Chicago, Woman's Land Army, Illinois Divi- sion. Bullock, Mrs. Carl G., Ravinia, Chairman, Central Field Committee of Y. W. C. A. Busey, Mrs. Mary, Urbana, Trustee, University of Illinois. Cooley, Mrs. Harlan Ward, Chicago, Pres. Woman's Legislative Congress of Illinois. Countiss, Mrs. Frederick D., Chicago, Woman's Auxiliary of the Navy League. Dudley, Mrs. E. C, Chicago, Federation of Day Nurseries. Dunlap, Mrs. Henry M., Savoy, Member, Woman's Board, Farmers' Institute. Evans, Mrs. Laura B., Taylorville, Trustee, Univ. of 111. Fisher, Mrs. Mary Delany, Chicago, Illinois Woman's Press Ass'n. Fleming, Mrs. Harry L., Bloomington, Illinois Congress of Mothers and Parent-Teachers' Association. Foreman, Miss Agnes, Chicago, Woman's Auxiliary of the State Militia. Fucik, Mrs. Effie S., Chicago, The Rebekahs. Funk, Mrs. Frank, Bloomington. Gallery, Mrs. Daniel, Chicago, Rep. International Federation of Catholic Alumnae. Gross, Mrs. Alfred H., Evanston, Woman's Farm and Garden Ass'n. Gurney, Mrs. Alice V., Joliet, Ladies of the G. A. R. Hamilton, Dr. Carrie Lee, Mounds, Federation, Colored Women's Clubs. Hanley, Mrs. John H., Monmouth, Regent, Daughters American Revolution. Harris, Mrs. Benjamin, Champaign, 111. State Federation of Wom- en's Clubs. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 111 Harrison, Miss Elizabeth, Chicago, National Kindergarten Ass'n. Hart, Mrs. Wm. H., Benton, 111. State Federation of Women's Clubs. Henrotin, Mrs. Ellen N., Chicago, Trustee, Univ. of 111. Hessler, Mrs. J. G., Decatur, Woman's Board of the 111. Farmers' Institute. Hinrichsen. Miss Anna, Springfield, State Charities. Hood, Miss Helen, Chicago, W. C. T. U. Mason, Mrs. John T., Aurora, 111. State Federation of Women's Clubs. Martin, Mrs. Franklin, Kenilvvorth. Mathes, Mrs. Geo. M., Chicago, Women's Church Federation. McBride, Mrs. Sadie R., Peoria, Worthy Grand Matron Order of Eastern Star of Illinois. McCulloch, Mrs. Catherine Waugh, Chicago, Pres. Woman's Bar Ass'n of 111. and 111. Sufifrage Amendment Alliance. Ochsner, Al^rs. Albert J., Chicago, Nat. Fed. of Musical Clubs. Patten, Mrs. Jas. A., Evanston, Northwestern University. Purvin, Mrs. Moses L., Chicago, State Federation of Women's Clubs. Pomeroy, Mrs. Katherine, Chicago, Ass'n of Collegiate Alumnae. Rittman, Mrs. Rose B., Chicago, Catholic Order of Foresters. Robins, Mrs. Raymond, Chicago, Pres. National Women's Trade Union League. Seymour, Mrs. Flora Warren, Chicago, 111. Div. Nat. Fed. o.f College Women. Seibert, Ida M., Chicago, Pres. Ladies of G. A. R. Dept. of Illinois. Severin, Mrs. Wm. S., Chicago, Pres. Republican Women's Asso- ciation of Illinois. Spafford, Miss Jessie I., Rockford, Pres. 111. Fed. of Woman's Clubs. Sheehan. Mrs. Eliza D., Chicago, Pres. Woman's Democratic Coun- cil of 111. Trout, Mrs. Grace Wilbur, Chicago, Pres. 111. Equal Suffirage Ass'n. Van Hoosen, Dr. Bertha, Chicago. Woman's Medical Society. Watson, Miss Florence, Tuscola, Trustee, Univ. of 111. Wells, Mrs. Edith A., Chicago, 111. Women's Relief Corps. Williams, Miss Cornelia B., Cliicago, Pres. 111. Society of Colonial Dames. Wiles, Mrs. Robert Hall, Chicago, United Daughters of 1812. Wilson, Mrs. J. Gordon, Chicago, Pres. Needlework Guild. Wilkinson, Mrs. E. B., Chicago, Woman's Benefit Ass'n of the Macabees. Yarros, Dr. Rachelle S., Chicago, Nat. Society of Social Hygiene. State Plan of Organization The State was organized according to congressional districts, counties, town- ships, cities and towns and school districts. The larger cities were organized into wards and in some cases into precincts and blocks. All county, city and town units were organized with officers and department chairmen. The number and kind of department chairmen depended on the needs of the locality. The county chairmen formed the main artery between State headquarters and the local units ; all units throughout the State reported to their county chair- men who in turn reported to State headquarters. The district chairmen of the Woman's Committee were appointed by the State Organization Department to act in an advisory capacity. The county chairmen were also appointed by that department. Chairmen of city or town units were elected at a meeting to which representatives of every woman's organization in the locality were invited. Township chairmen were appointed by the county chairmen or elected by the women of the township if a preliminary meeting of the rural women could be held. 112 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE In every county of the State the county chairman of the Woman's Com- mittee was an ex-officio member of the County Auxiliary Committee and of the County Executive Committee of the State Council of Defense. Women nomi- nated by county chairmen were made members of the Neighborhood Committee centers of the State Council. Finances Provided For The Woman's Committee obtained headquarters, telephones, postage, the services of two stenographers, and a large amount of literature, furniture and office supplies from the State Council of Defense. The State registration of women made available, through the ten-cent regis- tration fee and contributions, the amount of $58,024.50 for the work of the Woman's Committee throughout the State. Half of each fee taken in the State remained in the treasury of the State headquarters for state work. By far the largest amount of money used by headquarters for Woman's Committee work was contributed by individuals and raised through the efforts of the Finance Department. The financing of the individual units and the county chairmen was a local problem. All registration fees of a county were turned over to the county chair- man who sent one-half to State headquarters and held the other half for her expenses and expenses incurred by chairmen in her county, except in cases of towns of over 5,000 population. These towns held one-half of their fees (the other half going to State headquarters) and paid their expenses from their half of the fees. Each county was asked by the State Finance Department to raise $1,000 which was used for its Woman's Committee work. Machinery of Organization The Executive Committee held regular meetings every Tuesday. On the fourth Tuesday of each month it held a joint meeting with the City Committee and the State Council of the Woman's Committee. At this fourth meeting of the month, reports were made by the chairmen of departments. Four times a year these meetings were turned over to hearing the reports of affiliated organ- izations. A monthly bulletin, containing reports of departments and items of special achievement among the various counties was sent to all county and unit chair- men throughout the State. A weekly news letter was sent through the State to daily and weekly newspapers and to publicity chairmen. Large amounts of literature were distributed in every county and speakers from the Chicago office were sent to every county. Preparatory to registration and the second Food Pledge drive, six trained organizers worked in different parts of the State. From time to time a State organization advisor strengthened the organization in different parts of the State. The State Council News was sent to every chairman in the State. Six State conferences at which chairmen from all parts of the State were present were held during the period of the Woman's Committee's existence. A staff of 33 employees was maintained at State headquarters and 128 vol- unteers gave regular service at the State headquarters' office. It has been estim- ated that 20,000 women in Illinois gave regular, active volunteer service in the work of the Woman's Committee and that the membership of all the units con- sisting of over 300,000 women gave individually some form of volunteer service. General Activities During the first days of organization, a majority of the activities of the Woman's Committee were handled through the executive office, but as depart- ments were formed and developed with their own office force and equipment, the work became highly specialized and all matters falling within the scope of departments were taken care of therein. However, there was always a great pressure of work that had to do with formulating plans and policies, with interviewing chairmen and the public and STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 113 with executive and administrative problems that occupied insistently and con- tinuously the complete time of the chairman and vice-chairman, Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen and Mrs. Frederick A. Dow. They held regular daily office hours, work- ing early and late with their correspondence, conferences and interviews, and speaking on all possible occasions to the full limit of their strength. In August, 1918, the committee was asked by Surgeon-General Gorgas to use its organization throughout the State in registering student nurses for army hospitals and civilian hospitals. The vice-chairman, Mrs. Frederick A. Dow, assumed the responsibility of this drive, supervising the mailing of registration blanks and literature to every unit. Trained nurses were recruited from our registration cards to assist in giving information to applicants. In some sections of the State the interest in the drive was so great that the local units not only accomplished the registration of their quotas but financed the outfitting of the accepted students as well. The Woman's Committee took part in the big War Exposition held in Grant Park, September 2 to 14, 1918. Three large sized booths were filled with exhibits and demonstrations. A daily program was ofifered in which the work of the diliferent departments was set forth. Gifts and talents of our foreign born citizens were presented in the interests of the Americanization work; conserva- tion of clothing was visualized by the exhibit of made-over garments ; food demonstrations were conducted ; children were weighed and measured ; drills were given by the Patriotic Service League girls ; films portraying the results of social diseases were shown, and classes in telegraphy took place. On October 12, the committee took part in one of the largest parades ever staged in the city of Chicago. Their section of the parade covered three blocks. A noteworthy piece of work was lending assistance to the agencies organ izing relief for the influenza epidemic. The registration cards were used for securing volunteer nurses, visiting housekeepers, and automobiles for carrying the visiting nurses on their visits. Appeals of a nursing character were directed to the Red Cross. Other services such as cooking, cleaning, preparation of food and the care of children were handled by the Child Welfare Department. A word must be said in chronicling the story of those exciting days of big drives and unaccustomed ventures — often anxious, tense days when the news from the western front was dark and gloomy — of the cheerful and unfailing devotion and loyalty of the office staf?. Mrs. Maud R. Turlay, who handled the larger part of the State correspondence that had to do with organization matters, did a fine and difficult piece of work. Miss Burnette RadclifFe and Miss Helen Larson, who assisted with the work of the general office, won the admiration of their co-workers for their steady and faithful service. A whole volume of praise could be written of women's volunteer service as it was developed through war service and especially in the State headquarters. It will have to suffice at this point to say that it more than vindicated itself of any unkind aspersions cast upon it in the past. Volunteer service became stan- dardized and efficient and the volunteer worker took her place beside the paid and trained worker as one equal in ability, intelligence, responsibility and quality of work turned out. There is not space in this volume to tell in detail the work of the various departments. That will be found in the full report of the Woman's Committee published separately. Only a summary of results can be given here. Organization Department When the Organization Department mobilized the woman power of Illinois for war work, a great democratizing force was created ; 300,000 women of all classes became united under one standard — service. When Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen attended the National Conference of Women's Organizations at Washington in May, 1918, she noted with alarm that the map in the assembly hall showed one black spot. That black spot was Illinois. Upon inquiry, however, she found this did not indicate disgrace. Illinois was marked with black so that it would stand out prominently as the only completely organ- ized state in the Union. 114 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE The Organization Department was composed of the 25 Congressional Dis- trict Presidents of the Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs, the State Presi- dent of the Parent-Teachers' Association. The State President of the Church Federation and the State President of the Woman's Auxiliary of the Illinois Farmers' Institute. Its members were as follows : Miss Jessie I. Spafiford, Rockf ord, Chairman ; Mrs. John T. Mason, Aurora, Vice-Chairman ; Mrs. Maud R. Turlay, Chicago, Executive Secretary; Mrs. B. F. Langworthy, River Forest; Mrs. Geo. M. Mathes, Chicago; Mrs. J. G. Hessler, Decatur; Mrs. E. S. Bailey, Chicago; Mrs. Henry W. Hardy. Chicago; Mrs. A. W. Augur, Chicago; Mrs. Frank Jerome, Chicago; Mrs. Chas. E. Greenfield, Chicago; Mrs. Wm. J. Benson, Chicago; Mrs. Ransom E. Kennicott, Des Plaines ; Mrs. Luther Conant, Oak Park; Mrs. C. D. Jeffers, Chicago; Mrs. Martin K. Northam, Chicago; Mrs. H. J. Sawyer, Joliet; Dr. Mareva D. Brown, DeKalb ; Mrs. W. P. Graham, Rochelle; Mrs. A. S. Edwards, Moline; Mrs. W. A. Spies, Abingdon; Mrs. W. K. Trimble, Princeton; Mrs. Fred W. Longman, Lincoln ; Mrs. E. B. Griffin, Grant Park ; Mrs. Frank L. Frailey, Urbana ; Mrs. Edgar D. Glandon, Pittsfield; Mrs. J. T. Savage, Carlinville ; Mrs. J. M. Daniels, Greenville; Mrs. A. T. Midget, Robinson; Mrs. Chas. H. Melrose, Grayville; Mrs. Nellie Sear- ing, Carbondale. A county chairman was appointed in each county to serve for the duration of the war, to direct the work of all units throughout her county. She formed the main point of contact between the State headquarters and the local units. Local units reported to county chairmen, who in turn reported to State head- quarters. Chairmen of city or town units were elected and township chairmen were appointed by the county chairman, or elected. The larger cities were organ- ized into wards and in some cases into precincts and even blocks. The county chairmen represented the Woman's Committee on the County Executive Com- mittee of the State Council of Defense. This was the executive war board of the county for both men's and women's war work. Speakers, Organisers, Meetings, Literature — In September, 1917, six trained organizers were engaged for a month to speak in different parts of the State. County chairmen received first-hand information from the organizers and were inspired to take up the county work with energy and enthusiasm. Many volun- teer speakers increased the interest. In the spring of 1918, Mrs. Kate Wood Ray was engaged for this work, and her trips covered three weeks each, with an intermission of one week in every four, until the middle of July. During the twenty-two weeks that Mrs. Ray traveled, she visited 74 counties, 139 cities and towns, made 171 speeches and held 232 conferences, exclusive of interviews at the State Fair. Monthly meetings were held in every county for the purpose of discussing the plans and problems of each department and of the local units. A pamphlet covering the plan of organization was prepared and issued to county and township chairmen. Membership — The membership of local organizations and of counties alto- gether for Illinois is indicative of the interest shown in war activities among women all through the State. Every county and local chairman accepted her responsibility with enthusiasm and personal sacrifice. Many counties opened offices in central locations, so that information could be obtained regarding women's county war work. It is the general opinion of the county chairmen that the organization has helped the women of the State as nothing has ever done before. It is the first time in the history of Illinois that the women have dem- onstrated the value of organization and have realized the benefits that may be derived from unified effort. A splendid community spirit has been created which will live on after the war. It is believed that men and women will work together for civic good more enthusiastically than ever before and organizations that have learned the value of co-ordination will join together for community improvement. Whatever the Woman's Committee may have accomplished by %vay of material contribution to the success of the allied forces may never be definitely established, but significant over any material contribution is the real- STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 115 ization that has come to women through this nation-wide organization of their proven strength and the potential strength they can develop. It has been a self- revelation never to be forgotten and never again disregarded. Finance Department When the Woman's Committee began its work, it was given a large part of its support from the State Council of Defense. As the number of its depart- ments increased and the programs of all the departments developed, it was readily seen that the committee would need a larger amount of money than it had at its command. The Executive Committee felt that it could not limit its program for lack of funds, nor could it be constantly harassed by the realization that it was running close to the margin in financial matters. The Finance Department raised between May and November, 1917, the amount of $3,955.23. This was done through the efforts of Mrs. J. Ogden Armour, the first chairman of the department. Mrs. Armour resigned in Novem- ber because of ill health, Mrs. Charles E. Frankenthal succeeded her, Mrs. Arthur Z. Ryerson became vice-chairman, and the department was reorganized on the basis of including a number of women who would act as heads of units, each pledged to raise $1,000. When Mrs. Ryerson went to France in May, 1918, Mrs. Edward A. Leicht became vice-chairman. Getting the Funds — It was planned to raise in all $100,000. The unit plan worked successfully. A group of women raised $48,972.17 through letters and personal solicitation. In addition, the Finance Department devised a number of money-making plans which it put into execution. Among them were : Par- ticipation in the Christmas Tree Festival at the Coliseum, Christmas week, 1917, which netted $1,695.03; a musical at the Blackstone under the direction of Mrs. J. Harry Selz, netting $655.25 ; the exhibition of an Innes picture at Young's Gallery, netting $278.00; the presentation in April, 1918, for one week, at the Auditorium Theatre, of a war film, "Belgium, the Kingdom of Grief," netting $11,500.00; and finally a city-wide "Liberty Potato Chip Campaign," held for five days, netting $6,260.11. The teachers of Chicago formed a unit and raised $2,000. In connection with the raising of $100,000 it was thought advisable, for the good of the Woman's Committee work, to place a quota of $1,000 on each county, which that county should raise and use for its own work. The following counties either filled or oversubscribed their quota of $1,000 each : Bureau, Kankakee, Boone, Knox, McLean, Menard, Peoria and Wash- ington. Other counties that raised funds were : Adams, Calhoun, Edgar, Ed- wards, Effingham, Franklin, Gallatin, Grundy, Jefferson, Jersey, Jo Daviess, Kane, LaSalle, McHenry, Macoupin, Marshall, Morgan, Moultrie, Ogle, Pike, Randolph, Saline, Schuyler, Scott, Tazewell, Vermilion, Wabash and Woodford. Financial Statement— Receipts of the committee from all sources (includ- ing donations, proceeds of articles sold, registration fees, etc.) and all expendi- tures from May 9, 1917, to February 28, 1919, are shown by the statement of the treasurer, Mrs. Cyrus Hall McCormick, as follows : Receipts Registration Collections — Chicago $14,729.84 State - 21,647.33 $36,377.17 Finance Department 91,948.39 Donations to Salaries, Miscellaneous Contributions, Sales, etc 26,021.52 • — $154,347.08 116 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Disbursements Salaries $41,408.17 Traveling Expense 3,039.96 Printing, Multigraphing, etc 9,493.99 Furniture and Fixtures 1,661.72 Office Supplies 1,342.09 Farm Expense*— Liberty ville 4,83 5.90 Expense — General — Counties $7,300.35 Wards 3,053.01 Donations (to Departments) 6,187.50 General 18,917.63* 35,458.49 Work Funds 160.00 Cash on hand 56,947.06 $154,347.08 •Includes typewriter rentals, hall rentals, telegraph bills, moving bills, signs, express charges, payment for services not on the salary list, etc. Assistance to Other Bodies—Since August, 1918, the Finance Department organized committees for and held tag days with results, as follows: Belgian Babies' Forget-Me-Not Day ■ $58,911.64 Chicago Children's Benefit League 81,142.93 Fatherless Children of France 41,978.83 Passavant and Lying-in Hospitals 38,499.04 Permanent Blind Relief War Fund 49,694.98 Crippled Children 38,052.67 American Fund for French Wounded - ■— . 10,003.57 British War Orphans 20,000.00 Our Boys — Welcome Home Total receipts not yet determined Through the efforts of the members of the Finance Department nearly $1,000,000 of the Third Liberty Loan was taken, about $1,061,000 of the Fourth Liberty Loan and $850,000 of the Victory Loan. Wykr Information Department The department of War Information was established with Miss Virginia G. Chandler as chairman. (Later the name of Educational Propaganda was added) and its purpose was defined officially as follows : (1) To help standing committees by having on hand available information relating to similar work in Canada, England, France and other European countries as well as in other states in the Union. (2) To supply speakers with accurate and new material. (3) To collect and classifiy, for distribution, data on the scope of the war and its bearing on woman's problems, the needs which the war had created and the means lying within woman's reach for alleviating and relieving those needs. (4) To form an accurate record useful for research work. Meeting a Real Need — On June 12, 1917, the office was ready for work, its file case rapidly filling, and pamphlet collections already tnade which necessitated th© assistance of a trained librarian. During the first months, special service was given to the Department of Courses of Instruction. Then to supply speakers with desired material, the department had to undertake another service. It had soon found that no one man or woman had either time or inclination to read and digest the unattractive pamphlets and monographs prepared by experts and authorities, so the department set about preparing digests of the government pamphlets and other authorities. Exchanges of plans with the State Councils of other states were effected, and through the kindness of librarians in Philadelphia and Augusta, Georgia, clippings from local newspapers were added to the col- lections. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 117 Form Speeches Prepared — In the spring of 1918, the department began to issue form speeches. Much help was received in this work from the members of the Propaganda Committee of the Chicago Fortnightly. Their contributions also included excerpts from interesting private letters from men and women in the war districts ; a collection of war poetry which was in constant use by speakers, and much data from members of the faculty of the University of Chicago. In the fall and early winter of 1917, to awaken the public generally to the seriousness of the war situation, to spread better understanding of the under- lying causes of the war, and to offset premature "peace talk," the department induced the University of Chicago to offer a popular course in its correspondence school on "Backgrounds of the War." Singleness of Purpose — The department kept constantly in mind that its reason for being lay in its ability to send out information. It was never satisfied with the mere collection of material. Its first and always its most useful agency lay in its war information chairmen, of whom it had 498, located in all parts of the State. Many counties became so highly organized that it was possible to obtain a very definite picture of conditions there by simply consulting their reports in response to the department's questionnaire. From their replies it was possible to send out printed and written material with much greater intelligence and so avoid sending patriotic pamphlets in German to a strictly English speak- ing population, or stories suited to workers in factories into farming districts. These war information chairmen developed methods of their own in ways of using the material sent to them from the department. One woman whose hus- band kept a general store read aloud to the customers. Others saw that clubs and fraternal orders used interesting and instructive materials at their meetings. Women's clubs were sent circular letters, with bibliographies, bringing to their notice programs for the coming year on subjects of timely interest. Activities Extended — The writing of magazine articles by several members of the committee was later taken over by the Publicity Department and developed into a larger affair than this department had contemplated. Study of war conditions abroad suggested that the United States would probably develop an accentuated interest in child welfare as a direct result of war conditions. Four broadsides were prepared setting forth in graphic form the facts and figures on waste of child life abroad and in the United States, rhey were hardly completed before Miss Julia Lathrop launched her project of the Children's Year and the broadsides were taken over by the Child Welfare Department of Illinois. A short bulletin on Conservation, emphasizing not how to conserve but why, also had a large circulation. In March, 1918, the department saw its long-cherished plan of a printed monthly report of the work of the departments accomplished. All War Work Aided — Outside of the Woman's Committee, assistance was given to every war activity. The bibliography for the Third Liberty Loan cam- paign was prepared by the department and was distributed from Springfield to every library in the State. A popular hand dodger was prepared suggesting the range of subjects covered by the department's patriotic literature, and suggest- ing means for its possible use. A post card so arranged that the recipient need only check the pamphlet wished for was extensively used to advertise it. Thus waste of literature was avoided. Responses were received from all parts of the United States. During the summer of 1918, the Teachers' Institutes were circu- larized and out of 54 institutes, 36 responded and brought the subject of using patriotic literature supplied by this department to the notice of teachers. With the advice and help of certain high school teachers, a plan was worked out for active and systematic co-operation between the public schools of Chicago and the department, and a little later the high schools of the State. As a consequ- ence, between January 1st and 27th, 142.613 pamphlets were distributed to these high schools at their own request. This means not only that the literature was carefully read in class, but was passed on and on. Getting at the Public — The Information Department has not been satisfied to wait for the public to come to it, but has sought the public. With the aid of its 498 representatives through the State, the following groups have been reached 118 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE at different times: Summer hotels, libraries, county institutes, county fairs, churches, high schools (grade schools to a limited extent), women's clubs, fra- ternal organizations, church societies and church schools. The literature that has been distributed has been issued by the Committee on Public Information, the Council of National Defense, the State Council of Defense, the Woman's Committee Council of National Defense, the War Information Department and such government bodies as the United States Food Administration, Department of Agriculture, Liberty Loan Committee, Department of Labor, Children's Bureau, the British Information Service, the University of Chicago and the Union League Club of Chicago. Publicity Department The Publicity Department of the Woman's Committee was established in May, 1917, under the direction of a Publicity Committee, with Mrs. Cecil Barnes as chairman. She was succeeded in June, 1917, (on account of unavoidable absence from the city) by Mrs. Walter S. Brewster, who resigned in October, 1917, on account of press of other duties, and was succeeded in December, 1917, by Mrs. Joseph G. Coleman. The Publicity Department conducted an office continuously after June, 1917, establishing close connections with all the Chicago newspapers, and co-operating in creating publicity for all national drives in which the women were active — food conservation, coal conservation, food production, war gardens, child wel- fare, etc. With the exception of one paid employe from June 15, 1918, to Octo- ber 15 of the same year, the work of the department was conducted entirely by volunteers, one or more members of the committee giving eight hours a day six days a week at the headquarters, gathering and putting into shape news for the Chicago papers, which sent women reporters to headquarters daily for the news. Special Undertakings — Besides these daily duties, the committee and depart- ment initiated or conducted many special undertakings. On June 12, 1917, a down-state news letter, to local publicity chairmen, was instituted. During July, 1917, the committee conducted a special drive in the interest of food conserva- tion. In October, 1917, the initial registration of women took place, receiving special attention from the department. In December, with the conservation of sugar a necessity, the committee undertook a campaign for sugar substitutes, offering money prizes for Christmas candy made without white sugar, the recipes being printed, and sold at a profit of $266. In January, 1918, there was another prize contest for meat substitutes, and these recipes also were printed and 1,000 copies sold. Magazine Section — Late in April, 1918, a Magazine Section was created under Mrs. Roy Dickey, Vice-Chairman of the Publicity Committee. Its first meeting, on June 7th, was attended by more than 150 well-known magazine writers and journalists, 85 of whom signed up for service. All Illinois maga- zines and leading magazines of the country were offered gratuitous data, special articles, fiction, personality material, etc., of a propaganda character, and 79 reported a willingness to use such service. Any intensive magazine campaign was postponed until fall, as the workers in the magazine section were needed in down-state and Chicago publicity during the summer, when the working force was depleted, the publicity department at this time being called upon to aid several special campaigns, including Belgian Baby Day, the centennial of Illinois, and the Nurses Recruiting Drive. In October, the magazine section again became active, and in the short period to signing of the armistice had articles printed in eight magazines of national circulation. Centennial Promoted — The department conducted, at the request of the Illi- nois Centennial Commission, a campaign for centennial celebrations throughout the state. Thirty pageants or other centennial celebrations were arranged as a result of its efforts. Forty-six additional towns agreed to stage centennial plays for school children. The influenza epidemic prevented further centennial celebrations and stopped ten of those which had been arranged. During the summer of 1918 the Publicity Committee also set on foot a movement to practice small self-denials and turn over the money so saved to war STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 119 purposes, giving this movement the name of The Do-Without Club. Over 2,000 members were secured for this club from September, 1918, to January 1, 1919. A state organization was built up consisting of 97 township chairmen, 8 junior chairmen and 18 county chairmen for the Do-Without Club, or a total of 123. Organisation and Results — The Publicity Department during its existence had, besides some local unit chairmen who preferred to attend to publicity work themselves, 78 county publicity chairmen ; 390 town publicity chairmen, and 20 ward publicity chairmen, or 488 in all. No accurate record is obtainable of the amount of space devoted to Woman's Committee publicity in the down-state papers. Only a few down-state clippings reached headquarters, but these few showed 96,236 agate lines of free down-state publicity, and 139 illustrated articles. In Chicago at least one article relative to the work of the Woman's Committee appeared in one or more of the Chicago newspapers every day from May, 1917, on, some papers making a regular "feature" of it. The Chicago clipping books alone show that the department secured in about one and one-half years 315,140 agate lines of free publicity, and 501 illustrated articles; value, $173,327, if placed through commercial channels. The members of the Publicity Depart- ment during its life were: Mrs. Joseph Medill Patterson Miss Caroline Kirkland Mrs. James Keeley Miss Lucy Smith Mrs. William R. Hearst Miss Mary Waller Mrs. Julian Mason Miss Marion Strobel Mrs. Hopewell Rogers Mrs. Roy Dickey Statistics Do Not Tell All — It was the work of the Publicity Department to report the achievements of all the diiiferent departments of the Woman's Committee. It is difficult to show by figures and statistics the exact nature of the work done, or the untiring service received from every member of the committee. Neither can any report of the number of newspaper items pub- lished, the number of agate lines of free space secured, or their value in dollars and cents, afford any adequate idea of the amount of work done ; for, weekly, quantities of material were gathered and hundreds of items prepared and fur- nished to the press of the state which, owing to the exigencies of space, never appeared in print. Speakers' Department The Speakers' Bureau of the Woman's Committee, Council of National Defense, Illinois Division, commenced its activities on June 1, 1917, and had (including two added later) the following members: Mrs. Kellogg Fairbank, Chairman ; Miss Agnes Foreman, Vice- Chairman ; Mrs. Frederick Elijah, Mrs. Lambert O. Wile, Miss Christine Tomlins, Miss Edith Bramshall, Mrs. Edward H. Taylor and Mrs. James Angell. When Miss Foreman took the chairmanship of the War Savings Woman's Committee in January, 1918, Mrs. Taylor became Vice-Chairman, and on the retirement of Mrs. Fairbank in June, 1918, Mrs. Taylor became Chairman. The aim of the department at first was to enlighten the women of Illinois on the causes back of the war, and demonstrate why they should line up to support it. Then an effort was made to give women definite instruction in regard to just how they could go about the task of winning the war. After the armistice was signed, the aim was to urge women of the state to set about solving the problems of readjustment and to put over a definite program cover- ing such vital subjects as Americanization, Child Welfare and Thrift; in a word, to keep the women who were organized for war activities at work on peace problems, and to do this without losing impetus. It took some time for the public to realize that the purpose of the bureau was not for entertainment. It was necessary to educate the woman asking for a speaker. Many Speakers and Subjects — There were 315 women enrolled in the Bureau. Most of these women gave their spare time outside of regular occu- pations ; others gave practically all their time ; and each one was a volunteer, 120 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE although a number had been accustomed to charging large fees before the war. At first the Bureau was besieged by women who craved to hear the sound of their own voices in public. A good percentage of these had not lifted a finger to do war work. They were told to go out and do some practical war work and then come back ; one could not make a definite speech on the war unless one had done definite war work. The following is a list of subjects which have been covered, together with the number of speeches made on each one : Patriotic 200 Work of the Woman's Committee.. ..200 War Talks from Over There 67 Food Production 55 Red Cross and Allied Relief 15 Social Hygiene 7 Recreational Work for Girls 243 Conservation 137 Registration 20 Social Service 20 Child Welfare 126 Women and Children in Industry.... 11 Liberty Loan 13 Re-education of the Handicapped 5 War Information 2 Woman's Land Army S War and the Movies 4 Hisorical Background of the War.... 3 Vocational Supervision 2 Americanization 21 Clothes Conservation 13 Training Women for Service 1 New Fields of Work for Women... 3 Foreign Child 1 Fuel Conservation 1 War Posters 8 United War Work 29 Fatherless Children of France 2 Women and the War 12 Art and the War 3 Home Nursing 1 Reconstruction 22 Illinois Centennial 1 Blind Fund 2 Patriotic Readings 2 Christmas Festival 1 Better Speech ] War Stamps 1 Crippled Children 1 Poland 1 After the armistice was signed the following subjects were added: Increasing value of the baby. Reconstruction of Ideals. Responsibilities that Peace Has Brought to Women. Value of the Individual Effort in Reconstruction. New Attitude Toward Democracy. The New Art of Democracy — The Moving Picture. Reconstructing our Kitchens. Our Attitude Toward the Returned Soldier. The New Social Service. Women and the Land. Hungry Europe. Clothes Conservation. Organizations Addressed — Speakers from, the Bureau appeared before the following organizations and in the following places (the figures represent the number of times they have appeared before the various organizations) : Factories and Stores 91 Food Shows 1 Clubs 291 Wards in Chicago 110 Schools 87 Theatres 18 Social Settlements 18 Churches 39 Patriotic Leagues ....._. 203 Parent-Teachers' Associations 30 Foreign Societies 12 Red Cross Auxiliaries 11 Fraternal Orders and Lodges 44 Conventions 6 C. N. D 277 Fairs 5 Chautauquas .._. 8 Teachers' Institutes 19 Colored Meetings 5 Civic Leagues 11 Y. W. C. A 4 Miscellaneous 52 In addition to this it may be interesting to note: Total number of people reached to date 533.754 Total number of meetings held to date 2,100 Total number of towns reached outside of Chicago 382 Total number of cities reached outside of Illinois 20 The Bureau's speakers have appeared in the following towns outside of the state ; Hammond, Ind. Gary, Ind. Lowell, Ind. Elkhorn, Wis. Whiting, Ind. Milwaukee, Wis. West AlHs, Wis. Lansing, Mich. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 121 Racine, Wis. St. Louis, Mo. South Bend, Ind. Lincoln, Neb. Peru, Ind. Akron, O. Dewey Lake, Wis. Marshall, Mich. Calls came from Iowa, Kentucky, Minnesota, Wyoming and South Carolina The above figures do not include work on the various "drives." For instance, the Bureau turned over its speakers in toto to "drives" of the following organizations : War Savings Stamps, United States Food Administration, Lib- erty Loan, Registration Committee, Red Cross, War Camp Community Service, United War Work Campaign. The figures on attendance, etc., include only assignments filled for the Woman's Committee. Special Campaiyns — During October and November, 1917, the speakers urged registration for war service, and the signing of the Hoover Pledge card. Prac- tically every school in the city of Chicago, all of the women's clubs, churches, theatres and social settlements, were covered. During the Liberty Loan "drives," special speakers' classes were conducted to train the women to speak efi^ectively on the subject. During the summer of 1917, over thirty county fairs were covered on food conservation and general service. On January 1, 1918, a special sub-committee on Factories and Stores was created, the purpose of which was to arouse interest and enthusiasm among the women and girls employed in stores and factories for the purchase of war savings stamps. More than 9,000 were reached in 104 factories at noon time. Women and girls were pathetically eager to do something to help win the war. When they discovered they could lend their dimes and quarters to the government and in that way help equip some soldiers for duty, and incidentally make a good investment for themselves, the combination proved to be irresistible. In Janu- ary, 1918, another sub-committee was formed — on German societies — under Mrs. Frank Scott. Child welfare and vocational work for the handicapped were chosen as the subjects most likely to appeal to the German- American clubs. Work Reorganized and Extended — On June 1, 1918, when Mrs. Kellogg Fair- bank resigned on account of her work in connection with the National Liberty Loan Committee, the department was reorganized. A system of cards was devised whereby accurate records of assignments could be kept and reports made on the speakers and departments whose activities the speaker had pre- sented. A poster to be used as publicity for tours down through the state was adopted. Down-state units were sent a questionnaire which produced requests for 75 meetings, the names of twenty-five women who could do public speaking, and several dates for food production meetings. Circularization of 1,000 women's clubs, every Parent-Teachers Association, about 100 fraternal orders, the granges and Chautauquas, produced over 150 engagements. About this time a new kind of patriotic service, that of entertainment, was taken up; but the main work of the Bureau continued to be to carry the messages of the Woman's Committee paramount interests, with speakers and others filling special engage- ments. Twenty teachers' institutes were addressed. There was special co-opera- tion with the War Work Campaign, with the Food and Fuel Administrations, and with many war aid and relief organizations. To make the Bureau's work more systematic, chairmen were appointed to represent the Speakers' Committee in 15 counties : Adams, Alexander, Champaign, Franklin, Grundy, Jackson, Jefferson, Knox, Marshall, Morgan, Macoupin, Pulaski, Richland, Stephenson, Williamson. Local chairmen were appointed in Cairo, Champaign, Robinson, Galesburg, Prairie City, Bushnell, Decatur, Carlinville, Byron and Joliet. After the Armistice — In spite of the signing of the armistice, November was one of the biggest months the bureau had experienced. The women of Illinois showed an interest in after-war work, and the result was a flood of requests for reconstruction speakers. F. L. Allen, Chief of the Speakers' Department of the Field Division of the Council of National Defense, at Washington, sent for a complete schedule of the bureau's plans and methods and forms, so that he could suggest them to speaker's bureaus in other states. Then December, 1918, brought the biggest month the Speakers' Bureau had experienced : Sixty more meetings than any other month since the bureau was organized; speakers 122 State council of defense were supplied for 231 meetings; attendance twice that of the month of November. Most of .the work was done with the woman's clubs and Woman's Committee units, with increasing demand for talks on Reconstruction and Americanization. A few of the representative subjects covered were: "Increasing Value of the Baby"; "Reconstruction of Ideals"; "Responsibilities that Peace Has Brought to Women" ; "Value of Individual Effort in Reconstruction" ; "Re-Education of the Handicapped"; "The New Art of Democracy — The Moving Picture": "Reconstructing Our Kitchens" ; "The New Social Service" ; "Women and the Land"; "Hungry Europe"; "Clothes Conservation." Work was continuous along this line, and after January 10, 1919, the bureau took on the functions of the Unified Bureau of Public Speakers of the State Council of Defense. The bureau acquired the reputation of being able to fill all sorts of speaking engage- ments from a talk on child welfare to an afternoon of patriotic readings. One of the most valuable helps in keeping the work alive was speakers' meetings. At stated intervals all speakers met and the chairmen of the various departments of the Woman's Committee addressed them on the work of their respective com- mittees. This supplied the speakers with new material. To give the best pos- sible service, the bureau also had a series of classes in public speaking to train women to do effective platform work. During the fall of 1917, there were two classes ; in January, 1918, a class of 35 for ten weeks ; about the middle of April another of 15; and another in September, 1918. Registration Department The plan upon which the Woman's Committee of the State Council of Defense decided, on May 15, 1917, to conduct its activities, contained a provision for : Registration of women, or census ; democratic enrollment by co-oper- ation between e.xisting organization, using uniform cards. A registration fee of only ten cents was fi.xed, that the financing of the organization might be entirely democratic and accomplished through the loyal support of women of every class ; the fee to be voluntary and not obligatory. In June Mrs. Harlan Ward Cooley, as registration chairman, announced her Registration Committee as follows : Miss Irene Warren, Vice-Chairman ; Mrs. Bessie A. Gordon, Sec- retary; Mrs. Louise E. Burr, Mrs. Richard Gray, Mrs. A. W. Harris, Mrs. N. W. Harris, Mrs. Frank W. Howes, Mrs. Edwin L. Lobdell, Mrs. James E. MacMurray, Mrs. Julia McKibben, Mrs. Alfred J. Martin, Mrs. E. C. Wilson, Mrs. Harry A. Wheeler, Miss Katherine Jones, Mrs. E. J. McCarty, Mrs. Roy Dickey. Preparation a Big Task — A form of registration card was prepared, which was afterward adopted, with but slight changes, by the Washington authorities for the registration of women throughout the country. A comprehensive regis- tration plan was adopted which embraced every detail of the task from selecting and training registrars to office equipment. Meanwhile, preliminary registration work, which served as a practical training school and "laboratory" for working out registration problems, was being carried on at 60 East Madison street. It became increasingly evident that instruction must be given to those who were to do the work of registration, and early in July an informal class of about twenty was started. This was followed shortly by another of between thirty and forty. Before the summer was over, three classes were being conducted daily. Neighborhood classes were also formed in many of the Chicago wards. Attendance at headquarters classes went up to over three hundred, three times' a day. In August, instructors toured the state, starting instruction classes at nearly twenty centers of population. In the meantime, a correspondence cam- paign from headquarters urged appointment of a registration chairman in every town that had a branch of the Woman's Committee, and outlining the plan for intensive registration throughout the state. This was set, finally, for the week of November 5, 1917. Governor Lowden issued a registration proclamation in September. Speakers were trained to speak on registration and sent over the state. In Chicago more than 10,000 registrars were trained for service to be turned over to the ward organizations. Provision was also made to register STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 123 women for paid employment. In October an intensive speaking campaign was taken up in the schools of Chicago. The registration committee furnished speakers for twelve schools daily for the entire month, in addition to the large number furnished to clubs, ward branches and other organizations. Moving picture slides were used in conjunction with the speeches. The Chicago registra- tion classes grew beyond the seating capacity of the State Council assembly hall, and women sat on radiators and window sills and crowded every available inch of space at each of the three daily classes, so three night classes a week, two hours in length, were established. Representatives came to study Illinois registration metliods, from Michigan, Connecticut, California, Arkansas, Indiana, Kentucky, Georgia, Idaho, Mon- tana, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Mexico, North Dakota and South Dakota. To Michigan, Illinois furnished organizers, after its own registration. Hard Work Brings Results — Registration week, the week of November 5, 1917, was a hectic one. Every available woman was pressed into service, and at the end of the week's work the department was able to report as follows : Chicago registration of women 146,274 Illinois registration, outside of Chicago 127,402 Total registration for week 274,278 This initial week of registration provided a vast number of volunteers and laid the foundation of much of the work later achieved by the Woman's Com- mittee. With registration week ended, there was no cessation in the activity of the Registration Committee, for countless towns down state, not yet registered, musf be stirred to action and registration campaigns inaugurated. In April, 1918, Mrs. Cooley set aside the period beginning April 18 for intensive state registration to complete the war registration, and at her request the Governor issued another proclamation. During the period from May, 1917, until the termination of the Registration Department, it received devoted, untiring and unremitting service from thousands of women. On April 30, 1918, Mrs. Harlan Ward Cooley resigned as Chairman of Registration. Mrs. Robert deGolyer succeeded her, but on June 25th she in turn resigned to take up industrial welfare work, and Mrs. Miles Hilly, Vice-Chairman of the Committee, was made Chairman of Volunteer Filing and Placement, Mrs. Roy Dickey was appointed Chairman of Registration, and acted in that capacity until the signing of the armistice brought an end to the war registration of women. Workers Furnished to Others — The work of the Volunteer Filing and Placement Department appears in a report filed by that department, and that of the Paid Employment Committee in the report of the Department of Women and Children in Industry, but while they were both a part of the Registration Committee workers were furnished for the Food Administration, Fuel Admin- istration, Red Cross Nursing Service, Red Cross Civilian Relief, War Camp Community Service, War Recreation Board, Federal Employment Bureau, Mili- tary Camp Association, Belgian Baby Drive, United States Engineers, War Indus- tries Board, Exemption Boards, American Protective League, Woman's Land Army of America, United States Signal Corps, The Children of the Frontier, Marine Recruiting Stations, War Savings Stamps Committee, U. S. Boys' Work- ing Reserve, for club canteens, for settlements and hundreds of other organized groups, as well as to fill industrial needs. Statistics of Registration — In statistical form, the record of the registration 124 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE of the women of Illinois for war service, from the creation of the Woman's Committee to January 1, 1919, was : Illinois registration of women, outside of Chicago 547,917 Chicago registration of women 150,667 Total registration for war service 698,584 registration, for the unit work as well as the State work, is probably conservative, Treasurer of the Woman's Committee, representing less than half of the fees and contributions so collected, the remaining half or more being retained by local or county units $21,599.85 Registration fees collected in Chicago 14,729.84 Total registration fees turned in to the State Treasurer of the Woman's Committee $36,329.69 NOTE. — An estimate of $60,000.00 as the amount of money realized through registration, for the unit work as well as the State work, is probably conservative, since contributions of donations were received by the local units as well as their share of the fees. Figures Do Not Tell All — But figures alone cannot faithfully represent the work accomplished by the Registration Committee. First of all, it acted as a potent educational force. Before women would register, they must know the reasons for registration. To explain the reasons for registration meant explain- ing the causes of the war; the conditions existing in the countries of our allies; the problems of industry; the terrible devastation of whole populations abroad; the pitfalls for the young which follow in the trail of excitement and a dis- turbance of normal conditions ; the inadequate food supply which must be made to feed the world. Every registration class was a class in patriotism as well as a class in indexing information. Registration brought women of all classes into contact with each other. One of the big things which came out of it was the tremendous broadening of every woman's horizon. Through registration women were so listed and classified in one central place in 2,136 Illinois towns, that to every government drive could be furnished workers in large numbers : clerical helpers for the selective draft; speakers for every educational campaign; trained workers for home charities and community needs ; bookkeepers, stenographers, physicians, nurses, speakers, photographers, farm helpers, filing clerks, statisticians, seam- stresses, artists, writers, teachers, interpreters, translators, food demonstrators, proof-readers, motor drivers, switchboard operators, munition workers, elevator women, farm helpers, saleswomen, acocuntants, entertainers, telegraphers, knit- ters, settlement workers, playground directors, etc. Of the 698,584 women registered in Illinois, many being wage-earners, were unable to render service except in odd moments. But of the remainder, 326,333 were active workers through the Woman's Committee for the period of the war, and these figures do not take into account the numberless woinen who, from the stimulus received at the time of registration, allied themselves with canteen work, applied for overseas service, or attached themselves as individuals to philanthropic or patriotic working groups in their own communities, without waiting to be assigned to service through the Woman's Committee. Volunteer Placement and Filing Department The registration drive in November, 1917, was scarcely over before the women who had registered were being called upon for service. By the last of February, the growth of this particular work necessitated a new department to care for the files and the placing of volunteers. Mrs. Robert deGolyer was made chairman. The last of June, Mrs. deGolyer resigned, and Mrs. Miles B. Hilly was appointed chairman. The names of 22,412 women wanting training in various things, and of 1,640 who oflfered instruction, were turned over to the Courses of Instruction Committee and the ward organizations. Four hundred and sixty-four nurses were asked to enroll for United States Government service. Great Volunteer Army — Statisticians for the Ordnance Department of the United States Army and file and index clerks for the Signal Corps were recruited. A supplementary registration for summer work for all woman teachers and girl high school students was taken in May, 1918. During the influenza epidemic, STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 125 12,000 letters went to women who had ofifered their services in nursing, dietetics, relief visiting, care of children, cleaning, cooking, or any charity work. In April, 1918, 33 workers were sent daily to fifteen delinquent draft boards. Num- bers of other draft boards were furnished registrars, helpers in filling out questionnaires, copyists for occupational cards, typists, stenographers, file and index clerks and interpreters. In July, 24 women were assigned to help marine recruiting. Stenographers were furnished to the State Council's Military Affairs Committee, to the Fatherless Children of France organization and elsewhere. The Agencies That Were Helped — The agencies to which help of various kinds was sent were as follows : State Council of Defense Departments — Executive Office Military Affairs Committee Publicity Department Counties Auxiliary Neighborhood Committee Food Production Committee Farm Labor Bureau U. S. Boys' Working Reserve War Garden Bureau Highway Transport Committee War Exposition Four Minute Men Non-war Construction Bureau Speakers' Bureau Commercial Economy Administra- War Recreation tion License Bureau Womnn's Committee .Departments— Executive Office Child Welfare Americanization Social Hygiene Woman's Land Army Registration Department War Information Woman's Workroom Publicity Department Thrift and Conservation Finance Committee Allied Relief Course of Instruction Recreation for Girls Paid Employment Department Social Service Speakers' Bureau U. S. Government Bodies — • Food Administration War Industries Board Fuel Administration U. S. Dept. of Labor War Savings Stamps American Red Cross American Protective League Draft Exemption Boards Marine Recruiting Stations Tank Service Recruiting Station War Resources Committee Military Camp Association U. S. Engineers Miscellaneous Organizations — Fatherless Children of France American Fund for French Wounded Food for France Shop Italian Relief Auxiliary Children of the Frontier Woman's City Club Chicago Woman's Club Chicago Political Equality League Girls' Protective League Social Service Department of the Humboldt Park Woman's Club Juvenile Court Associated Charities Association Settlement House Eleanor Clubs Investigating the work of doctors and nurses in the public schools United Charities — Central, Englewood and Lower North districts Visiting Nurse's Association Hull House Chicago Commons 126 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Sheridan Field House Legal Aid Society Permanent Fund for the Blind Northwestern University Settlement Visitation of the Adult Blind Illinois Children's Home and Aid Eli Bates House Red League Church Federation Woman's Aid State Fair, Springfield (poster work) Juvenile Protective Association Immigrants' Protective League Providence Day Nursery Food Exhibit (poster work) Bohemian Settlement House South Shore Country Club (Red Cross Workers) Seventh Ward (Liberty Loan solicitors) Twentv-fourth, 30th and 31st wards (United War Work Cam- paign) Chicago Polyclinic Third Ward (Registrars) Woman's Union of the Ethical Society (Garden Work) Juvenile Psychopathic Institute _ Ridge Woman's Club (Red Cross workers) Orthogenic Free Clinic Daughters of the British Empire (Red Cross workers) Hebrew Institute Gads Hill Settlement Henry Booth House Y. W. C. A. (Red Cross) Social Service Department Rogers Park Catholic Woman's Club Help for the "Drives" — Solicitors, stenographers and general clerical workers for the following drives were furnished : Liberty Loan Salvation Army War Savings Stamps Y. M. C. A. Red Cross United War Work Campaign Taggers were provided for the following organizations : American Fund for French Wounded Belgian Babies Fatherless Children of France American Fund for the Blind Soldiers and Sailors Lying-in and Passavant Hospitals Home for Crippled Children and Convalescent Home for Crippled Children Daughters of the British Empire Motor service was furnished to the following: Chicago Woman's Club Navy League Visiting Nurses' Association Drama League Associated Charities Collegiate Periodical League U. S. Government Inspectors Hull House Red Cross (Emergency Drivers' League) Eloquent Facts and Figures — Volunteers sent to the organizations named in the foregoing were : Statisticians, draftsmen, librarians, commercial artists for making posters and bulletins, decorators to prepare booths and floats, public speakers, photographers, teachers for vocational schools, kindergarten teachers, playground workers, nurses, domestic science teachers, dieticians, food demon- strators, gardening instructors ; Greek, Russian, Bohemian, Polish, Lithuanian, Italian, Slavic and Yiddish interpreters ; entertainers, interviewers, investigators; proofreaders, notaries public, switchboard operators, women to do telephoning, STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 127 information clerks, stenographers, typists, bookkeepers, file and index clerks, long hand copyists, general clerical workers, folders, fillers, ticket sellers, canvassers, helpers and solicitors for drives ; taggers, makers of regalia, potato chip packers, girls to make liberty candy, comfort kit packers, knitters and seamstresses, care- takers of children, relief visitors, etc. No volunteers were furnished for commercial, political or sectarian work. The department handled approximately 1,800 outgoing telephone calls a month in calling upon volunteers for service. From Chicago cards alone, it made assignments as follows : Lists of volunteers furnished 7,305 Volunteers called by letters and cards 12,464 Given for use of Ward and Courses of Instruction Committees- Lists of those wanting training 22,412 Lists of those giving instructions 1,640 Volunteers placed definitely 5,387 Total 49,208 Throughout the state the use of the registration cards was as great pro- portionately as in Chicago. Illinois Motor Corps This auxiliary was organized in March, 1918, for the purpose of giving vol- unteer motor service to the departments and committees of the State Council and other war organizations of Chicago and vicinity. It had twenty-nine members, under Mrs. Mark Walton, captain. It responded to 1,530 calls, serving the fol- lowing organizations : State Council of Defense _ Officers' Training Camp at Fort Sheridan War Recreation Board Soldiers' and Sailors' Club Food Administration Army Intelligence Department Fuel Administration War Savings Stamp Committee Infant Welfare Society Liberty Loan Ordnance Department Central Free Dispensary Navy Recruiting Office Courses of Instruction Department The object of this Committee was originally to help women find the training necessary to prepare them to fill positions made vacant by the men leaving for military duty and all other positions of special war-time service. The work was not so much to initiate classes as to collect data regarding courses already begun, to give publicity to these, and be ready to furnish complete information regarding them. During the course of the work, and especially after the signing of the armistice, the purpose broadened to include the enlarging of educational opportunities for all women at work, or who were planning to go to work, and the encouraging of women to take advantage of these opportunities. The committee in charge of this work was : Mrs. W. S. Hefferan, Chairman; Mrs. Henry Kuh, Vice-Chairman ; Miss Agnes Hannah, Miss Irene Warren, Mrs. A. B. Spach, Aliss Elizabeth Hodge, Mrs. W. S. Monroe, Mrs. W. F. Dummer, Miss Julia Elliott, Miss Amelia Sears, Mrs. Harry Gillet, Miss C. N. Smith, Miss Minnie Ahrens, Miss Mary Wheeler, Miss Louise Montgomery, Mrs. Henry Smoot ; Executive Secretary, Miss Gail Wilson (May, 1917, to August, 1918) and Mrs. W. Dow Harvey. Prelimijiary Work — In May, 1917, the Committee began its work by listing the following: Red Cross Courses in Surgical Dressings, Dietetics, First Aid, Home Nursing, etc. Clerical courses given in business colleges and Y. M. C. A. Courses in filing and card cataloging given at the Public Library. Courses in cooking at the School of Domestic Science in invalid and 128 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE convalescent cooking, economical cooking, emergency and canteen cooking. Motor and wireless instruction by the Navy League. Social Service Emergency Relief work by the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy. Courses to instruct volunteers to teach citizenship and English to foreign mothers in groups organized in public schools. To obtain a survey of existing employment needs, the members of the Illi- nois Manufacturers' Association were circularized in May, 1917. Approximately 10 per cent of the firms replied, and their letters showed that women would be needed as printers, power machine operators, elevator operators, and in other unusual lines. Co-operation of Chicago Board of Education — In May, Mr. Wm. Bachrach, Superintendent of Commercial Courses, offered the facilities of the three review high schools — Englewood, Lane and Crane — to all women desirous of taking courses in stenography, typewriting and rapid machine work, such as dictaphone, comptometer and shortwriter. During the summer months, classes in cooking, can- ning and general food conservation were held in the following schools : Lucy Flower, Gladstone, Franklin, Lake View, Hyde Park, Chicago Teachers' College. Foreign motliers were also given instruction in economic cooking and in English, at the Armour, Wells, Franklin, Jenner and Mitchell schools. The women usually had to bring their younger children with them, and it became necessary to open the kindergarten rooms with a volunteer supervisor in charge and a visiting nurse. With the co-operation of Mr. W. J. Roberts, Assistant Superin- tendent of Schools, one-third of the Chicago schools were eventually in use for summer work. Printing courses were offered in two evening schools in the fall. In January, 1918, night school courses in practical gardening and elementary poultry and stock raising were established. By the committee's efforts, the morning session of the continuation school in the McClurg Building was opened to girls and women, in February, 1918. Afternoon and evening sessions were opened later. Further work with the Board of Education was carried on by the Courses of Instruction Ward Units. Publicity and Information — As the committee gathered further information about the courses in Chicago, the length of the list justified the printing of a bulletin containing a descriptive list of 50 courses, as follows : Home Economics 6 Motor Mechanics 3 Home Nursing 8 Office Work 8 Language 6 Social Service 8 Telephone 1 Re-education for Handicapped 8 Miscellaneous 4 Telegraphy and Wireless 4 A second edition of the bulletin in April, 1918, listed 41 new courses. The publicity brought inquiries, averaging 10 a day, including a surprising number of women who had never held positions of any kind. A third edition of the bul- letin in October, 1918, listed 90 courses, exclusive of those offered by the Board of Education. Thirty-nine of the new courses were as follows: Canteen 1 Drafting 6 Chemistry 3 Photography 2 Commercial 9 Railroad 2 Employment Manager 1 Reconstruction 4 First Aid and Nursing 4 Social Service 1 Home Economics 1 General Information and Educational. ...4 French 1 No other state had issued anything as complete. Six thousand copies were printed, to last a year ; 4,500 copies were sent out in three months. Ten days after the signing of the armistice, the number of inquiries began to decrease. A few new courses were started in January, but the main work of the office was turned toward pushing free evening schools, and day part-time continuation schools through the State. Courses Initiated and Assisted — Mrs. W. S. Monroe was appointed Chair- man of a Sub-ComiTiittee for Training Disabled Soldiers, and in August, 1917, made a study of the methods used in this work in Canada. In December, the STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 129 Henry Favill School of Occupations started a course to train reconstruction aides for the government. The Chicago Kindergarten Institute opened an afternoon-evening class, for the same work. A course for girls in mechanical drafting was arranged and started in February, 1918. Two groups — one to study telegraphy and the other wireless — were enrolled in the fall of 1917. Two courses for training teachers to instruct foreign-born women in English were started in January, 1918. Classes in filing and indexing were started in the fall of 1917, in response to the government call for expert filers, and were repeated almost every month since. In addition to directly initiating and giving aid to classes, the committee succeeded, through publicity, in increasing the attendance at many courses. State Work — To make a survey of the educational opportunities and needs of the State, in October, 1917, a comprehensive questionnaire was sent to all local unit chairmen. The information obtained from this survey showed that telegraphy was offered in 8 towns; motor mechanics in 7; printing in 8; instruc- tion to the blind and deaf in 4; instruction to other handicapped in 15; and domes- tic science in 34. From time to time, reports came in showing growing interest, and progress. One city where in the beginning the chairman was doubtful whether anything could be done, reported in September, 1918, a class in prac- tical bandaging with an enrollment of 20; a class in stenography, which graduated many women who took positions; a class in telegraphy; a class in first aid; and plans for starting classes in filing and in motor mechanics. Many units worked in co-operation with their school boards. Where school boards were unable to start the desired courses, units arranged classes outside of the schools. Tele- graphy was among the most popular of the courses instituted by the local units. Though many towns neglected to report, we have the record of 115 classes in 46 towns, and in addition the opening of evening instruction in commercial lines in 8 towns. After the signing of the armistice, instructions were sent to the State units to work more than ever for the establishing of evening classes and part- time day continuation classes. Reports from 26 units in December, 1918, and January, 1919, showed that the chairmen realized the permanent value of their work, and that they were not slackening their efforts because of the signing of the armistice. Ward Work and Suvunary^'By August, 1918, the work of the committee in Chicago had grown so large that the chairman began to make an effort to secure Courses of Instruction Units in the various wards, asking teachers to act as leaders in most cases. It was not easy to find many teachers who could accept this appoint- ment, because of the already great demands on their time. However, by Janu- ary, 1919, there were leaders in 17 of the 35 wards, and many gave untiring service in spite of their other duties. The real outcome of the work of the Courses of Instruction Committee has been that each community reached has come to a realization of the educational opportunities in its midst. There have been sur- veys, a general taking stock of equipment. On the one hand, unknown oppor- tunities have been brought to light, and advertised ; unappreciated opportunities have been used more than ever before. On the other hand, where a community fell short, there has been an effort to initiate further instruction through private classes, evening schools, community centers, and part-time continuation classes. Employment Department The general registration of women was the immediate cause of the existence of the Employment Department. Many of the women who registered that they would be available for "paid" positions took for granted that openings would be awaiting them immediately. Some who registered were very much in need of work. Most of them were "over 40" and untrained. It very soon became evi- dent that some kind of organized and systematic effort must be made to Bring these women into contact with the opportunities they were seeking and to induce employers to make use of these women in their organizations, when skill and' experience were not essential pre-requisites. On January 21st, 1918, Miss Helen M. Bennett of the Chicago Collegiate Bureau of Occupations, assisted Miss Elizabeth D. Douglass and Miss Florence Schee in the establishment and organ- 130 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE ization of the Employment Committee work on an efficient and practical working basis. The functions of the department were threefold: (1) To interview, analyze and register the qualifications of women seeking work. (2) To get in touch with employers ; learn their needs, and the particular and peculiar qualities desired of the women needed. (3) Then, with as great care as possible, to select the right woman for the right job and place her in touch therewith. One of the chief problems undertaken by this department was that of the woman "over 40." Registrations taken from January 5, 1918, to January 1, 1919, were as follows : 20 years of age or under 1,571 21 years of age to 30 years 3,130 31 years of age to 39 years 1,474 40 years of age to 49 years 1,427 50 years of age to 59 years 386 60 years of age and over 80 Age not noted 790 8,858 The larger number of the "age not noted" applicants were women above the "40" line, making it safe to say that between 2,500 and 3,000 of these registrants were middle aged and elderly women who for various reasons found it desirable or necessary to make their own living. The records of the department show that positions were found for about 600 of this group. Lines of training open to them were pointed out to about 900 others ; and many more decided it was unnecessary to find employment. IVoman's Committee Work Room — Under the direction of Mrs. E J. Mc- Carty a Woman's Committee workroom was organized to furnish employment for many women who could not qualify for standardized positions, commercial, industrial, and domestic, as follows : 1. The middle aged and old with no business experience. 2. The physically weak and mentally weak. 3. The women whose former occupations were temporarily para- lyzed by the war, and whose occupations, (as dressmaking) had not schooled them for commercial lines. The working principle was to keep to one form of occupation, needlework and handcraft ; to give work at the workroom ; to supply home work to the women who found it impossible through domestic duties or delicate health, to do work outside ; to send women out 'by the day to work in other people's homes ; to find women permanent positions after we had investigated their ability at the workroom ; to give instruction, when necessary, in handcraft and in every case to encourage a woman to improve and learn business methods. The first work done was very simple sewing, mending and darning. Soon found were women who could do the most exquisite handwork, but who had never known how to make it remunerative. Often it was discovered that a woman who could not earn her living by needlework had a natural aptitude for painting, crocheting rugs, dyeing, etc. Eventually, the workroom was employing women on the following : Mending and darning ; alterations on old clothes and new ; dress- making (handled almost entirely in employment office style) ; training dressmakers' assistants; hemming by machine; hemming by hand; hem- stitching by machine and hand ; embroidering and initialing ; embroid- ering (waists, dresses, etc.); fine darning (Persian and camel's hair shawls, laces and embroideries) ; making collar and cuff and vest sets ; making aprons ; making underclothes ; relining muffs and neck-pieces ; relining men's ties; knitting; crocheting; all forms of fancy work; netting (bags for golf balls) ; hand-painting (cards, buttons, boxes, tinware, oilcloth, etc.) ; making rag dolls; making children's and infants' clothes; making masks (for munition workers); decorating hat bands (millinery orders); making curtains; covering comforts; making en- velopes ; hand decorating stationery ; making paper bags into decorated utility bags ; covering boxes with fancy paper ; making wool dolls ; mak- ing hotne-rnade candy; making fancy boxes for candy; making Christ- mas novelties. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 131 Results of Work Room — One hundred and fifty women were given part- time work. (Very few of tlie women registered were able to work eight hours a day.) Many women needed the work outside of their homes as an antidote against bereavement more than for the money. Many wives and mothers of soldiers found emergency work there while waiting for their allotments. Many women were kept from drifting into the dependent class. The conclusions are that this work is practical and would supply a business need ; that it should be carried on in every community when unemployment exists ; that it is of enough civic value to find a permanent place in the work that is fostered by the promi- nent women's clubs under the head of Vocational Guidance ; that in order to maintain the philanthropic idea it was built upon, it should have an endowment fund which would enable it to help the women through the period of time that is necessary to give them instruction and to find the work that will afterwards provide them a vocation. Co-Opcrating -with U. S. Employment Service — On July 15, 1918, the depart- ment joined forces with the U. S. Employment Service, co-operating with the Illinois Free Employment Agencies. The department co-operated closely with employers in Chicago and with plants in and near Chicago, manufacturing muni- tions and other war supplies ; it has also furnished many employes to the Ordnance and Quartermaster's Departments of the Army, as well as to the government departments in Washington, D. C. The department made a close survey and study of conditions that aflfect the work of women to assist employers in the adjustment of these conditions. It has also encouraged women in the direction of training, believing that within this process lies the key, not only to the problems of industry in which women are participating, but also that the future of the political, the economic and the industrial life of our country will depend for successful development and growth largely upon the trained intelligence of the woman citizenry. Illinois Training Farm for Women It was in March, 1918, that the war-time movement of women towards the land reached Illinois. In England, about 300,000 women were tilling the soil and women of the Eastern states were organizing for land service. The Mid-West Branch of the Woman's National Farm and Garden Associa- tion became interested and, with various other organizations and individuals, wished to formulate plans for a Woman's Land Army of Illinois. The work was taken up, by authority of the Women's Committee, by the following com- mittee : Mrs. Tiffany Blake, Chairman; Mrs. W. V. B. Ames, Vice-Chair- man ; Mrs. Vibe K. Spicer, Vice-Chairman ; Mrs. C. W. Deusner, Rec- ording Secretary; Mrs. A. S. Peabody, Treasurer; Mrs. G. S. B. Steward, Mrs. E. J. Phelps, Mrs. Albert Heler, Mrs. B. J. Cahn, Mrs. B. W. Rosenstone, Dean Mary Ross Potter, Mrs. Medill McCormick, Mrs. Walter S. Brewster, Mrs. Charles W. Hubbard, Mrs. Henry Dunlap, Mrs. Samuel T. Chase, Miss Marjorie Bell. It seemed to the committee that there was no labor shortage that could not be taken care of by the Boys' Reserve, and the men of the towns ; but, if the war should continue, then women would be needed to assist in planting and harvest- ing crops. However, in talking with agriculturalists and friends, it appeared that if women were to be used, they should be trained first. The immediate need, as presented, was to help the farmer's wife. To meet this situation, the Illinois Training Farm for Women idea was developed. Getting the Farm Going — W. V. B. Ames loaned his farm of 200 acres at Libertyv'ille, rent free, for three years, including the ten-room house, a barn, an unfinished cement cow barn, outbuildings and also 18 cows and 187 chickens, as well as some farm and house equipment. The farm was of the dairy type, some- what run down. During April and May, cash donations amounted to $4,100, which was spent for an automobile truck, lumber and various smaller items. A tractor was loaned, and a man to help the girls master it. Presents, such as plows and disc-harrows, a farm wagon, cultivators, and other farm outfit, made excit- ing arrivals, with milking machine, separator, stanchions, barn equipment, paint. 132 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE sand and seeds, all keeping company with domestic consignments of tents and blankets, jelly jars, a stove, hams and tea. Seventy-six hundred dollars in cash and $6,000 in equipment were given by an interested public to establish this experi- mental school for women. Recruiting the "Army" — By July 1st, the personnel at the farm numbered forty-six. The training and maintenance of the girls was free, they agreeing to do what was asked and to remain in farm work for the duration of the war. They were accepted on two weeks' probation. A few were not in earnest; a few disliked the work; several wept on dismissal. The first seven months seventy- five girls were accepted and eleven girls turned away. Thirteen hundred appli- cations were received, from which seventy-six were accepted provisionally. Fifty- five received training during periods varying from one to seven months. Sev- enty-five per cent of the students were college women; 15 per cent professional women and 10 per cent women of leisure or homemakers. Their ages ranged from eighteen to fifty-three years. Although conditions on the farm were far from ideal, and were exceptionally difficult in some respects, all responded spiritedly to their opportunities, worked very hard without complaint, prospered physically and learned to take care of themselves. How They Got Training — The buildings needed attention inside and out. The cow shed had continued to accumulate fertilizer year after year. It was cleared in two days by five girls. The feat set a standard, though there was no other episode quite so trying. Several barrels of glass and rubbish were cleaned from the front yard and shrubs were planted. The well was cleaned and a tank in- stalled in the attic to supply the house with running water. Two people only had lived in the house. With war-time conditions, for four weeks no plumber was to be had and the cistern pump in the kitchen provided the only water for dish- washing for forty-six people. When the plumber finally appeared, the girls acted as assistants and after the pipes were laid to the house and connected, they filled the ditches. Seven tents in the white oak grove extended the sleeping quar- ters and the big cement horse stable made an attractive dormitory. Friday nights, half the girls went home. There was no field work Sundays and always time then for a swim in some neighboring lake. Considerable experience was gained by the girls in handling tools. Colony houses for the chickens were put up. An additional room to the house was built. A new barn was finished and equipped, part as dairy and part as creamery. Hot water heat and a steam plant for live stock were put in the creamery, which was also furnished with one power churn, one hand churn, separator, cheese vats and various cheese-making equipment. Operation of the Farm — The farm was run in three departments, the girls choosing their department for a month in rotation : Farm Operation and Care of Live Stock; Dairy and Creamery; Chickens and Home Economics. Five days a week there was a lecture of some department at 1 :30 after a rest hour. The subjects were as follows : General Agriculture and Farm Woman's Land Movement in Work. England. Dairy Work. Domestic Science. General Poultry; Licubation. Soil Experiments — How to Fruits. Maintain Soil Fertility. Drainage. Fertilizers, Manures and Lime. Women as Truckers. Truck Gardening. Landscape. Agricultural Botany. The girls were marked on their note books. The general excellence of their field work was considered. Some theory was given too, with the field work, in informal talks as the work progressed. Some Things Girls Did — During the summer at the farm the girls throve well on their field work. They plowed with the tractor, horse plow and hand plow and besides planting some small grains and a large kitchen garden, they planted ten acres of oats, twenty-two of corn and five of potatoes. These they cultivated, as well as thirty acres of other grains already planted when they took possession of the farm. And these crops they harvested as well as thirty acres 5TATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 133 of timothy. The girls helped to bring in the crops of the neighboring farms— an exchange of labor — for when our silo was filled, sixteen farmers brought twelve teams across the fields to help. One of the students and the supervisor of a neighboring farm shocked eigh- teen acres of oats starting at 10 o'clock in the morning and ending at 5 :30 in the afternoon, taking an hour out for luncheon. A brood of 300 chickens was hatched. Chickens, eggs, butter, cream, Yorkshire, Devonshire, Cottage, Cheddar and Coulmour cheeses were well marketed. The most successful by-product of the year was the mince meat made from green tomatoes — 138 cans brought in $103.50. The report shows that the amount of food canned, dried and preserved was enough to feed a family of thirty until next harvest. The farm's exhibits at the Lake County Fair took ten first prizes for canned vegetables and fruits, pickles and preserves, second prize for vegetables, and the first prizes for cheeses — green pepper, pimento, cream, cottage and club. Graduates and Positions — The committee makes no promises, but there is a growing demand for skilled agricultural labor. Calls come for farm supervisors, dairy-women and general farmers. This is suitable work for women and it is well paid. Of the graduates last year (1918) seven girls are taking courses in agri- cultural colleges ; one graduate has been engaged to go to Russia with the Inter- national Harvester Company as soon as conditions permit, to teach the peasant women how to use farm machinery ; three girls are engaged at dairy farming ; three others plan to use their training in working on their fathers' farms next year. Several of the teachers and college girls wish farm positions in the vaca- tion period. Others plan to have their own small farms. Some are hoping to take up claims, and one girl is helping a farmer at Grand Ridge, Illinois, doing general farming. It is hoped the farm in the near future will be connected with the State University. A one-year's course — nine months' practice at the farm, combined with three months' short course at the university— is suggested. As 75 per cent of the women trained at the farm were college women, it would seem suitable to connect their work at the farm with such training. It is hoped the home supervisor provided by the Smith-Lever Bill will make the farm her headquarters. As she goes through the country, she can learn the needs of her community and can organize at the farm the needed instruction. She can take students of the farm with her to her various fields of activity, giving them valu- able experience under her direction. Thus the farm can be developed into a source of assistance for the farmer's wife, as well as giving aid to the farmer. Food Production Department The Food Production work was organized under Mrs. Henry M. Dunlap of Savoy, Chairman, and Mrs. Augustus Peabody of Chicago, Vice-Chainnan, like that of other committees, through the county unit. It was the aim to secure a working organization in every county and to extend that organization to a town- ship organization. A comprehensive set of suggestions was sent to every county chairman. Ninety-five counties have reported themselves organized. Promoting Food Production — Early in the organization work, a simple Garden Manual was published, to be placed in the hands of the teachers of the State, with information to be imparted to the pupils. Over 5,000 copies were dis- tributed. A monthly letter was sent to every county chairman from the office of the Food Production Chairman suggesting the work to be done during the month, and they were asked to have these letters published in all county papers so that the information could be quickly disseminated. The chairman of the committee made many talks throughout the State on food production, and many county chairmen covered their counties with an educational campaign of speeches and distribution of literature, so when the period of seed planting and cultivation was at hand, through this preliminary effort, they were ready for active, intelligent work. Results Obtained — No exact number of gardens made or amount of produc- tion secured has been tabulated, but many reports have been received of the universal garden-making of the counties, some saying an increase of 100 to 200 per cent was made over any previous year. The chairman, in her travels over the 134 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE State, was pleased and gratified to see the wonderful gardens under such excel- lent cultivation that were everywhere to be found. The parking in many towns was used to grow cabbages, tomatoes, potatoes and many early vegetables, and railroad rights of way were also used wherever possible. The waste places along public highways were plowed and made to bring forth food, where previously they produced only weeds. In fact, through the many and varied ways of inter- esting the people of the State in food production, especially gardening, it became a universal interest, and every one that could possibly find a place to cultivate was growing food to help beat the Kaiser. Recommendations for the Future — Early in February, this department held a conference at Urbana, at which recommendations were made as follows : That every farm in Illinois have a vegetable garden ; that all available space in towns and cities be planted ; that every woman raising poultry increase the number of her flock; that inore butter and cottage cheese be made; that the raising of bees for honey, to be used instead of sugar, and sheep for the wool they supply, be urged; that community kitchens be opened to take care of surplus vegetables. Every county that had a good leader gave good monthly reports, and the work accomplished was all that could be desired. Thrift and Conservation Department A group of women interested in conservation met at the request of Isabel Bevier, Director of Home Economics, University of Illinois, in the rooms of the Chicago Woman's Club Tuesday afternoon, May 22, 1917. Miss Bevier explained that the purpose of the meeting was to find ways and means of conserving health, food, fuel, clothing and higher life. She announced that in selecting the mem- bers of the Conservation Committee it was the purpose to utilize organizations already existing and the basis of the selection of the members had been two : first, to have representatives of the various interests and activities already in progress in Chicago ; and, second, to have representatives from the rest of the State of women of experience and leisure, and who could give considerable time and thought to the problems. From the date of the first meeting until the signing of the armistice, meet- ings were held the second and fourth. Tuesdays in each month, taking up the many problems as conditions required. Mrs. Rufus Dawes of Evanston was appointed City Chairman in February, 1918. She resigned in May, 1918, and was succeeded by Miss Elizabeth Allen. New members were added as the work developed. Following is a list of the members of the committees of December 1st, 1918: Miss Isabel Bevier, Chairman ; Miss Elizabeth Allen, Chicago Chair- man ; Miss Katherine Blunt, Vice-Chairman, under Chicago Chairman ; Mrs. Lynden Evans, Mrs. Charles H. Betts, Miss Katherine Blunt, Mrs. John C. Bley, Mrs. Edward T. Gudeman, Miss Jennie Snow, Mrs. C. M. Lloyd, Mrs. W. L. Arnold, Mrs. Dora E. Duflf, Mrs. W. A. Myers, Miss Ethel Lendrum, Mrs. N. W. Harris, Mrs. James B. Herrick, Mrs. A. N. Farmer, Mrs. Alfred Granger, Miss Frances Swain, Mrs. Samuel Steele, Mrs. Annie Kenny, Mrs. Herman Frank, Mrs. Charles Monroe, Miss Sarah Tunnicliff, Mrs. Robert Palmer. Saving Wheat — With the need of conservation of wheat, it seemed wise to put before the public in as vivid and spectacular a way as possible, the fact that Illinois is essentially a corn-producing state and to show the possibilities of the use of corn in attractive dishes. The corn kitchens were the outgrowth of a very large six-days' corn show held in a vacant store in the loop district early in November, 1917. The attendance was so great (over 30,000) and the interest so keen that the State Council of Defense felt that the idea ought to be carried to other parts of the city. Women were interested by neighborhoods to organize for corn shows. In January, 1918, the scope of the kitchens was enlarged to include other wheat substitutes, and the name was changed to Wheat Savings Kitchens. Later, the corn kitchens grew into local "food shows," with exhibits STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 135 illustrating the conservation of wheat, meat, fat and sugar. The following corn shows were held : One 5-day corn kitchen in a high school. Two 1-day corn kitchens in a graded school. One 4-day wheat saving kitchen in a grocery store. One 4-day food show in a local hall. One very comprehensive S-day food show in a furniture store in the stock yards district. One 5-day food show in a suburban library. Canning — On July 9, 1918, a community cannery was opened at Sinai Social Center. Each person was allowed to can only two jars at one time, as the plan was to reach as many people as possible, and not allow any one or two to reap the benefits justly due to many, and 500 jars cold packed left the center. In all, 28 canning demonstrations were given, and 14 demonstrations using wheat and meat substitutes, remaining throughout 100 per cent wheatless. During several canning demonstrations fruits and vegetables were dried on home-made driers of screen, using the oven for artificial heat, thereby demonstrating simplicity and economy. Advertising was accomplished through the picture houses, newspapers, local weeklies and churches, women's clubs, etc. Sugar Conservation — In December, a bulletin putting forth the sugar situa- tion and the possibility of making Christmas candies without sugar was issued. At the Christmas festival "Toyland," held at the Coliseum the last ten days before Christmas, 1917, two thousand pounds of sugarless candy were made and sold. The number of people at the booth averaged 300 each day. Food Show — Soup Kitchen — The committee co-operated closely with the State Council of Defense Patriotic Food Show at the Coliseum January 5th to 13, 1918. After some investigation as to neighborhood conditions in the saloon district of Hyde Park, Miss E. Lendrum was asked to supervise a soup kitchen called "The Canteen," which was opened at Hyde Park Center. The Canteen gave the laboring men in that vicinity at noon the opportunity to have a bowl of heavy soup, a thick slice of bread and a cup of coffee with cream for 10 cents. There was such a demand for pie that it was added to the menu. The women in the neighborhood were urged to go in where the soup was being made and ask questions, and also buy the soup and carry it home. The women were slow to ask questions, but always glad to take home any printed matter, such as govern- ment bulletins and leaflets. The men also learned to ask for recipes to take home to their wives. In some respects the experiment was satisfactory, inasmuch as many laborers and poor families were helped materially during the cold weather. The saloons increased their vigilance and their influence was shown perceptibly by the fact that the Canteen was filled on election days when the saloons were closed, which indicates that upon the closing of the saloons there will be a demand for soup and coffee kitchens. Child Welfare — Home demonstrations agents co-operating with the Con- servation Committee assisted the Child Welfare Committee and aimed to see that every child in the country was weighed and measured and its birth recorded sometime during the year beginning April 1, 1918, and ending Apri' 1, 1919. Baby weighing centers in the poor foreign districts were especially visited, to give advice as to the care and feeding of children while mothers were waiting to have their children weighed and measured. In each of these districts visited they found concrete proof that there is universal lack of knowledge as to the correct feeding and care of children among the foreigners. In its weighing station at the 6th Ward Council of Defense headquarters, a special demonstration along the line of infant feeding was given one afternoon. The demonstration lasted two hours. There were some bad cases of malnutrition among the children. As the 6th Ward is principally American, this demonstrated that ignorance along these lines is not entirely confined to the foreigners. Potato Campaign — During the drive in the spring to promote the use of potatoes to save wheat, there were demonstrations at Fellowship Settlement House, Baptist Home (Colored) and Harvey Training Class. The County 136 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Superintendent of Schools and the seven country life advisers were interested, and through them potato campaign literature and potato leaflets were placed in every school, and the Potato Dialogue went to the libraries and some of the larger schools. The potato campaign material was also sent to each of the township units in Cook County. Twelve units reported active potato campaigns, with exhibits in grocery stores, libraries and schools, and in some cases a parade. Alunicipal Pier Demonstrations — With the help of volunteer domestic sci- ence teachers from the public schools, there was all summer a conservation booth on the Municipal Pier. The demonstrations, though conducted in a thoroughly scientific manner, were informal, and the people crowded around the tables. Their problems were very practical and needed to be accurately answered. Afternoon demonstrations were devoted to the cold pack method of canning vegetables, and the evening demonstrations to cold pack canning of fruit. There was always some war recipe for baking being demonstrated. All fruit was canned without sugar and all baking was wheatless. In addition to the demon- strations there was always a lecture from a chart on the cold pack method of canning; literature was given out; and government "price lists" of fruits and vegetables distributed. There were two types of people who applied at the booth, i. €., those who came to learn the use of substitutes and how to conform to gov- ernment regulations, and those who wanted to correct their past mistakes. Even the men copied the recipes left on the blackboard, and little children came to inquire. It is safe to say a thousand people a day stopped at this booth, with a total attendance of 45,000. Graphic Food Exhibits — Graphic food exhibits showing the substitute food rations, canning, drying and salting, were most successful. These were held in ward centers, stores, settlements and clubs. One such was placed at the State Fair, showing the amount of food required by one American soldier for one year, and made very clear to all the necessity of canning in order to provide the food for nearly two million soldiers. Several county fairs asked for the mate- rial, and felt it was of the greatest value. Miscellaneous Activities — An interesting demonstration was one to Boy Scouts with vegetables raised in their Scout garden. Growing out of demon- stration at the Nineteenth Century Club, a class for colored women was formed — seven lessons, one every Thursday. Three of the largest department stores conducted, under committee supervision, demonstrations on wheat substitutes for one week in their grocery departments. Over twenty thousand of the recipes used were printed and distributed. As the result of an intensive training course at Lewis Institute, University of Chicago and the School of Domestic Arts and Science, fifty women became available as helpers in demonstrations. Wherever possible, the committee worked through the ward organizations. In 38 settle- ments there were demonstrations reaching all nationalities. Red Cross meetings were also utilized. Talks on conservation were given in every school in the city during the fall of 1917, to the seventh and eighth grades and high school pupils and their parents. At the War Exposition, September 2nd to 14th, 1918, in Grant Park, cold pack canning and sugarless recipes were demonstrated. It is estimated 600,000 people passed the booth. Food Conservation Bureau and Demonstration Station The Food Conservation Bureau and Demonstration Station, under the direc- tion of Mrs. Charles A. Munroe, was opened on June 1, 1918, for the purpose of giving to the housewives of Chicago accurate information on food conservation. Practical lectures and demonstrations were given on the Model Kitchen platform at 11 :00 and 2:00 o'clock six days a week for six months. Some of the subjects covered by the demonstrations were: 100 per cent wheatless quick breads of every description. Canning (cold pack method). Dehydrating. Invalid cookery. Children's diet. Balanced meals for all ages. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 137 Meat substitutes. Many uses of dairy products. Yeast breads with a minimum amount of wheat. Many uses of fish. French and Italian cookery (conservation cookery). Wheatless pastry. Jellies, jams and marmalades without sugar. Seasonable salads to save the sweet. Vegetable cookery. Conservation of fuel. Sugarless food of every description. Uses of rough cuts and extra meat portions. The uses of the fireless cooker and how to construct one at home. Meat extenders. Meatless and sugarless mince meat. Meals from left overs. Planning adequate food for conservation times. Marketing and the food regulations. Suggestive Thanksgiving dishes. Sugarless confections. Egg savers. Preservation of eggs in water glass. Demonstrations and Lectures — The experimental kitchen was a very valu- able department. All of the products of this kitchen were made practically with- out sugar for three months, and almost no white flour was used in any of the yeast breads. New sugarless and wheatless recipes were worked out almost every day. The bake shop, where the conservation products were sold, origin- ally opened as an experiment with no idea of commercial profit, proved most profitable. It more than paid the salaries of domestic science experts the last two months, and produced $3,363.67 for financing the Bureau. At the informa- tion desk, thousands of government recipes dealing with every conceivable phase of conservation, and all of the recipes demonstrated in the model kitchen, were given away. The week of July 8th was devoted to a food conservation 'drive, a feature of which was outdoor demonstrating with model kitchens mounted on motor trucks. Following the parade on opening day, three of the trucks were sent into the poorer districts of the city. Interpreters accompanied the trucks and explained the demonstrations in the language of the people of the districts. The truck demonstrations were continued through the summer whenever called for. Demonstrations were also given in many wards of the city, and Bureau demonstrators also lectured in LaGrange, Morton Grove, Belle Plaine Harding Austin, Aurora, Beverly Hills, Edison Park, Congress Park, Riverside' and Bud- long Gardens. Special Undertakings—The week of August 12th was devoted to the care and feeding of children. The Bureau was represented at the State Fair by a large exhibit which Mrs. Charles A. Munroe personally superintended, and at the War Exposition by a large demonstrating kitchen, where were illustrated many times daily cold-pack canning, sugarless cookies and desserts, wheat substi- tutes, etc. Between 15 and 20 demonstrators worked there almost without inter- ruption throughout the day and evening. During the month of October, the Bureau offered its services to the Red Cross as an emergency soup kitchen to aid the sufferers from influenza. During the two weeks about 35 families a day were cared for. More than 60,000 people visited the Bureau in six months. I he largest attendance at demonstrations was during the canning season. Closed ill December— It was determined to close the Bureau on December Ist the special mission for which it was established, that of teaching the house- wife conservation along specific lines, having been fulfilled; also, the new pro- gram of the U. S. Food Administration, one of general conservation by reduc- ing the amount of food consumed per capita, being a difficult one to demonstrate in food lectures, it was not deemed wise to continue a large establishment with expensive equipment. After the payment of all bills, a sum amounting to approx- imately $800 remained in the treasury, which has been applied to free lectures 138 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE on "Marketing," "The Family Budget," and "Saving Fats," etc., at the School of Domestic Arts and Science, and to paying for the services of domestic science experts to work with the Woman's Committee Thrift and Conservation Depart- ment. Fuel Conservation Miss Sarah B. Tunnicliff entered upon her duties as the Director of the Women's Section of the Conservation Department of the U. S. Fuel Adminis- tration for Illinois (Prof. H. H. Stock, Director) with authority from the chairman of the Woman's Committee, State Council of Defense, to take charge of fuel conservation among the women of the State. The section co-operated with the Fuel Administrators and Conservators in their efforts to enforce the government's requests pertaining to temperature of buildings, lighting, "Tag- Your-Shovel Day" and conservation of fuel through the adoption of economical methods of firing and utilization in domestic heating equipment. In Chicago women acted as explainers at the Fuel Conservation booth held in connection with the Patriotic Food Show, January 5-13, 1918. Fifty per cent of the in- quiries came from women. The demonstration proved a good preparation for the period of coal shortage which soon followed. Helping the Fuel Administration — The period of coal famine reached an acute stage January 16 and continued until February 5. The appeals for coal made to the County Fuel Administration increased to such an extent that it became necessary to adopt a plan of decentralization, so that urgent cases could be investigated and receive immediate relief. The Women's Section of the De- partment of Fuel Conservation was requested to undertake this work under the direction of the Emergency Division. Within forty-eight hours a fuel dis- tributor was appointed for every ward in the city, their names put in the daily press, and appeals for help were receiving prompt attention. A committee of coal dealers was organized to co-operate with the ward chairmen in filling orders. The situation required an immediate survey of the wards, a listing of dealers, the amount and grade of coal on hand, facilities for distribution and the best way of utilizing those facilities. Applications for relief were card-catalogued, cases investigated and an organization developed in a systematic way. Results Accomplished — People were found in every state of helplessness — sick babies, mothers in confinement, families quarantined, aged and insane — every form of distress was reported to the chairmen. For two weeks the distributors were besieged by telephone calls and by applicants in person, who crowded their houses and looked to them as their one source of relief. The women soon be- came known throughout their communities, and cases were reported to them by doctors, nurses, postmen, police and even the coal dealers themselves. Alto- gether 16,339 orders for coal were received by the committee and filed, excepting those orders where only hard coal was acceptable. After the emergency had passed, attention was especially given to the educa- tional part of the program. The women's clubs of Illinois were circularized and arrangements made for a place on their club calendars for speakers on fuel con- servation. October 1, 1918, when the Conservation Department was reorganized under Mr. Harold Almert, Director of Conservation, the Women's Section con- tinued its work as a part of the Education Section, Domestic Heating. Child Welfare Department Physical examinations under the selective draft law startled the country by disclosing that at least 34 per cent of the young men examined were unfit for service in the cause of their country because of physical disabilities. This fact gained significance, moreover, with the knowledge that the greater number of these disabilities would not have existed if the young men in infancy and early childhood had had proper care. These startling facts, together with the knowl- edge that at least 300,000 of the infants of the country die every year from preventable causes, led people, eager to exert every efifort in the conservation of human resources, to organize a nation-wide movement for the upbuilding of the health and protection of children. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 139 The Woman's Committee of the State Council of Defense of Illinois was one of the first to organize a Child Welfare Department and in fact, the Illinois pro- gram was published before the national plan was sent out. It was later found that the plans were practically the same, with the exception that the Illinois program did not include the weighing and measuring of the children. The department was organized in January, 1918. The trustees of the Elizabeth McCormick Memorial Fund offered to finance the educational campaign for the State, and the director of that fund was also made the State Chairman of the Child Welfare Department. Survey of Child Life Conditions — The initial move of the new department was a survey of the conditions surrounding child life in the various communities throughout the State by means of a comprehensive questionnaire to local repre- sentatives of the Woman's Committee. The purpose of the questionnaire was twofold : First, to get as comprehensive an idea as possible of the conditions in the State and the needs of the various communities, so that an ideal might be held up toward which the committees could work ; second, to show the com- munities themselves what agencies might exist for the benefit of their children, and how far below the standard of adequate care they fell. The returns were practically those anticipated. The majority of the communities answered "No" to nearly every question. The answers plainly showed the need for an organ- ized committee to work toward the establishment of adequate health provisions in their communities. Building the Organisation — Each county chairman of the State Council of Defense was asked to appoint a child welfare chairman in every county, to see that every city, town and rural township was represented by a chairman, to include on her committee representatives of all groups and agencies working for children or interested in child welfare, and especially to co-operate with the existing county committee organized under the Society for the Prevention of Tuberculosis. At present, there are 1,008 Child Welfare chairmen, county and local, in the State. Only three counties are still without chairmen and com- mittees. The organization of the State office was as follows : Chairman of the Child Welfare Department, Mrs. Ira Couch Wood; Vice-Chairman, Miss Mary E. Murphy; Medical Adviser, in direct charge of the Chicago work. Dr. Caroline Hedger ; Publicity Chairman, Mrs. John H. Hardin. Advisory Committee : Dr. I. A. Abt, Miss Minnie H. Ahrens, Mrs. Edward S. Beck, Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen, Dr. Joseph Brennemann, Miss Mamie Bunch, Dr. E. B. Cooley, Miss Anne S. Davis, Dr. C. St. Clair Drake, Dr. Clarence W. East, Dr. W. A. Evans, Miss Edna L. Foley, Dr. Caroline Hedger, Mrs. John C. Hesslar, Dr. C. E. Humiston, Mrs. Annie P. Kenney, Mrs. Felix Levy, Mrs. George McC. Mathes, Dr. May Michael, Mrs. Albert Oppenheimer, Mrs. Joseph Medill Patterson, Dr. Arthur Reynolds, Dr. John Dill Robert- son, Dr. Clara P. Seippel, Miss Jessie I. Spafford, Miss Gertrude Stone, Miss Vera B. Warner, Miss Mary F. Willard, Dr. Sadie Bay Adair, Mrs. Benjamin Auerbach, Miss Jessie P. Binford, Mrs. O. P. Borland, Dr. Frank G. Bruner, Mrs. Thomas Burns, Mrs. Walter Dakin, Dr. Effa V. Davis, Mrs. E. C. Dudley, Mrs. Robt. B. Ennis, Mrs Charles Frankenthal, Mrs. Mabel A. Giliam, Dr. Henry F. Helmholz, Mrs. J. L. Houghteling, Mrs. F. P. Ide, Mrs. B. F. Langworthy, Miss Minnie Low, Mrs. Cyrus Hall McCormick, Mr. Victor Olander, Dr. George T. Palmer, Dr. Anna R. Ranes, Mr. W. S. Reynolds, Mrs. Albert H. Schweizer, Mr. John D. Shoop, Mrs. Albert Stein, Mrs. Frederick Tice, Mrs. Edward P. Welles, Dr. A. Lindsay Wynekoop. Illinois Program Published — Following the returns from the questionnaire, the Illinois program for the Children's Year was published as follows : 1. Co-operation with the State authorities to secure 100 per cent registration of births and deaths in Illinois. 2. A community nurse in every county. 3. More extensive training for nurses in public health work. 140 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 4. The establishment of a school for midwives to meet the new requirements of the State law, and as a means of lowering infant and maternal mortality. (Forty-nine per cent of the births in Chicago are still in the hands of midwives.) 5. Formulation of a plan to assist the State Department of Health through its established clinics for Poliomyelitis. 6. Investigation of the possibilities of securing physicians for "Baby Week" demonstration, maternity clinics, etc., in different parts of the State. 7. Protection of the milk supply so that every child may be assured of a pure and abundant supply. 8. Creation of a central supply station for all child welfare exhibit material — moving picture reels, charts, photographs, prepared lectures, etc. 9. Preparation and collection for distribution of bulletins and pamphlets on all aspects of infant and child welfare. 10. Sending speakers and organizers through the State to start the campaign of publicity and education, arrange for the exhibits, etc. 11. Investigation of a plan for refitting an old Pullman car or equipping an automobile for a permanent child welfare exhibit, to be sent throughout the State, especially to rural counties. 12. The existing organization of the Woman's Committee, Council of National Defense, to be used in carrying out this program. Weighing and Measuring of Children — On March 1, 1918, the Medical Board of the Council of National Defense, the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense, and the Children's Bureau of the United States Department of Labor named the second year of the war "The Children's Year" and issued a program for Child Welfare in war-time, which called upon the women of the country to save 100,000 of the 300,000 children under five years of age who die annually, largely from preventable causes. In its main points the government program was identical with that of Illinois, but it added one new feature — the weighing and measuring of all children under six years old. Weight and height are recognized as the two best indications of a child's development. The weighing and measuring tests were started as soon as sufficient organization in the State and city had been attained to make the work possible. Wherever the weighing and measuring was done with care, children notably below weight have been discovered ; also those with serious physical defects. Campaign in Chicago — Each ward had a Child Welfare Chairman, who, together with her committee, was responsible for carrying out the program of the department. The success of the campaign in Chicago was made possible largely through the hearty co-operation of volunteer workers and also of many agencies : the Department of Health, the Infant Welfare Society, the Visiting Nurse Asso- ciation, the Jewish Aid, the United Charities, the Kindergarten Association, the Parent-Teacher organizations, the Day Nursery Association and the Settlement Association ; also by clubs, churches and social workers ; at the Municipal Pier and at the lion house in Lincoln Park. Experience proved conclusively that health instruction should be brought to the people where they naturally congre- gate. At the War Exposition two brief demonstrations a week on the weighing and measuring test were planned, merely to show how it was carried on. There was no need to import children for this ; the moment the crowd realized what was going on, it became apparent that the children and facts concerning their care were an attraction, and we were asked to have a demonstration every day, and finally, to have it continuously during the entire afternoon. Courses in Child Care — Two important features of the Educational Cam- paign in Chicago have been the courses in child care instituted by the depart- ment. The first course, consisting of ten lectures, was given under the auspices of the Child Welfare Department and the Teaching Center of the Red Cross. This was repeated in February, 1919. At the request of the Federation of Day Nurseries, a course for matrons was given, jointly with the School of Domestic Science, the aim being to establish certain standards of health and hygiene as STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 141 they apply to nurseries and children's institutions. In February, 1919, the department gave a course in child care for the Guardians of the Camp Fire Girls and the leaders of the Girls' Patriotic League. Infant Welfare Society Extended — Probably the most important result of the child welfare campaign in Chicago has been the plan to enlarge the scope of the Infant Welfare Society. The weighing and measuring tests discovered countless children below weight, often with physical defects of a serious nature; also that there were more infants needing care than were being reached by the Infant Welfare Society, and many children betwen two and six who, unless really sick and therefore hospital cases, had no place within the city where they could receive care. This campaign also showed that the Infant Welfare centers in the crowded and poor sections did not reach more prosperous groups needing attention. It is evident that instruction in child care is not a matter of charity but one of education, and the Child Welfare Department has attempted to pro- mote this idea. It was not the desire of the department to start a new child health agency. An agreement was reached whereby the Infant Welfare Society would enlarge its present stations to include children up to six, and will, as soon as the funds are available, add new stations which will be considered Child Health centers for all children up to school age. Organization of State Campaign — For the work outside of Chicago, the Child Welfare Chairmen were also dependent for success upon the co-operation of laymen and women, physicians and nurses, parent-teacher associations, school people, clergymen and various agencies and individuals. The state Department of Health aided materially. In the larger cities, settlement houses and other social centers were used. In the majority of cities, the public schools were used. The rural communities in many counties used the district school as a center. In some cases basket picnics or social gatherings were arranged with the weighing and measuring. During the summer and early fall the weighing and measuring tests were held in connection with numerous fairs and a few Chautauquas, and in places where the people naturally congregated. Reports of Work in the State — The ideal way to conduct the weighing and measuring test was of course to have a complete physical examination made and this was encouraged wherever possible. The reports of the conditions of the children weighed and measured differed greatly according to the communities and also according to the thoroughness of the test. The estimate of the con- dition of the children varied from the most optimistic view, "Practically all of our children are in excellent condition," to a more careful statement that 75% were below the standard in some respects." In one community where very careful physical examination was given by physicians, 1,832 children were weighed and measured, of whom only 783 were average or above. In another, where most accurate work was done, 2,835 children were examined and only 798 of these were found average or above. Down-State Results — The next step, where defects were noted, was to for- mulate a plan for follow-up work among the children tested, and for Child Health centers where mothers might bring their children for conference and examination. Several centers have already been opened as a direct result of the weighing and measuring campaign. One, for example, has two conference periods a week and is open every day; and nurses go out to follow up all chil- dren who are 10 per cent or more below weight. In an industrial city a very active committee has a complete physical examination, with the co-operation of doctors and nurses, of all children weighed and measured. It quickly found the need for health centers, especially among the foreign people near the factories, and two have been opened, one actually in the steel mills. One item in the plan of the department was to make possible a community nurse in every county. As a direct result of the test, nurses have been secured for many cities and rural communities, and many counties are asking for a nurse, and have voted the money for one. In at least 100 communities, nurses are being sought. An interesting result has been association of the school house with this health activity. Birth Registration Campaign — As a part of the child welfare plan, an active campaign for complete birth registration was inaugurated. This year Illi- 142 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE nois was again tested to see whether the birth registration was complete enough to admit our state into the census area. We have failed to be admitted, and com- mittees throughout the state have, because of this, seen the necessity for further activity on their part. Although there is a law requiring every physician and midwife to register births attended by them, yet this law is not carried out. The campaign is still going on, and will continue until Illinois has been admitted to the census area. To carry on this campaign, newspaper publicity was made use of, as well as slides for the "movies," not only in English, but in foreign languages, with four minute speeches at the "movies" and longer addresses to various organizations. Recreation Drive — Another item of the Children's Year program was the recreation drive culminating in the Patriotic Play Week. The purpose of this drive was stated as follows: "To provide recreation for children and youths; abundant, decent, protected from every form of exploitation." Its primary pur- pose was to increase physical vigor among children. The plan for the Patriotic Play Week was published early in the summer of 1918. As there was already a Recreation and Health Department, this plan was turned over to it, but the Child Welfare chairmen throughout the state were asked to cooperate. The returns from the questionnaire which the Child Welfare Department sent out early in the year had shown conclusively that there was very great need for stimulating interest in play. The child with all the open space imaginable can still be quite the loneliest figure in the world, and his play quite futile. The Child Welfare Department feels that continued effort for proper recreation must be a part of its program. Co-operation with Other Agencies — In carrying out the plan for Illinois, the Child Welfare Department has consistently cooperated with agencies already in the field and has made a special point of cooperating with the state Depart- ments of Health and Public Welfare; also with the nurses of the Cook County Social Service Department. There is at present a survey being made in Cook county, as to the prevalence among school children of subnormality, under the joint authorization of the Child Welfare Department and the Child Study Department of Rush Medical College. The Child Welfare committees have proved of great service in helping to carry through other activities of allied interest, in particular the cause of the Association for the Prevention of Tuberculosis. The department has also sought to collect all of the best material available on child care and has sent this material out to committees, clubs and centers where information on child welfare is desired. Publicity Efforts — In Chicago and throughout the state, newspaper space has been very generously accorded. Fifty sets of slides and motion picture reels on child welfare, open air and open window rooms, and allied subjects, have been used extensively. Ten sets of colored panels on healthy babies and chil- dren, one set on pre-natal care, 5 sets on tuberculosis in childhood, 10 sets pub- lished by the American Medical Association, 20 sets in black and white on the health of the school child, 3 sets of charts provided by the Illinois Society for the Prevention of Blindness, and charts and exhibits on open air schools, have been sent to 95 communities holding baby welfare weeks, state conventions, chau- tauquas or county fairs. The department made a special exhibit with that of the State Council of Defense at the State Fair and at the War Exposition in Chicago. The department used, all told, 16,000 Children's Year posters, about 1,500 of the President's message furnished by Washington, and 10,000 of a special poster printed by the department for use in the state, as well as 5,000 copies of the weighing and measuring posters issued by the National Association for Child Welfare; 91,500 window cards and 125,000 buttons, the latter given to children tested. A very important feature of the campaign has been the meeting of clubs and other groups with the active workers and volunteer speakers to address them. Meetings were arranged in connection with county fairs and chautauquas, and large audiences were reached in this way; 296 meetings have been addressed during the child welfare campaign, reaching about 40,000 people. Health of the School Child — Special consideration of the health of the school child has been made a vital part of the plan for the Child Welfare STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 143 Department. Surveys of school children throughout the country have hrought to light startling facts concerning the ill health and prevalence of defects, and especially is the problem of malnutrition a serious one. We are attempting to gain the cooperation of school autliorities to include in the activities of the schools health education among the children. We hope to have scales put into every school in Illinois, so that the children may be weighed regularly. A very happy cooperation has been arranged between the parent-teacher associations and the Child Welfare Department. The following items have been urged upon them as activities to foster : Birth Registration; Medical and Dental Inspection in Schools; Estab- lishment of a County, Community or School Nurse ; Thorough Venti- lation of School Rooms ; Sanitary Arrangements ; Drinking Fountains ; Playgrounds; Installation of a Platform Scale and Measuring Rod in each School Building; Installation of a Set of Health Charts to be used as a Loan Exhibit or as a Basis for Instruction in Hygiene ; Organi- zation of Little Mothers' Leagues or Classes Among Girls of the Seventh and Eighth Grades. Back-to-School Drive — There has been a combination of circumstances causing children to leave school. Wages have been higher so that children between 14 and 16 have been tempted to give up further education and go into industry. Economic necessity in some cases has seemed to force children from school. The back-to-school drive has expressed its purpose in the words of President Wilson : "That no boy or girl shall have less opportunity for educa- tion because of the war." This drive has two phases: One the returning to school wherever possible of those children who have left school too early; and, second, to keep in school, by various plans, those children who might be tempted to leave as soon as the law would permit. Results of Children's Year Campaign in Illinois — It is difficult to itemize the results of the Child Welfare campaign — the very best work done and that of the most permanent value cannot be set forth in figures or comparisons. We consider the educational campaign has been of the utmost value in promoting public health and child welfare even in the remotest parts of the state. Fol- lowing is a summary of certain outstanding facts coming out of the campaign : \. 1,008 Child Welfare chairmen and committees have served through- out Illinois. 2. 322,000 weighing and measuring cards have been sent out. 3. Complete physical examination by physicians has been made in 50 communities. 4. Follow-up programs for children below standard have been started in 50 communities. 5. Twelve child health centers have been established and plans made for more. 6. A Child Welfare League has been established in one county. 7. Many conference groups for mothers have been established. 8. The Infant Welfare Society of Chicago has decided to enlarge its scope to include children up to six. 9. The Chicago Woman's Club has decided to maintain a child health center. 10. The campaign for a 100 per cent registration of births has made headway. 11. A central source for educational material — literature, charts, slides, reels, etc. — has been created at 6 North Michigan Avenue. 12. The campaign has furthered constructive plans for public health throughout Illinois. 13. Interest has been stimulated in the health of the school child, and the conditions of school houses. 14. The cooperation of the parent-teacher associations, woman's clubs and other groups has been secured. 15. Interest has been aroused in the condition of the rural school child. 16. Playground apparatus has been placed in school yards in many com- munities and rural districts. 144 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 17. A campaign of publicity for education has been continuously carried on. 18. It has been the attempt to lay the foundation for permanent organ- izations on behalf of the children. 19. The Elizabeth McCormick Memorial stands ready to go on wivh a state campaign. 20. The campaign has served to make Child Welfare and Public Health measures of concern for the community as a whole, and no longer special provisions of charity. Results Told in Figures — Expressed in figures, the results of the year were: County Child Welfare Chairmen 99 Local Child Welfare Chairmen in Cook County 48 Local Child Welfare Chairmen in other counties 827 Chicago Ward Chairmen 34 Total 1,008 Committees receiving weighing and measuring cards outside of Chicago.. 820 Committees receiving weighing and measuring cards in Chicago 312 Total, indicating active groups 1,132 Weighing and measuring cards sent out 322,000 Weighing and measuring centers established in Chicago 264 Meetings held outside of Chicago Ill Meetings held in Chicago 185 Number in audiences addressed 41,608 Pieces of general literature sent out 487,693 Pieces of educational literature sent out 315,150 Governmental pamphlets distributed 46,000 Total (including weighing and measuring cards) 1,214,143 Expenses for the year — Salaries $5,688.03 Trips and speakers 759.24 City meetings 191.15 Printing 4,029.23 Postage — Expense 1,554,41 Supplies 762.11 Exhibit Material 595.83 Equipment 645.79 Publicity 4,230.67 Carfare, taxi, etc 509.06 Telephone and Telegraph 379.67 Rent 450.00 Miscellaneous 32.17 Total $19,827.36 Less Donations 278.00 Total cost $19,549.36 A foundation has been laid for work in behalf of children which can never cease. The year has seen a change in the attitude of the people from a com- placency which amounted to real indifference to a recognition of our problem and a practical activity to solve it. For this reason, then, the Children's Year will never end. Department of Women and Children in Industry In administering the work of the department the chairman has acted under a variety of appointments from state and national officials, which may be noted as follows : Chairman of the Department of Women and Children in Industry, of the Woman's Committee of the Council of National Defense and the State Council of Defense ; Industrial Chairman for the State of Illinois of the National League for Woman's Service ; Chairman of the Illinois Committee on Women in Industry of the Committee on Labor of the Advisory Commission of the National Council of Defense. At the first meeting of the department, held on May 18, 1917, the following officers were elected : Chairman, Mrs. Raymond Robins ; Vice-Chairman, Mrs. C. C. Bullock; Treasurer, Miss Dorothy Sterling; Secretary, Miss Katherine McFadon; Assistant Secretary, Miss Mary Murphy; Executive Secre- tary, Miss Katherine Harris. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 145 Changes have occurred as follows : In December, 1917, Mrs. C. C. Bullock resigned because of her duties with the Y. W. C. A. and there was no Vice Chairman until 1918, when Mrs. W. S. Hefferan was appointed. Mrs. Hefferan was Acting Chairman during Mrs. Robins' absence from the city, from July, 1918, until the writing of this report. The office of Treasurer was abolished January, 1918, when the handling of all funds was taken over by the Executive Committee of the committee. Miss McFadon resigned in March, 1918, to be married, and her work was taken over by the Executive Secretary. This position was held by Miss Maude Smith from July to September, 1917 ; by Miss Anne Watson from October, 1917, to March, 1918, and by Mrs. W. Dow Harvey from August, 1918, to the present time, January, 1919. Miss Mildred Trilling was with the department as official investigator from October, 1917, to March, 1918. Committees were appointed as follows : Children in Industry— Mrs. Addison Moore, Chairman ; Children in Agriculture — Miss Jessie Binford, Chairman; Law Enforcement — Miss Edith Wyatt, Chairman ; Day Nurseries — Mrs. E. D. Dudley, Chairman ; Alien Women — Miss Mary E. McDowell, Chairman ; Colored Women — Miss S. P. Breckenridge, Chairman ; Industrial Standards — Miss Agnes Nestor, Chairman; Industrial Readjustment — Miss Susan Ryerson, Chair- man ; Publications — Mrs. Amy Walker Field, Chairman ; Registration- Miss Elizabeth Christman, Chairman. Program — The following program, or schedule of work to be undertaken by the department, was endorsed by the Executive Committee of the Woman's Committee, and was adopted by vote of department members in May, 1917 : 1. Membership — to be as representative as possible of the citizen- ship of the State. 2. Cooperation with the State Council of Defense. 3. Cooperation with the Citizen's War Bureau. 4. Registration — secured through: (a) trade organizations; (b) visit to factories, offices, stores, workshops; (c) wives of organized working men; (d) tenement house mothers. 5. Printing and distributing leaflets which will state concisely the experience of England and France on the need of protecting women and children workers in war time. 6. A sub-committee to look after the enforcement of labor laws. 7. A sub-committee to look after the enforcement of laws affecting children. 8. A Sub-Committee on Adjustments, to see that wherever women take places of men and do the same work, they shall receive the same wage. 9. Close cooperation with the Committees on Home Relief, Allied Relief and Red Cross. 10. Cooperation with the Illinois State Committee of the National Women's Trade Union League. 11. Cooperation with the Industrial Department of the Young Women's Christian Association (17 in Illinois). According to the last census, there are 500,000 working women in the state of Illinois. For the first year department meetings were held once a month, at which committee chairmen made reports and all matters of general policy were deter- mined. Later general meetings were held at no set interval but only when some matter of interest to all the sub-committees seemed to demand it. Sub-commit- tees met at the call of their respective chairmen. Sub-Committee on Children in Industry — This committee has worked dili- gently for the passage of the Child Labor bill, and since the law went into effect in July, 1917, for the enforcement of its provisions. In connection with the Committee on Children in Agriculture and the Scholarship Committee of the Vacation Supervision League, this committee undertook a vigorous campaign for the proper supervision of children and young people who might be sent to the country to work on farms. An effort was made to establish a close affilia- tion with the Boys' Working Reserve, but by July 23, the director of the organi- 146 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE zation reported that it was not yet working. Measures were taken to induce the city council to insist upon a proper policing of "Newspaper Alley." Miss Anne Herkner, loaned to the committee for three weeks, visited eighteen indus- trial towns in Illinois and found : That outside of Chicago few children are in factories and stores but are in street trades for which the child labor law makes no provision; that there is no uniform method for issuing certificates under the child labor law; that enforcement of the law varies widely in strict- ness ; that no adequate provision is made for the physical examination required by law before a child is entitled to an employment certificate. Later Miss Elsie Atkins worked for six months carrying on a still more intensive and constructive investigation of down state conditions, which was continued by Miss Mary F. Stone. The committee also prepared an exhibit on Child Labor which was circulated through the State. Sub-Committee on Day Nurseries — The Chairman of this Committee, Mrs. E. C. Dudley, is also president of the Chicago Association of Day Nurseries, and as such has reported passage of an ordinance "Regulating the Establishment, Operation and Management of Day Nurseries." In October, 1917, the Com- mittee petitioned the Health Commission to take action on the high cost of milk distribution. In most of the day nursery boards, standardization committees have been organized. The committee assisted the Committee on Colored Women in Industry in establishing a day nursery for colored children. Sub-Committee on Foreign Born Women — This committee. Miss Mary E. McDowell, Chairman, has given special attention to furnishing instruction in English and in American ideals to the alien working women. It secured the cooperation of a number of manufacturers who employ many workers of foreign birth and formed classes among the women as early as August, 1917. In Jan- uary, 1919, there were classes in sixty-seven factories and thirty public schools; also training classes for club women, teachers, and others who wished to pre- pare to enter that work. An investigation of the conditions under which women — mothers of small children — were working at night in the stock yards of Chicago, brought to light the following: (a) That in our packing house plants women were working ten hours a night. (b) That 42 out of 46 women investigated had children under school age. (c) That by reason of home cares these women were losing on an average the equivalent of two nights' rest a week. The findings were placed before representatives of four large packing firms, who accordingly prohibited night work in their firms for mothers of children under school age. The Committee has done effective work also in translating into many languages six bulletins on the danger of over-fatigue, sweat shop labor, the protection of mothers, war contract standards, etc. The work of the sub-committee was taken over by the Americanization Committee when the latter was formed, July, 1918. Sub-Committee on Colored Women — During the first weeks of the Com- mittee's life. Miss S. P. Breckenridge, Chairman, it persuaded the League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes to take up the work of finding ernployment for, and visting, the wage earning colored women for the purpose of improving their standards of efficiency and to supply a trained worker to the United States Employment Service. Later the committee was able to place an educational visitor among colored women in packing plants. In the third place, the com- mittee was an agency through which various groups interested in better care for colored children were brought together, with the result that a day nursery for colored children was opened. Plans have been laid for two more day nurseries. Sub-Committee on Industrial Standards — Upon its organization, this Com- mittee, Miss Elizabeth Maloney, Chairman, determined to base its efforts on a STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 147 schedule of standards, prepared and endorsed by the National Women's Trade Union League, as follows : 1. Adult labor. 2. Wages — ■ (a) The highest prevailing rate of wages in the industry which the contract affects. (b) Equal pay for equal work. (c) Those trades where there is no wage standard whatsoever shall be placed in the hands of an adjustment committee. (d) That all wages be adjusted from time to time to meet the increased cost of living. 3. The eight hour day. 4. One day's rest in seven. 5. Prohibition of night work for women. 6. Standards of sanitation and fire protection. 7. Protection against over-fatigue and industrial diseases. 8. Prohibition of tenement house labor. 9. Exemption from the call into industry of women having small children who need their care. 10. Exemption from the call into industry of women two months before and two months after childbirth. After considerable effort and publicity, the Committee secured the approval of General Crozier, Chief of the Bureau of Ordnance, for these standards. All war contracts were thereafter drawn in conformity therewith. No sooner had war contracts been awarded than it became apparent that if tenement house work was tolerated, sweat shop conditions were likely to prevail. The Com- mittee therefore presented the situation to the Secretary of War, and received from Secretary Baker satisfactory assurances. In compliance with requests from the Departments of War and Labor, and occasionally at the request of indi- viduals, the committee investigated working conditions in a number of manu- facturing plants, reporting its findings to the Departments of War and Labor, as well as to the National and State Councils of Defense. Committee on Publications — The special province of the Committee on Pub- lications, at its inception, was to rule on all matters proposed by the depart- ment, or any of its members, to be printed for general distribution. Mrs. Amy Walker Field, Chairman, conceived the idea of influencing public sentiment by exhibiting some valuable statistics which illustrated the increase in juvenile delinquency caused by war conditions ; the need of the eight hour day, of the minimum wage, and of equal pay for equal work; the comparative results attained by the child who is without and the child who is given the advantage of educational guidance. When Mrs. Herman Adler took over the Chairmanship she continued this. An additional elaborately illustrated series of charts widely used was entitled "Voiceless Speech." Another voiceless speech was made with pictures of women in unusual occupations. One voiceless speech was sold to Indiana for their eight hour day campaign. General Activities — A Center, to establish a bond of fellowship with the foreign born, was opened in the Italian-Polish section. Soon there was demand for a kindergarten, and for instruction in manual training, in English, sewing and knitting". After the registration was over in November the Center was kept open as a kind of boys' and girls' club. The police of the neighborhood reported that juvenile delinquency was greatly lessened. In February, 1918, the department began to urge upon Washington a Women in Industry Service in the Department of Labor, and continued to urge this until such a service was established (July 15th, 1918), with an appropriation from Congress of $4,000,000. In November the department began to work for the establishment of such a service in the Department of Labor in Illinois. Printed matter has been prepared and distributed by the department as follows : A circular letter, explaining the plan and purpose of the Depart- ment, and asking for cooperation. 14S STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE An outline of the work of the Department. A Hst of Committees. 11,000 letters to Trade Union and other Social agencies throughout the State, enclosing copy of the standards, and asking for cooperation. 10,000 copies of Secretary Baker's telegram in regard to tenement house labor on army clothing contracts. 600 letters to Federated Women's Clubs asking for the presentation of the standards in their programs. 10,000 leaflets on Child Labor Law. 300 reports of the June Conference of Women in Industry. In the beginning the department undertook to finance itself, and it continued to do so until the first of January, 1918, when finances were placed in the hands of the Treasurer of the Executive Committee. Up to that time the department had received contributions of $2,119.95 and had expended $2,108.23. Social Service Department In the second year of the war, governments awoke to the necessity of safe-guarding the welfare of the people at home, for during the first two years when everyone rushed heart and soul into war work, the neglect of social service resulted in a marked increase in juvenile delinquency, in crime and misery, and in a general lowering of the standards of living. Realizing the danger of this, the first step of the Social Service Department was to appeal to each community to stand by its social work. The department then sent out questionnaires to 500 agencies asking them how they had been affected by the war, and what special assistance they needed. The answers to the questionnaires showed two imperative needs : 1. The need of increased financial support owing to the increased cost of operation. 2. The need of volunteer service to take the place of the many paid workers who had been called to war service. This gave the department the clue that the best way to serve the com- munity was to direct some of the enthusiasm for service aroused by the war to the social agencies. The Bureau for Volunteer Service was started at 60 East Madison street. Dealings with volunteers who came soon proved the necessity, if volunteers were to be of any real value, of working toward the standardization of volunteer service and special training. Hence through the first summer the efforts of the department were confined to organizing this bureau. In the fall four committees were formed : on state work under the chairmanship of Miss Amelia Sears ; on group service under the chairmanship of Mrs. Arthur Farwell; on education and propaganda under the chairmanship of Mrs. Franklin Leavitt ; on volunteer service under the chairmanship of Miss Marion Curtiss. The history of the department divides itself into a history of the work of these four committees. Committee on State Work — In conjunction with the Child Welfare Depart- ment a questionnaire went out to determine the extent to which social service was in progress throughout the state. Out of two thousand of these ques- tionnaires, 72 were returned unanswered ; 313 were returned partially answered with results as follows : (1) Thirty-seven communities reported charity organization socie- ties. (2) 285 reported no organized work. (3) General information on the subject of public outdoor relief seemed to be lacking. (4) 184 communities reported no increase in applications for aid while only 13 reported increases. (5) 140 communities reported no decrease in the support given com- munity work while 23 reported a decrease. (6) 220 communities reported no women employed in shops and factories who were formerly home workers. (7) Of the 37 communities reporting associated charities, 21 had paid workers and in 12 instances these workers had had special training. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 149 Agencies caring for social work, in 249 communities having no associated charities, included Women's Clubs, Churches or Welfare Leagues and all manner of organizations. The result of these questionnaires was a demand on the part of the Social Service Chairmen throughout the state for a program. The pro- gram was later sent by Washington to all states as a suggested program for state work of the department. It dealt with : 1. Health of the Community. 2. Recreation. 3. Treatment of Juveniles both Dependent and Delinquent. 4. Care of the Community Poor. 5. Mother's Pensions. 6. Care of People in the Institutions of the Community. As a result of the work of this department and the Child Welfare Depart- ment, a card catalog has been compiled of people doing or interested in social service work throughout the state. Education and Propaganda — As there was already a similar committee of the Chicago Council of Social Agencies, it was decided to combine these two committees, with Mr. B. C. Roloff, of the Central Council of Social Agencies, as Chairman, and Mrs. Leavitt as Vice-Chairman. A city-wide campaign of education was undertaken. The work of education was carried on by con- ferences which were held twice a week at the City Club. Committee on Group Service — This committee in the beginning organized knitting groups in settlements and taught many who otherwise would never have been able to work for the soldiers and sailors. The committee taught knitting also to the inmates of some county and state institutions. It has been impossible to tabulate all the knitting done but approximately 864 sweaters, 297 pairs of socks, 449 helmets, 49 wristlets, 4 scarfs and 51 pairs of gloves were produced, and 23 convalescent robes and 13 garments have been made. Through the committee money was secured to pay the salary of a teacher in Occupational Therapy for the County Infirmary. The committee has also provided enter- tainments at the institutions and settlements. Committee on Volunteer Service — The work of this committee has been done largely through the office. The plans for work have been formulated by a joint committee of the Central Council of Social Agencies and the Social Serv- ice Department. The general committee has been divided into 3 sub-committees : on recruiting, on training courses, and on standardizing the use of volunteers. The sub-committee on recruiting has worked steadily to secure volunteers whose personal equipment would fit them for the service asked for by the social agencies. Through the efforts of the sub-committee on morning courses, short courses for volunteers have been arranged in cooperation with the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy and the Loyola School of Sociology. The Sub-Committee on Standardizing the Use of Volunteers has been instrumental in having published by the Central Council of Social Agencies a bulletin on voluntary service which includes the material secured by this committee and principles which became apparent through the experience of the committee, and outlines of suggested methods for supervising and training volunteers. As a result of the work of these three sub-committees, 1,463 volunteers, of whom 75 are men, have been interviewed and registered for service, and there have been 1,526 connections made between volunteeers and agencies ; 568 volunteers have actually given continuous service. Directors of Work — The work of the department lias been done under the direction of the following officers and executive committee : Chairman, Mrs. Dunlap Smith; Vice-Chairman, May, 1917, to Sep- tember, 1917, Mrs. James Quan ; after September, 1917, Mrs. Franklin Leavitt ; Secretary and Treasurer, May, 1917, to January, 1918, Miss Marion Curtiss ; after January, 1918, Mrs. L. Dudley Carter. Executive Committee: Mrs. Arthur Farwell, Miss Leila Houghteling, Miss Harriet Houghteling, Mrs. Charlotte G. Kuh, Miss Rose McHugh, Miss Amelia Sears, Miss Frances Taussig, Miss Martha Wilson, Miss Jessie Bin- ford, Mrs. Basil Ruysdael. 150 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Social Hygiene Department The present Social Hygiene Department was originally the Health and Recreation Committee, the aim of which was to coordinate and stimulate all exist- ing agencies working for the physical and moral betterment of soldiers and sailors and to arouse the lay population in the vicinity of camps to their responsibilities toward them. The following is a list of the original members : Dr. Rachelle S. Yarros, Chairman; Mrs. Harold L. Ickes, Secre- tary; Mrs. E. E. Smith, Mrs. Cyrus Hall McCormick, Mrs. Harlan Ward Cooley, Mrs. Edwin L. Lobdell, Mrs. O. W. Stewart, Mrs Julius Rosenwald, Dr. Bertha Van Hoosen, Mrs. Emma F. Byers, Mrs. George Mathes, Miss Jessie Binford, Mrs. C. C. Bullock, Dr. Harriett C. B. Alexander, Mrs. J. Ogden Armour, Mrs. Tiffany Blake, Miss Helen Hood, Mrs. Thomas G. Dee, Miss Amelia Sears, Miss Jeannette Bates, Mrs. Robert Berry Ennis, Mrs. B. L. Langworthy, Miss Mary Wright- son, Dr. Violet Palmer Brown. The department, organized on July 6, 1917, and four sub-committees were appointed to carry on its work : Medical Committee, Recreation Committee, Law Enforcement Committee, Spiritual and Moral Welfare Committee. Medical Committee — For many years a Joint Committee on Social Hygiene of the Chicago Woman's Club and the Woman's City Club had been carrying on a campaign of education among women and girls in Chicago. It was decided that this Joint Committee should, for the duration of the war, merge with the Medical Committee of the Social Hygiene Department. The object of this com- mittee was twofold : (a) To organize the leading women physicians in the city and in the State to give lectures to older girls and mothers on the dangers of venereal disease and arouse the highest ideals of patriotism and mor- ality in the community. (b) To help co-ordinate and stimulate all the agencies and organi- zations doing social hygiene work. The first meeting was held July 17, 1917, to coordinate agencies doing social hygiene work and to learn what each organization was doing. In a survey from Waukegan to Evanston, by the Committee of Fifteen, little evidence of pro- fessional prostitution was found. Educational exhibits were installed by the Red League at Great Lakes and Fort Sheridan. On July 30tli a dinner meet- ing was arranged to organize corps of women physicians to lecture throughout the State on the medical aspects of social hygiene and to discuss the winter's work. The committee published one of the first leaflets stating the dangers and prevalence of venereal diseases threatening the warring armies. Recreation Committee — The object of this committee was to coordinate so far as possible all recreational forces, with the view to filling the leisure periods of sailors and soldiers and the young people of the community with proper recreation. The cooperation of downtown clubs was enlisted. A survey was made to determine the extent of recreational work done by parks, settle- ments, school community centers, churches and various other organizations. A local committee was appointed to cooperate with the committee on protective work for girls. The efforts of this committee to provide entertainment for the soldiers and sailors ceased when the War Recreation Board undertook the work. Law Enforcement Committee — This committee was created for the pur- pose of working with all agencies interested in the enforcement of laws per- taining to the sale of liquor and to prostitution. It cooperated with 28 law enforcing organizations. It was especially concerned with stopping the sale of liquor to soldiers and sailors in Chicago and with establishing a 15-mile zone around Great Lakes and Fort Sheridan. Removal of policemen detailed to special juvenile work was prevented and 20 special policewomen were detailed to dance halls, moving picture houses and the Northwestern Railroad Station. The committee also supported a proposed ordinance to prohibit dancing in cabarets. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 151 Spiritual and Moral Welfare Committee — This committee was established to work with the churches, Y. W. C. A., Y. M. C. A., and all agencies interested in moral welfare of girls, in coordinating and stimulating their activities, and to cooperate with the Medical and Law Enforcement Committees. Sub-Committees Reorganized — In February, 1918, a reorganization of the sub-committees of the Health and Recreation Department took place. The Law Enforcement Committee was discontinued because such activities were being carried on effectively under the Fosdick Commission. The work of the Recre- ation Committee came to an end when the War Recreation Board undertook to supply entertainment for soldiers and sailors. A new Committee on Education and Recreational Work for Girls, with which the Spiritual and Moral Welfare Committee was merged, was created. The functions of the Health and Recrea- tion Department were now as follows : L To continue the campaign of education among women through clubs, mothers' meetings and wherever there are gatherings of women, on social hygiene in war time. 2. To educate young girls to understand themselves better, and to realize more fully their responsibilities. 3. To give groups of girls programs of recreation for their leisure hours. 4. To give a course in recreation to recreation leaders, so that they might be able to direct girls' clubs. These activities were carried on through a medical committee which sent competent women physicians to give talks on social hygiene in war time, and a committee on education and recreational work for girls, which organized patriotic leagues among girls in social centers, using as a nucleus the existing girls' clubs, and organized new groups in factories and industrial establishments. The idea of patriotic service leagues was so timely that the demand for them came in very rapidly, and in May, 1918, the formation of the Patriotic Service League as a separate department of work under the Woman's Com- mittee was recommended. At this point it was decided that the Health Commit- tee should henceforth be known as the Social Hygiene Committee. The pur- poses of the Social Hygiene Committee were : 1. To continue in a more intensive way the campaign of educa- tion among the civilian population, particularly among girls and women in industrial establishments. 2. To establish a Woman's Clinic for the prompt and modern treatment of diseases in connection with the Red League Dispensary. 3. To cooperate in every way with existing law enforcement agencies for suppressing vice. Educational Work in Chicago — A conference was called of high school prin- cipals and deans on June 10, 1918, for the purpose of getting our subject before high school teachers, and inaugurating the best method of getting social hygiene before the high school graduating classes. Each ward in the city was also asked to appoint a social hygiene chairman. At a meeting in June, it was decided that the greatest need for education along social hygiene lines was among women and girls in factories, stores and other industrial and commer- cial establishments. To get the help of employers, there was a conference of representatives of 51 large business houses (out of 112 invited) having about 30,000 employes, a majority women. Systematic lectures to these employes were undertaken. There was a very successful course of four lectures given at the Chicago Woman's Club to three hundred teachers and ward leaders. Girls working in down-town offices were systematically reached by letter. Since December, 1918, a government film, "The End of the Road," has been used. Another phase of this educational work has been the distribution of social hygiene literature, aggregating about 25,000 pamphlets and leaflets, and a poster, stating very plainly, scientifically and boldly the dangers of venereal diseases, has been widely distributed. From May, 1918, to February 1, 1919, one to three lectures were delivered to the women employes of about 100 business houses, the audiences ranging in number from 20 to 1,500— usually 100 to 350. 152 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Medical Work— A woman's clinic for treatment of venereal disease was established in connection with the newly organized Red League Dispensary. The woman's clinic has been decidedly worth while, first, because of the number of women who have received proper treatment and, second, because the right standards for such a clinic have been set. Its work, expressed in figures, from May, 1918, to February, 1919, was as follows : Number of patients (adult) 144 Minors 15 169 Number of Wasserman tests 135 Number of Salvarsan treatments 79 Total number of treatments 679 State Work — Letters went to each county chairman, and 65 of them named county social hygiene chairmen, many of whom have appointed local and town- ship chairmen and study groups. At the State Fair an exhibit was installed. The social hygiene poster was sent to each County Social Hygiene Chairman and, where there was none, to the County Chairman. With the cooperation of the Social Hygiene Division of the Commission on Training Camp Activities, an intensive campaign was started in the state, covering 10 cities. At the end of the war the question was : "What will become of this work after the Woman's Committee disbands ?" The chairman appealed to the United States Public Health Service, and urged the Illinois State Department of Public Health, which had received $60,000 as its share of the million dollar appropriation for the prevention and treatment of venereal disease made by Congress ,to take over this work under its Division of Social Hygiene. This arrangement was car- ried through, and this department became a part of the Illinois State Depart- ment of Public Health, under the Division of Social Hygiene, the first week in February, 1919. Recreation for Girls Department When the department was formed in February, 1918, no other agency in Chicago was doing special work along lines of organized patriotic service with girls over fourteen years of age. The girls' organizations under the Woman's Committee became known as the Patriotic Service League. The activities of the League, which may properly be grouped under the headings of Service, Education and Recreation, included classes in Red Cross, allied relief work, home nursing, first aid, dramatics, gymnastics, folk dancing, hiking, military drill, etc. Special emphasis was laid upon constructive recreation as a form of service. Organization of the League — In the organization of each unit the following officers and committees were advised : 1. The Chairman of the Department. 2. The Organizer, who was the direct representative of the Woman's Committee. 3. A Local Chairman for Girls' Work who became the head of a Local Girls' Work Committee, composed of representative women. 4. A Unit Council of Girls, selected by the Local Committee for Girls' Work, from Social, Church and Employed groups. The duties of the Local Committee for Girls' Work included : making a survey in reference to the type of girls living in the community, and the approximate number employed in business offices, industrial centers, as house- holders, or enrolled in the high school, and to list centers open to girls over fourteen years of age for service, education and recreation ; also organizing the Unit Council and arranging for the first girls' rally. The unit council officers were captain, lieutenant and sergeant, and as many additional ones as were necessary. Through the sergeant the Recreation for Girls Department was kept in touch with each unit. The Grand Council was a body composed of representatives from each Unit Council, meeting bi-monthly for reports and conference. Development of the Departtnent — At first, the Department was a part of the original Health and Recreation Department. Its purpose, as first con- STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 153 ceived, has undergone but little change, although the program and method of organization have altered. The aim has always been to mobilise the young zvoman pozt'cr of Illinois for profitable use of their leisure time. On October 11, 1918, a transfer of all work in Lake and Cook counties was made to the War Camp Community Service. During its existence, the department organized 35 units of the Patriotic Service League in Cook and Lake counties, and 37 units in 19 other counties, or 72 in all. The Cook and Lake County Units have a mem- bership of nearljr 6,000. Liberty Chorus and Community Singing Upon the urgent request of a group of citizens, the Woman's Committee undertook, in February, 1918, to awaken an interest in community singing. The original purpose was to assist in training a children's chorus so that children would think of the war not so much in terms of battle as in those of honor, jus- tice and freedom for which their own fathers and brothers were fighting. The committee, of which Mrs. Harold L. Ickes was chairman, was a sub-com- mittee of the Health and Recreation Department. On April 30, 1918, the Executive Committee appointed Mrs. Harry Hart chairman and approved the following committee : Henry L. Dickinson, Grace Temple, Teresa Armitage, Henry F. Williams, Warren Mann. Organicafioti — From the public, parochial, and religious schools, a group of eight hundred children were gathered, who pledged themselves to sing for the committee on all patriotic occasions, national holidays, and for any government "drive." These children were rehearsed once a week without any cost to them. On June 7th, at the Municipal Pier, there was a large community sing, at which the children's chorus sang, assisted by four adult choruses and a Jackie band of fifty pieces. As the work developed it became apparent that it would be necessary to have the entire state represented on the committee, and on August 21st the old committee was dissolved. On September 10th, the State Council of Defense of Illinois took on community singing as part of its regular activity and the follow- ing committee was appointed by Chairman Insull : Mrs. Harry Hart, Chairman, representing the Woman's Committee of the State Council of Defense; Walter S. Brewster, Chairman, Coun- ties Auxiliary and Neighborhood Committee ; Mrs. A. J. Ochsner, Presi- dent National Federation of Musical Clubs; Mrs. E. F. Birkholder, Chairman of Singing, Illinois Federation of Women's Clubs, Streator ; William D. Chenery, Civic Music Association, Springfield ; J. Lawrence Erb, President Illinois Federation of Musical Clubs, Urbana ; Herbert Gould, Director of Community Singing, Camp Dewey, Great Lakes; Mrs. Agnes Heath, Superintendent of Music, Board of Education, Chicago; Mrs. William A. Hinckle, Community Singing Chairman, Illinois Fed- eration of Musical Clubs, Peoria ; Mrs. Harriet Howard, Executive Sec- retary, Council of Women, Foreign Language Division ; Herbert Hyde, Superintendent Civic Music Association, Chicago ; Peter C. Lutkin, Dean N. W. University School of Music, Evanston ; Osborne McCon- athy. Superintendent School of Music Annex, N. W. University, Evans- ton ; Edgar Nelson, Director Sunday Evening Club ; Miss Jessie I. Spaf- ford,. President Illinois Federation of Woman's Clubs, Rockford; Daniel Protheroe, Director American Choral Society; Mrs. Harriette Smulski Musicians' Club of Women; Harrison Wild, Director Mendelssohn and Apollo Clubs ; M. Teresa Armitage ; John Alden Carpenter, Anne Faulk- ner Oberndorfer, William L. Tomlins. Extending the Work — A booklet describing the value of community sing- ing and outlining the plan of organization was sent to the county and unit chair- men of the Woman's Committee, the county chairman of the Neighborhood Com- mittee and the County and Unit Liberty Chorus and Community Singing chair- men, Washington, distributed two hundred and fifty copies to the state directors of community singing and to the leaders of national organizations. A song leaflet of twelve sings was published and distributed without charge. In all seventy-five thousand copies were used. 154 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Musicians Enlisted — In cooperation with the Federation of Woman's Clubs and the Illinois Federation of Musical Clubs, a questionnaire that would produce a complete census of professional musicians willing to promote organizations of choruses was compiled. Each chairman of a ward organization was asked to appoint a Liberty Chorus and Community Singing chairman. At 4 o'clock on Thanksgiving Day, in cooperation with the National Council of Women, in every city and village in the United States, in the camps, on board ships, and overseas, everybody joined in singing the National Anthem. A detailed letter about the song book was universally sent out in December. An appeal went out to estab- lish as an annual event the singing of Christmas carols by groups of children at 4 o'clock on the day before Christmas. In January, 1919, instructions were sent out for community sings in connection with any public celebration of Lincoln's and Washington birthdays ; also that proper recognition be given to the home- coming of the soldiers. Choruses organized by the department have sung at hospitals, at the War Exposition, for Liberty Loans, at service flag raisings and at the State Council's Victory meeting at the Coliseum on November 22, 1918. Community singing is not an experiment ; it has proven its worth in the camps, and in cantonments, and must go on as a melting-pot movement, so to speak, in the general program of Americanization. Americanization Department The Americaniation Department was organized July, 1918, and each county chairman of the Woman's Committee was urged to appoint an Americanization chairman. As a basis for an intelligent conception, on the part of each of these chairmen, of the work to be done in each community, the department sent out a comprehensive questionnaire to develop information on local conditions. The answers constitute a "census" of Illinois by counties as to foreign-born popu- lation, night school or other Americanization facilities, work now being done, and so on. These records should be valuable for inaugurating Americanization work through the public schools as provided for by legislation passed by the last Gen- eral Assembly. Allied Relief Department This department, under the chairmanship of Mrs. Russell Tyson, assisted various war relief organizations in collecting and disbursing funds, as follows : American-British-Frcnch-Belgian Permanent Blind Fund — Organized October 1, 1915. Amount raised for relief $110,409.22 Amount disbursed for relief 55,631.40 Balance on call $ 54,772.82 Belgian Food Relief Committee of Chicago — Organized November, 1914. Total amount raised for relief $342,824.46 Not soliciting further funds. Canadian Division — Allied Relief Committee — Organized October, 1917. Kits distributed to men in service 5,224 Representing total expenditure of $3,708.08 Work discontinued November, 1918. Daughters of the British Empire — War Relief Shop — Organized June, 1917. Articles of comfort sent to various battle fronts (since August, 1914) 120,000 Total amount expended for relief work $139,510.00 War Relief Shop closed February 15, 1919, but organ- ization not being a war relief body continues as usual. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 155 Alliance Francaise — French Red Cross Committee — Organized December 12, 1917. Supplies sent to France as follows : Surgical Dressings 186,435 Hospital Supplies, Refugee Garments and Knitted Goods 16,056 Amount received, made and distributed, valued at $6,470.22 Work to continue for some time. American Fund for French Wounded — Organized latter part of February, 1915. Cases of supplies sent to France 8,368 Representing total expediture of $438,312.15 Money sent to France 71,883.78 Total amount expended for relief ..$510,195.93 Work will discontinue at headquarters in Chicago, May 1st, 1919. Children of the Frontier — ■ Organized November, 1917. Garments sent to France 13,874 Representing total expenditure of $12,161.05 This committee has entirely supported the Chicago colony for boys at Cabourg, France, for three years. Work to continue for some time. Fatherless Children of France — Organized February, 1916. Orphans adopted since organization 15,349 Representing total expenditure of $560,238.50 Work to continue for some time. Food for France and Allied Countries Fund — Organized May, 1918. Money sent to France $42,291.36 Work discontinued January 1, 1919. Franco-American Corrective Surgical Appliance Committee — Organized May, 1916. Money sent to Paris Committee $14,648.47 Work to continue for some time. Italian Relief Auxiliary — Organized October, 1917. Supplies sent abroad, as follows : Knitted Garments 10,400 Italian Jackets and Bands 20,755 Blankets and Comfort Kits 3,440 Hospital and Refugee Garments 60,265 Surgical Dressings 240,950 Total amount expended for supplies $11,611.78 Total amount expended for food 14,526.02 Total amount expended for relief work $26,137.80 Work discontinued March 1st, 1919. National Surgical Dressings Committee — Organized May, 1917. Supplies sent to France, as follows : Surgical Dressings 300,000 Garments 12,000 Absorbent Cotton (lbs.) 15,000 Sent in money $1,800.00 Work discontinued in May, 1918. 156 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Lake Shore Drive Surgical Dressings Units {Later known as War Relief Club) — Organized in October, 1917. Sent to France, Surgical Dressings, Cases 700 Valued at more than $10,000.00 Sent in money 1,600.00 Work to discontinue April 29, 1919. Liberty Loan Department Until July, 1918, the Woman's Liberty Loan Committee of Illinois cooperated with the Woman's Committee as one of its departments. A new arrangement inaugurated at Washington resulted in the Woman's Liberty Loan Committee working as a separate organization. This report takes cognizance of the activi- ties of the Committee only until July, 1918. The Committee assisted in selling the bonds of the Second and Third Lib- erty Loans during 1917 and 1918. During the second loan, ninety-six counties were organized under twenty-five district chairmen and three vice-chairmen. Reports were received from only sixty-eight counties showing $18,437,200 worth of bonds subscribed through the efforts of these chairmen and their com- mittees. In a special school campaign the last week of the drive, the children of 310 schools sold nearly $3,000,000 worth of bonds, which amount is not included in above figures. Before the date set for the Third Liberty Loan, organizations were per- fected in all of the 102 counties in the State. As a result of the thorough organ- ization bv district, county, township and precinct chairmen, the women of the State sold $55,635,550 worth of the Third Liberty Loan. Of this amount $47,446,300 was sold in fifty-eight counties included in the Seventh Federal Reserve District. Chicago and Cook county sold $35,065,400 of this. The forty-four counties of the Eighth Federal Reserve District sold $8,189,250. The School Committee of the State reported sales amounting to $10,998,900. Ward Organizations of the Chicago Unit The wards of Chicago were organized for war work. Not all of them ; not all organi:jed, either ; but the spur of war made possible a new degree and a new kind of organization, unlimited in potentialities. The function of this committee was : first, to get certain things done ; second, to organize in order to get these things done — and to do these two simultane- ously. Obviously the committee had to organize in order to get things done, yet the arousing necessity of putting certain things over at once, with speed, with spirit, with effectual vigor, forced the Committee through an experience parallel to the national predicament. Logically, organization precedes achive- ment ; practically, it couldn't. The country was unprepared for war ; it had to fight while it was preparing to fight. So, in its littler ways, this Committee had to work while it was preparing to work. This was the experience of the Ward Department of the Woman's Committee to a greater degree than of any other department. This was the experience of the individual wards. For the function of the other departments was to pre- pare specialized programs and get them applied by the committees of each ward organization. The zvards zvere the opportunity of the departments. They were there to be used, a body to walk and work and grow at the command of the brain, at the command of the other departments. They were created to be the body for the brain. Theory and Practice — The other departments were confronted by the necessity of getting things done without enough machinery; therefore, they used all available tools. Theoretically, the ward committees were to apply the plan of the Child Welfare Department to the babies in their own wards, and the plan of the committee on Community Singing to get their neighbors to sing. They were to teach city housewives to save food according to the plan of the Conservation Committee. The women in every ward were to educate them- STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 157 selves to take the places of the absent men according to the plan of the Courses of Instruction Department. Agencies doing social work were to be given vol- unteer help by the plan of the Social Service Department. Everyone was to learn how to run a war garden by the plan of the Department of Food Pro- duction. The Departments of Health and Recreation and of Registration offered their plans for the girls and women of each ward. Therefore each ward leader tried to provide each of these departments with a ward chairman to carry out its plans. This was the theory. It worked in spite of all the vicissitudes that every- where beset the maligned volunteer. The reports of the various departments show that a strong thread of accomplishment ran through the hands of changing ward workers. In spite of inevitable fluctuations in the wards' personnel, depart- ment work in the wards marched on. Scope of Ward Work — The Ward Department held out its hands for money at the behest of every war charity known to man. Its relation to the Red Cross and other organizations outside the Council of Defense was one of affiliation during a given time for a given purpose. It initiated activities of its own. It made a partal survey of Chicago, in 15 wards. It gave reassuring assistance to the alien women when they registered at the police stations. It helped in the actual working out of the selective service law by making special investigations for the draft boards of certain families of men claiming exemp- tion ; by helping the men fill out questionnaires ; by supplying registrants at the poling places on September 12th ; by sending a constant stream of clerical workers to the local boards, and by serving in many wards as information bureaus for drafted men. Three hundred women were trained in filling out questionnaires, and served in all parts of the city. The department assisted during the influenza emergency by volunteers secured through the wards, and by the use of ward headquarters as exchanges for volunteers and patients. Some wards organized automobile service; some have done work in naturalization; several have had committees to visit the families of soldiers and sailors. Patri- otic propaganda was carried on in many. Personnel and Organisation — Mrs. Hannah J. Solomon was appointed Chair- man of the Chicago Unit at the outset. Mrs. Caroline Hill served as her assistant for a time, Miss Alice Thompson succeeding her in April, 1918, as Ward Director. Mrs. Irving Stern and Mrs. John Carroll have acted as secre- taries to the department, and Mrs. Alfred Loeb gave stenographic service. Since October, 1918, valuable office help has been given by Miss Thompson's capable assistant. Miss Elaine McCarthy. The thirty-five ward organizations were to the Ward Department what the latter was to the Woman's Committee. They applied its program. The material for reports has been in some ca'^es meagre, for in so loose an organization still "in the making," it has not been possible to require systematic ward reports. The most effective worker is often the least effective talker about her work. Further, the work of each ward has been conditioned by its geographical position, the character of its population, its resources in wealth and personnel, the date at which organization began and the acquisition of headquarters. Effects That Will Last — The real adventures have occurred in the little offices in outlying districts, where foreign mothers came to know how to get word from that American boy overseas, and countless babies were carried in to be weighed while keen-eyed neighbors watched, and from which thirty-five women have carried the flag, with scores of comrades, into every corner of Chicago. They came to know their communities, their churches, their schools, their neighbors. Their social contacts have been rich in variety and rewards. A tremendous impetus has been given the forces of democracy and Americaniza- tion through what they have given and what they have gained, and their work has been a factor not to be ignored in the morale that won the war. Conclusions It is difficult during these post armistice days as we are closing our work with the sounds of victorious bands and marching feet in the air, to judge of the permanent results of the Woman's Committee work. 158 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE In Illinois there was practically a complete county, township, city and town organization in every county of the State. Women who had never found an interest outside of their homes and their limited social spheres learned to love service — community service and service to their country ; women for the first time dropped lines of social demarcation and prejudice against those of different creed, race, religion, color and convictions and worked with them for one big, absorbing, consuming cause. We know the majority of these women will never be content to return to their narrow interests and diversions of pre-war days, and that there has been developed in every com- munity more of a group consciousness than it ever possessed before. This will mean a stirring of interest and efifort that will leave its imprint on every agency, organization, institution and community in our great state of Illi- nois. It will mean a more deeply rooted desire to see justice done and to force our democracy really to function in terms of a better community life : better homes, better jobs, better conditions of work, and — what is equally impor- tant — better opportunities for leisure, play and education. In the hope that this social program may be developed, the Woman's Com- mittee has offered to assist in the formation of community councils in the state and to this end has offered its office, equipment, staff, and substantial financial backing to the "Community Councils of Illinois." Louise deKoven Bowen, Chairman. Annie Maybanks Dow, V ice-Chairman. APPENDIX VIII PUBLICITY DEPARTMENT, STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE. March 1, 1919. To the State Council of Defense: I have the honor to submit herewith the final report of the Publicity Depart- ment of the State Council of Defense of Illinois, covering the period from its or- ganization in May, 1917, by authority of the Publicity Committee of the Council, to and including February 8, 1919, when it was discontinued. The scope of the Department's work may be illustrated by mention of the first and the last things it did : The first was a report to the Chicago newspapers on an inspection tour of the Great Lakes Naval Training Station under the direction of Dr. Frank Billings, to allay excitement among the parents of Navy men which had been stirred up by ex- aggerated accounts of health conditions at Great Lakes, and particularly in respect to meningitis. The last thing the Department did was to send out a report of the Council's recommendations to the Legislature on the use of English in teaching the com- mon branches in all public and private schools of the State, on vocational training, on education in personal hygiene, and on educational Americanization work in the public schools, all intended to improve the citizenship of the State. In between, the Department was busy every day with tasks equally as diverse as the ones mentioned. Its activities touched every major and every minor activ- ity in Illinois pertaining in any way to the war. The 'Department was fortunate at the outset in securing the assistance of Mr. William H. Culver, a Chicago newspaper man of experience, ability and vision. The Department owed much of whatever success it achieved to the keen intelli- gence, the sincere patriotism and the unflagging devotion with which Mr. Culver labored in the Council's service. Regular News Service Established The first week in June, 1917, the Department established a patriotic news service for all papers of the State, which was maintained to the end. It was a twice-a-day service for all Chicago dailies and the telegraphic news agencies ; twice-a-week for all daily papers of the State (about 125) ; once-a-week for all weekly papers. The purpose of this service was to interpret the war — its causes, its signifi- cance, its social, financial and industrial effects, and the personal efforts and sac- rifices essential to the winning of it — to the people of Illinois ; also to inform the people of the State, day by day and week by week, on the work of the State Coun- cil of Defense. From the very first the newspaper publishers of the State co-operated with the Department to a degree that cannot be over-praised. Later on they were organized by counties into county publicity committees, and the chairman of each County Publicity Committee became a member of the County Executive Com- mittee of his county. This was done in nearly 70 counties ; thereby not only were the efforts of this Department better supported, but publicity work in each county in behalf of all manner of war activities was co-ordinated and advanced. The Department was under iron-clad instructions from the chairman of the Publicity Committee that its facilities were not to be used to exploit personalities or to do "stunts" in behalf of any special interest or particular phase of war work. Literal obedience of those instructions is believed to have been achieved, as 159 160 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE scrutiny of the complete files of matter sent out by the Department will disclose. This restricted the Department opportunities for getting out "snappy stuff," but the advantages of this policy in the long run outweighed the disadvantages. On November 30, 1917, the Department began the publication of the State Council News, the official bulletin or "house organ" of the Council, which was is- sued every Friday up to and including December 13, 1918. The News went to about 7,500 of the active workers of the Council's various organizations. It car- tied advice and instructions to war workers for their guidance in general and local work, and news about them. Its purpose was to keep the army of State Council war workers throughout the state "on their toes," and not only working, but working intelligently and effectively. The Department also supervised all printing done for other departments of the Council and edited and published the several pamphlets and booklets issued by the Council. Government Publicity "Pre-Digested" Soon after the Department began to function, it became convinced that the efficacy of publicity as an adjunct to war effort was seriously impaired by the mass of undigested publicity material which newspaper editors were receiving daily from United States Government departments, commissions, bureaus and commit- tees, and from the war and relief organizations, both public and quasi-public, throughout the country. These editors were receiving so much "press matter" that literally they had not time to read it all; hence most of it went to the waste paper basket. This Department undertook to "pre-digest" all of such matter for Illinois editors. As a consequence, it is a conservative statement to say that most of the war work publicity from Washington and elsewhere which got into the Illinois papers during the last year of the war got there through the service of this Department. The publicity sent out by the Department included both editorial and news articles. It carried information about national, state and local activities of all kinds in behalf of the war. In subjects covered it ranged from Army and Navy enlistments and Liberty Loans to canning corn, raising potatoes, and weighing babies. The controlling idea behind each separate article was that it should be ready for immediate use without editing or correction ; all the editor receiving it needed to do was to put it in type as it was sent him. But every piece of "copy" had some bearing upon the war, and w^as meant to be helpful in stirring the patri- otism, increasing the efficiency and maintaining the morale of the public. This work is believed to have been effective, because the matter sent out was very widely used. The work of a publicity department cannot be reduced to conclusive statistics, but some general figures may be indicative of what was done by this Department tangibly, with the help of one assistant director, one reporter and one stenographer. In its weekly and semi-weekly news service (not counting the State Council News and supervision of printing), the Department sent out more than 1,000 news and editorial articles, every one of which was used in some paper, and most of which were used in nearly all the papers of the State. The larger down-State weeklies often used four, six and eight pieces of State Council "copy" in one issue. The Department also sent out more than 2,000 news articles to Chicago daily papers, most of which were used "flat" — as they were written — or we^e made the basis of news articles ranging in length from a one-inch paragraph to six and eight columns. The Department was also an information bureau for the daily news- paper reporters of Chicago — a clearing house for news on all manner of war ac- tivities. Tremendous Contribution by Newspapers The amount of space given to State Council publicity matters by the news- papers of the State, if purchased at the lowest possible commercial advertising rates, would have cost more than $1,500,000 — $1,000,000 in Chicago papers and $500,000 down-State. But the importance of the contribution thus made by the newspapers of the State to the Council's work, particularly by "the country press," as it is sometimes called, cannot be expressed in dollars. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 161 In probably 500,000 Illinois homes outside of Chicago and the larger down- State cities, only one newspaper is carefully read, and that paper is the local weekly or daily. If those homes and the population they represent — considerably over one-third of the total — are not reached by "the country press," they are not reached at all. In this respect, the value of what the newspapers of Illinois did for the war is incalculable. A publicity department's effectiveness cannot be asserted in set terms. It can be only deduced from collateral evidence. Two bits of such evidence are cited with (it is hoped pardonable) pride: A war conference of Illinois editors, called by the Publicity Committee of the Council, and arranged for by this Department, was held in Chicago on March 9, 1918. Governor Lowden said it was the largest and most representative gathering of Illinois newspaper men he had ever seen. The opinion of many editors cor- roborated this. At this conference, the editors of the State were especially asked to suggest ways and means of improving this Department's service. Their com- posite answer was in effect : "Stick to the way you are doing it." The managers of one of the big "drives" for war funds in the fall of 1918 circularized many Illinois newspaper editors, asking their suggestions on how the publicity work for the "drive" should be handled to serve best the purpose being promoted, and to secure the utmost of newspaper co-operation. The following quotation is a composite reflection of a large number of the answers received : "The best publicity material in the United States today, and we get at least thirty varieties every morning from many cities and many lines, is gotten out by the State Council of Defense headquarters in Chicago. They know what people want to read, and they write it briefly. It is ready to go in the paper exactly as they issue it, and does not require pruning unless the editor desires. It goes in the big Chicago dailies, and it goes in the small country papers. We receive more matter than it is possible for us to read, let alone publish. It would require not less than two persons all their time working eight hours a day to read the matter we receive, let alone handling it in any other way. If all the publicity from all the worth-while war work organizations could be centered through one channel, say* the State Council of Defense, it would be possible to secure better publicity for all concerned." Respectfully submitted, Bernard J. Mullaney, Director of Publicity. APPENDIX IX UNIFIED BUREAU OF PUBLIC SPEAKERS January 16, 1919. To the State Council of Defense of Illinois: Toward the fall of 1918, it was apparent that there was need of a clearing house for public speakers on war topics. Previous tentative steps toward form- ing one had come to naught. But increasing conflicts in appointments, the assignment of too many speakers to one meeting, and duplication of effort made it clear that there should be a central bureau for speakers. Accordingly, the State Council of Defense called a meeting of the various war-work organizations in Chicago and throughout the state, including the following : State Council of Defense National Security League Hamilton Club Union League Club Sunday Evening Club Y. M. C. A. University of Chicago Northwestern University American Red Cross U. S. War Savings Committee Liberty Loan Four Minute Men City Club Salvation Army State Council of Defense (Woman's Committee) Chicago Woman's Club Chicago Woman's City Club Chicago Association of Commerce Selective Service Association Committee on Military Afi^airs Liberty Loan, Foreign Language Division U. S. Food Administration U. S. Fuel Administration Inter-Church War Work Committee District Representative Industrial Education Section Speakers' Bureau, United War Work Campaign Many of these organizations had speakers bureaus of their own but all came to agreement to pool their interests so far as speakers were concerned and to cooperate in getting the maximum of service with the minimum of effort and expense. At the meeting so called, it was determined to form the United Bureau of Public Speakers, and a definite plan of organization was formulated by a committee appointed at the meeting. Pursuant to the plan so reported, the State Council of Defense appointed the following Advisory Committee: Henry P. Chandler, Liberty Loan Organization. Secor Cunningham, State Council of Defense. James C. Jeffery, American Red Cross. George R. Jones, Four Minute Men. Mrs. Edward H. Taylor, Woman's Committee. The Advisory Committee so appointed immediately took up the work of the Bureau and appointed Roger Sherman director and David Jamieson manager in charge of the assignment of speakers. 162 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 163 The purposes, scope and activities of the Bureau were stated in an official Bulletin issued by the Bureau; offices were furnished by the State Council of De- fense, and the work of the Bureau commenced November 1, 1918. During the month speakers were assigned to 741 meetings. In the following month speakers were assigned to 389 meetings, and from January 1st to January 15th, 1919, 136 speakers were assigned. The meetings so provided for by the Bureau included patriotic meetings, flag raisings, Americanization meetings at various manufacturing and industrial plants and meetings at schools, churches and theatres. The speakers assigned included such men as Julian Arnold, author and lecturer ; Dr. Amaury Mars, a Frenchman who had been held in a German prison for three years and a half and had escaped ; Sergeant Sam P. Barre, who had served in the American army for 30 years and who had taken part in the hostilities in France, and Lt. Henri Negre of the French Army, assigned from Washington under the auspices of the French High Com- mission. The speakers assigned by the Bureau also included many business and professional men. The meetings to which speakers were assigned were scattered throughout the State, most of them, however, being in Chicago and its environs. On January 15, 1919, the activities of the Bureau ceased. It was then appar- ent that there was no need of the Bureau as a war-working organization and that the work of the Bureau could be taken over advantageously by other parties. Ac- cordingly, the assets, applications and good-will of the Bureau were turned over to the Speakers' Bureau conducted by the Woman's Committee of the State Coun- cilof Defense, and the Unified Bureau of Public Speakers as such went out of existence. Respectfully submitted, Roger Sherman, Director. APPENDIX X THE "FOUR MINUTE MEN" IN ILLINOIS May 19th, 1919. To the State Council of Defense: I have the honor of presenting below a report covering the activities of the Four Minute Men in the State of Illinois during the war. It is the privilege of the writer in presenting this final report to the State Council of Defense to speak for the original organization of Four Minute Men in this country and to address the report to the first State Council of Defense to give full recognition and support to the movement. The Four Minute Men movement, which later became an arm of the federal war organization, was inaugurated in Chicago in March, 1917, before the United States entered the great war. Mr. Donald M. Ryerson, then Vice-Presi- dent of Joseph T. Ryerson and Son, was the originator of the movement, although it should be said that his decision to undertake the work was the result of a sug- gestion from Senator Medill McCormick. The advice and encouragement of his friends, Mr. Arthur Cable, Mr. Bruce Smith, and Mr. William McCormick Blair (later National Director of the Four Minute Men) also influenced Mr. Ryerson in making his decision to go into the work. Mr. Ryerson made the first Four-Minute talk ever given one evening in the latter part of March at the Strand Theatre, Chicago. At the end of the first show a slide was flashed on the screen, and the audience read this strange device : 4 MINUTE MEN 4 MR. DONALD M. RYERSON will speak four minutes on UNIVERSAL MILITARY TRAINING He is introduced by J. Ogden Armour Mrs. Joseph T. Bowen Charles Comiskey Otto C. Butz Miss Harriett Vittum Dr. Frank W. Gunsaulus Bishop Samuel Fallows This practical test of the plan satisfied Mr. Ryerson that it should be organ- ized and developed as quickly as possible. Getting Into Action On April 2nd, 1917, therefore, Mr. Ryerson and a group of men met for luncheon at the University Club of Chicago, and organized themselves as the first Four Minute Men. Mr. Ryerson told the group that the sliadow of war was inevitably traveling toward America and that the people of this country were utterly unprepared to meet the onslaught of the greatest military power in history. A fundamental change of mind was the only thing that could prevent a catastrophe. Here was a task which called for a new patriotism, a new insight into America's destiny and a new means of arousing the people to the great crisis before them. The men at that meeting were ready to take up the work Mr. Ryerson had inaugurated at the Strand Theatre. They were to be more than the Minute Men of 76, for their part was to awaken a great nation — a world power steeped in the policies of peace, to the reality of a world conflict. The meeting decided that the first message that the Four Minute Men would bring to the people was the necessity for national preparedness, involving 164 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 165 the immediate acceptance of the principle of Universal Military Training. This program was enthusiastically endorsed. An office was located in one of the rooms of the University Club and a committee appointed to arrange a schedule of Four Minute talks at the motion picture theatres. The first officers of the Four Minute Men were : Donald M. Ryerson, President. Stephen Gardner, Treasurer. George R. Jones. Secretary. Keith J. Evans, Assistant Secretary. From the very first the project grew by leaps and bounds. Luncheon meet- ings were held almost daily at the University Club from that time on. The speakers, now augmented constantly by new recruits, were given facts on which to model their speeches, and the Four Minute Men were soon playing the role of a modern Paul Revere calling the nation to arms. The New Work Nationalized By the time that this country entered the war the Four Minute Men who then composed its roster were already beginning to exert a powerful influence in favor of the Chamberlain Bill for Universal Military Training. People at the picture theatres, relaxed from their daily toil, found food for thought in the earnest words of the Four Minute Man as he told them of the urgency of action in the grave crisis which the nation faced. But the declaration of vyar by this country against Germany put a sudden stop to the work of the Four Minute Men ; word came from Washington that the Chamberlain Bill was to be dropped and another substituted for it which called for "Universal Selective Service," known afterward as the "Draft." Mr. Ryerson's plan now either had to be changed, or given up, for the original conception of the Four Minute Men was that of a body of citizens drawn from all walks of life, creating public opinion by giving the view of the "man on the street" and securing thereby a quickened public con- science and more responsive public action. He had now to take his choice between Senator Chamberlain's program for national preparedness and the Gov- ernment's war measure for raising an emergency army. Mr. Ryerson was unwilling to press the Chamberlain Bill in opposition to the new measure, and, in fact, felt that the new bill might be preferable as a war measure to the Cham- berlain Bill. A meeting of all Four Minute Men was therefore hurriedly called on April 9th to discuss the matter. That meeting prevailed upon Mr. Ryerson to proceed to Washington and lay before the government his publicity scheme, with the recommendation that the government sponsor it and take it over as a war agency by which the administration's policies on war questions could be announced and explained to the people. Mr. Ryerson, with characteristic deci- sion, took the first train to Washington, and on April 20th, 1917, sent the follow- ing wire to the Chicago organization : "Have written arrangements with Creel for organization on national basis on lines of our talk subject censorship from his office. First subject Universal Selective Service." Upon receipt of this telegram giving the Four Minute Men official standing under the Committee on Public Information, work for the Four Minute Men started in earnest. The Chicago organization was to become the nucleus of a national organization and plans were feverishly rushed to spread the Four Minute gospel through the land. "Made in Chicago" From that time on the words and acts of the Four Minute Men had the stamp of official sanction on them. It is interesting to note that the first bulletin sent to the Four Minute Men after the government sponsored the move- ment was an ideal Four Minute speech on the new government "draft" measure. Mr. Charles R. Folds, (later Chairman of the Liberty Loan Committee in Chicago) and Mr. Peter Junkersfeld (later Colonel Junkersfeld) assisted in writing this first bulletin, but the final speech adopted to be sent out broadcast as Bulletin No. 1 was written by Mr. Waldo P. Warren of Chicago, who later was called to Washington to write other bulletins of the Four Minute Men. 166 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE This bulletin was telegraphed verbatim to Mr. Creel, Chairman of the Com- mittee on Public Information, for his O.K., and his characteristic answer was : "Splendid talk. Approve every word of it. Go ahead." The standard slide used by all Four Minute Men was now changed to read : (Donald M. Ryerson) will speak four minutes on UNIVERSAL SELECTIVE SERVICE He speaks by authority of THE COMMITTEE ON PUBLIC INFORMATION Members : The Secretary of War The Secretary of State The Secretary of the Navy Mr. George Creel, Chairman The stage was now set, the idea had been proven practical, and it devolved upon the men in the Chicago organization to work out a plan for a national organization in the shortest possible time. First, the Chicago organization itself had to be put upon a permanent basis. Mr. Ryerson had gone to Mr. Samuel Insull of Chicago (in a short time to be Chairman of the Illinois State Council of Defense) at the very outset and laid his plan of a Four Minute Men organization before him. Mr. Insull had immediately discerned the great possibilities of the movement and given Mr. Ryerson practical encouragement in the development of his plan. Mr. Insull now invited the Four Minute Men to take up offices in the Edison Building, and accordingly the organization was moved about the middle of April from the University Club to that building. On April 28th, 1917, a state charter was taken out making the Four Minute Men an Illinois corporation "not for profit" ; its name and the now famous design having previously been copyrighted. Organization Rapidly Extended Meanwhile Mr. Ryerson haa Deen urged by Mr. Creel to make as much speed as possible in organizing the movement nationally, as a result of which he now went to New York to establish headquarters there. Mr. Ryerson appointed a Vice-Chairman in charge of a large section of the eastern states, with head- quarters in New York. He then arranged for a Four Minute Men organization under Mr. Donald R. Cotton of St. Paul as Vice-President, to cover the north- western states. The country was now at war and the sinews had to be supplied. A great bond issue, dwarfing any similar undertaking ever thought of in this country, was about to be launched, and the first opportunity of the Four Minute Men to show their mettle was at hand. The whole future of the prosecution of the war depended upon the successful sale of the first issue of two billion dollars of Liberty Bonds, and the heads of the federal reserve banks who had the floatation of the bonds in charge welcomed the prospect of help from this new national organization of public speakers. Mr. Ryerson having obtained the endorsement of Secretary McAdoo, started in to cooperate actively with the heads of the various federal reserve districts. In this work he was assisted by Mr. Henry Atwater of Chicago (later Assistant National Director in Washington, and still later Director of Distribution of the Committee on Public Information). Four Minute Men chairmen were now placed in charge of territories corresponding with the federal reserve districts, Mr. George R. Jones having the Seventh District, in which most of the State of Illinois is located. A standard plen of operation describ- ing how to form new city and county organizations was adopted and sent broad- cast throughout the country. Motion Picture Theatres Help The chief asset, of course, of the Four Minute Men, aside from the unbounded enthusiasm of its members for contributing their share in the nation's crisis, was the great forum which the organization commanded, namely, the cos- STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 167 mopolitan American audiences which grouped together, representing eight to twelve million people every night, in the motion picture theatres. The move- ment never could have been a success without the spontaneous cordial coopera- tion of the big figures in the motion picture industry. Messrs. Brady and Zukor in New York, and Messrs. Ascher and Schaefer in Chicago, were quick to see the great patriotic service they might do the nation by giving the movement their personal support. The whole industry fell in behind them, and almost from the first the Four Minute Men plan had the cooperation of every exhibitor in the country. It was one of the outstanding facts in the history of the organization, and one of the most gratifying, that this support was forthcoming without delay and with practical unanimity in the motion picture world. Of course it carried some advantages to the motion picture theatres themselves in that by granting the exclusive privilege of their stage to the Four Minute Men during the war they were protecting themselves from scores of unreasonable demands which might be made upon them, from a multiplicity of so-called "patriotic" organi- zations or individuals of good, bad and indifi^erent character. The actual plan of cooperation with the motion picture theatres in Illinois was arranged through Mr. Joseph Hopp, Chairman of the Executive Commit- tee of the Motion Picture Exhibitors' League of America, who became later a member of both the Executive Board of the Illinois organization, and of the Chicago organization. From the very beginning Mr. Hopp worked with a devotion to the cause without which the Chicago and Illinois organizations never could have carried through their program with the necessary speed and effective- ness. Four Minute Men Win Spurs The First Liberty Loan was a triumph for the American cause. Without this success it would have been hard to go on with the war. The results of the part played by the Four Minute Men demonstrated the value of that organiza- tion to the federal government, and stamped it as being, without question, one of the important war agencies. The departments of the government and the newly created war bodies, seeing the tremendous advertising value of the Four Minute Men, began to clamor for their services. And so it happened that no sooner had the Four Minute Men finished with their Liberty Loan job than their services were requisitioned elsewhere. The American Red Cross had an international reputation for efficiency and accomplishment, but a relatively small membership as compared with that of other great nations. The outbreak of the war, of course, increased its respon- sibilities a thousand fold. It was the only organization which could shoulder the great humanitarian tasks which the conflict involved. To tell the people of the part the American Red Cross was to play in the war and to enlist their support for its tremendous program, was the next duty of the Four Minute Men. It was even a more thankful task than the work for the Liberty Loan because the speaker could appeal to the emotions of the great masses of the people without departing from the actual record which made up the splendid history of the Red Cross organization. The speakers set to work with a vim, and the campaign was so well handled and terminated with such unquestioned success that the effectiveness of their work was gratefully acknowledged by H. P. Davidson, Chairman of the Red Cross War Council ; Mr. Davidson, in fact, was one of the first men of national prominence to see the value of the Four Minute Men organization. With a brilliant record for service to their credit in the First Liberty Loan and the Red Cross campaign, it was no more a matter of doubt that the Four Minute Men were organized on a sound basis and were ready for even more important national war work. It was at this point that the central figure in the Four Minute Men, Donald M. Ryerson, left the organization. The time had now come when Mr. Ryerson believed it his duty to enter the Navy. At the out- break of the war he had given it as his intention to fit up a fast boat for coast patrol duty and present it to the government. He now proceeded to carry this plan into effect. He himself had enlisted in the Navy. In spite of efforts on the part of Mr. Creel and all connected with the new national movement to per- suade him to remain, Mr. Ryerson insisted upon maintaining his purpose. Before he actually left for Annapolis, however, he went to Washington, at 168 STATE COUNCIL OP DEFENSE Mr. Creel's request, to establish the national headquarters of the Four Minute Men in the office of the Committee on Public Information and to proceed to carry out the organization of the movement on the plan which had now been proven successful. Building Up the Organization With Mr. Ryerson went Mr. Henry Atwater, as his assistant, and Mr. Keith Evans, who became the Business Manager for the national organization. Mr. Ryerson remained in Washington only long enough to see his general scheme for pushing the national organization to completion approved, and then proceeded to Annapolis to attend the Officers' Training School of the Navy. Before he left he induced his friend, Mr. William McCormick Blair of Chi- cago, to take up the work as National Director of the Four Minute Men in Washington, which position Mr. Blair held with signal ability until August, 1918, when he left to join the Officers' Artillery Camp at Louisville, Kentucky. The success of the Four Minute Men nationally was due quite as much to Mr. Blair's ability as to Mr. Ryerson's foresight, because as National Director it was his responsibility to build up the institution from a few scattered but enthusiastic groups, to a vast network of organizations, comprehending every state in the Union and every territory, with headquarters in every city and county and with local units in almost every hamlet in the land. After Mr. Ryerson's departure the Chicago organization of Four Minute Men met and elected permanent officers as follows : George R. Jones, Chairman. Ernest Palmer, Vice-Chairman. Louis W. Mack, Secretary. Stephen Gardner, Treasurer. An Executive Board was elected to conduct the afifairs of the Four Minute Men, not only in Chicago, but throughout the Seventh Federal Reserve Dis- trict, as follows : Harry J. Dunbaugh Bertram G. Nelson Stephen Gardner Ernest Palmer Joseph Hopp William G. Sage James C. Jefifery Frederic Ullman George R. Jones Waldo P. Warren Louis W. Mack Donald M. Wood Henry G. Miller State Council Co-operation At a conference between Mr. Samuel Insull, Chairman of the State Council of Defense, and Messrs. Ryerson, Blair and Jones, just prior to Mr. Ryerson's departure, an arrangement was made for complete cooperation between the State Council of Defense and the Four Minute Men in Illinois. This arrangement existed till the end of the war. The State Council of Defense provided offices for the main headquarters of the Four Minute Men in Illinois and paid the expenses of its maintenance. The Four Minute Men, on the other hand, pledged themselves to support and encourage the work of the State Council in Illinois and to lend their assistance whenever possible. That this plan worked out with entire success was proven many times later. It was evident in the com- plete cooperation between the local Speakers' Bureaus of the State Council of Defense, and the local Four Minute Men Chairmen, both activities often being identical, with the same Chairmen and personnel. It was evident when the State Council gave its official stamp of approval to many public functions under- taken by the Four Minute Men, and it was evident when the Four Minute Men in their turn gave publicity to the State Council's great patriotic meetings or exhibits, such as the War Exposition, to an extent which it could not otherwise have enjoyed. On June 6th Mr. Jones, upon instructions from Washington, visited Kansas City, Missouri, and established Four Minute Men headquarters there with the Mayor of the city as Chairman. A few weeks later a trip was made to Louis- ville, Nashville, Indianapolis, Cleveland and Detroit for the purpose of report- ing to Washington on the results being accomplished in those places. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 169 The Chicago organization was fortunate in commanding the services of some of the very ablest of the younger set of business and professional men o the cty. The admmistrative side of the work was of great importance because on ,t depended the whole scheme for a smooth working schedule of publ c speeches. Any senous defect in the management of the organization would Save made it impossible to attract and hold in its membership speakers of S caliber. More than any other thing the military spirit which was presenfin he organization from the start was responsible for its success. Every man con- nected with the executive side of the work was actuated by this sense ormilitarv discipline and carried out his orders accordingly. military Drafted by Hoover The affairs of the organization were conducted through an Executive Board which in turn resolved itself into committees and apportioned "he varbus execu tive functions to these committees, the chief of which were Speakers Committee Frnpcf Poltn«,- ru • Tbpatrp r^.nmjff^^ ~..ii.rnest Maimer, Chairman theatre Conmiittee Donald M. Wood, Chairman Admissions Committee James C. Jeffrey! Chaii irman public funrtionO ^5°"^,^-^ Luncheon Meetings (later on to become well known ?ated for tbi nl t- " f- "^'^^^'' ^"^ ^^^P^cted to come had been inaugu- rated for the instruction and inspiration of the speakers of the Four Minute Men organization. During the early days the luncheons were held "n X Empire iSrm°enl'h^''"^ ^'".f '^ "°'''- ^l"' "'^^*'"S^ ^^^ ^'-^^^ addr ssed by prom! inent men who were authorities on the sub ect matter which was beine currentlv al7rJd\l'llr!rc''lT ""l-r^' these luncheons Prof'Sors'llomTH" newlro'f dererSg^a p'J.t^Min'ute^^^^^^^^^^^ ^"^^^'^^ ^^^ -" '" '^^ Mr "HLbeT Hoover m'^P'Tt?^ '^^ F^'- ^'""^^ ^^^ ^ad now closed, and frLt? ?.u S -k;- ^''*'??^^ ^°°^ Administrator, who had watched the growth of the Four Minute Men with great interest. r;quisitioned their services for carrying the message to the people that Food Conservation was the funda mental essential in winning the war. By this time the Four MiS Men were beginning to attract the attention of all classes of people and he forthcomrni Lu els"to ;heir'''''k^""^r '\ ^^^^'"^- "Food CoLervation'^rougirnew laurels to their work for its authentic and comprehensive information The National Director suggested that the week July 8th to 14th be nam?d ''National Food Conservation Week," and Mr. Hoover enthusiastically seconded this reques m a letter to all Four Minute Men throughout the country ^ h.ri V"^ ^^" """^^^ "T,^'^^ ^¥ Four Minute Men were being organized nationally Danvnii' f"Tv'^ LaSalle Moline Decatur Kankakee Lincoln Springfield uecatur LaGrange Johet Waukegan War Issues Presented nb.J""^ "^i"^ l'^^ ^^^^^^ /° ^^^ P^°P'^ to save food, a new and very important phase of educational work was undertaken through the national headauarter. This was the adoption of a broad policy inaugurating an edSfonal purpose 7" the work of the organization with a view to discussing before thrArnericanneo tt'is"u?sVfThfwlr'°Th Vr^t";^ and in the most striking iZ t^TcZZlZ app.r??:°^;^1.rWe/^^ Arms, was issued on August 6th 1917 .^^'i/. ineiNationin 170 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE ..ect from the mass of facts availaMe ^^^l,^ ^JZ^S^^^^^ L^,^i?;o^r:;ft;ror^^^^^^^ -^^-^ ^^^ --^ °^ ^--- ality essential to, any speech, long or short ^^^^^^^^ By August the new ^P\'!^'f'^Z'h^,ltorse^^^^^^ days when it was sorely needed had won th^^^th^proportion of a young giant knownmenandof big organizations and grown t^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^_ among speaking o^g^'^l^^^'^f^- /^V on^er Leded Nevert^^ it was a great ognition came freely when it ^^^ "<^/°"-'=f t"^Xr of Commerce of the United hdp to the Four Minute .^en when the Chamber ot U ^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^ .^^ ^^^^^_ States published and ^.fV-^^^^^^A^^ H^^^^^ Four Minute Men move- Tntrnd L^inrlortlhette'ra^JoVof all commercial bodies in the country. Two More Notable Campaigns In August, 1917, in line with the ^^j^s^:::;:^z^:rZ^ underlying issues of the war, t^ 7 f^^^f^^? entitled "What Our Enerny by the Four Mmute Men ihe b"'^f ^"A^JT':„„„^„ " Each dealt with the g^ally Is" fdp,;U--^^^^^^^^^ f^^'^^^gton'^^^^^^sSrhim in getting out the bulletins. Mr^ E^ T. Gu^d^ lach, who, though of German ancestry and a great^s^^^^^^ ^^^^^^^ was a thorough American,_ and was theretore q ernment. From all understanding subjects bearmg on he Gerimn system g^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ over the state reports came m of the g^at ettect ^^^^^^ autocratic understandable explanation byt^^^^^^^k'ngofthe system whereby the German system of government and ^he unmasking or ty throughout the world and the picture going public in Particular, i ne ^} ^ j^g^^ ^en with upon as long haired o^^^^^rs, or seekers of the hmeli h ^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^ a tremendous "^>s^l°".^';'d.j/^^„7,'oncern o tl e s?T.all but zealous membership the Chicago organization the °"%^^°"^^''J„°ie movement. Almost anyone who was to get more and more ^^^l'^''' ^J^^^^^^^^^ open arms and without posed as a speaker was admitted t° the organization w v^^ Admissions Corn- question. Things now began to ^^l^f^^^/,"/;'^'^^^^^ of those who wanted mittee, whose duty it ^^^^n'' annoCced that no one would be admitted to ::;errSSp'irtlie^oV^^^^^^ X d? lot have Previo- ^n^ P^nbhc Setlnd^dt^onllrr tTef^^^^^^^^^^ - -^^^ ^ ^ Four-Minute talk. t^^ttpr of sneaker's qualifications The Speakers: Committee takmg up the matter ^o^f ^^pea^ ,^^\,,,,,,^- where the Admissions Committee len on, ^ ■ ■ -phe system was based the effectiveness of each i^ember in the ^fl^^ll^''^^^^^^ /hese reports fur- on periodical reports concernmg the work of ev^^^^^ ^^ nished for the Assignment Committee the requ ^^^^ speaker's . voice class of theatre each man should ^e assignee ^^^^^^ ^^^^^j^^ ^^ the fitted a large or small, house, anf whether he wou ^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^ downtown district or in the onjymg ^_^o re_^gn ^^^^ ^ ^^,,,,^> they were found to be unequal to the task o: geiu g dropped from the organization. required standard, It was found that many speakers ^eH ]ust short ot me q ^^^ and needed but slight instruction or |"^dancen order to qu J ^^^^j^^^^ benefit of those "fibers a Speakers School wa^ju.^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^ under Mr. John J. Peckham and drectea oy ^^^^ ^^ ^ STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 171 Ready for Second Liberty Loan The Second Liberty Loan of three billions found the Four Minute Men al- ready grown into a national army of 11,000 public speakers. The tremendous task ot assisting m the sale of three billions in bonds was put up to every Four Minute Men Chairman in the country by a personal telegram from Wm. G. McAdoo Sec- retary of the Treasury. The telegram was couched in words that filled every i^our Minute Man with pride and determination to make good for his own or- ganization and tor the Liberty Loan. It read : "The Four Minute Men are a mighty and potential influence in the success of the Liberty Loan. They did an immensely valuable and patri- otic service in the first Liberty Loan, and I count with genuine satisfaction upon their enthusiastic support and service in placing the Second Liberty Loan. Cjrod speed every Four Minute Man in this noble work. "Wm. G. McAdoo." The time was tense for patriotic effort, and the faith shown by the adminis- tration III the work of the Four Minute Men spurred them to plan for the Second Liberty Loan the most aggresiye campaign that had yet been undertaken. Under Mr. Henry P. Chandler of Chicago a special committee, thereafter known as the Liberty Loan Theatre Committee, arranged for speeches in every downtown thea- tre in Chicago every night in the week during the period of the Loan. The number of speeches given in outlying motion picture theatres was also increased and the Four Minute Men were expected to answer the call of the Liberty Loan organiza- tion for speeches at factories and public gatherings of every kind. The same spirit ^rtlJ f p' °'Ar 0'-§^";^at,ons throughout the whole state. In the majori y o cases the Four Minute Men Chairmen were also Chairmen of the Liberty Loan bpeaking Bureaus. -^ 2fifi SflTfnfT^'^fl''^!,^'' ^''°"^ y^^'^y L°=^" Campaign was credited with dbb talks, and the total audiences numbered 833,000. . The floatation of the loan was a success and the Four Minute Men were given no small credit for the part they had played. The Second Libertv Loan Campaign was notable for marking the completion of the plan to orgaSze the work of the Four Minute Men in every state and territory in the Union Tnninf r^^ Pledge Week during which the Four Minute Men asked 22,000 house- holds to support the food conservation plan of the government followed the Second Liberty Loan Campaign. The Four Minute Men found the people ready to re spond to every suggestion of the Food Administration and the American policy a°V7tl"m^:7rarifin;^rd^^°'"^^"^ '''''''' ^'-^ ^°"'^ ^^ ^^ hoped1o"r7r'S.^ Recognized by the President .ffl.in'^?^,'^"""? this campaign that President Wilson took occasion to reco-nize kner wr tl'iXlm f"' uT ^T' ^^? °^ *^ United States. The following letter written by him to all Four Minute Men was perhaps the greatest one thine follows? ^ '""^ importance of the organization there^after His lette? "^^Jl'f ^'f *"-''' Thousand Four Minute Men of the United States- May 1 not express my very real interest in the vigorous and intelli- rPuTc In^^"' °':?^"f nr " ^?'"^ ^" '^^^^^^^^^ ->^h the Commit e on Public Information? It is surely a matter worthy of sincere apprecia- rl^TJl^' ^ Y^ °* thoughtful citizens, with the hearty co-operation of the Ss^sion°ofZ:n^ P^''"'' 'Y""''''' ""'' ^"^^S^d '" *^ presentation anS discussion of the purposes and measures of these critical days Men and nations are at their worst or at their best in any great strug- gle. The spoken word may light the fires of passion and unreason or it may inspire to highest action and noblest sacrifice a nation of freemen Upon you Four Minute Men, who are charged with a special dutv and enjoy a special privilege in the command of your audiences! wi 1 res^ in a considerable degree the task of arousing and informing the gTeat body of our people so that when the record of these days is complete we shaH read page for page with the deeds of army and navj the story of The un' ty the ^72 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE "WooDROW Wilson. On October 19th 1917, Josephus Daniels, Secretary of the Navy and a mem- her o%^^?o^i^e on Piblic^nfor^ public meetmg under the auspices of the Fc^^urMinute^M^^^^^ „ in Chicago. His address was entitled Jl^^j/°"[^^Xu te Men that their work Secretary Daniels brought official word to the ^^'l" .^^T^^^ Navy of the was highly appreciated by the Adminis rat^^^^^ war and great n rest wJs there- United States had done all of our fig^^ing in the war a a g e development ttn S^!rJ^^:^^:n^^^lXi^^^ already had to its credit. Organization Grows in Illinois devdoping as a fixed policy that a place on that program was to be had only by government departments, war agencies or bureaus. , Meetincr of the On November 19th 1917, took place the first Get-iogether ivieetm^-, oi i-^ """'in November the Four Minute Men spoke for the great ijcreation organiza- \m«ican Library AssocS.ion, etc., etc. The campaign was e„.,.led "Ma.rita.nmg ''°" h De«le7lhe"Fou; Wnuie Men were again given the privilege of bringing SLlSSC^n^i^ToKK^^^^^^^^^^^^ thS t^ Red Cross membership was brought to the immense figure of 30,000,000 "'""Na'tional Director Blair on December 17th announced the formation of a Nati^nlrAlSrfcouncil of tl.eJour Minute Mgi. ^oii.^^^^^^^^^^^^^ Mr.^ Samuel Hopkins Adams, Professor S. ^^C^ark M . Wm^H^ i .^^^^ ^.^^^ ^^ ^^^.^ ^^^, Ingersoll, laler succeeded Mr. Blair as National Director. More Work for Uncle Sam Meanwhile the Treasury Department had brought out the ^yar Savings States of the United States'^ Government. These stamps were designed partic- STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 173 ularly to appeal to the small investor who was not able to purchase bonds No special tune was set aside to campaign for War Savings Stamps, but a continuous effort was made to keep up the interest of the people in this attractive and sound plan by which they could now invest their savings. The Four Minute Men were asked by the Treasury Department to campaign nationally in the interest of selling these stanips. The three weeks devoted to the work were fruitful in creating widespread publicity and a very large direct sale throughout the country Meanwhile the work of the Four Minute Men all through the state had grown to such large proportions that it was thought best to ask the Chairmen to nieet in conference in Chicago in conjunction with the State Council of Defense to discuss ?1^"^ for carrying on the work more vigorously than ever. Therefore the Four Minute Men throughout the state were called to attend a War Conference to be held at the Morrison Hotel on January 14th and 15th. A never-to-be-forgotteil snowstorm and blizzard, accompanied by extremely cold weather, arrived the night before the conference and tied up transportation all over the state so that on]y a few Chairmen were able to attend the conference. Toward the latter part of January, 1918, the Four Minute Men were enlisted in the service of the United States Shipping Board to help interest the public in the great program of constructing a "Bridge of Ships" from this country to France It was necessary to create a strong public opinion before the prospective ship- builder would teel any moral pressure to leave his work and family and enlist at one of the ship yards. The title of the campaign was "The Man of the Hour-The Shipbuilder The Four M mute Men did great work in putting thousands of men on the United States Public Service Reserve list for later call to the ship yards It was signihcant hat lUinois, where the Four Minute Men movement was first builders ^^^ ^"'^ '^^^^ ^° complete its quota of enlisted ship- In February the Four Minute Men worked for the Navy. Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D Roosevelt asked the help of the Four Minute Men in securing widespread publicity for the request of the Navy for field glasses and binoculars-for Eyes, in other words, to see the periscopes of the lurking enemy, ihe Navy was arming and manning merchant ships as well as scores of new S.TJf/"'^ ""'I'Vu^', 'r the Navy, and there was no available supply of oi^tical glasses which had formerly been largely exported from enemy coun- tries, i o meet this need people everywhere were asked to loan their glasses Ihe result was that at the request of the Illinois army of Four Minute Men tele- scopes, spy glasses and instruments poured into the State Council of Defense Washingtti.'''''' registering and shipment to the Navy Department in Propaganda Program Adopted N.vv" nl%u ?v k^m!?'^^'^ .';^'"i!f' °^'"'^ campaigns as "The Eyes of the Navy, or The Shipbuilder-the Man of the Hour" in which direct and imme- za?on7h."rtLT' ^m"''''^'a^'"' ^^' ^ '^'^"^ ^^^''"g '" the Chicago organi- zation that the Four Minute Men were most valuable to the nation in propa- ganda work, pure and simple. Mr. Henry Chandler, Secretary, made this po^nt very plain in a written recommendation in which he a;gued for a definite program for the national organization. He urged a program of explanation and difcus" Mr" 'chLT"' ^^ ^^"'^^tional campaigns, of all the vital issues behind the war. ^d in ?ur1 sent'T'r'".'^"';°" was adopted by the Chicago Executive Board f^J^ u -fu: Z Washington, and as a result he was called to Washington to consult with headquarters concerning his ideas. arv ^Rth^iq'/f "Jn.^'.f Z"*'?^'" °t^ ^^' succeeding bulletin which appeared Febru- ary 18th 1918, entitled "The Danger to Democracy." The bulletin set forth m a sriking and logical way the plan of Germany on the one hand to get a strange hold on the eastern continent through her scheme to control Mi ttel menace' called fo^^on'"'' ''\'''i preservation on the other hand which thf menace called for on our part. Every speaker in the country was furnished with a slide containing a black and white map showing the Mittel Europa nan n?,hr I' r, '""^trating his talk. This bulletinVas one of the best buHetfns eve; publ^hed by the organization, and set a new standard for future bulletins 7 JY'u"\^°™s °^ propaganda work that had been set on foot in this country had by this time been developed to a marvelous degree! PubHc opinion J 74 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE was concentrated on one subject after another and waves of popular sentiment f /?n thi. wpv sent across the country from ocean to ocean. The program ^f'tL^Fou \TS::t?Men"urually kept tinfe with these national Propaganda^cam oaisris • in fact it gradually came about that the campaigns of the Four Mmute Men we"e looked upon as setting the pace for all national propaganda activities. Tt was a favorite form of expression adopted by the heads of the various war bureaur to publisl broadcast that success in their particular endeavor would win the war and so on all sides was heard the slogan that "ships will win the war or'tlTat " f ood will win the war." In its reverse form the ^at^^ment wa bab y true of any one of the country's great war activities. Lack of food for example would lose the war, or lack of ships or lack of coal. Certain it is that one of the most serious questions and one that was most amen'i.lkTolntemgent propaganda was the need [orsysi.rajX.cs^^^^^^^^^ h Ampriran oeonle of food, a matter in which we as a nation had been m me ^avs before the war wasteful in the extreme. In March therefore the Four Mhiute Men again took up the subject of Food and not only warned the people of the neceiity of continued saving but urged the forestalling of a possible food shortage from the angle of increased production through the maximum planting of farms and gardens. Canadian Veterans Utilized Shortly after this Mj". Blair announced an arrangement with the Canadian Governrent whereby veteran Canadian fighters home on "leave would be assigned^?" thlPour Minute Men in the United States for assis ing in war pub- He v work At the regular Monday luncheon meeting of the Chicago organiza- tiSAdd March 20th, f918, the Four Minute Men were honored by the presence of Major Carson McCormack who had been through this arrangement loaned ?o the organization by the Canadian government. Major McCormack was a yout Can^Xn officer'^who had gone over with the first Canadian contingent and Co that time had been in all the great Canadian 'shows" on the Western Front His presence in Chicago and particularly by his vivid description of actual modern warfare created great enthusiasm. The Chicago Four Minute Men had become so well organized, due to the efficient system of committees and the work in other parts of the state was grow- hig so rap dly that the State Chairman decided it was for the best interest ,ot h! o?gInizatLn in Illinois to divorce the offices of State Chairman and Chair- man of the Chicago organization. A Chicago Chairman under whom the work S that city would be conducted, was therefore appointed. For this office there was but one choice-Mr. Ernest Palmer, Vice Chairman of the state orgamza- Ln, who had also been Chairman of the Speaking Committee (the most impor- tant committee of the organization) from the beginning. The selection of Mr. Pr/mer wa a very popular one, in that he combined in a very striking way excStioiTal ability in public speaking as well as exceptional executive ability. The S ate Chairman's duties thereafter were to supervise the work of city and county organizations throughout the state. With Major McCormack the State Cha"rmrn made a tour of the state in April, 1918, to work up enthusiasm for the f3 Minute Men Movement. Public meetings were held in Danvilk Decatur, Springfield, East St. Louis, Peoria, Moline. Rock Island Streator and Rockford. The work being carried on in those cities was found to be develop- ing in a vigorous way, and the Four Minute Men were becommg a power in the various communities. At a time when the Germans were carrying everything before them, Major McCormack brought to his audiences a note of absolutely confident optimism, and he was acclaimed everywhere with great enthusiasm. If the Four Minute Men had become an influence in national affairs it was lareelv because of the "ready made" audiences which were provided for them by^the Motron Picture Theatre Industry. Up to this time the Four Minute Men had had all the credit and the Theatre Managers none^ but justice wab now more than done them through a public letter to all the Theatre Managers from President Wilson expressing the appreciation of the government for the splendid cooperation which the motion picture theatres had shown to the l^our Minute Men organization. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 175 Income Tax Explained Congress meantime had passed a law calling for an immense new Income lax which brought withm its scope hundreds of thousands of people who previously had never paid an income tax. The whole matter in its working out was very complicated, and it was desirable that the people should be told about the tax and made to understand it in the shortest possible time. Julius Smietanka, Internal Revenue Collector in Chicago, took the matter up with the State Chair- man and asked if the Four Minute Men could not come to his aid in Chicago by explaining this important legislation. There was very little time at his dis- posal to inform the people of its provisions, and the Four Minute Men were the best medium to undertake the work. It was his opinion that the people should be told how much more the rich man was being called upon to pay toward the support of the war than the poor man. On the recommendation of the Illinois organization the National Director in Washington decided to conduct a national campaign on the matter and it proved to be one of the most interesting and valuable that the Four Minute Men had undertaken. Mr. Oscar Nelson Vice Fresident of the Chicago Federation of Labor, stated later at a luncheon 'meet- ing of the Four Minute Men in Chicago that that one campaign had done enough good in proving to poor people that the war was not a Vich man's war to justity all the expense and energy put into the Four Minute Men movement High water mark was again reached in April, when the Third Liberty Loan was opened to the public. The Loan started for the Four Minute Men on April 6th a week ahead of the actual sale of the bonds. The work was in charge of the Liberty Loan Theatre Committee, with Mr. Henry G Miller as Chicago Chairman; Mr. Henry P. Chandler, his predecessor, having' been hon- ored by being mvited to conduct the Speakers' Bureau for the Seventh Federal Reserve Liberty Loan. The Four Minute Men went into this intensive cam- paign with the same spirit that characterized their previous work for the i reasury Department. Speeches were made in every theatre downtown every M?n nurJJberedT678T75^ "^"^^ ^^^ audiences addressed by Four Minute T .7''ioif ^%*. ^^°''*, °^ ^^^ ^^^ ^•■°'' t° ^a^se funds was made in May and June, 1918 Its goal was one hundred million dollars, and one hundred and seventy-eight millions was raised. The Four Minute Men numbering now thirty thousand speakers took an active part in the raising of this vast humanitarian relief fund which represented the greatest outpouring of money for charitable purposes in history. t =. y '■^^ The machinery of the Four Minute Men organization had by this time been worked out so carefully by the Washington authorities and by the local units that the work of assigning 30,000 Four Minute Men, tabulating the reports of their speeches tabulating the numbers in audiences, and getting all this infor- mation upon the records at Washington, went along with comparative smoothness. Personal Recognition Extended An arrangement was now made whereby Local Chairmen who had been in charge of their organization throughout two Four Minute Men campaigns and who were handling their organizations efficiently and were willing to continue the work until the end of the war, were granted commissions from the govern- ment, ,J:>y and with the advice and consent of the President of the United states. Ihese commissions bearing as they did the stamp of authority and approval of the government made it easier for the State Chairman to obtain high class men as Local Chairmen and reinforced the feeling of pride that exist- ing Chairmen had m their work. To this privelege was also added the right to use the government frank for all official Four Minute Men mail Ihe Four Minute Men Speakers themselves who had delivered talks in three successive campaigns, and whose work was considered satisfactory were given a registration card in the organization signed by the Local Chairman and countersigned by the State Director, and issued over the signature of the National Director at Washington. The speakers thus recognized as official Four Minute Men were decorated with the official badge of the organization containing the abbreviated symbol 4MM4 This badge provided an incentive to speakers of nigh ability to join the ranks everywhere. •jj75 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE The experience. Illinois - to cooperation ^ronjth^ agers was so conspicuously satisfactory ^^at i^^ was telt tna^^ patriotic litter of the P-sident some sor^ of rec^^^^^^^^ ^ theatre owners. The Four AW certificate to every theatre that had Council of Detense issuea a ^"'' V ^ ^i certificate was suitable for opened its doors to the Four Minute Men. i he cem^^^^^ framing, and was ^"dorsed by the Loc 1 Chan-man the btae ^,^^^ ^^^^^^^ of the country. This message wa sent throug^^^^^ Washington to get o^ t^ebX^ft^r/Lpolsca^ea on contest, eithe. ,„ Fon M.nu.e speeches ^"^*°"' Hosts to "Blue Devils" The Four Minute Men us.a% •^adso.e official pan ^J^^^^^!^^ ttrtLT wa^^o'u\,?;rfhe ct \.ay 29.h., ms was s^ by the arrival of the nKomparabe b ni Harry P. Harrison, Chairman. Robert Sherman, Secretary. Aviation Committee E. C. Brown, Chairman. Jas. S. Stephens, Secretary. Eugene U. Kimbark. William H. Mann. Levy Mayer. H. H. Merrick. Army and Navy J.)Iin T. Stockton, Chairman. G. M. Spangler, Secretary. Auditing William Sutherland, Chairman. E. J. Murnane, Secretary. Co-operation of Nationalities Felix J. Streyckmans, Chairman. Nels M. Hokanson, Secretary. Co-operation for Labor Day Charles W. Folds, Chairman. W. S. Hamilton, Secretary. Reception Committee Samuel Insull, Chairman. H. H. Merrick, Vice-Chairman. Walter S. Brewster, Secretary. Co-operation of Volunteer War Agencies Marquis Eaton, Chairman. W. D. Thurber, Secretary. It devolved upon the State Council to raise a guaranty fund from the citizens of Chicago to protect the United States Government against loss, and Mr. Harrison B. Riley, Chairman of the Finance Committee, with his corps of assistants, had no ditificulty in securing the necessary pledges to the amount of $100,000, but the Exposition was so successful that the guarantors were never called upon for cash. Comprehensive War Exhibits Among some of the features were fourteen car loads of captured war trophies, cannon, airplanes, machine guns and small arms, these donated by not only our own army in the field but the French, British, Italian, Belgian, and Canadian governments ; exhibits of machine guns, tanks, airplanes, rifles, used by the American troops; ofiicial motion pictures of the Government showing soldiers in training and in action; exhibition airplane flights; demonstrations of trench life and warfare, provided by the regular army with the co-operation of Maj. Gen. Thomas H. Barry; demonstrations of vocational guidance for wounded men; addresses by American and Allied leaders in the war ; and a sham battle, "over the top," staged by United States soldiers and marines, this exhibition taking place once in the afternoon and once in the evening; 'No Man's Land," con- structed exactly as it existed in the real war, which could be inspected by visitors all day and evening ; band concerts by the Great Lakes Naval Train- ing Station Band ; exhibitions by the various war work organizations, such as the Red Cross, War and Navy Department Commission on Training Camp Activities, Liberty Loan, United States Shipping Board, U. S. War Savings Committee, the United States Food Administration, the War and Navy Depart- ments of the United States, the British, Canadian, French, Italian and Belgian War Missions. State Council of Defense Woman's Committee, Y. M. C. A., Knights of Columbus, Salvation Army, Jewish Welfare Board, Fort Sheridan Association, Western Relief Fund, American Fund for French Wounded, Fatherless Children of France, Daughters of British Empire War Relief, and Illinois Tuberculosis Association. 186 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Tremendous Interest Aroused The Exposition was located in Grant Park, Chicago, by permission of the South Park Commissioners. A special program was prepared for the after- noon and evening of every day of the Exposition. Speakers were secured not only from Chicago, but notable men from all over this country and visitors in this country from the allied countries. A very successful effort was made to emphasize the existence of the many nationalities going toward the make-up of the population of our country, and to show their loyalty. Through the aid of the Chicago Association of Commerce and the District Committees of the Cook County Auxiliary, over a million and a half tickets of admission were sold in advance at half the price asked to those applying for tickets at the gates. A nominal admission fee was necessary to cover running expenses. The purpose of the Exposition managers was to charge the smallest possible admission thought to be sufficient. Under the law, what- ever profit might be made had to be turned over to the United States Treasury. The weather during the first three or four days of the Exposition was inclement, but in spite of that the attendance ran up, and at the end of the fourteen days 1,955,602 people had passed into the grounds. After all bills were paid, including the expenses of the representatives of the Committee on Public Information and other Government agencies, the Exposition committee was able to turn into the treasury of the United States $306,146.51. As in all other work of the Council, all who worked on this Exposition, excluding the stenographic and clerical assistance, donated their services, so that the expenses of the Citizens' Committee were of minor con- sideration. Nothing on a larger scale than this Exposition has been seen in this part of the country since the world's fair in 1893. Respectfully submitted, E. J. Doyle, Secretary. APPENDIX XII ILLINOIS CENTENNIAL COMMITTEE OF CHICAGO December 2, 1918. To the State Council of Defense: The City of Chicago made no arrangement for a celebration of the Cen- tennial of the admission of Illinois as one of the United States of America. A committee had been appointed to take the matter up, but had done nothing. Under these circumstances Governor Lowden called upon the Chairman of the State Council of Defense, to organize an appropriate celebration and a meeting of Chicago citizens, to organize and arrange for a celebration was held in the rooms of The State Council of Defense July 31, 1918. Organization of the Illi- nois Centennial Committee of Chicago was then effected with the following officers : Clarence A. Burley, Chairman W. Tudor Ap Madoc, Vice-Chairman H. N. Tolles, Secretary Charles L. Hutchinson, Treasurer. On August 5 a general plan of procedure was outlined and sub committees to execute it were named as follows : Finance — C. L. Hutchinson, Chairman ; A. G. Becker, A. R. Bone, D. R. Forgan, E. D. Hulbert, H. H. Merrick and C. H. Wacker. Program — H. H. Merrick, Chairman ; Charles W. Folds, Col. Wm. N. Pelouze, C. O. Frisbie, John T. Stockton, Augustus E. Bournique, Charles H. Wacker, John C. Weigel, Wallace Rice, Geo. W. Dixon, Felix Streyckmans, Jas. F. Stepina, John R. Pallandech, John F. Smulski, P. S. Lambros, Otto L. Schmidt, Mrs. Laura P. Young, Miss Bertha L. lies, Mrs. A. Starr Best, Ernest E. Cole, C. A. Burley, W. Tudor Ap Madoc and H. N. Tolles. Pageantry — Mrs. Jacob A. Baur, Chairman ; Mrs. A. Starr Best, Vice-Chairman ; John C. Weigle, Secretary; Mrs. Lyman T. Walton, Miss Lilian Fitch, Miss Bertha L. lies, Wallace Rice, Louis Eckstein, Charles H. Wacker, C. O. Frisbie, Miss Caroline L. Mcllvaine. Publicity — Bernard J. Mullaney, Chairman ; John R. Pallandech, Oscar Durante. On Americans of Foreign Birth and Extraction — Felix Streyckmans, Chairman ; Jas. F. Stepina, Vice-Chairman ; John R. Pallandech, Peter Lambros, John F. Smulski, Mrs. Lyman T. Walton. It was intended by the Program Committee to produce a pageant, of which a sketch had been submitted by Mr. Wallace Rice. A number of patriotic citi- zens of German descent had before that time organized as The Illinois Historical Pageant Committee and arranged to give a patriotic pageant. Their plans were well formulated, and rehearsals had already begun for producing a pageant by Mr. Arthur Hercz, and they had obtained the right to use the Chicago Auditorium for the week beginning October 7th. The Centennial Committee arranged with that committee to take the Auditorium for three or four nights and took a lease pf the Auditorium for that week, and obtained the refusal of the Dexter Pavilion at the Stock Yards for the remaining evenings. It was found impos- sible to make a satisfactory production of Mr. Rice's pageant, owing to the ihort time for preparation and rehearsals prior to October 7th. The Audi- torium could not be obtained for any other time. 187 188 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Historical Pageant Prepared On September 13, 1918, at a joint meeting of the Illinois Centennial Com- mittee of Chicago and the Illinois Historical Pageant Committee, it was decided that the Illinois Centennial Committee should take over the produc- tion of the pageant prepared by Mr. Arthur Hercz, so far as it should prove suitable, the other committee retiring from the field, but promising to give all assistance possible. The idea of meetings at the Dexter Pavilion was given up. It was also arranged that to meet the expenses of the performances, the boxes at the Auditorium should be sold, but that all other parts of the house should be free to the public. A promise was also obtained from the Illinois Centennial Commission that some of the Centennial Half Dollars coined for it by the United States Government would be allotted to the Centennial Commit- tee of Chicago to be sold by it to help cover the expenses. There appeared shortly afterward a number of articles in the Chicasro newspapers, stating that the whole celebration had been captured bv the Ger- mans and would not be a patriotic American affair. The Committee had. before taking over the pap^eant prepared bv Mr. Hercz. carefullv gone over his scenario and had found nothiner in it that was not entirely patriotic and correct: but. to avoid criticism, the committee made some chanees and eliminated all German music, thoueh some of it which had been arransred for and rehearsed was especiallv appropriate to the scenes to be depicted. Mr. Boeppler had been in charge of the choruses and music, but as be was personally attacked it was sug- gested that he resis^n as mtisical director. He verv generouslv did so, at the same time ureine' the choruses he had trained to remain under any other leader that might be chosen. To his patriotic and unselfish action is largely due the suc- cess of the musical part of the performance. To take his place the Committee appealed to Mr. Daniel Protheroe and Mr. William Weil, who both gave their time and attention to conducting the rehearsals and music. Special music was prepared for the occasion by G. Paoli, Mr. Protheroe and William J. Goodell. Dances were arranged and directed by Mme. Marie Yung. Mass Meetings and Monuments The evening of October 7th was given up to a dress rehearsal of the Pageant. On October 8th was a patriotic mass meetinsr presided over bv the chairman of the State Council of Defense, at which Prof. Thomas G. Masaryk. since elected president of the new Czecho-Slovak nation, delivered the address of the eveninsr. The pageant was eiven on the evenings of October 9th. lOth and 11th and the afternoon of October 12th. On the evening of October 12th there was another mass meeting in behalf of the Liberty Loan, at which Governor Lowden and Secretary of the Treasury Wm. G. McAdoo made addresses. The Auditorium was packed at every performance and every meeting. In addition to the meetings at the Auditorium, two monuments were unveiled with appropriate ceremonies, arranged and conducted by the Centennial Com- mittee of Chicago. These monuments were erected by the trustees of the B. F. Ferguson Monument Fund ; that fund which is dedicated to the beautifying of the City of Chicago by providing artistic monuments for its thoroughfares and public places. For enhancing interest in the Centennial, the trustees of the Fund turned over the ceremony of their unveiling and dedication to the Centennial Committee. On the 26th day of September the statue of Alexander Hamilton, in Grant Park, north of the Art Institute, was unveiled. Colonel LeRoy T. Steward was entrusted with the military part of the proceedings and had there a detachment of troops, and there was a military band and one from the Great Lakes Naval Training School. Mr. W. Tudor Ap Madoc was chairman. The invocation was by Rt. Rev. Samuel Fallows, the Star Spangled Banner was sung by the assembled people, and was followed by an eloquent address on the life and work of Alexander Hamilton by Mr. John T. Voigt, Jr., of the Hamilton Club. The STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 189 presentation of the monument was made by Mr. Frank G. Logan in behalf of the B. F. Ferguson Mounment Fund. The statue was unveiled by Miss Barbara Blatchford, a descendant of Alexander Hamilton, and the monument was accepted by Mr. Roy O. West in behalf of the South Park Commissioners. On Sunday, the 13th of October, was dedicated the Illinois Centennial Mon- ument in Logan Square. This also was erected by the trustees of the B. F. Ferguson Monument Fund. The West Park Commissioners arranged the ground for the occasion, providing a grand stand about the monument, and seats for the public, and they also arranged a pageant exhibiting the develop- ment of Illinois from the time of the Indians, on the lines of the basrelief scenes sculptured on the pediment of the monument. The architect, Henry Bacon, was present ; also the sculptress, Miss Evelyn B. Longman. Mr. W. Tudor Ap Madoc presided. Rev. Timothy J. Stone made the invocation. The monument was presented by Mr. Charles L. Hutchinson on behalf of the trustees of the B. F. Ferguson Monument Fund and accepted by Mr. Jens C. Hansen on behalf of the West Chicago Park Commissioners. Governor Lowden was the guest of honor and made the dedication address. Music was by the Chicago Band under the leadership of William Weil. The proceeds from the sale of boxes in the Auditorium and from the sale of the Centennial half dollars covered all of the committee's expenses. Respectfully submitted, Clarence A. Burley, Chairman. APPENDIX XIII FINAL REPORT OF THE FOOD PRODUCTION AND CONSERVATION COMMITTEE, STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE February 5, 1919. To the State Council of Defense: By your direction, I have the honor to submit the final report of the Food Pro- duction and Conservation Committee of the State Council of Defense. Membership J. Ogden Armour, Chairman ; John A. Spoor, B. F. Harris. Purpose (1) To stimulate and encourage an increased food production in Illinois during the war, especially those foods that were most needed, and to assist farming and live stock interests in all ways possible. (2) Conservation of food and avoidance of waste. Co-operating Agencies Illinois College of Agriculture, State Department of Agriculture, U. S. Department of Agriculture, U. S. Boys' Working Reserve, and the U. S. Food Administration. History In September, 1917, measures were taken to effect a state-wide food pro- duction and conservation organization. Illinois is fortunate in having within the state some very representative agricultural and livestock organizations, and in taking up this work it was the specific intention of the State Council of Defense not to disturb any of these organizations who were functioning so satisfactorily. It was our primary purpose, therefore, to join with them in lending constructive assistance and co-operation for the purpose of co-ordinat- ing, as far as feasible, the existing activities, and to eliminate, as much as possible, duplication of effort. Conferences were held with the leading agricul- tural influences of the state as to the best means of effecting such an organiza- tion and recommendations were made of men who, because of their experience and knowledge of agricultural conditions, were best fitted to serve in this work. Organization A county food production and conservation committee was organized in each county. These committees included the leading agricultural and livestock influences in the county as recommended by the various organizations. Many of the counties had Farm Advisers, and "in such cases they were appointed as the county chairman for this work. The size of the committees in the various counties was left to the discretion of the county chairman, and as a result many counties were organized by townships, and in others the work was under the direction of a strong central committee. The membership of the food produc- tion and conservation organization throughout the state totaled 1,500, and the office of the Secretary at 120 West Adams street, Chicago, served as a clearing house for this work throughout the state. All phases of this work were given consideration by this committee and some of the results achieved are best indicated by the following activities : 190 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 191 Seed Corn The early frosts in the fall of 1917 registered the greatest damage in his- tory to the corn crop of the middle west, and the problem of securing suffi- cient seed corn for 1918 planting presented itself as a matter of vital irn- portance to this state. The seriousness of the situation was fully realized in Illinois and a conference of the best seed corn men in the state was accord- ingly called by the State Council of Defense at Chicago on December 27, 1917. The problem was fully discussed and as a result a seed corn survey was immediately instituted which revealed the fact that the seed corn shortage was so serious that unless unusual efforts were made, one-third of the normal corn acreage in Illinois would have to be abandoned or planted to other crops. It was considered the most serious problem that Illinois agriculture had ever faced. At a later conference the Seed Corn Committee appointed by the State Council of Defense met with the State Agricultural Advisory Board at Spring- field on January 15th to discuss plans to meet the situation, and as a result recommendations were offered that the State Council of Defense appoint Wm. G. Eckhardt, Farm Adviser of DeKalb County, as Seed Corn Administrator for Illinois, assisted by the following advisory committee : Eugene Funk, member of the Producers' Advisory Committee of Secre- tary of Agriculture Houston and Food Administrator Hoover and ex-president of the National Corn Association, Shirley, chairman; Charles Adkins, Director of Agriculture, Springfield; W. F. Handschin, vice-dean. College of Agriculture, Urbana; H. J. Sconce, president Illinois Seed Corn Growers' Association, Sidell; John M. Crebs, banker and farmer, Carmi ; J. F. Prather, Illinois State Board of Agriculture, Williamsville; Peter E. Fleming, secretary. Seed Corn Bought and Sold The immediate purpose of the Seed Corn Administration thus appointed was to arouse the state to the seriousness of the situation and urge the farm^ ers to secure and test their own seed, and as a last resort to develop, buy, sell and distribute sufficient seed corn to enable the normal acreage of Illinois to be planted. The State Council of Defense, under the Act by which it was created, could not engage in any business enterprise. However, a corporation was formed under the laws of Illinois called the "State Council of Defense Seed Corn Administration," with a capital of $500 and with power under its charter to buy, sell and deal in seed corn. To finance this work sixteen Chicago banks agreed to loan the corporation on demand notes at 6 per cent such amounts as would be necessary not exceed- ing in the aggregate $1,250,000. Through the Food Production and Conservation Committee, a seed corn organization was created in each county of the state under the direction of a County Seed Corn Administrator, and in this work the best seed corn men were enlisted. Early in February, 1918, the work was well under way, and through a vigor- ous campaign the state was fully aware of the situation. The shortage of seed was so apparent, however, that it became immediately necessary for the Seed Corn Administration to enter into the seed corn business. The following prices were adopted for seed corn, which was to be tipped, butted, shelled and bagged, and farmers generally were urged to develop seed for sale: Percentage of Buying Selling Germination Price Price 70— 799o $4.50 $ 6.00 80— 89% 6.50 8.00 90—100% 8.50 10.00 This work was undertaken only because the situation could not be dealt with adequately in any other way, it being the desire of the State Council of Defense not to interfere with the business of established seed concerns, nor to regulate their prices. While the buying prices adopted were rather high, it was necessary to make them attractive enough to interest farmers to develop seed, and the selling price of an advance of $1.50 per bushel was to cover the 192 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE expense of operation, transportation, etc. It further had the effect of inducing farmers to develop their own seed without having to pay the advanced price. All seed contracted for was not purchased until a composite sample of each lot was tested at the College of Agriculture, University of Illinois, Urbana, where a working force of over seventy specialists, under the direction of Dr. W. L. Burlison of the Crop Production Department, performed the work. The College of Agriculture deserves great credit for their active co-operation in this undertaking. The seed corn campaign throughout the state progressed satisfactorily and it soon became evident that this united effort would take care of Illinois' seed corn needs. Aid to U. S. Department of Agriculture The seed corn situation in the other states of the corn belt outside of Illinois was most serious and the U. S. Department of Agriculture and local state agencies were making every effort to meet it. During the month of April the U. S. Department of Agriculture received an appropriation of $6,000,000 to be used for developing reserve stocks of seed throughout the country. Out of this appropriation the Illinois Seed Corn Administration was authorized to develop a reserve supply of 50,000 bushels of seed to be used for replanting purposes in Illinois. With this fund at its disposal, it was pos- sible for the Seed Corn Administration to proceed without fear of developing an oversupply of seed, as this reserve would serve as insurance against loss. On May 11th a seed corn conference was called in ChFcago by Secretary of Agriculture Houston which was attended by various department experts and representatives from the surrounding states. Discussion brought out the perti- nent fact that the states adjoining Illinois had no consequential reserve stocks of seed, and that Illinois, because of its organization, was best equipped to develop a supply. Authorization was, therefore, given them to develop, if pos- sible, a reserve of 100,000 bushels of seed corn to be used, if needed, for re- planting purposes in the corn belt. This action insured a reserve stock and thus avoided an otherwise serious situation. Corn-planting time in Illinois is generally under way by May 10th of each year. Up to May 1st of this year it was estimated that over 40 per cent of the farmers in the central and northern counties of Illinois had either not secured their seed or had seed that would not grow. The acuteness of this situation immediately changed our method of delivery. Up to that time all corn was expressed collect to the buyer. To meet existing conditions carload movements of seed were immediately inaugurated from southern points to twenty- four distributing depots in the central and northern counties where it was most needed and where it was distributed. These depots were so located that seed could be called for by team or automobile, and this method cared for the heavy demand for seed that came just before planting time. Results of Seed Corn Campaign Results of the seed corn campaign were most gratifying. The seed corn needs of the state were well taken care of. Over 60,000 bushels of tested seed were sold to over 16,000 Illinois farmers, and only six complaints were reg- istered against it. The sale of seed of doubtful germination from seedsmen of questionable reputation was stopped in many instances. The administration not only supplied seed to the state, but also protected farmers from many un- scrupulous seedsmen. The total loan made by the syndicate banks amounted to $495,000, and final payment on this amount was made on June 7th. Profits on the venture amounted to $141,758.38. Ideal growing conditions prevailed throughout the corn belt during May and early June, and it was soon evident that the Government reserve of 100,000 bushels would not be necessary. The work of development was stopped at 65,000 bushels. The unusual growing conditions throughout the corn belt were most fortunate, and because of this, the reserve was largely unused. The profits accruing to the Seed Corn Administration were turned over to the Government to reimburse them for some of the loss incurred in developing this reserve. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 193 Members and workers of the Seed Corn Administration deserve the highest commendation for their participation in this work. It was a great sacrifice to many of them because they necessarily had to neglect their own interests to be of service in the larger work of supplying the State with seed. Their efforts will be of lasting benefit to Illinois agriculture, as the gospel of seed testing was emphasized as it never was before. When it is considered that one bushel of seed corn will plant eight acres and that one acre will yield approximately forty bushels, the importance of this work, in a sense, can be realized. Illinois and Iowa produce twenty-five per cent of the country's corn crop and it was the opinion of agriculturists gen- erally that the Illinois State Council of Defense, because of its initiative and enterprise in this work, saved the situation for the State. Food Production Conference The necessity of an increased food production throughout the United States was particularly emphasized during the winter of 1917-18. Wisdom would seem to dictate, however, that such advice to be effective, should be accompanied by a suggestion of a definite program to meet regional conditions. With this idea in mind the State Council of Defense, College of Agriculture, University of Illinois, and the Corn Growers' and Stockmen's Convention united in a call for a war conference for the purpose of deciding upon a definite program of food production to be recommended to the farmers of Illinois and a preliminary survey was made to determine the lines in which increased food production was most desired so that the conference might approach the formulation of a program with a clear idea of the particular results to be attained. This war conference met at Urbana on Monday, January 28, 1918, and worked continuously until the evening of Friday, February 1, 1918. Over 1,000 of the leading agriculturists of the State were present and all counties were represented. The following committees of authoritative men representing each phase of Illinois agriculture were appointed by the War Conference Committee to make recommendations : General War Conference Committee Peter E. Fleming, Secretary, Food Pro- B. F. Harris, Vice-Chairman, ^linois duction and Conservation Commit- State Council of Defense, Cham- tee, Chicago, Secretary. paign, Chairman. iVheat Production Committee Eugene Davenport, Dean, College of p j j^ann. Chairman, Oilman. Agriculture, Urbana. W, I_ Ziegler, Clinton. Chas. Adkins, Director of Agriculture, a. N. Abbott, Morrison. Springfield. Ralpli Allen, Delavan. W. F. Handschin, Director County ^ .^, n i. n j ,• Agents Urbana Committee on Fork Froduction Eugene Funk, Chairman, Seed Corn ^^''^f * ^- ^u^ford, Chairman, Administration, Shirley. „ J-^'']?^"^- ^ , .„ J. G. Imboden, President, State Live ^v ^- ^^''y- fef^'^T,'''^- Stock Association of Illinois, De^ ^-tT- ^V°''^u' ^l"^^^"- (.^l^j- E. D. Murphy, Peoria. H. W. Mumford, Animal Husbandry W- J- Carmichael, Urbana. Division, Urbana. Beef Froduction Committee Cyril O. Hopkins, Agronomy and j q imboden, Chairman, Decatur. Chemistry, Urbana. y^^^_ Wright, Springfield. Frank I. Mann, Illinois Farmers In- g ^ j^all, Mechanicsburg. stitute. Oilman. jos. Fulkerson, Jerseyville. J. V. Stevenson, President Corn Orow- ^ p R^gj, Urbana. ers and Stockmen s Convention, Urbana. Wool and Mutton Production Committee W. C. Coffey, Animal Husbandry Divi- W. C. Coffey, Chairman, Urbana. sion, Urbana. H. Noel Oibson, Dundee. Mrs. H.^ M. Dunlap, Chairman, Wo- Phil Oillham, Princeton. man's Food Production Commit- John Fitzjarrel, Greenfield. tee, Savoy. R. J. Stone, Stonington. 194 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Dairy Products Committee Committee on Soil Fertility J. P. Mason, Chairman, Elgin. Cyril G. Hopkins, Chairman, Urbana. C. V. Gregory, Chicago. Ralph Allen, Delavan. H. A. Harding, Urbana. William E. Riegel, Tolono. E. B. Heaton, Wheaton. Frank H. McKelvey, Sparta. Geo. Keller, Batavia. C. V. Gregory, Chicago. H. J. Schulz, Shipman. p^^^^^ Machinery Committee Seed Corn Administration j. V. Stevenson, Chairman, Streator. Eugene Funk, Chairman, Shirley. E. A. White, Urbana. H. J. Sconce, Sidell. J. B. Bartholomew, Peoria. John M. Crebs, Carmi. C. L. Meharry, Toulon. J. F. Prather, Williamsville. C. E. Ewing, Decatur. Chas. Adkins, Springfield. H. O. Kunkel, Carthage. W. F.Handschin Urbana. JVomati's Food Production Committee Wm. G. Eckhardt, Seed Corn Adniini- tt nr t^ i ^^ ■ o strator, Chicago. ^rs. H. M. Dunlap, Chairman, Savoy. Mrs. H. A. McKeene, Sprmgfield. Farm Labor Committee Mrs. C. S. Bruner, Pontiac. Roy C. Bishop, Pontiac, Chairman. Mrs. Augustus Peabody, Chicago. W. H. Young, Urbana. Mrs. George McMahon, Olney. L. W. Wise, Watseka. Mrs. Charles Hubbard, Winnetka. After each of the above subjects were discussed by the general conference, the various committees made their recommendations which were included in a pamphlet, 75,000 copies of which were given wide and effective distribution throughout the State. Its contents were well visualized, discussed at various agricultural meetings, and the program went far toward shaping Illinois' course for the 1918 crop. Farm Labor The farm labor problem in Illinois received early consideration by this committee. A conference on this subject was held in Chicago on December 27th, 1917, and during the following January, measures were taken to organize a State Farm Labor Administration through the Food Production and Conserva- tion Committee. A plan was formulated to establish farm labor clearing houses in each county of the State where requests for jobs and help could be registered, these clearing houses to be in touch with a general clearing house located in Chicago. At a confrence called by the district representative of the U. S. Department of Labor on February 13th, 1918, in Chicago, at which representatives from the various Federal and State labor agencies were present, this plan was discussed and approved, and the following Farm Labor Administration, including repre- sentatives from all agencies interested, was created : Peter E. Fleming, Chairman. Secretary, Food Production and Conservation Committee, Chicago. J. W. Kirkton, President, Illinois Agricultural Association, Pontiac. J. G. Imboden, President, State Live Stock Association of Illinois, Decatur. Burridge D. Butler, Director, U. S. Boys' Working Reserve, Chicago. Charles J. Boyd, General Superintendent, Illinois Free Employment Service, Chicago. James G. Boor, Examiner in Charge, U. S. Employment Service, Chicago. H. W. Young, Farm Help Specialist, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Urbana. Charles A. Munroe, State Director, Public Service Reserve, Chicago. Frank I. Mann, Gilman. J. P. Mason, Elgin. E. K. Moy, Secretary, Chicago. Roy C. Bishop, Administrator, Chicago. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 195 Through the co-operation of these various agencies, farm labor administra- tors were appointed from the Food Production and Conservation Committee membership in each county and effective propaganda was launched visualizing the State Council of Defense Farm Labor Agencies to the farmers and local workers. Examining Board Established A feature of the Administration was a farm labor examining board of competent and practical Illinois farmers who were permanently located in the State Council of Defense building at 120 West Adams Street, Chicago, for the purpose of examining such applicants as appeared for farm work. This board registered effective results, as only 17 per cent of all men applying for farm work received the approval of the board. Its operation had the effect of gain- ing the confidence of the farmers in our farm labor organization, as the appli- cants thus sent to the farms made good. During February and early March, 1918, a serious farm labor shortage was generally anticipated and every effort was made to meet it. The Administra- tion, therefore, concentrated its effort on the following possible sources of supply : 1. The usual supply of farm labor that emanates from Kentucky, Southern Indiana and Illinois points. 2. The man in the small towns and cities who came from the farm and thought he wanted to return. 3. The retired farmer. 4. Available labor of the employment agencies. 5. U. S. Boys' Working Reserve. The farm labor shortage, however, did not develop. This became evident as early as the middle of March and by April, 1918, it was definite. The following reasons accounted for this : 1. An unusually good spring which had put farm work ahead about three weeks. 2. Farm labor wages in Illinois were higher than at any previous time, $35.00 and $45.00 per month with board being the rule. 3. The decision of the War Department in placing skilled farm hands registered in class One on the deferred list. 4. General propaganda "Food Will Win the War" and the talk of a great farm labor shortage, had the effect of turning back to the farm the experienced farm help located in small towns who found it patriotic and profitable to do farm work. In this connection the efforts and propaganda of the Farm Labor Admin- istration and the U. S. Boys' Working Reserve operating throughout the State largely contributed to this. Labor Reserve for Harvesting Early in May, 1918, measures were instituted to develop a reserve supply of farm labor to take care of the seasonal shortages that fegularly occur during corn planting and harvest time. Through the financial co-operation of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, an emergency farm labor campaign was inaugurated and experienced organizers were placed in various counties of the State to co-operate with this committee in registering men of farm experience in the small towns to put in part time on the farm during the "peak periods." The operation of the draft which called into service over 15,000 men from Illinois farms during the period from June 1st to 24th, created a drain at that time which was most severe. Were it not for the emergency farm labor campaign which was successful in registering over 50,000 experienced workers for periods extending from three days to one month, and the efforts of the U. S. Boys' Working Reserve in placing on Illinois farms over 20,000 boys between the ages 17 and 20 years, the farm labor situation in Illinois would have been most critical. The harvest periods, however, were well taken care of by these workers. A state-wide interest was created and the patriotic and co-operative spirit of the small town people did much to relieve the situation. 196 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE In Chicago this work was sponsored by the Association of Commerce in behalf of the State Council of Defense and their efforts were successful in en- rolling a large reserve of workers. Illinois Work Commended Assistant Secretary of Agriculture Christie at a conference held July 25, 1918, reviewed particularly the work of Illinois and Kansas, and considered the results as remarkable. He stated that flie War Department had continually received complaints from other parts of the country on the drafting of ex- perienced farm hands. General Crowder, however, was determined that no exemptions be granted, and in a statement to the farmers of the Northwest, said : "The farmers in those sections which are confronted with the problem of harvesting wheat at a time when some of their help will be called to the colors, should receive an inspiration from Kansas and Illinois. In general, the farmers of that section faced the same situation, yet every acre of grain was cut and shocked by small towns- people who responded to the call." Effective August, 1918, the U. S. Employment Service was created as the recruiting and placement branch of the Department of Labor by order of the President, and was officially designated to be the one organization to perform this service, thus eliminating all other employment agencies. The Employment Service recognized and appreciated the effectiveness of our Farm Labor Administration, and in order to effect a closer relationship with this feature of our work and to bring together all the other farm labor agencies of the State, I was appointed State Director of Farm Labor. However, the personnel and organization of our various county farm labor administrations remained unchanged. Campaign for Corn Huskers During September the possibility of a shortage of corn huskers in central and northern Illinois seemed to be more serious than was anticipated, and to relieve the situation in these sections, the following plan was decided upon : An aggressive campaign of publicity in Southern Illinois where corn losses due to drouth created a surplus of corn huskers. This involved an appeal to laborers and southern Illinois farmers to come norlh and husk corn in central and northern Illinois. 1. This was done by quarter-page advertisements that were run a few times in all daily and weekly papers in the southern part of the State. This service began about October 10th and ran until the 20th, supplemented by newspaper articles. 2. Distribution of posters in banks, elevators and other prominent places. 3. An appeal to our southern Illinois labor administrations urging their people to answer the call. 4. Instructions were given to the Federal and State offices at Alton, Cario, Centralia and East St. Louis, to divert all corn huskers to points designated in the advertisement. In order that this labor would be absorbed as rapidly as possible in central and northern Illinois, the following plan was adopted and carried out: 1. Acquainting the farmers in each county immediately through the press, mailing list and other channels of the effort that was made in southern Illinois to secure corn huskers. 2. Urging all farmers to register as early as possible their needs with the county office to insure a speedy placement of huskers. In conjunction with this we secured from the various farm implement companies, the names and addresses of about five hundred owners of corn picking machines in Illinois. These owners were appealed to for community action with their machines. These pickers, while still far from being perfect. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 197 have been developed where they can be used to good advantage on many farms in Illinois. They save considerable labor, and three men with seven to nine horses can pick seven to eight acres per day. Wages for Corn Huskers The apparent shortage of corn huskers caused an agitation throughout the State on the wages to be paid corn huskers. To settle these rumors and stabilize labor, it was recommended by our Farm Labor Administration that six and seven cents a bushel be established as a fair standard price based on good standing corn. The six cents price was recommended to be paid when board was furnished and seven cents when the busker boarded himself. Tliis scale of prices we believed to be fair to both the farmer and the busker. It was not excessive compared to the price of corn, and it enabled the average corn husker to earn more than ordinary harvest wages at a season of the year when working conditions were better. This action was suggested by the Illinois Agricultural Association and the move proved very popular in agricultural circles. In addition to this campaign, arrangements were made with the military authorities at Camp Grant for the release of about 300 experienced men for corn husking. These men were known as limited service men and were not accepted for overseas work because of slight physical disabilities. They were all farm boys and the military authorities were very glad to have them utilized in this work. This work was so organized that the discontinuance of the Council's par- ticipation did not interfere with its effectiveness, as it was continued under the direction of the U. S. Employment Service. War Gardens The Food Production and Conservation organization outside of Chicago was so busily engaged with the larger problems of supplying the State with seed corn, farm labor and other activities, that it was deemed advisable to con- centrate the war garden movement in Chicago and vicinity and to leave the direction of this work through the State to the other county committiees of the State Council of Defense. A Chicago and Suburban War Garden Conference was accordingly held in Chicago on February 27th, 1918, its purpose being to bring together the various agencies that took part in the 1917 garden movement and to consider such action as would result in greater production and conservation of vegetables for 1918. The subject was fully discussed and as a result the State Council of Defense was requested to appoint a war garden committee representing the various garden influences, to carry on this work in the Chicago district. Mr. J. H. Prost, a member of the Agricultural Extension Department of the Inter- national Harvester Company and formerly City Forester for Chicago, was drafted to direct this work, and the following war garden advisory committee was appointed : Thomas J. Webb, Chairman. Robert B. Beach, Chicago Association of Commerce. Joseph Budlong, Truck Gardener. John C. Cannon, Lincoln Park Commissioners. Walter E. Dorland, Boy Scouts of America. J. F. Foster, South Park Commissioners. August Geweke, Truck Gardener. J. A. Hiller, Y. M. C. A. P. G. Holden, Director, Agricultural Extension Department, Interna- national Harvester Company of New Jersey. Brother Justus, Arch-Diocese of Chicago. A. R. Marriott, Chicago Title and Trust Company. B. J. Mullaney, Publicity. Mrs. Augustus Peabody, Woman's Food Production Committee. Mrs. Louise O. Rowe, Department of Public Welfare, City of Chicago. A. C. Schrader, West Side Park Commissioners. 198 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE John D. Shoop, Superintendent, Chicago Public Schools. Thomas Skompa, Northwest Park Commissioners. Leonard Vaughan, Seed Man. Harry A. Wheeler, U. S. Food Administrator for Illinois. Peter E. Fleming, Secretary. War Garden Program Formulated Under the direction of this committee the following garden program was formulated and given circulation throughout the State and carried out in the Chicago campaign. 1. Formulate a definite program of production for your community to be prepared by practical and experienced local gardeners, and to include only those vegetables than can be produced by the greatest possible number. The seed situation is serious and under the stress of war, a war garden this year should be limited to a few vegetables that can easily and profitably be produced. When such a program is fofmulated, visualize it through every agency as the only program to be recommended and followed in your community. 2. Secure the services of a competent person to supervise the garden movement in your community. If possible, secure the voluntary services of a good amateur gardener in every block to give aid and advice to his neighbors. 3. List all available lots and vacant land, and as soon as possible, list all who want gardens. 4. Plan for co-operative plowing. It is not wise to plow any land until its adaptability has been passed upon by some one who knows. 5. Arrange local meetings and have practical and experienced garden- ers lecture on the preparation, care and cultivation of gardens. In Chicago a food production program was formulated by a committee of truck gardeners, including the following vegetables which can be raised easily and profitably by most people : Beets, carrots, swiss chard, lettuce, radishes, turnips, beans, onions, onion sets, parsnips, tomatoes, sweet corn. This program was well visualized throughout the city and it went far toward shaping the garden program for Chicago. Some War Garden Results It was the purpose of the War Garden Committee to work through organ- izations rather than individuals and serve as an impetus to local eflfort. Some of the features resulting from this campaign are as follows: Two hundred and fourteen thousand pieces of literature were dis- tributed, including garden primers, signs, posters, children's record books and bulletins. During March an evening short course in gardening was held for training teachers and lecturers. Six hundred and eighty-two garden talks with an estimated at- tendance of over 300,000, were held through the Y. M. C. A., public schools, park field houses, improvement associations and neighborhood clubs. Co-operation was given the seventeen demonstration gardens held in the various parks of the city. Eight hundred and twenty-five acres of land were assigned for garden purposes. In co-operation with the park commissioners, 1,500,000 plants were distributed. Co-operative relations were established with over 300 garden and improvement associations. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 199 In co-operation with the Board of Education, over 75,000 children were urged to grow gardens. In connection with this, 40,000 insignia bronze bars from the U. S. School Garden Army were distributed. The following is an estimate of the number of gardens in Chicago : No. of Value Acres Gardeners of Crop Home Yard Gardens 2,009 140,000 $2,800,000 Vacant Lot Community Gardens 774 8,422 673,760 Children's Gardens 206 90,000 55,620 Approximate Grand Totals 2,989 238,422 $3,529,380 To impress and urge that gardens should be given some attention this fall, 750,000 copies of a "Feed Your Garden Now" pamphlets were distributed during the middle of October through the Chicago public schools and the Sunday edition of the Herald-Examiner. They were also circulated by our county organizations throughout the State. This work was supplemented by a poster, 10,000 copies of which were distributed. Wheat Campaign Secretary of Argiculture Houston called a meeting in Chicago on July 25th, 1918, to discuss the wheat needs for 1919, and representatives from twelve of the middle-west States were present. The Department of Agriculture deemed it highly desirable that the acreage sown to wheat in the fall of 1918 and spring of 1919 should be sufficient to assure, if possible, a harvest acreage of wheat as large as the acreage harvested in 1918. To assure such a harvest the farmers of the country were asked to sow to winter wheat not less than 45,000,000 acres, which would mean a harvest of about 636,- 000,000 bushels, compared with an estimated yield for 1918 of 557,000,000 bushels. In Illinois the acreage sown to winter wheat in the fall of 1917 totaled 2,602,000 acres. The quota assigned to Illinois for 1918 was 2,934,000 acres or an increase over 1917 of 13 per cent. We were requested by the Department to co-operate with the College of Agriculture in effecting this program, and plans were formulated to bring about the result. The greatest objection to the more extensive growing of wheat in the corn belt is the chinch bugs which breed in the wheat and then destroy the corn. This thought was kept constantly in mind and the growing of wheat was en- couraged only in those sections where wheat is absolutely a safe crop, without disturbing the present system of farming. It was decided to assign a minimum and maximum quota to each county, thus creating community interest and appealing to local pride. After con- sultation with the agricultural authorities at Urbana, quotas based upon the cereal acreage as indicated by the last report of the Bureau of Census, were prepared and assignments made. Those assignments, however, included both winter and spring wheat, and rye was regarded as acceptable in cases where the soil was better adapted to rye than to wheat. "Grow More Wheat" Campaign One hundred and twenty-five thousand copies of a "Grow More Wheat" circulars were effectively distributed the early part of August, 1918, and with good publicity, our message was spread over the State. The response was so strong that it was deemed advisable to cancel all further "Grow More Wheat" propa- ganda, because it was evident that in some sections the farmers would grow wheat to the detriment of other crops. The following reasons account for the unusual interest in wheat: 1. Illinois produced a record wheat crop in 1918 under very favor- able conditions. 2. The wheat price was most satisfactory and could be raised at a good profit in Illinois. One farmer in this State made a net profit of $1.43 per bushel in 1918 as against 79c on his corn the year before. 200 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 3. The labor problems of this year looked most serious. Wheat is a labor saving crop, as it distributes more evenly man and horse labor required in production. Wheat plowing, soil preparation and seeding conies in late summer when the farmers' work is not particularly pressing and harvesting of fall wheat comes at a time when corn is fairly well laid by and oats are not as yet ripe. 4. The Illinois farmer was in the frame of mind where he responded readily to the appeals of the government. In 1917 Illinois grew nearly twice as much wheat as in 1916, yet this produc- tion was increased 70 per cent more in 1918. The wheat which poured to the terminals from the winter wheat area of Southern and Central Illinois and from the spring wheat district of Northern Illinois totaled the tremendous amount of 60,991,00*0 bushels. Illinois was first among all the States in the Union in its response to last year's call for more wheat. Her winter wheat growers increased their acreage 10 per cent above that of the previous year, in spite of the fact that corn and other crops ofifered the promise of greater profit than wheat. One-seventh of the increased wheat acreage in the entire nation was grown in Illinois. Her spring wheat growers were equally patriotic. In 1917 there was some spring wheat grown in Northern Illinois, but not enough to be included in the Government crop report. When the Government asked for 100,000 acres of spring wheat in 1918 from Illinois the State responded with 250,000 acres and a total yield of 6,725,000 bushels, nearly tripling the amount asked for. All this was done, in spite of the fact that barley is better adapted and usually more profitable in Northern Illinois than is spring wheat. Kill the Smut A "Kill the Smut" circular indicating ways of treating wheat seed for smut was distributed through our organization. Smut is a fungus disease. It develops inside the growing plant and at heading time produces a dark powdery spore mass instead of the grain. It not only reduces the yield, but also lowers the quality of the sound grain and renders it unsafe for planting until treated. Silos Ten thousand copies of a silo poster and letter were distributed through the State durnig the middle of August, urging the use of the silo in Illinois. While it was 'too late to engage in any active silo campaign, this method was utilized to indicate our endorsement of the silo for Illinois farms. Our reason for not engaging in a silo campaign last year was that our organization was weighted down with seed corn, farm labor and other urgent work. Seed Corn — Selection and Storage The disastrous frosts of 1917 left the striking lesson that farmers should create a sufficient reserve of seed corn at harvest time for the following spring's planting. In September, 1918, we launched a campaign urging the farmers of Illinois to select their best seed corn early and provide proper stor- age facilities. Seed corn weeks were assigned to the following districts of the State : Northern District, September 15-22. Central District, September 20-27. Southern District, September 25 ; October 2. and 250,000 copies of a combination envelope dodger and poster were dis- tributed through our organization, banks, elevators and creameries. The campaign brought satisfying results and reports indicated that more farmers than usual were performing this task. Seed Corn Show and Demonstration The message that farmers should use care in selecting their seed corn and in testing it before planting was visualized at a seed corn show and demonstra- STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 201 tion held under the auspices of the State Council of Defense at the Interna- tional Live Stock Exposition during the week beginning November 30, 1918. A comprehensive seed corn exhibit portraying this message was installed and competent authorities were present to talk with the visitors. This demonstration was a gratifying success and it was the general opinion that good work was registered. Food Production Booth at the State Fair Our booth at the Fair of 1918 graphically reviewed the work of this com- mittee from its creation, and the opportunity was further employed to empha- size the "Grow More Wheat" and "Select Your Seed Corn" campaigns. Various types of seed corn racks and storage hints prepared by the College of Agriculture, were on exhibition and many farmers visited and talked with our representative there. Agricultural War Board for Illinois Inasmuch as agriculture was experiencing some tremendous changes under war conditions, it was obvious that there was a need for a competent board of agricultural men who w^ould meet from time to time, discuss and consider the changing phases in agriculture and ofifer recommendations to the farmers of the State. Such a board would not only be useful to Illinois, but to the rest of the corn belt, and its advice and suggestions would be appreciated by the Department of Agriculture offices at Washington. Therefore, it was recommended and approved that such a board made up of from thirty to forty of our leading agricultural men, each agricultural organization to be represented thereon, as well as every phase of Illinois agriculture, be organized, and the following members were appointed : A. N. Abbott, Morrison. Simon E. Lantz, Congerville. Roy C. Bishop, Pontiac. Cicero J. Lindlej', Greenville. I. S. Brooks, Ottawa. John Mann, Rossville. VV. A. Burlison, Urbana. D. M. Marlin, Norris City. W. C. Coffey, Urbana. J. E. Meharry, Tolono. C. J. Cooper, St. Charles. M. L. Mosher, Eureka. W. S. Corsa, Whitehall. H. H. Parke, Springfield. J. M. Crebs, Carmi. A. T. Peters, Springfield. Eugene Davenport, Urbana. J. F. Prather, Williamsville. Henry Davis, Springfield. E. T. Robbins, Payson. C. R. Doty, Charleston. Alvin H. Sanders, Chicago. F. E. Drur}^ Jacksonville. H. J. Schulz, Shipman. H. G. Easterly, Carbondale. W. E. Taylor, Moline. W. G. Griffith, McNabb. D. O. Thompson, Bloomington. W. F. Handschin, Urbana. Geo. F. Tullock, Rockford. Frank S. Havnes. Geneseo. J. T. Williams. Sterling. E. B. Heatoii, Wheaton. L. W. Wise, Watseka. B. F. Harris, Champaign. S. L. Woodburn, Port Byron. J. C. B. Heaton, New Burnside. H. E. Young, Springfield. Lyle Johnstone, Bloomington. W. W. Wright, Springfield. J. W. Kirkton, Gridley. The organization meeting of the Agricultural War Board was held in the State Council building on October 11th, 1918. H. J. Sconce, Sidell, was appointed chairman; H. M. Dunlap, Savoy, vice-chairman, and myself secretary. The fol- lowing executive committee was elected : Charles Adkins, Springfield ; W. G. Eckhardt, Dekalb ; E. D. Funk, Shirley ; John G. Imboden, Decatur ; Howard Leonard, Eureka ; -Frank I. Mann, Gilman ; j. P. Mason, Elgin ; H. W. Mumf ord, Urbana ; J. C. Sailor, Cissna Park. At its October 11th meeting, the following resolutions were discussed and adopted : 1. The igjg Acreage of Spring Wheat: The 1919 acreage of spring wheat will be seriously restricted unless a plentiful supply of suitable seed, preferably Marquis, is provided. We recommend 202 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Therefore, that the Food Administration Grain Corporation reserve a plentiful supply of Marquis wheat suitable for seed, in order to be able to replenish stock as becomes necessary so there need be no decrease in acreage due to lack of suitable seed. 2. Limestone and Phosphate Freight Rates and Supply. We recommend, that the State Council of Defense endeavor to secure a substantial decrease in the present freight rates on limestone and phosphate, and to insure as prompt movement of these fertilizers as possible. We recommend, that the State Council of Defense confer with the officers of the Illinois Grain Dealers' Association and the Illinois Farmers Grain Dealers' Association in an effort to get elevators to buy and store limestone and phosphate at seasons when it can be secured, selling it out to farmers at seasons when they can use it. We also recommend, a conference with the Agricultural Com- mittee of the Illinois Bankers' Association in an attempt to work out a plan for financing the storage and distribution of limestone in southern Illinois. Messrs. Frank I. Mann and W. G. Eckhardt, members of the Executive Committee were appointed by this body as a com- mittee to appear before a meeting of railroad officials to be held in November, at which limestone rates will be discussed. Hog Prices: Whereas, the U. S. Food Administration agreed November 3rd, 1917, to use its influence to maintain the price of the 1918 crop of hogs on the ratio of 13 to 1, and Whereas, a nation-wide appeal was made to the farmers of the United States to increase pork production to a large extent, with the understanding that this price ratio would guarantee them a fair profit, and Whereas, farmers responded to this appeal by increasing hog production 8 per cent, in spite of almost prohibitive feed prices, and Whereas, the average price of $18.00 for hogs at Chicago for October, as established by the Food Administration is at least $1.00 per cwt. below the 13 to 1 basis, and Whereas, at the same time the Food Administration has is- sued regulations designed to reduce most consumption, probably because it is feared that the supply will not be equal to the de- mand, and Whereas, the action of the Food Administration in failing to maintain the 13 to 1 ratio is regarded by hog growers as a serious breach of faith and will seriously restrict the produc- tion of pork next year. Therefore, Be It, Resolved, that we ask the Food Administra- tion to carry out its part of the agreement with the same degree of good faith that the farmers have carried out theirs, and that future prices of hogs be established and main- tained on the 13 to 1 basis, without quibbling or equivocation, in order that farmers may feel that they may accept the state- ments of the Food Administration at their face value and that an adequate supply of pork for next year may be assured. We do not ask for any special favors, but we do expect that agreements made with us by any branch of the Government be carried out in good faith, and that farmers be accorded in some degree at least the same consideration that is given to manufacturers and organized labor. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 203 Gasoline Regulations A representative of the Fuel Administration appeared before the Executive Committee and stated that for the time being there would be no gasoline restric- tions and assured the Committee that if emergency should arise there will be no restrictions placed on the farm use of gasoline for food production and practical purposes. At its November 11th meeting, the following subjects were discussed: Boys' Working Reserve. Emergency farm labor in small towns. Community co-operation. More efficiency of farm machinery and horses. Women on farms. At a meeting of the Agricultural War Board on December 5, 1918, plans were formulated to transfer the work of the Board to the Illinois Agricultural Association. This Association is made up of members of the various county farm bureaus. It thoroughly represents all agricultural interests in Illinois and is the only organization that could carry on the work of the War Board. Patriotic Food Show Held in the Coliseum at Chicago, January 5th to 13th, 1918, inclusive. It was the opinion of this committee that the message of food conservation could best be brought home to the housewife through visualization rather than the printed word. The holding of such a show, however, required a large and complete organization, and the following officers and committee were appointed to promote and manage the exposition : Louis M. Stumer, Chairman. D. H. Howard. W. E. Skinner, Vice-Chairman. Aaron Jones. P. E. Fleming, Secretary. D. F. Kelly. Miss E. Allen. A. D. Lasker. S. H. Anderson. F. C. Letts. Frank H. Armstrong. E. W. Lloyd. Miss Isabel Bevier. W. D. Mcjunkin. Mrs. J. D. Black. Edward Morris, Jr. Mrs. J. C. Bley. B. J. Mullaney. Mrs. F. D. Countiss. Mrs. Raymond Robins. E. L. Byfield. Dr. J. D. Robertson. L. A. Crowell. E. M. Rosenthal. Wm. H. Culver. Miss Jennie Snow. B. A. Eckhart. Samuel B. Steele. Mrs. Lynden Evans. Edward F. Swift. R. L. Evans. Ezra Warner. Robt. G. Gould. F. Edson White. C. R. Grover. Thos. E. Wilson. Louis H. Hartman. D. M. Yates. Geo. Higginson. C. E. Hoyt. The committee represented all phases of the food industry, U. S. Food Administration and educational influences that were interested. Primarily the show was a series of practical demonstrations of those foods that our Government desired us to use in this national crisis and the adopted slogan was "What to Eat and How to Cook It." Every eflfort was made to acquaint the people, in an int,eresting and definite manner, with what the food situation demanded and the U. S. Food Administration, U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Fisheries and the War and Navy Departments each with new and complete exhibits with their own demonstrators, lecturers and experts, gave demonstrations of all the various food products which enter into our national life and how they are to be used. The War and Navy Departments demonstrated the Government's efYorts in feeding and housing the soldiers and sailors. The show was a gratifying success. In spite of two blizzards and the worst transportation tie-up Chicago ever experienced, over 125,000 people attended. It 204 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE was generally regarded as the most practical and comprehensive effort of its kind ever held and the message of food conservation was effectively delivered. Official representatives from over 25 states and from Canada were present to take notes and gather ideas for similar shows in their respective localities. Mr. Hoover in his message of congratulation said: "Such an extensive and impressive exhibit, revealing importance of knowledge of food values and methods of home economics, intelli- gent food use and substitution of abundant and local foods for those so imperatively needed by our European associates in war, cannot fail to do great good. There can certainly be no more effective method of carrying the great lesson of the necessity and methods of food conservation to the consuming public. Your success in this pioneer exhibition should stimulate the other large cities of the country to a friendly rivalry along this line." Inquiries concerning the management of the show were of such volume that it was necessary to prepare and publish an outline of its plan and operation. One of the distinct features of the show was a Patriotic Food Show Recipe Book, containing over 300 recipes tested and edited by a commission of experts, representing the household science departments of the following institutions: University of Illinois. Lewis Institute. Ciiicago Normal School. University of Chicago. School of Domestic Arts and Science. The demand for this book was so great that it was necessary to create a Recipe Book Department to handle its distribution. Over 300,000 copies were sold and they went to every State in the Union, all parts of Canada, Mexico, Hawaiian Islands, England and China. Food Conservation During the last of July and the first of August, 1918, a vegetable drying, pickling and salting campaign was launched in Chicago, and demonstrations were held in various parts of the city. A shoct course on these subjects was given in the Council Building to volunteer demonstrators who pledged them- selves to be of service in the campaign. Over thirty teachers received instruc- tion and were enrolled for this work. Peter E. Fleming, Secretary. APPENDIX XIV UNITED STATES BOYS' WORKING RESERVE IN CO-OPERATIO>>P WITH THE STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE July 1, 1919. To the State Council of Defense: The United States Boys' Working Reserve was conceived by William E. Hall, of New York, President of the Associated Boys' Clubs of America. He explained to Secretary of Labor Wilson that there were 5,000,000 boys under military age and over 16, every one of whom wanted a chance to help Uncle Sam thrash the Kaiser, and that about 2,000,000 of them were school boys, either idle or engaged in non-productive occupations for a substantial part of the year. Mr. Hall proposed that these patriotic young Americans be enlisted for war service. The idea appealed to the Secretary of Labor, and he gave the neces- sary order for organization of the service. Thus, for the first time in the history of any nation, official government recognition was accorded to mmor citizens. The Reserve idea was given impetus by a Chicago experiment in 1917, con- ducted by Dudlay Grant Hays, Director of School Extension in Chicago, with the co-operation of the Board of Trade, Rotary Club, and others. Mr. Hays was in- strumental in placing 700 citj' boys on farms in 29 States and three provinces of Canada. Their time on farms averaged 87^^ days each; they did a total of 51,100 days work; earned an average of $25.00 a month, and earned total wages of $42,- 585.30. Of this entire number of 700 city boys placed on farms, only three were reported unsatisfactory workers. Many of these boys went to the farms as early as May 1, and lost nearly two months of school, but received full credit for their farm work. At a national conference in Washington early in June, 1917, plans for organi- zation by States were initiated under the direction of Mr. Hall, as National Di- rector, the work in each State being placed under a Federal State Director. A call to the youth of the land by the President of the United States brought a spontaneous response in every State. Many schools and other organizations un- dertook the placing of boys to help the farmers. In most cases, the Reserve was a horde and results showed the need of organization and careful preparation. In 1918 the horde became an army of more than 250,000 workers, and a vital force in helping win the war. It was organized in all States and Territories and was in- corporated as an auxiliary of the United States Employment Service, Department of Labor. It was the function of the Reserve to mobilize the boy-power of Amer- ica and place the recruits in employment through the United States Employment Service. Organizing the Reserve in Illinois Organization of the Boys' Working Reserve in Illinois was carried out along the lines set by the Washington conference, enlisting the various local efforts which had been put under way after the beginning of the war and cementing them into a State-wide activity. During the summer of 1917, many Illinois High Schools had acted upon the call of the President, made through the National Director, and had sent boys to the farms. Reports at the end of the summer brought up the number of boys who went to farms from the high schools in Illinois to about 1,500; all who reported received their school and Reserve credits. Anticipating an increasing farm labor shortage as the war progressed, it was decided to concentrate the boy-power in Illinois on farm work in 1918, although in many other States industrial work was also recognized. 205 206 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE The State Council of Defense, appreciating the supreme importance of Illinois agriculture, supported the organization of the Reserve at every step. As early as October, 1917, Eugene Davenport, Dean of the Agricultural College of the Uni- versity of Illinois, and other leaders in agriculture were brought into consultation. At this conference a plan was suggested to provide a practical course in agricul- ture for the city and town liigh schools of the State. A questionnaire was sent to leading Illinois farmers to learn what they wanted the city boy to know when he arrived on the farm. The data thus collected served as a basis for the course. On November 10, 1917, representatives of the leading educational institutions of the State, the College of Agriculture, the agricultural press, farm organizations, etc., met to organize for co-operation with the Reserve. The co-operation of the Education Committee of the State Council of Defense was enlisted, and the Committee was enlarged to broaden its representative character, with membersliip as follows : Francis G. Blair, Chairman, State Superintendent of Public Instruc- tion, Springfield. Gustav Andreen, President Augustana College, Rock Island. James A. Armstrong, Principal, Englewood High School, Chicago. A. W. Beasley, Superintendent of Schools, Peoria. J. Stanley Brown, Principal, Township High School, Joliet. Eugene Davenport, Dean, College of Agriculture, University of Illi- nois, Urbana. Ida Fursman, Chicago Teachers' Federation, Chicago. J. C. Hanna, State High School Supervisor, Springfield. Miss Lou M. Harvey, County Superintendent of Schools, Rock Island. Miss Elizabeth Harvey, County Superintendent of Schools, Belvidere. Mrs. W. S. Hefferan, formerly President of Illinois Congress of Mothers' and Parent Teachers' Association, Chicago. H. A. Hollister, High School Visitor, University of Illinois, Urbana. Brother Justus, President De La Salle Institute, Chicago. Mrs. B. F. Langworthy, President Illinois Congress of Mothers' and Parent Teachers' Association, River Forest. Livingston C. Lord, President Eastern Illinois Normal School, Charleston. Robert C. Moore, Secretary Illinois State Teachers' Association, Car- linville. Roy Moore, County Superintendent of Schools, Eureka. John D. Shoop,* Superintendent of Schools, Chicago. W. L. Steele, Superintendent of Schools,. Galesburg. Charles Stillman, President American Federation of Teachers, Chi- cago. Harry Taylor, Principal, Township High School, Harrisburg. Edward J. Tobin, Superintendent, Cook County Schools, Chicago. Mrs. Lydia J. Trowbridge, President, Woman's High School Teach- ers' Federation, Chicago. Reserve and School Work Co-Ordinated Messrs. Armstrong, Hanna, Taylor, Brown and Hollister were made a Sub- Committee on Curriculum to take up the details of reorganizing high school courses of study to accommodate boys enlisted in the Reserve. A Sub-Committee on Welfare was composed of Misssrs. Davenport, Shoop, Steele, Moore and Tobin. The Curriculum Committee recommended a course of farm craft lessons' for all high schools co-operating with the Reserve, which was adopted on Decem- ber 8, 1917. These lessons were not designed to be a course in the science of agri- culture, but to be simple directions in "the language of the farm," and in rudimen- tary farm work. The subjects were: 1. The American Bpy and the War, l)y Dean Eugene Davenport. 2. When the City Boy Goes to the Farm, by Dean Eugene Daven- port. 'Deceased ; succeeded by Peter A. Mortensen. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 207 3. The Horse, by J. L. Edmonds. 4. Harnessing and Driving Farm Horses, by J. L. Edmonds. 5. Feeding Farm Work Horses, by J. L. Edmonds. 6. The Cow, by A. C. Page. 7. The Swine, by W. J. Carmichael. 8. Handling Farm Machinery, by C. V. Gregory. 9. The Wagon and Its Care, by E. A. White. 10. The Plow, by E. A. White. n. Cultivating Corn, by C. V. Gregory. 12. The Mower, by C. V. Gregory. 13. The Hoe and Its Uses, by J. W. Lloyd. 14. Wrenches and Other Machine Tools, by Gustave H. Rade- baugh. 15. Miscellaneous Tools and Supplies, by Gustave H. Radebaugh. 16. Hot Weather Hints, by Carl Colvin. 17. Some Useful Knots, by E. A. White. 18. Splicing a Rope, by E. A. White. 19. Care of the Garden, by C. E. Durst. 20. Making Hay, by W. L. Burlinson. 21. Rainy Days on the Farm, by A. W. Jamison. 22. Shocking Wheat, by W. L. Burlinson. It will be seen by the topics that this work was intensely practical. Some of the lessons required from two to six hours, and others but one. The aim was to devote one school period per day, for eight to twelve weeks, to this farm craft work. To make room for these lessons, it was recommended that one regular study of the curriculum be omitted during the second semester. The recommen- dations also covered provision for the continuing studies which the high school boy might be taking with a college course or business career in mind, and which would be interrupted by his going to the farm May 1st or earlier. To make the farm lessons as practical as possible, use of lantern slides, moving pictures, farm bulle- tins and periodicals were recommended ; also excursions to stock yards, stock shows, and farm exhibits, and use of borrowed farm machinery. The committees were of the opinion that the experience the boys would get by this patriotic service on the farms would be worth more to them than the corresponding amount of time devoted to the regular courses in school. School Work of Far-Reaching Effect The action of the educators of Illinois in recommending an elementary agri- cultural course, in the more than nine hundred high schools of the State, and re- vision of the school year to meet the war emergency, has been referred to as the most radical step taken in educational circles in years. The Illinois State-wide plan of school credits for vocational work was the first experiment of the kind attempted in this country. It was later adopted in other States and on its success may be said to depend, in a large measure, the future of popular agricultural edu- cation in the high scliools. That the Illinois plan was discussed by the National Education Convention at Atlantic City, and recommended by an overwhelming vote was encouraging for the success of the enterprise. The Farm Craft Lessons were printed at the expense of the State Council of Defense, each lesson a leaflet, and the set bound in a stiff board cover fur- nished the student. The lessons were introduced into more than 700 Illinois high schools, and to libraries, boys' clubs, Y. M. C. A. centers and individuals, and were studied by more than 20,000. Nothing has ever been done that won more general public approval. The influential agricultural men of Illinois especially expressea their appreciation of this vocational training. Educators were of the opinion that, with this experiment, agricultural instructions would be a permanent feature of Illinois high school work. These lessons attracted the attention of educators throughout the country, and were sent to every State. In some States they were made the basis of Reserve work. Dean Davenport's lesson No. 1, "The American Boy and the War," and lesson No. 2, "When the City Boy Goes to the Farm," have been frequently commented upon by educators as the most important appeals for war service that have been made to the youth of the country. 208 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE The United States Government undertook to publish the lessons the following year, and Dean Davenport was invited to head a committee of deans of leading agricultural colleges to rewrite and extend the course for use in public schools throughout the country. Following long-established custom, the school system of Illinois has been nom- inally under the direction of the State Superintendent of Public Instruction; in fact, the operation of it§ various branches has been individual. Each school was a law unto itself, its policies being laid down by the local controlling bodies. That the thirty thousand schools could act together so quickly and efficiently under the war call of the State Council of Defense speaks volumes for the intelligence and patriotism of the school leaders. In January, 1918, a pamphlet prepared by the Educational Committee, outlin- ing the entire plan of the Reserve, was published by the State Council of Defense. This pamphlet, Entitled "Training the Boy to Win the War," was placed in the hands of every high school teacher in the State. A second edition was printed to meet the demands for it beyond the State, the Council of National Defense giving it nation-wide circulation. Another notable call was from the National Educa- tional Association, which placed the pamphlet in the hands of educators generally. Contributing Co-Operation The Illinois State Teachers' Association, in convention at Springfield the last week of 1917, commended the plan for farm service as formulated by the Reserve, co-operating with the State Council of Defense, and pledged support. On De- cember 17, 1917, the Senate of the University of Illinois voted unanimously that students should receive recognition for agricultural work upon entering the uni- versity. The Illinois High School Association, representing 11,000 high school stu- dents, abandoned the spring games in 400 high schools. These high school boys trained harder to help the farmers than they ever did to win athletic honors. The Y. M. C. A. nationally and in all the States aided the Reserve. In Illinois the Reserve has had the help of its trained men. Mr. F. A. Crosby, of Chicago, who rendered especially valuable aid, reported that no boys of Reserve age would be invited to Y. M. C. A. recreation camps during the war. On January 14, 1918, Governor Lowden issued a proclamation urging the able-bodied youth of the State to enroll in the Reserve, and designated the week' of January 21-26 as especial Registration Week. This proclamation was read in all the high schools of the State, and thousands of students responded. The activities of the year were confined almost exclusively to students in high schools (and the Reserve credit was restricted to agricultural work.) Com- paratively little work was done in the enrolling of working boys ; the field was so large, it was deemed wise to confine efforts to the more accessible groups of boys in high schools. Special mention should be made, however, of the splendid work of Mr. George A. Devenau, Director of Public Library Co-Operation, who enrolled hundreds of workihg boys for the Reserve. Mr. Devenau worked through the 234 libraries in the State. The agricultural and industrial agents of the important railroads in Illinois co-operated in a most efficient way. On one occasion, with a few days' notice, thou- sands of posters were placed all over the State by the station agents and other em- ployes of these roads. This was a most effective piece of publicity, done quickly and at just the right time. Operation of the Reserve in Illinois The headquarters of the U. S. Boys' Working Reserve were in rooms pro- vided by the Illinois State Council of Defense headquarters, 120 West Adams Street, Chicago. Associated with the Federal State Director of Illinois was an Executive Com- mittee composed of business men, each of whom volunteered to direct one branch of the work. This Executive Committee was : Burridge D. Butler, Federal State Director. Theodore C. Butz, Associate Director, County Organizations. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 209 Charles Adkins, State Director of Agriculture. Paul E. Faust, Publicity Counsel. John Fletcher, Director, Farmers' Enrollment. Clifford V. Gregory, Agriculture Organizations. Samuel Insull, Chairman, Illinois State Council of Defense. W. L. Park, Placements and Transportation. Gordon A. Ramsay, Director, Boys' Enrollment. Robert L. Scott, Director, Inspection and Welfare. E. S. Simpson, Publicity Co-Operation. In organizing the State, the county was made the operating unit, and each county had a county director, who was the executive head and responsible for re- sults there. The County Director was also a member of the State Council's County Executive Committee. Perfecting the county organizations was the most difficult problem of the year, and the fact that it was possible to attain a high degree of efficiency in 82 out of 102 counties in the State, speaks volumes for the patriotism and willingness ot the men who assumed the responsibility in their respective counties. With no funds to work with, the county directors in Illinois deserve the greater credit for what they accomplished. The State Council of Defense, from its limited funds, cheerfully met every demand made upon it at the State Director's office ; but the work could have been carried on many-fold more effectively had there been available for county co-operation the financial support received in other States where the legislatures met after the declaration of war and appropriated for this undertaking. An Outline of Reserve Work The Reserve work as carried out in Illinois may be classified under five head- ings : EnrolInicttt—rReaching the boy with patriotic appeal by publicitj^ op- erating through various educational agencies. Education — Training the boy in a practical way for his work ; also giving the right viewpoint to the prospective employer. Placing — Locating the job and getting the boy out on the job at the right time under proper conditions. Welfare — Looking after the boy with reference to his health and morals, and maintaining his enthusiasm and efficiency while at work. Credits — Keeping accurate records in order that proper Reserve and school credits may be accorded the boys at the end of the year. Enrollment of Boys for Farm Work During the winter months, while the boys were being enrolled in the Reserve and were receiving their farm craft lessons, a vigorous campaign was made among the farmers. Lining up farmers to take the boys was just as important. as enroll- ing the boys to go to the farms. At the end of April, thousands of boys had been enrolled, but places for them came in slowly, owing to the unusually favorable planting season. Boys who had taken the farm craft lessons, but despaired of getting placed had secured positions in war industries. In this way a considerable number of the boys enrolled were lost to the farmers in 1918. Agents were sent out to prevail upon the farmers to try the boys. At the end of May the tide had turned ; the boys already placed were making good, and every example of efficiency and serious work by one boy made an impression in the local- ity where he was ; hence the call for boys soon exceeded the enrollments reported from day to day. School principals were then called upon to make further enrollment. The re- sult of one meeting of the principals of the Chicago high schools was an added .enrollment of 800 boys for jobs, many of them leaving other positions to take up farm work. The enrollment eventually ran beyond the power of the schools and state or- ganizations to record and care for. On June 30, 1918, 799 out of 942 high schools in Illinois had reported an enrollment of 10,309, but it was known that thousands 210 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE of boys had found jobs for themselves on farms, but would not be located until they returned to school in the fall and sought their credits. In addition to these, more than 2,000 boys were enrolled at the State Director's office, besides the library en- rollments and the enrollment at various employment agencies. About 1,000 were sent out of the State, 250 of whom went on a Food Admin- tration special train to help save the sugar beet crop in Michigan. This was an experiment outside of the Illinois plan of placing boys in farm homes to live with the families of farmers. In Michigan, these boys were located mostly in groups. One such camp had 30 boys working in the sugar beet fields near Mt. Clemens. A fine stimulant to enrollments was the parade of the members of the Reserve and their comrades of the Chicago high schools on April 2, 1918. The newspapers reported that 11,000 boys marched with banners and enthusiasm and many striking floats. Educational Work for Reserve No class of public servants was called upon to render greater service than teachers and principals. The Reserve educational work was heartily undertaken by them. When the schools convened after the winter semester, special classes were organized for agricultural instruction. In many cases, the boys put in extra hours each day; in others, they attended classes on Saturday to complete their school work by the end of April. In giving the practical work, the teachers took the boys to farms, livery barns, stock yards, and implement stores, where they were given an opportunity to accus- tom themselves to, and to work with, practical farm machinery. This plan of farm work study, it is believed, contributed greatly to the success of the year. In one school — Lane Technical High, of Chicago — a special course was conducted by Principal W. J. Bogan during the January vacation, at which practical agricultural men instructed a class of teachers to prepare them to teach the Farm Craft Les- sons. In this connection, the message to the farmers to induce them to try the boys was carried with convincing force to a somewhat skeptical audience of the leading farmers of the State. One committee, composed of John W. Kirkton, President of the Illinois Agricultural Association; Frank I. Mann, of the Illinois Farmers' In- stitute ; James P. Lyons, and others, visited the Chicago schools and sized up the boys. Their favorable report had great weight with farmers throughout the State. Placing the Boys on Farms The policy of the Illinois Reserve was, not to see how many boys could be placed, but how many boys could be well placed, under satisfactory conditions. The welfare phase of the work was always kept first in mind, and, while the Re- serve was an economic activity to provide labor, the health and moral welfare of" the boys had first consideration. A great majority of these splendid Reserve volunteers left home in 1918 for the first time in their lives to live among strangers, amid new surroundings. For a boy, such a change is not without some risk, and he must be safeguarded as far as possible. The policy of the Reserve in Illinois was to place the right boys with the right farmers. The greatest care, therefore, was exercised in placing the volunteer on a farm that would fit him, where he would be contented and do his best work. The boys went out into farm homes, which in most cases were as attractive and as pleasant as their own and had the home atmosphere, and where it was a privi- lege for any boy to reside for a few months. They saw the best in American life exemplified in the daily living of these families ; they had to be at their best to prove themselves welcome and worthy members of such families. The value of this association of the city boys with the farmers and their fam- ilies is apparent to every student of social and economic conditions. It should lead" to a better understanding between the city and country. Guarding the Welfare of the Boys The local welfare committee in each county passed upon the farm applications and undertook to look after the boys after thej- were placed. Co-operating in this work, the Reserve called to its aid all the best welfare interests in the State. The STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 211 State Y. M. C. A. Secretary of County Work, Mr. Otis B. Read, gave much of his time exclusively to this as Field Director. Mr. F. A. Crosby, City Director of Boys' Work of the Y. M. C. A. of Chicago, was a constant co-worker with Mr. Robert L. Scott, Inspection and Welfare Director. Mr. Scott also had co-operat- ing with him Professor H. F. Scott, of Chicago University High School ; Professor George W. Frederich, of Chicago University High School ; Mr. F. I. Woodworth. of the Chicago Y. M. C. A. ; Mr. R. B. Ennis, and otljers. The Illinois Sunday School Association, through Mr. Charles E. Schenck, General Secretary, and Mr. Clarence L. DePew, auxiliary field workers, enrolled over 7,000 Sunday school superintendents throughout the State for co-operation in this welfare work. In each county, the welfare committee was appointed by the County Director, and was made up of experienced inen and women, the plan being to have some sympathetic welfare worker in each township where boys were employed. These were not in any sense inspectors or overseers, but sought out the boys and were instrumental in getting them in touch with the best social life of the community. Less than one per cent of the boys proved unworthy of their opportunities, and about the same proportion of farmers were found undeserving of having a good boy sent to them. In every case where one or the other "went wrong," an ad- justment satisfactory to the farmer and to the parents was effected through the Reserve. School Credits and Wages Following the recommendation of the Educational Committee, the high schools of the state, with few exceptions, gave credit in their course of study for the agri- cultural work done by the boys during the summer. Boys who stood well in their work were excused for May and" June, the agricultural course being completed in lieu of two months' school work. When the boys came back home frem the farms in the fall of 1918, upon com- pletion of at least six weeks of service, they received their Reserve and school credits. The reserve credit provided that when the boy had proven his fitness by actual service during the period stated, he was awarded the official bronze badge of the U. S. Boys' Working Reserve. This badge was the hrst official badge ever awarded by the government, except for military and naval service, and every patri- otic boy who earned one preserves it with pride and distinction. At the end of the year, for 12 weeks or more of service, and upon written recommendation of his county director, the boy received from his federal state director the bronze badge bar to be attached to the lower part of the badge, oh which was inscribed, "Honorable Service, 1918." A receipt was taken for this badge by the agelit of the United States government, and thus the boy's service record was preserved. The wages paid to the boys by the farmers necessarily varied, since dififerent kinds of work, dififerent localities, and experience dictated varying rates of com- pensation. The county director and the farmer arranged wages fairly, but the boy who went to a farm did not go primarily for an easy job or big wages. He went just as his big brother went to the trenches — to work hard and forfeit com- forts, if necessary, to serve his country in its hour of need. Reserve Results in Illinois How the U. S. Boys' Working Reserve in Illinois helped in 1918 to feed the world and win the great war is demonstrated by this summary : Number of boys in State eligible for farm work 105,000 Number of boys enrolled in the Reserve 45,000 Number of boys placed on farms 21,000 Number of service badges awarded 11,374 Number of service bars awarded 9.204 Crops produced by boys' help, worth $23,000,000 Boys earned for themselves 1,200,000 Farm Craft Lessons supplied to schools, libraries, Y. M. C. A., boys' clubs and individuals 20,500 To award the badges and bars properly, and to furnish the proof required by school autliorities before allowing school credits for farm work in lieu of the reg- 212 STATE COUNCIL OP DEFENSE ular studies of the boys, it was necessary to secure from each farmer a "certificate of service" as to every member of the Reserve in high schools. This task involved an immense amount of clerical work at the Chicago headquarters and by county directors and school authorities. Each boy, when assigned to a farm job, was given a certificate to be signed by his employer upon relinquishing his job, but a majority of the boys forgot all about^ these certificates until they returned to school in the fall and found they lacked' credits for farm work. Thousands of letters written to employing farmers finally brought the necessary data to satisfy the school authorities as to credits earned, and to enable the boys to secure their bars and badges. Many thousands of boys failed to get badges because they worked less than the required minimum of six weeks. On the other hand, many boys have made farming their life vocation and are still working on the farms to which they were orginally assigned by the Reserve. How THE Boys Benefited Although the spirit of patriotism and self-sacrifice impelled most of the boys to go to the farms — a wish to help otliers — the boys themselves received immeas- ureable benefit. From a physical standpoint they all gained. Their average in- crease in weight was 10 pounds during the average stay of six weeks. The biggest physical gain reported was an increase in height of 2^ inches and 16 pounds in weight, by a boy who worked 13 weeks on a farm. Other and more important benefits derived by the boys are perhaps best in- dicated in the following letter of James E. Armstrong, Assistant Superintendent of Schools, Chicago : "Burridge D. Butler, Federal State Director, U. S. Boys' Working Reserve, Chicago, 111. "My Dear Mr. Butler: "I have been very much ^impressed by the fact that the boys who went from our city high schools to the farms returned to school with a new earnestness of purpose never seen in them before. "Teachers have remarked to me frequently that these boys were not only greatly improved in their attitude toward their school work, but that they had imparted a new spirit to the other boys of the school. It seems as if the conscious effort on their part to do their bit in winning the war by helping the farmer raise feed to supply the world, and their contact with some of the real problems of life, have awakened in them a greater sense of responsibility. "If we can now take advantage of what we have gained by this experi- metn in boy training, we shall have made a real advance in our methods of education. We are grateful as school men to the United States Boys' Working Reserve for making all this possible. "J. E. Armstrong, Asst. Superintendent of Schools." Planning for 1919 Stimulated The records of the Reserve showed the enrollments and placements on farms in Illinois were the largest of any of the States. The Director of the Reserve believed there were probably 50,000 boys of Reserve age who were available and suitable for farm work — probably one-half of them in school and the other half employed in various non-productive occupations. With the success of the Illinois Reserve work in 1918 as a guide, it was be- lieved to be possible and practicable to place these 50,000 boys on farms during the crop season of 1919, returning them to their schools or other employment in the late fall, they constituting practically the only reservoir of surplus labor available for the war emergency. This was expected to be a leading factor in solving the prospective farm labor shortage of 1919, since the State Director also believed there were 50,000 farmers in Illinois who would co-operate. These facts had been demonstrated: 1. That city and town boy labor (16 to 20 years) can be made prac- tical help to the farmer in the war-labor shortage. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 213 2. That the intelligent educated farmers of the State are ready to co-operate and train the boys to be efficient farm helpers. 3. That the school system of the State is an efficient agency to meet such a war emergency, enrolling the boy and giving him preparatory farm instruction. 4. That the average farm home is a suitable place for the town boy and his association with farm life to be found on the average Illinois farm is alike beneficial to the boy and the farmer's family. 5. That the activity has received throughout the State a degree of co-operation by serious-minded people that has made its success pos- sible and the boys have been a stimulant to all other war operations in the community. Consequences of the Armistice The splendid results attained during the spring, summer and fall of 1919 made the outlook for 1919 most promising for the Reserve. It had steadily grown in popularity among the boys, school authorities and farmers. A revised and ampli- fied ejJition of Farm Craft Lessons was being prepared by Dean Davenport and members of the faculty of the Illinois College of Agriculture, to be printed by the federal government and distributed to high schools, libraries, the Y. M. C. A. and boys' clubs. Plans of national, state and county officials for increasing the size and efficiency of the Reserve were being made. The Illinois Reserve had adopted the slogan : "Not an idle boy in Illinois until the war is over." Then came the armistice. Immediately ensued a general relaxation of pulilic interest in all activities born of the war, including the Reserve. Many men who had worked unceasingly for it during the war were obliged to devote themselves to business interests which they had neglected or sacrificed. School authorities gen- erally felt an obligation to enable the boys to make up for time lost from their studies while v>^orking on farms and while schools were closed because of the epi- demic of influenza. Throughout Illinois it was decided not to allow school credits in future for farm work, thus requiring the boys to remain in school until the close of the June term instead of permitting them to go to farms in March, April and May. Parents generally approved this plan to keep the boys in school, but many of the boys who had worked on farms did not like it; they wanted to go back to the farms in 1919. The Chicago high school principals adopted a compromise plan under which the boys could go to the farms in March, April or May, provided they returned to the summer term of school, beginning July 1, to make up their studies. An inten- sive course was arranged by which the boys in two months of summer school could do the work of three months iu a regular term, but this plan did not prove popular; less than 200 took advantage of it' Introduction of military training in all Chicago high schools, with arrangements for a military encampment during the summer vacation, also acted as a diversion. The federal government supplied the boys with uniforms, guns and equipment, so most boys chose military training instead of farm work for 1919. But cessation of hostilities in Europe by no means ended the chief aim of the Reserve — the production of food.^ On the contrary, the task became greater. In addition to our soldiers and sailors and our civilian population, the armies of our allies and their non-combatants had to be fed. To these millions, more millions were added by the crumbling of Central Powers. Food Administrator Hoover estimated in November, 1918, that the United States would have to send 25,000,000 tons of food to Europe in 1919, as against 11,000,000 tons sent in 1918. These facts made Illinois workers for the Reserve determine to maintain the organization and its work as far as possible to insure the crops of 1919. It was felt that returned soldiers and sailors who wanted them should be the first to get farm jobs ; after them should come the boys obliged to support themselves or help support others, and finally the boys not obliged to earn money, but able and willing to do farm work. Continuing Reserve Work in 1919. With the double purpose of completing the service records of all Reserve boys who did farm work in 1918 and ascertaining the probable number of boys needed 214 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE on farms in 1919, about 150,000 return postal cards were sent at the beginning of the year to Illinois farmers. Replies were received from 7,130, of whom 998 stated they would need boys of the Reserve at a stated time in 1919. Most of these calls for boys were afterwards cancelled, chiefly because farmers had planted wheat and other labor-saving crops, thus greatly reducing the acreage of corn, and be- cause released soldiers were returning to farm work. As a result of the postal card "census" and subsequent verification, 196 boys were placed. During April, May and June, 2,116 letters went to farmers with whom the Re- serve placed boys in 1918, and these brought calls for 87 boys. Letters to the county farm advisers led to the placing of a few more. A limited number of boys were placed through the co-operation of the county farm advisers with the Reserve. They appreciated the fact that the Reserve was the only organization furnishing experienced and inexperienced boys for farm work. Because of changed conditions from 1918, few farmers were willing to hire in 1919 boys without practical farm experience. Hence it was impossible to find places for a large number of city boys who applied for farm jobs. Most of these were of the "under-privileged" class. Many said they wanted to get away from the temptations, bad influences and evil associates of the city. Some admitted they had yielded to temptation and feared they would get into trouble if they remained in the city. In every such case special efforts were made to secure a desirable job for the boy through the Junior Section of the U. S. Employment Service in Chi- cago. Police records show that 80 per cent of the crimes in Chicago, from petty larceny to highway robbery and murder, are committed by boys between the age^ of 14 and 20 years. If farms were established by county, state or federal govern- ment, to which boys could be sent and given farm training and proper supervision, they would profit greatly both physically and morally and would oecome respec- table, uesful citizens instead of criminals. The Reserve could not help the boys who most needed help because it dared not send such boys into farm homes. Enrollment for 1919 Incomplete Because so many county directors of the Reserve were obliged to give up this work after the armistice, and because school principals failed to furnish the data requested, it is impossible to give a complete report — except for Cook County, in- cluding Chicago — of the number of Reserve boys working on Illinois farms in 1919. Reports, as far as received, indicate that outside of Cook County a good share of the boys who enrolled in the Reserve last year but did not sign new enroll- ment cards for this year are again working on farms. Even in Cook County many high school boys did not enroll in the Reserve for 1919 until they applied to the Chicago headquarters for farm positions. The total number of enrollment cards for 1919 received and on file at the State headqauters up to June 30, 1919, was 907, of which 302 were of boys in high schools of Cook County, including Chicago. A census of the Chicago high schools in May showed a total of 750 boys willing to go to the farms if needed. Of the 302 Cook County high school boys actually enrolled, 239 were assigned to farm jobs from January 1 to June 30, 1919. During March, April and May, every appli- cation to State headquarters for a boy for farm work was filed without delay. The placement of boys on farms by months, and sources of supply, were : Cook County Not in Outside Cook Month High Schools School County Total January 3 3 February IS 15 March 7 67 74 April 40 S3 41 134 May 46 74 33 1S3 *June 74 43 ♦VO 187 167 2S5 144 S66 *Last 3 days estimated. •♦Report of Colonel Davis of Springfield. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 215 I wish to express appreciation of tlie co-operation received from the various agricultural activities of the State while the war was on. The farmers, at first, were skeptical about the idea that the city boys would be of any real help on the farm. They had in mind the rolicking, thoughtless vacation bo}' of peace times ; but when the leaders of agriculture saw the serious way in which the boys rallied to the calls of the President and the Governor, and the practical manner in which the schools of the State set out to give these boys their preliminary training (and with the increased shortage of labor), there came a change of attitude on the part of the farmer toward the Reserve. "We laughed at the school boys in the winter, but in the summer we thanked God for them." remarked a prominent farmer recently. "The boys were a real help, and this sentiment is general all o\'er the State." This arnty of patriotic young men, the U. S. Boys' Working Reserve of Illinois, answered the war call of the President "to go in hosts to the farms" and produced food to the amount of $23,000,000 by the end of their service in 1918 — suflficient to feed the soldiers whom Illinois had sent to the war. It is a record to be proud of. Respectfully submitted, BuRRiDGE D. Butler, Federal State Director. APPENDIX XV ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON FUEL FOR PUBLIC AND QUASI-PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. January 16, 1919. To the State Council of Defefise: By request of Mr. J. E. Williams, Federal Fuel Administrator of Illinois, this committee was appointed on November 8, 1917, and was made up of the following: John F. Gilchrist (Chairman), Vice-President of Commonwealth- Edison Company, Chicago. Charles A. Lind (Secretary), Fuel Agent of Commonwealth-Edison Company. Frank I. Bennett, Commissioner of Public Works, Citj' of Chicago. John Ericson, City Engineer, City of Chicago. Henry A. Zender, Superintendent of Public Service of Cook County. Wallace G. Clark, Chairman of Engineering Committee of the Sani- tary District of Chicago. Percy B. Coffin, Business Manager of Chicago Board of Education. E. J. E. Ward, Vice-President of Peoples Gas, Light and Coke Com- pany, Chicago. Frank J. Baker, Vice-President of Public Service Company of Northern Illinois. Martin J. Insull, Vice-President of Middle West Utilities Company. Writing to Mr. Williams under date of November 8, 1917, Mr. Insull said: "I have asked these gentlemen to take in hand the matter referred to in your letter of the 31st ult, and have informed them that from my conversations with you I gather that you desire information collected as to the distribution of fuel to Federal and state institutions, municipal bodies,, public-service organizations, whether owned publicly or privately, hospitals and other local charities." Under the direction of Chairman Gilchrist, the committee began work at once. It was well that it did so, for it turned out that the winter of 1917-1918 was an exceptionally severe one. The first meeting of the committee was held on November 10, and a few days later circular letters were sent out to the municipal authorities of 187 cities and villages in the state of Illinois having a population of over 2,000 inhabitants. Simi- lar letters were also sent to 489 public-utility and other public organizations in the state asking for information in relation to the coal situation. City or village au- thorities were asked for information in relation to city buildings, hospitals, schools, etc. Reports received showed that whereas the total monthly requirements listed were 217,502 tons, the total coal on hand was 156,185 tons, or about 21^/^ days' supply. It was found that in the case of 42 municipalities and utilities the supply of fuel on hand would last less than two weeks at the normal rate of consump- tion. Letters were written to these 42 consumers calling their attention to the small amount of coal on hand and urging them to obtain an additional supply with- out delay. During the month of December 185 United States Fuel Administration Cir- culars in relation to speeding up the unloading of cars were sent to various public- utility companies in the state. In January, 1918, almost unprecedented severity of weather put the transpor- tation and fuel resources of the state to a war-time test such as had never been known before. The committee was able to be of much assistance to public utili- ties and public institutions during this trying time. Tabulating all its work in 216 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 217 obtaining emergency coal for the. period from November, 1917, to June, 1918, it is found that the sub-committee was of assistance in this way to institutions listed as follows : State Institutions 11 Gas Plants 37 Electric PlaJits 44 Water Works 10 Hospitals 19 Schools 17 Relief coal for County Poor (Number of Districts) 23 Miscellaneous 20 Total 181 In February, 1918, circular leters were sent to the various gas companies in the state advising them that in case they should find it impossible to obtain Kentucky or Eastern gas coal, the sub-committee would, through the Fuel Administrator, endeavor to ship coal from Franklin County, Illinois, as a substitute. After the winter was over the sub-committee did not relax its efforts. Dur- ing the month of May, 1918, circular letters recommending at least a three-month supply of coal for storage were sent to 489 public-utility enterprises and other public institutions of various kinds in the state. Letters were sent to the public utilities of the state askmg for their earnest co-operation in the matter of conserv- ing fuel. The committee continued its activities in preparation for the winter of 1918-19 until the signing of the armistice and cessation of work by the State Coun- cil of Defense automatically discharged its members from service. Respectfully submitted, John F. Gilchrist, Chairman. APPENDIX XVI COMMITTEE ON FUEL ECONOMIES OF ELECTRIC RAILWAYS. December 2, 1918. To the State Council of Defense: Following is a Report of the Committee on Fuel Economies of Electric Rail- ways, appointed by your authority December 13, 1917 : The committee met on December 15 and organized, and the secretary was instructed to request all electric railway companies operating in the State to sub- mit estimates of the number of tons of coal that could be saved annually by the following methods : First — By elimination of unnecessary car service. Second — By reduction in amount of electricity used for heating cars. At a meeting of your committee on December 18 analysis of replies to the committee's questionnaire convinced your committee that electric railroads af- forded an opportunity for material savings in coal by reduction in unnecessary schedules, car heating, elimination of unnecessary stops, etc. In estimating these savings in fuel your committee avoided suggesting changes in the service which would result in a serious inconvenience to the traveling public. At the request of the Chairman of the State Council of Defense, the com- mittee met again on January 5th, 1918. In addition to the members of the com- njittee, there were in attendance Prof. Stock, of the University of Illinois, repre- senting Mr. J. E. Williams, State Federal Fuel Administrator, and Hon. P. J. Lucey of the Illinois Public Utilities Commission. For the information of Prof. Stock and Mr. Lucey, the previous work of this committee was explained in detail and fully discussed. As a result of its investigation, this committee believed that very substantial savings in coal could be effected by the following means : 1. Elimination of unnecessary service. 2. Securing the co-operation of train crews in bringing about the most efficient operation through the careful handling of trains and the maximum amount of coasting. 3. Elimination "of unnecessary stops. 4. Adoption of the so-called "skip-stop" plan in municipalities. 5. Care in the operation of electric car heaters while cars are in service, to avoid waste. 6. Securing the co-operation of car shop employes in the elimination of waste caused by the burning of electric lights and the operation of the electric heaters in cars when cars are out of service. 7. Securing the co-operation of power house employes for careful and efficient firing in the boiler room. 8. Careful supervision of coal consumed in stationary boiler plants for the heating of stations, shops or other buildings and of hot water or stove heaters used in cars. Replies had been received from twenty-eight of the forty-nine companies to whom inquiry blanks were sent, and a tabulation of their replies indicated that the very substantial sum of approximately 60,000 tons of coal could be saved annually by carrying out the above suggestions, without any material inconvenience or dis- comfort to the public. In the judgment of the committee it was most important that prompt action 218 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 219 be taken to secure the maximum saving in coal, and the following resolution was therefore unanimously adopted : "That the committee recommends that the State Council of Deiense take appropriate action to secure the co-operation of the Fuel Administra- tion in putting into effect the economies set forth in the report of this com- mittee by having the Federal Fuel Administration issue a bulletin instruct- ing the local Fuel Administrators throughout the State to take such steps as may be necessary to make these economies effective ; and, further, that the State Council of Defense notify the State Public Utilities Com- mission of Illinois of the saving in coal that can be made as set out in the report of this committee, with the request that such commission issue in- structions to the electric railroads of the State of Illinois and to the proper municipal officers within the State in an effort to bring about the maximum saving in coal. E. C. Faber, Chairman; Brixton I. Budd, C. F. Handshv, L. A. Busby, D. E. Parsons, J, R. Blackhall, Secretary. We concur in the above resolution. H. H. Stoek, Representing State Fuel Administrator. P. J. LUCEY, Representing State Public Utilities Commission. The committee conferred with Messrs. Williams, Stock and Lucey on February 2nd. After discussion of recommendation contained in the report referred to above, the meeting adjourned without any further action being taken. The committees' recommendations were not put into effect by the Federal Fuel Administrator, but the "skip-stop" was later adopted by the "Chicago Surface Lines, and elsewhere. The committee, not being informed of further action that would give effect to its recomemndations, considered its work completed and held no further meet- ings during the balance of the year. Respectfully submitted, J. R. Blackhall, Secretary. APPENDIX XVII COMMITTEE ON MILITARY AFFAIRS STATE AND LOCAL DEFENSE This review of the work done by the Committee on Military Affairs State and Local Defense, a Standing Committee of the State Council of Defense, is in two parts. The first part is a report by the committee covering the period from organization of the committee to June 20, 1918. The second part carries the work of the committee from June 20, 1918, to December 31, 1918, or the end of its active life, to which is appended the report of the committee's auxiliary in Cook County, the Military Affairs Committee of Cook County. REPORT OF THE MILITARY COMMITTEE FOR THE PERIOD FROM MAY 23, 1917, TO JUNE 20, 1918. June 20, 1918. To the State Council of Defense: Pursuant to your directions that the Military Committee of the State Council of Defense file with you a complete report of the operations of said committee from its inception, May 23, 1917, I have the honor to present to you such report in detail as follows : On May 23, 1917, at a conference held in the office of the Governor of Illinois, participated in by Governor Lowden, Lieutenant-Governor Oglesby, Chairman of the Military Committeee of the State Council of Defense, and General Dickson, the Adjutant General of Illinois, the defense situation of the State was discussed with the hereinafter stated results : First — Following this preliminary conference plans for the organization of a Volunteer Training Corps, under the supervision of the State Council of Defense of Illinois, were adopted, which plans were approved by the War Department, shown by the following telegrams from the Adjutant General of Illinois to the Secretary of War, and reply thereto : May 14, 1917. Secretary of War, through Chief, Militia Bureau, War Department, Washington, D. C: I am directed by Acting Governor Oglesby, who is also Chairman, Military Committee, State Council of Defense, Illinois, to submit to your attention the Council of Defense favorably considered plan, to organize at different points in Illinois purely volunteer organizations for training and drill, the uniforming and arming of which organizations would be taken care of by organizations themselves as public-spirited citizens. The plan contemplates selection of officers by recommendation of members of respective organizations, approved of the Adjutant General, and confirma- tion by State Council of Defense. No expense incident to the organiza- tions or maintenance, uniforming or arming of such volunteer organiza- tions to be a Federal charge. It is felt by the Council of Defense that such organizations would result in at least partial training and preparation and an incentive to, and concrete evidence of, patriotic service in the vari- ous localities throughout the State. I am directed to request information whether or not the pro- posed plan meets with the approval of the Secretary of War and whether there will be any Federal objection to it either from legal viewpoint or viewpoint of public policy. Inasmuch as committee of this State Council 220 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 221 of Defense having this matter in hand will meet in Springfield tomorrow I respectfully request reply in such time as will permit me to present to said committee the conclusion of the Federal Government. F. S. Dickson, Adjutant General. The following reply was received : Washington. D. C, May 15, 1917. Adjt. Gen. Ill, Spnngficld, 111. War Department has no objection to plan outlined your telegram of fourteenth. The law enacted by Congress relative to raising Federal forces cannot of course be modified on account of any purely local organizations. It is understood that a measure is now pending before Congress providing for arming local bodies of this nature. Mann, Chief Militia Bureau. Second — Your Military Committee submitted its plan to the State Council of Defense and it was by the State Council of Defense approved and adopted and your Military Committee at once began the actual operations under the plan approved as follows : "The Federal Government has officially advised that the present National Guard units of Illinois will be drafted into the Federal Service about July 25, 1917, and after approximately ten days in their organization rendezvous will be transferred out of the state to concentration camps in the southern depart- ment. This includes both the National Guard of the State not now in the Federal Service and the three regiments of the National Guard of the State which were recently called into the Federal Service for the purpose of affording necessary protection within the State to various industries, utilities and public works. When this action sliall have been taken it is obvious that unless proper action is had, the State will be without a force to render that protection and enforce- ment of law to which its people are entitled, and for which responsibility rests on the constituted authorities to provide. To meet this emergency it is pro- posed to create a brigade organization. The number of regiments which shall be three, organized in units at minimum peace strength, properly equipped and trained for the purpose of purely State defense. In addition, the State Council of Defense will proceed with the enrollment and organization of voluntary train- ing corps throughout the State in line with the plan announced by the State Council of Defense last week covering this voluntary training service. When the State Council of Defense has perfected a voluntary training unit in line with the announced plan the same will be tendered by them to the State for accept- ance into the reserve militia to be raised from the unorganized militia of the State. In the creation of this reserve militia the voluntary training units organ- ized b}^ the State Council of Defense will be given preference by the Governor as commander-in-chief. The proposed act creating the Reserve Militia organi- zations will in general provide that whenever the Governor shall deem it neces- sary in the execution of the law of the state to call an additional force into the service of the state for state purposes, he may issue a proclamation calling into such service the organizations of the Reserve Militia organized in neces- sary units, under such rules and regulations as shall be promulgated by the Adjutant General and approved by the Governor; and further that all such necessary reserve units thus organized for the purpose of state defence may be disbanded or mustered out or discharged, when in the judgment of the Governor the emergency or conditions making necessary the call shall have passed or changed. These reserve organizations being subject to call only in an emer- gency, their preliminarj^ equipment and maintenance is to be without expense to the state, as outlined in the plan of the State Council of Defense, but when called into actual service of the state for purposes of drill or of actual service, the state assumes transportation, subsistence and maintenance of units thus called, and pay at the same rate as provided for officers and enlisted men in active service by tine federal government by legislation just passed by Congress creating the National Army." In conformity with this determination your Military Committee prepared and had introduced into the General Assembly of Illinois, Senate Bill 589, which 222 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE was passed and became a law, creating the Reserve Militia from the unorgan- ized militia of the state, and for which the State Council of Defense Volunteer Training Corps is a feeder. Find herewith attached copy of Senate Bill 589. A Bill For an Act to provide for the organization of reserve militia from the unorganized militia of the State. Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, rep- resented in the General Assembly : That whenever the Governor as Commander-in-Chief of the military and naval forces of the State, shall deem it necessary or advisable for the purpose of executing the laws of the State, or of preventing the actual or threatened violation thereof, or any other emergency, or of suppressing actual or threatened insurrec- tion or riots, or when the nation is at war and a requisition or order has been made, or is likely to be matle, by the President of the United States callirrg the National Guard, or parts thereof, into the national service, he may issue a proclamation or call for volunteer companies, battalions, regiments, brigades, or other units of land forces to be known as the Reserve MHitia which shall be formed from and out of the unor- ganized militia of the State. Section 2. The Governor shall determine and shall fix in any such proclamation or call the number of such volunteers, their term of enlist- ment, and the kind and number of such units to be called for and organ- ized, and he shall appoint and authorize officers' to recruit and enroll such volunteers under such rules and regulations as shall be fixed and promulgated by the Adjutant General with the approval of the Governor: Provided, that no such term of enlistment shall be for a longer term than two years ; and, provided, further, that any and all such units may be disbanded or mustered out, and any and all of such volunteers may be discharged, when in the judgment of the Governor the emergency or the conditions making such organizations necessary, or advisable shall have passed or changed. Section 3. Every person so enrolling or enlisting in the reserve militia shall sign an enlistment paper in the form prescribed by the Adjutant General and shall take the following oath or affirmation, which may be administered by any such duly appointed recruiting or enrolling officer or any commissioned officer in the reserve militia : "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will true allegiance bear to the State of Illinois, and that I will uphold its Constitution and laws and will serve it faithfully; that I will obey orders of the Commander- in-Chief and of such officers as may be placed over me, and the laws, rules and regulations of the reserve militia, so help me God." Section 4. The Governor, as Commander-in-Chief, shall make all appointments to commissioned rank in the reserve militia. Commissions evidencing all appointments shall be signed by the Governor and shall be attested and issued by the Adjutant General. All non-commissioned and petty officers shall be appointed in accordance with the rules and regulations promulgated by the Adjutant General. Commissions to officers shall read to a certain grade in a given regiment, battalion, company or other unit of the reserve militia, and assignment of such officers to duty in any unit shall be by the Com- mander-in-Chief. The validity of all commissions shall be subject to formal acceptance and the execution of oath prescribed by law or by the rules and regulations promulgated by the Adjutant General. Section 5. Each and every enrolled man who shall leave or sever his connection with the reserve militia shall be entitled to and shall receive a discharge in accordance with the rules and regulations to be promulgated by the Adjutant General with the approval of the Governor, and such rules and regulations shall provide the conditions and circum- STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 223 stances under which he may leave, retire from, or be discharged from the reserve militia. Section 6. The organization, equipment and maintenance of the reserve militia shall be without expense to the State : Provided that if the Governor, as Commander-in-Chief, shall call the reserve militia, or any part thereof, into the actual service of tlie State, or to assemble in State or district encampments for the purpose of drill, discipline and increase of efficiency, the State shall pay the cost of travel and maintenance and shall pay the officers at the rate which is now or hereafter may be allowed to the officers in the National Guard while in similar service of the State, and the enlisted men while in the actual service of the State shall receive pay at the rate of one dollar per day. Section 7. The uniforms, arms and other equipment of the reserve militia, the minimum number of meetings for instruction, drill and train- ing of the various units thereof, the character of such instruction and training, and all other matters and things necessary or desirable for the complete organization, discipline and efficiency of the reserve militia, not otherwise provided for and covered in this Act, shall be prescribed and carried into effect by and through rules and regulations promulgated liy the Adjutant General and approved by the Governor. Section 8. Whereas, an emergency exists; this law shall take effect from and after its passage and approval. Your Committee also had prepared and introduced Senate Bill 587, which became a law, and copy of which is attached, providing for an appropriation of $750,000 to take care of the new brigade of National Guard, organized for purely State service. A Bill For an Act to appropriate the sum of seven hundred fifty thousand dollars for the supply, clothing, equipment, pay, transportation, prep- aration of camp sites and cantonments, mobilization, subsistence and incidental expenses for the National Guard and Naval Militia, volunteers or other organizations of Illinois authorized, organized or furnished by the State on a call, order, request or requisition made or hereafter made or issued by the President of the United States or organized, authorized or ordered for duty by the Governor. Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, represented in the General Assembly: That the sum of seven hundred fifty thousand dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, is hereby appropriated for tlie supply, clothing, equipment, pay, transportation, preparation of camp sites and cantonments, mobilization, subsistence and incidental expenses of the National Guard and Naval Militia, volun- teers or other organizations of this State, authorized, organized or furnished by the State on a call, orders, request or requisition made or hereafter made or- issued by the President of the United States, or organized, authorized or ordered for duty by the Governor. Sec. 2. The auditor of Public Accounts is hereby authorized and directed to draw his warrant for the sum herein specified upon the presentation of proper vouchers certified to by the Adjutant General and approved by the Governor, and the Treasurer shall pay the same out of any money in the State treasury not otherwise appropriated. Sec. 3. Whereas, an emergency exists, this law shall take effect from and after its passage and approval. And your Committee prepared and introduced Senate Bill 592, which became a law and copy of which is herewith attached, which provides that the pay of the enlisted men of the National Guard, when in the service of the state during the duration of the present war, shall be $1.00 per day instead of $3.00 per day as formerly provided. 224 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE A Bill For an Act to amend section 4 of article 16 of "An Act to establish a military and naval code for the State of Illinois and to repeal all Acts in conflict therewith," approved June 10, 1909, in force July 1, 1909. Section 1. Be it enacted by the People of the State of Illinois, rep- resented in the General Assembly: That section four (4) of an Act entitled, "An Act to establish a military and naval code for the State of Illinois and to repeal all Acts in conflict therewith," approved June 10, 1909, in force July 1, 1909, be and the same is hereby amended to read as follows : "Sec. 4. Enlisted men of the National Guard and Naval Reserve, shall receive per day, for services actually performed when on active service for suppression of riot and for the enforcement of the laws, according to their respective grades as follows: a. Sergeants, major, quartermaster, commissary and ordnance sergeants, of or attached to tlie division, brigades, regiments or separate battalions ; first class signal and hospital corps sergeants, chief trumpeters and principal musicians, first sergeants and company quartermaster ser- geants, drum majors and color sergeants in the National Guard, and chief petty officers and petty officers, first class in the seaman branch of the Naval Reserve, $2.75. b. Battalion sergeants, major and trumpeter sergeants, chief mechanics of batteries, sergeants of the hospital and signal corps, and of the line in the National Guard, petty officers, first class except in the seaman branch, and petty officers, second class, in the Naval Reserve, $2.60. c. Corporals, cooks, musicians and mechanics in the National Guard and petty officers, third class, and buglers, in the Naval Reserve, $2.25. d. Privates and seamen, all grades, $2.00: Provided, that from and after the passage of this Act and until the determination of the National emergency as set forth in the Act of Congress entitled, "An Act to authorize the President to increase temporarily the military establishment of the United States," approved by Preside-nt May i8, 1917, the pay of enlisted men of the National Guard and Naval Militia while in active service of the State shall be at the rate of $1.00 per day. Sec. 2. Whereas, an emergency exists; this law shall take effect from and after its passage and approval. With reference to the State Council of Defense Volunteer Training Corps, I attadi a copy of Circular No. 1, which sets forth the aims, purposes and the regulations of such corps : Circular No. 1 — volunteer tr.a.ining corps 1. — This organization shall be known as the State Council of Defense Volunteer Training Corps. Its object shall be: A — The security of the State by cooperating with the military and police authorities in guarding bridges, public buildings and industrial plants, patrolling towns, surrounding country, rivers, harbors, etc., and in general act as an emergency body. B — To assist in carrying out the object sought in the forma- tion of the State Council of Defense. C — The encouragement of recruiting in the regular service and the National Guard, and the Volunteer Army, Navy and Marine Corps of the United States and the assistance in the preparation of men subject to the selective draft, the dissemination of military knowl- edge and for the general upbuilding of the physical character of the citizens of the State. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 225 2. — No city or town shall be recognized as a post of the State Council of Defense Volunteer Training Corps which does not organize and maintain at least one company of the minimum strength of 1 captain, 1 first lieutenant, 1 second lieutenant, 4 sergeants, 8 corporals and 65 pri- vates. 3.— The State Council of Defense may consolidate, transfer, muster out, disband, muster in new organizations to replace those mustered out or disbanded, and make such other changes in the organization of the Volunteer Training Corps as the best interests of the service may require. The Volunteer Training Corps in all of its units, divisions, branches and officers, shall, at all times, and in all respects, be subject to the control, direction and orders of the State Council of Defense. 4. — All units to be organized and operated under recognized mili- tary methods, except that local units will report direct to the Military Committee of the State Council of Defense, and the organization, dis- cipline, government and equipment, as far as practicable, not in conflict with law, shall conform to the regulations, customs, and usages of the Army and Navy of the United States or of the regulations of the Illi- nois National Guard. 5. — The State Council of Defense shall appoint and commission, upon the recommendation of the Adjutant General, officers to com- mand the various units of this organization, and shall reserve the right to accept resignations or vacate commissions, and may accept the offi- cers and men of completely organized units, if such organizations meet with their approval. 6. — Any able-bodied man of good character, between the ages of 18 and 55, and who is a citizen of the United States, or has declared his intention to become such, may be enrolled in the State Council of Defense Volunteer Training Corps. Any person so enrolled may, if in good standing, the question of good standing to be determined by the commanding officer of the unit, resign from the State Training Corps. 7. — ^A man who has been dishonorably discharged from any mili- tary or naval organization of this State or of the United States, shall not be eligible for enrollment, unless such dishonorable discharge shall have been removed by competent authority. 8. — In the formation of the Reserve Militia authorized by law, the State Council of Defense Training Corps units will be given preference by the Commander-in-Chief. 9. — Units must drill not less than one period of two hours per week and must maintain an average attendance of not less than 60 per cent. Failure to maintain this average may cause the disbandment of the organization by the Military Committee of the State Council of Defense. 10. — A distinctive uniform will be adopted, which shall consist of campaign hat, breeches, blouse, leggings and shirt. 11. — The organization, equipment and maintenance of the Training Corps shall be without expense to the State Council of Defense. 12. — The State Council of Defense may give to each man in the service an appropriate decoration which he shall wear at all times when in uniform and at such other times as he may wish. Such decoration to consist of the Seal of the State Council of Defense surrounded by the words "The State Council of Defense Training Corps," to be made of such suitable material as the State Council of Defense shall decide. Upon determination of service and upon the receipt of an honorable dis- charge, such decoration shall become the personal property of such man. 13. — No military organization other than the Council of Defense Training Corps will be recognized by the State or allowed to drill in uniform or use arms, except such organizations as are now, or may be hereinafter recognized by law. 14. — Local committees of citizens may be organized to assist finan- cially and otherwise in the carrying out of these plans. Service in the 226 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Corps does not carry any other responsibility than state-wide service within the State of Illinois under order of the State Council of De- fense. IS. — The only punishment for disobedience or infraction of discipline shall be dishonorable discharge from the service and publication of such discharge. 16. — No remuneration shall be paid to any officer or private of this organization, except such men as the State Council of Defense may decide necessary to the carrying out of its plans. 17. — The State Council of Defense will recognize as many units formed in the same territorial or municipal division as may comply with these rules and the orders of the State Council of Defense. 18. — All requests for approval of the formation of units shall be addressed to John G. Oglesby, Chairman of the Military Committee, State Capitol, Springfield, Illinois. By direction of the State Council of Defense. John G. Oglesby, Chairman, Military Committee. Approved : Samuel Insull, Chairman, State Council of Defense. Uniforming the Reserve After conference with the Adjutant General and with the War Department through the proper military channels as to the type of uniform to be desig- nated for the use of these volunteer training corps units the uniform set forth in the attached circular issued by the Military Committee was adopted as the uniform of the Volunteer Training Corps and by order of the Adjutant General of Illinois, with the approval of the Governor; this same uniform was adopted as the regulation uniform of the Reserve Militia of the State of Illinois. Officer's Equipment Black silk four-in-hand tie will be worn both by officers and enlisted men. Overcoats — regulation U. S. Army. Sweaters and sweater vest in olive drab color. (Ponchos and rain slickersi — regular army style). Officers are permitted to wear O. D. wool serge or O. D. cotton khaki, uniform style as illustrated. Uniform coats are to have large bellows pockets, the body longer than the regular army coat, and with rolling collar having a vent or open- ing in the back of coat. Breeches, ponchos, raincoats, cap, hat, shoes, puttees, to be regulation army officers' style. Officers will wear braid on their coat sleeves, as worn by regular army officers. Hat cords to be regular army style, gold tinsel and black, excepting the slide and acorn, which will be black. Belts to be tan leather, two inches wide, double-prong bronze buckle. Buttons on uniforms to be Illinois State Button. Regulation four- button blouse. The rank of non-commissioned officer will be indicated by chevrons on both sleeves of the coat on the upper arm, midway between the elbow and the shoulder. Chevrons will be made of O. D. cloth, army regulation styles ; they will be sewn on the sleeves, the stripes in an inverted V-shape, the space of one-eighth of an inch between each, indicating the rank as follows : Corporal two stripes Sergeant three stripes First Sergeant three stripes, with diamond STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 227 Insignia of officers to be as that of the regular army: First Lieutenant one bar Second Lieutenant no bar Captain two bars Major - -gold leaf Lieutenant Colonel silver leaf Colonel - silver eagle V. T. C. insignia will be worn by officers on the right side of coat collar and crossed rifles on the left side. Sergeants' belt for side-arms, same as regular army. Spread eagle insignia to be worn on officers' caps. State Council of Defense shield to be worn by each member on the left breast-pocket flap. In addition, each member of the State Council of Defense will wear the insignia of the State Council of Defense, to be furnished by the State Council. Enlisted Man's Equipment The Federal Law of June 3, 1916, makes it necessary for the training corps to wear a uniform distinctive from that used by the Army or National Guard. Hat — Campaign, peaked. Hat Cord — White and Jersey blue. Coat — Cotton khaki, rolling collar, lapels, open at throat and neck, four pockets. United States standard grade of cloth for Army as provided by Quartermaster's Department of Army. Buttons — Bronze. III. State Button regulation. Breeches — Cotton khaki. United States standard grade of cloth for Army as provided by Quartermaster's Department of Army. Lcggins — Canvas, laced. Shoes — Tan. Shirt — Flannel or khaki. State Council of Defense shield to be worn by each member on the left breast-pocket flap. Third — After the perfection of this plan and the publication of it through the State at large, the requests for recognition as voluntary units under the super- vision of the State Council of Defense were exceedingly numerous, showing that the citizenry of Illinois was founded upon deep patriotism and public-spir- itedness. Fourth — It was soon discovered in the actual workings of this scheme that the best results would be obtained by having two divisions, namely: Division No. 1, the State at large, and Division No. 2, Chicago and Cook County. Division No. 1 — State at Large The headquarters of this division were at Springfield. The units requesting recognition by the State Council of Defense were as follows : Number of _ Strength of Number of Strength of Unit Location Company Unit Location Company 14 Sterling 66 45 Lexington 83 15 Naperville 66 46 Gardner 85 16 Sheldon 70 47 Geneva 62 17 Yorkville 71 48 New Holland 70 20 Carbondale 70 49 Joliet 80 21 Alton 66 50 Lincoln 53 23 Sterling 68 51 Springfield 65 10 E. St. Louis 100 52 Dwight 148 11 E. St. Louis 100 53 Pekin 113 12 E. St. Louis 100 54 Minooka 79 18 Cairo 106 55 St. Joseph 68 9 Alton 80 56 Barry 65 1 Springfield 80 57 Griggsville (Not 65 5 Lincoln 80 yet recognized) 6 Elgin 65 58 Perry 65 7 Milford 65 59 Meredosia 65 4 Taylorville 6S 60 Eraden 65 228 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Number oj Strength of Number of Strength of Unit Location Company Unit Location Company 22 Johnston City 65 61 Chestnut 65 16 MoHne 65 62 Mazon 82 3 Wheaton 65 63 Middletown 65 19 Gibson City 104 64 Kankakee 65 8 Golden 72 65 Kankakee 65 2 Decatur 65 66 Kankakee 65 22 Lawrenceville 51 67 Aurora 59 23 Quincy 67 68 Green Valley 69 24 Camp Point 79 69 Metropolis 100 25 Mendon _ 92 70 Union 65 26 Libertyville 53 71 Hartsburg 65 27 Walnut 65 72 Mt. Pulaski 65 28 Wauconda 100 73 Atlanta 65 29 Jacksonville 100 74 Beason 65 30 Dixon 100 75 St. Charles 68 31 Verona 103 76 Joliet 65 32 Carthage 70 77 Sycamore 83 33 Hamilton 68 24 LaHarpe 65 34 Hamilton 68 8 Rushville 65 35 Basco 68 25 Versailles 65 36 Clayton 65 Z7 Warsaw 65 37 Clayton 65 34 Plymouth 65 38 Augusta 72 48 Batavia 76 39 Mt. Sterling 84 391 Glen Ellyn 80 40 Kewanee 78 78 Paxton 65 41 Coal City 103 79 New Canton 65 42 Morris 104 80 Loraine 85 43 Bellflower 65 81 West Point 9f> 44 New Bedford 82 From these units were formed the Fifth and Sixth Regiments; the Fifth Regiment, as follows : Colonel Charles P. Summers, commanding : Unit No. 9, Alton, became Company C, Fifth Regiment Unit No. 51, Springfield, became Company D, Fifth Regiment Unit No. 20, Carbondale, became Company E, Fifth Regiment Unit No 19, Gibson City, became Company F, Fifth Regiment Unit No. 2, Decatur, became Company G, Fifth Regiment Unit No. 7, Milford, became Company M, Fifth Regiment Unit No. 42, Morris, became Company A, Fifth Regiment Unit No. 3, Wheaton, became Company B, Fifth Regiment Unit No. 14, Sterling, became Company L, Fifth Regiment Unit No. 6, Elgin, became Company I, Fifth Regiment Unit No. 15, Naperville, became Company L, Fifth Regiment Unit No. 17, Yorkville, became Company K, Fifth Regiment The Sixth Regiment as follows : Colonel Frank Bacon, commanding: Unit No. SO, Lincohi, became Company A, Sixth Regiment Unit No. 26, Libertyville, became Company B, Sixth Regiment Unit No. 29, Jacksonville, became Company C, Sixth Regiment Unit No. n. Sycamore, became Company IX Sixth Regiment Unit No. 16, Moline, became Company E, Sixth Regiment Unit No. 30, Dixon, became Company F, Sixth Regiment Unit No. 391, Glen Ellyn, became Company G, Sixth Regiment Unit No. 45, Lexington, became Company H, Sixth Regiment Unit No. 47, Geneva, became Company I, Sixth Regiment Unit No. 67, Aurora, became Company K, Sixth Regiment Unit No. 40, Kewanee, became Company L, Sixth Regiment Units of the Volunteer Training Corps not incorporated in the Fifth and Sixth Regiments volunteered for service in the so-called depot organization of the Reserve Militia and are as follows, on June 20, 1918 : Unit No. 1, Springfield Unit No. 59, Meredosia Unit No. 8, Golden Unit No, 60, Emden Unit No. 22, Lawrenceville Unit No. 61, Chestnut Unit No. 23, Quincy Unit No. 68, Green Valley Unit No. 25, Mendon Unit No. 69, Metropolis Unit No. 31, Verona Unit No. 75, St. Charles Unit No. 32, Carthage Unit No. 76, Joliet Unit No. 33, Hamilton Unit No. 24, LaHarpe Unit No 35, Basco Unit No. 8, Rushville Unit No. 36, Clayton Unit No. 25, Versailles Unit No. 38, Augiista Unit No. 37, Warsaw Unit No. 39, Mt. Sterling Unit No. 34, Plymouth Unit No. 46. Gardner Unit No. 78, Paxton Unit No. 49, Joliet Unit No. 79, New Canton Unit No. 54, Minooka Unit No. 89, Loraine Unit No. 56, Barry Unit No. 81, West Point Unit No. 58, Perry STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 229 From this depot organization will be, by the Adjutant General, organized the Seventh Regiment, Illinois Reserve Militia, and replacement of any companies necessary in existing organizations and from the remainder of the units in the depot organization of both Illinois outside of Cook County and Cook County will be formed as required and as equipment is furnished companies, battalions and regiments at the discretion of the Adjutant General. Units that have not volunteered and have not been mustered into either the Reserve Militia or the depot organization of the Reserve Militia, which will be car- ried as units of the Volunteer Training Corps, so long as they conform to the regulations and keep up their esprit de corps and make their monthly reports, are as follows : Unit No. 27, Walnut Unit No. 28, Wauconda Unit No. 41, Coal Citv Unit No. 43, Bellflower Unit No. 53, Pekin Unit No. 62, Mazon Unit No. 63, Middletown Unit No. 64, Kankakee Unit No. 65, Kankakee Unit No. 66, Kankakee Unit No. 70, Union Unit No. 71, Hartsburg Unit No. 72, Mt. Pulaski Unit No. Ti, Atlanta Unit No. 74, Season Unit No. 48, Batavia The following units have failed to keep up their organization and have been ordered disbanded : Unit No. 22, Johnston City Unit No. 24, Camp Point Unit No. 34, Hamilton Unit No. 16, Sheldon Unit No. 21, Alton (Colored) Unit No. 23, Sterling- Unit No. 37, Clayton Unit No. 48, New Holland Unit No. 55, St. Joseph Unit No. 10, E. St. Louis LTnit No. 11, E. St. Louis Unit No. 12, E. St. Louis Unit No. 4, Taylorville The Fifth and Sixth regiments are now brigaded under the command of Brigadier General Frank P. Wells. As soon as the Seventh regiment is com- pleted it will be attached to his brigade. Unit No. 18, Cairo, which was originally in the Fifth regiment was at its own request transferred to the Ninth Guard regiment. Unit No. 51, Springfield, was submitted in the Fifth regiment for the Cairo unit. Unit No. 5, Lincoln, was also originally placed in the Fifth regiment, and transferred to the Tenth Guarcf regiment. Unit No. 42, Morris, was substituted in the Fifth regiment for the Lincoln unit. Unit No. 78, Paxton, originally offered for the depot brigade is now assigned to the Tenth Guard regiment. The following towns originally made queries anent the formation of units of the Council of Defense Volunteer Training Corps but nothing further was heard from them after they were advised of what was necessary to fulfill the regulations and requirements for the formation of units : Geneseo La Salle McLeansboro Plainville Centralia Gossett West Frankfort Litchfield Belleville Ashmore Belleville Wapella Wayne City Princeton Blue Island Marissa Benton Cary Oblong Rock Island Mt. Morris Austin Rock Falls Cambridge LaSalle Eldorado Harrisburg Galesburg Geneseo Ava Olney Greenville Chicago Kaneville Bloomington Litchfield Peoria Saybrook West Chicago Granite City Newton (1250 Emmerson Av.)Fithian Paris Sullivan Peoria Gillespie Carlinville Prairie du Rocher Staunton Enfield Effingham Belvidere Woodstock West Chicago Ottawa Huntley Bloomington Newton Armstrong Vermont Mason City Princeton Neoga Ottawa Kell Pawnee McLeansboro Springfield R. F. D. No. ! Ashley Ridgway (2006 E. Edwards St.)Cropsey Jerseyville Rock Island Alsey Mt. Morris Murphysboro Waukegan Cambridge Newton Princeton Rock Island Marengo Pana Mackinaw Sparta Mounds Mound City Dblong Easton San Jose Granite City Bufifalo Sesser DuOuoin Stanford Morton Division No. 2 — Chicago and Cook County. Through the public-spirited and patriotic action of Messrs. Angus S. Hib- bard, Edgar A. Bancroft, John T. Stockton, Harry H. Merrick, D. F. Kelly, C. A. 230 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Pense, and Hopewell L. Rogers of Chicago in coming to Springfield for a con- ference with Governor Lowden and Lieutenant-Governor Oglesby, at which conference the gentlemen offered unreservedly any assistance to the State Council that lay within their power, the Military Committee of the State Council of Defense formed the Cook County Auxiliary Committee on Military Affairs to operate as the immediate representatives of the Military Committee of the State Council of Defense in entire control and jurisdiction of the formation and super- vision of all units of the Council of Defense Training Corps in Chicago and Cook County under the general supervision of the Military Committee of the State Council of Defense. These gentlemen organized with General Edward C. Young as Chairman ; Angus S. Hibbard as Vice-Chairman ; John T. Stockton as Secretary and Harry H. Merrick as Treasurer. At once was begun, under the immediate supervision of General Young, the organization of the First, Second, Third and Fourth Re- serve Militia regiments, composed of units of the Volunteer Training Corps in Chicago and Cook County. Due to the untiring labors of these gentlemen, and especially of General Young, these regiments were in a very short while com- pletely uniformed, organized and mustered into the service of the state. Upon the formation of these regiments the Adjutant General ordered them brigaded and offered at the direction of the Governor of Illinois the appointment of Brigadier General commanding, the First, Second, Third and Fourth regi- ments, to former Major General Edward C. Young. General Young accepted with the understanding that because of his departure from the state for final' residence in New York that he could command this brigade only a very short time. Upon his departure for his permanent residence in New York, Governor Lowden appointed as his successor the senior Colonel in command of the Reserve Militia in Cook County, Colonel Leroy T. Steward. General Steward has com- pleted the efficient work of General Young and the brigade of the Reserve Militia in Cook county is now in splendid condition, being fully armed and uniformed and ready for any emergency. In addition to this brigade General Steward has organized a volunteer motor transport division attached to the brigade. The vacancy in the chairmanship of the Cook County Auxiliary Committee of Military Affairs caused by the removal of General Young from the state was filled by the appointment of the Vice-Chairman, Angus S. Hibbard. The va- cancy in the Vice-chairmanship caused by the advancement of Mr Hibbard was filled by Hon. Edgar A. Bancroft. Under Mr. Hibbard's supervision the work begun by General Young was and has been fully and satisfactorily carried out up until June 5, 1918. On June 5th, Mr. Hibbard received orders to report for Red Cross service in France and left immediately for New York and in his ab- sence the Hon. Edgar A. Bancroft, Vice-chairman, has entered upon and will perform the duties of chairman during Mr. Hibbard's absence. At the head- quarters of the Chicago Military Committee Major Lathrop Collins and Captain John T. Stockton have, under the supervision of the Chicago Military Committee been most faithful and assiduous in the carrying out of the organization, super- vision and inspection of the units of the Volunteer Training Corps in Cook county. Units of the Volunteer Training Corps not incorporated in the First, Sec- ond, Third and Fourth regiments, volunteered for service in the so-called depot organization of the Reserve Militia and are as follows : Depot Organization Unit No. Location Men 331 Sherman Park, 52nd and Racine _ IZ 338 Mark White Square, 29th and Halsted 68 364 Young Men's Club, Lake Forest 82 372 Le Moyne School, Waveland and Rokeby 78 Z12> 7th Regiment Armory, 3401 Wentworth 78 374 Parker High School, 6800 Stewart Avenue 83 376 Madison and Desplaines (Forest Park) \2> 378 Norwood Park School, Norwood Park , 83 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 231 Unit No. Location Men 380 1333 Argyle St., Essany Studio 7Z 382 Pulaski Park, Noble and Blackhawk 83 383 Pulaski Park, Noble and Blackhawk 83 384 Pulaski Park, Noble and Blackhawk 83 385 Pulaski Park, Noble and Blackhawk 83 386 Clarke School, 13th and Ashland 83 387 Evangelical Theological College, Elmhurst 83 388 Parker High School, 6800 Stewart Ave 93 389 6919 Stony Island Ave 68 390 Catlow's Hall, Barrington 93 392 Byford School, 5600 Iowa St ^ 68 393 Portage Park School, 54th and Berteau 83 394 Carl Schurz High School, Milwaukee and Addison 98 396 Oakland School, 40th and Cottage Grove 88 397 Swift School, 5900 Winthrop 63 398 Oakland School, 40th and Cottage Grove 103 399 Wm. Penn Nixon School, 2121 N. Keeler 78 401 175 W. Jackson Blvd 123 402 J. S. Morton High School, Cicero 78 403 2457 Michigan Ave 73 405 Stock Yards (Swift & Co) 88 406 Village Hall, Arlington Heights 68 407 Thornton High School, Harvey, 111 83 417 Robert Morris ScJiool, Barry and Wilton 73 410 Bartlett Gymnasium, Chicago University 78 415 South Shore Country Club 93 408 Battery "B" Armory, 2316 Lincoln Avenue 125 412 Ogden School, Chestnut and State 93 423 John Marshall High School, 3250 West Adams 83 411 Municipal Pier (south side street car level) 78 419 Insurance Exchange 83 413 Hyde Park H. S 78 Ambulance Co., Municipal Pier .•. 58 Units which have not volunteered for the Depot organization but which are still known as Volunteer Training Corps Units are : Unit No. Location Unit No. Location 337 McKinlev High School 421 6734 Wentworth Ave. 341 Delano School, 3937 Wilcox 420 Armory on County St^ Waukegan 370 Main Township High School X Morton High School, Cicero 371 Hull House, 800 S. Halsted St. 424 Waters School, 2519 Wilson Avenue 377 City Hall, Park Ridge 425 Columbus School, Augusta & Leavitt 379 6660 Edison Park Ave. X Hibbard School (Ainslee & Sjpaulding) 381 4035 Milwaukee Ave. X Burke School, 54th & South Park 395 Chopin School, Campbell and Iowa 418 Lake View High School 400 New Trier High School 409 Western Springs. 111. 404 42nd and Halsted (Wilson & Co.) 414 Armour & Co., Stock Yards X Medical Unit 414 Armory on County St., Waukegan X Brentano School X Carl Schurz High School X McPherson School, Lawrence & Lincoln Band Berwyn X Christopher Playground, 22nd & Robey 422 McClellan School 416 Harrison High School, 24th & Marshall X John Marshall High School X 175 W. Jackson (Palos Park, Oak Lawn) The following units have failed to keep up their organization and have been ordered disbanded upon the recommendation of the Military Affairs Com- mittee of Chicago : Unit No. 339, Consumers Bldg., Chicago; Deemer and Novak. Units No. 345 to No. 356, colored companies, with exception of four units for Illinois Reserve Militia Battalion. Unit No. 342, Swift School, consolidated with D Company, Fourth Regiment, Illinois Reserve Militia. Unit which had not been accepted, drilling at Rand-McNally Court. Unit which had not been accepted, drilling at Masonic Temple. 232 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE RECAPITULATION Units Men Total number of units and men organized up to date in the Volunteer Training Corps, including Divisions One and Two 223 16,057 1 Medical unit; 9 infantry units; 2 disbanded 12 400 235 16,457 Present Disposition of Above Total number of units and men transferred to the Reserve Militia 80 5,804 Total number of units and men transferred to the Depot organization 11 4,929 Total number of units and men transferred to the Guard Regiments 2 186 Total number of units and men remaining in the Volunteer Training Corps 40 3,439 Total number of units and men ordered disbanded 23 1,634 Total number of units and men not recognized 13 465 The State of Illinois has been very fortunate, indeed, in obtaining from the federal government arms and ammunition together with certain parts of equipment available for the use of the Reserve Militia. The government has allotted up to the present date to the State of Illinois 5,800 Krag rifles, Model 1898, and 3.000 Russian rifles, or a total of 8,800 arms. In addition to this they furnished the state with a commensurate number of rounds for each rifle, con- sequently, all units of the Volunteer Training Corps that have been mustered' into the state service in the Reserve Militia, comprising the First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth and Sixth Regiments, are fully armed and uniformed. The state still has on hand enough rifles to arm the Seventh Regiment when it is completely organized. So soon as the exigencies confronting the federal government will perrnit further allocation of rifles will be made to the state of Illinois for use of the Reserve Militia and until this time units in the Reserve Militia which are unarmed will be designated as the Depot organization of the Reserve Militia. These units will be uniformed and trained and will be ready for immediate armed service so soon as rifles can be obtained. Every unit of the Council of Defense is given the opportunity to volunteer for service in the Reserve Militia or in the Depot organization of the Reserve Militia. How TO Form Reserve Regiment Procedure for the formation of a Reserve Alilitia regiment is as follows: When the Governor by proclamation called for the formation of the Reserve Militia setting forth the number needed, the State Council of Defense tendered to the Adjutant General such units of the Council of Defense Volunteer Training Corps as had complied with the regula- tions of the Military Committee of the State Council of Defense and had volunteered for service in the Reserve Militia. So far all requirements of the state for the formation of the Reserve Militia have been filled from the ranks of the Volunteer Training Corps. Service in the Volunteer Training Corps is entirely voluntary. Each captain of each unit is responsible for the discipline, conduct and effi- ciency of his unit. His only resource for obedience to order and dis- cipline is moral suasion as in the Volunteer Training Corps no oath of service to the state is taken. Service in the Reserve Militia carries an oath for a two-year enlist- ment, provided by law, and the law also provides that the Adjutant General shall issue from time to time such orders for the conduct of the Reserve Militia as may be deemed necessary. The Adjutant General has made applicable to the Reserve Militia the military code of the State of Illinois, consequently, obedience to order and discipline is pro- vided for by law and is not voluntary. Opportunity is given to every unit organized in the Council of Defense Volunteer Training Corps to volunteer for and be taken into the Reserve Militia. Your Military Committee, after a year's experience, has come to the con- clusion that the best service to the state can be rendered by Volunteer Training Corps units enlisting in and becoming a part of the Reserve Militia. In other words, that armed and uniformed forces of the state give better results when provision for their formation and conduct is provided for under the law of the state rather than upon the basis of voluntary service. This being so and the forces of the state now organized, armed and equipped being sufficient for any STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 233 emergency in the usual course of events within the confines of the state, the State Council of Defense directed that the further creation of units of the Vol- unteer Training Corps be for the time being held in abeyance. In conformity with these directions no further units have been recognized in the State Council of Defense Volunteer Training Corps. Since this action by your Military Com- mittee the following towns have asked for recognition for the formation of units : Hopedale Christopher Jewett Murphysboro Marion Brighton Marissa DeKalb Syanet Farmer City Assumption Peoria Lockport Buda Saybrook Charleston Champaign Chicago (711 E. 37th St.) Mattoon Galtaia Staunton Ullin Eureka Sullivan Chatsworth Collinsville Mansfield Hinckley Benld Watseka Kansas Terre Haute Carman Cuba Roodhouse McClure Niota Albion Leland Virginia Blufifs Carlyle White Hall Maroa Elmwood Dallas City Paris Gridley Assumption E. St. Louis Tallula Genoa Carrier Mills Geneseo Washburn Momence Lake Fork Saybrook El Paso Pleasant Hill Carterville Chandlerville Centralia Farmington Flat Rock Greenup Ottawa Manhattan Camp Point Streator Greenup Robinson These requests for the time being are held by the Military Committee for future decision. Great Aid to Drafted Men Your Military Committee finds that one of the most conspicuous and effi- cacious results of the State Council of Defense Volunteer Training Corps has been the military schools of instructions for soldiers of draft age which have been established. This plan, inaugurated by your Military Committee pro- vides that any man of draft age and in the draft may obtain upon certain evenings in a week, School of Instruction of the Soldier, from the unit of the Volunteer Training Corps or company of the Reserve Militia in the locality nearest of convenience to the man desiring such instruction. The results of this training have been splendid as many men who have passed through this training given under the supervision of the Military Committee of the State Council of Defense have, shortly after their arrival in cantonments and camps been advanced to the grades of non-commissioned officers in the National Army In this connection the Chairman of the Military Committee wrote to Major Gen. Leonard Wood setting forth this plan of instruction for the draft soldier and 1 set forth below Gen. Woods' reply: HEADQUARTERS EIGHTY-NINTH DIVISION Camp Funston, Kansas T, „ April 15, 1918. Dear Governor: Yours of the 13th received. I believe thoroughly in the advanced training of the men who are to come to us in the next draft. Everything helps. The better trained they are when we get them, the more quickly we can put them in shape for service. I am particularly glad that you are building up so actively the Reserve Militia and the Volunteer Training Corps. With kindest regards I am. sincerely yours, Tj T ^ ^ (Signed) Leonard Wood. Hon. John G. Oglesby, Major General U S A Lieutenant-Governor, State of Illinois, Springfield, Illinois. 234 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Your Military Committee further finds that the existence of urn s scattered throughout the ^State tends to create a very deep sentiment of loyalty and n/trivftisr^ and the example of these men volunteering for an unselfish and Enremun^ratlve duty for the service of their state and country inspires great local pride and feeling. , , ,, r , r- v* ., -kva; All of which is respectfully submitted on behalf of the Committee on Mili- tary Affairs, State Council of Defense. ^^^^ ^ ^^^^^^^^ Chairman. Frank Billings. David E. Shanahan. MILITARY COMMITTEE'S SUPPLEMENTAL AND FINAL REPORT JUNE 20, 1918, TO DECEMBER 31, 1918 January 31, 1919. To the State Council of Defense: In conformity with your directions that a final report of the Mih ary Com- mittee of the State Council of Defense be filed with you, I herewith present "o you the complete and final report of the Military Committee of the State Council of Defense. ,• . .r, . This report is to be considered in the manner of an appendix to the report of the Military Committee made to you of date of June 10, 1J1«. Following the outline of the report of June 20, 1918, the state outside of Cook couTty^s known as Division No. 1 and Cook county and Chicago is known as Division No. 2. DIVISION no. 1 The following towns on the dates shown made request for recognition as units of the Volunteer Training Corps and were so recognized : Town St. Anne Momence Assumption Keyesport Geneseo Saybrook Feoria Peoria Peoria Peoria Anchor Cuba Franklin Grove DeKalb Hinckley Unit Number 84 8S 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 Number of Men 66 70 65 100 65 61 65 65 65 65 65 67 65 90 65 Date Recognized July 29, 1918 August 8, 1918 August 14, 1918 August 19, 1918 August 19, 1918 August 23, 1918 August 23, 1918 August 23, 1918 August 23, 1918 August 23, 1918 September 3. 1918 September 3, 1918 September 17, 1918 October 1. 1918 January 2, 1919 The following units having complied with the requirements of the Volunteer Training Corps and signifying their desire to volunteer for service in the Reserve Militia were tendered to the Adjutant General for such Reserve and by him accepted: .r, . ^r- -nr Unit No 90 . Peoria 65 Men Unit No. 92 Peoria 65 Men Unit No." 91.:. Peoria 65 Men Unit No. 93 Peoria 65 Men The following units having complied with the requirements of the Volun- teer Training Corps and signifying their desire to volunteer for service in the Depot Organization of the Reserve Militia were tendered to the Adjutant General for such Depot Organization and by him accepted: Unit No 84 St. Anne 66 Men Unit No. 94 Anchor 65 Men Un No! 85 Momence 70 Men Unit No. 95 Cuba 67 Men Unit No. 86 Assumption..65 Men Unit No. 97 DeKalb .90 Men Unit No. 89 Saybrook 61 Men Unit No. 98 Hinckley 65 Men On December eleventh all units of the Volunteer Training Corps were noti- fied that the Council of Defense was closing up its affairs and that consequently the Military Committee would have to reach some determination upon the future STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 235 disposition of units of the Volunteer Training Corps who were not in the service of the State in the Reserve Militia and the following letter was sent to the commanders of such units of the Volunteer Training Corps : "My Dear Captain: "The Act creating the State Council of Defense provides that the Council shall exist only for the duration of the war. Consequentlj% when peace is finally declared by proclamation of the President the State Council of Defense automatically ceases its work and passes out of existence. "Volunteer Training Corps units will, therefore, likewise pass out of existence with the cessation of the State Council of Defense. "The Reserve Militia of the State of Illinois being organized under statute passed by the Legislature will continue its organization and will be the lawful military force of the State. Volunteer Training Corps units that have not already availed themselves of the opportunity given them to be mustered into the Depot Organization of the Reserve Militia may now apply for such muster, in order that the State may perma- nently profit by the patriotic spirit and military training given and received by the officers and men of the Volunteer Training Corps, and that the latter may receive a well deserved recognition. This is the last opportunity. Units that do not volunteer for service in the Depot Organ- ization of the Reserve Militia will be mustered out of the service of the State Council of Defense not later than December 31, 1918, since with the non-existence of the State Council of Defense there is no authority for the continuation of these units. This means that the Volunteer Training Corps units will cease to exist and their members will not be authorized thereafter to maintain their organization, wear uniforms or drill with arms. Will you be good enough to advise me at once the decision of your unit — whether it desires to be mustered into the Depot Organization of the Reserve Militia, full information concerning which has been sent you before, or prefers to Pe mustered out of the service of the State Council of Defense? "As Chairman of the Committee on Military Affairs, State and Local Defense, I take this opportunity on behalf of the State Council of Defense to express grateful appreciation by the Council and citizens of the patriotic service that has been rendered by your unit — a service scarcely less necessary than that given by our gallant men abroad. "Sincerely yours, "John G. Oglesby, Chairman. To the Commanding Officers of the Units of the State Council of Defense Volunteer Training Corps." On December thirty-first, the date determined for the dissolution of the units of the Volunteer Training Corps, the following order of discharge was sent to the commander of each unit signifying its decision not to volunteer for service in the Reserve Militia Depot Organization : "Dear Sir: "Acknowledging your letter of "This is your authority to muster out of the service of the State Council of Defense immediately Unit No , Volunteer Train- ing Corps, and from this date your unit ceases to have any official stand- ing with the consequent cessation of drills, wearing of uniforms, etc. "As Chairman of the Military Committee, may I express to you and through you to the members of your unit the appreciation of the State Council of Defense for the public-spirited and patriotic services shown by you men in the past emergency. "Sincerely yours, "John G. Oglesby, Chairman. Captain Unit No Illinois" 236 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE The following units, recognized since June 20, 1918, received such order of discharge : Unit No. 87.-.Keyesport 100 Men Unit No. 96.. ..Franklin Grove.... 65 Men Unit No. 88....Geneseo 65 Men The units listed below^ were recognized previous to June 20th report as Volunteer Training Corps units and have since been mustered into the service of the State as follows : Unit No. 66, Kankakee Reserve Militia Unit No. 65, Kankakee Reserve Militia Unit No. 48, Batavia Depot Organization, R. M. Unit No. 27, Walnut " " " " Unit No. 72, Mt. Pulaski " ]| " ]| Unit No. 46, Gardner Unit No. 8, Rushville " " " " The following units recognized prior to June 20, 1918, received such order of discharge : Unit No. 28..-Wauconda 100 Men Unit No. 62....Mazon 82 Men Unit No. 31....Verona 103 Men Unit No. 63....Middletown .. 65 Men Unit No. 40....Kewanee 78 Men Unit No. 70....Union 65 Men Unit No. 41. ...Coal City 103 Men Unit No. 71.-Hartsburg 65 Men Unit No. 43....Bellflower 65 Men Unit No. 73....Atlanta 65 Men Unit No. 53....Pekin 113 Men Unit No. 74....Beason _... 65 Men DIVISION NO. 2 I attach verbatim report of the Cook County Military Affairs Committee to the Chairman of the Military Affairs Committee of the State Council of Defense, which sets forth sententiously the operations of this division. To this the following information is added: First — The amount of funds transferred by the Military Affairs Commit- tee of Cook County to Brigadier General Leroy T. Steward, commanding the First Brigade of the Illinois Reserve Militia, is $1,742.48. Second — Unit No. 430 is the only new unit recognized since June 20th report. This unit is composed of 70 men. Third — The following numbered units, recognized before June 20th were since mustered into the Illinois Reserve Militia Depot Organization: Unit No. 394 95 Men Unit No. 378 80 Men Unit No. 393 80 Men Unit No. 397 60 Men Unit No. 399 75 Men Unit No. 408 127 Men Unit No. 387 80 Men Unit No. 420 100 Men Ambulance Unit 70 Men Unit No. 417 70 Men Unit No. 418 80 Men Unit No. 402 75 Men Unit No. 427 70 Men Unit No. 389 65 Men Unit No. Unit No. Unit No. Unit No. Unit No. Unit No. Unit No. Unit No. Unit No. Unit No. Unit No. Unit No. Unit No. Unit No. Unit No. 410 75 Men Unit No. 413 70 Men Unit No. 390 90 Men Unit No. 372 75 Men Unit No. 411 75 Men Unit No. 373 75 Men Unit No. 407 80 Men Unit No. 405 85 Men Unit No. 415 75 Men Unit No. 388 90 Men Unit No. 419 80 Men Unit No. 398 100 Men Unit No. 423 80 Men Unit No. 396 85 Men Unit No. 401 120 Men Under the order of December eleventh, previously referred to, the units listed below volunteered for service in the Depot Organization of the Reserve Militia : Unit No. 331 70 Men Unit No. 374 80 Men Unit No. 338 65 Men Unit No. 380 70 Men Unit No. 337 75 Men Unit No. 382 80 Men Unit No. 341 85 Men Unit No. 383 80 Men (Unit No. 416 merged with this unit) Unit No. 384 80 Mert Unit No. 371 65 Men Unit No. 385 80 Men STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 237 Unit No. 395 60 Men Unit No. 421 80 Men Unit No. 404 85 Men Unit No. 429 65 Men Unit No. 412 90 Men Band "B," Berwyn Unit No. 416 70 Men Medical Unit (Merged with No. 341) The following numbered units did not volunteer for service in the Depot Organization of the Reserve Militia and were consequently directed discharged on December 31, 1918, in the same manner as were the units of Division No. 1. All of these units were recognized prior to June 20, 1918, with the exception of Unit No. 430: Unit No. 370 75 Men Unit No. 406 65 Men Unit No. 376 53 Men Unit No. 409 75 Men Unit No. ill 70 Men Unit No. 414 80 Men Unit No. 379 80 Men Unit No. 422 65 Men Unit No. 381 75 Men Unit No. 425 65 Men Unit No. 386 80 Men Unit No. 426 70 Men Unit No. 392 65 Men Unit No. 424 75 Men Unit No. 400 65 Men Unit No. 430 70 Men Unit No. 403 70 Men Unit No. 428 70 Men RECAPITULATION OF UNITS RECOGNIZED SINCE JUNE 20, 1918. Total number of units recognized in Divisions No. 1 and No. 2, since June 20, 1918 16 DISPOSITION OF UNITS Total number of units in Reserve Militia 4 260 Men Total number of units in Reserve Militia Depot Organ 8 549 Men Total number of units disbanded 4 300 Men Total 16 1,109 Men GRAND RECAPITULATION Total number of units and total number of men accounted for in Report of Units Men June 20, 1918 235 16,457 Total number of new units accounted for in present report 16 1,109 Units accounted for and unnumbered in present report 8 Grand Total 259 17,566 A discrepancy of 16 units exists between present report and report of June 20, but is accounted for because the report of June 20 by the Chicago Military Committee accounts for 16 units which had not been numbered and recognized 16 Grand Net Total 243 17,566 DISPOSITION OF GRAND NET TOTAL Units Men In National Guard „ 2 1 86 In Reserve Militia 90 6,996 In Reserve Militia Depot Organization 92 5,151 Disbanded 44 3,202 Merged with other companies 3 365 Recognition Revoked 4 366 Supply Companies in Reserve Militia, (Unnumbered) 2 150 Transport Companies, (Unnumbered and Disbanded) 4 1,000 Band — (Unnumbered and Volunteering for service in Reserve Militia Depot Organization) 1 SO Medical Unit — -(Unnumbered and volunteering for service in Reserve Militia Depot Organization) 1 100 Total 243 17.566 Committee's Affairs Wound Up The records of the Military Affairs Committee of Cook County have been delivered to Mr. George F. Mitchell, Assistant Secretary of the State Counci> of Defense and the active work of the Military Afifairs Committee of Cook County is now completed. However, the Chairman of the Committee on Mili- tary Affairs of the State Council of Defense requested that the members of the Military Affairs Committee of Cook County should continue their organiza- tion in existence so long as the State Council of Defense is extant and witlf 238 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE the usual public-spiritedness and obligingness of the membership of this Com- mitteethev agreed to this suggestion and consequently will retam their status Sir the Statf Couidl of Defense, by law, passes out of existence, when this committee will automatically be dissolved. At this time I, as Chairman of the Committee on Military Af?airs, State and Local Defense of he State Council of Defense, desire to express to the member, of the Mlitary Affairs Committee of Cook County Messrs. Angus S.Hibbard, EdsTr A Bancroft, John T. Stockton, Harry H. Merrick, D. F. Kelly, C A^ PeSe Hopewell Rogers and David E. Shanahan, the gratitude o the State Council of Sense fir the invaluable assistance that they have at all imes ren- dered I am putting it not extravagantly when I say that the successful results accomplished in Chicago and Cook County military affairs were primarily dependent upon the labors of this Committee and I wish to express grateful appreciation for their patriotic service-a service scarcely less necessary than St given by the men actually under arms in the service of our country. A report by the Cook County Military Affairs Committee is appended. As a slight recognition of the services of this committee, I suggested to Governor Lowden that the committee be commissioned as Lieutenant Colonels in the Reserve Militia of the State of Illinois.. Governor Lowden endiusmsically concurred in this recommendation and Special Order No 216 of the Adjutant General's Department was issued, commissioning as Lieutenant Colonel in the Reserve Militia of the State of Illinois, Messrs. Angus S. Hibbard, Edgar A. Bancroft, John T. Stockton, Harry H. Merrick, D. F. Kelly, C. A. Pense, Hope- well Rocers and David E. Shanahan. All of which is respectfully submitted on behalf of the Military Committee of the State Council of Defense. John G. Oglesby, Chairman. Frank Billings. David E. Shanahan. Report of the Auxiliary Committee on Military Affairs For Cook County January 24, 1919. To the Chairman Military Affairs Committee, State Council of Defense: The Military Affairs Committee of Cook County begs to submit the follow- ing report, concluding its activities as of December 31, 1918: The transfer of the Illinois National Guard early in 1917 to the Government service and their removal from the State to training camps in various parts ot the country in preparation for activities in the war with the Central Powers, removed from the State of Illinois all military forces under jurisdiction of the State In view of this condition, and realizing the necessity of adequate military organization to replace the forces so removed, Messrs. Edgar A. Bancroft, Johri T Stockton Harry H. Merrick and Angus S. Hibbard, by appointment, called upon Governor Frank O. Lowden at Springfield in July, 1917, to offer their serv- ices in developing in and around Cook County, Illinois, such military forces as might be required. At this meeting, you as Chairman of the Military Affairs Committee of the State Council of Defense, presented the plan which had been approved by the Council, providing for the organization of the Illinois Volunteer Training Corps to act under authority of the State by organized units and with officers commissioned by the State Council of Defense to be organ- ized in such localities in the State as might be determined upon. It was then decided by Governor Lowden and by you to nominate a Military Affairs Committee of Cook County to act as subsidiary of the Military Affairs Committee of the State Council of Defense and to take in hand the organization and development of the forces of the Illinois Volunteer Training Corps on the plan proposed. • j u Upon your recommendation the following committee was duly appointed by the State Council of Defense : General Edward C. Young, Chairman. Edgar A. Bancroft. Angus S. Hibbard, Vice Chairman. C. A. Pense. John T. Stockton, Secretary. Hopewell L. Rogers. Harry H. Merrick, Treasurer. D. F. Kelly. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 239 Offices were establislied in the building of the State Council of Defense, 120 West Adams Street, Chicago. The first meeting of the committee was held in Chicago, July 31, 1917, at which the purpose of the organization of the proposed military units was declared to be : 1. To train men for the National Guard; 2. To provide opportunity for men not in either of these organizations to serve their country; 3. To assist the Government in emergencies at home when called by the State for duty ; 4. To take the place of the National Guard which had been called to the front. Generous publicity was given the plan by the press and the response from men of the required qualifications was immediate. Within four months 130 units of the Illinois Volunteer Training Corps were formed, 578 officers received com- missions and the required routine of drill and training was established. Avail- able quarters in armories, public school gymnasiums and similar quarters in and around Cook Count}'- were placed at the disposal of the committee and the public generously responded to the request for financial support necessary to carry on the work and, where required, to obtain uniforms and other equipment, a total of $38,648.98 being received and distributed by this committee for these purposes. Some Striking Results The patriotic enthusiasm aroused in many localities in which forces of the Illinois Volunteer Training Corps were assembled for drill quickly developed* them into centers for patriotic meetings and rallies, which have continued to this date, and to them in no small measure must be given credit for valuable re- sults accomplished in preliminary drilling, encouragement of drafted men, assist- ance in various Liberty Loan and other war measure drives, and in the spread of propaganda for support of the Government and of the State and in all endeavors throughout the war. Many men from these forces when transferred to training camps obtained speedy promotions into positions as subalterns or officers in the forces of the United States Government and have given a good account of them- selves in these services. An example of this was found in Unit No. 305, Evanston, Illinois, whose complement of 75 men has been maintained and through which 148 men — of whom four were captains and 23 lieutenants— were passed on into the Government service. This unit, later Company E, First Infantry, Illinois Reserve Militia, Captain J. W. Macy, also drilled 500 drafted men. Also, Unit No. 410, later Depot Company No. 13, Illinois Reserve Militia, Captain George O. Fairweather, drilling at the Bartlett Gymnasium, University of Chicago, having a complement of 82 men and three officers, graduated Zl men, including one ensign, two captains and two lieutenants, drilling 150 drafted men ; and Unit No. 424, Captain Amos W. Marston, drilling at the Waters School, Wilson and Campbell Avenues, graduated 116 men into the Federal service — of whom five are commissioned officers — and drilled 2,410 drafted men. Officers of the various Volunteer Training Corps units were assigned by Headquarters to the 89 dififerent Draft Boards in Cook County as military advisers, who, with assistance from their respective companies, fur- nished preliminary military instruction to the pre-inducted men. As a part of the development of the training corps, a medical unit was formed under the direction of Captain W. E. Boynton, consisting of twenty-six doctors, all of whom gave their services in the examination of recruits and enlisted forces and were ready for such calls for active service as might be received. A complete ambulance unit, consisting of twenty-six men and four officers, was organized under the direction of Captain W. E. Pierce. A regular Volunteer Training Corps Band was organized in Berwyn, Illinois, and did continuing service in parades, patriotic rallies and meetings, and similar functions. _ Four Motor Transport units were organized with a total of 1,000 men and divided into four groups, each being assigned to one of the regiments of the Illi- nois Reserve Militia. These men owned and operated private automobiles, were ready for muster, day or night, conducted continuous drill with and without 240 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE cars, and on a number of occasions transported entire regiments to various points in the county for drills, parades, or other service. The Volunteer Training Corps and regiments of the Reserve Militia recruited from it appeared on various occasions in public parades and exercises. The full strength of the entire organization was particularly shown on Memorial Day, May 30, 1918, when more than 10,000 men in the two organizations took part in the parade, reviewed by Major-General Thomas A. Barry, U. S. A.; Governor Frank O. Lowden, and members of the State Council of Defense. This is said to be the largest number of men of military units taking part in a parade in the State of Illi- nois up to this date, and did much to impress the community with the work accom- plished in providing for home defense. Men Enrolled in Cook County The complete enrollment in the Illinois Volunteer Training Corps units or- ganized by this committee comprised a total of 15,000 men, enrolled in 130 units, drilling a minimum of two hours per week, and ready for call upon order of the State Council of Defense, as required by the oath of enrollment, which was as follows : "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will true allegiance bear to the State of Illinois, and that I will uphold its Constitution and laws and will serve it faithfully; that I will obey orders of the Commander-in- Chief and of such officers as may be placed over me, and the laws, rules and regulations of the Reserve Militia, so help me God." On November 10, 1917, General Edward C. Young resigned as Chairman of the committee on account of his removal to New York City. On November 21, 1917, Angus S. Hibbard was appointed chairman ; Edgar A. Bancroft, vice-chair- man, and Colonel Leroy T. Steward, then senior colonel of the First Brigade, Illi- nois Reserve Militia, was appointed a member of the committee. On June 4, 1918, the chairman of the committee, Angus S. Hibbard, was granted six months' leave of absence for service in France with the American Red Cross, resuming his duties on December 9, 1918. Major Lathrop Collins was ap- pointed Director of Military Afifairs. Under Act of July 1, 1917, the Legislature of the State of Illinois authorized the formation of the Illinois Reserve Militia, to consist of such companies, bat- talions, regiments, brigades or other units of land forces as might be determine(f bv the Governor, with officers as appointed by him, and to be conducted under such rules and regulations as might be fixed and promulgated by the Adjutant General with the approval of the Governor, the period of enlistment being not longer than two years and the oath of service requiring obedience to the orders of the Commander-in-Chief, such organization to be without expense to the State of Illinois. In September, 1917, upon your instructions. General Young, chairman of this committee, reported to Governor Lowden and was requested to form four regi- ments of the Illinois Reserve Militia from the forces of the Illinois Volunteer Training Corps under his command. Accepting commission as Brigadier General, Illinois Reserve Militia, General Young proceeded to do this, and the First, Second, Third and Fourth Regiments were speedily formed under the following command : First Regiment — Colonel LeRoy T. Steward.* Second Regiment — Colonel J. C. Wilson. Third Regiment — Colonel Anson L. Bolte. Fourth Regiment — Colonel Edward H. Sweitzer. *On March 7, 1918, William Nelson Pelouze was made colonel of the First Regiment, vice Colonel LeRoy T. Steward, who was made Brigadier General in charge of the First Brigade. This greatly reduced the enrollment of the Illinois Volunteer Training Corps, but new units were organized and drilled and enrollment has continued until this date. Into the Reserve Militia In the summer of 1918 it was determined that all additional units of the Vol- unteer Training Corps should be requested to join the Reserve Militia as Depot Units. This has been brought about by the formation of a Depot Brigade enlisted STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 241 for continued training and reserve purposes, so that at the present time there re- main in the Volunteer Training Corps under jurisdiction of the committee thirty- three units, a Medical Company, four Motor Transport Trains, and a Band. All of these are now being transferred to the Reserve Militia as rapidly as possible. All that are not so enlisted will be mustered out of the service. This transfer or disbanding of the Illinois Volunteer Training Corps units completes the services of the Military Afifairs Committee of Cook County. Due accounting has been made to the State Council of Defense for all moneys raised on behalf of the various units. Twenty-one meetings have been held, generally attended by all members of the committee not absent from the city. Very much detail work has been taken care of by the volunteer services of the officers and members. The work of the committee has been greatly aided by the services of Major Lathrop Collins, Captain Walter T. Stockton, Major C. Colton Daughaday, Mr. E. C. Kimbell, Mrs. Theodore Nelson and others. The committee is under great obligation to Brigadier General LeRoj^ T. Steward for services as Military Officer and Advisor and as member of the committee succeeding General Young. About 200 rifles loaned to the committee are now, with the permission of the owners, being transferred to the Reserve Militia, or returned to the owners. With your approval, all funds in the hands of the committee, and not re- quired, are being transferred to General Steward for the benefit of the First Brigade. The committee awaits your instructions as to the date upon which its members may present their resignations and may disband. It has been a privilege to have been able to be of service to the State in carrying on this work and a pleasure to serve under your direction, representing the State Council of Defense. Angus S. Hibbard, Chairman. John T. Stockton, Secretary. APPENDIX XVIII COMMERCIAL ECONOMY ADMINISTRATION. December 24. 1918. To the State Council of Defense: This department was created by the State Council of Defense with the under- signed in charge, and started work on August 13th, 1918. The following were among the volunteer workers aiding in carrying on the activities of the office : Mr. Louis H. Hartman Mr. Arthur G. Norris Air. Charles Rubens Mr. John Hugh Lally Mr. Percy B. Davis Miss Gladys Stone Mr. James Flett It was ascertained that a number of matters had accumulated which had been received by the State Council of Defense prior to the creation of this administra- tion from various governmental departments in Washington. Therefore, it was necessary to take up these matters and put them into execution under the supervi- sion and upon request of the various governmental agencies. The matters referred to consisted principally of the delivery plan, which was being put into eflfect nationally by the Conservation Division of the War Indus- tries Board, and the various pronouncements and recommendations of the Council of National Defense, particularly with reference to Christmas shopping. There had also been an accumulation of construction propositions, and this office endeavored to curtail, restrict and limit construction projects, although no authority had been vested in it, and the eflfort was made altogether upon recom- mendations received from the Council of National Defense and the War Indus- tries Board. About a month after the office was organized the Non-War Construction Bu- reau was created for the purpose of controlling by license all building projects, and that branch of the work was then taken out of this office. The work of this office, therefore, was divided into three sections, as follows : (a) Curtailment and restriction of deliveries ; merchandise returns under supervision and jurisdiction of the United States War Industries Board. (b) Deliveries in lines and industries other than those covered by the United States War Industries Board plan, and initiated by this office. (c) Economies and business reforms emanating from this office. Upon request of the Fuel Administration, this office also handled all matters pertaining to conservation of fuel wdiere no enforcement order had been issued by the Fuel Administration. The cases handled consisted principally of bringing about reforms in the matter of closing hours. This was done by requesting local chairmen to ascertain the wishes of the majority in various towns and communi- ties as to closing hours, and thereafter petitions were circulated, and the closing hours desired by the majority were made unanimous and put into effect under the jurisdiction and supervision of this office. Local Organizations Created In organizing this administration, it was decided to decentralize the work, and, with this in view, a local chairman of the Commercial Economy Administra- tion was appointed in every city and town in the state of 2,000 population and over, whose duty it was to organize each town and to carry out instructions sent to each chairman from time to time by this office. The first duty required from each chairman was that he send us the names of every merchant in the town having delivery equipment. Immediately upon re- 242 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 243 ceipt of these lists, we sent out agreements whereby each merchant agreed to abide by the rules laid down by this office, and at the same time placards were sent on for distribution among the merchants who had signed up ; the signed agreements were then returned to this office and checked against the list of names on file. Records were kept showing the percentage of merchants who had signed up in each town and, where names were lacking, follow-up letters were sent on, with the result that, as per lists in the files, we have many towns in the 100 per cent class and many closely approaching that percentage. There is no doubt if the war had not come to a conclusion that the entire state very shortly would have been 100 per cent. Many towns were organized by these local chairmen with the result that there has been a decided improvement in working conditions, particularly through th^ adoption of earlier closing hours and Sunday closing. In Chicago, it was found necessary to organize by trades and, with this in mind, the grocers and butchers were organized by the appointment of a local chair- man in each of the thirty-five wards. Each local chairman in each ward had under him five sub-chairmen appointed by this administration ; we appointed five district chairmen, each having supervision over seven ward chairmen, and one general chairman, who reported constantly to this office. The five district chairmen, with the general chairmen, constituted the Executive Committee of the grocers and butchers, and this committee met in this office weekly for the purpose of making reports. The result of this organization was that the grocers and butchers in the city were thoroughly organized to carry out the one delivery per day plan, each dealer having signed an agreement which is in our files, and each having been pro- vided with placards from this office, and which were posted prominently in the various shops. The retail drygoods stores and similar merchants in the city outside the loop were organized by dividing the city into nine districts, with a district chairman in each, whose duty it was to secure the signatures of the merchants in their respec- tive districts to agreements and to distribute among these merchants, who had signed up, placards with reference to delivery and return of merchandise. Chicago Stores in Line Numerous meetings were held with the representatives of the large retail stores in the loop, and an organization was perfected with the undersigned as chairman. All stores signed agreements, which are in the files, whereby all the restrictions and limitations emanating from this office were complied with. All the stores displayed placards, issued by this office, in great profusion and all worked with this office in perfect harmony. The stores in the loop other than the large drygoods and department stores were organized with chairmen in charge of the following lines : Cloaks, Suits and Millinery. Gents' Furnishings. Jewelry, Sporting Goods and Leather Goods. Men's Hats and Furs. Furriers. Shoes. Furniture. Retail Clothiers. City Delivery Companies. Music Houses. The above were all organized, signed up agreements, which are in the files, and displayed large placards. In the matter of Christmas shopping, this office prepared bulletins of instruc- tions to the public, requesting co-operation. These bulletins were published in the newspaper advertisements of the various stores; were distributed in the monthly bills of the Commonwealth Edison Company and the Peoples Gas Company; were thrown upon the screens of moving picture houses, and were given publicity gener- ally in the newspapers in the city, as well as down-State through the activity of the publicity department of the State Council of Defense. It may be fitting at this 244 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE time to acknowledge the able assistance rendered by the State Council Publicity Department in bringing various reforms emanating from this office prominently before the public. In the matter of economies other than those above referred to, this office de- voted much effort to getting those engaged in various lines and industries together, and many reforms and economies were brought about ; many were about to be con- summated, when the sudden ending of the war resulted in the abandonment of this plan, principally for the reason that it removed the jurisdiction and supervision of this office, which appeared to be necessary in order to get these merchants to- gether. Many Miscellaneous Economies In addition to the activities above mentioned, among the various lines and in- dustries with which this office dealt, in many instances having succeeded in effecting agreements, were : Retail Clothiers — Alteration reforms. Retail Jewelers— Silver engraving reforms. Wholesale Paper — Delivery Reforms. Tea and Coffee Merchants — Delivery reforms. Soft Drink Bottlers — Delivery and other reforms. City Delivery Companies — Delivery reforms. Music Houses — Phonograph record selling reforms. Building Managers' Association — Building operation reforms. Laundry Owners — Delivery and operating reforms. Cleaners and Dyers — Delivery reforms and closing hours. Wholesale Fruit Jobbers — Delivery and return goods reforms. Wholesale Grocers and Food Producis -Delivery and return goods Wholesale Bakers — Delivery reforms. Milk Deliveries — Preliminary meetings to bring about more econom- ical milk distribution. While merchants generally were inclined to enter into plans for the adoption of reforms and economies, having as the principal purpose the releasing oi man- power, conservation of fuel, equipment and materials, yet it was necessary in each case to hold a number of meetings for the purpose of arriving at plans which would bring about the reforms, restrictions and curtailments to be carried out equitably and without prejudice to any individual or individuals. The sudden termination of hostilities interfered with the plan to obtain def- inite reports showing the conservation resulting, and particularly the man-power released through the above restrictions, but there is little doubt as to the release of many men and much equipment, as well as conservation of fuel, materials, money, etc. The files of this office are being turned over to the State Council, and it will be quite apparent therefrom that an effort was made to keep in touch with every activity in the office. These files also contain lists of nearly every merchant in the State ; local chairmen in nearly every town and city over 2,000 population ; list showing percentages arrived at in each town and city; lists of chairmen of various lines and industries in the city. In conclusion, it is much to be regretted that more time was not allotted to this office to put into effect the various reforms and curtailments, as these would undoubtedly have been continued had they been in force for a sufficient length of time. Letters have been written to all those representing this office, expressing the hope that merchants will organize among themselves for the purpose of continuing the reforms already adopted and with those under contemplation. It is doubtful, however, that this will be done without having some properly constituted agent or agency maintaining jurisdiction and supervision. It was decided to discontinue the activities of this office December 1st, 1918. Respectfully submitted, Louis M. Stumer, Commercial Economy Adnnnistrator. APPENDIX XIX NON-WAR CONSTRUCTION BUREAU November 30, 1918. To the State Council of Defense: On file in the records of the Council is a summary of the cost of construction projects deferred until after the war, totaling in Cook County $10,784,381.43 All Counties except Cook 3,088,942.92 $13,873,324.35 Non-War Construction Committees were organized in 89 counties. A list of the names and addresses of our committeemen is attached hereto. (On file in records of Council.) The following men generously oflfered their services to the Bureau : Mr. Carl Bushnell, Mr. Percy B. Davies, Mr. Harry Sugru and Mr. E. L. Hanson. In ad- dition to the names of men shown as members of the Cook County Committee, we have attached a special list of Cook County Investigators. (On file in records of the Council.) During the two months that the Bureau was in existence, from September 17tb to November 17th, 1918, eight bulletins, nine circulars, five special letters, five forms of questionnaires, and six forms of permits were sent to all county committees. In counties where industrial conditions warranted erecting additional houses, spe- cial housing literature was sent to the county chairmen. Copies of prints matter, totaling 36, prepared and used by this Bureau are also attached. (All of which are on file in the office of the Council.) Respectfully submitted, E. W. Lloyd, Secretary. .45 APPENDIX XX PUBLIC SERVICE RESERVE COMMITTEE December 3, 1918. To the State Council of Defense: For the records of the State Council of Defense, I am transmitting a final report covering the enrollment of skilled mechanics, in connection with the shipbuilding campaign, under the auspices of the State Council of Defense. On January 17, 1918, the Council of National Denfense, at the request of the U. S. Shipping Board, telegraphed the Illinois State Council of Defense, asking its assistance in a campaign for the enrollment of 250,000 skilled workers, as a re- serve force for work in the shipyards of the United States. A quota of 23,662 men was assigned for the State of Illinois. This quota was computed largely on the basis of total population. In conjunction with the Counties Auxiliary, the Four Minute Men and the labor offices of the State of Illinois, 54 enrollment offices were organized, one in each of the important industrial centers of the State. These offices were fully in- structed and provided with the necessary registration cards on Friday, February 1, 1918. As a result there were secured the names and addresses and occupations of 29,613 volunteers. The enrollment campaign was closed on March 1, 1919. Ap- proximately 83 per cent of the men registering were secured in Chicago, and approximately 1/ per cent of the registrants were secured throughout the balance of the State. In connection with this registration, this office received and answered 2,449 letters pertaining to work in the shipyards. More than 10,000 personal interviews were granted to registrants. In addition to the 29,613 skilled mechanics who were enrolled, we received 135 applications from 18 different States. These applications were referred to the State Director of the U. S. Public Service Reserve in the State in which the applicant lived. The enrollment cards thus received were catalogued and indexed, this work comprising three volumes. One copy was retained by the State Council of De- fense and one copy forwarded to the U. S. Public Service Reserve at Washington, D.C. Respectfully submitted, Charles A. Munroe, Chairman. 246 APPENDIX XXI CIVILIAN PERSONNEL COMMITTEE November 30th, 1918. To the State Council of Defense: To facilitate the work committed to your Committee on Civilian Personnel, I was, on December 17, 1917, appointed special representative of the Civilian Per- sonnel Section of the Ordnance Department, U. S. Army, for Chicago, for the pur- pose of securing applicants for positions in Government service for that depart- ment. Since then I have secured applications for the following branches of Govern- ment service, totalling 2,112, exclusive of all enlistments, inductions, etc., for for- eign service in the Army : Ordnance Department Mechanical Draftsmen 155 Inspectors of Ordnance Material, including ammunition, steel, gun carriages, rubber tires, fabrics for same, small arms and small arms material,, field artillery ammunition, ammunition packing boxes, motor trucks, time fuses, cannons, gunfire-control instru- ments, forgings, castings, etc 371 Munition workers 130 Machinists 89 Stenographers 262 Junior Chemists 139 Engineers of Tests of Ordnance Material 52 Index and Catalog Clerks 38 Junior Accountants 93 Experts in Business Administration 34 Metallurgical Chemists 27 Clerks Qualified in Business Administration and Accounting 16 Bookkeeper-Clerks 16 Statisticians 17 Statistical and Accounting Clerks 14 Production Clerks 16 Accountants 12 Typists 29 Cost Accountant Supervisors 9 Schedule Clerks 9 Balance of Stores Clerk 9 Inspectors of Construction 10 Clerks 7 Telegraph Operators 3 Executives 2 Assistant to Business Managers 6 Steel Plant Clerks 6 Mechanical Engineers 6 Storekeepers 6 Miscellaneous 5 Applications secured and referred to the Production Department, Ordnance Department, Chicago, for mechanical, civil and electrical engineers and chief machinists 21 Cost accountants secured for Field Section of the Signal Corps, Washington 42 Referred to the Signal Corps office, Chicago : Acetylene Welders, 17; Expert Watch Repairman, 1; Cost Accountants, 9 27 247 248 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE Applications secured for the Chief of Signal Corps, Washington, D. C, for telephone service for women speaking both French and English fluently 2 Successful applicants for special work for the Chief of Staff's office, Washington, D. C 60 For the Air Service Board, applicants for ground service in the Aviation Section il For the Signal Corps, applicants for service abroad as telegraph operators, telephone linemen and construction chiefs 44 Applications referred to other Special Representatives of the Ord- nance Department for various positions, from applicants out- side of the State of Illinois 72 Applications secured and referred to the Chicago office of the United States Shipping Board, for positions as mechanical engi- neers, civil engineers and electrical engineers 17 Applications secured for secretarial-stenographic positions, for the War Industries Board, Washington, D. C 49 Applications secured for secretarial-stenographic positions for the United States Shipping Board, Washington, D. C 7 Referred to the Central War Department, U. S. Army, thoroughly experienced construction men (successful applicants will receive Army Commissions for overseas duty) 44 Machinists, munition, metal and clerical workers, etc., for the Rock Island Arsenal, Rock Island, Illinois 256 FOR ARMY SERVICE IN FRANCE Recruiting for a Mechanical Regiment from January 14th, 1918, to January 21, 1918; 908 applicants were interviewed. Applicants accepted 129 Applicants for Mechanical Regiment for service in France, 37th Engineers, 371 inducted into the service and 96 enlisted 467 Applicants for a Railroad Regiment for service in France, sent to Major E. N. Sanctuary, Washington, D. C, 265 inducted into the service and 34 enlisted 299 Applicants for the Aviation Section of the Army 309 RECAPITULATION Ordnance Department 2112 Production Department 21 Signal Corps, Chicago 27 Signal Corps, Washington 88 Chief of Staff's office, Washington, D. C 60 Air Service Board Zl Special Representatives, Ordnance Department, outside of the State of Illinois 72 United States Shipping Board, Chicago 17 United States Shipping Board, Washington, D. C 7 War Industries Board, Washington, D. C 49 Central War Department, United States Army 44 Rock Island Arsenal 256 Mechanical Regiment for France 129 Thirty-seventh Engineers 467 Railroad Regiment for France 299 Aviation Section of the Army 309 3994 In addition to the above, I have received and answered approximately 3,500 letters of inquiry, and have referred most of these inquirers, who could not qualify for our work, to other offices or departments where their services might be needed. Respectfully submitted. Mil WARD Adams, Special Representative Civilian Personnel Section, Ordnance Dept., U. S. Army. APPENDIX XXII HOME REGISTRATION SERVICE COMMITTEE December 17, 1918. To the State Council of Defense: This Committee, authorized by you on July 12, 1918, and appointed by your Chairman, was created to deal with the problems involved in housing the increasing number of operatives required by essential war industries in the indus- trial centers of the state and in adjacent territory, which work has been done under the direction of the following Executive Committee : Charles A. Munroe, Chairman; Milward Adams, Secretary; F. O. Hester, Assistant Secretary; Dr. F. L. Prentiss, D. H. Burnham, E. H. Bennett, Prof. Geo. H. Mead, S. J. Earned, R. B. Beach, Howard G. Hetzler, L. A. Busby, S. R. Kaufman. The Committee undertook its work with the conviction that the industrial district comprising the southern part of Chicago and the adjacent Indiana steel towns was destined to become one of almost unparalleled size and importance, and that a careful study should be made, embracing not only its complicated housing problems, but the collateral problems of city planning, transportation, sanitation, water supply, etc., to provide a guide for proper development of the district. About the same time, the Illinois Chapter of the American Institute of Architects was asked by the Director of the United States Housing Corpora- tion to make a study and report on housing in the industrial districts of Chicago and the adjacent territory. The then president of the Chapter, Mr. D. H. Burn- ham, Jr., and some of the members with whom he conferred, saw in this an opportunity of public service, both during the war and after its termination, from the point of view of housing and general city planning. To co-ordinate and facilitate all branches of the work to be done, the Architects and City Planning Committee of the American Institute of Archi- tects was, by your authority, made a sub-committee of the Home Registration' Service Committee, and was finally constituted as follows : Edward H. Bennett, Chairman ; D. H. Burnham, W. E. Parsons, Elmer C. Jensen, Richard E. Schmidt, George C. Nimmons, Howard VanDoren Shaw, Martin Roche, Geo. W. Maher, President Illinois Chapter, A. I. A., ex-officio. The Architects' Committee had the cooperation of other sub-committees of the Home Registration Service Committee, as follows : Sub-Committee on Survey of Available Housing — Charles R. Bixby, Chairman; Perkins B. Bass, George E. Hooker, Miss Ruth Abbott, S. J. Earned, Wyllys W. Baird, Wm. A. Bond, Robert E. Brooks, Prof. Geo. H. Mead, Charles B. Ball. Sub-Committee on Transportation — E. A. Turpin, Chairman ; Wm. H. Scriven, Britton I. Budd, Howard G. Hetzler, S. M. Rogers. Sub -Committee on Sun'ey of Industries — John M. Glenn, Chair- man; R. B. Beach, Louis T. Jamme, Thos. J. McKenny. Sub-Committee on Finance — Clayton Mark, Chairman ; Edward B. Butler, Walter S. Brewster. The program adopted provided for recommendations to the United States Government Housing Corporation on the following subjects: 1. Housing accommodations already existing : (a) Adjacent to industrial plants; (b) Within reach of existing lines of transportation ; (c) Classification for future reference. 249 250 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 2. Additional housing accommodations to be provided by the extension of existing towns : (a) Adjacent to factory districts; (b) In other towns which might be made accessible by transpor- tation. 3. Additional housing accommodations to be created in a new center, or centers, and made accessible by proper transportation connec- tions with groups of industrial centers or with the entire region. Housing Survey The Sub-Committee on Survey of available housing made a complete "census" of such accoinmodations in the Chicago territory south of 31st street, and lying west of Halsted street. The results of this "census" were mapped and' tabulated in sixty-three zones. The tabulation showed : 4469 rooms and 505 housekeeping units in houses within the territory surveyed ; 27,788 rooms and 4,079 housekeeping units in flats within the territory; 2,832 rooms in hotels within the territory; making a total of 35,089 rooms and 4,584 housekeeping units. These maps and tabulations were accompanied by explanatory charts and deductions indicating by percentages the character of population in each" zone (whether white or colored), allowing for rooms which might not be avail- able for industrial workers. Transportation Survey The Transportation Sub-Committee made a complete survey of transporta- tion facilities covering the entire district, including the steel towns of Indiana, by street cars, by interurban and by steam routes. It also worked out running time schedules and suggested changes which might be made to facilitate trans- portation of industrial workers, and recommended track extensions, many of which were being acted upon at armistice time. Sanitation and Water Supply By courtesy of Mr. George M. Wisner, Chief Engineer of the Sanitary District of Chicago, your Committee was furnished a statement and charts covering water supply, sewerage and typhoid conditions in the Calumet region of Illinois and Indiana, embracing that part of Chicago south of 87th street, and the northwestern Indiana industrial district, including Whiting, East Chi- cago, Hammond and Gary. The results of all the work described in the foregoing were transmitted to Washington on October 15, 1918, together with maps, charts, etc., and sup- plemental statements were submitted on October 30, 1918. The expenses of the work were defrayed from a small fund appropriated by the United States Housing Corporation, and from a fund raised by the Sub- Committee on Finance of the Home Registration Service Committee of the Conncil. Respectfully submitted, Charles A. Munroe, Chairman. APPENDIX XXIII FINAL REPORT OF THE HIGHWAYS TRANSPORT COMMITTEE June 30, 1919. To the State Council of Defense: The Highways Transport Committee was one of the auxiliary committees of the Illinois State Council of Defense, as well as a branch of the Highway Trans- port Committee of the Council of National Defense. The purpose for which the committee was created was to promote more effec- tive transportation over the highways as a means of strengthening the nation's transportation system ; to increase existing facilities for the distribution of food- stuffs and other necessities of life; and, during the active participation of the United States in war, to relieve the railroads of the burden of short haul and L. C. L. (less than car loads) traffic, thus releasing equipment vital to war requirements. Membership of the Committee The committee, as first appointed by the Council, primarily to promote high- way maintenance, was composed of the State's five highway engineers. When its functions were broadened, the five engineers became the highways division of the committee, so that the full committee as appointed by the Council on April 19, 1918, was composed of the following: Transport Division — Henry Paulman, Chairman ; F. E. Ertsman, Secretary; John T. Stockton, John H. Winterbotham, C. F. Handshy, H. M. Allison, J. Murray Page, Wm. G. Edens, Britton I. Budd, Leonard A. Busby, C. S. Freeman, Jos. F. Davis. Highways Division — Clifford Older, Chairman ; L Schwartz, H. E. Surman, A. H. Hunter, R. L. Bell. Later Messrs. Handshy and Stockton resigned — Mr. Handshy because of in- ability to devote sufficient time, and Mr. Stockton because of his appointment by the National Highways Transport Committee to be Regional Director of Region No. 6 ; and Mr. George W. Dixon was appointed to be a member of the committee. Organization, Administration and Operation For purposes of committee organization, the State was divided into five geographical districts, and a field council of five was created, one member from each district, as follows : District No. 1 — Franklyn R. MuUer, Chairman. District No. 2 — W. E. Hull, Acting Chairman. District No. 3 — C. A. Kiler, Chairman. District No. A — C. W. H. Schuck, Chairman. District No. 5 — O. L. Herbert, Chairman. Each of the districts was, for convenience, divided into five divisions, the boundaries of each following established county lines, the county thus being the' unit upon which the organization was built. In each district the five division chair- men, with the district chairman, constituted the district committee ; in each divi- sion the county chairman, together with the district chairman, constituted the division committee ; and in each county the chairmen of local committees, to- gether with the county chairman, constituted the county committee. Members of all sub-committees and city, county, village and community com- mittees, were selected with the advice of the chairmen of the various State Coun- cil of Defense county organizations and included representatives of existing or- ganizations such as associations of commerce, manufacturers, merchants, truck- men and growers' associations, and — in an advisory capacity — representatives of 251 252 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE the federal food, fuel and railroad administrations, of local railways, of electric interurban lines and of steamboat and barge lines, etc. Practically all of the district and division organizations were complete and functioning, but in many portions of the State the county and local organizations were more or less incomplete, when the activities of the committee ceased. Survey of Highway Conditions Inasmuch as the success of any system of highways transportation is depen- dent upon the existence of highways suitable for heavy traffic, a survey of highway conditions in the State was undertaken by the Highways Division of the commit- tee, which developed the fact that, except in the northeastern portion of the state and at isolated points elsewhere, no suitable roads existed. As a rsult of this, the field organization devoted its first efforts to those sections where road conditions were best, and the State Committee gave particu- lar attention to the northeastern section, where not only highway, but all other conditions — industrial, transportation, etc. — were more favorable to the develop- ment of highways transport than in any other part of the State. As a matter of policy, however, the committee undertook to bring about the maintenance in the best possible condition of those trunk-line and through-route highways which available information indicated to be of the greatest importance in the' distribution of food stuffs and other necessities of life; and, in this, the local and State authorities co-operated faithfully. Work in the Chicago Territory Because of the probably catastrophic effect that would follow any interruption of traffic in that territory, highways transportation in Illinois reached its fullest development in the territory sometimes known as the "Chicago Industrial Dis- trict," and the territory comprised, roughly, within the counties of Lake, Cook, Dupage, Will, McHenry, Kane, Kendall, Grundy and DeKalb in Illinois, and— in agreement with the Indiana Committee — Lake and Porter Counties, Indiana. In this territory comprehensive industrial surveys, surveys of highways trans- port equipment, and surveys of road conditions in detail were undertaken, for which purpose local committees were created in practically all the principal centers of population ; and upon the information derived from these surveys there was established a system of return loads bureaus, motor express lines, and feeders to the rails. As a result, at the time of the discontinuance of the activities of the commit- tee, more than fifty per cent of the short-haul and L. C. L. tonnage, originating in and consigned to points within a radius of 35 to 50 miles of Chicago, was moved by road transport ; and plans were completed and tentative arrangements made to move every pound of freight of whatever nature within the territory described should it have been necessary, as was at one time intimated, for the Federal Gov- ernment to lay a rail embargo in the Chicago District. Motor Express Lines and Return Loads Bureaus During the early stages of the committee's activities considerable effort was devoted to the establishment of Return Loads Bureaus, so called, it being the object of these bureaus to afford a clearing-house whereby shippers might be put in touch with truckmen whose equipment was returning empty to points to which shippers had goods awaiting transportation. This method proved to be fairly satisfactory in bringing together the irregular shipper and the occasional truck- man ; but developments early emphasized the fact that the regular shipper re^ quired more dependable facilities before he could substitute highways transport, to any great extent, for shipment by rail. This necessarily involved the estab- lishment of regularly operating motor express lines, running on fixed schedules and carrying freight both ways ; and the committee proceeded upon the theory that ultimately the bulk of the business would be transferred to such lines. Merely as an example of this development, it is interesting to note that in the Chicago territory this policy brought about the establishment of new lines and the STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 253 extension of existing ones to the extent that the territory was gridironed by nine- teen motor express lines, operating daily on regular schedule, over definitely located routes. Much also was accomplished in this respect in and about the larger centers of distribution throughout the State; but unfortunately, unfavorable highway con- ditions brought about the discontinuance of large numbers of these lines before their value to the various communities could be demonstrated. The transfer of freight in such an unprecedented amount in this manner, it was felt by the committee, would involve careful supervision, such as control of rates, in co-operation with the Public Utilities Commission ; the abandonment by some shippers of the use of their own trucks for one-way hauls, and the substi- tution of motor express service; the establishment of central collecting and dis- tributing stations for the common use of truckmen, with local facilities for the col- lection and distribution of package freight; the establishment of local feeders to electric interurban and trolley lines where available for the longer hauls, etc. Utilization of Electric Railways In view of the unfortunate condition of the highways throughout the State, plans were developed for utilization of short-line interurban electric railways, with motor express feeders, as the best available substitute for a comprehensive State-wide system of road transport. Utilization of the electric lines in this maimer served a double purpose — it aided to overcome in a measure the handicap of bad road conditions, and it re- leased for use in territories not then served by existing transportation systems, motor trucks which might otherwise have duplicated existing service in manj* communities. Supervision of Rates It early became apparent that in order to divert rail traffic to road transport in any appreciable amount, some supervision of rates must be undertaken for the protection both of the shipper and the truckman. This at first took the somewhat disconnected form of conferences with individual express line operators, and answers to inquiries from individual shippers ; but later a sub-committee, under the direction of Mr. Walter Wardrop, chairman, went very thoroughly and com- prehensively into the whole subject of rates as applicable particularly to then existing Illinois conditions. Keeping the Highways Open Inasmuch as the proper functioning of any system of highways transport is dependent largely upon the highways being kept open for traffic, steps were taken to maintain the main routes — the trunk lines — in suitable condition during bad weather. This was accomplished through the earnest and loyal co-operation of the various district, county and township highway commissioners, and the authorities of the various municipalities affected. General Conclusions Since the development of road transport in Illinois was undertaken primarily as an emergency measure, to meet as satisfactorily as might be an unprecedented situation with regard to the movement of merchandise, the committee endeavored to close its work as soon as possible after the termination of the emergency which had called forth its activities. Consequently, subsequent to February 24, 1919, the committee practically ceased to function ; the organization, however, being maintained and ready to undertake any further responsibilities that might be imposed upon it pending such time as the members would be released from their obligations by the parent body. A complete record of the Highways Transport Committee activities, accom- panied by maps, charts and tabulated data, all too voluminous for inclusion in this report, has been filed with the State Council of Defense for permanent preservation and reference. Respectfully submitted, F. E. Ertsman, Secretary. APPENDIX XXIV COMMITTEE ON ENGINEERING AND INVENTIONS Chicago, November 12, 1918. To the State Council of Defense: Referring to your favor of November 1st, as to the work of the Engineering and Inventions Committee : I enclose report of Mr. S. H. Lloyd, Secretary. This shows the total number of inventions received as 2,458*. Of this number 60, in the opinion of the Committee, were worthy of serious further consider- ation ; 200 the Committee felt were of doubtful value but still had enough possi- bility to give them recommendation for further consideration; and 2,198 in the Committee's judgment, were valueless. The inventions indorsed for further consideration and for doubtful further consideration were all sent to the Navai Consulting Board in New York until within a month ago, when the Board was moved to Washington, and the inventions received after that time were sent there. We have no definite information as to what became of any of these inven- tions, as our duties were completed when these inventions were sent to the Naval Consulting Board. During the period that the Committee has been in action, 2,443 people have been interviewed in regard to inventions or suggestions that they had to ofifer. The result of these interviews in the majority of cases was that the inventor was sent away satisfied that his suggestions were not of value. Where they had some possible usefulness, they were informed that the matter was in the hands of the Naval Consulting Board. Just how much value the service of the Committee has been it is difficult to say, as far as actual, concrete valuable inventions resulted, but we feel that the fact of the Committee being available here tended to make men who had sug- gestions to offer feel that their services were appreciated. Further than this, we could not go. The Committee wish to thank you and your associates for your prompt and cordial cooperation in this work. Yours very truly, F. K. CoPELAND, Chairman. "Enclosures referred to are tabulations of information given above, on file in records of the State Council. The members of this committee were: Frederick K. Copeland, chairman; Bion J. Arnold, member U. S. Naval Consulting Board; William Hoskins, Robert W Hunt, Peter Junkersfeld. 254 APPENDIX XXV COMMITTEE ON SPY GLASSES, TELESCOPES AND BINOCULARS December 3, 1918. To the State Council of Defense: Up to date this Committee has collected and forwarded to Washington glasses for the use of the Navy numbering 2,306, and under the existing condi- tions we believe our efforts are at an end and ask that you permit us to disband. Our activities covered a period of ten months, and the total net expense for that time amounted to $869.44. We wish to express our gratitude to you for appointing us, and trust that our work has been satisfactory, and with kind regards, beg to remain Very truly yours, Secor Cunningham, Chairman. 255 APPENDIX XXVI ADVISORY COMMITTEE OF THE ELECTRICAL INDUSTRY Chicago, December 27, 1918. To the State Council of Defense: The Advisory Committee of the Electrical Industry was organized in July, 1917, to handle all matters relating to the electrical industry that might be referred to it by the State Council of Defense, and especially to assist in recruiting, training and promoting organizations to cooperate with the United States Army Signal Corps. Its members were as follows : Consulting Board — Louis A. Ferguson, Chairman; Henry M. Byllesby, Bernard E. Sunny, Homer E. Niesz, Frank Redmund, Alva H. Krom. C ommitteemen—C\\2Lr\&?, M. Baker, Frank J. Baker, William Bell, Britton I. Budd, H. J. Burt, William J. Crumpton, Augustus D. Curtis, E. J. Evans, Harvey B. Fleming, John P. Garner, Charles H. Gaunt, Harry L. Grant, Sam A. Hobson, Arthur S. Huey, Alartin J. Insull, John E. Kearns, S. L. Konenkamp, Alva H. Krom, R. I. Mansfield, T. Julian McGill, Harry A. Mott, Homer E. Neisz. Franklin Overbagh, Norman J. Pierce, Frank Redmund, J. F. Schilt. The Committee conducted recruiting campaigns to secure men of special electrical experience (the first need was for telegraphers) for the Army and Navy, and organized and directed schools to train men for war service. The first recruiting campaign was supplemented by 25,000 four-color folders, entitled "The Nerves of the- Army," which were used later to great advantage to enlist students in the telegraph, radio and buzzer schools, and several orders were reprinted at cost for cooperative schools and councils of defense in other states. Many special notices and bulletins were issued in addition to a great amount of first class correspondence to assist in preparing and enrolling men to train for the Signal Corps. The Committee printed 10,000 red, white and blue calendars and distributed them in public places, calling attention to the advantage of Aviation and Signal Corps service. These were sent to the schools and to all electrical concerns in Illinois. It was found necessary to organize schools to meet the demand by training those who were qualified to enlist or be inducted under the selective service law. In cooperation with the District Signal Officer of the United States Army, forty-two such schools were organized in Chicago and about fifteen other cities of the state, and a total of 8,000 students were enrolled for courses in radio and buzzer work. The school conducted by the Chicago Board of Trade had 6,500 students. The Committee was financed by contributions from a large number of elec- trical firms and permanent headquarters were maintained at the State Council of Defense offices in Chicago. Respectfully submitted, Homer E. Niesz, Chairman. 256 APPENDIX XXVII U. S. SHIPPING BOARD SCHOOLS June 3, 1919. To the State Council of Defense: To the present time 262 licensed officers have been turned out by the Chi- cago School of Navigation of the United States Shipping Board. They are of the following grades and numbers : 15 ocean masters 2)2 chief mates of oceans HI second mates of oceans 104 third mates of oceans Of these 262 men, 51 were officers on ships which were taken over by the Navy : 3 were given the rank of Lieut. Commanders ; 5 were given the rank of Lieutenants, senior grade; 12 were given the rank of Lieutenants, junior grade ; 25 were given the rank of Ensigns ; 6 more declined commissions ofifered by the navy and remained with the Merchant Service on other ships. The Chicago School of Navigation has been under the direction of Dr. Oliver J. Lee of the Research Staff of the Yerkes Observatory since its initiation July 10, 1917. From Sept, 1, 1917, to Jan 15, 1919, it was associated as a department with the Illinois State Council of Defense, enjoying the use of excellent quarters and service, and was the recipient of innumerable courtesies from the Chairman of the Council, as well as from every co-worker in the organization. Only men with sea experience were admitted to the School of Naviga- tion. Between 80 and 90 per cent of the graduates are still in the service as officers on cargo ships. Most of these are making it a peace time business as well as a wartime service. It should be remembered that while the war was on its dangers were only surpassed by the fighting branches of the army. The school is now located at 35 S. Dearborn street, Chicago, and will prob- ably be continued by the Shipping Board for some time. Respectfully submitted, Oliver J. Lee, Director. SCHOOL FOR ENGINE ROOM OFFICERS February 14, 1919. To the State Council of Defense: Since beginning in July, 1917, we have enrolled, up to the first of February, about 650 men. Of this number about 26 of them have received chief license; about 70 first assistant license; 120, second assistant; 75 third assistant and about 250 of the men shipped out as reserves. There are about 50 of whom we have not heard as to what grade of license they received, but all of the men who graduated were eligible for examination. About 50 dropped out of the class altogether. We are still conducting the class and will do so for a few months longer. Of course, the classes are not as large as they were last summer, as we enroll now an average of 15 a month. The class of men are those who intend to follow up this line of work and not return to their former positions. Respectfully submitted, P. C. Huntley, Prof, in Charge Marine Engineering. 257 APPENDIX XXVIII COMMITTEE ON LAW AND LEGISLATION Chicago, December 2, 1919. To the State Council of Defense of Illinois: The following is a brief epitome of the work done by the Committee on Law and Legislation since the organization of the State Council : We have prepared and published two booklets containing legal rules and prin- ciples for the guidance of soldiers and sailors and local legal boards. We have rendered 43 opinions on various matters, and have drafted a considerable number of resolutions and bills for proposed legislation. We have drawn a number of contracts, and co-operated in the drafting of the charter, by-laws, and other papers connected with the formation of the Seed Corn Administration. We have attended a considerable number of conferences held with reference to matters coming within the jurisdiction of the State Council. We devoted nearly two months, the larger part thereof continuously, in connection with the control and regulation of the production, distribution, sup- ply and price of coal. We have looked after various matters in Washington, pertaining to the State Council, have attended conferences there and partici- pated in the proceedings and drafting of resolutions, etc., in matters connectetl with Americanization, and have also attended a conference there with the State Councils Section of the Council of National Defense, at which matters of general information pertaining to the relations between the National and State Councils were considered and discussed. We have advised the State Council and its various Committees upon all legal questions that from time to time have been by them submitted to us. The memoranda and details of the work discharged by your Committee is contained among its records and files, available for purposes of reference. We do not deem it desirable to specify the exact nature and character of the numerous legal questions upon which the Committee has passed, because many of the questions are of a confidential kind. Respectfully submitted. Levy Mayer, Chairman. 258 APPENDIX XXIX WAR RECREATION BOARD OF ILLINOIS AND WAR CAMP COMMUNITY SERVICE February 8, 1919. To the State Council of Defense: The War Recreation Board of Illinois was organized on call of the State Council of Defense, December 5th, 1917, this organization being eflfected in compliance with the request of the War and Navy Department Commissions on Training Camp Activities. The Governing Board was composed of the fol- lowing : Clifford W. Barnes, Chairman John J. Mitchell, Treasurer Jacob M. Dickinson, Vice-Chairman Frank D. Loomis, Secretary A. G. Becker Charles W. Folds William C. Boyden David R. Forgan E. J. Bui^ington Leroy A. Goddard L. A. Busby Angus S. Hibbard R. Floyd Clinch Morton D. Hull William E. Clow Mrs. Samuel Insull Alfred Cowles Mrs. Edwin T. Johnson Richard T. Crane W. Scott Keith Rufus C. Dawes Eugene U. Kimbark Marquis Eaton Carl R. Latham Percy B. Eckhart George A. McKinlock Howard Elting D. R. McLennan The first important official act of the Board was to provide for the con- struction and equipment of a Central Soldiers' & Sailors' Club. A four story building was leased at 207 West Washington street, and eighteen thousand dollars ($18,000) was expended in improvements and equipment. _ The building was formally opened on March 23rd with all the ordinary facilities of a goocP man's club. To June 30, 1918, the total registration of soldiers and sailors there was 26,235, with the attendance growing each week. The funds for equipment and maintenance of this Club were provided by members of the Union League, Commercial and Chicago Clubs. During the summer months, the club became so crowded that it was evi- dent another similar place was needed, and the building of the Khaki and Blue Club in Grant Park was begun in August. This large and splendidly equipped clubhouse was opened for use about October 1st, 1918. It likewise has been very successful. The average number of men using each of these clubs each' week has been approximately 10,000. A third club was established in December at 3033 South Wabash avenue (a temporary location) for the special use of colored soldiers. On February 1st this club was moved to 3201 S. Wabash avenue. Recreational Work Correlated The Board early undertook to correlate the activities of various organiza- tions and groups of individuals engaged in providing hospitality and entertain- 259 260 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE ment for the enlisted men visiting in Chicago and vicinity. For this purpose, and to keep the men advised of the various entertainments offered, the Board began the publication of a weekly bulletin, in which the events in Chicago and vicinity were listed. This bulletin immediately became very popular, and its publication has been carried forward regularly every week, excepting a few weeks during the epidemic of influenza when all parties were stopped, to this time. The weekly distribution has averaged 20,000. In correlating the social work of the Board a Hostess Committee has had charge of various dances and hospitality activities. In the larger parties each Saturday and each Sunday upwards of two thousand men have been entertained. Probably an equal number were entertained in private homes. A committee on stage entertainment provided programs at Great Lakes, Fort Sheridan, Rockford, Peoria, Rantoul, Urbana and Chicago, an average of ten thousand (10,000) men being entertained each week in this way. A committee on dramatics provided free theatrical performances for men in uniform every Sunday afternoon in Chicago for about a year, the best performances in the city being donated to the committee for this purpose and were enjoyed by an average of 1,500 men weekly. This committee also furnished entertainers for Sunday evenings at the Khaki and Blue Club. With the moral, and some small financial support of the Board, the Ravinia Club was established at Ravinia Park and about 1,000 soldiers and sailors were entertained each Saturday and Sunday of the ten weeks' season there in the summer of 1918. A Committee on Protective Work for Girls began its work on April 15th, 1918, maintaining a Protective Bureau, with a supervisor and two assistants who worked all week, and twenty paid workers who worked Saturdays and Sundays. Similar activities were conducted by local committees in Belleville, Cham- paign, Urbana, Peoria, Rantoul, Rock Island, Rockford, Waukegan, Lake Foresf and Highland Park. In other suburban communities there were special hospi- tality or recreation committees, responsible to the Board and financed in whole or in part by it. Scope of the Work Performed The scope of the service of the Board is indicated in the reports of attendance of men in uniform at the various clubhouses and entertainments. In November, 1917, the total attendance at these various enterprises was 22,950. In August, 1918, the total attendance for the month was 207,824. For the month of January, 1919, the total attendance was 279,784. The name. War Recreation Board, was changed last summer to War Camp Community Service, in compliance with a request of the War and Navy Depart- ments Commissions on Training Camp Activities, thus establishing a uniform name for this work throughout the country. Acting under the name War Recreation Board of Illinois, the Board con- ducted a campaign throughout the state in February, 1918, with the approval and assistance of the State Council of Defense. From this campaign a total of $537,398.42 was received. Of this amount $241,138.13 has been used locally. Considerable appropriations were made for work of a similar character at Rockford (Camp Grant), at Peoria, Champaign, Urbana, Rock Island, Moline and Belleville, Illinois, and to the national office to provide for work of the same character among Illinois troops camps in other states. The Board also co-operated in the United War Work campaign in Novem- ber, 1918. the national War Camp Community Service being one of the seven organizations participating in that effort. Some part of the National War Camp Community Service fund will be used in Chicago and vicinity to complete the service already begun in behalf of enlisted men, assuring men already in service and men returning from service a cordial welcome and wholesome entertain- ment in this community. In order to promote the work intensively, it was decided, beginning Novem- ber 1st, 1918, to confine activities to Cook and Lake counties. Besides the direct service to men in uniform, there was also carried on work among STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 261 girls under the head of the Girls' Patriotic Service League. This department was taken over October 15th from the Woman's Committee of the State Council of X)efense. War Camp Community Service will carry on its work all during the demobilization period, and will do everything possible to aid the returning men to get back into normal life as quickly as possible. It is identified with the Advisory Committee of the Bureau for Returning Soldiers and Sailors of the United States Employment Service. It is also represented on the Executive Committee of the Patriotic Community Council and on the official Citizens' Welcome Home Committee. War Camp Community Service also now promotes community singing ; maintains an Entertainment Bureau which furnishes high class talent for occa- sions at Fort Sheridan, Great Lakes, Marine Hospital and other places, the attendance many weeks running as high as 10,000, and through its committee members in North Shore towns it caters to the personal needs of patients at the Army and Navy hospitals. Respectfully submitted, Frank D. Loomis, Secretary. APPENDIX XXX WAR BUSINESS COMMITTEE February 15, 1919. To the State Council of Defense: The war, even before the United States entered it, naturally increased manu- facturing along the lines of munitions of war of all descriptions. When the United States came in, the government let contracts for large amounts of munitions and ordnance, most of which contracts fell to eastern manufacturers. This was not at all due to any inability or inefficiency on the part of manufac- turers in other parts of the country, but was chiefly due to the fact that the time allowed between the advertisement for estimates and the time when such estimates had to be in the hands of government officials was too short for manufacturers any great distance from Washington. The State of IlHnois had a large number of manufacturing plants fully equipped for this work, and many other plants which, with slight changes, would have been available. Inability to secure materials to carry on their own regular work was closing down many of them. In March, 1918. you authorized the appointment of a Committee on War Business to undertalce the task of securing war orders for the manufacturers in Illinois and the middle west generally, and the following were named : Samuel M. Hastings, President of the Illinois Manufacturers' Asso- ciation, Chairman. John W. O'Leary, former President of the Chicago Association of Commerce, Vice-Chairman. R. B. Beach, Business Manager of the Chicago Association of Com- merce, Vice-Chairman. John M. Glenn, Secretary of the Illinois Manufacturers' Association, Secretary. Through the efforts of this committee, and the State Council of Defense of Illinois, the time between the advertising for and the opening of bids was extended from seven to twelve days, which enabled manufacturers in the middle west to compete with the eastern manufacturers. This Committee then outlined the work before it as follows : To bring to the attention of the responsible heads of the several departments, divisions and bureaus of the Government charged with the purchase and production of supplies for the military forces of the United States the advantage of placing a much larger share of war business in the middle west — this in the interest of maximum and timely production, maintenance of normal transportation conditions and the economic welfare of the country. To maintain and make advantageous use of the fullest possible infor- mation as to what the requirements of the Government were, how war business in each department was being placed, the facilities of the various industries of the middle west to meet these requirements, and how manufacturers in this district might proceed most effectively to share in fullest measure in production of the Government's urgent war requirements. To bring about the establishment by the Government of headquar- ters in Chicago representing all departments which had the placing of war orders, so as to facilitate the placing of as large an amount of war business in the middle west as would best serve the Government's war program. 262 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 263 Tangible Results Secured The Committee proceeded to collect information as to the capacity, equip- ment, etc., of the manufacturing plants in Illinois, and also to ascertain what type of munitions and ordnance the government was demanding, and to place before the various departments of the government the ability of manufacturers in this part of the country to supply a great deal of such demand. The War Industries Board at Washington requested Mr. Lucius Teter, President of the Chicago Association of Commerce, to call a meeting for the purpose of organizing the state to get information with reference to manu- facturing plants similar to that which this Committee of the Council was col- lecting. This meeting was held at the Congress Hotel on June 18, 1918, and this Committee of the Council attended to offer cooperation wherever possible; The actual results in the form of concrete war orders following the agita- tion and propaganda carried on by the War Business Committee, became con- spicuous in the period of July 1, 1918, to November 11, 1919, when the armistice was signed. During that period business handled through the War Industries Bureau of the Illinois Manufacturers' Association, which cooperated with the War Busi- ness Committee, amounted to $110,000,000. In addition, orders amounting to more than $400,000,000 were placed in this district as a result of the agitation carried on for more business in Illinois. The activities of the committee since the signing of the armistice have been largely devoted to obtaining methods of settling with the war contractors' that would speedily release the large amount of money involved. The decision of the comptroller of the treasury holding that no disburse- ments could be made on procurement orders or informal contracts tied up about $600,000,000 in the Chicago district for manufacturers working on govern- ment contracts. It has been necessary to have Congress enact a law validating these con- tracts and this law will relieve the situation considerably. The War Business Committee has practically closed its work and it feels that the State Council of Defense in undertaking the work of propaganda for Illinois industries did a valuable and efficient piece of work. Respectfully submitted, S. M. Hastings, Chairman. APPENDIX XXXI COMMITTEE ON SANITATION, MEDICINE AND PUBLIC HEALTH January 1, 1919. To the State Council of Defense: The Committee on Sanitation, Medicine and Public Health, Dr. Frank Bill- ings, Chairman, effected medical organization of the State by appointing a com- mittee drawn from the local medical profession in each county throughout the State. Matters of local medical importance rested in the jurisdiction of these committees which served also as cooperating bodies in carrying out the pur- poses of the Council. A Cooperating Committee on the Tuberculosis War Problem of the State Council of Defense of the State of Illinois, with Dr. George T. Palmer as Chairman, was appointed to assume charge of the tuberculosis work. Certain cooperative committees were designated to assume jurisdiction over special interests. Among these was a Dental Committee under the chairmanship Oi* Dr. Frederick B. Moorehead ; also a Committee on Social Hygiene under the chairmanship of Dr. B. C. Corbus. In August, 1917, Dr. Billings was made head of the Red Cross Mission to Russia and granted leave of absence by the Council. He appointed an advisory committee to which might be referred all matters pertaining to public healtl? during his absence, this committee consisting of Dr. E. J. Doering, Dr. Arthui* R. Reynolds and Dr. Arthur R. Elliott, Chairman. The activities of this com- mittee have been largely advisory, consisting chiefly in facilitating the carrying out in this State of the recommendations of the Council of National Defense, affecting Sanitation, Medicine and Public Health. Respectfully submitted, Arthur R. Elliott, Chairman. Dental Advisory Committee January 1, 1919. To the State Council of Defense: The members of the Committee on Dentistry are: Frederick B. Moorehead, Chairman Thos. L. Gilmer John P. Buckley Donald M. Gallic J. F. F. Waltz Arthur D. Black E. F. Hazell The work of this Committee has been directed toward : 1st, the enrollment of practicing dentists in the Dental Officers' Reserve Corps ; 2nd, the organization and maintenance of courses of instruction in military dentistry and oral surgery; 3rd, the use of dental infirmaries for the correction of dental defects in recruits and also those included in the draft. The Committee cooperated with the officers of the Illinois State DentaP Society in a detailed program which had for its object the enrollment of prac- ticing dentists in the Dental Officers' Reserve Corps. Illinois has as large a number per capita of dentists holding commissions as any other state in the union. Courses of instruction designed to prepare the civilian dentist for military dentistry and oral surgery were conducted in the different dental colleges and were enthusiastically patronized. 264 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 265 The University of Illinois College of Dentistry, Northwestern University Dental School and Chicago College of Dental Surgery placed the use of their infirmaries with all the equipment at the disposal of the Committee for the correction of dental defects in the mouths of recruits and those in the draft. While we are not in a position to give any actual figures, it may be stated that a very splendid contribution to the well-being of the enlisted men of the State was made in this particular type of service. Respectfuly submitted, F. B. MooREHEAD, Chairman. Advisory Committee on Social Hygiene January 1, 1919. To the State Council of Defense: The activities, completed or being carried on when the armistice was signed, by the Red League, which has served as an Advisory Committee on Social Hygiene under the Council's Committee on Sanitation, Medicine and Public Health, were as follows : Survey of venereal disease clinics made by Dr. Mary C. Lincoln, exhibit of sex hygiene and venereal disease prepared and installed at following places : Duration Y. M. C. A. Camp, Fort Sheridan 30 days Y. M. C. A. Tent, Highwood 10 days Grant Park Naval Station- 10 days Instruction Building, Great Lakes, without attendant part time 110 days Camp Paul Jones, Great Lakes 7 days Detention Camp, Great Lakes 7 days Y. M. C. A. Building, Great Lakes Ill days Municipal Pier 97 days Fort Sheridan, 2nd Officers' Camp 10 days Camp Perry, Great Lakes 14 days Comfort Station, City Hall 212 days Camp Grant, Rockford, 111 (2 exhibits) 236 days Camp Grant, Rockford, 111. (2 additional exhibits) 193 days Total ^ 1047 days Stereomotorgraph with four sets of slides on exhibition in the Y. M. C. A. camps, Camp Grant, Rockford, for 5 months. 37,000 painphlets distributed to soldiers and sailors ; 3,500 pamphlets distributed at Fort Sheridan, 2nd Officers' Training Camp. 23,000 pamplilets sent to Rockford for distribution. 25,000 persons viewed the exhibits ; 4,000 persons interviewed personally by attendants. Five illustrated lectures given ; average attendance, 200. 13,000 circular letters mailed 1st class to citizens of Chicago; 5,500 containing pamphlets; 11,500 pamphlets mailed 2nd class to citizens of Chicago. Modern venereal disease dispensary established. Sixteen prominent specialists offered their services either for the purpose of giving lectures or of giving treatment whenever needed. The activities of the Red League in operation at the time of the armistice: Four exhibits in operation at Camp Grant, Rockford ; one at comfort station, City Hall ; other exhibits at Municipal Pier, White City Amuse- ment Park, Riverview Amusement Park, Training Camp for Students at Fort Sheridan. Series of lectures to the student soldiers at Fort Sheridan. The League has been actively engaged in obtaining one or more competent lecturers on venereal disease in each county of Illinois. The names of these lecturers, as fast as obtained, were turned over to the County Chairman of the State Council of Defense, who made preliminary arrangements for lectures to be given to the drafted men. To supplement the work, the League supplied literature to these lecturers for distribution among newly drafted men. In 266 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE addition, a list of all the Examining Boards in the State was being compiled and literature sent to the Examining Physicians for distribution to the men being examined. The Red League is cooperating with the U. S. Examining Boards and British Recruiting Mission by giving treatment for drafted men who are found to be infected with a venereal disease. The League operated and expanded the work of a Genito-Urinary Dis- pensary. All cases other than venereal cases were sent to approved physicians or other dispensaries for treatment. The general aim of the Medical Department of the Red League has been as follows : To increase and to make more efficient the diagnosis, prophylaxis and treatment facilities for venereal disease in the City of Chicago. To maintain free day clinics for men and women, and evening pay clinic for men, daily except Sunday at the Red League Dispensary. To cooperate with other dispensaries and hospitals in securing greater degree of efficiency in all clinics. To aid in the establishment of additional dispensaries and secure cooperation of the medical profession in combating these diseases. Organize a competent system of follow-up work. Educational Department The general aim of the Educational Department of the Red League has been to educate public opinion as follows : With printed matter: (a) Design and print cards, pasters, placards and series of mimeographed bulletins for patients; (b) arrange for the distribution of printed matter through employers, physicians, druggists, patients and others. With exhibits : Circulate complete exhibits or single posters in com- fort stations, stores, park field houses, etc. With lectures : Arrange lectures in connection with exhibits. Through the press : Secure publicity and space for educational articles in newspapers, magazines, trade journals, etc. Respectfully submitted, Lenard Mulder, Executive Secretary. Advisory Committee on Mental Hygiene January 1, 1919. To the State Council of Defense: The work of the Illinois Society for Mental Hygiene, which is doing its work as Sub-Committees of the Committee on Sanitation, Medicine and Public Health and the Courses of Instruction Committee of the Woman's Committee of the State Council of Defense, is divided into two departments. Under the Social Service and Field work patients were referred to us which were definitely war cases, some sent from the Red Cross, some from exemption boards and some directly from the State Council. Some of these were women whose sons or husbands had enlisted or been drafted. In some instances these only needed early treatment and friendly visits to recover entirely. However, it was necessary to have a few of these patients committed to state hospitals. The great demand for public health nurses made it necessary to give special courses and our Director of Social Service and Field Work gave half time for four months to directing a course in public health nursing at the Chicago School of Civics and Philanthropy. There were sixteen nurses in this group of students and by September 1st each one was placed in a smaller city or rural community to do special or general public health work. STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 267 In our Occupational Department, now known as the Henry B. Favill School of Occupations, we graduated many classes in occupational therapy, sent to us by the School of Civics and Philanthropy and from the Red Cross Teaching Center. They were women who had volunteered for service with the Red Cross and were chosen by the Teaching Center as being especially equipped and adapted for this special work. They were chosen with great care and insight. When their practice work is completed, these graduates go back again under the Red Cross and their service to the Government is dependent upon arrange- ments made by the Red Cross for them. There is an increasing demand for this training. We have had a number of applications from women in various states besides Illinois — Missouri, Colo- rado, New York, Michigan, Montana, California, etc. The occupational work of Cook County Hospital has been in charge of one of the members of the staff of the Favill School and it has been possible to keep this hospital and also the Presbyterian Hospital supplied with volunteer workers from the pupils who have taken the training and who are pledged to give three months' volunteer work in civil or state hospitals as part of their training. At the Michael Reese Hospital the last superintendent of occupa- tional work was a short term pupil of the Favill School. The work of the Jewish Charities at 1800 Selden street, where the occupational work has been established, has always been sustained by advice from the Favill School. Various groups of people interested in what we are doing have visited the school, notably about one hundred physicians from the Medico-Neurological Convention, Captain Sand of the Belgian Mission, the Surgeon General of the French Army, and a group of men from the Surgeon General's office. Respectfully submitted, Anna Hamill Monroe, Chairman. APPENDIX XXXII WAR AID AND WAR CHARITIES LICENSE BUREAU OF THE STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE July 1, 1919. To the State Council of Defense: On July 1, 1917, an Act of the Illinois General Assembly regulating the solicitation of funds for war aid and war relief and placing the control of such solicitation in the hands of the State Council of Defense, became operative. This Act provided that, with certain exceptions hereinafter stated, no solicita- tion of funds or other property for war aid and war relief or charity should be carried on in Illinois without authorization from the State Council of Defense. Personnel of License Committees A License Committee, consisting of E. J. E. Ward, Chairman ; William A. Fox, Vice-Chairman, and John H. Gulick, Secretary, with Richard Mueller as Assistant Secretary and John E. Wing as Counsel, began acting in this matter on July 1, 1917, in an advisory capacity for the State Council of Defense. The work immediately assumed considerable proportions, and the work of the Com- mittee has been continuous and increasing in volume from that day to the present time. On March 14, 1918, because of the many coordinating features arising in connection with solicitation in Cook county, an additional license committee, known as the Cook County License Committee, was appointed, consisting of E. J. E. Ward, Chairman, William A. Fox, Vice-Chairman, Mrs. George R. Dean, William J. Legner, L. E. Myers, John T. Stockton, John H. Gulick, Sec- retary, and Richard Mueller Assistant Secretary. This latter committee took* charge of all solicitation in Cook county and the original committee, consisting of Messrs. Ward, Fox and Gulick, thereafter known as the State License Com- mittee, retained charge of all solicitation outside of Cook county. Mr. Wing acted as counsel for both committees and, after the armistice, was acting secre- tary of the License Bureau. How the License Bureau Worked From July 1, 1917, to March 14, 1918, the date of the organization of the Cook County License Committee, meetings of the Committee were held almost daily for the consideration of license questions. After that, the committees met regularly on Monday, Wednesday and Friday of each week and at such other times as special meetings were necessary. Organizations wishing to apply for authority to solicit funds for war aid or war relief procured from the License Bureau a form of application specially prepared for the purpose. All applications were made upon this form and filed with the bureau. Each application so filed was fully considered. If the application was approved, a formal license executed by the Secretary of the State Council of Defense was issued to the applicant. Each applicant was required to set out specifically in the application, in addition to other matters, the objects, purposes and uses for which the funds were to be solicited, and the means by which the funds were to be distributed, including a specific designation of the beneficiary or beneficiaries. The com- mittees believed that, in order to make their work effective, they should regu- late the methods used in solicitation. They found it necessary, therefore, to require that all applications set out in detail the methods by which solicitation was to be made, and no solicitation by methods other than those clearly stated 268 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 269 in the application were permitted. It was to the interest of each applicant, therefore, in applying for a license, to see that the application stated clearly and fully the methods which the applicant desired to use in carrying on solici- tation. Bad Practices Found and Stopped The committees also found that, as a general rule where money was to be raised by the sale of tickets for entertainments, dances, card parties, lectures and other "benefits" of this nature, the expenses of such enterprises were dis- proportionately high, and that the net returns for war aid and war relief were likely to be small as compared with the total amounts collected and the energy expended. In fact, in some such instances which came to the attention of the committees, little or nothing was left for war relief after paying expenses. The committees also became convinced that solicitation of funds by repeated small afifairs of this nature resulted in unnecessary annoyance to the public and tended to discourage generous public response to worthy and important appeals. The committees, therefore, sought to discourage activities of this kind and adopted regulations providing that a general license would not be granted authorizing the raising of funds by means of the sale of tickets for entertainments or similar "benefits" ; that whenever an applicant desired to carry on activities of this nature, a separate application should be made for each entertainment or other benefit, and that such application must be accompanied with detailed informa- tion as to the expenses to be incurred. If, in connection with any entertam- ment or other "benefit" any program was to be used for which advertising space was to be sold, the committees required information before the issuance of the license as to who would conduct the sale of the advertising space and what commissions or other remuneration would be paid to the persons selling such advertising space. Some Purposes of Licensing It was the object of the State Council of Defense in issuing licenses to provide among other things that war funds should be collected economically, avoiding expensive forms of solicitation ; that there should be no element of commercialism in the solicitation ; that as nearly as possible 100 per cent of the gross amounts collected should actually be used for war relief ; and that there should be no exploitation for private interests. Applications 'for authority to carry on solicitation running contrary to these principles, when detected, were not approved. It was also the object of the State Council of Defense to provide that as far as possible there should be no overlapping or duplication of effort. A license therefore was not granted for conducting a solicitation campaign which another organization was already carrying on in the same field. Whenever it appeared that an applicant wished to carry on work that was similar to or conilicted with the work of the American Red Cross, a license was granted only upon approval of the application by the American Red Cross. The State Council of Defense had a number of Committees of its own which had charge of specific war activities such as the War Recreation Board, the Military Affairs Commit- tee, the Cook County Coordinating Committee, and the Counties Auxiliary. Applications which involved matters coming under the jurisdiction of any of these Committees were ordinarily referred for advice to the Committee having the matter in charge. Licenses authorizing the solicitation of funds for war relief generally upon the principle of what is commonly known as a "war chest" were not granted save in exceptional cases. "Tag days" were discouraged. A license to a single individual was rarely granted. Exemptions Under the License Law The exceptions referred to hereinbefore as not requiring licenses were as follows: The family or friends of any soldier or sailor could supply such soldier or sailor, or the family and dependents of such soldier or sailor, with aid at any time without a license. No license was required for solicitation among 270 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE its own members by any society, club, association, corporation, congregation or re- ligious association or corporation, or for solicitation for any war aid or relief auth- orized by any law or resolution of the Congress of the United States, or by any act or proclamation of the President of the United States. However, unless the person or association carrying on such solicitation was actually authorized by the organ- ization for which the solicitation purported to be made, so that the solicitation' might be regarded as being actually carried on by the exempted organization, a license had to be procured. With respect to solicitation exclusively among mem- bers of an organization, some instances arose in which organizations, formed for the sole purpose of raising funds for war relief, solicited subscriptions upon the representation that the subscription itself would make the subscriber a member of the organization. A license had to be procured for solicitation of this nature. Provisions to Protect the Public All licensees were required to place upon all printed matter issued by them and intended for circulation or use in Illinois in connection with solicitation, a statement informing the public that the solicitation had been authorized. The statement was in the following form : "A license authorizing this solicitation has been issued by the State Council of Defense of Illinois. License No " It is believed that this statement, so used, in addition to being of great advantage to the licensee, served as a protection and convenience to the public. If a form of statement shorter than the form given above was more practicable for use in some instances, as, for example, upon tickets of admission, the fol- lowing could be used : "Licensed by State Council of Defense of Illinois. License No " Reports of receipts and disbursements were required of all licensees and all accounts had to be audited by some public accountant. Where licenses were for a considerable period of time, reports were required quarterly. Other- wise reports had to be filed as soon as practicable after the solicitation was completed. All licenses were subject to revocation at any time in the discretion of tlie State Council of Defense, whenever, in its opinion, the soliciation was no longer useful or necessary. Figures Prove Importance of Licensing During the twelve months period ending June 30, 1918, in connection with activities carried on for war relief under licenses granted by the State Council of Defense, an aggregate of $3,425,662.01 was collected and the aggregate expenses in connection with solicitation and administration, including the expenses of entertainments and other benefits where funds were raised by such means, was $334,463.65 or a percentage of approximately 9.46. Out of the $3,425,662.01 collected, the sum of $3,091,198.36 was used or was available for war relief purposes. These figures would have been increased somewhat by a few delinquent reports and did not include the amounts collected in Illinois by a number of organizations with headquarters in New York City whiclt carried on solicitation throughout the United States and did not keep their receipts from Illinois distinct from their other receipts. The total amount, therefore, collected under the regulations of the State Council of Defense during the first year this bureau was in existence, including the period of its organization, was actually considerably in excess of the figures given. From July 1, 1918, to November 11, 1918, the date of the armistice, the work of the License Bureau continued in full swing and with little or no change in character. After the signing of the armistice, the volume of solicitation began to decrease and the character of the solicitation changed from solicitation for war relief generally to the solicitation of funds by auxiliary committees of different units of the United States Army, for the purpose of giving the men a welcome home, to provide funds for their relief, and to assist them in becom- ing readjusted to civilian life. About May 1, 1919, applications for licenses STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 271 began to show a decided decrease and from that date to July 1, only forty-two licenses were granted. At the date of this report very few applications are being received. Second Year's Work Shows Big Increase From reports of receipts and disbursements filed with us by our licensees since June 30, 1918, (leaving entirely out of consideration organizations with their head- quarters in New York City, which carry on silicitation throughout the United States and have not reported to us separately the amounts collected in Illinois) it appears that a total of $5,415,903.78 has been collected by our licensees during the period from July 1, 1918, to July 1, 1919. The reports show that the aggre- gate expense in connection with such solicitation and the administration of relief was $612,302.61 or a percentage of approximately 11.3. Out of the $5,415,903.78 collected, the sum of $4,803,601.17 was used or was available for use for war relief purposes. Our reports show that our licensees had on hand at the time of making their last reports a balance of $1,269,590.87 undistributed. Collections of More Than $10,000,000 Supervised Combining these figures with the figures for the bureau's first year, July 1, 1917, to June 30, 1918, as previously given, our records show the collection of $8,841,565.79 by our licensees, at an expense of collection and administration amounting to $946,766.25, or a percentage of a little less than 11 per cent. Many of our licensees have not 5'et filed complete reports. Including these and also including the New York organizations licensed by us, which have not reported their collections in Illinois separately from their collections throughout the country, it is safe to say that an amount considerably in excess of $10,000,000 has been collected by our licensees at an average expense of collection and admin- istration of approximately 10>2 per cent of the amount collected. The following table shows the number of applications filed and the number of licenses issued during the full period from July 1, 1917, to July 1, 1919, together with other information of similar character. Applications Filed 1499 Applications Approved and Licensed 1045 Applications Tabled and Action Withheld 146 Applications Withdrawn 90 Applications Rejected 101 Applications Referred to Red Cross 104 Applications Referred to Coordinating Committee of Cook County Auxiliary 31 Many Funds Not Yet Distributed The License Committee will go out of existence upon the proclamation of peace by the President of the United States. That will terminate the License Bureau's authority (and' all authority) to require an accounting of administra- tion and distribution of war aid and relief funds. Respectfully submitted, John E. Wing, Acting Secretary. APPENDIX XXXIII ADVISORY COMMITTEE ON WAR HISTORY March 1, 1919. To the State Council of Defense: To supervise the collection and preservation of war records and war history material pertaining to Illinois and to participation in war work of any kind by its citizens, a standing committee of the State Council of Defense was created, to be known as the War History Committee, with the following members : Samuel Insull, Chairman ; Charles H. Wacker, John H. Walker, Roger C. Sullivan. At one of the weekly meetings of the Council's departmental executives, which were regularly conducted by the chairman of the Council, investigation of this subject was delegated to Bernard J. Mullaney, Walter S. Brewster, L. E. Myers and P. E. Fleming. This committee, with the help of professional library and historical research men, developed a definite plan of procedure. Under this plan the War History Committee, with the authority of the Council, appointed an Advisory Committee on War History, with the view to co-ordinating interest and experience in historical work with the Council's machinery for getting things done. The members of this committee were : Bernard J. Mullaney, Director of Council Publicity, Chairman. Walter S. Brewster, Chairman of the Council Counties Auxiliary and Neighborhood Committee. L. E. Myers, Chairman of the Council's Cook County Auxiliary. Peter E. Fleming, Secretary of the Council's Food Production and Conservation Committee. William H. Culver, Associate Director of Council Publicity. W. N. C. Carlton, Librarian of the Newberry Library, Chicago. Professor C. W. Alvord, Editor-in-Chief of the Illinois Centennial History, Urbana. Professor Marcus W. Jernegan, Department of History, University of Chicago. Clarence A. Burley, President of the Chicago Historical Society. Dr. Otto L. Schmidt, Secretary of the Illinois State Historical Library. Mrs. Jessie Palmer Weber, Librarian, Illinois State Historical Library. Collection of Material Begun Messrs. Carlton, Alvord and Jernegan prepared an official circular setting forth the necessity and importance of safeguarding the records of all ofificial, semi-official and volunteer war organizations of the State, and requesting all such organizations to take suitable measures for preservation of their records, and also copies of all forms, blanks and other printed matter issued by them. The Illinois State Historical Library, by its officers, co-operated and consented to be the central depository of war records and other historical material not having any specified or safe place of preservation. Mrs. Jessie Palmer Weber secured the co- operation of the Adjutant General's office and of other departments of the State government to insure preservation of the draft board records of the State. On the Advisory Committee's recommendation, an official Council bulletin (Bulletin No. 34) went to all county organizations explaining the purposes in view, and calling upon them to help carry out the program by forming county war history committees. The County Executive Committees were requested to nom- inate one or more of their own members, or other suitable persons, to serve on 272 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE 273 county historical committees. Each County Executive Committee was further requested to make a report briefly reviewing all the activities and accomplishments of itself and its subsidiary committees from the time of their appointment, to- gether with lists of those persons who actively and faithfully carried on the work of the State Council of Defense in their respective counties. The plan explained in Bulletin No. 34 contemplated that local committees should enlist the aid of local libraries and all local historical and patriotic organizations in stimulating in- terest in the movement, and in the collection of material. To safeguard the ma- terial so collected, it was recommended that the best obtainable local depositary, fireproof if possible, should be secured in each community, whether it were the local library, historical society rooms, high school, city hall, court house or bank vault. Kinds of Material Desired As a guide to local committees and the public, a schedule of the historical material desired to be collected was incorporated in Bulletin No. 34, as follows : Local Newspapers — All newspapers are requested to send issues from August 1, 1914, to the present, to the Illinois State Historical Library and to the library of the University of Illinois, and, so far as possible, to the Chicago Historical Society. Complete files of local newspapers should also be preserved in the local library. Letters and Diaries — Besides the above classified materials there is much miscellaneous matter, such as letters and diaries of soldiers and sailors, of local men and women in other war service, and souvenirs col- lected by them ; also typewritten copies of records, lists, and other papers not otherwise available. Arrangements can be made whereby letters and diaries will be copied and originals returned, without expense, to the owners. Official Documents — These include the draft board records, corre- respondence and card records, blanks, questionnaires, instructions, or- ders, laws, and proclamations issued by Federal, State or local authorities, treating such subjects as the draft, liberty loans, food and fuel conserva- tion, and postal regulations. Data on Semi-Official Organisation — In this group are the reports, records and correspondence of organizations such as the Red Cross, the Young Men's Christian Association, Young Women's Christian Associa- tion, Knights of Columbus. Jewish Welfare Board, Salvation Army and all bodies having to do with war relief, either domestic or foreign. The information on local organizations will be of special interest. Other Organisations — Data on anti-war and pacific movements and organizations, anti-registration demonstrations, etc., including printed matter. Information Material — This includes books, maps, and pamphlets giving information on the war — both for and against — distributed by the government or by the efforts of individuals and organizations — and speeches and sermons delivered in the community concerning war prob- lems. The latter may sometimes be secured in manuscript form. Posters — For the liberty loans, war savings certificates, the Red Cross, food and fuel conservation, enlistments in the army and navy, war relief and welfare organizations, war-gardens, books for camp libra- ries and all other war activities. In adidtion, there are others which take the form of "stickers," placards in street cars, and hand bills. Service flags should be obtained and can be easily kept with the collection of posters. Photographic Material — In this class belong individual and group pictures of soldiers and sailors from the county and community; pic- tures of war committees, parades, and scenes of community interest. War pictures collected by individuals in service may be preserved. Mov- ing picture films showing scenes in which men from the county partici- pate should be included wherever possible. Photographs of war industry plants and products are also desirable. 274 STATE COUNCIL OF DEFENSE MUiiary Statistics — Here belong lists of local men in the army and na\y. and the company, regiment, and rank of each; lists of registered men in the count>-; members of officers' training camps from the count}- and community" ; lists of men who have entered the war service of other countries, whether as soldiers, ambulance men or otherwise ; lists of Red Cross nurses : muster rolls of Reserve Militia and Volunteer Training Corps by companies ; lists of volunteers for overseas ser\-ice of the various war relief organizations ; the names of the men sent from the count}- at each call under the draft; and the honor rolls of men in service kept by organizations such as churches, schools, and societies. Ecotwniic and Industrial Material — Under this head come price lists, advertisements, data concerning war-gardens, the work of labor organ- izations especially and their part in war activities, the work of railroads and other corporations in war service, and any other information dealing with the economic and industrial situation in the communit}- during war times. Jl'ar Museions — Organization of local war museums to collect and preserve samples of uniforms, equipment and war material would be of assistance in stimulating collection of historical material and would serve as a permanent stimulus to patriotism. State Historical Libr.\ry ix Charge The subject-matter contained in Bulletin No. 34 was also put into a circular which, by order of the Advisorj- Committee, was sent to all educational institutions and libraries in the State, local historical societies, local newspapers, women's clubs, patriotic organizations, and all known organized war activities. About 30 counties acted upon these instructions. This does not mean that no steps were taken elsewhere for the preservation of war records and historical material. The circular supplementing Bulletin No. 34, referred to above, went to a selected list, furnished by the State Historical Librar\-, of persons known to be interested in historical work and kindred subjects; hence in almost everj- com- munit}- in the State some one was inspired to undertake the preservation of war histor}- material. Your committee understands that a considerable quantity of such material has already been deposited in the State Historical Librarj- at Springfield. When the members of the county and otlier subsidiary- organizations of the State Council of Defense were released by the Council's official bulletin issued on December 2. 1918. the Advisor}- Committee on War Histor}- was, of course, left without facilities for continuing this work. It, therefore, recommended that con- tinuance of the work be made a function of the Illinois State Historical Libran,-, and that the General Assembly be asked to appropriate the funds necessar}' for carr}-ing it on. Your committee understands that the General Assembly has made such appropriation, and that the collection and preservation of war records and war histor}- material is satisfactorily going forward. Respectfully submitted. Bernard J. Mull.\xev, Chairman. INDEX Page Xo. Agricultural War Board for Illinois 201, 202 Aid to State Council by State Departments 13 Aid to State Council by Other Institutions 13 Aiding Illinois Business 65, 262 Alsace-Lorraine, Mass Meeting 32 Allied Relief 159 Allied Relief (Women) 154 Alpine Chasseurs 98 Americanization (Women) 154 Americanization, Resolutions by Council to General Assembly 75, 154 American Protective League 61 American Red Cross, Co-Operation with 94, 99, 101 American Red Cross, Aid by Auxiliaries 94 Appropriation for Support of State Council by State of Illinois 5, 11 Army Deserters, Apprehension of Through County Auxiliary 95 Army and Navy, Working for: Great Lakes Xaval Training Station, increasing capacity (il Fort Sheridan, Officers' Training Camps, perfecting accommodations-62, 63 Legal Aid to Men in Service 63. 258 Recreation for Men in Service (War Recreation Board) „ „ 63, 64. 259, 260, 261 Arras, Bishop of 101 Assistance to Council 80 Auxiliary Committees of Council, Classification, etc 10, 11, 12 Belgian Soldiers, Visit of 98 Bill, Creating Council 7, 11 Bill, Authorizing Creation of Volunteer Training Corps 222 Binoculars, for Navy „ 60, 255 Bishop of Arras, Visit of 101 Bishop of Northampton, Visit of 101 "Blue Devils" (Alpine Chasseurs), Visit of 98 Bulletins ( Cook County) - 101 Bulletins ( Counties Auxiliary) 83-87 Centennial Celebration 34, 187, 188 Child Welfare (Women) „ 138 Civilian Help Provided „.-57, 246, 247 Civilian Personal Committee 57, 247, 248 Classification of Auxiliary Committees 10, 11, 12 Coal — Committee of Thirteen 13 Committee of Thirteen — Coal 13 Commercial Economy Administration (Purposes, Organization, etc.) 55, 242, 243, 244 Committees of Counties Auxiliary (Classification of) 10, 11, 12 Committees of State Council, Standing (Duties, Powers, etc.) 9, 81, 82 Compensation, to Council Members 8, 77 275 276 INDEX Page No. Conference, Agricultural War Board 201, 202 Conference, Congressional Representatives 31 Conference, Illinois Editors 32 Conference, State Representatives at Washington 7 Conservation of Money and Materials (Commercial Economy Administra- tion, Non-War Construction Bureau) 55, 56, 242, 245 Consolidation of Neighborhood Committee and Counties Auxiliary 90 Cook County Activities 98-102 Cook County Auxiliary Committee (Personnel, Organization, etc.) 17, 96, 97 Co-Operation — Council's First Purpose 14 Co-Operation, with Existing Bodies 10 Co-Operation, with Other Councils 12 Co-Operation, with Other Organizations 12, 13 Co-Operation, with Council of National Defense 15 Co-Ordination of Patriotic Work 14 Corn Huskers Campaign 196, 197 Council of National Defense, Creation of 7 Council of National Defense, Co-Operation with by Council 15 Counties Auxiliary, Headquarters Established in Each County 95 Counties Auxiliary (Personnel, Bulletins, etc.) 15, 83-94 Counties Auxiliary and Neighborhood Committee, Consolidation 15, 27, 90 County Auxiliaries Eflfected 15, 83 County Auxiliary, Results Justified Methods 17, 18 County Executive Committees (Personnel, Duties, etc.) 16, 88 County Finance Committees (Personnel, Duties, etc.) 16, 89 County Organization 15, 83 County Publicity Chairmen 159 Courses of Instruction (Women) 127 Creation of Council of National Defense 7 Creation of State Council of Defense 7, 11 Crop Program Formulated 39, 193, 194 Declaration of State of War by Congress 7 Delinquents, Treatment of by County Organizations 89 Dental Service 67, 264 Desertions 101 Development of Highways for Transportation of Freight 58, 59, 251-253 Discharge of Council's Organization 75, 76 Disposition of Council's Activities 75, 76 Distribution of Labor 10 Drying Vegetables, etc 204 Duties of Committees 81, 82 Duties of Officers of Council 80 Duties of State Council of Defense 7, 11 Dunmore, Earl of. Visit of 99 Earl of Dunmore, Visit of 99 Electric Railways, Fuel for _ 218 Electrical Trades, Skilled Labor, Provided to Government 60, 256 Electricians 60, 256 Employment (Women) 129 Engineering and Inventions Committee 60, 254 INDEX 277 Page No. English Language, Teaching of in Schools — Resolutions to General Assem- bly 72,, 74 Exemption District Plan by Cook County 98 "Eyes for the Navy" 60, 255 Farm Labor (Adult Boys' Working Reserve) 38, 39, 195, 205 Federal Control of Food Question 38 Finances — County Organizations „ 16, 89 State Council 5, 19, 20, 21, 103 Woman's Committee 112, 115 First Meeting of Council 9 Food 40, 42 Conservation Bureau and Demonstration Station (Women) 136 Co-Operation of High Schools 39 Corn Huskers Campaign 196, 197 Farm Labor — U. S. Boys' Working Reserve 38, 194, 205 Reserve for Harvesting 195 Examining Board Established 195 Federal Commendation 196 Adult Labor Mobilized 39 Food Production Conference 32, 193 Food Campaigns Pushed 36 Food Shows 2>7, 203 Kill Smit 200 Seed Corn 191, 192, 193, 200 Soft Corn Utilized 41 Wheat Crops 40, 199, 200 War Gardens 41, 197, 198, 199 Food Production (Women) 153 Food Production and Conservation Committee (History of, Organiza- tion, etc.) , 86, 190-204 Food Production Conference Z2, 193 Fort Sheridan (Accommodations Completed) 62, 63 Four Minute Men 30, 164-183 Activities Aided 167, 169, 170-180 Ceasing Activities 180 Co-Operation by State Council 168 Motion Picture Theatres Aid 166 Nationalization of Movement 30, 165 Organization and Origin 30, 164, 165, 168, 172, 179 Personnel 181 Recognition by President 171 Fourth of July Celebration 27, 99 French Soldiers 32, 98, 176 Fuel — History of Situaticm, etc 43, 44 Agreement with Governor by Coal Operators 46 Appointment of Fuel Director for State by Governor 47, 48 Appointment of U. S. Fuel Director for State by President 49 Aid by State Council to Federal Fuel Administration 218, 219 278 INDEX Page No. Campaign for Buying and Storing 49 Campaign for Saving Coal 50, 138 Coal Operators Meet with Governor 46 Committee of Thirteen States 47 Difficulties Encountered 43 Early Buying Urged 51 Mine Operators Appealed to 45 Prices Fixed by President 49 Public Institutions Aided 50, 216 Resolutions by Committee of Thirteen 47, 48 Remedies Proposed 44 State Control 46 Fuel Conservation (Women) 138 Fuel Economies for Electric Railways 218 Fuel for Use of Public and Quasi-Public Institutions of State 50, 216 Funerals, Military 100 Gasoline Regulations 203 German Language, Legislation Against Use of IZ Government Contracts 65, 262 Great Lakes Naval Training Station (Capacity Increased) 62 Highways, Use for Transportation of Freight (Highways Transport Com- mittee) 58. 59, 251-253 Highways Transport Committee 58, 59, 251-253 History of Illinois in War 71, 272 Historical Committee, Created by Council 71, 272 Historical Library, State of Illinois (Depositary for War Material). .72, 273, 274 Homes for Laborers 58, 249, 250 Hopkins, John P., Memorial Resolutions 8, 79 Housing Survey 58, 249 How Council Was Financed _ 19, 20, 103 Hungarian Patriotic Association, Organization 93 Illinois Centennial Celebration, Chicago Committee 34, 187. 189 Illinois Motor Corps (Women) 127 Illinois Newspaper Editors, Conference of 32 Illinois Training Farm for Women 131 Illinois War Workers' Conference 31 Inventions, Sifting Out (Engineering and Invention Committee) 60, 254 Kent, Sir Stephenson, Visit of 32 Labor, Farm. (See Farm Labor.) Labor for War Industries, Providing 47, 48, 57, 246, 247 Lake Front Demonstration (October 21, 1917) 31 Law and Legislation Committee 63, 258 Legal Advisory Boards, County 90 Legal Aid for Soldiers and Sailors 63, 90, 258 Legislation Suggested by Council to General Assembly- English Language for All Elementary Courses in All Schools 12, Americanization TZ Public Health IZ Vocational Training 74 Licensing Solicitation 74 INDEX 279 Page No. Legislative Act Creating Council of Defense 7, 11 Legislative Act Authorizing Voluntary Training Corps 222 Letter Transmitting Report to Governor 1 Liberty Choruses 92, 153 Liberty Loan 156, 167, 175 Licenses, Committee on for Solicitation of Funds for War Aid and War Charities 69, 268, 269, 270 Loyalty Pledge Cards (Neighborhood Committee) 92 Mass Meetings and Other Patriotic Gatherings Fostered by Council or Auxiliary Committees — Alsace-Lorraine 32 Arras, Bishop of „ 101 Belgian Soldiers 32 "Blue Devils" (French Soldiers) 32, 98, 176 Centennial Celebration, Chicago Committee 34 Congressional Conference 31 Dunmore, Earl of 32, 99 Food Production Conference 32, 193 Fourth of July Celebrations 27, 99 French Soldiers 32, 98, 176 Illinois Newspaper Editors (War Conference) 32 Illinois War Conference (Patriotic Workers) 31 Kent, Sir Stephenson 32 Lake Front Demonstration (Oct. 21, 1917) 31 Masaryk, Prof. Thos. G 188 Northampton, Bishop of 101 Northcliffe, Lord 32 Roumanian Minister 32 U. S. Government War Exposition ZZ Victory Meetings 101 Medical Aid (Military, Naval and Civilian) 67, 264 Medical Profession Organized 67, 264 Medical Committee (Sanitation, Medicine and Public Health) 67, 264 Mental Hygiene 68, 266 Merchant Marine 61, 257 Mexican Editors, Visit of 101 Military Affairs (Action by Council to Protect State, Bill Creating Vol- unteer Training Corps, Final Report of Committee) 52, 220-241 Militia, Reserve 52, 220-241 Music, Provision of Free 100 National Anthem Standardized 'il National Security League 34, 35 Navy and Army. Working for (See Army and Navy) 62-64, 258-261 Neighborhood Committee (Purposes, Organization, etc.) 27-29, 91-93 Neighborhood Consolidation with County Auxiliary 15, 27, 90 Neighborhood Committee Patriotic Gatherings 31, 192 Newspapers, Contributions of 26, 100, 161 News Service, by Publicity Department 25, 159 Non-War Construction „ 56, 100, 245 Northampton, Bishop of, Visit of 101 280 INDEX Page No. Northcliffe, Lord, Visit of 32 Office Space, Donated (See also Financial Statement of Council) 9 Officers of Council, Duties and Powers 80 Officers and Members of Council, List of v, 82 Officers and Assistants, State Council 80 Organization of Council by Counties (Counties Auxiliary, Neighborhood Committee, Cook County Auxiliary) 15, 83 Organization Committee (Women) 113 Organization by Wards (Women) 156 Organization by Exemption Districts (Cook County Auxiliary) 98 Patriotic Enterprises, Profits from 21 Patriotic Food Show ^"^^ 203 Patriotic Literature, Distribution of 92 Place of Meeting, of Council 9, 78 Powers of Committees of Council 80, 81 Powers of State Council of Defense 8, 77 Profiteering (License Committee for War Aid and War Charities). ...69, 268-270 Publicity Committee (Women) 118 Publicity Department (State Council), Co-operation of Newspapers, etc 25, 159-161 Public Health 76, 264 Public Health, Resolutions to General Assembly 72, 7A Public Service Reserve 67, 246 Qualifications of Members of Council 8, 77 Recreation for Soldiers and Sailors 63, 259 Recreation for Girls 152 Recruiting, Marine 99 Red Cross, Christmas Roll Call 101 Red Cross, Investigations 99 Registration (Women) 122 Reserve Militia 52, 220-241 Resolutions to General Assembly by Council 7i Resolutions on Death of John P. Hopkins 8, 79 Report of Auditor on Finances of Council 103 Roumanian Minister, Visit of 32 Rules of Council (Including List of Standing Committees, etc.) 9, 80 Salvation Army Drive 99 Sanitation, Medicine and Public Health, Committee on 67, 68, 264, 265 School Halls, Use of 101 Schools— Aid in Many Ways (U. S. Boys' Working Reserve) 34, 205-215 Secretary, Assistant, Appointed 82 Seed Corn 191, 192, 193, 200 Shipbuilders, Provided for Navy Yards 57, 246 Shipping Board Schools 61, 257 Silos 200 Social Hygiene 68, 148, 150, 265 Social Service 148 Solicitation of Funds, Illicit 69, 99, 268 Speakers' Bureau 29, 93, 162, 163 Speakers' Bureau (Women) 119 INDEX 281 Page No. Spy-Glasses, Telescopes and Binoculars (For Use of Navy) 60, 255 State Council of Defense, Members, etc v, 82 State Departments, Aid to Council 13 State Fairs, Exhibits, etc 94 Stenographic, Clerical and Other Assistance to State Council, How Pro- vided for 80 Team Work by Counties, etc 16 Telegraphers, Provided for Government 60, 256 Telescopes, Etc., for Navy 60, 255 Term of Office, Members of Council 11 Thrift and Conservation Department (Women) 134 Transportation of Freight by Highways 58, 59, 251-253 Unified Bureau of Public Speakers 29, 93, 162, 163 United War Work Campaign 100 U. S. Boys' Working Reserve (Organization, etc.) 38, 94, 205 U. S. Government War Exposition ZZ, 94, 184-186 United States Shipping Board Schools 61, 257 Victory Meetings 101 Vocational Training (Resolution to General Assembly) 74 Volunteer Placement (Women) 124 Volunteer Service to State Council.... 9 Volunteer Training Corps (Military) 52, 220-241 War Board, Agricultural, for Illinois 201, 202 War Business, for Illinois 65, 262, 263 War Camp Community Service 63, 259 War Chest Plan for Raising Money 90 War Gardens 47, 197-199 War Information (Women) 116 War Savings Campaign 1(X) War Recreation Service 63, 259 Ward Organization (Women) ; 156 Wheat Crops 40, 199, 200 Winding Up Council's Affairs 75 Woman's Committee (Purposes, Organization, Officers, Departments, etc.) 22-25, 105-158 Allied Relief 154 Americanization 154 Child Welfare 138 Courses of Instruction 127 Employment 129 Finance 112-115 Food Conservation Bureau and Demonstration Station 136 Food Production 133 Fuel Conservation 138 Illinois Training Farm for Women 131 Liberty Choruses and Community Singing 153 Liberty Loan 156 Publicity 118 Recreation for Girls 152 Registration 122 282 INDEX Page No. Social Hygiene jcq Social Service j^o Thrift and Conservation J34 Volunteer Placement and Filing j24 War Information jj^ Women and Children in Industry I44 H65 89 *, ,*1 ii '^ I ^ ^ "■m %■& •^^ ' 1 Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. 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