Class Book COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT TABULAR VIEWS OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY A Series of Chronological Tables, Presenting, in Parallel Columns, a Record of the More Noteworthy Events in the History of the World from the Earliest Times down to the Present Day, together with an Alphabetical Index of Subjects Compiled by GEORGE PALMER PUTNAM, A.M. And Continued to Date under the Editorial Supervision of GEORGE HAVEN PUTNAM, Litt.D. Reissue, Continued to Januaty, 1919 With Historical Chart, Maps, and Genealogical Tables G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS NEW YORK AND LONDON Ube mnfcfterbocfter press Copyright, 1890, 1907, by G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Copyright (for additional material), 1916, by G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS Copyright (for additional material), 1919, by G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS NOy -^"is'S Ube ftnlcfterbocfier Drees, "new ]t?och ©CI.A536.408 jLA*"^- ^ PUBLISHERS' NOTE In 1832, the late George P. Putnam published, under the title of The World's Progress, a cyclopedia of facts and events that had been compiled by himself, and that had originated in notes taken as a guide for his own historical reading. The work was reprinted in successive editions during the ensuing forty years (that is to say up to the year of the author's death) and the entries were added to and expanded until the 300 pages of the original issue had developed into a portly volume of 1200 pages. A demand continuing through more than a ,^ third of a century may' be accepted as evidence that the plan ' of The World's Progress and the material presented in it had been found of service by students of history and by readers generally. The cyclopasdia portion of the compilation came, necessarily, to be superseded by works of reference of later origin, and The World's Progress was, therefore, allowed to go out of print. There continued, however, to be demand for the historical tables, the plan of which was original with Mr. Putnam, and since 1870 this division of the work has been issued with material corrections and additions in successive editions compiled under the editorial supervision of the son of the original editor. In the edition now presented, while the scheme and arrange- ment of the original editor has been left unchanged, the entries have been carefully revised and in part rewritten, and the record has been brought down to date. The editors of this new edition have found it desirable to include a comprehensive alphabetical index of subjects, by means of which can be located promptly any event referred to in the body of the book. IV PUBLISHERS NOTE The edition also includes a number of tables presenting the genealogies of the more important of the historic families of Europe, genealogies which make clear their family and dynas- tic relations to each other. Under the scheme devised by Mr. Putnam (a scheme which made his volume practically unique), the events occurring throughout the world at the same period of time are recorded in parallel columns. This arrangement calls in the powerful assistance of visual association by showing at a glance simul- taneous occurrences in different countries, which enables the memory to grasp and to retain a hold of the dates and the relations with each other of important events. It also helps to emphasize the lesson that the history of any one nation is only a part of the history of the world, and that the proper way to study history is to trace the relations with each other of the peoples scattered over the face of the globe. As the wiser historians and instructors do not fail to empha- size, the precise date of an event is in itself a detail of minor importance, which has value chiefly in serving to trace its relations to other events and in undertaking the influence of one upon the other. The reader, for instance, who learns that in 1492, under the patronage of Queen Isabella of Spain, Columbus accomplished his historic voyage to the Western Hemisphere, may properly be interested in noting, by carrying his eye across the columns of two pages, what rulers were at that time in control of other European States, some one of whom might possibly have secured for his own realm the prestige of the great discovery. In like manner, it is essential for a right understanding of the Protestant Reformation of the sixteenth century, for the thoughtful reader to keep before him the personalities of the monarchs and of other leaders of men who were contemporary with Luther, with Leo X, and with the Emperor Charles V. These Tabular Views, while invaluable in the practical work of historical instruction, will be found extremely useful by the general reader. The writer of these lines has for many years PUBLISHERS NOTE V kept the volume at his elbow as an indispensable reference in connection either with reading or with writing. The work was designed particularly for the many who appreciate the importance of having trustworthy historical information conveniently at hand but who have not within reach compre- hensive histories or the time to go through these for the facts desired. It has been the intention of the editor in the several instances in which events and dates have become a matter of con- troversy, to follow the authorities most generally accepted. It may easily, however, be the case that an occasional date or statement has been retained which some scholarly reader may find ground to question ; such a critic can only be referred back to the latest investigators for the authoritative decision that seems to him to be important and that it is not practicable to attempt in a condensed summary of the world's history such as is presented in the present volume. The study of history and the intelligent reading of history should be, as stated, a study of the relations of events to each other made with the view of securing as far as practicable an understanding of the causation of these events and of the influence exercised upon them by historic characters, by the leaders of men. This is the information which the publishers are undertaking to present to the public, on both sides of the Atlantic, in The Handbook of Universal History. G. H. P. EDITOR'S NOTE TO THIS EDITION In the edition of the Handbook of History, issued in 1916, the historical record was brought down to the close of Decem- ber, 1915. The volume presented, therefore, the more impor- tant of the happenings which marked the beginning of the world VI EDITORS NOTE war, and recorded the events, political and military, of the first eighteen months of the struggle. The war has been brought to a close with the complete triumph of the Allies, and it is fitting that the chronicle of this great victory should be fully presented in a new edition of the Handbook. This summary has now been brought down to the close of the Peace Conference at Paris. The historians will probably agree that no war in history has produced such momentous and far-reaching results, for the status of the nations and for the interests of the peoples of the world, as have been brought by this war of 1914-1919. These results include not only the overthrow of the Prussian, Austrian, and the Russian Empires, but the repudiation, prob- ably for all time, of the theories of government by divine right. Czars, Kaisers, and Kings have been swept away to be replaced by governments which will be directly representative of the popular will. We are at the beginning of a new era in the history of man- kind; in the development of organized society. Every date in the past four crowded years marks a step in human progress and a survey of the entries in the columns of our Tabular Views brings to the student, as if through a moving picture, a panorama of the stately march of events, a march which now appears to foretend the realization of the views of Tenny- son in 1875: When I dipt into the future far as human eye could see. Saw the vision of the world and all the wonder that would be; Till the war-drum throbb'd no longer, and the battle-flags were furl'd In the Parliament of man, the Federation of the world. G. H. P. New York, June, 1919. MAPS Sketch Map of the Roman Empire in the Time of Trajan, A.D. 98-117 Sketch Map of Europe, 476 A.D. Sketch Map of Europe, 8od A.D. Sketch Map of Europe, 1200 A.D. Sketch Map of Europe, 1429 A.D. Sketch Map of Europe, 1648 A.D. Sketch Map of Europe, 1815 A.D. Sketch Map of Europe, 1876 A.D. Sketch Map of Europe, 1914 A.D. Historical Chart .... 52 64 76 TOO 120 150 184 240 364 At End CONTENTS Ancient History . Medieval History Modern History » Genealogical Tables Historical Index . Supplementary Index FAGB 2 64 T20 369 471 505 TABULAR VIEWS 5000 B.C.- B.c. Progress OF Society, ETC Asia. Africa. 5000 (about). \ At this date flourishing city states appear in. the Mesopo- tamian region, indicat- ing an antiquity for Babylonian civilization that may be carried back approximately to the eighth or ninth millennium B. c. — In Egypt the latest re- search has brought the sixth millennium B.C. within the scope of his- tory. 3700 4500 (.about). Struggle among the kings of Kengi, Kish, Shirpurla, and Gishban, in Baby- lonia. 3800 (about). Sargon I. of Akkad extends his power over the Mediterranean coast and Elam. The Great Pyramid at Gi zeh, erected by Khufu (Cheops). ■2300 The Code of Khammurabi in Babylon, one of the most important bodies of ancient legislation. 3000 (a6oM/). The kings of Ur extend their sway over Akkad and Shu- 2450 (about). Beginning of Arabian and Elam itic irruptions into Baby Ionia. 2400(a6oM0. BabylM first appears as a city of prominence. 2300-2250 (about). Kham- murabi, ruler of Baby- Ion, unites Babylonia under his sway and en- acts a code of laws. 5000 (about). The rule of pre-dynastic kings whose tombs at Abydos reveal an advanced state of civilization (De .Morgan, Amelineau, Flinders- Pe- trie). 4400 (about). Menes, the first king of united Egypt (Brugsch ; Budge, 1902). 3733. Reign of Khufu (Cheops), pyramid builder. 3666. Reign of Khafra (Chephren) pyramid builder. 3633. Reign of Menkaura (Mycerinus), pyramid builder. 2500 Reign of Seankh- kara, who despatches an expedition to the land of Punt for spices. 2300. Amenemhat III. re- claims the province of Fayyum by diking off Lake Mceris, and builds the celebrat.;d Laby- rinth. IIOO B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. Progress of Society, etc. Africa. 40001-2000. Babylonian lan- guage, commerce, and in stitutions predominant in the Mediterranean re- gions of Asia. 2000| Industry _ flourishes Babylonia under the Kassite kings ; manu factures largely in the hands of Phoenicians. 1400 1330 The Tell-el-Amama Let ters reveal the close con- nection between Egyp tian _ and Babylonian civilization, and show the latter language to have been the common medium of commerce and diplomacy in _ the lands of the Mediter- ranean. The epic poem of Pentaur celebrates the exploits of Rameses II. in Asia. - — Erection of the Ra- messeura and the temple at Luxor (in part). 2000-1700 (about). Baby- lonia conquered by the Kassites; Assyria _ ap- pears under its priest- kings. 1450-1300. Height of the Hittite power in Asia Minor and Syria. 1300 (about). Shalmaneser I. reigns in Assvria.with Calan as the capital. 1250. The Phixnicians ap- pear as a race of colo- nizers. 1140 (about). The Kass- ites expelled from Baby- lonia. 1100 (about). Tiglathpil- eser I. of Assyria wages war successfully against Babylonia, Elam, and in Syria._ Tyre rises to primacy among the Phoenician cities. 2200-1700. Egypt ruled by the Hyksos, or " shepherd " kings. 1700. Aahmes I. expels the Hyksos and begins series of conquests in Asia. 1600. Queen Hatshepset (Hatasu) despatches an expedition to Punt. — Thothmes III. conquers Palestine, Phoenicia, and part of Asia Minor. 1466. Amenhotep IV. (Amenophis) attempts to substitute the worship of the sun for the old re- ligion of the country; he fails. 1333. Rameses II. carries on war against the Hit- tites; greatest of royal monument builders. TABULAR VIEWS 1582 B.C.- -».c. Progress of Society, etc The Jews. Western Asia. 1270 (about). The Exodus (Budge). 1100 (about). The Mycenean art flourishes in Greece and the ^gean. 1055' (1080 2). Saul be- comes king. 1033 ' (1047 '). Accession of David. 993 ' (1017''). Accession of Solomon. 993 (about) The temple of Solomon built with the aid of Phoenician work- men. 953\(978«, 930 3). Sepa- ration of Judah and Israel. 9491 (973'^). Shashank I. of Egypt plunders Je- rusalem. 950 (about). Tiglathpileser II., beginning of Assyr- ian greatness. 930 (about) . The beginning of the Homeric poems. 929 1 (958 »). Asa be- comes king in Judah. 8991 (931 ==). Omri be- comes king in Israel. 885. Accession of Asshui nasirpal, who wages sue cessful campaigns in tht; north and the east and advances to the Medi- terranean. 880 (about). The Lycurgan legislation in Sparta. * Duncker, History of Antiquity. " J. Oppert, " Chronology " in the Jewish Encyclo- ptedia. ^ Karl Marti, " Chronology " in Cheyne's Encyclopcedia Biblica. 88o B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. Africa. Greece and Rome. The World Elsewhere. 1582. The earliest date in the Parian chronicle preserved in the Arun- delian marbles. 1250 Egypt: reign of Meneph- thah the supposed Pna- raoh of the E.xodus. — The country is invaded by pirates from the north whose names would indicate a possible Grecian origin. 1100. Age of the Dorian migration into the Pelo- ponnesus.and the plant- ing of Dorian and .(^olian colonies in Asia Minor. 1 123. The beginning of the Chow dynasty in China, which retained the throne for nearly nine hundred years. 1100. Cadiz (Gadir) found- ed by the Phoenicians. 966 Accession of Shashank I (Sheshonk, Shishak), who invades Palestine in the time of Reho- boam. 880. The age of Lycurgus. TABULAR VIEWS 873 B.C.- Progress of Sgcietv.etc. The Jews. Western Asia. 873 ' (917 2). Jehoshaphat becomes king in Judah 853 1 (900 "). Death of Ahab of Israel. 843 ' (887,2 841 ^). Jehu seizes power in Israel. 792 1 (811,^ 789^). Uzziah begins rule in Judah. 790 1 ^825, 2 782 3). jgrp- boam II. succeeds in Israel. 747 Beginning of the Babylon- ian Chronicle and the Canon of Ptolemy. 700 (about). In Greece lyric poetry flourishes: Kal- linus, Archilochus, Si- monides of Samos. — Nineveh beautified and strengthened by Sen- nacherib; it becomes the most celebrated capital of Assyria. 728 1 (727," 720 «). Heze- kiah succeeds in Judah. 722 1 (721 =• 3). Samaria taken by Sargon II. of Assyria; end of king- dom of Israel. 701 ^- » (700=). Sennach- erib's failure in Pales- tine. 860. Accession of Shal- maneser II., who con- tinues the process of conquest. 747. Nabonassar ruler in Babylon. 745. Accession of Tiglath- pileser III. of Assyria, who wages war against Chaldfea, Syria, and the kingdom of Israel. 727. Accession of Shal- maneser IV., who be- sieges Samaria (722). 722. Assyria attains its highest development under Sargon II. 705. Accession of Sen- nacherib, who makes his capital at Nineveh. ' Duncker, History of Antiquity. = J. Oppert, "Chronology" in the yewish Encyclo- pcsdia. ^ Karl Marti, "Chronology" in Cheyne's Encyclopcedia BibV.ca. 700 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. Africa. Greece and Rome. The World Elsewhe:kb. 850 (about). Foundation of Carthage by the Phoeni cians. 776. The First Olympiad accepted starting point for the period of au thentic history. 770. Sinope on the Black- Sea founded. 753 (754). Foundation of Rome (legendary). 743-724. First Messenian War; Sparta triumph- ant. 734. Foundation of Syra- cuse. TABULAR VIEWS 693 B.C.- .c. Progress OF SociETY.ETC. The Jews Western Asia. 610 681. Accession of Essar- haddon; who conquers Egypt in 670. 668._ Assyrian Empire di- vided between sons of Essarhaddon ; Asshur- banipal rules in Assyria; Shamashshumukin, ua Babylonia. Alcaeus, Sappho, Stesicho rus, Greek poets. — Necho II. of Egypt attempts to connect the Nile and the Red Sea by a canal; his sailors circumnavigate Africa. 600 Thales, first of Ionian philosophers. 622.' Reformation of Jo- siah in Judah. 648. Assyrian Empire re- united. 645. Elam Assyria. conquered by 026. Babylon independ- ent under Nabopolassan founder of the Chaldaean dynasty. 606 (607). Nineveh de- stroyed by Nabopol- assar and Cyaxares, king of the Medes. 605. Nebuchadrezzar II., king of Babylonia; he overthrows the Egyp. tians at Carchemish. ' Duncker. History of Antiquity. 6oo B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. Africa. Greece and Rome. The World Elsewhere. 693 670 663 Taharka _ (Tirhaka) en- gages in conflict with Assyria. Essarhaddon of Assyria conquers Egypt. Psammetichus I. liberates _ Egypt from the Assyrians and unites the country under his sway. 650 Naucratis founded. 610 (612)._ Necho II.; invades Syria and defeats Josiah, king of Judah, at Me- giddo (609). 685. Outbreak of Second Messenian War. 660. Foundation of By- zantium. 655. Cypselus, tyrant of Corinth. 660. Jimmu Tenno, first Mikado of Japan, leader of the invading forces that conquered the isl- ands. 625. Periander, tyrant of Corinth. 620. (about). Traditional legislation of Draco in Athens. 600. Foundation of Mas salia (Marseilles) by the Phocffians. lO TABULAR VIEWS 597 B.C.- B.C. Progress OF Society, ETC. The Jews. Western Asia. 594 Solon noted as a writer of political elegies and gno mic poetry. 597M598=). First taking of Jerusalem by Nebu- chadrezzar II. 580 570 560 The philosophers Anaxi- mander, Anaximenes, and the sage Cleobulus (aboiii). First comedy acted at Athens on a cart, by Susarion and Dolon (traditional). (about). Birth of Gau- tama (Buddha), founder of Buddhism. 586 '• » (587 2). Final de struction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadrezzar II and end of kingdom of Judah. 586. Nebuchadrezzar sup- presses the Palestinian uprising and destroys Jerusalem. 573. Tyre taken by Nebu- chadrezzar after a siege that is said to have lasted thirteen years. 561. Evil-Merodach, king of Babylon. 560. Croesus, king of Ly- dia. Solon at his court. 556. NerigHssar succeeded by Labashi Marduk at Babylon. Asia Minor subjected to Croesus. 555.Nabonidus overthrows Chaldcean dynasty in Babylon. ^ Duncker, His'ory of Antiquity. * J. Oppert, "Chronology" in the Jewish Encyclo- pesdia. ^ Karl Marti, " Chronology " in Cheyne's Encyclopcedia Biblica. 5S5 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. II Africa. Greece. Rome, etc. 589 570 570 (591). Apries (Hophra) joins with the king of Judah against Nebuch- adrezzar, but he does not succeed in prevent- ini? the destruction of Je usalem. 594. Legislation of Solon in Athens. 585. Death of Per mder, tyrant of Corinth. 584. Corinth overthrows tyranny of the Cypsel- ida. (572). Amasis II. over- throws Apries. -530 (about). Amasis es tablishes close connec tion between Greece and Egypt, and grants the Greeks living in Egypt extensive privileges. 568 Egypt invaded by Nebu- chadrezzar. 578. Servius Tullius, king of Rome (legendary). To him is ascribed the introduction of the cen- sus and the division of the citizens into cen- tnries. 560. Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens. 12 TABULAR VIEWS 550 B.C.- Progress of Society, etc. The Jews. Western Asia. (.about). Thespis performs the first tragedy Athens, (traditional) Pythagoras, his travels and emigration to Mag- na Graecia. Learning encouraged at Athens by Pisi stratus, who makes a large col- lection of Greek authors, Simonides, poets. Anacreon, Confucius, the Chinese philosopher. (509). Abolition of the Regal Government, and establishment of Repub' lie at Rome. Heraclitus of Ephesus and Parmenides of Elea, phi- losophers. {about). The Carthagin- ians make voyages of exiDloration and coloni- zation down the western coast of Africa. 538. Edict of Cyrus for the Return of the Jews. Joshua Zerubbabel, 520 (519). Rebuilding of the temple begins. Zechariah, Haggai. 516 (515). Dedication of the second temple. 546. Sardis taken by Cy- rus. — Croesus made pris- oner. — The Lydian Kingdom ended. 538. BABYLON TAKEN by Cyrus. PERSIAN EMPIRE founded. 529. Cambyses, king of Persia. 525 (527). Cambyses in- vades Egypt. 521. Darius Hystaspes, king of Persia. 508. (about) . Darius leads a vast expedition into Scythia and accom- plishes the subjection of Thrace in the following years. 500. The lonians revolt from Persia and bum Sardis (499). 50O B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 13 Africa. Greece. Rome and Italy. 525 500 Psammetichus III., last king of Egypt. — Inva- sion of Cambyses, who defeats the Egyptians at Pelusium, and. takes Memphis. Egypt becomes aPersian Province. 548. Temple of Apollo at Delphi burnt. 546. The Spartans over- throw the Argives. — The Greeks in Asia Mi- nor are subjected by the Persians. 534 (about). Polycrates, tyrant of Samos. 527. Pisistratus dies. 514._ _ Hipparchus, son of Pisistratus, killed by Harmodius and Aris- togiton. 510. The Pisistratidae ex- pelled. — Democracy es- tablished at Athens. (about). Voyage of Hanno the Carthaginian down the_ western coast of Africa, related in the " Periplus." 500. The Athenians and Eretrians give aid to the Greeks of Asia Minor against Persia, and thereby arouse the hos- tiUty of that power. 534. Tarquinius Superbus, king of Rome (legend- ary). 510 (509). The Tarqiiins expelled from Rome. Brutus and Collatinus, first Consuls of Rome. 508. War against the Tar- quins and their ally Por- senna (legendary). 14 TABULAR VIEWS 500 B.C.- B.c. Progress of Society, etc. The Jews. 480 478 Beginning of historical writing in Greece in the persons of Hecatseus and Dionysius of Miletus. Phrynichus, .iEschylus Pindar, and Bacchylides, dramatic and lyric poets. Historyof Herodotus ends. 468 Sophocles defeats .iSschy- lus for the tragic prize. 492. Persian army de- spatched against Greece ; its failure. 490. Darius sends a second army against Greece. 486. Xerxes, king of Per- sia. 481. The expedition of Xerxes into Greece. 478. Death of Confucius. — China distracted by internal wars. 466. Persians defeated by sea and land at the Eurymedon. 465. Xerxes assassinated; Artaxerxes I. (Longima- nus) king of Persia. 460 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 15 Africa. Greece. Rome and Italy. 480 Hamilcar Barca invades Sicily at the head of a Carthaginian army; de- feated by Gelo in battle of Himera, and slain. Egypt, under Inarus, re- volts from Persia. 494. Miletus reduced by the Persians. 490. Invasion of the Per- sians under Datis and Artaphernes. Battle of MARA- THON. 489. Miltiades disgraced. 483. Aristides banished. 480. Battle of Thermopy- lae. Athens burnt by Xer.Kes. Battle of Salamis. 479. Mardonius a second time takes Athens. Defeat of the Persians at Platea and Mycale on the same day. 478-477. Athens rebuilt. — ^The Piraeus fortified. 477-449. The campaigns of Cimon, son of Milti- ades. 471. Themistocles ban- ished. 466. The Persians twice defeated at the Eury- medon by Cimon. 464. 3d Messenian War. 461. Ostracism of Cimon. — Pericles rises to power. 496. Victory of Lake Re- gillus gained over the Latins with the aid of Castor and Pollux. 494 (493). The secession of the Plebs and the crea- tion of the tribunate. 491. Coriolanus banished (legendary). 486. Spurius Cassius arouses the hostility of the Patricians by his agrarian agitation, and on the expiration of his consulate is put to death . 485, Gelo becomes tyrant of Syracuse. 480. The Carthaginians de- feated by^ Gelo at Hi- mera in Sicily. 478. Hiero becomes ty- rant of Syracuse. 477 {about). The legendary war against Veil and the fall of the Fabii. 471. The Publilian Laws vest the election of the tribunes in the comitia of the tribes. 465. Democracy in Syra- cuse. i6 TABULAR VIEWS 458 B.C.- B.C. Progress of Society, etc. The Jews. Asia. 458> (3982). Ezra goes to Jerusalem. 450 Callimachus, traditional inventor of Corinthian order of architecture. 449. Persians defeated at Salamis in Cyprus, and in the peace of Callias recognize the indepen- dence of the Asiatic Greeks. 447. Revolt of Megabyzus, satrap in Syria, forces Artaxerxes to conces- 445 Zeno, Anaxagoras Prota- goras, and Empedocles, philosophers: Phidias, the finest sculptor ot an- tiquity; Euripides, tra- gic poet; Crates and Cratinus, comic poets; Herodotus, father of GreeK history; Polygno- tus, painter. 445. Walls of Jerusalem built by Ne lemiah Sect of Samaritans. sion. 432 (433). Meton begins his lunar cycle. Thucydides, historian. 400 Death of Socrates, t'-e greatest of ancient mor alists. 425. Xerxes II., king of Persia. 424. Darius II., king of Persia. 1 Gtraetz. 2 Oppert. 421 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 17 Africa. Greece. Rome, etc. Greeks in Egypt defeated by Megabyzus. 458. War between Athens and Corinth. 456. Cimon recalled. Completion of the Long Walls of Athens 454. Achaia joins the Athenian alliance. 449. _ Renewal of war against Persians, who are defeated at Salamis in Cyprus. 447. Athenians at Coroneia BcEotians. defeated by the 440. Pericles takes Samos. 437. Arnphipolis in the Thracian Chersonesus founded by Athenians. 435. Corinth at war with Corcyra. 432. Revolt of Potidsea from the Athenian con federacy. 431. The Peloponnesian War. Invasion of Attica. 430. The Plague at Athens. 429. Pericles dies, after enjoying power for more than 30 years. 424. Exile of Thucydides, Brasidas invades Thrace with a Spartan force. 421. Peace of Nicias be- tween Athens and Sparta. 458. Cincinnatus, Dictator. 451. The Decemvirs and the laws of the 12 tables. The legend of Vir» ginia. 449. Ouaestorship estab- lished. 445. Lex Canuleia permits intermarriage between. Patricians and Ple- beians. 444. Military Tribunes and office of Censor insti- tuted. 439. SpuriusMaelius killed because suspected of royal ambitious. 431. The .(Equians and Volscians defeated at Mount ^gidus. 426. Fidenas revolts, taken and destroyed. i8 TABULAR VIEWS 420 B.C.- B.c. Progress OF SociETY.ETC. Asia. 420 Hippocrates, of Cos, the father of medicine. Democritus, the laughing philosopher. 415 411 405 399 390 Aristophanes, prince of Ancient Comedy. Thucydides' history ends and Xenophon's begins. Plato, comic poet. From Socrates proceed the great scliools of Greek philosophy, the Megaric school founded by Eu- clid, the Cynic by Antis- thenes, the Cyrenaic (Hedonistic or Epicu- rean) by Aristippus, and the Academic by Plato. The influence of Plato, t' e g.eat philosopLier, at ils height. The historians Xenophon, Ktesias of Knidus, and Philistus of Syracuse. 408. Medes make an un- successful attempt to throw off Persian yoke. 405. Persians driven out of Africa for a time. 404. Artaxerxes II. (Mne- mon), king of Persia. 401. Cyrus the younger defeated at Cunaxa; re- treat of the 10,000 under Xenophon. 399. Outbreak of war between Persia and Sparta. 396. _ Agesilaus invades Asia Minor and repeat- edly defeats the Persians. Sgo B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 19 Africa. Greece. Rome, etc. 414 410 393 Amyrtaeus, king of Egypt, shakes off the yoke of Persia. The Carthaginians invade Sicily. 420. Alcibiar.es effects a treaty between the Athenians and Argives. 415. _ Athenians invade Sicily and besiege Syra- 413. The army in Sicily destroyed. Archelaus, king of Macedon. 411. Athens governed by the 400. Alcibiades at the court of Tissaphemes. 410. Alcibiades defeats the Spartans at Cyzicus. 408. Capture o£_ Byzan- tium by Athenians. 405. Lysander ("efeatsthe Athenians at j^gospota- mi; 404, takes Athens, and establishes the 30 tyrants. End of the Pelopon- nesian War. 420. The Campanians make themselves _ mas- ters of the Greek city of Cumffi. 409. Plebeians first hold the quaestorship. 406. Beginning of a ten years' war against Veii; pay for the _ first time given to soldiers. 403. Thrasybulus the 30 tyrants. expels 399. Death of Socrates. Accession of Akhoris, who eiigages in war against Persia as an ally of Agesilaus of Sparta; he also aids Evagoras of Cyprus. 396. Agesilaus invades Asia. 395. War between Sparta and Thebes. 394. Battle of Coronea. 396. Camillus takes Veil, after a siege of ten years. 390. The Roman army overwhelmed on the Al- lia and Rome taken and burnt by the Gauls, tinder Brennus. 20 TABULAR VIEWS 387 B.C.- ^.c Progress of Society.etc. 370 Diogenes, tlie cynic; Iso- crates and Isasus.orators; Antiphanes and Alexis, representatives of the Middle Comedy; Scopas and Praxiteles, sculp- tors. 387. Jhe_ Greek cities 9! Asia tributary to Persia by the peace of Antal- cidas. 383. BITHYNIA becomes a kingdom. Mithridates I., king of PONTUS. 379. Evagoras of C>rprus recognizedby Persia as sovereign in return for the payment of tribute. 376. Persia makes an un- successful attempt to reconquer Egypt. 362. Ariobarzanes, king of Pontus. — Revolt of the Persian governor in Asia Minor. 360. CAPPADOCIA be- comes a kingdom under Ariarathes I. 359. Accession of Arta- xerxes III. in Persia. 356. Artabazus, satrap in Asia Minor, rises in re- bellion, and being de- feated seeks refuge with Philip of Macedon. 556 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 21 Africa, Greece. Rome and Italy. 378 161 Nectanebus I. repels a Persian army command- ed by Phamabazus which invaded _ Egypt and took Pelusium. 382. Thebes taken by the Spartans under Phoebi- das. 379. Thebes delivered by Pelopidas and Epami- nondas. 376. Spartan fleet de- feated_ at Naxos by the Athenians. .371. Battle of Leuctra; ' Spartans defeated by Thebans under Epami- nondas. Predominance of Thebes. 364. Pelopidas killed in battle. 362. Battle of Mantinea, death of Epaminondas. Tachos, king of Egypt. Agesilaus, the Spartan, aids the Egyptians in their revolt against Per- sia. 357. Philip II. of Mace- don takes Amphipolis. 356. Philip conquers Thrace and lUyria. _ The Temple of Diana at Ephesus burnt. ALEXANDER "the Great" born. 384. M. Manlius Capito- linus accused of royal ambitions and_ thrown from the Tarpeian rock. 376. Beginning of the ten years' struggle over the L i c i n i a n Rogations; Plebs prevent election of curule magistrates. 371. Curule magistrates appointed. 367; The Licinian Roga- tions passed, providing for_ agrarian relief and assigning one consul to the Plebeians. 361. Renewed invasion of the Gauls. 356. Dionysius the young- er expelled from Syra- cuse. First Plebeian dic- tator at Rome. 22 TABULAR VIEWS 355 B.C. 352 343 Philippics of Demosthenes. Mencius, Chinese sage. Aristotle appointed tutor of Alexander the Great 340 Machines, Demosthenes, orators; Theopompus aad Ephorus, historians. Soeusippus, academic philosopher. 335 330 Pyrgoteles practises the art of stone-engraving and die-sinking. Apelles, the painter; Cal- listhenes, philosopher. Alexander attempts the fusion of Asia and Europe through inter- marriasje, perfected com- munications, etc. 332. Jerusalem submits to Alexander the Great. 340 (346). Arta.xerxes in person achieves the re- conquest of Egypt. 338. Assassination of Ar- taxerxes and accession of Arses. 336. Assassination of Arses and accession of Darius Codomannus. 334. Battle of the Gran - icus. 333. Battle of Issus.— Alexander the Great overthrows the Persian army. 332. Tyre subdued after seven months' siege. 331. Battle of Arbela.^ The Persian army to- tally defeated. 330-328. CONQUEST of the PERSIAN EM- PIRE. 327. Alexander invades India. 32/ B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. ^3 Africa. Greece — Macedon. Rome, etc. 340 The Carthaginians de- feated by Timoleon on the Crimesus in Sicily. Artaxerxes III. invades Egypt with an immense army, overruns the country and plunders the temples; Egypt is once more a province of Persia. 332 Egypt conquered by Alex- ander. 355. The 2d Sacred War. 352. Philip II. takes the Athenian port of Me thone in Macedonia. The Phocians defeated by Philip at Thessaly. 348. Philip takes Olyn- thus. 346. Philip _ admitted to the Amphictyonic Coun oil. 341. Philip makes war upon Athens. 340. — lays siege to Byzan- tium. 338. Philip defeats the Greeks at Chagronea. 336. Philip is murdered by Pausanias. ALEXANDER III. surnamed the Great. — He pacifies Greece, de stroys Thebes, sparing the house of Pindar. 335. — is chosen generalis- simo_ of Greece against Persia. 334. — invades Persia, and after several great bat- tles (see "Asia") sub- dues the Persian empire and Egypt, and marches into India. 330. Spartans under Agis defeated by Antipater of Macedon. 353. Dion put to death, and Syracuse ruled by tyrants. 351. First Plebeian censor. 343-341. The first Sam- nite War. 340. The Latins defeated at Mount Vesuvius and reduced to virtual sub- jection by Rome. 337. First Plebeian praetor. 332. Treaty between Rome and Alexander of Epirus. 24 TABULAR VIEWS 326 B.C.- Progress of Society, etc. The Jews. Asia. 325 The voyage of Nearchus from the Indus to the Euphrates. 320. Ptolemy carries away a large number of pris oners into Egypt. Onias I. 315 312 Menander, founder of New Comedy. Appius Claudius Csecus, Censor, completes con- struction of the Appian aqueduct and begins Appian Way. 311. Judea subject to An- tigonus. 307 Museum and Library at Alexandria begun under Ptolemy Soter. 323. Alexander dies at Babylon; his empire partitioned among his generals. 321. War among the sue cessors of Alexander. 320. Eumenes defeated by Antigonus. 317 (about). The empire of Magadha in northern India founded by Chan- dragupta(Sandrocottus) . 316. Eumenes put to death by Antigonus. 315. Formation of a league against Antigonus by Ptolemy, Cassander, Se- leucus, and Lysimachus. 312. SYRIA ruled by Se- leucus Nicator; he takes Babylon. Era of the Seleucidae. 305. Seleucus Nicator in- vades India and wages war against Chandra- gupta. 304 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 25 Africa. Rome, etc. 323 320 Ptolemy I. (Soter, son of Lagus) ; becomes ruler of Egypt after the death of Alexander the Great and the partition of his empire ; assumes regal title in 305. Ptolemy makes himself master of Cyprus and Syria. 3oa 307 306 Ptolemy _ establishes his power in Cyrene. Agathocles is defeated by the Carthaginians at Tunes in Africa. _ -305. Antigonus invades Egypt, but meets with no success. 324. Demosthenes ban^ ished. 323. Death of Alexander. — The Grecian cities revolt from Macedon. — Demos thenes recalled. 322. The Greeks defeated by Antipater at Crannon in Thessaly. Death of Demosthenes. 321. Antipater, regent of the empire. 319. Polysperchon sue ceeds Antipater, and proclaims liberty to the Grecian cities. 317. Phocion put to death by the Athenians. Demetrius Phalereus governs Athens. 315. Cassander rebuilds Thebes. 307. Demetrius Phalereus expelled from Athens by Demetrius Poliorcetes. 305-304. Demetrius Poli- orcetes besieges Rhodes in vain. 303. Demetrius Poliorcetes, general of the Grecian states. 326. Outbreak of second Samnite War. 321. The Samnites defeat the Romans at the Cau- dine Forks and send them under the yoke. 320. The Samnites de- feated at Luceria. 317. Syracuse seized by Agathocles. 314. Insurrection of the Campanians suppressed. 309. Fabius Maximus de- feats the Etrurians at the Vadimonian lake. 307. The Carthaginians f'efeat Agathocles, and besiege Syracuse. 304. End of the second Samnite War. 26 TABULAR VIEWS 301 B.C. B.C. Progress OF SociETY.ETC. The Jews. Asia. 300 293 286 285 284 283 Euclid, of Alexandria, the celebrated mathemati- cian. — Zeno, founder of the Stoics; Pyrrho, of the Skeptics' Epicurus of the Epicureans. The first sun-dial erected at Rome by Papirjus Cursor, and the time first divided into hours. At Rome full equality between the Plebeians and Patricians finally established Theocritus, the father of pastoral poetry; Bion, bucolic poet. The Septuagint translation of the Old Testament, begun at Alexandria, by order of Ptolemy Phila delphus. The Pharos built at Alex andria, the most famous of lighthouses. (.about). Philetcerus, of Pergamus, patron of the arts. Alexandria, the resort of the learned, and centre of trade. The Colossus of Rhodes, the work of Chares of Lindus, erected. Manetho, Egyptian priest and chronologist. 301. Judea again under the dominion of the Ptolemies. 301 Battleoflpsus. — An- tigonus killed. ALEXANDER'S EMPIRE DIVIDED in four parts. — Ptolemy, Seleucus, Cassander, Ly- simachus. 299. Seleucus begins the building of Antioch. 287. Seleucus defeats De- metrius Poliorcetes and keeps him prisoner. 281. Lysimachus defeated and killed by Seleucus in the battle of Korupedion. —The kingdom of PER- GAMUS founded by Philetserus. 280. Antiochus I. succeeds Seleucus. 279 ^-C- OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 27 B.C. Africa. Greece. Rome, etc. 300. Plebeians admitted to the priestly colleges. 298. Outbreak of third Samnite War; Samnites defeated at Bovianum. 297. Death of Cassander. 295. Siege of Athens, by 295. Samnites and Etrus- Demetrius. cans defeated at Sen- tinum. 294. Demetrius seizes the throne of Macedon. 290. End of third Samnite War. 287. Athens revolts from. Demetrius. 286. Law of Hortensius, by which the decrees of the Plebs are made abso- lute in the state. The 285 Ptolemy Soter practically end of the long struggle abdicates, and is suc- between Patricians and ceeded bv his son, Plebeians. Ptolemy H. Philadel- phus. 283 Death of Ptolemy Soter. ' 282. Outbreak of hostili- ties between Rome and Tarentum ; the latter seeks the aid of Pyrrhus, king of Epirus. 281. The Achaean League 281. Pyrrhus lands in It- created. aly. Lysimachus defeated and slain by Seleucus in the battle of Korupedion. 280. Irruption of the Gauls 280. Pyrrhus defeats the into Macedonia; Ptol- Romans at Pandosia emy Ceraunus slain. (Heraclea) and at 279 — Asculum. 28 TABULAR VIEWS 279 B.C.- B.c Progress OF SociETY.ETC. Asia. 269 2B4 260 Silver money first coined at Rome. The Parian Chronicle com- posed. Gladiators first exhibited at Rome. (.about). Berosus, the his torian of Babylon. 275. Antiochus I. defeats the Gauls, gaining the surname of Soter (Sa- vior). 270 (about). Asoka, de- scendant of Chandra- gupta, reigns in Magad- ha; he is a friend of Buddhism. 266. AriobarzanesII.,king of Pontus. 262. Antiochus Soter de- feated at Sardis by Eu- menes. 261. Antiochus defeated and slain by the Gauls in a battle near Ephesus; he is succeeded by An- tiochus II. Theos. 255. Kingdom of PAR- THIA founded by Arsa- ces. The Tsin dynasty in China commences, under whom the construction of the Chinese "Wall is begun. 255 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 29 B.C. Africa. Greece. Rome, etc. 279. Irruption of the Gauls under Brennus into Greece. 278. — they are defeated 278. Pyrrhus invades Sic- near Delphi. ily. 277. Antigonus Gonatus, king of Macedon. 275. Pyrrhus defeated at Beneventum, and leaves Italy. 274. Pyrrhus invades Ma- cedon, defeats Antigo- nus, and is proclaimed king. 273 Ptolemy sends an embassy to Rome and enters into friendly relations with the Senate; grain trade between Egypt and Rome developed; re- fuses the Carthaginians aid against the Romans. 272. Pyrrhus besieges 272. Fall of Tarentum. Sparta and Argos — is slain, and Antigonus is restored. 271. Fall of Rhegium. 268. Athens taken by An- tigonus Gonatus. Second _ incursion of the Gauls into Macedon. 266. With the conquest of the Sallentines the Roman subjugation of Italy is completed. 264 Outbreak of the first war 264. The first PUNIC between Carthage and WAR. — Appius _ Claud- Rome. ius defeats Hiero of Syracuse at Messana. 260. Duilius gains a vic- tory over the Carthagin- ian fleet at Myte. 256 Regulus invades Africa, 256. Regulus gains a vic- and is defeated by tory over the Carthagin- Xanthippus, a Spartan ian fleet at Ecnomus. general. 255. Antigonus liberates 255. The Lacedemonians Athens. assist Carthage. — Xan- Athens joins the thippus defeats Regulus, Achaean League. and takes him prisoner- 30 TABULAR VIEWS 254 B.C.- B.C. Progress OF SociETY.ETc. Asia. 253 245 240 235 The Alexandrian schol- ars and poets, Aratus, Kallimachus, Lyco- phron, and ApoUonius. (about). Eratosthenes, celebrated geometer and geographer, head of the Alexandrian Library, makes first measurement of circumference of the earth. ^ Chrysippus, Stoic philosopher. Comedies of Livitis An- dronicus, first acted at Rome. — Archimedes, the mathematician. Nsevius, Roman flourishes. poet, 225 Fabius Pictor, _ the Roman historian. first 253. Arsaces II. (Tiridates I.) succeeds to the throne in Parthia. 246. Antiochus II. Theos killed by his wife; suc- ceeded by his son Seleu- cus II. Callinicus. 245. War breaks out be- tween Seleucus II. and Ptolemy Euergetes, in which the latter for a time is master of almost the entire Seleucian kingdom. 241. Attalus I., king of Pergamus. 237. Seleuctis defeated by the Parthians. 226. Seleucus II. (Cerau- nus), king of Syria. 223. Antiochus III. the Great, king of Syria. 222 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 31 B.C. Africa. Greece. Rome, etc. 254. Panormus (Palermo) taken by the Romans. 251 Metellus defeats Hasdru- 251. Prosperity of Achaean bal at Panormus in League ^ under Aratus, Sicily. who liberates Sicyon and joins it to the League. 249. Romans defeated in naval battle of Drepana. 247 Hamilcar Barca takes 247. Hamilcar holds Herc- command of Carthagin- te against the Romans. ian forces in Sicily. — Accession of ^ Ptolemy III. Euergetes in Egypt. 245 PtolemyEuergetes subdues Syria. 243. Corinth taken by Aratus and united to Achaean League. 241 -238. War with the Mer- 241. Agis IV., king of 241. The Roman fleet cenaries in Carthage. Sparta, put to death for under Catulus^ defeats attempting to establish the Carthaginians off agrarian reform and re- the .<5igatian Islands. — introduce the Lycurgan End of the first Punic constitution. War; resulting in the acquisition of Sicily, the first Roman province. 238 Harailcar begins establish- 238. Sardinia seized by ment of Carthaginian Rome. power in Spain. 228 Carthagena in Spain, 228. Roman ambassadors founded by Hasdrubal. first appear at Athens and Corinth. 226. Cleomenes, king of Sparta, defeats the Achaeans. 225. Cleomenes re-estab- 225. The Gauls defeated lishes the constitution near Telamon in Etru- of Lycurgus at Sparta. ria. 224. Cleomenes conquers 224. The Romans first Argos and is joined by cross the Po. Corinth. 223. The Insubres de- feated. 222 Ptolemy IV. Philopater, king of Egypt. 32 TABULAR VIEWS 221 B.C.- Progress of Society, etc. The Jews. Asia. 220 210 204 200 Plautus, Roman comic poet. The Alexandrian gram- marians and editors, Zenodotus and Aristo- phanes. (about). The Great Chinese Wall begun. Ennius, Roman comes to Rome. poet, Moschus, bucolic poet. 217. Antiochus III. de- feated by Ptolemy Phil- opater in the battle of Raphia. 216. Arsaces III., king of Parthia. 213. Antiochus defeats the Parthians and takes their capital, Hecatom- pylos. 203. Judea submits Antiochus the Great. 206. The dynasty of Han. in China founded; it lasts until 221 a.d.. and forms one of the most brilliant periods in the history of China. 198. The Jews assist Anti- ochus in expelling Sco- pas and the Egyptian troops from Jerusalem; final establishment of the Syrian power Palestine. 198 Antiochus defeats tha Egyptians uni'er Scopas in a great battle in Pal- estine, which now defi- nitely conies under the Syrian rule. 197 Eumenes II., king of Pergamus. 196. Arsaces IV., king of Parthia. 195. Hannibal flees to- Antiochus IIL 195 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 33 B.C. Africa. Greece. Rome, etc. 221 Beginning of conquests of 221. Cleomenes of Sparta Hannibal in Spain. defeated by Antigonus Doson at Sellasia. 220. The Social War be- tween Achaeans and ^tolians.— Philip V. of Macedonia assists the War between Egypt and Achaeans. 219. Hannibal takes Sa- Syria resulting in the guntum and crosses the loss of Palestine by the Alps Ptolemies. 218. The 2d Punic War.— The Romans defeated by Hannibal at the Ticino and the Trebbia. 217. Flaminius over- whelmed at Trasi- mene. 216. Romans at Cannes totally defeated by Han- 215. Alliance of Philip V. nibal. with Hannibal. Fabius Maximus, Dic- 213? Rebellion of the Egyptian peasantry against the tator. Macedonian oppression. 212. Syracuse taken by Marcellus. Archimedes killed. 211. The ^tolians secure 211. Capua taken by the the alliance of Rome Romans. against the Achaeans and 209 Ptolemy V. associated in the Macedonians. 209. Publius Scipio takes the crown. New Carthage. 207. Battle of Mantinea: 207. Nero and Livy defeat Philopoemen, the gen- Hasdrubal at the Met- eral of the Achsan aurus.— Fiasdrubal kiUed. League, defeats the Spartans. 206. The Carthaginians de- 205 Ptolemy V. Epiphanes, feated in the battle of king of Egypt. Ilipa and driven out of Spain. 204. Scipio carries the war 203 Scipio Africanus besieges Utica and burns the camps of Hasdrubal and Syphax. Hannibal recalled from Italy. into Africa. 202 Hannibal defeated at Za- 202. Final victory over ma. — End of the 2J Carthage at Zama. Punic War. 200. Siege of Abydos by 200. Outbreak of war with Philip V. of Macedonia; Macedonia. outbreak of war between Macedonia and Rome. 198 Egypt loses her Syrian pos- 198. The Achaeans and sessions. Spartans join the Ro- mans against Macedonia. 197. Philip V. defeated at 197. Flamininus victorious Cynoscephalae by the in Macedonia. Romans under Flamin- inus. 196 Macedonian Greece declared free by the Romans. 195. Cato in Spain 34 TABULAR VIEWS 194 B.C.- B.c. Progress of Society, ETC The Jews. 194 180 2d cen- tvixy Apollonius of Rhodes head of the Alexandrian li- brary. Statius Caecilitis, comic poet. V Paper made in China. 170 167 166 161 174. Jason obtains the high priesthood by cor- ruption. Polybius, historian of Greece and Rome. Greek learning comes to Rome as a result of con- quest of Macedonia. Terence, comic poet. Philosophers and rhetor- icians banished from Rome. 192. Syria at war with Rome. 190. Scipio Asiaticus de- feats Antiochus III, at Magnesia and compels him to cede all of Asia Minor excepting Cilicia; the conquered territory is allotted by Rome to Pergamus. 189. Armenia revolts from the Seleucid rule and establishes its indepen- dence. 187. Antiochus III. killed; succeeded by Seleucus IV. Philopator. 183. Phamaces I., king of Pontus, conquers Sin- ope. 181. Phraates I., king of Parthia. 176. Antiochus IV. Epi- phanes, king of Syria. 174. Mithradates I., king of Parthia, founds the greatness of that power. He conquers Bactria, Persia, _ Susiana, and Babylonia. 171. Antiochus IV. de- clares war against Ptol- emy Philometor. 171. Jason supplanted by Menelaus. 170. The temple plundered by Antiochus Epi- phanes. 168. Jerusalem again plun- dered by Antiochus; the temple desecrated, the Law suppressed. 167. Mattathias the Has- monean, leads an insur- rection against the Syr- ians. 165. Judas Maccabeus ex- 164. Antiochus V. _Eu- pels the Syrians and pator, king of Syria, purifies the temple. 162. Demetrius Soter seizes throne of Syria. 161. Judas defeats the Ariarathes Philopator, Syrians under Nicanor king of Cappadocia. at Adasa. First treaty with tke Romans. l6l B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 35 B.C. Africa. Greece. Rome, etc. i 193 Masinissa, king of Numidia, harasses the Carthagin- ians, and injures their commerce. 191. Antiochus III. de- feated at Thermopylae. 190. Antiochus III. is to- tally defeated by L. C. Scipio at Magnesia. 189 Formidable insurrection in upper Egypt owing to oppressive taxatios. 189. The ^tolian League crushed by the Romans. 188. Philopoemen abro- gates the laws of Lycur- gus in Sparta. 185. Disgrace and volun- tary exile of Scipio Afri- canus. 184. Cato, the elder, cen- 182 Ptolemy VI., Philometor, king of Egypt. 183. Philopciemen defeated and killed by the Mes- senians 179. Perseus, king of Macedonia. sor. 183. Death of Scipio Afri- canus. 181. Pseudo writings of Numa found in a stone coffin at Rome. 179. Celtiberians in Spain subjugated by Tiberius Gracchus. 176. Sardinians subdued by Gracchus. 170 -163. Joint reign of Phi- lometor and Physcon in Egypt. 171. War between Mace- donia and Rome. 168. Perseus defeated at Pydna, by Emilius Paulus. 167. Achaean hostages transported to Italy in large numbers. 171. War against Mace» donia. 163 Ptolemy VI. is driven out by his brother but is restored by the Roman senate, Physcon being given Cyrene. 36 TABULAR VIEWS 1 60 B.C.- B.c. Progress OF Society, ETC. The Jews. Asia. 160 159 155 150 146 145 {about). Hipparchus of 160. Death of Judas Mac Nicsea makes important cabeus astronomical discoveries and lays the foundation of Trigonometry. The clepsydra or water clock introduced by Scipio Nasica Pacuvius, Latin poet, flourishes tragic Aristarchus, of Alexandria, grammarian, greatest of Greek scholars, editor of Homer and the drama- tists. The fall of Corinth and the transplantation of its art treasures to Rome marks an important epoch in the conquest of the Roman world by Greek thought. Hipparchus, mathemati- cian and astronomer, flourishes. 158. Jonathan compels the Syrians under Bacchides to withdraw. 143 Jonathan is slain by Trypho. 142. Simon, high priest. Demetrius II. of Syria acknowledges Jewish in- dependence. 135. John Hyrcanus, high priest. 133. Jerusalem taken by Antiochus VII. 160. Mithradates IV. (V.), king of Pontus. 151. AlexanderBalas over- throws Demetrius Soter and takes the throne. 149. Prusias II. of Bithy- nia, killed by his son, Nicomedes. 146. Demetrius II. Nic- ator, king of Syria. 140. Demetrius II. is de- feated by Mithradates I. of Parthia and re- tained in captivity for a number of years. 137. Antiochus VII. (Si- detes), king of Syria. 133. Antiochus takes Jer- usalem. 133 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 37 Africa. Greece. Rome, etc. 157 Cato's embassy to Car- thage. Masinissa defeats the Car- thaginians. 147 146 Ptolemy VI. joins with Demetrius Nicator against Alexander Balas of Syria and is crowned king at Antioch. Carthage taken and de- Ftroyed. Ptolemy VII., Physcon, becomes sole king of Egypt. 155. Athenian embassy of Diogenes. Carneades and Critolaus to Rome 152. Andriscus attempts to _ raise Macedonia against Rome. 148. He is defeated by Metellus and 146. Macedonia becomes a Roman province. War between the Achsan League and Sparta and Rome; Corinth taken and destroyed by Mummius. 155. War with the Lusi- tanians and 153. with the Celtiberians. 151. Defeat of Galba in Spain by the Celtiber- ians. 150. The Lusitanians crushed. 149. Third Punic War begins. The Lex Calpurnia seeks to restrain the mal- practice of provincial governors. 146. Conquest of Carthage and of Corinth. Roman Empire. In the East. 133. Pergamus bequeath- ed to the Romans by Attalus III. In Europe. 143. Numantine War begins. 140. Romans cause assas- sination of Viriathus, leader of the Lusitanians in Spain. 139. Servile insurrection in Sicily. 133. Numantja destroyed by Scipio. Acts and death of Tiberius Gracchus. 38 TABULAR VIEWS 132 B.C.- 130 125 100 Lucius Accius, tragic poet. Lucilius the first Roman satirist. Lucius Afranius, comic writer. 129. John Hyrcanus be- gins task of delivering Judea from the Syrian yoke; reduces Samaria and Idumea. 109. H3T;canus destroys Samaria. 105. Hyrcanus succeeded by his son Aristobulus, who first assumes the title of king. 104. Alexander Jannsus succeeds to the throne; in a war against Ptolemy VIII.. Lathyrus, the exiled ruler of Egypt, he is assisted by Cleopatra, the reigning queen, and expels Ptolemy from Palestine. 129. Antiochus VII. de- feated and killed in a war with Parthia. Demetrius II. regains Syria. 126. Demetrius is over- thrown and there follow the parallel reigns of Alexander II. (till 122) and Antiochus VIII. Grypus (till 114). 120. Mithradates V. (VI.) the Great, king of Pontus. 112. Mithradates begins career of conquest in the kingdom of Bosporus (Crimea), Lesser Ar- menia, Colchis, and part of Scythia to the Dnies- ter. lOO B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 39 130 127 123 118 116 112 107 106 Africa. Roman Empire. Ptolemy Physcon driven from his throne for his cruelty. Physcon restored. Carthage rebuilt. Death of Micipsa, king of Numidia, and the assas- sination of Hiempsal by Jtigurtha. Ptolemy VIII., Lathyrus, king of Egypt. Jugurthine War begins. Ptolemy VIII. exiled and Alexander I. king of Egypt. Jugurtha is defeated by Marius. In the East. 131. War with Aristonicus, pretender to the crown of Pergamus. 130. Aristonicus defeated. 129. Pergamus organized as the province of Asia. 111. Outbreak of war with Jugurtha who had us- urped the royal power in Numidia. 106. Jugurtha defeated and taken; he perishes in prison at Rome. In Europe. 132. Servile War ended.. 123. Tribunate of Caius Gracchus; he brings for- ward the Leges Sempro- nial involving far-reach- ing reforms. 121. Caius Gracchus slain. 113. War begun against the Cimbri and the Teu- tones. 104. The Teutones defeat the Romans onthebanks of the Rhone, inflicting a loss of 80,000 men. 102. Marius victorious over the Teutones and Ambrones at Aquas Sex- tias. 101. Marius and Catulus defeat the Cimbri at Vercellse. 100. Marius attains sixth consulate. his Banishment of Metel- lus Numidicus. Birth of Julius Caesar. 40 TABULAR VIEWS 99 B.C.- B.c Progress OF Society, ETC. The Jews Asia. 90 80 89. The Roman franchise granted to the Italians. Libraries of Athens sent to Rome by Sulla. Posidonius, stoic philoso- pher, at Rome. QuintusHortensius, orator. 86. Alexander Jannaeus re- turning from exile, where he has been driven by the Pharisees, wreaks cruel vengeance on that party. 78. Alexandra, widow of Jannasus, governs Judea. 69. Hyrcanus II. in con- flict with his brother Aristobulus. 96. Seleucus V. succeeds Antiochus VIII but is assassinated in the fol- lowing year. 94. Cappadocia declared free from the rule of Mithradates of Pontus by Rome. 93. Ariobarzanes elected king. Tigranes, king of Armenia, expels Ariobarzanes, who is restored in the following year. 88. Pontus at war with Rome; Italians in Asia m.assacred. 87. Mithradates sends army into Greece. 86. Pontic forces defeated by Sulla at Chaeronea. 84. Peace concluded be- tween Pontus and Rome. 83. Second Mithradatic war begins. 81. — war terminated. 74. Beginning of Mithradatic war. third 71. Mithradates defeated at Cabira. 69. Tigranes of Armenia defeated by LucuUus at Tigranocerta. 66. Mithradates defeated by Pompey at Nicopolis. 65. The race of the Seleu- cidse deposed. 64. Syria becomes a Roman province. 64 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 41 Africa. Roman Empire. 96 By the death of Ptolemy Apion, Cyrene becomes Roman. 84? 81 Second reign of Ptolemy Lathyrus. Ptolemy IX. Thebes destroyed by Lath- yrus. Alexander II. (Ptolemy X). king of Egypt. Ptolemy XI. Auletes, king of Egypt. In Asia and Africa. 96. Annexation of Cyrene, bequeathed to the Ro- mans by its king, Ptol- emy. 92. A Parthian embassy visits Sulla in Asia, the first act of intercourse between the two em- pires. 88. Mithradatic "War; Sulla commands the Roman army. The Athenians seek assistance from Mithra- dates against Rome. 86. Athens, reduced by famine, is taken by Sulla. 74. Nicomedes III. of Bi- thynia bequeaths his kingdom to the Ro- mans. 65 Crassus, as censor, pro- poses that Egypt be made a Roman province ; he is opposed by his colleague Catulus. 66. Metellus subdues Crete. 64. Syria a Roman pro- vince- In Europe. 99. End of Second Servile War in Sicily, begun in 102. 91. The tribune M. Livius proposes the bestowal of the Roman franchise on the Italian allies: he is slain. 90. Social War in Italy. 3. Sulla puts an end to the Social War. Civil War between Marius and Sulla. 82. Sulla defeats Marius, and is created perpetual dictator. 79. Sertorius revolts in Spain and defeats Me- tellus and Pompey. 73. War of Spartacus, the gladiator. 72. Sertorius assassinated. 71. Spartacus defeated by Crassus. 70. Pnmpey and Crassus consuls. 42 TABULAR VIEWS 63 B.C.- B.c. Progress OF Society, ETC. Asia. 63. Pompey makes an end of Jewish independence, confirming Hyrcanus in possession of the High Priesthood. 63. Phamaces king part of Pontus. of 60 46 Cicero, statesman and ora- tor; Sallust, historian; Lucretius and Catullus, poets; Andronicus, of Rhodes, peripatetic philosopher. Caesar reforms the Calen- dar. Cornelius Nepos and Dio- dorus Siculus, histor- ians; Vitruvius, writer on architecture; M. Terentius Varro, writer on agriculture. 47. Antipater, the Idu- mean, is made procura- tor of Judea by Cassar. 60. (about). By the absorp- tion of Syria, Rome comes into touch with the Parthian power. 57. (afjoMi). India; war of the natives under Vikra- maditya against Scyth- ian invaders. 55. Outbreak of war be- tween Rome and Par- thia. 53. The Romans defeated. — Crassus slain at Car- rhae. 52. Parthians overrun Sy- ria and threaten An- tioch. 47. Battle of Zela.— Phar- naces II. of Pontus con- quered by Caesar. 46 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 43 Africa. Roman Empire. 58 55 Ptolemy XL, Auletes, flees to Rome. Berenicereigns in his absence. Ptolemy XI. restored by a Roman army under Gabinius and Marcus Antonius. 51 Death of Ptolemy XI.; by will he appoints Cleo- patra and her brother, Ptolemy XII., to reign jointly. 48 47 46 Pompey, defeated, arrives in Egypt and is slain. In Asia and Africa 63. Pompey takes Jer- usalem. Edit. 53. Crassus defeated and killed in Parthia. Ptolemy XII. drowned. The African War. — Caesar gains battle of Thapsus. ' — Cato kills himself at Utica. Caesar contemplates re- building of Carthage. 48. Cffisar defeated by Pompey at Dyrrhach- ium. — Thessaly becomes the seat of war. — The Athenians declare for Caesar r.gainst Pompey Battle of Pharsalia: — Pompey, defeated by Cagsar, flees into Egypt, and is slain there. 47. Cassar takes Alexandria and conquers Egypt. Caesar victorious at Zela in Asia over Pharnaces II. of Pontus. 46. The Pompeians in Af- rica under Sextus Pom- peius, Cato of Utica, and Juba are defeated at Thapsus by Caesar. In Europe. 63. M. T. Cicero, consul, detects and suppresses Catiline's Conspiracy. 60. First Triumvirate: — Pompey, Crassus, and Julius Caesar. 58. Clodius procures the banishment of Cicero. — The Helvetii defeated by Julius Caesar. 57. Cicero recalled. 55. Cassar passes the Rhine, defeats the Ger- mans, and invades Brit- ain. 54. Cassar's second inva- sion of Britain. 52. Pompey sole consul. 51. Caesar completes the conquest of Gaul. 50. Sallust expelled from the Senate. 49. Caesar passes the Ru- bicon, and in sixty days makes himself master of Italy — marches into Spain and forces Pom- pey 's troops to surrender. 46. Caesar crushes the Pompeians at Thapsus. 44 TABULAR VIEWS 45 B.C.- B.C. Progress of Society, etc. The Jews. Asia. Direct trade of Rome with India. — Silk and linen manufactories in the empire. Temple of Janus at Rome closed — there being now a general peace. The Pantheon built. Golden age of Roman lit- erature. Horace, Virgil, Tibullus, Propertius, poets; Livy, historian; McBcenas, minister of Augustus, patron of lit- erature; Strabo, geogra- pher; .<5imilius Macer, of Verona, poet; Dionys- ius, of Halicarnassus, historian; Agrippa, warrior, and patron of the arts. Pantomimic dances intro duced on the Roman Stage. 43. Antipater poisoned. 40. Herod the Great, son of Antipater, defeats his rival, Antigonus, and Parcorus, the Parthian — and is made king by the Romans. 37. Herod with Roman aid takes Jerusalem which upholds the caiise of the Hasroonean family. 30. Augustus bestows an increase of territory on Herod. 29. Herod kills his wife. Mariamne. 2.5. (about). Herod begins extensive building oper- ations in Judea. founds Caesarea, ' rebuilds Sa- maria, reconstructs the temple at Jerusalem (20-19) 40. Parthians under Par- corus invade Syria, take Antiocb and Sidon, plun- der Jerusalem, and ad- vance as far as the Mediterranean. 39-38. Parthians defeated by Ventidius. 36. Marcus Antonius in- vades Parthia but is com- pelled to retreat with loss. 34. Antony subdues Ar- menia. 23. Parthian embassy at i Rome. j 20. Parthians restore the standards captured from Crassus. 20 B.C. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 45 Africa. Roman Empire. 45 41 36 34 31 30 Cleopatra poisons her bro- ther and reigns alone. Marcus Antonius, capti- vated by Cleopatra, takes up his residence in Alexandria, whence he administers Eastern affairs. Cleopatra obtains from Antony a grant of Phoenicia, Ccele-Syria, and Cyprus. Marcus Antonius divides Asia among his sons by Cleopatra. Marcus Antonius and Cleopatra defeated by Octavius, at Actium. Antonius and Cleopatra destroy themselves. — Egypt becomes a Roman province under the per- sonal rule of Augustus. 45. Cassar perpetual dicta- tor — the remnants of the Pompeians crushed at Munda in Spain. 44. Caesar assassinated, 43. Second Triumvirate:— Octavius Caesar, Marcus Antonius, and Lepidus. — Cicero proscribed and murdered. 42.The battle of Philippi: — Antony and Octav- ius defeat Brutus and Cassius. 36. Sextus Pompeius de- feated in Sicily. 33. Antony quarrels with Octavius. 31. By the battle of Ac- tium Octavius acquires sole rule in the Roman world. 29. Octavius's 3 days tri- umph at Rome. Temple of Janus shut. 27. The titles of Augustus and Emperor conferred on Octavius for 10 years; the end of the Republic. 23. Augustus receives tri- bunician power for life. 22. Conspiracy of Murena. 21. Augustus visits Greece and Asia. 46 TABULAR VIEWS 19 B.C.- Progress of Society, etc The Jews. The Calendar corrected by Augustus. 4' (7-6^). Jesus Christ born. The birth of Jesus Christ was made a start- ing point in chronology by the monk Dionysius Exiguus who lived in the sixth century; it was adopted by the Church in Rome soon after, was popularized by Bede in the eighth century, and came into common use in the tenth. Dionysius ideiitified the birth of Christ (incarnation) with the year 754 of the Ro- man era, but modern research has shown that the great event must be placed from four to seven years before the date assumed by Dio- nysius. Archelaus succeeds Herod with the title of Ethnavch. Asia. 19. Armenia; on the death of Artaxias II. the Ro- mans place on the throne Tigranes II.; Armenia becomes a pawn between Rome and Parthia. 16. Agrippa is in Asia where he regulates the affairs of Palestine. 14. Polemon of Pontus conquers Bosporus. « Cheyne, Encyclop 64-65.1 Martyrdom of Peter and Paul. •, 66. Outbreak of Jewish war. j 67. Pope Linus. 2 Vespasian despatched J against the Jews. j 70. The destruction of Jerusalem by ; Titus. i 72. Conquest of Judea completed. 79. Pope Anacletus. 90. Pope Clemens. 95. Second traditional persecution of the Christians, by Domitian. 1 Hastings, Dictionary of the Bible. I 2 The word Pope is used in accordance f with the Roman Catholic usage, though ',. the name was not adopted by the Pon- jf tiffs till several centuries after. 95 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 51 Roman Empire. 60 63 66 69 70 East. Corbulo subdues Armenia. Tiridates placed on the throne of Ar- menia by Nero. Tiridates visits Rome. Vespasian declared emperor at Alex- andria. Jerusalem destroyed by Titus. War with the Dacians under Decebalus. Roman reverses against the Quadi and the Marcomanni; peace with the Dacians bought. West. 59. Nero's mother, Agrippina, put to death by his order. 61. Revolt of the Britons under queen Boadicea; they burn London. The queen, defeated by Suetonius, poisons herself. 64. Burning of Rome and Christians accused of the crime. 65. Seneca and Lucan put to death. 68. Galba proclaimed emperor by the soldiers in Spain; he reigns 8 months, and is put to death by the Praetorians. 69. Otho becomes emperor; acknowl- edged by the Senate; (3 months) defeated by Vitellius, who becomes emperor (8 months) ; he is overthrown by the army of 70. Vespasian, commander in the East, who becomes emperor. 78. Agricola assumes command in Britain. 79. Titus becomes emperor. Herculaneum and Pompeii de- stroyed by an eruption of Vesuvius. 81. Domitian becomes emperor. 86. Romans defeated by the Dacians on the Danube. 88. The secular games celebrated. TABULAR VIEWS 96 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. 96 130 132 Tacitus, historian; Juvenal, satirist; Statius, poet; Plutarch, moralist and biographer; the younger Pliny. Jurisprudence flourishes; Rome adorned with the Trajan Forum; Pillar of Trajan, and baths; stone bridge btiilt over the Danube. The great buildings of Palmyra.- pie of the Sun at Baalbec. -Tern- Jurisprudence improved by the pro- mulgation of Hadrian's perpetual code. Ptolemy, the celebrated Egyptian astronomer and geographer; Arrian and Appian, Greek historians; Paus- anius, traveller. 160 Lucian, satirist; Hermogenes, rhetor- ician. 99. Pope Evaristus. 100. Christian assemblies prohibited bj Trajan. 100 [about) Composition of the "Shep- herd" of Hermas. 107. Pope Alexander I. 108. St. Ignatius put to death. 112-113 (100?). Third traditional per- secution, by Trajan. 116. Pope Xystus (Si-xtus I). 125. Pope Telesphorus. 136. Pope Hyginus. 140. Pope Pius I. Heresy of Valentine. 145 [about). Rise of the Marcionites. 154. Pope Anicetus. Canon of Scripture fixed about this time. 154 (about). Justin Martyr publishes his apology for the Christians. 155 (about). Martyrdom of Polycarp; appearance of Montanus. 163 (about). Martyrdom of Papias. 165. Pope Soter. Death of Justin Martyr. u y ^ \ ^V/ ^ / oc z < \ r^ ^ F '^ _^k^^ \ V y • \ ^ a 1 i- \ \ A M/S-G^ 1^""\ '^ IV \ ^ 5 H O T '■ 2- y>c S^ j\\€'- >#' \ *** ^--^ ^ 2 . 00 * s "'''x j '/t \ -/ *. u \ ^ — ' r < - o 111 en io t- < UI 1 1 voUv/sv/ V , ' \* / \ ' y^'* r H ' I H z ^ s >- ■^ :^0. ^1 \ O /^^ J^ / ^^^\ ^* _^ e \ \ c± iM^ W*^ <0 I. ]y"' L ___- — ■ "^1 < ji "^^^^^ NL Jij /^ ^^" \ "^ ^1 >- V I ^ r 1 n3 5 H ^r~ 4- '• < J: \x^ ( / ^ "^ c / ° °'4v jc>^ s- \ ^ '■"-s ■ — ^ ) < *» — / y , M / . _\ - ■= •, =^ % — ^ r v*- i~-.^-y^ ^ \ < -o y: h \ [ A^^J' - f"^'^ ^^//>7 . .o / ' - J ' . ^t * Z/ ■^ / \^ f J / V •. ■^ / V / t 1 ' v? \ /< -4 c//aa J^ 1 I T \% s — -X__ij^^^ • ^ I ', lAt J 1 ^ ty? T^ v= ^ 1 l < A 5 "x. r" ~' Xl ) y 5 ^,. /' > ^ r- ^ \ / -J^' — -^^ -./ / "^ / i ^ / <^ ^ .J3 oH ^ ^ (" / T / ,'' '^^^-'^'^ ^^'^'y.n> -)' ^ ,<>= / •" "fc,5^'\Q\ O- ■^A'J} fo""--^^ 2 / / ^-^ ^\^ > r*^—^^ ^"^^-s. < ! 1 -^-^ ^t ^'V^ 1 ''^ 1 s t/^~'V^^ / - ^ ^~~~^^ is^A \ / J y V N. \ "'. __/ •^ ^^ [/ / Jo./ j 1 ^ ** /^~-^-~~.-._,_^ '<. ^'-'. /^-^ / ( W / r " '* / ' ~y — ^ / 1 ^^o o ^~^ -/y r-^'^ ^y / 175 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 53 Roman Empire. 103- 104 114 116 117 112- 127 130 131 136 East. Pliny,._ proprsetor in Bithynia, sends Traian his account of the Christians. Traj an begins war against the Parthians . Capture of Ctesiphon. Revolt of the Jews in Cyrene and Egypt. Trajan dies at SeHnus in Cilicia. Hadrian in the East for five years. Hadrian rebuilds Jerusalem, under the name of .(^lia Capitolina, and erects there a temple to Jupiter. Revolt of the Jews under Bar Cochba. Jewish war ended. 162 West. 96. Domitian assassinated. Nerva becomes emperor. 8. Trajan becomes emperor; a great sovereign and a warrior, under whom the Roman Empire attained its greatest extent. 101. Trajan begins his Dacian- cam- paigns. 107. Dacia made a province. 117. Hadrian becomes emperor; under- takes extensive travels throughout the provinces of the empire. 121. Erection of Hadrian's wall in Britain. 132. The Edictum. Perpetuum, compris- ing the edicts of the Roman prstors, collected and published. 138. Antoninus Pius becomes emperor; (eminent for his virtues and love of peace). War with the Parthians, lasts 4 years and ends in the confirmation of Ro- man authority in Armenia. 161. Marcus Aurelius (Antoninus) be- comes emperor. 167-175. War with the Marcomanni and the Quadi. 54 TABULAR VIEWS 170 A.D.- Progress op Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. 170 180 Galen, Greek physician; Diogenes Laertius, Greek historian. The Meditations of Marcus Aurelius em- body some of the loftiest thoughts of antiquity. 174. Pope Eleutherus. 177. Fourth traditional persecution, by Marcus Aurelius — Irenaeus becomes bishop of Lyons. 180. Age of Theophilus and Tatian. Hegesippus writesagainst the Gnostics. 189. Pope Victor I. 206 210 215 220 230 Baths of Caracalla begun. Papinian, jurist. Caracalla grants the right of Roman citizenship to all the provinces, that they may become liable to additional taxes. 198. Pope Zephyrinus; strife between Zephyrinus and Hippolytus as to the restoration of those who had fallen away from the Church under perse- cution. 202. Fifth persecution of the Christians, under Severus. — Tertullian, an able defender of Christianity.— Clement of Ale.xandria, and Minucius Felix. Dio Cassius, historian. Ammonius Saccas, founder of the Neo-Platonic school of philosophy at Alexandria. Herodian, Greek historian. Censorinus, critic and grammarian. 217. Pope Calixtus I. 220 {abouf). Death of Clement of Alexandria. 221. Julius Africanus, first of Christian chronologists. 222. Pope Urban I. 230. Pope Pontianus.— Death of Ter- tullian. 232 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 55 Roman Empire. 197 East. Severus invades the Parthian empire, captures Seleucia and Babylon, and acquires Adiabene (northern Assyria). 226 Fall of the Parthian empire and estab- lishment of the new Persian kingdom under the dynasty of the Sassanids. West. 178. Renewal of war with the Marco- manni. 180. The emperor dies at Sirmium; Commodus becomes emperor, makes peace with the Germans. 191. Rome nearly destroyed by fire. 192. Commodus assassinated. 193. Pertinax proclaimed emperor by the Prstorian guards; murdered after a reign of 3 months. The empire bought by Didius Julianus, who reigns for 2 months and is put to death. Septimius Severus proclaimed emperor by the Pannonian legions. 194. — defeats his competitor, Pescen- nius Niger, at Issus; besieges Byzantium. 197. — defeats rival emperor Albinus in Gaul. 202. -persecutes the Christians. 208. — invades Britain and makes war on the Caledonian tribes. The wall of Severus between the Forth and the Clyde built. 211. Severus dies at York, in Britain. Caracalla and Geta become em- perors. 212. Caracalla slays his brother Geta; general proscription; among others, Papinian put to death. 214. Wars against the Alemanni. 217. Caracalla is assassinated. Macrinus becomes emperor. 218. Macrinus defeated by the Parth- ians and slain by his soldiers. Heliogabalus becomes emperor. 222. Heliogabalus slain. Alexander Severus becomes peror. 232. The victory of Severus over the Persians in Mesopotamia. 56 TABULAR VIEWS 23s A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. Sacred and Ecclesiastical. 250 Plotinus, Neo-Platonic philosopher. 260 271 Longinus, philosopher, statesman. critic, and 235. Pope Anterus. Origan. Sixth persecution of the Christians, under Maximinus. 236. Pope Fabianus. 240. Gregory Thaumaturgus becomes bishop of Neo-Cassarea. 247. Dionysius becomes bishop of Alexandria. 248. Cyprian becomes bishop of Car- thage. — Monastic life originates about this time. Dispute between the churches of Rome and Africa about baptism. Novatian, opponent of Roman bishop. 249. Pope Cornelius. 251. Seventh persecution of the Chris- tians, under Decius. Aurelian begins wall around Rome. 257. Eighth persecution, under Valerian. 259. Pope Dionysius. 260. Paul, of Samosata, bishop of Antioch, denies the divinity of Jesus Christ. 269. Pope Felix I. 270 (about). Manes advocates his doc- trines in Persia. 2/3 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 57 Roman Empire. East. 242 Gordian defeats the Persians under Sapor. 258 260 261- 262 267 269 273 War between Rome and Persia. Valerian taken prisoner by Sapor, king of Persia. Sapor takes Antioch, Tarsus, and Cassarea. Odenatus, ruler of Palmyra, dies — he is succeeded by his wife, Zenobia, who reigns with the titles of "Augusta"and "Queen of the East." Zenobia attempts to conquer Egypt. Zenobia defeated at Emesa by Aurelian, who destroys her magnificent capital, and carries her to Rome. West. 235. Severus murdered in a mutiny of the army. Maximinus becomes emperor; is victorious against the Germans. 238. Maximinus assassinated by his troops near Aquileia; Gordian I. and II. proclaimed e Tr>erors in Africa and slain; Senate nominates Pupienus and Balbinus emperors; Pupienus and Balbinus slain by the Prstorians. Gordian III. becomes emperor. 244. Gordian put to death by Philip (the Arabian), who becomes emperor; makes peace with Sapor. 248. The secular games celebrated in commemoration of the thousandth anniversary of the founding of the city. 249. Decius becomes emperor; perse- cutes the Christians. 251. — slain by the Goths, who invade the empire by crossing the Danube. Gallus becomes emperor; purchases a peace with the Goths. 252. A great pestilence prevails in the empire. 253. .(Emilianus proclaimed by troops in Moesia; Valerianus proclaimed em- peror in Rhsetia. Gallus and .^Emilianus slain. 254. Valerian becomes emperor; is successful against the Germans and Goths. 256. Franks invade Spain. 256-69. Great piratical expeditions of the Goths into Asia Minor and Greece. 260. Gallienus becomes emperor. Period of the 30 tyrants. 264. Alliance with Odenatus. 268. Gallienus killed at Milan. Claudius II. becomes emperor; defeats the Alemanni. 269. — defeats Goths at Nissa.in Mcesia. 270. Aurelian becomes emperor. 271. — defeats the Marcomanni and Alemanni. 273. — reduces Palmyra after an heroic resistance, and takes queen Zenobia prisoner. 58 TABULAR VIEWS 2/4 A. D.- A.D. I Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. 284 290 300 320 Porphyry, Xeo-Platonic philosopher. 274. Xinth persecution, under Aurelian. 275. Pope Eutychianus. Diocletian's Oriental form of govern- ment — • the monarchy considered hereditary — nomination of Csesars as co-rulers. Diocletian's baths, containing 3000 benches of vrhite marble. The Gregorian code of civil law. Spartianus, Vopiscus, and Trebellitjs PoUio, historians. 2S3. Pope Caius. 296. Pope Marcellinus. 303. Tenth persecution of the Christ- ians, by Diocletian. 1 304. Amobius of Africa converted. J 305. Persecution of the Christians i stopped by Constantius Chlorus. J lamblichus, Xeo-Platonic philosopher. 310. Pope Eusebius. 311. Pope Miltiades. Constantine issues Edict of Tolera- tion. 314. Pope Sylvester I. 320. Strife of the Donatists in Africa. 330; Constantinople becomes the capital of' the Roman Empire and the seat of art } and literature. i 335 Hermogenianus, iurist. ' 325. The Council of Xice, consisting of I 31S bishops, who condemn Arianism. — Eusebius. bishop of Caesarea, ecclesiastical historian. — Lactantius, Athanasius. Arius, flourish in the reign of Constantine. 337. Pope Julius I. 337 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY". 59 Roman Empire. 276 283 297 298 314 323 325 330 333 334 337 East. Florianus, brother of Tacitus, pro- claimed emperor, is slain at Tarsus. Carus invades Persia Ctesiphon. but dies near Egypt subdued. Galerius defeats Narses of Persia. Constantine defeats Licinius at Adri- anople. Constantine defeats Licinius a second time at Adrianople and again at Chalcedon. The first general council at Nice. Constantinople solemnly dedicated. Great famine and pestilence in Syria. Sarmatians receive settlements in the empire. Death of Constantine, and the accession of his three sons. West. 274. Gaul, Spain, and Britain reduced to obedience. Dacia given up to the barbarians. 275. Aurehan killed. An interregnum of 6 months. Tacitus (a descendant of the his- torian) becomes emperor; reigns 6 months and is slain. 276. Probus becomes emperor; ob- tains several victories over the bar- barians and restores borders of the empire. 282. Probus slain by his soldiers. Carus becomes emperor. 283. Carus overruns Persia and dies. Carinus and Numerianus become emperors. 284. Numerianus slain; Diocletian pro- clairned emperor. Diocletian makes Maximianus his colleague. 285. Diocletian and Carinus at war; Carinus slain. 287. Britain usurped by Carausius, who reigns 7 years. The empire attacked by the northern barbarians, and several provinces usurped by tyrants Diocletian divides the administra- tion of the Roman Empire among the two Augusti and the two Cassars. 296. Britain regained by Constantius. 305. Diocletian and Maximian resign the empire to Constantius and Galerius. 306. Constantine THE Great becomes emperor; Licinius, Maximian, Maxen- tius, Galerius, Maximinus, his col- leagues. Constantine defeats the Franks. 310. Death of Maximian. 311. Death of Galerius. 312. Maxentius defeated and killed. 313. Defeat and death of Maximinus. 314. Civil war with Licinius. 323. Constantine defeats Licinius, becomes sole emperor. and 6o TABULAR VIEWS 340 A.D.- A.D. Progress op Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. 360 380 390 395 Eutropius, Ammianus Marcellinus, and Aurelius Victor, historians, j^lius Donatus, grammarian. 340. Christianity propagated in Ethopia bv Frumentius. — Gothic version of Bible by Wuifila (Ulfilas). 352. Pope Liberius. Hilary of Poitiers. — Cyril, bishop of Jerusalem. 366. Pope Damasus. 370. Basil, bishop of Caesarea; Ephraim Syrus. 375. Ambrose of Milan; Tours. Martin of Eunapius, historian. Symmachus, oratorand pagan advocate. Ausonius and Prudentius, Latin poets; Pappus and Theon, of Alexandria, mathematicians. 381. The second general council of Constantinople. — Gregory of Nazian- zus made patriarch of Constantino- ple. 384. Symmachus pleads in the Roman Senate for Paganism against St. Ambrose. Pope Syricius. Claudian, Latin poet. 400. Chrysostom, patriarch of Con- stantinople; Jerome; St. Augustine. 400 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 6i Roman Empire. East. West. Constantius, Constans, and Constantine become emperors. 160 Greek and Asiatic cities destroyed by an earthquake. Hermanric, king of the Ostrogoths, founds an extensive empire in South Russia. The Caesar Gallus put to death by Con- stantius. Constantius dies at Tarsus. A disadvantageous peace with Persians concluded by Jovian. the 388 394 395 395 EASTERN EMPIRE extending from the lower Danube to the confines of Persia. Valens becomes emperor. The Huns advance into central Europe ; the Visigoths, expelled by the Huns, are allowed by Valens to settle in Thrace. Valens defeated and slain by the Goths near Adrianople. Theodosius the Great becomes em- peror; named Augustus by Gratian; a zealous supporter of Christianity. Armenia partitioned by Rome and Persia. Theodosius defeats Maximus, the usurper of the Western Empire. 340. Constantine, the younger, defeated and killed by Constans at Aquileia. 350. Constans killed by emissaries of Magnentius who maintains himself in Gaul till 353. 356-360. Campaigns of Julian in Gaul and Germany. 361. Julian, the Apostate, becomes emperor. 363. —attempts in vain to rebuild the temple at Jerusalem. — Is slain in a war with the Persians. Jovian becomes emperor. 364. Death of Jovian, and the accession of Valentinian and Valens, under whom the EMPIRE is DIVIDED. WESTERN EMPIRE extending from the Caledon'an ramparts _to_ the foot of Mount Atlas. 364. Valentinian I. becomes emperor. 367. The Picts and Scots invade Britain but are defeated by Theodosius. Gratian made Augustus. 375. Gratian becomes emperor; asso- ciates with himself Valentinian II.; gains a victory over the Germans. 383. Maximus is proclaimed emperor in Britain; Gratian is slain; the West shared between Maximus and Valen- tinian II. 388. Overthrow of Maximus and sole rule of Valentinian II. 392. Valentinian II. slain and succeeded I by Eugenius. Theodosius defeats Eugenius, the usurper of the West, and Arbogastes, the Gaul. Final division of the empire between the sons of Theodosius. Death of Theodosius. Arcadius becomes emperor. 395. Honorius becomes emperor. 400. Italy invaded by Alaric. 02 TABULAR VIEWS 401 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. 410 415 425 Macrobius, grammarian. Death of Hypatia of Alexandria. Zosimus and Olympiodorus, Greek his- torians. 438 The Theodosian code published. 450 402. Pope Innocent I. Proclus, Neoplatonist philosopher. Sidonius Apollinaris, poet, statesman, and ecclesiastic. Legislation of the Visigoths in Spain under Euric. 412. Cyril, bishop of Alexandria; Socra- tes, ecclesiastical historian; Orosius, a Spanish disciple of St. Augustine; and Pelagius, a British monk, who denied original sin, &c. 416. The Pelagian heresy condemned by the African bishops. 417. Pope Zosimus. 418. Pope Boniface I. 422. Pope Celestine I. 428. Nestorius, bishop of Constantino, pie, acknowledges two persons in Jesus Christ. 431. Third general council at Ephesus condemns Nestor. 432. Pope Xystus (Sixtus) III. St. Patrick preaches the Gospel in Ireland. 435. Nestor banished. 440. Pope Leo I. (the Great) _ greatly extends the power of the bishop of Rome. Sozomen and Theodoret, ecclesias- tical historians. 449. Flavian, patriarch of Constanti- nople, and Eusebius, bishop of Dorylaeum, deposed by the "Robber Synod" at Ephesus, which justifies the teachings of Eutyches regarding the existence of one nature in Christ. 451. The fourth general council at Chalcedon, at which Eutychianism and Nestorianism are solemnly con- demned. 455 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 63 408 414 421 425 Eastern Empire. Western Empire. 450 452 Theodosius II., a child, becomes em- peror; Anthemius, minister. The emperor's sister, Pulcheria, claimed co-empress. Persian war. Pannonia, Dalmatia, and Noricum gained from tne Western Empire. Marcian becomes emperor. Victory over the Arabs near Damascus. 402. Alaric defeated by Stilicho at Pollentia. Radagaisus invades Italy and is defeated by Stilicho. 406. The Vandals invade Gaul. 407. Britain evacuated by the Romans. 409. The Vandals enter Spain. 410. Rome sacked by the Goths under Alaric. 412. The Visigoths enter Gaul. 415-418. The Visigoths begin the con- quest of Spain. 418. The Alani unite with the Vandals. 425. Valentinian III. becomes emperor. 428(429). The Vandals enter Africa. 433. Attila, "The scourge of God," becomes ruler of an immense empire from China to the Atlantic. 439. The Vandals, under Genseric, take Carthage. 443. Burgundians establish themselves in Sapaudia (Savoy). 446. The famous embassy from Britain soliciting aid against the Picts and Scots, "the groans of the Britons." 449 (450). The arrival of the Jutes in Britain, under Hengist and Horsa. 451. Attila invades Gaul and is de- feated by 2^tius and Theodoric at Mery-sur-Seine (near Chalons). 452. The origin of Venice; founded by refugees from the Hunnist invasion. 455. Valentinian is assassinated by Petronius Maximus who becomes emperor and is also assassinated some months later. — ■ Genseric, the Vandal king, sacks Rome. Avitus becomes emperor through in- fluence of the Goths. 64 TABULAR VIEWS 456 A.D.-, Progress op Society, etc. Ecclesiastical . 476 480 486 490 493 The accession of Odoacer is taken generally as marking the end of ancient history and the beginning of the medieval period, though in reality it brought no o.iarp change in the con- dition of Italy and the West. The conquest of Rome by the Germanic tribes and the subsequent interblend- ing of the Latin and Teutonic spirit gives rise to the characteristic Euro- pean spirit of later days. The Salic liw developed among the Franks before Clovis. The victory of Clovis marks the triumph of the Germanic over the Roman civilization in Gaul. {dho"t'^. Bur.Tundian laws collected by Gundoband. Theodoric. the Ostrogoth, seeks to en graft the Roman civilization on the Goths. 511 461. Pope Hilarus. 468. Pope Simplicius. _ Strife for supremacy among the bishops of Rome, Constantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jeru- salem, resulting in the steady growth of the power of Rome as the champion of Catholicity. 477. Hunneric, King of the Vandals, in J Africa, persecutes the Catholics. "' 482. The emperor Zeno publishes the Henoiico- . I 483. Pope Felix III. _ _ Jj — excommunicated by Acacius, bishop ji of Constantinople. 492. Pope Gelasius I.; he advances-'] bold claims to authority. 496. Christianity introduced among the! Franks, whoce kin^, Clovis, accepts| baptism. — Pope Anastasius II. 498. Pope Symmachus, opposed by the! Emperor Anas': asius, aiainst whom he 1 upholds a lofty conception of the priestly dignity. Clovis' s acceptance of Catholic Chris tianity prepares the way for the historic connection between the Prankish empire and the papacy. 512 A.L>. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 65 Eastern Empire. Western Empire. 456 457 461 466 474 477 483 491 492 503 612 Successful campaign against Persians Leo I. (the Thracian), becomes em- peror. Theodoric, the Goth, a hostage at the Byzantine court. Huns defeated at Sardica. Leo II. succeeds Leo I., and dies in the same year. Zeno becomes emperor. Theodoric becomes chief of the Ostro- goths. Zeno overthrows the rival emperor Basiliscus. Peace between Theodoric and Zeno. Zeno induces Theodoric to undertake the conquest of Italy. Anastasius I. becomes emperor. Appearance of the Green and Blue factions. Outbreak of rebellion in Isauria. War with Kobad of Persia; concluded in 505. Long walls built to protect Constanti- nople from the Bulgarians. 457. Majorian becomes emperor. 458. Franks :-Childeric I., father oi Clovis, becomes king of the Franks. 461. Severus becomes emperor. 465. Death of Severus. 466. Euric becomes king of the Visi- goths; he completes the conquest oi Spain. 467. Anthemius becomes emperor. 472. Olybrius becomes emperor. 473. Glycerius becomes emperor. 474. Julius Nepos becomes emperor, 475. Romulus Augustulus becomes em- peror. 476. Romulus Augustulus deposed by Odoacer, leader of the Mercenaries. END of the WESTERN EMPIRE. 477. Foundation of the kingdom of Sussex by .^lla. Western Europe. 481. Clovis I., founder of the Frankish power, succeeds his father Childeric as king. 486. Battle of Soissons — the Roman power in Gaul overthrown by Clovis. 490. Britain: — Capture of Anderida by ^lla. 491 . Franks : — Clovis subdues the Ripu- arian Franks. 493. Italy: — Conquered by Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths. — Odoacer put to death. 496. Conversion of Clovis. — He defeats the Alamanni. 500. Franks : — Burgundians subjected. 507. — Clovis defeats Alaric near Poic • tiers, and wrests Aquitaine from the Visigoths. 510. — Clovis makes Paris his capital. 511. — Clovis dies. — His kingdom par- titioned among his four sons. 66 TABULAR VIEWS 514 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. 514. Pope Hormisdas. 518. The accession of Justin marks the downfall of the Monophysites; the Henoticon withdrawn. 523. Pope John I. 525 Boethius, the Roman statesman and philosopher. 526. Pope Felix IV. 527. Separation of the Armenian from the Greek Church. 529 The schools of Athens closed by Jus- 529. The Order of Benedictine monks tinian. instituted at Monte Cassino, near Naples. 530. Pope Boniface II, 533 Completion of Justinian's Code, Pan- dects, and Institutes. 533. Pope John II. 535. Pope Agapetus. 536. Pope Silverius. 537 The church of St. Sophia dedicated at Constantinople. 537. Pope Vigilius. 544. In the Edict of the Three Chapters. Justinian largely repudiates the work of the Counci' of Chalcedon (451). 550 (about). The Christian era introduced by 550. Vigilius excommunicated by a Dionysius Exiguus. council at Carthage. The fables of Pilpay translated into Persian. 553. The fifth general council at Con- Cassiodorus, Italian historian. stantinople. 555. Pope Pelagius I. 560 Procopius, a Byzantine historian; Gil- 560. Pope John III. das, British historian. The Tritheists maintain the sepa- rate existence of the persons of the Trinity. The pope vindicates his authority against the Prankish clergy by order- ing the restoration of bishops deposed by a council at Lyons. 563 (565) Christianity introduced in Scot- land by Columba. 568 The old Roman municipal system in Italy overthrown by the invasion of the Lombards. 570 Evagrius, church historian. 571 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. ey Eastern Empire. Western Europe. 514 518 518 565 527 530 532 533- 534 535 536 537- 540 540 542 543 M6 553 558 562 5C3 565 568 Rebellion of Vitalian. Justin I., of Illyria becomes emperor. Brilliantperiodofthe Byzantine empire. Justinian I . becomes emperor; cele- brated for his code of laws and the victories of his generals, Belisarius and N arses. Belisarius defeats the Persians at Daras. -Suppresses the Nika riot in the Hippo- drome of Constantinople. -Overthrows the Vandals in Africa. -subdues Sicily. -takes Naples and Rome. — overruns Italy. Witiges surrenders Ravenna to the Byzantines. — Antioch sacked by the Persians. Plague in the empire — during three months from 5,000 to 10,000 die daily at Constantinople. Totila, king of the Ostrogoths, begins the reconquest of Italy. Totila takes R.ome. Narses defeats and kills Totila and overthrows Gothic kingdom in Italy. The Cotrigur Huns overrun Thrace and threaten Constantinople but are de- feated by Belisarius. Belisarius disgraced by Justinian. Belisarius restored: — he quells a con- spiracy. Death of Belisarius and Justinian. Justin II. becomes emperor. The exarchate of Ravenna established. 519. Britain: — The Britons defeated at Charford by Cardie and Cynric who begin the third Saxon kingdom of Wessex. 520. — West Saxons defeated at Mount Badon. 530. — Isle of Wight conquered by Jutes. 531. Spain: — Theudis succeeds Amal- aric as king of the Visigoths. 536. Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths, surrenders his possessions in Gaul to the Franks. 537. Witiges besieges Belisarius in Rome. 540. Byzantine power established in Italy. 554. Franks invade Italy but are de- stroyed by Narses. Italy is utterly desolated. 558. The Frankish power reunited under Clotaire I., who becomes king. 560. Britain: — The kingdom of Deira established. 561. Franks: — Death of Clotaire and partition of his dominions among his four sons. 567. Beginning of the strife between Austrasia and Neustria. 568. Italy conquered by the Lombards, under Alboin. He later fixes his capital at Pavia. 571. Britain: — Battle of Bedford.— East Anglia formed into a kingdom. 68 TABULAR VIEWS 574A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. The Latin language ceases to be spoken in Italy, while it supersedes the Gothic in Spain. The Roman Catholic faith established in Visgothic Spain and the Germanic influence in that country greatly strengthened thereby. Gregory of Tours, the ifather of French history. The Saxons having conquered England, it relapsed, in a great measure, into the state of barbarism, from which it had been partially raised by the Romans. Ethelbert draws up the first code of laws in England. Rites and superstitions increase in all Europe. — Relics sought for and worshipped. — Litanies addressed to the Virgin. — The burning of candles by day. — Exorcisms, etc. Isidorus, of Seville, Spanish historian. Mohammed begins the promulgation of his teachings. Beginning of the Tang dynasty in China, the Golden Age of literature. The year of the Hegira, the starting- point of the Mohammedan calendar. Islamism and the power of the caliphs established in the East. In the caliphs were united the highest spiritual and regal authority. 575. Pope Benedict I. 579. Pope Pelagius II.; he denies the right of the patriarch of Constanti- nople to assume the title of ecumen- ical bishop. 590. Pope Gregory I., called The Great; he adopts the title Servus Servorum Dei. He advances greatly the claims of the bishops of Rome and is prac- tically ruler of that city. 597. St. Augustine introduces Chris- tianity into Britain. 604. Pope Sabinian. 607. Pope Boniface III. made supreme head of the church by Phocas. Pope Boniface IV. The Pantheon at Rome dedicated to God, the Virgin, and the Saints. 615. Pope Deusdedit. 618. Pope Boniface V. 625. Boniface V. makes Canterbury the metropolitan see of Britain. Pope Honorius I. Monasteries increase. 633. Rise of the Monothelite heresy. Africa and Asia, with the churches of Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch, lost to the Christian world by the progress of Mohammedanism. 634 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 69 Eastern Empire. Western Europe. Tiberius associated with Justin in the government. Tiberius II. becomes emperor. The Slavs appear in Thrace. Maurice, the Cappadocian, succeeds. The Avars and Slavs invade the East- em empire. Phocas, a centurion, made emperor by the army. The empire invaded by the Persians. Heraclius overthrows Phocas, and makes himself emperor. The Persians overrun Syria and take Damascus. Jerusalem taken by the Persians. The Persians conquer Egypt. The Persians overrun Asia Minor. Constantinople threatened by the Avars. The HEGIRA or Mohammed's flight from Mecca to Medina. Heraclius defeats the Persians repeat- edly, and wins the final battle at Nineveh. Constantinople besieged by the Per- sians and Avars. Death of Mohammed. Abubeker succeeds him as caliph. Omar, caliph. The battle of Yer^nu gives Syria to the Arabs. 576. Spain : — The Visigothic king Leovi- gild breaks the Roman power in the peninsula and upholds the royal power against the nobles. 583. Italy: — the Lombards, under Authari, successful against the Greeks and Pranks. 584. Britain : — the kingdom of Mercia founded. 586. Spain; — Recared king of the Visi- goths. 587. Recared embraces Catholicism and enter.! upon the persecutionof Arians and Jews. 588. Britain : — Bernicia and Deira unite ■ to form the kingdom of Northumbria. 597. — Christianity introduced by St. Augustine. 604. Ethelbert of Kent begins the conversion of the East Saxons and founds the church of St. Paul in London as a bishop's seat. 613. Britain :— E t h e 1 f r i t h, king of Northumbria, defeats the Britons, and conquers Cheshire and Lan- cashire. 614. Clotaire II. reunites the Prankish dominions. 617. Beginning of Northumbrian su- premacy in England. 627. Edwin of Northumbria converted to Christianity. 628. Franks: — Dagobert I. becomes king. 633. Northumbria overthrown by Penda of Mercia. 70 TABULAR VIEWS 636 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. (_about'). Nestorian Christianity intro- duced into China. In England, improvement in ecclesiasti- cal architecture; circular arches intro- duced; churches built at Canterbury, Glastonbury. St. Albans, Winchester, etc. In civil architecture, forts and castles — Conisborough Castle in Yorkshire ; Castletown in Derbj-shire, etc. Some of the monasteries of Europe con- tinue to be the repositories of learning and the arts. In Japan during the seventh century comes the rise of the feudal nobility and the division of the population into agriculturists and warriors or samurai. The abbey of Whitby and the monas- tery o£ Gilling founded. The Anglo-Saxons advance in civiliza- tion and power, by the introduction of Christianity. In the Prankish empire the differentia- tion between the French and German language appears. Aldhelm, the first Anglo-Saxon -nTiter in prose and verse. Cjedmon, Anglo-Saxon poet. In Persia, the Magian religion gives way to the Mohammedan. Severe persecution of the Jews in Spain. The_ Venerable Bede, ecclesiastical historian. Christianity almost exterminated in Africa, by the progress of Mohamme- danism. The conquest of Spain by the Arabs destined to exercise a powerful effect on the progress of ci^^lization in Europe. 640. Pope Severinus. Pope John IV. 642. Pope Theodorus. 649. Pope Martin I. 654. Pope Eugenius I. 657. Pope Vitalian. 664. Roman Christianity triumphs in England at the Council of Whitby. 672. Pope Adeodatus. 676. Pope Donus. 678. Pope Agatho. 680-681. The sixth general council at Constantinople condemns the Mono- thelites. 082. Pope Leo II. 684. Pope Benedict II. 685. Pope John V. 686. Pope Conon. 687. Pope Sergius I. 692. The Quinisext Council at Constan- tinople convened to supplement the work of the ecumenical councils of 555 and 680; not recognized by Pope Sergius nor by the Roman Church. 701. Pope John VI. 705. Pope John VII. 70S. Pope Sisinnius. Pope Constantine I. 710. Emperor Justinian II. confirms the Roman see in its privileges; he is the first to kiss the pontiff's foot. 711 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 71 Eastern Empire, Asia, etc. Western Europe. The battle of Cadesia gives Persia to the Arabs; their power established after the battle of Nehavend (642). Jerusalem taken by the Arabs. Egypt conquered by the Arabs. Heraclius Constantinus and Hera- cleonas rule. Constans II. becomes emperor. Moawiyah, caliph, makes Damascus his capital. Constantine IV. becomes emperor. Siege of Constantinople by the Saracens whose fleet is destroyed by the Greek fire of Cailinicus. The caliph com- pelled to purchase a peace of thirty years, bv paying a yearly tribute. Yezid I., Caliph. The kingdom of Bulgaria founded. Moawiyah II., caliph. Abdelmelik, caliph. Justinian II. becomes emperor. Justinian defeated by the Arabs at Sebastopolis in Cilicia. . Arabs overrun Armenia. Justinian II. deposed by Leontius who is also deposed by Tiberius. Carthage taken by the Arabs. Justinian II. restored. Walid I., caliph. Noith Africa completely subdued by the Saracens. Justinian put to death by Philip Bar- danes, who reigns under the name of Philippicus. 638. Franks — The death of Dagobert is followed by the disappearance of the royal power, the kings being under the control of the mayors of the palace. 642. Britain: — Oswald of Northumbria defeated by Penda. 655. Penda, of Mercia, overthrown 656. Franks: — Clotaire III. rules as sole king. 662. Grimoald, duke of Benevento, usurps Lombard crown. 670. France: — Childeric II. becomes king. 673. Ihe death of Childeric II. leads to civil war and anarchy. 678. Theuderic III. 680. Wamba, king of the Visigoths turns monk. 687. Pepin the Younger 's victory at Testry unites the PYankish realms under himself as mayor of the palace. 688. Northumbria loses the hegemony to Wessex under King Ine. 691 . Franks : — Clovis III. becomes king. 694. Britain: — Ine conquers Kent. 695. Franks: — Childebert II. becomes king. 697. Venice: — Paulucio Anafesto, first Doge. 710. Britain: — Ine's wars with the Britons of Cornwall. Spain: — Roderic, last of the Visi- gothic kings. 71 i. Franks : — Dagobert III. becomes king. The Visigothic kingdom in Spain overthrown at the battle of the Guadalete by the Arabs under Tarilu 72 TABULAR VIEWS 712 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. 712 715 720 {about). The art of making paper brought from Samarcaiid by the Arabs. {about). Boniface (Winfrith) begins his missionary work among the Germans. Glastonbury Abbey rebuilt by Ine. 735 745 750 Increasing Dark power, period spiritual of and European temporal, literature. of the popes. The Venerable Bede dies — a grammar- ian, historian, and theologian. John of Damascus, (Damascenus) a founder of the scholastic philosophy. The Abbasside caliphs encourage learning. Ihe schools of Bagdad, Cufa, Alexandria, Fez, and Cordova promoted by them. Ignorance, profligacy, and misery characterize the age preceding Char- lemagne. In the Byzantine empire the succession is generally determined by violence, and the character of the rulers most often presents examples of cruelty, treachery, and fanaticism. 712. Constantine opposes the emperor Philippicus Bardanes in the question of the Monothelite heresy. 715. Pope Gregory II.; he engages in conflict with the emperor Leo the Isaurian over image-worship. 722 (723). Boniface consecrated bishop for Germany. 726. Image-worship, being forbidden by the emperor Leo the Isaurian, causes great disturbance. 726 {about). Peter's pence first col- lected in England. 730. Gregory excommunicates the em- peror. 731. Pope Gregory III. 741. Pope Zachary. 751. The pope gives his consent to the dethronement of Childeric, king of the Franks, and the election of Pepin. 753. Pope Stephen II. threatened by the Lombards, seeks aid of Pepin. 754. — journeys to Pepin to implore his protection. — Following the de- cision of the council of Constanti- nople, the emperor Constantine Copronymus begins the dissolution of the monasteries. 756. Commencement of the pope's temporal power under the auspices of Pepin, who bestows on Stephen the exarchate of Ravenna. 757. Pope Paul I. 768. Pope Stephen III. 772. Pope Hadrian I., whom Charle- magne confirms in possession of Pepin's donation. Imposition of Tithes enforced by Charlemagne, for the support of the clergy, churches, schools, and the poor. A.D. UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 73 Eastern Empire, Asia, etc. Western Europe. 713 Anastasius II. becomes emperor. 715 Theodosius III. becomes emperor. Leo III. (the Isaurian) rises against Theodosius and seizes the throne. The Arabs invest Constantinople by- land and by sea. The city is saved by the Greek fire — the Arab fleet being almost entirely destroyed. The Greek possessions in Italy are lost in consequence of the edict forbidding image worship. Constantine V. (Copronymus) succeeds. The Arabs defeated by Constantine. The Ommiade caliphs overthrown by the Abbassides. Al Mansur, caliph. War between the empire and the Bui garians. Al Mansur makes Bagdad his capital. Great victory over the Bulgarians at LithoEoria. 715. Franks: — Charles Martel, Mayor of the Palace. 716. Franks: — Chilperic II. becomes king. 718. Spain: — Pelagius founds the king- dom of Asturias. 720. Franks: — Theuderic IV. becomes king. 725. Franks: — Charles Martel crosses the Rhine, and subdues the Bavar- ians; the Arabs ravage southern France. 726. (about). Britain: — Ine, king of Wessex, begins the tax called Peter's pence, to support a college at Rome. 732. Franks: — Charles Martel gains a great victory over the Saracens near Poitiers. 737. Franks: — Childeric king. III. becomes 751. Childeric III. deposed and Pepin the Short, son of Charles Martel, chosen king. — End of the Merovin- gian line. 754. Pepin aids the pope with a large army against the Lombards. 756. Spain: — Separated from the Cali- phate. Abderriiman, of the house of the Ommiade line, rules. 768. Franks: — Charlemagne, or Charles the Great, reigns with his brother, Carloman, until 771. 774. Charlemagne invades Italy; de- feats Desiderius. king of Lombardv, and annexes nortLarn Italy to his empire. End of the Lombard kingdom. 775. Charlemagne's first expedition against the Saxons. 74 TABULAR VIEWS 775 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. 790 Golden period of learning in Arabia, under the caliph Haroun al Raschid Paulus Diaconus, historian of the Lombards. 785. Forcible conversion of the Saxons by Charlemagne. 787. The seventh general council at Nice, in which the doctrine of the Iconoclasts was condemned. 795. Pope Leo III. Image-worship condemned Synod of Frankfort. by 797 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 75 Eastern Empire, Asia, etc. Western Europe. 775 780 783 791 792 797 Leo IV. becomes emperor. v^onstantine VI. Irene (queen-mother) restores image- worship. The empire is invaded by Haroun al Raschid. Constantine imprisons his mother Irene for her cruelty. Irene regains power. Irene overthrows her son, blinds him, and assumes sole power. — proposes to marry Charlemagne. 778. A part of Charlemagne's army defeated at Roncesvalles in the Pyrenees by the Basques; the subject of the Song of Roland. 785. The Saxons compelled to adopt Christianity. 787. Britain: — First recorded invasion of the Danes. 795. Charlemagne forms tlie Spanish March. 76 TABULAR VIEWS 800 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society. Ecclesiastical. New Western Empire. The coronation of Charle magne and the revival of the Roman Empire marks the beginning of a political system which was to dominate Euro- pean thought for cen turies._ Foundation of monastic and cathedral schools by Charlemagne; Alcuin; agriculture and horti- culture encouraged; canal planned to join the Rhine and the Dan ube; Haroun-al-Raschid sends an embassy to the court of Charlemagne with gifts. Transient revival of learn ing under Charlemagne. Eginhard, historian, sec- retary to Charlemagne The reign of al Mamun (caliph) is regarded as the Augustan age of Arabian literature. The death of Charlemagne is followed by retro- gression in the political and social life of the Western Empire. Saint Mark's Church at Venice founded 800. The pope separates from the Eastern Em- pire, and becomes su- preme bishop of the Western. Charlemagne reforms the Cnurch. Many bishoprics founded — Great increase of monastic institutions, 809. Synod at Aix-la-Cha- pelle under direction of Charlemagne adopts the Filioque, but Pope Leo dissents. 814. Insurrection at Rome against the pope. 816. Pope Stephen V. 817. Pope Paschal I. 824. Pope Eugenius II. 826. Christianity in Den- mark. 827. Pope Valentine. Pope Gregory IV. 830 {about). Ansgarius preaches Christianity in Sweden. 840 {about). Paschasius Radbertus, abbot, of Corbey, father of the doctrine of transubstan tiation. Ratramnus and Scot- us Erigena, theologians, 842. Image-worship re established. 800. NEW EMPIRE of the WEST founded by Charlemagne, who is crowned at Rome, by • the pope, Emperor of the Romans. 802. Charlemagne re- ceives an embassy from Nicephorus and from Haroun-al-Raschid. 804. Saxon conquest com- pleted. 805. The Avars defeated and converted. 808. First descent of the Northmen on Germany. 814. Charlemagne dies. Louis I., the Pious or the Debonair, suc- ceeds. 817. Louis arranges the succession to the crown. Lothair made co-ruler. 829,833. Insurrection of the emperor's sons. 840. Lothair becomes em- peror. 841. — defeated by his brothers, Louis and Charles, in the battle of Fontanet. The Normans plun- der Rouen, and ad- vance to Paris. 843. Treaty of Verdun and division of the empire. France: — Charles I. (the Bald). Ger.: — Louis I., sur- named the German. Italy and Lorraine: — Lothair king with imperial dignity. 843 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 77 A.D. Eastern Empire. Engl.\nd, Scotland, etc. The World, elsewhere. 802 Irene is dethroned by 802. Egbert, king of We* Nicephorus. sex. 803 Byzantine empire recog- nizes independence o: Venice. 807 War with the Franks. 809. Death of Haroun-al- 811 Michael I, (Rhangabe), at Raschid; succeeded by war with the Bulgarians Al Amin, caliph at Bag- dad. 813 Leo V. (the Armenian) 813. Al Mamun, caliph at becomes emperor. Bagdad. 814 Bulgarians defeated. 815-823. Egbert, king of Wessex, defeats the Brit- ons of Cornwall. 820 Michael II. becomes em- 820. First dismemberment peror. of the Abbasside cali- (Balbus or the Stammerer) phate. The dynasty of the Taherites founded 825 The Saracens obtain pos- S25. Egbert triumphs over at Khorassan. session of Crete. the Mercians. 826. Ansgarius introduces 827 Saracens invade Sicily. Christianity into Den- mark. 829 Theophilus becomes em- 829. The seven kingdoms peror. of the Heptarchy unitea 830 idbout). Ansgarius in by Egbert, king ol Sweden. 832 Persecution of image-wor- Wessex. shippers. 833. Al Motassim, caliph. 837. War between Wessex He builds Samarra, 838 Theophilus defeated by and the Danes begins. which he makes the seat the Saracens at Dasy- of government. mon. 839. Ethelwolf becomes king. 841. Norway:— Half dan begins the subjection of the territorial nobles and the founding of a mon- archy. Wathek, caliph. 842 Michael III. (the Drunkard) becomes emperor under the regency of Theodora. The triumph of image- worship. 78 TABULAR VIEWS 844 A.D. A.D. Progress of Society. Ecclesiastical. France, Spain, Germany. 844. Pope Sergius II. Ignatius, patriarch of Constantinople. 845. Paris sacked by the Northmen. 847. Pope Leo IV. 848. Gottschalk, a Bene- dictine monk, advocates 850 (about). Hincmar, French theologian and bishop. Rabanus Maurus, German predestination. theologian and scholar. 853-854. War between Charles the Bald and Louis of Germany. 855. Pope Benedict III. 855. Lothair abdicates; 858. Pope Nicholas I. succeeded by Louis II. — asserts the papal who has Italy with the power against Lothair imperial dignity. II. of Lorraine. 860> The False Decretals. 866. SchismbetweenEast- em and Western Church - es. 867. Pope Hadrian II. — Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, deposed. 869-870. Eighth council at Constantinople. 870. Lorraine partitioned between France and Germany. 872. Pope John VIII. 874 Iceland settled. 877 The beginning of the 877. France — Louis II. (the feudal system. Hered- Stammerer ) becomes itary nobility, which, king. with the clergy, was the 879. Louis III. and Car- dominant order in the 882. Pope Martin II. (Ma- loman reign jointly. state. rinus I.). The nobles independent 884. Pope Hadrian III. 884. Charles the Fat, of the king. king of France and em- peror , reunites Prank- ish dominions. 885. Pope Stephen V. 885. Paris besieged by the Northmen. Charles makes peace with them. 885 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 79 England, Scotland, etc. The World, elsewhere. 866 867 Basil, the Macedonian, made co-emperor. Basil slays Michael III. and commences the Mace donian dynasty. Begins the compilation of the Basilican Code 878 Syracuse taken by the Arabs. 844. Scotland : — Kenneth , king of the Scots, de- feats the Picts and be- comes sole monarch. 849. Alfred the Great bom. 851. Ethelwolf defeats the Danes at Ockley. 860. Ethelbert succeeds in Wessex. S66. Ethelred becomes king. 867. The Danes begin a series of assaults which result in the conquest of England, northeast of the Thames. 871. Alfred the Great succeeds. 845. The Normans plunder Hamburg, and penetrate into Germany. 846. The Saracens destro^' the Venetian fleet, and besiege Rome. 847. Al Mottawakkel, ca- liph. 849. Saracens defeated by the pope's allies. 878. Alfred defeats the Danes at Ethandun; he concludes with them the treaty of Chippenham or Wedmore. 860. Gorm the Elder unites Jutland and the Danish Isles, and becomes king of Denmark. 861. Iceland discovered by the Northmen. 862 {traditional). Russia: — Rurik, first grand prince. 868. Egypt throws off its dependence on the ca- liphs, under Ahmed. 872. Norway : — Harold Haarfagr makes himself sole king by his great victory over the jarls at Hafurstford. The con- quered nobles leave the country, beginning a career of piracy. 874. Iceland settled by the Northmen. 8o TABULAR VIEWS 886 A.D.- Progress of Society. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, etc. Alfred the Great estab lishes a regular militia and navy and extends the power of the king's courts; institutes fairs and markets. England divided into counties or shires, hun- dreds, and titnings. The county courts become the great safeguard of the civil rights of Eng lishmen. At the beginning of the tenth century, Constan- tinople still the first city of Europe and a great commercial and manu facturing centre. 891. Pope Formosus. 896. Pope Boniface VI. Pope Stephen VI. 898. Pope John IX. Veneration for saints and a passion for relics prevail. 900. Pope Benedict IV. 903. Pope Leo V. 904. Pope Sergius III. 909. Cluny founded. 911. The Northmen i; France embrace Chris tianity. 914. Pope John X. 921 (about). The Bohe- mians embrace Chris- tianity. The Anglo-Saxon mon archy rises into Euro- pean importance. Rhazes, Arabian writer on medicine. 927. Odo, abbot of Cluny, establishes celebrated code of discipline. 928. Pope Leo VI. 929. Pope Stephen VII. 887. Germany: — Arnulf dethrones Charles the Fat and becomes king of Germany; the final separation of Germany and France. 888. France:— Odo, Count of Paris. 895. Arnulf, German em- peror, takes Rome. 898. France— Charles III. (the Simple) succeeds. 899. Ger.: — Louis III. (the Child) succeeds. Invasion of the Hun- garians. Contests among the nobles and bishops. 904. Italy:— The rise of Theodora followed by Marozia. 910. The emperor pays tribute to the Hun- garians. 911. France:— The North- men under Rollo, estab- lish themselves in Nor- mandy. Ger.: — Conrad I. of Franconia. The empire becomes elective. 915. Berengar of Italy crowned emperor. 919. Ger.:— Henry I. (the Fowler), first of the Saxon line. _ France : — Charles the Simple overthrown by Robert of Paris. 923. —Robert I. defeated and killed at Soissons. Rudolph, duke of Burgundy, succeeds as king. 926. Italy: — Hugo, count of Provence, becomes king of Italy. 929. France:— Charles the Simple dies a pris- oner at Peronne; sole rule of Rudolph. 929 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 81 Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. -90 894 912 919 Leo VI. (the philosopher) becomes emperor. Beneventum subject to the Greek empire. Byzantines driven from Beneventum. War with the Bulgarians, and Saracens. Russian expedition under Oleg, against Constan- tinople. Constantine VII. (Porphy- rogenitus) becomes em- peror. Romanus, general of the fleet, becomes co-em- peror, with his three sons. A period of quiet in the empire and comparative prosperity. 893. Invasion of the Danes under Hastings and re- newal of war with Wessex. 897. The Danes defeated at London. 900. Scotland: — Constan- tine II. 901. Edward (the elder), the first who takes the title of "king of the Anglo-Saxons. ' ' 910. War renewed with Danes. 912. The valley of the Thames annexed to Wes- sex. 918-922. East Anglia and Mercia incorporated by Wessex. 925. Athelstan becomes king of Wessex. 926. — becomes king of Northumbria. 895 (about). Hungary: — Magyars under Arpad enter the kingdom. 909. The rise of the Fati- mite dynasty in Kair- wan, North Africa. 910. {about). Spain: — The name of Leon given to the kingdom of Asturias. 912. Spain: — Abderrah- man III. of Cordova, the greatest Arab prince of Spain. 82 TABULAR VIEWS 930 A.D.- Progress of Society. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, etc. 930 '950 960 (about). Printing by- movable blocks among the Chinese. Cordova, in Spain, be- comes the seat of Arab learning, science, in- dustry, and commerce Its celebrated schools, together with its equally celebrated poets and philosophers, render it famous throughout the world. Luitprand, the Lombard histoi-ian. The mercantile character raised by a law of Athel stan, that a merchant who made three voyages over the high seas with a ship and cargo of his own, should enjoy the rank and privileges of a thane. Manufactories of linens and woollens in Flanders, which becomes the seat of Western industry. (about). The nun Hros- witha of Gandersheim in Brunswick writes Latin comedies. Suidas, grammarian and lexicographer. In England, Edgar organ - iees an efficient navy which patrols the coast for defence against the Norse pirates. 931. Pope John XI. Mere children ele- vated to the highest offices in the church. 936. Pope Leo VII. 939. Pope Stephen VIII. 942. Pope Martin III. (Marinus II.) 946. Pope Agapetus II. 955. Pope John XII. Quarrel with the em- perors respecting in- vestiture. 957. (abovtt). Baptism of Olga, regent of Russia. 959. St. Dunstan becomes archbishop of Canterbury and attempts to reform the church — enforcing clerical celibacy. The influence of the monks greatly increased. 963. Pope Leo VIII. 964. Pope Benedict V. 965. John XIII. 966. Poland receives Chris- tianity under Miecislas. 933. Victory of Henry the Fowler over the Hun- garians at Merseburg. 936. Get.: — Otho I. (the Great) becomes em- peror. France: — Louis IV. becomes king. 945. France: — Louis IV. taken prisoner by Hugh the Great, duke of France. 950. Germany: — Bohemia becomes tributary ta Otho. 954. France: — Lothair succeeds 955. Germany: — Otho crushes the Hungarians on the Lechfeld, near Augsburg. Otho defeats the Slavs. 962. Otho crowned Ro- man emperor, marking the beginning of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation and the union of Italy with Germany. 4 ^yi A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 83 A.D. Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 941 945 959 961 963 965 968 969 971 Romanus gains a naval victory over the Rus- sians, led by Igor. Romanus overthrown and Constantine VII. reigns alone. Romanus II. emperor. becomes Conquest of Crete by the Byzantines. Basil II. and Constantine VIII. rule under the re- gency of their mother Theophano. Nicephorus Phocas co-emperor. Nicephorus recovers Cy- OI^US, — takes Antioch. — is murdered by John Zimisces, who rules as co-emperor till 976. Zimisces defeats the Rus- sians at Presthlava and Dorystolum. 937. By the victory of Brunanburh, Athelstan establishes his power firmly. 940. Edmund I., brother of Athelstan, becomes king. 941. The Danes in Eng- land make war on Ed- mund. 944. The Dane law re- duced. 946. Edred succeeds Ed- mund ; governed by Dunstan. abbot of Glas- tonbury. ' 952. Scotland: — Malcolm I., king. 953. Scotland:— Indulf, king. 955. Edwy succeeds Edred. 956. Dunstan banished. 959. Edgar succeeds Edwy. Dunstan made arch- bishop of Canterbury. 961. Scotland : — Duff, king. Violent disputes be- tween the monks and the clergy. 964. Revival of monas- ticism in England after the Danish wars. 931. Spain: — Ramiro II. king of Leon. 934. Norway: — Eric Blod- oxe, king — his cruelty leads the people to revolt. 935. Denmark: — Harold Blue-Tooth, first Chris- tian king. 939. Spain: — Ramiro II., king of Leon, defeats the Moors, under Abderrah- man, in the battle of Simancas. 945. Russia: — Igor is suc- ceeded by Sviatoslaf. 950. Spain: — -Ordoiio III. king of Leon. 956. Spain: — Sancho I. king of Leon. 960. China:— Tai Tsoo founder of later Sung dynasty; wages war suc- cessfully against the Tatars. 966. Poland : — -Miecislas establishes Christianity. Spain: — ^ Ramiro III. king of Leon. 969. The Fatimites be- come masters of Egypt, with Cairo as the capital. 84 TABULAR VIEWS 972 A.D.- 975 983 1005 Abbon of Fleury, French monk and ecclesiastical historian. The present arithmetical notation brought into Europe by the Saracens. Greenland discovered by the Northmen. Venice and Genoa carry on a flourishing trade between Asia and Western Europe. Spain the seat of Arabian and Jewish learning. Firdausi, epic poet of Persia. jElfric Grammaticus Anglo-Saxon writer and theologian. The arts faintly revive in Italy — paintings fresco and mosaic. 973. Pope Benedict VI. 974. Pope Benedict VII. 981. Benedict VII. issues proclamation against si- mony. 983. Pope John XIV. 984. Pope Boniface VII. 985. Pope John XV. 989. (about). Byzantine Christianity propagated in Russia by Vladimir the Great. 993. First fcanonization of saints. 996. Pope Gregory V. 997. Pope John XVI. 999. Pope Sylvester II. 1000. St. Stephen of Hun gary, receives the royal dignity from the pope with the title of Apos- tolic Majesty. 1003. Pope John XVII. 1003. Pope John XVIII. 1009. Pope Sergius IV. 1012. Pope Benedict VIII. 973. Ger.: peror. -Otho II. em- 978. Otho at war with Lothair of France. 983. Otho III. emperor. 986. France: — Louis V., ( the Slothful ) king ; last of the Carlovingian race. 987. France: — Hugh Capet king ; founder of Capetian. line of French kings. 996. France:— Robert II. (the Wise) succeeds his father Hugh. 998. — is compelled by the pope to separate from his wife Bertha who was his cousin. 1000. Millennial expecta- tions. 1002. Ger.: — Henry II. emperor (duke of Bava- ria). Italy: — Ardoin, mar- grave of Ivrea, elected king. 1003-1018. War between the empire and Poland. 1004. Italy: — Henry in- vited by the German party. — Ardoin loses most of Italy and resigns'. Henry crowned king. 1005. Henry proclaims a general peace. IOI2 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. -^5 Eastern Empire. England, etc. The "World, elsewhere. 978 Personal rule of Basil 11 I and Constantine VIII 981 Beginning of the great Bulgarian war. 975. Edward (the Martyr) becomes king. 978. Ethelred II. ("the Unready ") becomes king. 1002 The Bulgarians plunder the Peloponnesus but their army is destroyed. 988. Beginning of Danish invasion. The king purchases their retreat. 991. Battle of Maldon. 992. Ethelred makes treat- ies with the Norsemen and with Normandv. 994. Olaf Trygrasson' of Norway and Sweyn of Denmark invade Eng- land. Basil II. defeats the Bul- garians at Vidin. 1002. Massacre of the banes in England on St. Brice's Day. 1003. Sweyn lands a large armament in England. 1005. Scotland:— Malcolm II., an able, renowned prince. 972. Hungary: — Geiza,the first Christian ruler. 76. Spain: — Hisham, caliph of Cordova. Al Mansur, regent, obtains many victories over the Christians. 988. Sweyn I., or Sweno, king of Denmark, in- vades England. 989 (a6oMi). Russia:— Vla- dimir the Great marries Anna, sister of the em- peror Basil II., and adopts Christianitv. 992. Boleslav I. king ot Poland. 993. Olaf, first Christian king of Sweden. 995. Norway:— Olaf I., attempts to introduce Christianity. 997. Mahmud sultan of Ghazni. 1000. Sancho III. (the Great,) king of Navarre. Pope Sylvester II. bestows on Stephen of Hungary the royal title. 1001. Mahmud of Ghazni makes the first of seven- teen expeditions into India. 1002. Death of Al Man- sur and beginning of the fall of the caliphate of Cordova. 86 TABULAR VIEWS IOI3 A.D.- Literature, the arts and sciences, and coramerce flourish at Ghazni. Musical scale improved by Guide Aretino. Avicenna, a famous Arab- ian physician and phil- osopher. 1041 1021. Emperor Henry II. comes to the aid of the pope against the Byzan tines. 1022. The pope and the emperor unite to reform the church in the spirit of the Cluniac discipline 1024. Pope John XIX. He gained his election by bribery. He was not of the clergy, but consul and senator of Rome. 1033. Pope Benedict IX. (ten years old). The anarchy of feudalism finds a partial check in the promulgation of the "Truce of God." George Cedrenus, Bryzan- tine chronicler. Franco Magister, writer on music. 1038. The pope, for his scandalous conduct, driven from Rome, but re-established by the emperor Conrad. 1041. "Truce of God' published by the French bishops. 1014. Henry crowned emperor at Rome. 1024. Ger.: — Conrad II. (the Salic) becomes em- peror, first of the Fran- conian line. 1026-27. Conrad crowned king of Italy and Roman emperor. 1028. Robert the Devil becomes duke of Nor- mandy. 1031. Favorable treaty with Poland. France: — Henry I. be- comes king. 1033. Kingdom of Bur- gundy annexed to the empire. 1039. Ger.:— Henry III. be- comes emperor. 1041. —defeats the Bo- hemians and Hungarians — claims the right of nominating to the papalj chair. I042 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 87 Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. Basil II. overwhelms the Bulgarian army at the pass of Demirhissar. The Bulgarian kingdom overthrown and reduced to submission. Sole rule of Constantine VIII. Romanus III. emperor. becomes Michael IV. (the Paphla- gonian) becomes em- peror. The Normans gain a foot hold in Apulia, Michael V. becomes em- peror. Zoe and Theodora rule jointly. Constantine IX. (Monoma- chus) becomes emperor. Rise of the Seljuk Turks 1013. The Danes, under Sweyn, become masters of England. Ethelred flees to Nor mandy. 1014. The Northmen ir Ireland defeated at Clontarfby Brian Boru. 1016. Edmund II. (Iron- sides,) fights six battles with Canute, king of Denmark, with whom he finally divides the kingdom. 1017. The death of Ed mund leaves Canute sole ruler. He patron izes literature and the Church. 1031. Canute penetrates into Scotland — subdues Malcolm. 1034. Scotland: — Duncan king. 1035. Harold I. (Hare- foot) becomes king — ruled by Earl Godwin. 1040. Hardicanute. Scotland: — Macbeth murders Duncan, and usurps the throne. The Saxon line re- stored under 1042.— Edward (the Con- fessor). The country prospers under his mild sway. The Norman in- fluence predominant at tiie English court. 1015. Norway:— Olaf II. the Saint establishes Christianity. 1016. Denmark: — Canute II. (the Great). 1019. Russia:— YaroslafF the Great. 1024. Mahmud of Ghazni storms Somnath, in Gujarat, India. 1025. Poland : Miecislas II. 1028. Sancho of Navarre takes Castile. 1033. Castile kingdom. a separate 1035. Spain: — Aragon a kingdom under Ramiro I. Denmark: — Hardi- canute III. Norway: — Magnus I. (the Good). 1037. Ferdinand I., of Castile, in right of his wife, succeeds to Leon; successful against the Mohammedans. 1042. Denmark: — Magnus (the Good) of Norway, king. 88 TABULAR VIEWS 1043 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, etc 1055 Michael Psellus, a cele- brated Greek philosopiier and historian. First age of scholastic philosophy. Feudal system introduced in England by the Normans. 1045. Benedict again driven from the throne, and suc- ceeded by Sylvester III. Benedict is restored by the Counts of Tuscu- lum. But finding the people will not tolerate his crimes, he sells the papal chair to Gregory. Benedict deposed for simony by a council called by Henry III. 1046. Pope Clement II. 1048. Damasus II. 1049. Leo IX. 1053. — is defeated by the Normans at Civitate. 1054. The papal chair vacant one year. Excommunication of the patriarch of Con- stantinople, final schism between Eastern and Western Churches. lOja. Pope Victor II. Hildebrand, the real head of the church from tiie time of Leo IX. The church improving in piety and discipline. 1057. Pope Stephen IX. 1038. Nicholas II. 1039. The election of pope transferred to a con- clave of cardinals. 1081. Pope Alexander II. 1082. Berengar of Tours opposes the doctrine of transubstantiation. 1066. Alexander deposes Harold and gives Eng- land to William duke of Normandy. The Papacy at the height of its power, claiming supreme domin- ion, temporal and spir- itual, over all the states of Christenaom. 1047. William of Nor- mandy defeats his rebellious nobles at Val-es-dunes. 1053. Germany: — Henry III. causes his son Henry to be elected and crowned Roman em- peroi. 1054. Henry I. of France invades Normandy and is defeated at Mortemer. 1056. Ger.:— Henry IV. (the Great), aged six years, becomes etnperor under the tutelage 01 his mother Agnes. 1059. Robert, duke of Apulia, becomes a vassal of the pope. 1060. France: — Philip I. becomes king. 1066. William, duke of Normandy, claims the crown of England, and makes war upon Harold to obtain it. io66 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 89 Eastern Empire. England, etc. 1043, The Russians attack Con- stantinople and are de- feated. 1054 Theodora becomes em- press, the last of Mace- donian dynasty. The Greek Church sepa- rates from the Roman 1056 Michael VI. (Stratioticus) becomes emptror. 1057 Isaac I., (Comnenus) be- comes emperor. 1059 Constantine X. (Ducas) becomes emperor. 1051. Rebellion of Earl Godwin and his sons. Godwin and Harold banished. William, duke of Nor- mandy, visits Edward. 1052. Godwin restored to favor. 1053. The Danegeld abol- ished. Earl Godwin dies. The Welsh several times invade England, but are repressed by Harold, son of Godwin The World, elsewhere. 1047. Denmark: — Svend Estridsen, king. Norway : — Harold Hardrada, king. 1052. The Pisans take Sardinia from the Sara- 1055. The Seljuk Turks become virtual masters of Bagdad though the caliphs retain the show of authority. 1057. Scotland: — Macbeth defeated and killed at Langfanan by Tostig, earl of Northumberland, and Malcolm. Malcolm III. (Lanmore) becomes king. 1066. Harold II. elected king; killed at the battle of Hastings. William I. duke_ of Normandy, styled "the Conqueror." End of the Anglo- Saxon dynasty. Edgar Atheling flies to Scotland. William I. "the Conquer- or," becomes king; first of the Norman hne. 1065. Spain:— Alfonso VI. king of Leon and of Castile (1072). 90 TABULAR VIEWS 1067 A.D. Progress op Society. 1070 1080 Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury. London Bridge and West- minster Hall built. Norman French taught in all the schools in England and made use of in all legal proceedings. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain. Medical school at Salerno of great prominence. 1086 William of Spires, mathe- matician. Doomsday Book compiled by order of William the Conqueror. Literature patronized in the East by the Seljuk Sultan, Malek Shah. 1090 Roscellinus, scholastic founder of Nominalism. 1071. Philip of France en gages in a war with Robert, count of Hol- land. 1073. Pope Gregory VII. (Hildebrand), who at- tempts to free the clergy from the civil jurisdic- tion. He quarrels with the emperor. 1075. The pope assails si- mony .clerical marriages, and lay investiture. 1076. A council of German bishops at Worms deposes pope; Gregory excommunicates the emperor; Henrv's enemies declare him deposed. 1077. The emperor humbles himself before Gregory VII. at Canossa and makes his peace; Rudolph of Suabia chosen as rival king. 1080. Rudolph dies; Henry IV. deposes Gregory for his intrigues against him, and causes Clement III. to be chosen as antipope. The struggle continues until 1085, when Henry triumphs over Gregory, who flees to Salerno, and dies in exile. 1084. Rome sacked by the Normans. 1086. The order of the Carthusians instituted by Bruno. 1087. Pope Victor III. 1088. Pope Urban II. 1092. Urban II. supports Conrad of Germany against his father. 1085. Spain: —Toledo taken from the Moors by Al- fonso VI. (I.) of Leon and Castile. 1086. Spain: — The Al- moravides invade Spain and crush the Castilians in the battle of Zallaca. 1087. France:— War with England; Robert, duke of Normandy, opposes William Rufus. 1092. Conrad, son of the emperor, rebels and is crowned king of Italy. 1092 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 91 Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1067; Michael VIT., emperor Romanus IV. (Diogenes) co-emperor. He vali antly but vainly opposes the Turks — is defeated and taken prisoner by Alo Arslan, at Manzikert (1071). 1071 Bari. the last Byzantine possession in Italy, taken by the Normans. 107J -75 Syria and Palestine sub- dued by Malek Shah, the Seljuk leader. Jerusalem taken. 1078 Nicephorus III. 1081 1084 Alexius I. (Comnenus) be comes emperor. The em pire invaded by Robert Guiscard, the Norman who defeats Alexius at Durazzo. Alexius repels the Normans from Larissa. After the capture of Jeru- salem, by the Turks, the Christian pilgrims are in- sulted, robbed, and op- pressed This, together with the appeal of the Byzantines for aid, gives rise to the Cru- sades. — Great struggle between Christianity and Mohammedanism. 1068-1069. National rising in the north and west relentlessly crushed by William. 1070. The feudal system in- troduced by the king. All the offices of the govern- ment placed in the hands of Normans. The Nor- man language intro- duced. Malcolm III. of Scot- land ravages Durham. Rising of English at Ely under Hereward the Wake. 1072. Peace between the Normans and the Scots. 1067. Boleslav II., of Po- land, takes Kieff. 1077. Robert, the king's son, raises a rebellion in Normandy. 1079. Robert is defeated and submits. 1086. The Doomsday Book compiled for all Eng- land, save the northern counties. 1087. William invades France and dies at Mantes. William IJ. (Rufus) be- comes king. 1088. Revolt of the Nor- man nobles under Odo of Bayeux. 1076. Denmark; — Harold Whetstone. 1077. Hungary: — Ladislas I., the Saint. 1079. Poland: — Stanislas, bishop of Cracow, mur- dered. Boleslav II. excommunicated and dethroned. Vladislav I. 1084. Italy: — Rome taken and sacked by the Nor- mans. Bohemia erected into a kingdom by the emperor Henry IV. 1090. Sicily completely conquered by Roger the Norman, after a war of thirty years with its masters, the Saracens. 1092. The Seljuk empire falls apart into a number of smaller states, Ico- nium or Roum, Damas- cus, Aleppo, Kerman, and Iran. 92 TABULAR VIEWS 1093 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain. 1093 Anselm, archbishop of Can- terbury. The popes continue the struggle against the empire. 1094. Valencia taken by the Cid. 1095 Beginning of the Crusades. Peter the Hermit preaches against the Turks in all the countries of Christendo.n. 1095. Portugal made a county by Alfonso VI. of Leon and Castile. The Council of Clermont. 1096. The First CRUSADE:— Peter the Hermit, and Walter the Pennyless, set out with a vast rabble, most of whom perish before the warriors are ready to start. The chieftains of the First Crusade were: 1. Godfrey of Bouillon or Boulogne. 2. Hugh of Vermandois. 3. Robert of Normandy. 4. Robert of Flanders. 5. Stephen of Blois, 6. Raymond of Toulouse. 7. Bohemond, son of Rob- ert Guiscard. 8. Tancred, nephew of Robert Guiscard. 1099. Spain:— Death of the Cid and recovery of Valencia by the Moors. Nathan Ben Jehiel, Jewish scholar (a. 1035-1106). 1099 Knights of I Jerusalem St. John of instituted. 1100 William of Poitiers, chroni- cler of William the Con- queror. The dialect of the He de France becomes the pre- vailing idiom in France. — The appearance of Gothic architecture. 1099. Pope Paschal II. 1104. Spain:— Alfonso I., el Batallador, king. 1105. Henry IV. of Ger- many compelled to abdi- cate by his son. 1106. Ger.: —Henry V. becomes emperor — maintains the right of investiture. II07 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 93 A.D. Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 10951 The Byzantine emperor calls upon western Europe for aid against the Turks. 1097 Appearance of the cru- saders; great numbers pass through Constan- tinople. Baldwin founds the prin- cipality of Edessa. Battle of Dorylffium, which secures the march of the crusaders through Asia Minor. 1099 Jerusalem taken by the crusaders, under God- frey, who becomes ruler Battle of Ascalon and de- feat of the Egyptian Saracens. 1093. Scotland .-—Malcolm III. invades England and is slain near Alnwick Castle. Anselm made archbishop of Canterbury. 1094. Scot.:— Donald Bane king. — Duncan usurps the crown. William quarrels with Anselm. 1098. Scotland:— Edgar, son of Malcolm, puts out Uonald's eyes and de- thrones him. X104 Acre taken by the crusa- ders. 1100. William II. acci dentally shot by Sir Walter Tyrel. Henry I. (Beauclerc) be- comes king, marries Ma- tilda, daughter of Mal- colm, a descendant of Edmund Ironsides, thus uniting the Norman and Saxon interests. 1101. Henry grants the Charter of Liberties. Robert, duke of Nor- mandy, invadesEngland. 1106. Henry invades Nor- mandy; takes Robert prisoner at the battle of Tinchebrai. Scotland : — Alexan- der I. 1107. Henry's quarrel with Anselm concluded. 1095. Hungary: — Coloman, king. 1098, Egypt:— The Fati- mites take Jerusalem. 1101. China; — Emperor Hwuy-Tsung calls in the aid of the Neu-che Tatars who expel the Khitan Tatars from Liao- Tung and make them- selves masters of the region. 1102. Poland:— Boleslav III. 1103. Denmark: — Niels, king. 1105. Italy:— Venice, Ge- noa, and Pisa greatly en- riched by the Crusades. 94 TABULAR VIEWS I I08 A.D - Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain. The Knights founded. Templars Hariri, Arabian poet. Anna Comnena, daughter of Alexius I., Eastern emperor, historian. Scholastic philosophy at- tains full development in the writings of Peter Abelard. Peter, the Lombard (Mas ter of Sentences), scho lastic. Geoffrey of Monmouth historian. Aristotle's logic comes into repute through the Arab ians. The revival of the study of the Civil Law under Imerius at Bologna. 1140, Hugo of St. Victor, mystic. The establishment of the Canon Law by the De- er eium of Gratian. William of Malmesbury, English historian. Otho, bishop of Freising chronicler. Benjamin of Tudela, a Jew travels from Spain to India, byConstantinople, and returns through Egypt. Henry of Huntingdon English chronicler. 1111. Emperor Henry V. compels Paschal II. to renounce the right of investiture. 1116. Invasion by the emperor causes the pope to flee from Rome, 1118. Pope Gelasius II 1119. Pope Calixtus n. 1123. First Lateran Council 1124. Pope Honorius II. 1128. Honorius struggles ajainst Roger, king of Sicily. 1130. Innocent II. and An- acletus II., rival popes. 1108. France: — Louis VI., {Le Gros) becomes king, Abbe Suger, counsellor. 1109. Alfonso I. of Aragon rules over Leon and Castile in right of his wife. 1110. Ger. : — Henry V. enters Italy, and compels the pope to crown him, 1114. Henry V. marries Matilda, of England. 1118. Spain: — Alfonso I. of Aragon captures Sar- agossa. 1125. Germany: — Lothair II., emperor. — opposed by Frederick and Conrad of Suabia. 1126. Spain:-Alfonso VII., king, Leon and Castile. 1134. Spain: — Garcia IV., king of Navarre. Ramiro II., king of Aragon. 1136. Lothair invades Italy and overruns the south- ern partof the peninsula. 1137. A pretended Messiah' 1137. France: — Louis VII. in France. {le Jeune). 1138. — another in Persia. 1138. Germany: — House of Suabia. Conrad I., first of the Hohenstaufen em- perors. Dissensions of the Guelfs and Ghibelines. 1139. Second Lateran 1133. Portugal becomes a Council. kingdom after the battle of Ourique, under Al- fonso I., of the House of Burgundy. 1143. Pope Celestine II. 1144. Pope Lucius II. 1145. Pope Eugenius III. 1146. The Almohades in- vade Spain. 1147. The Second Crusade preached by St. Bernard and joined by the emperor Conrad and Louis VII. of France. 1 148 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 93 A.D. Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1109 Tripoli taken by crusaders and erected into a county for Raymond of Toulouse. 1114. Matilda, daughter of Henry I., marries the emperor Henry V. 1117. Persia: — Sanjar sub- dues Khorasan and 1118 John II. (Comnenus). 1120. Shipwreck and death Samarkand. of Prince William. 1121. Norway: Sigurd the 1123 The Patzinaks defeated at Berrhcea in Thrace. Jerusalemite, king. 1124 Tyre taken by the cru- 1124. Scotland:— David I. saders. promotes civilization. 1126 John II. wages successful war against the Turks. 1127. Matilda, daughter of 1127. Roger of Sicily brings Henry I., marries Geof- about the union of Sicily frey Plantagenet. and Naples. China: Kaou-Tsung, em- peror; during his reign the Neu-che or Kin Tartars conquer the country to the Yang-tse- Kiang. 11.3.5. Stephen of Blois. 1135. (1130?). Sweden:— 1136. Matilda asserts her Sverker I. right to the throne: 1137 John II. defeats the Arme- David, king of Scot- nians of Cilicia. land, assists her. 1138. — is defeated in the ' ' battle of the Standard ' ' at Northallerton. 1139. Civil war: Stephen and Matilda. 1141. Stephen made pris- oner at the battle of Lincoln. 1143 Manuel Comnenus be- comes emperor, 1144 Edessa retaken by the Turks, gives rise to the Second Crusade. 1146 Thebes and Corinth plun- dered by the Sicilians. 1147 Failure of the Second 1147 {about). Russia: — 1148 Crusade after enormous Moscow rises to rank of losses. a oity. 96 TABULAR VIEWS 1 1 50 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. Fran'ce, Germany, Spain. 1150 (aboi'i). University of Paris. 1152. France: — Louis di- Aben Ezra, of Toledo, vorces his queen, Elea- Jewish scholar. nor, who marries Henry of Anjou. afterwards 1153. Pope Anastasius IV. king of England; thus Guienne and Poitou are lost to France. 1154. Pope Hadrian IV. Germany and Italy: — (an Englishman, Nicho- Frederick I. (Barbar- las Breakspeare). ossa), emperor. 1155. Arnold, of Brescia. condemned and burnt. 1156. Order of the Car- 1156. The electoral college melites instituted. appears. 1157. Spain: — Castile and Leon divided under Fer- dinand II. and Sancho III. 115S Bank of Venice established. 1158. Germany: — The em- 1159. Pope Alexander III. peror Frederick crosses Victor IV. , antipope. into Italy and in the diet of Roncaglia defines the rights of the Lombard cities. 1162. Frederick destroys Milan. Spain: — ^Alfonso II., 1164. Paschal III., anti- king of Aragon, in- pope. cluding Barcelona. 1167 {about). Oxford schools made a university. 1167. Rome taken by Free erick Barbarossa. Collegesof theology, philos- 1168. Calixtus III., anti- ophy, and law at Paris. pope. English commerce confined 1170. The Waldenses and 1170. France:— The rise of to the exportation of Albigenses begin to ap- the Waldenses. They wool. pear. derived their name from Peter Waldo, a merchant of Lyons. 1174. Frederick Barbaros- 1175 Eustathius, bishop of sa's last expedition inio Thessalonica, commen- Italy. tator on Homer. Confirmation of the mili- tary order of Santiago. 1176 Circuit judges appointed 1176. Frederick defeated m in England. the battle of Legnano by the Lombard cities. Henry the Lion re- bels. 1 1 77 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 97' A.D. Eastern Empire. England etc. The World, elsewhere. 1152. Henry Plantagenet marries Eleanor of Aqui- taine (Guienne) and invades England. 1153. Treaty of Walling- ford gives succession to Henry. 1154.— Henry II., (Planta- genet). 1155. Thomas h Backet 1155. Sweden:— Eric IX. becomes chancellor. the Saint. 1156. Japan: — Beginning of war between the clans of the Taira and the Minamoto; the latter defeated, found an in- dependent power with Kamakura as the capi- tal. 1157. Denmark: — Valde- mar I. 1158. Venice a great maritim.e power. 1160. Sweden:— Kari Sver- kersson. 1162. Becket made arch- bishop of Canterbury. 1163. — opposes the king. 1163. Sweden:— Arsh- 1164. — resists the consti- bishopric of Upsala. tutions of Clarendon — founded. flees to France. 1165. Scotland: — William. 1106. Assize of Clarendon regulating the admin- 1167 The Byzantines overwhelm istration of justice. 1167. Italy: — League of a Hungarian army near the Italian cities to pre- Zeugmin. 1170. Becket returns to England, and is mur- dered. serve their liberties against the emperor. 1171 Outbreak of war with 1171-1172. Henry con- 1171. Egypt:— Saladin. Venice. quers Ireland. sultan. He extends his do- minions in Egypt, Syria, and Mesopotamia. 1173 The Venetian fleet disor- 1173. Poland: — ^Miecislas ganized by pestilence. III. 1174 The Venetians confirmed 1174. Treaty of Falaise, in in their commercial which William the Lion rights. agrees to do homage for Scotland. Henry makes a pil- grimage to the shrine of Becket. 1176 The Byzantines over- 1176. The Assize of North- whelmed by the Seljuks ampton requires an oath at Myriokephalon in of fealty from ■ all 1177. Poland: — Casimir Phrygia. Englishmen. (the Just). 98 TABULAR VIEWS 1 1 79 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc Ecclesiastical, France, Germany, Spain. 1180 1189 1190 Robert Wace, Anglo -Nor man poet. Translation of his Brut by Layamon one of the first English compositions. John Tzetzes, Greek gram marian. Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon), Jewish theo logian. Roger, of Hoveden, chron icier. Treatise on English law ascribed to Ranulph de Glanville. Massacre of the Jews at the coronation of Rich ard I. Teutonic order instituted. Abu Bekr ibn Top hail philosophical writer. Averroes, Arabic philoso- pher, introduced AriS' totelianism into Europe 1179. Innocent (III.) anti- pope. The Waldenses spread over the valley of Pied- mont. They circulated the sacred Scriptures. They were the forerun ners of Protestantism, Condemned by the Eleventh General Coun cil, and severely perse- cuted. Third Lateran, Eleventh General Coun- cil. 1181. Pope Lucius III. 1185. Pope Urban III. 1180. France:— Philip II., (Augustus,) Henry the Lion de- prived of Bavaria and Saxony. 1183. The Peace of Con- stance re-establishes the rights of the Lombard cities. 1187. Pope Gregory VIII. Pope Clement III. 1188. Spain: — Alfonso IX. king of Leon. 1189 Third Crusade led by Philip Augustus, of France, Richard, of England, and Frederick Bar- barossa. 1190. Ger.:— Henry VI., 1191. Pope Celestine III. 1198. Pope Innocent III. empsror. 1192. Richard Coeur de Lion in captivity in Germany. 1194. The two Sicilies united to the empire. 1198. Philip, of Suabia, and Otho, of Brunswick, dispute the German crown; the former sup- ported by the Ghibelines and the latter by the Guelfs, 1 199 A-D- OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 99 A.D. Eastern Empire. England etc. The World, elsewhere. 1180 Alexius II. becomes em peror. 1183 Andronicus I. becomes em I peror. 118^ Isaac II. (Angelas) be comes emperor. 1186 Bulgarians revolt and establish new kingdom. 1190 1195 Iconium taken by Fred- erick Barbarossa, but afterwards restored. Alexius III. becomes em- peror. 1181. The Assize of Arms regulates the national defence and subjects personal property to taxation. 1182. VI. Denmark : — Canute 1185. John, in Ireland. 1183. Saladin takes Aleppo. 1185. Portugal: — Sancho I. Japan: — The Taira clan is defeated in the battle of Dannoura and exterminated. TheMina- moto in supreme control under Yoritomo. 1186. The last of the Ghaz- nevides, ruling at La- hore, overthrown by Mahmud of Ghor. 1187. Saladin gains the 1188. Collection of the victory of Tiberias, and Saladin tithe, first tax takes Jerusalem, which on movables. leads to 1189. Richard I. (Coeurde 1189. The Third Crusade. Lion) becomes king, he engages in the Third Crusade. 1191. Kingdom of Cyprus founded under Guy of Lusignan. Acre taken by the crusaders. 1192. _ Richard makes a truce with Saladin; end of the Third Crusade Richard, returning home in disguise, through Germany, is imprisoned Is ransomed by his sub jects for 10,000 marks (1194) 1193. John plots to seize the crown in the absence of Richard. 1199. Richard dies. John (Lackland) be- comes king. 1192. Japan: — Yoritomo rules at Kamakura as first shogun. 1193. Saladin dies. Poland: — Lesco white). (the ^1 lOO TABULAR VIEWS I200 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain. 1200 Under Innocent III. the papal power attains its climax; its supremacy over the secular power fully established. 1209 The University of Bologna said to be attended by 10,000 students. — The University of Paris rises into prominence. Villehardouin, Saxo Gram- maticus, chroniclers. Amalric of Bena and David of Dinant, mystics. 1200. The pope places France under an interdict. 1202. The Fourth Crusade under Boniface of Mont- ferrat. 12C 1204. Normandy united to France. Albigense; The order of Franciscan friars instituted 1208. Germany:— Philip, Crusade against the rival emperor, dies and Cambridge founded University (about). Period of the Troubadours and Trouveres in France ; and the Minnesinger in Germany. 1213. Albigenses defeated at Muret. 1215. Fourth Lateran, and twelfth General Council against the Albigenses and all heretics. The doctrines of transub stantiationand auricular confession established The inquisition estab- lished in southern France 1216. Pope Honorius III. 1217. The Fifth Crusade under Andrew II., king of Hungary. Otho is crowned as Otho IV. Assault on the count of Toulouse, protector of the Albigenses. 1210. Germany:— Otho ex- communicated by the pope. 1212. Spain:— The Chris- tians gain the battle of Navas de Tolosa, de- cisive in the control of the country. 1214. Germany: — Otho and the English defeated by the French in the battle of Bouvines. 1215. Frederick II., em- peror. 1217. Spain: — Saint Ferdi- nand, king of Castile. I 121/ A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY lOI Easetrn Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1202 1203 1204 1205 The crusaders and the Venetians take and plun- der the city of Zara. Isaac II. and Alexius IV. rule. The crusaders overthrow the Greek empire and choose Baldwin of Flan- ders emperor of Con- stantinople after parti- tioning the lands of the empire among them- selves and Venice. Theodore Lascaris es- tablishes the empire of Nicffia in Asia Minor. Henry, second Latin em- peror of Constantinople. 1216 Peter of Courtenay be- comes emperor. 1204. England loses Nor- mandy, Maine, and Anjou. 1200. Japan: — The death of Yoritomo is followed by the fall of Minamoto who are succeeded by the Hojo clan. 1202. Denmark: — Valde- mar II. Livonia: — Institution of the order of Knights Swordbearers to con- quer the pagan Prus- sians. 1206. Innocent III. orders election of Stephen Langton as archbishop of Canterbury. 1208. The kingdom laid under an interdict. 1209. John excommuni- cated. 1213. The pope declares John a usurper and orders Philip of France to invade England ; John submits to hold his crown as a vassal of the pope. 1214. Scotland: — Alexan der IL 1215. Magna Charta signed at Runnymede 1216. Henry III. becomes king. Earl of Pembroke protector. 1217. Defeat of the French under Prince Louis at Lincoln. Magna Charta con firmed. 1206. Genghis Khan be- comes emperor of the Mongols. The death of Mahmud of Ghor is followed by the dismemberment of his empire. The sultanate of Delhi 1215. Genghis Khan takes Pekin and conquers northern China. 1217. Norway:— Haco IV. I02 TABULAR VIEWS I219 A.D.- A.D. Progress OF Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain. 1222 1230 University founded. ot Padua Alexander scholastic. of Hales 1240 St. Edmund bury dies. of Canter- 1243 The University of Sala- manca founded. 1248 (afcoj//). Foundation of the Alhambra near Granada. 1250 Rubruquis travels among the Mongols. Matthew Paris, chronicler. 1253 {about). Foundation of the Sorbonne. 1227. Pope Gregory IX. 1229. The Inquisition at Toulouse. The Scriptures for bidden to all laymen. 1241. Pope Celestine IV. The Flagellants. 1243. Pope Innocent IV. Continual struggles with the emperor Frederick. 1245. General Council of Lyons proclaims depo sition of Frederick II. 1254. Pope Alexander IV The order of Celestines founded. 1219. New crusade against the Albigenses. 1223. France:— Louis VIII becomes king. II 1226. France:— Louis IX. king, under the regency of Blanche of Castile. 1228. Germany: — Crusade of the emperor after be- ing excommunicated. 1230. Spain: — Castile and Leon united by Ferdi- nand III., who takes Cordova, Seville, and Cadiz from the Moors. 1239. Germany: — Fred- erick II. again excom- municated. 1241. The Mongols defeat the Teutonic Knights and the Silesians at Wahlstatt. — The begin- ning of the Hanseatic League. 1246. Henry of Thuringia set up for emperor by the pope, and 1247. William, of Holland. 1248. France: — Louis IX. sets out on his first crusade. 1249. He is defeated at Damietta in Egypt and forced to abandon the country. 1250. Insurrection of the Pastorels in southern^ France. Germany: — Conrad IV. and William of Holland reign as rival emperors. 1252. Spain:— Alfonso X. king of Castile and Leon. 1254. Louis IX. returns to France from Palestine. 1256. Beginning of the Great Interregnum Germany. I25« A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 103 Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1221 Robert becomes emperor. 1222 1228 1237 1242 1244 1255 John Ducas, emperor of Nicsea. Baldwin II. and John of Brienne, co-emperors. Baldwin II., sole ruler. The Mongols in Asia Minor. The Khorasmians take Jerusalem. Victorious campaign of the Byzantines against Bul- garia. 1224. Poitou occupied by the king of France. 1230. First expedition of Henry III into France for the recovery of his estates. 1240. Richard, earl of Cornwall, heads an un successful crusade. 1242. Henry III. makes second expedition into France— unsuccessful. 1249. Scotland: — Alexan- der III. — Repulses Haco, king of Norway — obtains the Scottish Isles. 1258. The Provisions of Oxford. 1219. Japan:— The sho- gunate seized by the Fujiwara. 1221. The Khorasmian empire overthrown by Genghis Khan. 1222. Hungary: — Charter of Andrew II., the Golden Bull, founda- tion of the national liberty, 1224. First Mongolian in- vasion of Russia. 1236. Italy:— War of the Lombard cities with Frederick II. of Ger- many. 1240. Second invasion of Europe by the Mongols , under Batu Khan. Russia subdued. 1241. Denmark:— Eric VI. 1242. Alexander Nevski, Prince of Novgorod, de- feats the Livonian Knights of the Sv/ord on Lake Peipus. 1250. Egypt:— The Mame- lukes rule — take Da- mascus and Aleppo. 1258. Hulaku Khan enters Persia, takes Bagdad, and puts an end to the caliphate. Beginning of the great wars between Venice and Genoa. 104 TABULAR VIEWS 1259 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. Prance, Germany, Spain. 1261 Private war and judicial combats suppressed in France by the laws of St. Louis. 1265 J1270 Parliament in England. The monastic orders by their wealth, rigid dis' cipline, and popular in- fluence become power ful aids to pontifical ambition. Peter of Albano, astrologer physician, and naturalist. Bonaventura, mystic. Thomas Aquinas, greatest I of scholastics. Albertus Magnus, philoso pher. Literature and science flourish in Spain, under Alfonso X., the Learned, of Castile. Complete separation of the three great courts of law in England, Exchequer, King's Bench, and Common Pleas. Marco Polo travels in the East as far as Pekin. 1280 Roger Bacon, of Oxford pioneer of science. Robert, of Gloucester author of a metrical chronicle of England. 1261. Pope Urban IV. He offers the crown of Sicily to Charles of Anjou. 1265. Pope Clement IV. 1266. The pope succeeds in his long struggle for the dominion of southern Italy, and places Charles of Anjou on the throne of Naples. 1268. No pope for about three years. 1271. Pope Gregory X. 1273. Gregory receives the county of Venaissin. 1269. Pragmatic Sanction — foundation of the liberties of the Gallican Church. 1270. France: — Louis IX. sets out on his second crusade, and dies before Tunis — succeeded ' by —Philip III. (The Bold). 1271. Toulouse falls to tl French crown. 1273. Ger.:— Rudolph, em peror, founds the dy- nasty of Hapsburg. 1274. General council at Lyons; temporary re-union of the Eastern and Western Churches 1276. Pope Innocent V. " Hadrian V. " John XXI. 1277. Pope Nicholas III., enriching his family at the expense of the Church — he introduces Nepotism. 1276. France at war with Castile. 1278. Ottokar II. of Bo- hemia overthrown by Rudolph and the Bo- hemian empire dissolved. I280 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 105 Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1259 1261 Michael Palasologus em- peror of Niccea, — recovers Constantinople and overthrows the Latin empire. 126S 1274 Bibars of Egypt takes Antioch and Jaffa. Temporary union with the Latin Church. 1263 (about). Alexander in. of Scotland defeats Norwegians at Largs 1264. Simon de Montfort defeats the king's forces at Lewes. 1265. First regular parlia- ment. — Prince Edward gains the battle of Evesham. 1270. Prince Edward joins the crusade of Louis IX 1272. Edward I., king. 1275. Statute of West- minster is passed, effect- ing extensive improve- ments in the laws of the realm 1277. War between Eng- land and Wales. 1278. All Jews in England arrested on the charge of clipping the coin. 1279. The Statute of Mortmain passed. 1260. Bibars becomes sul- tan of Egypt. 1262 (about). Norway: — Iceland subjected. Greenland tributary to Norway. 1263. Magnus II. king. 1264. China:— Kublai Khan builds Pekin, and makes it his capital. 1265. Abaka Khan of Persia. 1266. Magnus, of Norway, cedes to Scotland the Hebrides and the Isle of Man. 1268. Death of Conrad in, the last of the Hohen- staufen. 1270. Hungary: — Stephen V. becomes king. 1272. Hungary: Ladislas IV., king. 1279. Sweden: — Magnus I. king. Russia: — Hanseatic settlement at Novo- gorod. China visited by Marco Polo. Poland:-;— Lesco II, becomes king. Portugal: — Diniz the Great. 1280. Norway: — Eric II. becomes king. Kublai Khan, emperor of all China, founder of the Mongol dynasty. io6 TABULAR VIEWS 1 28 1 A.D, Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain. 1281. Pope Martin IV.; he is the instrument of Charles of Anjou in the latter's contest with the Byzantine emperor, Michael Palaeologus and Peter III. of Aragon. 1285. Pope Honorius IV. 1288. Pope Nicholas IV. Nicholas IV. patronizes civil and religious literature, and improves and embellishes Rome. 1290 (about). University of Coimbra (Lisbon) found- ed. Raymond Lully, philoso- pher, scholar, and scientist. Thomas the Rhymer, Scot- tish poet. Cimabue, the first of modem painters at Florence. Amolfo di Lapo or de Cam- bio, the father of modem Italian architecture. The influence of the Crusades was great — expanding the mind ol Europe — • refining the general manners — ex citing a spirit of geogra phical research and ad venture — and promoting improvement in the arts and sciences — thus un dermining _ instead of strengthening the power of medievalism by ad vancing liberal ideas and freedom of thought. Rapid advances in civil ization. — Revival of an cient learning. — Im- provements in the arts and sciences — and pro gress of liberty. 1300 Ormin, author of the Ormulwn, a book of homilies in the old English dialect 1292. The papal chair vacant two years. 1294. Celestine V. Pope Boniface VIII. The papacy renews its pretensions to supre- macy. 1296. Struggles with The " Bull Clericis Laicos. 1297. Canonization of Louis IX. 1303 The Mariner's Compass said to have been in- vented at Naples, by Gioia, native of Amalfi University at Avignon re cognized by papal Bull Dante, the father of modem Italian poetry flourishes. 1282. Germany: — Rudolph invests his sons with the duchies of Austria, Styria, and Carniola. 1285. France:— Philip IV. (the Fair.) Spain: — Alfonso III., king of Aragon. 1291. Spain: — James II., king of Aragon. 1292. Germany: — Adolph I., of Nassau, emperor. 1294. Gascony occupied by the French. 1295. Spain: — Ferdinand IV., king of Castile and Leon. War declared between England and France. 1297. Adolph confirms the canton of Schwyz in its rights. 1298. Germany: — Adolph killed in battle at Goll- heim. Albert I., son of Ru- dolph, of Haps', urg, emperor. 1302. The Bull Unam 1302. First convocation of Sanctayn asserts the su- premacy of the Church 1303. Pope Boniface VIII. dies. Pope Benedict XI. — The papal power declines. the States-General France having repre- sentatives from the towns. The French defeated by the Flemings at Court rai. 1303 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 10; Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1282 Andronicus II. 12S8 Othman begins to lay the foundations of the Turk ish power in Asia Minor Capture of Acre by the Mamelukes — end of the European states in Asia Minor. The Genoese obtain the trade of the Black Sea , and rise to great power. Othman assumes the title of Emir. 1303 The Catalan Grand Com pany under Roger de I Flor enters the service of the Byzantines. 1282. Llewellyn of Wales defeated and slain. 1284. Wales subjugated. 1285. The second Statute of Westminster effects important reforms ir legislation and legal pro cedure. 1290. Jews expelled from England. The Statute of Quia Emptores passed. Scotland: — Death of Mar garet, the maid of Nor way, and beginning of contest between Baliol and Bruce. 1291. Edward decides the Scottish dispute in favor of Baliol. 1294." War declared against France. 1296. Edward subdues Scotland : Baliol sub mits to Edward. 1297. Edward issues the Confirmaho Cariarum Scotland: — Sir William Wallace. — Sir William Douglas, Robert Bruce, and other chiefs head rebellion against the English, who are de- feated at Stirling. 1298. The Scots defeateJ at Falkirk by King Edward I. 1303. Edward Scotland. invades 1282. Sicilian Vespers : Massacre of the French jnSicily. Peterof Aragon invited to rule Sicily. 1284. Genoese destroy the Pisan ffower at Meloria. 1285. Separation of Sicily from Naples. 1286. Denmark:— Eric VI. becomts king. 1290. Hungary: — Andrew III., the Venetian. 1291. The League of the Forest Cantons in Swit- zerland organized. 1295. Poland:— Vladislav the Dwarf, founder of Polish greatness. Matteo Visconti be- comes master of Milan. 1297. Closing of the great Council in \ enice. 1298. Genoa defeats Venice at Curzola . 1299. Venice concludes a treaty with the Turks. 1301, Hungary: — Death ol Andrew the Venetian. Extinction of the house of Arpad. — ^Wenceslas III. of Bo- hemia disputes crown with Charles Robert of Anjou. 1302. End of the war be- tween the Angevin rulers of Naples and the Aragonese of Sicily. io8 TABULAR VIEWS 1304 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain. 1305 1308 1309 1310 Amid the struggles of the Guelfs and GhibelHnes, Italy becomes the cradle of modem literature and improving civilization. University at Orleans re- cognized by Papal Bull (founded about 1220). University at Perugia re- cognized by Papal Bull. University at Coimbra (re- moved from Lisbon.) Duns Scotus, celebrated scholastic (d. about 1308.) Knights of St. John establish themselves at Rhodes. The barons in England ex- tort from Edward IT. a reformation of abuses Parliaments are to be held every year, and to appoint to all important offices. 1305. Pope Clement V. 1304. France is victorious over Flanders. Germany: — The Swiss towns rise into impor- tance — oppressed by the House of Hapsburg. 1306. Persecution of the Jews in France; they are banished from the country. 1307. Persecution of the Knights Templars in France. 1308. Germany: — Henry of Luxemburg, emperor. 1309. Seat of the popes transferred to Avignon. The Papacy entirely under the control of the French king, in whose interests its powers are utilized. 1314. Another vacancy in the papal chair of more than two years. 1316. Pope John XXII. 1321 Dante dies. Marsilius of Padua up holds individual freedom of faith and the secular authority against the Papacy. Romance poetry of the 1 Middle Ages flourishes. 1349 Thomas of Bradwardin, Archbishop of Canter- bury, and celebrated, 1327. Louis proclaimed scholastic, d. emperor at Milan. 1309. Spain: — Ferdinand IV. takes Gibraltar. 1310. The House of Lux- emburg established in Bohemia. 1311. General Council at Vienne. Orderof Knights' Templars abolished. 1312 1324. Beginning of the contest of the popes with Louis of Bavaria Lyons united to France. Spain: — Alfonso XI. of Castile and Leon. 1314. Germany: — Louis of Bavaria, and Frederick of Austria, contend for the crown. 1314. France:^ — Louis X., (Hutin) becomes king. 1315. Battle of Morgarten — the Austrians defeated by the Swiss. 1316. France:— Philip V. the (Long), King. The Salic law now first estab- lished (1317) excluding women from the throne. 1322. France: — Charles IV. becomes king. Germany: — Frederick of Austria defeated and taken prisoner. 1324. Germany: — Louis excommunicated by John XXII. — appeals to a general council. 1327 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 109 A.D. E.\STERN Empire. England etc. The World, elsewhere. 1305. Wallace betrayed and beheaded. — Scot- land submits. Edward recovers Gui- enne. 1306 Roger de Flor assassinated. 1306. Scotland:— Uprising under Robert Bruce, who is crowned king. 1307 Aladdin III., last Seljuk 1307. Eng.: Edward II. ruler of Iconium dies. — becomes king. Othman makes himself S c 1 1 an d.: — Bruce independent. strengthens himself by 1308 The Catalans defeat the imperial forces at Apros and enter Greece. repeated advantages. 1309. Hungary: — Charles Robert of Anjou, king. Naples: — Robert, the wise. He aspires to the dominion of Italy. 1310 The Knights of St. John 1310. Eng.:— The nobles 1310. Italy:— The Council of Jerusalem established rise against the favorite. of Ten established at at Rhodes. Gaveston, and 21 Lords Venice. 1311 The Catalans conauer At- Ordainers are appointed. 1311. Italy— Matteo Vis- tica after winning the conti, lord of Milan, battle of the Cephisus 1312. Death of Gaveston. restored by the emperor. (1310). 1314. Edward II. invades Scotland, and is de- feated at the battle of Bannockburn. 1315. The power is in the hands of the Lords Ordainers under Thomas of Lancaster. 1318. Genoa assisted by Robert of Naples against the Ghibellines. Swede n: — Magnus Smek, becomes king. Denmark: — Christo- pher II. king. 1320. Italy: — Castruccio, 1321 Civil war between Andron- lord of Lucca and Pisa. icus 11. and his grand- 1322. Lancaster defeated son, later Andronicus and e:vecuted. III. 1323. Truce between Eng- land and Scotland 1326 Death of Othman. — Ork- han, son of Othman, makes Prusa his capital. 1327 Nicomedia taken by O.rk- 1327. Edward III. becomes 1327. Italy: — Invaded by han. king. Louis IV., emperor of Germany. no TABULAR VIEWS 1328 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spaii 1334 1335 Giotto, Italian architect, sculptor, and painter, pupil of Cimabue, made chief architect of the Florentine Cathedral. Greek literature revives. — Barlaam teaches Pe- trarch. — Leontius lec- tures on Homer at Florence. Giottino, Florentine paint- er. 1346 1347 1350 1328. Crusade preached against Louis, who de- poses John XXII., and sets up Nicholas V. — antipope. 1334. Pope Benedict XII. 1328. France:— Philip VI. of Valois becomes kin?. — he defeats the Flemings at Cassel. 1356 1338. The pope loses the right of confirming the election of a German emperor. Struggles in Rome be tween the Colonna and the Orsini. 1342. Pope Clement VI. Gunpowder in use at the battle of Crecy, though known to Roger Bacon as early as 1270. Democracy at Rome, under Rienzi, the last of the Tribunes William of Occam, greatest of nominalist scholastics Manufactures improve in England : — Commerce increases. Bartolus, celebrated jurist teaches at Pisa and Peru gia. 1352. Pope Innocent VI. 1354. Rienzi killed. — Al- bomoz, cardinal legate restores the papal do- minion. Sir John Mandeville's Tra- vels- 1338. Alliance between Edward III. and the Flemings under Arte- velde — the beginning of the Hundred Years' War. Germany: — Declara- tion of the Diet of Frank- fort, that the pope had no temporal power in the empire and that an em- peror chosen by the electors needed no papal confirmation. Louis sides with the English against France. 1346. France: — Normandy overrun by Edward , with his son, the Black Prince. — French defeat- ed at Crecy. Germany : — Charles IV., emperor and king of Bohemia. 1350. France: — John (the Good) becomes king. 1356. Germany: — Promul- gation of the Golden Bull establishing the mode of imperial elec- tion and regulating the affairs of the empire. France: — KingJohnde- feated and taken prisoner at Poitiers. — Charles the dauphin, regent. 1356 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. Ill Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 132S 1329 1330 Andronicus III. becomes emperor. Andronicus III. defeated by the Turks in the battle of Pelekanon. Nicaea taken. 1341 1346 1352 1354 John V. (Paleologus), em peror. 1328. Peace between Scot land and England. — The independence of Scot- land acknowledged. 1329. Scotland:— David II. 1332. David II. expelled and Baliol crowned, but soon expelled. 1333. Battle of Halidon Hill. — Baliol restored — ■ does homage to Edward. John VI. (Cantacuzenus), co-emperor 1354. 1338. Beginning of the Hundred Years War. 1340. The victory of Hel voet Sluys — gives spirit to the English navy. 1341. David II. restored. 1346. Battle of Crecy. Scotch defeated at Neville's Cross. 1347. Siege and capture of Calais abdicates,! 1348-49. The Black Death in England. Genoese defeat the Vene- tians, allies of the em pire, in the Bosporus. Turks seize Gallipoli in Europe. 1351. Statute of Provisors 1356. Edward, the Black Prince, gains the battle of Poitiers. John of France made prisoner Two years' truce. 1328. Moscow under the Grand -duke Ivan Kalita becomes paramount in Russia. 1333. Poland: — Casimir the Great becomes king. China: — Shun-te last of the Mongol emperors succeeds. Japan: — Fall of the Hojo family. 1335{about). Birth of Ti- 1336. Japan: — The war of the Chrysanthemums — strife between rival mi- kados. Feudalism per- fected 1339. Italy:— Simon Bo- canegra, first doge of Genoa. 1340. Denmark:— Walde- mar III. 1342. Hungary: — Louis the Great. 1347. Italy:— Rienzi, the last of the Tribunes, rules at Rome. 1350. Italy:— Naval war between Venice and Genoa. 1354. Italy:— Rienzi killed — papal power restored. — The Venetians crushed by the Genoese at Sapienza. 1356. War between Hun- gary and Venice. I 12 TABULAR VIEWS 1350 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain. Petrarch and Boccaccio, marking the vanguard of the Renaissance. The Jagellonian University at Cracow founded. Foundation of the Uni- versity of Vienna. Geofifrey Chaucer, father of English poetry (a. 1340- 1400). JohnGower (a. 1325-140S). (about). Foundation of the Bastile at Paris. 1380 Mysteries played in France. Wickli.xe's translation Oi the New 1 tstament. University of Heidelberg founded. Froissart's Chronicles. Birth of Jan Van Eyck who is reputed to have invented oil painting. 1362. Pope Urban V. at Avignon — beautifies the city of Rome. 1370. Pope Gregory XI. 1377. Gregory XI returns from Avignon to Rome — end of the Babylonian captivity. 1378."SchismoftheWest": Pope Urban VI. ac- knowledged in the Em- pire and England. Clement VII. acknow- ledged in France, Spain, and Scotland. 1386. Urban VI. bestows Naples upon Louis ot Anjou, who is opposed by Ladislas. 1356. The people of Paris attain power under Eti- enne Marcel. 1358. The rising of the Jacquerie; death of Marcel. 1360. France: — John re- gains his liberty — cedes territory to England by the peace of Bretigny. 1364. France :— Charles V. (the Wise) becomes king. 1365. Du Guesclin invades Spain and drives out Peter the Cruel of Cas- tile. 1367. The French defeated by the Black Prince at Najera [Navarrete]. 1369. Aquitaine rises against the English. 1375. English lose their French possessions, re- taining only Calais. Bordeaux, and Bayonne. 1378. Germany: — Wences- las (king of Bohemia), emperor. 1380. France :— Charis* VI. (the Mad). 1382. Battle of Rosbecq — the Flemings defeated by the French — Arte- velde killed. 1386. France : — Fruitless attempt to invade Eng- land. Leopold III. of Aus- tria defeated by the' Swiss at Sempach. Jagello (Vladislav II.)' founds Jagellonian dy- nasty in Poland. 1388. Leopold IV. de- feated at Naefels. 1388 A,D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 113 Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1359 1361 1369 1373 1378 1381 Amurath I., sultan of the Turks. The Turks take possession of Adrianople. John V. seeks a reconciHa- tion with the pope in the hope of securing aid against the Turks. Treaty of peace with the Ottomans; the emperor becomes a vassal of the Turks. John V. dethroned and imprisoned by his son Manuel; he escapes after two years. The empire pays tribute to the Turks. 1359. Edward again ii vades France. 1360. Peace of Bretigny. 1366. The Black Prince aids Peter the Cruel, of Castile, to recover his throne. The Statute of Kil- kenny relating to Ire- land. 1369. Renewed war with France ; unsuccessful : loss of English territories in France. 1371. Scotland: — Robert 11. — the House of Stuart. 1376. Death of the Black Prince. 1377. Richard II. becomes king. First speaker of the House of Commons. 1381. Peasants' Revolt (in- surrection of Wat Tyler). 1384. The Scots, assisted by France, invade Eng- land. 1385. The English burn Edinburgh. 1363. Timur begins his ca- reer of conquest. 1368. Copenhagen taken by the Hanseatic fleet. China: — Hung Woo establishes the native Ming dynasty. 1369. Timur becomes king of Transoxiana and makes Samarcand the capital of his new empire. 1370. Poland: — Extinction of the royal race of Piasts with Casimir III. 1378. Italy: — The rising of the Ciompi in Florence. 1379. Genoese defeat Ve- netians at Pola and take possession of Chioggia; Genoese captured next year. 1380. Russia: — Dimitri. grand duke of Moscow, victorious over the Tar- tars at Kulikovo, near the Don. 1382. The Tartars sack Moscow. 1385. War between Austria and Switzerland. 1386. — Battle of Sempach : the Austriars defeated. 1386-87. Timur conquers Persia. 1387. Denmark and Nor- way: — Margaret, the Semiramis of the North, becomes queen. 1388. Battle of Otter- bourne (Chevy Chase). 114 TABULAR VIEWS 1389 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain. 1392 University of Erfurt founded . Revival of Greek literature in Italy. 1389. Pope Boniface IX. 1393. The power of the pope over the English Church limited by the Statute of Praemunire. 1394. Pope Benedict XIII. 1400 Chaucer dies. 1392. France: — Charles; seized with madness. 1394. Germany:— The em peror imprisoned by the- people of Prague. 1400. Ger. : — Rupert em- peror. 1409 University founded. 1415 of Leipsic University of St. Andrews founded. John Huss and Jerome of Prague, Bohemian re- formers. Peter d'Ailly and John Gerson, theologians. 1404. Pope Innocent VII. 1406. Pope Gregory XII. 1409. The Council of Pisa deposes Gregory and Benedict, and elects Alexander V.; — neither will yield, so that there are three popes at once. 1410. Pope John XXIII. 1412. The pope excommu- nicates John Huss. 1414. Council of Constance. 1415. John Huss and Je- rome of Prague (1416) burnt by the Council of Constance. 1406. Spain: — ^John II., of Castile. 1407 France; — Murder of Louis, Duke of Orleans, by a Burgundian parti- san. 1408. Yussuf III., king of Granada. 1410. France: — Civil war between the parties of Orleans and Burgundy. Germany: — Death of Rupert. 1411. Sigismund, king of Hungary, emperor. 1412 Spain: — Ferdinand I. king of Aragon. 1415. France: — ^The French defeated by Henry V., of England , at Agincourt. 1416. Spain:— Alfonso V., king of Aragon. I J 1416 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 115 A.D. Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 13S9 The Servians defeated in 1389. Turks defeat Ser- the battle of Kossovo 1390. Scotland:— Robert vians at Kossovo. by the Turks. — Bajazet III. I. , sultan of the Turks. Persecution of the 1391 Manuel II. emperor. Wicklifites. 1392. Timur subjugates 1393. The Statute of Prffi- Persia. munire. 1396 Battle of Nicopolis. — Sigismund, of Hungary- 1397. Union of Calmar aided by French crusa- forming Denmark, Swe- ders, defeated by Baja- den, and Norway into a zet I. single monarchy. 1398. Henry of Lancaster 1398. Invasion of India by banished. Timur; he takes Delhi. House of Lancaster: — Italy: — Pisa falls un- 1399. Henry IV. becomes der the yoke of the king, Richard II. de- Visconti. posed. 1401. Rebellion of Owen Glendower. 1402 Bajazet defeated and 1402. Scotch defeated at made prisoner by Timur Homildon Hill. at the battle of Angora. 1403 Empire of the Turks di- 1403. Rebellion of the vided after death of Percys, who are defeated Bajazet, among Solyman at the battle of Shrews- 1405-06. Italy:— Pisa con- I., Musa, and Moham- bury. quered by Florence. — • med I. 1406. Scotland:— James I. Subjugation of Padua and Verona by Venice. 1408. Henry Percy, Earl 1408. Ladislas of Naples of Northumberland de- seizes Rome. feated and killed at Bramham Moor. 1410 . The Teutonic Knights defeated by the Poles at Tannenberg. 1412. Denmark, Norway, etc.: Eric VII., of Pom- era nia, becomes king. 1413 Mohammed I. sole ruler 1413. Henry V. becomes 1413. Sack of Rome by of the Turks. king. 1414. — claims the French crown. Ladislas. 1415. — gains the battle of 1415. Conquest of Ceuta Agincourt. by the Portuguese. ii6 TABULAR VIEWS 14 1 7 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. Frakce, Germany, Spain. 1420 1425 1426 1430 1431 Portuguese exploration of Africa promoted by Henry the Navigator. Alain de Chartier, French poet. University of Louvain founded. The arts promoted in Italy by Cosmo de' Medici. England increases her trade with the Medit- terranean. Fra Filippo Lippi, painter. George of Peurbach, as- tronomer at Vienna. Thomas a Kempis, mystic. Orderof the Golden Fleece founded. (?)The Azores discovered. 1437 Ulugh Beg, ruler of Samar- cand and astronomer, compiles his Star Tables. 1438 (about) . Printing from movable type, Guten- berg;, Coster, Fust, Schoffer, etc. Church restored. 1417. Pope Martin V.| elected by Council of 1419. Sigismund claims the Constance; unity of the Bohemian crown . 1420. Treatyof Troyes pro- viding for the succession of the king of England to the French throne. 1422. France: — Death of Charles VI.— Henry VI. proclaimed at Paris king of France and England. Charles VII. pro- claimed king at Poitiers. 1428. Orleans besieged by the English. 1429. —saved by Joan of Arc. Charles crowned at Rheims; makes a vain attempt to gain Paris. 1430. Joan of Arc taken prisoner, by the English and burnt as a witch in the following year. 1431. Pope Eugenius IV. Council of Basle. 1434. The pope expelled by the Romans and in exile till 1443. 1431. Germany : — Sigis- mund visits Italy, and is crowned emperor by "Pope Eugenius IV. 1435. Peace of Arras, be- tween France and Bur- gundy. 1436. France: — Recovery of Paris by Charies VII. 1438. Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges establishes the liberties of the French Church. 1438. Germany: — House of Austria (Hapsburg). Albert II. (king of Bohemia and Hungary), emperor. 1439. Eugenius IV de- posed by the Council of Basle, which elects Felix v., who receives, how- ever, l.ttle recognition. 1440. Germany: — Fred- erick III. emperor. France: — The dau» phin (Louis XI.), rebels, but is pardoned. — the so-called Praguerie. I440 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 117 A.D. Eastern Empire. England, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1419. Bohemia: — Hussite war breaks out. 1420. Treaty of Troyes.— Discovery of Madeira 1421 Amurath II., sultan. Henry marriesCatharine, daughter of Charles VI., and is declared heir to the French crown. by the Portuguese. 1422 Amurath II. makes an un- 1422. Death of Henry V. successful assault on Henry VI. becomes Constantinople. king. 1424. The duke of Bedford 1424. Bohemia:— Death of 1425 John VII. emperor. defeats the French at John Ziska, the Hussite Vemeuil. leader. 1426. Italy:— War of the 1428. — besieges Orleans. duke of Milan against Florence and Venice. 1429. The siege raised by 1429. Florence: — Cosmo the Maid of Orleans. de' Medici becomes gonfalonier. 143Q The Turks take Thessa- 1430. — she is taken pris- lonica. oner and burnt (1431). 1431. Henry VI. crowned at Paris. 1432. Venice:— Execution of Carmagnola, the con- dottiere. 1434. Poland:— Vladislav 1435. Death of the duke of III. Bedford, followed by the loss of all the English possessions in France, except Calais (Bordeaux, the last, taken in 1453). 1 437 .Scotland :— James 1 1 . 1437. Hungary:— End of the House of Luxemburg with the death of Sigis- mund. 1438 The emperor visits Italy 1438. Truce with Scotland. 1438. Portugal:— Alfonso -39 to obtain help against the Turks — submits to the pope. V. king. 1440. Hungary: — Vladis- lav III., of Poland, chosen king. ii8 TABULAR VIEWS 1442 A.D.- A.D. Progress OF Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, Spain 1446 1447 1450 1453 Birth of Perugino, founder of the Roman school of painting, teacher of Raphael. Library of the Vatican founded. Regiomontanus, German astronomer. Flourishing period of Flemish trade. — All Eu ropean nations have warehouses at Bruges and Ghent. — Book trade at Mayence. Pletho and Bessarion, Italians, further the re- vival of Platonism. The fall of Constantinople brings Greek scholarship to Italy and accelerates the progress of the Renaissance. 1444. France : — establish- ment of the companies of Archers, the first na- tional standing army. 1447. Felix V. resigns in favor of pope Nicholas V. 1448. Concordat of Sienna 1448. Maine and Anjou Aschaffenburg, by regained by the French^ which the relations of the German church to the papacy are tablished. 1449. The greater part of Normandy overrun by the French. li 1451. Germany: — Expedi- tion of Frederick III. to Rome. 1453. Austria made an archduchy by Frederick. End of the French and English wars. 1453 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 119 1442 1443 1444 1448 1451 1453 Eastern Empire. England, etc. I John Hunyady defeats the Turks at Hermannstadt and at Nissa. Insurrection of Scander beg — victory over the Turks near Nissa. Battle of Varna — Vladis- lav, king of Poland, defeated and killed by the Turks; Servia and Bosnia reduced to sub mission. Constantine XIII. (Palaeo- logus) the last of the Greek emperors. Hunyady defeated at Kossovo. Mohammed II. the Turks. The World, elsewhere. sultan of Siege and capture of Con^ stantinople by the Turks, END OF THE EASTERN EMPIRE. 1444. Truce with France. 1445. Marriage of Henry VI. to Margaret of Anjou. 1447. Gloucester arrested for treason — dies sud denly. 1450. Insurrection of Jack Cade — calling himself Mortimer. 1442. Alfonso V., of Ara- gon, unites the crown of the Two Sicilies. 1447. Poland: — CasimirlV. king. The Visconti become extinct in Milan. 1448. Denmark: — Christian I., of Oldenburg, be- comes king.. Sweden: — C h a r 1 e s VIII. 1450. Italy: — Francesco Sforza, duke of Milan. I20 TABULAR VIEWS 1454 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. England, Scotland, etc. France. Spain and Portugal. 1400| {about). Laurentius Valla, humanist philosopher. 1460 Wood engraving invented Nicholas of Cusa, philoso- phical writer, marks the transition from medieval to Renaissance thought. Philip de Comines, French historian. 1473 1454. Richard, duke of York, becomes pro- tector. 1455. Outbreak of the Wars of the Roses first battle at St. Albans. Scotland : — Struggles between the king and aristocracy for power. 1460. Battle of North- ampton. Battle Wakefield. James III. of Scotland. 1461. Second battle of St. Albans. Edward Earl of March pro- claimed king as Ed ward IV. Gains the battle of Towton. 1464. Battles of Hedg- ley Moor and Hexham. Hungary: — Matthias pat- ronizes literature and the arts. 1469. Warwick banished 1470. Edward IV. flees to Flanders. 1471. Battle of Barnet: — Warwick slain. Bat- tle of Tewkesbury Henry VI. dies in the Tower. 1456. The D auphin Louis seeks refuge at the court of Burgun- dy. 1461. Lo uis XI. becomes king. 1465. The League of the Pub- lic Weal opposes Louis; the peace of Conflans. 1454. Spain : Henry IV. of Castile, 1471. War with Char- les of Bur gundy. 1474. War be tween the Swiss and Charles of Burgundy 1469. M a r - riage of Ferdinand of Aragon, with Isa- bella of Castile. 1475 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 121 Germany. 1456 Hunyadydefends Belgrade against the Turks. 1458 Matthias Corvinus chosen king of Hungary, and George Podiebrad, ol' Bohemia. 1462 1468 1471 1472 Insurrection in Vienna. The emperor besieged in his court — delivered by Podiebrad, of Bohe- War between Bohemia and Hungary. Vladislav, son of Casimir IV. of Poland, becomes king of Bohemia. University of Ingoldstadt founded. Italy. 1454. Peace of Lodi be- tween Milan and Venice. 1455. Com- plete cendencyof Cosmo de' Medici in Florence. 1458. The French rule in Ge- noa. Pope Pius II. (.iBneasSil- vius.) 1463. War of Venice with the Turks 1464. Pi erode" Medici at Florence. Pope Paul II. 1466. Gale- azzo Maria S f o r z a, duke Milan. 1469. Lorenzo de' Medici succeeds Piero. 1471. Sixtus IV. pope. Power of the Medici increases. Learning flourishes. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1456. Turks repulsed at Belgrade which is de- fended by Hunvady and Capis trano. 146.3. War with Ven- ice. 1454. Poland: — Confirm- ation of the national liberties in the statute of Nieszawa. 1454. Poland:— War with the Teutonic Order. 1458. H u n g a r y: — Matthias _ Corvinus — makes his country formidable to her neighbors. 1462. Russia: — Ivan III. the Great succeeds. 1466. Peace of Thorn. — East Prussia a fief of Poland. — West Prus- sia ceded to Poland. 1468. Uzun Hasan, mas- ter of all Persia. 1470. — forms an alliance with the Venetians and the duke of Burgundy against the Turks— conquers Bagdad. 1472. Russia: — Ivan r-arries Sophia, niece of the Greek emperor, 1475. The Crimea sub- jugated by the Turks. 122 TABULAR VIEWS I 476 A.D.- England, Scotland, Spain and ^ A.D. Progress op Society, etc. etc. France. Portugal. 1476. —who 1476. Spain: is defeated Inst i t u- at Granson tion of the and Morat, Santa Her- and mandad or Sacred 1477 Caxton establishes his 1477. —slain Brother- printing press at West- at Nancy. hood for minster. 1480. War with Scotland. Artois and Burgundy united to the French crown. the preser- vation of i n t ernal order. 1479. Union of Castile and Ara- gon under Ferdinand II. and Isabella. 1481. The In- quisition in Seville. Portugal : John II. be- 1483. Edward V., king. 1483. Charles comes king. Richard, Protector. — VIII. be- The king and his comes king. brother murdered in the Tower. Richard III., king. 148.5. Henry, earl of Richmond, lands at Milford Haven. Battle of Bosworth Field;— Richard de- feated and slain. House of Tudor. Henry VII., kmg. 1486 Lady Juliana Bemers, one of the earliest woman writers of England, pub- lishes treatise on sports, "Boke of St. Albans." 1486-87. Lambert Sim- nel, pretender. The Star Chamber established. Leonardo da Vinci, painter, 1487. James IV. in 1487-1494. scul^jtor, architect, and Scotland. The grand- scientist. mastership of the great Marsilio Ficino and John c hi valric Pico Mirandola, Italian orders of Platonists. Spain is as- sumed by 1488 Bartholomew Dias rounds the Cape of Good Hope. the crown. 1490 Martin Bebaim (Nurem- berg) constructs his terrestrial globe. 1490 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 123 Germany. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1477 1479 Marriage of Maximilian and Mary of Burgundy. War between the emperor and Hungary. Maximilian defeats the French at Guinegate 1478. Conspi- racy of the Pazzi at Florence. Giulio, brother of Lorenzo de' Medici, slain. 1484. Inno- cent yiii. pope. 1485 Vienna taken by the Hungarians. 1490 Vladislav of Bohemia I chosen king of Hungary on the death of Matthias I Corvinus. 1479. Peace ^ith Ven- ice; Turks o b t a i n Lemnos and Albania. 1480. — cap- ture and destroy Otranto. 1481. Baja- zet II. the first un war- like sultan. 1485. War with Egypt. 1477. Hungary: — War with Frederick III. 1478. Russia:— Ivan III. captures Novgorod. 1480. The Mongol yoke thrown ofi. 1481. Denmark: — John partially acknow- ledged in Sweden. 1485. Hungary:— Mat- thias Corvinus takes Vienna. 124 TABULAR VIEWS 1 49 1 A.D.- A.D. Progress op Society, etc. England, Scotland, etc. France. Spain and Portugal. 1 1491. Brit- 1492 DISCOVERY OF 1 - tany unit- 1492. Con- A.,x^RICA. ed to the q uest of crown by Granada the king's by Gonsal- m arriage vo de Cor- with Anne. dova. 1493 The second voyage of 1493. Perkin Warbeck Disappear- Columbus. — A Spanish pretends to be Rich- ance of colony at Hispaniola. ard, duke of York. Moorish power. 1494. Poynings' Law 1494. In- Discovery of makes Irish parlia- vasion of America ment dependent on Italy. by Colum- English government. 1495. Battle bus.— The Jews ex- 1497 The discoveries of John 1497. Cabot makes dis- of Fomovo, pelled from -98 and Sebastian Cabot. coveries in America. French Spain. ■Vi^aroeck captured. victory. 1497-98. Vas- 1498 Vasco da Gama reaches 1498. Louis co de Gama India. XII. be- comes king. doubles the Cape of Third voyage of Columbus. Good Hope He discovers Trinidad and reaches " and sights the American India. Continent. Lisbon the great seat of trade — Venice declines. Maritime enterprises great- ly extended. Niccolo Machiavelli, statesman and historian. 1439 Amerigo Vespucius's voy- 1499. Eari bf Warwick, 1499. —in- age. last of the Plantage- nets, executed. vades Italy — conquers the Milan- ese Duchy. 1500. Treaty with Fer- dinand, of Aragon, for the con- quest and partition of 1502 Fourth voyage of Colum- Naples. 1502. Moors bus. 1.503. James IV. of Scotland marries in Spain offered al- Raphael, Michael Angelo, Margaret of England. ternative Titian, Correggio, paint- of baptism ers. '' / or exile. 1505. Alme- ida, Portu- guese gov- ernor in the Indies. 1505 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 125 Germany. Italy. SrTJp,'*lt'^ The World, elsewhere. 1493 1495 Maximilian I. Public peace established, private wars forbidden, the imperial chamber instituted as a supreme court. 1501 Creation of the Aulic Coun- cil. 1502 University of Wittenberg founded. 1492.PieroTI. succe ed s his father Lorenzo in Florence. Pope Al- exander VI. (Bor- gia). 1494. Expe dition of Charles VIII. into Italy. 1501. Par- t it ion of Naples between France and Spain. 1503. Pope Pius III. Pope Julius II. The French de- feated at Cerignola axd Gari- gliano. 1504. Naples annexed to Aragon. 1492. War with Hun gary. 1499. Naval victory over the Venetians at Sapien- ^a. 1492. Poland: — John Albert. America discovered by Columbus. 1493. Spanish colony at Hispaniola. — Alexan- der VI. publishes the Bull of Demarcation. 1497-1503. Voyages of Amerigo Vespucius. — South American coast explored. 1500. Cabral reaches coast of Brazil. 1503. Peace with Hun' gary. 1501. Poland :- ander succeeds. Alex- 1502. Ismail Shah Sufi makes himself sole sovereign of Persia. — Destruction of the Golden Horde and end of Mongol power in Russia. 126 TABULAR VIEWS 1506 A.D.- Progressof Society, etc. England, Scotland, etc France. Spain and Portugal. 1506 St. Peter's begun. 1509. Henry VIII. 1511. — joins the Holy League against France 151.3. Invasion of the Scots. — Battle of Flod- den — the Scottish king killed. James V. 1515. Wolsey, chancellor, and cardinal. 1516 1517 Sir Thomas More'.-; Utopia published. Luther, Erasmus, Melanch- thon, and other reform- Hans Sachs, German meis- tersinger. 1506. Colum- bus dies at Valladolid. 1507, Genoa 1507. Xime- united to nes made France. cardinal. 1510. T h Council ofj Tours, to support the king against the pope. 1511. Holy League formed against France by Pope Ju lius II. Spain, the empire, and Eng land. 1512'. French victory at Ravenna. 1515. Francis I. invades Italy — vie- t o r y of Marignano, Genoa and Milan sub mit. 1516. Con- cordat with the pope instead of Pragmatic Sanction. 1509-10. Oran, Al- giers, and Tripoli subdued by Spain. 1516. Charles I. king of all Spain, and the N e t h e r- lands. 1518 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 127 Germany. IT.A.LY. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1506. Poland:— Sigismund L (the Great). 1.508 Maximilian enters Italy to be crowned by the pope. — joins the League of Cambray. 1508. League ofCambray against Venice form.ed by France, Spain, the emperor, and the pope. 1509. Vene- tians de- feated at Agnadello. 1511. Holy T.,eague to expel the French. Council of Pisa. 1510. America: — Settle- ment at Darien. Goa in India taken by the Portuguese. 1511. America: — Cuba conquered. 1512 — divides the empire into ten circles. — Joins the Holy League. 1513. Pope Leo X. (Giovanni de'Medici\ patron of literature and arts. 1512.SeI;mI. dethrones and puts to death his father. 1514. The P ersi ans defeated at Chaldiran —Georgia and Kur- distan add- ed to the empire. 1513. America: — Florida discovered. South Sea first reached by Balboa. 1515. De Soto reaches the La Plata River. 1516 Louis IL, of Bohemia and Hungary. 1516. Syria conquered. 1517 Commencement of the Reformation. 1517. Egypt conquered. 1518 Luther summoned to Rome; he appeals to a general council. 1518. Khair-ed-din suc- ceeds his brother Arouj (Barbarossa) in Algiers. 128 TABULAR VIEWS I 5 19 A.D. 1519 -22 1526 Progress of Society, etc. England, Scotland, etc. First circumnavigation of the globe, by Magellan. Tyndale's translation of the New Testament brought into England. Ariosto, Italian poet. Hans Holbein, German painter. 1528 Death of Albrecht Diirer 1520. The Emperor Charles V. visits Eng- land. — M e e t i n g of Henry and Francis I. of France at the " Field of the Cloth of Gold." 1521. The doctrines of Luther opposed by Henry, in his book on the Seven Sacraments — he receives the title of "Defender of the Faith. " 1527. The question of Henry VIII. 's divorce submitted to the pope. 1528. Patrick Hamilton burned, first Protest- ant martyr. France. 1521. First war Yr ith Charles V. 1523. The constable of Bourbon joins the emperor against Francis I. The im- perial and English troops in- vade France. 1525. Francis defeated and taken prisoner at Pavia. 1527. Third war with Charles V. 1519-21. Conquest of Mexico by Cortes. 1520-1521. Rising of the Com- muneros in Spain. 1528 A.D. OF UiNIVERSAL HISTORY. 129 Germany. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1519 Charles V., emperor (Charles I. of Spain). 1521 1524 The archduke Ferdinand marries Anne, sister of Louis of Bohemia and Hungary, whence the ac- cession of Bohemia and Hungary to the House of Hapsburg. Diet of Worms. The Peasant Revoltand the Anabaptist movement 1526 The peasants under Thomas Miinzer defeated. Charles marries Isabella of Portugal. Death of Frederick of Saxony. 1522. Pope Adrian VI 1523.Clement VII., pope. 1525. Spain acquires the ascen- dency by the victory of Pavia. 1520. S4) 1 i man, (the Ma gn i fi- cent) be- comes em peror. 1521. B e 1 grade taken by storm. 1522. Rhodes capitulates 1519-1521. Mexico con- quered by the Spaniards under Cortes. 1520. Christian II. of Denmark invades Swe- den, overthrows Sten Sture and perpetrates a massacre at Stockholm. 1526. Inva si o n of Hun ga r y and victory at Mohacs where Louis II., of Hun gary per- ishes. 152.3 Sweden: — Revolt un- der Gustavus Vasa. — The Danes expelled. — Union of Calmar dis solved. Denmark and Nor way : — Frederick I. 1525. Albert, grand-master of Teutonic Order makes East Prussia a secular possession and holds it of the king of Poland. 1526. Baber founds the Mogul dynasty at Delhi.. 1527. The Medici ex- pelled from Florence Rome s to rm e d by the im- peria lists under th* constable of Bourbon 1.528. French ex p elled from Genoa by Doria. I30 TABULAR VIEWS 1529 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. E^fGLAND, Scotland, etc. France. Spain and Portugal. 1530| Spinning wheel invented in Germany. Rabelais, French satirist. 1534 1542 1543 Ignatius Loyola founds the Order of the Jesuits. John Knox, Scottish former. Xavier plants Christianity in India. 1529. Treaty of Cam bray. — France abandons all claims in Ita y. 1532. Calvin preaches, 1529. Fall of Wolsey.— Sir Thomas More, Lord Chancellor. — Rise of Thomas Cromwell. 1533. The king marries Anne Boleyn. Cranmer made arch- bishop of Canterbury 1534. England' breaks away from the Roman church. 1535. Bishop Fisher and Sir Thomas More be headed. Henry makes himself head of the church. 1536. — marries Jane Sey- 1536. Fourth mour. — Suppression of war with the smaller monasteries. Charles V. 1539. Henry marries Anne of Cleves. 1540. Fall of Cromwell. 1542. Mary, queen of Scots — Earl of Arran, regent. Copernicus publishes his 1543. Henry marries De Revolutionibus biutn Cfclesiium. Or- Vesalius's work on Anat- omy. Roger Ascham, tutor Queen Elizabeth. of Catherine Parr. 1544. Henry invades France — takes Boulougne. 1538. Truce of Nice for ten years. Attempt to recover power Italy: hence the 1542. Fifth French war. 1544. Peace of Crespy 1545. T h e Vaudois in F r a nee massacred 1.535. Acqui- sition of Milan by S p a i n. — • Tunis taken by Charles V. 1540. Portu- gal: — Lis- bon, the market of the world. 1542. Com- mercial treaty be- tween Por- tugal and Japan. 1546 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. lU 1529 The Turks besiege Vienna. — Diet of Spires. — Luth- erans first called Protes- tants. 1530 1531 1534 1538 1541 1543 1544 1546 The Diet of Augsburg witnesses the appearance of the Protestant con- fession. The Smalkaldic League organized. Anabaptists under John of Leyden establish them- selves in Miinsten Congress of Nice between the emperor, the pope, and the king of France. The Turks overrun Hun gary. War against France, Diet of Spires. The Smalkaldic war. 1530. Medici restored. — Charles V. crowned at Bologna. 15.34. Paul III pope. 1537. Cosmo de' Medici duke of Florence, 1540. Investi- ture of Mi- lan con ferred bv Charles V. on his son , Philip. 1529. Inva- sion of Ger- many. — Siege of Vienna. The Otto- man navy formidable under Khair-ed- din Barba- rossa. 1545. Council of Trent opened. 1529. Lutheranism es- tablished in Swedt n by action of national council. 1530. Malta given to the knifrhts of Rhodes by- Charles v. Russia: — I van IV.. (the Terrible.) 1533. Norway and Den- mark: — Christian III. 1533-1534. Conquest of Peru by Pizarro com- pleted. 1534-1535. Cortes in lower California. 1535. — who 1535. Cartier in the St. seizes Tu- Lawrence River. nis. — T h e em pe r or, Charles V., 1536. Portugese establish restores themselves in Macao, the Moor- China. ish king. — Turks take 1539. De Soto's expedition sets out. 1540-1542. Coronado's ex- pedition in the south- western United States. 1541. Orellana's voyage down the Amazon. De Soto discovers the Mississippi River. 1545. South America : — Mines of Potosi dis- covered. 1541. De structionof an arma- ment led by Charles V. against Algiers. — - Soliman, theMagnif icent. mas ter of Hun gary. 132 TABULAR VIEWS 1547 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. England, Scotland, etc. France. Spain and Portugal. 1547 1553 The Earl of Surrey, poet, introduces the sonnet into English poetry. Palestrina, founder of Italian church music. Titian, painter. Scaliger, J. C, philologist. Montaigne, French essay- ist. {about). Ralph Roister Dots ter, the first English comedy. Cardan, Italian phil osopher. 1547. Edward VI. Somerset invades Scot- land — defeats the Scots at Pinkie. 1549. The first Prayer Book issued and pre scribed by act of Parlia ment. 1547. Henry II. The famous Catherine de' Medici queen. 1553. Northumberland in trigues to settle the crown on Lady Jane Grey, his daughter-in- law. Death of Edward VI Mary becomes queen. Catholicism restored 1554. The queen marries Philip, of Spain. — Lord Dudley and Lady Jane Grey executed. 1555. Bloody persecution of Protestants. 1552. Sixth war with Charles V 155.3. France obtains possession of Met z, Toul, and Verdun. 1557. War with France to support Spain. 1558. Calais lost. Elizabeth becomes queen. Cecil, Lord Burleigh secretary of state. 1557. The French de- feated at St. Quentin 1558. — at Gravelines 1555. Philip of Spain receives the Nether- lands. 1556. Charies abdicates. — Philip I I., king of S pa in , N et her- lands, Mi- lan, the Si- cilies, and American possessions 1557. Portu • gal: — Se hastian. 1558 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. '^23 1553 Germany. The Smalkaldic forces de feated at Muhlberg. Maurice becomes elector of Saxony. Treaty of Passau secures religious liberty to the Protestants. Fruitless siege of Metz by Charles V. Death of Maurice, of Sax- ony, at Sievershausen. 1555 The Peace of Augsburg- reaffirms toleration of Protestants and con cedes them representa- tion in the Imperial Chamber. 1556 Charles V. abdicates. Ferdinand I., emperor and king of Hungary and Bohemia. Coronation by the pope relinquished. 1550. Julius III., pope. 1551. Second session of Council of Trent. 1555. M a r- cellus II., pope. Paul IV. (Caraffa) , pope. 1557. The grand duchy of Tuscany established under Cos- mo de' Me- dici. 1548. The Turks in- vade Per- sia. 1551. Tripoli taken from the Mal- tese knight 1552. In vasion o Hungary. 1553. War with Persia concluded. The World, elsewhere. 1548. Poland: — Sigismunc II. (Augustus). 1549. The Jesuits enter Brazil. 1550. Antonio de Meudoza viceroy of Peru. Russia: — Ivan, th* Terrible, overthrows the Khanate of Kazan. 1556. India: — Jelal-ed-din Akbar becomes Mogul ernperor, a patron of science and literature, aided by his ministers Abu Fael and Sheikh Faizi. — raises the Mogul empire to its greatest splendor. ^34 TABULAR VIEWS 1559 A.D.- A. D. Progress of Society, etc. England, Scotland, etc. France. Spain and Portugal. 1559 Foundation of Geneva Academy (now the Uni- versity). 1559. Protestantism es- tablished by Acts of Uniformity and Supre- 1559. Peace of Gateau - Cambresis 1559. Mar- garet of Parma be- Foundation of Jesuit Col- leges in opposition to Protestant Schools. The first at Coimbra, in Portugal. macy. The Puritans begin to appear. and end of struggle between France and the empire Francis II., Duke of Guise in power. comes re- gent of the Nether- lands with Granvella as her counsellor. 1560 Ronsard and the other poets of the PlHade in France. 1560. Scotland:— Catholi- cism abolished by parlia- ment. 1560. Charles IX., Paolo Veronese, painter. Guarini, Italian poet. 1562. O'Neill's rebellion in Ireland. 1562. Relig- ious liberty granted to the Hugue- nots. First civil relig- ious war- Huguenots supported by E n g- 1 an d — de- feated at Dreux. 1564 Death of Michael Angelo and of Calvin, birth of Shakespeare. 1563. Peace of Am - boise ends war. Camoens, Portuguese poet. • Justus Lipsius, scholar. Thomas Tallis, English musician. 1565. Scotland: — Mary marries Lord Darnley. Revolt of Protestants. 1565. Occu- pation of the Philip- pines by the Span- ish. 1567. Shane O'Neill de- feated and killed. Scotland : — Darnley mur- dered — the queen marries earl of Bothwell — is de- throned and imprisoned at Lochleven. 1567. The second war — Hugue- nots de- feated at St. Denis. 1567. Duke of Alva, gov- ernorofthe Nether- lands; he establishes the Bloody Tribunal. James VI., king of Scotland. 1567 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. I.3S A.D. Germany. Italy. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 15.59. Pius IV (Medici) 1559. Denmark and Nor- way: — Frederick II. Peace of C a t ea u - Cpmbrcsis terminates the French Decrease of the in- fluence of the Hanse towns. v.- a r s in Italy. 1562 Maximilian elected king of the Romans. 1562. Council of Trent reassem- bled. 1560. Fleet of the Italian states de- feated at the island of Djerbe. 1560. Sweden:— Eric XIV. becomes king. 1562. Ribault's colony at Port Royal. 1564 Maximilian II., emperor. 1565. Unsuc- cessful siege of Malta which is defended by the knights under La Valette. 1564. CoHgny sends a second colony of Hugue- nots to Horida — de- stroyed by the Span- iards. (1565).— St. Au- gustine founded, 1565. 1566 Szigeth in Hungary taken by the Turte. 1566. Pius v., pope. 1566. Death of Spliman at the siege of Szigeth. SelimlL, sultan. ^ 136 TABULAR VIEWS 1568 A.D.- .'..D. Progress of Society, etc. England, Scotland, etc. France. Spain and Portugal. 1568. Mary, queen of Scots , 15r8. Treaty takes refuge in England of Lo ng • and is imprisoned. jum e a u ends war. 1569. Third civil war. Huguenots routed at Jamac. — Conde de- feated at montcon - tour. 1570. Elizabeth excom- 1570. War municated by the pope. with the Turks. Scotland: — Lennox re- gent. 1571. Naval victory at Le pan 1 won by John of 1572 Camoens publishes his Lusiads. 1572. Mass- acre of St. Bartholo- mew. Fourth civil war. 1573. Peace of Rochelle. 1574. Henry III. be- comes king. Fifth war Austria. 1576 University of Leyrten 1575. The sovereignty of with the founded. Holland offered to Eliza- beth and declined. Huguenots 1576. The Catholic League. 1576Antwerp sacked by the Span- ish soldiers. The Paci- fication of Ghent con- cluded by John of Austria. 1577 Sir Francis Drake begins 1577. Sixth 1577. The his voyage round the religious Perpetual world. war. Edict pub- lished. Tasso, Italian poet. 1577 A.D. UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 137 Germany. Italy. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1568 The duchy of Pnissia made hereditary in the House of Hohenzollem. 1575 1570 Ma.ximilian II. seeks the Polish throne. Rudolph II., emperor king of Bohemia and Hungary. The Catholic reaction ^.akes rapid propress in the Austrian dominions. 1569. Flor- ence be- comes the gran d duchy of Tuscany. Cosmo de' Medici declared grand duke ofTuscany by Pius V. 1570. War of Venice with the Porbe. 1571. Cyprus reduced hx the Turks. Battle Lepanto. 1572.Gregory XIII., pope 157.3. Cyprus yielded to the Porte by Venice 1574. Flor- ence: Fran cesco Maria succ eeds Cosmo. 1573. Peace with Ven ice. 1574. Amu rath III. 1568. Sweden: — John III. becomes king. 1569. Poland and Lithua- nia united by the Diet of Lublin. 1570. Peaceof Stettin, be- tween Denmark and Sweden. 1571. Russia raided by the khan of Crimea. Moscow burnt. 1572. Extinction of the Ja- gellonian dynasty in Poland with Sigismund Augustus. The crown becomes elective. 1573. Japan: — Fall of the Ashikaga shoguns; No- bunaga supreme. 1574. Poland: — Henry of Valois chosen king; he escapes to France. 1575. Poland: — Stephen Bathori chosen king; he strengthens the Jesuits. 138 TABULAR VIEWS 1578 A. A.D. Progress of Society, etc. England, Scotland, etc. France. Spain and Portugal. 1578. Sebas- tian i n - vades Mor- occo and perishes in the battle of Alcazar- quivir. Port.:— Henry I. 1579. Union 1579. Marriage negotiations of Utrecht, between Elizabetn and beginning the Duke of Anjou. 1580. The of ij u t c h i n dep en - dence. 1580. Portu- gal falls un- 1581. Levant Company seventh der Spanish IJb^ Gregorian reformation of the calendar. Tycho Brahe, astronomer. chartered. 1585. Raleigh's colony in Virginia. War with Spain. war. 1584. The Catholic League re- organized. 1585. Eighth war, the war of the three Henries. dominion. 158b Tobacco brought to Eng- land. 1586. Earl of Leicester lands in Holland with an English army. Sir Philip Sidney killed at Zutphen. 1587. Execution of Mary Stuart. 1588. The Spanish Armada 1588. Revolt 1588. Defeat destroyed. of Paris against Henry III. and for the Guises. 1589. Assass- ination of Henry III ; H u s e of Bourbon Henry IV. He wins the battle of Arques. of the Spanish armada. 1589. English volunteers under Drake and Norris, re- pulsed from Lis- bon. 1590 Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia. Spenser. The Carracci, celebrated painters of Bologna. Kepler, astronomer. 1590. Battle of Ivry. 1590 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 139 1 Ottoman f A.D. Germany. Italy. Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1579 Duke "William, of Bavaria, 1579. English 1579. Commencement of friend of the Jesuits. c omm er- the Dutch Republic by The imperial authority cial repre- the Union of Utrecht: disregarded by the sentatives William, prince of princes of the empire. in Constan- Orange, stadtholder. who wage war among tinople. themselves. 1580. Charies Emmanuel duke of Sa- voy. 1585. Sixtus v., pope, active and energetic— corre cts abuses in the church 1581. First trade with England . 1583. English ambassador sent to Con- stantinople. 1584. William of Orange assassinated. 1585. North America: — First English colony founded in Virginia, by Sir W. Raleigh. Persia acquires power under Abbas the Great. 1586 Struggle in Saxony be- erects 1586. Battle of Zutphen: tween Lutherans and building death of Sir Philip Calvinists. for Vatican library. 1590. Urban \ II., pope. Gregory XIV., pope. Sidney. 1587. Poland: — Sigismund III., king. 1588. Denmark: — Christian IV. 140 TABULAR VIEWS I 591 A.D.- 1591. Troops sent to France to aid Henry IV 1593. Act for religious con formity. 1596. Cadiz attacked and the Spanish fleet burnt by the earl of Essex. 1598. Revolt of O'Neal, earl of Tyrone. 1593. Henry abjures Protestan- tism. 1594. Paris submits to Henry. Jesuits banished. 1595. War with Spain. 1598. Peace of Vervins Edict of Nantes — granting toleration to Protes- tants. Ministry of Sully. 1598. Philip III., king of Spain. 1598 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 141 Germany. Italy. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1593 War with Turkey. 1591. Inno- cent IX., pope. 1592. Clement VIII., pope 1596 Imperialists defeated by the Turks in the battle of Keresztes. 1593. War with the empire in Hungary. 1594. The grand vi- zier takes Raab. 1595. Moham- med III. Turkish power in Hungary decl ines ; defeated at Gran — revolt of Wallachia. 1596. Mo- hammed leads his troops, and defeats the Germans at Keresz tes. 1592. Japanese undei" Hideyoshi invade Corea. Sweden: — Sigismund III., of Poland, succeeds to the Swedish crown. 1595. The regent Charles assumes independent authority. 1598. Russia:— The house of Rurik becomes ex- tinct in the person of Feodor I. Boris Godunov suc- ceeds. .Sigismund lands in Sweden, to re-establish his power — but is de- feated and returns to Poland. 142 TABULAR VIEWS 1600 England, Scotland, A.D. Progress of Society. America. etc. France. 1600 Shakespeare, Fletcher. Beri 1600. The Gowrie con- 1600. Henri Jonson. — Napier inven- spiracy in Scotland. IV. mar tor of logarithms. 1601. Earl of Essex ries Mari de' Medici Lord Bacon, celebrated beheaded. philosopher. 1603. James I, — Union 1603. T h « Lope de Vega, Spanish of the English and Jesuit dramatist. Scotch crowns. re -ent e France. English East India Com- pany chartered. William Gilbert publishes his work on magnetism. 1604 Conference at Hampton Court. New translation of the Bible begun (published 1611). 1604. Port Royal, Acadia, colo- nized by the French (De Monts and Poutrincourt). 1605 Cervantes's Don Quixote (first part) appears. 1607. English settlement at Jamestown (first perma- nent one in North Amer- ica). 1608. Quebec founded. 1609. Hudson in 1605. The Gunpowder Plot. 1609. The charter of 16101 (1608?) Telescope invented New York Bay. the East India Com- 1610. Henr in Holland. pany renewed. 1611. Colonization of Ulster in Ireland by English and Scotch. IV., wit E ngla n and Ho! land, plan the down fall of th Hapsburg power. Assassi- nation Henry IV by Ravai! lac. L u i XIII., king, Mari de' Medic regent. l6l3 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 143 Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Germany. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. Leo XI., pope. Paul v., pope. 1609 Tuscany:- Expulsion Moors. i^osmoll. of the Leghorn the empo- rium of the i^evant trade. 1606. Peace be tween the em pire and the Turks. 1608. Protestant Union, under Frederick, the elector pala- tine. 1609. The Catho- lic League, un- der the Duke of Bavaria. Bohemia re- ceives a royal charter. 1612. Matthias emperor. 1601. Shah Abbas of Persia be gins the re conquest of lost pro- vinces. 160.5. Shah Abbas wins the battle of Basso- rah. 1613. Sinope on the Black Seaplunder- ed by the Cossacks. 1603. Japan: — Tokugawa lyeyasu makes himself shogun; his descendants retain power till 1868. 1604. Sweden: Charles IX. 1605. India: — Jehangir, Mogul emperor. Russia:Death of Boris Godunoff; appearance of the false Demetrius; anarchy. 1609. India:— Arrival of Hawkins, first English envoy from the East In- dia Company. 1611. Sweden: — Gustavus Adolphus, king. — War with Denmark. — Axel Oxenstiern, minister. 1612. Russia: — A national uprising under Minin and Pozharski leads to the expulsion of the Poles. 1613. Russia: — Michael Romanoff, czar, founder of the present ruling line. 144 TABULAR VIEWS 1614 A.D.- Progress op Society, etc. America. England, Scotland. etc. 1616 1619 1620 1622 1627 1614. Manhattan Island settled by the Dutch- Death of Shakespeare and Cervantes. Negro slavery introduced into Virginia. Bacon's Novum Organum. Thermometers invented by Drebbel. Inigo Jones, celebrated architect. Martin Opitz, German poet. First newspaper (weekly) in England, Peter Paul Rubens, painter. Massinger, the dramatist. The Parian marbles brought to England by the earl of Arundel. Harvey publishes his work on the circulation of the blood. Edward Coke, the great jurist. 1619. Negro slaves first im- ported to Vir ginia. 1620. Emigration of Pilgrims to New England and founding of Plymouth. 1621. John Car ver, 1st Gover nor of Ply mouth. 1623. New Hamp shire settled. 1625. Maine set tied. 1614. King resorts to iienevolences. 1618. Francis Bacon lord chancellor. Sir Walter Ra- leigh executed. 1621. Bacon i m peached. 1625. Charles I. 1627. War with France in support of the Huguenots. 1614. Last as- sembly of the States- General be- fore the Re- volution. 1615. The king mar- ries Anne, of Austria. Civil War: C o n d e heads . the H u g u e- nots. 1617. Ascen- dency of Luynes be- gins. 1620. Rising of the Hu- guenots. 1624. Minis- try of Car- dinal Rich- elieu. 1627 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 145 Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Germany. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1618 1621 1623 1625 Conspiracy of Bed mar, the Spanish envoy, to reduce Venice under sub jection to Spain. Spain supports the emperor in Ger many. Philip IV. Italy: — Gregory XV. pope. Tuscany: — F e r d i- nand II. Italy: — The famous library of the ^^ala- tine at Heidelberg sent to Rome. Urban VIII., pope. Spain: — Naval war with England. 1618. The Thirty Years' War be gins. 1619. Ferdinand II., emperor. Fer dinan d deposed by the Bohemians who chose as king the elector palatine. 1620. Victory of the White Mountain near Prague gained by the imper ial forces over the palatine king of Bo hernia. 1626. Victory of Wallens t ein over Mansfeld at Dessau, and victory of Til ly over Chris tian IV., of Denmark, at Lutter. 1617. Musta pha I. 1618. Oth man II. 1616. India: — Sir Thomas Roe, ambassador from James I., of England. Manchus invade China. 1617. Sweden predomi- nates in the north. 1618. Netherlands:— T h e Synod of Dort. Armin ianism condemned. 1620. War with Po land, and victory at Jassy. 1623. Amu- rath (Mu- rad) IV; restores tranquilli- ty. 1621. Dutch West India Company incorporated. 1622. Persia: — O r m u z gained from the Portu- guese by the help of the English. 1625. Netherlands: — Breda taken by Spinola. 146 TABULAR VIEWS 1628 A.D. A.D. t'ROGRESs OP Society, etc. America. England, Scotland, etc. France. 1628. John Endi- cott at Salem. 1629. Quebec taken by Eng- lish under Kirke. 1629. Parliament dis- solved and no Parlia- ment for eleven years. 1628. La Ro- chelle re- duced by the royal troops; end of Hugue- not am- bitions. 1630. Boston founded by Winthrop. Peace with France 1630. and with Spain. 1631. Treaty with Swe- den against the em- peror. 1633 Galileo before the Inquisi- tion. 1633.Wentworth made lord-deputy of Ire- land and Laud, arch- bishop of Canterbury. The king visits Scotland . — Is crowned at Edin- burgh. 1634. Maryland settled by a colony sent out by Lord Balti- more. 1634. Writs for ship- money issued. 1634. Bern- hard of Saxe-Wei- mar in the French ser- vice. 1635 French Academy founded. Death of Lope de Vega, Spanish dramatist. Pedro Calderon de la Barca, Spanish dramat- ist. 1635.Connecticut settled from Massachusetts ; Guada lou pe and Martini- que, by the French. 1635. Alli- ance with Holl and against Spain, for the parti- tion of the Spanish Nether- lands. Alliance with Swe- den against Austria. i635 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 147 Italv, Spain, and Portugal. Germany. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1628 1630 1631 Italy: — General Italian war on the death of the duke of Mantua, Spain : — Peace with England, Italy: — Peace of C hera sc o, — The influence of France increases. 1628.Wa!lenstein recovers all the shores of the Baltic, except Stralsund. 1629. The Edict of Restitution published. 1630. Gustavus Adolphus lands in Germany. — Diet of Ratis bon. — Wallen- stein dismissed, succeeded by Tilly. 1631. Sack of Magdeburg, by Tilly. — Gusta vus Adolphus wins the battle of Breitenfeld (Leipzig). 1632. Defeat and death of Tilly, at the Lech Gustavus takes Munich. — Wal- lenstein again in command.— Battle of Lilt zen. — Victory and death of Gustavus Adol phus. 1634. Wall en stein assassi nated. — Bern- hard of Wei mar defeated at Nordlingen 1635. Peace of Prague be- tween the em- peror and Saxony. 1632. Revolt of Spahis and Janis saries sup' pressed. 1628. Persia:— Death of Shah Abbas and succes- sion of Shah Soofi I. 1629. Peace of Liibeclc between the empire and Christian IV., of Den- mark. 1632. Sweden: — Christina, queen. — Oxenstiem, re- gent. P o 1 a n d: — Vladislav IV., king. Russia: — War with Poland; siege of Smol- ensk. 1633. Union of Heilbronn, between Sweden and tho German Protestants. 1634. Peace of Wiasma, disadvantageous to- Russia. 148 TABULAR VIEWS 1635 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. America. England, Scotland, etc. France. 1636 Comeille's Cid, the be ginning of the French classical drama. Van _ Dyke, Rembrandt painters. 1639 1640 First printing-press in the United States at Cam- bridge. The Connecticut Constitu tion. The Jansenists, followers of Jansenius, bishop of Ypres. Claude Lorraine, French painter. Death of Rubens. Thomas Hobbes, philoso- phical writer. 1636. Rhode Is land settled. 1636. Harvard College found- ed. 1638. Delaware settled. 1639. First print ing office ii America, at Cambridge, by Stephen Daye Sa y brook. Conn., founded 1641. Montreal founded. 1637. Hampden op- poses ship-money. Troubles in Scot- land caused by Charles's plan to overthrow the Scotch Presbyterian church and to en force episcopacy. 1639. Episcopacy abol- ished in Scotland. First Bishops' war. 1640. Parliament sembled - — dissolved without effecting anything. The Scotch invade England, take pos- session of Newcastle The Long Parlia- ment, Nov. 3. Impeachment of Strafford and Laud. 1641. Strafford be- headed. — Courts of Star Chamber and High Commission abolished. The Grand Ramon strance. 1642. Civil War and Revolution. — Battle of Edgehill, inde cisive. 1635. Inva- sionof Gas- conybythe Spaniards, and of P i car dy, by the. im- perialists, who threat- en Paris. 1637. The French occupy Artois. 1640. Turin taken by the French; Alsace occupied. 1641-42. Al- liance with P ortugal against S p a i n. — Catalonia and Rous- sillonrevolt and submit to France. 1642. Cinq Mars and de Thou beheaded. Death of Richelieu. 1642 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 149 Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Germany. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1640 1636. Swedes vic- torious at Witt - stock over the Saxons. 1637. Ferdinand III., emperor Gallas suc- cessful against the Swedes. 1638. Bernhard of Saxe-Wei mar, defeats the imperial- ists at Rhein- feld — takes Breisach. 1639. Battle of Chemnitz gain edby the Swe dish general Ban^r. Portugal regains her 1640. Branden- independence under John IV., of Braganza. burg: — Fred- derick William, the Great Elec tor. 1642. The Swedes under Torsten- son defeat the Austrians at Leipzig. 1635. Amu- rath takes Erivan. 1638. Bagdad taken by the Turks. 1640. Ibra- him, sultan. 1639. Holland: — Great naval victory by Van Tromp, over the Spanish fleet in the Downs. India: --Madras found- ed by the English. ISO TABULAR VIEWS 1643 A.D.- , iEngland, Scotland, A.D. Progress of Society, etr. America. ' 1 etc. France. 1643 Torricelli invents the ba- 1643 Confedera- 1643. Royalists vic- 1643. Louis rometer. tion of the col- torious at Chalgrove XIV. (the onies ot New and other places; Great). England, for battle of Newbury. Anne, of mutual d e- Solemn League and A ustria, fence. covenant between the Scotch and Eng- lish parliaments. regent. Victory of Rocroi over the 1644 Milton's Areopagitica. 1644. Union of 1644. Battle of Marston Spaniards, Providenceand Moor — royalists de- bytheduke Rhode Island. feated. of Enghien. Ministry of Cardinal Mazarin. 1645 Death of Grotius. 1645. Battle of Naseby. 1645. The French win 1646. The Jesuit 1646. The king seeks the battle missionary Jo- refuge in the Scot- of Nord- gues killed by tish camp. lingen. the Mohawks. John Eliot be- gins his work among the In- dians. 1647 George Fox begins public 1647. Peter Stuy- 1647. — is delivered up work. vesant, gover- nor of New Amsterdam. to parliament. • 1648 Pascal's experiments in 164S. Cambridge 1648. Cromwell routs 1648. Fac- air pressure. platform adop- the Scotch. — The tion of the ted in Massa- Presbyterians ex- F rond e ; chusetts pelled from parlia- ment, which receives the name of " tne Rump." dissensions f mented byCardinal de Retz. — The Peace of Westphalia gives to F r a nee, Metz.Toul, Verdun , Alsace, and Brei- sach. 1649. Act of Tol- 1649. Trial and execu- 1649. Court eration passed tion of the king. removes to in Maryland. The Commonwealth. Cromwell subdues Ireland. Sack of St. Ger- main. Drogheda. 1649 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 151 Italy, Spain, and Ottoman . — — A.U. Portugal. Germany. Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1643. Negotia- tions begun at Miinster lead- ing to thePeace of Westphalia. 1644 Innocent X., pope. 1644-45. Upris- ing in Hungary under Rakoczy — the emperor forced to yield to the demands of the Protes- 1644. China:— Establish- ment of the Manchu dy- nasty. Naval victory of the Swedes over the Danish fleet. tants. 1645. War with Ven- ice. Crete the theatre of war. 1645. Sweden: — Peace of Bromsebro with Den- mark. Russia: — Alexis, czar» 1647 Revolt of Naples, under Masaniello. 1647. Netherlands:— Wil- liam II. 1648. Peace of 1648. Moham- 1648. Poland:— The W estp ha 1 ia med IV. Ukraine Cossacks revolt signed at Miin- The khan under Bogdan Chmiel- ster and at Os- of Crimea nicki and defeat the nabruck.— The raids Rus- Poles. principle of a sia and John Casimir, king. balance of Poland power in carrying off Europe first 40,000 recognized. — prisoners. Swit zerland The Turks and the Dutch begin a Netherlands twenty declared inde- years' siege pendent. of Candia. Prague taken by the Swedes. 1649. Naval defeat by the Vene- tians in the Archi- pelago. \ I!?2 TABULAR VIEWS 1650 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc England, Scotland etc. France. 1650 1651 1653 1654 Milton's controversy with Salmasius. — Death of Descartes. Hobbes's Leviathan. Jeremy Taylor, Algernon Sidney, English writers. Lebrun, French painter. 1651. Navigation Act passed. 1652. Maine towns as far cast as Casco joined to Mas sachusetts. Walton's Compleat Angler l&Cio. Settlement of North Caro- lina under royal patent. Air pump invented by von Guericke. Uioo. Stu^'^•esant conquers New Sweden (Dela- ware). 1650. Cromwell defeats the Scots at Dunbar.l The Scots proclaim Charles II. He en- 1651. ters England — is defeated at Wor^ cester, and escapes to France. I The Navigation Act passed. 1652. Naval war with Holland. — Blake defeated by Tromp. 1653. Long Parliament dissolved by Crom well.- 1 sum- Parliament" moned. Oliver Cromwell Lord Protector. Milton private secretary to Crom- well. 1654. Peace of West- minster. — Alliance with Holland. 1655. War with Spain — Jamaica conquered by Penn. 1657. Cromwell refuses the crown. 1650. Peace concluded b e t w e en the Court and Parlia- m e n t . — C ond 6 , Conti, and L o n g ue- ville im- prisoned. — T u renne flees to the Spaniards. 1652. Maza- rin retires to Sedan. Conde flies to Spain. War be- tween Tur- enne and Conde; the latter de- feated at B 1 e ne a u and at Paris. 1653. Maza- rin enters Paris in triumph. 1654. By the treaty of Basle, France se- cures Al- sace. 1656. Strife between Jansenists and Jesuits. m 1657 A.D OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 153 Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Germany. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1654 1655 16.55 -56 1651. Formation of Catholic and Protestant Leagues. Brazil recovered by Portugal from the Dutch. Italy :• — Alexander VII., pope. War between Eng land and Spain. 1656. The elector of Brc.ndenburg allies himself with Sweden against Poland. 1657. By the treaty of Weh- lau, Poland cedes Prussia to the elector. 1056. Mo- hamm e d Kio pri li, grand vi- zier. 1657.Lemnos and Tene- dos taken from the Venetians. 165.3. Holland:— John de Witt, grand pensionary; De Ruyter, admiral. 1653. Defeat and death of Tromp off Portland in the English Channel. Swede n: — Christina resigns. Charles X. first of the House of Zweibriicken. Poland : — War with Russia ; Smolensk taken by the Russians. The Cossacks place theme elves under Russian suzerainty. 1655. Charles X. of Sweden invades Poland. 1658. Denmark: — War against the Swedes, who overrun Denmark, and menace Copenhagen. 154 TABULAR VIEWS 1658 A.D.- Progress OP Society, etc America. England, Scotland, etc. France. 1660 1662 1665 1666 1667 1668 1658. Death of Crom I w e 1 1. — R i c h a r d Cromwell, Protector 1659. Laval- 1659. Richard Crom Montmorency made bishop of New France. About this time flourish Corneille, La Fontaine, La Rochefoucauld, Ma dame de Sevigne, Moliere Racine, Boileau, and Pascal in France. Royal Society at London founded. Velasquez and Murillo Spanish painters. Bernini, Italian sculptor. Canal of Languedoc, from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, begun. Gobelin tapestry manu factory in Paris, found ed by Louis XIV. Salvator Rosa, landscape painter. Huygens, Dutch astrono mer. Persecution of Jansenists in France. Foundation of the Aca demy of Sciences, at Paris. Paradise host published. Cassini, Italian astrono- mer and mathematician. , D'Herbelot, Bourdaloue, LaBruyere.Malebranche, French writers. Reflecting telescope made by Sii Isaac Newton. 1662. Charter ob tained from Charles II. for Connec ticut and New Ha ven. 1663. Carolina granted to Lord Claren don and others Mason and Di.xon's 1 i n ( begun. Eliot's In dian B i b 1 < printed. 1664. New Am sterdam occu pied by the English. 1665. Union of Conne c ticut and New Ha- ven. 1667. Acadia ceded to France by the peace of Breda. well resigns. — Rump parliament called but soon expelled. General Monk sup ports parliament against the army. 1660. Charles II. Hyde earl of Clarendon chancellor. Military tenures abolished. 1661. New parliament Episcopacy re- established in Scot- land. 1662. Marriage of Charles II. to Cathe rine of Portugal. Act of Uniformity Dunkirk sold to France. 1664. War with Hoi land. 1665. Naval victory by the duke of YorK at Solebay. Great Plague London 1666. Great Fire in London. 1659. Peace of the Pyr- enees. 1660. Mar- riage of Louis XIV. to Maria Theresa, of Spain. 1661. Death of Mazarin. Colbert, ■ intendant of finance. Lyonne, Le Tellier. 1662. Dis- putes with the pope. —6000 troops sent against the Turks in Hungary. 1664. French East India and West India Com- panies 1665. Colbert becomes controller- general of finance. 1667. Peace of Breda, New Netherlands ceded to England. Fall and banish- ment of the earl of Clarendon. 1668. Triple alliance- England, Sweden, 1667. War with Spain. Louis claims Fl a n d e r s for his w i f e — i n- vades the Spanish Nether' lands. 1668. Peace of Aix-la- and Holland, against C h a p e 1 1 e France. I with Spain. 1 668 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 155 Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Germany. Ottoman Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1658. Leopold I. 1660. In the peace of Oiiva Poland recog nizes the inde pendence of East Prussia under the elector of Brandenburg. 1665 1667 1G68 Victory of the Por- 1663. The diet tuguese over the permanent at Spaniards at Ratisbon. Estremoz. Spain: — CharlesII. The victory of Villa Viciosa es- tablishes Portu- guese indepen- dence. 1664. Montecu- culi victorious over the Turks atSt.Gotthard Clement IX., pope, Portugal: — Re volution at Lis- bon. King de- posed. Pedro II, Peace of Lisbon with Spain. 1663. Inva sion of Hungary under A c h m e t Kioprili ; Germany threatened ; Turks de feated at St. Gott- hard(1664) sign treaty of Vasvar giving the sultan su- zerainty over Tran- sylvania. Crete tak- e n from Venice by Kioprili. 1658. Denmark: — Naval victory over the Swedes. Peace of Roskilde. India: — Aurungzeb makes himself emperor. 1660. Denmark; — Peace of Copenhagen. Revolution in Den- mark; absolute mon- archy established. Sweden: — Charles XI. Peace of Oliva gives Livonia and Esthonia to Sweden. Prussia acknowledged independent. 1664. Rise of the Mahratta power in India: Sivaji takes and sacks Surat. 1667. Poland:— Great victory of Marshal John Sobieski over the Tar- tars. Holland: — Peace of Breda: loss of New Netherlands. Peace of Andrussovo between Poland and Russia. 156 TABULAR VIEWS 1669 A.D. Progress of Society, etc. America. England, Scotland etc. France. 1669 Phosphorus discovered. 1675 1678 Christopher Wren, archi tect, commences St Paul's. Ruysdael, celebrated Dutch painter. William Temple, historian Butler, Waller, and Dry- den , English poets ; Henry More, Leighton, Baxter Boyle. Mansart, architect. John Bunyan, Pilgrim's Progress. 1670. Conclusion of the "Ameri can treaty' (Madrid) be tween England and Spain. Charleston founded. 1675-76. King Philip's War in New England. Bacon's Re- bellion in Vir ginia. 1677. Maine pur chased by Massachusetts 1670. The Cabal min istry. — Secret treaty with France against Holland. — C h a r 1 a s the pensionary of Louis XIV. 1672. War with Hol- land in conjunction with France. 1673. Test Act passed. Ministry of Danby. 1674. Peace with Hol- land. 1678. The " Popish Plot" excitement Rise of the names of Whigs and Tories. 1672. War with Hol- land. 1673. French ambassa- dor at Is- pahan. 1674. The Imperialists defeated at the battle of S i n s - h e i m . — T ur e n ne ravages the Pala- t i n a t e . — Battle of Seneffe be- tween Conde and William of Orange. 1675. Death of Turenne at S a 1 z - bach. 1677. Victory over the Prince of Orange at Mont-Cas- 1678.' Peace of Nime- guen with Holland and Spain — restores tranquil - lity to Eu- rope. — ■ France wins Fran- che-Comte. France the most form- i d a b 1 e power i n Europe. 1678 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 157 Italy, Spain, and Ottoman A.D. Portugal. Germany. Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1669 Nithard, the Jesuit, dr i V e n from Spain. 1670 Cosmo III., grand duke of Tuscany. Clement X., pope. 1670. Denmark:— Chris- tian V. 1671 Spain AHiancewith Holland. 1672. The em- 1672. The 1672. Sea fight between peror and sultan in- the Dutch fleet, under elector of vades Po- De Witt and De Ruyter, Brandenburg land. and the English and ally themselves French fleets — Dutch de- with Holland feated. against France. Holland: William III., 1673. War of the 1673. —de- stadtholder. empire and feated by France. Sobieski at 1673. Treaty of Choczim. 1674 Revolt of Messina The Hague 1674. Poland:— John So- in favor of against France bieski. France. 1675. Turenne 1675. The Swedes invade 1676 Messina blockaded and Monte- 1676. Peace Brandenburg and are by the Dutch cuculi opposed of Zurawno defeated at Fehrbellin. and Spanish on the Rhine. with Po- fleets. The elector of land. Death of De Brandenburg Ruyter. defeats the Innocent XI., Swedes at 1677. Battle of the Lund; pope. Fehrbellin and gains Pomer- ania. 1678. Hungarian revolt under Tokolyi. 1678. First war with Russia be- gins. between the Swedes and Danes; the latter de- feated. 158 TABULAR VIEWS 1680 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. America. Great Britain. France. 1680 1681 1684 1687 (about) Tramways with wooden rails near New castle. Penny post established in London. Lully, from Florence founder of French opera. John Dryden's Absalom and Achitophel. Increase Mather, American theologian. Molinos, founder of Quiet- ism. 1682. Founding of Philadel phi a by Wil liam Penn. (about) Telegraphs invent- 1684. Massachu ed. setts deprived of its charter. Newton's Principia pub lished. 1686. Sir Ed mund Andros governor of New England 1688. General suppression of charter govern- ments. of King Wii liam's War Leisler i n, New York 1683. "Ryehouse Plot." Execution of Lord Russell and Algernon Sidney. Mutiny at Bom bay. 1685. James II. Rebellion of Mon- mouth, in England, and Argyle, in Scot- land; both defeated and executed. Judge Jeffreys. 1686. The king favors the Catholics; establishes the Court of High Com mission. 1687. Declaration of Indulgence pub- lished. 1688. "Revolution of 1688."— The Whigs, apply to the prince! of Orange, who lands' in England with an army — the king flees to France. 1681. The French seize Strassburg. 1683. Inva- sion of the Spanish N ether- lands. 1684. Truce of Ratis- bon for twenty years with Spain. 1685. Revo- cation of the Edict of Nantes. 1688. War of Spain, the League of • Augs- burg, the empire, Holland, Savoy, and England agai ns t 1689. Beginning' 1689. William III. and! 1689. Grand Mary II. I alliance The Bill of Rights.l against Toleration Act, and France Mutiny Bill passed. headed by War with France. William James II. lands in III. Ireland — besieges Londonderry. 1689 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 159 A.D. Italy, Spain, and Portugal. Germany, Ottoman Empire. The World, el&ewhere. 1680 Duke of Medina- 1680. Great part 1680. Sweden:— Diet of Ci^li first minis- of Alsace seiz- Stockholm. The king ter in Spain^ ed by France. 1682. War with the empire. becomes absolute, 1682. Russia: — Ivan and Peter rule, their sister Sophia, regent. 1683. Turkish 1683. Total 1683. Denmark: — The war; siege of rout be- Code of King Christian Vienna by the fore Vi- published. Turk s — v i c - enna. The toryot the Ger- vizier mans and Poles Kara Mus- under Charles tapha put of Lorraine to death. 1684 Genoa bombarded and John So- 1684. Alliance by the French. bieski. of Venice with Po- land and the em- pire against the Porte. 1686 The duke of Savoy 1686. League of 1686. Russia 1686. India:— The Dekkan persecutes the Augsburg or- dec lares conquered by Aurung- Vaudois. ganized against France. Buda taken after being held by the Turks 145 years. 1687. D^ecisive victory of Mo- hacz: Croatia war. Venice conquers the Morea; Buda taken b y the Im p aria- lists. 16:i7. Revolu- t i n in Co nst an- zeb. and Transyl- t i nopl e ; 1688. Prussia:— Frederick vania subdued. M oham- III. Joseph I. med de- crowned king throned of Hungary. Solyman II. 1687. Athens bombarded by the Ve- netians. 1689 Revolt of Cata- 1689. Grand al- 1689. Russia: — Peter the lonia in favor of liance ratified Great begins personal France. at Vienna. rule after overthrowing Alexander The Palati- his sister Sophia and VIII.. pope. nate desolated by the French. repressing the Streltsi. First trade with China. India: — Height of the Mogul power under Au- rungzeb. China: — Great in- fluence of Jesuits, 1 6c TABULAR VIEWS I 690 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. America. Great Britain. France. 1690 Leibnitz, German philoso- 1690. The Eng- 1690. Wil'iam in Ire-' 1690. Naval pher. lish settle- land. — Battle of the victory Bossuet, French pulpit ments of Boyne. James de- over the orator; La Bruyere, Schenectady, feated, returns to Dutch and critic. Casco, Me. France. English at Purcell, English musician.. and Salmon Falls, N. H,, destroyed by the French. Port Royal Nova Scotia reduced by Sir William Phipps. Expedition against Quebec unsuccessful. 1691. Schuyler defeats the French at La Prairie. Leisler execut- ed. 1691. Limerick taken, and William acknow- ledged. B e a c h y Head. Victory cf Lu xem - bourg, at Fleurus. 1692. Maryland a 1692. Invasion of Eng- 1692. The royal province. land undertaken by, Frenchfleet 1 the French in favor defeated at 1692 Witchcraft superstition in New England. of James. — Naval La Hogue. John Locke and Sir Isaac victory by the Dutch Marshal Newton in England. and English.— The L u x e m - Boileau, F^nelon, and Glencoe massacre. bourg de Bayle, in France. feats Wil Ham at Ste 1693 National debt of England 1693. N. York:— enkirk, and begins. Ep i scopac y 1693. — at 1694 Bank of England founded. introduced. 1694. Bank of England Neerwin- William and incorporated. Death den. Publication of the diction- Mary's College of Queen Mary. ary of the French Acad- founded. emy. 1697. Acadia re- 1697. General peace of Ryswick — stored to the between French by the 1698. First partition France and Treaty of treaty, between the allies. Ryswick. Louis XIV. and William III., to dispose of the crown and _ posses- sions of Spain. 1699. French 1698. Visit of Peter colony in the Great. Louisiana at Biloxi. 1699 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. i6i. Italy, Spain, and Ottoman A.D. Portugal. Germany. Empire. The V/orld, elsewhere.. 1690. Joseph I. 1690. Musta- elected king of pha Kio- the Romans by prili drives the Diet of the Austri- Augsburg. — ans across Victories of the Danube the Turks at - — recovers Nissa, Belgrade Belgrade. Widdin, and other places. 1691 Incursion of the French into Ara- gon. Innocent XII., pope. 1691. Ahmed I I .— D e - feat and death of K io pril i at Szelan- kemen. 1693 Battle of Marsas:- lia — the allies in 1693. Sweden:— The king formally declared abso- Italy defeated by 1694. Chios lute. the Marshal taken by Catinat. the Vene- tians. 1695. Musta- pha II. 1696. —leads his own ar- my. 1695. Holland :— Bombard - ment of Brussels by the French, under Villeroi. 1696. Poland:— Death of Sobieski — succeeded by 1697 Peace of Rysw ck 1697. Defeat- 1697. Frederick Augustus I. Spain: — Intrigues 1697. Victory edatZenta. Sweden: — Charles XII. for the success- over the Sultan (15 years old) becomes ion. Mu=tapha at Zenta, by the Prince Eugene. 1699. Peace of Carlo- witz. The Ot- toman power broken. king. Russia : — I ntroduc- tion of various manufac- tures — equipment of a fleet, etc. 1699. Denmark:— F r e d - erick IV. becomes king. Alliance of Denmark, Russia, and Poland against Charles XII. of Sweden. 1 62 TABULAR VIEWS 1700 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. America. Great Britain. France. 1700 Academy of Sciences at Berlin founded. Massillon, pulpit orator, in France. Godfrey Kneller, English 1700. A British fleet sent to assist Charles XII., of Sweden. ^^ painter. 1 1701. Yale Col- 1701. War of the Spanish succession. Cotton Mather's Magvalia: lege founded. Clarendon's History of the Grand Rebellion. .1702 Incorporation of the 1702. Beginning 1702. The French invade Holland United British East of Queen Anne's under BoufHers — repulsed by India Company. War. Marlborough. Anne becomes queen 1703 St. Petersburg founded. 1703. Appalachian 1703. Methuen treaty 1703. Revolt Swift's Tale of a Tub pub- Indians sub- of commerce with of the lished. dued in the Portugal. Camisards Flourishing period of Carolinas. suppressed French literature. — Maine ravag- by Mar- Great splendor in the ed by French shal Villars, French court. and Indians. 1704. Deerfield 1704. Marlborough enters Germany, attacked by gains the battle of Blenheim. the French. Gibraltar taken by Boston News- Rooke. Leiter, fi r s t 1705 Death of Spener, founder Am erican of Pietism. periodical. 1706. Carolina 1706. Battle of Ramillies, Villeroi threatened by defeated by Marlborough. the French and Spanish. g 1707 Isaac Watt's Hymns. 1707. Unsuccess- ful expedition 1707. Treaty of union with Scotland. 1 against Port Victory of Almanza over thel Royal. English and Portuguese by the! French under Berwick. 1 The first united > parliament of Great Britain meets. 1708. The Say- 1708. Battle of Gudeni irde, — French brook platform defeated. formed. Sardinia and Minorca captured by the English. Unsuccessful at- tempt of the Preten- der to land in Scot- i j land. I708 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 165. A.D. Italy, Spain, and Germany. Ottoman The World, elsewhere:. Portugal. Empire. 1700 Clement 'XI., pope. Death of Char- les II., of Spain, who names the duke of Anjou as his successor. 1700. Russia:— Peter the Great invades Ingria — defeated by Charies XII., at Narva. War of the Northern Powers. 1701 Spain:- -Philip V. 1701. Prussia is / 1701. Charies XII. invades erected into a Poland — is victorious at kingdom under Riga. Frederick I. Grand alli- 1702 Victory of Luzzara ance of The 1702. — enters Warsaw — gained by the Hague, be- takes Cracow. French over the tween England, Victory of Pultusk. imperialists. Holland, and the empire, to prevent the union of France and Spain. 1703. The Hun- garians rise under Ragot - sky and threat- 1703. Ahmed 1703. Charies wins the en Vienna. III. battle of Clissow. 1704 The archduke Charles enters Spain and is pro- claimed king. 1704. Poland: — The throne declared vacant and Stanislas Leszczynski elected king. 1705 Barcelona taken by the allies. 1705. Joseph I. 1706 French driven from Italy by Prince Eugene after the battle of Turin. Portugal : — John V. English and Portuguese enter Madrid. 1706. The Swedes victor- ious over the Saxons and Russians at Frauen- staat. 1707 All the Spanish possessions in Italy abandoned to the allies. Spain: — Battle of Almanza is fol- lowed by the downfall of the archduke. 1708. Hungarians under Ragot - sky defeated by the im- perial forces. 1707. Charles XII. con- cludes peace of Altran- stadt in which Augustus abandons his claims to the Polish crown. 1708. Russia —Revolt of the Cossack Mazeppa. 1708. Charles invades Russia, crosses the Dnieper, and is 164 TABULAR VIEWS 1709 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. America. Great Britain. France. 1709. First paper' 1709. The French un- money in New der Villars defeated York. at Malplaquet. 1710 Berkely's Principles oj 1710. First post 1710. Victory of Vendome at Villa- Human Knowledge. office at New viciosa. York. Dr. Sacheverell's Fruitless ex- trial. — Collision ol pedition against Whig and Tory prin- Canada. ciples. / 1713 The famous bull Unigeni- 1713. Queen / 1713. Peace of Utrecht. tus against the French Anne's War Perpetual separation of _ the Jansenists.' closed by crowns of France and Spain. the treaty of England acquires Newfoundland, Utrecht which Acadia, and Hudson's Bay, also gives Acadia Minorca and Gibraltar. Spanish to the English. Netherlands ceded to Aus- tria; Dutch to hold Barrier forts against France; England ob- tains assiento from Spain; begin- ning of English naval and colonial supremacy. 1714. Factions at court 1714. Peace ■ — disgrace of Harley of Ra- chancellor of the ex- stadt: the chequer. em p eror Deathof the queen ack now - House of Han- ledges over: — George I. Philip V.- Townshend, pre- king of mier. Spain on the cession of Lombar- dy, Naples, and Sar- dinia. 1717 The monastery of Mafra, 1715. Indian wai 1715. Insurrection of 1715. Louis "the wonder of Portu- in South Jacobites. — Battles XV. gal," built. Carolina. of Sheriffmuir and Duke of Prior, Steele, De Foe, Preston. Orleans re- Addison, Pope, flourish War against Swe- gent. — Du- in England. Le Sage den. bois, minis- publishes his Gil Bias. ter. I/I/ A.D. OB' UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 165 Italy, Sp.»in, and Ottoman A.D. Portugal. Germany. Empire. The World, elsewhere. 1709. Charies 1709. defeated at Pultowa. XII. takes Sweden at war with refuge at Denmark. 1710. Treaty Bender — Poland: — Frederick of The Hague hence war Augustus reascends the between Eng- with Rus- throne. land, Holland, sia. and the empire. 1711 C h a r I e s leaves Spa!n on be- coHiing emperor. 1711. Charles VI. Ministry of Count Zin- zendorf. 1713. Pragmatic Sanction, vest- ing the suc- cession to Austria in the daughters of Charles. 1713. Prussia:— Frederick William I. 1714 Barcelona taken by 1714. Peace of 1714. War of 1714. Russia:— Naval vic- Berwick. Alber- Rastadt and Venice tory over the Swedes. oni prime minis- Baden with with the Aland and Finland con- ter of Spain. France. Porte. 1715. Corinth taken by the Turks — the em - peror joins V e n i c e — siege of Corfu rais- ed on the news of their 1710.defeatat the battle of Peter- wardein. 1717. Prince Eugene takes Bel- grade. quered. 1715. Netherlands: — Bar- rier treaty with Austria. Sweden: — Return of Charles — Prussia and England join the alliance against him. 166 TABULAR VIEWS I718 A.D.- Progress op Society, etc. America. 1718|The "Appellants" I France, headed by the Cardinal de Noailles appeal from the bull Unigenitus to a gen eral council; but without effect. 1719 Robinson Crusoe. 1718. New Or leans settled by the French. 1719. First Phil adelphia news paper. Great Britain. France. 1718. Quadruple alliance: the em- peror, England, Holland, and France against the designs of Spain. 1719. Unsuccessful attempt to invade Scotland by the Spaniards. "The South Sea Scheme." 1719 A.Do OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY^ 167 Italy, Spain, and Portugal. 1719. Italy:- Sicily invaded by the Spanish. Spain: — Alb er - oni falls from power. Germany. Ottoman Empire. The World elsewhere. 1718. ■ Quadruple al.iance against Spain. 1718. Peace of Passaro- witz, be tween the Porte, Ve- nice, and the empire. Hungary lost to the Turks. 171S. Charles XII. invades; Norway; is killed at the; siege of FredericshalL 1719. Sweden: — Ulrica- El e o n o r a becomes queen. 1 68 TABULAR VIEWS 1720 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. America. England. 1721 Inoculation introduced by Lady Montague. The same year introduced into Boston by Dr. Boylston. The Moravian establish- ment at Herrnhut under the protection of Count Zinzendorf. 1725 1728 Giovanni Battista Vico's Scienza Nuova. Behring's Strait discovered In England: Pope, Swift, Young, Thompson, Watts, Lord Bolingbroke, Doddridg e, Chesterfield. In France: J. B. Rous- seau, Le Sage, Roll in, Montes- quieu. 1723. Increase died. Mather 1724. War against the Abenaki Indians Maine; Father Rale killed. Fort Dummer in Vermont built. 1725. First New York newspaper. 1727. Great earthquake in New England. 1728. Cotton Mather died. Discovery of diamond mines in Brazil. 1729. The Carolinas sepa rated. 1731 1732 1735 1739 Halley, astronomer. First lodge of Freemasons in America, at Philadelphia. Birth of Washington. Linnaeus publishes Systema Natures. 1732. Birth of Washington, 1733. Savannah founded, 1734. Beginning of the his Great Awakening in New England. — Arrest of the printer Zenger in New York. Hume's Treatise on Human Nature. 1720. Bursting of the "South Sea bubble." 1721. Sir Robert Wal pole's ministry begins. 1724. Swift's Drapier's Letters. 1725. League of Hanover or Herrenhausen by England, France, and Prussia against Spain and Austria. 1727. George I. dies at Osnaburg. George II. king. 1728. Peace of Pardo with Spain. J 1729. Treaty of Seville, be- tween France, Spain, England, and Holland. 1731. treaty of Vienna with Spain and the empire. m 1738 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 169 France. 1720 John Law, controller' general of the fi' nances. 1723 1724 -25 1728 -29 1733 Louis XV. assumes the government and the Regency comes to an end Duke de Bourbon minister. Congress of Cambray to consider claims of Spain and Aus tria. Ministry of Cardinal Fleury. Congressof Soissons, includmg all the great powers ex- cepting Russia meets, and is dis' solved, without effecting anything i"W; ar of the Polish succession: France Spain, and Sardinia against Austria. Conquestof Lorraine 1734 173S^/Preliminaries peace at Vienna not concluded till 1738 Spain and Portugal. 1724. Spain:- Philip V. ab dicates but resumes pow- er after some months. 1734. Conquest of Naples and Sicily by Don Carlos Germany. 1720. Austria ob tains Sicily in exchange for Sardinia which is ceded to Savoy. 1722. Charles VI. establishes the Ostend Com pany. 1725: Treaty of Vienna .alliance between Spain and Austria 1731. Charles VI abandons the Ostend Com pany. 1733. War of the Polish succes- sion. 1735. Prelimina ries of Vienna, final peace not concluded till 1738. The World, elsewhere. 1720. Sweden:-The queen abdicates in favor of her husband, Frederick I. 172 1 . Italy : — Innocent XIII., pope. Peace of Nystadt between Sweden and Russia. Russia: — Peter as- sumes the title "Empe- ror of all the Russias The Danes re-enter Greenland. 1723. Italy: — John Gaston (de' Medici), grand duke of Tuscany. Turkey:— The Turks and Russians attempt to dismember Persia. 1724. Italy: — Benedict XIII., pope. 1725. Russia:— Catherine I., widow of Peter. Turkey: — Invasion of Persia. 1726. Russia: — Alliance with Austria. Peter II. 1727. Turkey: — Peace of Bagdad with Persia. 1730. Denmark: — Chris- tian VI. Italy: — Clement XII. pope. Russia: — Anne. 1733. Poland:— Frederick Augustus II., The diet elects Stanislaus, but is compelled by the Rus- sian army to elect Frederick. 1734. Stanislaus besieged in Dantzic, escapes to Konigsberg. Turkey: — Turks dri- ven from Persia by Nair Shah. 1736. — war with Russia and Austria. 1737. Italy: — Francis of Lorraine, grand duke of Tuscany. 170 TABULAR VIEWS 1739 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc America. Great Britain. L. Holberg, matist. Danish dra 1747 Frederick the Great makes great improvements in military tactics. Durante, Handel, and Seb Bach, musical compos ers. Indigo first produced in Carolina. Swedenborg, philosopher and theologian. Mosheim, ecclesiastical hiS' tori an. 1742. Invasion of Florida by Indians and Span- iards — repulsed. 1745. Louisburg and Cape Breton taken from France by the English. 1746. College of New Jer- sey at Princeton found- ed. 17*8. Peace of Aix-la Chapelle restores Louis- burg to France; Ohio Company founded. 1719. English settlement in Nova Scotia Halifax founded. 1739. War with Spain (War of Jenkin's Ear). Porto Bello taken by Admiral Vernon. 1740. Anson's voyage round the world, and capture of the Manila galleon. 1744. English fleet defeated near Toulon. 1745. Scotch rebellion — Charles Edward lands in Scotland. 1746. He is defeated at Culloden. 1747. Victories over the French off Belle-Isle and Cape Fiiiisterre. 1748. Peace of Aix-la- restitution of conquests. 175 I A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 171 France. Spain and Portugal. Germany. The World, elsewhere. 1740|v.War of the Austrian succession. 1739. War with Eng- land, for in fractions of the assiento treaty. i34 rench defeated by the allies at Det tingen. 1744]- War declared against England and Aus- tria. 1745 1746, 1747 Battle of Fontenoy, allies defeated. The French under Marshal Saxe over- run the Austrian Netherlands; Mad- ras taken from the English. Marshal Saxe defeats the duke of Cum- berland at Law- feld. French fleet defeated by Hawke off Belle-Isle. Chapelle. — m u t u a 1 1746. Ferdi- nand VI., in Spain. 1740. War of the Austrian suc- cession. —Maria Theresa suc- ceeds to the hereditary States. Frederick II. invades Silesia. 1741. The French and Bavarians overrun Aus- tria, take Pra- Kue, and 1742. crown Char- les VI I emperor Treaty of Berlin between Prussia and Austria gives greater part of Silesia to for- mer. The French driven across the Rhine. 1745. Charles VII. dies. House of Lorraine: Francis I., husband of Maria Theresa, becomes em- peror; Prussian V i c t o r i e s at Hohenfried- berg, Henners- d o r f , and Kes s elsdorf. End of second Silesian war. 1748. Peace of Aix -la -Chapelle; Spain and Pruosia the only gainers by the war. 1739. India: — Invaded by Nadir Shah who takes and plunders Delhi. Turkey: — Turks vic- torious at Krotzka and conclude advantageous peace of Belgrade. 1740. Italy :— Benedict XIV., pope. Russia: — Ivan VI. under regency of Biron. 1741. Sweden: — War with Russia. Swedes driven out of Finland. Russia: — Elizabeth. 1743. — Peace of Abo with Sweden gives to Russia southern Finland. Turkey: — War with Persia. Defeat near Erivan. 1744. India: — Hostilities between French and English. 1 1 a 1 y : — N o r t h e r n Italy occupied by French and Spaniards, who take 1745. — Parma, Milan, and Piacenza. Genoa bom- barded by the English. 1746. — French and Span- iards driven from Lom- bardy. Denmark: — Fred- erick V. 1747. Netherlands:— Wil- Ham IV., stadtholder. Persia: — Nadir Shah assassinated. 1751. Netherlands:— Wil- liam v., stadtholder. Denmark : — Ministry of Count Bemstorff. Sweden: — House of Holstcin-Gottorp: Adol- phus Frederick. 172 TABULAR VIEWS 1752 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. America. Great Britain. 1752 Franklin's discoveries in electricity. England introduces the "New Style" Calendar. British Museum founded. 1753 1761 British: Alan Ram- say, Shenstone, Gray, Collins, Akenside, Churchill. Hogarth, French: Helvetius, J. J. Rous seau. Germany: Gellert, Winck- elmann. Wilson, and Joshua Reynolds, paint- Niebuhr's travels in Ara- bia. Wesley and Whitefield preachers. 1765 Philadephia M e d i c a School, first in America. Appearance of Black- stone's Commentaries. Hostilities between England and France over 1752. The new style intro- duced; the year hereafter commences Jan. 1. 1753. Washington's mis to the French at Fort Le Bceuf, 1754. Washington builds Fort Necessity. — King's College (Columbia) founded. 1755. Defeat of Braddock. 1756. Oswego taken by the French. 1757. Fort Wm. Henry captured by the French. 1758. Repulse of Aber- crombie at Ticonderoga Fort Du Quesne taken by the English Louisburg captured by Gen. Amherst. 1759. Invasion of Canada — death of Wolfe- Quebec taken. Capture of Niagara, Crown Point, and Ticon deroga. 1763^ End of French War. 1756. "Seven Years' Subsidiary alliance with Prussia. Ministry of Willianr Pitt, the elder. 1757. Victory of Plassey, in India, won by Clive. 1759. Naval victories over Lagos, and in Quiberon Surat , in India, taken. 1760. George III. 1761. Earl of Bute, mier. pre- the Old 1762. War with Spain. Conquest of Havana, Trijiidad, and Manila. 1763. Peace of Paris, be- and England; Canada Britain. 1 1765. Stamp Act resisted! 1765. Bengal ceded to the ,. in Masoachusetts and ^^^^, ^"^'"^ 9°I?,Pt"l ^J the treaty of Allahabad. Virginia. Stamp Act Congress! at New York. I 1765 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. ^71 France Spain and Portugal. Germany. The World, elsewhere. the Ohio country. 1754 The loss of Dupleix's conquests in India War." 1757 Invasion of Hanovei by the French; victorious at Hastenbeck, de feated at Ross bach. 1758i Defeat at Crefeldt on the Rhine. the French off Cape Bay. 1760 Loss of all Canada. 176 Ij The Bourbon Fam ! ily Compact. Capture of Belle-Isle by the English tween France, Spain, ceded to Grea 1764; E.xpulsion of the I Jesuits. 1755. Earth- quake at Lisbon. ^59. Charles III. in Spain 1754. in. Turkey: — Othman 1756. Seven Years' War be tween Austria and Prussia. Invasion and conquest of Saxony, by Frederick II Battle of Lo bositz won. Alliance with France. 1757. Prussians victorious at Prague, Ross bach, and Leuthen; de- feated at Kol lin and Gross iagerndorf. 1758. French de feated at Cre feldt. 1759. and at Min den. Russians and Austrians de feat Frederick at Kunersdorf Lresden retak en. 1760. Fredenck defeated at Landshut, vic- torious at Lieg- nitz and Tor- gau. 1762. Prussians victorious at Burkersdorf. 1763. Peace of Hubertsburg. 1765. Joseph II emperor. 1755. Italy: — TheCorsi- cans under Paoli, revolt against Genoa. 1756. India: — Calcutta taken by Surajah Dow- lah of Bengal; the Black Hole. 1757. Turkey: — Mustapha 111. 1758. Italy : — Clement XIII., pope. 1761. India: — Siege and capture of Pondicherry, by the English. 1762. Kingdom of Mysore founded by Hyder Ali. Russia: — Peter III. Catherine II. 1764. Poland: — Stanislaus Poniatowski elected king. 1765. India:— Treaty of Allahabad. Establishment of a British Empire. Italy : — Peter Leopold, grand duke of Tuscany. 1/4 TABULAR VIEWS 1766 A.D.-- A.D. Progress OF Society, etc. America. Great Britain. 1766 Wallis and Carteret's voy- I age of discovery in the I South Seas. 1767 Spinning -jenny invented by Hargreaves in Eng- land. 1768 Cook's first voyage of dis covery. Bruce begins exploration of the Nile. Royal Academy of Arts in England; Joshua Reynolds first president 1769 Letters of Junius. — Ark- Wright's spinning frame; Watt's steam engine. 1770Whitefield dies at New- bury port. 1771 First edition of the Ency clopasdia Britannica. 1766. Stamp Act repealed The Declaratory Act 1768. British troops in Boston. 1769. Daniel Boone ex plores Kentucky. 1770. Boston Massacre. 1772. Hancock, S. Adams and Patrick Henry pro mote the Revolution. 1773. Tea destroyed at Boston. 1774 Priestley discovers oxygen. 1774. Boston Port Bill. Continental Congress at Philadelphia. 1766. Stamp Act repealed. New ministry under the earl of Chatham. 1767. First war with Ryder Ali in Mysore begins. 1768. The Wilkes agita- tion. 1769. Hyder Ali plunders the Camatic. 1770. Ixird North, prime minister. 1772. Warren Hastings head of government in Bengal. The Boston Port Bill passed. Wairen Hastings gov. ernor-general of India. 1775. American Revolutionary War. April 19, skirmish at 1775. Lord North's "con- Lexington, ciliatory measures" re- Second Continental jected by the colonies. Congress. June 17, battle of Bunker Hill. Washington, com- mander-in-chief. Montgomery takes St. John's and Montreal, and falls at Quebec. 1775 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 175 A..D. France. Germany. The World, elsewhere. 1766 Lorraine annexed to 1766. Denmark: — Chris- France on the death of tian VII. Stanislaus Leszczynski. 1767. Spain: — Jesuits ex- pelled. India: — Hyder Ali re- sists the English. 1768 Genoa cedes Corsica to 1768. War between Russia France. and the Ottoman Em- pire. Ali Bey, ruler of Egypt, rebels against Turkey. 1769 Paoli defeated and Corsica 1769. Pope Clement XIV. subdued. The Russian army oc- cupies Wallachia and Moldavia. 1770 Marriage of the dauphin with Marie Antoinette. Fall of Choiseul; attack on the parlement; Ma- dame DuBarry rules the 1771. Sweden: — Gustavus king. J III. succeeds. The Russians overrun the Crimea. 1772; Joseph II. takes part 1772/ First partition of in the first partition of Poland, among Russia, Poland, the territory Prussia, and Austria. acquired being made in- to the kingdom of Gali- 1773 Avignon ceded to the pope cia. 1773. Ottoman Empire: — after the suppression of The Russians are re- the Jesuits. pulsed at Varna and Silistria. Pope Clement abol- ishes the order of Jesuits. Russia: — Revolt of the Cossack Pugatcheft', calling himself Czar Peter. Ottoman Empire: — Abdul Hamid succeeds. 1774 Louis XVI. becomes 1774. Austrians occupy 1774. India:— Warren king; Marie Antoinette, Bukovina. Hastings, first British queen. — Maurepas, governor-general . prime minister; Turgot, Peace of Kutchuk- minister of finance. Kainarji between Russia 1775 Malesherbes, minister oi and Turkey. the interior. 1775. Pope Pius VL Bassora taken by the Persians. 1776. India: — Lord Pigot, governor of Madras im- prisoned by his own council. 176 TABULAR VIEWS 1776 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. United States. Great Britain. 1776 Appearance of Adam timitn's Wealth of Na- tions and the first vol- ume of Gibbon's Rome. 1778 In England Goldsmith, Warburton, Johnson, Lowth, Garrick, Hume, Robertson, Blackstone, Adam Smith Home Tooke Priestley, Horsley, Burke, Pitt, Fox, Cooper, Sheridan, McPherson, Bums, Karnes Reid. Death of Rousseau 1776. The British troops evacuate Boston. France: Voltaire, Rousseau, Diderot, ^ondillac, Jusiieu, Lavoisier, La Harpe, Barthelemy, Buffon. Germany: Mosheim, Zimmermann, Kant, Klopstock, Lessing, Wieland, Herder, Goethe, Sw:Linnffius, It:Metastasio Russia: Kheraskov, Derzhavin, Bogdanovich Khemnitzer. Voltaire and — Discovery of tne Sandwich Islands by Captain Cook. 1776. The city of London remonstrates against the American war. Moultrie defeats the English at Sullivan's Island. 1780 1781 1783 1784 Sunday Schools established in England, by Robert Raikes. Herschel's discovery of Uranus. Appearance of _ Kant's Kritik der reinen Ver- nunft. Air balloon of Montgolfier. First American daily newspaper in Philadel phia. The British army takes possession of New York. Hessians hired for service in America. Declaration of Inde pendence, July 4. Americans under Put- nam and Sullivan de- feated on Long Island, Aug. 27. Battle of White Plains Oct. 28. Battle of Trenton, Dec. 26. 1777. Arrival of Lafayette. Capture of Ticonderoga by the British. Battles of Princeton, January 3;. Bennington^ Aug. 16; Brandywine, September 11, and Still- water, September 19. Philadelphia taken by the English. — Battle of Germantown, Oct. 4; Battle of Saratoga, Oct. 7; Gates receives Burgoyne's surrender, Oct. 17. Articles of confedera-| tion, adopted by Con gress, Nov. 15. 1778. Alliance with France. 1778. Capture of Pondi- Battle of Monmouth, cherry in India. June 28. Arrival of the French fleet under D'Estaing. Massacre of Wyoming. Savannah taken by the English. 1779. Wayne recovers Stony Point. Paul Jones's victory off Flamborough Head, England. 1780. British take Charles- ton; battle of Camden; De Kalb killed. Treason of Arnold. Battle of King's Moun- tain 1781. Battle of Cowpens gained by Morgan; bat ties of Guilford Court House, Hobkirk's Hill and Eutaw Springs. Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktown, Oct. 19. 1782. Rodney destroys De Grasse's fleet at Domini- ca. 1780. War with Hyder AH, who conquers the Car- natic. War with Holland. Gordon "No-Popery" riots in London. 1781. Naval victory off the Doggerbank. Articles of Confedera- tion become effective. 1783. Peace of Versailles: Independence of the United States acknowledged by Great Britain. 1783. Pitt, the younger. 1784. First ordinance for government of North- west Territory, premier. 1784. Peace with Tippoc Sahib. 1784 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 1 77 France. Germany. The World, elsewhere. 1776 Necker, director of finance, Silas Deane in Paris ob- tains help for the Ameri- can cause. 1777 177S 1779 1780 1781 1782 1783 Franklin in France. Lafayette sails for America. Alliance with America. St. Vincent and Grenada taken by D'Estaing. Rochambeau America. Necker resigns. Defeat of De Grasse in the West Indies, by Rodney Peace of Versailles. 1778. " Wars of the Bava- varian succession" re- sulting from Joseph II. 's attempt to acquire ter- ritory in Bavaria. 1779. Congress and Peace of Teschen settles the differences arising from the Bavarian question. 1781. Joseph II. proclaims freedom of religion in his territories. 1782. Reforms of Joseph II. Punishment of death abolished. Monasteries suppressed. The pope visits the emperor, to dissuade him from hostilities against the church. 1784. Joseph II. attempts to open the Scheldt to navigation. 1777. Portugal : — Maria, queen. Spain: — Florida Blanca, foreign minister. 1778. India: — War between the English and the Mahrattas. 1779. Spain : — Alliance with the American colo- nists. 1780. Declaration of the armed neutrality by Russia, Denmark, and Sweden to protect neu- tral flags from the right of search claimed by Britain. Hyder Ali overruns the Carnatic. 1782. Gibraltar held against Spanish and French. India : — Rise of chief of Mahrattas. Tippoo sultan ofMysore. 1783. — alliance with the French. Crimea united to Russia. 1784. Pitt's India Bill: In- dian affair; placed under the Board of Control. 1/8 TABULAR VIEWS 1785 A.D.- A.D. I Progress of Society, etc. United States. Great Britain. 1785 1786 1788 1789 La P^rouse begins voyage 1785. John Adams, first of exploration in the South Pacific. Bums's Poems published. Appearance of the London Times. Herschel's telescope. Talma, the celebrated tragedian. Tom Paine, Fisher Ames. Hannah More, Gainsborough, Morland. Boguslawski, Krasicki, Polish authors. Alfieri, Italian poet. Gluck, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven. minister from the United States of America to Great Britain; Jefierson minister to France. 1786. Shays's Rebellion in Massachusetts. 1787. General Convention at Philadelphia. Federal Constitution of the United States, adopted. 1788. Marietta in Ohio set- tled. 1789. George Washington president: Jefferson, Hamilton, Knox, and Randolph form the cabinet. 1791. First United States Bank. Vermont admitted to the Union. 1792. Kentucky admitted to the Union. United States Mint established. 1786. Warren Hastings succeeded by Comwallis. 1787. Warren Hastings impeached. First convicts trans- ported to Australia (Botany Bay). 1788. The king insane. Death of Charles Edward the last pretender. Trial of Warren Hast- ings. 1791. Death of John Wesley. 1792 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 179 France. Germany. The World, elsewhere. 1785^ The affair of the Diamond Necklace increases the unpopularity of Marie Antoinette. 1787 Financial difficulties. — New taxation; Calonne, Brienne, and Necker, ministers successively. 1788 Second meeting of the Notables. 1789 French Revolution. July 14, the Bastile .stormed ; August 4, the Constitu- ent Assembly resolves on the abolition of feudal privileges; Oct. 5-6, the Paris mob marches on Versailles and brings the king to the Tuileries; Nov. 2, the property of the church confiscated. 1790 July 14, the Feast of Fed- eration, the king accepts the newly drafted con stitution; Aug. 31 military uprising at Nancy suppressed by Bouille. 1791 April 2, death of Mirabeau , the radical element gain control of the revolu tion; June 20, the royal family flee to Varennes; they are brought back; Sept. 14, the king swears to the perfected con stitution; Oct. 1, the Legislative Assembly convenes. 1792^April 20, war declared against Prussia and Austria; June 20, the mob invades the Tuil eries; Aug. 10, the Tuileries stormed and the royal family lodged in the Temple; Sept 2 the Paris mob massacres the royalists in the prisons; Sept. 20, the cannonade of Valmy, a Republican success Sept. 21, France de Glared a Republic by the Convention; Nov. 6 Dumouriez defeats the Austrians at Jemappes. 1785i Joseph's plan to ac- quire Bavaria frustrated by Frederick II., who form= the " Flirsten- bund." 1786. Prussia: — Death of Frederick the Great. — Frederick William II. 1788. War against Turkey. The Austrian Nether- lands revolt. 1790. Leopold II., empe- peror. 1791. Conference of Pilnitz between Leopold II. and Frederick William II. of Prussia who issue a warning to the revolU' tionary party in France 1792. Francis II., emperor. French take Spires, Mainz, and Longwy. — Lafayette imprisoned at Olmiitz. 1787. Russia:- the Porte. -War with 1788'. Spain:— Charles IV. War between Sweden and Russia. 1789. Ottoman Empire: — SeUm III. 1790. Tuscany; nand III. -Ferdi- 1792. Sweden: — Gustavus IV. i8o TABULAR VIEWS 1793 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. United States. Great Britain. 1793 Whitney's cotton gin. 1794 Ecole Polytechnique Paris founded. 1793. Washington re-elec- ted. Neutrality in regard to France. 1793\if'irst coalition against France, directed by Eng- land — Austria, the em- pire, Prussia, Sardinia, Spain, and Holland. 1795 1796 Pestalozzi, educator. Mungo Park, African traveller. Institute of Francef ounded. Jenner tion. begins vaccina- 1799 Voltaic pile invented. 1794, Jay's treaty with England Commencement of the navy — 6 frigates built. — French Whiskey Insurrection in Corsica. Pennsylvania. 1795. Wayne's treaty with the Western Indies. 1796. Washington declines a re-election. Tennessee admitted to the Union. 1797. .Tohn Adams, second president. The X Y Z papers. 1798. War with France. Washington commander in-chief. The Alien and Sedition Laws; the Vir- ginia and Kentucky Resolutions. 1799. Death of Washington. driven from 1795. War with Holland. Cape of Good Hope taken. Warren Hastings ac- quitted. 173G. Outbreak of Irish rebellion. 1798. Irish rebellion. — Nelson's victory at the battle of the Nile. 1799. Second coalition against France. — Serin- gapatam taken by the English and Tippoo Sahib killed. 1800. Seat of government 1800. Union of England nansf erred to Washing- and Ireland effected. — ton, D. C. Malta taken. ISOO A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. i8i France. Germany. The World, elsewhere. 1793 Jan. 21, execution of Louis XVI.; March 18, Dumouriez defeated at Neerwinden; April Committee of Public Safety under Daiiton wields supreme power; July 13, assassination of Marat by Charlotte Corday ; Oct., execution of Marie Antoinette Oct. 16, Jour dan vie torious at Wattigniesj Nov. 10, the worship oi Reason at Notre-Dame. 1?94 March 24, execution of Hebert and his followers, April 5, execution of the Dantonists; June 8, Fes tival of the Supreme Being; June 26, Jourdan victorious at Fleurus, Belgium conquered ; July 27-28, fall and death of Robespierre, end of the Reign of Terror. 1795|Oct. 5, popular insurrec- tion suppressed by Bar- ras and Napoleon Bona- parte; Oct. 26, Conven- tion succeeded by Di- rectory. 179(31 War in Italy. Battles of Lodi, Castigli- I one, and Arcole. 1797 Hoche and Moreau's cele- brated passage of the Rhine. Revolution of 18th Fructi- dor. Peace of Campo Formio in which Austria cedes Belgium and Lombardy receiving Venetia. 1793. First coalition against France. 1795. Prussia concludes Peace of Basel with France, recognizing French conquests on the left bank of the Rhine 1793. Second partition of Poland by Russia and Prussia. In Hayti freedom for negroes proclaimed by French Convention. 1798 1799 1800 Bonaparte's expedition to 1799. Second coalition Egypt. French fleet defeated by Nelson at Aboukir, Aug. 1-2 against France. The French enter Switzer land under Massena and Jourdan. Return of Bonaparte. Revolu tion of the 18th Bru maire. Bonaparte, first consul. Battle of Marengo, Bonaparte defeats the Austrians under Melas — Moreau's victory of Hohenlinden over the Austrians under the Archduke John. 1794. Poland : — Revolt under Kosciuszko who is defeated at Maciejowice. — P r a g a (Warsaw) stormed by Suvoroflf. 1795. Final partition of Poland — extinction of the kingdom. Holland conquered and the Batavian Re- public proclaimed. 1796. Russia:— Paul I. 1797. Venetian Republic extinguished by the peace of Campo Formio. 1798. Switzerland : — General revolution — The French erect the Helvetian Republic. P r u s s i a: — Frederick William III. India: — Marquis Wellesley, governor- general. 1739. Russians, under Suvoroft, win the battles of Cassano and Novi, but (under Korsakoff) are defeated at Zurich by Massena. 1800. Armed neutrality of the north. Pope Pius VII. I 82 TABULAR VIEWS 180I A.D.- A.D. Progress OF Society, etc. United States. 1801 Piazzi discovers the aster- oid Ceres. 1804 1804 -06 1806 -11 1807 1809 First locomotive steam engine used on the Merthyr Tydvil road in Wales. The Code NapoUon pro mulgated in France. Lewis and Clark's expedi tion to the Rocky Moun tains. General University (Uni versity of France) es tablished by Napoleon to superintend national education. Fulton's first successful trial of steamboats University of Berlin found- ed. 1801. Thomas Jefferson third president. 1802. Ohio enters the Union. 1803. Purchase of Louisi- ana. U. States frigate Philadelphia taken by the Tripolitans. 1804. Decatur destroys the Philadelphia. Preble bombards Tripoli. Burr kills Hamilton. The Lewis and Clark expedition sets out. 1805. Jefferson re-elected president. 1806. British Orders Council and Napoleon's decrees seriously impair American commerce. 1807. Embargo on all the ports of the United States. Trial of Aaron Burr for treason. The attack on the Chesapeake by the Leopard. Great Britain. 1808. Importation of slaves abolished. 1801 Battle of Alexandria. French defeated lay Abercromby. Pitt re- signs, succeeded by Ad- dington. 1802. Peace of Amiens. 1803. Emmett's insurrec- tion in Ireland. 1804. Pitt again premier. 1805. Third coalition. Nelson defeats the French and Spanish fleets off Trafalgar. 1806. Fourth coalition against France. 1807. Bill for the abolition of the slave trade, passed. 1808. The English, under Wellesley, enter Portu- gal as allies and win the battle of Vimeiro. 1809. James Madison, 1809. Fifth coalition, fourth president. Walcheren expedition. Embargo repealed;! Battles of Corunna the non-intercourse act I and Talavera in the passed. Peninsula. l809 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 183 France. Germany. The World, elsewhere. 1801 Peace of Luneville; Germany west of the Rhine in the 1801. Russia: — Alexander possession of France 1802 Bonaparte elected presi- dent of the Italian Re- public. Peace of Amiens. Legion of Honor instituted 1803 Bank of France, War with England. 1804 1805 1806 1807 1808 1809 Duke D'Enghien shot. Bonaparte crowned as Na- poleon I., emperor of the French. 1804. The German em- peror assumes the title of emperor of Austria End of the Holy Roman Empire. Austrian campaign, battle of Austerlitz. Peace of Presburg. Formation of the Confederation of the Rhine. Victories of Auerstadt and Jena over the Prussians. Berlin decree against Brit- ish commerce. Victories of Eylau over the Prussians and Rus- sians and of Friedland over the latter are fol lowed by the peacs of Tilsit in which Prussia loses her Polish terri- tories and her possessions west of the Elbe.— The duchy of Warsaw created for the king of Saxony and the king- dom of Westphalia for Jerome Bonaparte. Invasion of Portugal. Conference at Erfurt be tween Napoleon, Alex- ander I., and the Ger- man princes. Battles of Eckmuhl, Aspem, and Wagram — Peace of Vienna. — Austria cedes territory to Russia Bavaria, and France; the Adriatic territories erected into the Illyrian Provinces. I. The kingdom of Etruria erected. Danish fleet at Copenhagen de- feated by Nelson. 1802. Italian Republic:— Bonaparte president. 1803. India: — Great Mah- ratta war. French driven from Hayti. 1804. Russia: — War with Persia breaks out. India: — War between the English and Holkar. 1806. Holland:— Louis Bo- naparte, king. 1807. Ottoman Empire :- Mustapha IV. 1808. Spain: — Ferdinand VII. and Charies IV. compelled to renounce their claims; Joseph Bo- naparte made king. Naples: — Murat king. Denmark : — Frederick VI. Ottoman Empire: — Mahmud II. 1809. Sweden:— C h a r 1 e s XIII.; Bemadotte be- comes prince royal. 1 84 TABULAR VIEWS l8lO A.D.- 1811 1812 1813 1814 Appearance of Niebuhr's 1811. Engagement between History of Rome. the President and the Little Belt. Indians on the "Wa- bash, defeated by Gov. Harrison at Tippecanoe. American Board of Com- missioners for Foreign Missions, founded. Shelley's Queen Mah. The Jesuits re-established by Pius VII. Words- worth's Excursio n Scott's Waverley. 1815 The North American Re view established. Safety lamp invented by Sir Humphrey Davy. In England: Keats, Reg. Heber, Shelley Crabbe,Sir Walter Scott, Byron, Coleridge, Lamb Montgomery, Hogg. In France: Mad. de Stael, Mad. de Genlis, Chateaubriand, Cuvier. Melendez Valdez, Spanish poet, Bilderdyk, Dutch. In Germany: |W. Schlegel, F. Schlegel, Richter, Kotzebue I Weber and Spohr. 1810. George III. insane; battles of Ciudad Rod- rigo and Busaco. 1811. George, prince of Wales, prince Regent, (the king being insane). Battles of Fuentes de Onoro and Albuera in the peninsula. 1812. War with Great Britain Invasion of Canada under Gen. Hull. Gen. Hull surrenders Detroit to the British. The Constitution captures the Guerritre. 1 1812. Lord Liverpool pre- I mier. Wool victorious at Queenstown. Oct. 13. Captain Jones, in the Wasp captures the Frolic, Oct. 18. The United States, Captain Decatur, captures the British frigate Macedonian. The Constitution, Captain Bainbridge, captures the British frigate Java. Louisiana admitted into the Union. 1813. Perry's victory on Lake Erie. Battle of the Thames, Tecumseh killed. 1814. American victories atChippewa and Lundy's Lane; McDonough's vic- tory on LakeChamplain ; British repulsed from Baltimore; Hartford Convention. City of Washington burnt by the British. Peace of Ghent signed, Dec. 3 Ciudad Rodrigo and Badajoz stormed by Wellington. Battle of Salamanca. 1813. Battle of Vittoria and English invasion of France. Sixth coal it ion against France — Prussia Russia, Sweden, Great Britain, and Austria. 1814. Treaty of Chaumont between Austria, Prus- sia, Russia, and Great Britain. 1815. Battle of New Or- leans; British defeated by General Jackson, Jan 8. War against Algiers. Fight between the Penguin and the Hornet. 1815.Wellington victorious at Waterloo, June 18. Oppressive Com Law enacted. lSl5 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 185 A.D. France. Germany. The World, elsewhere. ISIO Napoleon marries Maria 1810. South America: — Louisa . — Continental Revolt of the Spanish peace except with Spain. colonies; uprisings in Venezuela, Uruguay, Paraguay, Chile, Buenos Ayres, and Mexico. 1811 Birth of the emperor's son; created king of Rome. Soult victorious in Spain — takes Badajoz: is de- feated by the English at Albuera. 1811. Revolution in Peru. 1812 Russian campaign. 1812. Austria in alliance 1812. Invasion of Russia Battles of Smolensk and with France against by Napoleon. — Burning Borodino. Russia. of Moscow. Moscow entered by Na- Kutusoff pursues the poleon's army — and retreating French. burned by the Russians. Peace of Bucharest closes six years' war with Turkey and results in acquisition of part of Bessarabia and Mol- davia by Russia. 1813 Victories of Lutzen, Baut- 1813. War of German inde- 1813.South America:— Bol- zen, and Dresden, over pendence. ivar drives the Spaniards the allies. Austria joins the co- from Caracas. — Mexico alition. declares its indepen- Battle of Leipsic — Bonapa: •te driven to the Rhine. dence. 1814 The allies enter Paris. 1814. Union of Holland Napoleon abdicates, and and Belgium. — Peace of retires to Elba. Kiel, between Denmark, House of Bourbon re- Sweden, and England. stored: Louis XVIIl. Union of Sweden and Norway as two king- doms underone monarch. 1815 Bonaparte returns from 1815. Congress of Vienna 1815. Netheriands: —Wil- Elba. The Hundred effects the political re- liam I. Days. Napoleon vic- construction of Europe. The I'Holy Alliance" torious at Ligny. Bat- Germanic Confedera- ■ — Russia, Prussia, and tle of Waterioo. The tion organized. Austria, later joined by allies enter Paris. Bona- France. parte banished to St. Helena. 1 86 TABULAR VIEWS 1815 A.D.- A.D, Progress of SociEXY.etc. United States. 1815. Abolition of the slave trade by the Congress of Vienna. 1816 Second United States Bank chartered for 20 vears, capital $35,000,000. 1817 1818 1819 Invention of the kaleido- scope. Invention of the stetho- scope. — Appearance of Hallam's Europe During the Middle Ages. — Uni- versity of Bonn founded. 1816. United States Bank incorporated. Indiana admitted. 1817. James Monroe, 5th president. Mississippi admitted. First Seminole War begins. 1818. Illinois admitted. Jackson seizes Pensa- cola. 1816. Bombardment of Algiers. — Rise of popu- lar agitation. — The Spa- Fields riots. 1817. Continued rioting and suspension of Habeas Corpus Act. First passage of the Atlantic by steam, by the Savan- Scott's Ivanhoe. Oersted discovers electro- magnetism. J 822 Hieroglyphics deciphered by Champollion. 1823 1825 nah — New York Liverpool. 1819. Cession of Florida by Spain. Alabama admitted. 1820. Missouri Compro- mise. Maine admitted. 1821. Monroe re-elected. Missouri admitted. Huskisson's free trade sys- tem in England. Inland navigation of the United States: the Erie Canal opened. Publication of P e p ys ' s Diary. 1823. The enunciation of the Monroe Doctrine. 1824-25. Lafayette's visit. 1825. Erie Canal opened. J. Q. Adams, 6th president. 1819. The Peterloo rras- sacre and the Six Acts. 1820. George IV. Trial of Queen Caro- line. 1822. Canning, foreign minister. 1823. Canning opposes the Holy AUia.nce and fur- thers the Independence of the South American colonies of Spain. 1824. Burmese war. 1825. Commercial treaty with Colombia and Mexico. l825 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 187 France. Austria, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1816 The Chambre Introuvable enters on a course of royalist reaction. 1818 Congress of Aix-la-Chap- elle decides on the evac- uation of France by the foreign troops. — France joins the "Holy Al- liance." 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 Death of Napoleon at St. Helena. Laws against the freedom of the press. A French army enters Spain and restores Fer- dinand VII. Charles X. An indemnity of 1,000,000- 000 francs granted to the ^migr^s. 1816. The diet of the Ger- man Confederation as sembles at Frankfort. 1817. Rise of the Burschen- schaft in Germany and liberal celebration at the Wartburg in con- nection with the ter- centennary of Luther's birth. 1815. The Servians nse against Turkey under Milosh Obrenovilch. 1816. Portugal:— John VL in Brazil. Union of Naples and Sicily under Ferdinand I. (IV.). 1817. Republic of the Ionian Islands. IS 19. Assassination of ivotzebue leads to the repressive Karlsbad De- crees against the liberal movement. 1820. Congress of Troppau decides to intervene in Naples. 1821. Congress of mon- archs at Laybach. — Greek insurrection in Moldavia under the leadership of Alexander Ypsilanti who is speedily overthrown. 1822. Congress of Verona declares itself against the Greek and Spanish uprisings. 1818. Sweden :— Charles XIV. (Bemadotte). India: — The Mahratta power completely over- thrown. South America: — Chilean independence established by battle of Maypu. 1819. Republic of Colom- bia, Bolivar, president. 1821. Greek revolt in the Morea. South America: — Peru and Guatemala independent. 1822. Brazil declared an independent empire. Me.xico: — Iturbide, emperor. Greek declaration of independence. Massacre of Scio and capture of Acropolis of Athens by patriots. 1823. Italy:— Leo XII. pope. 1824. Death of Lord Byron at Missolonghi. The Spaniards over- whelmed by General Sucre at Ayacucho in Peru. 1825. Russia: — Nicholas I. i88 TABULAR VIEWS 1826 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. United States. Great Britain. 1826 Foundation of I University. [Alexander Volta dies, dis- coverer of the Voltaic battery. London 1826. Death of Jefferson and John Adams, July 4 The Panama Con- gress. In England: Jeremy Ben- tham, Thomas Chalmers, W. Kirby, Hallam. Lingard, Wordsworth, Southey, Campbell, Moore, Leigh Hunt, Mrs. Hemans, Bulwer, 'Barry Corn- wall." Russia: Karamsin, Pushkin, LermontofE, Krilov. U. S, France: Talma, tra- gedian, Segur, La Place, Beranger, Lamartine. Germany: Meyerbeer, Gall, Spurzheim. Sweden: Tegner, Dahlgren. Italy: Rossini, Paganini. A.: N. Webster, Wheaton, Irving. Cooper, Garrison, Wirt, Marshall, 1830 Kent, Story, Gallatin, Livingston, Channing. Liverpool and Manchester Railroad opened. The two Landers succeed in tracing the Niger from Lake Tchad to the ocean. 1826. England annexes Assam at t.ie conclusion of the Burmese war. 1827. Completion of first railway in America at Quincy, Mass. 1828. Enactment of a high protective tariff — the Tariff of Abominations. 1829. General Jackson, 7th § resident of the United tates. Beginning of the Spoils System. 1830. The Webster-Hayne debate in Congress con- cerning States Rights. 1827. Canning as prime minister furthers the cause of Greece. Treaty of London, between England, Rus- sia, and France, pre- pares way for Greek in- dependence. 1828. Wellington ministry. Disturbances in Ireland. 1829. Catholic emancipa- tion. England, Russia, and Spain decide upon Greek independence. 1830. William IV.— Earl Grey, minister. 1830 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 189 France. The World, elsewhere. 1827 1828 1829 1830 1826. Russia: — War with Persia. Portugal: — Maria da Gloria, queen. Greece: — Missolonghi and Athens (1827) taken by the Turks. Disbanding of the National Guard — creation of a new chamber of Peers. Villele ministry succeeded by one under Marti- gnac. Polignac ministry. The French enter Algeria; Algiers taken. Three Days' Revolution, July 27, 28, and 29. Lafayette, commander of the National Guard. Charles X. abdicates. Louis Philippe I. (House of Orleans). 1827. Treaty of London concluded by Russia, France and Great Britain in relation to Greece. Greece: — Battle of Navarino. The Russians take Erivan and Tabriz. The Turkish fleet is destroyed at Navarino by the allies; CSreek independence practically accomplish- ed. 1828. Portugal: — 'Dom Miguel usurps the throne. Russia: — War declared against Turkey. By the peace of Turkmantchai Persian Armenia is acquired. 1829. Italy: — Pius VIII., pope. The Russians cross the Balkans and entef Adrianople. Turkey recognizes independence of Greece and protectorate of Russia over Moldavia and Wallachia. Venezuela separates from Colombia under the leadership of General Paez. 1830. Greek independence declared by the Great Powers. Belgium revolts from Holland, and is declared independent by the Great Powers. Polish struggle for nationality begins, November. 190 TABULAR VIEWS 1 83 1 A.D.-~ A..D. Progress of Society, etc. United States. Great Britain. 1831 1S32 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 The Factory Bill in Eng- land, limiting the hours of labor for children. Reform Bill in England — Extension of suffrage. Trade unions in England, France, Germany, Swit- zerland, etc. Slavery abolished in the British colonies. j-irard College, at Phila- delphia, commenced. Inquisition abolished in Spain. De Tocqueville's History of Democracy in America. James Smithson's bequest of £100.000 tothe United States for the establish- ment of an institution "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men," becomes operative. The Luxor obelisk erected at Paris. 1831. The king of the Netherlands makes his award on the northeastern boundary between the United States and the British provinces. The publication of the 183 1. Lord John Russell's S. F. B. Morse takes out a patent for his electro- magnetic telegraph (in- vented 1S32). Appearance of Carlyle's French Revolution and Dickens's Pickwick Pa- pers. Reform Bill introduced. Cholera first appears in England. London Conference settles affairs of Belgium and Holland. 1832. Reform Bill passed. 1833. Captain Ross returns from his voyage of dis- covery in search of a Northwest Passage. 1834. Sir Robert Peel, premier. Liberator begun by Gar- rison. 1832. Nullification in South Carolina.— General Jack- son's celebrated procla- mation. — Organization of the New England Anti -Slavery Society — 1833. Clay's Compromise Tarifif. Removal of the de- posits of the United States from the U. S. Bank. General Jackson en- ters second term in the Presidency. 1834. The president cen- sured by the Senate for removing the deposits. 1835. Great Fire in New York. _ Beginning of the sec- ond Seminole war. 1836. The national debt of the United States being paid, the surplus revenue is divided among the States. Massacre of the Ala- mo and the defeat of the Mexicans by the Texans at San Jacinto. The independence of Texas acknowledged. Arkansas' admitted. 1837. Martin Van Buren, 1837. Victoria queen. 8th president. Financial crisis. Insurrection in Canada headed by Papineau. Michigan admitted. 1838. _ Conrrress refuses to receive anti-slavery pe- titions. I 1836. England takes part in the suppression of the Carlists in Spain. [838 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 191 France. The World, elsewhere. 832 833 834 S36 837 838 Republican uprising in Paris during funeral of General Lamarque. Ministry of Marshal Soult. French enter Belgium to enforce decision of Lon- don Conference; they take Antwerp. Guizot organizes common school education. Death of Lafayette. Insurrection attempted by Louis Napoleon at Stras- burg. Constantine taken. in Algeria Talleyrand dies. Difficulty with Mexico: capture of San Juan d'Ulloa. 183L Brazil: — Revolution; Dom Pedro II., emperor. Belgium: — Leopold I., king. The Poles defeated at Ostrolenka; Warsaw capitulates. Italy: — Gregory XVI., pope. 1832. The kingdom of Greece founded; Otho I., Poland: — The insurrection crushed and Poland incorporated with Russia; thousands of families sent to Siberia. 1833. Spain: — Isabella II., queen; Don Carlos claims the throne. Portugal: — Dom Pedro overthrown and a con- stitutional monarchy restored. Egypt: — Mehemet Ali receives Syria from the Sultan. Mexico: — Santa Anna, president. 1834. Quadruple alliance — England, France, Spain, and Portugal, against Dom Miguel and Don Carlos. 1835. Austria: — Ferdinand I., emperor. 1S36. Spain: — The queen regent adopts the consti- tution of 1S12. 1838. Mexico: — The castle of San Juan d'Ulloa taken by the French. 192 TABULAR VIEWS 1839 A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc. ■Qnited States. Great Britain. 1839 The daguerreotype in- 1S39. Disturbances in the 1S39. The British take vented in Paris. "disputed territory," possession of Ghuzni and between Maine and New Cabul in Afghanistan. — Brunswick. — The Liber- Outbreak of opium war ty Party fonned. with China. Bcgininning of Anti- The rise of the Chart- Rentism in New York. ist agitation. 1840 Penny postage system in 1S40. Establishment of In- IS40. The uniform penny England. dependent Treasury. postage system estab- Wheatstone's improve- lished. ment of the electric MaiTiage of Queen telegraph in England. Victoria to Prince Al- bert of Saxe-Coburg. War in Syria: Great Britain taking part with Austria and Turkey against Mehemet AH of Egypt. Lord Palmer- ston's foreign policy excites the ill-will of France, Chartist riots. 1841 Appearance of Emerson's 1S41. W. H. Harrison, Essays. 9th president. He dies .\pril 4. John Tyler succeeds him, as 10th president. Failure of the attempt to restore the United States Bank owing to the opposition of the president. lS-t2 The old Croton Aqueduct 1S42. The Dorr Insur- 1842. The war %vith China in New York completed. rection in Rhode Island. ended: Hong-Kong Bain's electro - magnetic ceded to Great Britain; telegraph patented in Chinese ports opened to London. trade. Gutta percha in use. British disasters in First use of ether as an- Afghanistan. esthetic by Dr. Long of Webster-Ashburton Treaty between the U. S. Danielsville, Ga. and England, settling tlie northeastern boundary. End of the Seminole war. 1843. Great "Repeal" agitation in Ireland. The giant meeting on Tara Hill and the arrest of O'Connell. The British gain pos- session of Scinde. 1S44 A gi'eat defection from the 1845. Texas annexed to 1844. Daniel O Connell's Roman Catholic Church the United States. trial and imprisonment under Ronge, in Ger- Anti-rent riots in New — the sentence reversed many, who founds the York. by the House of Lords. German Catholic Church. James K. Polk, 11th 1845 Lord Rosse's telescope. president. 1845. Sir John Franklin Florida admitted. sails in search of the Northwest Passage. The outbreak of the Sikh war. 1846 Discovery of the planet 1846. War with Mexico. 1840. Famine in Ireland; Neptune, predicted by Hostilities commence the repeal of the Com Leverrier and Adams. ontho RioGrande, April 24. Battle of Palo Alto, May S. Battle of Resaca de la Palma, May 9. Laws. 1846 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 193 France. The World, elsewhere. 1840 Prince Louis Napoleon at- tempts a hostile descent on the coast of France, near Boulogne — is taken prisoner, and imprisoned at Ham. Thiers retires : Guizot minister for foreign alTairs. The remains of Napoleon removed from St. Hele- na, and deposited with great honours at the Invalides, in Paris. 1842 The duke of Orleans, heir to the throne, killed by a fall from his carriage. 1844 Successful Morocco. with 1846 Louis Napoleon escapes from Ham, May 25. 18.'i9. Peace between France and Mexico. China: — The opium trade forbidden. Turkey at war with Egypt. The Turks crushed by Ibrahim Pasha at Nisib. Mahmud II. suc- ceeded by Abdul Medjid who formulates reforms in the Hatji-sherif of Gulhane. India:^-Ghuzni taken by the British. Denmark: — Christian VIII. succeeds. 1840. China:— (Canton blockaded by the English, to compel the renewal of the opium trade. Holland: — William I. abdicates. William II. succeeds. Syria: — Acre taken by the English, Austrians, and Turks. Spain: — Carlist insurrection suppressed. 1841. China: — Canton taken by the British. Mexico: — -Santa Anna enters the capital and places himself at the head of the government. Spain: — -Espartero made regent. Turkey: — Mehemet Ali recognized as hereditary ruler of Egypt. 1842. India: — British withdraw from Afghanistan. Natal taken by the British. China: — Peace with Great Britain; Hong-Kong ceded. 184.3. Spain: — The Regent Espartero overthrown by Narvaez. Personal rule of Isabella II. Greece: — King Otho compelled to accept constitution, Sept. 1.5. India: — Scinde annexed to the British Empire. 1846. Poland: — An unsuccessful insurrection at Cracow. The city deprived of its independence and annexed to Austria. Rome: — Pius IX., pope; he inaugurates a liberal era- 194 TABULAR VIEWS 1846 A.D.- United States. Great Britain. 1846 1848 The planet Neptune dis-1 1846. The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain, settling covered. — Grote's His- tory of Grr^ece begun. Boundary, signed at London. Appearance of Thackeray's Vanity Fair, Lowell'^ Biglow Papers,&nd Mill's' Political Economy. Gold discovered in California. Formation of the Free Soil Party. Extensive emigration from Europe to America during this year, particularly from Ireland. Wisconsin admitted the Northwestern June 18. Commodore Sloat takes possession of Cali fornia, July 6. New tariff bill passed establishing ad valorem duties Capture of Monterey, September 24. Tampico occupied No- vember 14. Iowa admitted. 1847. Battle of Buena Vista, February 23. Vera Cruz surrenders, March 29. Battle of Cerro Gordo, April IS. Battle of Contreras, August 20. Battle of Molinos del Rey, September 8. Battle of Chapultepec September 13. Mexico surrenders September 14. . Mormons establish Salt Lake City. 1848. Treaty of Peace with] 1848. Disorders in Ireland. Mexico signed at Guaaa-j Chartist meeting loupe Hildalgo, Feb. 2. London, April 10. John Mitchell tried and condemned to trans- portation, May. Postal convention between the United States and Great Britain. 1847. Severe famine con- tinues in Ireland. Large supplies of food sent from the United States; ex- tensive emigration . Death of O'Connell. Habeas Corpus Act suspended in Ireland, July. Smith O'Brien arrest- ed and condemned, Aug. 5. 1848 A.D, OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 195 France. Austria, Prussia, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1847 1848 Reform banquets in Stras- burg, Chartres, etc. Michelet's '.ectures inter- rupted by the ministers Dec. Abd-el-Kader surrenders Dec. 22. Debate on. the Reform Bill, Feb. 8. Proposed banquet at Pa ris, abandoned, Feb. 21 Revolution commenced Feb. 22. Barricades erected, Feb 23. Guizot dismissed. Louis Philippe abdicates and flies, Feb. 24. Provisional government established. Lamartine, provisional president, Feb. 24. French Republic pro- claimed, Feb. 27. .Meeting of the National Assembly, May 4. Socialist insurrection, May 15. Bloody insurrection in Paris, June 23-26. I Cavaignac, military dicta- tor, June 24. Paris in a state of siege. New Constitution adopted, Nov. 4. Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected president, Dec. 10. 1846. Austria takes possession of Cra- cow. 1847. Prussia:— Fred- erick William sembles the United Diet. 1848. Revolution in Vienna and fall of Metternich, March 13; revolution in Buda-Pesth, Mar. 15-17; insurrection in Berlin, Mar. 18- 19 ; German Vor- parlament meets at Frankfort Mar. 3 1 . Prussia at war with Denmark April; Emperor flees from Vienna, May 17; insurrec- tion at Prague ; meeting of Hun- garian i\' a t i o n a 1 assembly, July 5 Hungarians p r e- pare for war against Austria, Sept . : They defeat the Croatian Ban Jellachich, Sept. 29. Insurrection at Vienna, Oct. 6. The e m p e r o rl leaves the city . The Hungarian! army advances within 6 miles of Vienna, Oct. 11. Windischgratz ap- pointed comman- der of the imperial army. 1847. Hayti: — Soulouque, presi- dent, March 2. Sardinia: — Charles Albert initiates reforms. Algiers: — Abd-el-Kader made a prisoner, Dec. 22. 1848. Italy: — Sicily in revolu- tion — Constitutions granted in Sardinia, Tuscany, and Rome; Northern Italy rises against Austria — Charles Albert of Sardinia declares war against Austria in March; the Sar- dinians defeated at Custozza in July and Austrians occupy Milan. Insurrection in Rome against the pope, and assassination of his chief minister, Rossi, Nov. Bavaria: — Disturbances on account of Lola Montez — the king abdicates in favor of his son, Maximilian II, March 20. Denmark: — Frederick VII., king; revolt of Schleswig- Holstein, March. Poland : — Unsuccessful re- volt at Cracow, April. Sicily declares itself inde- pendent, April. Holland receives a constitu- tion, April. Sicily: — The duke of Genoa elected king, July 10. Armistice signed between Denmark, Prussia, and Swe- den, Aug. 26. Sicily: — Messina bombarded and taken, by the royal forces Sept. 7. 196 TABULAR VIEWS 1848 A.D.- 1849 Emigration from Europe to America during this year I at the rate of 1000 a day. 1849. Zachary Taylor, 12th president. 1850, Great agitation on the Slavery Question in the United States Congress A University founded at Sydney, New South Wales . Deaths in 1850: U. S. A. EUROPE. A. Judson, Wordsworth, S. M. Fuller, Jeffrey, John C. Neander, Calhoun, Louis Zachary Philippe, Taylor. Balzac, Rob't Peel, Woman's Rights Conven tion, held at Worcester Mass., Oct. 23. 1850. Death of President Taylor. Millard Fillmore, 13th president. California admitted. Texas boundary settled by the payment of 10,000,000 dollars to Texas. New Mexico and Utah organized as Territories Bill for the arrest of fugitive slaves passed by Congress. Slave trade in the District of Columbia abolished. 1849. Moultan, in India, taken Jan. 2; battle of Gujerat ends Sikh war; the Punjab is annexed. 1850. A British fleet block- ades the ports of Greece, to enforce the alleged claims of British sub- jects. Haynau, ' ' the Aus- trian butcher, " chastised by the draymen in Lon- don, Sept. 1850 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 197 France. Austria, Prussia, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1850 Louis Philippe dies in Eng- land. French ambassador re- called from London, in consequence of a diffi- culty connected with an English claim on Greece, May 16. New electoral law, re- stricting the right of suffrage, passed. May 31 Arrangement with Eng land on the Greek dis pute, June 21. Dotation Bill, giving the president 2 , 16 0,000 francs (3405,000) per annum, passed, June 24 1848. The emperor issues a proclama- tion against Vien- na. Hungarians driven from Vien- na, October 30. The Imperialists under Windisch- gratz storm Vienna Oct. 31. Ferdinand abdi- cates, Dec. 2. Francis Joseph becomes emperor The Prussian king promulgates a constitution. 1849. The Frankfort Parliament offers the imperial crown of Germany to the Prussian king who declines. I n s u r- rections in Dresden and Baden sup pressed; National Assembly end June 18; armistice between Denmark and Prussia, July 10. Russia brings aid to Austria against the Hunga rians, Feb.; Hun- garians defeated at Kapolna, Feb. 26 27; Hungary de- clares its indepen dence, April 14 Haynau crushes the Hungarians at Temesvdr; Gorgey capitulates to the Russians at Vila- gos, Aug. 13; the Hungarian revo- lution is crushed. 1850. Prussia:— The king takes the oath required by the Constitution, Feb. 6. Attempt to assassinate him, May 22. Treaty signed at Munich between Austria, Bavaria Saxony, and Wiir temberg, to main tain the German Union, Feb. 27. 1849. Italy: — Republic pro- claimed at Rome under Maz- zini and others, Feb. 8. The grand duke aif Tuscany flies. Provisional govern- ment proclaimed , Feb. 9. Charles Albert of Sardinia defeated by Radetsky, March 21 — again totally defeated at Novara, March 23, he abdi- cates the throne in favor of his son, Victor Emanuel I. Insurrection in Genoa, April 1. Rome: — ^The French army, despatched to the aid of the pope, arrives under the walls of Rome, April 29. Rome surrenders to the French, July 2. Garibaldi leaves the city, July 3. The government placed in the hands of the pope's com- missioners, Aug. 3. Venice capitulates to Rad- etsky, Aug. 22. Austrian power in Northern Italy re-established. 1850. Rome: — The pope returns, April, and revokes liberal constitution. Greece disputes the claims of Great Britain for losses of British subjects: is forced to submit. China: — Outbreak of the Taiping rebellion. igS TABULAR VIEWS 1850 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. United States. Great Britain. 1850 •S51 Northwest Passage dis covered by Capt._ Mc Clure in the Investigator Oct. 26. Imprisoned in the ice and does not reach England till 1854. The British consul at Charieston calls the at- tention of the governor of South Carolina to a law of that State, under which British seamen (colored) are imprisoned when they enter her ports for trade or in dis- tress, Dec. Appearance of Tennyson's lit Memoriam; Dickens's David Copperfield; Wag- ner's Lohengrin. Jas. Richardson, the Afri- can traveller, dies at the village of Ungouratona, six days distant from Kuka, the capital of Bornou, March 4. According to the evi- dence of Mr. Baines be- fore a Committee of the House of Commons there were in Great Britain 13,193 places of worship dissenting from the tenets of the Es- tablished Church, to which may be added Roman Catholic chap- els, 597, minor sects and Tews, 550; total non-con- formist churches, 14,340. Exhibition of the Worlcs of Industry of all Nations, inaugurated by Queen Victoria, May 1, at the Crystal Palace. 1850. The Clayton-Bulwer treaty with England in regard to an inter- oceanic canal. Disunion Meetings held at Natchez (many present opposed to dis union); at Yazoo City (resolutions proposed voted down), Oct. 7; at Nashville (this conven tion passed resolutions recommending a con gress of slaveholding States), Nov. 19. The Advance and Rescue, American ves sels in search of Sir J. Franklin, completely fastened in the ice, Sept. 13. In their northerly drift reach lat. 75° 23', Oct. 1. Conventions held to amend the Constitutions of the States of Indiana (Oct. 7), Virginia (Oct. 14), Maryland (Nov. 4) New Hampshire (Nov 6). Narcisso Lopez and others tried at New Or- leans for engaging in an expedition against Cuba, Dec. 17. Webster replies to Hiilsemann on the rights of neutral nations, Dec 21. 1851. Lopez lands in Cuba at the head of a filibus tering expedition; is captured and executed. General Quitman of Mississippi arrested for alleged violation of the neutrality law of 1818, by setting on foot a military expedition against Cuba. He resigns his office of governor, Feb. 3. Initial point of the boundary between the United States and Mexi- co established on the right bank of the Rio Grande del Norte, in 32° 22' north latitude, and 219.4 meters from the centre of the bed of the river, April 24. 1850. Searches for Sir J. Franklin — the North Star returns to Spithead unsuccessful, Sept. 28. The Prince Albert ar- rives at Aberdeen with the intelligence that traces of his party had been found at Cape Reilly and Beechy Isl- and, at the entrance to WellingtonChannel, Oct. 1. Appointment by the pope of several Roman Catholic bishops and archbishops in England causes great excitement, and an indignant letter from Lord Russell, the premier, Nov. 1851. A strong force of Kaffirs attacks Fort White, Cape of Good Hope, and are repulsed. The Kaffir chief, Her- manns, attacks Fort Beaufort, but is re- pulsed, he and his son killed, his band com- pletely routed. 3000 Kaffirs attack the colo~ nists and *"heir allies near Fort Hare; driven back with the loss of 100 killed, Jan. Col. Somerset captures and bums Fort Armstrong, Feb. 23. Tne Hottentots of the Theopolis Mission Sta- tionin Lower Albany join in the insurrection. May 31. They are defeated in actions with the Eng- lish troops on the 3d and 5th of June. d iSU A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 199 France. Austria, Prussia, etc. The World, elsewhere. Presidential Dotation Bill, proposing an additional grant of 1 , 8 , (I francs, rejected in the Assembly, Feb. 18. The Sub-Committee of the Assembly, appointed by the Committee of Re- vision of the Constitu- tion to authenticate petitions, reports that up to July 1 the petitions had been signed by 1,123.105 persons thus classfied: For revision, 741,011; for revision and P''o'ongation of powers, 370,511; for prolontja- tion of powers, 12,103 — July 5. 1850. Turkey: — Insurrec* tion in Bosnia. 1 850 . W iirtemberg denoun - ces the ambition of the king of Prussia, and announces a league be- tween Wurtemberg, Ba- varia, and Saxony, un- der the sanction of Austria, March 15. The Union Parliament meets at Erfurt in M rch and April. ] Treaty of peace between Prussia and Denmark, July 2. Prussia refuses to join Denmark: — Bloody bat- tle of Idstedt, be- tween the Danes and Schleswig-Holsteiners, July 25. _^^ the restricted Diet of Frankfort, Aug. 25. Difficulties occurring in Hesse-Cassel, between the elector and his peo- ple, in regard to the mode of taxation, Aus- tria and Prussia re- spectively send armies to the Electorate to take opposite parts in the struggle, Sept. -Nov. Austrian ultimatum delivered at Berlin, di- recting that Prussia evacuate Hesse in eight days, dissolve the Er- furt League, and recog- nize the Diet, etc., re- plied to by the Prussian king's signing the order calling out the whole military force of the monarchy, Nov. 6. Prussian prestige overthrown by Austria at the conference of Olmutz, Nov. 29. 1851. Denmark: — Schles- wig-Holstein yields to the Commissioners of the Germanic Con- federation, Jan. 10. 1851. The Austriangovemment and the Ottoman Porte come to the following settlement respecting the Hungarian refugees: Full and entire am.nesty con- ditioned on their not attempting to enter Hungary. Eight excepted, among them Kossuth and Bat- thykny, Feb. 17. Charles L. Brace, an American, arrested and imprisoned in Hungary on a charge of fomenting revolution. May 23. Unveiling of Rauch's colossal statue of Fred- erick the Great, at Ber Hn, May 31. Australia : — Discovery of large gold fields near Bathurst, Feb. East Indies: — Fort of the celebrated pirate sultan of Sulu destroyed by the Spanish govern- ment of Manilla, Feb. 28. 200 TABULAR VIEWS 185 I A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc United States. Great Britain 1851 Wyld's monster globe erected in London; em- ployed 300 men nearly 30 days in fitting up the interior. The lord mayor of London, with several of the alder- men and common coun- cilmen, the royal com- missioners of the Expo- sition of Industry, etc., and the executive com- mittee of the royal com- missioners, leave Eng- land for France, by invitation of the prefect of the Seine. — Aug. 1. The inauguration oftherail- way between St. Peters- burg and Moscow, in Russia, takes place Sept. 1. The town of Lagos, on the coast of Africa, destroy- ed by an English force, because the native chief refused to sign a treaty for the effectual sup- pression of the slave trade in his domimjons. The chief is deposed, and another substituted in his place, Dec. 26-27. Deaths in 1851. U. S. J. J. Audu- bon, S. Olin, J. F. Cooper, T. H. Gal- laudet, 3. G. Morton. Europe. Lordi3exley Joanna Baillie, Codrington, Sheil, Lingard, Daguerre, Soult, Oersted, Jacobi, Turner. Ruskin begins publication of Stor.es of Venice; Helmholtz invents the opkthalmoscope. 1851. Presidentissuesapro- clamation, warning all persons within the juris- diction of the United States not to aid or en- gage in any expedition against the Island of Cuba, April 25. Convention of dele- gates from the Southern Rights Associations of South Carolina meets at Charleston, May 5; and adjourns after resolving that, "with or without co-operation, they are for a dissolution of the Union," May 8, Erie Railroad opened from New York City to Dunkirk, 439 miles, by President Fillmore, Daniel Webster, etc., May 15. Serious conflagrations in California. San Fran- cisco alone suffers by taem in May and June to the amount of ^12,000,000. "Vigilance commit- tee" at San Francisco, enforces order by sum- mary execution. Nicaragua route, be- tween New York and San Francisco, opened, Aug. 12. Great riot in New Orleans, growing out of the Cuban expedition Houses of Spanish resi- dents attacked. I'he Spanish consul is obliged to ask protection, and is placed in the city prison for safety, Aug. 21. Riot, with loss of life at Christiana, Pa., upon an attempt to arrest a fugitive slave, Sept. 11. U. S. brig Dolphin sails on an expedition to run a line of soundings for telegraphic purposes across the Atlantic, Oct, U. S. steam frigate Mississippi sent to TuT' key for Kossut h , receives him on board in the Dardanelles. The French government re^ fuses to allow Kossuth to pass through France ISSl.The Russell Ministry resign, Feb. 22 ; but after- wards resume office, the Earl of Derby not hav- ing succeeded in forming a Cabinet. Hostilities with the Burmese. 1851. "The great aggregate meeting" of Roman Catholics, from all parts of the United Kingdom, for the inauguration or the Catholic defence as- sociation, is held at Dublin, Aug. 19. The American yacht "America," at the re- gatta at Cowes, wins "The cup of all nations," Aug. 22. Kossuth arrives by English steamer from Gibraltar, at Southamp- ton, Eng. Ovations are offered him in various parts of the country. He leaves for the United States, Nov. The submarine tele- graph between Dover and Calais completed Oct. 17. Opened for public use, Nov. 13. 1851 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY 201 France. Austria, Prussia, etc. The World, elsewhere. Revolution: Louis Napo- leon by a coup d'etat seizes the reins of gov- ernment; dissolves the National Assembly; de- clares a state of siege; arrests the leaders of the opposition; consti- tutes an entire new ministry. The president orders the restoration of universal sutTrage; an immediate election by people and army of a president to hold office for ten years, to be sup- ported by a Council of State and two houses of Legislature. The vote of the army shows a large majority for Napoleon. Resistance to the usur- pation is shown ir various parts of France but the overwhelnriing power of the army and a "state of siege" in 33 departments crushes all opposition. The election under various controll ing influences, results in the confirmation of Na poleon as president for ten years, by a vote of about seven out of eight millions. — Dec. 2-21. 185L The Germanic Diet in answer to Lord Palmerston's protest against annexing the non-Germanic provin- ces of Austria to the Germanic Federation, says, "That no foreign interference should be allowed in a purely German question." — July 17. Marshal Radetzky, by proclamation from Monza, 'declares the Lom- bardo-Venetian king- dom to be in a state of siege, July 19. The emperor of Austria urges the minis ter president to take "into ripe and serious consideration the possi bility of carrying out the Constitution of March 4, 1349."— Aug. 20. Louis Kossuth and 35 of his countrymen sen tenced to death in con tumaciatn, at Pesth, for not appearing after cita tion, Sept. 22. 1851. Hawaii:— The diffi- culties between the Ha- waiian and French governments are ar- ranged according to the terms of a "mutual de- claration," published at Honolulu, March 25. New Granada: — Con- gress abolishes slavery in the republic, to take effect January 1, 1852. —May 29. Italy: — A n earth- quake destroys Melfi, a city of 10,000 inhabi- tants, about 100 miles S. E. of Naples, and other towns in its vi- cinity. Seven shocks occurred within 24 hours. Melfi was sepa- rated by a ravine from Mount Vulture, upon which are many extinct craters. Not less than 3000 persons supposed to have perished. — July 14. Russia: — Her troops repeatedly defeated by the Circassians. — June. Nicaragua : — G e n . Munoz, ex-minister of war, deposes President Pineda, and sends him and most of his cabinet prisoners to Tigre Isl- ands and makes Albau- naz president. The Senate assembles at Grenada, and elects Montenegro, president Aug. 4. West Indies: — Volca- nic eruptions from eight craters in the mountains of Martinique, Aug. 5. 202 TABULAR VIEWS 185 I A.D.- A.D. Progress of Society, etc' United States. Great Britain. 1852 Immigration into Cal fornia, from Asia is so large as *o require special legislation.— April. Telegraphs across the Eng- lish Channel. First national agricultural convention assembles at Washington, D. C. consisting of 151 mem bars, representing 22 States, and the District of Columbia; organized by the choice of Marshal P. Wilder, of Mass. president. June 24. At Stafford House in Lon don, some English ladies, headed by the Duchess of Sutherland, adopt an address to the women of America on the subject of negro slavery. It subsequently receiv 576,000 signatures. Nov 26. Punishment of death re stored in Tuscany. 1851. Kossuth arrives at New York in December.' Ovations are offered him in the principal cities of the Union. He has an interview with the presi dent and addresses Congress. Principal room of the library of Congress destroyed by fire, to gether with paintings, statuary, models, and about 35,000 volumes of books, Dec. 24. Immigration, June 1 1850, to Dec. 31, 1851 558,000. 1852. Deputations from the various States, 11 behalf of the Irish exiles wait upon President Fillmore — Jan. 23. The Ohio State House entirely consumed by fire. Gold medal presented to Henry Clay by citi zens of New York, Feb, 10. Memorial presented to House of Representa- tives of California, from 1218 citizens of South Carolina and Florida asking permission "to colonize a rural district with a population of not less than 2000 slaves." Feb. 10. Southern Rights con vention at Montgomery, Ala., passes resolutions against making resist ance to the compromise measures an issue of their party, and against intervention, March 5 1852. Lord Granville, in relation to the firing on the American steamer Prometheus by the Brit- ish manof-war Express, states to Mr. Lawrence, for the information of his government, that her majesty's govern- ment entirely disavow the act. Jan. 10. Dr. Rae returns un- successful from his search for Sir John Franklin, down the Mackenzie River, and from its mouth eastward 500 miles. He was sent out in the spring of 1851 by the Hudson's Bay Company. Feb. British troops occupy Rangoon in Burmah, April 14. 1852 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 203 France. Austria, Prussia, etc. ; The World, elsewhere. 1852 President Bonaparte or-! 1832. The emperor ders the confiscation of Russia visits the the Orleans property, peror of Austria Jan. 22. Vienna, May S President Bonaparte com mences his tour through Southern France, Sept 16. Visits the Chateau D'Amboise, and releases Abd-el-Kader, who had been a prisoner for five years, Oct. 10. Returns to Paris, making a pom pous entry into the city, Oct. 16. A decree of the president convokes the Senate for Nov. 4, for the purpose of deliberating on the restoration of the em pire. Oct. 19, ofl em at 1S51. Cuba: — Expedition against Cuba under Gen- eral Narcisso Lopez, 500 strong, sails from New Orleans, Aug. 3, and Key West, 10th; effects a landing at Cubanos, 11th; is routed on the 20th. Lopez is taken, 29th, and publicly gar- rotted, Sep. 1. His fol- lowers shot or condemn- ed to ten years' labor in Spain. The funeral obsequies of the Span- iards and Cubans who fell in the contest with Lopez are celebrated with great pomp at the Cathedral in Havana. 170,000 are subscribed by the inhabitants of Havana, for the benefit of their widows and children, Sept. 9. Mexico: — General Mariana Arista inaugu- rated president, Jan. 15; Canales, Carvajal, and others issue pronuncia- mentos against the general government. Some fighting follows with varied success, Sept.-Oct.-Nov. 1852. Argentine Confedera- tion: — General Urquiza completes the passage of the Parana and prepares to approach Buenos Ay- res, Jan. 8. Battle of Santos Lugares, (Mon- te Caseros.) between Urquiza and Rosas, re- sults in the total defeat of Rosas and his flight to England, Feb. 3. During the night the city is saved from pillage by detachments from the various ships of war of all nations in the harbor. The allied army enters Buenos Ayres, Feb. 18. — Urquiza, director of the Argentine Con- federation, deposed, Sept. 1 1 . — B u e n o s Ayres leaves the Argen- tine Confederation. — The Chamber of Representatives of Buenos Ayres declares the river Parana open to t'.e navigation of all nations, Oct. 13. 204 TABULAR VIEWS 1852 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. United States. Great Britain. 1852 Deaths in 1852. U.S. H. Clay. D. Webster, S. Nott, M. Stuart, D. Drake, J. H. Paine, H.Greenough, Amos Law- P. Milledoler, J. Vanderlyn, J.L.Kingsley, J.P.Norton, HoseaBallou. Appearance of Uncle Tom' s Cabin. Europe. Thos. Moore, Schwart- zenberg, Pradier, Wellington, Dr.Mantell, D'Orsay, Lee, Gioberti. 1852. Kossuth continues to be_ feted in different cities, and finally quits the country under the name of Alexander Smith, July 16. Henry Clay dies, June 29. Obsequies ce.e brated at New York, July 20. Daniel Webster dies, Oct. 24. Funeral solem nities celebrated at Bos- ton, Nov. 15. The United States declines the tri -partite convention respecting Cuba proposed by Eng land and France, Dec. 1. Immigration, 375,000. 1852. Submarine telegraph wires coated with gutta percha laid across St. George's Channel from Holyhead, a distance of eighty miles, completing the communication be- tween London and Dub- lin. June 1. Queen Victoria issues her proclamation against " Roman Catholic eccles- iastics, wearing the habit of their order, exercising the rites and ceremonies of the Roman Catholic religion in highways and places of public resort." June 15. Duke of Wellington dies, Sept. 14. His ob- sequies take place in London, Nov. 18. Fall of the Protection- ist ministry of Lord Derby and Mr. D' Israeli, after an existence of nine months, Dec. 17. By a decree of thegov- vernor general of British India, the province of Pegu (Burman) is an« nexed to the British dominions. Dec. 1852 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 205 France. The World, elsewhere. 1852 The Senate decrees the re- establishment of the em pire, subject to the rati fication of the people, Nov. 7. The vote is taken throughout France and Algeria., Nov. 21 and 22; result — 7,824,- 129 in favor of re-estab- lishing the empire against 253,149 negative and 63,126 void ballots At the Hotel da Ville, in Paris, Louis Napoleon is publicly proclaimed Em- peror of the French, un der the name of Napo leon III., Dec. 2. 1852. Greece: — Signing of a convention in London by England, France, Prussia, Bavaria, and Greece in reference to the affairs of Greece. Nov. 18. Hawaii: — Eruption of Mauna Loa; lasts several weeks. Feb. India: — The British take Prome in Burmah, October 9. Italy: — The punishment of death is re-established in Tuscany, for treason, crimes against religion, murder, and robbery with violence, Nov. 10. — The pope addresses a letter to the king of Sardinia, strongly adverse to the bill under con- sideration in the Piedmontese parliament, per- mitting marriages without religious ceremonies; it is consequently withdrawn by the ministry, Dec. 20. — At Rome, Bishop Ives, of North Carolina, U.S., formerly an Episcopaliar, is received into the Catholic Church by the pope, Dec. 26. Liberia: — President Roberts attacks and gains possession of the native chief Boyer's principal town, Jan. 15. Me.xico: — Carvajal attacks Camargo and is defeated, Feb. 21. A French filibustering expedition under Raous- set de Boulbon in Sonora is defeated at Her- mosillo, Nov. 1. Spain: — Murderous assault on the queen by a priest, Feb. 2. Switzerland: — The Canton of Ticino suppresses the order of Capuchin monks, and expels all of that order under 65 years of age, Nov. Turkey: — War breaks out between the Turks and Montenegrins, Dec. 15. 206 TABULAR VIEWS 1853 A.D. A.D. Progress OF Society, etc. United States. Great Britain. 1853 Firmans accorded to all subjects of the Porte (not Mussulmans) con- firming their religious rights, June. The first Norwegian rail- way opened, July 4. The American expedition under Com. Matthew Galbraith Perry arrives in Japan, July 8. On the 14 th he lands and deliv- ers to the imperial com- missioners the letterfrom the American president. The first Presbyterian Chinese church organ- ized at San Francisco, U. S., Nov. Cholera prevails in Europe. Several new asteroids dis- covered. Deaths in 1853: U. S. I Europe. C.B.Adams, ! Tieck, Junius Smith, ^Arago W. R. King, B. Bates, Sim. Green- leaf. Von Buch, Mrs. Opie, Ralph Wardlaw. 1853. Adverse decision of Napoleonlll., arbiter be- tween the United States and Portugal, in case of the General Armstrong, read at Washington, Jan. 17. Franklin Pierce and William R. King de- clared duly elected president and vice- president for four years from 4th, March next, Feb. 9. Departure of Kane's Expedition in search of Franklin, May 31. Important amend ments to the city charter of New York, restraining the power of municipal officers in money matters adopted, June 7. The Koszta affair, in- volving the United States and Austria, July-Sept. Crystal Palace at New York opened in the pres- ence of the president of the United States July 14. Remaining portion of "Table Rock," at the Falls of Niagara, breaks oflf, Sept. 9. Great Republic, clipper of 4,000 tons, largest merchantman in the world, launched at East Boston, Mass., Oct. 4. Captain Gunnison and party massacred by the Indians in Utah, Oct. 26. Yellow fever epidemic in the States bordering on Gulf of Mexico, carries off from 12,000 to 15,000 persons. Bedini, the papal nuncio, tries to influence the Roman Catholic laity to give up their church property to the bishops, but does not succeed. He quits the country. The Gadsden Pur- chase concluded with Mexico, Dec. 30. Immigration, 368,000. 1853. Kaffir chiefs send in their submission to General Cathcart, there- by closing the war in South Africa, Feb. 10. Peace concluded, March 9. Doncaster church, built in 1070, destroyed by fire, Feb. 28. Warlike stores, sup- posed to be for Kossuth, seized, April 14. Mrs. H. B. Stowe, authoress of Uncle Tom's Cabin received at Stafford House by many of the nobility and statesmen of England, May 7. JJublin Industrial Ex- hibition opened, May 12. The English and French fleet co-operate in the East. The " strike" at Stockport ceases, and 20,000 men resume labor, h a V i n g accomplished their object, an advance of ten per cent, in their wages, August 8. Sim- ilar strikes occur at Leeds, Kidderminster, and other cities. Queen Victoria visits Ireland, Aug. Captain Inglefield, of the Phcenix, arrives from the Arctic regions with the news of the discovery of the North- west Passage, by Cap- tain McClure of the Investigator, Oct., 1850. The first stone of a Roman Catholic cathe- dral laid at Shrewsbury, by Bishop Brown, Dec. 12. The Dublin Exhibi- tion building is formally opened as a winter gar- den, by the Lord Lieu- tenant and the Countess St. Germains, Dec. 15. 1853 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 207 JS5.S Russia, Austria, and Prus- sia at last acknowledge Napoleon III. emperor of the French, Jan. Marriage of the emperor and Eugenie de Montijo, countess de Teba, cele- brated at Cathedral of Notre Dame, Paris, Jan. 29. General St. Priest, and many other legitimists, secretly arrested in Paris, on the charge of political communication with the count of Cham- bord , and some of ha ving sent false intelligence to foreign journals, Feb. Application is made by the French government to the English for Napo- leon's will, Feb. Sub- sequently granted. Funeral of Mme. Raspail at Paris, the occasion of a formidable socialist demonstration. 40,000 persons march in pro- cession to Pere la Chaise, March. Preparations to oppose Russia in her preten- sions in the East. Fleet sent to Turkish waters, March. A peace address, signed by 4000 English merchants, bankers, and traders, is presented to Napoleon III., at the Tuileries. March. A bill restoring capital punishment forattempts on the life of the em- peror, or to subvert the imperial government, is passed. May. Plot to assassinate the emperor, while on his way to the Opera Com ique, discovered at Paris, July 7. The duke de Nemours, on benalf of the entire Orleans family, effects a reconciliation with the count de Chambord Nov. A plebiscite declares in favor of the empire by a large majority, Nov. Unveiling of the statue of Marshal Ney, oh the spot where he was shot, and the anniversary of his execution, Dec. 7. 1853. Austria offers herself as a mediator between the Turks and Montene- grins, Feb. 1. Attempt on the life of emperor of Austria at the ramparts of Vienna, Feb. 18. Baden : — Prof. Gervi- nus tried for high treason in publishing his Introduc- tion to the History of 10th Century . Sentence, ten months' im- prisonment, and book to be destroyed March 5. ' Prussia: — ■ Democratic conspiracy discovered at Berlin, Mar. 29. 1853 Belgium: — Marriage of the duke of Brabant, heir-apparent of the throne, and the Archduchess Maria, Aug. 22. Canada: — Gavazzi lectures at Quebec and Montreal; riots ensue; military called out; June 6-9. — The first sod of the European and North American Railroad turned at St. Johns, Sept. 14. China: — Nankin taken by the Taipings. March 21. Amoy cap- tured. May. Denmark: — Parliament pro- rogued and a "fundamental" law issued, by which the government becomes hereafter an absolute one, July. Holland : — The first chamber adopts the much-disputed law on religious liberty, Sept. India: — -Battle of Lonabew, in Burmah: Sir J. Cheape conquers Pegu, March. Italy: — An insurrection breaks out at Milan, but is vigorously sup- pressed by Radetsky, Feb. 6. The property of the Lombardo -Venetian refugees sequestered till they can prove they are not implicated in this outbreak, and 10,000 Ticinese expelled from Austrian Italy, Feb. 26. Protracted diplomatic contro- versies between Austria and both Sardinia and Switzerland follow— Sardinia solemnly protesting, April 16. — The pope prohibits the circula- tion of Uncle Tom's Cabin in his dominions. May 10. Guerazzi tried at Florence for high treason, and found guilty, June 11. — New church, built for the Wal- denses, opened and consecrated at Turin, Dec. 15. Mexico: — New revolution; Arista resigns the presidency, Jan. — Santa Anna, having been elect- ed president, is received in Mexico with great enthusiasm, April. 208 TABULAR VIEWS 1853 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. United States. Great Britain. 1854 [Deputation of "Friends" presents to the emperor of Russia a peace me- , moria], Feb. Complete equality before the law secured to all subjects of the Porte, without distinction of creed, by treaty, March. Commercial treaty con- cluded between the U. S. _ and Japan, March; this is the opening of the modem era in Japan. The first railway is opened in Brazil, the emperor and empress iDeing present at the inaugura- tion, April. 1854. The steamer San Francisco founders at sea; 240 U. S. troops washed overboard; the rest of 700 rescued by the Three Bells, Kilby, and Antarctic, Jan. 5. Astor Library opened for use of the public, in New York City, Jan. 9. Massachusetts Emi- grant Society organized and incorporated by Eli Thayer, April 20. Mass meetings at Boston, Feb. 23; New- market, N. H., Feb. 27; New York, May 13, against the Kansas-Ne- braska bill, which, how- ever, becomes a law. May 30. Leavenworth, Kansas, founded, June 13. 1854. Parliament openea by queen, who expresses a desire that exertions for an amicable settle- rnent of the Eastern diflSculties should be persevered in, Jan. 31. The queen reviews the fleet on its departure for the Baltic, March 11. Treaty of alliance be- tween England, France, and Turkey, March 12. War declared against Russia, March 28. A day of humiliation and prayer observed, April 26. Launch of the Royal Albert, the queen chris- tening the vessel. May 13. Crystal Palace at Sy- denham opened by the queen, June 10, i i854 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 209 Austria, Prussia, etc. The World, elsewhere. 1854 Alliance, offensive and de- fensive, between Aus- tria and Prussia, signed April 20, for the exclu- sion of Russia from the permanent occupa- tion of the Danubean principalities. By agreement with Turkey, Austria occupies the Danubian princi- palities, June. 1853. Spain: — New and stringent law against liberty of the press published, Jan. 2. Switzerland: — insurrection in Fribourg by the Jesuit party speedily suppressed, April. Persia: — Earthquakes at Shiraz (12,000 lives lost), May 9; and Teheran, July 11. Venezuela: — Earthquake at Cumana; 600 per- sons killed, July 15. Peru: — Difficulty at Chincha Islands between Peruvian commandant and American shipmasters, Aug. 17. China: — Shanghai taken by Taipings, Sept. 7. Portugal: — Maria II. (queen) dies, Nov. 10. Succeeded by Pedro V. Eastern Affairs: — War between Turkey and Russia. — Prince Menschikoff sent by the emperor of Russia with demands which are rejected by the Porte and he leaves Constantinople, May 21. The Russians cross the Pruth, July 2. The Porte ad- dresses a protest to the Russian cabinet against the occupation of the Principalities, July 14. The Conference of Vienna draw up the celebrated "Vienna Note," for the joint acceptance of Russia and Turkey; July 26. Russia at once accepts; Turkey requires modifications, Aug. 19; which Russia will not accede to, Sept. 14. Military con- gress at Olmiitz, Sept. 20. The note is dropped, Sept. 30. Turkey declares war against Russia, Oct. 23. The allied French and English fleet enter the Bosporus, Oct. 25. Hostilities commenced on the Danube, Oct. 30. Turks capture Fort St. Nicholas in the Black Sea, Oct. 31. Turks defeat Russians at Oltenitza, Nov. 4. Turkish fleet de- stroyed at Sinope by Russians, Nov. 30. The Vienna Conference continues its efforts to effect an arrangement between the belligerents, Dec. Decided manifestation of the people of Constanti- nople in favor of war, Dec. 21. The religious fanaticism of both parties is aroused. 1854. Brazil: — -San Salvador destroyed by an earth- quake, causing a loss of 200 lives, and $4,000,000 of property, April 16. Canada: — Parliament House at Quebec burnt, including government library and philosophical apparatus, Feb. 1. India: — The Ganges Canal, a work of great magnitude, opened, April 8. iVIexico: — Battle of Guayamas, between a filibustering expedition under count de Boulbon and the Mexicans, July 13' The count is defeated, taken prisoner, and, Aug. 12, shot. Spain: — The insurrection of the people at Ma- drid against the Regent Maria Christina (July 17) triumphs, and the Rivas ministry resign, July 19. Espartero enters the city, and is received with great enthusiasm, July 29. — Maria Christina, the queen mother, leaves Ma- drid for Portugal. Venezuela: — Slaves emancipated, April 25. Saxony: — King Frederick Augustus II. killed in the Tyrol by a fall from his carriage, Aug. 9. 2IO TABULAR VIEWS 1854 A.D. A.D. Progress of Society, etc. United States. Great Britain. 1854 Deaths in 1854: U. S.:— N. B. Blunt, Jacob Bur- nett, John Davis, Com. Downes, J. Harrington, last survivor of battle of Lexington, Mrs. E. Judson, Bishop Wain- wright. Europe: — Anglesey, Cockbum, E. Forbes, Jameson, Mait- land, Melloni, Mont- gomery, Paixhans, Pel- lico, Plunkett, Rubini, Schelling, Mme. Sontag, Mrs. C. Southey, Tal- fourd, Wilson, St. Ar- naud, Denman, Lock- hart. "Immaculate Conception of the Virgin " proclaimed as a dogma by the pope, Dec. 8. 1854. San Juan, Nicaragua, bombarded and burnt by the U. S. sloop-of- war, Cyane, July 13. Lawrence, K a n f as, settled by anti-slavery men, July 30. Giulia Grisi and Giu- seppe Mario, the two most renowned lyric artists of Europe, arrive at New York, Aug. 19. Cholera prevails June- No v.; yellow fever pre- vails, Aug.- Nov. Immigration about 500,000. Ostend Manifesto by the American ministers in Europe, Buchanan, Mason, and Soule, call- ing for the purchase of Cuba by the United States. 1854. Treaty between Ja- pan and Great Britain. England consents to the establishment of the Orange River republic, Feb. 23. Law passed for the enlistment of foreigners in the British service, Dec. 22. 1 854 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 211 Eastern Affairs. The World, elsewhere. The Anglo-French fleet en- ters the Black Sea, Jan. 5. Turks defeat Rus- sians at Citate, Jan. 6. Negotations for peace continue through the Vienna Conference, Jan. Russian ambassadors quit London, Paris, Feb. 7. English and French ambassadors dismissed St. Petersburg, Feb. 16. England and France re- solve to summon Russia to evacuate the Princi- palities by the 30th ADril,Feb.28. Russians crossthe Danube, March. Treaty of alliance con- cluded between England, France, and the Porte, March 12. Anglo-French ultimatum forwarded to St. Petersburg. Russia refuses a reply. Eng- land and France declare war against Russia, March 28. Counter dec- laration of war by Rus- sia against England and France, April 12. Con- vention between Eng- land and France, April 18. Odessa bombarded, April 22. Anglo-French fleet scours the Baltic, May, June. Austro- Turkish Convention, June 4. Russians raise the siege of Silistria, June 22, and re-cross the Danube, July 7. Rus- sians defeated by Turks at Rutschuk, July 12 and 13. Are com- pelled to evacuate the Principalities and re- cross the Pruth, Aug. 16. Bomarsund capitulates to the allied fleet and French army, Aug. 16. Austrian armies enter the Principalities, Aug. 23. Allies land in the Crimea, Sept. 14. De- feat the Russians at the Alma, Sept. 20. Com- mence the siege of Se- bastopol, Sept. 28. Fire opened, Oct. 17. Battle of Balaklava, Russians repulsed, Oct. 25. Bat- tle of Inkei'mann, Rus- sians again repulsed, Nov. 5. 212 TABULAR VIEWS 1855 A.D.- Progress of Society, etc. United States. Great Britain. Panama railroad complet- ed, first train on it Jan. 28. Financial panic in Califor- nia, Feb. Suspension Bridge at Niagara first crossed, March 14. Difficulty in Phila. about slaves of J. H. Wheeler of N. Carolina, July 18. Bessemer's process for manufacturing steel, patented. Deaths in 1855: U. S.: S. H. Cone, Abbott Law- rence, John C. Spencer, T. R. Beck. Europe: Jos. Hume, MissMitford Nicholas I. Charlotte Bronte Lord Raglan Saml. Rog- ers, Ans. Roths- child, Mickiewicz. Submarine telegraph cab le laid from Cape Breton to Newfoundland, July 12. Dudley Observatory inaug at Albany, Aug. 28. N. Y. and Newfoundland telegraph line, 17 15 miles, opened to St John's, Nov. 10. Revival of the African slave trade recommend- ed by Gov. Adams in S. Carolina. Arctic discovery ship Resolute presented to Queen Victoria by Lieut. Hartstene for the U. S. Government, Dec. 30. 1855. Southern Com- mercial Convention at New Orleans, Jan. 8. U. S. S. Waterwitch fired on, on the Paraguay, Feb. 1. U. S. Dist. Court in Wisconsin pronounces the Fugitive Slave Law unconstitutional, Feb. 3. Missourians invade I^awrence and perpetrate frauds at the elections for a legislature in Kan- sas. Free-State convention at Lawrence, Kansas, Aug. 14. William Walker (fili- buster) takes possession of Granada, Nicaragua, Oct. 16. Kansas Free -State convention at Topeka. Oct. 23, draws up con- stitution. Proclamation against filibustering by Presi- dent Pierce, Dec. 8. British Arctic vessel Resolute found and brought to New London by an American whaler, Dec. 23. 1856. N. P. Banks, Jr., of Mass., elected Speaker of House of Repre- sent, of U. S., after a contest of 9 weeks, by plurality of 3 votes, Feb. 2. Free State Legisl. at Topeka, Kansas, elect Reeder and Lane as delegates to Congress, Feb. 8. Kansas Investigation Committee appointed. Mar. 19. Lawrence, Kansas, captured and plundered by the slavery men. Personal assault on Senator Sumner of Mass. in the U. S. Senate by Brooks of S. Carolina, May 22. ,1855. Resignation of the Aberdeen ministry, Jan. 29. Formation of the Palmerston ministry, Feb. Visit of the emperor and empress of France, April 16. Introduction of Civil Service Reform, May 21. Death of Lord Raglan, commander-in-chief at Sebastopol, June 28. The queen and Prince Albert visit the emperor Louis Napoleon at Paris, Aug. 18. Visit of the king of Sardinia to England, Nov. 30. Captain McClure re- ceives the reward of £5,000 for discovery of "the N. W. passage," and is knighted, Nov, 1856. Annexation of the kingdom of Oudh in India, Feb. Seizure of a vessel under the British flag by Chinese authorities the cause of a 7/ar between the two countries Oct. 8. British fleet bombard and partially destroy Canton, China, Oct. 23. Occupation of Herat by Persians leads to declaration of war by the British, Nov. X. 1856 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 213 France. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. 1835 1856 Industrial Exhibition opened at Paris, May 15. Peace conference at Paris opened Feb. 25. Birth of an heir to the throne, March 16. Treaty of peace marking the end of the Crimean War, signed at Paris, March 30. Black Sea neutralized; Kars re- stored to Turkey, Se- bastopol to Russia; Danubian Principalities freed from Russian protectorate; navigation of the Danube free. Destructive floods near Lyons, etc., whole vil- lages destroyed, June. 1855. Russia: —Death of the Emperor Nicholas I., March 2. — Ale.\ander II. succeeds. — The Sardinian troops join the allied forces in the Crimea. — The allies take pos- session of K e r t c h , May 24. — The allies repulsed in an assault on the outposts of Sebastopol, June 18. — Kars invested by the Russians, June 23. Russians in the Cri- mea defeated in the bat- tle of the Tchernaya, Aug. 16. Fall of Sebastopo! — The MalakhofI carried by the French, Sept. 8. Terrific attack of the Russians on Kars re- pulsed, Sep. 29. Town capitulates to Russians, Nov. 28. Austria: — Death at Trieste of Don Carlos claimant of the Spanish throne, March 10. 1856. Preliminaries of peace signed at Vienna, Feb. 1. Austria issues a de- cree of amnesty for the Hungarian revolution- ists of 1848-49 (July). The Crimea wholly evacuated by the allies, July 12. Gunpowder explosion at Salonica, Turkey, 700 killed and wounded, July 17. Russia: — Alexander II. crowned emperor, Sept. 7. Spain: — Narvaez suc- ceeds O'Donnell in the government. Naples: — French and English ministers leave, Oct. 28. 1855. Mexico; — Santa Anna abdicates, Aug. 9. Carrera chosen to suc- ceed him. Alvarez resigns the presidency and is suc- ceeded by Comonfort, Dec. 1856. Costa Rica: — Walker's invasion de- feated at Guanacaste, March 20. — Walker defeats 3000 Costa Ricans at Rivas, April 11. Panama : — Riot on the Panama R. R., 30 pas- sengers killed, April 15. Walker elected presi- dent of Nicaragua, June 25. Earthquake in Egypt, Syria, and isles of Medi- terianean Sea. About 1200 lives lost, and many thousand build- ings destroyed, Oct. 12. 214 TABULAR VIEWS 1856 A.D - Progress of Society, etc. United States. Great Britain. Deaths in 1856: U. S.— J. M. Berrien, Ogden Hoff- man, Com. Morris, J. G. Perceval, Jno. C. Warren, J. M. Clayton. U. S. S., George Steers, naval architect, T. Crawford, sculptor, Louis M'Lane Europe: — Heinrich Heine, Jno. Bra- ham, Sir W. Hamilton, metaphysician. Von Biela, astronomer. Lord Hardinge, Father Mat- thew, Hugh Miller, Sir John Ross, Westmacott, Yarrell, Delaroche. Geo. Peabody gives $300,- OOU to establish a free Literary and Scientific Institute at Baltimore, Feb. 12. The Atlantic telegraph cable first joined at sea by the Niagara and Agamemnon, Aug. 5, but breaks, Aug. 11. Loss of the Central America and 450 lives, Sept. 8. Deaths in 1857. U. S. C. Colton, E.K.Kane, W. L. Marcy, Thos. J.Rusk, Eli Smith. Europe. De Musset, Beranger, J.W. Croker Marshall Hall, Douglas Jerrold, Eugene Sue, Cavaignac, Aug. Comte, Chris. Rauch. 1856. Buchanan nominated for president by Dem. Convention at Cincinnati June 7. Fremont nominated for president by Repub. Convention at Philadel- phia, June 17. H. of Repres. pass a bill admitting Kansas under Topeka Constitu- tion, July 3. Topeka legislature dis- persed by U. S. troops under Col. Sumner, July 4. John W. Geary con- firmed as Gov. of Kan- sas, July 31. Whitefield and Reeder both rejected by H. of Repres. as delegates from Kansas, Aug. 1. U. S. troops in Kansas arrest and disarm par- ties of emigrants from New England, Oct. 10. Buchanan elected pres. N0V.4. Barrier Forts, near Canton, China, destroy- ed by U. S. squadron for an attack on an American boat, Dec. 6. 1857. Buchanan inaugu- rated president, March 4. The Dred Scot De- cision delivered by Chief Justice Taney, March 6. R. J. Walker accepts appointment as Govern- or of Kansas, March 26. General financial pan- ic beginswith suspension of Ohio Life and Trust Co., Aug. 24. Lecompton Conven- tion, Kansas, meets Sept. 7, and adopts pro-slavery constitution, Nov. 7. Suspension of Phila- delphia banks, Sept. 25 and 26, followed by gen- eral suspension of banks in Pa., Md., D. C, R. I. Suspension of N. Y. city banks, Oct. 13-14, and Massachusetts bank same day. Payments resumed, Dec. 12. 1857. Palmerston ministry outvoted on the Chinese question, March 3. Treaty of Peace with Persia signed March 4 after a four months' war. New septennial Parlia- ment meets, April 30. The Manchester Art Exhibition opened. May 5. Sepoy Rebellion in India, mutiny at Meerut May 10; King of Delhi proclaimed sovereign of India, May 12; Mutiny at Lucknow, May 30; at Cawnpore, June 5 ; Massacre at Cawnpore, July 15. Havelock defeats the rebels under Nana Sahib, and recapturesCawnpore July 17. Sir Colin Campbell the new com. -in-chief, arrives at Calcutta, Aug. 14. Delhi taken after an assault of 6 days, Sept. 20. i857 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 215 France. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. 1857 Congress for the purpose of settling the controversy between Prussia and Switzerland over Neuf- chatel, meets at Paris, March. Commercial treaty be - tween France and Rus- sia, June. 1856. Granada. Nicaragua^ destroyed by Walker, Nov. 20-25. 1857. Austria: — ^Amnesty to political offenders in Lombardy, &c., Jan. 25. Denmark abolishes the Sound Dues, March 14. Prussia renounces its claims to Neufchatel, May. Sweden and Norway: — Charles Louis, prince- royal, made Regent, Sept. 26. 1857. Mexico: — New con- stitution promulgated, March 11. Costa Rica: — Walker surrenders Rivas, and agrees to leave Nicara- gua, May 1. Nicaragua: — Walker and his men surrender to U. S. ship Wabash, Com. Paulding, Dec. 8. China: — Canton bom- barded by the English and French and taken, Dec. 28-29. 2l6 TABULAR VILWS 1857 A.D.- A.D. Progress OF Society, etc. United States. Great Britain. Commercial failures in one year, ending Dec. 25, 1S57, amount to 5123: liabilities, $291,750,000. Launch of the monster steamer Great Eastern at London, Jan. 31. Crawford's monument to Washington, at Rich- mond, inaugurated, Feb. 22. Donati's comet seen in June and July. Burton and Speke discover Lakes Tanganyika and Victoria Nyanza. Atlantic telegraph laid successfully Aug. 5. National Teachers' Associ- ation — 1st Ann. Conven- tion at Cincinnati, Aug. 11. Slaver Echo captured and carried 1858. Mr. Buchanan's " Kansas Message" to H. Reps., with Lecompton Constitution Feb. 2. " Anti-Lecompton De- mocratic" meetings in Phila., N. Y., etc., Feb. and March. Bill to admit Kansas as a State, under Le- compton Const., passes the Senate, March 23. The House passes another bill. New Free State Con- vention of Kansas, at Leivenworth, March 25. The "English Kansas bill "passed both Houses of Congress, April 30. to Charleston, Minnesota admitted, Minnesota State GoV' ernment organized at St Paul, May 23. Atlantic telegraph England, June 10. The President sends a message announcing peaceable settlement of trouble in Utah, JunelO. Treaty of Peace and Amity with China, sign- ed, atTien-Tsin, June 13. Modified Lecompton Constitution rejected by people of Kansas, Aug. 2 1857. Lucknow relieved by Havelock, Sept. 25. Havelock in Luck- now relieved by Camp- bell, Nov. 17; Campbell's victory at Cawnpore, Dec. 6. 1858. The Princess-Royal of England married to the Prince of Prussia, Jan. 25. Steamer Great Eastern first floated, Jan. 31. Resignation of Pal- merston's ministry, Feb. 22, and accession of Lord Derby, March 1. Lucknow taken by the British, March 21. Suppression of the Sepoy mutiny, July. Eng. steam. Cyclops bombards Jeddah, July 25-26. Baron Rothschild takes his seat in H. of Commons, July 26, the first Jewish member of Parliament. The East India Com- pany ceases to exist, and its vast possessions pass into thehandsof the Brit- ish Government, Aug. 2. fleet sails from Plymouth, Queen Victoria and Prince Albert visit the French emperor at Cherbourg, Aug. 4. August 27. First overland mail . for California leaves St. Louis, Sept. 16. Boston Public (Free) Li- brary opened, costing $450,000, Sept. 17. Deaths in 1858. U. S.— T. H. Benton, Rob. Hare, H. W. Herbert, Freeman Hunt, Com. M.G. Perry, Gen. Quitman, Gen. P. F. Smith, N. W. Taylor, B. F. Butler, Parker Cleveland, Wm. Jay. Europe — R. Blown, botanist, Geo. Combe, Rachel, Reschid Pacha, Radeisky, Ary Scheffer, Root. Owen, News of the completion of Atlantic telegraph re- Sir W. Reid, Foresti. ceived with joyful demonstrations , Aug. 5. Queen Victoria's message to President Buchanan sent and received, August 16. Magnificent celebra- tion at New York, Sept. 1. Appearance of Buckle's Introduction to the His- tory of Civilizatioti. U. S. Agricultural Conven- tion at Washington, D.C. Jan. 3 1859. New hall of the U. S. Senate first occupied, Jan. 4. Slidell's bill, giving S30,000,000 to facilitate the ac- quisition of Cuba, introduced, Jan. 10. Oregon admitted. _ Mr. McLane recog- nizes the Juarez govern- ment in Mexico, April 4. Southern Convention at Vicksburgh discusses the opening of the slave trade, May 11. 1859. Disraeli introduces a new Reform Bill, Feb. 28. England protests against Austrian men- aces of Sardinia, April 21. i859 A-D- OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 217 A.D. France. Europe, elsewhers. The World, elsewhere. 1858 Attempt by Orsini and 1858. Russia: — Process of 1858. Mexico: — Revolu- others to assassinate the emancipation begun. tion, Comonfort gives up emperor with a hand Jan. the government to Ju- grenade: 8 persons k. Outbreak of war be- arez; Zuloaga proclaim- and 166 wounded, Jan. tween Turkey and the ed president by a H. of 14. Montenegrins, Feb. Representatives ; war be- Meeting between Napoleon Spain : — ■ O'Donnell tween the liberals under III. and Cavour at again at the head of the Juarez and the reaction- Plombieres where an government, June. aries under Miramon. alliance is determined on China : — The Pei-ho against Austria on con- forts captured by the dition of the cession of English and the French, Savoy and Nice to May 19; treaty of Tien France, July. Tsin (June 26) between China and Great Britain, France, Russia, and the United States. Russia obtains the Amur prov- ince. Turkey: — Massacre of Christians at Jeddah — 45 killed, June 16. Japan concludes treat- ies with the United States, Great Britain, France, and Russia. Egypt: — First train on the Suez railroad crosses the isthmus in eleven hours from Suez to Alexandria, Dec. 6. Hayti: — Revolution; Faustin banished; Gen- eral Geffrard proclaimed president, Dec. 21. 1859 The emperor's New Year's 1859. Austria demands 1859. Peru:— Earthquake speech to Hubner, Aus- that Sardinia shall dis- destroys part of Quito, trian minister, causes a arm, April 23. England March 29. war sensation, Jan. 1. protests against this Mexico: — M i r a m n Prince Napoleon, cousin of menace. fails in his attempt on the emperor, marries Sardinian army on a Cuba but shares in the the PrinceFs Clothilde, war footing. victory of Tacubaya, daughter of the king of April 11. Sardinia, Jan. 30. French troops reach Turin and Genoa April 26-30. 2l8 TABULAR VIEWS 1859 A.D.- United States. Great Britain. 1859 Great fire at Key West, 110 houses; loss $2,750,- 000, May 16. Several slavers captured by U. S. vessels. Remarkable religious re- vival in Ireland, June, July, etc. Excessive heat in Califor- nia and in Europe, June-July. Wise travels 1200 miles in a balloon from St. Louis to New York state, July 11. Celebration of 100th birth- day of Schiller, Nov. 10. Darwin's Origin of Species. Discovery of oil in Penn- sylvania. Deaths in 1859 U.S. 1859. Gen. Harney takes possession of the island of San Juan, July 9. J. W. Alex- ander, Rufus Choate, Bp. Doane, Hor. Mann, Den. Olms- ted, W. H. Pres- cott, Rich. Rush, Geo. Bush, J. Y. Mason, \Vashington Irving. Europe. H. Hallam, Dr. Abbott, r. K.Hervey, Humboldt, Leigh Hunt, Lady Morgan De Tocque- ville, Metternich, De Quincey, L K. Brunei, arl Ritter, Louis Spolir, Sir J.Stephen, Macaulay, Robert Ste- phenson. 1860 1 Law passed in Arkansas, Jan. 1, to banish free negroes from the state. Decree by the Emperor of Austria in favor of rights of the Jews, Jan. 10. Kansas Const. Con- vention meets at Wyan- dotte, July 5. Constitu- tion ratified by the peo- ple, Oct. 4. Gen. Harney proclaims possession of the island of San Juan for the U. States, July 27. Mr. Ward, U. S. min- ister, reaches Pekin, July 30. Treaty with China ratified, Aug. 16. J.^ Y. Mason, U. S. minister to France, dies at Paris, Oct. 3. John Brown seizes the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, Va.,Oct. 16-17. Captur- ed, Oct. 18; executed December 2. Congress assembles Dec. 5. 1859. The Derby ministry defeated on the second reading of the Reform Bill, March, and suc- ceeded by a Palmerston ministry, June. Captain Mc Clintock i"eturns, bringing relics of Franklin's expedition, Sept. 21. Steamer Royal Charter wrecked in British Chan- nel; 445 persons lost. Separation of Queens- land from New South Wales, Dec. 4. Death of Lord Ma- caulay, Dec. 28. 1860. Pennington of N. Jersey elected speaker of the House of Repre- sentatives, after a bal- loting for nearly two naonths, Feb. 1. 1860. Lord Clyde pro- claims the rebellion in India subdued, Jan. 7. French commercial treaty ratified in the Commons, Feb. i86o A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 219 France. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. War declared, in alliance 1859. Tuscany: — Grand with Sardinia, against Austria, May 3. Subscriptions for loan of 500 million francs ex- ceed four times that sum from 525,000 persons. Duke flees; his troops fraternize with revolu- tionists, April 27. Austria declares war against Sardinia, and her troops cross the Ti- cino, April 29. The Emperor L. Napoleon arrives at Genoa May 12. Empress made regent. Battle of Montebello: Austrians defeated May 20. GaribaldientersComo, May 27. Battle of Palestro: Austrians defeated, May 30. Battle of Magenta: Allies victorious June 4, and enter Milan June 8. Perugia sacked by papal troops, June 20. Battle of Solferino, June 24. Austrians under the emperor in person defeated by the allies: great loss on both sides. Preliminaries of Peace signed by the emperors of France and Austria, at Villafranca, July 11. Confirmed by conference at Zurich, Nov. 10 The emperor returns to St. Cloud, July 27. Entrance of the "Army of Italy" into Paris, Aug. 14. Political amnesty, Aug. 17. Treaty with Japan, rati- fied at Jeddo, Sept. 22. The emperor urges on Victor Emanuel a pro- gramme for the Regener- ation of Italy, October. Exchange of ratifications of the Treaty of Zurich, Nov. 21. Treaty with Nicaragua ratified, Jan. 11. Commercial treaty with Great Britain signed Jan. 23. Tuscan y: — Council of State votes in favor of annexation to Sardinia, July 12. _ Sardinia: — Cavour re- signs from the ministry. July 13. Tuscany: — The Na- tion. Assem. decrees the permanent exclusion of the Austrian dynasty, Aug. 16. Modena: — Farini dic- tator, opens the Nat. Assembly, Aug. 16, and assumes government of Parma, Aug. 18. Rome: — Co n c o r d a t between the pope and Spain, Aug. 26. Russia: — S c h a m y 1 gives himself up prib- oner in Caucasia, Sept. C. Bologna; — A s s e m . Nat. under pres. of Minghetti decree in- dependence from the pope, Sept. 7. Romagna: — Decree of annexation to Sardinia, Oct. 7. Spain declares war against Morocco, Oct. 'A'J.. O'Donnell named com. -in-chief of Spanish army. 18G0. Spain: — ^The Moors defeated at Castellejor Jan. 1. Sardinia: — Cavour re called to the premier ship, Jan. 15. 1859. Naples: — Death of Ferdinand 11., and ac- cession of Francis II., May 22. Swede n: — Oscar 1., died July 8; succeeded by his son Charles XV. Mexico: — Juarez de- crees the confiscation of church property, July 12. Venezuela : — (^i vil war; downfall of Castro, the president, July. Costa Rica: — Revo- lution — fall of Mora, Aug. 14. Japan: — The ports of Yokohama, Nagasaki, and Hakodate, opened to trade. Buenos Ayres: — Bat- tle with troops of Argen- tine Confederation, Oct 28. — Buenos Avre"? com- pelled to ioin the Con- federation. 1860. Argentine Confed. Derqui president Feb. 5. Mexico: — .vliramon at- tacks Vera Cruz, March. — Zuloaga proclaims himself president. May 1. 220 TABULAR VIEWS i860 A.D. A.D. Progress of Society, etc. United States. Great Britain. Papal bull against agita- tors and reformers. Fight of Heenan and Sav- ers for the champion- ship of England, April 17. 1860 First "Pony Express" reaches Carson Valley in eight and a half days from Missouri; and news thence by telegraph reaches San Francisco in nine days from New York. 1860. U.S. corvette Saratoga captures Miramon's vessels at Vera Cruz, March 7. Japanese Embassy arrives at San Francisco. March 28; at Washington, May 14; at Baltimore, June 8; at Philadelphia, June 9; at New York, June 16. Sails for Japan, in the U. S. frigate Niagara, June 30. Democratic Conven- tion at Charleston, April 23. Mr. McLane's treaty with Mexico (Juarez) rejected by the Senate, May 31. National Republican Convention at Chicago meets May 16, and nom- inates Abraham Lin- coln for president, and Hannibal Hamlin for vice-president of U. S. Law of Maryland prohibiting the manumission of slaves takes effect, June 1. Nat. Democratic Con- vention (adjourned) at Baltimore, June 18, nominates Douglas and Fitzpatrick: a seceding Convention nominates Breckenridge and Lane. The Great Eastern arrives at New York, from Dr. Hayes's Arctic Expedition from Boston, sails July 7. Remarkable meteor in various northern states, July 20. Visit of the Prince of America and the United John's, July 24; arrives Montreal, 24th; Ottawa, tember 14; Detroit. September 20; Washing- ton, Oct. 3; Philadelphia, Oct. 9; New York, Oct. 11; Boston, 17th; Port- land, 20th; Plymouth, England, Nov. 15. Lincoln and Hamlin elected pres. and v.- pres. of the U. S. by the votes of all the Northern States except New Jersey, which chose 3 electors for Douglas and 4 for Lincoln, Nov. 6. This election is made the cause for the seces- sion of the Southern States — S. Carolina lead- ing, and adopting in Con- vention an ordinance of secession from the U. S., Dec. 20. Deaths in 1860: — U. S. I Europe. J. A. Alex- Sir. C. Barry, ander, W.E. Burton C. A. Good- rich, S. G. Good- rich, Theo. Parker J.K.Pauld W.C.Preston Lady Noel Byron. G.P.R. James, Anna Jame- son, SirW. Napier, Baden Pow- ell, H. H. Wilson 1860. Lord J. Russell pro poses a new Reform Bill, March, but aban- dons it, June. Great Britain in al- liance with France makes war in China for the enforcement of the treaty of Tien Tsin, Aug. Nov. Southampton, June 28. Wales to British North States. He lands at St. at Quebec, August 18; August 31; Niagara, Sep- i86o A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 221 1860 France. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. Negotiations respecting annexation of Nice and Savoy. Treaty for ces- sion to France signed at Turin, March 24; but Switzerland protests. Nice votes for annexation to France 24,448 for, and 160 against. Savoy gives 131,744 for and 233 against. French troops sent to Syria to punish the Druses, Aug. 5. Napoleon III. concedes greater freedom of speech in the Legislative Chambers. 1860. Spain: — Decisive victory over the Moors at Tetuan, Feb. 6 Tuscany: — Result of voting on annexation to Sardinia: For, 366,571; against, 14,925 (for separate kingdom.) Spain: — Peace with Morocco ratified, March 29. Rome: — Papal bull against revolutionists, March 29. Revolution in Sicily begins at Palermo, Mes- sina, and Catania, April 4. Rome: — Antonelli pro- tests against Sardinian annexation of Romagna. Sicily: — Garibaldi lands at Marsala, with 2000 men from Genoa, May 10. Proclaims him- self dictator on behalf of Victor Emanuel, 14th. Naples : — Concessions proclaimed to the people May 19. Garibaldi takes Paler- mo, June 6. A liberal ministry formed at Naples, June 28. The king grants new constitution and amnesty, June 25. Garibaldi's victory at Melazzo, July 20-21. Sicily (excepting the citadel of Messina) evacuated by the Nea- politans, July 30. Garibaldi's troops land in Calabria, Aug. 8. — Enters Naples, Sept. 7. The King of Naples re- tires to Gaeta, Sept. 6, and is besieged there by the troops of Garibaldi and Victor Emanuel. Sardinians defeat pa- pal forces under Laro- miciere at Castelfidardo Sept. 18; Ancona surren- ders Sept. 29. Garibaldi resigns his power to Victor Eman- uel, and retires to Ca- prera. 1860. Syria: — Massacre of the Christians of Da- mascus and the Maro- nites of Lebanon by the Druses, May- July. 3000 killed at Damascus, July 9. War between the al- lied English and French against China, Aug. 12; Taku forts taken by the allies, Aug. 21; allies ad- vance on Pekin which surrenders, Oct. 12; Treaty of "Tien Tsin rati- fied, Oct. 24; allies leave Pekin, Nov. 5. Honduras: — W. Wal- ker the "filibuster," taken prisoner and shot, Sept. 12. Syria: — Fuad Pasha sent against the Druses, Aug. 5. 167 Moslems implicated in the mas- sacres are executed at Damascus, Aug. 20. •22 TABULAR VIEWS 1861 A.D.- A.D. ProgressofSociety. United States. British Empire. 1861 Deaths in 1861: Prince Albert, Mrs. Browning, Count Cavour, Czartorvski, Dr. J. W. Francis, Geof. St. Hilaire, Pr. Gortchakoff, Nathaniel Lyon, Eugene Scribe. Emancipation of the serfs in Russia, March .3. July— F i r s t War Loan of the United States Govern- ment, $250,000,- 000. Oct. 1. Commercial treaty between France, England, and Belgium in force. Nov. 1. Telegraph between Malta and Alexandria opened. 1861. Example of secession set by South Carolina followed by Missis- sippi, Jan. 9, Florida, Jan. 10, Ala- bama, Jan. 11, Georgia, Jan. 19, Louisiana, Jan. 26, Texas, Feb. 1. Kansas admitted. Attempt to carry Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, N. Carolina. Missouri, and Arkansas for secession defeated, Jan.- March, 186L Confederate Congress at Montgomery, Ala., Feb. 4; Peace Conference meets at Washington, Feb. 4. Jefferson Davis chosen president, Feb. 9. Gen. Twiggs surrenders the U. S. forces in Texas, and the mil- tary stores, to the State, Feb. 18. Inauguration of Lincoln (Repub.) presi- dent U. S., March 4. April 12. bombardment of Fort Sumter begins. April 14, Fort Sumter surrenders. April 15, 75,000 men called for by proc- lamation. April 17. Virginia secedes. April 18. Harper's Ferry arsenal burned by its garrison. Great meeting in New York to sup- port the Government. April 19. Attack on Massachusetts troops in Baltimore. — Blockade of Southern ports declared. May 6. Arkansas secedes. May 21. North Carolina secedes. June 8. Tennessee secedes. June 10. Big Bethel defeat. July 4. Congress meets. July 11. Rich Mountain victory (Mc- Clellan). July 21. Bull Run defeat. Aug. 10. Battle of Wilson's Creek, Mo., and death of Gen. Lyon. Aug. 29. Fort Hatteras taken by Butler. Oct. 21. Ball's Bluff disaster. Nov. 1. McClellan commander-in-chief. Nov. 7. Port Royal forts taken. — Bat- tle of Belmont, Mo. Nov. 8. Wilkes seizes Slidell and Mason. 1862. Jan. 1. Mason and Slidell released. Jan. 19. Mill Spring victory. Feb. 6. Fort Henry taken. Feb. 8. Roanoke Island taken by Burnside. Feb. 16. Fort Donelson taken. Feb. 23. Nashville taken. March 7-8. Battle of Pea Ridge, Ark. March 8. The Cumberland and Con- gress destroyed by the Virginia (Merrimac). March 9. Battle between Monitor and Merrimac. March 11. McClellan takes command of Army of Potomac. March 14. Newbem taken by Burnside. April 5. McClellan besieges Yorktown. April 6-7. Battle of Shiloh.— A. S. Johnston killed. 1861. May 13. Queen's proclamation of "neutrality" in the American conflict. Nov. — Excitement about seizure of Mason and Slidell in British steamer Trent. Dec. 14. Death of Prince Albert. 1862, April 7. Treaty with U. S. to sup- press slave trade. l862 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY, 223 France. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. 1861 Speech of Prince Napoleon in favor of Italian unity and against the popes' temporal government. Treaty of commerce con- cluded with Turkey (April). June 10. "Neutrality" in American conflict pro- claimed by the emperor Oct. 31. Convention with England and Spain, tor intervention in Mexico. 1862 1861. Frederick William IV., of Prussia, dies; succeeded by William I. Gaeta surrenders to Victor Emanuel's troops, Feb. 13.— The king of Naples escapes on board a French frigate. End of Bourbon rule in Italy. The Italian parlia- ment declares Victor Emanuel king of Italy, Feb. 26. Austria: — February patent of the emperor outlining a consti- tutional scheme for the monarchy. Jan. 7. French army lands at Vera Cruz. -Vlarch 28. French vic- tories in Cochin China — six provinces ceded to France by Annam (June) , April 16. War against Mexico declared, Eng- land and Spain retiring from Mexico. 1861. Mexico: — Juarez en- ters Mexico and is elec- ted president, Jan.; Juarez made dictator, June; susoends pay- ments on foreign debt, July. Santo Domingo de- clared annexed to Spain by Santana, March. Death of Cavour, June 6. Turkey: — June 25. Sultan Abdul Medjid dies; succeeded by Ab- dul Aziz. Portugal: — Pedro V. dies; succeeded by Luis I. Moldavia and Wal- lachia united as Rou- mania under Alexander I. 1862. Feb. 13. Military revolt in Greece. China: — Oct. 21. Canton restored to the Chinese by the French and English. 224 TABULAR VIEWS 1862 A.D.- Progressof Society. United States. British Empire. 1862 1863 May 1. Interna- tional Exhibition at London. Deaths in 1862: Bro- die (surgeon), M. Van Buren, T. Hartwell Home, Sam Houston, T J. Jackson, A. Sid Johnston, Phil. Kearny, Duchess of Kent, J. Sher. Knowles, Sir James Ross, Joseph Wolff. Herbert Spencer's First Principles. Jan. 1. Abolition of slavery in the subjugated States by proclamation of Lincoln. April 7. Island No. 10 taken by Unionists. April 11. Fort Pulaski taken. April 16. Congress abolishes slavery in the District of Columbia. April 25. New Orleans taken. May 5. Yorktown occupied by Mc- Clellan — Battle of WilHamsburg. May 10. Norfolk taken — the Merrimac burnt — Farragut ascends the MiS' sissippi — Little Rock taken. May 27. Battle of Hanover C. H., Va May 30. Corinth, Miss., occupied by the Union forces. May 31-June 1. Battle of Fair Oaks or Seven Pines. June 8. Battle of Cross Keys, Va. June 26-July 1. "Seven Days' Battle": Mechanicsville, June 26; Gaines's Mill, June 27; Savage Station, June 29; Frazier's Farm, June 30; Malvern Hill, July 1. July 2. 300,000 more volunteers called for. July 11. Halleck, commander-in-chief. July 17. Confiscation Act signed by the president. Aug. 9. Banks defeated at Cedar Mountain. Aug. 16. McClellan retreats from Harrison's Landing. Aug. 29-30. Second defeat at Bull Run. Union defeat at Richmond, 1862 May 1. Internation- al Exhibition opened at Lon- don, Aug. 30. Sept. 1. Sept. 2. Battle of Chantillv McClellan restored to com- mand the Army of the Potomac. Sept. 4-5. Confederates begin invasion of Maryland. Sept. 14. Union victory at South Mountain, Md. Sept. 15. Harper's Ferry taken by the Confederates. Sept. 17-18. Antietam, Union victory. Lee recrosses the Potomac. Sept. 19. Battle of luka. Miss. Sept. 22. Lincoln's preliminary Emancipation Proclamation issued. Sept. 24. Habeas Corpus suspended. Oct. 3-4. Battle of Corinth, Miss. Oct. 8. Battle of Perryville, Ky. Nov. 4. Democratic victory in New York elections. Nov. 7. Burnside supersedes McClellan. Dec. 13. Battle of Fredericksburg. Dec. 31-Jan. 2. Battleof Murfreesboro, Tenn. 1863 Jan. 1 Proclamation of Emancipation issued. Jan. 26. Hooker supersedes Burnside. April 7. Monitors repulsed at Charles- ton. April 20. President's proclamation admitting West Virginia into the Union. Great distress in the cotton manu- facturing dis- tricts. Famine at its height in December. 1863 Mar. 10. Marriage of Prince of Wales to Alex- andra of Den- mark. IS63 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 225. France. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. 1S62 June 31. Peace concluded with Annam. 1863 Oct. 30. Mediation pro- posed in American con- flict declined by Russia and Gt. Britain. Jan. 9. Mediation of France again offered to U.S. 1862 Bloody conflict be- tween Servians and Turks in Belgrade, June 19. Aug. 19. Garibaldi in Sicily, proclaims a pro- visional government. Aug. 29. He is wounded and taken prisoner by the king's troops at As- promonte. Sept. 30. Bismarck, premier of Prussia. Oct. 5. Garibaldi and his followers released under general amnesty, and the state of siege in Sicily abolished. Oct. 17-23. Insurrection in Greece: King Otho de- posed. 1S63. Jan. 18. Egypt: Ismail, viceroy; succeeds Said Pasha. Unsuccessful uprising against Russia in Poland. 1862 Oct. 7. China: — Death of Gen. Ward. American commander of Chinese imperial troops against Taipings. 226 TABULAR VIEWS 1863 A.D.- Progress OF SociETy. United States. British Empire. 1863 1864 Feh.Q.TheGeo.Gris- wold, with food given by New Yorkers for Lan- cashire operatives, arrives at Liverpool Mar. 4. Nat. Academy of Arts and Scien- ces founded by Congress. June — Grant and Speke arrive in England from the sources of the Nile. Deaths in 1863: R. Hildreth, Mar. Lansdowne, Mul- ready, Mrs. Trol- lope, Archbishop Whately, Thack- eray, Jakob Grimm, H. Vernet. Feb. 29. Peabody fund — D wel 1 i ngs for the poor in London — First block opened. April 3. Garibaldi's visit to England. May 16. Conven- tion between France, Brazil, Italy, Portugal, and Spain, for telegraph to America. Deaths in 1864: Frank. B a c h e, Josh'a Bates, W. J. Fox, T. C. Grat- tan, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edw. Hitchcock, Leon- ard Homer, Arch- bishop Hughes, Jasmin (poet), C. M. Kirkland, W. Savage Landor, John Leech, J. R. Macculloch, Mey- erbeer, W. Curtis Noyes, Pellisier, Josiah Q u i n c y , Edw. Robinson, H. R. Schoolcraft, R. B. Taney, J. G. Totten. 1863 May 2-4. Chancellorsville defeat. — Jackson killed. May 18. Vicksburg invested by Grant. June 13-15. Battle of Winchester. Maryland and Pennsylvania in- vaded by Lee. West Virginia admitted. June 27. Meade supersedes Hooker. July 1-3. Gettysburg victory. July 4. Vicksburg surrendered by Pemberton. July 8. Port Hudson taken. July 13-16. Draft riots at New York. Sept. 7. Fort Wagner, S. C, taken Sept. 19-20. Battle of Chickamauga. Oct. 17. President calls for 300,000 more volunteers. Nov. 23-25. Battles of Chattanooga Lookout Mountain, Nov. 24; Mission- ary Ridge, Nov. 25. 1864. Feb. 1. Draft for 500,000 men ordered. Feb. 20. Olustee (Fla.) defeat. March 2. Grant succeeds Halleck as commander-in-chief. April 8. Battle of Sabine Cross Roads (Red River Expedition). April 12. Massacre at Fort Pillow. May 5-6. Battle of the Wilderness. May 6. Sherman begins his march to the sea. May 9. Battle of Dalton, Ga. May 10. Battle of Spottsylvania. May 13—16. Engagemenis at Resaca, Ga. June 2-3. Battle of Cold Harbor. June 15. Grant before Petersburg. June 19. K ear sa /ge sinks the Alabama. June 27. Battle of Kenesaw Mountain, Johnston replaced by Hook. July — Early raids Maryland and Pennsylvania. July 9. Battle of Monocacy. July 22-28. Sherman's victories at Atlanta, Ga. July 30. Chambersburg, Pa., burnt by Early. July 30. Grant's mine at Petersburg, Va., exploded. Aug. 5. Farragut's victory in Mobile Bay. Aug. 31. McClellan nominated for president by Democratic Convention at Chicago. Sept. 2. Atlanta captured by Sherman. Sept. 19. Sheridan's victory at Win- chester. 1864 April 24. European conference at London on Schleswig-Hol- stein question. July — Palmer- ston sustained in the general election. Aug. 15. English fleet visits Cher- bourg. Aug. 30. French fleet visits Ports mouth. 1864 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 227 France. Europe, elsewhere The World, elsewhere. 1863 Thiers, Ollivier, Faure, and other opposition candidates are elected, May 31. French overrun Mexico and occupy the capital, June 10. Nov. — Thiers and his friends form a new op- position. 1864 May 20. Convention be- tween France and Japan signed. May 22. Death of Marshal Pellisier. 1863 March 30. Greece: George I. , of Schleswig-Holstein, proclaimed king — England agreeing to give up Ionian Isles to Greece. Aug. 16. Congress of Ger- man sovereigns at Frankfort. — "One Fed- eral State" proposed. Nov. 15. Denmark: Chris- tian IX. succeeds Frederick VII. 1864 Jan. — War of Austria and Prussia against Den- mark about Schleswig- Holstein — German troops enter Holstein and Schleswig. March 10. Louis II., king of Bavaria. April 18. Lines of Duppel taken by Prussians. June 1. Ionian Isles made over to Greece. July 8. Prussians take Al- sen. Sept. 15. Franco -Italian Convention signed — French troops to quit Rome in two years. Florence made the capital of Italy, May; riots at Turin in consequence, Sept 21-22. 1863 Mexico: — A National Assembly offers the imperial crown to Max- imilian of Austria, July 10. — Resistance by the Nationalists under Juarez. June 10. French enter Me^cico. 1864 Peru: — Chincha Isl- ands seized by Spain as pledge for the satisfac- tion of pecuniary claims. Mexico: — J u n e 12. Emperor Maximilian enters the capital. Final conquest of the Circassians by Russia. July 18. China: — Nankin takenC'a heap of ruins"; by Gordon for the Im- perialists; end of the Taiping Rebellion. Japan: — In retaliation for firing upon foreign ships, Americans, Eng- lish, French, and Dutch bombard Shimonoseki Sept. 4. 228 TABULAR VIEWS 1864 A.D.- A.D. ProgressofSociety. United States. British Empire. 1865 Slavery abolished in the United States. Deaths in 1865: Richard Cobden, Bishop Brownell, Adm. Dupont, Val. Mott, Edw. Everett, Mrs. Gas- kell. Sir W. J. Hooker, Kiss (sculpt.), Leopold I. Ab. Lincoln, Dr. Lindley. Aug. — Treaty of com- merce between Italy and Japan. Sept. -Several South- em States pass ordinances annul- ling secession, and abolishing slavery. Rinder-pest or cattle plague in England, July, 1865, to Feb., 1866. 1864- Oct. 19. Cedar Creek defeat made a victory by Sheridan. Oct. 21. Rebel raid at St. Albans, Vt. Oct. 31. Nevada becomes a State, Nov. 8. Lincoln re-elected president. Nov. 30. Schofield repulses Hood at Franklin, Tenn. Dec. 13. Port McAllister stormed. Dec. 15-16. Hood crushed by Thomas at Nashville. Dec. 21. Sherman enters Savannah. Dec. 24-5. Butler and Porter repulsed at Fort Fisher, N. C. 1865. Jan. 15. Fort Fisher taken by Terry. Feb. 2-3. Peace conference between President Lincoln and Southern representatives in Hampton Roads. Feb. 18. Charleston occupied by Union forces. Feb. 22. Wilmington captured by Schofield. March 19. Battle of Bentonville, N. C. March 31-April 1 . Battle of Five Forks. April 2. Selina, Ala., taken. April 3. Richmond and Petersburg occupied by U. S. forces. April 9. Surrender of Lee with his whole army. April 12. Mobile taken. April 14. Fort Sumter occupied. Assassination of President Lincoln and attack on Seward; death of Lincoln on following day. April 15. Andrew Johnson sworn in as president. April 26. Johnston's surrender to Sherman at Durham Station, N. C. April 26. Booth, the assassin, shot. May 4. Gen. Richard Taylor surren- ders. May 10. Jefferson Davis captured. May 26. Kirby Smith surrenders in Texas. End of the Rebellion. May 22. Proclamation opening South- ern ports and exceptional amnesty. June 1. National fast. June 29. Trial of assassins of Lincoln ended. July 7. They are (hung) /i ■ ■• *■ ■ July 29. Prisoners of war released on oath of allegiance. August — Rebel privateer Shenandoah destroyed about thirty vessels. Nov. 2. National thanksgiving. Nov. 9. Shenandoah at Liverpool — crew released. Nov. 10. Capt. Wirz executed for cruelty to U. S. prisoners in Ander- son ville. Dec. 18. Thirteenth Amendment rati- fied. 1865 March — F e n i a n outbreaks in Ire- land. May 6. Reform League meeting in Hyde Park in defiance of Gov- ernment. Oct. -Movements of Fenians at New York,Phila., etc. Oct. 7. Riots in Jamaica ;Gordon, a Baptist minis- ter, hanged by Governor Eyre as a rioter. Oct. 18. Death ot Lord Palmer- ston. — Lord John Russell, premier. Nov. 27. Trial of Fenians at Dub- lin. 1865 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 229 A.D. France. Europe, elsewhere. World, elsewhere. 1864 Oct. 30. Peace between Den- mark and the allies, to whom Schleswig-Holstein and Lauen- burg are surrendered. 1864 Paraguay: — u t - break of war with Brazil, Nov. Mexico: — Dec. 27. Imperialists de- feated by Repub- licans at San Pedro. Famine in Bengal and Madras. 1865 1865 1865 Apr.— Paraguayans under Lopez in- vade Argentina, which concludes alliance with Brazil and Uru- guay. May, — Napoleon III. begins his visit to Algeria. May 7. Hayti: — Military insur- rection against Geffrard. Sept. — Napoleonlll , meets Bismarck at Biarritz; consents to the Italo- Prussian alliance against Austria. Sept. 11. Death of Lamori- Aug. 14. Convention of Gastein between Prussia and Austria with regard to the admin-stra- tion of Schleswig and Holstein; Lauenburg sold to Prussia. Sept. IS. Paraguay- ans defeated by allies at Santa- yuna. Japan: — Rat i fi e s treaties with cicre. Dec. 10. Leopold II. succeeds his father Leopold I. in Belgium. foreign powers, Nov. 25. 230 TABULAR VIEWS 1866 A.D.- ProgressofSociety. United States. British Empire, July 28. Atlantic Telegraph suc- cessfully complet- ed ; cable landed at Newf oundla n d and reports peace between Prussia and Austria. Deaths in 1866: Marquis D ' Azeglio , Tared Sparks. Wm. Whewell, Gibson. April 1. Opening of the Great Exposi- tion of Industry of all nations " at Paris. July 1. Awards of the juries in the Great Exposition. July.— 1800th anni- versary of St. Pe- ter's martyrdom celebrated at Rome. July. —England visit- ed by the sultan. Reform in England. Deaths in 1867: Victor Cousin , Charles A n t h on, Faraday. 1866. April 9. Civil Rights Bill passed. May 3. Colorado bill vetoed. May 29. Death of Winfield Scott. June 13. Fourteenth Amendment adopted by Congress. July 28. Congress adjourns, having passed Freedmen's Bureau (continua- tion) Bill; Civil Rights Bill; Pacific Railway (supp.) Bill; Army Bill, and other important measures. July — Grant appointed general-in-chief Sherman, lieut. -general ; Farragut admiral; Porter, vice-admiral. Aug. 14. "National Union Conven^ tion" at Philadelphia. Sept. 3. Southern Loyalist Convention . at Philadelphia. Sept. 6. Corner-stone of Douglas monu- ment laid at Chicago by President Johnson. Oct. 6. Elections in Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, and Iowa result in increased Republican majorities. Nov. — Republicans also victorious in Mass., N. H., N. Y., N. J., Mich., Minn., Nevada, and Mo. In Delaw. and Md. the Democrats are success- ful. Dec. 8. Suffrage given to colored men in Dist. of Columbia, by act of Congress. '1867 Feb. 9. Nebraska admitted into the Union. March 2. "Tenure of Office" Bill passed. Military government for the South: "Reconstruction Act" passed over the president's veto. March 23. Supplementary Bill on Military Government of the South, passed over President's veto. Southern States divided into five mili- tary districts, under Gen. Schofield, at Richmond; Sickles, at Columbia, etc. ; Pope, at Montgomery; Ord, at Vicksburg; Sheridan, at New Orleans. March 30. Treaty for purchase of Alaska signed. May 13. Jefferson Davis released on bail. July 3. Congress meets in extra special session, and enacts, over president's veto, a bill to confirm and strengthen the Military Government, passed in March (July 19). Aug. 10. Jury in trial of Surratt (as- sassination of Lincoln) disagree. Surratt discharged, Nov. 6, 1868. Aug. 12. Sec'y of War Stanton sus- pended after refusing to resign. Sept. 7. Pres. Johnson proclaims gen- eral amnesty. Sept. 17. Antietam cemetery dedicated. 1866 Jan. 6. Gov. Eyre in Jamaica super- seded by Storks; hot discussions in England as to his conduct in the riots. June 26. Fall of Lord John Rus- sell. Lord Derby enters on his third ministry. 1867. May 11. Conference at London on the question of Luxemburg. Treaty signed making the duchy neutral territory — fort- ress to be razed. May 21. Proclama- tion of the newly established Do- minion of Canada. July. — 1 he viceroy of Egypt and the sultan of Turkey visit London. July 15. Passage of New Reform 3ill in the House of Commons. Sept. 24-27. Pan- Anglican synod at Lambeth. Sept. — Hostilities against Abys- sinia begun. I867A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 231 France. Europe, elsewhere. World, elsewhere^ July 5. Venetia ceded to France by Austria. 1866 Jan. 15. Death of D'Azeglio, Italian statesman. June 18. Prussia and Italy declare war against Austria. June 24. Italians defeated at Custozza. July 3. Battle of Sadowa or Koniggratz, Austrians totally de- feated by the Prussians. July 4. Austria cedes Venetia to France. July 11. Prussians defeat Bavar- ians at Kissingen. July 14. Prussians occupy Frank- fort. July 20. Italian fleet defeated off Lissa. Aug. 23. Treaty of Prague be- tween Prussia and Austria. Oct. 3. Treaty of peace between Austria and Italy, signed at Vienna. Nov. 5. Venetia proclaimed to be part of kingdom of Italy. Nov. 7. Victor Emanuel's pub- lic entry into Venice. Dec-France withdraws its forces from Rome. 1867 Feb. 18. Hungarian constitution restored by Austrian emperor. Feb. 24. First parliament of the North German Confederation opened by king of Prussia. Jan. — Railway between Boulogne and Calais opened. Jan. 19. Emperor decrees greater freedom of dis- cussion in Legislature and the Press. April 1. Great Exposition opened by the emperor. May 11. France adopts treaty providing for the neutralization of Lux- emburg. June 6. Attempt on life of the Czar, while ridmg with the emperor, in Paris. The sultan, viceroy of Egypt, king of Prussia, prince of Wales and other notables, also visit the Great E.Kposition in Paris in June and July. July 1. The emperor dis tributes medals of honor at the Great Exposition. Oct. 30. French troops enter Rome. Nov. 18. Pacific speech of emperor on opening Chambers. Dec. 5. Rouher declares (for government) that Italy shall never seize upon Rome. June. — Promulgation of the con- stitution of the North German Confederation. July. — Great excitement in Europe respecting the death of Maxi- milian in Mexico. Russian America sold to the United States. Aug. 6. Violent outbreak of chol- era at Albano, Italy. Sept. 24. Garibaldi arrested while preparing to invade Papal States and sent to Caprera. 1866 Chile: — Valparaiso- bombarded by the Spanish, Mar. 31. Peru: — Callao bom- barded by the Spanish, May 2. Sept. 18. Brazil: Uruguayano sur- renders to the allies. Sept. — Greeks in Crete rise in re- volt against the Turks. Oct. 7. Jamaica riots. 1867 Feb. 5. Mexico : — r The city of Mex- ico evacuated by the French troops. May 15. Mexico: — Maximilian and his generals cap- tured at Quere- taro. June 19. Execution of Maximilian in Mexico. Ruler of Egypt re- ceives from sul- tan the title of khedive, with the succession in direct line. July 1. Cuba: De- cree of the queen of Spain free- ing all children of slave parents born after this date. Oct. 29. Destruc- tive hurricane in West Indies. Japan: — Nov. 19. Keiki, the last shogun, resigns. 232 TABULAR VIEWS 1867 A.D.- A.D. ProgressofSociety. United St.^.tes. British Empire. 1867 Dec. Treaty for purchase of Danish islands. St. Thomas and St. John, for $7,500,000, signed. 1868 1868. 1868 Jan. 15. Education Feb. 24. House votes to impeach Pres. Jan. 28. More than conference opens Johnson. one hundred at Manchester, March 5. Senate constitutes itself a thousand special England. court of impeachment. constables sworn June 25. Luther May 21. Republican Convention nomi- in in the United monument in- nates Grant and Colfax. Kingdom from augurated at May 26. Senate adjourns, after ac- apprehension of Worms. quitting President Johnson. Fenians. Oct. 5. Papal emis- June 5. Chinese embassy received at Feb. 25. Derby saries and Greek Washington. ministry resigns 1 patriarch of Con- July 9. Democratic Convention nomi- — D'Israeli pre- 1 stantinople dis- nates Seymour and Blair. mier, 29th. agree as to general July 20. Fourteenth Amendment rati- Dec. 2. D'Israeli 1 council. fied. ministry out; Deaths in 1868: Nov. 3. Grant and Colfax elected. Gladstone's suc- Ex-Pres. Buchan ceeds, '9th. i an, Thad. Stevens, Ex-Sec'y Bates. Lord Broughan, Rossini. 1869 1869 1869 Jan. 24. First Pro- Feb. 11. Nolle prosequi ends prosecu- July 26. Irish testant meeting tion against Jefferson Davis. Church dises- for public worship Feb. 26. Fifteenth Amendment (negro tablishment bill in Madrid. suffrage) passed by Congress. passed. Apr. 3. Bibles in April 15. Naturalization treaty with Nov. — Expiration foreign languages Great Britain ratified. of the Charter of admitted into May 10. Union Pacific Railway thrown Hudson's Bay Spain. open to traffic. company and in- May 10. Railway June 15. Peace Jubilee at Boston. corporation of connection com- Sept. 24. "Black Friday," in New its territory in pleted in LJ. S. be- York. the Dominion of tween Atlanticand Nov. Wyoming grants complete suf- Canada. Pacific. frage to women. July 14. French At- lantic telegraphic cable completed. Deaths, 1869: W. P. Fessenden; Ad- miral Stewart ('•Old Ironside") G. Peabody, Ex- Pres. Pierce Gen. Wool, Ex-Sec'y. Stanton, Lamar- tine, Sainte-Beuve. 1869 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. ^33 A.D. France. Europe, elsewhere. World, elsewhere. 1867 Oct. 13. Garibaldi escapes from Caprera; 26. defeats pope's troops at Monte Rotondo; 30, French troops enter Rome. Nov. 3. Garibaldi beaten and taken prisoner at Mentana. 1868 186S 1868 June 1. New press law, Austria-Hungary: — the Ausgleich Japan: The mikado less stringent. of Dec. 21 reorganizes the mon- assumes sole Aug. 1. Rochefort's Lan- archy on a dualistic basis. power; civil war terne suppressed; he Mar. 21. Defeat of papal party at between ad- escapes to Belgium. Vienna on civil marriage bill. herents of mika- Serrano and Prim head revolution do and shogun. in Spain; royal forces defeated Feb. 19. Brazilians by Serrano, Sept. 28; queen of force the pass of Spain flees into France Sept. 30; Humaita against provisional government set up. Paraguayan bat- Dec. 30. Final surrender of revo- teries. lutionary Cretan government Apr. 13. Capture of announced at Constantinople. Magdala, Abys- sinia, by British; death of King Theodore. May 22. Russians occupy Samar- cand. June 25. Paraguay- ans evacuate Humaita, after over 2 years, siege. Sept. — Outbreak of insurrection in Cuba. 1869 1869 1869 June 9. Violent election May 20. Spanish Cortes votes for Japan: Mikado tri- riots at Paris. monarchical government. umphs; Tokio June 26. Great increase of June 16. Serrano chosen regent of (Yedo) made the opposition in Assembly. Spain. capital. July 13. Ministerial re- Dec. 8. Vatican Council opened at Nov. 17. Suez sponsibility introduced Rome. canal formally by the emperor. opened. Aug. 15. Centenarv of birth of Napoleon I.; pensions, amnesty, etc. Sept. 10. New constitution promulgated. Sept. 30. Pere Hyacinthe protests against papal infallibility and en- croachments. 234 TABULAR VIEWS 1870 A.D. A.D. Progress OF Society United States. British Empirb. 1870 Apr. 2. Railway from Calcutta to Bom bay opened. May 25. Organization of English com- mittee to revise authorized version of Bible. Dec. 25. Mount Cenis tunnel completed Deaths, 1870: Ad mirals Dahlgren and Farragut, Gen. Lee, Chas Dickens, Alexan dre Dumas. 1870 Jan. 26. Darien canal scheme ap- proved by Congress. Feb. 25. Mr. Revels, first colored mem- ber of United States Senate (from Mississippi), takes his seat; his first speech for universal amnesty and suffrage. March 30. Fifteenth Amendment rati fied. July. — New tariff adopted, to take effect Jan. 1, 1871. Oct. 1. Internal taxation begins to be reduced. Nov. 5. J. L. Motley, minister to Eng- land, recalled. Republican majority in Congress greatly reduced by the fall elections, Dec. 5. President Grant's message regrets failure of proposal to annex St Domingo. Dec. 22. General Schenck minister to London. !1870 July 19. Neutrality in Franco -Prus- sian war pro- claimed. Aug. 1. Irish Land Act passed. Aug. 9. Elementary Education Act passed. 1 8/0 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 235 France. Europe, elsewhere. vVoRLD, elsewhere. 18 ro 1870 1870 Jan. 2. Liberal (Ollivier) Jan. 12. Pope's decree condemn- Jan. 15. Salnave ministry formed. ing the Fenians. 1 shot in Hayti; Jan. 10. Victor Noir mur- June 25. Queen Isabella of Spain' Saget president. dered by Prince Pierre 1 abdicates in favor of her son Mar. 1. Defeat and Bonaparte. I Alfonso. Jan. 22. Rochefort fined July 18. Vatican Council votes and imprisoned for libel, j the pope's infallibility. May 8. Plebiscite on gov- July 30. Austrian government dissolves Rome. the concordat with Sept. 20. Italian troops occupy Rome. Oct. — Vote of people of Papal States for annexation to Italy, 133,681 yeas to 1,507 nays. Oct. 31. Russia refuses to be bound by the provisions of the Treaty of Paris, of 1856, neutral- izing the Black Sea. Nov. 16. Prince Amadeus, of Italy, elected king of Spain by the Cortes; accepts, Dec. 4. Nov. 23. Pope excommunicates all concerned in annexing Rome to Italy. Dec. 28. Marshal Prim assassinat- ed at Madrid. Dec. 31. King Victor Emanuel arrives at Rome. death of the Paraguayan president Lopez, near the Aquida- ban. May 25. Fenian raid into Canada repulsed by vol- unteers. June 21. Mob at T i e n-T sin in China; French consul and resi- dents murdered. emment amendments to constitution, adopted by 5 to 1. May 14. Riots and barri- cades in Paris. May 15. Duke of Gramont becomes foreign minis- ter. July 2. Orleans family de- mand permission to re- turn to France; refused by Assembly. July.^ — Prince Leopold de- clines candidacy for Spanish throne; Prussia refuses guaranties; 13, Benedetti's interview with King William of Prussia at Ems; 19, France declares war. July 23. Empress regent; emperor joins army, 26, first skirmish at Niederbronn. Aug. 2. Action at Saar- bruck; 4, Germans de- feat French at Weissen- burg; 6, severe defeat of French at Woerth; and at Forbach or Spic- heren; Bazaine in command at Metz; 10, new ministry under Palikao; 12, Germans pass the Vosges; 14, Germans gain battle of Courcelles; 16, of Vionville or Mars-la-Tour; 18, of Gravelotte and Rezonville; Trochu governor of Paris; 22, Bazaine isolated at Metz; 25, Germans occupy Chalons; 30, several engagements lost by parts of MacMahon's army retreating north; 31, they retreat to Sedan; Aug. 31 and Sept. 1, Bazaine repulsed and driven into Metz. Sept. 1, Battle of Sedan; 2, surrender of MacMahon's army and Napoleon III.; Sept. 4. revolution at Pans; republic declared, and gov- ernment of defence, Trochu president; 19, siege of Paris formed; 19, Paris completely invested; 23, Durnouf gets out of Paris with mails by bal- loon; kz^ee ew maise in French departments ordered; 28, Strasburg capitu- lates; red republican rising put down at Lyons. Oct. 7, Gambetta escapes from Paris by balloon; 9, organizes a government at Tours; 7, great sortie from Metz repulsed; 10, 11, red republican attempt to establish the commune at Paris defeated: 11, Germans take Orleans; 16, take Soissons; 21, French sortie from Mont Valerien (Paris) repulsed; 27, Metz and army surrendered by Bazaine; 31, uprising in Paris; Nov. 9, battle of Covdmiers; 28, battle of Beaune-la-Rolande; Nov. 30, Dec. 2, unsuccessful at- tacks on the German lines of investment. Dec.2-4.Freach defeated at Orleans; 9-10, removal of seat of government tc Bordeaux; 23, battle of Pont-Noyelles. 236 TABULAR VIEWS 187I A.D.- Progressof Society United States. British Empire. 1871 Sept. 22. Old Catho- lic meeting at Bonn againstnew dogma of infallibility. Sept. 28. Gradual Slav e-emancipa- tion law passed in Brazil. Deaths, 1871: G. Ticknor, Alice and Phrebe Gary, Gen. R. Anderson, R. Chambers, Scha- myl, the Circas- sian chief, Omer Pasha, Thalberg, Herschel, Auber, G. Grote, Princess Belgiojoso,Paul de Kock, R. Bentley, C. Babbage, Sir R. Murchison, Mar- shal Benedek, G Hudson ("railway king"). 1871 A pril 5. Report of commissioners to St. Domingo, in Senate. May 8. Treaty of Washington, laying down basis for arbitration oi Alabama claims. June 10. Statue of S. F. B. Morse un- veiled in N. Y. June 29. Polaris expedition sails for North Pole. July 12. Riot in New York, Catholics against Orangemen: 62 killed, 117 wounded. July. — Exposure of Tweed ring by N. Y. Times. Oct. — Great fires in Minn., Wis., and Mich, forests. Oct. 8-9. Great fire at Chicago; 18,000 buildings destroyed; $200,000,000 lost. Dec. 19. First attempts at civil service reform made by President Grant. Aug. 6. Spain pre- pares to free slaves in Porto Rico and Cuba. Sept. 8. Australia connected by sub- marine telegraph with the Indo- European tele- graph system. Deaths in 1872: J. Mazzini; Rev. F. D. Maurice, S. F. B. Morse, C. Lever, L. Feuer- bach, Charles XV., of Sweden, Mrs. Parton ("Fanny Fern"), T. Gau- tier. Sir J. Bow- ring, Merle d'Au- bign^, Gen. Hal- leck, W. H. Sew- ard, H. Greeley. 1872 Jan. 16. General amnesty bill passed. June 17. Boston Peace Jubilee opens. July 10. Democrats and Liberal Re- publicans join to nominate Greeley for president. Sept. 14. Geneva award (.Alabama claims) announced. Oct. 23. Island of San Juan awarded to United States. Nov. 5. Grant re-elected president. Nov. — Modoc war begins. Nov. 9-10. Great fire in Boston re- sulting in loss of $80,000,000. 1871 Mar. London Con- ference nullifies provisions of Treaty of Paris regarding neu- trality of Black Sea. Apr. 3. 8th census taken. July 20. Purchase of army com- missions stopped by royal warrant. Sept. 30. South Kensington Ex- hibition closed (open since May 1). 1872 Feb. 29. Arthur O'Connor pre- sents an empty pistol at the queen. March. — Agricultu- ral laborers' strike in War- wickshire. , June. — Strikes in various trades. Sept. 14. Final Alabama award. Nov. 5. New com- mercial treaty signed with France. Nov. 24. Serious illness of prince of Wales; begins to recover l3ec. 14. 18/2 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 237 France. Europe, elsewhere. World, elsewhere. 1871 Feb. 8. Complete amnesty for political offences in Austria. Mar. 21 Meeting of the first Ger- man Reichstag. June 16. 25th anniversary of accession of Pius IX. celebrated at Rome. July 1. Rome becomes the capital of Italy. Nov. 18. Uniform coinage law enacted in Germany. 1871 June 11. Americans and French storm Corean strong- holds and punish Coreans for in- sults. Oct. 1. Military re- volt in city of Mexico; sup- i pressed with much bloodshed. Japan: Abolition of feudalism; begin- ning of the era of western civiliza- tion. .Jan. 3. Battle of Bapaume 10-12, battle of Le Mans; 15-17, Bourbaki defeated near Belfort;18, William I. proclaimed emperor at Versailles; 19, battle of St. Quentin; 19, great sortie of 100,000 men from Paris repulsed ; 23, Trochu resigns; 28, Paris capitulates; 30, Bourbaki's army of 80,000 driven into Switzerland and"interned"; treaty of peace, ceding Alsace and part of Lorraine, and to pay Germany $1,000,000,000, preliminaries signed Feb. 26. Feb. 17. Thiers becomes executive. March 1-3, German troops enter Paris, and remain 48 hours. Treaty concluded May 10, ratified by French Assembly, May 18. March 18. Insurrection at Paris, and commune established there; 20, regular government at Versailles; 28, government of the commune proclaimed at Paris. ' April 2. Military operations begin between government and commune; 4, communist insurrection suppressed at Marseilles; 6, Versailles army under MacMahon begins attack on Paris. May 21. Government troops enter Paris and occupy part; 23-24, Tuileries, Hotel de Ville, etc., burned by communists; 28, fighting ends and communists sup- pressed; about one-fifth of Paris burned, and loss of property through com- mune, $160,000,000; 29, decree disarming Paris; 31, Thiers made president for 3 years. 1872 1872 Apr. 23. Law against the ' ' International "society. Sept — Government is es- tablished at Paris. Oct. 6. Pilgrimages of some 20,000 persons to Lourdes. Nov. 5. New commercial treaty signed with Great Britain. Jan.— Insurrectionary Carlistmove- ments begin in north of Spain. Apr. 1. Tercentenary of Dutch independence observed. April 24. — May 1. Eruption of Vesuvius. May 1. University of Strasburg reopened (closed by French, 1792). May 2. Don Carlos enters Spain; 6, flees back to France. The Carlist war begins. June 12. Jesuits expelled from Germany. July 18. 1000th anniversary of kingdom of Norway celebrated July 31. Extradition treaty jign ed, Belgium and Great Britain. Sept. 18. Death of Charles XV. of Sweden; succeeded by Oscar II. Sept. 30. Revolt in Montenegro. Dec. 18. Coinage made uniform in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. Dec. 31. Diplomatic relations broken off between the pope and Germany. Mar. 1. War be- tween Honduras and San Salva- dor. Mar. 26. Attemptto assassinate the mikado of Japan. July 18. Death of Juarez; succeed- ed in the presi- dency of Mexico by Lerdo de Tejada (Oct.) July22. Military re- volt at Lima; President Balta killed. Aug. 17. Japanese embassy in Eng- land. 238 TABULAR VIEWS 1873 A.D.- A.D. Progress OF Society United States. British Empire. 1873 1874 1875 Jan. 1. European | calendar introduc-l ed into Japan. Mar. 22. Slavery abolished in Porto Rico. May 1. International Exposition at Vienna. May 5. Treaty of Great Britain with Zanzibar to sup- press slave trade. Deaths, 1873: Na- poleon III., M. F. Maury, Rev. T. Guthrie, C. Knight, Baron Liebig, W. C. Macready, Dr. Livingstone, John Stuart Mill, A. Manzoni, F. von Raumer, M. Odil- lon-Barrot, Sir. E. Landseer, U. Ratazzi, S. P. Chase, Agassiz. June 22. Telegraph opened between Great Britain and Brazil. Aug. — International congress at Brus- sels on laws of war. Sept. 15. Interna- tional postal con- gress at Berne ; adopts a system Oct. 7. Deaths 1874: Ex- Pres. Fillmore, C. Sumner, F. Guizot, A. von Rothschild, Chang and Eng (Siamese twins), Dr. D. F. Strauss, J. Michelet. Jan. — Civil registra- tion and civil mar- riage adopted by law in Germany. May 23. People of Switzerland adopt civil marriage by vote. Nov. 28. Italian gov- ernment buys the Northern Italian railroads. Publication of Mrs. Eddy's Science and Henllh and Key to the Scriptures. 1873 Jan. 6. House of Rep. appoints com- mittee to investigate Credit Mobilier scandals. Feb. — Fighting and disturbances in New Orleans. Apr. 11. Gen. Canby and others mur- dered by Modocs. June. — Modocs surrender. Sept. — Financial panic in New York City Nov. — Excitement over execution by Spaniards of Americans from steamer Virginius. 1873 Jan. — Strikes of colliers; coal very scarce. June- July. — Shah of Persia visits England. June. — Outbreak of war with Ashan- tis. 1874 Feb. — ^Women's whiskey-war; women try to stop liquor-selling, by prayer, etc., in Ohio and N. Y. Apr. 22. President Grant vetoes bill for inconvertible paper money. July. — Beecher scandal breaks out. Aug. 17. RiotsatAustin.Miss., negroes and whites; so-called negro insurrec- tion also in Aug. at Trenton, Tenn. Sept. — Centennial of meeting of colonial delegates at Philadelphia. Sept. 18. Gov. Kellogg of La., deposed by a rising of whites; restored by U. S. forces. Oct. 27. Triennial Episcopalian con- vention: canon against ritualism. Dec. — Senate passes bill to resume specie payment Jan. 1, 1879. 1875. Feb. 4. Senate rejects new reciprocity treaty with Canada. Feb. — Civil Rights Bill (for negroes) passed. Apr. 19. Centenary of Lexington. June 17. Centenary of Bunker Hill. July 2. Beecher trial ends. Jury dis- agrees (9 to 3 for Beecher). Sept. 30. First American cardinal (McCloskey) received at Rome. Oct. — Inflationist defeats in Ohio and Iowa. 1874 Jan. 23. Duke of Edinburgh marries Grand Duchess Marie of Russia. Feb. 17. Gladstone ministry out; D 'Israeli suc- ceeds him, Feb. 21. Feb. 28. Close of the celebrated Tichborne trial. May 13-21. Visit of czar of Russia. 1875 March 9. Moody and Sankey, the revivalists, ar- rive in London; sail (on return) Aug. 4. Sept. 27. Railway jubilee at Darl- ington. Nov. 25. Govern-- ment purchaseof Suez canal shares announced. i875 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 239 France. Europe, elsewhere. World, elsewhere. Feb. — Letter of Comte de Chambord, destroying all hope of Bourbonist fusion. Mar. 1.5. Convention for complete evacuation by Germans on payment of whole indemnity. May 24. Thiers and his ministry resign; Mc- Mahon chosen president by the Assembly. Aug. 2. Germans have left France, except Verdun; 5, the Orleanists recog- nize Comte de Chambord as chief. Sept. 5. Last instalment of German indemnity paid; 13, Germans leave Ver- dun; 16, last Germans leave France. Nov. 20. MacMahon's term made 7 years. Dec. 10. Bazaine condemn- ed to death for surrender of Metz; commuted to 20 years, imprisonment. Mar. 16. Imperialist de- monstration at Chisel - hurst, at majority (18 years) of prince im- perial. July 2. Royalist proclama- tion by the Count de Chambord. Aug. 9. Escape of Marshal Bazaine. Aug. 31. Vendome column restored. Dec. 3. Public thanks to Britain for friendship during war with Ger- many. Feb. -Mar.— Constitutional changes in a republican direction. June 23. Destructive floods at Toulouse. Nov. — The National As- sembly adopts the sys- tem of voting by arron- dissement. Dec. — Reports on trial of communists show 9,596 convictions and 110 death sentences. 1873 Feb. 9. Extradition treaty signed, Italy and Great Britain. Feb. 11. King Amadeus of Spain abdicates. May. — The Falk Laws in Prussia mark the height of the struggle with the Roman Catholic Church known as the Kultur- kampf. June 8. Spain declared a republic by the Cortes; communist and Carlist risings in the south ; Sept. 7. Castelar chosen presi- dent of the executive. Oct. 21. Jesuits expelled from their convents and colleges at Rome. 1874 Jan. 4. Serrano head of ministry in Spain. Jan. 12. Cartagena last commu- nist stronghold taken. Apr. 19. Revised constitution adopted in Switzerland. July 23. Extradition treaty rati- fied, Netherlands and Great Britain. Dec. 31. Alfonso, son of Queen Isabella, proclaimed king of Spain and Canovas del Castillo head of ministry. Throughout the year the Carlist war rages. 1875 Jan. — Alfonso XII. arrives in Spain and takes possession of the government. July. — Insurrection against the Turks in Herzegovina. Aug. — Insurrection in Bosnia. Oct. 6. Turkey announces sus- pension of payment on half the interest of her public debt. 1873 Feb. 23. Emperor Toung-Chi of China assumes government. Mar. 25. Nether- lands declare war against Atchinese. June 5. Sultan of Zanzibar signs treaty with Great Britain agreeing to the suppression of the slave trade. June 10. Khiva ta- ken by the Rus- sians under Gen- eral Kaufmann, 1874 Feb. 5. British force under Sir G. Wolseley oc- cupies Coomas- sie, the capital of Ashanti. Feb. 13. King of Ashanti makes peace. Feb. 26. Insurrec- tion at Nagasaki, Japan. Sept. 30. Annexa- tion of Fiji Isl- ands by Great Britain. 1875 Apr. 5. Island of Saghalien ceded byjapan to Rus- sia. May 18. Seven Chilian towns of 30,000 popula- tion destroyed by an earth- quake. Oct. 16. Egyptian expedition in Abyssinia de- feated. 240 TABULAR VIEWS 1875 A.D.- A.D. Progressof Society United States. British Empire. 1875 1876 1877 Deaths, 1875: C. Lyell, Ex-Pres Johnson, A. Helpi, E. Qui- net, Toung-Chi, emperor of China. H. C. Andersen. Feb. 1. International courts in Egypt be- gin to sit. Oct. 27. Capt. Nares's Arctic expedition returns; a sledging party had reached 83° 20' north. Dec. 21. New penal code adopted for German Empire. Deaths, 1876: Vice- Pres. H. Wilson, F. Deak, Reverdy Johnson, Abdul- Aziz, ex-sultan of Turkey, George Sand, Gen. Santa Anna, C. Perier, Cardinal Anto- nelli. Invention of tele- phone. Invention of phono- graph. Stanley's explora- tions in Africa show identity of Lualaba and Con- go Rivers. Deaths: Tayler Lew- is, J. L. Ivlotley, Gen. Changarnier, Dr. Muhlenberg, E. L. Davenport, Gen. Forrest, Geo. L. Fox, Henry Peters Gray, Thiers, Brigham Young. 1876 Jan. 1. Centennial year, great demon- strations in Philadelphia. Mar. — Minister Schencl< resigns in consequence of Emma Mine scandal. April. — Senate rejects R. H. Dana's nomination as minister to England. Apr. 14. Lincoln monument, erected by negroes, unveiled at Washington. May 10. Centennial Exhib. opened at Philadelphia. June 16. Hayes and Wheeler nominat- ed at Cincinnati. June 25. Custer and his command ambushed and destroyed by Sioux on the Little Big Horn, Montana. June 29. Tilden and Hendricks nomi- nated at St. Louis. July 9. Hamburg (S. C.) massacre of negro militiamen by Butler and others. Aug. 1." Gen. Belknap, ex-secretary ot war, impeached for corruption, but acquitted by 35 to 25 in Senate (two- thirds must convict). Aug. 1. Colorado admittedintotheUnion. Oct. 17. President Grant's proclama- tion against unlawful combinations to affect elections in South. Nov. 7. Presidential election ; Hayes and Wheeler chosen by 185, to 184 for Tilden and Hendricks. 1877 Jan. — U. S. Government commission report Darien canal practicable. Jan. — Extradition treaty signed with Spam. Jan. 8. Two governors (Nicholls and Kellogg) inaugurated in Louisiana; Kellogg maintained by U. S. troops. Jan. — Fourteen fishing schooners, over- due at Gloucester, Mass., given up for lost with all on board. Jan. — Moody and Sankey opened meet- ing in Boston. Jan. '25-26. Electoral Commission created to decide on election of Hayes or Tilden. March 2. Hayes declared elected. Apr. 10. U. S. troops evacuate South Carolina state-house; Gov. Chamber- lain has to yield to Hampton. Apr. 24. U. S. troops evacuate State-house at New Orleans; Kellogg government yields to Nicholls. June 29. Pres. Hayes's letter prescrib- ing that national office-holders must not be managing party officials, nor be assessed for party expenses. 1876 May 1. Queen pro- ■ claimed Empress of India. Sept. 6. Gladstone publishes his de- nunciation of the Turkish atrociti- ties in Bulgaria. The 1877 Apr. 12. Transvaal an- nexed to the British Emoire. Apr. 30. Neutrality proclaimed in Russo -Turkish war. July 2-9. Pan -Pres- byterian con- ference at Edin- burgh. Cleopatra's needle brought from Egypt and erect- ed in London. i877 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY, 241 1876 an. — French revenue for 1875 $500,000,000, said to be the largest ever received by any govern- ment. Feb. -Mar. — Republican majority elected to Chambers. Nov. 3. France announces her neutrality in the Russo -Turkish war. Dec. 12. New ministry under Jules Simon. 1877 May 16. Resignation of ministry of Jules Simon ; succeeded by De Broglie. July 29. Gambetta's cel- ebrated speech against Mac Mahon, "submit or resign." Sept. 3. Death of Thiers. Oct. 14. Elections favor- able to Republicans. Nov. 20. Resignation of the De Broglie ministry. Dec. 14. Formation of the Dufatire ministry. 1876 Jan. 31. Andrassy note presented to Turkey, suggesting reforms. Mar. 20. Triumphal entry of Al- fonso into Madrid, the Carlist insurrection being suppressed. May 6. Assassination of French and German consuls at Salonica in Turkey. May. — Risings in Bulgaria, cruelly put down by Turks. May 30. Sultan Abdul-Aziz de- posed; Murad V. succeeds. July 2. Servia and Montenegro de- clare war against Turkey. July 9. Turkey repudiates pay- ments on public debt until better times. Aug. 31. Sultan Murad deposed; Abdul Hamid II. succeeds. Nov. 1. Six weeks' armistice be-^ tween Turkey and Servia. Dec. 23. Constitution for Turkey announced. 1876 Feb. 20. Khokand annexed to Rus- sia, as Ferghana. July 17. Gen. Canal president of Hayti. Oct. 31. Cyclone in Bengal ; immense loss of property and life. Porfirio Diaz enters Mexico and de- clares himself provisional pres- ident. Dec. 10. Baez, president of St. Domingo. 1877 Jan. 18. Turkey rejects proposals of the European Powers. Apr. 24. Russia declares war against Turkey, and enters Roumania. May 21. Jubilee at Rome, 50th anniversary of pope's episcopate Roumania declares itself inde- pendent. June. — Russians cross the Danube at Galatz; 25, at Hirsova; 27, at Simnitza. July 6. Over 120,000 Russians have crossed at Sistova. July. The German quarrel with Rome has caused the deposition of 4 bishops and 6 archbishops; expulsion of 600 persons (120 priests) from Cologne alone; vacancy of 476 parishes in 7 bishoprics alone. July 14. Russians under Gurko cross Balkans. July 16. Nicopolis taken. July 20, 30. Russian defeats at Plevna. 1877 Feb. -Diaz is in pos- session of power in Mexico; E.x- President Lerdo escapes to San Francisco. April 12. British rule established in Transvaal. May 9. Great earthquake and tidal wave, coast of Peru; loss, $20,000,000 and 600 lives. 242 TABULAR VIEWS 1877 A.D.^ A.D. Progress OF Society United States. British Empire. 1878 Dec. 17. Gold sells at par in New York City for the first time since Jan. 13, 1862. Deaths: Pius IX., W. C. Bryant, Bayard Taylor, Geo. H. Lewes, Wm. M. Tweed, GeorgeCruikshank Bp. Dupanloup, Joseph Henry. 1877 July.— An Indian war under Chief Joseph breaks out in Idaho. July 16. Beginning of great railway strikes. Oct. 5. Nez Perces Indians under Chief Joseph surrender. Oct. 15. Forty -fifth Congress meets in extra session. Nov. 23. Halifax Fisheries Commission decrees that the United States is to pay Great Britain $5,500,000. 1878 Jan. 30. Senate ratifies Samoan treaty which gives U. S. naval vessels use of harbor of Pagopago. Feb. 28. Passage of the Bland Silver Bill. May 17. House of Representatives ap- points a (Potter) committee to in- vestigate alleged frauds in presiden- tial election of 1876. Nov. 5. Elections favorable to the Democrats. Southern States visited with yellow fever, causing 20,000 cases of sickness and 7000 deaths. 1878 June 4. Defensive treaty with Tur- key signed, by which Cyprus is ceded to Great Britain. Sept. 3. Princess Alice sunk near London ; 600 lives lost. Oct. 2. City of Glasgow Bank Scotland, closed with liabilities of $50,000,000. 1878 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 243 France. Europe, elsewhere. World, elsewhere. 1878 May 1. International Ex- position opens at Paris. 1877 Aug. 21. Suleiman Pasha begins assaults on Shipka Pass. Sept. 3. Russians storm Lovatz; 8, Montenegrins capture Nicsic. Oct. 15. Mukhtar Pasha defeated at Aladja Dagh. Nov. 17. Insurrection along Greek frontier. Nov. 18. Russians capture Kars. Dec. 10. Russians capture Plevna. 1.878 Jan. 4. Russians capture Sophia; 9, and a Turkish army of 25,000 men in Shipka Pass; 20, and enter Adrianople. Jan. 9. King Victor Emmanuel of Italy dies, and is succeeded by his son, King Humbert. Jan. 23. King Alfonso of Spain marries Princess Mercedes. Feb. 7. Pius IX. dies; 20, Leo XIII. is elected pope. Mar. 3. Treaty of San Stefano between Russia and Turkey. May 4. Attempt to assassinate Emperor William of Germany. June 2. Another attempt to assas- sinate emperor of Germany. June 13. Meeting of European Powers at Berlin. June 26. Death of Queen Mer- cedes of Spain. July 13. Treaty of Berlin signed by European Powers. Aug. — Opposition in Bosnia to Austrian occupation. Oct. 19. Anti -Socialist Bill passed by Germany. Oct. 25. Attempt to assassinate King Alfonso of Spain. Nov. 17. Attempt to assassinate King Humbert of Italy. 1878 Jan.-Feb.— Famine in Northern China, in which several millions of persons starve to death. Feb. 4. An asylum for women and children in Tien- Tsin, China, is burned, and nearly 3000 lives lost. Apr.l 1. Tornado at Canton, China, in which 10,000 persons are esti- mated to be kill- ed. Aug. — Marqiiis of Lome is appoint- ed governor- general of Cana- da. Sept. — Protection- ists are success- ful at Canadian elections; Sir John A. Macdon- ald becomes pre- mier; and tariff laws are passed. Nov. 21. British troops invade Afghanistan. 244 TABULAR VIEWS 1879 A.D.- A.D. Progress ofSociety United States. British Empire. 1879 1879 1879 Jan. 1. Resumption of specie payments Mar. 18. Extra session of Forty-sixth Jan. 12. British April 30. Treaty be troops enter Zu- tween Great Congress. luland; 22, valu- Britain and Ger- March-April. — Large numbers of ne- able stores and many for sup- groes remove from the Black Belt to force of 800 men pressing slave Kansas. lost at Isandula. trade. Mar. 13. Marriage May 18. Switzerland of Duke of Con- permits each can- 'naught to Prin- ton to restore cap- cess Louise of ital punishment. Prussia. July 9. Jeannette Apr. 2. Zulus de- sails from San feated at Ging- Francisco for holova. Arctic regions. June 24. Zulus in- Oct. 25. Flogging in Oct. 16. The Apaches kill forty settlers vade Natal; 28, the navy abolished in New Mexico. General Wolseley in the Nether- lands at Durban. lands. July 1. Zulus de- Nov. 15. Seventh ca- Nov. 15. Cable communication with feated at Ulundi. ble laid under the France established. Aug. 28. The Zulu Atlantic (Cape king, Cetewayo, Cod to Brest). captured. The Northeast (Po- lar) Passage made by Nordenskjold. Invention of a uni- versal language (Volapiik) by J. M. Schleyer, a German. Construction of the first electric rail- road (at Berlin). Deaths: Mme. Je- rome Bonaparte, Von Billow, R. H. Dana, Gen. Dix, W. L. Garrison, Gen . Hood, Gen. Hooker, Baron Roths- child. Gen. Rich- ard Taylor, H. C. Carey. 1 i879 A-D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY, 245 France. Europe, elsewhere. I The World, elsewhere. 1879 Jan. 30. Marshal Mac- Mahoa resigns the presi- dency and Jules Grevy is elected in his place. Feb. 2. Resignation of the Dufaure ministry. Feb. 5. Appointment of the Waddington min- istry. June 1. Prince Louis Napoleon killed by the Zulus. Dec. 20. Resignation of the Waddington ministry. Dec. 28. Appointment of the Freycinet ministry, 1879 Mar. 12. River Theiss in Hungary breaks its dykes and destroys 300 lives. Mar. 20. Russian troops evacuate Adrianople. Apr. 14. Attempt on the life of Alexander II. of Russia. Apr. 29. Prince Alexander of Battenberg elected prince of Bulgaria. Nov. 29. King Alfonso of Spain marries the Arch- duchess Marie Christina. Dec. 30. Attempt to as- sassinate King Alfonso of Spain. 1879 Jan. 8. British troops enter Candahar (Afghanistan). Feb. 12. Chilians take pos- session of disputed Bolivian territory. Feb. 16. King of Burmah assassinates princes of royal house atMandalay. Feb. 21. Death of Shere AH, ameer of Afghanis- tan; succeeded by Ya- koob Khan. Mar. 23. Chilians capture Calama. Apr. 6. Chili formally de- clares war against Peru; 11, Peruvians defeated in naval battle off Loa. May 26. Afghans sign trea- ty of peace. June25. Ismail, khediveof Egypt, abdicate: and is succeeded by his son, Tewfik Pasha. July 16. Chilians bombard Iquique; 21, Peruvians bombard Caldera. Aug. 8. Second bombard- ment of Iquique by Chilians; 16, battle at San Pedro de Acatama; and 28, at Antofagasta. Sept. 1. Bolivians and Per- uvians capture Calama; 16, naval battle off Iquique; 19, Chilians victorious at San Fran- cisco. Sept 3. Maj. Cavagnari and British Embassy as- sassinated in Cabul. Oct. 2. Afghans repulsed with great loss at Shu- targardan by Lord Rob- erts; 21, abdication of Yakoob Khan. Oct, 8. Chilians capture the Huascar. Nov. 2. Chilians capture Pisagua; and, 17, Con- chas Blancas; and, 22, the Pilcomayo; 13, are defeated at Quint- lagoa; but are victorious at JJolores (19), Iquique (23) , and Tarapaca (27). Dec. 14. Afghans defeated near Cabul; and 23, at Shirpur. Dec. — President Prado flees from Peru and Pierola becomes dictator. 246 TABULAR VIEWS 1880 A.D.- Progressof Society United States. British Empire. 1880 Feb. 18. Slavery abolished in Ctiba. Feb. 29. Tunnel through St. Got- ard Mt. complet- ed. June 10. Celebration at Lisbon of ter- centenary of Ca- moens. Aug. 14. Completion of Cologne Cath- edral, begun in 1248. Nov. 4. Kansas adopts prohibitory amendment to constitution. Dec. 8. Flogging abolished in Brit- ish navy. Deaths: Ole Bull, Lydia Maria Child, Geo. Eliot, Em- press of Russia, Lucretia Mott, OiTenbach, Tom Taylor. 1880 Jan. 2. C. S. Pamell arrives in New- York to plead for the Irish cause. Mar. 30. Relief ship leaves New York for Ireland. June 7. Garfield and Arthur nominated by Republicans at Chicago. June 11. Weaver and Chambers nomi- nated by Greenback-Labor Conven- tion at Chicago. June 24. Hancock and English nomi- nated by Democrats at Cincinnati. Sept. 23. The Schwatka Arctic ex- pedition returns to New York. Nov. 4. Garfield and Arthur elected president and vice-president. Nov. 17. Treaty with China relative to the restriction of immigration of Chinese laborers. 1881 1882 Feb. 7. Work begun on Panama Canal. May 17, 19. Revised New Testament published m Eng- land and America. June 11. Jeannette destroyed by ice in Siberian seas. Aug. — Electrical Ex- hibition opened at Paris. Deaths: Beaconsfield Gen. Burnside Carlyle,Dean Stan- ley, J. G. Holland J. T. Fields, Emile L i 1 1 r e , J. K Bluntschli. F. Slater gives $1,000,000 for edu cation of the col ored people of the South. Great increase in use of electric light 1881. Mar. 4. Garfield inangurated as presi dent. May 5. New treaty with China con firmed (regulating immigration). June 2. Great Britain pays $75,000 for Fortune Bay fisheries damages. July 2. Garfield shot by Guiteau in Washington. July 20. Indian Chief Sitting Bull sur- renders at Fort Buford. Sept. 19. Garfield dies at Elberon, N. J. Sept. 20, 22. Arthur takes oath of office as president. Oct. 5. International Cotton Exhibi tion opened at Atlanta, Ga. Oct. 19. Centennial celeDration of battle of Yorktown; British f saluted by order of the president. Nov. 14. Beginning of trial of Guiteau . .for murder of Garfield. 1882. Jan. 25. Guiteau trial ended in his conviction of murder in the first degree. Feb. 28. Congress passes apportion- ment bill giving House of Representa- tives 325 members. 1880 Jan. 3. Riots in Connemara, Ire- land. Feb. 17. Parlia- ment defeats bill to make fran- schise in Ireland the same as in England and Scotland. Mar. 24. Parlia- ment dissolved. Apr. 21. Resigna- tion of Beacons- field. Apr. 23. Appoint- ment of Glad- stone govern- ment. May — I n s u r r e c- tions in Western Ireland. June. — House of Commons re- fuses to allow Bradlaugh to take his seat. Oct.-Nov. — Riots in various parts of Ireland. Dec. 28. State trial against Parnell, etc., begins in Dublin. 1881 Jan. 25. Irish State trial ends in disagreement of the jury. Mar. 2. Passage of Coercion Bill. Apr.-June. — In Ireland evictions for not paying rents. Aug. 22. Enact- ment of Irish Land Bill. 1882 Mar. 2. Attempt to assassinate Queen Victoria. Apr. 27. Marriage of Prince Leo- pold to Prin- cess Helena of Waldeck. l882 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 247 France. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. 1880 Jan. 29. Bill passed to suppress political clubs. March, — Passage of the Ferry Educational Bill aimed at the control of education by the Jesuits. June. — Army chaplains abolished. June 29. Island of Tahiti annexed to France. June 30. Jesuits expelled from their religious houses. July 11. Communists am- nestied. Sept. 19. Resignation of Freycinet ministry. Sept. 23. Appointment of Ferry ministry. Oct. 30. Religious houses of Jesuits forciblyclosed. Nov. 9. Ferry ministry re- sign; but; 11, withdraw their resignations. Dec. 9. Bill for taxing re- ligious property passed. 1881 1882 May 12. Tunis surrenders to French. July 16. French army takes Sfax. Oct; 26. French occupy Kairwan. Nov. 10. Resignation of the Ferry ministry; 15, formation of the Gam- betta ministry. Jan. — Failure of the Union Generale. Jan. 26. Resignation of the Gambetta ministry and formation of the Frey- cinet ministry (30). 1880 Feb. 17. Explosion in the Winter Palace, the work of Nihilist conspirators against the life of Alex- ander II. Gen. Melikoff appointed head of extra ordinary commission with vast powers. Apr. 7. Bismarck offers his resignation to the em- peror of Germany, but it is not accepted. May 4. German Anti- Socialist laws extended to 1884. June 1. International Ex- hibition opened at Brussels. June 16. Supplementary Conference meets at Ber- lin to settle Gieek and Montenegrin questions. July 3. Prussia passes bill to subordinate all clergy to the State. Sept. 17. Naval demon- stration against sultan to enforce Montenegrin settlement. Oct. 19. Czar marries Princess Dolgorouki. Nov. 27. Turks evacuate Dulcigno. Nov.-Dec. — Anti-Semitic meetings at Berlin. 1881 Jan. 24. The Russians cap- ture Geok-Tepe in Tur- kestan. Mar. 13. Assassination of czar of Russia; succeed- ed by his son, Alexander III. Mar. 26. Roumania de- clared a kingdom. Apr. Beginning of outrages against the Jews in Russia. Dec. 8. Ring Theatre in Vienna burned, and hundreds of lives lost. Hamburg joins the Zoll- verein. 1882. Apr. Prince Gortchakoff resigns ministry of foreign affairs in Rus- sia. 1880 Jan. 7. Chil eans occupy Ilo. Feb. 27. Chileans bombard Arica; Mar. 20, 21, occupy Moquega and Islay. Apr. 10. Chileans blockade Callao. May 26. Chileans take Tacna. June 7. Chileans capture Arica. July 3. Chilean Loa destroyed by torpedo. July 22. Abdul Rahman recognized by British as ameer of Cabul; 27, British defeated at Kushk-i-Nakhud. Aug. 31. Lord Roberts en- ters Kandahar after a notable march for its relief. Sept. 1. Afghans defeated at Candahar. Nov. ■ — Rising of the Boers in the Transvaal against the British govern- ment. Dec. — General rising of the Boers in the Transvaal; they declare their inde- pendence; and occupy Potchefstroom. 1881 Jan. 13. Chilean victory at Chorillos; Jan. 15, at Miraflores; 17, Lima sur- renders. Jan. 28. British repulsed by Boers at Laings Nek; Feb 8, at Ingogo River; Feb. 27, crushed at Majuba Hill. Mar. 24. Boer war in S. Africa ended. The Mahdi appears in the Sudan. 1882 May. — Renewal of political massacres in Mandalay. June 11. Riots in Alexan- dria; 340 Europeans killed under the inspira- tion of Arabi Pasha, secretary of war, and leader of the national party. 248 TABULAR VIEWS 1882 A.D.- A.D. Progressof Society United States. British Empire. 1882 1883 May. — Lieutenant Lockwood of the Greel y expedi- tion reaches 83° 24' north. Deaths: Longfellow, Darwin, Emerson, Gambetta, Gari- baldi, Pusey, Abp. Tait, Anthony TroUope, Thurlow Weed, G. P. Marsh, R. H. Dana, Jr., Auerbac h. Dr. Draper, Dr. Bel- lows, Louis Blanc. July. First use of storage electricity in propelling boat (Thames River, London). Nov. 18. Standard time substituted for local time in U. S. and Canada. Deaths: Dore, Flo- tow, Wagner, A. H. Stephens, J. R. Green, Gortcha- ko£f, Peter Cooper, Jules Sandeau, Laboulaye, Abd- el-Kader, Bp. Colenso, Abp. Purcell, Montgom- ery Blair, J. S. Black, Comte de ChamlDord, T u r- geniff, Hendrik Conscience, Mayne Reid, Karl Marx, H. Martin, Sir E. Sabine. 1854 1882 March 4. Indictments in the District of Columbia in connection with the Star Route frauds. March 22. The Edmunds Law against polygamy in Utah passed. May. Outbreak of Apache Indians in Arizona. May 6. Congress passes bill suspending Chinese immigration for ten years. June 30. Guiteau hanged in Washing- ton. July-Sept. — Great strike of iron workers in Pennsylvania. Aug. 2. Congress passes over the president's veto the largest River and Harbor Bill ever passed— $18,743,875. Nov. — Elections throughout the country generally favorable to the Democrats. 1883 Mar. 3. Tariff bill signed by the presi- dent. July 16. Civil Service Reform Act (passed by Congress in Jan.) goes into operation. July 19. Strike of telegraph operators. (Collapsed Aug. 17.) July 23. Proteus, sent to rescue the Cjreely Arctic expedition, crushed by the ice in Smith's Sound. Sept. 9. Northern Pacific Railroad com- pleted. Oct. 1. Letter postage reduced from 3c. to 2c. per half ounce. Oct. 15. Civil -Rights Act (giving colored people equal privileges in hotels, theatres, etc., with whites) pronounced unconstitutional by the Supreme Court. Nov. 1. Gen. Sherman succeeded by Gen. Sheridan in the command of army. 1882 May 6. Assassina- tion of Lord F. C. Cavendish and Mr. Burke in I Phoenix Park, Dublin. July 12. Queen signs new coer- cion bill. Aug. — Passage of Irish arrears of rent bill. Dec. — Parliament adopts new rules of procedure. Dec. 20. Archbish- opric of Canter- bury accepted by Bishop Ben- son, i 1883 Feb. 10. Identifica- tion of murderers of Burke and Cavendish. (Apr, 13, 18. Condem. nation to death of two of them.) June 16. Suffoca tion of 186 child- ren at Victoria Hall, Sunderland July. — Shooting at Cape Town of James Carey, the identifier of the Burke and Cav- endish murder- ers. Miy 19. Discovery of inoculative rem- edy for rabies an- nounced by Pas- teur. 1884 Jan. 21. Iron-clad oath (enacted during Civil War) repealed by Congress. Feb. 10-21. Great floods in Ohio valley. $500,000 appropriated by Congress for relief. 1884 Feb. 8. Imprison- ment of Irish members of Parliament for tre asonable actions. 1 884 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 249 France. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. April 2. French capture Ha-Noi in Annam. Aug. 7. Formation of the Duclerc ministry. Oct. — Compulsory Educa- tion Act comes into force. Dec. 31. Death of Gam- betta. Jan. 28. Resignation of the Duclerc ministry and formation of the Fal- lieres ministry. Feb. 9. Release of Prince Napoleon after three weeks' imprisonment. Feb. 18. Resignation of the Fallieres ministry and formation of the Ferry ministry. Feb. 24. Royal princes dis- missed from the army. Mar. -June — Louise Michel carries on Anarchist agitation in Paris. Sept. 29. King of Spain insulted in Paris; 30, apologies offered by President Grevy. 1882 Sept. — Turkey cedes 5,000 square miles to Greece, in rectification of the boundary as provided by the Congress of Berlin. Oct. 2. Attempt to assas- sinate King Milan of Servia. June 19. Annexation of Cambodia (part of China) to French terri- tories. 1883 Jan. — Great floods in Europe. Mar. 29. Murder at Pesth of the lord chief justice of Hungary. April. — Resumption of specie payments in Italy. (Suspended since 1866.) May 27. Coronation of Alexander III., czar of Russia, at Moscow. May-Aug. Persecutions of Jews in Russia. July 28. Earthquake on island of Ischia (near Naples), destroying 5000 lives. Aug. — Military revolt in Spain. Sept. 27. Unveiling of the great statue "Germania" on the Niederwald, Ru- desheim. Oct. — Resignation of Span- ish ministry of Sagasta, and formation of new ministry under Posada- H err era. Nov. 10. Celebration in Germany of fourth centennial of Luther's birth. Dec. 4. Insurrection in Crete. Italy joins the alliance be- tween Germany and Austria, thus forming the Triple Alliance. 1884 Jan. 15. Formation of a new Spanish ministry under Canovas del Cas- tillo. 1882 July 11. British fleet bom- bards Alexandria; 12, Egyptians evacuate and fire Alexandria. Aug. 15. Gen. Wolseley ar- rives at Alexandria; 20, seizes the Suez Canal, and, 24, defeats Egyp- tians at Magfar and, 25, at Kassasin Lock. Sept. 13. British defeat the Egyptians under Arabi Pasha at Tel-el- Kebir; 14, Arabi is cap- tured; 23, Damietta sur- renders; and, 25, khe- dive returns to Cairo. Dec. 3. Arabi sentenced to death; commuted by khedive to perpetual exile. 1883 Jan. 16. Return of Cete- wayo to Zululand. June. — French aggressions in Madagascar. July 14. Discovery of Lake Mantumba in Africa by Stanley. Aug. — Volcanic eruptions in Java and neight)oring islands: neariy 100,000 deaths. Aug. 25. French protecto- rate established over Annam. Oct. 16. Surrender of Cete- wayo to the British. Oct. 20. Treaty of peace signed betweenChile and Peru. Nov. 3-5. Egyptian army under Hicks Pasha crushed by the Mahdi at El-Obeid in the Sudan. 1884 Jan. 25 "Chinese" Gordon appointed governor of ttie Sudan. Feb. Massacre of Christians in Tonquin. 250 TABULAR VIEWS 1884 A.D.- ProgressofSociety United States. British Empire. May 24. Opening of N. Y. and Brook- lyn Suspension Bridge. June 20. Introduc- tion of railroads into China sanc- tioned by the government. Aug. 4. Opening of international edu- cational conference at London. Oct 13. Interna- tional conference at Washington adopts meridian of Greenwich as the universal prime meridian. Deaths: Dr. Lasker, Wendell Phillips, Guyot, Mignet, Prince Leopold, Chas. Reade, Tag- lioni, J. P. Benja- min, Chas. O'Conor, Count Todleben, Lepsius, Sir E. Wil- son, H. G. Bohn, Hans Makart, Paul Lacroix, Fanny Elssler, Channing. Jan. 1. Time of reck- oning the begin- ning of the day changed from noon to midnight at Greenwich ob- servatory. May 4. Opening of international ex- hibition of inven- tions at London. May. Publication at London and New York of revised version of Old Test ment. Aug. 10. Opening of international tele- graphic congress at Berlin. Invention of in- ternal combustion engine in 1885 by Gustav Daimler. 1884 May 29. People's (Labor and Greenback) party nominate B. F. Butler and A. M. West for the presidency and vice- presidency. June 6. Republican party nominate J. G. Blaine and J. A. Logan for the presi- idency and vice-presidency. June 22. Rescue off Cape Sabine of Lieut. Greely and six survivors of his Arctic expedition — 17 of the party having perished. July 11. Democratic party nominate Grover Cleveland and T. A. Hen- dricks for the presidency and vice- presidency. July 24. Prohibition party nominate J. P. St. John and Wm. Daniel for the presidency and vice-presidency. Nov. 4. Election of Cleveland and Hendricks. Dec. 8. Collection of immigrant head money declared unconstitutional by Supreme Court. Dec. 16. Opening of Cotton Exposition at New Orleans. 1885 Jan. 20. Passage of bill submitting French spoliation claims to Court of Claims. Feb. 21. Dedication of the Washington Monument (555 feet high) at the city of Washington. Mar. 2. Importation of foreign contract laborers prohibited by Congress. Mar. 3. U. S. Grant retired with the rank of General. Mar. 4. Letter postage reduced from two cents per half ounce to two cents per ounce. Mar. 4. Inauguration of President Cleveland. Apr. 16. Passage of bill by N. Y. Legis- lature creating a public park at Nia- gara Falls. (Opened to the public, July 15.) May 5. Conclusion of treaty with Co- lombian government establishing joint protectorate over Isthmus of Panama. June 21. Ratification of extradition treaty with Japan. July 23. Death of General U. S Grant. Aug. 8. Public funeral of Gen. Grant in New Yo.trk. 1884 Mar. 15. Dyna- miters attempt to blow up Times office. Apr.- 16. Celebra- tion of tercen- tennial of Edin- burgh Univer- sity. May 11. The pope condemns the Ir i s h Land League. June 28. Opening of Egyptian conference in London. Nov. Passage of new franchise bill by Parlia- ment. Dec. 13. Attempt to wreck London Bridge with dy- namite. 1885 Jan. 24. Dynamite explosion in Houses of Parlia- ment and in the Tower, London; twenty persons injured. Mar. 26. Difficulty with Russia re- garding advances of latter in Af- ghanistan: raili- tary reserves called out by the queen. Mar. — Outbreak of Riel's Insurrec- tion in Canada. May 3. Riel de- feated. May 15. Riel sur- renders. June 8. Defeat in Parliament of the Liberal (Glad - stone) ministry. June 23. Formation of Conservative ministry under the Marquis of Salisbury. i885 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY, 2SI France. Europe, elsewhere. World, elsewhere. 18S4 June 25. Appearance of Asiatic cholera; 6000 deaths within three months. July 29. Adoption of a divorce law. Aug. 15. Declaration of war by China. Aug. — Revision of consti- tution. French attack Formosa. War in Madagascar. 1884 Feb. 14. Annexation of Merv (Central Asia) by Russia. Feb. 17. Attempt to assas- sinate king of Italy. June 12. Regulation of succession to Dutch throne. June 21. Death of prince of Orange, crown prince of Holland. June — Aug. — Persecution of Jews in Russia. July 13. Attempt to as- sassinate emperor of Austria. July 17. Discovery of plot to assassinate czar of Russia. Oct. 5. German annexa- tions on African slave coast; Dec. 19, in Pacific Ocean, beginnings of German colonial policy. Germany: Enactment cf an accident insurance law for workingmen. Nov. 17. Opening of the Congo conference Berlin. 1884 Feb. 4. Defeat of Baker Pacha by Egyptian rebels under Osman Dig- na, near Tokar. Feb. 9 Death of Cetewayo. Feb. 29. Osman Digna de- feated by Gen. Graham near Tokar. Mar. 13. Osman Digna defeated at Tamanieb. Mar. 30. Epidemic of smallpox at Madras. May 23. Berber captured by Egyptian rebels. Sept. 10. Earl of Dufferin appointed to the vice- royalty of India. (He assumes office Nov. 13.) Nov. 25. Earthquake in Peru. Dec. 1. Gen. Diaz becomes prest. of Mexico. Mar. 30. Resignation of the Ferry ministry caused by riots over Chinese vic- tories in Tonqum. Apr. 6. Formation of new ministry under Brisson. June 2. Public funeral of Victor Hugo in Paris. June 9. Treaty of peace with China signed. Aug. 25. Reappearance of cholera at Toulon; its rapid spread through France: 10,000 deaths. 1885 Jan. 1. Earthquake in Spain: many lives and buildings destroyed. Jan. 12. Extradition treaty between Russia and Prussia. May 4. Opening of univer- sal exiiibition at Ant- werp. June 24 .Cholera appears in Spain; 82,000 deaths by end of August. July 12. Attempt to assas- sinate emperor of Ger- many. Sept. 18. Rebellion in Eastern Roumelia: an- nexed to Bulgaria. Oct. 1. Outbreak of war between Serviaand Bul- garia. Nov. 1. Renewal for five years of Latin monetary union between France, Belgium, Italy, Switzer- land, and Greece, on basis of silver coin re- deemable in gold. 1885 Jan. 19. The Mahdi defeat- ed by the British under Gen. Stewart near Me- tammeh in the Sudan. Jan. 26. Khartoum captur- ed by the Mahdi; Gordon killed; relief expedition under Lord Wolseley ar- rives too late; British forces withdrawn from Sudan. Feb. — Formation of Congo Free State. Feb. 21. Protectorate over Samoan Islands granted Germany by treaty. Mar. 30. Russians defeat Afghans at Penjdeh. Mar. 30. Pres, Barrios, of Guatemala, killed while advancing against San Salvador. Mar. 31. Colon burned by Panama insurgents. Apr. 16. Peace concluded between L entral Ameri- can republics. 252 TABULAR VIEWS 1885 A.D. Progressof Society British Empire. 1885 1886 1887 Deaths: Colfax, B. S i 1 Hm a n, Jr., About, R.G.White, Frelinghuysen. Hugo, Baron v. Manteuffel, S. I. Prime, Gen. Grant, Montefiore, Lord Houghton, "H. H. " Jackson, Abp. McCloskey, H. W. Shaw ("Josh Bill- ings"), Gen. Mc- Clellan. John Mc- Cullough, Vice- President Hen- d r i c k s. King Alfonso, W. H. Vanderbilt, Toombs. First electric street railway in U. S. in Baltimore. Jan. 4. Women al- lowed to vote in Toronto. May 4. Opening of colonial exhibition at London. May IL Opening of international ex- hibition at Liver- pool. Aug. 2. Celebration by Che Univ. of Heidelberg of its SODth anniversary. Oct. 27. Final abo- lition of slavery in Cuba. Deaths: Gen. Han- cock, Gov. Sey- mour, Gough, Abp. French, Sir H. Taylor, Dio Lewis, Von Ranke, J. R. Bart- lett, King Ludwig of Bavaria, E. P. Whipple, P. H. Havne, Liszt Tilden, J. E. Cooke, Von Beust. C. A. Arthur, C, F. Adams, Gen. Logan. Feb. 16. Women al- lowed to vote in Kansas. 1885 Aug. 25. Cyclones at Savannah and Charleston: $2,000,000 worth of property destroyed. Sept. 2. Five hundred Chinese miners in Wyoming Ter. attacked by whites and fifty of them killed. Oct. 10. With the destruction of Flood Rock by blasting, the work ot clearing Hell Gate in the East River is practically completed. of 1886 Jan. 19. Passage of bill regulating sue cession to the presidency in case of death of both president and vice- president. Feb. 9. Chinese in Seattle (Washington) driven from their homes by mob. May 1-4. Labor riots in Chicago and Milwaukee incited by Anarchists. June 2. Marriage at the White House, Washington, of President Cleveland and Miss Folsom. Aug. 20. Seven Anarchists convicted of murder for Chicago riots in May. Aug. 30-31. Charleston, S. C, severelv damaged by an earthquake; over 50 persons killed and many buildings wrecked. Sept. 4. Geronimo and his band of Apache Indians surrender to Gen. Miles. Oct. 28. Bartholdi's statue of "Liberty Enlightening the World" (a gift from France) unveiled in N. Y. harbor. Dec. 6. Reduction in tariff duties re- commended to Congress by Prest. Cleveland. Numerous labor strikes throughout the year. 1887 Jan. 21. Passage of Inter-State Com- merce bill. March 3. Repeal of tenure-of-ofiice act (restoring to the president the power of removing officials withou*' consent of the Senate). 1885 June 29. Earl Carnarvon suc- ceeds Earl Spen- cer as lord lieu- tenanfeof Ireland. July 23. Marriage of Princess Bea- trice to Prince Henry of Batten- berg. Sept. 5. Comple- tion of tunnel under Severn River. Nov. — Outbreak of war with Bur- mah; British troops enter Mandalay; sur- render of King Thebaw (Nov. 28). 1886 Jan. 1. Annexation of Burmah to British Empire. Jan 20. Opening of tunnel under Mersey River. Jan. 26. Defeat in Parliament of Conservat i v e ministry (on question of gov- erning Ireland). Feb. 3. Formation of Liberal minis- try under Glad- stone. June 8. Defeat of Liberal ministry in Parliament on question of Irish home rule. July. Parliamen- tary elections favorable to Conservatives and Liberal -Un- ionists (t. e., to those opposed to Irish home rule ) July 21. Formation of new Conserva- tive ministry un- der Lord Salis- bury. 1887 May 12. Annexa- tion of Zululand to the British Empire. 1887 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 253 France. World, elsewhere. 1885 1886 Dec. 12. Establishment of protectorate over Mada- gascar. Dec. 28. Re-election of Grevy as president. Brisson ministry resigns. Jan. 7. Formation of a new ministry under Freycinet. Jan. 15. Amnesty granted political offenders. 1887 June 22. Passage of law expelling royal princes from French territory. Dec. 3. Resignation of Freycinet ministry. Dec. 10. Formation of a newministry under Gob- let. May 17. Fall of Goblet min« istry. May 29. Formation of new ministry under Rouvier. 1885 Nov. 25. Accession of Mer- cedes to Spanish throne (on death of her father Alfonso XII.) under re- gency of her mother, Queen Christina: new ministry under Sagasta. Nov. 14-28. Servians in- vade Bulgaria and are defeated. Nov. 28-Dec. 21. Trial and conviction of 2b Nihilists at Warsaw: 4 hanged and 22 sent to Siberia. Nov. 30. Germany takes possession of Marshall Islands. Dec. 5. Italian annexation of Massowah. 1886 Jan. — Servia, Bulgaria, and Greece compelled by the powers to disarm. Mar. 2. Treaty of peace signed between Servia and Bulgaria. Mar. 20. Anarchist riots in Belgium, originating in strike of miners. May 11. Destructive hur- ricane in Spain. May 17. Posthumous birth of the king of Spain, Alfonso XIII. June 13. Death by drown- ing of Louis II., king of Bavaria: accession of his brother. Otto I., under regency of Prince Luitpold. Aug. 21. Prince Alexander of Bulgaria kidnapped by Russian emissaries. Aug. 27. Earthquake in Greece destroyed 600 lives and many towns. Aug. — Counter revolution in Bulgaria followed by restoration of Alexander. Sept. 4. He abdicates and a regency is established. Nov. 10. Prince Waldemar of Denmark declines offer of Bulgarian throne. 1887 Feb. 23. Earthquakes in Southern .Europe: 1000 lives lost. 1885 Apr. 21. King of Belgium assumes sovereignity over Congo State. Apr. 24. Panama taken possession of by U. S. troops for protection of property. (Restored later to Colombian gov't.) May 7. Death of the Mahdi. 1886 Jan. 25. Barillas elected prest. of Guatemala. Apr. 7. Soto elected prest. of Costa Rica. May. Santos becomes prest, of Uruguay. June 3. Caceres becomes prest. of Peru. June. Selman elected prest. of Argentine Republic. Sept. 23. French kill 50O Chinese pirates near Tonquin. Dec. 31. Four hundred persons crushed to death at a fair at Madras, India. 1887 Jan. 25. Italians defeated by Abyssinians near Massowah. 254 TABULAR VIEWS 18S7 A.D.- A.D. Progress OF Society United States. British Empire. 1887 1888 Deaths: Bp. Potter, E. L. Yournans, Sir S. Northcote (Earl of Iddes- leigh), Mrs. Henry- Wood, Beecher, F^val, Eads, Saxe, J.T.Raymond, ex- Vice-Pres. Wheel- er, Mark Hopkins, S. F. Baird, Jenny Lind, F. V. Hay- den. Oct. 24. Anglo- French convention neutralizing the Suez Canal — Baltic ship canal begun. Mar. 26. Meeting of first international convention of wo- men at Washing- ton. July 27. Celebration at Kieff of 900th anniversary of in- troduction of Christianity into Russia. Oct. 20. Gift of $1,- 000,000 by Dan. Hand for educa- tion of Southern negroes. Nov. 10. Suppression of African slave trade resolved upon by European powers. Deaths: Bonamy Price, Asa Gray, Sir H. S. Maine, Bronson Alcott, LouisaAlcott, Em- peror William I., C hief-Justice Waite, Matthew Arnold, Emperor Frederick HI., E. P. Roe, Gen. Sheridan, Lester Wallack, R. A. Proctor. 1887 June 29. Jacob Sharp sentenced to 4 years' imprisonment and fined $5000 for bribery of N. Y. aldermen. July 8. Excommunication of Dr. Mc- Glynn in N. Y. for advocacy of land theories of Henry George. Nov. 11. Hanging of four of the Anar- chists convicted of the Chicago riots of May, 1886 (one of the others had committed suicide; sentence of the other two commuted to life imprison- ment). 1888 Jan. 12. Blizzard in Northwest: 235 persons frozen to death. Jan. 19. Ratification of extradition treaty with the Netherlands. Mar. 12. Blizzard in Eastern States: N. Y. city blockaded with snowdrifts for several days: a number of lives lost. June 1. Sheridan made General of the army by special act of Congress. June 6-7. Democratic party nominate Grover Cleveland and Allen G. Thur- man for presidency and v. -presidency. June 25. Republican party nominate Benjamin Harrison and Levi P. Morton for presidency and vice- presidency. Sept. 13. Chinese Exclusion Act passed. Oct. 20. Adjournment of Congress after the longest session (321 days) in its history. Oct. 30. Dismissal of British minister. Lord Sackville-West, by U. S. govt. on account of indiscreet letter on American politics. Nov. 6. Election of Harrison and Morton. 1887 May 14. Opening of the People's Palace in Lon- don. June 21. Jubilee celebration in London of the 50th anniversary of Queen Victo- ria's accession to the throne. July 8. Passage of Irish Crimes Bill by Parliament (abolishing trial by jury in Ire- land). Nov. 13. Riots in London caused by police attemp- ting to prevent meeting of work- ingmen in Tra- falgar Square. 1888 Sept. 17. First meeting of com- mission to in- vestigate Lon- don Times's charges against Parnell and other Irish leaders; closed Nov. 22, 1889, alter 129 sittings, exam- ining 493 wit- neeses, and re- ceiving answers to 98,000 ques- tions. 1888 A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 255 France. 1S87 Europe, elsewhere. World, elsewhere. June 1. Ratification of commerical treaty with Mexico. Dec. 3. Election of Carnot as president on resig- nationofGrevy (Dec.2). Dec. 11. Formation of new- ministry under Tirard. 1887 1888 Mar. 1. M.Wilson, son-in- law of ex-Prest. Grevy, sentenced to two years' imprisonment for traf- ficking in decorations, (the sentence quashed by Court of Appeals Mar. 28). Mar. 15. Removal of Gen. Boulanger from his com- mand in the army Mar._ 30. Fall of Tirard ministry; formation of new ministry under Floquet (April 3). Dec. — Bankruptcy of the PanamaCanal Company. July 7. Election of Prince Ferdmand of Saxe-Co- burg-Gotha to Bulgarian throne. Renewal of the Triple Alliance. Termination of the Kulturkampf in Ger many. 1887 Feb. 3. Expedition under Stanley leaves Cairo for relief of Emin Pasha in Central Africa. (Re- turns with Emin, Dec. 1889.) Apr. 22. Destruction of 40 pearl -fishing vessels off Australian coast; 550 lives lost. May 3. Earthquake in Mexico: 1,50 lives lost July 3. King Kalakaua grants Hawaiian island- ers more liberal constitu- tion. Feb. 3. OfBcial announce- ment of treaty of alliance between Germany and Austria. Mar. 9. Accession of Fred- erick III. to German throne on death of his father, William I. Mar. 31. Adoption of trial by jury in Spain. June 15. Accession of Wil- liam II. to German throne on death of his father, Frederick III. Dec. — Suez Canal Conven- tion ratified by the powers. 1888 Mar. 31. Gen. Floras elected pres. of Ecuador June 18. Great floods in Mexico: 700 people drowned. July 9. Gen. Diaz re-elect- ed prest. of Mexico. July 27. Volcanic eruptions m Japan: 1000 lives lost. July 30. Dr. Paul becomes prest. of Venezuela. Aug. 1. Opening of inter- national exhibition at Melbourne in celebra- tion of centennial of foundation of New South Wales. Oct. 17. Gen. Legitime elected prest. of Hayti. 256 TABUL-\R VIEWS Ib^O A.D.- Progress OF Society UxiTED States. British Empire. 1SS9 Jan. 1. Total ecH^^se of sun <.\-isible in western North America'). Jan. 1. Electricity substituted for hansin^ as death pettaity in N. Y, (.for crimes com- mitted after tliis date), Oct. !«.>. Opemng of internatio na 1 maritime consress at Washinssou. Nov. G. Completion of the Forth Bridge (.ScotJandV the greatest work of its kind in tlie- world, FiniU abolition of sla\"ery in Brasil. Deaths: S. A. AUi- bone, i'rince Ru- dolph of Av.stria, Laura Bridgnian. John Bright, Elisa Cook, John Ericsson, S. C. Hail. HaJliweJl- Phillipps, King Luis of Portugal, M. F. Tupperni- bach, T. G. Wood, F_. A. P. Barnard. Simon Cameron, Miiria Mitchell. T. D. Woolsey. Wilkie Collins, Tenerson Da\-is, Rob. BrowTaing. 1SS9 Jan. 9. Cyclone in Penna, ^•ery destrvic- tive of life and property. Feb. "J. Fire in Buffalo destro\-s nearly I So.tXXl.lXXI worth of property. :Feb, 11. Creation of the department of I Agriculture in national government, jMar. 4. Inaviguration of Prest. Harrison. Apr. 22. Oklalioma opened to white I settlenjent, Apr. 2^May 1. Celebration at N. Y. of j centeimial of Wasliington's inaugura- ' tiou. May 31. Breaking of dam in Cone- j maugh \-allev destro>-s 2235 lives at I Johnstown, l^a. lOct. 2. Opening of the Pan-American conference atxVashington. Nov. 2. Admission as btates of North and South Dakota; T, of Montana; 11. of SVashiTigton. Nov. 13. Opening at Washin§:ton of the Ronxan Catholic Univ. ot America. Ballot reform laws adopted by 11 States during 1SS7-S5). 1SS9 July 1-29. Visit of Shah of Pcma. July 27. Mamiige of Princess Louise of Wales to the Duke of Fife. Oct. 5, Ear! of 2:et- land succeeds t he marviuis of l.otv- donderry ;\s lord lieutenant of Ireland. Numerous pro- longed strikes dunng 1SS9 kept thousands of \\xirkmen out ot work and caused much sutYering in Ev.^lauvi. Oct. 15. The Brit- ish South African Company char- tered. 1889 A.D. OK UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 257 Pi'ANCi;. liui/oi'K, elficwhere. WoKLij, elsewhere. 1880 Feb. 21. Formation of new ministry under Tirard. Mar, 0. i<<;[)cal ofthcrlecrcc of bani:;liment of iJuc d'Aumale. May 4. Centennial cele- bration of the opening of the States-General at Versailles. May (1. Opening of inter- national exhibition at Paris. July 9. Passage of army bill making service uni- versal. July 14. Centennial cele- bration of the fall of the liastile. July 15. Passage of bill forbidding candidates to appear in more than one constituency. Aug. 12. Condemnation of Gen. Boulanger to per- petual imprisonment, (lie takes refuge in Great Britain.) Sept. 22. General election favorable to the Repub- licans. 18H9 Jan. .'10. Suicide of Crown Prince Rudolph of Aus- tria. Mar. 0. Abdication of King Milan of Scrvia in favor of his son Alexander, l.'l years old. Apr. 2. King William of Holland pronounced mentally unable to govern. (He suhisequcnt- ly recovers.) Apr. 2r). Prince Frederick of Hoheniwllem pro- claimed heir to Rou- manian throne. Apr. 20. Meeting at Berlin of delegates from United States, Germany, and lingiand to arrange Samoan affairs. May — ^I'ormidablc strike of miners in Germany. July 2. King Alexander of Servia anointed at Zitcha. July 27. Discovery of plot to blow up the Vatican. Aug. '.i. Insurrection in Crete. Aug. 17. Destructive hur- ricane at Granada. Sept. 0. Explosion in car- tridge factory at Ant- werp: 12.5 persons killed, 200 others wounded. Oct. 19. Accession of Car- los I. to Portuguese throne on death of his father, Luis I. Dec. — (jeneral epidemic of influenza in liuropc. 1889 Feb. 11. New constitution for Japan proclaimed with two legislative i chambers. Mar. l!j-U'). Violent hur- ricane at Samoa; three German and three AmcT- ican men-of-war driven on shore. Apr. '.i. King John of Abys- sinia defeated and slain by the dervishes. Apr. 10. Death at Molokai, Hawaii, of Father Dam- ien, the leper priest. Aug. 11. Insurrection in liawaii. Oct. 17. Gen. Hyppolite chosen prest. of Hayti (after a year's war with Legitime), Sept. 4. Egyptians de- feated by dervishes near Suakim. Nov. J.j. Expulsion of Brazilian emperor and establishment of a re- public. 258 TABULAR VIEWS 1890 A.D.- 1890 Progress of Society, etc. United States. 1891 Jan. 25. A New York news paper reporter completes a journey around the world in 72 days. Mar. 4. Railway bridge over the Forth put into operation. Apr. 20. Henry M. Stanley arrives in London on his return from the greatest of his African expedi- tions, having crossed the continent from west to east. Jtily 15. New Croton aqui duct in New York put into operation. Aug. 6. First execution by electricity in the State of New York. Aug. 26. Equatorial rail way inaugurated at Mombassa, British East Africa. Oct. — The Mormon church declares against the practice of polygamy. Deaths in 1890: Amadeus I., ex -king of Spain; J. J. Astor; G. H. Boker: A. Chatrian; C. W. Cope; E. Dodge; I. Dollinger, D. B. Fayerweather; J. C. Fremont; O. Feuillet; J. Hergenrother; Cardi nal Newman; C. H. F Peters; J. E. T. Rogers. H. Schliemann; William III., of the Netherlands Jan. — Discovery in the Brit ish Museum of the MS of Aristotle's Athenian Constitution. 1890 Jan. 23. Organization of the Woman's Christian Temperance Union, at Cleveland, O. Feb. 24. Chicago selected by the House of Repre- sentatives as site for the World's Columbian Ex- position. Mar. — Boomers invade Cherokee territories; warned out by president. April 28. Supreme Court decides that liquors in " original packages " may be brought into and sold in any State. May 19. Supreme Court de- clares confiscation of Mormon property under Edmunds Law constitu- tional. June 2. The eleventh cen- sus begins. July 2. Sherman Act for the protection of trade and commerce against unlawful restraints and monopolies. July 3. Idaho becomes a State. July 11. Wyoming be- comes a State. July 14. Sherman Act for the monthly purchase of 4,500,000 ounces of sil- ver by the government and the issue of silver treasury notes. Aug 8. Act empowering States to regulate sale j of liquors in " original packages." Oct. 1. The McKinley Tariff Bill becomes law. Oct. — Ghost dance excite- ment among the Sioux Indians. Dec. 15. Sitting Bull chief of the Sioux killed. British Empire. 1891 Jan. 14. Conference of Indian chiefs and U. S authorities at Pine Ri dge S. D.; end of Indian outbreak. 1890 Feb. 3. The suit of Pamell against the London Times settled by the payment of £5,000 to plaintiff. Mar. 28. New education code, abolishing pay- ment by results goes into effect. May 4. Great labor demon- stration in Hyde Park in favor of an eight-hour day. July 1. Treaty of terri- torial delimitation with Germany in Africa; Great Britain receives protectorate over Zanzi- bar and cedes Heligo- land to Germany. Sept. 18. John Dillon and William O'Brien, Irish leaders, arrested for con- spiracy. Nov. 15. Beginning of the O'Shea divorce trial, implicating Pamell. Dec. 6. Irish party in Parliaraent splitj Par- nell repudiated by a majority of his followers under Justin McCarthy. 1891 Jan. 27. House of Com- mons expunges resolu- tion of June 22, 1880, preventing Charles Bradlaugh from taking his seat. I89I A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 259 France and Germany. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. 1890 Jan. 25. A new Anti- Socialist law is rejected by the German Reich- stag. Mar. 14. Tirard ministry in France resigns; suc- ceeded by Freycinet cabinet. Mar. 15. Opening of the international labor con- ference at Berlin, called under the auspices of the emperor. Mar. 18. Bismarck resigns the chancellorship; he is succeeded by von Ca- privi (20). May 6. German Reichstag opened by emperor, wno announces programme of labor legislation. 1890 Jan. 12. Portugal com- pelled by Great Britain to yield disputed claims in East Africa. Mar. 7. Tisza, Hungarian premier, resigns after 14 years in office. May. — Labor disturbances in Spanish cities, princi- pally in Barcelona. July 5. Spain; Canovas del Castillo, premier. July — Russia : Revival of edicts against the Jews, aiming at their concen- tration in the towns and restricting their educa- tional opportunities. Sept. 16. International commercial congress meets at Paris. Oct. 12. Expiration of Anti -Socialist law in Germany celebrated by a great Socialist congress at Halle. Jan. 22. Supreme Council of Labor established in France. Sept. 11. Liberal uprising in the Swiss Canton Ticino against the re actionary government the electoral laws re vised. Oct. 28. _ Ministry of Trikoupis in Greece re signs and is succeeded by one under Delyannis Nov. 23. William III. of the Netherlands dies, and is succeeded by his daughter Wilhelmina under the regency of her mother. 1891 Jan. 31. Military revolt at Oporto in Portugal. 1890 Jan. 8. Brazil. Proclama- tion of religious equality" and separation of church, and state. Feb. — Outbreak of war be- tween the French and the king of Dahomey. Apr. 21. Japan. New civil code proclaimed. May. — Conflicts between, the Maronites and the Druses in Syria. July 17. Outbreak of war between Guatemala and Salvador; Honduras in^ volved; peace con- cluded Aug. 27. July 26. Sanguinary in- surrection in Buenos Ayres against President Celman; he resigns Aug. 6. Oct. 5. Dahomey concludes peace with France. Oct. 17. Sultan of Zanzi- bar surrenders suzer- ainty to coastland of German East Africa. Nov. 29. First Japanese parliament opened. 1891 Jan. 1. Chile. Congress de- clares President Ral- maceda deposed; 8, the fleet supports the Con- gress. 26o TABULAR VIEWS 189I A.D. A.D. Progress of Society, etc. United States. British Empire. Feb. 22. First meeting of the Women's National Council at Washington. April 1. Telephone between London and Paris opened. May 23. International Pos- tal Congress meets at Vienna. June 19. Opening of first section of Man- chester Ship Canal in England. July. — Experiments with smokeless powder at Sandy Hook, N. J. Aug. — Artificial rain pro duction experiments in Texas, Oct. 1. Opening of the Leland Stanford, Jr., University at Palo Alto, Cal. Oct. 22. Announcement of Dr. Robert Koch's remedy for tuberculosis. Deaths in 1891: G. Ban- croft; C. Bradlaugh; J. Grevy; G. E. Hauss- mann; J. E. Johnston; A. W. Kinglake; J. R. Lowell ; Lord Ly tton ; J.A.Macdonald; J.L.E. Meissonier; von Moltke; C.S. Pamell; Pedro II.; D. D. Porter; W. T. Shennan. 1891 Feb. 26. Enactment of a maximum freight bill in Nebraska. Mar. 3. International copyright law enacted. Mar. 14. Eleven Italians supposed members of the "Mafia" secret so- ciety, lynched by a mob at New Orleans; compli- cations with Italy fol- low; 31, Italian minister recalled. Apr. 14. President Harri son begins an extensive! trip through the Southj and the West. Apr. 28. China refuses to accept H. W. Blair as U. S. minister. May 19. People's Party organized at Cincinnati, O. June 4. The transport Itata, which had escaped from San Diego with arms for the Chilean in- surgents, surrenders to the American vessels at Iquique. Aug. 13. Presidential order excludes white men from the Cherokee strip. Sept. 22. New lands in Oklahoma thrown open to settlement. Oct. 16. Sailors from the U. S. cruiser Baltimore assaulted in the streets of Valparaiso and two killed. Nov. 29. The Cherokee council agrees to sell the Cherokee strip to the United States. 1891 Feb. 20. Resolution in favor of disestablishing Welsh Church defeated. Mar. — Insurrection of Manipuns in Assam. Apr. 27. British troops oc- cupy Manipur, which is deserted by rebels. Junel6. Regent of Manipur sentenced to death for treachery. July — Visit of German emperor and empress in England. Aug. 22. Native tributary ruler established over Manipur. Sept. 13. British force lands on island of Mity- lene as retort to sultan's act in permitting Rus- sian vessels to pass through the Dardanelles. Oct. 27. Riots between Pamellites and anti- Pamellites at Cork. 189I A.D. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 261 France and Germany. Europe, elsewhere. The World, elsewhere. Mar. 11. France agrees to arbitrate Newfoundland fisheries question with England. May 1. Prince Bismarck is elected to the Reichstag from Geestemunde. July-Aug. — A French fleet visits Cronstadt and the attendant festivities are taken to mark a close understanding with Rus- sia. Sept. 30. Gen. Boulanger commits suicide near Brussels. Oct. 6. William II. of Wiirt temberg succeeds Char- les I. Nov. 6. Mission from Siam arrives at Berlin. 1891 Mar. — The Spainards suc- ceed in subduing a native uprising in the Caroline Islands. Apr. 22. Russia: Im- perial ukase orders ex- pulsion of Jews from Moscow. May 11. The Russian czarewitch (Nicholas II) assaulted at Kioto, Japan. May 24. The construction of the Trans-Siberian railway begins. June 29. Renewal of the Triple Alliance between Germany, Austria, and Italy. Aug. 1. Switzerland: Cele- bration of the six hundredth anniversary of the foundation of the Swiss Confederacy. Nov. 2. The sultan forbids destitute Jews to enter the empire. Nov. 3. Inter-parliamen- tary peace conference assembles at Rome. 1891 Feb. 19. Egypt: Dervishes. under Osman Digna de- feated by Egyptian troops at Tokar. Feb. 25. Brazil: Marshal Fonseca elected presi- dent . Mar. 7. Chile: Government troops defeated by Con- gressionalists at Pozo Almonte. Apr. 10. Chile: Junta estab- lished by Congressional party at Iquique. May-Oct. — Anti-Christain riots in China on the Yang-tse-Kiang, at Nankin, and elsewhere. June 2. Chile : The Con- gressionalist army oc- cupies Husasco. Aug. 21. Chile : The govern- ment troops defeated at Aconcagua, and, 28, at Placilla; Congression- alists enter Valparaiso; 31, Santia\lWir, l.nar. 17. The French Cham- Ijcr of JJeputics voles to reduce the term of acUve (icrviiMcin the army totwo years; 20. Count von lliilow, thcimfjcrial chan- cellor, announccfi tiial. (icrmany will Ktand (irm in the intcresin of the ojjen-door princiijlo in Morocco. Apr. 20. The German envoy at Tangier makes an unconciliatory statement on (Germany's attitude toward Morocco. May 7. Ex-Premier Combos issues a statement of his policy for the sejjanition of Church and State in France; ;<1. A bomb is thrown in Paris at a carri.aKeoccuijied by King Alfonso and President Loubet. joor, Mar, 2. The Russian Com- mittee of Ministers votes to ^. Ja[jancse within five miles of Mukden. Nogi with the Port Arthur vet- erans suddenly turnswest- ward ; S. Kuroki gains a victory on the east, and thcjapanese appear on the north of Mukden. The Russians evacuate posi- tions on the south and southv/est, firing great stores; 10. Mukden and Fushun are occupied by the Japanese. Remnant of ivuropatkin's army reaches Tic Pass. J|,OMli. v/, Mih-.i I'npultttion urn l.)0 4,500 1,000 5I).00(I 20,1100 375,000 100,000 50,000 CHRONOLOGY OF THE GREAT WAR 1914-1919 403 June 28. July 23. 25. 28. 29. 30. 31. Aug. 1. CHRONOLOGY OF 1914- Preliminary Events. Murder of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria. Austrian ultimatum to Serbia. Serbian reply; Austrian Minister leaves Belgrade. Austria declares war on Serbia. Russia begins to mobilize. Interview in Berlin between Sir E. Goschen and Bethmann-Hollweg Sir Edward Grey proposes a council. Germany declares state of war; issues ultimatum to Russia and France Germany declares war on Russia. France mobilized. Moratorium proclaimed by Great Britain. King Albert of Belgium appeals to Great Britain. Sir Edward Grey's famous speech in House of Commons. France declares state of war exists with Germany. Great Britain declares war on Germany, after ultimatum regarding neutrality of Belgium. President Wilson declares neutrality of United States. Austria declares war on Russia. 404 THE GREAT WAR 1919 Western Front. Eastern Front. Military Operations elsewhere. Aug. 2. Germany invades Luxemburg and France. Aug. 3. Germany invades Belgium. Aug. 4. Bombardment of Li^ge begun. Engage- ments between French and Germans at Belfort. July 29. Austrians bom bard Belgrade. Aug. 2. Russians cross German frontier. Aug. 4. Russians defeated in attack on Memel; Serbs defeat Austrians near Semendria. Aug. 2. Fight between German and Russian cruisers oflf Libau. Aug. 5. British third flo- tilla has battle with Germans in the North Sea. 405 4o6 CHRONOLOGY OF i 1 I I914 A.D, Diplomatic Military Operations Military Operations A.D. AND on- ON Internal Affairs, Western Front. Eastern Front. 1914 1914 1914 Aug. 4-26. Belgium over- 1914 Aug 6. Austria declares run by Germans. war on Russia. .A.UR. 9. Li6ge captured. French occupy MuUhau- sen. Aug. 10. France declares Aug. 10. Austrians enter war on Austria. Alsace. Aug. 12. Gt. Britain de- clares war on Austria. Aug. 15. Japanese ulti- matum to Germany. Aug. l6. British expedi- tionary force landed in France. Aug. 17. Belgian Gov't Aug. 17. Germans take Aug. 18. Russia completes removed to Antwerp. Louvain. mobilization and invades ."Vug. 20. Brussels cap- East Prussia. tured bv Germans. Aug. 23. Japan declares Aug. 21-23. Bailie of Aug. 25-Dec. 15. Rus- war on Germany. Mons-Charleroi. Dogged sians overrun Galicia. retreat of British and Lemberg taken (Sept. 2) ; French. Przemysl first attacked Aug. 24. Germans take (Sept. 16) ; siege broken Namur. (Oct. 12-Nov. 12); fall of Przemysl (May 17, 1915). Aug. 26. Louvain de- Aug. 26. Russians severe- stroyed by Germans. ly defeated at battle of Aug. 27. Ostend occupied Tannenberg, East Prus- by British marines. sia. Aug. 31. Name of St. Aug. 31. Allies line al ng Aug. 31. Russians rout Petersburg changed to Seine, Marne,and Meuse four army corps near Petrograd. rivers. Sept. 1. Germans occupy Soissons and Amiens. Lemberg. Russians' re- verses in East Prussia. Sept. 2. Severe defeat of Sept. 3. French Govern- Austrians at Lemberg. ment temporarily moved Sept. 3. Russians take to Bordeaux. Lemberg. Sept. 5. Great Britain, France, and Russia sign Sept. 6-10. Battle of the treaty not to make peace Marne. Germans reach separately. supreme point of their advance ; driven back by French to the Aisne. Battle line then remains practically the same for three years (300 miles). Trench warfare begins. Sept. 7. Germans take Maubeuge. Sept. 9. Rulers of 700 In- Sept. 9. Germans occupy dian native states offer Antwerp. Sept. 10. Serbs capture services to Britain. Semlin. Sept. 13. Belgian Govern- Sept. 13. Germans take ment withdraws to Ghent. Sept. 16. Russians driven Havre, France. from East Prussia. Sept. 23. Germans take Sept. 23. Russians occupy St. Mihiel. Soldau. THE GREAT WAR. 407 1914 The War AT Sea. Aug. 7. H. M. S. Am phton sunk by a mine. Aug. 9. German U-15 sunk by British cruiser Birmingham. Aug. 12. Goeben and Bres- lau sold to Turkey. Aug. 27. Raiser Wilhelm der Grosse sunk off Rio de Oro. Aug. 28. British naval victory in Heligoland Bight. Sept. 5. H. M. S. Path finder sunk by sub marine. Loss 259. Sept. 7. Oceanic wrecked and sunk off Scotland. Sept. 11. Russian cruiser Pallada sunk by sub marine. Loss 568. Sept. 13. German cruiser Hela sunk by British submarine. Sept._ 22. Three British cruisers, Aboukir, Hague, and Crecy, sunk by sub- marine. Military Operations AT Other Points. Aug. 23. Tsing-Tau bom- barded by Japanese. Aug. 26. Allies conquer Togoland in Africa. Aug. 29. German Samoa surrendered to a New Zealand force. Sept. 10. Gen. Botha dispatches forces against German Southwest Africa. Sept. 11. An Australian expedition captures New Guinea. Sept. 27. Successful inva- sion of German South- west Africa by Gen. Botha. 4o8 CHRONOLOGY OF I914 A.D. Diplomatic Military Operations Military Operations A.D. AND ON ON Internal Affairs. Western Front. Eastern Front. 1914 1914 1914 Oct. 9. Germans enter Antwerp. Oct. 11. First airplane bombardment of Paris. Oct. 16-28. Battle of the 1914 Yser in Flanders. Oct. 21-28. German Oct. 17- Nov. 17. First armies driven back Oct. 21. Russia forbids Battle of Ypres (decisive in Poland. sale of alcohol during day Oct. 31st). Oct. 26. Germans evacu- war. ate Lodz. Nov. 1. Germans take Nov. 1. Germans con- Messines. tinue retreat in Poland. Nov. 2. British line pierced near N e u v e Chapelle. Nov. 4. 15,000 Austrian prisoners captured in Nov. 5. Gt. Britain de- retreat from Warsaw. clares war on Turkey. Nov.lO-Dec. 14. Austrian Nov. 11. Germans oc- invasion of Serbia (Bel- cupy Dixmude. grade taken Dec. 2; re- Nov. 13. U. S. declares captured by Serbians, neutrality of Panama Dec. 14). Canal Zone. Nov. 14. Death of Lord Roberts. Nov. 15. Germans pushed back across Yser. Nov. 17. End of First Battle of Ypres. Nov. 23. Hindenburg's advance on Warsaw checked. Nov. 29. Russians win victory near Cracow. Dec. 2. Germans rally in Poland. Dec. 8. Russians again Dec. 9. French Govern- Dec. 15. Allies gains light evacuate Lodz. Dec. 15. Austrians con- ment returns to Paris. Dec. 17. Egypt declared advantages all along centrating along the Western front. Vistula. a British protectorate. Dec. 20. Cracow relieved. 1915 1915 1915 1915 Jan. 4. Steinbach cap- Jan. 1-Feb. 15. Russians Jan. 7. France forbids sale tured by the French. attempt to cross Car- of absinthe during war. Jan. 8. Fighting actively pathians. Jan. 10. Austrian Foreign resumed in Belgium. Minister resigns. Jan. 14. German success near Soissons. Jan. 18. Russians re-oc- cupy Plotzk. Jan. 25. Second Russian invasion of East Prussia. Jan. 30. Germans checked by British at La Bass6e. Feb. 3. Russians make Feb. 4. Germany pro- progress in the Mlawa claims "war-zone" regions and in the Car- around British Isles pathians. after Feb. 18. Feb. 7. Russians cross Feb. 10. Pres. Wilson the Bzura. writes "strict accounta- bility note." Feb. 26. Great battle in Feb. 28. Germans use progress from Warsaw "liquid fire." to Grodno. I914 A.D. THE GREAT WAR. 409 THE War Military Operations A.D. AT AT Sea. Other Points. 1914 1914 1914 Oct. 26. French steamer Admiral Cauieaume, ref- ugee ship, sunk by sub- 1914 marine. Oct. 28. De Wet's rebel- lion in South Africa. Nov. 1. German naval victory in the Pacific off the coast of Chile. Nov. 3. German naval raid into British waters. Allied fleets bombard Dardanelles. Nov. 7. Fall of Tsing- tau to Japanese. Nov. 10. German cruiser Emden caught and de- stroyed at Cocos Island. Nov. 15. Turkish forts at southern end of Red Sea captured by Indian troops. Nov. 21. Basra on Per- sian _ Gulf occupied by Nov. 26. H. M. S. Bul- British. wark blows up. 800 lost. Dec. 1. Gen. DeWet cap- tured. Dec. 8. British naval vic- Dec. 8. South African tory off Falkland Islands. rebellion collapses. Dec. 13. Turkish warship Messudiyeh torpedoed by British submarine at Dardanelles. Dec. 16. German war- ships bombard Hartle- pool, Scarborough, and Whitby. Dec. 24. First German air-raid on England. 1915 1915 Jan. 1. H. M. S. Formid- Jan. 5. Complete defeat able torpedoed and sunk. of the Turkish army in the Caucasus; 80,000 Jan. 24. British naval vic- Turks put out of action. tory in North Sea off Jan. 18. Russians invade Doggerbank. Turkish territory. Jan. 28. American mer- chantman William P. Frye sunk by German cruiser. Feb. 2. Turks attempt to cross Suez Canal but are Feb. 18. German official driven back. "blockade" of Gt. Brit- Feb. 5. Turks retire from ain commences. Suez Canal. Feb. 19. Anglo - French squadrons bomb Dar- Feb. 24. British South danelles, Commence- African forces occupy ment of Dardanelles Garub. 1 campaign. 410 CHRONOLOGY OF I915 A.D. 1915 Diplomatic AND Internal Affairs. 1915 Mar. 1. Gt. Britain de- clares blockade of Ger- many. Apr. 22. German warning against embarkation on vessels for Gt. Britain. May 1. Warning of Ger man Embassy against sailing for England pub lished. (Lusiiania sails at noon.) May 10. Germany sends a message of " sympathy ' ' for loss of American lives on the Lusitania. Pres. Wilson makes "too proud to fight" speech. May 13. Ynst " Lusiiania note." May 23. Italy declares war on Austria. May 28. Germany a.n- s^wers" Lusitania note." June 1. Germany's note about Gulflighl. June 8. Bryan resigns as Secretary of State. June 9. Second "Lusi- tania note." Military Operations ON Western Front. 1915 Mar. 10. British capture Neuve Chapelle. Mar. 13. Severe counter- attack at Neuve Cha- pelle repulsed by British. Apr. 17-May 17. Second Battle of Ypres. Apr. 23. Gas first em ployed. Germans fail to break British lines (Ca- nadians). May 5. Germans attain footing on Hill 60 but are practically dislodged on May 6. May 9-June. Battle of Artois (near La Bassee). June 6. French capture most of famous "Laby- rinth ' 'north of theAisne, Military Operations on Eastern Front. Mar. 22. Russians cap- ture Przemysl after siege of 6 months; 120,000 prisoners. Apr. 2. Russians continue attacks in Carpathians. Apr. 26. Allied landing on Gallipoli peninsula. Apr. 30. Germans invade Baltic Provinces of Rus- sia. May 3. Teutons break through Russian line in Carpathians. May 2. Battle of the Dunajec. Russians re- tire in the Carpathians. May 8. Germans occupy Libau, on Baltic. June 3. Przemysl retaken by Germans and Austri- ans. June 22. Teutons recap- ture Lemberg. I9I5 A.D. THE GREAT WAR. 411 Italian Front The War Military Operations A.D. ALSO at AT Balkan Front. Sea. Other Points. 1915 1915 191.^ Mar. 14. German cruiser Dresden sunk. Mar. 18. Battle between Allied fleets and forts of Dardanelles. 3 of fleet sunk. Mar. 28. Falaba sunk (111 lives lost, 1 Ameri- can). May 1. Gulflight sunk by submarine. May 7. Lusitania tor- pedoed and sunk (1154 1915 Mar. 6. Small British force defeated in valley of the Tigris. Apr. 26. Allies land on Gallipoli. lives lost, 114 Ameri- May 12. Gen. Botha oc- cans). cupies capital of Ger- May 13. H. M. S. Goliath man Southwest Africa. torpedoed in Darda- nelles; 500 lost. May 20. Allies capture heights of Krithia on Gallipoli. May 25. Nebraskan at- tacked by submarine. May 26. Triumph torpe- doed off Gallipoli. May 27. Majestic torpe- doed off Gallipoli. May 31. Zeppelins raid London. June 1. Italian advance in Trentino. June 2. Italians cross Isonzo. June 4. Allies attack in Gallipoli, gaining nearly June 9. Montfalcone oc- 3 miles. cupied by Italians, cut- ting railroad to Trieste. 412 CHRONOLOGY OF I915 A.D. Diplomatic AND Internal Affairs. July S. Germany pledges safety of U. S. vessels in "war-zone " under speci- fied conditions. July 15. Germany "ex presses regret " over Ne- braskan affair. July 21. Third "Lust tania note." July 28. The Pope sends peace note to the bel ligerents. Aug. 15. National regis tration in Gt. Britain. Aug. 20. Italy declares war on Turkey. Aug. 24. Germany "ex presses regret" regard ing American lives lost on Arabic. Sept. 1. German note as sures U. S. that no more lives will be sunk with out warning. Sept. 7. Germany reports on Arabic sinking. Sept. 8. U. S. demands recall of Austrian Am bassador, Dr. Dumba. Sept. 22. _ Bulgaria begins to mobilize. Oct. 4. Russian ultima turn to Bulgaria. Oct. 5. Germany disavows sinking of Arabic, pre- pared to pay indemnities Oct. 14. Gt. Britain de- clares war on Bulgaria. Oct. 24. Entente to Greece requesting security for Allied troops in Mace donia. Dec. 4. U. S. demands re call of German attaches, Boy-Ed and von Papen Dec. 10. Boy-Ed and von Papen recalled. 1915 July 2-12. Crown Prince carries on a series of furious attacks in the Argonne. Military Operations ON Western Front. Aug. 9. British win near Hooge. Sept. 25.-Oct. French in Champagne fail. Sept. 27. British progress near Loos. Eastern Front ALSO Balkan Front. July 12-Sept. 18. Gernian conquest of Russian Poland. Germans cap- ture Lubin (July 31), Warsaw (Aug. 4), Ivan- gorod (Aug. 5), Kovno (Aug. 17), Brest-Litovsk (Aug. 25), Vilna (Sept. 18). July 14. Germans take offensive at Riga. Aug. 4. Warsaw captured by Germans. Aug. 5. Ivangorod occu- pied by Germans. Aug. 17. Fall of Kovno. Aug. 19. Fall of Novo Georgievsk. Aug. 25. Fall of Brest- Litovsk. Sept. 3. Fall of Grodno. Sept. 8. German defeat near Tarnopol. Sept. 18. Fall of Vilna; end of Russian retreat. Dec. 15. Sir Douglas Haig succeeds Sir John French in command of British Army in France and Belgium. I9I5 A.D. THE GREAT WAR 413 Italian Front ALSO Balkan Front. Sept. 30. Germans mass on Serbian frontier. Oct. 2. Bulgarian forces gather on Serbian fron tier. Oct. 6-Dec. 2. Austro German- Bulgarian con quest of Serbia. Fall of Nish (Nov. 5), of Pris- rend (Nov. 30), of Mo- nastir (Dec. 2). Oct. 9. Teutons occupy Belgrade. Oct. 11. Bulgarians enter Serbia. Nov. 1. Fall of Kraguie- vatz, theSerbianarsenal. Nov. 16. Fall of Prilip. Nov. 20. Fall of Novi Bazar. Dec. 2. Fall of Monastir. Dec. 8. Bulgarian attack in Macedonia. Dec. 11. Bulgarians lose 8000 men at Furka Dec. 13. Allies occupy Salonika. The War AT Sea. 1915 July 1. Armenian torpe- doed off Cornish coast. German squadron bom- bards Windau on Baltic coast. July 2. Naval action in Baltic between Russian and German warships. Naval engagement be- tween German and Rus- sian battleships. Aug. 2. German trans- port sunk in Baltic by British submarine. Aug. 8. German naval defeat in the Gulf of Riga. Aug. 14. Turkish trans- port in the Dardanelles. Aug. 18. Russian naval victory in the Gulf of Riga. Aug. 19. Arabic sunk by submarine (16 killed; 2 Americans). Aug. 26. German sub- marine destroyed off Ostend by British air- plane. Sept. 2. Four Turkish transports sunk by Brit ish submarines. Sept. 4. Hesperian sunk by submarine (26 lost; 1 American). July 15. Conquest of Ger- man South Africa com- pleted. July 24. Allies defeat Turks on the Euphrates. Oct. 21. Britishfleet bom- bards Dedeagatch. Oct. 23. German cruiser PrinzAdalbert torpedoed in Baltic. Nov. 7. German cruiser Undine sunk off Sweden by British submarine Military Operations AT Other Points. Sept.l. Allies win success in Gallipoli. Sept. 8. Zeppelin raids on London. Sept. 28. Turks defeated at Kut-el-Amara. Oct. 5. Allied forces land at Salonika at invitation of Greek Government Dec. 30. Persia sunk in Mediterranean. Nov. 10. Russian forces advance on Teheran. Nov. 22. Battle of Ctesi- phon; Turks routed. Dec. 1. British forces re- treat to Kut-el-Amara. Dec. 13. British defeat Arabs on western fron- tier of Egypt. Dec. 17. Russians occupy Hamadan (Persia). Dec. 19. British forces withdrawing from Galli- poli. 414 CHRONOLOGY OF I916 A.D. 1916 Diplomatic AND Internal Affairs. 1916 Jan. 18. U. S. note to governments regarding submarine warfare. Feb. 10. Germany sends warning that she will treat armed merchant vessels as warships. Feb. 16. German note ac- knowledges liability in Lusitania affair. Feb. 24. President Wilson refuses to advise Ameri- can citizens not to travel on armed merchant ships. Mar. 8. Germany declares war on Portugal. Mar. 27-29. U. S. in structs Ambassador in Berlin to inquire into sinking of Sussex and other vessels. Apr. 10. Germany replies to U. S. notes on sinking of Sussex. Apr. 18. U. S. delivers what is considered an uL timatum that unless Ger- many abandons present method of submarine warfare U. S. will sever diplomatic relations. Apr. 19. Pres. Wilson ad dresses Congress on rela tions with Germany. Apr.24-Mayl. Insurrec- tion in Ireland. May 4. German reply re garding Sussex in the main meets U. S. de- mands. May 24. Conscription bill passed in Gt. Britain. June 21. U. S. demands apology and reparation from Austria for sinking of Pelrolile. Military Operations ON Western Front. Jan. 28. Germans gain at Frise on the Somme. Feb. 21-July. Battle oj Verdun. Germans take Fort Douaumont (Feb. 25). Great losses of Germans with but little result. Mar. 2. British retake "International trench" near Ypres. Mar. 14. Fresh German attack westof the Meuse Mar. 27. ' British win at St. Eloi. Eastern Front ALSO Balkan Front. 1916 Feb. 27. Gen. Kuropat- kin appointed to chief command of Russian armies on northern front. May 21. British lose trenches on Vimy Ridge, French gain footing in Fort Douaumont. May 24. Germans again take Douaumont. June 4. Germans win ad- vance toward Zillebeke. June 8. Vaux taken by Germans. June 4-30. Russian offen- sive in Volhynia and Bukowina. Czernowitz taken (June 17); all Bukowina overrun. June 8. Russians enter Lutsk. I916 A.D. THE GREAT WAR. 415 It.\lian Front The V7ar Military Operations A.D. ALSO at AT Balkan Front. Sea. Other Points. 1916 1916 1916 1916 Jan. 8. Complete evacua- Jan. 11. French land at tion of Gallipoli by Corfu; Greeks protest. British. Jan. 13. Fall of Cettinje, Jan. 18. Allied fleet again capital of Montenegro. bombs Dedeagatch. Jan. 25. Austrians take San Giovanni di Medua. Feb. 12. Austrian air raid on Adriatic coast of Italy. Feb. 13. H. M. S. Are- thusa wrecked by mine. Feb. 14. Beduin cam- paign in Egypt collapses. Feb. 16. Fall of Erzerum Feb. 16. Kamerun (Afri- to Russians. Feb. 26. French trans- port Provence II sunk in Mediterranean; near- ca) captured. ly 1000 lost. Feb. 27. Russians cap- ture Kermanshah (Per- sia). Mar. 16. Admiral von Tirpitz resigns. Mar. 19. Russians enter Ispahan (Persia). Mar. 24. Sussex is tor- pedoed and sunk with- out warning (80 killed including Americans). Apr. 9. British defeated on the Tigris. Apr. 17. Russians cap- ture Trebizond. Apr. 29. Gen. Town- shend surrenders to Turks at Kut-el-Amara. May 8. White Star steam- er Cymric sunk. May 16-June 3. Great Austrian attack on May 19. Russians join Italians through the British on the Tigris Trentino. and advance toward May 31. Naval battle off Kut-el-Amara. Jutland, several impor- tant ships lost on both sides. Victory conceded to British. June 5. Lord Kitchener and staff drowned when Hampshire strikes rrine off Orkney Islands. 4i6 CHRONOLOGY OF I916 A.D. Diplomatic AND Internal Affairs. Military Operations ON Western Front. Aug. 2. Roger Casement executed for treason. Aug. 23. Capt. Fryatt shot by Germans after court-martial. Aug. 27. Italy declares war on Germany. Rumania declares war onAustria and Germany. Aug. 30. Turkey declares war on Rumania. Von Hindenburg ap pointed Chief of the German General Staff. Sept. 11. M. Zaimis, the Greek Premier resigns. Sept. 16. New Greek Cabinet formed. Sept. 19. Allies declare blockade of Greek coast. 1916 Julyl-Nov. Battleofthe Somme. Allies fail to break German lines. July 2. Friscourt taken. July 4. Germans take Thiaumont for fourth time. July 7. Second stage of British advance on the Somme. July 15. Delville Wood taken by British. July 20. French widely extend their gains north and south of the Somme. July 25. British take Pozieres. Aug. 3. French retake Fleury. Aug. 20. Fiorina captured by Belgians. Aug. 25. Defeat of Prus- sian Guards at Guille- mont. Eastern Front also Balkan Front. 1916 Sept. 6. French score suc- cess at Verdun. Sept. 15. "Tanks" first used by British near Combles. Sept. 16. French capture Vermandovillers, Denie court, and Berry. Oct. 4. signs. Greek Cabinet re- Nov. 21. Emperor Franz Joseph of Austria dies. Nov. 29. U. S. protests against deportation of Belgians. Oct. 26. French close in on Vaux Fort. Nov. 1. Germans evacu ate Vaux Fort. Nov. 7. French take Chaulnes. Nov. 13. Great battle opens on the Ancre. July 17. In a series of j battles fought in Vol- hynia, Russians break salient opposite Vladi- mir-Volhynsk on a front of 12 miles and take 13,000 prisoners. July 23. Russians com- plete conquest of Ar- menia. July 30. Brodi captured by Russians. Aug. 11. Russians take Stanislaw. Aug. 27-Jan. 15. Ru- mania crushed [Fall of Bucharest (Dec. 6), Do- brudja (Jan. 2), Foscani (Jan. 2)]. Sept. 1. Fresh Russian advance begun into the Bukowina. Sept. 5. Russians achieve victory near Halicz. Sept. 8. Rumanians oc- cupy Orsova on Danube. Sept. 12. Russian and Rumanian armies form junction in the South Bukowina. Oct, 2. Mackensen checked in the Do- brudja. Nov. 15. Serbs gain in Tchema. Nov. 19. Monastir falls to Allies. 9l6 A.D. THE GREAT WAR. 417 Italian Front The War Military Operations .D. ALSO i AT AT Balkan Front. Sea. Other Points. 916 1916 July 2. Italians press for- ward on Carso. 1916 July 10. German sub- marine D eut'schland 1916 July 12. Italians make reaches Baltimore with good advance in Adige cargo. valley. Aug. 4. Turkish force re- Aug. 6-Sept. New Italian pulsed by British near offensive drives out Aus- Rouani, nearSuez Canal. trians and wins Gorizia (Aug. 9). Aug. 7. Italians win great success on the Isonzo front. Aug. 13. Italians cross Vallone. Aug. 28. British warships Aug. 29. Rumanians con- bombard Kavala. trol passes in Transyl- vania Alps. Sept. 2. Allied warships seize three German ves- sels at Pireeus. Sept. 10. British on Sept. 10. Italian dread- Salonika front cross nought Leonardo da Vin- the Struma. ci lost. Sept. 19. Italian success on the Carso. Greek Army Corps captured at Kavala by Germans and deported to Germany. Oct. 4. French transport Gallia sunk by sub- marine. Oct. 8. Rumanian forces Franconia sunk in in Southern Transylva- Mediterranean. nia withdrawn to fron- Oct. 8. German sub- tier. marine sinks vessels off Oct. 10. Italian army U. S. coast. gains further success in the Carso. Nov. 1. Italian advance on the Julian front. Nov. 6. Arabia sunk by submarine without warn- ing. Nov. 21. Hospital ship Britannic sunk in .i^gean. 4i8 CHRONOLOGY OF I916 A.D. ! Diplomatic Military Operations Eastern Front A.D. AND ON _ als^ Internal Affairs. Western Front. Balkan Front. 1916 1916 Dec. 5-6. Asquith min- istry resigns in Gt. Brit- ain. Lloyd George new- Prime Minister. Dec. 12. German peace offer. Refused (Dec. 30). as "empty and in- sincere." Dec. 20. Pres. Wilson's 1916 1916 "Peace Note" (dated Dec. 27. Germans win at Dec. 18). Germany re- Kmnie over Russians. plies (Dec. 26). Allies reply (Jan. 10). Dec. 30. Sir Douglas Hsig made Field Mar- shal. 1917 1917 Jan. 10. Allied govern- ments state terms of peace. Jan. 22. President Wilson gives to Senate his views on peace. Jan. 31. Germany an- nounces unrestricted submarine warfare. Feb. 3. U. S. severs dip- 1917 1917 lomatic relations with Feb. 4. Grandcourt, on Germany; Bernstorff the south of the Ancre, dismissed. taken by British. ' Feb. 12. U. S. will not 1 negotiate with Germany until submarine order is withdrawn. Feb. 17. British advance on the Ancre. Feb. 18. Italians and French join in Albania, cutting off Greece from Central Powers. Feb. 21. New British blockade order pub- lished. Feb. 26. Pres. Wilson asks Congress for author- ity to arm merchant ships. Feb. 28. "Zimmermann note " revealed. I916 A.D. THE GREAT WAR. 419 A.D. Italian Front ALSO Balkan Front. The War at Sea. Military Operations AT Other Points 1916 1916 Dec. 1. Admiral du Four- net lands troops at Athens. Dec. 3. Battle of Arges. 1916 Dec. 4. Caledonia torpe- doed. 1916 Dec. 17. British trans- port-ship Russian sunk in the Mediterranean. Dec. 23. British cavalry attack on Turks at Magdhaba. 1917 1917 Jan. 7. Germans take Foscani by storm. 1917 Jan. 7. Cornwallis sunk in the Mediterranean. 1917 Jan. 29. H. M. S. iawren- tic sunk off Irish coast. Jan. 31. Germany an- nounces unrestricted submarine warfare. Jan. 23. British attack on Turks near Kut. Feb. 15. British drive Turks from Dahrabend. Feb. 25. Laconic torpe- doed; French transport Alhos torpedoed; Bel- gian relief ship Euphra- tes sunk. Feb. 24. Kut-el-Amara retaken by British (cam- paign begun Dec. 13). Sauna-i-Yat evacu- ated. •■ 420 CHRONOLOGY OF I917 A.D y Diplomatic AND Internal Affairs. 1917 Count Zeppelin Mar. 9. dies. Mar. 11-15. Revolution in Russia, leading to ab- dication of Czar (March 15). Provisional gov- ernment formed under Prince Lvoff and M.Mil- yukoff. March 12. Armed guard placed on all American merchant vessels. Mar. 13. China breaks off relations with Germany. Mar. 15. Czar of Russia abdicates. Mar. 22. U. S. formally recognizes new govern- ment of Russia. Mar. 27. Minister Whit^ lock and American con suls withdrawn from Belgium. Apr. 2. President Wilson asks Congress to declare state of war with Ger many. Apr. 6. U. S. declares war on Germany. Cuba declares war on Germany. Apr. 8. U. S. severs diplomatic relations with Austria. Apr. 20. Turkey severs relations with U. S. Apr. 27. Guatemala breaks off relations with Germany. Apr. 29. Gen. P6tain ap pointed Chief of Staff of French army. 1917 Mar. 1. British take Gomtnecourt. Mar. 4. It is announced that British have taken over entire Somme front. Military Operations ON Western Front. Mar. 17-19. Retirement Germans to "Hinden- burg line." Evacuation of 1300 square miles of French territory on front of 100 miles, from Arras to Soissons. Mar. 17. British Bapaume. March 18. British Peronne, Nesles, take take and Chaulnes. French take Noyon. Mar. 20. Allied advance toward Cambrai Apr. 9-May 14. BatlU of Arras. British sue cesses (Vimy Ridge tak- en April 9). Apr. 16-May 6. Battle of the Aisne between Soissons and Rheims. Apr. 23. British advance on the Scarpa. Eastern Front ALSO Balkan Front. 1917 Apr. 28. British Arlieux. take 917 A.D. THE GREAT WAR. 421 Italian Front The War Military Operations \.n. ALSO at AT Balkan Front. Sea. Other Points. 1917 1917 Mar. 26. French take 2000 prisoners at Mona- 1917 Mar. 19. French dread- nought Danion sunk in Mediterranean. Mar. 21. British hospital ship Asturias torpedoed. 1917 Mar. 4. British reach Bakuba. Mar. 11. Bagdad taken by British. stir. Apr. 2. American liner Aztec sunk. Apr. 20. German destroy- Mar. 27. British win com- plete victory over Turks at Goza. ers raid Dover. Apr. 24. Turks retreat to Jebel Hamrin. Apr. 25. British advance on the Dorian front near Salonika. 422 CHRONOLOGY OF I917 A.D. Diplomatic Military Operations Eastern Front A.D. AND ON ALSO Internal Affairs. Western Front. Balkan Front. 1917 1917 May 6. War Council at Paris. May 8. Liberia breaks o5 1917 May 4-5. French ad- vance near Craonne. 1917 relations with Germany. May 15. Gen. P6tain succeeds Gen. Nivelle as commander-in chief May 17. Russian Provi- of French armies. v-^ sional Government re- constructed. Kerensky (formerly Minister of ■Justice) becomes Min- ister of War. Milyu- kofi resigns. May 18. Pres. Wilson signs Selective Service Act. June 2. Independence of Albania proclaimed. June 7. British blow up Messines Ridge south June 12. King Constan- of Ypres and capture tine of Greece forced to 7500 German prisoners. abdicate. June 15. Subscriptions for First Liberty Loan close. June 24. British advance June 29. Greece enters near Lens. war against Germany June 26. First American and her Allies. troops reach France. July 1. Russian armies led in person by Keren- sky begin short-line of- fensive in Galicia end- ing in disastrous retreat (July 19-Aug. 3). July 4. Resignation of Bethmann - HoUweg as July 8. Austrian front German Chancellor. west of Stanislaw broken. Michaelis Chancellor July 10. Russians cap- (July 14). ture Halicz. July 16. French win back July 16. Russian retreat important positions at begins. Hill 304. July 20. First drawing at Washington for names in Selective Service draft. July 23. Germans recap- Kerensky becomes ture Halicz and Stanis- Premier of Russia on re- July 31. Battle of Flanders law. signation of Prince Lvoff. (Passchendaele Ridge); British successes. Aug. 9. Mackensen Aug. 10. Food Control crosses the Susitsa. and Bill passed in U. S. opens new offensive in Aug. 14. China declares Rumania. war on Germany. Aug. 15. Peace proposals Aug. 15. Canadians cap- of Pope Benedict re- ture Hill 70, dominating vealed (dated Aug. 1). U. S. replies (Aug. 27). Lens. Aug. 20-24. French at- Germany and Austria tacks at Verdun recap- (Sept. 21). ture high ground lost in 1916. Aug. 21. Canadians enter Lens. I917 A.D. THE GREAT WAR. 423 Italian Front The War M1LIT.A.RY Operations A.D. ALSO at AT Balkan Front. Sea. Other Points. 1917 1917 May 15-Sept. 15. Great Italian offensive on Isonzo front (Carso Pla- teau). Capture of Gori- zia(Aug. 9), Monte Santo (Aug. 24), Monte San Gabriele (Sept. 14). 1917 May 4. American de- stroyers begin co-oper- ation with British Navy in war zone. May 26. Hospital ship Dover Caslle sunk in Mediterranean. June 2. British transport Cameronian sunk in 1917 May 1. British defeat Turks at Jebel Hamrin. June 10. Italian offensive Mediterranean. on Trentino. Capture Pass of Agnelio. June 12. French force , June 13. Airplane raid landed at Corinth. on London; 157 killed, 432 injured. June 15. Airplane raid on London; 104 killed. June 17. Advance by Ital- ians on Carso Plateau. June 23. P. and 0. liner Mongolia sunk off Bom- bay. June 29. Gen. AUenby assumes command in Palestine. July 9. Russians evacuate July 9. H. M. S. Van- Mesopotamia. guard blown up, 700 lost. July .30. Mutiny in Ger- man fleet at Wilhelms- haven and Kiel. (Second mutiny Sept. 2.) H. M. S. Ariadne tor- pedoed. Aug. 11. City of Athens sunk by mine off Cape Town. July 10. Turkish forces on the Euphrates de- feated. Aug. 19. New Italian drive on the Isonzo. Monte Santo captured (Aug. 24). 424 CHRONOLOGY OF I917 A.D. 1917 1917 Diplomatic AND Internal Affairs. V Sept. 8. The Luxburg de- spatches ("Sfurlos Ver- senkt") revealed by U. S. Sept. 15. Russia pro- claimed a republic. Oct. 26. Brazil declares war on Germany. Oct. 27. Second Liberty Loan (U. S.) closed. Oct. 30. Von Hertling succeeds Michaelis German Chancellor. Nov. 7. Overthrow of Kerensky and Provi sional Government of Russia by Bolsheviki Nov. 13. Clemenceau succeeds Ribot French Premier. Nov. 29. First plenary session of Inter-Allied War Council in Paris. Col. House chairman of American delegation. Dec. 5. Pres. Wilson in message to Congress ad- vises war on Austria. Dec. 6-9. Armed revolt overthrows pro-Ally ad- ministration in Portugal. Dec. 7. U. S. declares war on Austria. Dec. 13. Berlin announces armistice negotiation be- gins withRussia,Dec.l4. Dec. 14. Cuba declares war on Austria. Dec. 15. Armistice agree- ment between Central Powers and Russian Bol- shevik governmenl signed at Brest-Litovsk. Dec. 25. France and Ger- many agree to exchange prisoners of 48 years or over. Dec. 31. British Food Controller rations sugar. Military Operations ON Western Front. Eastern Front also Balkan Front. 1917 Sept. 20-26. British at tack on six-mile front east of Ypres. Oct. 23.-26. French drive north of the Aisne wins important positions, in- cluding Malmaison Fort. Nov. 2. Germans retreat fromChemin des Dames, north of the Aisne. Nov. 3. First clash be- tween German and American soldiers. Nov. 22. -Dec. 13. Batde of Cambrai. Successful surprise attack near Cambrai by British un- der Gen. Byng, on Nov. 22 (employs "tanks" for first time to break down wire entangle- ments instead of usual artillery preparations). Bourlon Wood dominat- ing Cambrai taken on Nov. 26. Surprise counter-attack by Ger- mans, Dec. 2, forces British to give up fourth of ground gained. Ger^ man attacks Dec. 13, partially successful. Dec. 4. German gain British trenches at Ypres. 1917 Sept. 3. Riga captured by Germans. Sept. 10-13. Attempted offensive of Russians. Sept. 12. Germans occupy Oesel and Dago Islands (Gulf of Riga). Nov. 20. Hindenburg line smashed on 10-mile front facing Cambrai to a depth of four or five miles. Dec. 30. Fighting re- newed on Cambrai front. I917 A.D. THE GREAT WAR. 425 Italian Front The War Military Operations A.D. ALSO AT at Balkan Front. Sea. Other Points. 1917 1917 1917 Sept. 1. Sea fight off Jut- land; four German mine sweepers destroyed. Oct. 1. H. M. S. Drake torpedoed. Oct. 17. Russians de- 1917 Oct. 24-Dec. Great Ger- feated in naval engage- man-Austrian counter- ment in Gulf of Riga. drive into Italy. Ital- ians driven back. to Piave River, Asiago Plateau, and Brenta River. Nov. 3. French troops arrive in Italy. Nov. 4. Austrians force passage of the Taglia- mento. British troops reach Italy. Nov. 7. Italians retire to Nov. 7. British take the Piave. Gaza. Nov. 8. Turks evacuate Nov. 12. Italians evacu- Wadi Hesi and Ascalon. ate Fonzaso. Nov. 16. Austrians take Mt. Prasalau. Nov. 17. Fight in North Sea between eight cruis- ers. Nov. 18. British forces in Palestine take Jaffa. Dec. 1. German East Africa clear of enemy. Dec. 6. U. S. destroyer Dec. 6. Explosion of Jacob Jones sunk by munition's vessels wreck submarine. Loss of 60 Halifax. men. Dec. 14. Austro-German Dec. 9. Italians torpedo Dec. 9. Jerusalem cap- forces on Italian front two Austrian battleships tured by British, ad- win a sector. at Trieste. vancing from Egypt. Dec. 19. Italians recap- Dec. 12. convoy of neu- ture whole of Mt. Aso- tral vessels attacked by lone. German destroyers. Dec. 24. Germans break through Italian positions Dec. 17. German raid in in Asiago section, but North Sea destroys con- Dec. 18. Airplane raid are stopped by coun- veyed merchant fleet. on London. ter-attacks near Buso Dec. 26. Admiral Wemyss Monte Salbella. succeeds Sir John Jelli- Dec. 27. Turkish army Dec. 25. Germans take coe as First Lord of Ad- defeated by British in Col del Rosso and 9000 miralty in Gt. Britain. attempt to take Jeru- prisoners. salem. Dec. 30. In Monte Tom- Dec. 30. British trans- Dec. 30. British occupy ba section, Italy, French port torpedoed in Medi- Bireh near Jerusalem. forces penetrate German terranean with loss of lines. 800 lives. 426 CHRONOLOGY OF I918 A.D. Diplomatic Military Operations Eastern Front A.D. AND ON also Internal Affairs. Western Front. Balkan Front. 1918 1918 1918 19 IS Jan. 8. Italian Govern- Jan. 2. Germans repulsed ment prohibits making between Lens and St. or sale of cake, confec- Quentin with heavy tionery, or pastry. losses. Jan. 13. French War Min- ister puts postal and telegraph under military central. Jan. 13. Former Premier Caillaux arrested in Paris on charge of treason. Jan. 21. Sir Edward Car- son resigns from British Cabinet. Jan. 22. Meatless days in Jan. 23. Germans gain England. footing in Nieuport. Jan. 25. von Hertling in Reichstag outlines Ger- many's peace terms. Jan. 26. Hungarian Cabi- net resigns. Jan. 28. France decrees Jan. 28. Rumanians cap- bread ration. ture Kishineflf, capital of Jan. 31. It is announced Jan. 31. It is announced Bessarabia. that Americans hold first that Americans hold line trenches. first line trenches. Feb. 3. Germans bom- Feb. 4. Trial in Paris of bard American line in Bolo Pacha for treason. Lorraine sector. Feb. 6. Mackensen sends ultimatum to Rumanian Feb. 8. French repulse Government. Ruma- German attacks north nian Cabinet resipns. of Chemin des Dames. \ Feb. 9. Central Powers and Ukraine sign peace treaty. Russia declares state of war over and or- ders demobilization. Feb. 12. British Govern- ment refuses to recog- nize the Brest-Litovsk peace. Feb. 14. Paris court-mar- Feb. 15. Germany re- tial finds Bolo Pacha news war on Russia. guilt}^ and sentences him to death. Feb. 21. Germans enter L ,. Russia changes to new Russia. Minsk taken, '' style calendar. Feb. 22. American troops also Rovno. Feb. 23. U. S. Embassy in Chemin des Dames leaves Petrograd. sector. Feb. 24. London reports that Bolshevist leaders in Russia have accepted Feb. 25. Reval and PskoflE German peace condi- fall to Germans. tions. British troops sent to Ireland to suppress out- breaks. Feb. 26. Rumania decides to make peace with Cen- tral Powers. Feb. 27. Japan proposes joint military operations with Allies in Siberia. I918 A.D. THE GREAT WAR. 427 1918 Italian Front ALSO Balkan Front. 1918 Jan. 2. Teutons repulsed with heavy losses in thrust for Venice. The War at Sea. Jan. 24. Germans in Italy move back defence lines from Piave River. Jan. 28. Italian offensive captures Col del Rosso, Col d'Echele, and 1500 prisoners. Jan. 29. Italians break Teuton lines east of Asi ago Plateau; take Monte di Val Bella and 2600 prisoners. Feb. 2. Germans repulsed at Monte di Val Bella Feb. 11. West of Brenta River Italians shatter violent Austrian attack. 1918 Jan. 7. Mutiny at Kiel German naval base. Jan. 9. British hospita ship Rewa torpedoed in British Channel. Jan. 20. British announce sinking in action of Turkish cruiser Medulla and beaching of former Goeben. Jan. 20. Ostend bom- barded by Allied naval forces. Jan. 21. Louvain sunk in Mediterranean. Jan. 27. Andania torpe- doed off Irish coast. Military Operations at Other Points. 1918 Jan. 21. Washington re- ports desertion of 160.000 Turkish troops. Feb. 5. American steam er Alamanse sunk by tor pedo. Tuscania, transport' ing American soldiers sunk off Irish coast, loss 101. Feb. 21. sunk. Philadelphian Feb. 26. British hospital ship Glenart Castle tor- pedoed in Bristo Chan- nel; 166 doctors, nurses, and orderlies lost. Jan. 29. Allied aviators attack Zeebrugge. German planes raid London. Jan. 30. British line in Palestine advances to- ward Antioch. Feb. 16. In battle for Kieff, Bolsheviki defeat Ukrainians. Feb. 19. British advance on Jericho. Feb. 21. British troops in Palestine take Jericho. Feb. 24. Turks recapture Trebizond. 428 CHRONOLOGY OF I918 A.D, A.D. Diplomatic AND Internal Affairs. Military Operations ON Western Front. Eastern Front ALSO Balkan Front. 1918 1918 1918 1918 Mar. 4. Germany and Finland sign treaty. Mar. 1. Germans reach Dnieper River. Mar. 5. Rumania signs preliminary treaty with Central Powers. Mar. 5. Rainbow Divi- sion repels German raid in Lorraine sector. Mar. 8. In Ypres-Dix- mude sector Germans attack; English counter- attack. Mar. 9. Russian capital moves from Petrograd to Moscow. Mar. 10. Americans are on Lorraine front, in Cham- pagne, in Alsace, near Luneville, and in Aisne sector. Mar. 11. Americans go "over the top" at Toul. Mar. 13. German troops enter Odessa and control Black Sea. Mar. 14. Americans make first permanent advance northeast of Badonvil- Mar. 14. Germans oc- cupy Abo, on Finland coast. lers. Mar. 17. Belgians take over Flanders coast sec- tor. Mar. 18. Gt. Britain and U. S. take over Dutch shipping in U. S. and British ports. Mar. 19. French pene- trate German lines near Rheims. Mar. 19. German forces, ignoring armistice, con- tinue advance into Rus- sia. I918 A.D. THE GREAT WAR. 429 Italian Front ALSO Balkan Front. 1918 1918 The War at Sea. Mat. 1. H. M. S. Culga rian sunk off Irish coast , Mar. 10. Guildford Castle, British hospital ship, torpedoed in Channel. Military Operations AT Other Points. 1918 Mar. 1.' Bolsheviki win battle near Rostof-on- Don. Mar. 2. Kieff occupied by German and Ukrain- ian troops. Mar. 7. German planes raid London at night. Mar. 10. British advance in Mesopotamia. Mar. 11. German air- raid on Paris. Turks recapture Erze- rum from Armenians. 430 CHRONOLOGY OF I918 A.D. 1918 Diplomatic AND Intkrnal Affairs. 1918 Mar. 23. Gen. Zup- pelli succeeds Gen. Aldieri as Italian War Minister. Mar. 27. Lloyd George appeals for American reinforce- ments. Mar. 29. Foch chosen I commander- in-chief of all Allied forces Apr. 5. U. S. Army at end of first year to tals 1,500,000 men. Apr. 9. Man - Power bill introduced House of Commons in England. Military Operations ON Western Front. Beginning of Germany's last 1918 Mar. 21 drive. Germans move west from a sixty mile base-line inclosed by VimyR;dge and the Arras salient on the north to the Oise-Ailette watershed on the south, obliterating the Cambrai salient. Mar. 22-25. They penetrate beyond Croisilles, Bapaume, Peronne, Bril. and northwest of Noyon and claim the capture of 75,000 men and 600 guns. French reports place the ene my's loss at 600,000 — the German maximum at Verdun, 1916-17. Mar. 23-25. Demoralization of the Fifth British Army under General Gough. Gen. Carey with a scratch division keeps it in touch with Gen Byng's Third Army on the north, over an eight-mile gap, and the French Gen. Fayolle saves it in the south over a thirty-mile gap, between it and the Sixth French Army Mar. 29. French counter-attacks regain eight square miles between Noyon and Lassigny. The enemy envelops Montdidier. Mar. 29-Apr. 1. Enemy consolidates his positions embracing a salient of 800 square miles with its vertex on the Somme, six miles east of Amiens His attacks to envelop Albert success- ful Apr. 4-7. Germans take strategic posi- tion of Hamel on the Somme sector but are defeated by the French at Casel and by the British at Villers Bretonneux. The enemy is also un successful in his attacks between the Luce and the Avre. Apr. 9. Between Ypres and Arras, forty miles apart, the Germans strike on a twelve-mile front between Givenchy and Fleurbaix. Apr. 10-11. They penetrate between Armentieres and Messines and de- velop as far as Hollebeke, four miles southeast of Ypres, enveloping the towns of Armentieres and Estaires and part of Messines Ridge. Apr. 12. Field Marshal Haig issues special order of the day, ''All positions must be held to the last man.'' Apr. 12-17. Penetration reaches Locon in the south, the Nieppe Forest in the center, and Baiileul in the north, thereby threatening the rest of the ridge — Mont Rouge and Mont Kem- mel. The salient now represents 220 square miles of newly gained territory. France calls men Apr. 17-19. British voluntarily retire of 19. I from Passchendaele Ridge. Apr. 16. Bolo Pacha executed. Eastern Front also Balkan Front. 1918 Mar. 31. Ger- mans continue advance in Ukraine; take Poltava and burn it. Apr. 10. Ger- man troops, at L i m b u r g mutiny. Apr. 13. man occupy singfors land. Ger- troops Hel- Fin- I918 AD. THE GREAT WAR. 431 Itali.\n Front .\LSO Balkan Front. The War AT Sea. Military Operations at Other Points. 1918 Mar. 23. Paris first bom- barded by long range gun from distance of 75 miles. Mar. 28. Entire Turkish force in area of Hit, in Mesopotamia, is cap tured or destroyed. Apr. 1. German naval forces land and take Hango in Southern Fin land. Apr. 1. British advance beyond Anah and threat- en Aleppo. Apr. 11. British troops continue advance in Palestine. Apr. 22. Zeebrugge, Ger- man destroyer and sub marine base, is block aded by British. Apr. 27. British capture Kirfa in Mesopotamia. 432 CHRONOLOGY OF I918 AD. 1918 Diplomatic AND Internal Affairs. 1918 Apr. 27. French Gov ernment declares meatless days. May 1. Allies meet in conference at Ver^ sailles. May 6. Rumania signs peace treaty with Central Powers. May 7. Nicaragua declares war on Ger many. May 18. Sinn Feiners in Ireland, arrest ed as pro-Germans deported. May 23. First sitting of Russo-Ukrainian peace conference. Military Operations ON Western Front. 1918 Apr. 18-24. Germans struggle with the British for the possession of Villers Bretonneux. Apr. 24-27. The Germans force the French and British from Mont Kem- mel. May 12. The French recapture Hill 44 on the north flank of Mont Kemmel thereby completing a series of ma nceuvres which henceforth places the Germans on the defensive in the Lys salient. May 27. On a forty-mile front between Noyon and Rheims the Germans strike south with twenty-five divisions or 325,000 men and a large auxiliary force of tanks and poison gas shells overrun the Chemin des Dames and cross the Aisne on an eighteen-mile front. May 28. The Allies deploy east and west — east to the Brouillet-Savigny Thillois line protecting Rheims and west down the Oise and the Aisne. May 29. Germans make a sudden ad vance from the west of the salient, enveloping Soissons. May 30. Germans reach the Marne between Ch4teau-Thierry and Dor mans on a six-mile front. June 1. Germans work up the Marne a couple of miles beyond Dormans and consolidate their positions on the west between the Oise Canal and Soissons June 6-12. American marines bend back the German line north of Cha- teau-Thierry — from Grandeles, Cham pillon, and Clerembant Wood east to Bussiares and Bouresches. June 9. The Germans on the twenty mile base, west of their attack begun on the 27th ult., and embracing the front between Noyon and Montdidier advance only two and a half miles before they are counter-attacked by the French near Hautebraye, between the Oise and the Aisne. June 10. Enemy takes villages of Mery Belloy. and St. Maur, and debouches from Thiescourt Wood. June 11. With four new divisions the Germans reach Aronde, on the west descend the Matz in the centre; en velop the Ourscamps Forest on the east. But here, having made their maximum penetration of seven and a half miles, they are held up and driven back by the French, who captured 1000 prisoners. June 13-14. The French heavily at- tack at the centre and drive the enemy beyond Courcelles and Croix Ricard. Eastern Ffont also Balkan Front. May 1. Sebas- topol occupied bv Germans. May 19. Ger- man troops occupv Bjorko in Guif of Fin- land. igiS A.D. THE GREAT WAR 433 Italian Front The War Military Operations A.D. ALSO at AT Balkan Front. Sea. Other Points. 1918 1918 1918 1918 M ay 1 . Legions of Czechs May 1. British advance and Slavs join Italy and in Palestine. fight against Austria. May 10. Italians capture Monte Corno. May 17. Russian trans- port with 3000 on board sunk by German sub- marine ; only a few saved. May 19. Mussulman and Bolshevik forces battle May 23. British trans- at Baku, on Caspian port Moldavia sunk off Sea. English coast. May 25-June 14. Ger- man submarines sink 19 ships off U. S. coast. May 26. Italian troops May 26. British trans- break through the Teu- port Leasowe Castle sunk ton defensive at Capo by submarine in Medi- Sile on lower Piave terranean. front. May 27. Italians advance near Prente. May 31. President Lin- coln, U. S. transport, torpedoed and sunk. June 8. Czecho-Slovak troops reach Vladi- vostok. June 14. Tabriz, in Per- sia, 200 miles northeast of Mosul, captured by the Turks. 434 CHRONOLOGY OF 1918 a.d" Diplomatic AND Internal Affairs. 1918 1918 Military Operations ON Western Front. 1918 June 16. The enemy attempts to cross the Matz. near its junction with the Oise, and is driven back with heavy casualties. June 17. The enemy turns on a heavy shower of shells over the south bank of the Marne, but does not try to cross. Eastern Front ALSO Balkan Front. 1918 July 1. Americans take Vaux, near Chateau-Thierry . July 4. Australians take Hameil. and Americans IQiS A.D. THE GREAT WAR. 435 1918 Italian Front ALSO Balkan Front. 1918 June 15-16. The Austrian offensive counter-attacks on the Asiago Plateau and Monte Grappa in the north, crosses the Piave to II Montello, Zenson, and the Old Piave, from Capo Sile south. June 19. French counter attacks on the Asiago Plateau render Bertigo and Pennas; Italian counter-attacks, Casta- lunga. Italian pressure begins to tell on II Mon- tello, at Zenson and south over the Capo Sile sector, aided by the aug- menting river floods and naval floats. June 22-23. The Italians develop a counter-offen- sive from II Montello to th'i sea which renders 5000 prisoners in three days. June 25-26. The Austri ans are forced back across the Piave from II Mon tello and the Zenson sec tor. June 29. Monte dl Val bella and Sasso Rosso (Asiago) taken by the Italians; also 833 prison ers. June 30. Col del Rosso and Col dl Chelo (Echele' are taken by Italians. July 1-4. Raids in Monte Grappa region render the Italians 569 prisoners. July 6. Last of the Aus trians are driven across the Piave from the delta which they have occu- pied since November, with a total loss since June 15 of between 250,- 000 and 270,000 men, of whom over 20,000 are prisoners; the Austrians had on June 20 claimed 35,000 prisoners. 1918 The War A a Sea. Military Operations AT Other Points. 1918 July 1. U. S. transport Covington sunk. July 7. Czecho-Slovak forces advance into Si- beria, defeat Bolsheviki and capture Chita, an important town on the Trans-Siberian railroad. 436 CHRONOLOGY OF I918 A.D. Diplomatic AND Internal Affairs. 1918 July 9. German For- eign Minister re- signs. July 10. Socialists in Reichstag refuse to vote for budget. July 12. Czar Nicho- las reported killed by Bolsheviki. July 14. Agreements signed between Ger- many and Gt. Brit ain regarding ex- change of prisoners July 15. Hayti de- clares war on Ger many. Military Operations ON Western Front. July 19. declares war on Ger- many. July 21. Austrian Premier resigns with Cabinet. July 24. British niu nition workers strike. -Aug. 5. Russian and Finnish delegates meet in Berlin to draw peace agree ment. 1918 July 15. Americans are attacked at Vaux, northwest of Chateau-Thierry, and southeast between Fossoy and Mazj', losing ground here, which is later recovered, and the enemy driven back across the Marne. At Bligny, southwest of Rheims, the Italians are driven east ; at Prunay , east of Rheims the French give ground. July 16. Germans develop their posi- tions on the south bank of the Marne, east of Mazy and south of Dormans The penetration at Bligny is de- veloped south to the Marne; that at Prunay is deepened. July 17. From Bligny the edge of the Montague Forest is reached, but the pocket of Prunay is closed. July 18. French and American detach- ments under Gen. Mangin attack the right wing of the Crown Prince be tween Soissons and Chiteau-Thierry on a twenty-eight-mile front with a penetration of six miles as far as the ! River Crise. Honduras July 19. Italian detachments on the east of the salient, northwest of the Mountain cf Rheims recover Bouilly. In these two days (July 18-19) the Allies take 17,000 prisoners. July 23. Save the plateau south of Soissons the entire sector northwest, of Chateau-Thierry is recovered by the Allies. In the centre they have crossed the Marne, threatening Jaulgonne. On the east they have advanced to within two miles of the Fismes-Chatillon highway. The booty from July 18 amounts to 25,000 prisoners and over 400 guns. July 2.3-25. The enemy makes violent counter-attacks, which are repulsed. Aug. 2. French occupy Soissons and report total number of prisoners since July 15 on the Marne and Cham- pagne fronts to be 33,400. British detachments in the Plessier-Hulen region take the height north of Grand Rozoy and reach Cramoiselle. Germans retreat north of the Vesle. Aug. 5. Germans withdraw from front line trenches north of La Bass6e. Aug. 7. British General Plumer with the Second Army launches attack on the Lawe River from a five-mile base and a penetration of 1000 yards. Aug. S. _ The British General Rawlin son, with the French generals, Debe- ney and Humbert on his right, begins an advance on the plateau south of the Somme against the army of von der Marwitz. Eastern Front ALSO Balkan Front. 1918 I9l8 A.D. THE GREAT WAR. 437 Italian Front The War Military Operations A.D. ALSO AT AT Balkan Front. Sea. Other Points. 191S 1918 191S July 11. U. S. supply ship Weslover sunk. 1918 July 8. Nikolsk captured by Czecho-Slovaks. July 13. Turkish attacks on the Jordan routed. July 17. British detach- July 17. Carpalhia sunk. ment inflicts heavy loss- es on Austrian garrison July 19. Cruiser San southeast of town of Diego sunk by mine. Asiago. July 20. Italians reoccupy July 20. Juslicia sunk by Corno di Cabento and torpedo. Monte Stabiel, north of the Adamello glacier. on the western frontier of Trentino, below the Tonale Pass. July 22. Austrians start heavy bombardment in the Tonale region, in the Brento Valley, and on the lower Piave. July 2.3. Marmora sunk. .* Aug. 3. British ambul- ance transport Warilda, with 600 wounded and ill, sunk by submarine, loss 123. Aug. 5. U. S. troops land at Archangel. Aug. 8. Allies detach- ments move south and attack Bolsheviki forces. 438 CHRONOLOGY OF I918 A.D. Diplomatic AND Internal Affairs. 1918 Aug. 11. Counter re- volution in Russia grows. Bolshevist leaders prepare for flight. Aug. 12. German ambassador flees from Moscow. Military Operations ON Western Front. Aug. 28. Retirement of Ambassador Page. 1918 Aug. 10. Rawlinson has advanced nine miles; Debeney crosses the Avre; Humbert, south of Montdidier, moves toward Roye, turning the flank of von Hutier on the Lassigny massif. Aug. 10-11. Montdidier and Lassigny massif are captured by Humbert ; the number of prisoners since Aug. 8 have amounted to 40,000. Aug. 18. Rawlinson is within one mile of Roye; a circling movement by the French is in progress southeast of Lassigny occupying Canny -sur-Matz. Similar attack is made over £ four-mile front west of Armentieres forcing the Germans back between Bailleul and Vieux Berquin. Aug. 19. The French overrun the Las signy massif, advance on the Roye highway, and take Le Hamel. British recover Mont Kemmel. Aug. 20. General Mangin advances between the Oise and the Aisne to a depth of three miles. Aug. 21. On Rawlinson's left General Byng with the Third British Army and the American 30th Division be gin an offensive north of the Ancre and reach Beaucourt, Bucquoy. Ab lainzeville, and Moyenneville. South of the Oise General Mangin advances to Cuts, Camelin, and Pontoise, out flanking Noyon. Aug. 22. Between the Ancre and the Somme.from north of Bray to Albert the British penetrate two miles. Aug. 23. British on a thirty-mile front from Mercatel (five miles south of Arras) to Lihons, take a large number of towns stretching from Gommecourt, north of the Somme, to ChuignoUe, south of it, and penetrate German lines two miles. Aug. 24. British carry Thiepval Ridge and Grandcourt, and open the whole road from Albert to Bapaume. Aug. 25-26. British advance in the north, along the Scarpe, and in the centre, take Suzanne and Cappy , near the Somme. Byng crosses the Hin- denburg line between Arras and Ba- paume. Aug. 27. Roye taken by General De- beney. Aug. 28. Americans with Mangin move in force against Fismes and enemy's bridgehead near the Vesle- Aisne junction. E.\stern Front ALSO Balkan Front. 1918 I918 A.D. THE GREAT WAR. 439 Italian Front ALSO Balkan Front. The War AT Sea. Military Operations .\T Other Points. 1918 1918 1918 Aug. 9. More vessels sunk off coast of U. S. by submarines. Aug. 11. Nine U. S. fish ing boats sunk by sub- marine. 1918 Aug. 9. Gen. Otani of Japanese Army named to command U. S. and Allied troops in Siberia. Aug. 15. First U. S. con- tingent lands in Siberia. Aug. 17. French cruiser Dopetit Thouras sunk. Aug._ 22. Belgian relief ship Gasconier sunk. 440 CHRONOLOGY OF I918 A.D. 1918 Diplomatic AND Internal Affairs. Aug. 31. Lenine, Bol shevist Premier wounded twice by assailant. Sept. 4. All Ameri cans in Petrograd reported safe. Sept. 9. Bolsheviki hold all British and French consuls. Sept. 15. Germany makes peace offer to Belgium. Sept. 16. Czecho- slovaks appeal for allied help. Sept. 18. U. S. rejects Austria's peace pro- posals. Sept. 21. Japanese Cabinet resigns. Military Operations ON Western Front. 1918 Aug. 28-29. German retreat from the Scarpe to above the Aisne on a front of forty miles; the British take Ba paume and the French Noyon. Gen eral Mangin's centre crosses the Ai lette. Americans (3d Division) with Mangin drive the Germans out of Juvigny,_ exposing the enemy line, St. Gobain-Aisne. Aug. 30. The French take Mont St. Simeon, which exposes the Noyon spur and opens the way up the Oise Enemy retreats on a twenty-mile front, evacuating Bailleul. Sept. 1. Peronne taken by the British, who cross the Drocourt - Queant "switch line" the next day. Sept. 2. American detachments cap ture Voormezeele; British gain Neuve Eglise and command Wytschaete from the west. Sept. 5-6. Americans with Mangin press the enemy back between Vieil Arcy and Villers-en-Praveres. Sept. 5-11. Germans fall back from the Vesle to the Aisne. Sept. 12. Great progress made by the British toward Cambrai, capturing Havrincourt, Moeuvres, and Tres cault. First American Army, under Major Gen. Hunter Liggett, assaults the famous St. Mihiel salient between Verdun and Metz, recovers an area of 200 square miles, releases the Ver- dun-Toul-Nancy railway, and cap tures 20,000 prisoners and over 100 guns. Sept. 15. Approaches to the Bassin de Briey iron region reached and the right wing of the First Army under fire from Metz forts. Sept. 16. General Mangin thrusts against the St. Gobain Forest and the Chemin des Dames. Sept. 17. Americans gain points at Ronvaux, Manheulles, Pintheville, Haumont, and north of Vandieres. Sept. 18. Rawlinson's Fourth British Army and Debeney's First French Army expose the outer centre defenses of the Hindenburg line northwest of St. Quentin. Sept. 25. American 30th, 38th, and 27th Divisions advance from a 14- mile front in the direction of Cambrai, crossing the Canal du Nord and rami- fications of the Hindenburg line taking 6000 prisoners, which are in- creased to 10,000 on the following day. Eastern Front ALSO Balkan Front. 1918 Sept. 14. The Allied French, British, Serb- ian, _ Monte- negrin, Italian, and Greek troops on the M acedo n ian front, began on offensive, launching his attack between the River Var- dar and Lake Doiran. Sept. 20. Front of attack in- creased to 100 miles, with an average daily of 5000 prison- ers. A penetra- tion of forty miles north has been made up the Vardar to- ward U s k u b and toward the Bulgar town of Strumnitza. I918 A.D. THE GREAT WAR. 441 1918 Italian Front ALSO Balkan Front. 1918 The War at Sea. 1918 Military Operations AT Other Points. 1918 Sept. 5. Mi. Vernon tor- pedoed but not sunk. Sept. 18. In four days Bulgsrs and Germans have been forced back ten miles on a twenty- mile front and have lost in prisoners 4000 men and 50 guns. Sept. 15. Galway Castle sunk; 120 lost. Sept. 18. Buena Ventura torpedoed. Sept. 1. British advance in Macedonia, west of Vardar River. Sept. 11. Bolsheviki de- feated by Czecho-Slo- vaks near Ekaterinburg. Sept. 20. Ticonderoga sunk by submarinewith- out warning. Sept. 19. General Allenby in command of the Anglo-Egyptian Army and French detachments attacks Turkish posi- tions on sixteen-mile front from Rafat to the sea. In three days he encircles the Seventh and Eighth Turkish Ar- mies under the German General Liman von San- ders and captures 80,000 prisoners and 500 guns. On his right the Arab Army under Hussien I, King of Hedjaz, does the same to the Fourth Turkish Army. Sept. 23. In Palestine British and allied Arabs take 25,000 prisoners. 442 CHRONOLOGY OF I918 A.D. 1918 Diplomatic AND Internal Affairs. Sept. 27. Bulgaria appeals to British Government for ar mistice. Sept. 28. _ Von Hertl ing resigns as Ger man Chancellor. Sept. 30. Bulgaria signs armistice Allies' terms. Military Operations ON Western Front. 1918 Sept. 26. First American Army begins a great offensive covering a thirty-mile front from the Meuse west through the Argonne Forest; the French Fourth Army, under General Gouraud, from the Argonne west to the Suippe, a front of twenty miles. The Ameri- cans advance from five to six miles, taking Gercourt, Guicy, Montfaucon, Cheppy, and Verennes; the French three or four miles, taking Servon, the Butte de Mesnil, and Navarin Farm. The Germans in two days lose 10,000 in prisoners. Sept. 28. Americans advancing down the Oise come in contact with the Ger- man Kriemhilde line, with its bridge- head at Brieulles. The French cap- ture the strategic positions of Somme- Py. With the British fleet bombard- ing the German coastal defences from Nieuport to Zeebrugge, on the North Sea. the Belgian Army, with the Second British Army, under Gen- eral Plumer, and the Fifth, under General Birdwood, later ''Oct. 2) to be reinforced by the Sixth French un der General Degoutte, attacked the front in Flanders — at first from Dix mude to the Passchendaele Ridge north of Ypres, and then south to the Lille sector — and capture 4000 prison- ers and an immense amount of sup plies. Sept. 29. Americans with Rawlinson on their right press forward on a thirty mile front from before St. Quentin to the Sens6e Canal, taking Bellecourt and Nauroy. Eastern Front ALSO Balkan Front. Sept. 29-30. Dixmude and Roulers and many smaller towns fall to the Belgians; the British overrun Pas- schendaele Ridge. Sept. 30. Gouraud advances to within five miles of Vouziers. The Ameri- cans take Apremont. 1918 Sept. 23-26. Ser- b i a n s and French cross the Vardar in the direction of Krivolak ; French cavalry occupy Prilep. Ishtib and Vel- es barriers cap- tured by Ser- bians. British open the road to Strumnitza, which they en- teronthe26th. Italian, French, and Greeks invest Kichevo. Sept. 25. Bul- gars retreat in Macedonia on 130 mile front. Sept. 26. Bul- garia asks for suspension of hostilities, which is re- jected, but re- sults in her capitulation on September 30, amounting to unconditional surrender. Whole of Mo- nastir- Prilep - Gardsko road in hand of Al- lies. Serbs and British cap- ture V e 1 e s, Kochana, and Strumitza. Sept. 30. Bul- garia quits. I918 A.D. THE GREAT WAR. 443 Italian Front ALSO Balkan Front. 1918 The War at Sea. Military Operations AT Other Points. 1918 Sept. 27. British take 5000 more prisoners in Palestine. Sept. 29. Ten thousand Turks surrender to Brit- ish at Gaza in Palestine. 444 CHRONOLOGY OF I918 A.D. 1918 Diplomatic AND Internal Affairs. Oct. 5. Austrian Prime Minister re- signs. King Ferdinand of Bulgaria abdicates in favor of his son Boris. Bulgaria demobil- izes. Oct. 6. German Chancellor sends note to Wilson re- questing him to aid in securing peace and stating that Ger- many will accept the fourteen terms as outlined by Pres. Wilson on Jan. 28, 1918, and requestingi an immediate ar- mistice. I Military Operations ON Western Front. 1918 Oct. 2. Lille as objective of envelop- ment movement; Belgians go beyond Roulers taking Hooglede and Hand- zeeme; British capture Rolleghemca- pelle and advance on La Bassee Canal threatening Lens from the northwest and reoccupying Armentieres. Debeney's troops occupy St. Quentin. Oct. 3. Lens and coal fields evacuated by the Germans. Oct. 3-13. Allies consolidate their lines from the sea to beyond Lille. Oct. 4. Americans cross the Kriem hildeline. The French advance north of Auberive. Oct. 5. The French advance for three miles down the Suippe River; the Americans extend rupture of Kriem hilde line beyond Romagne. Eastern Front ALSO Balkan Front. 1918 Oct. 1. As the war on this front against Aus- tria - Hungary still continues an Italo-Am- erican naval expedition de- stroys the enemy naval base of Du- razzo, Albania, while the town itself is occu- pied by Italian troops on the 13th. Italians take Be rat. Serbians cut the Orient Railway at Nish, thereby destroying land communi- cation between BerlinandCon- stantinople. I918 A.D- THE GREAT WAR. 445 Italian Front ALSO Balkan Front. 1918 1918 The War AT Sea. Oct. 6. Oiranto sinks by collision; 364 U. S. sol- diers lost. Military Operations at Other Points. 1918 Oct. 1. Damascus occu- pied by British cavalry. Oct. 3. General Marshall, with the Anglo-Indian Army in Mesopotamia, advances up the Tigris against Mosul. Oct. 6. Zahlek and Ra- yak. 30 miles northwest of Damascus, occupied by Allenby. 446 CHRONOLOGY OF I918 A.D. 1918 Diplomatic AND Internal Affairs. 1918 Oct. 8. Pres. "Wilson replies to German peace note asking assurance that they will accept the terms as outlined by him. Oct. 12. German re- ply accepts Wilson's terms. Oct. 14. Pres. Wilson replies to Germany's peace offer, specify- ing details. Oct. 15. Turkey noti- fies Austria she will make separate peace with Entente. Revolt in Bohe- mia against Austria. Martial law pro- claimed. Oct. 18. C z e c h o- Slovak council for- mally declares inde- pendence. Oct. 19. Armistice re- fused Austria, Military Operations ON Western Front. 1918 Oct. 7. Berry-au-Bac, ten miles north of Rheims, and five southeast of Craonne — the great German supply station between Laon and Rethel captured by Allies. Oct. 9. Cambrai occupied by the Allies. Oct. 10. British capture Le Gateau. Oct. 12. Second American Army, un- der Major-Gen. Robert L. Bullard, attacks northwest of Verdun. Mangin has reoccupied nearly the entire length of the Chemin des Dames. Oct. 13. Mangin takes the enemy strongholds of La Fere and Laon. Oct. 14. Belgian, French, and British attack in Flanders from Dixmude to Wervicq. On the Aisne, twelve miles east of Laon. the French take Sissonne on the Hunding line. Oct. 15. In Flanders the British take Menin. Southwest of Lille they cross Haute Deule Canal. North of the Aisne French take Olizy and Termes, near Grand Pr6. First American Army takes Hill 299 and storms St. Georges. Oct. 16. Second British Army captures Wervicq, Comines, Halluin, and We velghem in Lys Valley, Flanders; on its left Belgians and French take In- gelmunster and Lechtervelde, and outflank Thourout. First American Army takes Grand Pr6 at vertex of Argonne Forest. Oct. 17. Fall of Ostend, Lille, and Douai; Ostend occupied by British naval forces under Sir Roger Keyes; Fifth British Army enters Lilli; First British Army, under Home, en- ters Douai. Anglo-French attack from Le Gateau to the Oise carries the line of the Selle and part of Le Gateau. First American Army wins control of the Cote de Ghatillon. Oct. 18. Blankenberghe occupied in advance of Belgians on Bruges; French advance on Ghent; Sensee crossed north of Courtrai; Americans with British capture Wassigny and Ribeauville. American First Army captures Bantheville; the French Fourth crosses Aisne. Oct. 19. Zeebrugge and Bruges occu- pied by the Belgians; First British Army captures Denain. French pen etrate the Hunding line, betweenthe Oise and the Serre, First American Army loses and regains Bantheville. Eastern Front ALSO Balkan Front. 1918 Oct. 12. Serbs capture Nish. Oct. 14. Italian troops in Albania enter Eibasan and invest Tirana. [QlS A.D. THE GREAT WAR. 447 Italian Front ALSO Balkan Front. 1918 1918 Oct. 15. U. S. transport America sinks at pier, Oct. 19. Foch orders the Italian Chief of General Staff, General Diaz, to attack the Austro-Hun garian armies. The War AT Sea. 1918 Military Operations at Other Points. 1918 Oct. 7. Allenby occupies Sidon and the French Beirut. Oct. 13. Tripolis on the Syrian coast occupied by Allenby. Oct. 15. AUenby's cavalry occupies Horns, within 100 miles of Aleppo. 448 CHRONOLOGY OF I918 A.D. 1918 Diplomatic AND Internal Affairs. Oct. 21. Socialist papers in Germany demand abdication of Kaiser. Oct. 28. Austria- Hungary sends note accepting all Allied terms including free- dom of the Czecho- slovaks ; is ready for armistice. Military Operatiows ON Western Front. 1918 Oct. 20. With the Belgian coast clear of the enemy he retreats from the Dutch frontier to the south of Valen- ciennes; British Second Army on the road to Brussels. Oct. 21. Fifth British Army reaches Tournai. First British Army enters Valenciennes suburbs. Oct. 22. Franco-Belgian attack on Lys Canal toward Ghent takes 11,000 prisoners. French advance on Serre front reduces La Fere salient and captures Chalandry and Grandlup. Oct. 23. Third and Fourth British Armies advance four miles on twenty- mile front between the Scheldt and Le Cateau; on their left the First, between Valenciennes and Tournai, takes Bruay, Bleharies, and Espain. First American Army breaks through Freya defenses. Oct. 24. Third and Fourth British Ar mies, between the Scheldt and the Sambre, advance within a mile of the Valenciennes-Metz railway. Oct. 25. First British Army north of Valenciennes goes through Raismes Forest into the Conde loop of the Scheldt; the Third gains an eight mile stretch on the Valenciennes Avesnes railway. French attack be- tween the Oise and the Serre, Souche, and Aisne on a twenty-five-mile front, Oct. 26. British take Artres and Famars, and Englefontaine, south of Valenciennes. First French Army under Debeney, crosses the Peron and advances between Sissonne and Cha,teau-Porcien. _ Germans begin a retreat toward Hirson, between the Oise and Serre. First American Army employs sixteen-inch naval guns against the Mezieres-Metz sup ply railway. Oct. 31. American 30th Division, with the British Third Army, on a fifteen- mile front releases several towns from Pergwyk to Winterkern. Nov. 2. Valenciennes occupied bj- British. Nov. 3. Belgian Army reaches Terneu zen and liberates ten miles alongthe Dutch frontier. First American Army shatters M6zieres-Metz railway at Montm^dy and Conflans. Eastern Front also B.\lkan Front. 1918 Oct. 20. French and Serbs reach Danube. Oct. 21. Serb- ian and French forces con- tinue advance. I918 A.D. THE GREAT WAR. 449 Italian Front ALSO Balkan Front. Oct. 24. In the Monte Grappa region the Ital- ians take Monte Sola- rolo and the French Sise- mol; on the Piave, Brit ish and Italians, compos ing the Tenth Army under Lord Cavan, gain a footing on the Island of Grave di Papadopoli, and the next day cross the river. Oct. 27. Austria-Hungary asks for peace. Lord Cavan's army reaches points three miles east of the Piave and the Ital- ians cross the Montello region. Oct. 29. The Italian ar mies are advancing on a thirty-mile front; Tenth Army forces passage of the Monticano, north of Oderzo; Twelfth carries Valdobbiadene and Monte Cosen, three miles to the north Eighth captures Coneg lianoandVittorio;Third with the 332d American Regiment, crosses the lower Piave at San Dona di Piave and Zenson Prisoners to date 33,000 The War at Sea. 1918 Oct. 20. German sub marines recalled to their bases. Military Operations at Other Points. Oct. 25. Marshall's forces enter Kirkuk and force the passage of the Sesser Zab, Tigris. Oct. 26. branch of the Aleppo falls. Oct. 28. Marshall takes Kalat Shergat on the Tigris. Oct. 30. Surrender of Turkish Army on the Tigris — 7000 prisoners. Turkey capitulates opens passage between Black md y^Jgean seas to Allies, with their occupation of forts and immediate repatriation of all allied prisoners of war. 450 CHRONOLOGY OF I918 A.D. 1918 Diplomatic AND Internal Affairs. 1918 Nov. 4. Austria ac- cepts truce terms. Armistice goes into effect at 3 p.m. Allies settle on and sign truce terms for Germany. Nov. 7. "False peace" day in New York. Nov. 9. German Kaiser abdicates. Nov. 10. Ex-Kaiser flees to Holland. Nov. 12. Emperor Charles of Austria abdicates. Military Operations ON Western Front. 1918 Nov. 4. British, First, Third, and Fourth Armies with two American divisions advance on thirty-mile front capturing 10,000 prisoners and 200 guns between the Scheldt and the Oise-Sambre Canal. Passage of canal forced by the First French, with a bag of 3000 prisoners and 15 guns Nov. 6. First American Army captures heights of the Woevre and Sedan. Nov. 7. Germans begin a seventy-five mile front retreat from the Scheldt to the Aisne, and Debeney with the First French reaches the railway be tween La Capelle and Hirson and on the Thon as far as Leuze. Nov. 8. Germany's armistice delegates received by Marshal Foch. Nov. 9. French pass through Hirson and invest M6zieres. Maubeuge taken by Rawlinson's Fourth British Army. Nov. 11. German envoys sign armis tice. At 11 a.m. final shots of the war are fired. Eastern Front also Balkan Front. 1918 Nov. 4. The capitulation of Austria - Hun- gary today closes the war on this front save against the retreating German de- t a c h ments which are pur- sued across the Danube until Nov. 11, when Germany ca- pitulated and accepted thfe Foch armis- tice. I918 A.D. THE GREAT WAR. 451 Italian Front ALSO Balkan Front. 1918 1918 Nov. 1. Eighth Army goes beyond Vittorio; the Tenth crosses the Conegliano-Oderzohigh way. The Twelfth, Eighth.Tenth, and Third armies reach the Liven- za. The Tyrol-Belluno line is cut. Prisoners number 50.000. Nov. 3. Rovereto and Trent, in the Trentino, are occupied by the Italians; Udine, on the plains of Veneto ; Trieste and Pola, on the Adri- atic. Prisoners number 100,000 and guns taken 2200 and the Austro- Hungarians armies are threatened with fatal envelopment, when — Nov. 4. Austria-Hungary capitulates to General Diaz, accepting his terms of armistice. Nov. 10. King Victor Emmanuel of Italy makes triumphal entry into Trieste. The War AT Sea. 1918 Military Operations at Other Points. 1918 ARMISTICE PERIOD 1918-1919 United States Delegates to the Peace Conference were announced Nov. IS as follows: The President, Robert Lansing, Colonel Edward M. House, Henry White, and General Tasker H. Bliss. Nov. 21. German fleet surrendered. Marshal Foch, with Generals Guillaumat and Gouraud, entered Strasbourg, Nov. 25. On Nov. 29 the Germans began withdrawing across the Rhine. The American Army entered Germany, Dec. 1. British troops crossed the Belgian frontier and entered Germany, Dec. 3. Dec. 4. President Wilson sails for France. On Dec. 12 the armistice was extended until Jan. 17. The American Army crossed the Rhine on Dec. 13, and the French entered Mainz. On Dec. 16 the American Army reached its final objective at Coblenz, and the British formally occupied Cologne. Jan. 18. Formal opening of the Peace Conference. The Supreme Council adopted President Wilson's proposal to ask all Russian factions, including the Bolsheviki, to meet the Allied and Associated Governments at Princes' Islands on Feb. 15. The Soviet Government, and the governments of Ukraine, Crimea, Esthonia, the Lettish Republic, and Lithuania agreed to participate. William Allen White and George Davis Herron were appointed to represent the United States. A resolution to create a League of Nations was adopted Jan. 25, and President Wilson was named chairman of the commission to draft a plan. The Peace Conference on Feb. 13 decided on new armistice terms to be presented to Germany. Feb. 14. Draft of the League of Nations covenant read by President Wilson and text made public. Feb. 15. President Wilson sails for United States. Mar. 13. President Wilson returns to France. April 25. First German peace delegates reach Versailles. April 28. Revised League of Nations covenant adopted by Peace Conference. May 7. Summary of the treaty, including revised draft of the League of Nations covenant made public. June 9. Text of the treaty as originally drawn and presented to Germany read in the Senate after newspaper publication. June 15. Summary of German reply and counter proposals made public. June 16. Summary of reply to Germany's counter proposals made public. This was in effect a summary of the changes in the treaty. June 20. Revised text of the treaty made public in London and Paris. Crews of German fleet at Scapa sink most of vessels. Germany accepts peace terms unconditionally June 22. Peace officially signed Jtine 28. 452 GERMANY UNDER THE PEACE TREATY ARMISTICE PERIOD 453 Under the Final Draft of the Treaty Germany — Restores Alsace-Lorraine to France. Accepts the internationalization of the Saar Basin for fifteen years and of Danzig permanently. The people of the Saar Basin are to decide by a plebiscite, by district, whether they wish to be annexed to Germany or to France or to accept control by the League of Nations. Recognizes the full sovereignty of Belgium over neutral Moresnet and cedes to Belgium Prussian Moresnet and the districts of Eupen and Malm^dy. Cedes a small strip of Upper Silesia to Czecho-Slovakia. Cedes the rest of Upper Silesia to Poland, but, except in certain districts in the northeastern corner, ceded unconditionally to Poland, a plebiscite to determine nationality is to be held between the sixth and eighteenth months after the signing of the treaty. Cedes to the principal Allied and associated powers the district of Mem.el. Cedes to Poland without plebiscite most of Posen and portions of West Prussia and Pomerania west of the Vistula and of West Prussia east of the Vistula. Parts of East Prussia are to decide by vote whether they wish to belong to Prussia or Poland. Agrees to the creation of three zones in Schleswig in which the inhabitants are to decide, by districts, whether they are to belong to Prussia or Denmark. (Doubt still exists as to whether the third zone was omitted in the final revision of the treaty.) Recognizes the independence of Austria and agrees that this independence shall be inalienable except with the consent of the council of the League of Nations. Renounces all territorial and political rights outside Europe as to her own or her Allies' territories, and especially to Morocco, Egypt, Siam, Liberia, and Shantung. Reduces her army within three months to 200,000 men, with reductions, determined by the Allies, every three months thereafter, reaching a minimum of 100,000 by March 31, 1920. Abolishes conscription within her territories. Agrees to dismantle all forts fifty kilometres east of the Rhine within six months. Must stop all importation, exportation, and nearly all production of war material. Agrees to Allied occupation of parts of Germany for fifteen years, or until reparation is made, with the understanding that the army of occupation will be reduced at the end of each of three five-year periods if Germany is fulfilling her obligations. Agrees that any violation by her of the conditions as to the zone fifty kilometres east of the Rhine shall be regarded as an act of war. Reduces her navy to six battleships, six light cruisers, twelve destroyers, and twelve- torpedo boats, without submarines, and a personnel of not over 15,000. Must surrender or destroy all other vessels. Is forbidden to build forts controlling the Baltic. Must demolish the fortifications of Helgoland. The fishing harbor is not to be destroyed. Must open the Kiel Canal to merchant and war vessels of all nations at peace with her and surrender her fourteen submarine cables. May have no military or naval air forces except 100 unarmed seaplanes until October 1 to detect mines, and may not manufacture or import aviation material for six months. Accepts full responsibility for all damages caused to the Allied and associated govern- ments and nationals. Agrees specifically to reimburse all civilian damages, beginning with an initial payment of the equivalent of 20,000,000,000 marks, subsequent payments to be secured by bonds to be issued at the discretion of the reparation commission. Within four months Germany may make proposals regarding the manner of the payment of her reparation obligations. Within two months thereafter the Allied Reparation Com- mission will answer such proposals. The commission is directed to make a final determination of the total due from Germany before May 1, 1921. GENEALOGICAL TABLES NOTE. — The dagger (t) attached to a date means "died." 454 GENEALOGICAL TABLES 455 ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS, 802-1916 ANGLO-SAXON. Egbert. 802-837. Charles the Bald. Emperor. FLANDERS. Ethelwulf = (i) Judith, who 837-858. I afterwards m. I (2)Ethelbald. (3)= Ethelbald. 858-860. Ethelbert. 860-866. Ethelred. 866-871. Alfred. 871-901. Baldwin 1. I t879. Baldwin IL t 918. :NORMANDf. ( Edward i son, 2 dau. the Elder. 901-925. Elfthryth = Athelstan. 925-940. Edmund. 940-946. Edred. 946-9SS Rollo. I William Longsword. Edwig. 955-959. Edgar. 959-975- Richard the Fearless. Edward the Martyr. 975-978. Ethelred II. 978-1016. r" 2 Emma. Richard the Good. Arnulf I. t96s. I Baldwin (III.) t 962. Arnulf II. t988. I Baldwin IV- t 1036. Godwin Earl of Mercia. I Edmund Ironsides. 1016. Edward Harold. 1066. Edith Edward the Confessor. 1042-1066. Robert the Magnificent or the Devil. Baldwin V. t 1067. William the Conqueror = Matilda, 1066-1087. Edgar Atheling. Margaret Edgar king of Scots. : Malcolm king of Scots. Matilda Robert. William Rufus. Henry I. Adela 1087-1100. 1100-1135. m. Stephen - : c. of Blois. Matilda Henry II. 1154-11 Geoffrey of Anjou, Plantagenet. Stephen Il3S-iT-;4 Henry. Richard Cceur-de-Lion. 1189-1199. Geoffrey. John Lackland. I 1199-1216. Arthur. | t 1203. Henry III. 1216-1272. Edward I. b. 1239, t 1307 m. I, Eleanor of Castile Edward II. b. 1284 murdered 1327 m. Isabel of France I Edward III. b. 1312, t 1377 m. Philippa of Ilainault. pee next page.] 456 TABULAR VIEWS o •do j; w «a -Co c --^ v^'^; -u o a i^rw o M OJ O CO ">^ a--s ^"2 S ^■^>; ^fi •d^ W'^ Sc4 <;t3 o I-Lh CO M •d o • o III. w lies ^q"" > « < £ >. (4 > £ Se5^ <-c;^3~ J3 t> ^■-•'d ~^Z ?>r S'Q rt -•.' Q ^ OJ3 •d o c'o ^ >^ ^J5 K-< „ a g ■Vvl-I— ^ ~ Bp Pi'o •25 S "= •^ • _^ S ° ^. i^ M h S Wci.M S1^ Pi 2 "Sfe^-^'S^ ^h— ^ ^^^1 EOJ2 .43 •d^ri OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 457 vi - • o >.^ -d >'^^ VO I o 00 [^ Pi > o CO W 1—4 o B ai J^ CO M S ;*.--e goto Ji-i2>, ^ D O ^E ;« tU C ai II- C Q" o' H^ "o O o C W o c < a« rq cq-*- II- ^21^ > . J2 ^-a a h7 d l£>H» ft J2 c o -^- o bo 2 S^ ft < 1- s o ^ 6 l-l ft 458 TABULAR VIEWS I >« M 1.^ ^rt ri "§&: -8 5^"- ■^s-s C3 O-*— •-.a -|> — w oj'-* — i;-i:>< w, c 1- ci oj C t-H .6"o ^ "J ,_;«) — ^cso ■rJo :>. 3 -.2 I Fr 'yi b "ti c rt o a> fe 3 ■a u woe -WPh "cO ■!-> t~ M 3 M (U C o . "H 34=-^ n! O o >H fe .6 S" 0P fl-l -g 2 & - • -I O, p! otW 3c-i to al < M < 0. 3 — P S "J (u u i- ra . rt rt "C o bn fe C . 3 •«•§ . H 3 Ij O _0«-3'/3<-'_Si_-. ^ iU OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 459 ENGLISH SOVEREIGNS, 802-1916 The House of Hanover, 1 760-1914 George III. = Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz. 1760-1820. George IV., 1820-1830. t without issue. William IV.. 1830-1837. I without issue. Frederic, Edward, d. of York. d. of Kent. t 1827, t 1820. without issue. I Albert of Saxe-Coburg- Gotha. ti86i. \ Ernest, d. of Cum- berland; k. of Hanover. 1837-1851. Victoria, 1837-1901. Adolphus, 1. of Cam- bridge. t 1850. Victoria, m. Ger- man Em- peror. Tigoi. Edward VII. 1901-1910 m. Alexandra d. of k. of Denmark. Helena, Louise, Arthur, Leopold, m. pr. m. mar- d. of d. of Al- bany, Alice, Alfred, m. gr. d. of Ed d. of inburgh, of _ quis of Con- Hesse, t 1900, Schleswig- Lome, naught 11878. as d. Holstein. of Saxe- Coburg- Gotha. ti884. Beatrice, m. pr. Henry of Batten- berg. Vic Albert Victor, George V. d. of Clarence, 1910- ti892. m. Mary of Teck, g. g. d. of George III Louise, m. d. of Fife. Victoria. Maud, m. Charles, pr. of Den- mark. Edward Albert. Albert. Victoria. Henry. George. John. 46 o TABULAR VIEWS O ~ -H o I—) Ou •I t^ s 2" <1 O _x o s OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 461 THE HOUSE OF VALOIS A YOUNGER BRANCH OF THE CAPETS 1223-1364. Louis VTII., 1223-1226. Louis IS., St. Louis, 1226-1270. I Philip III., le Hardi, 1270-12S3. Charles, count of Anjou and Provence, ancestor of the kings of Naples. Robert (6th son), count of Clermont, ancestor of the Bourbons. Philip IV., le Bel, 12S5-1314. Charles, count of Valois, ancestor of the house of Valois. Louis, count of Ev« reux. Louis X., Philip V., Charles IV., le Hutin, le Long, le Bel, 1314-1316. 1316-1322. 1322-1328. daughters. daughter. Isabella m. Ed- ward II. of England. Edward III., of England. Jeanne, queen of Navarre. John, 1316. lived seven days. Philip VI., 1328-1350. John II., le Bon, 1350-1364. 462 TABULAR VIEWS THE HOUSES OF LORRAINE AND GUISE -« 1435-1588. Rene le Bon, d. of Anjou and titular king of Naples and Sicily, 1435-1442, m. Isabella, d. of Lorraine. Margaret, m. Henry VI., k. of England. John II., d. of Lorraine and Bar. I Nicolas, of Lorraine and Bar. ti473. c no male issue. Yolande, d. of Lorraine, m. Ferri II., c. of Vaudemont, Guise, eti". I Ren6 II., d. of Lorraine and Bar. . of Vaudemont, Guise, etc. tiS08. Antoine, d. of Lorraine and Bar. tiS44. Claude L, c. ot Aum&le, d. of Guise (1527). Francis 1., d. of Lorraine and Bar. Charles II., d. of Lorraine and Bar. ti6o8. Francis, d. of Guise, mur- dered 1563. Charles, Card, of Lorraine. Claude, d. of Aumale. Louis, Card, of Guise. I Mary, m. James V. of Scotland. Mary, queen of Scots. Henry, d. of Guise. tiS88. Charles, d. of Mayenne. Louis, Cardinal of Guise. ti588. OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 463 •g-sa •d e _^ c . o ^« q fe oj o "^? o?f ro . 10 .2 oj-d »d "^ — 5 y "^ o-t— "-h!- q c - t^ i-l-CO C 0) .E2 qj (U (U a cd > > o !?- o c » u V 6 +^ a ,-;_ I ^ t- 0! M 'm "^ c+i " u - S c i; a (-. i- oSPn x: o>s Xo J Louis tl3 John o ".6 _SS ^ as 3 ^ O -— X ;?j _^ ni m a) o'^ ii CXI M J3 ^ O oJ oSmg • ^ > ■° ^° " <0 (D d aj I3 0, ho rtl fit>" J5W E-dS r'-' h-l Ol 464 TABULAR VIEWS •3° ^ 2 P-S^ o S m " BO •J a -ij g- C O ro ■ o 5 ? i? 3 P.00 1-1 I— ( <; S^ H 00 Ah O o w K _c c s 1/^ (i; c ^ ty? "3 p. M aj Ah S m I— «4-J a: t.1 M ^-^ •0 ^ +j c ■* t3 ii X! -tJ 00 M aJ a. 3 "_ .2 P. d" •3 E^ -'^ • «oa M o J3.2 d«)g p,ai M „j ■^ 00 "^ g ^'^■^flH l-H ^ ci3 ^ nJ rf**-* 1 l-r-v 2+i as 4J M 0- M rt kd « W " v^O) S d ft o OF ITNIVERSAL HISTORY. 465 "O ■2 S s-5 K M .So o « o >^ 3 a! z ■d < (« lU CO 13 ja H (n Hi Q •a c3 2 g < W >o ^ M <; 1 Pi '^ Pi t-< h^i Ph a S (U w oo' w ro D M !>i M W m H H "o -^.s Clj •-0 - g 00 >^ m'33 ■3 ft V "5 _ c 10 00 "■3 (li t-< cu u c" J3 ft B <* 0) 1—1 c rj* cWffl t« ^^ fis-s 1-4 - 00 t3 -* . "d CO to oi " t^ Cj 1 00 ■d r04— 1- 00 (U „ H O , o^2;oo 0-2 •d ri 5 S^ S 00 ■3 ° ° J- • O H) « ro t^ -.2 d o °i .'^ rt'^'d o S i£;s 466 TABULAR VIEWS S'2 H o —'5 ^'g .2 ni .3 .S ° »- o J3 p. CO u ^ a O 1— 1 H s O nS w s 12; M ^ >o Ph o i "o o CO CO H a H c oj (—1 "5 fe Q a J3 Z "o M_ > I— ( ^ ^ < P. M o CJ c dj o ^ 'J3 15 ^ W 1— 1 fi. ta •-< S in J3 IN II CO a >, fe S o > O Jin n! >^ "o K^ >, 1— 1 § cd c3 rJl (U Ph " M l-I _H II ;< .2 d t>H c5 II- IS § P. ^;§ > +-» su H a _>< .^ ° ^a" C--I 3 0,00-" C 3 O .S"o ai Oi -•s-2 ^^^ . M •" IN 3 t^ -O M i n! 00 : 0»-( . c >. < J3 _'0 a V -5 '0 c5 CQ 4 II ~ II — '0 - rt D 10 00 +j >< 00 M > '0 ••- OS +J II ^ a C " a t^ W <; ■o CO nl >. < H i 't- -^ rt.y _rt 4 .6 .s • 0\ £ IH S^-«— II II H4 rt J-HOO ■J^ ^0 Mo > " cJ " - O O' 01 f^ -OX -SJ ft^c* -J? OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 467 < W W o l-H 00 H o Q ^ ■Sffi "3 ^a cd ^•a (0 . .-d a> ^ 3i ■« E W4 0) t£ w r!-< "i-i— 3 „- >.2 >-.2 ffi >;=> Td ■» I- c o _u'S — 1 -SO o- -^ 8^ §- 'to -U3 — ^ S a 5 ^1 mCu o ^ K rt TS S 0^ ■ - •-•—lis ^ „'d'g 1-1 5 5J 5 « So 468 TABULAR VIEWS e^ Oh fe O S CO o ^: Q kJ M J o tS3 HI ^ H w fo w o o 2; w o l-H w t3 w H I M M ° ■ V r_S_ w •-< .2 o .a S S J D -it 3 a E °'C^ ^a^ ."3 -^ 4)^ IH j:i4— u = o t. .5; M U] o u w ^ M (U H Eli; 2; ^ 3 S fc °> dj ro.2. O rt >.3.§ ti Q (U tn V p. ai - • gM '-' COW'S ^ 5 H g d 2 CO Eo ^-2 •^ r^ COJ3 cij ^ 1 '^ r! o-o a! .H ° fj > (U m •0 W K •n"3) 1-icoPh a ■ „ 00 -M w .Soo n|W o .2 a?j ■— o ^ 'SCO. Wc^-5M 3 d 00 ^ Ji "o g<; a bf ' . > 3 m : 00 o »■ 0) O0>7 3-^ OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 469 4) !N ^ ^ t: s II — C a) *J O 06 HH .2 M < 4— •1— 2'^ M * en ^ — h" II a^ -ir — M o OQ 470 TABULAR VIEWS OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. _ rt CO >H (U o < in C .5? .3 |3 >^ '-' u <; o tin II .a > o c O o o C/2 m o fco C 3 O C5 w "o a -XI CO—; II « 0= d 3CCI-I I3 b g S w a Kvc O tl5 13 1^ « "S M t) « j: t-Mcc' Eo-.S-S D^ CO O -' c M ~wj^^ w V ^M M ■SJ.i: H o >: f^ Sm W« So O^ INDEX (In this index will be found events up to August i, 19 14. For events subsequent to that date, see Supplementary Index, beginning on page 505.) Aahmes I., King of Egypt, 3 Abbassides, the, 73 Abderrhman, 73; III., 81 Abdul Aziz, Sultan of Turkey, 223, 241 Abdul Hamid, Sultan of Turkey, 17s; H-. 241, 32s Abdul Medjid, Sultan of Turkey, 223 Abdul Rahman, Ameer of Cabul, 247 Abelard, Peter, 94 Aboukir, naval battle of, 181 Abruzzi, Duke of the, 286 Abubeker, 69 Abydos, siege of, 33 Abyssinia, war with Italy, 27s Acadia, colonized at Port Royal, 142; ceded to France, 154; restored to French, 160; given to English, 164 Accident insurancelawf or workingmen, 251 Achasan League, 27, 31 Acre, battle of, 93; capture of, 107 Act of uniformities, of supremacy, 134; of toleration, 150; of uniformity, 154; toleration, 158; the declaratory, 174; confiscation, 224; elementary education, 234; Irish Land, 235; tenure of office, 252; Sherman Silver, 258, 266 Actium, battle of, 45 Adams, John, 178, 180, 186, 188 Adams, Samuel, 174 Adasa, battle of, 34 Addison, 164 Adeodatus, Pope, 70 Adolph I., of Nassau, Emperor of Ger- many, 106 Adolphus Frederick, King of Sweden, 171 Adowa, battle of, 27s Adrian VI., Pope, 129 Adrianople, 189, 243, 24s, 35i .iElfric Grammaticus, 84 .^lius Donatus, 60 .lEmilianus, S7 .iEmilius Macer, 44 .lEschylus, 14 ,iElius, 63 j5itolian League, 35 Afrhanistan, war with England, 24s Afiica, explored by Portuguese, 116 African war, 43 Agadir affair, 339. 34^ Agapetus, Pope, 66; II., 82 Agatho, Pope, 70 Agathocles, 25 Agesilaus, 18, 21 Agincourt, battle of, 114, US Agis IV., King of Sparta, 31 Agnadello, battle of, 127 Agricola, 51 Agriculture, department of, created, 256 Agrippa, 44, 46 Agrippina, 51 Aguinaldo, 279, 280, 281. 288 Ahmed Mirza, Shah of Persia, 327 Ahmed II., Sultan of Turkey, 161; III., 163 Air pump invented, 152 Aisne, battle of the, 406 Aix-la-Chapelle, synod at, 76; peace of, 154, 170; congress of, 186 Alabama, secedes, 222; claims, 236 Aladja Dagh, battle of, 243 Alamo, massacre of the, 190 Aland, conquered by Russia, 165 Alaric, 61, 63, 65 Alaska purchased, 230; railway bill, 358; first legislature, 354 Alaska-Yukon-Paci.fic Exposition, 324 Albania, 359; rebellion in, 361, 363 Alberoni, 167 Albert I., King of Belgium, 329 Albert I., Emperor of Germany, io6;II.,ri6 Albert, [Prince-Consort of Queen Victoria, 192, 222 Alberta, province of, created, 298 Albigenses, 96 Alboin, 67 Albuera, battle of, 184 Alcazarquivir, battle of, 138 Alcibiades, 19 Aldhelm, 70 Aldrich, Nelson W., 342 Alemanni the, 55 Alexander. Prince of Battenberg (Prince of Bulgaria), 245 Alexander the Great, King of Macedonia, 21; 22; 23, 25 Alexander Jannaeus, 38, 39 Alexander, Popes, I., 52; II., 88; III., 96; IV., 102; v., 114; VI., 125; VII., 153; VIIL,iS9 Alexander L, Czar of Russia, 183; II., 213, 24s, 247; III., 247, 249, 251, 271 Alexander I., King of Scotland, 93; II., loi; III., 103, 105 Alexander I., King of Servia, 257, 265, 269, 293 Alexander II., King of Syria, 38 Alexandra of Denmark, Queen of England, 224 Alexandra, Queen of JudcEa, 40 Alexandria, museum and library, 25; centre of trade, 26; taken by Cassar, 43; battle of, 182 471 472 INDEX Alexius I. (Comnenus) Emperor, 91; II., 99; III., 99; IV., loi Alfonso I., of Aragon, 94; H-, 96; III., 106; v., 114, 119 Alfonso VI., King of Leon and of Castile, 89, 90, 92; VII., 94; IX., 98; XI., 108 Alfonso v., King of Portugal, 117 Alfonso I., King of Spain, 92; XII., 239, 241, 243, 245, 253; XIII., 253, 333 Alfred the Great, 79, 80 - Algeciras conference, 305, 327 Algiers, bombardment of, 186 Alhambra palace, 102 Alien and Sedition Laws, 180 Allahabad, treaty of, 172 Alliance, Triple, 154, 249, 25s, 261, 291. 333; Grand, 158; of Denmark, Russia, '^ Poland, 161; Seven Years' Subsidiary, 172; French and American colonies, 176; Holy, 185, 186, 187; Quadruple, 191; between England, France, and Turkey, 208; Austria and Prussia, 209 Alma, battle of the, 211 Al Mansur, caliph, 73 Almanza, battle of, 162, 163 Almoravides, the, 90 Alsace, ceded to France by peace of Westphalia, 150; acquired by France, 152; seized by France, 159; ceded to Germany, 237; Zabern incident, 339; entered by France, 406 Altranstadt, peace of, 163 Alva, Duke of, 134 Alvarez, President of Mexico, 213 Amadeus, King of Spain, 239 Amboise, peace of, 134 Ambrones, 39 Ambrose, St., 60 Amenemhat III., King of Egypt, 2 Amenhotep IV. (Amenophis), King of Egypt, 3 Amenophis {see Amenhotep IV.) America, discovery of, 124 America, yacht, 200 "American treaty" between England and Spain, 156 Amiens, peace of, 182, 183; captured by the Germans, 406 Ammianus Marcellinus, 60 Ammonius Saccas, 54 Amundsen, explorer, 344 Amurath I., Sultan of Turkey, 113; II., 117; III., 137; IV., 145 Anabaptists, 129, 131 Anacletus, I., Pope, 50; II., 94 Anastasius, II., Pope, 64; IV., 96, Anasta- sius I., Emperor, 65; II., 73 Anaxagoras, 16 Andrassy, note, 241 Andr6e, 276 Andronicus I., Emperor, 99; II., 107, 109; III., Ill Andros, Sir Edmund, 158 Andrussovo, peace of, 155 Anglia East, 67 Anglo- Japanese treaty, 340 Anglo-Saxon monarchy, 80; dynasty, end of, 89 Anglo-Tibetan treaty, 307 Anicetus, Pope, 52 Anna Comnena, 94 Annam, French protectorate, 249 Anns of Austria, Queen of France, 144, ISO Anne Boleyn, 130 Anne of Cleves, 130 Anne, Empress of Russia, 169 Anne, Queen of England, 162, 164 Anselm_, Archbishop of Canterbury, 92 Ansgarius, Pope, 76 Antalcidas, peace of, 20 Anterus, Pope, 56 Anthemius, 63, 65 Antigonus, 44 Antigonus Doson, 33 Antigonus Gonatus, King of Macedon, 29 Antioch, 26 Antiochus I., King of Syria, 26; II., 30: III., 30, 32, 34. 35; IV., 34; v., 34; VIL. 36, 38; VIII., 40 _ Anti-Alien Land Bill in California, 354, 35S Anti-Japanese demonstrations, 314 Antipater, 42, 44 Anti-Rentism. 192 Anti-Slavery Society, New England, 190 Anti-trust movement, 268, 298, 302, 328,- 332, 338, 342, 362 Antofagasta, battle of, 24S Antoninus, Marcus, 43, 44, 45 Antoninus Pius. 53 Antwerp, sacked by Spain, 136; taken by the French, 191; surrenders to the Ger- mans, 408 Apion of Alexandria, 48 ApoUonius, 30 Apollonius of Rhodes, 34; of Tyana, so Apostles, council of the, 48 "Appellants," the, 166 Appian, 52 Appius, Claudius, 29 Aquas Sextiae, battle of, 39 Aquinas, Thomas, 104 Aquitaine, wrested from the Visigoths, 65: rises against English, 112 Arabi Pasha, 247, 249 Aragon, kingdom of, 87; annexes Naples, 125 Aratus, 30, 31 Arbela, battle of, 22 Arbitration, court of, 282 Arbogastes the Gaul, 6i 1 Arc, Joan of, 116, 117 I Arcadius, 61 Archelaus, King of Macedon, 19 Archimedes, 30 Architecture, Corinthian, 16; cathedrals in England, 70; Gothic, 92 Arcole, battle of, 181 Ardoin, King of Italy, 84 Argentine Confederation, 219 Argos conquered by Sparta, 31 Argyle, rebellion of, 158 Ariarathes II., King of Cappadocia, 20, 34 Arica bombarded, 247 Ariobarzanes, 20, 28, 40 Arista, General Mariana, 203, 207 Aristarchus, 36 Aristides, is Aristobulus, 38 Aristonicus, 39 Aristophanes, 18, 33 . Aristotle, 22 Arius, 58 INDEX 473 Arizona admitted, 344 Arkansas secedes, 222 Armada, Spanish, 138 Armenia, 34, 46, 51, 52, 61, 66; reforms in demanded, 271, 273; massacres in, 27s . Arminius, 49 Arnobius of Africa, 58 Arnold, Benedict, 176 Arnold of Brescia, 96 Arnulf, King of Germany, 80 Arques, battle of, 138 Arran, Earl of, 130 Arras., peace of, 116 Arriaga, Manuel, President of Portugal, 341 Arriai), 52 Arsaces, King of Parthia, II., 30; III., 32; IV.. 32 Artaxerxes I., King of Persia, 14; III., 20 Artevelde, King of Flanders, no, 112 Arthur, Chester A., President of United States, 246 Arundelian marbles, S Ascalon, battle of, 93 Ascham, Roger, 130 Asculum, battle of, 27 Ashanti War, 238, 272 Asoka, King of Magadha, 28 Aspern, battle of, 183 Aspromonte, battle of, 225 Asquith, H. H., 318. 338, 360, 362 Assam, annexed to England, 188 Asshurnasirpal, King of Assyria, 4, Assize of arms, 99 Assouan dam, 280 Assyria, under priest-kings, 3; beginning of Assyrian greatness. 4; Sargon con- quers Samaria, 6; attains its highest development, 6; divided, reunited, 8; conquers Elam, 8; conquers Egypt, 9 Asturias, kingdom of, 73, 81 Athanasius, 58 Athelstan, King of Wessex, 81, 82 Athens, legislation of Draco, 9; legislation of Solon, 11; burnt by Xerxes, rebuilt, 15; joins Achsean League, 29, 31; taken by Rome, 41; by the Turks, 189; treaty of, 359 Attains I., King of Pergamus, 30 Attila, 63 Audubon, J. J., 200 Auerstadt, battle of, 183 Augsburg, diet of, 131; peace of, 133; league of, 158; diet of, 161 Augustine, St., 60, 68 Augustus (Octavius Csesar), 45, 46, 47, 49 Aurelian, 57 Aurelius, Marcus, 53, 54 Aurelius, Victor, 60 Aurungzeb, Emperor of India, 155 Ausonius, 60 Austerlitz, battle of, 183 Australia, Queensland separated from New South Wales, 218; constitution, 278; commonwealth of, 286 Austrasia, 67 Austria, war with Switzerland, 113; made an archduchy, 118 ; obtains Sicily in exchange for Sardinia, 169; revolution of 1848, 195, 197; Austrian power re- established in Northern Italy, 197; war against France, 219; war with Prussia and Italy, 231; see Austria-Hungary. Austria-Hungary, organization of the Dual Monarchy, 233; triple alliance, 246, trouble with Servia, 321; annexes Bos- nia and Herzegovina, 321; ultimatum to Servia, 404; declares war, 404; declares war on Russia and France, 406; war with Montenegro, 406 Austrian succession, war of the, 171 Austro-Turkish convention, 211 Avars, the, 69, 76 Aviation, 268, 286, 288, 290, 296, 302, 308, 326, 334, 340 Avignon, popes at, 108; ceded to the pope, 175 Avitus, 63 Azores discovered, 116 B Baalbec, 52 Babylonia, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 34 Babylonian captivity of the papacy, 108, 112 Bach, composer, 170 Bacon's rebellion, 156 Bacon, Lord Francis, 142, 144 Bacon, Roger, of Oxford, 104 Bactria conquered by Parthia, 34 Badajos, battle of, 185 Bagdad, capital, 73; peace of, 169 Bajazet I., Sultan of Turkey, 115; II., 123 Balaklava, battle of, 211 Balas, Alexander, 36 Balbinus, 57 Baldwin I., Emperor, loi; II., 103 Balfour, A. J., 290, 302 Baliol, King of Scotland, in Balkan War, 349, 3Si, 353, 355 Ballinger, Secretary, 328, 334 Baltimore fire, 294 Baltimore, Lord, 146 Ban6r, Swedish general, 149 Bank of Venice, 96; of England, 160; First United States, 178; of France, 183; Second United States, 186, 190 Banks, N. P., 212, 224 Bannockburn, battle of, 109 Barbarossa, Frederick (see I., Emperor of H. R. E.,) 96 Barcelona taken by Berwick, 165 Bardanes, Philip, 71 Barebone's Parliament, 152 Barnet, battle of, 120 Barometer invented, 150 Barra, Francesco de la, 339 Basel, battle of, 181 Basil, Bishop of Caesarea, 60 Basil, Emperor, 79; II., 83 Basiliscus, 6s Basle, Council of, 116; Treaty of, 152 Bassorah, battle of, 143, 175 Bastile at Paris, founded, 112; storming of, 179 Batavian Republic, 18 r Bathori, Stephen, King of Poland, 137 Baths of Diocletian, 58 Batthyany, 199 Bautzen, battle of, 185 Bavarian Succession, Wars of the, 177 Bavaria, 73 474 INDEX Bazaine, General, 23S, 239 Beachy Head, naval victory, 160 Beaconsfield, Lord {see Disraeli) Becket, Thomas a, 97 Bede, the Venerable, 70, 72 Bedford, battle of, 67 Beecher, Henry Ward, 238 Beethoven, 178 Behring Sea dispute, 262, 266 Behring's Strait discovered, 168 Belfast, 262 Belfort, battles near, 40s Belgium, and the Belgians, conquered by France, 181: union of, with Holland, 1S5; revolts from Holland, declared independent, 189; Congo Free State, 253. 31s; invaded by Germany, 40s; capital removed to Antwerp, to Bou- logne. 408 Belgrade, attacked by the Turks, 121, 225; taken by Turks, 129; battle of, 161 ; recovered by Turks, 161 ; peace of, 171 ; bombarded, 405 Belisarius, 67 Belle-Isle, capture of, 173 Belmont, battle of, 282 Benedetti, 235 Benedict I., Pope, 68; II., 70; III., 78; IV., 80; v., 82; VI., 84; VII., 84; VIII., 84; IX., 86, 88; XL, 106; XII., no; XIII., 114. 169; XIV., 171 Benedictine monks, 66 Beneventum, battle of, 29, 81 Benevolences, 144 Bengal ceded to East India Company, 172 Bennington, battle of, 176 Benton, Thomas H., 216 Berber, capture of, 251 Berchtold, Count, 348, 349 Berengar, Emperor, 80; of Tours, 88 Berenice, Queen of Egypt, 43 Berlin, Treaty of, 243 Berlin, University of, founded, 182 Bernadotte {see Charles XIV. of Sweden), 183, 187 Bernhard of Saxe- Weimar, 146, 149 Bernicia, 69 Berosus, 28 Berrhcea, battle of, 95 Bessarabia, part of, acquired by Russia, 185 Bessemer process, 212 Bethmann-HoUweg, 327, 359 Bible, Gothic version of, 60; English translation of, 142; the Indian, 154; tercentenary, 336 Bill, of Rights, 158; Freedman's Bureau, 230; Civil Rights, 230; Tenure of Office, 230; Disestablishment, 232; General Amnesty, 236; Civil Rights (for negroes), 238; Bland Silver, 242; Anti-Socialist, 243; Coercion, 246; Irish Land, 246, 274; Ferry Educational, 247; Inter-State Commerce 252; Irish Crimes, 254; Re- organization, in United States, 286; Cuban Reciprocity, 290; Old Age Pen- sions, 318; Vreeland Currency, 318; Canadian Reciprocity, 336; National Insurance, 338; Workingmen's Insur- ance, 339; Insurance, 342; Minimum Wage, 344; Canal Tolls, 346; Anti- Alien Land, 354; Glass-Owen Currency, 356, 338; Alaska Railway, 358; Emergency- Ship, 364 Biloxi settled, 160 Bismarck, Prince of Prussia, 225, 247, 239, 261, 266 Bithynia, 20 Black Death in England, lit Black Friday, 232 Blackstone, 172 Blaine, James G., 262 Blake, Admiral, 132 Bleneau, battle of, 132 Bleriot, 326 Blockade of southern ports of United States, 222 Bloemfontein, 282 , Blood, circulation of the, 144 Bloody tribunal, 133 Boadicea, Queen of Britain, 51 Bocanegra, Simon, first doge of Genoa, III Boccaccio, 112 Boethius, 66 Bohemia, and Bohemians, embrace Chris- tianity, 80; tributary to Germany, 82; made kingdom, 91 Bohemond, 92 Boileau, 154, 160 Boleslav I., King of Poland, 8S; II., Pi; III., 93 Bolivar, General, 185, 187 Bologna, University of, 100 Bomarsund capitulates, 211 Bombay, mutiny at, 138 Bonaparte, Jerome, 183 Bonaparte, Joseph, 183 Bonaparte, Louis, King of Holland, 183 Bonaparte, Napoleon, popular insurrec- tion suppressed by, 181; in Italy, i8r; in Egypt, 181; first consul, l8i; presi- dent of Italian republic, 183; crowned emperor, 183; see Napoleon I. Boniface I., Pope, 62; II., 66; III., 68; IV., 68; v., 68; VI., 80; VIIL, 106: IX., 114 Boniface of Montferrat, lOO Bonn, University of, 186 Boone, Daniel, 174 Booth, John Wilkes, 228 Bordeaux, seat of government of France, 235. 363 Borden, Premier of Canada, 342 Bosnia, subjected to the Turks, 119; annexed to Austria, 321; invaded by Servia, 365 Bossuet, 160 Boston settled, 146; Massacre, 174; Tea- party, 174; Port Bill, 174; evacuation of, 176; great fire, 236 Bosworth Field, battle of, 123 Botha, General, 288 Bothwell, Earl of, 134 BoufHers, 162 _ Boundary, disputes, between United States and Canada, 190, 192, 194; Texas, 196; United States and Mexico, 198; Brazil and Argentina, 270; Vene- zuela and British Guiana, Alaska Canada, 276; Venezuela and Great Britain, 282; Alaskan, 292, 294; United States and Canada, 312; Abyssinia and I INDEX 475 Boundary. — Continued Italian Somaliland, 319; Turkey and Persia, 321; Argentine and Bolivia, 327; Bulgaria and Turkey, 357; Mexico and United States, 339 Bourbaki, 237 Bourbon family compact, 173; House of, restored, 185 Bovianum, battle of, 27 Boxer, uprising, 285, 287, 289; indemnity, 318 Boyne, battle of the, 160 Braddock's defeat, 172 Brahe, Tycho, astronomer, 138 Brandenburg invaded by the Swedes, 157 Brandywine, battle of, 176 Branham Moor, battle of, iis Brazil, recovered by Portugal from the Dutch, 152; independent, 187; revolu- tion in, 191; republic established, 257; revolution, 261 Breda, taken by Spinola, 145; peace of, 154 Breisach, battle of, 149; ceded to France, 150 Breitenfeld, battle of, 147 Brennus, 19, 29 Bretigny, peace of, 112 Brian Boru, 87 Briand, Aristide, 353 Britain, the Britons, invaded by Cassar, 43; invaded by Severus, 55; subjected to Rome, usurped by Carausius, re- gained by Constantius, 59; invaded by Picts and Scots, 61; the Jutes in, 63; evacuated by the Romans, 63; Eyst Anglia, 67; Mcrcia, 69; Northumbiia, 69, 71; invaded by Danes, 75, 81; in- vaded by Norse and Danes, 85 Britannicus, 49 British Empire, establishment of, 173 British museum founded, 172 Bromsebro, peace of, 151 Brooklyn Bridge, 250 Brown, John, 218 Brownsville affair, 308, 310, 324, 330 Bruce, Robert, King of Scotland, 109 Brunanburh, battle of, 83 Brussels, bombarded by tha French, 161; occupied by the Germans, 406 Bryan, William J., 274, 286, 318, 356 Bryce, James, 310, 322, 336, 350 Buchanan, James, President of United States, 214 Bucharest, peace of, 185; treaty of, 357 Buda taken by Germany, 159 Buda-Pesth, revolution in, 19s Buddha (Gautama), born, 10 Buena Vista, battle of, 19/L Buenos Ayres, leaves the Argentine Con- federation, 203; rejoins, 219 Bulgaria, and Bulgarians, founded, 71; war with empire, 73; war with Michael !•• 77;. war with Saracens, 81; Great Bulgarian war, 8s; subdued, 87; new kingdom, 99; conquered by Byzantines, 103; Turks subdue risings in, 241; annexes Roumelia, 251; war with Ser- via, 251; treaty of peace, 253; declara- tion of independence, 321; war with Turkey, 351; with Servia, 357; with Greece, 357 Buller, General, 284 Bulls, papal, 106, 125, 164 Bulow, Prince von, 287, 301, 327 Bunker Hill, battle of, 174 Bunyan, John, 156 Burgoyne's surrender, 176 _ Burgundy, the Burgundians, 63, 65; annexed to France, 86 Burke and Cavendish, assassinated, 248 Burkersdorf, battle of, 173 Burma, war with England, 186; annexed to British Empire, 204, 253 Burns, Robert, 176 Burnside, General, 222, 246 Burr, Aaron, 182 Burton and Speke, 216 Busaco, battle of, 184 Byron, Lord, 184, 187 Byzantium (Constantinople), founded, 9; captured by Athenians, 19; besieged by Philip, 23; besieged by Severus, 55; power in Italy, 67; overwhelmed by Turks, 97; defeats the Bulgarians, 103 Cabal Ministry, 156 Cabira, battle of, 40 Cabot, John, and Sebastian, 124 Cabul, 24s Cade, Jack, insurrection of, 119 Cadesia, battle of, 71 Cadiz (Gadir), founded, 5 Cffidmon, 70 Caesar, Caius {see Caligula) Cfflsar, Julius, 39, 43, 45 CcBsar, Octavius, 45 Cffisarea founded, 44 Caillaux, Mme., 361 Caius, Pope, S8 Calais, siege of. 1 1 r Calcutta. Black Hole of, 173 Caldera bombarded, 245 Calendar, 42, 46, 138, 172 Calhoun, John C, 196 California, taken possession of by United States, 194; admitted, 196; Japanese school children, 314 California, Lower, 131 Caligula (Caius Casar), 49 Calixtus I., Pope, 54; II., 94; III. (anti- pope), 96 Callao bombarded, 231, 247 Calmette, Gaston, 361 Calvin, John, 130 Cambodia annexed to France, 249 Cambray, Treaty of, 130; Congress of , 169 Cambridge platform, 150 Cambridge, University of, founded, 100 Cambyses, King of Persia, 12 Camden, battle of, 176 Camillus, 19 Camorrists, trial of, 337, 347 Campaign fund investigation, 346, 350, 352 Campbell, Sir Colin, 2i4_ Campbell-Bannerman, Sir Henry, 280, 318 Campo Formio, peace of, 181 Canada, invasion of, 172; ceded to Great Britain, 172; Dominion of, established, 230 Canal Tolls Bill, 348; repeal of, 362 476 INDEX Canalejas, 351 Canls, Languedoc, IS4, the Erie, 186; Ganges, 209; Suez opened, 232; Man- chester ship, 260; Baltic ship, 254; in Germany, 287 Candia, siege of, 151 Caney EI, battle of, 278 Canossa, 90 Canterbury, 68 Canton, taken by the British, 193; re- stored to China, 223 Canute, King of England, 87; II., (the Great), 87; IV., of Denmark, 99 Cape Breton taken by the English, 170 Capitolinus, 21 Cappadocia, 20, 34, 40 Capua taken by the Romans, 33 Caracalla, baths of, 54; Emperor, 53 Caracas, 185 Caractacus, 49 Carbajal, President of Mexico, 363, 363 Cardinal, first American, 238 Carlists, 190, 241 Carloman, Emperor, 73 Carlos, Don, pretender to the Spanish throne, 191, 213 Carlos I., King of Portugal, 257, 317 Carlyle, Thomas, 190, 246 Carmelites, Order of the, 96 Carneades, 37 Carnegie, Andrew, 288, 300, 312, 324, 336 Carnegie Institute, 336 Carnot, President of France, 25s, 269 Carolina, granted, 154; separated, 168 Caroline, Queen of England, 186 Caroline Islands bought by Germany, 2S3 Carranza, General, 365 Carrera. President of Me.xico, 213 Carrhse, battle of, 42 Carson, Sir Edward, 358 Carthage, Carthaginians, founded, 7 ; invade Sicily, and defeated, 15; defeat Regulus, 29; defeated by Rome and driven out of Spain, 33; conquest and destruction by Rome, 37; rebuilt, 39; taken by the Vandals, 63; taken by Arabs, 71 Carthagena founded, 31; 239 Carthusians, Order of the, 90 Cartier, Jacques, 131 Carus, 59 Carver, John, 144 Casco, Me., destroyed by the French, 160 Casimir the Just, King of Poland, 97; the Great, iii; III., 113; IV., 119; John, 151 . Casimir-P^rier, President of France, 270, 271 Cassano, battle of, 181 Cassel, battle of, no Cassiodorus, 66 Cassius, Dio, 54 Castiglione, battle of, 181 Castile, 87; Leon separated from, 96 Castor, 13 Castro, President of Venezuela, 283, 321 Castruccio of Lucca and Pisa, 109 Catalans enter Greece, 109 Catalonia, revolt of, 139 Cateau-Cambresis, peace of, 134 Catherine I., Empress of Russia, 169; II., 173 Catherine of Portugal, Queen of England, 134 . Catholic Church, defection from, in Ger- many, 192 Catholic emancipation, 188 Catholicism abolished in Scotland, 134 Catiline's conspiracy, 43 Catinat, Marshal, 161 Cato, 33, 35, 37 Catullus, 42 Caudine Forks, battle of, 25 Cavagnari, Major, 245 Cavour, 217, 219, 222, 223 Cawnpore, mutiny at, 214 Caxton, printer, 122 Celestine I., Pope, 62; II., 94; III., 98; IV., 102 Celestines, the Order of, founded, 102 Celsus, 48 Celtiberians, 33 Censorinus, 54 Cerro Gordo, battle of, 194 Cervantes, 144 Cervera, Admiral, 278 Cetewayo, 244, 249 Chasronea, battle of, 23, 40 Chalcedon, Council of, 66 Chalgrove, battle of, 130 Chamberlain, Joseph, 262, 272, 292, 294 Champlain tercentenary, 326 Chapultepec, battle of, 194 Charford, battle of, 67 Charity Bazar disaster, 277 Charles I., King of England, 144, 130; II., 132, 154. 156 Charles III. (the Simple), King of France 80; IV., 108; v., 112; VI., 112, 114, 116; VII., 116; VIII., 122; IX., 134. X., 187, 189 Charles the Great (Charlemagne), Emper- or of H R. E., 72, 73. 76; the Bald, 76; III., the Fat, 78; IV., no; V., 128, 129, 130, 131. 132, 133; VI., 16s, 169; VII., 171 Charles Martel, 73 Charles of Anjou, King of Naples, 104 Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, 193, 197 Charles I., King of all Spain and the Netherlands, 126; II., of Spain, 134, 163; III., 173; IV., 179 Charles VII., Kmg of Sweden, 119; IX., 143; X., 133; XL, 133; XIL, 161. 163, 163, 167; XIII., 183; XIV., 187; XV., 219, 237 Charles Edward, pretender to the English throne, 170 Charles Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy, 139 Charles Robert of Anjou, King of Hun- gary, 109 Charleston (S. C), founded, 136; taken by British, 176; occupied by Union forces, 228 Charter of Liberties, 93 Chartist agitation, 192, 194 Chataldja,_3Si Chateaubriand, 184 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 112, 114 Chaumont, treaty of, 184 Chemnitz, battle of, 149 Chemulpo, battle of, 293 Cheops (Khufu), King of Egypt, 2 Cherasco, peace of, 147 INDEX 477 Cherokee strip opened, 266 Chesterfield, Lord, 168 Chevy Chase {see Otterbourne) Chicago, great fire, 236; University of, 264; World's Fair, 266 Childebert II., King. 71 Childeric I., King of the Franks, 65; II., 71: HI-. 73 Chile, independence of, 187; war with Peru, 243, 247; revolution in, 261 Chilperic II., King, 73 China, Chow dynasty, s; Tsin dynasty, 28; dynasty of Han, 32; paper made in, 34; Tang dynasty, 69; war with Tartars, 83; Pekin made capitol of, 105; last of Mongol emperors, iii; Ming dynasty, 113; Portuguese settlement at Macao, 131; invaded by the Manchus, 14s; Manchu dynasty, 151; opium trade forbidden, 193; Taiping rebellion, 197; treaty of Tien Tsin, 217; war with England and France, 221; end of Tai- ping rebellion, 227; treaty with United States, 246; immigration from United States suspended. 248 ; war with France, 231; Chinese excluded from the United States, 234, 262; war with Japan, 269, 271; customs and post established, 273; Kwang Hsu, 283, 323; "open door" in. Boxer uprising, 2S3; Boxer troubles, 287; massacre of missionaries, "open door," 287; Boxer indemnity, 289; con- stitution, 327; revolution, 343; republic, 34s; recognized by other countries, 334, 337; first parliament, 333 Chios taken by the Venetians, 161 Chippewa, battle of, 184 Choate, Rufus, 218 Choiseul, 17s Cholera, 190, 210, 231, 231 Chorillos, battle of, 247 Christian I., of Oldenburg, King of Den- mark, 119; II., 129; III., 131; IV., 139. 143, 147; v., 157; VI.. 169; VII., 173; VIII., 193; IX., 227; X., 347 Christianity, Christians, first persecution, second, 50; third, 32; fourth, fifth, 54; sixth, seventh, eighth, 56; ninth, tenth, Edict of Toleration, first general council, 58; second general council, C. in Ethio- pia, 60; conversion of Clovis, 64; C. era introduced, C. in Scotland, 66; in Britain, 68; Nestorian in China, 70; in- troduced into Denmark, 76; in Sweden, 76; in Bohemia, 80; in Poland, 82; in Russia, 83; in Norway, 87 Christina, Queen of Sweden, 147, 133 Christopher II., King of Denmark, T09 Chrysippus, 30 Chrysostom, 60 Church and State, separation of, in Fiance, 293. 297, 303; in Portugal, 335 Churches, Eastern and Western, final schism between, 88 Churchill, Winston, 342, 334 Cicero, Marcus TuUius, 42, 43, 45 Cilicia, 34 Cimabue, 106 Cimbri, 39 Cimon, 13 Cincinnatus, 17 Circassia finally conquered by Russia, 227 Ciudad Rodrigo, battle of, 184 Civil Rights Bill, 230 Civil Service Reform, in England, 212; in United States, 236, 248, 334^ Civil War: in Rome 41, 43; in England, 120, 148, ISO; in France, 134, 136; in Spain, 191, 239; in United States, 222 Civil War in United States, battles of the. Big Bethel, Rich Mountain. Bull Run, Wilson's Creek, Ball's Bluff, Belmont, Mill Spring, Roanoke Island, Pea Ridge, Newbern, Yorktown. Shiloh, 222; Williamsburg, Hanover C. H., Fair Oaks, Cross Keys, Mechanicsville, Savage Station, Frazier's Farm, Mal- vern Hill, Cedar Mountain, Harrison's Landing, Bull Run, Chantilly, South Mountain, Antietam, luka, Corinth, Perryville, Fredericksburg, Murfrees- boro, 224; Chancellorsville, Winchester, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, Chatta- nooga, Lookout Mountain, Missionary Ridge, Sabine Cross Roads, Wilderness, Dalton, Spottsylvania, Resaca, Cold Harbor, Kenesaw Mountain, Monocacy, Atlanta, Mobile Bay, Winchester, 226; Cedar Creek, Franklin, Nashville, Bentonville, N. C, Five Forks, Sailors' Creek, 228 Clapp Committee, 350 Clarendon, Assize of, 97 Clarendon, Earl of, 154 Claudian, poet, 60 Claudius I., 49; II., 57 Clay, Henry, 204 Clayton-Bulwer treaty, 198, 284 Clemens, Pope, 30 Clement, of Alexandria, 34; II., Pope, 88; III., anti- Pope, 90; III., Pope, 98; IV., 104; v., 108; VI., no; VII., 112, 129; VIII., 141; IX., 155; X., 137; XL, 163; XII., 169; XIII., 173; XIV., 173 Cleomenes, King of Sparta, 31, 33 Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt, 38, 43, 44, 43 Cleopatra's needle, 240 Clepsydra {see Water-clock) Clermont, Council of, 92 Cleveland, Grover, President of United States, 230, 232, 234, 262, 264, 266, 272, 302 Clissow, battle of, 163 Clive in India, 172 Clontarf, battle of, 87 Clotaire II.. 67, 69; III-, 71 Clovis I., King of the Franks, 65; III., 71 Cluny, 80 Coalition, first against France. 181; second, 181; third, 182; fourth, 182; fifth, 182; sixth, 184 Cochin China, six provinces ceded to France, 223 Code, Hadrian's perpetual. 32; Theodo- sian, 62; Pandects, and Institutes, Jus- tinian, 66; the Basilican, 79; of King Christian, 139; the Napoleon, 182 Cceli, Spanish Minister. 139 Coinage, uniform in Germany, in Den- mark. Sweden, and Norway, 237 Coke, Edward, 144 Colbert, controller-general of finance, 154 Colenso, battle of, 284 Coleridge, poet, 184 4/8 INDEX Cohgny, 135 Coloman, King of Hungary, 93 Colombia, Republic of, 1S7: separated from Venezuela, 1S9; treaty with United States, 250, 360; rejects canal treaty, 295 Colonna family, the, no Colorado, admitted, 240; virtual civil war in, 360 Colosseum at Rome, 50 Columbia College founded, 172 Columbus, Christopher, voyages of, 124, 125. 126 Columella, 48 Comines, Philip de, 120 Commerce and Labor, Department of, 292 Commodus, 55 Commonwealth, the, in England, 150 Comonfort, President of Mexico, 213, 217 Compass, the, 106 Conchas Blancas, battle of, 24s Concordat of Sienna, 118 Conde, 152, 136 Confederate States of America, Congress, 222 Confederation, Articles of, 176 Confederation of the Rhine, 183 Confirmalio Carlarum, 107 Conflans, peace of, 120 Confucius, 12, 14 Congo Free State, 251, 253. 3i5 Congress, Continental, 174 Congress, international, on laws of war, 238 Congressional Library, new, 2/5 Connaught, Duke of, 336, 348 Connecticut, settled, 146; Constitution, 148; chartered, 154 Conon, Pope, 70 Conrad I., Emperor (of Franconia), So; II. (the Salic), 86; III., 94 Conservation, 318, 326, 334. 338 Constance, peace of, 98; Council of, 116 Constantine I., Pope, 70 Constantine II., King of Scotland, 81 Constantine IV., Emperor, 71; V. (Cop- ronymus), 72, 73; VI., 75; VII., 81, 83; VIII., 83; IX. (Monomachus), 87; X. (Ducas), 89; XIII., 119 Constantinople, capital of the Roman Empire, S8; siege of, by Saracens, 71; invested by Arabs, 73; attacked by Russians, 89; captured by the Turks, 119; revolution in, 159; treaty of, 277, 361 Constitution of United States, adopted, 178; Thirteenth Amendment, 22S; Four- teenth Amendment, 230; Fifteenth Amendment, 232; Income Tax Amend- ment, 352 Constitution and the Cuerriere, 184 Conti, 152 Convocation of States-General, first, in France, 106 Cook. Dr. F. A., 326, 328 Cook's voyages, 174, 176 Coomassie. 239, 272 Copenhagen, peace of, 155 Copernicus, 130 Copyright law, international, 260. 274 tk)rday« Charlotte, iSi Cordova, 82 I Corea, invaded by Japan, 141; stormea ' by United States and France, 237 ; independence of, 271; invaded, 295; emperor abdicates, 31S; formally an- nexed by Japan, 333 Corfu, siege of, 165 Corinth, Greece, tyranny overthrown, 11; united with Achsean league, 31; de- stroyed by Mummius, 37; Paul at, 48; taken by the Turks, 163 Corinth, Mississippi, occupied by Union forces, 224 Coriolanus, 15 Corneille, 148, 154 Corn Laws, in England, 184; repealed, 192 Cornwallis, Lord, surrender of, 176; succeeds Warren Hastings, 178 Coronado, explorer, 131 Coronea, battle of, 17, 19 Correggio, 124 Corsica, revolt of, 173; ceded to France, I7S Cortes, 131 Corunna, battle of, 182 Cosmo III., Grand Duke of Tuscany, 157 Costa Rica, Walker's invasion, 213, 215; revolution in, 219 Cotton-gin, the, 180 Council, of Nice, 58; the Quinisext, 70; great, in Venice, 107; of ten, 109; of Pisa, 114; of Constance, 114; of Basle, 116; the Aulic, 125; of Tours, 126; of Trent, 131, 135 Councils, general, first at Nice, 58; second, Constantinople, 60; third, Ephesus, fourth, Chalcedon, 62; fifth, Constan- tinople, 66; sixth, Constantinople, 70; seventh, Nice, 74; eighth, Constan- tinople, 78; eleventh, 98; twelfth, 100; at Lyons, 102, 104; at Vienne, 108 Court of High Commission re-established, 158 Courtrai, battle of, 106 Courts of law, separation of the, in Eng- land, 104 Covenant, solemn, of Ulster, 348 Cowpens, battle of, 176 Coxey's army, 268 Cracow annexed to Austria, 193 Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, 130 Crassus, 41, 42, 43 Crecy, battle of, no Crefeldt, battle of, 172 Crespy, peace of, 130 Crete, Saracens obtain possession of, 77; taken by Turks, iss; Greeks revolt against Turks, 231; evacuated by Turkey, 281; annexed by Greece, 359 Crimea, the, subjugated by Turks, 121; united to Russia, 177 Crimean War, 211, 213 Crispi, Francesco, 289 Croatia subdued by Germany, 159 Crcesus, King of Lydia, 10, 12 Cromwell, Oliver, 150, 152, 154 Cromwell, Richard, IS4 Cromwell, Thomas, 130 Cronie. General, 284 Croton aqueduct, 192 Crown Point, 172 Crusades, the, cause of 91; first, 92; cap- INDEX 479 Crusades — Continued ture of Jerusalem, 93! second, 94, 95; third, 98, 99; fourth, fifth, 100; of Frederick II., 102; of Louis IX., 102, 104; general influence of, 106 Crystal Palace exhibition, 198 Cuba, the Lopez expedition, 198; final abolition of slavery, 252; revolution in, 271, 273; independence, 280; end of Spanish sovereignty, 28 1; evacuated by United States troops, 325 Culloden, battle of, 170 Cumae, 19 Cunaxa, battle of, 18 Curzola, battle of, 107 Curzon, Lord, 303 Custer Massacre, 240 Custozza, battle of, 195 Cyaxares, King of the Medes, 8 Cynoscephalffi, battle of, 33 Cypselus, tyrant of Corinth, 9 Cyprian, 56 Cyprus, kingdom of, 99; reduced by the Turks, 137; ceded to Great Britain, 242 Cyrenaica annexed by Italy, 343 Cyrene, 41 Cyril, Bishop of Jerusalem, 60; of Alexan- dria, 62 Cyrus, King of Persia, 18 Cyzicus, battle of, 19 Dacia, 53 Dagobert I., 69, 71; III., 71 Dahomey, 259, 265 Dalmatia and the Dalmatians, 49, 63 Dalny, 309 Damasus I., Pope, 60; II., 88 Damietta surrenders, 249 Dana, R. H., 240 Danes invade Britain, 75 Dante, poet, 106 Danton, 181 Daras, battle of, 67 Darius, King of Persia, 12; II., 16 Darnley, Lord, 134 Darrow, Clarence S., 344 Darwin, 218, 248 Dasymon, battle of, 77 David, King of the Jews, 4; I., King of Scotland, 95; III., iii Davis, Jefferson, President Confederacy, 222; captured, 228; prosecution ended 232 Daye, Stephen, first printer in America, 148 Deane, Silas, 176 Debs, Eugene V., 346 Decemvirs, 17 Decius, 57 Declaration of Independence in United States, 176 Decretals, the false, 78 Deerficld Massacre, 162 " Defender of the Faith," 128 De Foe, Daniel, 164 Deira, kingdom of, 67, 69 Delaware, settled, 148; conquered by Stuyvesant, 152 Delhi, IIS, 171. 214 Demetrius, 27; Soter, 34; II., 36, 38 Demirhissar, battle of, 87 Demosthenes, 22 Denmark, Christianity in, 76; absolute monarchy, established, 155 Derby, Lord, 216 Dervishes, the, 257, 261, 269, 274, 278, 280 Descartes, 152 Desiderius, King, 73 De Soto, Hernando, 127, 131 Dessau, battle of, 14s D'Estaing, Admiral, 176 Dettingen, battle of, 171 Deusdedit, Pope, 68 Devonshire, Duke of, 272 Dewey, Admiral, 278, 282 Diaconus, Paulus, 74 Diamond necklace, affair of, 179 Diana, Temple of, 21 Dias, Bartholomew, explorer, 122 Diaz, Felix, 351 Diaz, Porfirio, President of Mexico, 241, 251, 255. 262, 335, 337. 339 Dickens, Charles, 190 Dickinson, Jacob M., 338 Dictionary of the French Academy, 160 Dillon, John, 272 Dio Chrysostom, 50 Diogenes, 20, 37; Laertius, 54 Dion, 23 Dionysius the younger, 21 Dionysius, historian, 44; Pope, 56; Bishop, 56; Exiguus, 66 Directory in France, 181 Disrffili, Benjamin, 216, 232, 238, 246 Djerbe, battle of, 135 Dolores, battle of, 245 Domitian, 51, 53 Donabew, battle of, 207 Donatists, the, 59 Donus, Pope, 70 Doomsday Book, the, 90 Dorr Insurrection, 192 Dorystolum, battle of, 83 Draco, legislation of, in Athens, 9 Draft riots, 226 Draga, Queen of Servia, 293 Drake, Sir Francis, 136 Dred Scott decision, 214 Drepana, battle of, 31 Dresden, 173; battle of, 185 Dreux, battle of, 134 Dreyfus, affair, 271, 277, 279, 281, 283, 285, 295. 309 Drogheda, sack of, 150 Druses, the, 221, 259 Drusus, 47 Dryden, poet, 156, 158 DuBarry, Madame, 17s Ducas, John, Emperor of Nicaea, 103 Duff, King of Scotland, 83 Dufferin, Earl of, 251 Du Guesclin, 112 Duilius, 29 Dulcigno evacuated, 247 Duma, the, 307, 309 Duncan, King of Scotland, 87 Dunkirk sold to France, 154 Dunraven, Lord, 300 Dunstan, St., 82 Durazzo, battle of, 91 Durbar, Coronation, 342 48o INDEX Diirer, Albrecht, painter, 128 Durham Station, N. C, 228 Dutch West India Company, 145 Dyrrhachium, battle of, 43 E Early, General Jubal E., 226 Earth, circumference of, first measured, 3c East India Company, 142, 216 Eastern Empire, end of, 119 Eckmuhl, battle of, 183 Edessa, principality of, 93; retaken by Turks, 95 Edgehill, battle of, 148 Edict, of the Three Chapters, 66; the Perpetual, 136; of Restitution, 147; of Nantes, 158 Edicium Perpeluum, 53 Edmund I., King of Britain, 83 Edmund, St., of Canterbury, 102 Edred, King of Britain, 83 Education, common school, in France, 191 Edward, the Black Prince, iii, 113 Edward (the Martyr), King of England, 85; the Confessor, 87; I., 105, 107, 109; II., 109; III., 109; IV., 120; v., 122; VI., 132; VII., 285, 286, 290, 328, 332 Edwin, King of Northumbria, 69 Edwy, King of Britain, 83 Egbert, King, 77 Eginhard, 76 Egypt and Egyptians, first king of, 2; under the Hyksos, 3; plunders Jerusa- lem, 4; invaded by pirates, 5; attempts to connect Nile and Red Sea by canal, 8; conquered by Assyria, 9; invaded by Nebuchadrezzar, 11; becomes Persian province, 13; revolts against Persia, 15; drives out Persians, 18; conquered by Artaxerxes, 22; conquered by Persia, 23, conquered by Alexander, 23; ex- pelled from Jerusalem, 32; subdued, 59; conquered by Arabs, 71; throws off dependence on Caliphs, 79; war with Turkey, 193 Elandslaagte, battle of, 282 Elbe, disaster, 271 Eleanor, Queen of France, 96 Electric railroad, first, 244; first in United States, 252 Electro-magnetism discovered, 186 Eleutherus, Pope, 54 Elgin, Lord, 266 Eliot, Charles W., 320 Eliot, George, 246 Eliot, John, ISO, 154 Elizabeth, Empress of Austria, 281 Elizabeth, Empress of Russia, 171 Elizabeth, Queen of England, 132, 136, 138 El-Obeid, battle of, 249 Embargo on American ports, 182 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 192, 248 Emin Pasha, 255 Emmett's insurrection, 182 _ Empire, of Charlemagne, division of, 76; of the West, the new, 76; Holy Roman, beginning of, 82 Employers' LiabilityLaw, 344 Empress of Ireland disaster, 362 EncyclopcBdia Briiannica, 174 Endicott, John, 146 Enghien, Duke of, 150 England, divided into shires, 80; given to William, Duke of Normandy, 88; end of Anglo-Saxon dynasty, 89; William I., first of Norman line, S9; war with France, 90, 107, 144; feudal system in- troduced 91; loses Normandy, Maine, Anjou, loi ; first Parliament, 104; Wales subjugated, 107; loses French posses- sions, retaining only Calais, Bordeaux, Bayonne, 112; House of Lancaster, 115; House of Tudor, 122; invaded by Scots, 126; Church of, founded, 130; Catho- licism restored, 132; Spanish Armada, 138; English and Scottish Crowns united, 142; civil war, 148; the com- monwealth, 151; invaded by France, 160: treaty of union with Scotland, 162; first united Parliament, 162; begin- ning of naval and colonial supremacy, 164; House of Hanover, 164; Scotch re- bellion, 170; British Empire established, 173; Burmese War, i86" Sikh War, war with China, in Syria, 192: Kaffir_ War^ 198; treaty with Japan, 210; Crimean War, 211, 213: war with China, 221; Ashanti War, 238, 272;. annexes the Transvaal, 240, 286; Zulu War, 244; war with Afghanistan, 24s; troubles in Zulu- land, 246; rising in Transvaal, 247; war in Egypt and Sudan, 249; annexes Zululand, 252; Burmah, 252; acquires Zanzibar, cedes Heligoland, 258; Home Rule, 266; war with Transvaal, 282; treaty with Tibet, 296; alliance with Japan, 302; declines to pledge neutral- ity. 364; declares war on Germany, 404 Engraving on wood, 120 Ennius, 32 Epaminondas, 21 Ephesus, 21 Epictetus, so Epicurus, 26 Episcopacy introduced in New York, 160 Erasmus, 126 Eratosthenes, 30 Erfurt, conference at, 183 Eric VI., King of Denmark, 103, 107 Eric VII., of Pomerania, King of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. IIS • EricBlodoxe, King of Norway, 83; II., 105 Eric IX., King of Sweden, 97 ; XIV., 13s Erie Canal, 186 Erigena, Scotus, 76 Erivan taken by Russia, 189 Esperanto Congress, 308, 320, 332 Essarhaddon, King of Assyria, 8 Essex, Earl of, 142 Esthonia ceded to Sweden, 155 Estremoz, battle of, ISS Ethandun, battle of, 79 Ethelbert, 68, 69 Ethelfrith, 69 Ethelred, King of Wessex, 79; II. (the Unready), King of England, 85, 87 Ethclwolf, King, 77. 79 Ether, the use of, 192 Etruria and Etrurians, 2S, 183 Eucharistic Congress, 320 Euclid, 26 Eugenics, 346 INDEX 1 Jug6nie, Empress of France, 207 Jugenius, 61; I., Pope, 70; II., 76; III., 94; IV., 116 Junienes II., King of Pergamus, 32 [ 3uric, 6s Suripides, 16 Europe, political reconstruction of, effected, 185 Eusebius, Bishop of Csesarea, 56 Eusebius, Bishop of Dorylaeum, 62 Eusebius, Pope, 58 Eustathius, Bishop of Thessalonica, 96 Eutropius, 60 Eutychianus, Pope, 58 Evagoras of Cyprus, 20 Evagrius, 66 Evaristus, Pope, 52 Evil-Merodach, King of Babylonia, 10 Exodus, the, 4 Eyiau, battle of, 183 Ezra, 16 Fabianus, Pope, 56 Fabius Maximus, 25, 33 Fabius Pictor, 30 Factory Bill, 190 Falaise, treaty of, 97 Falk Laws, 239 Falkirk, battle of, 107 Fallieres, President of France, 30S Famine in Ireland, 192 Farini, 219 Farragut, Admiral, 224 Fashoda affair, 280 Fatimites, the, 83 Faure, President of France, 271, 277, 281 Fehrbellin, battle of, 157 Felix I., Pope, s6; III.. 64: IV.. 66; V., 116, 118 ^ Felix. Minucius, 54 Fenelon, 160 Fenian troubles, 232 Feodor I., Emperor of Russia, 141 Ferdinand I., King of Aragon, 114 Ferdinand I., Emperor of Austria, igi, 197 Ferdinand I., King of Castile and Leon, 87; IV., 106, 108 Ferdinand II., Emperor of Germany, 145; III., 149 Ferdinand I., Emperor and King of Hun- gary and Bohemia, 133 Ferdinand II., King of Naples, 219 Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha elected King of Bulgaria, 255 Ferdinand VI., King of Spain, 171; VII., 187 Ferdinand II., King of Tuscany, 14S; II., 179 Ferdinand I. (IV.), King of United Naples and Sicily, 187 Ferrer, Francisco, 327 Ferry ministry, 247 Feudal system in England, 88 "Field of the Cloth of Gold, " 128 Fillmore, Millard, President of United States, 196 Finland, conquered by Russia, 163; southern part ceded to Russia, 171; Russification policy, 281 Finnish Diet, women elected to, 3I,H 26 Fiji Islands annexed by Great Britain, 239 Fisheries, 242, 246, 261, 300, 308, 322, 334 Flagellants, the, 102 Flaminius, battle of, 33 Flanders, and the Flemings, seat of western industry, 82; defeated by France, 108; flourishing period of trade, 118 Flavian, 62 Fleurus, battle of, 160 Fleury, Abbott of, 84; Cardinal, 169 Flodden, battle of, 126 Florence, capital of Italy, 227 Florianus, Emperor of Eastern Empire, 59 Florida discovered, 127; invaded by Indians and Spaniards, 170; ceded to United States, 186; secedes, 222 Fontanel, battle of, 76 Fontenoy, battle of, 171 Force bills, 266 Formosa, 251; ceded to Japan, 271 Formosus. Pope, 80 Fornovo, battle of, 124 Fort du Quesne, 172; William Henry, 172; St. Nicholas, 209; Sumter, 222; Hat- teras, 222; Henry, 222; Donelson, 222; Pulaski, 224; Wagner, 226; Pillow, 226; McAllister, 228; Fisher, 228; Sumter, 228 Forum, Trajan, 52 Fox, George, 150 France, set apart from Germany by treaty of Verdun, 70; final separation, 80; war with England, 90, 107; fruitless attempt to invade England, 112; adds Burgundy and Artois, 122; Brittany united to the Crown, 124; annexes Genoa, 126; obtains Metz, Toul, Verdun, 132; civil wars in, 134, 136, 138; alliance with Holland, 146; receives Metz, Toul, Verdun, Alsace, Breisach, iSo; secures Alsace, 152; war with Netherlands, 154; war with Germany, 157; most formid- able Power in Europe, is6; invades England, 160; loses Canada, 173; French Revolution, 179, 181; war with Prussia and Austria, 179; declared a Republic, 179; end of Reign of Terror, 181; acquires all German territory west of Rhine, 183; invades Portugal, 183; monarchy restored, 183; Revolution of 1848, Republic proclaimed, 19s; Revolu- tion of 1851, national assembly dis- solved, 201; second empire, 205; de- clares war against Austria, 219; annexes Nice and Savoy, 221; war with China, 221, 251; Mexican expedition, 227; ac- quires Venetia, 231; Franco-Prussian War, 23s, 237; Republic declared, 235; compulsory education act, 249; separa- tion of, 297; declares war on Austria and Germany, 404 Franche-Comte ceded to France, 156 Francis I., Emperor of H. R. E., 171; II., 179; assumes title of Francis I., or Austria, 183 Francis I., King of France, 126; II., 134 Francis of Lorraine, Grand Duke of Tus- cany, 169 Francis II., King of Naples, 219 Francis Ferdinand, Archduke of Hungary, 404. 482 INDEX Francis Joseph I., Emperor of Austria, 197, 251, 36s Franciscan Friars, Order of, instituted, 100 Franco-Prussian war, battles of, Nieder- bronn, Saarbriick, W'eissenburg,Woerth, Forbach, Metz, Courcelles, Vionville, Gravelotte, Rezonville, Chalons, Sedan, Orleans, Soissons, Mont Valerien, Coulmiers, Beaune-la-Rolande, Pont- Noyelles, 23s; Bapaume, Le Mans, Belfort, St. Quentin, 237 Frankfort, Synod of, 74; Diet of, no; Congress at, 227 Frankish Empire, Burgundians subjected, 6s; separation of French and German languages, 70; Frankish kingdoms united, 71 _^ Franklin, Benjamin, 172, 177"^ Franklin, Sir John, 192, 198, 202, 206 Frauenstaat, battle of, 163 Frederick I., King of Denmark and Nor- way, 129; II., 13s; IV., i6i; v., 171; VI., 183; VII.. 195; VIII., 305 Frederick I., Barbarossa, Emperor of H. R. E., 96, 98, 99; II., 100, 102; III., 116, 118 Frederick, Elector Palatine of Germany, 143 Frederick Augustus I., King of Poland, 161, 165; II., 169 Frederick William I., King of Prussia, 165, II., 179; III., 181; IV., 223 Frederick Augustus II., King of Saxony, 209 Frederick I., King of Sweden, 169 Frederick William the Great, Elector of Brandenburg, 149, 153, 157 Frederick III., Emperor of Germany, 255 Frederick I., King of Prussia, 163; II., (the Great), 171, 179 Frederick III., Elector of Brandenburg (Frederick I., King of Prussia), 159, 163 Fredericshall, 167 Freemasons, first lodge in America, 168 Free Soil Party, 194 Fr6mont, General John C, 214 French Academy, 146 Friedland, battle of, 183 Froissart's Chronicles, 112 Fuentes del Onoro, battle of, 184 Fugitive Slave Law, 196, 212 Fulton, Robert, 182 Funston, General, 288 Fiirstenbund, the, 179 Fushun, 301 Gabinius, 43 Gadir (Cadiz) founded, 5 Gadsden Purchase, 206 Gaeta, 221, 223 Gainsborough, painter, 178 Galba, 37, 51 Galen, 54 Galerius, 59 ^ Galicia invaded by Russia, 406 Galileo, 146 Gama, Vasco da, 124 Gambetta, 23s, 241, 247, 248 Garcia IV., King of Navarre, 94 Garfield, James A., President of United: States. 246 Garibaldi, 197, 219, 221, 225, 226, 231. 233, 314 Garrison, William Lloyd, 188 Gastein, convention of, 229 Gatacre, General, 284 Gaul, the Gauls, 19, 21, 27, 28, 29, 31, 43. 63. 65 Gautama (Buddha), born, 10 Gaynor, Mayor, 332 Geary Law, 254, 262 Geiza, King of Hungary, 8s Gelasius I., Pope, 64; II., 94 Gelo, tyrant of Syracuse, 15 Geneva award, 236 ' Genghis Khan, Emperor of the Mongols i loi, 103 _ ] Genoa, the Genoese, rise to power, 107 ;j united to France, 126 1; Genseric, 63 " [l Geoffrey of Monmouth, 94 _ li Geok-Tepe captured by the Russians, 247 George I., King of England, 164, 168; IL, 168; III., 172, 184; IV., 186; v., 332, 336.! 338, 342 . . I George I., King of Schleswig-Holstein,| Kimg of Greece, 227 George Podiebrad, King of Bohemia, 121 Georgia, secedes, 222 Germanic Confederation, l8s Germanic Diet, 201 Germanicus, 49 Germantown, battle of, 176 Germany, and the Germans, defeated by Caesar, 43; invaded by Maximinus, S7; by Northmen, 76; by Normans, 79; final separation of, from France, 80 ; nation, beginning of,_ 82; war with Hungary, 123; war with Turkey, 141; Prussia ceded lay Poland, 153; war with France, 157; war with Turkey, 159; Germanic Confederation, 185, 187; Ger- man Union, 197; Congress at Frankfort, 227; North German Confederation, 231; Triple Alliance, 249; colonial policy, 231; acquires Heligoland, 238; buysi Caroline, Pelew, Ladrone Islands, 283;! new naval program, 28s; Defence Bill,, 347 ;ultimatum to Russia, 404; declares war with Russia, 404; invades Luxem- burg and Belgium, 403; war with France, 404; declares war on Belgium, 40s; war with Japan, 365; war with Montenegro, 365 Geronimo, 252 Geta, SS Gettysburg, battle of, 226; semi-cen- tennial, 3S6 Ghazi Muktar Pasha, 347, 351 Ghent, pacification of, 136; peace of, 184J' Ghuzni taken by the British, 193 Gibbon, historian, 176 Gibraltar taken by England, 162; held against Spanish and French, 177 Gildas, 66 GiUing, monastery of, 70 Gingholova, 244 Giotto, artist, no Girard College founded, 190 Gizeh, 2 Gladiators, first, 2S INDEX 483 Gladstone, W. E., ministry out, 338; de- nunciation of Turkish atrocities, 240; government, 246; ministry defeated, 250; formation of Liberal ministry, 252; Irish Home Rule Bill, 264; denounces House of Lords, 266; resigns office, 268; criticizes action of European Powers, 276; death, 278 Glass-Owen Currency Bill, 356, 358 Glastonbury Abbey, 72 Glencoe, massacre, 160; battle of, 282 Glendower, Owen, lis Globe, terrestrial first, 122; first circum- navigated, 128 Glycerins, 65 Gobelin tapestry, 154 Godfrey of Bouillon, 92 Godwin, Earl, rebellion of, 89 Goebel, Senator, 284 Goethals, Geo. W., 310 Goethe, 176 Gold, discovered in California, 194; in Alaska, 274 Golden Bull, the, 103 Golden Fleece, Order of, 116 Goldsmith, Oliver, 176 _ Good Hope, Cape of, discovered, 122 Gordian I. Emperor, 57; IL, 57; 111., 57 Gordon, "Chinese," 227, 249 Gordon, "No Popery" riots, 176 Gorm the Elder, King, 79 Goths, invasion of Rome by, 57; sack Rome, 63; extirpate the Alani, 63 Gottschalk, 78 _ _ Government, Diocletian's Oriental form, 58 Governors, Board of, 318 Gower, John, 112 Gowrie conspiracy, 142 Gracchus, Caius, 39 Gramont, Duke of, 235 Gran, battle of, 141 Granada, conquest of, 124 Granicus, battle of the, 22 Grant, Ulysses S., siege at Vicksburg, 226; commander-in-chief, 226; general-in- chief, 230; President, 232; re-elected President, 236; retired, 250; death, 250 Gratian, 61 Gravelines, battle of, 132 Great Britain {see England) Great Eastern, the, 216 Greece, Greeks, Mycenean art, 4; Dor- ian migration, s; lyric poetry, 6; connec- tion with Egypt, 11; Ionian revolt, 12, Greeks in Asia Minor subjected by Persians, Pisistratida expelled, democ- racy established at Athens, 13; invasion and defeat of Persians, 15; war with BcEOtians, 17; Peloponnesian War, 17; peace of Nicias, 17; invade Persia, 23; invaded by Gauls, 29; entered by the Catalans, 109; declaration of indepen- dence of, 187; independence accom- plished, 189; kingdom of, 191; constitu- tion, 193; war with Turkey, 277, 351; with Bulgaria, 357; annexes Crete, 359 Greek Church separated from Armenian, 66 Greeley, Horace, 236 Greely, Lieutenant A. W., 250 Greenland discovered, 84; tributary to Norway, 105 Greenwich, universal prime meridian, 250; time, 337 Gregory I., Pope, 68; II., 72; III., 72; IV., 76; v., 84; VII., 90; VIII., 98; IX., 102; X., 104; XI.. 112; XII., 114; XIII., 137; XV., 145; XVI., 191 Gregory of Nazianzus, 60 Gregory Thaumaturgus, 56 Gregory of Tours, 68 Grevy, Jules, President of Fraixce, 24S, 249 Grey, Earl, 336 Grey, Sir Edward, 342, 362 Grimoald, Duke of Benevento, 71 Grospan, battle of, 282 Grossjagerndorf, 173 Grotius, 150 Guadaloupe Hidalgo, treaty of, 194 Guadaloupe settled, 146 Guam ceded to United States, 280 Guasimas, Las, battle of, 278 Guatemala, independent, 187 Guavmas, battle of, 209 Guilford Court House, battle of, 176 Guiteau, 246 Gunpowder, first use of, no Gunpowder Plot, 142 Gustavus I., Vasa, King of Sweden, 129; II., Adolphus, 143, 147; III., 17s; IV., 179; v., 31S H Habeas Corpus Act, suspension of, 186, 194 Haco IV., King of Norway, 10 r Hadrian I., Pope, 72; IL. 78; III., 78; IV., 96; v., 104 Hadrian, Emperor, 53 Hadrian's wall. 53 Hague, The, arbitration tribunal, 2S8, 290: second peace conference, 312; Palace 01 Peace, 314; Court of Arbitration, 334 Hague, The treaty of, 157, 165 Halidon Hill, battle of, in Halifax founded, 170 Halleck, General, 224 Halley, astronomer, 168; comet of, 326 Hall of Fame, 288 Hamilcar Barca, 14, 31 Hamilton, Patrick, 128 Hancock, John, 174 Handel, 170 Hannibal, 32, 33 Hanover, House of, 164 Hapsburg, House of, founded, 104, 116; accession of Bohemia and Hungary to, 129 Harden, Maximilian, 315 Hardicanute, King, 87; III., 87 Harold Blue-Tooth, King of Denmark, 83 Harold Haarfagr, King, 79 Harold I. (Harefoot), King of England, 87; II., 89 Haroun al Raschid, Caliph, 74, 75, 77 Harper's Ferry, 218, 222, 224 Harrison, Benjamin, President of United States, 234 Harrison, William Henry, 184; President; of United States, 193 484 INDEX Hart, Sir Robert, 275 Hartford Convention, 184 Harvard College founded, 148 Hasdrubal, 31, 33 Hastenbeck, battle of, 172 Hastings, Warren, 174, 178 Hatasu (Hatshepset), Queen of Egypt, 3 Hatshepset (Hatasu), Queen of Egypt, 3 Havana taken by the English, 172 Hawaii, American protectorate over, 264; revolution in, 265; republic, 269; an- nexed to United States, 276 Hawthorne, Nathaniel, 226 Haydn, musician, 178 Hayes, R. B., President of United States, 240 Haynau, 196, 197 Hayne, 188 Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 284, 286, 288 Hayti, freedom for negroes, 181 Hecatompylos, 32 Hedgley Moor, battle of, 120 Hegesippus, 54 Hegira, year of the, 68, 69 Heidelberg, University of, founded, 112 Heilbronn, Union of, 147 Heine, Heinrich, 214 Heliogabalus, 55 Heligoland, 258, 407 Helvetian Republic, 18 r Helvoet Sluys, battle of, iii Hengist, 63 Hennersdorf, battle of, 171 Henry, Patrick, 174 Henry IV., King of Castile, 120 Henry I., King of England, 93 ; II., 96, 97 ; III., loi, 103; IV., lis; v., 114, 115; VI., 116, 117; VII. , 123; VIII., 126, 128 Henry I., King of France, 86, 88; II., 132; III., 136. 138; IV., 138, 140 Henry I., King of Germany, 80; II., 84, 86; III., 86, 88; IV., 88, 90, 91, 92; V., 92, 94; VI., 98; of Luxemburg, 108 Henry of Huntingdon, 94 Henry, Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, 287 Henry of Valois, King of Poland, 137 Henry I., King of Portugal, 138 Henry, Prince of Prussia, 290 Henry the Lion, King of Saxony, 96, 98 Heptarchy, seven kingdoms united, 77 Heraclea (Pandosia), battle of, 27 Heracleonas, 71 Heraclius, 69, 71 Hercte, battle of, 31 Herculaneum, 51 Hermogenes, 52 Hermogenianus, 58 Herod the Great, 44 Herodian, 54 Herodotus, 16 Herzegovina annexed to Austria, 321 Hesse-Cassel, uprising in, 199 Hessians hired, 176 Hexham, battle of, 120 Hezekiah, King of Judah, 6 Hicks Pasha, 249 Hiero of Syracuse, 29 Hiero, tyrant of Syracuse, 15 Hieroglyphics deciphered, 186 Hilarus, Pope, 64 Hilary of Poitiers, 60 Hildebrand, 88, 90 Hiraera, battle of, 15 Hincmar, 78 Hipparchus, 13, 36 Hippocrates, 18 Hippolytus, 54 Hittites, 3 Hobbes, Thomas, 148 Hohenfriedberg, battle of, 171 Hohenlinden, battle of, iSi Hohenlohe-Schillingfiirst, 269, 286 Hohenstaufen, last of the, 105 HohenzoUern, House of, 136 Holbein, Hans, painter, 128 Holland, beginning of Dutch indepen- dence, 138; alliance with France, 146; loses Brazil, 153; union of, with Bel- gium, 185; separated from Belgium, 189 Holstein-Gottorp, House of, 171 Holy Roman Empire, end of, 183 Home Rule in Ireland, 342, 346, 348, 350, 3S2, 356, 3S8, 360, 362 Homeric poems, beginning of, 4 Homildon Hill, battle of, 115 Hong-Kong ceded to Great Britain, 192 Honorius I., Pope, 68; II., 94; III., 100; IV., 106 Honorius, Emperor, 6r Hooker, General Joseph, 224 Hookworm disease, 326, 328 Hophra (Apries), King of Egypt, 11 Horace, 44 Hormisdas, Pope, 66 Horsa, 63 Hortensius, law of, 27 House of Commons, first speaker of, 113 Houston, General Sam, 224 Hroswitha, 82 Hubertsburg, peace of, 173 Hudson-Fulton celebration, 326 Hudson, Hendrick, 142 Hudson's Bay Company, 232 Huerta, President of Mexico, 352, 353, 355, 357, 361, 363 Hugh the Great, Duke of France, 82; of Vermandois, 92 Hugo, King, 80 Huguenots, religious liberty granted to, 134; colonize Florida, 135; destroyed by Spaniards, 135; routed at Jarnac, 136; end of, 146 Hull, General, 184 Humbert I., King of Italy, 243, 251, 287 Hundred Days in France, 1S5 Hundred Years' War, no, in Hungary, Hungarians, entered by the Magyars, 80, 81 ; invaded by Turks, 129; Soliman, master of, 131; declares in- dependence, 197; constitution restored, 231 Hunneric, King of the Vandals, 64 Huns, the, 61 Hunyady, John, 119 Huskisson's free trade system, 186 Huss, John, 114 Hussite War, 117 Huygens, astronomer, 154 Hyacinthe, Fere, 233 Hyder Ali, 176, 177 Hyginus, Pope, 52 Hyksos, kings of Egypt, 3 Hypatia of Alexandria, 63 INDEX 485 Hyppolite, President of Hayti, 257 Hyrcanus, John, I., 38; II., 40, 42 lamblichus, S8 Ibrahim Pasha, 193 Iceland, 78, 79, los Iconium, battle of, 99 Idstedt, battle of, 199 Ignatius, St., 52; patriarch, 78 Ilipa, battleof, 33 Illinois admitted, 186 Image-worship, 76, 77 Impeachment of President Johnson, 232 Income tax law, 270; amendment, 352 India, invaded by Alexander, 22; war against Scythian invaders, 42; invaded by Timur, 115; Mogul Empire at great- est splendor, 133; the Mahratta power, 153; height of Mogul power in, 159; Hyder Ali resists English, 174, 175; Great Mahratta War, 183; Mahratta power overthrown, 187; Sikh War, 192, 196; Punjaub annexed, 196; Oudh an- nexed, 212; Sepoy rebellion, 214, 216; Delhi capital, 342 India Bill, i77 Indiana admitted, 186 Indo-China, 273 Indulf, King of Scotland, 83 Indulgence, Declaration of, 158 Ine, King, 71 Ingogo River, battle of, 247 Initiative and referendum, 344 Inkermann, battle of, 211 Innocent I., Pope, 62; II., 94; III., 98, 100, loi; IV., 102; v., 104; VI., no; VII., 114; VIIL, 123; IX.. 141; X., 151; XL, 157; XII., 161; XIII., 169 Inoculation, 168, 248 Inquisition, the, 100, 102, 122, 190 Institute of France, iSo Insubres defeated by the Romans, 31 Insurance, Workingmen's Accident, 231; investigation, 302; National Bill, 338; Workingmen's, 339; Bill, 342 Inter-State Commerce Bill, 232 Ionian Islands, republic of, 187, given to Greece, 227 Ipsus, battle of, 26 Iquique bombarded, 243 Ireland, invaded by the Northmen, 87; subdued by Cromwell, 150; Fenian I outbreaks, 228; troubles in, 246; Home Rule in Belfast, 262 Irenasus, 34 Irene, Empress, 75, 77 Irving. Washington, 188 Isaac I. (Comnenus), Emperor, 89; II., 99 Isabella II., Queen of Spain, 191, 193 Isabella of Castile, 120 Isauria, 63 Isidorus of Seville, 68 Islamism, 68 Island No. 10 taken by United States, 224 Ismail, Khedive of Egypt, 245 Israel, kingdom of, separation of, from Judah, 4; death of Ahab, Jehu seizes power, end of, 6 Issus, battle of, 32 Italy, and Italians, Roman franchise granted to, 40; conquered by Theodoric, 65; Byzantine power in, 67; conquered by Lombards, 67; union with Germany, 82; invaded by Frederick I. of Ger- many, 96; war with Frederick II., 103; invaded by Louis IV., 109; papal power restored, in; invaded by France, 126, 181; revolution in, 193; republic pro- claimed 197; Austrian power re-estab- lished, 197; end of Bourbon rule. 223; war with Austria, 231; Triple Alliance, 249; war in Abyssinia, 275; war with Turkey, 341; annexes Tripoli and Cyrenaica, 343; declares neutrality, 406 Ito, Marquis, 279, 327 Iturbide, Emperor of Mexico, 187 Ivan III. (the Great), Emperor of Russia, 121; IV. (the Terrible), 131, 133; VI.. 171 Ivry, battle of, 138 Jackson, Andrew, 184; President of United States, 188, 190 Jackson, "Stonewall," 226 Jacobites, insurrection of, 164 Jagello, see Vladislav James II., King of Aragon, 106 James I., King of England (VI., of Scot- land), 142; II., 138, 160 James I., King of Scotland, 115; II., 117; III., 120; IV., 122, 124; v., 126; VI., (I., of England), 134, 142 Jameson, Dr., 272, 273, 274, 316 Jameson raid, 272, 273, 276 Jamestown, Va., settled, 142; exposition, 312 Jannseus, Alexander, 38 Jansenists, the, 148, 152, 154 Jansenius, Bishop of Ypres, 148 Japan, first Mikado Jimmu Tenno, g; rise of feudal nobility, 70; war between the Taira and Minamoto, 97; the Taira exterminated, Minamoto in supreme control, 99; the fall of the Minamoto, succeeded by the Hojo clan, loi; Shogunate seized by the Fujiwara, 103; fall of Hojo family, iii; feudalism perfected, in; treaty with Portugal, 130; fall of Ashikaga shoguns, 137; invades Corea, 141; treaty with United States, 208; treaty with Great Britain, 210; treaties with the United States, Great Britain, Russia, 217; ports opened to trade, 219; last of shoguns, 231; Mikado assumes sole power, 233; aboli- tion of feudalism, 237; European calendar introduced, 238; constitution, 257; first parliament, 239; war with China, 269, 271; war with Russia, 302; alliance with England, 302; annexes Corea, 333; declares war on Germany, 363 Jarnac, battle of, 136 Jason, 34 Jassy, battle of, 14S Jay's treaty, 180 Jeannelte, the, 244, 246 Jeddah, bombardment of, 216 486 INDEX Jefferson, Thomas, Minister to France, , 178; President of United States, 182; re-elected, 182; death, 188 Jeffreys, Judge, 138 Jehosaphat, King of Judah, 6 Jehu, King of Israel, 6 Jena, battle of, 183 Jeroboam II., King of Israel, 6 Jerome, 60; of Prague, 114 Jerusalem, plundered by Shashank, 4; taken by Babylonians, 10; final de- struction, 10; the second temple, 12; walls built by Nehemiah, 16; submits to Alexander the Great, 22; Egyptians expelled from, 32; taken by Antiochus VII., 36; taken by Herod, temple reconstructed, 44; rebuilt, 52; taken by Persians, 69; by Arabs, 71; captured by Turks, 91; taken by the Crusaders, 93; taken by Saladin, 99 Jesuits, the, founded, 130; enter Brazil, 133; colleges established, 134; banished from France, 140; strife with Jansenists, 152; influential in China, 159; ex- pelled from France, 173; suppressed in France, I7S; expelled from Spain, 175; re-established, 184; expelled from Ger- many, 237; expelled from Rome, 239; expelled from religious houses in France, 247 . . Jesus Christ, birth of, 46; baptism, crucifixion, 48 Jews, the. Exodus, Saul, David, Solomon, separation of Judah and Israel, Jerusa- lem plundered, Asa, Omri, 4; end of kingdom of Israel, 6; end of kingdom of Judah, 10; edict of Cyrus for return of the Jews, 12; first treaty with Romans, 34; end of independence, 42; banished from Italy, 49; their end as a nation, 50; their revolt, 52; persecuted in Spain, 70; expelled from England, 107; persecuted in France, 108; expelled from Spain, 124; favorable decree in Austria, 218; outrages against, in Russia, 247; anti- semitic meetings at Berlin, 247; per- secution of, in Russia, 249 ; edicts against in Russia, 259; expelled from Moscow, 261; in Roumania, 290; Kishineff mas- sacre, 293; expelled from Kieff, 3i3; Beilsis affair, 359 Johannesburg, 273, 284 John, King of Abyssinia, 257 John of Austria, 137 John IV., King of Braganza, 149 John II., King of Castile, 114 John II., Emperor of Eastern Empire (Comnenus), 95; of Brienne, 103; V., Ill, 113; VI., iir; VII., 117 John Lackland, King of England, 99, loi John (the Good), King of France, no John Albert, King of Poland, 125 John II., King of Portugal, 122; V., 163; VI., 187 John III., King of Sweden, 137 John I., Pope, 60; II., 66; III., 66; IV., 70; v., 70; VI.. 70; VII., 70; VIII., 78; IX., 80; X., 80; XI., 82; XII., 82; XIII., 82; XIV., 84; XV., 84; XVI., 84; XVII., 84; XVIII., 84; XIX., 86; XXII., 108, no; XXIII., 114 John of Damascus, 72 John of Leyden, 131 Johnson, Andrew, President of United States, 228, 232, 240 Johnson, Samuel, 176 Johnston, General A. S., 222 Johnstown flood, 256 Jonathan, 36 Jones, Commodore John Paul, 176, 184, 302 Jonson, Ben, 142 Joseph I., King of Germany, 161, 163; II., 173, I7S. 177, 179 Joseph I., King of Hungary, 159 Josephus, so Josiah, reformation of, in Judah, 8 Joubert, Piet, General, 284 Juarez, President of Mexico, 217, 219, 223, 227, 237 Judah, kingdom of, separation of, from Israel, 4; Jehosaphat, King, 6; Uzziah, King, 6; Jeroboam II., 6; Hezekiah, 6; reformation of Josiah, 8; invaded by Egyptians, 9; conquered by Babylon- ians, end of, 10 Judas Maccabeus, 34, 36 Judea, dominated by Ptolemies, 26; con- quered by Antiochus the Great, 32; becomes Roman province, 44; Pontius Pilate, procurator, 48; conquest of, completed, so Jugurtha, 39 _ Julianus, Didius, 55 Julius Africanus, 54 Julius I., Pope, 58; II., I2S; III., 133 Junius, letters of, 174 Justin Martyr, 52 Justin I., 66, 67; II., 67 Justinian I., 66, 67; II., 70, 71 Juvenal, 52 K Kairwan occupied by French, 247 Kalakaua, King of Hawaiian Islands, 255 Kaleidoscope, invention of, 186 Kallimachus, 30 Kandahar relieved by Roberts, 247 Kane's expedition, 206 Kansas, invaded by Missourians, 212; Topeka constitution, 214; message, 216; new free-state convention, 216; bill, the English, 216 Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 208 Kant, 176 Kaou-Tsung, Emperor of China, 95 Kapolna, battle of, 197 Kars, battle of, 213, 243 Kassites, 3 Kearsarge and Alabama, 226 Keats, poet, 184 Kempis, Thomas h., 116 Kentucky, explored, 174; admitted, 178 Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions, 180 Keresztes, battle of, 141 Kertch, battle of, 213 Khafra (Chefren), King of Egypt, 2 Khammurabi, Code of, 2 Khartoum, 251 Khiva taken by Russia, 239 Khokand annexed to Russia, 241 Khorassan, 77 Khufu (Cheops), King of Egypt, 2 INDEX 487 Kiau-chau, occupied by Germany, 277; leased to Germany, 279, 3''^S Kimberley, siege of, 282, 284 Kin-Chow, battle of, 271, 295 Kinderlen-Waechter, 341 King Philip's War, 156; William's V/ar, 158 King's Mountain, battle of, 176 Kishineff massacre, 293, 295 Kissingen, battle of, 231 Kitchener, Lord, 274, 278, 280, 284 Kneller, Godfrey, painter, 162 Knights of St. John, 108, 109 Knights Templars founded, 94, 108 Knox, John, 130 Knox, Philander, Secretary of State, 326, 328, 3i(> Kobad of Persia, 65 KoUin, battle of, 173 Korea, see Corea Korupedion, battle of, 26 Kosciuszko, i8i Kossovo, battle of, lis Kossuth, 199, 200, 201, 202, 204 Koszta affair, 206 Kotzebue assassination, 187 Krotzka, battle of, 171 Kriiger, President of Transvaal, 273, 279, 282, 287 Kuang Hsu, Emperor of China, 281, 323 Kublai Khan, Emperor of China, founder of the Mongol dynasty, 105 KuUurkampf, 239 Kundersdorf, battle of, 173 Kuroki, General, 297 Kuropatkin, General, 299, 301 Kutchuk-Kainarji, peace of, 175 Kwang-chau-wan ceded to France, 27" Labor: in Belgium, 298, 299; in England, 190, 258, 278, 308. 344. 346, 348; in France, 190, 307, 313, 325; 34i. 345: in Germany, 190, 257, 259, 339; in Italy, 269; in Russia, 299, 303, 305; in Spain, 259; in Switzerland, 348; in United States, 252, 262, 268, 270, 272, 276, 2S8, 290, 292, 294, 298, 300, 302, 304, 306, 310, 312, 316, 324. 354. 362 La Bruyere, critic, 160 Lactantius, 58 Ladislas I. (the Saint), King of Hungary, 91; IV., 105; I., King of Poland, 91 Ladrone Islands bought by Germany, 283 Ladysmith, siege of, 282, 284 Lafayette, Marquis de, arrival in Ameri- ca, 176; imprisoned at Olmutz, 179; in America, 1S6; commander of Is'ational Guard, 189; death, 191, 286 La Fontaine, 154 La Hogue, battle of, 160 Laing's Neck, battle of, 247 Lake Champlain, battle of, 184 Lake Erie, battle of, 184 Lamartine, 188 Lamoriciere, 229 Lamsdorff, Count, 285 Lancaster, House of, lis Landshut, battle of, 173 Lanfranc, Archbishop of Canterbury, 90 Langfanan, battle of, 89 Langton, Stephen, Archbishop 01 Canter- bury, lOI Languedoc, canal of, 154 La Rochefoucauld, 154 La Rochelle reduced, 146 Lascaris, Theodore, Emperor, loi Lateran Councils, First, Second, 94 Latin language, 68 Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, 146, 148 Lauenburg sold to Prussia, 229 Laval-Montmorency, Bishop of New France, 154 Law, employers' Liability, 316, 344 Law, A. Bonar, 342, 352 Law, John, 169 Lawrence, Kansas, 210, 212 Laws, and Law, Publilian, 15; Gregorian code of civil, 58; Burgundian, 64; Salic, 64, 108; Canon, establishment of, 94; Alien and Sedition, iSo; Corn, 184; against freedom of press, 187; anti- socialist, 247; education, in England, 292; Employers'^Liability, 316 Lawton, General, 284 Layamon, 98 Laybach, congress of, monarchs at, 187 League, of the Forest Cantons, 107; of the Public Weal, 120; Holy League, 126; of Cambray, 127; Catholic, 136. 138, 146; Catholic and Protestant, 133; of Augsburg, 158; of Hanover, 168; the Erfurt, 199; National, 264 Leavenworth, Kansas, founded, 208 Lechfeld, the battle of, 82 Lee, General Robert E., 224; surrender of, 228 Legion of Honor, 183 Legnano, battle of, 96 Leibnitz, philosopher, 160 Leicester, Earl of, 138 Leipsic, University of, 114; battle of, i8s Lemberg, battle of, 406 Leo I., Emperor, 65; II., 65; IV., 75; V., 77; VI., 81 Leo I., Pope, 62; II., 70; III., 74; IV., 78; v., 80: VI., 80; VII., 82; VIII., 82; IX., 88; X., 127; XI., 143; XII., 187; XIII., 243, 293 Leo the Isaurian, 72, 73 Leontius, 71 Leopold III., of Austria, 112; IV., 112 Leopold I., King of Belgium, 191; II. ,229, 329 Leopold I., Emperor of Germany, ISS. 157; II., 179 Leovigild, King, 69 Lepanto, battle of, 136, 137 Lepidus, 4s ^ Le Sage, 164 Lesco II., King of Poland, los Lesseps, Ferdinand de, 264 Leszczynski, Stanislas, King of Poland, 163 Leuthen, battle of, 173 Levant Company, the, 138 Lewis and Clark expedition, 182; exposi- tion, 302 Lexington, battle of, 174 Lexow investigation, 270 Leyden University of, 136 Lhassa, 296 488 INDEX Liao-Tung peninsula returned to China, 271 Liao-Yang, battle of, 297 Liberal party in United States, 192 Liberator, the, 190 Liberius, Pope, 60 Liege, siege of, 405 Liegnitz, battle of, 173 Ligny, battle of, 185 Li Hung Chang, 271, 274, 275^ Liliaiokalani, Queen of Hawaii, 265 Lima surrenders, 247 Limerick, battle of, 160 Lincoln, Abraham, elected President, 220; re-elected, 228; assassination and death, 228; centenary, 322 Lincoln, battle of, loi Lind, John, 356 Linevitch, General, 301 Linnaeus, 168 Linus, Pope, so Lisbon, great seat of trade, 124; peace of, , I5S Lithosoria, Battle of, 73 Little Rock taken by United States, 224 Livius Andronicus, 30 Livonia ceded to Sweden, 155 Livy, 33, 44 Llewellyn of Wales, 107 Lloyd-George, David, 318, 324, 338 Loa, naval battle of, 245 Lobositz, battle of, 173 Locke, John, 160 Lockwood, Lieutenant, 248 Locomotive, first steam, 182 Lodi, peace of, 121; battle of, 181 LoUius, 47 Lombardy and the Lombards, 67, 69, 73 London, great plague and fire, 154; treaty of, 188; conference, 190, 226, 236; treaty of, 355 Londonderry, siege of, 158 Longfellow, Henry W., 248 Long Island, battle of, 176 Longinus, 56 Longueville, 152 Longwy taken by France, 179 Longjumeau, treaty of, 136 Long Parliament, 148, 152 Lopez, Narcisso, 198, 203 Lorimer, Senator, 336 Lome, Marquis of, 243 Lorraine, partitioned, 78; conquest of, by France, 169; House of, 171; annexed to France, 17s; ceded to Germany, 237 Lorraine, Claude, painter, 148 Lothair, Emperor of Italy and Lorraine, 76; II., 78; II., Emperor of Germany, 94 Loubet, Emile, President of France, 281, 291 Louis II., King of Bavaria, 227, 253 Louis 11. , King of France, 78; III., 80; IV., 82; VI., 94; VII., 94. 96; IX., 104; X., 108; XL, 116, 120; XII., 124; XIV., ISO, IS4, 160; XV., 164, 169; XVI., 17s, 181 ; XVIIL, 18S Louis Napoleon, insurrection attempted 191; second insurrection, 193; impris- oned, 193; escapes, 193; elected presi- dent of France, 19s; coup d'etal, 201; orders confiscation of Orleans property. 203; in Southern France, 203; entry into Paris, 203; proclaimed Emperor 205 (see Napoleon III.) Louis Philippe I., King of France, 189, 195, 197 Louis I. (the German), King of Germany, 76, 78; II., 78; III. (the Child), 80; IV., 109, no Louis I. (the Pious), Emperor, 76 Louis II., King of Bohemia and Hungary, 127 Louis the Great, King of Hungary, in Louisburg, taken by the English, 170; restored to France, 170; captured by Amherst, 172 Louisiana, settled, 160; purchase, 182; admitted, 184; secedes, 222; Purchase Exposition, 292 Lourdes, 237 Louvain destroyed by the Germans, 406 Louvain, University of, founded, 116 Lovatz, battle of, 243 Lowell, Abbott L., 322 Lowell, James Russell, 194 Loyola, Ignatius, 130 Liibeck, Peace of, 147 Lublin, Diet of, 137 Lucan, 51 Luceria, battle of, 25 Lu Cheng-Nsieng, Premier, 347 Lucian, 52 Lucilius, 38 Lucius Accius, 38 Lucius Afranius, 38 Lucius II., Pope, 94; III., 98 Lucknow, mutiny at, 214; siege of, 216 Lucretius, 42 LucuUus, 40 Ludwig IIL, King of Bavaria, 359 Luis I., King of Portugal, 223, 257 Luitprand, 82 Lund, battle of the, 157 Lundy's Lane, battle of, 184 Lun^ville, Peace of, 183; captured, 406 Luther, Martin, 126, 127, 128 Lutzen, battle of, 147, 185 Luxembourg, Marshall, 160 Luxemburg, made neutral territory, 230; invaded by Germany, 405 Luxemburg, house of , 108, 117 Luzzara, battle of, 163 Lycophron, 30 Lyon, General Nathaniel, 222 Lyons, General Council of, 102, 104; united with France, 108 Lysander, 19 Lysimachus, 26, 27 Lytton, Lord, 188 M Macaulay, 218 Macbeth, King of Scotland, 87, 89 Macdonald, Sir John A., 243 Macedonia, 10, 27, 29, 33, 37, 277 Maceo, Antonio, 275 Machiavelli, Niccolo, 124 MacMahon, Marshal, 23s, 237, 239, 241, 24s Macrobius, 62 Madagascar subject to France, 273 INDEX 489 Madero, Francesco I., President of Mexico, 335. 337. 343. 353. 355 Madeira, discovered, 117 Madison, James, President of United States, 182 Madras, founded, 149; taken by English, 171 Maecenas, 4^ Mafeking, siege of, 282; relieved, 284 " Mafia, " the, 260 Magdala, capture of, 233 Magdeburg, sack of, 147 Magenta, battle of, 219 Magersfontein, battle of, 284 "Magna Charta signed, loi Magnesia, battle of, 34 Magnus I. (the Good), King of Norway, 87; II.. 105 Magnus I., King of Sweden, los; Smek, 109 Mahdi, the, 247, 251, 253 Mahmud of Ghazni, 85 Mahmud II., Sultan of Turkey, 183 Mail, first overland, 216 Maine, battleship, 278 Maine, settled, 144; part of, joined to Massachusetts, 152; bought by Massa- chusetts, 156; ravaged by French and Indians, 162; admitted, 186 Mainz, taken by France, 179 Majuba Hill, battle of, 247 Makaroff, Admiral, 295 Malcolm I., King of Scotland, 83; II., 8s; III., 89. 91. 93 Maldon, battle of, 85 Malplaquet, battle of, 164 Malta, given to Knights of Rhodes, 131; besieged by Turks, 13s Mamelukes, the rulers of Egypt, 103, 107 Manchuria, 269, 287, 291 Manchus, invade China, 145 Mandalay, 252 Manes, 56 Manhattan Island settled, 144 Manila, taken by the English, 172; battle of, 278 Mansfeld, 14s Mantinea, battle of, 21, 33 Manuel Comnenus, Emperor, 95; II., 115 Manuel II., King of Portugal, 317, 319, 335 . . Manumission of slaves. Law against, 220 Manzikert, battle of, 91 Marat assassinated, 181 Marathon, battle of, 15 Marozia, 80 Marbles, Arundelian, 144 Marcel, Etienne, leader of Paris, 112 Marcellinus, Pope, 58 Marcellus II., Pope, 133 Marchand, Major, 281, 283 Marcian, 62 Marcionites, rise of the, 52 Marconi, William, 292 Marco Polo, 104, 105 Marcomanni, 53 Mardonius, 15 Marengo, battle of, 181 Margaret, maid of Norway, 107; Queen of Norway, 113 Margaret of Anjou, Queen of Henry VI., of England, 119 Margaret of Parma, Regent of the Nether- lands, 134 Maria, Queen of Portugal, 177; II., 209 Maria Christina, Regent of Spain, 209 Maria da Gloria, Queen of Portugal, 189 Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria, 171 Maria Theresa of Spain, Queen of France, 154 Marie Antoinette, Queen of France, 17s Marie Christina, Queen of Spain, 24s; Regent of Spain, 253 Marietta, Ohio, settled, 178 Marignano, battle of, 126 Marius, 39 Marlborough, Duke of, 162 Marne, battle of the, 406 Marsaglia, battle of, i6r Marseilles (Massalia) founded, 9 Marshall Islands, annexed by Germany, 253 Marsilius of Padua, 108 Marston Moor, battle of, 150 Martinique settled, 146 Mary, Queen of England, 132; II., 160; (wife of George V.), 338 Mary, Queen of Scots, 130, 134, 136, 138 Maryland, settled, 146; a royal province, 160 Matabeles, the, 274 Matanzas, bombardment of, 278 Mather, Cotton, 162 Matthias Corvinus, King of Hungary, 121 Martial, 50 Martin I., Pope, 70; II., 78; III., 82; IV., 106; v., 116 Martin of Tours, 60 Masaniello, 151 Mason and Dixon's line, 154 Mason and Slidell incident, 222 Massachusetts, adds Maine, 152; buys Maine, 156; deprived of Charter, 158 Massalia (Marseilles) founded, 9 Massinissa, King of Numidia, 35, 37 Mather, Increase, 158 Matilda, daughter of Henry I., of England, 95 Mattathias, the Hasmonean, 34 Matteo Visconti, master of Milan, 107, 109 _ Matthias, Emperor of Germany, 143 Mauretania, 49 Maurice, the Cappadocian, 69; elector of Saxony, 133 Maximilian of Austria, Emperor of Mexico, 227, 231 Maximilian II., King of Bavaria, 195 Maximilian I., Emperor of Germany, 123, 125, 127; II., 135. 137 Maximinus, 57 Maypu, battle of, 187 Mazarin, Cardinal, 150, 152, 154 Mazeppa, revolt of, 163 Mazet, investigation, 282 McCarthy, Justin, 272 McClellan, General George B., 222, 224 McKenna, Reginald, 342 McKinley, William, President of United States, 274, 280, 284, 286, 288 McNamara brothers, 342 Meade, General, 226 Medical School, first in America, 172 490 INDEX Medici, Catherine de. Queen of France, 133 Medici, the, 121, 123, 129, 131, 137 Medina, Duke of, 159 Megabyzus, 16, 17 Mehemet Ali, ruler of Egypt, 193 Melanchthon, 126 Melazzo, battle of, 221 MelikofE, General, 247 Mellen, Chas. S., 362 Menander, 25 Menelek, King of Abyssinia, 273 Menes, King of Egypt, 2 Menephthah, Pharaoh of the Exodus, s Mencius, 22 Menelaus, 34 Menkaura (Mycerinus), King of Egypt, 2 Mentana, battle of, 233 _ Mercedes, Queen of Spain, 253 Mercia, kingdom of, 69 Merovingian Line, end of, 73 Merrimac, the, 224 Merseburg, battle of, 82 Merv, annexed to Russia, 251 Mery-sur-Seine, 63 Messana, battle of, 29 Messenian wars, first, 7; second, 9; third, 15 Messina, revolt of, 157; bombarded, 193 Metaurus, the, battle of, a Metellus, General, 31 Metellus Numidicus, 39, 4r Methuen, Lord, 282 Methuen treaty, 162 Metternich, 195, 218 Metz, a French possession, 132; ceded to France, 150; surrender of, 235 Mexico, conquest of, 128; declares its in- dependence, 185; defeated by Texans, 190; war with France, 191; war with United States, 192, 194; revolution in, 207; new constitution, 215; intervention in, proposed by England, France, and Spain, 223; crown offered to Maximil- ian, 227; Republicans defeat Imperial- ists, 229; fall and execution of Maximil- ian, 231; railways, 315; revolution 335, 337; Madero, President, 343; revolution, 351, 353; mediation, 360 Michael I., Emperor, 77; IL, 77; III., 77; IV., 87; v., 87; VI., 89; VII., 91 Michael, Emperor of Nicsa, 105 Michael Angelo, 124 Michel, Louise, 249 Micipsa, King of Numidia, 39 Miecislas II. , King of Poland, 87, 97 Miguel, Dom, King of Portugal, 189 Mikado, the, 233 Milan, King of Servia, 249, 2S7 Milan, acquired by Spain, 130 Miles, General, 278 Mill, John Stuart, 194 Miltiades, General, 15 Miltiades, Pope, 58 Milton, John, 150, 152 Miluna Pass, battle of, 277 Minden, battle of, 173 Minimum Wage Bill, 344 Minnesota State government organized, 216 Minorca captured by the English, 162 Mint, United States, established, 178 Minto, Earl of, 302 Mirabeau, death of, 179 Miraflores, battle of, 247 Mississippi River discovered, 131; ascen- ded by Farragut, 224 Mississippi, admitted, 186; secedes, 222 Missolonghi, 187, 189 Missouri, Compromise, 186; admitted, 186 Mithridates I., King of Pontus, 20; I., King of Parthia, 34; IV., King of Pontus, 36; v.. King of Pontus, 38 Mithradatic wars, 40 Mobile taken by Union forces, 228 Modder River, battle of the, 282 Modoc war, 236, 238 Mohacz, battle of, 159 Mohammed, 68, 69 Mohammed I., Sultan of Turkey. I IS; IL, 119; III., 141; IV., 151; v., 323 Moldavia, part of, acquired by Russia, 185; united with Wallachia into Rou- mania, 223 Moliere, 154 Molinos de Rey, battle of, 194 Monastic Life, beginning of, 56 Monastir, 351 Monetary Union, Latin, 251; United States National Commission. 342 Money Trust investigation, 346 Monitor and Merrimac, 222 Monk, General, 154 Monmouth, rebellion of, 158; battle of, 176 Monroe Doctrine, 186, 348 Monroe, James, 186 Montaigne, essayist, 132 Montana admitted, 256 Montanus, 52 Mont-Cassel, battle of, 156 Montcontour, battle of, 136 Montebello, battle of, 219 Montecuculi, 155, IS7 Montenegro, war against Turkey, 241; becomes a kingdom, 333; declares war with Turkey, 351; on Germany and Austria, 365 Monterey, capture of, 194 Monte Rotondo, battle of, 233 Montesquieu, 168 Montez, Lola, 193 Montfort, Simon de, IDS • Mont Pel6e disaster, 291 Montreal founded, 148 Moody and Sankey, 238, 240, 284 Moorish powSF, end of, in Spain, 124 Moors, the, expelled from Tuscany, 143 More, Sir Thomas, 126, 130 Morea, the, conquered by Venice, 159 Morgan, J. P., 290 Morgarten, battle of, 108 Morocco, war with Spain, 219; open door in, 301; convention, 307; agreement with France and Germany, 323; Agadir affair, 339, 341; French protectorate, 345 Morse, 8. F. B., 190. 236 Mortemer, battle of, 88 Moscow, rises to rank of city, 95; becomes paramount in Russia, 11 1; burnt, 137; entered by Napoleon's army, 185; burnt, 185 I INDEX 491 Moselle, army of the, 365 Mosquito Coast, 267 Motley, John Lothrop, 234 Mount Badon, battle of, 67 Mt. McKinJey, 346 Mozart, musician, 178 Muhlberg, battle of, 133 Mukden, 297, 299, 301 Mullah, the mad, 290, 292, 331 Mummius, 37 Munich, treaty of, 197 Murad v.. Sultan of Turkey, 241 Murat, King of Naples, 183 Muravieff, 285_ Murena, conspiracy of, 45 Murillo, painter, 154 Musset, Alfred de, 214 Mustapha I., Sultan of Turkey, 145; II., 161; III., 173; IV.. 183 Mutiny Bill, 158 Mutsuhito, Emperor of Japan, 347 Mycale, battle of, 15 Mycerinus (Menkaura), King of Egypt, 2 Mylae, battle of, 29 Mylius affair, 336 Mysore, kingdom of, 173 N Nabonassar, King of Babylon, 6 Nabonidus, King of Babylon, 10 Nabopolassar, King of Babylonia, 8 Naefels, battle of, 112 Naevius, 30 Nagasaki, insurrection at, 239 Najera, battle of, 112 Nansen, 266. 270, 274 Nanshan, battle of, 29s Nantes, Edict of, 140 Napier, mathematician, 142 Naples, partition of, between France and Spain, 125; annexed to Aragon, 125; revolt of, 151; union with Sicily, 187 Napoleon I., Emperor of the French (see Bonaparte, Napoleon), crowned, 18.3; at Conference of Erfurt, 183; marries Maria Louisa, 185; birth of king of Rome, 185; abdicates, 185; retires to Elba, 183; return, 185; Waterloo, 185; banished to St. Helena, 185; death, 187; entombment in Paris, 193 Napoleon III., Emperor of France {see Louis Napoleon), proclaimed Emperor, 205; marriage, 207; heir born, 213; attempted assassination, 217; New Year's speech, 217; war with Italy, 219; returns to St. Cloud, 219; concedes greater freedom of press, 221, 231; war with Mexico, 223; visit to Algeria, 229; meets Bismarck, 229; Franco-Prussian war, 235; defeated at Sedan, 235; death of heir, 24S. Nares, Captain, 240 Narses, 67 Narva, battle of, 163 Naseby, battle of, 150 Nashville taken by United States troops, 222 Nasir-ed-din, Shah of Persia, 273 Natal, taken by the British, 193; invaded by Zulus, 244 National debt of United States, 190 National Guard in France, 189 National Insurance Bill, 338 Nationalism, new, 332 Naucratis founded, 9 Naval warfare, new code for, 322 Navarino, battle of, 189 Navigation Act, 152 Naxos, battle of, 21 Nebraska admitted, 230 Nebuchadrezzar II., King of Babylonia, 8-. 10 Necho II., King of Egypt, 8, 9 Necker, director of finance, 177 Nectanebus I., King of Egypt, 21 Neerwinden, battle of, 160 Nehavend, battle of, 71 Nelson, Lord, Admiral. 181, 183 Nepos, Cornelius, 42; Julius, 63 Neptune, planet, discovered, 192 Nero, Emperor, 3i, 49 Nerva, 53 Nestor, 62 Nestorius, 62 Netherlands, received by Philip of Spain, 134; declared independent, 131; in- vaded by France, 154; war with Eng- land, 134; transformed into Batavian Republic, 181; united, 185 Neufchatel, 215 Neustria, 67 Neville's Cross, battle of, 11 1 New Amsterdam occupied by the Eng- lish, 154 Newbury, battle of, 150 New England Colonies, Confederation of, 130 New Hampshire settled, 144 New Mexico, 332, 344 New Netherlands ceded to England, 154 New Orleans, settled, 166; battle of, 1S4; taken by United States, 224 Newspaper, first American daily, 176 Newton, Sir Isaac, 134, 138, 160 New York, Greater, 276, 278 Ney, Marshal, 207 Niagara Falls, peace conference at, 363 Nicanor, 34 Nicaragua, Walker's invasion, 212, 213, 213; dispute with England, 270 Nice, Coun'"il at, 58; truce of, 130; Congress of, 131; annexed to France, 221 Nicephorus, Emperor, 77, 83; III., 91 Nicholas, King of Montenegro, 2T,i, 341 Nicholas I., Emperor of Russia, 187, 213; II., 271, 273 Nicholas I.. Pope, 78; II., 88; III., 104; IV., 106; v., anti-pope, 1 10; Pope, 118 Nicholson's Neck, battle of, 282 Nicias, peace of, 17 Nicomedes III., King of Bithynia, 41 Nicopolis, battle of, 40; 115; taken, 241 Nicsic, battle of, 243 Nieszawa, Statute of, 121 Niger River, 188 Niceria, 278 Nihilists, the, 247, 253 Nile, exploration of the, 174 Nimeguen, peace of, 156 Nineveh, capital, 6; destroyed, 8 Nissa, battle of, 119; 161 Nithard, the Jesuit, 157 492 INDEX Niu-chwang, 271, 297 Noailles, Cardinal de, 166 Nogi, General, 301 Non-Intercourse Act, 182 Nordlingen, battle of, 147, 150 Norfolk taken by United States, 224 Noricum, 62 Normans, the, 77, 79 North, Lord, 174 Northampton, assize of, 97; battle of, 120 North Carolina, settled. 152; secedes, 222 North Dakota admitted. 256 Northern Powers, war of the, 163 Northern Securities Company, 292 Northumberland, Earl of, 132 Northunibria, kingdom of, 69 Northwest Passage, discovered, 19S; made, 244 North-West Territory, 176 Norway, beginning of founding of the monarchy, 77; completed, 79; Chri-- tianity established in, 87; united with Sweden, iSs; 1000th anniversary of kingdom, 237; separated from Sweden, 303 Novara, battle of, 197 Novgorod captured by Ivan III., 123 Novi, battle of, 181 Nullification, 190 Numa, 35 Nystadt, peace of, 169 O Oceanographic Institute, 336 O'Connell, Daniel, 192 Odenatus, 56, 57 Odessa bombarded, 211 Odo, Abbot, So; Count, 80; of Bayeaux, 91 Odoacer, 64 Oertelsburg. battle of, 400 Ohio admitted, 182 Oil discovered in Pennsylvania, 218 Oil painting, invention of, 112 Oklahoma, 256, 308 Okuma, Premier, 279; Count, 361 Olaf. King of Sweden. 85 Olaf II., King of Norway, 87 Olga, Regent of Russia, 82 Oliva, peace of, 155 Olmutz, conference of, 199; congress at, 209 Oltenitza, battle of, 209 Olyb.ius. 6s Olympiad, first. 7 Olympic games. 274 Olympiodorus. 62 Olyntnus, battle of, 23 Omar, 69 Omdurman, 2S0 Omri. King of Israel. 4 O'Neil's rebellion, 134 "Open door" in China, 287, in Morocco, 301 Orange Free State, 277, 284 Ordono III.. King of Leon, 83 Oregon Treaty. 194 Orellana, explorer, 131 Orleans, city, 116; House of, 189 Orosius, 62 Orsini family, the, no Oscar I., King of Sweden, 219; II., 237, 31S Osman Digna, 25I', 261 Ostend, Company, 169; Manifesto, 210; captured by Germans, 365 Ostrogoths, 67 Ostrolenka, battle of, 191 Oswego taken by the French, 172 Othman, Emir of the Turks, 107, 109; II., 14s; III.. 173 Otho, Emperor of Rome, 51; bishop of Freising, 94 Otho I. (the Great), Emperor of Germany, 82; IV.. 98, 100 Otho I., King of Greece, 191, 193. 225 Otterbourne (Chevy Chase), battle of, 113 Otto I., King of Bavaria. 253 Ottokar II., King of Bohemia, 105 Ouchy, treaty of, 351 Oudenarde, battle of, 162 Ourique, battle of, 94 Ovid, 48, 49 Oxford, the Provisions of, 103 ■ Oxford University established, 96 Oxygen discovered, 174 ■* Paardeberg, battle of, 284 Pacuvius. 36 Padua, University of, 102 Pagasse. battle of, 23 Paine, Tom, 17S Palatinate, the, ravaged by Turenne, 156; desolated by the French. 159 Palermo taken by Garibaldi, 221 Palestine. 5, 6, 32 Palestrina, musician, 132 Palma, T. E., first President of Cuba, 291 Palmerston, Lord, 192, 201, 226 Palmyra, 52 Palo Alto, battle of, 192 Panama, Congress, 18S; railroad, 212; canal, 246, 292. 298. 304; treaty be- tween Colombia and United States, 250; French Company, 255; frauds, 265; Hay-Pauncefote treaty, 284; treaty with, 294; republic of, 295; Canal Tolls Bill, 346, 348, 362; Gamboa Dike destroyed. 356 Panama-Pacific Exposition, 336 Pan-American. Conference, 256; Exposi- tion, 2S8; Congress. 309, 332 Pandosia (Heraclea), battle of. 27 Pankhurst, Mrs. Emmeline, 354 Pannonia, 47, 63 Panormus, 31 Pantheon, 44, 68 Paoli, 173. 175 Papacy, origin. 68; height of power of, 88; fiftieth anniversary of episcopate, 241 Paper, made in China, 34; art of making, 72 Paper money, first, in New York, 164 Papias, martyrdom of, 52 Papinian, 54, 55 Pappus, 60 Parcorus the Parthian, 44 Pardo, peace oL 168 INDEX 493 Paris, made capital of Clovis, 6s; be- sieged by Northmen, 78; revolt of, 138; peace of, 172; entrance of allies, 185; siege of, 195, 235; Congress at, 215; capitulation, 237; German troops enter, 237; insurrection at, 237 Park, Mungo, 180 Parker, Alton B., 296 Parliament, first, in England, 104; first united, of Great Britain, 162 Parnell, Charles Stuart, 246, 254, 258 Parr, Catherine, 130 Parthians, 28, 30, 32, 42, 44, 52, 55 Partition treaty, first, 160 Pascal, ISO, 154 Paschal I.. Pope, 76; II., 92, 94; III., anti-pope, 96 Paschasius Radbertus, 76 Passarowitz, peace of, 167 Passau, treaty of, 133 Patricians, 15 Patrick, St., 62 Paul the Apostle, 48, so Paul I., Pope, 72; II., 121; III., 131; IV., 133; v., 143 Paul I., Czar of Russia, 181 Paul of Samosata, 56 Pausanias, 23, S2 Pavia, 67; battle of, 129 Peabody, George, 214, 226 Peace Conferences, 280, 282, 296, 356; palace, 356 Peace Jubilee in Boston, 236 Peary, Robert E., 264, 266, 306, 318, 326, 328, 332 Peasant Revolt, 129 Pedro II., King of Portugal, iss; V., 209, 223 Pedro II., Emperor of Brazil, '91 Peel, Sir Robert, 190 Pelagius, 62; I., Pope, 66; II., Pope, 68; King of Asturias, 73 Pelopidas, 21 Peloponnesian War, 17, 19 Pelusium, battle of, 21 Penda of Mercia, 69 Penn, William, is8 Pensacola seized by Jackson, 186 Pentaur, poet, 3 Pepin the Younger, 71; the Short, 72, 73 Percys, the, rebellion of, 115 Pergamus, 26, 39 Periander, tyrant of Corinth, 9, 11 Pericles, 15, 17 Periodical, first American, 162 Perry, Oliver Hazard, 184, 206, 216 Perseus, King of Macedonia, 35 Persian Empire, founded, 12; conquers Thrace, 12; Ionian revolt, 12; conquers Egypt, 13; invasion of Greece, defeat, 14; conquest of the Persian Empire, 22; invaded by Alexander, 23; conquered by Parthia, 34; new kingdom, 55; re- volution in, 31S, 327; constitution, 325; dismisses Shuster, 343 Persius, so Pertinax, SS Perugia sacked, 219 Perugino, painter, 118 Pescadores ceded to Japan, 271 Pestalozzi, educator, 180 Peter, the Hermit, 92; the Lombard, 94; of Aragon, T07; the Cruel of Castile, 1 12 Peter Leopold, Grand Duke of Tuscany, 173 Peter I. (the Great), Czar of Russia, 159, 163, 169; 11., 169; III-, 173 Peter, King of Servia, 293 Peterloo Massacre, 186 Petersburg occupied by Union forces, 228 Pcterwardein, 165 Petrarch, 112 Petrograd (see St. Petersburg), 365 Petronius Maximus, 63 Phaedrus, 48 Pharnabazus, 21 Pharnaces, King of Pontus, I., 34, 42; II., 42 Pharos at Alexandria, 26 Pharsalia, 43 Pharsalos, battle of, 277 Phidias, 16 Philadelphia, founded, is8; taken by the English, 176 Philetaerus, 26 Philip I., King of France, 88, 90; II., 98; III., 104; IV., 106; v., 108; VI., no Philip of Macedon, 20; II., 21; V., 33 Philip II., King of Spain, 132; III., 140; IV., 145; v., 163, 169 Philip (the Arabian), S7; of Suabia, 98, 100 Philippines, occupied by Spain, 134; insurrection in, 27s; rising in, 279; ceded to United States, 280 Philo, 48 Philopoemen, 33, 3S Philosophy, Greek schools of, 18 Phipps, Sir William, 160 Phocas, 69 Phcebidas, 21 Phoenicians, Phoenicia, manufactures, 4; found Cadiz, 5; found Carthage, 7 Phonograph, 240 Phosphorus discovered, 136 Phraates I., King of Parthia, 34 Picts, the, 61 Pierce,' Franklin, President of United States, 206 Pilgrims, the, 144 Pilnitz, Conference of, 179 Pinchot, Gifford, 328 Pinkie, battle of, 132 Pisagua captured, 24s Pisistratus, tyrant of Athens, 11, 13 Pitt, William, the Elder, 172; the Younger, 176, 177, 182 Pius I., Pope, 52; II., 121; III., I2S; IV., i3S; v., i3S; VI., 175; VII., 181; VIIL, 189; IX., 193, 242, 243; X., 295, 314 Pizarro, 131 Plague in London, iS4 Plassey, battle of, 172 Platea, battle of, 15 Platinus, S6 Plato, 18 Piatt Amendment, 288 Plautius, 49 Piautus, 32 Plebeians and Patricians, equality be- tween, 26 Plebs, succession of, 15 Plevna, battle of, 241. 243 494 INDEX Pliny, the Elder, 50; the Younger, 52: proprstor, 52 Plotinus, 56 Plutarch, 52 Plymouth founded, 144 Poincar6, Raymond, President of France, 3-15. 351. 353 Poitiers, battle of, no Poland, the Poles, adopts Christianity, 82; crown of, becomes elective, 137; expelled from Russia, 143; war with Russia, 147; defeated by Cossacks, 151; defeats the Tartars, 155; invaded by Turkey, 157; first partition of, 175; second partition, 181; final partition, extinction of kingdom. 181; struggle for nationality, 189; insurrection crushed, 191; incorporated with Russia, 191 Polaris expedition, 236 Polemon of Pontus, 46 Polish Succession, War of the, 169 Polk, James K., President of United States, 192 Pollux, IS Polybius, 34 Polycarp, martyrdom of, 52 Polycrates, tyrant of Samos, 13 Polygamy, 2a8. 25S Pomerama regained by Brandenburg, iS7 Pompeii, sr Pompeiius, Sextus, 45 Pompey, 41, 42, 43 Pondicherry, 173. 174 Poniatowski, Stanislaus, King of Poland, 17^ Pontianus, Pope, 54 Pontifex Maximus {see Augustus). Pontius, Pilate, 48 Pontus, 20, 40 Pony express. 220 Pope, Alexander, poet, 164, 168 Popes, the, separation of. from Eastern Empire. 76; election of the, transfened to College of Cardin-^ls. 88; reat of, at Avignon, loS; lose right of confirming election of German Emperor, no Popish Plot, 156 Porphyry, 58 Port Arthur. 271, 29S, 297, 299 Port Hudson taken. 226 Porto Rico, 27S; ceded to United States, 280 Port Royal, colony at, 135 Port Royal, N. S., reduced, 160 Portsmouth, treaty of, 302 Portugal, made a county, 92; becomes a kingdom, 94; treaty with Japan, 130; under Spain, 138; regains independence, 149; recovers Brazil, 153; independence of, 155; invaded by France, 183; con- stitutional monarchy restored. 191; revolution in, 335 ; offers aid to England, 365 Posidonius, 40 Post, penny, in London, 158; penny post- age in England. 192; convention be- tween United States and Great Britain, 194; International Congress, 238; reduced, 250; between United States and Great Britain, 320; first aerial service, 340; parcel post in United States, 35i Potash supplies, 325 Potchefstroom occupied by the Boers, 247 Powder, smokeless. 260 Powers, Caleb, 2S6 Poynings' Law, 124 Prade, President of Peru, 24s Pragmatic Sanction, 104, of Bourges, u6, 16S Prague, peace of, 147; taken by Swedes, 151; battle of, 171; treaty of, 231 Praguerie, the, 116 Praxiteles, 20 Prayer Book, the first, in England, 132 Presburg, peace of. 183 Prescott, William H., 218 Press, the freedom of, laws against, 187; in Spain, 209 Prestlava. battle of, 83 Preston, battle of, 164 Pretoria, 284^ Princeton, College, founded, 170; battle of, 176; University, 274 Printing, by marble blocks first, 82; from movable type. 116; printing-press, first, in United States, 148 Proclus. 62 Procopius. 66 Progressive party. 346. 348 Prohibition in Kansas, 246 Propertius. 44 Protectorate, British East Africa, 272 Protestants, first so-called, 131; persecu tion of, 132; secure religious liberty, 133;; secure toleration, 140; Protestant Union, 143; first in Spain, 232 Prudentius, 60 Prusias IL, King of Bithynia, 36 Prussia, duchy of, 137; ceded to Frederick William, 153; East, independence of, 155; a kingdom, 163; defeated by French, 1S3; war with Denmark. 19S;: war with Austria, 231; Franco-Prussian War, 233, 237; invaded by Russia, 406 Psammetichus I., King of Egypt, 9; III., 13 Ptolemies, I., 24. 27; II., 27, 29; III., 31; IV., 31; v., 33; VI., 35. 37; VIL, 371* VIII., 38, 39; IX., 41; X., 41; XL, 41 I Ptolemy, astronomer, 52 I Pulcheria, 63 I Pultowa, battle of, 165 ■ Pultusk. battle of. 163 ■ Punic War. first. 29, 31; second, 33 Puritans, the, 134 Pyramid, Great, 2 Pyrenees, peace of the, 154 Pyrrho, 26 Pyrrhus, 27, 29 Pytiiagoras, 12 Q Quay, Senator, 280, 284 Quebec, founded, 142; taken by the Eng' lish, 146, 160, 172 Queen Anne's War, 162, 164 Queretaro. 231 Quintilian. so Quintus Hortensius, 40 Quitman, General, 198 INDEX 495 Rabanus, Maurus, 78 Rabelais, 130 Racine, 154 Radagaisus, 63 Radetsky, 197, 2or, 207, 216 Radium, discovery of, 280 Radstadt, peace of, 164 Ragotsky, 163 Railways, first in America, 188; between St. Petersburg, and Moscow, 200; Erie, opened, 200; first, in Norway, 206; first, in Brazil, 208; the Suez, 217; Boulogne to Calais, 231; complete from Atlantic to Pacific, 232; Union Pacific, 232; Calcutta to Bombay, 234; Northern Pacific, 248; Equatorial, 258; Trans- Siberjan, 261; Jaffa to Jerusalem, 264; first in Siam, 264; from Cape town to Buluwayo, 276; Cairo and Khartum, 284; in_ Mexico, 315 Rain, artificial, 260 Rakoczy, 151 Raleigh, Sir Walter, 138, 144 Rameses II., King of Egypt, 3 Ramillies, battle of, 162 Ramiro II., King of Leon, 83; I., King of Aragon, 87; II., 94 Raphael, 124 Raphia, battle of, 32 Ratisbon, Diet of, 147, 155; truce of, 158 Ravenna, 67; battle of, 126 Raymond of Toulouse, 92 Reciprocity, with Canada, 238, 336, 338; with Newfoundland, 290 Reconstruction Act, 230 Reddersburg, battle of, 284 Redmond, John, 338 Reed, Thomas B., 282 Reformation, the, 127 Reform Bill, 190 Regillus, battle of, 15 Regulus, 29 Reichstag, first, 237 Reign of Terror, end of, 181 Religious Conformity, Act for, 140 Rembrandt, painter, 148 Renaissance, the, 118 Repeal Agitation, 192 Republic, the Dutch, 139; Orange River, 210 Resaca de la Palma, 192 Retz, Cardinal de, 150 Revolution, in America, 174, 176; in Belgium, 189; in Brazil, 191; in Eng- land, 148, 150, 158; in France, 179, 181; in Germany, 19s; in Greece, 187; in Poland, 189; in Sicily, 195 ; in Spain, 233 ; Three Days' 189, 19S, 201; in Vienna, 195 Rhaetians, 47 Rhazes, 80 Rhegium, fall of, 29 Rheims, 116 Rheinfeld, battle of, 149 Rhine, passage of, Hoche and Moreau, 181 Rhode Island settled, 148 Rhodes, Cecil, 272, 274, 281, 290; scholar- ships, 290 Rhodes, colossus of, 26 Ribault at Port Royal, 135 Richard I. (Cceur de Lion), King of England, 98, 99; II., 113; IIL, 122 Richard, Duke of York, protector, 120 Richelieu, Cardinal, 144 Richmond, Va., occupied by United States forces, 228 Kiel's insurrection, 250 Rienzi, last of the Tribunes, no Riga, battle of, 163 Roanoke Island taken, 222 Robert II., King of Scotland, 113; IIL, 115 Robert of Paris, 80; the Devil, Duke of Normandy, 86; Duke of Apulia, 88; of Flanders, 92; of Normandy, 92, 93; Emperor, 103; the Wise, King of Naples, 109 Roberts, Lord, 24s, 284, 286, 302 Robespierre, death of, 181 Rochambeau, 177 Rochefort, 233, 23S Rochelle, peace of, 136 Rockefeller, John D., 292, 302, 310, 326 Rocroi, battle of, 150 Roderic, King, 71 Roentgen rays, 272 Rogations, Licinian, 21 Roger, King of Sicily, 94, 95; the Norman, 91 Roister Doisler, Ralph, 132 Roland, Song of, 75 RoUo, 80 Roman Empire: Numantine War, 37; Caius Gracchus, tribune, 39; Cyrene, a Roman province, Syria and Bithynia, Social War, Civil War, 41; first Trium- virate, Caesar defeats Germans, invades Britain, conquers Gaul, master of Italy, crushes Pompey, 43; trade with India, manufactures of silk and linen, 44; second Triumvirate, Octavius, 45; Tiberius, _ Caligula, Claudius, Nero, Mauretania, and Thrace added to Empire, 49; Galba, Otho, Vitellius, Vespasian, Titus, Domitian, 51; Nerva, Trojan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius, 53; _ Commodus, Didius Julianus, Septimius Severus, Caracalla and Geta, Macrinus, Helio- gabalus, Alexander Severus, 55; Maxi- minus, Gordian I. and II., Philip, Decius Gallus, .i^milianus. Valerian, Gallienus, Claudius II., Aurelian, 57; Tacitus, Probus, Florianus, Carus, Carinus, Numerianus, Diocletian, Car- ausius, Maximian, Constantine the Great, Constantinople capital, 59; Constantius, Constans and Constan- tine, Julian, Jovian, Valentinian and Valens, division into Eastern and Western Empires, 61 ; end of the West- ern Empire, 65 Romanoff family founded, 143 Romanoff, Michael, Czar of Russia, 143 Romanus, Emperor, I., 81, 83; II., 83; IIL, 87; IV., 91 Rome, _ foundation of (legendary), 7; Servius_ Tullius, 11; establishment of Republic, 12; Tarquins e-;pel!cd, first Consulate, 13; Tarquinian War, 13; Publilian Laws, is; taken and burnt by Gauls under Brennus, 19; Italy sub- 496 INDEX Rome — Continued jugated, 29; Sicily and Sardinia Roman provinces, 31; allied with ^toHans, joined by Achajans and Spartans for defeat of Macedonians, Romans de- feated by Hannibal, 33; final victory over Carthage, 33; war with Mace- donia, 35; conquest of Carthage and Corinth, defeat of Lusitanians, 37; sacked by Genseric, 63; sacked by the Goths, under Alaric, 63; taken by Ger- mans, 80; sacked by Normans, 90; taken by Frederick Barbarossa, 96; sacked by Ladislas, iis; capital of Italy, 237 Romulus Augustulus, 65 Roncesvalles, 75 Roosevelt, Theodore, 284, 288, 290, 292, 294, 296, 298, 308, 310, 312, 314. 322, 331. 333, 344. 346, 348. 350 Root, Elihu, Senator, 322 Rosbecq, battle of, 112 Rosebery, Lord, 272, 290 Roses, Wars of the, 120 Roskilde, peace of, 155 Rossbach, battle of, 172 Rouen, 77 Roumania, formed from Moldavia and Wallachia, 223: invaded by Russia, 241; declares independence, 241; declared a kingdom, 247 Roumelia, eastern, annexed to Bulgaria, 251 Rousseau, J. J., 172 Royal Society at London founded, 154 Rozhestvenski, Admiral, 299 Rubens, Peter Paul, painter, 144 Rubicon, the, 43 Rudolph, Crown Prince of Austria, 257 Rudolph, King of France, 80 Rudolph, King of Germany, 90; I., founder of House of Hapsburg, 104, 106; II.. 137 . Rump Parliament, 150, 154 Runnymede, loi Rupert, Emperor of Germany, 114 Ruskin, John, 200 Russell, Lord John, 190 Russia, Rurik, first grand prince of, 79; invaded by Mongols, 103; expulsion of Poles, 143; war with Poland, 147; war with Turkey, IS7, I59, 165, I75. 209, 241; alliance with Austria, 169; war with Sweden, 171; outrages against Jews, 247; war with Japan, 29s; religious freedom. 301; reforms, 309; treaty with United States, 342; mobilization, 404; war with Germany. 404; with Austria, 404; invades Prussia, 406 Russo-Japanese Treaty, 305 Rutschuk, battle of, 211 Ruysdael, painter, 156 Ruyter, Admiral de, 1S3. 157 Ryehouse Plot, 158 Ryswick, treaty of, 160 Sabinian, Pope, 68 Sadowa, battle of, 231 Safety lamp invented, 184 Sage, Mrs. Russell, 312 Saghalien, 239, 303 Saguntum, battle of, 33 Said Pasha, 347 St. Albans, battles of, 120 St. Andrews, University of, 114 St. Augustine founded, 135 St. Bartholomew, battle of, 136 St. Denis, battle of, 134 St. Gotthard, battle of, 155 St. John of Jerusalem, Knights of, 92 St. Paul's Cathedral, 156 St. Peter, Cathedral of, begun, 126 St. Petersburg (now Petrograd), founded, 162; treaty of, 349; name changed, 365 St. Quentin, battle of, 132; taken by Germany, 406 Saints, first canonization of, 84 Saladin, 97, 99 Salamanca, University of, 102; battle of, 184 Salamis, in Greece, battle of, 15; in Cy- prus, 16 Salem settled, 146 Salic Law, 108 Salisbury, Lord, 250, 274 Sallentines, conquest of, 29 Sallust, 42, 43 Salmon Falls, N. H., destroyed by the, French, 160 Salonika, 351 Salvation Army, the, 274 Salvator Rosa, painter, 154 Samarcand, 113, 233 Samaria, taken by Sargon, 6; rebuilt, 44 Samaritans, 16 Samnite War, first, 23; second, 25; third, 27 Samnites, 25 Samoan Islands, 251, 283 Sancho I., King of Leon, 83; III., King of Navarre, 85; III., 87; I., King of Portu- gal, 99 Sandwich Islands discovered, 176 San Francisco disaster, 306 San Jacinto, battle of, 190 Sanjar, King of Persia, 95 San Juan, Island of, 236 Sankhhara, King of Egypt, 2 San Pedro, battle of, 229 San Pedro de Acatama, battle of, 245 San Stefano, treaty of, 243 Santa Anna, President of Mexico, 191: enters City of Mexico, 193; re-elected President, 207; abdicates, 213 Santiago, battle of, 278 Santo Domingo, annexed to Spain, 223; intervention by United States, 348 Santos-Dumont, 288 Sapaudia (see Savoy) Sapienza, battle of, 125 Sapor, King of Persia, 57 Saracens, 73, 77, 79, 81 Saragossa, battle of, 94 Saratoga, battle of, 176 Sardica, battle of, 6s Sardinia, seized by Rome, 31; subdued by Rome, 35; captured by the English, 162 Sardis, 12; battle of, 28 Sargon I., King of Akkad, 2 Sarto, Cardinal Giuseppe {see Pius X,, Pope) Saskatchewan, province of, created, 299 INDEX 497 Saul, King of the Jews, 4 Savannah, founded, 168; taken by the English, 176; occupied by Sherman, 228 Savoy, Duke of, 159 Savoy, entered by the Burgundians, 63; annexed to France, 221 Saxe, Marshal, 171 Saxons, the, 68, 69, 74, 76, 149, I73 Saybrook, Connecticut, founded, 148; platform, 162 Scanderbeg, insurrection of, 119 Schamyl, 219 Scheldt, River, 177 Schenectady, N. Y., destroyed by the French, 160 Schiller, 218 Schleswig-Holstein, revolt of, 195; war with Denmark, 199; yields to Germanic Confederation, 199; disputed with Denmark, 227 Schley, Admiral, 288 Scinde, captured by the British, 192;' annexed to British Empire, 193 Scipio, Africanus, 33, 33; Asiaticus, 34; Nasica, 36; Publius, 33 Scotland, and Scots, invade Britain, 61; defeat the Picts, 79; rebellion against England, 107; subdued by England, 107 ; invaded by Edward II., 109; uprising under Bruce, 109; independence of, in; Catholicism abolished by Parlia- ment, 134; first Bishops' War, 148; Episcopacy established, 154; treaty of union with England, 162 Scott, Captain R. F., 352 Scott, Sir Walter, 184 Scott, General Winfield, 230 Scripture, Canon of, 52 Sealing industry, 276 Search, Right of, 177 Sebastian, King of Portugal, 132 Sabastopol, siege of, 211, 213 Sebcastopolis, battle of, 171 Secession, immediate cause of, 220 Sejanus, 49 Seleacidas, era of, 24, 40 Seleucus, 26; II., 30; IV., 34; V., 40 Selim I., Sultan of Turkey, 127; II., 13s; III., 179 Sellasia, battle of, 33 Selma, Alabama, occupied by Union forces, 228 Seminole wars, 186, 190, 192 Sempach, battle of, 112, 113 Seneca, 48, 51 Seneffe, battle of, 156 Sennacherib, 6 Sepoy Rebellion, 214, 216 Serfs, emancipation of, 222 Sergius I., Pope, 70; II., 78; III., 80; IV., Sertorius, 41 Servia, and Servians, defeated by the Turks, 115; subjected to the Turks, 119; war with Turkey, 187, 225, 241; treaty with Bulgaria, 253; constitution sus- pended, 293; trouble with Austria, 321; declare war on Turkey, 351; war with Bulgaria, 357; ultimatum from Austria, 404; war with Austria, 404; invades Bosnia, 365 I Servius Tullius, King of Rome, 11 27 "Seven Governors" episode, 344 Seven Years' War, 172, 173 Severinus, Pope, 70 Severus, Septimius, Emperor, SS> Alex- ander, Emperor, 55, 57 Sevigne, Madame de, 154 Seville, treaty of, 168 Seward, Wm. H., 228 Seymour, Jane, 130 Sfax taken by French, 247 Shackleton, Lieutenant, 324 Shafter, General, 278 Sha-ho, battle of the, 297 Shakespeare, William, 134, 142 Shalmaneser I., King of Assyria, 3; II., 6; IV., 6 _ . Shamashshumukin, King of Babylonia, 8 Shashank I., King of Egypt, 4 Shays's Rebellion, 178 Shelley, poet, 184 Sheridan, General, 248, 254 Sheriffmuir, battle of, 164 Sherman, General William T., 226, 228, 230, 260 Shimonoseki, bombarded, 227; treaty of, 271 Shipka Pass, assault on, 243 Shirpur, battle of, 245 Shogun, the first of Japan, 99 Shrewsbury, battle of, 115 Shun-te, Emperor of China, in Shuster, W. Morgan, 339, 341, 343 , Shutargardan, battle of, 245 Sicily, Pyrrhus invades, 29; first Roman province, 31; Saracens invade, 77; Union with Naples, 187; declares in- dependence, 195; revolution in, 221; evacuated by Naples, 221 Siculus, 42 Sidney, Lord Algernon, 158 Sidney, Sir Philip, 138 Sidonius ApoUinaris, 62 Sigismund, Emperor of Germany, 116 Sigismund, King of Hungary, 114, 115 Sigismund I. (the Great), King of Poland, 127; II., 133; III., 139 Sigismund III., King of Sweden, 141 Sigurd, the Jerusalemite, King of Norway, 95 Sikh War, the, 192 Silesian wars, 171 Siiistria, battle of, 175; siege of, 211 Silverius, Pope, 66 Simancas, battle of, 83 Simplicius, Pope, 64 Sinope, founded, 7; conquered by Pontus, 34; plundered by Cossacks, 143; battle of, 209 Sinsheim, battle of, 156 Sisinnius, Pope, 70 Sitting Bull, 246, 258 Six Acts, the, 186 Sixtus, Pope, I., 52; III., 62; IV., 121; v., 139 . .... Slavery, negro, introduced into Virginia, 144; importation of slaves into United States abolished, 182; abolished by Congress of Vienna, 186; abolished in British Colonies, 190; trade abolished in District of Columbia, 196; emancipa- tion in Venezuela, 209; trade suppressed between United States and England, 498 INDEX Slavery — Continued 222; slavery abolished In District of Columbia, 224; emancipation proclama- tion, 224; abolished in United States, 228; Emancipation Law in Brazil, 2,36;' Spain prepares to free slaves in Porto Rico and Cuba, 236; abolished in Porto Rico, 238; suppressed by Zanzibar, 239; treaty between England and Germany, 244; abolished in Cuba, 246, 252; abolition in Brazil, 256; abolition in Zanzibar, 276 Slavs, 69; defeated by Otho, 82 Slocum disaster, 296 Smalkaldic League, the, 131 Smalkalds, the, 133 Smith, Adam, 176 Smith, General Kirby, 228 Smithsonian Institution, 190 Smolensk, siege of, 147; taken by the Russians, 153 Sobieski, Marshal John, 155, 157, 159, 161 Social Wars, 33, 41 Socialists in Germany, 269, 345 Socrates, 16 Soissons, battle of, 65, 80; conquest of, 169 Solebay, naval victory of, 154 Solemn League and Covenant, 150 Solferino, battle of, 219 Soliman (the Magnificent), Sultan of Ottoman Empire, 129, 131, 135 Solomon, King of the Jews, 4 Solon, 10, II Solyman II., Sultan of Turkey, IS9 Somaliland, 290 Sophia captured, 243 Sophia, St., Church of, 66 Sophocles, 14 Sorbonne, at Paris, founded, 102 Soter, Pope, 52 South America, revolt of the Spanish colonies, 185 South Carolina secedes, 220 South Pole discovered, 344 South Sea, first reached, 127; scheme, 166, 168 Southern Rights Association, 200; Con- vention, 202 Southey, poet, 188 Sozomen, 62 Spa-Fields riots, 186 Spain, conquest, by Rome, 47; invaded by Franks, 57; subjected to Rome, 59; entered by the Vandals, 63; by the Visigoths, 6s ; Catholicism established in, 68; conquered by the Arabs, 70; union of Castile and Aragon 122; sub- dues Oran, Algiers, Tripoli, 126; ac- quires Milan, 130; acquires Portugal, 138; loses all Italian possessions, 163; cedes Florida to United States, 186; con- stitution of 1812 adopted, 191; war with Morocco, 219; revolution in, 233; Carlist troubles, 237; declared a re- public, 239; end of rule in Cuba, 281 Spanish Succession, War of the, 162 Sparta, Spartans, Lycurgan legislation. 4; First Messenian War, 7; overthrow the Argives, 13; Peloponnesian War, 17; peace of Nicias, 17; war with Persia, 18 ; war with Thebes, 19; besieged bj Pyrrhus, 29 Spartacus, 41 Spartianus, 58 Specie payments resumed, 244 Spencer, Herbert, 224 Spenser, Edmund, 138 Spinning-wheel, invented, 130; frame jenny, 174 Spinola, 145 Spion Kop, battle of, 284 Spires, Diet of, 131; taken by France, 179 Spoils System, 1S8 Spurius Cassius, 15 Spurius M.-eHus, 17 [ Stael, Madame de, 184 t Stamp Act, 172; Congress, 172; repealedj 174 1 Standard, battle of the, 95 Stanislas, Bishop of Cracow, 91 Stanley Committee, 338, 348 Stanley, Henry M., 240, 249, 2SS. 258 Star Chamber, 122, 148 Star Route frauds, 248 States-General, last assembly before the Revolution, 144 States Rights, 188 Statius, 52 Statius Cascillius, 34 Statute, of Mortmain, 105; of Westmin- ster, 105, 107; of Quia Emptores, 107; of Provisors, III; of Prsmunire, 114, IIS Steamboat, first, 182; transatlantic, first, 186 _ Steenkirk, battle of, 160 Stefansson, explorer, 348 Stephen II., Pope; III., 72; V., 76, 78; VI., 80; VII., 80; VIII., 82; IX., 88 Stephen of Blois, 92, 95 Stephen, St., King of Hungary, 84; V., 103 Stephenson, Senator, 344 Stethoscope, invention of, 186 Stettin, peace of, 137 Stillwater, battle of, 176 Stimson, Henry L., 338 Stirling, battle of, 107 Stockholm, Diet of, 159 Stoessel, General, 299, 317 Stoics, 30 Stolypin, 341 Stony Point recovered, 176 Stormberg, battle of, 284 Stowe, Mrs. H. B., 206 Strabo, 44 Strafford, impeachment of, 14S Strassburg, seized by France, 158; capi- tulation of, 23s Stuart, the House of, 113 Stuyvesant, Peter, 150 Subway, New York City, 296 Sudan, war in the, 251 Suetonius, 51 Suez Canal, 238, 254, 255 Suffrage Male, Fifteenth Amendment, 232; in Belgium, 267; in Russia, 305; in Germany, 317 Suffrage, Woman, Conventions, 196, 254; in Wyoming, 232; in Kansas, 252; in Colorado, 266; in Utah and Idaho, 274;i in Washington, 334; in California, Arizona, Kansas, Oregon, 3So; in| INDEX 499 Suffrage — Continued Alaska and Illinois, 356; in Norway, 289, 313; in England, 306, 310, 312, 334. 338. 344. 350, 352, 354; in Finland, 313; in Hungary, 35s; in France, 359; in United States, 360 Suidas, 82 Suleiman Pasha, 243 Sulla, 40, 41 Sulzer, William, 356 Sumner, Charles, 212 Sun, Temple of the, S2_ Sunday Schools established in England, 176 Sun-dial, first, 26 Sun Yat Sen, 345 Surat, sack ot, 15s Surrey, Earl of, 132 Susiana conquered by Parthia, 34 Sussex, kingdom of, 65 Sverker I., King of Sweden, 95 Sweden, and the Swedes, Christianity in, 76; invaded by Denmark, 129; Luther- anism established, 131; predominant in North, 14s; defeat the Saxons, 149; invade Brandenburg, 157; an absolute monarchy, 161; war with Russia, 171; united with Norway, 185; separated from Norway, 303 Swedenborg, 170 Swift, Dean, 168 Switzerland, declared independent, 151; revised constitution of, 239 Sylvester I., Pope, 58; II., 84; III., 88 Symmachus, orator, 60; Pope, 64 Synod of Dort, the, 14s Syracuse, founded, 7; democracy in, 15; besieged by Athenians, 19; taken by Marcellus, 33; taken by Arabs, 79 Syria, 31, 34, 44, 192 Szelankemen, battle of, 161 Szigeth, battle of, 135 Tabriz taken by Russia, 189 Tacfarinas, 49 Tachos, King of Egypt, 21 Tacitus, 52 Tacna captured, 247 Taft, William H., President of United States, 318, 320, 324, 326, 328, 334. 336, 346 Taharka, King of Egypt, 9 Taherites, the, dynasty of, 77 Tahiti annexed to France, 247 Talavera, battle of, 182 Talleyrand, 191 _ Tampico, occupation of, 194; incident with United States, 360, 361 Tancred, 92 Taney, Chief Justice, 214 Tang-Shao-yi, Premier, 345, 347 Tannenberg, battle of, 115 Tarapaca, battle of, 24s Tarentum, 27, 29 Tariff, high protective (Tariff of Abomi- nations), 188; the Compromise, 190; bill establishing ad valorem duties, 194; new, 234; McKinley Bill, 258; Wilson Bill, 268; Dingley Bill, 276; Payne Bill, 324, 326; agreement between United States and Germany, 331; Board creat- ed, 336; Underwood Bill, 354, 356 Tarquinius Superbus, King of Rome, 13 Tarquins, war with, 13 Tartars defeated by the Poles, 155 Tasso, poet, 136 Talsu Maru, affair, 317 Tax, Federal Corporation, 336 Tax, first, on movables (Saladin Tithe), 99 Taylor, General Richard, 228 Taylor, General Zachary, President of United States, 196 Tchernaya, battle of the, 213 Tecumseh killed, 184 Tejada, Lerdo de. President of Mexico, 237 Telamon, battle of, 31 Telegraph, 158, 190, 192, 200, 202, 212, 214, 216, 222, 230, 232, 280, 292, 314 Telephone, 240 Telescope, invented, 142; reflecting, 154 Telesphorus, Pope, 52 Tell-el-Amarna Letters, 3 Temesvar, battle of, 197 Temporal power of the Pope, no Tennessee secedes, 222 Tennyson, Alfred, 198, 264 Terence, 34 Tertullian, 54 Teschen, peace of, 177 Test Act, 156 Testament, New, Wickllffe's translation, 112; Tyndale's translation, 128; re- vised, 246 Testament, Old, Septuagint translation of, 26; revised, 250 Testry, battle of, 71 Teutones, 39 Tewfik Pasha, Khedive of Egypt, 24s , 263 Tewkesbury, battle of, 120 Texas, independence of, 190; annexed to United States, 192; secedes, 222 Thames, battle of the, 184 Thapsus, battle of, 43 Thebes, 19, 21, 41 Themistocles, 15 Theocritus, 26 Theodora, 87, 88 Theodoret, 62 Theodoric, 63, 64, 65 Theodorus, Pope, 70 Theodosius the Great, 61; II., 63; III., 73 Theophilus, 54; Emperor, 77 Thermometers invented, 144 Therrnopylae, battle of, is, 35 Thespis, first tragedian, 12 Thessalonica, 117 Thessaly, 43 Theuderic III., King of France, 71; IV., 7.3 Thiers, 227, 237, 239, 241 Thirty Years' War, 14s Thomas of Lancaster, 109 Thorn, peace of, 121 Thothmes III., King of Egypt, 3 Thrace, 49 Thrasybulus, 19 Thucydides, 16, 17 Tiberias, 47, 49; II., 69 Tiberius Gracchus, 35, 37 500 INDEX Tibet, treaty with England, 396 Tibullus, 44 Tichborne trial, 238 Ticino, the, battle of, 33 Ticonderoga, 172, 176 Tien-Tsin, treaty of, 216; taken by Allies, 287 Tiglathpileser, King of Assyria, I., 3; II., 4: III., 6 Tigranes, King of Armenia, 40 Tigranocerta, battle of, 40 Tilden, Samuel J., 240 Tilly, 145, 147 Tilsit, peace of, 183 Time, standard, in United States, 248 Timur the Tartar, iii, 113, 115 Tinchebrai, battle of, 93 Tippecanoe, 184 Tippoo, Sultan of Mysore, 177 Tirhaka {see Taharka) Tiridates, 51 Tissaphernes, 19 Titanic disaster, 346 Tithe, Saladin, 99 Tithes, imposition of, 72 Titian, 124, 132 Titus, SI. Tobacco in England, 138; introduced into Virginia, 142 Tokio made capital, 233 Tokolyi, revolt under, 157 Toleration, Edict of, 58 Tolstoy, Count Leo, 289 Topeka Constitution, 214 Torgau, battle of, 173 Tories, 156 Torreon, battle of, 361 Torricelli, 150 Torstenson, General, 149 Totila, 67 Toul ceded to France, 150 Towton, battle of, 120 Tragedian, first, 12 Trajan, 53; pillar of, 52 Tramways, first, 158 Transvaal, annexed to England, 240; Boers declare independence, 247; allied with Orange Free State, 277; part of British Empire, 2S6 Transylvania, subject to Turkey, 155; subdued by Germany, 159 Trasimene, battle of, a Trebbia, the, battle of, 33 Trebellius Pollio, 58 Trebizond, 273 Trent, Council of, second session, 133 Trenton, battle of, 176 Trigonometry, foundation of, 36 Trinidad taken by the English, 172 Tripoli, 95; annexed by Italy, 343 Triumvirate, First, 43 Trochu, 23s Troppau, Congress of, 187 Troubadours, the, loi Troyes, treaty of, 116 Tsin dynasty, China, 28 Tudor, House of, 122 Tuileries, storming of, 179 Tunis, 247, 27s Tunnels, Mont Cenis, 234; Mt. St. Goth- ard, 246; Hudson River, 294; Simplon, 299 Turenne, 152, 156, 157 Turin, treaty of, 221 Turkey, the Turks, Empire divided, iij', subdues the Crimea, 121; obtains Lem- nos and Albania, 123; Georgia and Kur- distan added to, 127; Syria and Egypt conquered by, 127; invades Germany, 131; invade Persia, 133; take Tripoli, 133; invade Hungary, 133; besiege Malta, 13s; first trade with England, 139; war with Persians, 143; invade Hungary, 155; war with Russia, 157, 159, 165, 175, 209; invades Poland, 157; war with Germany, 159; recover Belgrade, i6i;_ loses Hungary, 167; in vasion of Persia, 169; war with Servia. 187; war with Egypt, 193; war with Ser- via, 22s; war with Servia, Montenegro, and Russia, 241; constitution, 241; Ar- menian Massacres, 273, 275; war with Greece, 277; constitution restored, 319; indemnity for Bosnia and Herzegovina, 324; the Young Turks, 325; war with Italy, 341; war with Montenegro, Bul- garia, Servia, and Greece, 341 Turkmantchai, peace of, 189 Tuscany, Grand Duchy of, 133; Moors expelled from, 143; votes for annexation to Sardinia, 221 Tweed Ring, 236 Tyler, John, President of United States, 192 Tyler, Wat, 113 Tyrants, period of the thirty, 57 Tyre, 3, 10, 22, 95 Tyrel, Sir Walter, 93 Tyrlavos, battle of, 277 X u i Uganda, British Protectorate, 268 Ulegh Beg, ruler of Samarcand, 116 UUoa, San Juan de. 191 Ulrica, Eleanora, Queen of Sweden, 167 Ulster in Ireland colonized, 143; Homef Rule question in, 342, 346, 348, 356, 358, 360, 362 Ulundi, 244 Uncle Tom's Cabin, 204 Underwood, Oscar W., 3S4; Tariff Bill, 3S6 United States of America, independence proclaimed, 176; adoption of Articles of Confederation, 176; independence acknowledged by Great Britain, 176; Federal Constitution adopted, 178; neutrality in regard to France, 180; Jay's Treaty, 180; war with France, 180; Washington, capital of, 180; Louisiana Purchase, 182; Tripolitan War, 182; war with Great Britain, 184; Missouri Compromise, 186; Mexican War, 192, 194; Gadsden Purchase, 206; Kansas- Nebraska Bill, 208; Alaska Purchase, 230; Centennial celebration, 240; specie payments resumed, 244; treaty with China, 246; treaty with Colombia, 250, 360; warwithSpain, 278, 280; Philippine War, 280; Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, 284; Gold standard, 284; abrogation of treaty with Russia, 342; trouble in Mexico, INDEX 501 United States — Conlinued Vera Cruz occupied, mediation by A. B.C. Powers, 360 Upsala, Archbishopric of, 97 Ur, Kings of, 2 Urban I., Pope, 54; H., 90; III., 98; IV., 104; v., 112; VI., 112; VIII., 145 Utica, 33 Utrecht, Union of, 138; treaty of, 164 Uzziah, King of Judah, 6 V Vaal River Colony {see Transvaal) Vaccination, 180, 332 Vadimonian Lake, battle of, 25 Valdernar I., King of Denmark, 97; II. ,101 Valencia, 92 Valens, 61 Valentine, Pope, 76 Valentinian I., 61; II., 61; III., 63 Valerianus, 57 Valerius Flaccus,- 50 Val-es-dunes, battle of, 88 Valmy, cannonade of, 179 Valparaiso bombarded, 231 Van Buren, Martin, President of United States, 190, 224 Vandals, the, 63 Van Dyke, painter, 148 Van Eyck, Jan, inventor of oil painting, 112 Van Tromp, Admiral, 149, 152, 153 Varna, battle of, 119, 175 Varro, 42 Varus, 49 Vasyar, treaty of, 155 Vatican Council, 233 Vaudois, the, 159 Velasquez, painter, 154 Velestino, battle of, 277 Velleius Paterculus, 48 Venetia, 231 Venezuela, separated from Colombia, 189; civil war in, 219; message, 272; revolu- tion, 283; blockade by England, 293 Venice, and Venetians, origin of, 63; Paulucio, first doge, 71; Byzantine Empire recognizes independence of, 77; great maritime power, 97; treaty with Turks. 107; subjugate Padua and Verona, lis; Republic ended, i8i Vera Cruz, surrender of, 194; captured by United States, 360 Vercellse, battle of, 39 Verdun, treaty of. 77; acquired by France, 132; ceded to France, 150 Verona, Congress of, 187 Veronese, Paolo, 134 Versailles, peace of, 176 Vervins, peace of, 140 Vesalius, 130 Vespasian, 50, 51 Vespucius, Amerigo, 124, 125 Vesuvius, Mt., 51 Vicksburg, siege of, 226 Victor I., Pope, 54; II., 88; III., 90; IV., anti-pope, 96 Victor Emmanuel I., King of Sardinia, 197; King of Italy, 221, 223, 231, 243; III., 287 Victoria, Queen of England, 190; married, 192; Empress of India, 240; attempted assassination, 246; jubilee celebration, 254, 276; death, 286 _ Vicloria-Camperdoivn disaster, 266 Vienna, insurrection in, 121; taken by Hungarians, 123; besieged by the Turks, 131; siege of, 159; treaty of, 168; peace, of, 169, 183; Congress of, 185, 186; Conference of, 209; treaty of, 231 Vigilance Committee, 200 Vigilius, Pone, 66 Villafranca. peace of, 219 Villa, General, 361 Villa Viciosa, battle of, 155, 164 Villeroi, 162 Vimeiro, battle of, 182 Vinci, Leonardo da, painter, 122 Vindelicians, 47 Virgil, 44 Virginia, Raleigh's colony in, 139; secedes, 222 Viv.inius affair, 238 Visigoths, the, 61, 62, 67, 71 Vitalian, rebellion of, 67 Vitalian, Pope, 70 Vitellius, 51 Vitruvius, 42 Vittoria, battle of, 184 Viviani Rene, 362 Vladimir the Great, King of Russia, 85 Vladislav I., King of Poland, 91; the Dwarf, 107; II., 112; III., 117; chosen King of Hungary, 117; son of Casimir IV., of Poland becomes King of Bo- hemia, 121; chosen King of Hungary, 123; IV., 147 Vladivostock, 295, 303 Volapiik invented, 244 Voltaic battery, 188 Voltaire, 176 Von Caprivi, 259, 269 Vopiscus, 58 W Wace, Robert, poet, 98 Wagner, Richard, 198, 248 Wagram, battle of, 183 Wakefield, battle of, 120 Waldemar III., King of Denmark, ill Waldenses, the, 96, 98 Waldersee, Count von, 287 Wales, Prince of, visit to United States, 220, 224 {see Edward Vlli, King of England) Wales subjugated by England, 107 Walid I., Caliph, 71 Walker, William, 212, 213, 221 Wall, Great Chinese, 28, 32 Wallace betrayed, 109 Wallachia, revolt of, 141; united with Moldavia into Roumania, 223 Wallenstein, 145, 146, 147 Wallingford, treaty of, 97 Walpole, Sir Robert, 168 Walton, Issac, 152 Wamba, King of Visigoths, 71 War of the Roses, 120 Warbeck, Per kin, 124 Warsaw, taken by the Swedes, 163; stormed by Suvoroff, 181; Duchy of, 183; capitulation, 191 Warwick, Earl of, 124 I 502 INDEX Washington, George, birth, i68; mission to the French, 172; commander-in- chief, 174; first President, 178; re- elected, declines a third election, commander-in-chief, death, 180 Washington, city burnt by the British, 184; treaty of, 236; monument, 250; State of, admitted. 256 "Watchful waiting," 358 Water-clock, 36 Waterloo, battle of, 184, 185 Watts, Isaac, 162 Webster-Ashburton Treaty, 192 Webster, Daniel, reply to Hayne, 188; reply to Hulsemann, 198; death, 204 Webster, Noah, 188 Wehlau, treaty of, iS3 Wei-hai-wei, battle of, 271; leased to Great Britain, 278 Wellesley, Sir Arthur, 181 Wellington, Duke of, 204 Wellman, Walter, 334 Welsh Disestablishment Bill, 338 Wenceslas III., King of Bohemia, 107; IV., Emperor of Germany, 112 Wesley, Charles, 172 Wessex, third Saxon kingdom, 67 Western Empire, end of, 65 Westminster, peace of, 152 Westphalia, peace of, 150; kingdom of. West Virginia admitted, 224 Wet, Christian de, 286 Weyler, General, 273, 277 Whigs. 156, 158 Whiskey Insurrection, 180; women's war, 238 Whitby, Abbey of, 70 White, Edward D., Chief Justice, 334 Whitefield, George, 172, 174 White Mountain, battle of the, 14s White Plains, battle of, 176 Whitman, Walt., 264 Whittier, John G., 264 Wiasma, peace of, 147 Wickersham, Geo. W., 328 Wicklifites, the, lis Widdin. battle of, 161 Wight, Isle of, 67 Wilhelmina, Queen of Holland, 258, 287 Wilkes agitation, 17s William, Duke of Normandy, I., King of England (the Conqueror), 88, 89; II., 90; III., 158, 160; IV., 188 William I., of Orange, the Silent, 139 William I., Emperor of Germany, 237, 243; II., 255, 269, 347 William III., of Holland, Stadtholder, 156, 157, 158 {see William III., of England) William II., of the Netherlands, 151; III., 259 William IV., of the Netherlands, Stadt- holder, 171; v., 171 William I., King of the United Nether- lands, 185; King of Holland, 193; II., 193 William I., King of Prussia, 223 William II., King of Wiirttemberg, 261 William, Prince of Wied, King of Albania, 359, 363 William of Poitiers, 93; of Malmesbury, 94; of Occam, no; Duke of Bavaria, 138 William and Mary's College founded, 160 Wilmington occupied by Union forces, 228 Wilson, Woodrow, President of United States, 346, 350, 354. 356, 358, 364 Windischgratz, 195, 197 Winthrop, John, 146 Witchcraft superstition, 160 Witiges, 67 Witt, Admiral de, 157 Witte, Count, 307 Wittenberg, University of, 125 Wittstock, battle of, 149 Wolseley, Sir G., 239, 249, 251 Wolsey, Chancellor and Cardinal, 126, 130 W. C. T. U. organized, 238 Worcester, battle of, 152 Wordsworth, William, 188 _ Workingmen's Insurance Bill, 339 Worms, Council of, 90; Diet of, 129 Wren, Christopher, 156 Wyoming, massacre of, 176 Xantippus, 29 Xavier, 130 Xenophon, 18 t Xerxes, King of Persia, 14; II., 16 I Ximenes, Cardinal, 126 ■ X-Rays (see Roentgen rays) X Y Z papers, 180 Xystus, Pope (see Pope Sixtus I., and Pope Si.xtus III.) Yale College founded, 162 Yalu, battle of the, 269 Yaroslaff the Great, King of Russia, 87 Yermu, battle of, 69 Yezid I., 71 Yorktown, 176, 246 Yoshihito, Emperor of Japan, 347 Younghusband, Colonel, 296 Ypsilanti, Alexander, 187 Yuan Shih-kai, President of China, 323 343. 345, 357 Yussuf III., King of Granada, 114 Zabern incident, 359 Zachary, Pope, 72 Zallaca, battle of, 90 Zama, battle of, 33 Zanzilaar, 258 Zela, battle of, 42 Zelaya, 327 Zemstvo, Congress, 303 Zenger, printer, 168 Zeno, Emperor, 64 Zeno, philosopher, 16, 26 Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, S<^ Zenodotus, 32 Zenta, battle of, 161 Zepherinus, Pope, 54 Zeppelin, Count. 286 Zimisces, John, Emperor. 83 , INDEX 503 Zoe, Empress, 87 Zola, Emil, 279 ZoUverein, the, 247 Zosimus, Pope, 62; historian, 62 Zuloaga, President of Mexico, 217, 219 Zululand annexed to England, 253 Zurawno, peace of, 157 Zurich, battle of, 181; conference at, 21c Zutphen, battle of, 139 Zweibrucken, House of, 153 SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX COVERING EVENTS SUBSEQUENT TO AUGUST i, 1914 Abdul Hamid II., 391, 400 Ablainzeville, 438 Abo, 428 Aboukir sunk, 407 Adams, Charles Francis, 370 Adige valley. 417 Admiral Gaiileaume sunk, 409 Adolph Frederick of Mecklenburg, 397 ^gean Sea, 449 ^tna, Mount, 3'^9 Africa, Togoland captured by Allies, 407; General Botha sends forces against German Southwest, 407; De Wet's re- bellion in South, 409; General Botha occupies capital of German Southwest, 411; conquest of German South, com- pleted, 413; Kamerun captured, 41S; German East, cleared of enemy, 425 Agnelio, Pass of, 423 Aisne, battle of, 420 Aisne River, 428, 432, 438, 440, 446 Alamanse sunk, 427 Aland Islands, 391 Albania, 363, 4iS, 422, 444 Albert, King of Belgium, 404, 430, 438 Aldieri, General, 430 Aldrich, Nelson W., 370 Aleppo, 431, 449 Alexander, John W., 370 Allenby, General, 423, 44i, 445, 447 Allies, on Seine. Marne, and Meuse rivers, 406; take Togoland, Africa, 407; gain on Western front, 408; fleet bombards Dardanelles, 409; land at Gallipoli, 411 ; capture heights of Krithia. 411; attack in Gallipoli, 411; defeat Turks on Eu- phrates, 413; victorious in Gallipoli, 413; land at Salonika, 413; fleet bom- bards Dedeagatch. 415; blockade Greek coast, 416; fail to break lines on Somme, 416; capture Monastir, 416; seize Ger- man vessels at Piraeus, 417; refuse Ger- man peace offer, 418; state terms of peace, 418; advance toward Cambrai, 422; bomb Ostend, 427; Foch, com- mander-in-chief, 430 ; meet at Versailles, 432; attack Bolskeviki, 437; take Mon- astir- Prelip-Gardsko road, 442; con- solidate lines, 444; capture Berry-au- Bac. 44.6; occupy Cambrai, 446; sign truce terms, 45 1; officially sign peace, 452 Alps, Transylvanian, 417 Alsace, 406. 428 Alyez, President, 391 Amend, E. B., 364 America sunk, 447 Amiens, 406, 430 Amphion sunk, 407 Anah, 431 Ancre, 418, 438 Ancre, battle on the, 416 Andania sunk, 427 Anglo-American Exposition, 362 Anti-loafing bill, 394 Antioch, 427 Antwerp, 36S, 406, 408 Aoki, Viscount S., 364 Apremont, 442 Arabia, 377. 4I3, 44 i Arabia sunk, 417 Arabic sunk, 4 13 Archangel, 437 Arethusa mined, 41S Argentine Republic, 377, 391 Arges, battle of, 419 Argonne Forest, 412, 442, 446 Ariadne torpedoed, 423 Arizona, 366 Arlieux, 420 Armenia, 416 Armenian torpedoed, 413 Armentieres. 430, 444 Armistice, 451, 452 Army Budget bill, 376; Reorganization bill, 376 Arnold, Richard, 400 Aronde, 432 Arras, 420, 430, 438 Arras, battle of, 420 Artois, battle of, 410 Artres, 448 Ascalon, 425 Asiago, 42s, 427. 435, 437 Asquith ministry resigns, 418 Astronomy, new star in Aquila, 396 Asturias sunk, 421 Athens, 419 Athos torpedoed, 419 Auberive, 444 Australia, 389. 39i, 407, 434 Austria, Berchtold resigns, 367; Cabmet resigns, 391; Czernin resigns, 3931 Ra- decz succeeds Czernin, 393;vonHus- sarek made Premier, 397; Emperor Charles abdicates, 399. 45 1 ; ultimatum to Serbia, 404; declares war on Serbia and Russia, 404; bombards Belgrade, 40s; defeated by Serbs, 405; Franceand England declare war on, 406; enters Alsace, 406; defeated at Lemberg, 406; foreign minister resigns, 408; retreats 505 5o6 SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX Austria — Continued from Warsaw, 408; invades Serbia, 408; concentrates along Vistula, 408; retakes' Przemysl, 410; Italy declares war on, 410; conquest of Serbia, 413; takes San Giovanni de Medua, 415; air-raid on Italy, 415; Rumania declares war on, 416; Franz Joseph dies, 416; United States severs relations with, 420; replies to I-'ope,422; defeated west of Stanislaw, 422; United States declares war on, 4.24; Cuba declares war on, 424; counter- drive in Italy, 425; forces passage of Tagliamento, 42s; takes Mt. Prasalau, 425 ; repulsed west of Brenta,427 ; Czechs and Slavs oppose, 433; counter-attacks on Asiago Plateau and Monte Grappa, 435; crosses and recrosses Piave, 435; Premier resigns, 436; defeated near Asiago, 437; bombards Tonale region, lower Piave, and Brenta, 437; United States rejects peace offer, 440; Prime Minister resigns, 444; notified of sepa- rate peace by Turkey, 446; revolt in Bohemia, 446; armistice refused, 446; Foch orders Italy to attack, 447; ac- cepts Allied terms, 448; asks for peace, 449; defeated in Italy, 450; capitulates, 450, 451; accepts armistice, 450; ac- cepts truce terms of Italy, 451 Aviation. 362, 374, 380, 386, 394, 398; raids on Paris, 408, 429; first raid on England. 409; raids on London, 411, 413, 423. 425, 427, 429; German sub- marine destroyed. 413; raid on Italy, 415; raid on Zeebrugge, 427 Avre, 430, 438 Aztec sunk, 421 B Bacon, A. O., 364 Badonvillers, 428 Baer, G. F., 364 Bagdad, 421 Bailleul, 430, 438, 440 Baker, Newton D., 372, 392, 433 Bakuba, 421 Bantheville. 446 Bapaume, 420, 430. 438, 440 Barnabee, Henry Clay, 400 Basra, 409 Bassin de Briey, 440 Bavaria. 401 Bayonne. N. J., strike of oil workers, 368 Beaucourt. 438 Becker, Charles. 368 Beckwith, James Carroll. 388 Bedouin campaign in Egypt, 415 Beirut, 447 Belfort. 40s . Belgium, premier resigns, 39S; capital removed. 365, 406; Albert appeals to Great Britain, 404; ultimatum regard- ing neutrality. 404; invaded by Ger- many, 405. 406; Liege bombarded. 405; fighting in 408; United States makes protest. 416; captures Fiorina. 416; takes Flanders coast sector, 428; Ger- jmany offers peace, 440; attacks on Western front, 442; takes Hooglede - and Handzeeme, 444; -attacks in Flan- ders, 446; occupies Zeebrugge and Bruges, 446; final operations on West- ern front, 448 Belgrade, 405. 408, 413 Bell, Alexander. 366 Bellecourt. 442 Belloy, 432 Bennett, James Gordon, 400 Berat, 444 Berchtold. Count, resigns, 367 Berry-au-Bac, 446 Bertigo, 435 Bertillon. A., 364 Bessarabia, 426 Birdword, General, 442 Birch, 425 Birmingham sinks U-15, 407 Bisbee.Ariz. , citizens eject striking miners, 384 Bitter, Karl, 370 Bjorko, 432 Black Sea, 428, 449 Black Tom Island explosion, 378 Blankenberghe, 446 Bleharies, 448 Bligny, 436 Bliss, General, 452 Bobo, Dr. Rosalbo, 369 Bohemia, 44,6 Boissevain, Mrs. Inez M., 380 Boldt, George C, 380 Bolivia, Guerra president of, 385 Bolo Pasha, 390, 392, 426, 430 Bolsheviki, 391, 393, 397, 424, 427, 429, 433. 435. 436, 437. 438, 440, 441. 452 Bonavita, Captain Jack, 388 Bordeaux, French government moved to, 406 Boris, King of Bulgaria. 399, 444 Botha, General, 407, 411 Bouilly, 436 Bouresches, 432 Bourlon Wood. 424 Boy-Ed. Captain. 374, 412 Brady, James Buchanan, 388 Brandeis, Louis D., 376 Bray. 438 Brazil, 391. 424 Brenta, 425, 427, 437 Bresla7i, the. 407 Brest-Litovsk, 412. 424; treaty of, 393, 426 Brieulles, 442 Bril, 430 Britannic sunk, 417 Brodi, 416 Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company, 386 Bruay, 448 Bruges, 446 Brun, Constantin, 378 Brussels, 406. 448 Bryan, W. J.. 366, 391, 410 Bucharest. 416 Buckner, S. B., 364 Bucquoy, 438 Buena Ventura torpedoed, 441 "Buffalo Bill." 388 Bukowina, 414, 416 Bulgaria, 399, 412, 413, 442.,443, 444 Bullard, General, 446 Bullen. Frank T.. 370 Bulwark destroyed, 409 . --- i SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX 507 Burleson, Albert S., 390 Buso. Monte Salbella, 425 Bussiares, 432 Butte de Mesnil, 442 Byng, General, 424, 430, 438 Bzura, 408 C Caillaux, Joseph, 390, 426 Caillaux, Mme., 364 Caledonia torpedoed, 419 Cambrai, 420, 430, 440, 446 Cambrai, Isattle of, 424 Camelin. 438 Camerontan sunk, 423 Campbell, James, 362 Canada, peace conference, 363; first draft, 391; woman's suffrage in, 391; soldiers refuse to listen to Bryan, 391; first gas used against, 410; captures Hill 70, 422; enters Lens, 422 Canal du Nord, 440 Cannon, James G., 380 Canny-sur-Matz, 438 Capo Sile, 433, 43S Cappy, 438 Carey, General, 430 Carlstrom, Victor, 374, 380 Carpathia sunk, 437 Carpenter, Boyd, 400 Carpenter, Rt. Rev. William, 400 Carranza, General, 36s, 369. 375. 383. 385 Carreno, Mme. Teresa, 388 Carso, 417. 423 Carson, Sir Edward, 362, 368, 390, 426 Casel, 430 Casement, Sir Roger, 374, 376, 416 Castalunga, 43s Castle, Vernon, 400 Castro, General Cipriano, 378 Cavan, Lord, 449 Cecil, Lord Robert, 400 Central Powers, separated from Greece, 418; armistice with Russian Bolsheviki, 424; signs peace with Ukraine, 426: Rumania makes petce with, 426, 428, 432 Cettinje, 41S Chagas, Jaago, 367 Chalandry , 448 Chamberlain. Joseph, 364 Chamorro, Emiliano, 381 Champagne, 412, 428 Champillon, 432 Chang, General Hsun, 385 Charles, Emperor of Austria, 381, 399, 451 Ch&teau-Porcieu, 448 Ch3.teau-Thierry, 432 Chaulnes, 416, 420 Chemin des Dames, 424, 426, 432, 440, 446 Cheppy, 442 Child Labor Bill, 378 Chile, 369, 4CI, 409 China, 366, 367, 369, 377, 381, 385, 395. 399, 420, 422 Chita, 435 Choate, Joseph H., 388 Chouvaiev, General, 373 Chuignolle, 438 Churchill, Winston, 370 City of Athens sunk, 423 Claflin Company, H. B., 362 Claude, Achille, 400 Clemenceau, 424 Clerembant Wood, 432 Coblenz, 452 Cocos Island, 409 CDdy, Colonel William P., 388 Col di Chelo, 43S Col d'Echele, 427 Col del Rosso, 425, 427, 43s Collier, Price, 364 Collier, Rob't J., 400 Cologne, 452 Colombia, 397 Combles, " Tanks " first used at, 416 Comines, 446 Comstock, Anthony, 370 Conegliano, 449. 450 Conference. International Business, 362 Confians, 448 Congress. Sixty-fifth, 382 Connolly, James, 374 Conscription, in Australia, 389; Irish, 392, in England, 414 Conservation, 386 Constabulary, State, established by New York, 384 Constantine, King of Greece, 422 Corfu, 415 Corinth, 423 Corno di Cabento, 437 Cornwallis sunk, 419 Costa Rica, 383 Cote de Chatillon, 446 Cotton, price conventions, 364; high prices, 384 Courcelles, 432 Couzins, Phoebe, 364 Christian, King of Denmark, 367 Covington sunk, 43s Cracow, 40S Cramoiselle, 436 Crane, Walter, 370 Craonne, 422 Crecy sunk, 407 Creelman, James T., 370 Crimea, 452 Crise River, 436 Croisilles, 430 Croix Ricard, 432 Ctesiphon, battle of, 413 Cuba, 382, 395. 397, 420, 424 Cui, Cesar, 400 CulRarian sunk, 429 Cullom, S. M., 364 Cuts, 438 Cymric sunk, 415 Czecho-Slovaks, 396, 398, 433. 43S. 437. 440, 441, 446, 448 Czernin, Count, 393 Czejrnqwitz. 414 D Dago, 424 Dahrabend, 419 Dalny, 367 Damascus, 44S "Danby, Frank," 380 Danish West Indieg, 378, 382 Danlon sunk, 4?! 5o8 SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX Danube River, 448, 451 Dardanelles, 409, 411, 413 Dato, Eduardo, 385 Davis, Henry Gassaway, 380 Davis, Richard Harding, 380 Daylightsaving, in France, 392 ; in United States, 302, 398 Debeney, General, 436, 438, 440, 444, 448, 451 de Broqueville, Baron, 395 Debs, Eugene V., 396 Dedeagatch. 413, 415 Degoutte, General, 442 Delcasse resigns, 368 Delville Wood, 416 Denain. 446 Deniecourt. 416 Denmark, 366, 367. 378, 382, 395, 401 de Radecz, Baron, 393 de Reszke, Edouard, 388 Deroulede, Paul, 364 Deuischland, submarine merchantman, 378, 417 De Vinne, Theodore, 364 De Wet, General, 409 Dewey, Admiral George, 388 Diaz, General, 447. 450 Diaz, Porfirio, 370 District of Columbia" dry, " 382 Dixmude,4o8, 442, 446 Dodd, Colonel, 373 Dnieper, 428 Dobrudja, 416 Doggerbank, 409 Doiran, Lake, 440 Donovan. Mike, 400 Dopelil Thouras sunk, 439 Dormans, 432 Douai, 446 Douaumont, Port, 414 Dougherty, J. Hampden, 400 Dover, 421 Dover Castle sunk, 423 Draft, 374. 390, 391. 393. 394. 396, 398, 422 Drake torpedoed, 425 Draper, Eben S., 364 Dresden sunk, 411 Drocourt-Queant "switch line," 440 Dufferin and Alva. Marquis of, 400 du Fournet, Admiral, 419 Dumba, Dr., 412 Dunajec, battle of, 410 Durazzo, 363, 444 Dyes from coal-tar, discovered, 368 Eastman Kodak Company, 368 Echegaray, Don Jos6, 380 Ecuador, 373 Edison, Thomas A., 366 Egypt, 365, 408, 413, 41S, 42s Ehrlich, Dr. Paul, 370 Ekaterinburg, 397, 441 Elkus, Abram I., 378 Ellis, Edward S.. 380 Ellis, Mrs. Havelock, 380 Emden sunk. 409 Emergency Ship Bill, 364 Emmet, Thos. Addis, 40Q England, fleet leaves Portsmouth, 364; declines to pledge neutrality, 364;closes Suez Canal, 370; Military Service Bill, 374; releases prisoners taken in Irish rebellion, 384; agreement with United States about draft, 390; makes declara- tion about Russia, 392; retains Irish conscription, 392; man-power bill, 392; recognizes Czecho-Slovaks, 396; Ger- man submarines surrender to, 400; Council proposed, 404; moratorium pro- claimed, 404 ; Albert of Belgium appeals to, 404; Grey's speech, 404; declares war on Germany, 404 ; third flotilla, 40S ; declares war on Austria, 406; treaty with France and Russia. 406; India offers aid. 406; occupies Ostend, 406; naval victory in Heligoland Bight, 407; declares war on Turkey, 408; declara- tion about Egypt, 408; "war-zone" 408; line pierced near Neuve ChapeUe, 408 ; wins at La Bass6e, 408 ; naval vic- tory off Falkland Islands and Dogger- bank, 409; "official blockade" of, 409; bombards Dardanelles, 409; first air raid on, 409; occupies Basra, 409; oc- cupies Garub, 409; declares blockade, 410; captures Neuve Chapelle, 410; raidson London, 411,413,423,425.427, 429; defeated on Tigris, 411, 41S; na- tional registration in, 412; declares war on Bulgaria, 412; wins near Hooge and Loos, 412; Haig commands army, 412; fleet bombards Dedeagatch, 413; re- treats to Kut-el-Amara, 413; defea-s Arabs. 413; withdraws from Gallipoli, 413; conscription in. 414; retakes "in- ternational trench," 414; wins at St. E!oi.4T4; loses Vimy Ridge. 4i4_;Towns- hend surrenders, 415; Russia joins, 41S; evacuates Gallipoli, 41S; advances on Somme. 416; takes Delville Wood, 416; captures Pozieres, 416; first uses"tanks," 416; crosses Struma. 417; bombards Kavala. 41"; Asquith ministry resigns, 418; new blockade order. 418; takes Grandcourt, 418; advances on Ancre, 418; attacks Magdhaba. 419; attacks near Kut, 419; takes Dahrabend, 419; takes Kut-el-Amara, 419; takes Gom- mecourt. Somme front. Bapaume, _Per- onne, Neles, Chaulnes, and Arlieux, 420; retakes Vimy Ridge. 420; advances on Scarpe. 420; advances near Salonika, 42 1; reaches Bakuba, 421; takes Bag- dad, 421; conquers at Gaza, 421; blows no Messines Ridges. 422 ; advances near Lens, 42 2; defeats at Jebel Hamrin,423; sugar ration in, 424; attacks east of Ypres,424 ;tanksat Cambrai, 424;takes Bourlon Wood. 424; loses trenches at Ypres, 424; attacks on Cambrai front; 424; in Italy, 425; takes Gaza, Jaffa, Jerusalem, and Bireh, 425; meatless days. 426; refuses recognition of Brest- Litovsk treaty, 426; in Ireland. 426; in Palestine. 427; takes Dutch shipping, 428; attacks in Yores-Dixmude sector, 428; advances in Mesopotamia, 429; ap- peals for aid, 430; man-power bill, 430; final operations on Western front, 430, 432, 434. 436, 438, 440. 442, 444. 446. ^ i SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX 509 England — Continued 448, 451 ; blockades Zeebrugge, 431; advances in Palestine, 431, 433, cap- tures Kirfa, 431 ; agreement about pris- oners, 436; munition workers strike, 436; defeats Austrians, 437; consuls held by Bolsheviki, 440 , drive on Macedon- ian front, 440, 441 ; Allenby commands army, 441 ; victorious in Palestine, 441, 443; Bulgaria appeals to, 442 ; bombards Nieuport to Zeebrugge, 442; enters Strumnitza, 442; advances up Tigris, 44s; occupies Damascus, 447; occupies Sidon, Tripolis, and Horns, 447 ; crosses Piave, 449; enters Kirkuk, crosses Sessez Zab, and takes Kalat Shergat, 449; enters Germany, 452; occupies Cologne, 452 ; summary of treaty made public, 432 ; summary of German reply made public, 452 ; summary of reply to Germany made public, 4S2; revised text of treaty made public, 4S2; Ger- manj' accepts terms, 452 ; peace signed, 4S2 ; final draft of treaty, 452 Englefontaine, 448 Erzerum, 415, 429 Espain, 448 Espionage Act, 392, 396 Estaires, 430 Esthonia, 452 Euphrates sunk, 419 Euphrates River, 413 Exchange, Stock, in London, 366 Exposition, Anglo-American, 362 Fabre, Jean Henri, 370 Faguet, Emile, 380 Fairbanks, Charles W., 376, 400 Falaba sunk. 411 Falkland Islands, 409 Famars, 448 Fayolle, General. 430 Fels, Joseph, 364 Feng, Kwo-Chang. General, 381 Ferdinand, King of Bulgaria, 399, 444 Finland, 39i, 397, 401, 428, 430, 431, 436 Pismes. 436, 438 Fitzsimmons. Robert, 388 Flan'^ers, 408, 428, 442, 446 Flanders, battle of, 422 Flat River, Missouri, miners ejected, 384 Fleurbaix, 430 Fleury, 416 Flint, Dr. Austin, 370 Fiorina, 416 Foch, Marshal, 306, 430, 447, 4.i;r, 452 Fonzaso, 42s Pood Stimulation Bill, 398, 400 Ford, Henry, 370 J Porman, Justus Miles, 370 ' Formidable sunk, 409 Poscani, 416, 419 Possoy, 436 Prance, Prohibition established in, 366; Delcass6 resigns, 368; Viviani resigns, 38'); Gallieni resigns, 372 ; Canalat Mar- seilles opened, 374; first secret session of Chamber of Deputies under Third Republic, 376; Daylight saving in, 392; makes declaration concerning Russian government, 392, Germany issues ulti- matum to, 404, mobilizes, 404; de- clares war on Germany, 404; invaded by Germany, 403, engagement at Bel- fort. 403; declares war on Austria, 406; government moved to Bordeaux, 406; signs treaty with Great Britain and Russia nou to make separate peace, 406; occupies Miillhausen, 406; govern- ment returns to Paris, 408; captures Steinbach, 408; with England bom- bards Dardenelles, 409; captures Laby- yrinth, 410; attack in Champagne fails, 412; lands at Corfu, 415; gains north and south of Somme, 416; captures Fleury, 418; successful at Verdun, 4x6; captures Vermandovillers, Deniecourt, Berry, 416; closes in on Vaux Fort, 416; takes Chaulnes, 416; appoints Petam Chief of staff, 419, takes Noyon, 420; takes Monastir, 421; advances near Craonne, 422; first American troops in, 422; captures Hill 304, 422; attacks at Verdun, 422; lands force at Corinth, 423; Clemenceau Premier, 424; Inter-Aliied War Council, 424; agrees to exchange of prisoners with Germany, 424; captures Malmaison. 424; troops arrive in Italy, 42S, post and telegraph under military control, 426; Caillaux arrested, 426; decrees bread ration, 426; repulses attacks north of Chemin des Dames, 426; penetrates near Rheims, 428; air-raid on Paris, 429; Poch commander-in-chief, 430; calls men of 19. 430; final opera- tions on Western front, 430, 432, 434, 436. 438, 440. 442. 444. 446, 448, 451; Paris bombarded by long range guns, 431; declares meatless days, 431; coun- ter-attacks on Asiago Plateau, 43s; con- suls held by Bolsheviki, 440; drive on Macedonian front, 440; attacks Turks, 441; cavalry occupy Prilep, 442: invests Kichevo, 442; occupies Beirut, 447; takes Sisemol, 449; enters Strasbourg and Mainz, 432; peace negotiations and signing of treaty, 454 Francis Joseph, Emperor of Austria, 380, 381, 416 Franconia sunk, 417 Frank, Leo, 368 Prankau, Mrs. Julia ("Prank Danby"). 380 Franz Ferdinand of Austria, 404 French, Sir John, 412 Priscourt, 416 Prise, 414 Prohman, Charles, 370 Fryatt, Captain, 416 Frye, William P., sunk, 409 Fuller, Anna, 380 Fuller, Frank, 370 Fuller, Paul, 370 Furka, 413 Galicia, 406, 422 Gallia sunk, 417 Gallieni, General, 372 510 SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX Gallipoli, 411, 413, 41S Galway Castle sunk, 441 Gardsko. 442 Garrison, Lindley M., 372 Garub, 409 Gary system, New York City, 386 Garzza, Colonel, 367 Gas first employed, 410 Gasconier sunk, 439 Gaza, 421, 42s 443 Gercourt, 442 Germany, asks Great Britain to pledge neutrality, 364; ultimatum sent to, by Japan, 365 ; Japan declares war on, 36s ; seizes food supply, 367; von Bethmann- Hollweg announces that after war last- ing peace will be procured by an Inter- national League, 381; strikes in, 391; recognizes Lithuanian independence, 395 ratifies treaty with Rumania, 397 ; Russia pays first instalment of war in- demnity to, 399; Socialistsin, 399; peace demonstrations in, 399; Kaiser sum- mons rulers, 399; intention of Kaiser to abd!cate,399;Americanforcesenter,400; submarines surrender, 400; appeals to United States, 401; Bavaria separates from. 40 1 ; Kaiser abdicates, 40 1 ; United States troops enter Prussia, 401 ; Crown Prince renounces rights to throne, 401 ; Poland severs relations with, 401; Declares state of war, 404; issues u1- - timatum to Russia and France, 404; declares war on Russia, 404; France declares war on, 404; Great Britain declares war on. 404; invades Luxem- burg, France, and Belgium, 405; bom- bards Liege, 40s ; engagement at Bel- fort, 405; frontier crossed by Russia, 405; naval battle off Libau, 405; en- gagement with British third flotilla, 40S; Japan sends ultimatum to. 406; Japan declares war on, 406; overruns Belgium, 406; captures Li6ge, 406 captures Louvain, 406; occupies Sois sons and Amiens, 406; captures^Mau berge, 406; captures Antwerp, Ghent St. Mihiel. 406; proclaims "war-zone' around British Isles, 408; enters Ant werp, captures Messines, 408; occupies Dixmude.40S; defeated at the Yser,4o8; victorious near Soisson, 408; checked at La Bass^e, 408; uses liquid fire, 408 defeatedinPoland,4o8; evacuates Lodz, 408 ; rail iesin Poland, 408 ; naval victories off Chile, 409; naval raid into British waters. 400; bombardsHartlepool, Scar- borough. Whitby. 409; oflScial blockade of Great Britain commences, 409; makes first air-raid on England, 409; blockaded by England, 410; warns against embarking on vessels for Great Britain, 410; Lusiiania and Gulflight notes, 410; first uses gas, 410; attains footing on Hill 60, 410; invades Baltic Provinces, 410; defeats Russia in Car- pathians, 410; occupies Libau. 410; with Austria retakes Przemysl, 410 ; recaptures Lemherg, 410; pledges safety of United States vessels, 412; expresses regret over Nrbraskan and Arabic. 412; recalls Boy-Ed and von Papen, 412, Crown Prince attacks in Argonne, 412: successful m Poland, 412; takes oflen sive at Riga, 412; defeated near Tarn opol, 412; masses troops on Serbian frontier, 413; conquest of Serbia, 413. occupies Belgrade. 413; bombards Windau, 413; naval action in Baltic. 413; transport sunk in Baltic, 413; naval defeat in Gulf of Riga. 413; submarine destroyed oflf Ostend. 413. armed merchant vessels treated as warships, 414; acknowledges liabil- ity m Lusiiania affair. 414; declares war on Portugal. 414; sends note on sinking of Sussex. 414; United States sends ultimatum to, 414; gains at Fnse, 414; captures Port Douaumont, 414; at- tacks west of Meuse, 414; wins advance toward Zillebeke, 414; takes Vaux, 414; von Tirpitz resigns, 415; shoots Captain Fryatt, 416; Italy declares war on, 416; Rumania declares war on, 416; von Hindenburg appointed Chief of General Staff, 416; Allies fail to break lines of, on the Somme, 416; captures Thiaumont, 416; Prussian Guards, de- feated at Guillemont, 416; peace offer, 416; announces unrestricted submarine warfare, 418, United States severs diplo- maticrelations with, 418; winsat Rinnie, 418; takes Foscani. 419; announces unrestricted submarine warfare, 419; China breaks relations with. 420 ; United States declares war on, 420; Cuba de- clares war on. 420; Guatemala severs relations with. 420; retires to Hinden- burg line, 420; raids Dover, 421; Liberia severs connection with, 422; Greece enters war against, 422; resig- nation of von Bethmann-Hollweg, 422; Michaelis chancellor, 422; China de- clares war on, 422; replies to Pope's peace proposals, 422 ; recaptures Halicz and Stanislaw, 422; mutiny in fleet at Wilhelmshaven and Kiel, 423; second mutiny, 423; Brazil declares war on, 424; von Hertling, chancellor, 424; arm-_ istice with Russia, 424; agrees to ex-, change prisoners with France, 424; re-* treats from Chemin des Dames, 424; first dash with Americans, 424; cap- tures Riga, 424; occupies Oesel and Dago Islands, 424; Hindenburg line broken, 424; counter-drive in Italy, 425; with Austrians wins in Italy, 42s; takes Col de Rosso, 425 ; losses in MonteTom- ba section, 42.=;; four mine sweepers de- stroyed off Jutland. 42s; attacks con- voy of neutral vessels, 427 ; raid in North Sea, 42s; driven from East Africa, 425; von Hertling outlines peace terms, 426; repulsed between Lens and St. Quentin 426; gainsnearNieuport. 426 ;bombards American line in Lorraine. 426; renews war on Russia. 426; takes Minsk and Rovno, Reval. Pskof^, 426; repulred nearVenice, 427 ; movesbackfromPiave. 427; lines broken east of Asiapo, 427; repulsed at Morte di Val Bella. 427: mutiny at Kiel. 427: signs treaty with Finland. /128; attacks in Ypres-Dixmude sector. 428, reaches Dnieper, 428; occu- SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX 5^1 Germany — Continued pies Kieff, 429; planes raid London, 429; final drive and concluding operations on Western front, 430, 432, 434. 436. 438. 440, 442, 444, 446, 448, 45 1 ; continues advance in Ukraine, 430; mutiny at Limburg, 430; occupies Helsingfors, 430 ; takes Hango, 431 ; Zeebrugge blockaded by British, 431; Nicaragua declares war on, 432; occupies Sebastopol. Bjorko, 432; submarines sink boats off United States coast, 433; foreign min- ister resigns, 436; Socialists refuse to vote for budget, 436; agreement with Great Britain about prisoners, 436; Haiti and Honduras declare war on, 436 ; Russian and Finnish delegates meet in Berlin, 436; ambassador to Russia flees to Moscow, 438; makes peace offer to Belgium, 440; von Hertling resigns, 442; requests immediate armistice, 444! United States replies to peace note. 446; accepts terms, 446; Socialists demand abdication of Kaiser, 448; recalls sub- marines, 449 ; Allies sign truce terms for, 451; Kaiser abdicates, 451; armistice signed by, 451; peace negotiations and final treaty, 452 Ghent, 406, 446 Gilder, jeannette L., 380 Gill, Sir David, 364 Ginn, Edwin, 364 Givenchy, 430 Gladden. Rev. Dr. Washington, 400 Glass, Carter, 400 Glenari Castle torpedoed, 427 Goehen, 407, 427 Goethals, General, 382 Goliath torpedoed, 411 Gomme court, 420, 438 Gonzales, Alfred, 383 Gorizia, 417. 423 Goschen, Sir E., 404 Gough, General, 430 Gouraud, General, 442, 452 Grandcourt, 418, 438 Grandeles, 432 Grandlup, 448 Grand Pr6, 446 Grau, Robert, 380 Grave di Papadopoll, 449 Great Britain, 5ee England Greece, Venizelos resigns, 367; Zaimi resigns, 371; Zaimi's ministry resigns, 379, 416; entente to, 412 ; invites Allies to land at Salonika. 413; protests when French land at Corfu, 415; coast block- aded by Allies. 416; army corps cap- tured at Kavala, 417; separated from Central Powers, 4x8; Constantine ab- dicates, 422; enters war against Ger- many, 422; drive on Macedonian front, 440; invests Kichevo, 442 Green, Hetty, 380 Greenhut, Captain Joseph B., 400 Gregory. Eliot, 370 Grey, Sir Edward, 404 Griswold, Putnam, 364 Grodno, 408, 412 Gross, Hans, 370 Guadalajara, 363 Guam, 397 Guatemala, 389, 420 Guerra, Jos6 Gutierrez, 38s Guicy, 442 Guild, Curtis, 370 Guildford Castle torpedoed, 429 Guillaumat, General, 452 Guillemont, 416 Gulflight, 41C, 411 Gulick, Dr. Luther, 400 Gutierrez, ex-President, 367 Hague, The. representatives of the United States, Holland, and China sign anti- opium protocol at, 366 Haig, Sir Douglas, 412, 418, 430 Halicz, 422 Halifax disaster, 388, 425 Halluin, 446 Hamadan, 413 Hamburg-American Line, Four officials of, convicted in United States, 370 Hamel, 430 Hampshire sunk, 415 Handzeeme, 444 Hango. 431 Hardie, James K.. 370 Harding, Lieut. -Colonel Chester, 382 Harper, John Wesley, 37° Hartlepool, 409 Haute Deule Canal, 446 Haumont, 440 Hautebraye, 432 Havre, 406 Havrincourt, 440 Hay Bill, 362 Hayti, 368, 369, 436 Heidenstam, Vernar, 380 Hela sunk, 407 Held, Anna. 400 Heligoland Bight, 407 Helsingfors, 430 Herron, George Davis. 452 Herreshoff, John Brown, 370 Herschel, Sir William James, 388 Hervieu, Paul, 370 Hesperian sunk. 413 Heyse, Paul. 364 Hill. James J.. 380 Hill 44, 432 Hill 60, 410 Hill 70, 422 Hill 229. 446 Hill 304, 422 "Hindenburg line, " 420, 424, 438, 440 Hirson, 448, 451 Hodgenville, Ky., Lincoln Memorial at, 378 Hague sunk, 407 Holland. 366. 373. 397, 399. 428, 451 Holland, J. P.. 364 Hollebeke, 430 Holt, Frank, 368 Homs, 447 Honduras declares war on Germany, 436 Hooge, 412 Hooglede, 444 Hoover, Herbert S., 390 Home, 446 House. Colonel E. M., 424. 452 Hsu Shih Chang, Pres. of China, 399 512 SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX Hubbard, Elbert, 370 Huerta, General, 367, 373, 380 Hughes, Charles Evans, 376 Humbert, General, 436, 438 Hunding line, 446 Hungary, 391. 397, 401. 426, 447, 448, 449, 450, 451 Hussien I, King of Hedjaz, 441 Hylan, John F.. 386 II Montello, 435 India, 406, 409, 44s, 449 Ingelmunster, 446 Insurance, Federal bureau of war risk marine, 364 "International trench," 414 Ireland, Ulster volunteers land armies, 362; Ulster organizes "provisional gov- erment, " 362; Sir Edward Carson re- signs from British Cabinet, 368; Sir Roger Caseinent arrested, 374; revolt in, 374; martial law in, 374; Baron Wim- borne resigns, 374; James Connolly executed, 374; exempt from British Military Service Bill, 374; Sir Roger Casement tried and found guilty, 376; British Government decides to release prisoners taken in Irish Rebellion of April, 1 916, 384; Sinn Feiners take Kil- temagh, 390; insurrection in, 414; Sir Roger Casement executed, 416; British troops in, 426; Sinn Feiners arrested, 432 Ireland, John, Archbishop, 400 Irigoyen, Hipolito, 377 Irish Home Rule Bill, 362 Irvins, William, 370 Ishii. Viscount, 391 Ishtib, 442 Isonzo, 411, 417. 423 Ispahan. 415 Italy, Salandra ministry resigns, 367; de- clares war on Austria, 410; advances in Trentino. 411; crosses Isonzo. 411; oc- cupies Montfalcone, 411; declares war on Turkey, 412; air-raid of Austria on, 41S; Austria attacks through the Tren- tino, 41s; declares War on Germany, 416; advances toward Carso, 417; ad- vances in Adige valley, 417; wins Gor- izia, 417; crosses Vallone, 417; suc- cessful on Carso, 417 ; advances on Julian front, 417; joins French in Al- bania, 418; offensive on Isonzo front. 423; captures Gorizia, Monte Santo, Monte San Gabriele, 423; offensive on Trentino, 423 ; captures Pass of Agnelio, advance on Carso, 423; new drive on Isonzo, 423; MonteSanto captured. 423 ; German- Austrian counter drive in . 4 1 s ; British troops arrive in, 425; evacu- ates Fonzaso,42 5; retakes Mt. Asolone, 42s; loses in Asiago section. 425; tor- pedoes two Austrian battleships. 425; food restrictions in, 426; repulses Ger- mans near Venice, 427 ; capture Col del Rosso.Col d'Echele. 427; victorious east of Asiago, 427; takes Monte di Val Bella, 427: shatters Austrian attack, 427; Aldieri war minister, 430; Czechs and Slavs join, 433; captures Monte Corno, 433; victorious at Capo Sile, advance near Prente, 433 ; counter- attacks. 435; forces Austrians back across Piave, 435; captures Monte di Valbella, Sasso Rosso, 43s; Col del Rosso and Col di Chelo,435 ; raids Monte Grappa region, 43s ; drives last of Aus- trians across Piave, 435; on Western Front. 436; occupies Corno di Cabento and Monte Stabiel. 437; drive on Mace- donian front, 440; invests Kichevo. 442; occupies Durazzo and Berat, 444; en- ters Elbasan and invests Tirana, 446; ordered _ by Foch to attack Austro- Hungarian armies, 447; takes Monte Solarolo, 449; with British crosses Piave, 449; crosses Montello, 449; ad- vances on thirty-mile front, 449; cuts Tyrol-Belluno line, 450; occupies Ro- vereto, Trent. Udine. Trieste, and Pola, 450; Austria-Hungary capitulates to General Diaz, 450; armistice between Italy and Austria-Hungary, 450; Victor Emmanuel enters Trieste. 450; Austria accepts truce terms of, 451 Ito, Count, 364 Ivangorod, 412 Jacob Jones sunk, 425 Jacobs, Dr. Joseph, 380 Jaffa, 42s James. Henry, 380 James, Ollie M., 396 Japan, ratifies treaty with United States, 363; demands Kiao-chow, 36s; declares war on Germany, 365, 408; lilockades, Kiao-chow, 365; lease of Dalny and Port Arthur. 367; Ishii, ambassador to United States, 391; no intervention in Siberia, 393; naval convention between China and, 395; food riots in 397; cabi- net resigns, 399 ; ultimatum to Germany, 406; bombards Tsing-tau, 407; cap- tures Tsing-tau, 409; military opera- tions in Siberia. 426; General Otani in Siberia, 430; cabinet resigns, 440 Jaulgonne, 436 Jebel Hamrin, 421, 423 Jellicoe, Sir John, 425 Jericho, 427 Jerusalem, 425 Joseffy, Rafael, 370 Julian front, 417 Juslicia sunk, 437 Jutland, 415, 42s Juvigny. 440 K Kaiser William II., 399, 401, 448, 451 Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse sunk, 407 Kalogeropoulos, Nikolas, 379 Kamerun. 415 , Kavala, 417 Keating Child Labor Bill, 372 Keith. A. Paul. 400 Keith, B. F., 364 Kellogg, Clara Louise. 380 Kemal, Hussein, Sultan of Egypt, 388 SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX 513 Kerensky, 422, 424 Kermanshah, 41S Keyes, Sir Roger, 446 Kiao-chow, 365 Kichevo, 442 Kief, 391, 395. 427. 429 Kiel, 423. 427 Kirfa, 431 Kirkuk, 449 Kishineff, 426 Kitchener, Lord, 380, 41s Klein, Charles. 370 Kobb6, Gustav, 400 Kochana, 442 Kossuth, Francis, 364 Kovno, 412 Kraguievatz, 413 Kreisler, Fritz, 392 Kriemhilde line, 442, 444 Krithia, Heights of, 411 Krivolak, 442 Kuropatkin, General, 414 Kut-el-Amara, 413. 4^5. 4ie La Bass6e, 408, 436 Labor, big strike at Bayonne, N. J., 368; Child Labor Bill, 378 ; railroad strike in Spain, 379; martial law proclaimed in Spain, 383; striking miners ejected from Bisbee, Arizona, 384; one thousand foreign born miners ejected from Flat River, Missouri, 384; strikes in Austria, 391; in Germany, 391; 100 I. W. W.'s convicted, 396 "Labyrinth," 410 La Capelle, 451 Laconia torpedoed, 419 La Fere, 446, 448 Lansing, Robert, 366, 378, 390, 452 Laon, 446 Lassigny, 430, 438 Laurentic sunk, 419 Law. Ruth, 380 Lawe River, 436 League of Nations, 45 2 Leaso'ive Castle sunk, 433 Le Cateau, 446, 448 Lechtervelde, 446 Lee, Tom, 400 Le Hamel. 438 Lembe- g. 406, 410 Lenine, Nicholas, 397, 440 Lens, 422, 426, 444 Leonardo da Vinci lost, 417 Leschetizky, Theodore, 370 Lettish Republic, 4S2 Leuze, 4s i Libau. 40s, 410 Liberia severs relations with Germany, 422 Liberty Loan, first, 422; second, 424; third, 392, 394; fourth, 398 Li6ge, 40s, 406 Liggett, General Hunter, 440 Lihons, 438 Liliuokalani, Queen, 388 Lille, 442, 444, 446 Limburg, 430 Lincoln. Abraham. 378 Lincoln Farm Association, 378 "Liquid fire, " 40S Lithuania, 395, 401, 452 Livenza, 450 Li Yuan-hung, 377 Lloyd George, 418, 430 Locon, 430 Lodz, 408 London, air-raids on, 411, 413, 423, 425, 427, 429 London, Jack, 380 Long, John D., 370 ^ Loos, 412 Lorraine, 426, 428 Louvain sunk, 427 Louvain, 406 Low, Seth, 380 Lowell, Dr. Percival, 380 Lubin, 412 Luce, 430 Ludlow, Rear-Admiral Nicoll, 370 Lufburry, Major R., 400 Luna, Pelagia, 377 Lun^ville, 428 Lusitania, the, 410, 411, 412, 414 Lutsk, 414 Luxburg dispatches, 424 Luxemburg 40s Lvoff, Prince, 420, 422 Lys, 432, 448 M McAdoo, William G., 394, 400 McBurney, Charles, 364 McCall, Governor Samuel W., 386 McCann, Lieutenant Hanson. 386 McCrae, Lieutenant-Colonel John, 400 McGovern, Terry, 400 MacMillan, Donald B., 384 " Maartens Maartens, " 370 Macedonia, 412, 413, 440, 441, 442 Mainz, 452 Mackensen, General, 416, 423, 426 Magdhaba, 419 Madeslic torpedoed, 411 Malay Archipelago, 383 Malmaison Fort, 424 Mangin, General, 436, 438, 440, 446 Manheulles, 440 Mannerheim, General, 401 March, General, 390 Marchesi, Mme.. 364 Maria Theresa, Queen of Bavaria, 400 Marmora sunk. 437 Marne, battle of. 406 Marne River, 406, 432, 434 Marshall, Thomas R., 376 Marshall. General, 44S, 449 Martin, Don, 400 Matz, 432, 434 Maubeuge, 406. 451 Maude, Major F. Stanley, 388 Maxim, Hiram, 380 Mazy, 436 Mecca, 377 Medulla sunk, 427 ' Memel, 405 Menin, 446 Mercalli. G., 364 Mercatel, 438 Mery, 432 MetchnikofI, Professor Elie, 380 514 SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX Mesopotamia, 423, 429, 431 Messines Ridge, 408, 422, 430 Messudiyeh torpedoed, 409 Metz. 440 Meuse River, 406, 414, 442 Mexico, delegates at Niagara announce willingness of Huerta to resign, 363; rebels capture Zacatecas Tampico and Guadalajara, 363; General Huerta re- signs presidency, 363; Senor Francisco Carbajal becomes^ president, 363; Car- bajal resigns presidency, 36s; General Carranza becomes president, 365; ex- president Gutierrez surrenders to Car- ranza. 367; Colonel Garzza selected as president, 367; Generals Huerta and Orozco arrested, 367; embargo on arms for, decla'-ed by United States, 368; General Villa accepts good offices of the United States and other American republics, 369; the United States and eight American republics recognize General Carranza as leader of prevailing power in Mexico, 369; Villa bandits shoot nineteen Americans, 372; Huerta dies. 373; United States cavalry fight with Villa troops at San Geronimo, 373; General Carranza demands withdrawal of American troops from. 375 ; organized militia of United States called for ser- vice on border of, 376; American troops enter, 377; Carranza issues ultimatum to United States, 377; Pershing expedi- tion to, ordered withdrawn, 382; Car- TS.r\-'a. elected president, 383; takes oath of office as president, 385 , taxes oil lands, 391; severs relations with Cuba, M6zieres, 45 1 M6zieres-Metz railway, 448 Michaelis, 422, a 24 Military, draft bill. New York State, 374; service Bill in Great Britain, 374; Service Act in Canada. 391; United States Selective Service Act, 422 Milner, Viscount, 392 Milyukoff, M., 420, 422 Minsk. 426 Mistral. Frederic. 364 Mitchel John Purroy. 386, 396, 400 Mitchell. S. Weir, 364 Mlawa regions, 408 Moeuvres, 440 Mohammed V.. Sultan of Turkey, 397. 400 Mohammed VI., Sultan of Turkey, 397 Moldavia sunk, 433 Monastir, 413, 416, 421. 442 Mongolia sunk. 423 Mons-Charleroi, battle of. 406 Mont Kemmel, 430, 432, 438 Mont Rouge, 430 Mont St. Simeon. 440 Montague, Forest, 436 Montdidier. 430, 438 Monte Asolone, 425 Monte Corno, 433 Monte Cosen, 449 Monte Grappa, 43s Monte Prasalan. 42s Monte San Gdbriele, 423 Monte Santc, 423 Monte Stabiel, 437 Monte Solarola, 449 Monte Tomba, 42s Monte di Val Bella. 427, 435 Montello. 449 Montenegro, 401, 415, 440 Montfalcone, 411 Montfaucon, 442 Monticano, 449 Montm6dy, 448 Moratorium proclaimed by Great Britain, 404 Moreno, Alfred Bazuerizo. 373 Morgan, J. P., 368 Mosby, Colonel John S., 380 Moscow, 428, 438 Mosul. 445 Mt. Vernon torpedoed, 441 Moyenneville, 438 Muck. Karl, 392 Miillhausen. 406 MCinsterberg, Hugo, 380 Muschenheim, W. C., 400 N Namur, 406 National Guardsmen, demobilization of, .378 Nauroy, 442 Naval appropriation bill, 376 Navarin Farm, 442 Nebraskan, attacked, 411; Germany ex- presses regret over, 412 Neratoff, Russian premier, 381 Nesles, 420 Neuve Chapelle. 40S, 410 Neuve Eglise, 440 Nevada adopts "Easy Divorce," 366 New Guinea captured by Australia, 407 New York City, coldest day in thirty- three years, 388; lightless nights de- creed. 388; first holiday all theatres closed, 390; public schools closed, 390; hurricane sweeps over, 390; lightless nights begin, 396; motorless Sundays, 398; harbor net removed, 400 New York abolishes office of coroner, 366 New Zealand captures German Samoa, 407 N'caragua. 372. 381. 432 Nicholas II., Czar of Pussia, 397, 420, 436 Nieppe Forest. 430 Nieuport, 426, 442 Nikolsk, 437 Nish, 413. 444. 446 Nivelle. General. 422 Nobel Prize for literature, 380 Nordica. Mme.. 364 Northcliffe, Lord, 398 North Dakota abolishes death penalty, 366 Norway, 401 "Note, Strict Accountability," 408 Novi Bazar, 413 Novo Georgievsk, 4,12 Noyon, 420, 430, 432, 438, 44° O Oceanic wrecked, 407 Odell, Benjamin B., 380 Odessa, 428 SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX 515 Oesel, 424 Oise Canal, 432, 45 1 Oise River, 430, 434. 438 Okuma, Count. 381 O'Leary, Jeremiah, 394 Olizy, 446 Orient Railway, 444 Orsova, 416 Orozco, General, 367 Osborne, Thomas Mott, 378 Oshima, General, 3 73 Ostend, 406, 427. 446 Otani, General, 439 Olranlo sunk, 44S Oura, Japanese Minister of Interior, 369 Ourscamps Forest, 432 Paes, Sidonio, 393, 401 Page, Ambassador. 396, 438 Palestine, 423, 427. 43i. 433. 44i. 443 Pnllada sunk, d07 Panama Canal, used by United .States warships, 368; reopened, 374; Chester Harding, governor of zone, 382; neu- trality of zone, 408 Panama Pacific Exposition opened, 366 Paris, bombarded by airplanes, 408. 431; war councils at. 432, 424; Peace Confer- ence at, 452 Parker, General James. 377 Parker, John M.. 376 Passchendaele Ridge. 422. 430, 442 Pathfinder sunk, 407 Patten, Thomas, 382 Peace Conference, 452 Peace Treaty signed, 4S2 Pennas, 43S Pergwyk, 44S Peron, 448 Peronne, 420, 430, 440 Persia sunk, 413 Peru, 367, 397. 401 P^'jain, General. 400, 420. 422 Petrograd, 39i. 406, 426. 440 Pelrolile, 414 Philadelphian sunk. 427 Phillips. Stephen, 370 Piave River, 42s, 427. 433. 43S. 437. 449 Pintheville. 440 Pirsus, 417 Pitou, August, 370 Pius X., Pope, 364 Plattsburg, 368 Plessier-Hulen region, 436 Plotzk. 408 Plumer. General. 436, 442 Poincare. Raymond. 366 Pola. 450 Poland. 391, 401. 408. 412 PoHvanov, General, 373 Poltava, 430 Pontoise, 438 Pope Benedict, 422 Port Arthur, 367 Porto Rico. 391. 399 Portugal. 393. 401. 414, 424 Porieres. 416 Prente, 433 President Lincoln sunk, 433 Prieto, Premier, 38s Prilip, 413 Princes' Islands, 452 Prinz Adalbert torpedoed, 413 Prisrend, 413 Prohibition, in France, 366; in Alabama, 366, 368; in Arkansas, 366; in Iowa, Idaho, Utah, 366; in Canada, 368, 391; in South Carolina, 368; in Virginia, 380. 390, in Oregon, 382; in Tennessee. 382; in Indiana. 382, 392; in New Hamp- shire, 384. 394; Federal Arnendment, 390, 392. 394. 396; in Mississippi, Ken- tucky. N. Dakota, 390; in Maryland, 390, 392; in Porto Rico. 391; in New York. Massachusetts, Rhode Island, 392; in Michigan, Louisiana, Arizona, 394; in Georgia, Texas, 396; in Ohio. Florida, Minnesota, Wyoming, Ver- mont, California, Missouri, 398; Presi- dent Wilson proclaims closing of breweries, 398 ; in Russia, 408 Provence II. sunk, 415 Prunay, 436 Prussia, East, invaded by Russia, 406; re- verses of Russia in. 406 ; Russia driven from, 406; second Russian invasion of, 408 Przemysl. 406. 410 Pskoflf, 426 Putnam, J. Bishop, 370 Quebec. 378. 386. 388. 393 R Rainbow Division repels raid in Lorraine. 428 Raismes Forest. 448 Ranger, Henry Ward, 380 Rapat, 441 Rawlinson, General, 436, 438, 440, 451 Rayak, 44s Reading, Lord, 376, 390 Redmond, John C 400 Registration, national, in Great Britain, 412 Renan, Ada, 380 Resnati, Captain Antonio, 400 Reval, 426 Rewa torpedoed, 427 Rheims. 420. 428, 432 Rhine, Germans begin withdrawal from. 452; American army crosses. 452 Rhondda. Lord, 396 Ribeauville. 446 Ribot. M. A. F.. 362, 424 Ricault, General, 377 Ridder, Herman, 370 Riga, 412, 424 Riis, Jacob, 364 Riley, James Whitcomb, 380 Ringling, Al., 380 Rinnie. 418 Roberts, Lord. 408 Robertson, Morgan. 370 Rodin, Auguste. 388 Roebling. Charles G., 400 Rolland, Romain, 380 Rolleghemcapelle, 444 Romagne, 444 516 SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX Ronvaux, 440 Roosevelt, Quentin, 400 Roosevelt Theodore, 376 Roques, General, 372 Rossa, Jeremiah O' Donovan, 370 Rostand, Eugene, 370 Rostof-on-Don, 429 Rouani, 417 Roulers, 442 Rovereto, 450 Rovno, 426 Roye, 438 . Rumania, German ultimatum, 391; Ger- many ratifies treaty with, 397; declares war on Germany, 416; Turkey declares war on, 416; crushed, 416; occupies Orsova, 416; in South Bukowina, 416; controls passes in Alps, 417; withdraws forces in Transylvania, 417; Mackensen attacks. 422; Mackensen sends ultima- tum to, 426; cabinet resigns, 426; de- cides to make peace, 426 ; captures Kish- ineff, 426; signs treaty. 428, 432 Russia, name of capital changed, 36s; Sukhomlinoff resigns, 367; Chouvaiev, minister of war, 373; Duma opened. 373; prohibition in, 377. 408 ; Duma grants peasants rights, 379; Sturmer resigns, 381; Neratoff succeeds Sturmer, 381; religious freedom in, 385; declares war on Bolsheviki, 391; Trotzky re- signs, 391; Petrograd under martial law, 391 ; obligations to subsequent gov- ernments, 392; Brest-Litovsky treaty, 393; Voldarsky assassinated, 397; Bol- shevists mobilize, 397; Nicholas II. de- posed, 397; pays indemnity to Ger- many, 399; Denmark and Sweden sever relations with, 401; begins to mo- bilize, 404, German ultimatum to, 404; Germany declares war on, 404; Austria declares war on, 404; crosses German frontier, 405; defeated at Memel, 405; naval engagement off Libau, 405; treaty with Great Britain and France, 406; completes mobilization, 406; in- vades East Prussia, 406; overruns Galicia. 406; defeated at Tannenberg, 406; wins near Lemberg, 406; reverses in East Prussia, 406; captures Lemberg, 406; driven from East Prussia, 406; occupies Soldau, 406 ; wins near Cracow, 408 ; occupies Lodz, 408 ; evacuates Lodz, 408; attempts to cross Carpathians, 408; reoccupies Plotzk, 408; invades East Prussia, 408; advances in Mlawa regions and Carpathians, 408; crosses Bzura, 408; invades Turkey, 409; cap- tures Przemysl. 410; attacks in Car- pathians. 410; Baltic provinces invaded. 410; defeated in Carpathians. 410; ul- timatum to Bulgaria, 412; retreat in Poland, 412; naval action in Baltic, 413; naval victory in Gulf of Riga, 413; advances on Teheran, 413; occupies Hamadan, 413; General Kuropatkin. 414; offensive in Volhynia and Buko- wina. 414; enters Lutsk, 414; captures Erzerum, 415; captures Kermanshah. 41S; enters Ispahan, 415; captures Tre- bizond, 415 ; Joins British on Tigris, 41S ; victorious in Volhynia, 416; conquest of Armenia, 416; captures Brodi,Stanisla,w, 416; new advance in Bukowina; wins near Halicz, 416; unites with Rumania in South Bukowina, 416; defeated at Rinnie, 418; abdication of Czar, 420; Prince Lvoff and M. Milyukoff, 420; United States recognizes new govern- ment, 420; government reconstructed. 422; defeated in Galicia, 422; captures Halicz. 422; retreat begins, 422; evacu- ates Mesopotamia, 423; a republic, 424; government overthrown, 424; armis- tice with Germany. 424; armistice be- tween Central Powers and Bolsheviki. 424; attempts offensive. 424; defeated in Gulf of Riga, 425; orders demobiliza- tion, 426; changes to new style Calendar. 426 ; United States Embassy leaves. 426 ; Bolsheviki accept peace, 426; Germany renews war on, 4.26; Germans enter, 426; Bolsheviki defeat Ukranians, 427; capital moved to Moscow, 428; Bol- sheviki win near Rostof-on-Don, 429; peace conference, 432; Czar reported killed, 436; meets Finnish delegates in Berlin, 436; counter revolution in, 438; Bolshevist leaders prepare for flight, 438; German Ambassador flees to Mos- cow, 438 ; Lenine wounded, 440 ; supreme Council invites to Prince's Islands, 4S2 Russian sunk. 419 Ryan, John T., 394 Safdonoff, Wasilly, 400 St. Eloi, 414 St. Gobain Forest, 440 St. Georges, 446 St. Lawrence River, 378. 386, 388 St. Louis University, 362 St. Maur, 432 St. Mihiel. 406, 440 St. Paul sinks, 392 St. Petersburg, name changed to Petro- grad, 406 St. Quentin. 426, 440. 442. 444 Salandra Ministry in Italy resigns. 367 Salonika, 413, 417. 421 Salvini, Tommaso, 380 Sambre, 448 Samoa, 407 San Diego sunk, 437 San Dona di Piave, 449 San Fuentes, Juan Luis, 369 San Giovanni di Medua, 415 Sasso Rosso, 43s Sauna-i-Yat, 419 Savage, Rev. Dr. Minot. 400 Saxony, King of, deposed, 399 Sayville, wireless, 368 Scarborough, 409 Scarpe, 420, 438, 440 Scheldt, 448. 45 1 Schlechter. Solomon, 370 Schulthess, Edmund, 381 Schwab. Charles M.. 392 Searle, Rev. George M., 400 Sebastopol, 432 Seine River, 406 Selective Service Act, 422 Seligmann, Isaac, 388 SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX 517 Semendria, 405 Semlin, 406 Sens6e, 442. 446 Serbia receives ultimatum from Austria 404; replies to Austria, 404; Austrian minister leaves Belgrade. 404; Austria declares war on, 404; Belgrade bom- barded, 405; defeats Austria, 40S ; cap- tures Semlin, 406; invaded by Austria, 408; German troops massed on frontier, 413; Austro-German Bulgarian con- quest of, 413; Bulgaria enters, 413; gains in Tscherna, 416: drive on Mace- donian front, 440; advances to.vards Krivolak,442; occupies Ishtiband Veles barriers, 442; captures Veles, Kochana and Struranitza, 442; cuts Orient Rail- way, 444; captures Nish, 446; reaches Danube, 448 Serre, 448 Servo n, 442 Sesser, Zab, 449 Sherman Anti-Trust Law, 362 Siberia, 393. 426, 435. 439 Sidon, 447 Sienkiewicz, Henry, 380 Sinn-Feiners, 432 Sing Sing prison, 378 Sisemol, 449 Sissonne, 446, 448 Slicer, Rev. Thomas R., 380 Smith, F. Hopkinson, 370 Socialists, in Germany, 399, 436, 448 Soissons, 406, 408, 420, 432, 436 Soldau, 406 Somme, battle of the, 416 Somme River, 416, 420. 430, 438 South Dakota abolishes death penalty, 366 Soviets, 393, 452 Spain, 371, 37P. 383. 385, 39i, 393 Spring. Rice, Sir Cecil, 400 "Spurlos Versenkt," 424 Stanislaw, 416, 422 Stefansson, Vilhjalmar, 368 Steinbach, 408 Stevenson, Adlai E., 364 Stokes, Rose Pastor, 392, 394 Story, Thomas Waldo, 370 Strasbourg, 452 Strathcona, Lord, 364 Struma, 417 Strumnitza. 440, 442 Stuart, Ruth McEnery, 388 Sturmer. Boris Vladimirovitch, 381 Suarez. President, 397 Submarines, 400, 407, 413, 414, 417, 418, 410, 433. 449 Suez Canal, 370, 409, 417 Suffrage, Woman, in Iowa, 366; in Den- mark, 366, 367, 395 ; in New Jersey, 368 ; in New York, 370, 386; in Massachu- setts. 370; in Pennsylvania, 370; United States Senate committee reports on, 372; in North Dakota, 382; New York Senate submits amendment to voters, 382; suffragette pickets in Washington, 384, 386; in Maine, 386; President Wil- son indorses by states, 386; parade. New York City, 386; in Ohio, 386; President Wilson supports Federal amendment, 390; in Canada, 391; in Mississippi 392; in Hungary, 396; United States Senate rejects amendment, 398; in Sweden, 401 Suippe, 442, 444 Sukhomlinoff, General, 367 Sullivan, John L., 400 Supreme Council, 452 Sussex, 414, 415 Suzanne. 438 Swan, Sir J. W., 364 Sweden, 391, 401 Switzerland, 381, 39i Sylva, Carmen, 380 Tabriz, 433 Tagliamento, 425 " Tanks, " 416, 424 Tannenberg, battle of, 406 Tarnopol, 412 Tauscher, Captain Hans, 374 Tcherna, 416 Teheran, 413 Telegraphy, Wireless, between moving trains, 366, between Washington and Panama Canal zone, 366; at Honolulu messages picked up at distance of 9000 miles, 370 Telephone, First trans-continental, 366 Telephony, Wireless between Virginia and Honolulu, 368 Telescribe. Invention of the, 366 Tenniel, Sir John, 364 Termes, 446 Terneuzen. 448 Thiaumont, 416 Thiepval Ridge, 438 Thiescourt Wood, 432 Thon, 451 Thourout. 446 Ticonderoga sunk, 441 Tigris, 411, 415,445, 449 Tillman, Benj. R., 396, 400 Tinoco, Frederico, 383 Togoland, Africa, 407 Tonale, 437 Tosti, Sir Francesco P., 380 Toul, 428 Tournai, 448 Townshend, General, 415 Tracy, Benjamin F., 370 Trebizond, 415, 427 Tree, Sir Herbert Beerbohm, 388 Trench warfare begins, 406 Trent, 450 Trentino, 411, 423 Trescault, 440 Trieste, 425, 450 Tripolis, 447 Triumph torpedoed, 411 Trotsky, 391. 393 Tsing-Tau, 407, 409 Tuan, General Chi-jui, 385 Tuckahoe launched, 394 Tupper, Sir Charles, 370 Turkey, Abdul Hamid dies, 391 ; Moham- med V. dies, 397; Mohammed VI., 397; buys the Goeben and the Breslau, 407; England declares war on, 408; forts captured by Indian troops, 409; de- feated in Caucasus, 409; Russians in- 5i8 SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX Turkey — Continued vade,409 ; attempts to cross Suez Canal, 409; Italy declares war on, 412; in the Dardanelles, 413; four transports sunk, 413; defeated on Euphrates, 413, 423; defeated at Kut-el-Amara, at Ctesiphon 413; Townshend surrenders to, 41S; declares war on Rumania, 416; re- pulsed near Rouani, 417," severs rela- tions with United States, 420; defeated at Gaza, 421, 425. 4431 retreats to Jebel Hamrin, 421, 423; evacuates Wadi Hesi and Ascalon, 425; attempts to re- take Jerusalem, 425; reported desertion of troops, 427; recaptures Trebizond, 427; captures Erzerum, 429; in Meso- potamia, 431; at Baku, 433; captures Tabriz, 433; defeated on Jordan, 4371 attack by Anglo-Egyptian and French troops, 441; 4th, 7th, and 8th armies 441 ; separate peace, 446 ; surrenders on Tigris, 449; capitulates, 449; opens Black Sea. 449; repatriation of allied prisoners, 449 Tuscania sunk, 427 U Udine, 4S0 Uka, Lieutenant-General, 373 Ukraine. 397, 426, 430, 432, 4S2 Ulster, Home Rule question in, 362 Tlndtne sunk, 413 United States, cotton price convention, 364; signs anti-opium protocol at The Hague, 366; declares embargo on arms for Mexico, 368; wireless at Sayville, 368 ; signs treaty with Haiti, 368 ; room in capitol wrecked by bomb, 368; Draft bill. New York State, 374; army reor- ganization bill. 376; organized militia called for service on Mexican border, 376 ; House passes largest army budget, 376; demobilization of National Guards, men, 378; purchases Danish West Indies. 378; Child Labor Bill. 378; Supreme Court upholds constitutonality of Webb-Kenyon law, 382; law passed prohibiting sending of liquor advertise- ments by mail into dry territory. 382; District of Columbia dry, 382; Danish West Indies pass to sovereignty of, 382 ; Senate prohibits unlimited debate. 382; Senate adopts resolution submitting prohibition amendment to Constitution, 384; Republicans gain three seats in Congress, 386; blizzard in Southern States. 390; Burleson confirmed as Postmaster-General, 390; Hoover or- ders food restriction, 390; draft agree- ment with Great Britain and Canada, 390; registration of enemy aliens, 390; export and import licenses, 390; meat- less days reduced, 390; Lord Reading appointed ambassador to, 390; Ishii appointed ambassador to, 391 ; day- light saving in, 392; controls Phila- delphia police. 392; American Railway Express, 394; registry days for draft, 394. 396, 398; wheat and meat re- strictions ren)oye4, ^p0; drawing of reg- istered men, 396; daylight saving law, 398 ; influenza epidemic, 398 ; Senatere- jects suffrage amendment, 398; motor- less Sundays, 398; false peace-day, 398; recognizes Czecho-SIovaks, 398; Food Stimulation Bill, 398, 400 ;lirst de- mobilization order, 400; discontinues censorship, 400; lightless nights, 400; troops enter Germany, 400; Germany appeals to, 401; troops enter Prussia, 401; Wilson declares neutrality of , 404 ; declares neutrality of CanalZone, 408: safety of vessels in war zone pledged by Germany, 412; demands recall of Dumba, Boy-Ed, Von Papen, 412 ; note regarding submarine warfare, 414, re- fuses to advise Americans not to travel on armed merchant ships, 414; orders inquiry into sinking ot Sussex, 414; sends ultimatum to Germany, 414; demands apology from Austria f orsink- ing of Petrohte, 414; protests against deportation of Belgians, 416; peace note, 418; Germany s reply to peace note, 418; severs diplomatic relations with Germany, 418; dismisses Berns- torff, 418; President asks permission to arm merchant ships, 418; armed guards on merchant vessels, 420; recog- nizes new government of Russia, 420; withdraws minister and consuls from Belgium. 420; war declared, 420; rela- tions severed with Austria, 420; rela- tions severed with Turkey, 420; Selec- tive Service Act, 422; Food Control Bill, 422 ; replies to Pope Benedict, 422 ; first troops in France. 422; destroyers co- operate with British navy, 423; reveals Luxburg despatches, 424; declares war on Austria, 424; troops in first-line trenches. 426; embassy leaves Petro- grad, 426; troops in Chemin des Dames sector, 426; reported desertion of Turkish troops, 427; takes over Dutch shipping, 428; Rainbow Division in Lorraine sector, 428 ; troops in Lorraine, Champagne, Alsace, Luneville, Aisne, Toul, 428; first permanent advance, 428; size of army at end of first year, 430 ; marines bend German 1 ine north of Ch&.teau-Thierry 432; coastwise vessels sunk by submarines, 433, 4391 takes Vaux, 434; with Australians takes Hameil, 434; drives Germans across Marne, 436; drives Crown Prince back, 436; troops at Archangel, 437; retire- ment of Ambassador Page, 438; Amer- can Tiiirtieth Division. 438; advance with Mangin against Fisme, 438, troops land in Siberia, 439; Americans in Petro- grad reported safe, 440; rejects Austria's peace offer, 440; Third Division. 440; captures Voormezeele, 440; advances between Vieil Arcy and Villers-en- Praveres, 440; assaults St. Mihiel salient, 449, gains at Ronvaux, Man- heulles, Pintheville, Haumont, 440; Thirtieth, Thirty-eighth, and Twenty- seventh Divisions advance toward Cam- brai, 440; First Army attacks from Meuse through Argonne Forest, 442; SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX 519 United States — Continued takes Gercourt, Guicy, Montfaucon, Chappy, Varennes, advances to Kriem- hilde Line, 442; with Rawhnson takes Bellecourt and Nauroy, 442; takes Apremont, 442; receives request for armistice from Germany, 444; crosses Kriemhilde Line, 444; Italo-American naval expedition attacks Durazzo, 444; replies to German peace note, 446; Second Army attacks northwest of Verdun, 446; First Army takes Hill 299 and storms St. Georges, takes Grand Pr6 and Cote de Chatillon, 446; with British captures Wassigny and Ribeau- ville, 446; First Army captures Banthe- ville, 446; First Army breaks through Freya defenses, 448; uses guns against Mezieres-Metz railway, 448; Thirtieth Division with Third British Army win towns from Pergwyk to Winterkern. 448; First Army shatters railway at Moiitmfedy and Conflans. 448; 332d Regiment with Third Italian Army crosses Piave, 449; False Peace Day. 45 1 ; two divisions advance on thirty- mile front. 45 1 ; First Army captures heights of Woevre and Sedan, 451; delegates to Peace Conference, 452; enters Germany, 452; crosses Rhine, 452; reaches Coblenz, 452; representa- tives to Princes' Islands, 452; summary of treaty made public, 452; summarj of German reply made public, 452; text of treaty read in Senate, 452; summary of reply to Germany made public, 452; revised text made public, 452; Germany accepts terms, 4S2; peace signed, 452; final draft of treaty, 452 Uruguay, Viera elected president of, 367 Uskub, 440 V Valdez, President, 395 Valdobbiadene, 449 Valenciennes, 448 Vallone, 417 Vanderbilt, Alfred G., 370 Vanguard sunk, 423 Van Wyck, Rob't A., 400 Vardar River, 440 Vaux, 414, 416, 434, 436 Veles, 442 Venice, 427 Venizelos, Greek Premier, resigns, 367 Verdun, 416, 422, 430, 440 Verdun, battle of, 414 Verennes, 442 Vermandovillers, 416 Versailles, 432 Vesle, 436, 440 Victor Emmanuel, King of Italy, 450 Vieil Arcy, 440 Viera. President, 367 Vieux, Berquin, 438 Villers-Bretonneux, 430 Villers-en-Praveres, 440 Villa, General, 369 Vilna, 412 Vimy Ridge, 414, 420, 430 Vistula, 408 Vittorio, 449, 450 Vladivostok, 433 Voldarsky, M., 397 Volhynia, 414, 416 von Bernstorff, 418 von Bethmann-Hollweg, Chancellor. 381, 404, 422 von Eichorn, Field Marshal, 397 von Hertling, 424, 426, 442 von Hindenburg, 408, 416 von Hutier, 438 von Hussarek, Baron, 397 von der Marwitz, 436 von Papen, Captain Franz, 374, 412 von Sanders, General Liman, 441 von Suttner, Baroness, 364 von Tirpitz, Admiral, resigns, 415 Voormezeele, 440 W Wadi Hesi, 425 Wagner, Charles, 400 Wallace, A. R.. 364 Wartlda sunk, 437 Warsaw, 408, 412 Washmgton, Booker T., 370 Wassigny. 446 Walterson, Colonel Henry, 396 Webb-Kenyon law, 382 Wekerle, Premier, 391 Welland Canal, 374 Wemyss, Admiral, 425 Wervicq, 446 Westinghouse, George, 364 Weslover sunk, 437 Wevelghem, 446 White, Andrew D., 400 White, Henry, 452 White, William Allen, 452 Whitby, 409 Whitlock, Brand, 420 Whitman, Governor, 374 Wilhelm II., King of Wiirttemberg ab- dicates, 399 Wilder. Marshall P., 370 Wilhelmshaven, 423 Williams, Arthur, 386 Wilson, Wood row.engagernent announced, 368 ; signs army reorganization bill, 376 ; nominated, 376; calls troops for service on Mexican border, 376; signs Child Labor Bill, 378; takes oath of office, 382; calls sixty-fifth Congress, 382; indorses woman's suffrage by States, 386; signs Daylight Saving Bill, 392; signs draft bill, 394; closes all breweries, 398, signs Food Stimulation Bill, 400; sails for Peace Conference, 400; arrives at Brest, 400 ; declares neutrality of UnitedStates, 404; writes "strict accountability" note, 408; makes "too proud to fight" speech, 410; refuses to advise Americans about travelling on armed merchant ships, 414; addresses Congress, 414; "Peace note," 418; gives views on peace to Senate, 418; asks authority to arm merchant ships, 418; asks Congress to declare war, 420; signs Selective Service Act, 422 ; advises war on Austria, 424 ; German Chancellor sends note to, 444; replies to German peace note, 446; 520 SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX Wilson — Continued replies to Germany's peace offer, 446; Supreme Council adopt proposals of. 452 ; reads draft of League of Nations, 452 ; sails for United States, 452 ; returns to France, 452 Wimborne, Baron resigns as Lord Lieuten- ant of Ireland, 374 Windau, 413 Winterkern, 448 Winter, William, 388 Witte, Count Sergius, 370 Woodruff, Colonel Charles, E., 370 Wu Ting Pang, 381 Wytschaete, 440 Y Yoshihito, Emperor of Japan, 37 1 Young, Mrs. Ella P., 400 Ypres, 424, 428, 430 Ypres, first battle of, 408; second battle of, 410 Yser, battle of, 408 Yuan Shi-kai, President of China, 377 Zacatecas, 363 Zahlek, 44s Zaimis, 371, 416 Zamor, President Orestes, 369 Zeebrugge, 427, 431, 442, 446 Zenson, 435, 449 Zeppelin, Count, 420 Zeppelins, 411, 413 Zillebeke, 414 "Zimmermann note, " 418 Zuppelli, General, 430 1 --.«? 6 .i^u Deacidified using the Bookkeeper proce Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide Treatment Date: APR onro PreservationTechnologk A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATI 111 Thomson Park Drive Cranberry Township, PA 16066 (724) 779-2111