mU^ KULTUR IN CARTOONS x-<^ ^ Ai^t^i. ^^ KULTU R N CARTOONS BY LOUIS RAEMAEKERS WITH ACCOMPANYING NOTES BY WELL-KNOWN ENGLISH WRITERS A Companion Volume to "Raemaekers' Cartoons" Published 1916, and now issued by The Century Co. NEW YORK THE CENTURY CO. 1917 ^6^^ Copyright, 1917, by THE CENTURY CO. Published October igiy ©CI.A479458 OEC -8 1917 Publishers' Announcement Purchasers of "Kultur in Cartoons" may be interested to know that this present work is a companion volume to "Raemackcrs' Cartoons," issued in 1916. "Raemaekers' Cartoons" inckidcs many of the artist's earlier work, dealing particularly with the Belgian inferno. The two volumes are alike in size and form, and together constitute a thoroughly representative collection of Raemaekers' drawings. The Century Co. Foreword BY J. Murray Allison A year has passed since the first volume of Raemaekers' work ("Raemackcrs' Cartoons," Ccntur}^ Co.), was pubhshcd in the United States. At that time Raemaekers was practically unknown in this coun- try, just as he was unknown in EngLand and France until January, 1916, when his work was first exhibited in the British Capital. The story of Raemaekers' reception in London and Paris has been written in the introduction to "Raemaekers' Cartoons." When his cartoons began to reach America toward the end of 1916 this country was neutrak It is with pecuHar satisfaction, therefore, that I base this brief foreword upon press extracts pub- lished prior to America's participation in the war. If it were possible to discover to-day an individual who was entirely ignorant as to the causes and conduct of the war, he would, after an inspection of a hundred or more of these cartoons, probably utter his conviction somewhat as follows: "I do not believe that these drawings have the slightest relation to the truth; I do not bcHeve that it is possible for such things to happen in the twentieth century. " He would be quite justified, in his ignorance of what has happened in Europe, in expressing such an opinion, just as any of us, with the possible exception of the disciples of Bernhardi himself, would have been justified in expressing a similar view in July, 1914. What is the view of all informed people to-day? "To Rae- maekers the war is not a topic, or a subject for charity. It is a vivid heartrending reality," says the New York "Evening Post," "and you come away from the rooms where his cartoons now hang so aware of what war is that mental neutrality is for you a horror. If you have FOREWORD slackened in your determination to find out, these cartoons are a slap in the face. Raemaekers drives home a universal point that concerns not merely Germans, but every country where royal de- crees have supreme power. Shall one man ever be given the power to seek his ends, using the people as his pawns? We cannot look at the cartoons and remain in ignorance of exactly what is the basis of truth on which they are built." The "Philadelphia American" likens Raemaekers to a sensitized plate upon which the spirit which brought on the war has imprinted itself forever, and adds: "What he gives out on that subject is as pitilessly true as a photograph. They look down upon us in their naked truth, those pictures which are to be, before the judgment- seat of history, the last indictment of the German nation. Of all impressions, there is one which will hold you in its inexorable grip: it is that Louis Raemaekers has told you the truth. " This aspect of his appeal is insisted upon by "Vanity Fair," thus: "That each cartoon is a grim, merciless portrayal of the truth will be apparent to even the meanest intelHgence." The same jour- nal refers to the almost uncanny power of prophecy suggested by many of the pictures. "That they are conceived in a mighty brain and drawn by a skilled hand will be recognized by a sophisticated minority. But only those capable of deeper probing will see that each one is in itself an elemental drama of compelling significance and power, heightened in many cases by prophecy and suggestion. " The "Philadelphia Public Ledger" refers particularly to Rae- maekers' prophetic instinct. "Here, indeed, is revealed the work not only of one who has the artistic imagination to pictorialize the savagery of the Kaiser and his obedient servants, and to caricature in a manner that leaves nothing unsaid in the way of sinister presentation of evil things, but the work of one who is distinctly a seer. Moreover, the cartoons have been verified by subsequent events, though they seemed to some at the time to be the bitter and ironical casual com- ment on things most believed could never happen to modern civihza- tion, and have that insight that only a special inspiration and inner illumination could give." FOREWORD It is this obvious siiKvrity, tliis convict ion on the p;irl of the beholder that Raemackcrs is tclhn-i; the simple truth and tcliin-z; it simply that gives his wori< its greatest vakie as a revelation of the German purpose, and as an indictment of German methods of war- fare and the German practice of statecraft. The "Louisville Herald" hnds it "impossible to do justice to these remarkable drawings, this terrific gallery, impossible to estimate at this distance the power and pressure of the indictment," while the "Baltimore Sun" goes so far as to claim that "no orator in any tongue has so stirred the human soul to unspeakable pity and im- placable wrath as this Dutch artist in the universal language which his pencil knows how to speak. Those who have forgotten the Lusi- tania and the innumerable tragedies in Belgium should a\oid Rac- maekers. They who look at his work can never forget, can never wholly forgive." The "Washington Star" thinks that his cartoons should not be taken merely as dealing with events of the conllict, "but with prin- ciples." The writer proceeds: "To Germany and to Austria is up- held a mirror in which are reflected those crimes for which neither will be able to make full redress. There is no touch of vulgarity or hatred in his work, save that which comes from righteous indignation against foul crimes and the vulgarity of the thing itself. " In appraising the value of Raemaekers' cartoons purely as polit- ical documents, as historic records of crimes and barbarities which the civilized world must not be permitted to forget lest the horrors of the past three years descend upon us again, their purely artistic appeal is frequently ignored or forgotten, but not always. "Rae- maekers is an artist," says the "Boston Globe." "He tells his story simply, eliminates all unnecessary detail, knows the dramatic value of light and shade, and draws a single figure cartoon with as much impressive suggestiveness as he does a crowd." The "Providence Journal" acclaims him as a great artist to whose hand has been given the touch of immortality. " Like many geniuses, " continues the "Journal," "this Dutch artist awaited the occasion in human affairs to awaken the power which he may not even have been aware of FOREWORD possessing. It took a titanic force to stir his conscience and that conscience, once stirred, leaped into aspiring activity to the service of mankind." Particular stress is laid by the "Boston Transcript" on the artistic merit of the drawings. Comparing him to Honore Daumier, the great French cartoonist of the Franco-Prussian War, the "Post" is of opinion that Raemaekers is the one artistic personality whose genius has been developed by the stimulus of the war. "If the measure of the influence wielded by a cartoonist is the extent and intensity of emotion aroused by his work, then possibly there has never been a cartoonist in the history of the world who can have compared with Raemaekers. The inspiration of his pictorial polemics is a hearty and profound and righteous indignation, a motive which is of first-rate artistic worth, and which is shared by all the civihzed world. What strikes the mind in looking upon these cartoons is the Dantesque quality of the artist's passion and imagination." The "Transcript" concludes a remarkable appreciation of the cartoons with the following words: "He guides the spirit and the conscience of the world to-day through an inferno of wrong. " List of Cartoons The Zeppelin Raider •, The Exhumation of the Martyrs of Aerschot 4 The Old Serb ^ The "Lusitania" Nightmare ......... g "Fancy, How Nice!" 10 The Laodiceans ---12 "A Pitiful Exodus" - _. ,, "Death the Friend" ,f, A Higher Pile ,§ Peace Reigns at Dinant 20 Humanity vs. Kultur ---22 The Bill --24 "You Need Not Storm This Place" 26 Hohenzollern Madness --28 "My Master Asks You to Look After These Doves" - ... 30 Famine in Belgium -..32 Poor Old Thing -..34 Germany and the Neutrals - -..36 Those Horrible Britons -- 38 Dr. Kuyper to Germany 40 The Kaiser's Diplomacy .-... 42 Cain - - 44 The Counter-Attack at Douaumont 46 The Morning Paper 48 "And Such a Brave Zepp He Was" 50 Flying Over Holland 52 "If They Don't Increase Their Army" 54 Religion and Patriotism ..^6 The Prisoners - 58 "Well, My Friend" -- --60 "How Quiet It Must be in the English Harbors Blockaded by Our Fleet" 62 The Brigands --64 It Looks So in Serbia 66 Victory by Imposture .--------.-68 Shell-Making 70 Another Australian Success 72 The Sea the Path of Victory 74 Balaam and His Ass .-.- 76 A Genuine Dutchman ...---..-..78 LIST OF CARTOONS PAGE Another Victory for the Germans -------- 8o Submarine "Bags" ------------02 Within the Pincers .----------84 German Poison ..---So The Organization of Victory by Imposture - - - - - - 88 Wittenberg -------------90 The Broken Alliance - ---92 The Shower-Bath ------------ 94 The Anniversary Bouquet .--96 The Stranded Submarine ---98 Herod's Nightmare ----------- 100 "My Beloved People" ----------- 102 On Their Way to Verdun i04 BETHMANN-HoLLVifEG's PeACE SoNG - - - Io6 A German "Victory" ----- 108 "Waiting" -- --no The Kaiser as a Diplomatist - - - -112 Hun Hypocrisy - - -- - - - - - - - -114 The Prussian Guard -----------no Greek Treachery ------------118 The World's Judgment Seat --------- 120 The Kaiser's Cry for Peace - -122 Tit for Tat -- ----- 124 Forced Labor in Germany ----------126 The Fall of the Child-Slayer 128 The Climber ------------- 130 Culture at Wittenberg ---------- 132 The "Civilians" ---- - i34 Two Peals of Thunder ---------- 136 A Universal Conscience - - - - - 138 Joan of Arc and St. George - - - - - - - - -140 The Bringers of Happiness ---------- 142 The Old Poilu .-- --144 Humanity Torpedoed - - - - -- - - - - -146 The Super-Hooligans .-- -148 Before the Fall --- - 150 The Shirkers ------------- 152 For Merit ------------- 154 Duty vs. Militarism ----------- 156 The Troubadour ------------ 158 See the Conquering Hero Comes -------- 160 Belgium -------- - 162 The Giant's Task - ---- 164 "I Must Have Something for My Trouble" ------ 166 "Cinema Chocolate" - - - - - - - - - -- 168 The Doctrine of Expediency --------- 170 Murder on the High Seas ---------- 172 LIS r OF CARTOONS PAGE Pounding Austria 174 DUKCHHALTEN " HoLD Oux" I76 The Satyk of the Sea 178 War Council with Ferdinand and Fn\ei< Pasha 180 The Burial of Private Walker 182 The Supreme Effort - 184 "Wer reitet so spat Durch Nacht und Wind? Das ist der Vati-.r mh' seinem Kind" ------ 186 The Voices of the Guns ----188 The Death's-Head Hussar ----- lyo The "Franc-tireur" Excuse 192 The Entry Into Constantinople - - - - - - -- - 194 "Come Away, My Dear!" --... 196 The "Harmless" German ---------- 198 The Propagandist in Holland -...-.--- 200 Tetanus -------- 202 Shakspere's Tercentenary' ---------- 204 Nobody Sees Me ------------ 206 The Orient Express .----..-.-- 208 The Bloomersdyk - - - - - - - - - - - -210 The "U" Boats Off the American Coast - - - - - - -212 To THE Peace Woman 214 The Wolf Bleats - -216 Strict Neutrality ------------ 218 Kultur in Cartoons The Zeppelin Raider THIS cartoon is not in the least allegorical, and it is far less terrible than the reality. For the simple reason is that children torn to pieces by high explosives are far more horrible to look at than children with their throats cut. Had these blood cartoons of Raemaekers been published in the spring of 1 9 14, the artist would have been considered a maniac. But in the spring of 19 16 we know him to be a man portraying the truth, giving us the doings of the German Emperor and his satellites in colored pictures, arid a very mild interpretation of them at that. For it is a fact that no man could bear to look at or consider the real truth of what William of Germany has done through the hands of others, of the horrors that he has committed against women who cannot here accuse him, against children of whose very names he knows nothing. But their accusations are heard and their names remembered by those whose eternal business it is to hear and record, and the silence of those civilized nations who have said nothing before the doings of the infamous One has spoken where silence is heard as well as speech. Just as St. Paul stood by in silence at the martyrdom of St. Stephen, so have they stood at the martyrdom of these Innocents, and just as he uttered that lamentable cry in the Temple of Jerusalem, so will they cry in his very words, but without his justification of holiness: "I stood by and consented." H. DE VERE STACPOOLE. !'< I'VrKTn f. 1^ '; The Exhumation of the Martyrs of Aerschot READ here a few sentences from the sworn and sifted testimony of witnesses who saw what happened at Aerschot in August, 19 14. When the war broke out a German whom I knew well by sight had been living at Aerschot some three years. He had no apparent oc- cupation, but Hved on his means in a small house. Occasionally he was away for some time. On the outbreak of war he was expelled from Bel- gium. He came back with the German troops and pointed out to them all houses and other property belonging to the burgomaster, and the Germans destroyed it all. Many civiHans in Aerschot were killed by the Germans. I myself saw some forty dead bodies, including three women. They had been shot. ... In one house the wife of a man whom I know well was burned ahve. Her husband broke both legs while attempting to rescue her. . . . The Germans with their rifles pre- vented anyone going to help this man, and he had to drag himself along the street, with his legs broken, as best he could. ..." "I saw some German infantry soldiers kill with bayonets two women who were standing on their doorsteps. ..." "There we saw a whole street burning. . . . We heard children and beasts crying in the flames." "The Germans deHberately fired bej^ond us at four women, a child of II or 12 years of age, an infant of six months (about) and four other chil- dren who were cHnging to their mothers' skirts. The infant was in its mother's arms, and was riddled with shot, which passed through it into the mother's body. While she was trying to crawl into safety on her knees the Germans still fired at her until she died." "I saw the body of a Httle boy about 6J-^ or 7 years of age, with foui bayonet wounds in it. It was stiff and propped against a walk" "The first thing we saw was the body of a young girl of about 18 to 20, absohitely naked, with her abdomen cut open. Her body was also covered with bruises. . . . About a kilometer farther on I saw the body of a httle boy, aged 8 or 9, with his head completely cut off. The head was some distance from the trunk." These simple phrases, and hundreds more Hke them, plain to read in the book of evidence, make a better commentary than any I could write on this drawing. There are, indeed, many passages more terrible, such as the tale of the unspeakable treatment of the priest, dragged into Aers- chot from the neighboring village of Gehode. And I turn from reading such things to an Enghsh newspaper, wherein is the report of the speech of a person at a great gathering of people interested in cooperative trad- ing — a person who hopes, after the war, to "take by the hand" the crea- tures guilty of these infamies. It has been my experience to know many sad blackguards in the worst parts of London, but I cannot remember one who could fall as low as that. To find such we must search the smuggeries and the priggeries and the Fellowships of Reconcihation. ARTHUR MORRISON. The Old Serb THE calculated brutality of German and Austrian "frightfulness," its cowardice and cold-blooded evil, are already familiar to all impartial students of Teutonic warfare. But a Nation that has consented to its own slavery cannot value freedom, or be supposed to respect the life or hberty of the innocent and weak. With her neck under Prus- sia's heel, tamed Germany strives in word and deed to reflect the spirit of her masters, and so far succeeds that she can contemplate the atrocities of this war with satisfaction, and from pulpit, school, and press applaud each new manifestation in turn. Blind obedience to command has brought the Germans to a state where even their thinking is done for them; they grovel before the brute power that drives them and kiss and sanctify the bloody hands that hold the whip. Luther said the justification of Hberty was that man could only truly serve God and his fellow-man if freedom of choice of means were per- mitted to him. The German of to-day relinquishes that freedom and is content to be herded under a political system that denies him his inde- pendent manhood. Ke sacrifices responsibihty and liberty alike to a race which he still suffers to inherit the privilege of directing his State; he prostitutes his own reasoning faculties and ignores the evolution of morals by applauding Prussia's reactionary ideals at the expense of every modern movement for the progress of humanity. He knows the right and does the wrong — a wilhng slave to an archaic autocracy. Thus servile obedience to physical power is the noblest principle that United Germany has yet attained, and the consequences permeate the people in a spiritual indifference to elementary honor displayed ahke on her battlefields and in her council chambers. The lie is accepted as her first diplomatic weapon; "frightfulness" is developed as an invaluable ally of conquest; cruelty and treachery are praised by the scholar and pastor, practised as a matter of course by the soldier and politician. None sees what dishonor is thus heaped upon his country and how her history has been defiled by this generation on the precepts of the last. Ignoring, as she always does, every contact with other cultures, Ger- many, out of a congenital megalomania, has evolved her own; and in her eyes it is no doubt as beautiful and precious as the ugly treasure of the child in the perambulator, who discards the most delightful modern toys for its own battered and hideous doll. In this regard she is indeed still a child; but a study of comparative cultures, following upon the destruction of her present rulers and their doctrine of force, should create a larger-minded nation wherein the civil- ized concepts of older States shall find recognition. "Until that final consummation," as Francis Stopford has well said, "Europe dare not rest secure, and the horrors of Belgium and Serbia will be repeated for the next generation if Germany be left the freedom to reestablish her might and to reorganize the life of her peoples with the sole object of crushing her neighbors at the first favorable opportunity." EDEN PHILLPOTTS. The "Lusitania" Nightmare THOUGH a year and more has passed since the great tragedy of the Lus'itania, and many evil things have been done since that day by the enemy who strikes at rooted principles of civiHzation, yet by reason of its magnitude and its utter disregard of the elementary principles of humanity the memory of this deed is still ahve in the minds of men. This "nightmare" that Raemaekers pictures was no dream fancy, but a reality; men and women walked along the rows of corpses laid out in the sheds, searching for that which they dreaded to find. . . . "There is no right but might," said Germany in that act, "and there is no law in the exercise of might." Men, women, and children ahke of this perverted nation were bidden to rejoice over the sinking of the vessel — the fact cannot be too often stated or too fully kept in mind, more es- pecially now that the fabric whence that doctrine of unguided force has emanated is crumbling under the blows of the Allied armies. For in the day of peace will be found many who will merit Achan's fate through following Achan's way, careless of the rows of little corpses that lay out for indentification after the sinking of the Lusitania — careless of all but the material aspect of the settlement that must be made when the mih- tary power of this present Germany is crushed. If it be not crushed beyond the possibihty of rising again — if there be any way left by which those who own no law but necessity and expedi- ence may repeat the experiment of these years of war, then these lives that ended off the Old Head of Kinsale ended in vain, and their memory is dishonored. With that which caused this nightmare there must be no compromise. E. CHARLES VIVIAN. ''Fancy, How Nice. 99 THE ethics of war are difficult to reduce to consistent principles. At first sight it does not seem more cruel to asphyxiate your enemy than to blow him to pieces with a land-mine or to turn a machine-gun upon him. Nevertheless, two facts are certain. One is that this very invention was offered to our War Office years ago, and was rejected as unworthy of a civihzed nation. The other is that it is forbidden by The Hague Convention in a clause accepted by Germany herself. The adoption, without warning, of poisonous gas is perhaps the most shameless of all the treacherous violations of international law which Germany has committed. It is now known that Germany had de- termined, before hostihties began, to violate all the laws of war. In the Official German War Boole these conventions are referred to only with contempt. To disregard tliem is what the Germans calf "absolute war"; and they ctaim that absolute war is the only logical kind of war. In adopting this theory Germany has fallen far behind barbarism; for, cruel as the barbarian often is, there are always some things which he will not do to his enemy, some conventions wliich he will observe, either from the chivalry which belongs to the character of the genuine fighting man or from fear of Divine anger, or from a vague sense of what is due to human beings even when they are enemies. The notion that all moral principles are in abeyance during war is the most revolting doc- trine that can be proclaimed. It is disgusting to find that it is openly defended by many of the religious guides of the German people, who profess to speak in the name of Christianity. Such moral obliquity, one thinks, can only exist in a nation which does not play games. But perhaps the reason why games are discour- aged in Germany is that they encourage a "foolish" sense of honor and chivalry in the serious business of life. W. R. INGE, Dean of St. Paul's Cathedral. 10 11 The Laodiceans "'*T~^HOU art neither cold nor hot. I would thou wert cold or hot. . . . I Because thou sayest, I am rich and increased with goods, and have need of nothing. ... I counsel thee. . . . anoint thine eyes with eye-salve, that thou mayest see." Raemaekers has patience with most things, but with neutrality he would scorn to be patient. He refuses to parley with it, even when it waves the colors of his own country in its hand — if it ever does any- thing so sturdy as to wave colors. These old women are dreadful, they are almost as terrifying as his Prussian monsters. The persuasive old fanatic in the foreground arguing the divinity of lukewarmness is dreadful in herself, and more dreadful still because we all know that she exists, in belligerent as in neutral countries. And worse, far worse, is the granite female with her stone brooch in her marble collar behind her. The others are surprised, doubtful, not yet entirely won over to the specious argument; but the woman behind is a very Gibraltar of neu- trahty. Seldom, very seldom, does Raemaekers draw dreadful women. His Germania is a symbol, not a woman. I can only remember one other cartoon, a merciless drawing of the Kaiser and the Kaiserin, in which a woman stands for eviL He hkes to picture pity and mercy and nobility in the form of women, and when he wishes to paint sorrow and endurance he gives us such cartoons as those of the mothers and widows of Belgium. And this makes it the more hkely that in these gossiping, selfish, silly, wicked creatures he is drawing a type of mind rather than a type of female. In every country there are "old women"; but they are not always females. H. PEARL ADAM. 12 ri--iouis."""F< f.ipmnp kgr.&. 13 ''A Pitiful Exodus 3^ THIS is one of Raemaekers' crowds. He is fond of depicting crowds, and he is right. He has the art of making them singularly effective. He catches wonderfully both the general impression and the vahie of a face or figure here and there not violently obtruded but individually appealing. And these crowds are so effective because they are so true. This is a war of crowds. The nations have fought in crowds, they have suffered in crowds. "Multitudes — multitudes in the valley of decision" might be said to be its text. And Antwerp was ever a place of crowds; though not, of course, hke this. Who does not know Antwerp as she was before the war? A great, buzzing, thriving hive on the water's edge, filled with a jolly, comfort- able, busy bourgeoisie; mediaeval and modern at once, with her churches and her quays, her florid "Rubenses" her Van Dycks, her Teniers, her Maison Plantin, and all the rest of her past; her world commerce, her fortifications of to-day, deemed impregnable! She had been besieged and fallen before. To-day she fell with scarcely a siege. Who was responsible for this fiasco— for the defense which was no defense, the relief which was no rehef? Why was the Naval Brigade sent there ? Perhaps we shall know some day, when Raemaekers' coun- try is free to set them also free again. What we can know is graphically and terribly told by Mr. John Buchan and the witnesses he cites. The highways were black with the panting crowds: ladies of fashion, white-haired men and women, wounded soldiers, priests old and young, nuns, mothers, daughters, children. So it was described by one who saw it. More than a quarter of a milHon of inhabitants left Antwerp in one day. The world has never before seen such an emptying of a great city. "Some day," Mr. Buchan ends, "when its imagination has grown quicker, it will find the essence of war not in gallant charges and heroic stands, but in the pale women dragging their pitiful belongings through the Belgian fields in the raw October night." If anything could further quicken the world's imagination it would be this picture. Rubens devised the famous "pomps" for the entry of Ferdinand of Austria. The German entry had no Rubens. But this miserable pomp, this "pitiful exodus," has found its realistic Rubens in Raemaekers. HERBERT WARREN. 14 15 "Death the Friend" WHEN the white horse rode out to war with the clever, handsome mountebank in the shining armor astride it (ignore for the moment the duller fact of an anxious, field-gray man in a Benz limousine) the demigod made, let us admit it, a brave show. 'Tis credibly reported that in his company rode his august famihar, "our old God" in a new mood and a brand new uniform, "wearing," in fact, in the words of a dithyrambic Teuton, "the Death's Head cap of the German Hussars and carrying a white banner." What that Other may be assumed to have made of Dixmude, Ter- monde, and the ineffable rest of it is for the curious to conjecture: as also at what exact stage of the swift journeyings back and forth of the tired white horse there came into a mind fed on rich, fat phrases and meaty metaphors, and the flattery of astute, strong men and the dazzHng reflections of the imperial cheval glass, the first doubt as to whether the high approval of that Other were indeed an objective reahty, or merely a figment of the imagination of an overwrought overman. In any case, there must soon have dawned an aching wonder as to how the devil the banner could be white. And when was it that in place of that Other Rider in the hussar's cap there seemed to be something queer and sinister astride behind him on his battle-weary steed? Was it then that he began to whistle so vigor- ously {vide German Press passim) to keep up his spirits? And wifl there come a time (has it already come?) when that caressing touch on the shoulder wifl seem indeed the caress of a friend, and that gaunt index point to the only peace he wifl ever know ? JOSEPH THORP. 16 17 F A Higher Pile ULL half a million men, yet not enough To break this township on a winding stream; More yet must fall, and more, ere the red stuff That built a nation's manhood may redeem The Highest's hopes and fructify his dream. They pave the way to Verdun; on their dust The HohenzoIIern mount and, hand in hand, Gaze haggard south; for yet another thrust. And higher hills must heap, ere they shall stand To feed their eyes upon the promised land. One barrow, borne of women, Hfts them high, Piled up of many a thousand human dead. Nursed in their mothers' bosoms, now they he— A Golgotha, all shattered, torn and sped, A mountain for these royal feet to tread. A Golgotha, upon whose carrion clay Justice of myriad men, still in the womb, Shall heave two crosses; crucify and flay Two memories accurs'd; then in the tomb Of world-wide execration give them room. Verdun! Thy name is holy evermore; In thine heroic ruin the nations see A monument, upon whose Hving shore In vain the evil breaks; we bend the knee. Thou symbol of all Iiuman liberty. EDEN PHILLPOTTS. 18 19 Peace Reigns at Dinant THE mere human criminal will cover his crime with disguises; but it may truly be said that the Prussian has buried even his crime in the evidences of it. He has made massacre itself monot- onous; and made us weary of condemning what he was never weary of carrying out. It is said that General Von der Goltz, on receiving complaints of the scarcely human parade of cruelty which accompanied the first en- trance into Belgium, declared that such first bad impressions of the Prussian would wear off after his victory in the real campaign; and that, as he expressed it, "Glory will efface all." That sort of glory, however, was itself effaced from the German prospects as early as the battle of the Marne; and we shall never know whether humanity is capable of so vile a forgiveness; or whether glory will efface all. But there is a real sense in which we may say that infamy has effaced alL In the first stage of the war Prussia conducted assassination upon the same scale as grand strategy; and it is as difficult to recall every woman or child whose death was in itself a breach of all international understandings as it is to recall every poor fellow in uniform who has faHen in the open fighting which everyone understands. The pen becomes impotent when it attempts to give hfe to statistics; and I do not know that anything can come closer to it than the pencil, when it draws what the artist has drawn here — merely one quiet soldier, in the corner of one quiet town; and beyond only the corner of a heap of figures, which are yet more quiet. G. K. CHESTERTON. 20 21 Humanity v. Kultur ONE of the most marked features of Raemaekers' art is his intense feehng of patriotism. He is proud of his country and of her past history, and he is resolute to be true to the fame of the Nether- lands in the past and to preserve the freedom which is the heritage of her people. Another characteristic is his abhorrence of the prospect of German tyranny over his country. He hates that danger, which must ever be present to the mind of a patriotic Dutchman. It has been the pressing danger of the country for many years, and the danger in- creases and becomes more imminent year by year. He hates that thought, both because it would put an end to the freedom of his country and because he detests the character of Germany, and many of his cartoons express this abhorrence in the extremest form. He loathes the nature and the effects of German "Kultur." Both these characteristics are expressed in this cartoon. The Neth- erlands is represented as a young Dutch girl in the national costume, a working woman wearing apron and cap and big wooden shoes. She has taken off one of the shoes, holding it ready to strike, while in a threat- ening attitude and with flashing eye she faces a hideous hag in dirty, slovenly attire, who represents the great enemy. The artist's cartoons vie with one another in the ughness which is imparted, sometimes in one way, sometimes in another, to the enemy, but there is none which rep- resents Prussia in a more detestable form than this. Prussia is a drunken woman, who is just coming out from a pubhc-house, and is leaning against the door, hardly able to stagger on. The sign at the door is inscribed in German: "Bierhaus zur Deutschen Kultur." Prussia shrinks back from the assault which Holland is threatening. _Yet the assault is not an armed one; it is the assault of criticism and righteous indignation, as uttered in the press and through art. The crown _ of the empire, with the iron cross hanging from the apex,_ is tumbhng off the head of the drunken woman. The right hand, which she holds up in deprecation, is dripping with blood. The neck of a large bottle protrudes from a pocket in her dirty and ragged apron on which the bloody mark 'of a child's hand is imprinted. But with her bloodstained hand Prussia deprecates the attacks of criticism by the protest: "A real lady like me does not do such a thing" — forgetting in her drunken mind that she bears the marks of guilt on her person. She has been indulging in "Kultur" until she is in the last stage of intoxication, barely able to stand upright, and quite unable to preserve the crown of em- pire. Another characteristic of Raemaekers is evident: the perfect, absolute assurance of victory. There can be no_ question what the future will be; the issue of conflict, either in discussion or in other ways, between this stalwart young woman and the broken, drunken wretch cannot be doubted for a moment. The crown is already sfipping away, and no gesture, no support, will be in time to keep it in its place. WILLIAM MITCHELL RAMSAY. 22 23 The Bill EVEN a dragon's teeth decay And then there comes a painful time When morsels won't be made away: Hence spring this picture and this rhyme Of dragons rather past their prime. A varied menu spread before The hungry Kaiser and his son, From which the royal epicure With other courses chose this one — Paris to follow when 'twas done. A dainty dish the waiter thought To set before a king, or clown; Yet though they gulped and chewed and fought Not sire nor son could get it down — This little, sturdy, ancient town. And, what is more, their appetites, That yesterday were sharp and keen, This wretched dish of Verdun bhghts : Its toughness they had not foreseen; The cooking's bad, the inn unclean. "My son, I think we 'II try elsewhere." "Right O! dear father, so we will. I 'm spoiling for a change of air. Don't let this trifle make you ill: Our cannon fodder pay the bill!" EDEN PHILLPOTTS. 24 1 IL_, aii^5T^<5fitiafel<& cse 25 *'You need not storm this place" THE magnificent imagery of Isaiah is alone adequate to interpret the artist's picture. The German Kaiser is at the entrance to hell, on the gloomy portals of which is written the motto: "Aban- don hope all ye who enter here." The devil, with a Mephistophehan irony, tells his captive: "You need not storm this place." Hell is only too ready to house the great malefactors who have sinned against hght and are doomed to torment. It is inevitable to recall the great oracles of Isaiah on the Kmg of Babylon — that enemy of his race who had enslaved the Jewish people, persecuted God's elect and led them into captivity. "Hell from be- neath is moved for thee to meet thee at thy coming; it stirreth up the dead for thee, even all the chief ones of the earth; it hath raised up from their thrones all the kings of the nations. All they shall speak and say unto thee, Art thou also become weak as we? Art thou become like unto us? . . . How art thou fallen from Heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning! How art thou cast down to the ground, which didst weaken the nations!" But the King of Babylon was received with greater ceremony than falls to the lot of the German Kaiser. To welcome the former the old kings rise from their thrones. Wilhelm is led by the devil alone, and no pomp or circumstance of war surrounds him. His sin is as the sin of those who have beheved in their transcendent power and are the victims of megalomania. He, too, said in his heart: "I will ascend into Heaven, I will exalt my throne above the stars of God, I will be like the Most High." Yet thou shalt be brought down to hell, to the sides of the pit. And the sentence passed on such enemies of the human race is the same which Isaiah uttered thousands of years ago. "Is this the man that made the earth to tremble, that did shake kingdoms; that made the world as a wilderness and destroyed the cities thereof; that opened not the house of his prisoners?" The very catalogue of offenses is the same. And the penalty is that no such posthumous glory as en- circles the monarchs of the past will come to him. He goes down to the stones of the pit, cast out from all honorable burial, as "a carcass trodden underfoot." Never did Raemaekers dip his pen in bitterer gall than when he limned this appaUing picture of the fate which awaits a merciless and blood- thirsty tyrant. W. L. COURTNEY. 26 27 Hohenzolkrn Madness MAYBE the French poet of genius is already born who will sing the Epic of Verdun. One thinks of him staring into his mother's face, and bhnking a pair of wondrous brown eyes at the summer sun. France is too near, too careful and troubled about the present, too deeply plunged in grief and pain to tell that story with the majestic isolation of genius, or fling her inspiration wide enough, as yet, to catch the significance of this supreme event. Marble and bronze will record it, and imperishable verse — of that we may be sure; for the nation that has defended Verdun against the might of Germany holds the seeds of magistral art. Art must spring quick- ened, enlarged, and ennobled from these furnace fires; and it will hap- pen, as of old, that a people great enough to do great deeds lack not for children of genius to record their immortahty in achievements them- selves immortaL That follows in fullness of time; for at this moment, while cannon thunder and men die happy, with the Hght of coming victory for a crown, we may well think of such men alone and pay our homage to the heroes who have saved Verdun at the cost of their lives. But what of Germany's sons? What of the thousands who have fallen in fruitless attempts to take the hill of Dead Men? It may be ere long that these armies, driven by whip and revolver from behind, will wake to the futility of their continued destruction and begin to measure the worth of the royal command still hurling them to death, that its own wounded vanity and strategical and poHtical in- competence shall find a salve in their sacrifice. Raemaekers imagines nothing here, for his picture is a transcript of famihar truth. Death welcomes to its bony bosom the pride of a kingdom, while the rulers of that kingdom flog their subjects on to the annihilation that awaits them. Such forlorn tactics are aH that remain to the beggared tyrant and his son. But men are not as corn or the beasts of the field: this harvest cannot be renewed by the passage of a year; and when Death has fed full, he must wait for another such meal until the boyhood of Germany has come to man's estate. May the youthful Teutons with their manhood win sanity also, and escape forever the slavery that has driven more than half a miflion of their fathers to fruitless destruction before Verdun. EDEN PHILLPOTTS. 28 29 ''My master asks you to look after these peace doves " RAEMAEKERS in this excellent cartoon is not less direct, although he is at the same time more subtle, than in some others. Holland, typified by the seated figure, has an expression of amazement and suspicion, if not actual fear, upon her face. The Boche is not content with merely offering the basket of spurious doves, but has thrust it upon Holland's lap. The bearer who, in the name of his master, asks the latter to look after the "doves" is obviously trying to look agreeable as well as innocent, but the battered helmet and the leer upon his face serve to betray him. Holland, says her great artist in this picture, has no use for "peace doves," or, at least, for those of the breed that wear the spiked helmets of the Prussians. One may suspect, as the artist and Holland herself apparently do, that the "doves," symbolic of peace, may prove the stormy petrels of war. They may be said to typify the propagandists who, having settled in Holland from the early days of the war, have carried on a crafty campaign of misrepresentation and calumny not alone against the Allies, but against the country which has hitherto preserved neutrality and sacrificed so much in works of benevolence in regard to Belgian and other refugees, and the British airmen and seamen which the accidents and tides of war have brought to or thrown upon her shores. The "doves of peace," and there are many Germans now resident in Holland, have probably all of them "Mannlichers" as well as spiked helmets for use if needed. In regard to all transactions with the Huns or their master, Holland will do well to remember Virgil's oft-quoted line: "Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes." Every "dove," whether in the guise of propagandist, commercial representative, official, or agent for the purchase of foodstuffs, and whether bringing a cage of "peace doves" or bags of gold, is a potential enemy to the peace and independence of Holland. The triumph of the Central Empires means the subjugation of the Dutch people, and the "peace doves" within her borders would soon quit their cooing and be transformed into the "Prussian Eagle's brood." CLIVE HOLLAND. 31 Famine in Belgium * T T THEN the German conquers Belgium and Poland the first thing \/ \/ he does is to raise agriculture, commerce, and industry to a state of immediate prosperity. Gain and comfort for the new subjects cHng to the soles of his feet." Thus the Rev. Gerhard Tolzien preaching in Schwerin Cathedral last autumn at the harvest festival held on the 19th Sunday after Trinity. We must suppose he believed it. One of the stock attributes of Kultur, proclaimed by its apostles and obediently repeated by their pupils, is the beneficent influence it sheds on other lands. It showers gratuitous benefits on all, but only those fortunate enough to be brought under German sway reap the full harvest of its blessings. So the domination of the world by Germany is justified. It is for the people's good; it would be the millennium. Raemaekers shows it to us at work in Belgium. We see the Germans who have conquered the land carrying out those beneficent functions described by the German preacher. Having brought agriculture, com- merce, and industry to a state of unprecedented prosperity, they are watch- ing, with benevolent satisfaction, the signs of gain and comfort among the inhabitants. If the emaciated peasants, leaving their roofless cottage, hmping down the empty street with the few odds and ends of rubbish not worth looting which they stifl possess, or stopping to poke about in the gutter for a scrap of food — if they seem to be at the last extremity of misery, that is, no doubt, because they are too dull to appreciate the blessings of Kultur. Truly this is a terrible picture, a veritable nightmare. There is nothing more poignant in the whole series. It would be a rehef to be able to be- Heve Herr Tolzien's account, but we fear that the ghastly contrast drawn by the neutral artist is only too well founded on fact. A. SHADWELL. 32 --Y^. ■^f^-^ 33 Poor Old Thing AN old English proverb, disdaining to be cramped by so feeble and academic a thing as grammar, tells us that "courtesy is cum- bersome to him that kens it not." It is one of the essential signs of breeding that courtesy is natural and not cumbersome; and if we may take the saying of the German naval officer as true, that the EngHsh will always be fools and the Germans will never be gentlemen (though it is true that the maker of such a saying must be a gentleman himself), we shall be able to understand much about the Central Powers that is otherwise puzzling. Despite their aristocracies and their history, and this applies especially to Austria, those Powers have a streak of cheapness running through them. They are cads. They snarl and bicker with each other like a grocer's family in a back parlor. Unlike Lamb's "party in a parlor," they are not all silent; possibly the rest of the sentence holds true. Where was Wilhelm? Why does n't Franz Joseph do better? But for him we 'd have done such and such. Why did n't the fellow do better? They growl about each other to all the winds of heaven. Some of their griefs are legitimate. Between alhes of diiTerent race there must always be grounds of difference and even of acute divergence of opinion. For generations the Austrians have disliked the Germans with a hearty and vigorous dislike. If ten years ago you called a German an Austrian, he corrected you with superciliousness; if you called an Austrian a German, he corrected you with fury. Germans called Aus- trians "stuck-up"; Austrians called Germans merely "those Germans." And now that they are fighting side by side for their existence, now that their whole history and homogeneity as European Powers are at stake, they carp and snap like fretful sick puppies. We — the Alhes — are Latin and Slav and Saxon and Celt, and we shall never understand each other really welL The friendship of England with France is new, and has been grafted on centuries of clean warfare and honorable hostihty; but on the many points on which we think differently, do we reproach each other? We have all retreated since the war began, and in each case our AHies have hurried up to tell us that our retreat was a masterpiece, as honorable as a victory. Why? Because: Noblesse oblige. H. PEARL ADAM. 34 35 Germany and the Neutrals THERE are some points in Germany's attitude toward the neutrals which are ambiguous. Others are only too tragically clear. If we consider in its general character the German submarine crusade, we find that its original intention — to damage not only ships of war but the merchantmen of Great Britain, including passenger boats — involves also a studied neglect of the rights of neutral ships. Everything that might conceivably help Great Britain, either in respect to food-stuffs, commerce, or international trade, or the voyage of harmless tourists on the seas, was, from the point of view of BerHn, to be exposed to the fury of submarine attacks without any nice discrimination between enemies and neutrals. Clearly at one stage of the war the submarine commanders had their or- ders to stop and overhaul whatever they met on the seas, to give very inadequate time for the crews to escape, and to refuse all assistance to the victims struggling in the water. The crisis of this submarine crusade was reached in the sinking of the "Lusitania." Thereupon the American Government took action, and the Notes interchanged between President Wilson and the Wilhehiistrasse eventually, after much correspondence, brought about a temporary cessa- tion of the more violent methods of the Teuton pirates. For it became clear that the patience of President Wilson was almost exhausted, and the possibiHty of a rupture of diplomatic relations gave some pause to the German Higher Command. The leading principles, however, of the enemy's crusade have never been altered. Indeed, many observers have foreseen the recrudescence of submarine attacks, with the aid of newer and more formidable vessels with a wider range of action and a stronger armament. The Berhn contention is that Great Britain, through her preponder- ance of naval power, is a despot on the seas, infringing the liberties of other nations. To restore freedom by Hmiting the activity of British vessels has been a constant parrot-cry of the Teutonic enemy. The real truth, of course, is that the blockade is having such serious effects on Germany that she is almost bound to initiate new movements, if only to shake off the fatal grasp of the British ships of war. Probably the neutrals understand the position quite as well as we do, but for various reasons it is difficult for them to make an effective pro- test. Meanwhile the innate brutahty of submarine warfare is as obvious as ever it was, and in Raemaekers' cartoon the hideous gorilla which rep- resents the Teuton power is gloating over its victims and breathing out defiance against all who attempt to curb it in its reckless cruelty. The legend "Gott mit Uns" adds a biting irony to the picture. W. L. COURTNEY. 36 Lj-s-^-i.. ■-:■,;■ rt.-iri 'i il I'l'iMMfiW 37 Those Horrible Britons THE English have always been misunderstood by foreign peoples, and I think one of the most beneficial effects of this war will be the better understanding of John BuH by the Slavs, by the Gauls — and by the Teutons. The Slavs up to this time have not known us at alL In France till very recently the Enghshman has been the Englishman of the old Palais Royal farces, a creature with red whiskers, front teeth like the double blank in dominoes, shepherd's plaid trousers, and a disengaging manner. Read Daudet, read Hugo, read Loti and you will see that even the high- est intelhgences in France have failed to appreciate John Bull at his true worth, failed even to understand him. Germany, who understands everything but humanity, has been even more backward than France. To Germany John has figured as a rob- ber grown fat on plunder, soft, flabby, and only waiting to be plundered. To Germany and to the Ivaiser John has not figured as a power, simply because he has not figured as a mihtary power. They believed him effete. The first seven divisions cut into this comfortable behef in a cruel manner. The handful of Enghsh who drove the Hun hordes back from Calais did not put balm on the wound. Slowly and by degrees the Kaiser has seen his last hopes broken by the Enghsh. "Those Horrible Britons." Raemaekers, as always, has touched the truth. H. DE VERE STACPOOLE. 38 39 Dr. Kuyper to Germany OF benevolent neutrality we have all heard; and of the existence of the malevolent kind, too, we are quite frequently reminded. The AUied countries failed to perceive the benevolence of the Vatican's utterance that the violation of Belgium "happened in the time of my pred- ecessor," and so apparently called for no comment from the head of the Roman Cathohc Church. Since that interview the inaction of the Vati- can, which had till then been almost complete, and has since been troubled by one or two tentative mentions of oHve branches and no more, has appeared in more than a dubious Hght to the AIHed nations. In France, where the opening of the war brought about something Hke a rehgious revival, the Pope's inaction and the Pope's speech caused a cold Gulf Stream of suspicion and disappointment to flow steadily Romeward. The spectacle of a Protestant premier of a two thirds Protestant country favoring a mission to the Vatican is one which would in any case have troubled Protestants, and in this case does not even please Roman Catho- lics. Then who does it please? Raemaekers knows. Alas for the days when we associated screens with "little French mil- liners"; what a Lady Teazle have we here! And what a school of some- thing worse than scandal holds its classes in the seminaries of war-poHtics ! Dr. Kuyper, "the snowy-breasted pearl" of the drawing, is, perhaps, guilty of hoping a thing he does not avow; of working for it; but at least even Raemaekers, a stern critic, admits that without being a villain (we know the mark Raemaekers sets on the brow of his villains) he may be still quite pleased with himself. But the two behind the screen are fur- tive, are anxious, are unable to enjoy even an act that should further their plans; they are pleased, but their pleasure is sicklied o'er with the pale cast of a thought which turns ever more eagerly to the future, and turns back ever more anxiously to the present. H. PEARL ADAM. 40 41 The Kaiser's Diplomacy THE true story of what happened in Montenegro, when the Aus- triansre ported that the country had submitted to superior force and accepted the domination of the Central Powers, and that it was abandoning the hopeless task of resisting their united strength, will perhaps be revealed in the future. At present it is unknown. Prob- ably it will turn out to have been a great personal disappointment to the Kaiser and another instance where his diplomacy failed. It would have been a triumph to induce Montenegro to submit peaceably, and to have King Nicholas accept the position of a chent king at Ber- hn. But the resistance of Montenegro was not wholly overcome. The king and the people who had fought for freedom with success against all the forces of Turkey and afterward of Austria during so many years could not submit to being deluded by the blandishments of Hadji Wilhelm. Here the artist shows Nicholas with his bag packed for the journey to France, and labelled "Lyon," turning away from the Kaiser, who looks toward him with seductive entreaty, and presses his hands in a gesture of petition. He is making a last attempt to induce the king to submit to fate and to himself; to come to Berhn, and to be received with royal honors and enrolled alongside the many princely famihes of Germany. The Kaiser set great store by success in this negotiation. It would have been the beginning, as he hoped, of the breaking up of the alUance among his foes. Even though it was only the small and poor Monte- negro that abandoned the AHied cause, still it was to be the first stage of a general break-up, which would have been hailed with triumph as the beginning of the end. The Kaiser wanted Nicholas badly, but Nicholas was not going alone to Berlin, and his last word is that "we will all come later." Raemaekers, with his unfailing confidence in a final victory, looked forward then, when the cause of the AHies seemed to be at its lowest ebb, to the victory of the future, and to the victorious entrance of the united AHies into Berlin. The artist judged by faith, and not by sight. He was not a mere calculator of chances, and an estimator of mihtary power; for those neutrals who judged on such principles were apparently all so profoundly impressed with the overwhelming mihtary strength of Germany, that their moral judg- ment was warped. Raemaekers had Hved too close to Germany to be ignorant of her enormous strength; but he judges as a prophet, who bears witness to the moral quahty of the world, despite of the appar- ent balance of probabilities. WILLIAM MITCHELL RAMSAY. 42 ■\. L. ouis rN^€nf\omi iS.«»ti"hftf>Ke-rc 67 Victory by Imposture THE peacemaker, Ford, is sailing away in a boat, with the flag of the United States at the stern, leaving behind him the four Germanic Powers. On their afliance is inscribed: "Victory! Victory! Colossal victory !" ; but the afliance is only a Hfe-buoy, and the Powers are strugghng in the sea of fate, and are in imminent danger of drowning. They strive by loud words to maintain to the world their pretense of victory; but it is afl sham, and they know that their Hves are at stake. The whole fabric of the German afliance is to this artist a morafly gigantic imposture, and rests on an elaborate system for dup- ing the surrounding world. Austria, Bulgaria, and Turkey have enough to do to hold on to the flfe-buoy and save themselves from death. Turkey has a bad grip, and looks as if he could hardly cflng on. Bulgaria is, if possible, worse situated; Ferdinand holds with one hand and with his chin. The Emperor of Austria has his shoulder wefl over the flfe-saving buoy, but although the hold is good, his physical strength is faiflng. The Kaiser alone has a firm hold and plenty of strength left, but he has already been under water, for his helmet is dripping; and his cry for help is addressed to the retreating peacemaker. The boasting words inscribed on the afliance are addressed to the surrounding world, but the word that comes from his heart is a cry for peace. When this cartoon was pubhshed, Germany was apparently going on from victory to victory. Many people feared that the Prussian victory was assured, but Raemaekers never doubted. His confidence in the victory of truth and justice never failed for an instant. In his cartoons he sees, like a prophet or a poet, right into the heart of the great movements in history. It is not that he conveys the impression of mere bflnd, unreasoning confidence in the victory of any particular nation which he admires, or in which he befleves, or which he considers to be most wealthy and most capable of paying the expenses and sup- plying the "silver buflets" in unceasing abundance. His subflme as- surance is based on moral issues; he hates the cruel and the deceitful nation and man, because among other things they are an outrage on nature, a blotch disfiguring the fair face of the world, and he knows that a cause which is based on disregard of international obflgations, and buttressed by a poflcy of " frightfulness " and a general system of imposture and deception, must faiL The world of men wifl not endure it; the divine order of things has rejected it. He can no more doubt about the issue than could one of the old Hebrew prophets. He has seen, and he knows. WILLIAM MITCHELL RAMSAY. 68 r >v ft(-M-»1tJ<-k.; 69 Shell-Making SHELLS! Shells! In the name of the Prophet, shells! Shells for Britain and Belgium, for France and Russia and Italy, for Serbia and Roumania ! Shells, shells, and ever more shells! It is a cry with which we are famihar now, terribly famihar. We remember — though events crowd on so fast that we forget much — how a year or two ago it was yet more terrible, for it was a cry unanswered and unanswerable. Our little army — so little, but so great in heart — "our dauntless army, scattered and so small," sans machine-guns, sans howitzers, sans shells, sans masks, sans everything, still snatched for us, if not victory, yet time, time for everything. To-day it has grown from hundreds to thousands, and thousands to millions, and its munitions have grown faster still. What were Mr. Montagu's figures the other day? They were incredible. Britain's output of "heavy shell" has been multiplied ninety-jour, wellnigh one hundred, times. The tale of shells it took a whole weary year to make in 1914 can now be made in Jour days! How has it been brought about? Largely by the enthusiasm, the faith and fire, of one man and many women, — by Mr. Lloyd George and the workers who have ralhed to his call. This picture shows the process. It is a picture truly striking, graphic, beautiful, gladdening yet saddening. These countless, shapely, well-knit figures bending over their task eagerly, earnestly; the power-bands revolving, the lathes turning unceas- ingly, the tools biting, poHshing, finishing; creation in full swing! All the rare gifts of womanhood are here, but how strangely used ! What a pathetic paradox! It is women's privilege to be the mothers, the nurses, the ministers, the angels of Hfe. But these are mothers and angels of death. They know what they are doing. It is for their men, their babes, their honor, they transform themselves. All the woman's love and passion, her enthusiasm, her neat and dehcate hand, her do- cility are here, making, moulding these shining shells, multitudinous as their namesakes of the ocean; and hke them each is fashioned nicely to pattern, voluted, enamelled, burnished, with their strange knobs and grooves the product of long evoKition, exact and right, and then stacked gross by gross, and thousand by thousand, canned earthquakes, bottled death, to be broken and to break to-morrow in the storms and on the ridges of war. Dux Jemina Jacti! What work to-day is not woman's? Shells, shells, ever more shells! HERBERT WARREN, 70 '.Wk.'^"^ "^ ^^, /Sin: '\ i^i^JY I \i"i wi AJ' r.*:^ ^1 ^ >lliic \-t.CTi^n, 11 <>■-»■ 71 Another Australian Success A LONDON snapshot in lighter mood and a pretty compliment to the Austrahans, who are cutting out Jack, Tommy, and even Sandy in bonnet and kilt, under the shadow of Nelson's hons. Well, none but the brave deserve the fair, and no one grudges them their success. But the picture may be read in a different sense. After all, whose is the success here? If there were one AustraHan and two girls, now, that would be something hke success. Too much success, indeed! He might say: "How happy could I be with either!" The girl does not say that; no girl ever does. She wants them both and apparently she has got them. The success is hers, and other girls will certainly grudge it to her, particularly, one fancies, those in Australia, who may have their own reasons for a quahfied approval of conquests in Trafalgar Square. So Britannia's sons may be cut out, but Britannia's daughter carries off the honors and redresses the balance. This snapshot, by the way, was evidently taken before London was laid in ruins by Zeppelins (see the Wolff Bureau and German papers passim). A. SHADWELL. 72 ?^"¥- ' ' 1^.. \\cif«<^cl\!? f s"' 103 On Their Way to Ferdun SOME time ago Louis Raemaekers drew a cartoon entitled "On Their Way to Calais," representing German corpses floating toward the sea. It will be remembered that the Belgians let water into their dykes and so flooded great tracts of the northern country. The inundation was one of the obstacles — added to the determination of the AUies — which balked the second great ambition of the Kaiser. If he failed in winning Paris, he thought that at least he might win Calais. The present picture portrays another of the German faihires. The road to Verdun is blocked not only by the gaflant resistance of the French, but by the heaps of German slain, amounting, we are told, to at least five hundred thousand men. In six months the enemy gained only a mile or so of country, and though the furious attacks continue, there is no reason for thinking they will be more successful than those which have broken down in the past. Why the Germans elected to make their desperate assault on Verdun is another matter. Probably many motives entered into the decision. The German higher staff" clearly underrated the fighting value of the French. After the much-advertised determination to smash the Russians on the Eastern frontier, and perhaps to press forward and cap- ture, Petrograd, it seemed necessary to gain some triumph in order to satisfy the wishes of Berlin and impress the Aflies with the invincible character of the Teuton hosts. Supposing the enemy succeeded in taking Verdun, it would at all events be a spectacular victory, even though the mihtary advantages might not be great. If the attack failed, at ah events it might succeed in one of its objects — to destroy the French morale. Therefore the Crown Prince, whose susceptibiHties were also to be considered, was set to work to destroy the French sahent, and he has sacrificed division after division to accompHsh his purpose. The Crown Prince has not obtained much distinction in the present war, and if the object was to crown him with laurels of victory, the result has been disastrous. To lose as many as five hundred thousand men, when the question of man-power is becoming serious for the Central Empires, is a reckless policy which could only be justified, if justified at ah, by a colossal success. As we know, in six months' fighting the po- sitions remained very much the same — attack and counter-attack, loss and gain, masses of Germans driven up to slaughter and the French still holding the much-coveted positions. Both east and west of the Meuse the story has been the same. Mr. Raemaekers' picture remains as true to the facts as ever it was. "On Their Way to Verdun" is a history of enormous massacre and little triumph for the Germans, to whom Verdun appeared originally an easy prey. W. L. COURTNEY. 104 W' ''"jMlJKi 105 Bethmann-Hollweg's Peace Song ONE felt interested in the "Campaign for Honorable Peace," until it was learned that the propagandists designed to proceed on Herr Beth- mann-Hollweg's formula. But the map to which the German Chancellor referred has already altered since he offered it as a basis for negotiation, and before the German speakers have stumped the Fatherland it may happen that still deeper modifications will appear on the existent Hnes. The "honorable peace" at present in the minds of Prince Wedel and his committee bears a suspicious resemblance to a very respectable victory for Germany, and it is only the continued, carefully fostered ignorance of that country that can make the forth- coming campaign less ridiculous to the German man-in-the-street than it appears to ourselves. The Kaiser's sham door is still stuffed with high explosives, and Herr Bethmann-Hollweg's tears will help to water no olive branch. Consider the only possible conditions of peace that do not involve a treason- able attitude of mind in England and the Alhes, and then observe Germany's attitude to those conditions. We may reduce the vital points to three, with M. Gustave Herve; and in taking his terms, be it remembered that we speak with the Hps of a great man and a great pacifist. He recognizes the awful need to destroy the domination of the Central Powers and crush German militarism for the sake of his own ideals; and, that done, dreams of the only possible peace and sees it based on a triple foundation. The first and obvious need is that which the Union of Democratic Control and those who think in its terms seem unable to perceive as the most vital: a defeated Germany. Germany is the obstacle that mihtates against any sort of future safety for great or small States. It follows, therefore, that until we can impose our peace ideal upon her, no Allied peace worthy the name is possible; and since our terms must be profoundly distasteful to Germany and her first accomphce, it is vain to present them until her power to dechne them has been destroyed. Only from a vanquished Germany may the remaining vital conditions of peace follow. With her defeat she must be called upon to scrap the fatal poisons that led to her insanity, and take her daily food no more from the hands of war lords, hireling professors, and pubhcists. She must be cleansed, freed of her seven devils, and taught that the only sovereign power human progress can henceforth recognize is the sovereignty of a people's wilL For the fighting kingdoms know now at this bitter cost one eternal truth: that not nations, but their rulers will wars and make them. If ideals of internationahsm falter before this condition, and M. Herve's peace will increase the enthusiasm of nationality, his far-reaching view sees greater hopes beyond. For his third stipulation allows no subject peoples. He would have Europe found a practical and hving system of justice upon these ruins — a system sprung of honor and honesty, and based on international physical strength. From such a system federation must sooner or later spring, and the peace ideals of nationahst and internationalist ahke grow from dreams into reahties. The victory that can win such terms will in truth be "a victory of industry, commerce, the arts, and humanity." EDEN PHILLPOTTS. 106 T^u is "p^at^o-iarj^rx 107 A German "Victory"' ALTHOUGH this manifestation of the German spirit is new, and belongs to this war only, yet the spirit itself is as old as Prussian power. That spirit was evident in 1813, in the Napoleonic wars; it was evident in the campaign of Sadowa, and again in the Franco- German war of 1870, when the murder of women and children was proved to be the Prussian form of retahation for perfectly legitimate acts of war. This cartoon, which first appeared after one of the earlier Zeppelin raids on England, gives another result of the Prussian belief in terrorism as an aid to war; the result is new, but the policy behind it is old. Because that poKcy is old, and is a deep-rooted principle of Prussianism, any talk of "peace terms" is futile, and the "honorable peace" of which German deputies talk in their gatherings is an impossibility. There can be no terms for the nation that does these things, no bargaining with it, and the world that has wakened to the real nature of the thing which has attacked civilization will take care that the thing itself has no power to impose "terms" in the day when peace returns. It is worth noting that Germany alone among the nations has built Zeppelins, and worthy of note, too, that these machines have served no useful military purpose in the decisive actions of the war. Along the battle fronts they do not appear, for they are too fragile to be risked in purely military work. In the great naval battle of Jutland they served no useful purpose, and the war has proved them instruments of murder, safe only in darkness and undefended areas. And in saying that Germany alone has built them in fleets, one says that Germany alone has pinned faith to terrorism and a policy of murder, which is steadily winning its just reward. E. CHARLES VIVIAN. 108 109 ''Waiting" IMPERIAL utterances are, or were till lately, treated with great respect in Germany. What the "all-highest" says must surely be true. But a modern oracle, if he wishes to keep his credit, should avoid prediction. He may falsify the past and misread the present with impunity; but he will be wise to leave the future alone. The Kaiser has been imprudent. He began by telHng his troops to walk over the "contemptible httle British army," the finest and most experienced professional soldiers in the world; next he informed them that they would all be at home again "at the fall of the leaf," in 1914; then he hazarded the statement that Russia was done for, and the Allies generally at the end of their resources; and lastly the carefully pre- pared thrust, which, he declared, was to give France the coup de grace, has missed its aim. It is impolite to treat an emperor in this way; he is not used to it and does not hke it. It is the business of his subjects to see that his reign is a blaze of triumph. A breakdown after so many years of re- hearsals! It is really too bad; there must have been gross mismanage- ment somewhere. W. R. INGE, Dea7i oj St. Paul's Cathedral. 110 L., Ill The Kaiser as a Diplomatist TO many people, and especially to all Germans, the attitude of the South African Boers in the Great War has been one of its most surprising features. It was not a surprise to Raemaekers, and here, in this cartoon, he states his reason, as the plain homely figure of the old President Kruger expresses it to General Christian de Wet, who took the wrong side. Kruger does not forget how the Kaiser led him on by telegrams and secret messages of sympathy, and after all, when the war broke out in South Africa, this same Kaiser made no at- tempt to implement his promises. Some time later all the world learned the facts from the Kaiser's own lips, when he boasted of having been the friend of the British and of having helped them during the South African War, by communicating to General Roberts a strategic plan for crushing the Dutch. There is certainly no reason to suppose that Roberts or Kitchener made any use of the Kaiser's plan, because they won the victory. If they had used the plan, the result would have been different. In this cartoon the Kaiser is the ingenious diplomatist once more. Though he deceived the Dutch formerly, he is now trying to induce them to join him against Britain; and he did succeed in perverting the judgment of de Wet. But the solid, homely sense of the Dutch came to the right conchision. The man who has once deliberately deceived a people is not likely to succeed in deceiving them a second time. WILLIAM MITCHELL RAMSAY. 112 ^.—Loui-^i Pv^ 113 Hun Hypocrisy WHEN the history of this war is written with a sense of detachment which only time can give — written, moreover, by an impartial neutral, with the insight and intelligence of a Motley or a Hume — it will be interesting and instructive to read the chapters which deal with the conviction obsessing an entire nation that England for some mysterious purposes of her own brought about hostihties, and that Germany, very rehictantly, was forced to draw the sword in defense of the fatherland. No reasonable man can doubt that this conviction is sincere upon the part of a large majority of our enemies. From first-hand evidence it is equally indisputable that the few, the Court Party, for example, and certain writers, have frankly admitted the Teuton aims and ambitions, crystahized into the famous phrase — "Weltmacht oder Niedergang." The amazing thing — perhaps the most amazing fact of the war — is the moral Atlantic which heaves between the few who know and the many who do not. And the bridging of this illimitable ocean, the future enHghtenment of at least sixty mil- Hon persons, must be, for the moment, the problem which is perplexing and tormenting the minds of the Great General Staff. Sooner or later — sooner, possibly, than we think — the truth must out. What will happen then? Conjecture is simply paralyzed at the issues involved. Briefly, it comes to this: these sixty miflions have been hum- bugged to an extent unparalleled in history. During three years they have been gorged with hes, swallowed always with avidity and with increasing appetite. The creduHty of the ignorant may be taken for granted; in this case it is the creduKty of the wise, the so-called intel- lectuals of Germany, which clamors to Heaven for explanation. Are these schoolmasters, publicists, theologians, and scientists hypocrites? That is the question which our cartoonist puts to us here. That is the question which the impartial historian will be called upon to answer. Englishmen, with the rarest exceptions, have answered that question already. We beheve firmly that the informed Huns deliberately be- fooled their uninformed fellow-countrymen. The few were honest and sincere in the Jesuitical faith that the end, world dominion, justified the means. They scrapped ruthlessly all principles which stood between themselves and an insensate ambition. Had they won through to Paris and London, a nation drunk with victory would have acclaimed their poHcy. But they have not won through, and the reckoning has to be met. HORACE ANNESLEY VACHELL. 114 115 The Prussian Guard THE German army has fought in this war with the Alhes in front of it and behind it the German press. Never has a war been accompanied by such ink-shed and such wholesale massacre of truth. The Allies have done their bit in this direc- tion, but their bit has been as a mole-hill to Everest compared with the work of the Central Powers. The fighting men resent it. They don't like to be told that their foe is a fool, even if they are getting the better of him. When they are get- ting the worse the statement is a more pecuHarly exasperating insult. They don't hke to be told that their victories are defeats, but they like even less to be told that their defeats are victories. In the one case they feel that the press men are fools, in the other they feel that the press men have made fools of them. There is a whole lot of common sense in human nature, even in German human nature, and an army hit in its common sense receives a blow. This is why, perhaps, Hindenburg has been issuing reports lately ap- proaching the truth. There is a lot of common sense in the old Marshal. H. DE VERE STACPOOLE. 116 _Xow.rp^.^->o.k^-.s.- "^"^.^^^je^^M^rtS^^i [J J / ,' _/ 117 Greek Treachery RAEMAEKERS is a keen prophetic politician as well as satirist, and not seldom his pencil has pointed to future events as yet unanticipated by our "sufficient for the day" diplomacy. One would have thought, however, that the tergiversation of the King of Greece had made it sufficiently clear no good thing could come out of his country while he continued to rule it. Yet justice must be done to him. To Serbia, indeed, he proved false, borrowing the "scrap of paper" doctrine from his masters; but to the Alhes he has preserved an unchanging front, and the logical action of those Powers who affirmed his throne should long ago have been to re- move him from it, when he proceeded to abuse the constitution and deprive Venizelos of the power the nation had put into that minister's hands. Hesitancy and delay have divided a Greece that was united when Veni- zelos fell, and the sleepless activity of Germany bears the present fruits — so poisonous for us. It passes the wit of the man-in-the-street to under- stand what secret influence permitted the deadlock; but it seems hard to believe that difficulties connected with Greece's future have not arisen in the councils of the Alhes. Soon the hand that is wilhng to wound, but afraid to strike, may be powerless to do so, for the situation develops very swiftly and the attitude of the French Admiral du Fournet has left no doubt of the Alhed determination. As we write, after needless bloodshed, Greece gives way, the fighting is at an end and her batteries of mountain guns are about to be surren- dered. We are told, also, that the refusal of the Government was not inspired by the King, but by the mihtary, who have formed a secret league with the reservists. The exasperating problem of Greece has delayed progress very seri- ously and, indeed, may be seen to have modified the whole course of the war in the Balkans; for had we enjoyed her confidence and insisted on the recognition of Venizelos from the first, the country must long since have become an ahy. With her aid, instead of the withdrawal from GaHipoh, there might have been recorded a triumphant campaign with radical results. But to cry over spilt milk is no business of the present. Concerning the modern Greek it may be written that "unstable as water, he shall not excel"; but we can yet hope that with our adequate recognition and support of the only Greek who counts, his power wifl triumph and his great spirit fortify a feeble people. His marvellous patience has been worthy of our utmost admiration, and those who would withhold abso- lute support from him at this critical juncture are certainly not the friends of Greece. That a country of such majestic tradition — a nation that has played her paramount part in the philosophy and art of the world — should be extinguished in this conflagration would not be the least of the tragedies our eyes may yet see; but the danger stifl exists, unless a sterner and more comprehensive attitude be taken to save Greece from herself and the ruler who is stifl permitted to occupy her throne. EDEN PHILLPOTTS, 118 _I — ouc^ 'ReifV\i._\_ ■ - y- t^-W '•■■ ;'.^4 147 The Super- Hooligans THE suggestion of this caricature is perhaps not so obvious to Englishmen as might be wished, for it represents the Kaiser, and the forces behind him, as more broken down than we have reason to think they were, or at any rate, than they appeared to us at the time this cartoon first appeared. It may be that to the neutrals their cause seemed less hopeful, and more out-at-elbows, as here depicted. The continuous fall of the mark in neutral countries may mean this. The figure of President Wilson is at any rate exceedingly clever. De- tached, professorial, contemplative, slightly academic, not to say don- nish, he contemplates "Mr. Turveydrop" and "Bill Sykes," for such characters they appear to be, with pensive, amused speculation. He certainly cannot expect more than swagger and sham gentility, scarcely disguising brutal ruffianism, from such figures. But is not the reahty more serious and murderous? The Kaiser is doubtless an actor, but not quite such a shabby-genteel third-rater as this, and his bullies are no doubt burglars and ruffians, but not of the old-fashioned, bludgeon type; rather the smart, modern operators, armed with automatic revolvers, oxygen blowpipes, swift mo- tors, and other appliances of up-to-date science. "Super-Hooligans" both doubtless are, but unfortunately not to be despised as enemies. This, however, would be less easy to present in caricature, and perhaps less telKng. The point is the folly of expecting any true "gentleness," or anything but a veneer of gentility, from Germany. HERBERT WARREN. 148 (oui-; |N^emiiiP'<^ri', ^aerr^oei<^rs. 149 Before the Fall WHEN, in August of 1914, the Geiman hosts set out on their way to victory and yet greater victory, they had in their minds a figure which, for them, had been girdled round with dignities almost sacred. Whatever their secret thoughts regarding this figure might have been, it was ostensibly something very nearly sacred; to the rest of the world it was an imperial figure, portrayed in many attitudes, but in practically every attitude there was the suggestion of inimitable pride. The world that is not Germany had laughed at this figure a httle: over certain telegrams, over the assumption of genius in certain artistic fields, and over a versatility that was almost Neronic. There was not wanting, among free peoples, a certain amount of contempt for this figure. Here you have the figure in a new attitude, and though at the time this cartoon was pubhshed the triumphs in Rumania were still to come, and the German lines of defense were apparently as strong as ever, yet the cartoon expressed a truth, as do all these cartoons of Raemaekers. As insecurely as is pictured here stood this man who aped Napoleon and Alexander, at whose bidding women and children were fed into the furnace of war, through whose senseless ambition countless homes were made places of mourning for the men who would return no more. More than three years of suffering, and the face of the world changed, the progress of the world arrested — for this! Beneath him is the gulf; he has hurled milhons into it, and here postures no more as second only to omnipotence, but waits the inevitable falL Thank God that it is inevitable. E. CHARLES VIVIAN. 150 151 The Shirkers IT is inevitable that there should be in every country degenerates who decline to play the game. England has her disreputable leaven of shirkers; France, whose heroism beggars description, has to reckon with her embusques. The serene cheerfulness with which the bitterest sacrifices are faced daily by the mass of the nations engaged in the terri- ble conflict, bring into powerful relief the obliquity and depravity of the handful of men who seek to escape the heavy burden that hes upon all. There is no possibility of exaggerating the mean infamy of the men who seek their own safety by skulking behind the broad backs of the defenders of their country, when every call of duty and right demands their presence in the fighting-hne. It is very difficult to dis- tinguish between the sinfulness of shirking at a crisis like the present and the crime of overt treachery. No injustice would be done if every shirker were made to understand that he is liable to the traitor's penalty if he persist in his offense. The repetition of conscientious objections to war, at a time when a nation is committed to a strife in which any slackening spells for it prac- tical annihilation, causes graver and graver perplexity. It is doubtful whether any healthy mind can now plead a conscientious objection without provoking suspicion of his powers of coherent reasoning. A condition of things has arisen in which private sentiment, however honestly cherished, is bound to yield to pubhc needs. It is a tradition of the country in normal times to treat the conscientious objector with tenderness. As far as public safety allows, it is even now a proper function of Government to discriminate between an honest delusion, however anti-social, and a wilful defiance, from contemptible motives of selfishness or cowardice, of right principle. A very formidable danger clearly lurks in any continuance of the lax toleration which is often extended to the conscientious objector, by virtue of the opportunity such considerate treatment offers the shirker of indulging his evil pro- pensities. ^ SIDNEY LEE. 152 / ^-^ZZ "^ %. '^.-." \. .A='-!*!frS''«-'^<..'Si^, .. ^.^ 159 See the Conquering Hero Comes A BITTER satire on the moral and intellectual claims of Germany. The conquering hero of the twentieth century and the bearer of Kultur is no mere Hun. He is a "throw-back" to an ancestral type far more remote than Attila, who was a comparatively pohshed person. He is primitive Man, not Rousseau's imaginary I'homme naturel, but the Urmensch, a veritable monster, gross, bloated, abominable, com- pact of evil, and more repulsive than the wild beasts he has tamed to do his hideous wilL They are monstrous creatures too, but dull and brutish. They are incapable of moral judgment; they follow their in- stincts and know no better. But he knows. He is Man, to whom has been given understanding and lordship over all the beasts. He is their master by reason of his superior brain, and that superiority is the measure of his depravity. By choosing these savage creatures to be his com- panions and to do his pleasure he proclaims himself far lower than they, because he might have chosen otherwise. We know those favorite satelhtes of his. One flies overhead — a vulture with gore dripping from beak and claws. Two others walk behind their master in docile servitude and ape his bearing as weH as their dull senses and uncouth forms allow. One is a gorilla, with bared fangs and the glare of senseless destructiveness in his eyes; the other is a whiskered wolf, sly, murderous and ruthless. They bear the hero's train and wear the marks of approbation he has bestowed upon them for the services they have rendered by the exercise of the quahties proper to their kind. And there is one other. Ever as he goes, there wriggles along by his side a snake — that old serpent, the devil and the father of lies. So accompanied and sweKing with pride the conquering hero swaggers on over the bleached bones that bear witness to his triumph. He has decked his repulsive form with the incongruous trappings of civihzation, and his foul visage wears an air of inefl'able self-satisfaction and arrogant disdain. In his own conceit he cuts a splendid figure and is the object of universal admiration. From his girdle hang the heads of his latest victims and in his right hand he carries, dehcately poised as a scepter and sign of sovereignty, a cudgel tipped with the hand of a child hacked off at the wrist. This is his title of honor. The savage beasts that accompany him cannot aspire to such majesty; they do not prey on their own kind. And that is how a neutral sees the German hero. ARTHUR SHADWELL. 160 L. 161 Belgium IT appears to me that Raemaekers' wonderful cartoons more often than not fall naturally into two main classes: the subtle and the direct. In both methods of appeal he is a past-master, and his message never fails to drive itself home, either through the medium of one's intellect or one's heart. Here we have a good and vivid example of the direct method of gaining our sympathy. An appeal to the emo- tional rather than to the intellectual within us. The woes of devastated Belgium, of its starving population, of its desolate homes, of its orphaned children, may be said by some to be an "oft told tale." But surely none looking upon this most poignant drawing can fail to understand much of the tragedy and misery brought about by the German occupation of Belgian soil and the methods of Kultur which for a period of three years now have held sway in that unhappy land. Those of us who know the facts — the things which do not always get mto the papers, as the phrase is — the wilful starvation of the poor by their ^ relentless conquerors, can best understand and appreciate the artist's message. What a pathetic picture this is! The starved woman — all the round- ness and beauty of womanhood and motherhood brutally stamped out of her face and figure by the state of things brought about by the rule of the Hun; the child chnging to her mother with the terror and amazement which is the most piteous of all expressions that can come into and be graven upon the face of childhood. Both bear in their faces and forms the cruel marks of starvation and suffering. And yet there are those abroad in the land who can talk and write of "saving Germany from too much humiliation." Too much humiha- tion! For one, I say that if Germany can be dragged in the dust; if her rulers can be made to eat the bread of humiliation; if her bestial- rninded military officials, who have deported women and girls from Bel- gium and France to God only knows where and to what end, can be brought to adequate punishment, then there is still some justice left in this warring world and some hope for poor, strugghng, vexed, and fearful humanity. Unless Germany is conquered and humiliated, un- less the wrongs of Belgium and the other devastated territories are avenged, we and the millions of our Allies will have suffered, fought, and died for the greatest cause the world has ever known — and in vain. _ From the welter of battle, after the shouts of the fighting men have died away,_ must emerge a new basis of society and a set of new ideals in international conduct. And it is up to all of us to see to it that this comes about. CLIVE HOLLAND. 162 163 The Giant's Task " T SEE you can hold them up, but " I The whole world sees that Germany can hold them up. Strength is concentrated first on one side, and then on the other, and at the time this cartoon was first published the httle figure sitting up on the Western side watched, unmoved ahke by German promises and German threats. It watched while the days of the Marne went by and proved that German efforts in the West would be confined to "holding up" — that the capture of Paris and of Calais were mere dreams that must pass unfuIfiHed. It watched the steady thrusting back of Russia, the ap- parent success in building an Eastern defense that could be held up in- definitely. Then it added its weight to the Western boulder, and the holding up process went on. Neither boulder has yet fallen; the strong man is not yet exhausted, but the whole world knows what the end must be. Germany could not afford a mere defensive war — from the outset she knew that decision must be won in the first months, and that the alternative to this was defeat. This grim figure, bent on "holding up" the two main fronts, is typical of Germany to-day, a raging barbarian, wearying under the impossible task. For such a task there was needed not only physical strength, but spiritual strength, ideals as well as machinery, and soul as well as brain. By his methods of war this soulless barbarian has added to the weights that he must hold up; he has misinterpreted the meaning of civihzation, misunderstood the aims common to humanity outside Germany. The weight that he must hold up and away is not merely that of Britain, Russia, France, and the rest of the Allies ; it is the weight of all men who understand freedom rightly, steadily crushing freedom's antithesis. E. CHARLES VIVIAN. 164 165 "/ Must Have Something for My Trouble" You shall, Germany, you shall! You shall have even more than ever you expected — but not after the manner of your expectation. Even the burglar who, after long and arduous and risky training in his profession, and careful plotting and planning, and detailed hard work with jimmies and blowpipes and center-bits, has collared the swag and been caught in the act, does not whine like this. If he is a wise man he surrenders at discretion, puts a philosophic face on it, and plans more artistic work while in confmement. If he is a hothead, he puts up a fight and gets it in the neck. But he never whines for recompense for the nefarious trouble he has gone to. Germany has not yet learned her lesson. She has burglariously and treacherously broken into her neighbors' houses and seized them and their contents. The cost to herself, in life, money — and, more than all, in the estima- tion of the world at large — is as yet hidden from her. When the bill is presented and her bloodshot eyes are opened to it, it will astound her. For — somehow or other — it will have to be paid — to the last farthing. And while she is in confmement for her diaboHcal misdeeds, the world, it is to be fervently hoped, will see to it that all further power for mis- chief will be taken from her forever. This burglar has intrenched himself among his plunder. He would negotiate with the besieging poHce to be allowed to keep something at all events for all his trouble. He shall. He shall keep what he has earned — the loathing and con- tempt of every honest man under the sun. JOHN OXENHAM. 166 r ..C'Fv 167 "Cinema Chocolate" IT seems to be the irony of fate that Germany possesses everything good in an inverted, it may perhaps be said a "perverted," form. We all know the charms of the "Chocolate Soldier," who originated, if we remember rightly, like the best flavored chocolate, in France. Here we have a "Chocolate Soldier" of a very different kind. A young officer, of the familiar decadent Lothario type, is presenting a handsome stick of chocolate to a little Belgian or French girL At the side is an old man, evidently got up as a stage property, his face exceedingly cross as though he disliked the job, but his attitude rather ambiguous. In the distance is the official military "fdmer," smug and grinning, waiting to turn the handle in order to obtain a "moving" picture for the German "movies." Mr. Raemaekers' satire is most strongly displayed in the child's face and clenched fists, fully visible to the spectator, but which will not appear in the film. It appears also, though less obviously, in the cross old gentleman who will come out there as a benevolent pastor blessing the whole proceeding. It is another instance of the systematic deception practised on the German people and the neutrals. Monsieur Forain, the French Raemaekers, has something like it in his " Haltez-la, et souriez." It is not quite the same, but suggests that both cartoons are based on fact, as doubtless they are. HERBERT WARREN. 168 L-&m<^ h< ^mf h ^ g e k^f f ^- 169 The Doctrine of Expediency AT the beginning of his reign Ferdinand was, or pretended to be, an ardent Russophile. Then something happened which made him think that he had been backing the wrong horse. Perhaps it was the result of the Russo-Japanese War; perhaps it was because httle Prince Boris did not receive the usual decoration from St. Petersburg when he was made honorary colonel of the Russian Regiment of Minsk. We may be sure, at any rate, that the motive was not affection for Ger- many or the German Empire. That great nation has not the gift of inspiring aflFection, least of all in small peoples within reach of her claws. Ferdinand was bribed, and bribed heavily, we may be certain; and, hke the rulers of other Balkan States, he and his advisers thought for a time that the Central Powers were going to win. He thought he saw his way to an increase of territory at the expense of Serbia, perhaps also of Greece. Some say that he dreamed of reigning at Constanti- nople. These hopes must be wearing rather thin now. The time has not yet come for turning his coat; but if, or when, it seems to him safe and expedient to leave the Kaiser in the lurch, he will do it without the shghtest scruple. Meanwhile, there was no danger in making the Emperor of Austria his confidant; the poor old gentleman, if he understood what was said to him, probably thought the idea a very sensible one, and wished heartily that he had come to terms with Russia. W. R. INGE. 170 r — r y>Ju ■«. T"\ti rty\t^^l(fi rs ja»«af :■.. =^ .-..i 171 Murder on the High Seas GERMANY stands convicted of such bestial crime upon land and sea that one can only come to the conclusion her offence results not from passing aberration or the ebriety of war, but indicates an infection deep-seated and chronic. Her recent Imperial Government statistics of crime before the war indicated very surely that some deep, moral distemper was conquering the German character and running like a plague through her spiritual and sociological Hfe. It has been said that the problem is one for the anthropologist rather than the lawyer; yet even if the Prussian be not a Teuton, but a Tatar, his indifference to every human instinct would still remain inexplicable. For others of the Tatar stock are amenable to the evolution that time brings, and now pursue the business of war under modern conditions that embrace respect for prisoners and wounded, non-combatants, women and children. Among the numberless instances of murder and piracy on the high seas space permits here but to dwell upon one, which has by no means received the attention it deserves. International problems involved by the destruction of American citizens have tended to focus public opinion on the "Lusitania" and "Essex" murders; but consider again a crime in the Black Sea and the depraved temper it implies. On the thirtieth day of March, while lying motionless off Cape Fathia, the Russian hospital ship "Portugal" was destroyed in broad daylight by a submarine, despite the fact that she bore all necessary marks demanded by the Geneva Convention and Hague Covenant. There perished fourteen ladies of the Red Cross; fifty surgeons and physicians; many male and female nurses; many Russian and French sailors. But for the fact that a Russian destroyer was in the vicinity, the fatalities must have been larger. A great hospital equipment was also lost to humanity. Well might the Russian Government declare this outrage a flagrant infraction of the rights of man and an act of common piracy, while ask- ing the judgment of all civihzed countries on such barbarism. The people that perpetrated and applauded this act denies civilization, and one may fairly argue that the national conscience, not only of her fighting forces, but of those behind them, will soon reach a pitch where disintegration must follow. The evolution of morals alone must break them, for human nature cannot suffer this reaction. Meantime we wait in vain for the AHies' Note informing Germany of our intention with respect to her shipping. Did she know that we de- signed an eye for an eye, a ton for a ton, she might yet hesitate upon a course that promised to deplete her merchant marine after the war in the ratio of her destruction. The point is equally vital to the weak maritime neutrals, who see their merchant fleets dwindle and their pro- tests ignored by a nation that respects nothing on earth but force. EDEN PHILLPOTTS. 172 173 Pounding Austria 1 WONDER how long my dear friend and ally will be able to stand this?" So "Wilhelm" is made to remark, as he peers over from behind h-is parapet, safely guarded with barbed wire, and sees the aged Francis Joseph receiving blow after blow, on the one side from the Itahans, on the other from the Rumanians. The caricature, it must be admitted, is not quite up-to-date in one respect, for Wilhelm has certainly done his best, and so far only too successfully, to tear off the smaller of these foes. But it is more than up-to-date in another, for the ancient "Dual Monarch" has already succumbed to his years and his enemies. And for reasons best known to himself, "Wilhelm" has run away from his funeral, and thinks he will consult his delicate health and his no less dehcate dignity, by sending the Crown Prince instead, that young man being no longer wanted imperatively or imperially on the French front. How young Wilhehn will get on with young Carl remains to be seen. The experience may have dangers of its own. Mr. Raemaekers might look out for a further opportunity in this new situation. HERBERT WARREN. 174 Ii?u.s(^of,,.nr^,,, k' *'-^ ■ jH^ 175 Durchhalten-' Hold Out'" THE Roman Emperor Tiberius, that gloomy tyrant, is said to have remarked that governing the Roman people was like holding a wolf by the ears. Here the position is reversed. The patient, obedient, and faithful German people, for such, however infatuated, we must allow it has been, is represented as by no means like a wolf, but more hke the traditional opposite, a sheep. But even the sheep may turn if driven beyond measure. Meanwhile, this caricature may help to bring home to it the true position. The Kaiser, stout, with all his heavy, comfortable clothes, his military cloak, his helmet, and boots and spurs, one of which he digs into his beast of burden, rides comfortably on the back of "German Michael," the common soldier, and cheerfully bids him "hold out" and struggle up the toilsome hill of victory, with its shifting, clogging soiL The desperate agony and pain of the poor victim, the drops of sweat falhng from his brow, his eyes starting from his head, are well depicted, and also the complacency of the emperor, blended with senile vanity and self-glorification. His aspiration not long ago was to be the "Young Man of the Sea." Here he is depicted as the "Old Man" of that element. HERBERT WARREN. 176 177 The Satyr of the Sea IT is always difficult, after a series of catastrophic events, to go back to one's mental outlook of the time before they happened. But if the civihzed world could recapture its pre-war view, I believe it would realize the most startling of all the results of Armageddon to be that we now take Germany's outrages on neutrals for granted. At first the bulk of us simply could not believe the tale of the horrors inflicted on non-combatant men, women, and children of innocent and neutral Bel- gium. But Germany had at any rate made Belgium a belligerent, before beginning them. Now that similar horrors should fall on men, women, and children of Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and America, surprises no more: it has become a mere matter of course. It is the business of the prophet, the seer, and the poet to awaken the world when it is worshipping false gods, when from fear, or self-interest, or sheer bewilderment, it fails to see the things that are in their naked horror and their awful shame. But prophet, seer, and poet can speak only through the printed word, and in the maze and mass of conflicting appeals the words of truth are lost and ineffective. But if the ear be deaf and the mind numb, the eyes of ah retain their childlike curiosity. It is Raemaekers' secret that he can present his own clear vision of the truth in figures that pierce instantly to the conscience of the dullest. To kill a child at all for a political purpose, is the sin of Herod. To kill the children of those with whom you have no nominal quarrel, stipulates just that negation of soul which we call beastly. The truth about Tir- pitz, and all that that accursed name stands for, is personified in the loathsome Satyr of the Sea portrayed in this cartoon. ARTHUR POLLEN. 178 a€'|(;oTS . 179 JVar Council with Ferdinand and Enver Pasha RAEMAEKERS is not merely a clever draftsman and a keen obser- ver, but also a deep and careful student of modern history and diplomacy. He knows the by-paths, the coulisses, and the intrigues of the diplomatic world, which are eternally going on behind the almost impenetrable curtain with which the chancelleries of Europe seek to veil their proceedings. Everyone knows, of course, that it was not merely affection or esteem that has ranged Ferdinand of Bulgaria and Enver Pasha upon the side of the Central Empires. In the case of the first, greed had not a little to do with the final decision to which he came. He was not unwilHng to be persuaded by the blandishments of his "dear brother the Kaiser," always provided it was made worth his while at the time as well as i?7 futuro. In the case of the second, ambition played its part, backed up by years of "ground baiting" of the kind in which German diplomacy excels. It has been left to the pencil of this great artist and satirist to bring hom.e to the mind of the man-in-the-street a knowledge of the actual situation that has been created, and of the methods by which it was brought about. In this cartoon we have the Kaiser in shop-walker attitude, an oily smile upon his lips, bending forward and washing his hands with invisible soap, while he exclaims, "I hope you have been well served and are satisfied." His dupes are shown bound hand and foot, with an expression of their doubts as to the ultimate genuineness and benefit of the bargain which they have struck shown upon the face of the one and the back of the other. Bound hand and foot they stand in the presence of this "artful dodger" among crowned heads, and in that of the decrepit Franz Joseph, in whose figure the artist has succeeded in so cleverly conveying an idea of the unstable and effete nature of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The "dear friends and alfies" show neither the feefing of comfort nor confidence about which their imperial taskmaster speaks and in- quires so ghbly. Bound thus to the wheels of the car of Germany's destiny, they begin evidently to question the wisdom of their choice. Already Ferdinand's doubts must have commenced to take definite shape, for the luck of "the great game" has begun to run against him at Monastir, and "crushed and destroyed" Serbia is once more in fighting trim and eager to expel the invader. CLIVE HOLLAND. 180 ^:,«4£y^>x<«£3Jag(£i>iia>«j^ . ^ :'flKBai«SBUtaKUajBj::::.aiiL'.J«t.«U3;2K 181 The Burial of Private Walker ON September 9, 19 14, Joseph Walker enlisted for the duration of the war; on January 11, 191 6, the sea bore his dead body to the dyke at West Capelle. Usually a body washed ashore in this neighborhood is buried at the foot of the dunes, without coffin, without ceremony. But not this time. This afternoon, at i p.m., while the northwest wind whistled over Walcheren, the English soldier was buried in the churchyard of West Capelle. Behind the walls of the tower where we sought protection from the gale the burial service was read. First the vice-consul in the name of England spread the British flag over him who for England had sacrificed his young life. Four men of West Capelle carried the coffin outside and placed it at the foot of the tower, that old gray giant, which has witnessed so much world's woe, here opposite the sea. The Reverend Mr. Eraser, the English clergy- man at Kortryk, himself an exile, said we were gathered to pay the last homage to a Briton who had died for his country. It was a simple, but touching ceremony. "Man that is born of a woman hath but a short time to live. . . . He cometh forth Hke a flower and is cut do\¥n." Thus spoke the voice of the minister and the wind carried his words, and the wind played with the flag of England, the flag that flies over afl seas, in Flanders, in France, in the Balkans, in Egypt, as the symbol of threatened freedom — the flag whose folds here covered a faflen warrior. Deeply were we moved when the clergyman in his prayer asked for a "message of comfort to his home." Who, tefl me, oh silent field. Who Hes buried here? Here? Yes, who is Walker, No. 16092, Private Joseph Walker, Bedfordshire regiment? Who, in loving thoughts, thinks of him with hope even now when we, strangers to them, stand near to him in death? Where is his home? We know it not, but in our inmost hearts we pray for a "message of comfort and consolation" for his people. And in the roaring storm we went our way. There was he carried, the soldier come to rest, and the flag fluttered in the wind and wrapped itself round that son of England. Then the coffin sank into the ground and the hearts of us, the departing \vitnesses, were sore. Earth fefl on it, and the preacher said: "Earth to earth, dust to dust." — From the Amsterdam "Telegraaf," January, igi6. 182 183 The Supreme Effort THE Religion of Valor" — that new creed for which Germany now claims to be fighting — will call for many martyrs behind the fight- ing fines, and we may suppose that the middle classes of the fatherland as fittle fike the sacrifices demanded from them as any other members of the community, whose savings are the result of their own energy and enterprise. That Germany is subscribing to her loans with generosity and self-denial we have no reason to doubt; but since there is no free press, the nation as a whole remains under delusion as to the vakie of its securities. The dust, however, cannot be in every eye much longer, and before another spring is spent, Germany's people will know that she is powerless to keep her paper promises. For the one hope that a victorious trade war would instantly break out upon the arrival of peace is destined to be disappointed. As Mr. Kitson recently and very efi"ectively showed, economic power is the basis of pofitical power, the root from which all national power, which can be interpreted into force, must spring. "Trade warfare is therefore a struggle for economic power, for the control of men and of all factors of wealth production." The British Empire seems to be grasping this fact for the first time in her national history; and though we have far to go, and the panacea of free trade wiH doubtless be vended again after the war — by those who, before it, knew so well that Germany would never fight — a growing conviction is none the less apparent that only by a direct and strenuous offensive shall we win the war after the war. Let us banish inter-tariffs, as Germany did, and unite the nation in a closer economic understanding; and let us not leave our frontiers open to the legions of German and Austrian bagmen, who only await peace to swarm over them. It depends largely upon us whether the gentleman in the picture will get his money back. The grand total of the fatherland's indebtedness, were war to go on until last April, has been calculated in Germany to represent £4,500,- 000,000, which would demand in annual interest a sum near £800,000,000 . One does not desire to be vindictive, but let no man forget the bare- faced villainy and devifish brutahty with which the Central Nations prosecuted war. It is not for us to forward the peaceful penetration of such a people through the length and breadth of our empire if we desire to preserve that empire as an entity. Let Germany redeem her pledges if she can; it will be no part of our post-war activities to assist her task. EDEN PHILLPOTTS. 184 '_ '^«>'i'V^<,'^mC^>^■{^f,■^ j 185 ^'JVer reitet so spat durch Nacht und Wind^ Dass ist der Vater mit seinem Kind^' {Ermmg) NOT only the father and his sick child ride storm-foundered and lost through night, with the phantom king steadily gaining upon both: the frantic, over-driven brute they ride should also be conscious of approaching doom. But is it? We may take their steed to be the nation of the royal fugitives, and wonder when Germany — a kingdom whose native qualities had won such ample recognition among her elder sisters on the road to civilization — ^will awaken into consciousness of her accursed load and perceive that the HohenzoIIerns ride only to death. They started on their gallop when Bismarck fell, and now the end is in sight. Great must be the subjugation before a practical people can reach this pass, or still fail to perceive, if on a material basis only, where the legend of world-power and world-trade has brought them. As sleep- walkers they pursued their dream and have not yet awakened to see v/here now they stand. Still they believe the issue undetermined; still is it hidden from them that their might is broken, that roughly half their foreign trade, which lay with the Allies, has vanished. Only ignorance and the tradition of servility postpone inevitable revolution. Of Germany's evil-genius and arch-enemy, now far advanced on the road that leads to his destruction, an illuminating picture has just been flashed to us. One who was long a publicist in the capitals of Europe has spoken of "Things I remember," and he quotes a German author — a woman — who spoke thus of the "War Lord" before the war. None is a more shrewd and subtle student of character than a woman, when she holds an object worthy of her study. "I can assure you that he extirpates, as of fell purpose, every inde- pendent character, root and branch. Think of the number of poor devils in prison for the crime of lese majeste, not one instance of which he has ever pardoned; while there is not a case of a man having killed his opponent in a duel, however disgraceful might have been its cause, whom he has not pardoned, or at least remitted the sentence. Never has a monarch encouraged Byzantine serviHty to such a degree as this man. No sunbeam but it must radiate from him; no incense but it must fill his nostrils." May Germany use her waking hour to be rid forever of this archaic incubus; and if, at the end, she still cries for the domination of Prussia, then it is to be hoped that, when they have won the war, the Allies will save her from her own blindness and themselves perform the act of liberation. EDEN PHILLPOTTS. 186 .^-''■ 'N^'^^'^..^ 187 The Voices of the Guns ONE may characterize the figures in this cartoon as not altogether imaginary. In the villages behind the lines of the Somme, and in the tumbled country north of Verdun, there must be many such Httle homes as that in which the old man is pictured, homes befouled and desecrated by the presence of these hard-faced men who look on con- temptuously while the old man hstens. He and his kind know the voices of the guns, for they have heard them before. What memories of '70 and his own fighting days must come to him and to all his kind as they wait the coming of the guns that shall drive out this scourge of France — this vileness that for nearly half a century has poisoned the Hfe of all Europe, and on France especially has set an abiding mark? What hopes must be his for the day when Prussianism shall be no more than a vague name, and the sons of those sons of his who fight to-day shall work content in the knowledge that their fathers have freed them from this Damoclean threat? How these people in the conquered territories have endured, how they have waited and hoped, even when there seemed no ground for hope, in the darkest of the days, we shall perhaps know when peace comes again. Yet even then we in Britain can never know all, for there is given to us a shield that France has never known — our shield, and in a measure our danger. For no man in Britain sits and hstens for the guns that shall free his house and his land, and in that fact is possible lack of comprehension and consequent great danger; as once it has been, so it may be again. Yet it may be that, when the stories of these old men behind the enemy hues are told, they will waken the whole of the world, not only to the need for destruction of such a thing as the mihtarism of Prussia, but to the knowledge that only the strong man armed may keep his house. Had all reahzed this in time Meanwhile, as this third year of the war ends, the guns that speak freedom come nearer. E. CHARLES VIVIAN 188 189 The Death 's-Head Hussar IN Greek mythology Nemesis personified the moral law which chastises arrogance and wanton excess by the inexorable consequences of their own wrong-doing. So none who had offended could escape her. The Death's-Head Hussars are a perfect example of that boastful pride and transgression of the bounds of due proportion which it is the function of Nemesis to punish. By their name and their device they make a mock of the most solemn tragedy — of Death itself. Whether their emblem threatens death to others or signifies their own contempt for death it is a wanton and arrogant jest. The skull and cross-bones were the traditional, device of pirates, and it well became those grim outlaws who declared a ruthless war against all mankind. There was no jest about it, but a dreadful seriousness, and their proper end was the yard-arm. But the Death's-Head Hussars are what is called a "crack" regiment, one officered by rich, aristocratic, and elegant young men, who have not set themselves against the world, but are very much of it. Nor are they any braver or more formidable than other regi- ments. The Death's-Head business is a silly and boastful affectation. Here is the just sentence of chastising Nemesis. The last of the Death's- Head Hussars, its imperial colonel, is being shot over the head of his skeleton charger on to the heaped ranks of dead soldiers which ring him round. He has his fill of skulls and cross-bones now. The Crown Prince of Germany has confessed it to the world. A. SHADWELL. 190 'oui s l~^<^oi'-ie|<^-/-s. 191 The " Franc-tireur" Excuse IT is well sometimes, despite all that has happened since, to turn back to Belgium and remember the rape, rapine, and arson of 1914. There will be plenty of time to let bygones be bygones when might and right are found on the same side and Justice, who is using her sword just now, resumes her impartial scales; but until the Central Nations experience a defeat of magnitude sufficient to penetrate to the hearts and heads of their people, we may continue to keep in the forefront of our minds the story of Belgium under Germany's heek That tale of brutal tyranny is not even yet told, for, short of selling the deported Belgians as slaves, Germany would seem still to be doing all that Hun and Vandal ever accomplished. But Raemaekers gives us a ghmpse from the past, when conquest was still in progress and the German obsession of Jranc-tireurs reached its height. How far they pretended this fear to excuse their own murder of the defenseless, or how far they really felt it, matters little; for it has been shown that the cry was dehberately excited — by fabrication and circulation through Germany of countless "fearful" falsehoods. Soldiery about to pass from the Fatherland to Belgium were inflamed, as with drink, by hes of the horrible treatment they must expect and endure from civil popu- lations and non-combatants. They were warned by calculated propa- ganda at home that their eyes would be gouged out, their legs sawn off', their wounded men murdered, with fiendish details of suffering by the Belgians. German valets of the type of Houston Chamberlain and Sven Hedin spread these stories; Pastor Conrad wrote a little book and sold it to the school children that they, too, might read about their fathers' gouged- out eyes in Belgium. The result was certain when German soldiers found themselves with a free hand among unarmed women and their little ones; for Germany in Belgium and Poland, and Austria in Serbia, have not been content to destroy the manhood of weak nations: they have striven to stamp out their virginity and their childhood also. EDEN PHILLPOTTS. 192 iL. ou tsl "«^-r • 207 The Orient Express ONE of the objectives of the present war was to secure Germany's command of the Near East. A railway from Berlin to Bagdad had long been treated as a primary article in that creed of Ger- man Welt-politik which the war was to make prevail. For a time the plan promised excellently. The Turkish alhance with the Central Em- pires seemed to bring Asia Minor securely under German sway. The raihvay route was saved. The Kaiser and his advisers prematurely regarded Russia as an ex- tinct volcano, which was incapable of thwarting their Oriental policy. Disillusionment came quickly. The German tourist who foresaw an unimpeded road through Prussia to Persia was suddenly confronted with an impassable barrier. The Russian Army of the Caucasus swept through Armenia and occupied the Turkish citadel of Erzerum, which commanded the Hne of travel at its most critical point. Small are the chances of retrieving the lost foothold. The whole design is doomed beyond recalL It is the habit of our arch-foe to count his chickens before they are hatched. SIDNEY LEE. 208 p#37e\; V^!Ly^VZ.y'Of''-f\ - ""wii^piF ym^^ „j.bxis [s^oen>Cv?^»-5 209 The Bloomersdijk IN this cartoon the artist symbolizes with drastic irony the powerless- ness of Holland to claim respect for her rights or to maintain her national prestige. If the fair Dutch flag stands in the way of the Teutonic bully, he just tears it down and tramples it underfoot. In the view of Germany the time is long past when a little community of human beings could sustain independent existence if its pohcy interfered in the smaHest degree with the convenience of the great German tyranny. This is at once the humiliation of countries like Holland, and their claim on the active sympathy of the AHies. What can the nice little boy in the picture do to protect himself against the fists and the boots of the huge man in a Prussian helmet? Manifestly, nothing! His only chance is that his big brethren may succeed in thrashing the selfish, powerful brute as he deserves. The attitude of Germany toward the little sovereign states of Europe was laid down two years ago, with ineffable assurance, by Herr von Jagow. He said: "In the transformation of Europe to the profit of the Teutonic Powers, the little surrounding States must no longer pre- sume to lead the independent existence which at present feeds their vanity. They are all destined to disappear in the orbit of the German Empire." In other words, as the rest of Germany has been subjugated by Prussia, so Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Montenegro, and Serbia must make up their minds to be melted into the Central Empire of Kultur. Not one of them is rich enough to maintain its existence. In the meantime, if Prussia finds it convenient to sink a Bloomersdijk, so much the worse for Holland, who would do well to swallow the injury in silence. And all that the civihzed and cultured little countries can do is, through the tears of their exasperation, to cry aloud to God, "How long, O Lord, how long?" EDMUND GOSSE. 210 iJsH'S K ' '' r\ rv ^ rr, r <:l '" ' 215 The Wolf Bleats THIS ranks as one of Raemaekers' happiest cartoons. That wolf's mask is a clever travesty of the "AII-Highest's" best studio face. Better still is the quip, " 'Tis time all this bloodshed should cease," as a summary of all the peace suggestions which with discreet persistence have been floated out from Berlin since the great game, as envisaged by the challengers, was seen to be up. It would not readily occur to the German mind that the time when the shepherds were just coming over the hill with axe, bill, and bhidgeon was the most appropriate time for the wolf to suggest that nothing should be said of the unfortunate mistakes of the past. "See!" quoth the wolf, "there are already three corpses. Is that not enough to satisfy the most bloodthirsty? Why drag in a fourth? Surely even you who have not our advantages can see so plain an argu- ment?" The answer is in the negative. But let no one ever again accuse the Teuton of not being a humorist. It is worth noting that it is a bonneted Highlander that here wields the British club. Compensation at last to the sensitive Scot who so desperately hates being lumped in with the English! JOSEPH THORP. 216 217 Strict Neutrality THE historian of the future will attempt, probably, to deal ade- quately with the complex questions which inform every line of this cartoon. It is, indeed, a passionate note of interrogation. In a stupendous fight upon the clearly defined issues of Right and Might, how comes it to pass that any self-respecting nation remains neutral? Why, for example, did not Uncle Sam sever diplomatic relations with the Huns the very moment that Belgium was invaded and outraged? Americans, true citizens of the Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave, have raised this question already and some have answered it. Other Americans have answered them cleverly and speciously. Time alone will decide upon the merits and demerits of all and sundry. We owe much to the States euphemistically styled "United." They have supphed us in our hour of sorest need with a never-ceasing stream of munitions percolating everywhere; they have sent us money, sym- pathy, and advice. But the fact remains — Uncle Sam was too proud to fight! And yet, each day it is becoming more and more certain that every stout blow struck by the Allies, every gallant life that is sacrificed, is a contribution to the cause of Civilization and Christianity. We are fighting desperately for our own salvation, and that salvation in- cludes the salvation of Holland, Denmark, Switzerland, and the United States. At the beginning of the war the Neutral Countries missed a tremendous opportunity. Together, acting under the aegis of Uncle Sam, with his hundred milHon children, they could have protested in no uncertain terms against Prussianism and the violation of every prin- ciple dear to and honored by them. Prompt action, upon the heels of such a protest, would have ended the war in three weeks. Germany, swollen with insolence and beer, has perpetrated blunders in strategy and poHcy of which she now is reaping the fruits, but with all her crass, pig-headed, brutal assurance she would not have fought a whole world in arms against her. It is not for us to throw stones at others. We are far too busy hurling shells at our enemy. But the question will be answered some day: "Why were the Neutrals too proud to fight?" HORACE ANNESLEY VACHELL. 218 Li— 'ouis \\c^en^aei<:er s ^ ——^ 219 H 52-79