PHRENO-GEOLOGT : PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN, INDICATED BY NATURAL HISTORY, CONFIRMED BY DISCOVERIES WHICH CONNECT THE ORGANIZA- TION AND FUNCTIONS OF THE BRAIN WITH THE SUCCESSIVE GEOLOGICAL PERIODS. By J. STANLEY GRIMES. Circumstances are the fingers of God, by the agency of which he created and controls all things. BOSTON & CAMBRIDGE : JAMES MUNROE & COMPANY. LONDON: EDWARD T. WHITFIELD. 1851. Entered according to Act oi Congress, in the year 1850, By J. Stanley Grimes, In the Clerk's OffiGe of the District Court of the District of Massachusetts. Stereotyped by IIOBART & ROBRINS; NEW ENGLAND TYPE AND STEREOTYPE FOUNDERY, BOSTON. Hon. L. CHANDLER BALL, THESE PAGES ARE RESPECTFULLY INSCRIBED, AS A SLTGHT TOKEN OF ESTEEM FOR HIS VIRTUES AND HIS TALENTS, BY HIS FRIEND, THE AUTHOR. *?G PREFACE This work is the natural sequel to " The New Sys- tem of Phrenology," published in 1839, in which I intro- duced a new classification and arrangement of the organs of the brain, and insisted that it is a natural arrangement, and therefore preferable to that proposed by Spurzheim, advocated by Combe, and generally adopted. The phrenological societies in this country generally adopted my classification when it was brought before them, although a few prominent and influential authors and lecturers opposed it. At the present time those who do not adopt it are silent concerning it, and thus tacitly assent to its claims. For the information of some read- ers it may be proper to state, that Spurzheim classed the four lowest socials and the eight lowest ipseals together, and denominated them "Animal Propensities;" the eight highest socials and three highest ipseals he also classed together, and named them "Moral Sentiments." He taught that the sentiments differ from the propensities in being endowed with peculiar emotions, which the propensities do not possess. 1# VI PREFACE. I utterly repudiated this doctrine of Spurzheim, and, taking the elements of the science as their great discov- erer, Dr. Gall, left them, I endeavored to find the natu- ral relations which exist among them. How far I have succeeded, I leave it for others to determine from the fol- lowing brief statement : I first pointed out the division of the organs into three classes, — ipseal, social and directive. Secondly, I traced and established a connection between the organs of each class from the base to the upper lateral part of the head, such as to constitute three series of superadditions. The engraved bust of the head, in this work, is the same engraving that was used in my work published in 1839, and represents the three series by three different kinds of numerals. In 1844, I discovered and published an additional improvement in Phrenological Science, which is represented by the engraving of the converging fibres of the brain, on page 66. I taught that thought and feeling is not a function of the brain, but is confined to the oblongata ; and that the real office of the brain is to receive impressions, modify them, and transmit them through the central phrene or consciousness to the mus- cles, and thus produce volition. This improvement seems to be generally admitted, without opposition, wherever it has been explained; it is recommended by its extreme simplicity and apparent truthfulness, and by its PREFACE. VII affofding a ready explanation of many hitherto unac- countable phenomena in psychology and mesmerism. I now come before the public once more, with the results of several years' investigation, in a new and interesting field. My principal object in publishing this volume is to show the relation between phrenology and geology — between the structure of the brain and the geological series of changes. I shall endeavor to es- tablish, 1. That the organs of the human brain are added and superadded in a manner such as they would be if they had been successively created to conform to the geologi- cal changes which took place after the first animal was created. 2. That the convolutions of the brain are arranged as they would be if caused gradually by the pressure of the brain during birth. 3. That the pons and the callosum are added to hold the two hemispheres together. 4. That the physiognomy of man was created and caused by his habits while he was yet below the stand- ard of modern humanity. 5. That, instead of the earth being created for the animals which it contains, and adapted to them, man, and all other animals, have been created by the agency of the infinite variety of stimulating circumstances which VIII PREFACE. have been brought to bear upon organized bodies during the immense periods of time indicated by geology. The critical reader will perceive that this work an- nounces several new discoveries in the physical organ- ization, which are now, for the first time, laid before the public, and which must entirely revolutionize phreno- logical science. They furnish a broad and sure founda- tion, upon which a scientific system of human nature can be erected. I have not only shown that the phreno- organs are actually arranged in a certain natural order, but that it is the very order in which geological circum- stances required them to come into existence. This is not only a curious and interesting fact in natural history, but it throws a flood of light upon the original nature of those powers which, in other animals, are called instincts, and, in man, are denominated faculties, pro- pensities, sentiments, or impulses. Phrenology cannot hereafter be studied independently of geology. The common notion concerning the sudden creation of man must also be now abandoned ; for it can be proved, to a moral certainty, that geological ages elapsed between the original creation of the lowest phreno-organs and the highest. The key has been found to that wonderful series of convoluted hieroglyphics which Divine Providence has inscribed, for our instruction, upon " the dome of thought, the temple of the mind." CONTENTS INTRODUCTION. Page . Article I. . 13 Article II 17 Article III 19 Article IV. Geology. Lyell's Arrangement, . . .23 Hitchcock's Table, showing the Order and the Epochs in which Animals were created, . 24 Genesis not to be construed literally, . . 30 Article V. Relation of FaitrT to Science, ... 34 Indian's Death Song, 38 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. Section I. Origin of the Earth, 43 Section II. Origin of Organization, . . . . .45 Section III. Origin of Vegetation, 46 Section IV. Origin of Animals, 47 Section V. Origin of Mind, ...... 51 Section VI. Origin of Muscular Motion, . . . .53 Section VII. Origin of New Organs, .... 56 Section VIII. Origin of Man, 58 Hieroglyphics of Egypt prove that all men did not descend from Noah, .... 59 Rev. John Pye Smith's Opinion, . . .61 Section IX. Phrene or Central Consciousness, with Engrav- ing to illustrate, ..... 66 Section X. Order and Succession of the Organs of the Bijain, 67 Table showing the relative order of the crea- tion of the Phreno-Organs, and of the time of the Geological Periods, . . . .69 New Classification, Arrangement, and Defini- tions of the Phreno-Organs, ... 70 Section XL Origin of the Ipseals, 75 Origin of Pneumativeness, Alimentiveness, and Sanativeness, 77 CONTENTS. Section XII. Section XIII. Section XIV. Section XV. Section XVI. Section XVII. Section XVIII. Section XIX. Section XX. Section XXI. Section XXII. Section XXIII. Section XXIV. Page. Origin of Destructiveness and Combativeness, 80 Origin of Secretiveness and Cautiousness, 82 Origin of Constructiveness and Acquisitiveness, 85 Origin of Wit, or Experimentiveness, . 90 Origin of Perfectiveness and of the Arts, . 94 Origin of Hope and Migration, . . . 99 Ipseal Summary, . . . .100 Engraving to show the Order in which the Ipseal Organs were created, . . . 102 Origin of the Social Organs, . . . 103 Amativeness and Parentiveness, . . . 102 Origin of Inhabitiveness and Adhesiveness, 106 Origin of Imperativeness and Approbativeness, 109 Origin of Firmness and Justice, . . Ill Origin of Submissiveness, Imitativeness, and Credenciveness, . . . . .117 Engraving to show the Order in which the Social Organ^ were created, . . 117 Origin of the Directive, or Intellectual Organs, 118 Engraving to show the Order and Direction in which the Directive Organs were created, 123 Progress of Social Concentration, . . . 124 The Moral of Phreno-Geology, the Unity of Humanity, 129 Progressive Improvement, . . . .131 Origin of the various Forms of Animals, . 134 Origin of Land Animals, .... 139 Origin of White Men and Negroes, . . 143 Creative Power. Stimulus creates Organs, . 148 Memory, 157 How Stimulus creates Organs, . . . 153 How Organs are increased in Size, . . 162 How increased in Intensity, . . . 162 Origin of the Senses, .... 164 What limits the Size of Organs, . . . 167 Phreno-Philosophy of Idolatry, . . 170 Sport different from Idolatry, . . . 174 Knowledge is Intellectual Stimulus, and Su- perstition is Idolatrous Philosophy, . 179 Objections to the " Vestiges of Creation ," . 184 Special Providence — Fatalism, . . 187 Instinct is Hereditary Memory, . . . 188 Hereditary Descent, .... 193 Relation of the Temperaments to Geology, . 196 CONTENTS. XI Successive links connect the functions, if not the forms, of animals, from the lowest to the highest, ..... Section XXV. Relation of Physiognomy to Geology, . Section XXVI. Causes of the Superiority of Man, — the Hand, — the Posture, — the Power of Speech, — Origin of Speech, — its Advan- tages, Section XXVII. Discoveries in the Anatomy of the Brain, . Discovery of the Uses of the Corpus Callo- sum, Pons Varolii, and Convolutions, . Conjectures concerning the Causes of the Lamellae of the Cerebellum, The Convolutions prove that man was created gradually, Page. 196 198 206 207 210 212 215 ENGRAVING OF THE BUST, To show the three grand divisions arranged in three series, and each series indicated hy numerals of a different type. Thus, from 1 to 13 are the Directives, occupying the fore- head ; from I. to XII. are the Ipseals, on the side ; and from 1st to 12th are the Socials, forming a semi-circle, extending from the neck to the forehead. INTRODUCTION TO fHRENO-GEOLOGY ARTICLE I If we trace the phreno-organs of man from their three different roots at the base of the brain, [see engraving,] and studi- ously notice the character of the super-additions, we shall find that as the organs rise in each of the three classes, they assume higher moral and intellectual functions, — they tend to produce more complicated actions, and require more extensive and various knowledge. If, now, we turn to the adamantine volumes of Geology, to learn the structure and habits of the intelligent beings that inhabited the earth before man was created in his present form, we are struck with admiration by the harmony which is dis- played, and the beautiful unity of design which is so unex- pectedly discovered, between the structure of the earth, the structure of ancient animals, and the super-additions of the phreno-organs of the human brain. If we follow the geologist, from his examination of the lowest vertebrated fossil animals to the highest in point of intelligence and moral conduct, we find that phreno-powers were added to their minds in a manner and order exactly agreeing with that in which the organs are super- added and arranged in the human brain. [See engraving.] 2 14 INTRODUCTION. We find the brains of vertebrated animals lower the further we descend geologically into the earth. The monkey is found a little lower in the geological series than man, and, accordingly, he has a brain differing from that of man only at the points where the very highest organs of man are developed. It resembles the human brain in its general appearance and structure, but it is deficient in certain parts which elevate the character of man, and give lateral expansion to the upper frontal region of the head Now, from the orang, let us de- scend to the dog and fox, and we find him still more deficient in the same important parts. Then let us go to the wolf, tiger, hyena, crocodile, and so down, until, when we finally come to the least intelligent fishes, the brain is merely a continuation of the spinal cord, apparently a mere simple oblongata, surrounded by a watery fluid, with several little knots of pulpy, nervous substances growing out of it. These knots are presumed to be phreno-organs ; but the whole brain is such a simple affair that no one would suspect it to be a brain, were it not found in the skull, where it is supposed a brain should be. If we notice carefully the simplest of the fishos, and study their modes and habits, we find them showing distinctly those conscious powers only whose organs in man are found at the base of the brain. Their principal conscious powers are those which prompt them to breathe, to eat, to avoid injury, to propagate, and to perceive the objects immediately around them. There is essentially no cunning, nor foresight, nor parental affection, nor social regard, and consequently, no government nor society such as exists among higher animals. If there is any degree of these, it is so slight, compared with that of higher animals, as to be merely rudimentary. These facts, and such as these, have produced, in some inquiring minds, an opinion that man is but the result of gradual progression from the lowest verte- brata, — that, in fact, man was originally a fish, then a reptile, INTRODUCTION. 15 then quadrumanous, (like an ape,) then a bimanous biped, — a semi-human savage, less intelligent than the present orang, — then more intelligent, and so on to the present time. This doctrine was boldly advanced and defended by Lamark, a dis- tinguished French naturalist, who wrote about fifty years ago. He contended that man, and every other animal, is the result of circumstances acting upon organization, and causing it to develop its latent powers, — that the web foot of the duck is caused by the very act of paddling in the water, — the teeth of the tiger by the act of tearing ; and so of other peculiar forms. A modification of the theory of Lamark has lately been brought forward in a work entitled " The Vestiges of Creation." The truth of this doctrine is, however, denied by many distinguished geologists and naturalists, among whom is Mr. Lyell, who contends for the assumption that each class of animals, includ- ing man, was, independently of the others, created by the Almighty, and specially and miraculously adapted to the cir- cumstances which were to surround it. This, in substance, is his conclusion, and it is also the opinion (if we may judge from their writings) of Cuvier and most of the great European and American naturalists. But history teaches us to receive the published opinions of popular and salaried philosophers, upon such subjects, with much allowance for the delicate circum- stances in which they find themselves placed. It is dangerous to advocate important truths in advance of the age. Diana of the Ephesians is still too great to be approached without pru- dence and respect. It is not forgotten that Galileo, and Bufifon, and Lawrence, were obliged to retract their expressed opinions ; and many, doubtless, approve of the timid wisdom of Aristotle, who, after the death of Socrates, left his country to avoid persecution, saying that he was " unwilling to give his countrymen an opportunity to commit another offence against philosophy." In science, we must be governed by the authority 16 INTRODUCTION. of facts, and not of distinguished names. The general tendency of modern science is to prove that there was a time when no organized being existed on earth; that vegetables were the first organized existences ; then certain animals nearly allied in character and form to vegetables ; that, in succeeding ages, higher animals were produced, and last and highest came man upon the stage. Geology, Embryology, and Phrenology, com- bine to establish this result and to illustrate it. Geology shows us the lowest animals in the lower fossiliferous strata, and the highest animals in the highest stratum. Embry- ology exhibits the first organs of the brain which are developed in man, (several months before birth,) and shows that they are the same as those possessed by the lowest vertebrated animals found in the lowest strata by the geologist. As the embryo- man progresses in development, his brain receives super- additions and offshoots, which make him resemble successively the fish, the reptile, the lower mammal, then the higher; and, finally, the endowments of humanity crown the performance, and man is born. In short, the manner in which the brain of man is developed before birth, the succession of organs and addition of parts, is the same as when the brain was (ac- cording to Geology) developed in the succeeding tribes of animals before man existed on earth. The phreno-organs at the base first being a mere continuation of the spinal cord, then afterwards receiving additions in a lateral and upward direc- tion ; at length, at the highest lateral portions of the front head, are formed the organs of causality, perfectiveness, and cre- denciveness, which man possesses above all other animals, and which principally contribute to his superiority. ARTICLE II, CIRCUMSTANCES ARE THE FINGERS OF GOD. God created all organized beings — vegetables, animals, and man — by the agency of the circumstances by which they were successively surrounded. Geology abounds with evidences of this great truth ; changes of the earth were constantly fol- lowed by changes of animal forms. There surely must have been a time when no animal with lungs could have existed on earth, for there was no pure air to breathe, such as we now enjoy. Carbonic acid and various vapors and gaseous mat- ters were suffused through the atmosphere, rendering it abso- lutely impossible for any of the higher animals to exist. At this time fishes abounded in the sea, and vegetables flourished on the land; for the very carbonic acid which, when in the air in great quantities, is the death of animals, is the very choicest food of plants. As the earth grew colder, the vapors and gases became condensed to water, to vegetables, and to car- bonic rocks. The immense amount of plants which grew upon the virgin earth consumed a vast amount of carbonic acid, and thus relieved the atmosphere of its presence. The formation of bituminous and of anthracite coal beds was one result. Immense quantities, also, of the atmospheric carbon was con- sumed in forming the carbonates of lime, such as common lime- stone and marble. After this the air was purer and cooler, and reptiles began to flourish, — animals that sprung from fishes, which gradually, and after ages of approximation, became at length capable of living on land, — at first for a few moments, then longer, and at length continually. It is easy to imagine 2* 18 INTRODUCTION. that myriads of fishes died when the circumstances came upon them which forced them to change their mode of life in that region in which they then lived ; but when one pair did thus change and survive, it would become the Adam and Eve of a race of land animals. It is also reasonable to suppose that the change took place from necessity, in some situation where the land was alternately immersed in water, and then left partially uncovered by it, as we now frequently see land when the tide ebbs and flows. It may be that, instead of the water leaving the animals, the animals left the water, and went, gradually advancing, upon the land to feed upon its luxuriant foliage. The first inhabit- ants of the land were, probably, though not necessarily, vege- table eaters, which fed upon marine plants when they inhabited the water, and upon land plants when they lived upon the earth. It is a startling announcement that our ancestors once inhabited the mighty deep, and, sustained on broad extended fins, roved through the vast ocean. But, if our theory is admitted, such is the inevitable tendency of the arguments, and nothing but the interposition of a miracle can prevent this con- clusion. One pair, at least, must have escaped from the water, and become changed to reptiles by the gradual but irresistible force of predestined circumstances ; then, by the continuation of similar causes, they became exclusively land animals. What now took place ? Vegetables became smaller and less abundant, while animals were more numerous, and continued to increase by reproduction ; food grew scarce, until at length there was no alternative but to die or to feed upon each other. This intro- duced carnivorous land animals, even if none came from the water. Doubtless a great number of animals died from inability to undergo the change from vegetable to animal food, yet enough lived to reproduce land animals that could live on flesh exclusively. ARTICLE III. By the will of God the increasing coldness of climate pro- duced the principal circumstances that produced animals and men. The earth was once too hot to allow of the existence of animals : they were not produced until it had cooled down to a certain point; plants, infusoria, radiates, molusks, trilobites and fishes were then created. I do not mean to assert that these animals were created in the order named, they may have orig- inated and progressed simultaneously. If the earth had con- tinued at the same temperature which it then possessed until the present time, it is certain that man never would have existed in his present form. We should now have all been fishes or nothing. — out pistes aut nullus. We could not even have advanced to the dignity of reptiles, enjoying the privilege of crawling occasionally out of the water into the mud on swampy islands of the sultry ocean. Still colder must it have been when our great reptile parents left the ocean altogether, stood on the solid earth, fed upon its herbage, and breathed with lungs instead of gills. It must have been colder, or such an atmosphere could not have existed. I doubt not that the atmosphere was the agent, under Providence, that created the — the solid earth created the feet, — the food created the teeth and digestive organs, — the temperature of the air created the skin, hair and feathers of land animals, and the light created and modified the eyes. It may have been millions of years in doing this, but Geology does not restrict us in regard to time. Only admit, as every one must, that some slight change in organization can be produced in a thousand years' exposure to 20 INTRODUCTION. some powerful influence, and the whole argument is at once surrendered, for Geology instantly steps in with its vast period of time to accomplish any amount of transformation which organization is capable of undergoing without destruction. It should also be considered that organization is capable of gradu- ally assuming any form whatever that can be conceived, pro- vided circumstances require it, and sufficient wholesome food, air and protection, can be obtained by the change, and not otherwise. The point that I am now insisting upon is, that, by the will of God, cold produced the circumstances which created man. Admitting that " The vile race from which we sprung ' once inhabited the water, it is plain that when primeval man, in reptile form, first left his native ocean, bade it farewell, and established himself upon the land, feeding exclusively upon its productions, if the temperature of the earth had remained stationary from then until the present time, man, in his present form, would not have existed; his high powers, which now enable him to struggle against the modern climates, would all have been unnecessary. There was then no need of clothing, nor shelter, nor society, except of the opposite sex. The multiplication of animals, rendering foo& scarce, would change herbivorous animals into carnivorous, even if the temperature remained the same. This would cause some change in the organization, but it would merely be such as would be needed to adapt him to such food ; it would go no further. No other improvement was made, — no advance to his present state, — until it became cold enough to produce some degree of the inclemency of winter ; then more intelligence and skill became necessary to prevent destruction. Immense numbers of ani- mals perished with cold and hunger. The animals that sur- vived the changes grew smaller in their bodies and larger in their brains, (so Geology teaches ;) for intelligence and skill INTRODUCTION. 21 were more needed than strength. It is now evident that cold produced the circumstances which rendered intelligence neces- sary to prevent destruction, and intelligence is the great pecu- liarity of man. ARTICLE IV. GEOLOGY. As I expect that this book will go into the hands of many who are unacquainted even with the elements of geology, I deem it proper to give a brief general outline of the features of the science, for the benefit of such readers. Geology is the science which teaches the structure of the earth below the surface, and explains the causes of the various appearances which that structure presents. Notwithstanding the immense number of facts, details and technical terms which appear to encumber geology and embarrass the learner, a suf- ficient understanding of the general principles of the science may be obtained from a few pages. ys Dr. Hitchcock, "we suppose ourselves placed in a meadow, which has resulted from the successive deposits of annual floods, and begin a perpendicular excavation into the earth, we shall pass through the different classes of rocks in the following order : — •'For a few feet only, — rarely as many as 100, — we shall .rough layers of loam, sand, and fine gravel, arranged in nearly horizontal beds. This deposit, from an existing river, is denominated alluvium. All deposits from causes now in action, which have taken place since the present order of things com- menced on the £:lobe, are usually regarded as alluvial. 22 INTRODUCTION. " The second formation which we shall penetrate, is composed of coarse sand and gravel, with fine sand, and even sometimes clay, containing, however, large rounded masses of rock called bowlders; the whole mixed together, yet often distinctly, and horizontally stratified. This formation, evidently the result of glacio-aqueous agency, is called drift. It is distinguished from alluvium, first, by its inferior position ; secondly, by the marks of a more powerful agency ; and, thirdly, by extending over regions where no existing streams or other causes now in action could have produced it. " The third series of strata which we penetrate in descending into the earth, is composed of layers of clay, sand, gravel, and marl, with occasional quartzose and calcareous beds more or less consolidated; all of which were deposited in waters compara- tively quiet, and in separate basins. They also contain many peculiar organic remains, and sometimes dip at a small angle, though usually they are horizontal. These strata are called tertiary. "The formations which we penetrate after passing through the tertiary, are composed for the most part of solid rocks. They are, however, mostly made up of sand, clay, and pebbles, bound together by some sort of cement. With these are inter- stratified many varieties of limestone ; and throughout the whole series is found a great variety of the remains of animals and plants, very different from those in the tertiary strata. These groups of rock sometimes lie horizontal ; but are usually more or less elevated, so as to make them dip at various angles. They are called secondary rocks. " The stratified rocks below the secondary are distinguished by the absence of organic remains, by having a structure more or less crystalline, and by being more highly inclined. They are called primary rocks. This term has also been applied to the unstratified crystalline rocks. INTRODUCTION, " Immediately beneath the primary stratified rocks, we find the unstratified ones. As this is found to be the case wherever the stratified rocks have been penetrated, it is inferred that the internal parts of the globe, beneath a comparatively thin crust, are made up of unstratified rocks ; at least to a very great depth. " Among the primary rocks, there is no settled order of super- position. Perhaps gneiss most commonly lies immediately above granite ; but the other members of the series are frequently found also in the same position. Among the fossiliferous rocks there exists an invariable order of superposition." The following is Dr. Lyell's arrangement, names, and subdi- vision of the formations: — Eecent. Newer Pliocene Older Pliocene Miocene. Eocene. Chalk. Green Sand. Wealden. Upper Oolite. Middle Oolite. Lower Oolite. Lias. Upper New Red Sandstone Lower New Red Sandstone Coal. Old Red Sandstone. 9tf Upper Silurian. B ?a o CO Lower Silurian. 8 s Cambrian and 1 Older CD Fossiliferous. O P 4 Clay Slate. Quartz Rock. g Hornblende Schist. B o Chlorite Slate. Hypogene Limestone. M o o 09 Mica Schist. Gneiss. 24 INTRODUCTION. According to the authority of Dr. Hitchcock, " the following is the order in which some of the most important animals and plants have first appeared on the globe : in other words, the epoch of their creation. It may, indeed, be hereafter found, when the rocks have been more extensively examined, that some appeared earlier. Silurian & Cambrian, orGraywacke Period. Devonian Period. Carboniferous Period. Red Sandstone Period. Trias and Permian. Oolitic Period. Echinodermata, Annelida, Zoophyta, Crusta- cea, Cirrhipeda. Marine Shells. Crustacea. (Trilobites.) Fishes — Placoidians and Ganoidians, (Sauroids and Sharks,) also those with heterocercal tails. Fluwerless Plants. ) Marine. Flowering Plants. ) Terrestrial. Fishes, (Cephalaspis, Chirolepis, &c.,) abun- dant and peculiar. Peculiar Fishes : Arachnidans, such as Scor- pions ; Insects, as Curculionidae : Fresh Wa- ter Shells : Infusoria : Dicotyledonous Plants, Coniferae, Cycadeae: Monocotyledonous Plants, Palmae, Scitaminse. Batrachians, (tracks in Pennsylvania.) Tracks of Birds, Tortoises, and Chirotheria or gigantic Batrachians. (Labyrinthodon.) Reptiles : Monitor, Phytosaurus, Ichthyosau- rus, Plesiosaurus, Thecodontosaurus, Palae- osaurus. Crustacea : Palinurus. Fishes : Palceoniscus. Dicotyledonous Plants, Voltzia, &c. Mammalia : (Marsupials) Thylacotherium, and Phascolatherium, (Didelphys of Buckland.) Reptiles : Saurocephalus, Saurodon, Teleosau- rus, Streptospondylus, Megalosaurus, La- certa neptunia, JElodon, Rhacheosaurus, Pleurosaurus, Geosaurus, Macrospondylus, Pterodactylus, Crocodile, Gavial, Tortoise. Fishes : Pycnodontes and Lepidoides. (Dape- dium, &c.) with homocercal tails. Arachnidans: Spiders. Insects : Libellulce, Coleoptera. INTRODUCTION. 25 Oolitic Period. Wealden Period. Cretaceous Period. Tertiary Period. Crustacea : Pagurus, Eryen, Scyllarus, Palae- mon, Astacus. Plants : Cycadea?, (Pterophyllum, Zamia,) Co- niferae, (Thuytes, Taxites,) Lilia, (Buck- landia.) Birds : Grallae, (Tilgate Forest.) Reptiles : Iguanodon, Leptorynchus, Trionyx, Emys, Chelonia. Fishes : Lepidotus, Pycnodus, &c. Fresh wa- ter and estuary shells. Bisects. Reptiles : Mososaurus, &c. Fishes : Ctenoidians and Cycloidians. Crustacea : Areania, Etyaea, Coryster. Plants : Conferva?, Naiades. Mammalia: 1. Eocene Period, 50 species: — Palaeotherimn, Anoplotherium, Lophiodon, Anthracotherium, Cheroptamus (allied to the hog). Adapis (resembling the hedge- hog) ; Carnivora : Bat, Canis (Wolf and Fox), Coatis, Eacoon, Genette, Dormouse, Squirrel. Reptiles : Serpents. Birds : Buzzard, Owl, Quail, Woodcock, Sea Lark, Curlew. Pelican, Albatros, Vulture. Reptiles : Fresh "Water Tortoises. Fishes : seven extinct species of extinct genera. 2. Miocene Period: Ape, Dinotherium, Tapir, Chalicotherium. Rhinoceros, Tetracaulodon, Hippotherium, Sus, Fehs , Machairodus, Gu- lo, Agnotherium, Mastodon, Hippopotamus, Horse. 3. Pliocene Period : Elephant, Ox, Deer, Dol- phin, Seal, Walrus, Lamantin, Megalonyx, Megatherium, Glyptodon, Hyama, Ursus, Weasel, Hare, Rabbit, Water Rat, Mouse, Dasyurus. Halmaturus, Kangaroo, and Kan- garoo Rat. Birds : Pigeon, Raven, Lark, Duck, &c. Fish~s : (in the formation generally) more than 100 species now extinct which belong to more than 40 extinct and as many living genera. bisects : 162 genera of Diptera, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Aptera, Hymenoptera, Neurop- tera, and Orthoptera. Shells : In the Newer Pliocene Period, 90 to 95 per cent, of living species ; 35 to 50 per 26 INTRODUCTION. Tertiary Period. cent, in the Older Pliocene; 17 per cent, in the Miocene ; and 3.5 in the Eocene ; amounting in all, extinct and recent, to 4000 species. Plants : Poplars, "Willows, Elms, Chesnuts. Sycamores, and nearly 200 other species ; seven eighths of which are monocotyledo- nous or dicotyledonous. Man, and most of the other species of exist- Alluvial Period. ing animals and plants. Gigantic Birds, Dinonnis, &c. Geologists have arrived at the following conclusions, as the results of their labors and researches : The present condition of the earth is the consequence of a series of changes, in which heat has been the principal agent. The time once was, perhaps millions of years ago, when the whole earth was a mass of liquid fire and blazing vapor; and it has been gradually cooling until the present time. At one pe- riod, no animal, nor vegetable, nor crystal, nor any solid thing whatever, existed on earth ; indeed, there was no earth, — all the world was fiery mist, like a blazing, half-transparent comet. Gradually the heat was radiated away into space, until the sur- face of the earth was formed by an incrustation of granite. Below this granite was boiling lava ; above it were vapor and gas. The earth continued to cool, and the granite crust to become thicker. What is now water then existed in a gaseous form in the atmosphere. Losing a portion of its heat, it became vapor, steam, clouds, then rain; the rain formed rivers, the rivers formed oceans. The waters of the first oceans were hot and fresh. Tremendous torrents poured upon the heated earth, and rushed among the rocks, dissolving their particles and hold- ing them in solution. In a short time evaporation returned the water to the atmosphere, while the mineral sedimentary parti- cles, which had been dissolved and disintegrated, fell upon the earth, and formed another kind of rock, called gneiss. The rocks formed by sediment thus deposited from water are composed of INTRODUCTION. 27 parallel layers, as if one layer was deposited at one time, and another was afterwards laid over it. These layers are called strata, and all rocks thus formed from water are called stratified rocks ; while those produced by heat are called plutonic, or un- stratified. The stratified rocks are many miles in thickness, and are subdivided and classed into systems or formations. In many places the volcanic powers beneath have broken up the strata, and turned them over in such a manner as to present to our astonished view several miles of the edges of the layers, so that we are just as well informed concerning their appearances as we should be if we had dug so many miles perpendicularly into the earth, for the express purpose of viewing it. These layers are composed of hardened mud, sand, gravel, crystals, metals, and organic remains, most of which once existed in an ancient ocean, and, by their appearances, and the manner and order in which they occur, tell their origin and history. The grand division of the stratified rocks is into primary, secondary, tertiary, diluvial, or drift, and alluvial. The primary are the lowest, and rest upon the unstratified rocks. No organic remains are found in these. If any ever did exist, the evidences of their existence have been obliterated by the heat to which they have been subjected from the vol- canic rocks beneath. The probability is, that vegetables and animals existed earlier than those whose remains we now find ; for we know that the first animals must have fed upon vegeta- bles, and that vegetables must therefore have been created first; but we find animals quite as low in the rocks as we do vegeta- bles. I have no doubt that the time will come when geologists will be able to show, by the remains in the rocks which will yet be discovered, that vegetables existed first, and that animals were created afterwards ; but at present, though we know that such must have been the fact, we cannot demonstrate it by the rocky remains themselves. Again, we know that vegetable- 28 INTRODUCTION. eating animals must have existed earlier then flesh-eating ani- mals ; but we cannot yet demonstrate the existence of strata which we know contains the remains of vegetable-eating animals that existed before flesh-eating animals were created. The rocks which contain the fossil remains of vegetables and animals are called fossiliferous rocks, while those below these are called the non-f ossiferous rocks. All the stratified rocks are fossiliferous, except the primary. The secondary rocks are subdivided and named differently by different authors, but in the main and essential points they generally agree. The very lowest rocks that contain animal remains are called protozoic rocks. These rocks have received so many different names, and been subjected to so many different subdivisions, within a short time, as to produce some confusion in the minds of those who have but a slight acquaintance with the subject. The first name which they received was graywacke ; afterwards they were called the transition conglomerate rocks. Then again they were divided into Cumbrian, Cambrian, and Silurian; and the Silurian were subdivided into upper and lower Silu- rian. On the whole, I prefer the division, classification and names proposed by Mr. Lyell, as given on the preceding pages. He makes a greater number of subdivisions than other authors, but he generally gives good reasons for doing so. From the very nature of the subject, we may expect that new discoveries will for a long time lead to still more numerous and more minute subdivisions, and to new and more appropriate names for the sections which are most carefully examined. I would recom- mend Dr. Hitchcock's Elements of Geology as the best sum- mary of the science, for the use of students, in this country. They will there learn many details which I do not deem neces- sary for the purposes of this treatise. Dr. Hitchcock has constructed a very ingenious and instructive chart, and prefixed it to his book, in which he represents the order in which plants INTRODUCTION. 29 and animals were created. He says, " While this chart shows that all the great classes of animals and plants existed from the earliest times, it will also show the gradual expansion and increase of the more perfect groups. The vertebral animals, for instance, commence with a few fishes, whose number in- creases upward ; but no traces of other animals of this class appear, till we rise to the saliferous group, when we meet with the tracks of chirotheria, tortoises, and birds. But not till we reach the oolitic period do we meet with the bones of the mam- malia; and then only two species of marsupialia. No more of this class appear till we reach the tertiary strata, where they are developed in great numbers, approaching nearer and nearer to the present races on the globe as we ascend, until, in the historic period, the existing races, ten times more numerous, complete the series, with man at their head as the crown of the whole ; or, as the poet expresses it, ' the diapason closes full in man.' " It seems that, before the carboniferous period, fishes were the only vertebrated animals that existed. Next, in the carboniferous period, reptiles appeared for the first time. In the red sandstone period, a low kind of birds appeared, though none had previously existed. In the oolitic period, imperfect mammals appeared, but their brains were like those of reptiles, without convolutions. In the tertiary period, all the perfect mammals appeared but man. In the alluvial period, man appeared. The common and popular idea is, that everything around us was created in a very brief period ; and, in regard to the man- ner of creation, the idea is, that the Supreme Creator made things by an immediate and special effort of his power, just as 3* 30 INTRODUCTION. a potter makes a vessel of clay ; or rather, as some wonderful magician transforms things in a moment, so that we can no longer recognize them as the same. Nothing has done so much to retard the advance of mankind in a knowledge of the natural sciences, as these unfounded notions ; and what has rendered them so difficult to eradicate, is the fact, that it is believed that they are sanctioned by divine revelation. In some instances, the error of this opinion is so easily shown, and the demonstra- tion of the contrary so palpable, that every one is forced, how- ever reluctant, to abandon the fallacy. Go to a citizen who lives near Niagara Falls, and ask him how long since the banks of that river were created, and the probability is that he will say 6000 years. Now proceed with him to examine the premises with science for a guide. Show him that the river must have been thirty thousand years cutting its way to its present bed, and that the rocks composing the channel were once at the bottom of a salt ocean, and had been raised by successive convulsions to their present place, before the river began to flow. Show him the proofs that many gen- erations and races of animals had been created and destroyed during the period of time which had elapsed while the rocks were rising. Then examine the structure of the rocks them- selves, and see them containing the organic remains of an immense number of generations of animals that once lived in the ocean, which rolled over the rocks when they were in the form of soft mud, ■•— and the citizen will easily be induced to admit that a hundred thousand years is too little to allow for the creation of the rock by deposits made, as they evidently were, at the ocean's bottom, of sand, and mud, and pebbles, and plants, and animals, and various things which would naturally be precipitated from solution or sunk from the surface. The citizen would return to his home perfectly satisfied that divine revelation had never told the story of the earth's creation, and INTRODUCTION. 31 that he had mistaken figurative expressions in Genesis for literal truth. Go again to this same citizen, and ask him how long since the race of man, and other animals now living, were first cre- ated, and the chances are that he will again reply 6000 years. He will refer you to the book of Genesis, which relates that on the last day of creation man and all animals were created, except the fish of the sea and the fowls of the air. Now lay before him the evidence that land animals existed in the carboniferous period, — that more than a million of years afterwards mammals were created in the oolitic period, — that all kinds of quadrupeds and apes existed in the tertiary period, and not before, — and that man did not exist till after the ter- tiary and diluvial periods had passed away. If the citizen is an honest man, and a man of good sense, he will at once aban- don the idea that all these animals, and man also, were made in one and the same day, or in one and the same period, or even in one and the same climate. He will perceive that a literal interpretation of Genesis cannot possibly be sustained by the facts of Geology, and will afterwards content* himself with regarding it as only a moral and spiritual lesson, given to us in the style peculiar to the ancient nations of eastern Asia, and adapted to the comprehension of a rude people. It is quite as evident, to my mind, that animals and men were created gradually and progressively, as that the mountains were so created. There is no scientific evidence that a single organic thing on earth was ever created suddenly. Everything is formed by the aggregation of many atoms, and always under circumstances favorable to such aggregation. The aggregation of chemical atoms formed minerals, the minerals composed mountains, but were an immense number of years in doing so. Just so chemi- cal elements combined to form vegetables, and the vegetable 32 INTRODUCTION. organisms, aggregated and arranged in a peculiar manner, compose animals. The first animals that were created had certain forms adapted to their need and conditions : a change in their circumstances produced a change in their forms, until man was produced. To say, then, that man was made at once in a single day, from dust or from chemical atoms, is to make man an exception to all the rest of nature. But the tendency of this treatise is to show that man, like all the rest of creation, is the result of gradual and progressive superadditions of parts and changes of form. Here, again, the literal interpretation of Genesis presents an insurmountable difficulty. For, in that book we are taught, literally, that man was made of dust, and that a perfectly formed and mature man was created before any female of the same species existed. The first woman was made, not in the way which science recognizes, but the man was made to fall into a deep sleep, and a rib was taken from his side, and from that rib, in a miraculous and incomprehen- sible manner, a perfectly-formed woman was created. Now, if we are to consider this statement as literally true, we are estopped from* inquiring any further into the origin of man ; and if we find the most positive proof that man was created as gradually as the mountains were, we must consider such proofs as so many fallacies. It is useless to evade or to disguise the truth, that if we are to insist upon the literal interpretation of Genesis, we must totally abandon Geology, Astronomy, and Physiology, when applied to events which took place before the historic period commenced, and which have left their records upon the face of nature for our inspection. The literal and popular interpreta- tion of this book does violence to every principle, not only of science, but even of common sense ; for it conveys the idea distinctly that the world is stationary, upon immovable foun- dations, instead of turning upon its axis ; — that the stars and INTRODUCTION. 33 sun and moon are set in a solid firmament; — that rain-water comes from above the firmament, and, of course, from above the stars; — that fruit-trees and herbs were made before the sun was created; — that rain did not fall till after the creation of man, though Geology shows that it fell ages before; — that rainbows did not exist till the time of Noah, about 4000 years ago ; — that serpents once possessed the power of human speech, and more than the power of human wit; — that the first man was created for the very purpose of tilling the ground, and was engaged in that employment while he was utterly naked and solitary; — that the first-born man was a farmer, a murderer, a vagabond, a married man, though his mother was the only woman in existence ; — that he was marked, to save him from being slain by " any man" though no man existed but his father, and no other man could exist but such as were yet to be born of his mother ; — that men suddenly fell off from living 900 years to 70 years ; — that all existing animals, except those that live in water, sprung from the few that floated in one vessel with Noah ; — and that all men, of all colors and features and characters, originated with Noah ; and many other equally unnatural and improbable things are commonly believed, be- cause it is supposed that unbelief is sinful and dangerous. It would seem that a little reflection ought to convince any candid mind that such a measure of credulity is not necessary to our salvation. It is an essential element of the Christian doctrine, that the sin of disobedience was actually committed by the founders of the human family ; that punishment followed as a consequence, and that repentance and atonement are necessary to regain the divine favor. The book of Genesis plainly teaches the fact, that the sin of disobedience was committed by our ancestors, and that it was followed by divine displeasure. It is necessary to believe this, in order to be fairly entitled to be considered as orthodox 34 INTRODUCTION. Christians ; but it is by no means necessary for us to believe that the tempter was a living, animal serpent, and used articulate human speech ; nor that the tree of knowledge was an apple tree, or any other real vegetable substance ; nor that woman was made of a rib-bone ; nor that Cain married his mother or his sister; nor that all mankind sprung from Noah ; — in short, we are not required to believe anything which is absurd and revolting, merely because it is taught by the strict letter of Genesis, especially when it is obvious that the language is allegorical, and intended to teach a spiritual and moral truth only. ARTICLE V. RELATION OF FAITH TO SCIENCE. The Christian revelation appeals to faith founded upon reason. Science appeals to facts founded upon sensation and perception. Science relates to this life and the material universe, so far as it can be perceived by our senses. Revelation relates to anoth- er and an unseen world, and to another life, which it is sup- posed has no parallel nor analogy in this state of existence. Revelation relates to future things, which cannot be proved by past experience, nor tested by scientific ordeals. When the pulse ceases to throb, and the heart is still, — when the muscles no longer move, — when the lustre of the eye is dim, and the tongue is silent, — where then is the mind ? Let us enter the temples of science, and interrogate her most perfect oracles. Alas ! they are dumb ! They are gazing with speechless wonder upon the corpse of humanity. The outward form is there, — the bones and muscles, brain and nerves. The features still bear the stamp which was impressed upon them INTRODUCTION. 35 by the mind; — where now is that mind? Does it still exist ? If a man die, shall he live again ? Can sensation, or perception, or experiment, penetrate the caverns of death, and descend into the depths of eternity? Science sheds no light upon immortality. Astronomy may teach us the existence of a number of moving masses, — their distances, densities and revolutions, — but it can perceive no immortal beings there. No souls of men who once inhabited the earth are seen amid all the vast globes which the telescope surveys. No heaven of saints, no hell of demons, — no God, nor angel, nor any animated form, — meets the wearied eye, in all those distant spheres. If we take the microscope, it reveals to us the existence of unnumbered myriads of beings, but all more frail, short-lived and helpless, than even ourselves. We see animals roving through the forest, the ocean, and the air, all possessed of limbs and senses and minds, which they use to minister to their wants ; and science presents to man no higher motives of action than these animals possess : — to live, to eat, sleep, sport, decay and die, leaving posterity to the same inevitable fate, — this is the lesson, this the moral, this the religion, of science ! Anatomy shows us our limbs, and brain, and blood, acting and being acted upon like telegraphic machines, operating on gal- vanic principles ; the mind itself depending, like any physical power, upon material agencies, — being at various times weak, deranged, powerful, or suspended. The only immortality which science seems to teach is the immortality of matter and its properties ! Oxygen may be, nay, it must be, immortal. The chemical elements will exist in imperishable perfection when individual man is gone forever, and his mind is lost to scientific ken. If science does not deny the mind's immortality, neither does it assert it ; it stands mute, like an idiot who cannot comprehend the question, or else it 36 INTRODUCTION. demands that religion shall be tried and proved by scientific rules. Faith is rejected as an element of science; yet faith is the foundation of religion. When the pleasures and toils of life are past, — when death is immediately before us, — when all science and human skill are useless, — religion then offers her aid, and claims our con- fidence and faith in return. Man naturally desires to live, to continue to be ; he shrinks instinctively from destruction. When he composes himself to sleep, it is with a calm faith and confidence, derived from expe- rience, that he shall rise again, invigorated and refreshed by the temporary suspension of his powers ; but when he lies down to die, experience gives no such assurance, for death is a bourn from whence no traveller returns. It is, therefore, natural for him to look around with anxious longing for something to sus- tain him. As the earth recedes from beneath his feet, and a bottomless ocean rolls below, he longs for some safe island-home in the midst of the shoreless gulf, — some ship, or even a plank, — something, anything; a floating straw is clutched with eager madness by the drowning wretch. Such is dying man, with all the light and aid of science, without religious faith. Let us not longer wonder that man is a religious being ; let us not be surprised at the extent even of his superstition. It is his floating straw, his plank, his ship, his happy island- home, when earth has sunk around, with all that once he knew. Blessed religion ! even in its forms of error it is better than the stoic firmness upon which alone the sage depends. The be- liever quits this world, as the Israelites left the land of Egypt, with joyful hope of another and a better home in a promised land. The philosophic sceptic goes, like Lot's wife from her much-loved home and friends, with regret and despair, casting a longing, lingering look behind. The only relief which science affords is by freezing the agonized mind into an unfeeling pet- INTRODUCTION. 37 rifaction,— a pillar of salt, — a mineral statue of human en- durance, destitute alike of sorrow and of hope. Blessed religion ! Like the angelic messenger, it hurries the homeless outcast to his heavenly mountain Zoar, where he may rest in safety when all the cities of the plain, with all their denizens, are lost forever in the fiery gulf. It requires a powerful intellect and a towering, self-relying firmness, to die with calm and stoical indifference, — reckless and remorseless of past errors, — stern and unmoved by the present agony, — regardless of the vanishing scenes of sur- rounding enjoyment, and fearless of the future retribution. Few men can die in this manner. It is impossible for any man, not an idiot nor a maniac, to die with pleasure without religious faith. Scepticism merely professes to remove fear by removing superstition ; but it also destroys all the foundations of hope. It places man upon a level with a vegetable ; equally incapable, after death, of suffering or enjoyment. Eeligious faith offers pleasures without end and without measure ; it promises more than the most extravagant imagination can con- ceive. In return, it requires nothing but faith and submission, such as a child can give. The most uncultivated intellect, the most uncivilized and barbarous manners, are as perfectly capa- ble of performing all that it requires, as the most gifted and polished of the earth, — and perhaps even more so. Any one who would be eminently pious must become like a little child. The philosophy which proudly relies upon its own intellectual abilit} r , scorns the humble credence of religion. The ignorance that sees God in clouds, or hears him in the wind, worships and adores with confidence, humility and fear ; while the phi- losophy that sees nothing in the clouds but a combination of oxygen and hydrogen, floating upon the air and producing elec- tric phenomena, feels exalted by the knowledge, and looks with contempt upon the wondering savage, who bends in adoration I 38 INTRODUCTION. under the impression that thunder is the immediate voice of God. It is by no means astonishing that man is a religious being ; and it is worthy of serious inquiry, whether it is not better for most men to be superstitious than to be utterly irreligious, — I mean better for their own temporal happiness. Is not the In- dian more happy in his prospect of reaching the far-off island of future happiness, than the civilized scientific sceptic, who looks to annihilation as his certain fate ? How many of our fellow-men are now happy in their religious prospects ! — it may be that most of them are in error. Let us grant that they are so, and that science would expose those errors; if it would also destroy their hopes of future happiness, would it not be better for them to remain in ignorance ? What is it that sus- tains the Indian savage at the stake, tortured by his enemies ? It is religious hope, founded upon religious faith. His death song is a song of joy and triumph. I go to the isles of the great Manito, Whose shores through the mist I distinguish e'en now ; I shall hunt on the mountains and lish in the streams Of the land that I often have seen in my dreams. There shall I hold in my fondest embrace The braves and the chiefs of my nation and race ; They shall applaud me, and welcome their son, And boast of the heroic deeds he has done. Spirit of evil, — thou never canst go To the far happy land of the great Manito ; Spirit of evil, — spirit of pain, — Farewell, — we never shall meet again. Come on with your vengeance, — your tortures increase, — I long for the blow that my soul shall release ; I hasten, — I come, — my fluttering soul Is unfolding her pinions to fly to her goal. INTRODUCTION. 39 In a dark, gloomy cavern, far under the world, Where the ghosts of the wicked by Manito are hurled, There the foes of my tribe shall forever remain, — Their only companions the spirits of pain. But I go to the isles of the great Manito, Whose shores through the mist I distinguish e'en now ; I shall hunt on the mountains and fish in the streams Of the land that I often have seen in my dreams. I can appreciate the feelings which actuated the professor at Padua, who, it is said, refused to look through Galileo's tube, lest it might unsettle his religious faith. I can understand the pious horror with which the Brahmin looked through the microscope, and saw that all his food was filled with living creatures, so that it was impossible to eat without destroying life, while his creed forbade him to eat any animal food. I have always entertained the most charitable feelings towards those (and I have encountered many) who regard Geology and Phrenology as destructive of all that they hold sacred in religion, and who oppose them on that ground, while the most unfounded, and even silly notions, concerning these subjects, are applauded, sanctioned, and encouraged by them, if they appear to harmo- nize with their faith, and lend it some support. When we consider the immense and eternal consequences which the believer considers as depending upon his religious faith, we ought not to be surprised at his unwillingness to hear or see anything which threatens to undermine its foundations, and to overthrow the happiness which he builds upon it. True, his apprehensions may be unfounded, but they are none the less terrible for that reason. If they have once taken possession of his mind, they create a painful anxiety and an indefinite dread, which are the greater in proportion as his piety is the more sin- cere, and his scientific acquirements the more limited. He has read his Bible more than all other books, and listened, with deep 40 INTRODUCTION. and solemn reverence, to his minister's commentaries upon the sacred text. From his childhood he has been taught, by his pious mother, his Sunday-school teacher, his schoolmaster, his school- books, and by all others whom he respects and admires, that in six days, of 24 hours each, God made this world, — the sun, and moon, and stars, to light this world, — the fish, fowl, beast, and human kind, — all in one week, and that not yet six thousand years ago. Now, let us imagine this man listening to Emmons or Silliman, Hitchcock or Lyell; — hearing the announcement that animals, ocean, air, and earth, sun, moon, and stars, existed millions of years ago, — that this world was once a burning mass of matter, upon which no animal could exist, and has been millions of years cooling down to its present condition. Let him now be told how mind was first introduced into the world in the form of a vegetable, next a worm, a fish, a reptile, a bird, a beast, an ape, then a man. Let him see it demonstrated that man himself, in the womb, is first a worm, then succes- sively a fish, a reptile, an inferior mammal, and then a man. Can it be expected that this man can listen without disgust to such startling propositions ? Will he not fear that they are true, instead of being convinced of their truth ? Will he not, like Desdemona, think " in faith 't is strange, 'tis passing strange," and "wish" he "had not heard it"? He goes to a clergyman for relief, and is told that Geology, Embryology, and Phrenol- ogy, are all mere vain and idle conjectures, founded on human reason, and is dismissed with the exhortation, " Let God be true, and every man a liar." He turns to another of the same denom- ination, and is informed that Geology is true, but that Phrenol- ogy is false and heretical ; and that the difficulties of Geology are easily avoided by a proper construction of certain words in the book of Genesis. He turns to another, and is told that Geol- ogy and Phrenology are both true, and of great importance, and that the book of Genesis is a beautiful and truthful allegory. INTRODUCTION. 41 By this time the poor man is bewildered ; his faith is unsettled from its former firm position ; he is unhappy. The simple, con- fiding credence of his early days is gone. He is forced to con- strue the Bible from its plain literal meaning, and adapt it to the novel teachings of modern science, which he understands but imperfectly. He has been seduced to eat of the fruit of the tree of knowledge, and is hereafter banished from the paradise of simplicity and ignorance. He cannot return. The cherub of science looks every way, and guards the entrance with a sword of burning light. He is doomed to toil and sweat amid the briars and thorns of a real, material world ; to be born in weakness and sorrow, and to die in despair. He has learned too little, or too much. He has drank just enough to intox- icate his brain ; another draught will sober him again. How welcome now is the voice of the teacher who will recon- cile faith with philosophy ! How delightful to hear that igno- rance is not necessarily the mother of devotion, and that science is the handmaid of religion ! How refreshing and encouraging to learn that men like Herscheil, Silliman, Lyell, Emmons, Hitchcock, Buckland and Agassiz, are none the less Christians for being eminent philosophers ! Let us, then, be emboldened by their examples. Let us not fear to look through the tele- scopic tube of science. Let us go forward with full confidence, like Bunyan's Christian, up the hill of difficulty, encouraged by the cheering voice of Mr. Interpreter on the hill, saying that the lions are chained and harmless, notwithstanding their fright- ening roar ; that the book of Genesis is not to be construed literally when it seems inconsistent with natural science ; that it teaches a great moral lesson concerning the consequences of man's disobedience to the divine command ; and that, while the moral truths inculcated are of the utmost importance, the physi- cal doctrines and illustrations belonged to a barbarous age, and may be rejected with propriety. 4*= PHKEXO-GEOLOGY. THE PBOGRESSITE CEEATION OF MAN. SECTION I. — ORIGIN OF THE EARTH, Human knowledge begins and ends in ignorance. If we attempt to trace anything, from its origin to its final result, we are soon met by insurmountable obstacles. In regard to its origin, we first find it arising from an abyss of eternal and infinite darkness. From this point we can trace it for a short space, but it soon sinks from our view in a direction opposite to that from which it arose, and no human power can follow it to its end. What we call the beginning and end of things, is but the begin- ning and end of our power of perceiving them. These remarks apply to the origin of the earth and its inhabit- ants. We know nothing of the origin of the earth, ex- cept what we can learn from its internal appearances and structure. The Bible informs us that " In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth,'' but it gives us no scientific details concerning the processes by which this wonderful result was produced. We are left to ascertain, by our own researches, and by the exercise of our powers of perception and reasoning, the successive steps which led from the beginning to the present. Our knowledge on this subject is mostly derived from various 44 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. sciences, which, seventy years ago, had no existence. Some astronomers have conjectured that the sun, the earth, the moon, and all the planets and satellites of our solar system, were once a single connected mass of mat- ter, so expanded by heat as to be one vast solar ocean of semi-transparent vapor, and occupying all the space that is now vacant between the planets. This immense ocean of fiery mist gradually cooled and contracted to its present condition. The planet of our solar system which is most distant from the sun, was the first-born, and was formed at the time when the body of the sun extended to that distant region. It is supposed to be composed of particles which the primeval sun shed from its surface. The next planet was many ages after given off in the same manner from the sun ; and thus the earth and all the planets of our system were derived from what was originally one solar mass. The earth and the moon were once a single globe, and occupied all the space which at present exists between the earth and the moon. The moon was shed from the surface of the earth, in the same manner that the earth was shed from the sun. Since then the earth has cooled, and shrunk to its present size. Some geologists, taking the earth where the astronomers leave it, — in a state of igneous fluidity, — attempt to account for its present form and structure by the continued operation of the same cause, namely, by its cooling and contracting at the surface. They teach that when the earth cooled sufficiently, a rocky crust was formed upon its surface. The elements, which now constitute all the water in the world, then existed in a gaseous form around this rocky crust, — an THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 45 atmosphere composed of the elements of future oceans. As this atmosphere and the earth cooled, the gases be- came condensed to aqueous vapor, then mist, rain, rivers, oceans. These waters washed the rocky crust, and divided and disintegrated its particles, and deposited them, forming mud, banks, swamps, islands, continents. It was during these changes from gas to liquid, from liquid to solid, from solid rocks to soil, that organization began. SECTION II. — ORIGIN OF ORGANIZATION. Originally it is assumed that every substance now in existence was in a gaseous form. The loss of some portion of its caloric reduced some parts of the earth's surface to a liquid state; and then, by a still further reduction of temperature, some portion became solid. Here it was that the rudiments of organization began; for solid substances, when precipitated from a liquid solution, tend to assume regular forms. This process is denominated crystallization. Sometimes the crystals arrange themselves in forms very similar to the forms of vegetation ; this fact is often demonstrated in winter mornings, upon our windows, in the various fantastic forms which the frozen vapor assumes. The resem- blance of these figures to vegetables strikes every observer, and inclines us to suspect that the same general law operates in both cases. The immediate cause of crystallization is unknown. In some way it seems to be related to magnetism, elec- tricity, and caloric ; but this only increases the mystery. 46 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. We only know that particles have a tendency to arrange themselves in a regular manner under certain circum- stances : and that, under the same circumstances, pre- cisely the same forms of crystals are always produced. The chemical composition of the crystals is also uniform, so that a proper crystal is not composed of fractions of different substances; but particles of a similar nature tend to combine together in a manner which almost seems as if they had the power of perception and of choice. The mystery of organization begins here. How do the particles of crystals arrange themselves in such regular and beautiful forms? We do not know the cause, but as we are certain of the fact, we call it a law of nature. This law we presume to be enacted by the great Author of universal law, for certain definite pur- poses, and we find it always ready to accomplish these purposes whenever circumstances require it. SECTION III. — ORIGIN OF VEGETATION. Vegetation seems to be essentially a modification of the principles 'of crystallization. Certain mineral sub- stances in the earth are held in solution by water, and certain gaseous substances are held in solution by the atmosphere. When a proper degree of heat is applied, the two solutions act upon each other in a way which is not well understood, but the result is a combination of the ingredients of both, which assumes regular forms. This is vegetation, — a peculiar species of atmospheric crystallization, involving solids, fluids and gases in organic combination. Crystallization must have taken place on THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 47 the earth long before vegetation was possible. Crystalliza- tion would happen as soon as the gases were transformed to solids by the cooling of the earth's surface ; but vege- tation could not take place until after the surface of the earth had cooled sufficiently to allow water to remain upon its surface a considerable time without evapora- tion, and the action of the water upon the rocky surface must have collected a mass of particles of the right in- gredients to constitute soil. The first vegetables that existed on earth were proba- bly destitute of flowers, fruits and seeds, such as modern vegetables possess ; they propagated after the manner of crystals, by reproducing themselves. They grew in the water; land vegetables were not produced until some time afterwards. The first vegetables that grew upon the land, even at the poles, were such as now are pro- duced only in the hottest climates, near the equator. The changes which vegetables have undergone, from the earliest geologic times to the present, are such as the in- creasing coldness of the earth would naturally render necessary. SECTION IV. — ORIGIN OF ANIMALS. The condition of the earth, before animals existed, was more favorable to vegetable than to. animal life. Vege- tables can flourish in an atmosphere which contains so large a quantity of carbonic acid gas that any animal would immediately perish there. From the time which followed the solidifying of the earth's crust, until the time that animals were produced, — and it was probably 48 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. an immense period, — the whole earth was enveloped in a carbonic atmosphere, and the whole primitive ocean must have been so saturated with carbonic acid that no marine animal could have existed. But, under these same circumstances, vegetables might have nourished as soon as a proper soil was formed, and long prior to the purification of the atmosphere, to fit it for animal life. Again, the first animals must have fed upon vegetables ; and this would have been impossible, if vegetables had not previously existed. The conclusion is, that vegeta- bles were created before animals. There are many circumstances which indicate that animals were originally merely modified vegetables; one is, that every animal, from the highest to the lowest, is constituted of two distinct apparatuses, one of which is, to all intents and purposes, a vegetable. The organs of animals are divided, by all systematic physiologists, into the vegetative and the voluntary. The vegetative functions are those which are concerned in sustaining the organic and unconscious life of the body. These functions, in all healthy animals, are independent of the will ; they relate merely to the growth, vegetation, and replenishment of the organs. These functions are some- times denominated the organic functions, while the func- tions in which mind is concerned are denominated the animal functions. This distinction is not metaphysical, nor merely theoretical, but is founded upon anatomical and physiological demonstrations. In man, for instance, all the animal (conscious) functions depend upon the brain, and are entirely suspended during sleep ; but the vegetative (unconscious) functions depend upon the THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 49 ganglions, and proceed without interruption during sleep. Animals, and some human monsters, have been born without brains, and yet lived for several hours, and performed all the vegetative but none of the animal functions. Experiments have been performed, by Le Galois and others, upon living animals, in which the animal organs (the brain and its dependent nerves) were destroyed, and yet, by keeping up respiration arti- ficially, the vegetative functions were continued for sev- eral hours. It may be assumed, therefore, as a settled truth in physiology, that the part of man which the brain and mind control, is a distinct piece of machinery from the vegetative part, which digests, assimilates, circulates, nourishes, and decays, like any vegetable, independently of the mind. Another great truth which tends to establish this prop- osition that animals were originally modified plants, is, that the organs of the animal functions are actually superadded anatomically to those of the vegetative func- tions ; in other words, the brain and its connecting nerves of voluntary motion and sensation were evidently created after the organs which relate merely to nutrition, and were made to grow out of them. Spurzheim insisted, with much force, in his work on the anatomy of the brain, that the brain is a continuation of the spinal chord, and that the spinal chord is not a continuation of the brain, as was formerly supposed. This view is now generally adopted by physiologists. The organs con- cerned in mental and voluntary motions are but auxili- ary appendages to those concerned in vegetative opera- 5 50 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. tions. Another confirmatory fact is, that before birth the organs of the vegetative functions are active and per- fect before the organs of the animal functions and mind are developed or needed in any degree. The vegetative part of man is, in fact, the only part which acts at all before birth, and is as perfect then as it ever is after- wards. Another important link in this chain of reasoning is the fact that the animal organs which were first created are such merely as are necessary to sustain and preserve the vegetative organs, and were evidently created for that very purpose. To illustrate : suppose a plant so situated that it needed nourishment which was just be- yond its roots and limbs, but which could not be obtained by the plant without a movement. Now, the very low- est and first created animal organs are precisely those which the vegetable would require, under these circum- stances, to enable it to make the necessary movements to obtain proper nourishment. Another fact, and one which seems to render the chain complete, is, that the nervous system of man is composed of a series of super- additions, the lowest or foundation of which constitutes him a vegetable, and the highest constitutes him a man; while the intermediate organs are such as are possessed by the different classes of lower animals. But another great fact, hitherto unknown, is developed in this work, which adds interest and value to all our previous knowl- edge on this subject, and that is, that the series of super- additions in the human constitution, is such as the suc- cession of geologic changes would require and produce, by the sub-creative power of stimulating circumstances THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 51 with which organized beings have been surrounded dur- ing their progress from crystallization to humanity. SECTION V. — ORIGIN OF MIND, OR CONSCIOUSNESS. Consciousness first made its appearance in the world in a very humble garb, and to subserve a very unambi- tious purpose. It first inhabited animals which were but one degree above vegetables. The first uses to which consciousness was put on earth were low and servile, but exceedingly useful. It aided the most grovelling and un- intellectual beings that ever had existence to gain the few objects which their low natures required. Why was con- sciousness needed by those animals? Vegetables accom- plished the same objects without consciousness which those animals performed by its means. Consciousness did not elevate its first possessors in any degree above vegetables, unless the mere possession of the faculty itself is to be taken as evidence of elevation. What I mean is, that consciousness did not tend to any more elevated ob- jects than those which vegetables attained without its assistance. What, then, were its uses? The first created animals were merely conscious, moving vegetables. In their structure there was the least possible departure from the vegetable form. In their tendencies there was the same end in view, namely, the growth of the individual, and reproduction. The vegetable accomplished this, the animal did no more ; though he had mind, sensation, perception and volition to aid him, all that he accom- plished was nourishment and reproduction. 5« • PHRENO-GEOLOGY. But although the animal accomplished no more than the vegetable, he gained the same objects under more difficult circumstances. The animal obtained nourish- ment and reproduced his kind under circumstances in which the vegetable would have perished ; and this he was enabled to do by means of consciousness and its appendages. When a vegetable is situated in a dry and dark place, it must die; it is utterly helpless; it is blind, senseless and motionless. Although at the distance of only a few inches there is abundance of moisture, soil and light, yet the unconscious being must perish for want of them. If, under these circumstances, the plant could receive such faculties as would enable it to move to the moist and sunny soil, it might preserve its existence, and con- tinue its race to other generations. It would then be an animal. Here we get a clear idea of the distinction be- tween these two classes of beings ; we can now under- stand the uses of consciousness in those animals which are considered but one step higher than vegetables. It is to enable them to bring themselves into contact with the objects which they need when those objects are at some distance from them. This was the purpose for which mind was first introduced into the world, and this was the only use to which it was put for millions of years. The only emotions which mind could then produce, (in the first animals,) where those of suffoca- tion, hunger, thirst, pain and amorousness; these emo- tions were relieved by those movements which were necessary for nourishment and reproduction. Conscious- ness was not developed until change of place was neces- THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 53 sary, and then it was made a part of the apparatus by which the change of position was produced. Con- sciousness and locomotion were introduced together, as dependent parts of one apparatus. The word locomotion implies that the whole animal moves from place to place; but many animals merely move their limbs about them, and never move their bodies. They are " Fixed like a plant to its peculiar spot, To draw nutrition, propagate and rot." Their movements cannot properly be denominated locomotions, but they are strictly conscions-??iotions, that is, motions attended with consciousness ; and I shall take the liberty to use the term conscious-motion in this sense, and the term unconscious-motion to designate vegetative motions, which are involuntary. SECTION VI. — ORIGIN OF MUSCULAR MOTION IN CONNECTION WITH MIND. Mind originated in the necessity of moving to supply the vegetative functions. Mind is inseparably connected with muscular motion, and was created to guide it to its proper objects. Mind came into the world when certain organized beings were in peril : it came to save them from death, by directing their first feeble movements to the objects which they required. Here stood the plant, and there stood the object which it needed ; neither could approach the other. If they both floated in air, or even in water, we could imagine that some degree of mutual attraction might bring the 5* 54 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. plant and the nourishing object (food) together on mag- netic principles. Perhaps animal life did commence in such floating circumstances. Perhaps the magnetic prin- ciple did operate to bring the plant in contact with its object. It is fully settled that electricity is concerned in chemical attraction, in crystallization, and in muscular motion and sensation. And it is also settled that mag- netism is, in effect, but a modification of electricity. Every new discovery in physiology tends to bring it within the jurisdiction of chemistry. Every discovery and improvement in chemistry tends to bring it within the jurisdiction of electric principles. And every discov- ery in electricity tends to prove that magnetism, gal- vanism, caloric, light, electricity, and chemical attraction, are all related to one general etherean principle, which brings all existing things into communication with each other. It is now thought that the brain — the great fountain of animal motions — operates on electro-gal- vanic principles, or at least on analogous principles to those which are concerned in galvanic and electric phe- nomena. All these things being considered, it is not extravagant to suppose that the first animals were moved by the same cause, though operating in a more direct and simple manner. My conjecture is, that the action of a species of magnetism between the plant and its food produced a tendency in the plant to move its parts toward the food, and thus originated muscular motion and animal func- tion. The best physiologists ascribe all muscular motion to the operation of a nervous fluid, or influence, similar to the galvanic, which is invisible, but which THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 55 uses the nerves for its conductors. I suspect that for- merly this same etherean influence was much more pow- erful than now, in consequence of the earth being in a state more favorable for its development. It may, there- fore, under peculiar circumstances, have acted more effectively upon the organization of plants than it can at the present time. Admitting all that I have conjectured in regard to the origin of muscular movements, it may enable us to understand how it was possible for muscular motion to commence in plants, and increase with suc- cessive generations, until an animal resulted. But this would, by no means, explain how mind came to guide the movement. Does mind exist in every atom of mat- ter, or in a limited class of atoms, or is it the result of a combination? This cannot be explained at present. Consciousness must be assumed as having a latent exist- ence beforehand, just as atoms of matter themselves existed, and always must exist, because they cannot be annihilated even in imagination. In reasoning upon any subject, we must commence by assuming something which cannot be explained. Here we commence, then, by assuming that the principle of consciousness, or mind, exists in every animal in the centre of his nervous system; or, more properly speaking, it exists in that central part of his nervous system where sensation ter- minates and volition commences. But whence the con- scious principle was derived, we cannot tell. When an animal moves towards any object, it does so because the object first sent an etherean impression from its surface, thence along the animal's nerves of external sensation to his internal consciousness or sensorium ; and the motion 56 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. of the animal is always in return for such an impression, directly or indirectly. This impression is called a stimu- lus, motive, or inducement. SECTION VH. — ORIGIN OF NEW ORGANS. If the organs of animals were made perfect at first, without the agency of external circumstances, it must have been done by a special miracle, and not by natural causes, and the miraculous power must have been exerted as often as any new organ was added. To my mind, it seems utterly improbable that organs were made at first except by the same natural causes which afterwards normally operated upon them. We know, to a certainty, that the want of stimulus tends to the annihilation of organs ; and we know that a new kind of stimulus, applied to organization, tends to de- velop a new faculty. The use of tobacco, opium, or animal food, begets a tendency to continue its use. All sorts of practices have been rendered agreeable by long continuance. The goitre of the Alps, — a peculiar change in the structure of the throat, — was begotten by a peculiar stimulus, and was afterwards perpetuated for many generations. If all men but these who had goitre should suddenly die, and their history be lost, in future ages it might be supposed that the goitre was derived from Adam, and that it had been possessed by all his descendants. Or if the goitre should increase until half of the human race should possess it, it might hereafter be a question whether it had been acquired by the one THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 57 half, or lost by the other; just as it now is a question what complexion our first ancestors possessed, white, black, or yellow. Sometimes external circumstances produce very powerful effects upon the unborn, marking them in a singular manner ; and such marks, thus pro- duced, may be transmitted to other generations, and originate a new species. I know a family in which the mother, being frightened by a wounded and limping cat, brought forth a daughter, who limps in a similar man- ner ; and this daughter has two sons, both of whom are afflicted in the same way precisely. This fact is instruct- ive, and agrees with many others, well authenticated, of a like character ; and all tend to prove that a new species may result from an accident, a disease, a violent impression, or any cause which radically affects the organs of a parent. If the new species thus produced happened to be, by their new peculiarity, better adapted to the circumstances and difficulties that beset them, it would be likely to be perpetuated, and might seem like a miraculous adaptation. It may be that the differences in human complexion originated in this way. White men may be perpetuated and improved albinoes, whose ancestors were black, and whose whiteness was at first a diseased condition, but is rendered permanent by its adaptation to mountainous and northern regions. If it is urged that the goitre, and other instances of the addition of new parts, only show the modification of organs which already exist, and not the origin of new ones, I answer that the super-addition of phreno-nervous organs is by a similar modification of the preexisting organs. What we call new organs, are often, if not 58 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. always, mere modifications of old organs; and I particu- larly insist that the whole nervous system of man is but a modification of the ganglionic apparatus, which the lowest vertebrated animal possesses ; and higher animals are but modifications of lower ones. If it is admitted, as it must be, that the brain is composed of fibres and pulp, which in all animals has a similar appearance, structure, and chemical composition, and differs in different tribes of animals only in its quantity of pulp, and the number and direction of its fibres; and if it is also admitted, as it is by all phrenologists, that the vigorous exercise of parts adds to their quantity ; and if it is further admitted that the changes produced by peculiar exercises are transmitted to the next generation ; — if all three of these propositions are admitted, it will be inconsistent after- wards to deny that the brain of a fish might be elevated, by repeated additions, to equal that of man, provided that favoring circumstances and abundance of time are al- lowed and ordained, by the Supreme Creator, for the purpose. SECTION VIII. — ORIGIN OF MAN. According to the book of Genesis, as commonly under- stood, all mankind, at present existing on earth, de- scended from Noah, about four thousand years ago. Assuming this to be correct, we are at once met by several questions, which seem unanswerable, and by an array of facts which seem to be insurmountable. First, the monu- ments, pyramids, and hieroglyphics of Egypt, prove, THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 59 beyond all doubt, that Egypt contained an immense popu- lation, ancient and permanent religious institutions, and a line of powerful monarchs, in the time of Noah. They can be traced back from the time of Moses to the very time when the flood is supposed to have happened, and many years before. Institutions which could only be created gradually, and during ages of progressive advancement ; monuments built by sovereign authority, rendered sacred by the religion of a ceremonious and superstitious people, and made inviolable by being the sepulchres of the great and the good of a long succession of generations. Their authenticity cannot, be questioned ; for each monument contains public inscriptions, proclaiming the name of the sovereign who raised it, the time of his reign, and the principal events which marked his career. Each new sovereign, on his accession, commenced a new monu- ment, for the express purpose of commemorating his reign, and of containing his embalmed remains. At his death, his successor caused his sepulchre to be closed, and his monument to be completed. Besides these monuments, there is an immense number of mum- mies, each containing a document distinctly dated, which plainly describes the person, sex, and rank of the de- ceased. Second. If all mankind descended from Noah, then Negroes, Indians and Malays, as well as Whites, all sprang from him as a common parent ; and all the dif- ferences of complexion, feature, form and character, have been produced by circumstances, such as climate, food, and occupation. But these same pyramids rise again before us, and show us the pictures, and even the very 60 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. skulls, of negroes who existed about the time of Noah, and of others who lived but a short time afterwards. In the time of the prophet Jeremiah, negroes were so in- tensely and permanently black, that the prophet chose them as an apt illustration of immutable darkness. Can the Ethiopian change his skin? Would the inspired prophet have used this language, if he had known (and he must have known it if it had been true) that the Ethiopians had changed from whites in the short time which had elapsed since Noah; and that, by reversing the causes, they could be changed back again ? Third. The ancient Americans were ignorant of the use of iron, and so also were the ancient Egyptians; whereas, the earliest men mentioned in the Bible under- stood the use of iron, and Tubal Cain was an instructor of every artificer in brass and iron. This seems to prove that the most ancient Egyptians and Americans flour- ished before the time of Tubal Cain, or even of the first Cain ; and supports the opinion, which has been advanced by some able critics, that the Bible account is confined to the Hebrew race only. Fourth. The ancient Egyptian language was in- scribed upon their monuments, and is thus proved to have continued essentially unchanged, from a time long prior to the supposed time of Noah, to the time of Solo- mon ; yet it was far inferior, and very different, in every respect, from the ancient Hebrew. This proves that the confusion of tongues did not extend from Babel to Egypt ; and, also, that the language of Abraham and his asso- ciates was different in its origin and more modern in its structure. In this connection it should also be observed. THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 61 that Abraham probably spoke the Hebrew language, and that he was a lineal descendant of Shem, the son of No- ah, and lived with him more than a hundred years. Shem, who was born before the flood, was still living when Abraham visited Egypt, and found one of the Pharaohs on the throne, and all their institutions in a flourishing condition ; and monuments are still standing which stood then ; and paintings, and skulls of negroes and whites, still exist among Egyptian mummies, whose owners lived before the visit of Abraham. Does not this indicate that the Egyptians were then an ancient people? Or, if they descended from Noah, as Abraham did, how did it happen that Abraham and his tribe were living like wandering Arabs, while the Egyptians were so far advanced in permanent civilization, though it was not more than five hundred years since the flood? I have not space, nor is it necessary, to pursue these inquiries further. It must be evident, to every unprejudiced mind, that the popular notions on this subject are erroneous, and that the whole human race, nor even the white race, did not originate at the supposed time of the flood. The Rev. Dr. Hitchcock quotes with approbation the opinion of the Rev. John Pye Smith, that the flood did not ex- tend beyond a limited region in Asia; and, of course, that it did not destroy but a small portion of the men and animals then existing. Some distinguished natural- ists think that the creation described in Genesis refers to a limited part of Asia, and to a limited part of the hu- man species; and that Negroes, Indians, Chinese, and various other races, were created at other times, and in other places. 6 62 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. Leaving the Bible out of the question, the tendency of all that we know is, to prove that man existed on this earth thousands of years before the computed time of Noah or Adam, and that he has arrived at his present elevation from a very low origin. Even written history proves that man has gradually advanced from a condi- tion of savage barbarism. We have no reason for sup- posing that man advanced from the condition of a brute to that of a human savage by any other means than those by which history shows that he afterwards arose from the condition of a savage to that of a philosopher. The resemblance of the monkey, orang, and especially of the chimpanzee, to human beings, and the approx- imation of the lowest tribes of men to the highest apes, has led many to suspect that man may have formerly belonged to one of these lower orders. But I do not be- lieve this. It seems to me much more probable that the human race has been distinct ever since they abandoned the ocean. If man and the apes ever belonged to one race, it was probably before they became inhabitants of the land, and while all the higher animals were mere reptiles. It is certain that the ancestors of man and the apes were once all reptiles, or else that a special miracle of creation has been interposed to prevent it, and to cre- ate man suddenly, in a manner which passes human com- prehension. If he has been created by a special miracle, then, of course, we cannot be expected to explain such an operation on scientific principles; but if he has been gradu- ally raised from the condition of a reptile, we can under- stand some of the successive steps by which he has been elevated. It is also quite certain, that, if man was created THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 63 suddenly by a miracle, yet all the marks of gradual cre- ation are left upon him, so as to counterfeit the work of nature most perfectly. There was certainly a time when reptiles were the highest animals that existed on earth. It is probable that our ancestors were among these reptiles. At that time, the ancestors of all the different races of men and of apes may have been but one species. If the ancestors of the apes left the water first, and became permanent residents on the land, they would immediately assume a character peculiar to themselves, and suited to their new habitation. They would soon differ from their marine brethren in many important particulars. Ages afterward, another portion may have left the water, and landed on a different shore, and become the ancestors of negroes. Still later, and on another island, the ancestors of the white man may have landed; and thus, though all orig- inally were one species, they have been so differently affected by the different circumstances which have oper- ated on them, that they seem to be fundamentally unlike. Amidst all the conjecture and uncertainty which attend this investigation, there are some important facts, which are perfectly certain, and which serve to guide us on the main route of our inquiry. It is certain that the highest and most intellectual inhabitants of the earth were suc- cessively fishes, reptiles, mammals, apes, and men. It is certain that, from the first we know of man, he has progressed. It is certain, also, that the organization of the phreno-nervous system of man indicates a progres- sion from vegetation to humanity, through every stage and degree of animal intelligence. The Deity, in ere- 64 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. ating man. has left the prints of his fingers upon every part of his nervous system ; indicating that he is no ex- ception to the rest of his works, but that, even in creating the human mind, the lowest powers were made first, and adapted to the primitive condition of things; and that new additions were made to the mind, as new diffi- culties were created for it to surmount. Let us now proceed to contemplate the architecture of the brain, — " The dome of thought, the temple of the mind." SECTION IX. — THE PHRENE, OR CENTRAL CON- SCIOUSNESS. It should be understood that, according to my peculiar system of phreno-philosophy, the brain is not considered as the organ of mind. Mind, or consciousness, is exclu- sively confined to the medulla oblongata; and the real office of the brain and phreno organs is to produce vol- untary muscular movements, by transmitting impulses to the various muscles in a telegraphic manner. Each phreno organ produces a motion of the muscles peculiar to itself; and, in sending its influence down to the mus- cles, each phreno organ rouses the mind to a state of consciousness. The state of consciousness produced by each phreno organ is different from that produced by any other : thus, hunger is produced by Alimentiveness, pain by Sanativeness, fear by Cautiousness, reverence by Sub- missiveness, wonder by Credenciveness, pity by Kindness ; thus, also, flavor, color, and sound are mere states of THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. DO mind, produced by impressions which perceptive organs make upon the oblongata, where the mind resides. The fibres of the brain all converge from the circumference near the skull to a common centre in the oblongata ; and from that same centre the principal nerves and the spinal chord proceed to the body and face, to convey the impulses from the phreno fibres. It will be seen, then, that the mind does not occupy the brain, as has been hitherto supposed, but is situated in an advantageous position, — a narrow strait, — where it can command the whole pas- sage; so that no impulse from the brain can pass through to the body or face, without the mind receiving notice of it, and telegraphing up to all the phreno organs, receiv- ing in return their sanction or their opposition; and if there is more phreno force in favor of the movement than against it, the impulse is permitted to proceed along the motor nerves to the muscles, causing them to contract and produce speech, smiles, frowns, blows, or any other actions which the leading impulse requires. For a more particular explanation, I refer to my work on the Philosophy of Mesmerism, and also to page 87 of the Compend of Phreno-Philosophy. The fibres of the brain are denominated inter-phreno senses, or inter- phreno fibres, because their office is to convey impressions to and from the mind. The doctrine taught by all phre- nological authors, before I published my Phreno-Philos- ophy, in 1845, was, that thought and feeling were per- formed by the brain itself; and that, instead of there being one central organ of mind for a sensorium, each organ of the brain had in itself the power of feeling, thought, or consciousness. It seems to me that the truth 6* 66 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. as well as the beauty of my phreno-central theory will be so apparent, as to render it acceptable, not only to phrenological students, but even to those metaphysical philosophers who have hitherto regarded phrenology as crude and imperfect, for want of that very unity of plan which this system establishes. In the annexed engraving, the fibres of the brain are represented as proceeding from the convolutions at the surface of the brain, and all converging to a point at c, where consciousness is presumed to be located. THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 67 SECTION X. —ORIGIN AND SUCCESSION OF THE ORGANS OF THE BRAIN. I shall now proceed to an inquiry concerning the origin of the phreno-organs, and the circumstances which rendered their creation necessary, in the precise order in which they are arranged in the engraving of the bust. On the side of the head, from I. to XII., are arranged the organs which impel to self-relative actions only; they are denominated Ipseals. On the back and top of the head are arranged the organs which impel to acts which tend to establish, govern, and perfect society ; they are denominated Socials. Both ipseal and social organs are arranged in the engraving in the same order as that in which they were successively created, the socials com- mencing with 1st, on the lower back of the head, and extending over the crown to the upper front. In the directive class, which occupy the forehead, there is not the same evidence of regular geological succession as in the other two classes of organs, and the reason is, that the directives, being the mere agents of the impulsive organs, were developed as the impulsives needed them. The very first animals needed the six lowest perceptive organs, which are situated on the lower and central part of the forehead. Order was probably not needed till cold weather rendered Constructiveness necessary. The reflective organs must have existed in a very slight degree, if they existed at all, before the tertiary period introduced Acquisitiveness and Experimentiveness. The earliest animals possessed three ipseals, one social, and six directives. We shall find, as we proceed in our 68 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. investigation, that the ipseals received four more addi- tional organs before the socials or the directives received any further accessions. But when Constructiveness was created, then Order was added to the directives, and Parentiveness to the socials. When Experimentiveness commenced in the ipseals, then nearly all the socials, except 12th, must have sprung into existence in rapid succession, together with the higher directives. I would most earnestly request the critical reader to study carefully the order of arrangement in the engrav- ing of the bust in connection with the following sections concerning the origin of the organs. For a more particular account of my system of Phre- nology, see my compend of Phreno-Philosophy, which is appended to this treatise, for the benefit of those who have not attended my lectures, and are not aware of the important points in which I differ from other writers upon Phrenology. The following table will show the relation, in point of time, of the phreno-organs to the geological periods, and also to the succession of animal creations. THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 69 ORDER OF THE GEO- COTEMPORANEOtJS COTEMPORANEOTJS COTEMPO. PHRENO- LOGICAL PERIODS. PHRENO-ORGANS. PHRENO-ORGANS. QRGANS. Ipseals. Socials. Directives. Protozoic or Cam- I. Pneumativeness. 1st. Amativeness. Lowest brian, II. Alimentiveness. and most In which the first III. Sanativeness. central animals existed. • parts of the fore- Silurian, head. In which the first TV. Destructiveness. fishes existed. V. Combativeness. Carboniferous. VI. Secretiveness. VII. Cautiousness. Saliferous. 2d. Parentiveness. Tracks of reptiles, 3d.Inhabitiveness. and birds with 4th. Adhesiveness. web feet. Oolitic. First mammals, jVLIL Constnictiveness. 5th. Imperative. Reflective but of the lowest 6th. Approbative. kind. 7th. Firmness. 8th. Justice. organs Cretaceous. 9th. Submissive. continue First of the pres- ent fishes. 10th. Kindness. to expand Tertiary. IX. Acquisitiveness. until the X. Experimentiveness. 11th. Imitative. Monkeys. present Orangs. XI. Perfectiveness. time. XII. Hope. I2th. Credencive. The three The last Prehistoric. last organs organ Negroes. continue continues to Whites. to expand. expand. 70 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. NEW CLASSIFICATION AND ARRANGEMENT Of THE PHRENO ORGANS. I. IPSEALS. These are arranged in five ranges on the side of the head. l. CORPOREAL RANGE. I. Pneumativeness — the impulse to breathe and to obtain good air. II. Alimentiveness — the impulse to eat. III. Sanativeness — the impulse to preserve health, avoid injuries, and obtain personal comfort. 2. BELLIGERENT RANGE. IV. Destructiveness — impulse to kill for food, or for any other purpose which we deem necessary. V. Comhativeness — impulse to fight, to contend, to contradict, to resist. 3. PRUDENTIAL RANGE. VI. Secretiveness — impulse to conceal, to act in a cir- cuitous and indirect manner. VII. Cautiousness — impulse to look forward and an- ticipate danger. 4. INDUSTRIAL RANGE. VIII. Constructiveness — impulse to engage in mechani- cal operations. With the assistance of the Di- rective organs this impulse bestows skill, but not without. IX. Acquisitiveness — impulse to acquire, to economize, and store up property for future use. In igno- rant persons, with weak powers, it tends to THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 71 produce a mean, miserly, penurious character. With great vigor, in ignorant persons, it tends to produce a grasping, avaricious character. In a cultivated mind it produces honorable and pru- dent desires and exertiorls to acquire property. 5. IMPROVING RANGE. * / • X. Experimentiveness or Mirthfulness — an organ V^ which all phrenologists admit, but concerning the uses of which they are not agreed. I con- sider it the impulse to try novel experiments, either in sport or in earnest endeavors to accom- plish some desirable object. XL Perfectiveness or Ideality — the impulse to do things in the most perfect manner known, and if possible to improve, so as to excel all similar performances : it gives good taste and a desire for self-improvement. Those who have it small are indifferent to self-education and improvement. XII. Hope or Migrativeness — the impulse to abandon home and present enjoyments, and look with confidence to the future and the distant for hap- piness and success. II. SOCIALS. These are divided into three groups, and extend from the back of the neck to the forehead. l. GROUP THAT ESTABLISH SOCIETY. 1st. Amativeness — impulse to become intimate with the opposite sex. In well regulated minds it tends to virtuous love and matrimony; in vicious minds it tends to licentiousness. 72 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. 2d. Parentiveness or Philoprogenitiveness — impulse to protect and cherish the young and helpless. 3d. Inhabitiveness or Concentrativeness — impulse to remain in one place, and concentrate the ideas, the affections, and the domestic comforts in as small a circle as practicable, and not to wander or change residence, nor employment, nor topics of thought or conversation. 4th. Adhesiveness — impulse to cling with filial fond- ness to parents when young; and to form strong attachments to companions and friends, to the exclusion of strangers. 2. GROUP THAT GOVERN SOCIETY. 5th. Imperativeness or Self-esteem — impulse to take the lead in society, and to act independently, with- out reference to the wishes of others ; in igno- rance it produces pride and self-conceit. 6th. Approbativeness — impulse to please those who have influence, power, applause, or anything else which we wish ; gives the love of compli- ments, of fame and glory. In a weak mind it produces vanity and a love of foolish display. 7th. Firmness — impulse to maintain any opinion, authority, or position ; to resist social influences, and continue a consistent course of conduct. In ignorance, it tends to stubbornness. 8th. Conscientiousness or Justice — impulse to deal impartially and honestly. This organ alone will not bestow honesty, nor give a proper idea of what is right or wrong, unless the person is well instructed and trained in regard to moral duty. THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 73 8. GROUP THAT CONFORM TO SOCIETY. 9th. Submissiveness or Veneration — impulse to sub- mit to superiors in power, or age, or position, — to treat people respectfully. In ignorance it produces slavery and idolatry. 10th. Kindness or Benevolence — to treat every one — strangers and even animals — with kindness. 11th. Imitativeness — impulse to adopt the habits, man- ners, language, and peculiarities of associates, and to learn their characters. 12th. Credenciveness — impulse to act on the testimony of others, to believe the assertions of others when they probably know better than ourselves. In ignorance, and when the organ is very large, it tends to the greatest extravagances and super- stitions, delights in exaggerations, and spurns the simple and unembellished truth. When small, there is a disposition to require more and surer evidence than common people deem necessary. III. DIRECTIVES OR INTELLECTUALS, That occupy the forehead. 1. Flavor — which bestows skill in cooking, and nice discrimination in food and drink. 2. Observation of the forms, sizes and outlines of ob- jects. Phrenologians generally divide this part, where the nose unites with the forehead, into three organs, namely, Individuality, Form, and Size ; but, after more than twelve years' experi- ence, I can only say that those who are large at 7 74 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. this part are generally skilful in the observation of general appearances and facts of common occurrence. 3. Direction or Locality gives the ability to know and remember the points of the compass and the di- rection of objects, and tends to make a good pilot. 4. Weight gives skill in wielding mechanical or musi- cal instruments with precision and delicacy. 5. Eventuality gives memory and ability in the details of narrative, anecdotes, and history, and, com- bined with memory of words, and with Com- parison, gives literary ability. 6. Words or Language, memory of sounds and words, and those verbal matters necessary in literature. 7. Color gives skill in the coloring of paintings, and good taste in matters relating to various shades of color. 8. Order gives skill and neatness in arrangements, and the ability to be precise and methodical. 9. Number gives skill in arithmetical calculations. 10. Time, a doubtful organ, which is supposed to give skill in chronology, and precision in marching and music. 11. Tune, a doubtful organ, which, in my opinion, merely gives the impulse to perform music, while other faculties bestow the skill. 12. Comparison gives the power to analyze, to class, to discriminate and distinguish slight differences and resemblances, and is the foundation of the talent for rhetoric and figurative expressions. 13. Causality gives the ability to combine, connect, and THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 75 systematize ; with cultivation it gives talent to invent original and philosophic plans ; and it also gives profound judgment and deep knowledge, provided it is well supported by other organs. SECTION XI.— ORIGIN OF THE IPSEALS. There are at least twelve ipseal organs discovered and admitted, including Pneumativeness and Sanativeness. They are all situated on the side of the head. The first animal that lived on earth needed but three of them, namely, Pneumativeness, Alimentiveness, and Sanative- ness. These organs are so situated in the human head, as to give width and fulness to that part which is imme- diately above and before the ear. They are called the Corporeal Ip seals, because they are related to the body, and impel the animal to make exertions to supply his immediate bodily wants. Of course, no animal could exist without them. I do not at present propose to show the origin of the very lowest organs of the brain, for the argument which I am pursuing does not require it ; but, the lower organs being given, I propose to show that the higher organs grew out of them, as necessary modifications, produced by the circumstances in which the animal was placed. I shall, therefore, remark very briefly upon the three corporeal organs, in order that what follows concerning the other organs may be the better understood. I. Origin of Pneumativeness. — The author of these pages first called the attention of phrenologians to the 76 PHRENOGEOLOGY. anterior portion of tjie middle lobe of the brain, as con- nected with the tendency to make voluntary exertions to breathe, and denominated it Pneumaliveness. If we admit this organ to exist, we must consider it as of such a nature that no animal could possibly live a moment without it, since all their motions depend upon oxygen. In all climates, and under any circumstances in which animals have ever existed, they must have been supplied with a greater or less quantity of oxygen. This organ cannot be said to be indebted to cold for its original cre- ation, except so far as the cooling of the earth and the purification of the atmosphere were necessary to render animal life possible in the earliest geologic ages. Breath- ing is the first function of animal life, and its cerebral organ is the first in the order of the ipseal arrangement. The first vertebrated animals inhabited the water, and breathed with gills the air that the water held in solu- tion. Then the reptiles inhabited the muddy and low swamps upon the shores of islands but little elevated above the surface of the surrounding ocean. These first breathed air unmixed with the watery fluid. The birds had large and perfect apparatuses for breathing. This was the natural consequence of their mode of locomo- tion. Among quadrupeds, their perfection and energy have always been in exact proportion to the perfection of their respiratory apparatuses ; and the colder the region which they occupy, the more they are dependent upon respiration to produce warmth and resist the effects of the cold. II. Origin of AUrnentiveness. — If we study the mat- ter carefully, we shall find that all the organs of the THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 77 brain are indirectly related to nutrition ; though, in some instances, the relation is apparently so remote and dis- guised, as to escape the notice of the ordinary investi- gator. The only true method of acquiring a knowledge of the functions of the brain is, by considering the base of the front, the base of the middle, and the base of the posterior part, as needed by the first animals, and then looking upon all the other parts as superadded to these three; just as three trees are developed above their roots. III. Origin of Sanativeness. — The author of this treatise was so fortunate as to be the first to point out a portion of the brain which is concerned in producing pain when any part of the body is injured. The nerves which convey the impressions of pain are, in all animals, most numerously distributed over those parts which are most exposed to injuries; and I have no doubt that inju- ries were the original sub-creators of this organ, and of the nerves which send it impressions of pain. But it is not necessary to extend my remarks upon an organ which all animals seem to possess in some degree. IV. Origin of Destructiveness. — It is easy to under- stand that an animal might be so situated as to need no phreno organs but those that relate immediately to res- piration, nutrition, organic protection, and reproduction. This would be the case if the animal lived in a climate unchangeably hot, surrounded continually by abundance of vegetable food, exactly suited to its taste and nourish- ment, — enjoying the company of other animals of its own species, of both sexes, and all similarly supplied. Phrenology and geology agree in teaching that this was 7* 78 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. actually the condition of some of our predecessors. The animal, being surrounded by all that it needed, had only to breathe and eat, and enjoy existence in security and ease. What use would destructiveness or combativeness be to him? Why should he care for the future? Why guard against enemies, if none existed ? Why store up provisions, build houses, or make clothes ? Why exert his powers to invent new modes of acquiring a compe- tence? Why migrate to new regions? Surrounding nature supplied all his wants, and anticipated his wishes. He lived beneath a burning sky ; but his blood was so constituted then, as in some reptiles now, as to exactly adapt him to be happy in its refulgent beams, and make him rejoice in its scorching glory. He slept beneath the protection of the gigantic fern, and awoke to experience enjoyment which ended only with existence, and which consisted in corporeal gratification alone. He lived peaceably, amid beings like himself, that had no cause of contention ; " his food the primal plants, his drink the crystal stream, his couch the verdant banks of earth, his canopy the star-lit sky." He had not yet been driven to the necessity of eating flesh, for vegetables had always been abundant. Why, then, should he kill any animal ? There was no winter to apprehend in future ; no cold to annoy at present: to-day was full of luxurious enjoy- ment ; to-morrow was rich in promise. The same boun- tiful hand that fed himself nourished and protected his offspring also. He had no personal fears, no parental cares, and no social nor political responsibilities. He had no enemies, and no cause of enmity. He had no friends, for he needed none ; and he owed no duty to THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 79 posterity but to increase its numbers. Such was, doubt- less, the condition of our earliest progenitors ; and such must necessarily have been our present condition, if food and climate had remained unchanged in quantity and quality. Phrenology points to the fact that, after the creation of the three bodily phreno powers, the next developed organ is Destructiveness ; that it is a continuation of ali- mentiveness, — superadded to it, apparently, to modify its operations. It is interesting to revert back to the time, and endeavor to imagine the circumstances under which this terrible organ came into existence. Animals must have been produced, at first, in immense numbers; so that, without any diminution of vegetation, the sup- ply must soon have been less than' the demand. Fam- ishing animals, with peaceful and innocent dispositions, must have met, at first, and divided the vegetable food which nature yielded within their reach, without at- tempting to rob or to injure each other. Multitudes died of starvation. The survivors fed with much reluctance upon the carcasses of the unresisting dead, and thus first acquired a taste for flesh. The next step was to feed upon those who were too weak to resist. Then it was that oppression began its reign. Then was enacted the dreadful law, that might is the evidence of right ; and the organs of Destructiveness and Combativeness were created, and commissioned to put the law into execution. The taste for blood, the habit of eating flesh, acquired in a slight degree in one generation, is transmitted to the next, and increased by continuation of practice. The third and fourth generations have it in a still higher de- 80 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. gree ; and thus, in the course of ages, the whole organi- zation becomes changed, to adapt it to the nature of the food. The claws become formed to seize animals, the teeth to tear them, and the stomach to digest their flesh. The brain also changes in its form, receiving an addition, denominated Destructiveness, which in man impels to destruction in general, but which originally related to food only. Geology abounds with evidence that destruc- tive races of animals uniformly succeeded the races of vegetable eaters; and every great class of animals is susceptible of being subdivided into two classes, founded upon their habits of eating vegetable or animal food. Thus, fishes, reptiles, birds, and mammals, can each be divided into the carnivorous and herbivorous. The first created animals must have fed upon vegetables; for, in the first place, if they had fed upon each other, they would soon have been extinct ; and, in the second place, it is a well established fact in physiology, that the organ- ization of all animals is composed of elements formed by vegetation : in other words, animals are formed from vege- tables, — composed of vegetable substances. Oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon, must go through certain processes in plants, before they can enter into the constitution of any animal. V. Origin of Combativeness. — In the same way that Destructiveness is a modification of Alimentiveness, so also is Combativeness a modification of Destructiveness, and a posterior addition to it. A glance at the convolu- tions of the brain renders this manifest. Combativeness differs from Destructiveness in being aimed at possession merely. When two animals meet, and both aim to pos- THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 81 sess the same object, whether it be prey or any other gratification, a contest ensues; the aim of which is, not the destruction of each other, but the exclusive enjoy- ment or possession of the object of contention. This be- ing so, the defeated party is not necessarily pursued and destroyed, but is merely conquered into a peaceable mood, and forced to acknowledge the supremacy of its conqueror. These contests take place among animals of the same race, and even the same family. Animals that never feed upon flesh are often exceedingly conten- tious, especially when instigated by amorous jealousy. We have now five self-relative impulsives developed in the inhabitants of the earth. By the addition of the last two, the world has been changed into a scene of de- structive carnage and contention. Whole tribes of inno- cent and unoffending creatures have been doomed to death, to save other tribes from starvation. Many ani- mals, when Destructiveness began its bloody career, were doubtless destroyed without resistance : they had not yet learned to avoid enemies, nor to resist them ; experience had not yet taught them to dread any fellow-being. In- nocent themselves, they suspected nothing dangerous in others. They made no attempt to escape, but allowed themselves to be devoured without a struggle. When food grew still more scarce, the carnivorous animals must have contended with each other for the possession of their common prey. This would lead to that modifica- tion of Destructiveness which we call Combativeness; an impulse to fight for possession, instead of an impulse to kill and eat, which Destructiveness originally was. In the brain we find the convolution of Alimentiveness 82 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. continued to constitute Destructiveness, and then De- structiveness continued to constitute Combativeness. VI. Origin of Secretiveness. — Those animals which were partly carnivorous and partly herbivorous, would know by their own experience what a powerful fero- cious animal intended when he made his appearance among them. They would, therefore, endeavor to escape destruction, either by concealment or flight. On the other hand, the superior animal, seeing his prey escape, and finding that when he came near without being discovered he was more frequently successful, very naturally endeavored to surprise them by unexpected approaches. This practice produced a peculiar modifi- cation of Alimentiveness and Destructiveness. That Secretiveness is a peculiar modification of these organs, is evident, not only from its auxiliary character, but from its position, — immediately superimposed upon Destruc- tiveness, its front part connected with Alimentiveness. It is large in many carnivorous animals; the cat, fox, and owl, for instance. They make much use of Se- cretiveness, as an auxiliary of Destructiveness ; indeed, they could not often seize their prey without its aid. Animals of inferior strength or speed, being unable to contend with their enemies, would avoid them by con- cealment. Natural history is full of interesting illustra- tions of the modes in which this power is useful to animals; but, in all cases, it has reference to obtaining animal food, or of avoiding destruction. Such an organ would have been unnecessary before Destructiveness existed ; but it became indispensable afterwards. VII. Origin of Cautiousness. — The carnivorous sys- THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 83 tern of ''treasons, stratagems, and spoils," would expose animals, especially the weak, to continual danger. They would hear the footsteps of Destruction afar off; catch the alarming sound of his voice in the distance ; smell their enemy in the passing breeze, and expect to see him spring upon them from behind every bush. Such a state of things is certainly sufficient to account for the creation and development of a modification of Secretive- ness and Combativeness, at its upper back part, which is phrenologically denominated Cautiousness or Watch- fulness. It is the "look-out" organ. When first dis- covered, it was, not very erroneously, denominated "the organ of foresight." It is especially necessary to those who are surrounded by clanger, which, though not now present to the senses, may nevertheless be upon them in a moment, with very little warning. It is accordingly most developed in those animals and those men that are timid, apprehensive, irresolute, and disposed to take every precaution, and restrain every dangerous impulse, to prevent future trouble and danger. Even in this stage of the world's progress which we are now contemplating, there were, phrenologically, sev- eral classes of animals in existence. First, there were the perfectly innocent and unsuspecting animals, — guileless, harmless, fearless ; then the destructive carniv- orous animals, that resorted to no strategy, but looked around, discovered their prey, pursued it directly, seized it, and devoured it ; then the wary and cunning animal, that gained the same object by means more complicated and intellectual; and then, also, the prudent, timid, watchful creature, that avoided all destructive contests, 84 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. and used no animal food, yet lived in constant appre- hension of destruction from powerful and artful animals of carnivorous appetites. VIII. Origin of Constructiveness. — If we consider the nature of this organ, and the circumstances which gen- erally call it into action, we conclude that, whatever good fortune other animals may have enjoyed, our pro- genitors were destined to be persecuted by cold. It is, however, a consolation to know that what they had ap- parent reason to deem a misfortune, was in reality a very great blessing to their offspring. They must, at this period, have been placed in some insular situation, from whence it was not practicable for them to migrate, or they would not have submitted to such labor and incon- venience; for, if they could have found their way to more southern climes, where the effects of winter had not yet been felt, they would have had no need of addi- tional powers of mind to enable them to sustain their existence. Constructiveness, in a torrid region, would be almost useless. But it was fortunately and provi- dentially ordered that they should be placed, at this time, in a situation where the changes of the seasons could produce corresponding changes in their characters and structures. Fruits were no longer produced at all seasons of the year. Winters became longer, and more and more severe. Shelter became necessary, not only for them- selves, but also for their young and tender offspring. Dens were resorted to; then holes were burrowed in the ground ; then trees and bushes were used to protect and hide them from chilling storms and inclement weath- er. These circumstances caused a superaddition to Se- THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 85 cretiveness; for their dens were at once places of conceal- ment from enemies, and protection from cold. We find the organ of Constructiveness developed immediately- above and upon the front part of Secretiveness, [see the engraving of the hist;] and this fact is in harmony with the other circumstances which indicate that it was primitively a modification of that organ. It is a mode of concealment when we use Constructiveness to cover our limbs with clothing, and when we construct hiding- places for our bodies. Were it not for the life-devouring cold, we should not need Constructiveness, neither for clothing nor shelter ; it could, therefore, only be devel- oped in a comparatively cold climate. It is small in the African and New Hollander, while in the Caucasian it is large. Beavers manifest this power more perfectly than any other mammals, except man; and they are seldom found, in this country, south of 40° north latitude. This organ, doubtless, commenced cotemporaneously with winter. If before that time it was manifested, in a slight, rudimental manner, it must have been excited by the necessities of animals engaged in offensive or defen- sive war, or in shaping their food to. enable them to swallow it ; but this scarcely deserves to be called by the name of Constructiveness. If we consider that mam- mals were created during the oolitic period, and that the raammse were rendered necessary by coldness of climate, we shall perceive the probability that the rudiments of Constructiveness were created at the same period; though the organization of the first animals does not indicate Constructiveness till the eocene period. IX. Origin of Acquisitiveness. — The protection af- 8 86 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. forded by Constructiveness would prevent the animal from perishing during short periods of cold; but, as winters became longer, vegetation would be entirely sus- pended, so that starvation would threaten him, even in his comfortable hiding-place. Fruits, and such other food as our progenitors were accustomed to use, could not be found during winter ; it must be stored up during the season of plenty, or suffering and death must ensue. It was the opinion of Cuvier, that man originally fed on fruits. Nothing but cold could render it necessary for animals to lay up fruits for future use. Accordingly, we find that all the animals which are now most remarkable for their prudence in this respect, are inhabitants of cold climates. Beavers are wonderfully sagacious and skilful in planning and constructing their storehouses, and gath- ering a supply of provisions for consumption during the long winter which reigns in their native regions. Their whole organization and habits, and the nature of their food, all indicate that they are fitted to live in a cold country. They could not exist in any other, and con- tinue to be beavers. It was, in fact, the cold which, un- der Providence, created their organization of brain, and teeth, and claws. Let a race of beavers live a hundred thousand years in a torrid clime, and they would unques- tionably change again to some other kind of animal, of a less provident and industrious character. The probability is, that our progenitors, at the time that the organ of Acquisitiveness was first started into exist- ence, were in an isolated situation. Perhaps they inhab- ited an island near the polar region, so far from other lands that they could not escape to a more southern lat- THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 87 itude. They were thjus compelled to submit to the changes which the polar climate forced upon them. When their constructive and acquisitive organization and habits were once formed, it would in turn operate to prevent them from migrating when they did have an opportunity; for only amid their native streams and for- ests could they find the means of gratifying the peculiar faculties which the surrounding scenery, and food, and climate, had conspired to produce. The organ of Acquisitiveness is a part of the brain growing directly upon and out of the organ of Construc- tiveness. It is thus no small confirmation of these views, that each successive organ is a superaddition, an off- shoot from the preceding organ. The very powers which the animal successively needed, are actually the very ones which are developed, one upon the other, and the next upon that, and so on, from the lowest to the high- est. It should be particularly noticed, that the arrange- ment of the ipseal organs, which is thus found to be in such beautiful harmony with geology, was discovered and published, by the author of these pages, more than ten years ago, and long before this application of them to geology was thought of. This affords strong presump- tive evidence of the truthfulness, both of the arrange- ment, and also of the geological theory by which their successive development is accounted for. Every truth harmonizes with every other, in whatever part of the universe it is found; and falsehood finds an enemy in every part of nature. 88 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON THE IMPROVING RANGE OF IPSEALS. The organs of this range are of a much higher and more comprehensive character than of the others, and they relate to operations which imply a greater amount and extent of knowledge. The functions which they perform are not as definitely settled as those of the lower organs, and there has been much more difference among phrenologists concerning them. One reason of this is, that the nature of these organs, and their sphere of action, are not as limited and definite, nor the objects that excite them as tangible and obvious. These organs are modifiers of the action of the lower organs. They tend to the same objects as the lower organs by new, improved, and more complicated means. They require the auxiliary aid of the refiectives to a greater degree than the lower organs, and they also naturally tend to combine in action with the higher socials, especially Credenciveness and Imitativeness. It is this general nature of these organs, their high aim and extensive connections, that has caused their real func- tion to be often mistaken. PRELIMINARY REMARKS ON EXPERIMENTIVENESS, WIT, OR MIRTHFULNESS. This organ, when first discovered, was called Wit ; then it was called Mirthfulness, by Spurzheim. By some of the Scotch phrenologians it was considered as a per- ception of incongruity; by some others, the perception of difference. THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 89 In my new system of Phrenology, in 1839, I advanced the opinion that it is the organ of Playfulness, and that it impels the young to sport. This was the opinion, also, of Brousais, and of Vimont. Notwithstanding this difference of opinion as to the nature of this organ, it will be observed that phrenologians do not disagree in respect to the facts observed, but only concerning the inferences drawn from those facts. My present opinion is, that it is the experimenting impulse, and gives the love of novelty, of new modes adapted to new circumstances, and new things, new prac- tices, and untried expedients. I consider this its primitive function ; but I admit that it is one of the elements of Play, and Wit, and Mirthfulness. Much of what is commonly called play, is an idolatrous manifestation of this organ. It is a sort of experimental exercise of the various powers during leisure. Watch the sports of the young. Are not their mimic performances mere experi- mental tests and trials of their powers, to which they are prompted by the Pneumative-mercurial impulse, to do something to get rid of the excess of oxygen in the blood? Having nothing serious which demands attention, they exercise their powers in playful experiments, which have a tendency to qualify them for future usefulness. I consider wit as an experimental mode of exercising the intellect in leisure. A brain spontaneously active during leisure, is apt to take on an experimental mode of action ; this is sport, play, wit. Combined with Constructiveness, this organ gives the tendency to make mechanical exper- iments, and try new modes of operating machines. It is large in all great experimental mechanics and philos- 8* 90 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. ophers, — Perkins, Watt. Cuvier, Davy, Newton, and Franklin. It is small in practical conservatives, — those who are slaves and creatures of imitation and habit, and averse to all changes. In youth and leisure this power is manifested in sport ; in mature and earnest operations it is manifested in experiments which aim at saving labor and trouble, by adopting novel methods of proceed- ing, such as peculiar circumstances require. When in excess, it despises steady, continuous labor in the beaten track, and longs for variety. X. Origin of Experimentiveness. — This organ origi- nated, like all the others, in times of trouble, when no other existing powers would enable the animal to preserve and enjoy his existence by ordinary modes of operation. There is a great difference among animals, in regard to their ingenuity and ready wit, when placed in embarrassing circumstances that require them to act in a way in which they never acted before. A goose could not escape from a prison from which a fox would soon find his way, carrying the goose with him. We occasionally see a cow that can unfasten a gate, a cat that can ring a bell, and an elephant that tries a bridge carefully before he ventures upon it. We see many species of animals, when frequently disturbed in one place, resorting to another more secure, and varying their proceedings, in some slight degree, as new circum- stances require. But this is manifested more decidedly as animals rise higher in the scale of intelligence. It seems reasonable that when our progenitors could not exercise their powers in the old and time-honored method, — driven and stimulated by the scarcity of food, the THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 91 prevalence of enemies, or the inclemency of the season, — this organ would then be called into existence and requisition by the new stimulus of such circumstances. One of the most distinguishing traits of humanity is this ability to vary and change to suit any new condition or change of circumstances. Not only so, it is this, with the next higher organ, which distinguishes the highest class of men from the lowest. It gives variety to life, and breaks up the monotony which is so delightful to the stupid and plodding followers of the past. We always find it manifested in the highest degree in the rough regions where it is most necessary : Switzerland, Scotland, Old and New England, and northern France and Germany. But we see little of its beneficial result in the south of Asia, Africa, or America. We find it no- where but where necessity demands it. XI. Origin of Perfectiveness^ or. Ideality. — This is the impulse to improve and perfect, — to beautify and adorn. Before the organ of Perfectiveness was devel- oped, man — if he could be called man — must have been inferior to the modern chimpanzee (the most, in- telligent of apes) in point of intelligence. For although this organ does not directly acquire knowledge, it accom- panies reflection, and directs it to higher and more com- prehensive views, and thus it elevates the character in every respect. It was probably produced originally in a country where nature's productions were various and beautiful, but where food was not abundant without labor, and where society was in large communities. That Perfectiveness was produced when communities were large and crowded, and society nearly perfected, is 92 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. proved by the fact that it is one of the highest ipseal organs, and borders upon Credenciveness, the highest social organ. They (Credenciveness and Perfectiveness) were undoubtedly produced simultaneously, under the same circumstances. Society must then have been com- plicated ; its members must have been able to converse with each other, and transmit their conversations to pos- terity by memory and tradition ; for I suppose writing, even by hieroglyphics, was then unknown. The higher ipseals appear to be, in some respects, dependent upon the socials for their perfection. In functions they are intimately associated, like two vines beautifully inter- woven and closely entwined around each other, yet each perfectly distinct from the other, and capable of a separ- ate existence. The complicated state of society would produce many occasions for the exercise of skill and in- genuity, to enable all to enjoy equally the benefits which the community afforded. The expressions of applause or preference, which others would make, would lead to renewed efforts to excel, and the excellence of one would lead to imitation by another, until the excellence would be general. The attachments of society, — its advantages, its pleas- ures, its wants, its increasing numbers, and consequent necessities, — would bring on frequent critical occasions and crises, which would lead to improving efforts. In some cases it would happen that (as in Ireland now) some must die from want, or immigrate, or else, by some ingenious contrivance, must improve the methods of economizing, of producing, of pleasing the powerful, or in some way rendering themselves useful, that thus they THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 93 might be permitted and enabled to exist, to remain in the community, and to enjoy its advantages and refinements. This state of things would seem to be sufficient to give origin to the improving impulse. It was here that mod- ern humanity commenced. When improvement became an instinct, the elevating process began in earnest. From mere brutes our ancestors became vnen, savage and barbarous indeed, but yet such men as were capable, by another forward movement, of becoming half civilized, and laying the foundations of human society as we find it represented in our most ancient records ; a wonderful structure of usefulness and folly, of superstition, igno- rance, genius and stupidity, all entangled and com- mingled beyond hope of immediate, or, perhaps, of ultimate unravelment; regulated by law, modified by accident, and controlled by a mysterious Providence ; its existence a wonder, and its destination a problem yet to be solved. I consider Experimentiveness as a lower species of Perfectiveness. Yet there is a distinction between wit and poetry; between change and improvement; between a new method and the most improved mode of operating according to a well-known method. They both, how- ever, tend to the same result, which is economy, — the economy of living. All the ipseals, if carefully studied, aim at the easiest and best mode of sustaining the indi- vidual in comfort and happiness. These two organs of Experimentiveness and Perfectiveness lead to invention, ingenuity, improvement, and the most skilful and perfect modes of proceeding and operating in all things. But they originated in circumstances of pressing necessity, or they would never have existed. 94 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. It is a maxim that " Necessity is the mother of inven- tion;" and this argument which I am now pursuing is but an illustration of its truth. I insist that necessity- was the mother, not only of ingenuity, but also of the improving disposition and the ability. The whole his- tory of man illustrates this. Great men and great nations have arisen, like volcanoes, from beneath the pressure of a mountain of discouraging circumstances, which nothing but the concentrated fires of native genius, forced into convulsive action, could possibly have up- borne. Take away the necessity of exertion, and the exertion itself, its motives and its organs, will gradually sink, and, ultimately, disappear entirely. Strike the sub-creator from existence, and the creature will be anni- hilated also. PERFECTIVENESS CONTINUED. ORIGIN OF THE FINE ARTS. The incidental and playful action of the organ of Perfectiveness has been mistaken by all phrenologians for its primitive and essential function. It has been supposed to be exclusively related to the fine arts. Now, I conceive that the fine arts are but the abnormal and morbid manifestations of the higher powers ; perhaps I might say that the fine arts are the results of the idola- trous and sportive action of Perfectiveness and its com- binations. The same powers which were created to improve our means of sustaining life, contribute to our enjoyment in leisure, by exercising themselves in a sportive way, to produce the agreeable merely instead of the necessary. The same perceptive organs of Exten- sion, Weight, Color, Order, Comparison, Causality, and THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 95 also the constructive, experimentive, and perfective im- pulses, — all those organs, indeed, that are used in com- plicated cases of embarrassment, and in troublesome times, to extricate the individual from danger and bring him necessary enjoyment, — these very same powers, in their sportive and idolatrous operations amid leisure and luxury, produce the fine arts, poetry, music, sculpture, and painting, under the especial promptings of Per- fectiveness and Imitativeness. But it would be absurd to suppose that the organ of Perfectiveness itself is exclusively related to the fine arts. The fine arts them- selves never existed in savage communities; yet the organ was then active in some degree, supplying the stern necessities of humanity. The fine arts are the sportive manifestations of the highest powers of man. The useful arts spring from the same powers, when seriously engaged in struggling with adversity. The organ of Perfectiveness grows out of the top of Constructiveness, and is, doubtless, a modification of it, and more intimately related to it than to any other organ. Experimental and mechanical philosophy and the fine arts are the results of this combination, — this modifi- cation of Constructiveness by Experimentiveness and Perfectiveness. ORIGIN OF THE USEFUL ARTS. All animated nature teaches the truth that the natural progress is from vegetable to animal food. The number of vegetable-eating animals is necessarily limited by the quantity of vegetation to be obtained. When that limit is reached the stronger animal necessarily becomes car- 96 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. nivorous, and puts on the character of a hunter. In a few generations the organization of the hunter becomes adapted to the change in his mode of obtaining food. The change becomes so great, as to render animal food neces- sary to the enjoyment of happiness. Man is no exception to this law, and, like all other flesh-eating animals, he has undergone this change. The first art which man in primeval times was forced to acquire, was the art of seiz- ing his prey, — hunting and fishing. Animals that were too weak to prey upon others, and too numerous to live on the vegetables within their reach, perished. The difficulty sometimes arose, not so much from the excessive number of the animals to be fed, as from the severity of winter temporarily cutting off the whole sup- ply. This condition of things gave origin to the arts of construction and storing, as a means of avoiding starva- tion, by preserving vegetable food for winter. No animal but man has acquired any other arts than those of hunt- ting, fishing, constructing habitations, and storing vege- table food. Animal food could not be stored without a higher degree of art. Man is the first and only animal that has manifested the ability to get possession of living animals, and keep them within his reach that he may feed upon them at his pleasure. The nearest approach to this is the instinct of dogs and foxes, which makes them conceal bones and fragments of flesh, and keep them until they are wanted ; but man is the only animal that keeps his food alive; he is the only shepherd, — I apply the term shepherd to the herding of all animals, though zoo-herd would be more proper. Shepherding is an art founded upon hunting, as a substitute for it ; it is a higher art, more THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 97 economical and intellectual ; it led to ideas of wealth, and to the exclusive possession of land, for purposes of graz- ing and watering ; it led to the selection of lands which were best adapted to these purposes ; and this in turn led to some slight attempts to improve the land, by digging wells, and removing the obstacles which prevented the access of cattle to good watering-places. The next step would be to remove the obstacles to vegetation itself in those instances, where plants or trees were found to be valuable, — to prevent their destruction, and encourage their growth by watering them, and digging around them, and by favoring the growth of more of the same kind by planting or scattering the seed, and preventing the intru- sion of browsing animals. This was the rude origin of agriculture. Men were fruit- gatherers before they were hunters, and hunters before they were shepherds, and shepherds be- fore they were farmers, and farmers before they were mechanics, and mechanics before they were philosophers or merchants. The use of implements in agriculture rendered the manufacture of such implements necessary; as the axe, the spade, the plough. The scarcity of veg- etable food rendered hunting necessary ; the scarcity of animal food rendered shepherding necessary ; the scarcity of both rendered farming necessary ; and the greater the scarcity, the greater the skill that became necessary, and the better the tools and the storehouses. Those who were the most skilful, would be the most wealthy, and this would at once make mechanic arts important, and lead to their encouragement and improvement ; and as commu- nities increased, this led to experimental philosophy and 9 98 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. the fine arts. The skilful supplied the unskilful. Cities were thus founded, improved and ornamented, and com- merce began as a consequence of mechanical skill. Thus men were mechanics before they were mer- chants. Excessive wealth and leisure produced the fine arts. In crowded cities, amid luxury and vice, the powers of man were directed to a thousand objects of a trifling, idolatrous, and sportive character, until at length it has become a difficult question, with some philosophers, whether some of his powers were not originally bestowed for the mere purpose of trifling and idolatry. The primi- tive nature of man is entirely overlooked and lost in the mazes of superstitious idolatry and depravity. Agriculture and commerce are both related to Hope. They are means of preventing the necessity of migration. Shepherds were necessarily rovers ; as their flocks and herds increased, they were forced to find new and more extended plains ; but agriculture gratifies the same ex- pectant impulse of hope, by leading it to expect a reward of labor in future crops. By making the present home more productive, migration becomes unnecessary. Commerce, also, is a substitute for emigration ; for, in- stead of going to the land of plenty, we can, by means of commerce, bring its productions to us. This doubt- less is the reason that the organ of Hope is large on enterprising merchants, and energetic farmers, and on all men who are disposed to look with confidence to the future, and act with promptness and cheerfulness. XII. Origin of Hope, or the migrative impulse. — This organ is admitted, by all writers on phrenology, to be large in enterprising, confident, cheerful, adventurous, THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 99 visionary characters. Religious hope is considered as a confident expectation and desire to reach " another and a better world," — a distant " happy land of promise," — a land of plenty — "a land flowing with milk and honey" — " Some happy island in the wat'ry waste." Hope, in Collins' ode, " Bids the lovely scenes at distance hail.'* Now, what were the circumstances in which hope originated ] What is its natural stimulant ? It seems to me that, if we consider this the migrative impulse, the explanation covers and reconciles all other views which have been taken of its nature and functions. Migration is the last resort of animals from the rigors of winter. When Alimentiveness cannot get a supply of vegetable nourishment from the earth, — when Destruct- iveness furnishes no flesh, nor Constructiveness no shel- ter, nor Acquisitiveness no stores, nor Experimentiveness nor Perfectiveness no new modes of supplying wants, — then it is that Hope takes its flight to sunnier climes, and bids farewell to a native barren land. Northerners have always migrated to the south in cold seasons, and unpro- ductive times. Some animals manifest this propensity in a high degree, and works on natural history offer nu- merous interesting illustrations of the migratory instinct. This organ is superadded to Acquisitiveness, grows out of the top of it, and seems to be in its nature a modifica- tion of it, — a sort of substitute for it. This will be obvious if we reflect that, in severe seasons, animals must store up provisions sufficient for the approaching winter, or 100 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. emigrate to a milder clime, or they must perish. Had it not been that the cooling of the earth produced winter, the earth could not have produced the migrative propen- sity, and Hope would never have existed. Under Provi- dence, therefore, winter may be considered the creator of Hope, one of the very highest attributes of humanity. This being so, man, as we now know him, — man pos- sessed of Hope, Constructiveness, and Acquisitiveness, — could not have existed before winter rendered shelter, and stores, and emigration necessary ; and as such winters did not exist before the tertiary period, man, in his present form, could not have previously existed. If he existed before, he must have been in some lowlier and less intellectual form. I consider migration as the primitive mode in which Hope was manifested; but it is incidentally exhibited in numerous other modes : planting, commercial enterprises, and, indeed, all operations where the present immediate gratification is deferred to gain a greater future good, in- dicate the influence of this impulse, and proceed from it. But the object of this treatise is not to illustrate all the phases of the organs, but to indicate their primitive func- tion and origin. IPSEAL SUMMARY. We have briefly reviewed the ipseal phreno-organs, and seen them receiving superadditions, as external circum- stances and the surrounding earth demanded. We have seen the animal commence existence with, I. Pneumative- ness, II. Alimentiveness, and III. Sanativeness, and pro- ceed happily until the scarcity of vegetable food added IV. THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 101 Destructiveness, the operation of which produced Y. Com- bativeness ; the scarcity of animals fit for prey, and their experience in warfare, added VI. Secretiveness, and VII. Cautiousness. The coldness of the weather had now increased to such a degree, as to act not only upon the food, but upon the constitution of the animal himself, so as to render shelter necessary, and thus produced VIII. Constructiveness. But the cold still increasing, and cutting off the supply of food during winter, it became necessary to introduce IX. Acquisitiveness. We now find him with a store of provisions, with parents to nurse and protect him, and allowing him leisure for X. Experi- mentive playfulness in youth, preparing him for experi- mental plans of happiness in mature age. Next, the increasing wants and numbers of a complicated com- munity render improvements necessary in all the various departments of industry, and this introduces XI. Per- fectiveness, which carries man forward and supplies his wants, until he is again at his wits' end. Finally, XII. Hope, rises on her migrative wings, and bears him to a distant promised land, where he is to enjoy all the pleasures which his soul desires, but which could not be found in his native home. Hope makes him engage in perilous and doubtful enterprises with confidence and energy, casting his bread upon the waters, like seed upon the ground, assured that the future will return it with great usury. Although the present country is cold and cheerless, migrative hope leads him to another and more genial clime, where primeval plenty still exists to cheer his heart, and reward his perseverance. 9* cir THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 183 ence is the same giant, clothed in modern refinement, standing amid the full blaze of knowledge, with the press, the steam engine, and the telegraph at his com- mand, and clearly perceiving that God is his Father, and all mankind his brethren. Some men are constitutionally fitted to become the leaders of intellectual advances. They are the Knight Templars of science. Naturally bold, independent, am- bitious, and clear-headed, — when such men are in a situ- ation favorable to the acquisition of knowledge, but not too much tempted to sacrifice truth to policy. — when, at the same time, they have the good fortune to be sur- rounded by a people who can understand them and sym- pathize with them, and who will follow, though they have not the ability to lead, — then they achieve immor- tal deeds, and carve their names upon the memories of mankind. These are the acknowledged reformers of the world, — the Aristotles, Galileos, Newtons, and Frank- lins of mankind. Whoever else may have obtained titles and swayed sceptres, these are the true heroes and actual princes of our race. 184 PHREN0-GEOL0GY. SECTION XXL — OBJECTIONS TO THE "VESTIGES OF CREATION." The author of the " Vestiges of Creation" has at- tempted to establish several propositions in relation to the origin of things, and the laws of nature and of humanity, which deserve to be considered. 1. He first introduces the nebulous theory of Herschel, and fortifies it by all the arguments in his power. I shall not attempt to controvert it; on the contrary, I am inclined to consider it as probable, though not proved. 2. He next adopts the igneous theory of Liebnitz con- cerning the origin of the primitive rocks. This, also, may reasonably be admitted; for it is in accordance with the opinions of the most eminent geologists. 3. Next he considers the origin of animals, and adopts the notions of most geologists concerning the great out- lines of paleontology. The professed object of the work is to establish two theories. One is the uniformity of nature's laws, and their jurisdiction over moral subjects, to the exclusion of all miracles and special providences. In regard to this, it is only necessary to say, that it is by no means novel, either in its positions or its arguments. It is the same doctrine that has been always maintained by anti-reve- lationists, in all ages, from the times of Zeno, the stern stoic of Greece, to the present day. Some Christians, even, — especially the Calvinists, — have been accused of favoring it, though they generally deny such inten- tions. The other idea, which the author of the " Yes- tiges" aims to establish, is a theory of progressive organic THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 185 development, by changes in embryo. This is new to me, though it may have been advanced before in some trea- tise which I have not seen. This theory must not be confounded with that of Lamark, which is, that animals changed to adapt themselves to circumstances, and that it is the movements of the animal against external things that gradually produce the change from one species to another. The author of the " Vestiges " refers to La- mark's views, and says, distinctly, that the organic ad- vancement certainly does not take place in the way that Lamark supposes. The author of the "Vestiges" does not charge the changes of animals upon the stimulating influences of surrounding things, after birth. His notion is, that an animal of one species produces an animal of another species, in consequence of some mysterious change which a mysterious law produces upon the em- bryotic egg, before the new animal is born. I cannot admit this theory of the embryotic origin and develop- ment of species. I find no solid reasons in its favor, and many against it. I consider the external circumstances of animals as the causes of their changes, and the sub- creators of their species. The changes which any ani- mal undergoes during its lifetime, before it becomes a parent, — these changes are impressed upon the organi- zation of its offspring, because the offspring resembles its parents as they were constituted at the time that they became parents. Thus, if a man becomes insane, the children begotten afterwards might have a slight ten- dency to insanity, while the children begotten previously might be free from such a tendency. So, also, a man may live exclusively upon meat, and thus acquire a 16* 186 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. strong appetite for it, and his children may consequently be born with a stronger love for meat than if the parent had fed exclusively upon vegetables. This is merely combining the well-known doctrine, that "like produces like," with another, which is equally well established, that external circumstances change and modify organi- zation. I admit that important impressions may be made upon the embryo through the nervous system of the parent, producing deformities and idiosyncrasies which may be perpetuated and constitute a new spe- cies ; but this is not an exception to the rule, but rather a confirmation of the general principle, that external impressions are, under Providence, the sole creators of new developments and new forms of organization. The most serious objection to the " Vestiges," however, is the implied atheism it inculcates, by attributing every movement in the universe to the operation of a law which is immutable, infinite, and eternal; thus denying the existence of a special Providence, who superintends the operations of nature and humanity, and who suspends or modifies the laws of nature at his pleasure. I ack- nowledge that all science teaches that the laws of the universe seem to be unchangeable, as far as human ex- perience and research extend. But science does not and cannot prove that the laws of nature are in themselves unchangeable, if the Deity pleases to change them to accomplish an important moral result. And who shall say that the universe is not governed by a Being who has the power to exercise parental and discretionary at- tributes ? What science is there that can show at what moment and by what means a new law of nature goes THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 187 into operation, at the will of the Great Lawgiver, which may modify or repeal any previous law 1 To say that the Deity governs nature by laws that cannot be changed, is the same as to deny the existence of a Heavenly Par- ent altogether. Is it not equivalent to atheism, to teach that, when God created the universe, he established cer- tain laws for its operations, and then left it to move on through all eternity, a perpetual machine, whose every and minutest movement was foreseen and unalterably predetermined ? Why should we pray to such a being ? — a Deity who, eternal ages ago, became the slave of his own immutable laws, and who, through all succeeding ages, can do nothing but execute the decrees by which he bound himself at first ! He is, of course, incapable of a miracle, or any other discretionary act. He is merely an impotent omnipotence! ! No! we cannot admit such a doctrine, without at once abandoning every religious idea. We must either believe in a God who possesses moral freedom, and who bestows a certain degree and kind of freedom upon some of his creatures, and holds them responsible for its exer- cise, or we must abandon ourselves to atheism. There is no alternative. I confess that I cannot understand nor explain the moral freedom of the Deity, nor of man. I know it is mysterious, but I nevertheless embrace the doctrine with pleasure, as the only refuge of humanity, — the only foundation upon which its noblest virtues can be raised, and its highest objects attained. We escape no logical difficulties by adopting the theory of immutable law, but we stultify our consciences and paralyze our energies with a hopeless and reckless fatalism. 188 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. SECTION XXII. — INSTINCT IS HEREDITARY MEMORY. It is admitted that impressions made upon the organ- ism of the parents are not only retained by the parents, but are afterwards transmitted to the offspring. This being so, it should seem that the offspring are thus placed in the same condition to recall (recollect, repeat, or re- member,) the state of mind which the impression pro- duced as are the parents ; and any state of causes which would make the parent think of the same thing again, would make the offspring also think of the same thing again, with this difference, that the parent might think that he had once before had the same idea in his mind, but some of the offspring would have a similar idea, without recollecting ever having had it before. What we call instincts are certain inherited states of organization, which cause certain peculiar mental effects to follow external impressions. Why does a kitten, that has never seen a mouse, start and growl, under great excitement, the instant she smells one? Why oloes a puppy smell the blood of a chicken, and track it, and bark after it, though he never saw one, when a piece of beef produces no such effect upon him? Why does a horse start on smelling a lion or tiger in a caravan, or the skin of one of these animals, though he does not see, and has never seen one? We call it instinctive perception ; but we do not explain it as produced by any known process. To my mind, the reason is plain and obvious. The progenitors of the THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 189 horse, the cat, and the dog, were frequently excited and frightened by the animal, — by the sight and smell of him, — and their organization was put into a peculiar and permanent state by the frequent and powerful im- pressions which he thus made. This state of organiza- tion was such, that the sight or smell of him again, years afterwards, would instantly be followed by the same ideas. Now, the offspring, inheriting the same organic peculiarities, would have the same capabilities: and, therefore, would (when the sight or smell of the object was present) possess and experience a state of mind similar to that which was formerly produced in the parent. Like produces like, and like causes produce like effects. The smell of a thing not only rouses the organ of Fla- vor to perceive what it is, but it rouses Cautiousness, San- ativeness, Destructiveness, or any other impulsive organ also, if the peculiar smell has, on other occasions, been roused in association with it. The odor operated di- rectly on the organ of Flavor ; this sent an impression to the phrene or sensorium, producing a consciousness of the flavor ; this impression was radiated or reflected to all the other phreno organs, from the central phrene, and excited those impulsives that were previously in the habit of being roused by the same cause, either in the present or in previous generations. Being thus roused, they impelled to actions that, in the parent, were called reasonable, but, in the offspring, were called instinctive. We have here a good illustration of the doctrine, that stimuli create organs, preserve them, and excite them to their functions. 190 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. Insanity, being hereditary, is another proof that the powerful impressions made on the brain of the parent are often transmitted to the offspring. All hereditary states of mind are of the nature of instincts. According to this view, instinct is the memory of the race, — a species of hereditary history of the experience of the whole race for ages past, impressed upon the brain, and transmitted thus to posterity for their guidance, when placed in circumstances similar to those in which this wonderful history was written. Take this conclusion in connection with the idea that some animals have a clairvoyant power of receiving and of communicating ideas, so that they can, at pleasure, impress upon the minds of their young their own ideas, and we are furnished at once with a beautiful key to the philosophy of instinct, and its harmony and analogy with the powers of human nature. The perceptive power of dogs when smelling their game or their master's footsteps, and the perception of direction manifested by carrier pigeons, and all the su- periority of perception manifested by the lower animals, are they not indications of an approximation to clairvoy- ance 1 or, rather, are they not remnants of the clairvoy- ance which animals of still lower grade, in earlier times, possessed in perfection 1 Are not the sympathy among polyps, the electric power of fishes, the mesmeric power of serpents, and the susceptibility of birds, still further evidence that, in earlier times, the mesmeric influence was greater? Is not Credenciveness a higher substitute for clairvoyant communication 1 Is it not the commu- nicative impulse, excited by the communications of THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 191 others? Is not what is commonly called "natural ge- nius," identical with instinct? Has it not the same cause and the same effect? Phreno-Geology seems to furnish explanations of the causes of instinct, genius, eccentricity, insanity, and all other traits of character in animals and men, which are exceedingly satisfactory, and which cannot otherwise be explained at all. SECTION XXIII. — HEREDITARY DESCENT. I have read all that I can find in the books upon he- reditary descent, but can learn very little that is satis- factory. It would seem that the ancients knew about as much upon the subject as we know at present, namely, that qualities and diseases are transmitted from one generation to another ; that like generally produces like ; and that intermarriages with near relatives are inju- dicious. It is a matter of universal observation that some children of a family resemble one parent, and some another ; and some resemble both, though in different degrees and in different features. Some children seem to resemble neither parent so much as they do some grand-parent, or great grand-parent, or some brother or sister of one of the parents. Diseases, also, are sometimes transmitted immediately from father to son. But, again, diseased parents have strong, healthy children, without any appearance of disease, yet the grandchildren are born with all the dis- 192 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. eases of their grand-parents, aggravated in a fatal degree. We see a fine-looking man, living with great prudence, and marrying a wife, who seems to be the picture of health, with the hope to see his children blest with good constitutions ; and, from some cause yet unexplained, the sins of past generations are visited upon him, and his brightest jewels are torn from him. The children which are spared are generally those which seem least likely to do credit to his name. We see the greatest men in the nation, in some in- stances, with children that disgrace them by their vices, and show an utter inability to follow in their footsteps to distinction. We see clergymen whose sons seem deter- mined to be mechanics; and mechanics, whose sons are bent upon some learned profession, and look upon the employment of their fathers with utter aversion. All the plausible theories that have been invented fail to account for these facts in a reasonable manner ; and it is plain, to my mind, that we have yet something more to discover before we can unravel the mystery. I announced, in 1839, a discovery which I had made, that persons who greatly resembled the parent of the same sex as themselves were generally smaller than that parent in brain and body, and possessed somewhat less of the qualities that distinguish the opposite sex. Thus, a masculine-looking woman, whose daughter resembles her very much, and not the father nor his family, will generally be smaller, and shorter, and more feminine in features and character, than her mother. Her chin will be narrower, her nostrils smaller, her complexion less florid, her chest less developed, and her firmness and THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 193 courage less. On the contrary, a son resembling the same mother will have a large head and body, with most of the gentle traits of his mother, and even more than her energy. He will be likely to be a superior character, especially if her father was so ; for superior women generally resemble the father, and superior men the mother. This same mother may have another son who resembles neither his brother, nor his sister, nor his mother, in appearance or character, but to his father he bears a striking resemblance ; and, if his father is a su- perior man, hopes are entertained that he will resemble his father in his traits of character ; but the chances are that these hopes will be disappointed, for he will be smaller than his father, though more active and sprightly. His head will be smaller, and his literary tendencies less ; for he is deficient in the feminine points which are neces- sary to give a literary bias to the mind-. These rules are only generally true. Causes, which are not yet understood, seem to operate to produce ex- ceptions, which I cannot explain. Mr. Alexander Walker has published a work in which he labors to show that every person derives all his loco- motive organs from one parent, and his nutritive organs from the other; that the back of the head is derived from one parent, and the front from the other. But I have not seen an observing person who agrees with him, and my own observations, certainly, do not confirm his doctrines. I have seen many persons whose organiza- tions seem to be a perfect mixture of the peculiarities of both parents. The mulatto is, almost always, a nearly equal compound of the characteristics of the whites and 17 194 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. blacks, not only in color, but in feature, in brain, and in ever v thing else. I have seen a man who resembled his father in nothing, that I could perceive, except in the singular manner in which his hair grew around his fore- head. I have seen a man resemble his mother in nothing that could be perceived, and yet inherit her constitutional diseases. I have seen persons, born of weak and dis- eased parents, whose health and constitutions were sound and powerful ; and I have seen miserable and diseased constitutions descend from parents and grand-parents of uncommon health and vigor. Notwithstanding the universal prejudice which exists, and has always existed, in regard to the intermarriage of cousins, we often see persons of the most splendid qualities whose ancestors have committed this error. The laws of hereditary descent are yet but imperfectly known ; and, in respect to those rules which are best understood, it would seem that the exceptions are so numerous and important, that we ought to be exceed- ingly careful how we adopt them as a guide in practice. It has always been acknowledged, even by the most widely separated tribes of men, that physical, moral, and intellectual qualities are, in general, hereditary. But the most enlightened philosophers know very little more on the subject than the North American Indians did when they were first discovered. Who can tell why or how a disease, a feature, a talent, or a moral trait, is commonly transmitted from the father through his daughter, rather than his son ; and why it sometimes passes by one or two generations, and reappears in a third or fourth? It would seem that a man is made up of all the capa- THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 195 bilities of all kinds that were possessed by his ancestors for several generations, and those which he cannot man- ifest; he can transmit to his offspring. If I might suggest a theory of hereditary descent, I would say that each person is composed of an immense number of organs, and that each organ is constituted of a number of germs, each of which is capable of being developed into a distinct organ. An equal number of the germs are received from each parent ; and, though only one of the germs is actually developed in one per- son, the others continue to exist in a dormant state, and are transmitted to the offspring, and developed in them ; so that one of the germs of an organ may be developed in the parent, another in his child, and a third in his grandchild ; and, as each of these three germs may have been originally created in three different ancestral consti- tutions, they may, when placed in the circumstances which develop them in the offspring, produce three different kinds of constitutions, one of which may be healthful, another diseased, and a third marked by some striking peculiarity, which distinguishes it from all the family except the one from whom it was originally de- rived. Assuming this hypothesis to be correct, we can understand how it is that a person may have about an equal number of the germs derived from each parent de- veloped, and thus resemble both parents; or, he may have most of his developments from the germs of one parent, or from a grandparent. Whatever may be the objections to this theory, it has at least the merit of including and explaining all the known facts relating to this subject. 196 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. SECTION XXIV. — RELATION OF THE TEMPERA- MENTS TO GEOLOGY. The first created animals were, unquestionably, nearly- allied in character to vegetables. They had no red blood ; the lymphatic vessels and the cellular tissue greatly pre- dominated. Their temperament was cellular and lym- phatic. This is the lowest and least intellectual tempera- ment that can be conceived. I consider vegetables as but a lower order of animals ; and it would not be difficult to establish several degrees of approximation of vegetables, from their simplest forms, gradually ascending, till they assume undoubted animal functions ; and then, from this lowest animal point, we may proceed by regular steps, such as a good physiolo- gist alone can appreciate, to the dignity of humanity. There have been many attempts to show that there is a succession of links which connect, in a regular series, the lowest organized beings with the highest These attempts have been only partially successful, for the reason that respect has been had principally to the external forms of animals, while the essential internal functions ought to have been the main consideration. If we confine our investigation to the functions of organ- ized beings, we shall indeed find that there is an actual and true chain, which, in regular and successive links, does connect the first created and lowest organized beings with the most exalted specimens of human genius. The temperaments of the lowest animals are almost identi- cally the same as of vegetables, namely, cellular and lymphatic. The very lowest, first created, and simplest THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 197 of the fishes had regular muscles and a small quantity of dark venous blood, but the colorless fluids still pre- dominated. The reptiles had more colored blood, in proportion to the quantity of the other fluids, than the fishes had, for the reason that they respired more air. The first created birds surpassed the reptiles in regard to the quantity of colored blood, and also in the size of the brain. Man does not surpass other animals in the quantity or quality of any of his fluids, or his muscles ; indeed, he is surpassed by birds in the aeration of the blood, and by many insects in the delicacy, the number, and the complication of the muscles; but man is be- lieved to be superior to all animals in the size of the brain compared to the rest of the nervous system, and also in the number of his higher phreno powers. I am, therefore, disposed, in view of the above facts, to arrange the temperaments in the order of their creation, as follows : — 1. The cellular and lymphatic. 2. The muscular and venous. 3. The muscular and arterial. 4. The arterial and phreno-nervous. 5. The phreno-nervous, or human temperament, which is developed in man more than any other animal, and most of all in the most intellectual men. 17* 198 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. SECTION XXV. — RELATION OF PHYSIOGNOMY TO GEOLOGY. In the year 1839, I published, in the city of Buffalo, a volume of three hundred pages, illustrated by eight pages of lithographic plates, entitled "A New System of Phrenology," and devoted one small section and one of the plates to some original observations which I had made upon the relation of the forms of the face to the developments of the brain. This relation I denominated phreno-physiognomy. I found that animals and men may be divided into three classes, — carnivorous, herbiv- orous, and rodentia; or, fleshy-eaters, plant-eaters, and fruit-gnawers. The carnivorous have large Destructiveness, with short jaws, short noses, and short ears; the central front teeth short and small, and the centre of the lip de- ficient, thin, or turned up towards the nose; the tearing teeth (bicuspid) large and strong, and the jaw much de- veloped where these teeth are inserted. In mankind there is a tendency of the chin to be prominent, short, and slightly turned up, in carnivorous characters. The herbivorous have small Destructiveness, long jaws, at least four long front teeth, rather wide mouths, long noses, (long from the eyes to the teeth,) the tearing teeth either entirely wanting or comparatively small, and the jaws narrow at the part where the tearing teeth are in- serted; long chin, and not remarkably prominent; the lips long in front, and pouting in the centre. The rodentia have small Destructiveness and large Acquisitiveness; the two central front teeth long, and THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 199 the next two shorter or absent, while the tearing teeth are wanting or diminutive. The lips, in all animals and men, have a tendency to be most developed over the largest teeth ; and the jaws, also, are most developed where the largest teeth are in- serted. The expression, that is, the movement, of the lips is such as to favor the predominant trait. In the carnivorous, the movement, or expression, is principally with the corners of the mouth, and is such as to be fa- vorable to tearing flesh. In the herbivorous, it is such as is favorable to grazing, or gathering in leaves with the front lips, and to drinking water by suction. The car- nivorous animals are all so deficient in front lips, that they are forced to use the tongue to take up their drink ; but the herbivorous animals can use the lips to suck up the wate,r which they require. The movement of the rodent lips is such as to favor the act of gnawing. When a man has jaws, teeth, and nose like one of these classes of animals, it may be observed that he has a head which approximates, also, to theirs in its outlines ; and he has a tendency to move the muscles of his face in expression, so as to resemble them. The manner in which the hair grows around the face of a man will also be found to resemble the manner in which it grows around the faces of the class of animals that he most resembles in other respects. The females of all animals are less carnivorous in their characters, forms of head, and forms of jaw, lips, teeth, and chin, than the males are. Among the quadrumana (monkeys and apes) there is quite as great a variety of forms of face as among men : but I have not had an opportunity to study their faces sufficiently to class them correctly. 200 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. I consider these various forms of face as the results of the various circumstances which have operated upon different tribes and races of men. I have no idea that these differences have been produced in historic times. It is much more probable that most of the peculiar forms originated at a time when men lived in a more rude manner than at present ; when, in short, men were no higher than the most intelligent brutes are now. These forms of faces were produced then by the manner in which they lived and procured their food, and by the peculiar nature of the food which they were accustomed to feed upon. Some, probably, were for ages carnivorous in their habits ; others, living in a different country, be- came herbivorous, and others rodents ; and thus acquired physiognomies analogous to those of the animals whom they resemble. They adopted the habits of a particular class of animals ; and, of course, as a natural conse- quence, they acquired similar expressions at first, and similar anatomical forms of face after a number of generations. Civilization, also, has its own peculiar physiognomy : the forehead high, wide, and prominent in the upper part ; deficient perceptives ; small and weak jaws ; poor teeth, but regular ; prominent eyes ; straight and regular nose, and slender nostrils; — in short, a highly intellectual head, light complexion, fine, silky, curly hair, and beau- tiful, small, regular Grecian features, indicating vari- ety of talent and genius, but not much strength or animal force. Such a face and head would be the legitimate result of ages of refinement, and the use of artificial means of living. Contrast this face with the powerful THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 201 jaws, dark complexion, coarse hair, and forehead re- treating and deficient in width at the upper part, which distinguish the New Holland savage. I do not hesitate to say that it would require a hundred thousand years, at the ordinary rate of progress, to bring this savage to the condition of an ultra-refined genius of civilization, such as Shakspeare. This subject requires an immense volume of scientific illustrations; but I must content myself, at present, with indicating the general principles which should guide future investigations. SECTION XXVI. — CAUSES OF THE SUPERIORITY OF MAN. In what does the superiority of human organization consist ? Gall and Spurzheim contended that it consists in a superior organization of brain, — in the possession of certain cerebral organs, which no other animal enjoys. Sir Charles Bell wrote a beautiful treatise upon the supe- riority of the human hand, and insisted that it contrib- uted, in a high degree, to the superiority of human skill. Some other philosophers have argued that it is the power of using articulate speech to which man is most indebted. A majority, however, attribute man's peculiar eminence to the possession of an endowment of mind which exists independently of organization. This last idea will never be admitted by any man who is well instructed in the elements of phreno-physiology ; for it is now well estab- lished, that every manifestation of mind depends upon 202 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. the condition of the brain, the nerves, the muscles, and the blood-vessels, which are concerned in the operation. It is evident that no condition of the bodily organs, — no degree of perfection in form, delicacy, or strength, — will be of any avail, if the brain is imperfect. This is illus- trated in the cases of many idiots, whose brains have become weakened or paralyzed by disease, while every other organ in the constitution is perfect. It is equally clear that the most highly developed and perfect brain would be of no advantage to a man who had the limbs, head, and vocal organs of a horse. It would be impos- sible for him to manifest the powers of mind peculiar to man. He would only be a sagacious and teachable horse. He could not even let us know that he possessed a mind superior to a horse. The superiority of an ape consists not in his possessing a brain superior to other animals, but in the approximation of his bodily organs to those of man. I have seen dogs that surpassed, in sa- gacity, any monkey whose habits I ever had the means of studying ; but the organization of the monkey gives him the means of imitating man so nearly, as to make him appear to be more intellectual than he really is. The great defect of the monkeys, and of all the quad- rumana, is, that they cannot use articulate speech. They are so dexterous in the use of their hands, that man has not much advantage of them in that respect; but it is in speech that man takes an immense stride beyond all other animals. This enables him to cultivate his mind, and thus causes his brain to expand in the highest parts. I am much inclined to think that the mental superiority of man was, under Providence, in a great measure a THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 203 consequence of the endowment of articulate speech. We see some savage men, whose brains are not a whit supe- rior to those of some monkeys : yet, by means of lan- guage, we can unquestionably improve them gradually, from generation to generation, until they can equal the highest philosophers which civilization has produced. I have no hesitation in saying that nothing is wanting but sufficient time and proper circumstances, to transform the lowest negro savages to the highest degree of intel- lectual and moral refinement which the Caucasians have ever attained, or can attain. The defect, in savages, is in the organs of the brain, and not in the organs of voice, nor in the limbs, nor in the want of an erect posi- tion. The lowest and meanest human organization, provided it is normal and healthful, contains the germs from which every noble production of humanity can be developed. This subject is worthy the attention of those philanthropists who look forward to the future with hope for the perfection of humanity. An acquaintance with these principles is also calculated to excite a charitable feeling towards the worst members of society, and to lead us to inquire whether the sins for which they are punished did not originate with their ancestors, and whether an application of the proper stimuli, in youth, might not have saved them from the fate of criminals. How high- the human mind is still destined to soar, in its future developments, it is impossible at present to deter- mine: but it may be set down, as a settled and estab- lished result of science, that the highest point to which any man has attained, in any respect, may be reached by the posterity of the lowest, the darkest, and the worst 204 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. of the human race. But how much of this can be accomplished in one generation, can be judged best by considering the rate of progress, during past ages, when circumstances were most favorable for advancement. It is natural, in this connection, to inquire whether it is now possible, by any artificial means, to gradually cultivate the most intellectual of the apes, so as to ele- vate them to humanity. Can they be made to speak articulate language? It is difficult to answer these ques- tions. It may be that the peculiarity of the human vocal organs, upon which articulation is founded, was acquired immediately after our progenitors abandoned the ocean and began to breathe with lungs. Perhaps that was the very period most favorable for the creation of articulat- ing vocal organs, and that the progenitors of man alone were so circumstanced as to have their vocal organs stimulated to this change. The other animals having passed that important reptilian stage in their progress without undergoing the necessary modification, it may now be nearly impossible to acquire it, even with all the aid of human ingenuity, without a more perfect knowl- edge of the modus operandi of nature than we at present possess. There is, however, in the articulations of parrots some ground of encouragement ; and when we consider the wonderful progress of discovery and inven- tion during the last century, who shall say how much may yet be done that now seems impossible, except by miraculous means? The full extent of the power of cultivation is not yet known ; but enough is understood to excite trie, strongest hopes, and raise the most sanguine expectations, concerning future achievements in creating THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 205 and modifying the organization of men and animals. The transformation of the most intelligent and moral brutes, to raise them up to an equality with the most brutish men, would not be much more wonderful than the elevation of such men to the highest rank of human excellence. Before mankind were sufficiently advanced to build monuments and write hieroglyphics, they had no means of transmitting to posterity the history nor the means of their progress. A race of savages might have lived on earth millions of years before any of them learned to communicate the fact of their existence to their posterity. New Holland is an immense country, which, when first discovered by the whites, was inhabited by a race of men who may have been there but five hundred years, or they may have been there since the commencement of the tertiary period. They could give no history of themselves which extended more than three generations back. They had no monuments, not even villages; no arts, no clothes, no religion. They were too low in the scale of intelligence to be capable even of an intelligible superstition. They were quite as low as brutes, though they had human capabilities of improvement, which entitled them to fraternal sympathy and Christian benev- olence. If we wish to carry our imaginations back to the time when all men were mere brutes, we have only to picture them to ourselves in the precise condition in which the New Hollanders actually were when first discovered. We have no evidence that they were ever higher ; and if we wish to trace the steps by which man- kind arose to their present eminence, we have only to 18 206 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. survey the earth, and arrange its inhabitants according to their different stages and degrees of refinement and social elevation, from the groves of Australia to the temples of New England. The first circumstance which contributed to the superiority of man, was his walking on two feet, thus acquiring the liberty of his hands, and redeeming them from the degrading employment of sustaining the weight of the body. No longer rendered callous by being brought into contact with the ground, they could now become delicate and sensitive instruments of apprehen- sion and mechanical execution. This enabled man to excel all other animals in mechanical structures. The development of the thumb enables man to hold an instru- ment in his hand, and use tools with a degree of dex- terity which no other animal can. Then the use of articulate speech enabled man to communicate his ideas and experiences in a way much superior to other ani- mals, so that he would soon become lord of the earth as a natural consequence of these advantages. The faculty of speech laid the foundation of the art of writing, of history, of literature, of mercantile accounts, and of the modes of transferring the experience of one generation to the next, and thus accumulating the experience of ages upon all subjects. It laid the foundation for the Chris- tian religion ; for, without it, revelation could not have been received and recorded. The mind of man, without this mode of expression, would have been "cribbed, cabined and confined," so that it could not have ex- panded, in any degree, beyond that of an ape. But this stimulus of articulation, being created for man's use, THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 207 became in its turn the creator of a thousand elevating points in human character and society. Take away- human speech, and the human mind would gradually descend from its proud eminence to brutality, with the most inevitable certainty ; nor could it ever reascend until its noblest instrument was restored. SECTION XXVII. — DISCOVERIES IN THE ANATOMY OF THE BRAIN. A careful review of the anatomy of the brain will show that it furnishes strong presumptive evidence in favor of my new system of. Phrenology, and also of Phreno-geology. 1. The brain, cerebellum, and spinal cord, are in two equal halves, called hemispheres ; — one occupying the right, and the other the left, half of the skull and ver- tebra. 2. Each hemisphere of the brain, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord, is divided into three portions, namely, anterior, middle, and posterior. This is an important support and confirmation of my grand division of the phreno organs into three classes, ipseal, social, and directive. The fibres of the anterior column of the spinal cord pass up, constituting the an- terior portion of the medulla oblongata, called the corpora pyramidalia. Here they cross, or decussate, from one hemisphere to the other; then, continuing forward, the fibres pass under the pons varolii, and, increasing in 208 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. number, they pass through the corpora striata^ and continue until they reach the anterior part of the brain, where their extremities are lost in the cineritious sub- stance of the forehead. The middle column of the spinal cord supplies nerves to the organs of respiration and alimentation, which are given off principally from the corpora olivaria, the mid- dle portion of the medulla oblongata. The fibres of this column can be traced into the middle lobe of the brain, which is the locality of the class of ipseal impulsives. The posterior column of the spinal cord sends most of its fibres upward, in like manner, to the posterior portion of the medulla oblongata, and constitutes the corpora restiformia. Some of the fibres continue further upward to the posterior parts of the brain ; but most of them go to the cerebellum, in which the lowest of the class of social impulsives is located. The structure and functions of one hemisphere of the brain, in all its essentials, may be well understood by comparing the three classes of phreno organs to three leaves attached to one stem, — the spinal cord and ob- longata representing the stem. The comparison will be more perfect if we suppose the three leaves to be so inti- mately connected as to appear, at first view, to be but one leaf; but, upon more careful examination, be found to be, in reality, three leaves, whose fibres are so inter- woven as to make them, superficially, to appear like one. We have thus seen that anatomical structure does afford some ground for dividing the brain into three grand divisions ; but the sub-division into separate phreno or- gans, such as phrenologists point out and enumerate, has THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 209 no anatomical evidence in its favor. The only conclu- sive evidence which we have of the truth of phrenology, is found in the fact that an expansion of the brain and skull, at a particular spot, is accompanied, both in ani- mals and men, with certain habits and traits of character. In examining the brain, immediately beneath the surface of the skull we find it covered, first, with a thick, hard membrane, called the dura mater ; below this we find another membrane, much thinner and softer, called the pia mater'. If we examine with great care, we may perceive another delicate covering, which resembles a spider's web, and which has been called the tunica arachnoida. Having carefully examined all these, we come to a pulpy substance of great delicacy, of a reddish gray or ashes color ; this is called the cineritious pulp. It seems to be composed of exceedingly minute blood- vessels. Some suppose that its use is to nourish the brain ; but a much more reasonable supposition is, that its use is to generate the force which is transmitted along the white fibres of the brain and nerves ; for we find this pulpy substance mostly at the extremities of the fibres, and we find white nervous fibres in many situations where there is no cineritious pulp to nourish it. The cineritious pulpy matter covers the whole surface of the brain to the depth of half an inch, — sometimes a trifle more, and in some places less. Below the pulpy sub- stance we come to a white substance, which is more dense, and which, after being kept a few days in alco- hol, proves to be fibrous, the fibres passing downward, and converging to the central medulla oblongata. In some parts the fibres are close and compact, and at 18* 210 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. others they seem to be widely separated, and mingled with cineritious matter. This is the case in that part of the brain called the corpora striata, where the fibres are so distinct that they can easily be seen, even in a fresh brain, if we merely scrape away the surface. In tracing the fibres, from the gray pulpy surface to the medulla oblongata, we find them interlaced with other fibres, which proceed from the corpus callosum, and which seem to me to perform the office of holding the two hemispheres of the brain together. The use of the corpus callosum has hitherto been considered an enig- ma. Some have suspected that it is the seat of the soul, and others that it produces unity of mind. But the fact that it has been rent asunder by disease without seriously affecting the mind, and the fact that it is entirely want- ing in the beaver and other rodents, and in all animals but those whose brains are convoluted, proves that this notion is erroneous. My own opinion is, that the corpus callosum, the pons varoli, and the convolutions, are all three related to one fact, and that is, the pressure which the brain undergoes at birth. Neither of these are found in any animal, unless they are all three foundj and they are not found in any animal except those whose heads and brains are so large, compared with the pelvis, that the brain, at birth, must undergo more or less of compression, and be thus liable to become injured, dis- torted, or displaced. All three are wanting in all fishes, reptiles, birds, rodents, and marsupials. If my views are correct, these parts would be useless in fishes, rep- tiles, and birds, which hatch their young from eggs; and as for the rodents, such as the beavers, hares, and squir- THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 211 rels, and the marsupials, such as the opossum and kan- garoo, their brains are so small, and the pelvis in them so capacious, that no pons, callosum, nor convolutions are necessary. That the convolutions are related solely to the pressure which the brain suffers during birth, is evident from the direction in which they run, in man and in other animals. In the brains of cats, and dogs, and all the lower mam- mals, the convolutions are almost all longitudinal ; but in the apes and monkeys, whose brains are higher and exposed to pressure at the top in a different direction, the upper part of the brain is forced into transverse folds, which gives it an appearance very different from that of the cat; but the convolutions at the side and base are not equally transverse. In the human brain, we see the same causes operating still more powerfully, and pro- ducing a degree of. depth and complication which are not seen in the brain of any other animal. At the base and sides of the human brain, the convolutions are mostly longitudinal ; but at the top they appear as if the brain was first pressed laterally, so as to produce mostly longi- tudinal convolutions, and then afterwards transversely, till they assumed their present forms and directions. My opinion is, that all animals' brains originally were smooth upon the surface, as birds' and rodents' are now; but when, in the progress of geological changes, some of the higher animals became larger in their brains, and, at the same time, proportionally smaller in the pelvis, the brains began, as a consequence, to suffer more or less of pressure at birth, which wrinkled or folded the surface, slightly, at first, and longitudinally ; but, the causes still 212 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. continuing to operate, and with increased force each succeeding generation, the wrinkled and convoluted con- dition of the brain's surface became permanent and con- genital. Afterwards, the depth, and complication, and direction of the convolutions of all animals' brains were in exact accordance to the pressure which their ancestors' heads had undergone at birth. The corpus callosum and pons seem to be principally useful in holding the two hemispheres of the brain and cerebellum together, especially during birth. The cerebellum, instead of being convoluted like the brain, has its surface lamellated; that is to say, it is arranged in thin plates, which are parallel to each other. No one, that I know of, has ever attempted to show the reason why the brain is convoluted, nor why the cerebellum is lamellated. I have given, above, the reasons why, in my opinion, the brain is convoluted; but I am not quite as well satisfied that I am correct concerning the causes of the lamellation of the cerebel- lum. I venture, however, with some hesitation, to sug- gest that the lamellae were originally, during the primitive creative ages, caused by the jarring motions of the ani- mal, especially of his head. I think that it will be found that the direction of the lamellae is perpendicular or transverse to the direction of the motions which the animal habitually makes, in seizing its food, or contend- ing with its enemies. Of course, if the motions are complicated, the layers of the cerebellum are arranged in various directions. Thus, the cat has a very compli- cated cerebellum, — I think quite as much so as man ; while birds, reptiles, and fishes, have the layers only arranged in one direction. THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 213 Some physiologists have advanced the opinion that the cerebellum is more complex in proportion as animals are capable of executing complicated and combined mo- tions, and that the cerebellum presides over such motions ; but I think that there is no evidence that the cerebellum is more than the organ of Amativeness ; and its relation to combined movements, indicated by vivisections, is merely such as is necessary to the performance of the reproductive function. I regard the convolutions, the lamellae, the pons varolii, and the corpus callosum, as all related to the mechanical effects which the brain suffers. I am confirmed in this opinion by the fact that the crow and the beaver, with all their intelligence, are destitute of all these parts except the lamellse. Since writing the preceding, I happened to be upon Cape Ann, Mass., when a whale was driven on shore, and I had the good fortune to obtain the brain. It weighed a little less than three pounds. The length of the whale was but eighteen feet. The cerebellum was quite complicated in its lamellation. Each hemisphere of the cerebellum was hollow, the cavities being several inches in extent. The convoluted surface, and, indeed, the whole brain, appeared very much like that of a horse. I examined the convolutions carefully, to see whether they would confirm my theory of pressure ; and was much struck, not only with the general conformity of the convolutions to the rule, but also with a fact which I had not previously noted, and that is, that the convolutions are nearly all longitudinal a short distance below the surface, and the transverse convolutions are 214 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. merely superficial. The arrangement will be understood, when I state that it is like the ruffle of a shirt bosom, in which the plaits are made transverse, while the whole ruffle is longitudinal. The brain of the whale was as if made up of several nearly parallel ruffles, each of which was crimped up into plaits, or folds; as if the whole brain had been first compressed, by a force acting upon its sides, until longitudinal convolutions, or folds, had been formed, long and deep, like the furrows of a ploughed field; and then, afterwards, another pressure had been applied, which acted in the opposite direction, and ruffled up the tops of the furrows, so as to make them, upon the surface, appear tortuous, or zigzag. In looking at the convolutions which we find between the hemispheres, still further evidence is found confirmatory of these views ; for the lowest convolutions, which are immediately over the corpus callosum, are simply longi- tudinal, without being ruffled, or tortuous, in any degree ; for here they are entirely protected from the ruffling causes which operate at the surface. Many years ago, I examined a number of human, and also of other animals' brains, to see whether the ar- rangement of the convolutions agreed with the arrange- ment and location of the phreno organs ; and I found that there was very little evidence of such agreement ; but I now recollect that the deep convolutions, even in man, were nearly all longitudinal : that is, extending from the forehead towards the back of the head, in the same manner, though less in degree, as in the whale. The discovery of the relation of the convolutions of the brain to the pressure at birth, cannot but be deemed THE PROGRESSIVE CREATION OF MAN. 215 of much importance in its bearing upon phreno-geology. If the convolutions are related to the mechanical pressure at birth, they must have been originally created by that pressure. The first animal that ever had convolutions in any degree had them after his birth, but not before. It was a species of deformity, though useful, and such as prevented the destruction of the young animal. After a number of generations, this deformity was transmitted to the offspring, so as at length to exist in the unborn brain, and since then it has been constitutional. Some physiologists have heretofore suggested that the use of the convolutions is to enable a large amount of cerebral surface to exist in a small space. Admitting this to be true, as it undoubtedly is, the question is, Why do the convolutions assume, invariably, the same general directions ? Why are they simple and longitudinal in all the lower mammals ? and why do they become more and more transverse and complicated as the brain becomes more and more elevated? Why are the transverse con- volutions more numerous at the top of the brain than elsewhere? Why are no convolutions found in the brains of animals that are hatched from eggs after birth ? Birds have brains much larger, in proportion to the size of their bodies, than man or any other animals have, — why is it not necessary for them to have their brains crowded into a smaller space by means of convolutions ? Their mode of locomotion is such that it would seem that they would need to have the brain small in order to present the smallest possible amount of resistance to the air through which they fly with such astonishing veloc- ity. There would seem, therefore, much more reason 216 PHRENO-GEOLOGY. why they should have convolutions than any other class of animals. Again, if the convolutions were merely to crowd the brain into a smaller space, without reference to the pressure at birth, they would be as likely to as- sume one direction as another. But this is not so ; each species of animals has his convolutions arranged in one uniform manner, and that is precisely such as his birth requires. The conclusion is, that the convolutions of the human brain did not originally exist, and that they were gradually created during the tertiary period. COMPEND OF THE PHBEIO-PHILOSOPHY HUMAN NATURE. By J. STANLEY GRIMES, Counsellor at Law, formerly President of the Western Phrenological Society; Professor of Medical Jurisprudence in the Castleton Medical College ; author of Etherology, &c- &c. &c. BOSTON AND CAMBRIDGE: JAMES MUNROE AND COMPANY. LONDON: EDWARD T. WHITFIELD. 1850. [Entered according to act of Congress, in the Clerk's office of the Southern District of New- York, by J. Stanley Grimes.] CONTENTS. Page A chart t o be used in examinations 3 Marks which denote the sizes of organs 3 Introduction. Dr. Gall — Dr. Spurzheim — his System — Mr. Combe 17 The Albany Society— Prof. E. N. Horsford 18 The American Phrenological Journal 19 Phreno-Mesmerism and the new organs 20 Sunderland , 21 Fowler's errors in regard to Consciousness, and to the Cerebel- lum 26 Scientific Classification 28 Analysis of the Phreno organs — Directives — Perceptives 33 Beflectives 37 Remarks on the nature of the impulsive powers 39 On the arrangement of the Ipseals 40 Social impulsives 53 Temperaments 62 Large heads and small lungs 66 Size measure of power — Galvanic batteries and oxygen compared with the brain and oxygen » . . . . 57 Ricketty heads 68 Critical Remarks upon the temperaments : Temperament of lower animals .... 72 Of boyhood — of girlhood * 74 Changes of temperament at different ages 74 Remarks on new organs 75 Suavity; Sublimity Concentrativeness matrimonial attach- ment 76 Organs of Phreno-Mesmerism - 77 Growth of Organs sources of error 78 Exercise cannot make a Franklin of a Hottentot 79 Importance of exercise and education 79 The Brain not the organ of mind 80 Consciousness 80 VI CONTENTS. Anatomy of the brain— the Hemispheres — Dicotyledons— Com- missures — Lobes spinal cord 81 Richer and ... 83 Brains of fishes, reptiles, birds and mammals 85 Medulla oblongata 86 The Brain, the organ of conscious motion 86 The motive power does not all reside in the brain 86 Offices of the brain 87 Functions of the Phreno-Organs 88 Resemblance of the nervous system and brain to the magnetic telegraph 89 The brain composed of fibrous circuits, in which motions origi- nate — the circuits all connected with consciousness * 89 The nature of mind unknown — an ultimate fact 91 Measurements 92 Standard of size and proportion very much needed 93 How it may be obtained by measurement 93 Sexes, ages, and races, have different heads in sizes and propor- tions 94 "We have no standard as yet 94 Prof. Jocelyn of N. Y. ; he proposes a craniometer — advantages of measurement 95 Method of applying the rules of measurement and propoition ... 96 Comparing the head of an unknown character with that of one well known 97 Measurement of the body to ascertain the temperaments 98 Resemblance of phreno-quackery and fortune telling 99 Fowler and Dr. Pitman 100 Method in which the head might be measured by callipers and by a craniometer 103, 104 Necessary uncertainty at best 105 Summary of peculiarities of the phreno-system of philosophy.. . 106 Idolatrous action 109 Physiognomy 110 Resemblance to parents 110 Expressions of Opinion — Extract from a Report on the Phre- nological Classification of J. Stanley Grimes, by E. N. Hors- ford, (then) Professor of Natural History and Mathematics in Albany Female Academy 11* Resolutions, adopted at the close of Lectures delivered by Mr. Grimes in the Chapel of the Albany Female Seminary 115 Extract from the New-Yorker 116 " " New- York Star 116 " " same, as to the theory of Phreno-Physiognomy 116 " " New-York Times 117 « " New- York Star 1 17 " " New-Haven Palladium 118 Resolutions adopted at New-Haven after the conclusion of a course of lectures at the Exchange Saloon at that place 118 * adopted at Hudson after the conclusion of a second course of lectures at that place 118 i PHRENO-PHILOSOPHY €^> 7 A CHART TO BE USED IN EXAMINATIONS. PRELIMINARY EXPLANATIONS. When numerical figures are used in examinations, according to the plan adopted in this chart, 4 denotes average size, and of course no organ can be more than 7, nor less than 1, and the organs altogether must ave- rage 4; if some are marked more than 4, others must be marked less than 4, to compensate. But as mathematical precision cannot be obtained, it is better not to use mathematical expressions, which seem to profess such exactness. I therefore prefer to use the following : .Marks which denote the sizes of the Organs examined. HI Very large. || Rather large. | Above average size. O Average size. — Below average size. = Rather small. = Very small. CHART . TEMPERAMENTS. The Muscular Temperament is caused by large limbs and muscles and indicates slowness and strength, with- out much activity or sensitiveness. The Vhreno- Nervous Temperament is caused by large and active brain and nerves acting upon slender mus- cles, and indicates sensitiveness and activity rather than strength. The Digestive Lymphatic 'iemperament is caused by a large development of the digestive organs and a comparative deficiency of vigor in the arterial circula- tion ; it indicates indolence and a love of sedentary employments. The Arterial or Sanguine Temperament is caused by large and active lungs and vigorous arterial circulation ; it indicates a power of vigorous, ardent and energetic action. The Venous or Bilious Temperament is caused b) much venous blood and large liver ; it is supposed to produce dark hair, eyes and skin. It indicates a pow- er of long continuance in any operation. The Debilitated Temperament is caused by any ha- bit or disease, or weakness, either acquired or hereditary, which tends to impair the energy of the character. CHART. 5 The size of the whole constitution compared with that of the average of others of the same age, sex and race, should be estimated and stated in order to a correct estimation of the force and influence of the character, for, all else equal, size is a measure of power. DIRECTIVE ORGANS. PERCEPTIVES. 1. Flavor.— This organ gives prominence to the bones under the eye near the nose — it bestows the power of perceiving the qualities of food, drink and perfumes. 2. Extension or Size. — This organ bestows the pow- er of observing the outlines, distances, extent and forms of things ; it gives practical talent and a memory of facts and things, in detail. 3. Direction. — This organ is commonly called Loca- lity ; it gives the talent for navigation and surveying without scientific instruction — the memory of places — the points of the compass — the directions of objects. Note. — Individuality, Form and Size, I include under the name of Extension. I do not think sufficient evidence has been yet given that there is any such power as Individuality; I therefore reject it; nor do I think that a clear distinction has been established between the organs of form and size — all that observation has fully proved is, that a general fulness, width and prominence of the forehead at the place where it joins the nose, indicates practical talent in de- tails, all the rest is mere hypothesis. CH A RT . 4. Weight. — Perception of force, weight, tangibili- ty, and resistance in balancing, touching and various delicate operations requiring manual skill. 5. Eventuality. — Perception of changes and motions, talent for the detail of stories and history. 6. Words, or perception of sounds, commonly ca'led the organ of language ; it gives a memory of words and sounds without reference to their meaning or uses. 7. Color. — Perception of the nice shades of color, foundation of the talent for the coloring of paintings, &c. 8. Order. — Perception of order in the arrangement of things, and talent for neatness and precision in details. 9. Number. — Arithmetical calculations. 10. Time. — A doubtful organ, which is supposed to give a talent in chronology, in marching and dancing. 11. Tune or Vocalness. — A doubtful organ, supposed to contribute in some way to musical talent. I suspect that it merely gives an impulse or a love of using the voice to make any kind of sounds which may be neces- sary. REFLECTIVES. 12. Comparison. — Power of distinguishing resem- blances and classes ; it is the foundation of the talent for rhetoric, and poetic expressions founded upon analogy. CHART 13. Causality. — The power of perceiving connection, dependance, cause and effect ; it gives original talent, depth, logical ability, and inventive talent. IMPULSIVE ORGANS. These organs are divided into two classes, the Ipseal and Social. THE IPSEALS OR SELF-RELATIVES. The Ipseal Impulsives are located on the side of the head, and are divided into five ranges, as follows : CORPOREAL RANGE. I. Pneumativeness. — Propensity to breathe — to make an exertion when air is wanting to sustain life and ac- tion, and prevent suffocation. II. JMmentiveness. — Propensity to eat and drink to prevent hunger or thirst. III. Sanativeness. — To avoid injuries and diseases of the body and remove the causes of pain. BELLIGERENT RANGE. IV. Destructiveness. — To kill, crush, destroy, or be angry and severe. 8 CHART . V. Combativeness. — To fight, contend, dispute, resent, contradict. PRUDENTIAL RANGE. VI. Secretiveness. — To avoid direct encounters, to con- ceal intentions and act cunningly. VII. Cautiousness. — To look around for danger and difficulty and guard against it. INDUSTRIAL RANGE. VIII. Constructiveness. — To build, construct — learn the nature of structures. IX. Acquisitiveness. — To acquire property. IMPROVING RANGE. X. Experimentiveness. — Playfulness, mirthfulness, wit; a species of playful activity of the powers, love of new contrivances and experiments. XI. Perfectiveness. — To improve, to plan and execute in superior and poetical style. XII. Hope or Migrativeness. — To undertake distant, new and doubtful enterprises, and expect success and happiness. CHART. if SOCIAL IMPULSIVES. ESTABLISHING GROUP TO ESTABLISH SOCIETY. 1st. Amativeness. — To love the other sex. 2d. Parentiveness or Philoprogenitiveness. — To pro- tect the young and helpless. 3d. Inhabitiveness. — To remain at home and to con- centrate the thoughts in a limited spot. 4th. Adhesiveness. — To cling with fondness to parents and friends in the domestic circle. GOVERNING GROUP TO GOVERN SOCIETY. 5th. Imperativeness. — Self esteem, to govern command and direct others. 6th, Approbativeness. — To covet favor, applause, praise or popularity. 7th. Firmness. — To be unmoved by persuasion. 8th. Justice or Conscientiousness. — To be impartial. CONFORMING GROUP TO CONFORM TO SOCIETY. 9th. Submissiveness. — To obey and reverence superi- ors. 10 CHART. 10th. Kindness. — To be kind and gentle and courte- ous to strangers and others. lith. Imitativeness. — To do as others do and feel as others feel and think as others think. 12th. Credenciveness. — To believe what is said or writ- ten A NEW SYSTEM OF PHRENOLOGY. INTRODUCTION. The study of human nature has in all ages been deemed of the very first importance, and called into vi- gorous action the master minds of every civilized na- tion. But the numerous systems that have been suc- cessively produced and abandoned, afford sufficient evidence that the great fundamental principles of hu- man nature had never been discovered. Some philoso- phers have shut themselves in their closets and endea- vored, by reflecting upon the operations of their own minds, to frame a system of mental philosophy which would apply to all mankind : But the result was that they only acquired an imperfect history of a few of their own mental powers, while they remained in total ignorance of the causes which produce the great diver- sity of human character. Others endeavored to acquire a knowledge of man by travelling, and mingling with all classes and conditions of the human race. These 12 INTRODUCTION. were more successful ; but however much knowledge might, by the experience of a whole life, be acquired in this manner, it necessarily died with the individual, as it was of such a nature that it could not be commu- nicated. Anatomical investigation, was a method of studying human nature ; but, although this led to more correct notions concerning the functions of the body, it shed no light upon the nature of the mind. The study of Physiognomy, is another method which has been pursued from the time of Aristotle, Theophras- tus, and Zopyrus, among the ancients, to the attempts of Camper and Lavater of our own day ; but all the real success which has attended the labors of physiog- nomists, is owing to their approximation to the great truths of Phrenology, though they were utterly igno- rant of this science. By examining the works of Cam- per and Lavater, it will be found, that the few useful truths which they contain, are based upon the princi- ples which are explained in this work. The foundation of Phrenological science, was laid by the discoveries of F. J. Gall, a native of Germany, who was born March 9, 1757. His attention was first directed to the subject while a school boy, from the cir- cumstance that those who committed the words of their lessons to memory with the greatest ease, had promi- nent eyes. He next observed that those who excelled in the memory of places, had a peculiar prominence up- on the forehead. After he left the University, he com- menced the practice of medicine. He was now a man of science — his very profession led him to study human INTRODUCTION. 13 nature in connection with the human constitution — and he began to reflect — " If the prominence of one part of the head indicates one talent, and the prominence of another part indicates another, may not all the talents and dispositions of men be indicated by the develope- ments of different parts of the head V 7 The suggestion seemed plausible ; and he accordingly, after having in vain examined all the different authors on mental philo- sophy, betook himself to the observation of the heads of peculiar characters. He was successful, even be- yond his most ardent hopes ; for he soon discovered ex- ternal indications of talents for painting, poetry, and the mechanic arts, besides several of the moral and ani- mal propensities. Gall's first publication on the subject was in 1798. He very naturally failed to give system to the facts which he had discovered ; and the names which he gave to the organs were unphilosophical. In 1801, fortunately for the science, John Gasper Spurz- henn, also a German, became the pupil of Gall, and in 1804 was admitted as his partner. In 1802, the lectures of Dr. Gall at Vienna, which had continued for five years, were prohibited by an or- der of the government, obtained through the influence of the clergy. In 1805 Gall and Spurzheim left Vien- na, and travelled to some of the other cities of Europe, lecturing upon, and disseminating their doctrines. In 1807, Gall arrived at Paris, and remained there until his death, which took place in 1828. Spurzheim dissolved his partnership with Gall in 1813, and in 1814 visited Great Britain, and lectured 14 INTRODUCTION. in the principal cities. In 1817, Spurzheim returned to Paris. In 1824, the lectures of Gall and Spurzheim at Paris, were prohibited by an order of the government. Spurzheim again visited Great Britain in 1825, where he afterwards spent most of his time until June 20, 1832, when he sailed from Havre, and arrived at New- York, August 4. He remained in New-York until the 11th, when he proceeded to New-Haven. On the 16th he left for Hartford, and from that city he went to Bos- ton, where he arrived on the 20th. He gave a course of lectures in Boston, and another at Cambridge. This was the last labor of Spurzheim in the cause of science. A slow, continued fever, not at first considered danger- ous, finally proved fatal, and he died at Boston, Nov. 10, 1832. No man was ever more sincerely lamented. To the honor of my native city, the most distinguished tokens of love and regard were extended to him while living, and the highest testimonials of grateful reve- rence followed him to the grave. His beautiful monu- ment at Mount Auburn, is but an emblem of the pure affection with which his memory is cherished. The marble may perish, and the place of his burial be for- gotten ; but the names, both of Gall and Spurzheim, are immortal. They must always be associated with principles that will be known and appreciated, while science has a temple or a devotee on the earth. Dr. Gall laid the foundation of Phrenological science by discovering that when certain portions of the skull protruded in a peculiar manner, the character and ta- lents of the individual were indicated by the protrusion. INTRODUCTION. 15 Upon a careful anatomical investigation, he ascertained that the protrusions of the skull were generally caused by developements of portions of the brain immedi- ately beneath ; these portions he called Organs. His examinations of the brain led him to the important fact, that its principal internal parts are constituted of fibres extending from the circumference of the brain to the central medulla oblongata and that these fibres were crossed by others which proceeded in an opposite direction. Dr. Gall took a profound view of the sub- ject,, and conceived that, in consequence of his discove- ries, a great revolution must take place in the science of the mind. He proceeded to learn the truth by ob- servations made upon animals and men — upon the living and the dead — upon sculptured busts and painted por- traits, and after a whole life spent in laborious researches, with the assistance of his distinguished pupil, Dr. Spurz- heim, he succeeded in placing Phrenology upon a solid and enduring basis. It had imperfections — it was min- gled with error — a part only of the truth was known, but enough was disclosed to show that all previous sys- tems were false, and that the right path had at length been discovered. No one was more sensible than Dr. Gall himself, that the science was imperfect. He did not attempt to arrange and classify the organs upon any philosphical plan, for he had not obtained a sufficient nmmber of facts. He was not a friend to new theories and schemes, the results of mere human ingenuity, but labored with incredible patience and industry to disco- ver the laws which the Almighty had ordained to regu- 16 INTRODUCTION. late the operations of mind ; and he continually insisted that carefully observed facts are the only sure elements of science and the only reliable indications of the natu- ral laws which God has established in the constitution of man. Dr. Spurzheim attempted to systematize the discoveries of Gall and himself and to reduce them to a science. He divided the Organs into two grand di- visions, one of which he denominated* the Intellectual faculties — they are located in the forehead. The other grand division he denominated Affective faculties. He sub-divided the Affective faculties into Animal Propen- sities and Moral sentiments and ascribed certain pecu- liar emotions to the moral sentiments, (located in the upper part of the head,) which he supposed that the animal propensities (in the lower part of the head) did not possess. All the Phrenological writers, (in our lan- guage at least,) have agreed essentially with Spurzheim in his arrangement and subdivision, except myself. In the year 1834 I commenced lecturing upon Phre- nology, but did not otherwise publish my peculiar views of this science until 1839, when my " New System of Phrenology" was laid before the public. That work contained a new classification and arrangement of the Phreno-organs, a new system of Phreno-Physiognomy, a new doctrine of hereditary resemblance, and several newly discovered Phreno-Organs. That these things were not essentially new no one has attempted to show, but their truth was denied by every author in this coun- try who had previously committed himself by advocat- ing different doctrines upon these subjects. INTRODUCTION. 17 Mr. George Combe had just arrived in this country at the time when the work was issued. It was gene- rally understood that the mantle of the illustrious Spurz- heim had fallen in an especial manner upon him ; and I was therefore desirous to receive his sanction of the new doctrines which I ha 1 advanced. But before I had an opportunity to make his acquaintance, I learned that he was opposed to the New System. He avoided mentioning it in his lectures and writings, and when the subject was urged upon his attention by some one who thought my doctrines correct, he seemed exceedingly an- noyed and irritated. Under these circumstances I de- clined his acquaintance, and determined to appeal to the scientific public. I was then engaged in lecturing in Pittsburg, Penn. ; and being informed by a correspon- dent that Mr. Combe was to lecture in Albany, I im- mediately proceeded to that city and gave a course of lectures, in which I stated to the highly respectable au- dience that attended, the grounds of the difference be- tween the two systems. At the conclusion of my course I was gratified to find my system had made a favorable impression, the evidence of which may be found in the proceedings and resolutions recorded in the conclud- ing part of this work. I then proceeded to the city of New-York, where I delivered a very successful course of lectures. In the meantime Mr. Combe gave his lectures in Albany, and at their conclusion a Phrenological Society was formed, and Mr. Combe's collection of plaster casts of heads purchased for illustrations. The relative merits of the 2 18 INTRODUCTION. two systems became the subject of much discussion, and I was invited to return to Albany and repeat my lectures. I consented, and rinding that the influence of Combe, Caldwell and Fowler was all united to ( reate a state of public opinion unfavorable to what I deemed the cause of truth, I was desirous to provoke a discus- sion which would give me an opportunity to vindicate myself. I therefore addressed a letter to the President of the Phrenological Society, requesting the appoint- ment of a committee composed of their most competent members, to investigate and determine the relative me- rits of the two systems. The committee seemed to be actuated only by the spirit of truth \ and accordingly, after a laborious investigation, and after corresponding with Combe, Caldwell, Haskins and other distinguished authors, they made a unanimous report in my favor. This report produced a very powerful sensation. It consists of twenty-eight pages, drawn up in a masterly manner by the chairman, Professor Eben Norton Hors- ford, now Rumford Professor in Harvard University, and laid before the Society for their consideration. Pro- fessor Amos Dean, of the Albany Medical College, (author of several able works on Phrenology,) read an argument of thirty pages in opposition to the report. One of his adherents read another of about equal length. About the same time the American Phrenological Jour- nal arrived in this city, thirteen pages of which were occupied with a very hostile review of my book, writ- ten by Dr. Caldwell , of Kentucky, a gentleman of great INTRODUCTION. 19 ability, and the author of several works upon this sub- ject. Professor Horsford replied to the objections and ar-4 guments which had been adduced, and in the face of the whole array of eloquence, authorities and prejudice, succeeded in obtaining for his report the sanction of a large majority of the Society, after it had been six months under their inspection, and the ingenuity of the most able critics in the country exhausted upon it. It is worthy of remark that when the investigation com- menced not one of the committee approved of my views. This Report was all that I could wish. Two thou- sand copies were printed, and it was widely circulated. It was sent to every one who was supposed to take es- pecial interest in the subject ; but up to the present time no one has attempted to controvert its positions, or deny the correctness of its conclusions. If any one enquires why all phrenological authors and lecturers did not at once adopt this system, or else show its imperfections, I can only answer by referring to the history of other improvements. Human nature always exhibits the same traits under similar circum- stances. When the Albany report was sent by the Chairman to a periodical which professed to be a Phrenological Journal, the editor was not permitted to notice it, such was the hostility of his employers to the new system. I will not comment upon these facts, but content my- self by making them known. In the meantime, the 20 INTRODUCTION. public generally, and all those (not being themselves authors, nor the dependents of authors of phrenological works,) who are disinterested and independent, without a single exception within my knowledge, have admitted the correctness of the Report, and the superiority of the new system. When the doctrines of Phreno-Magnetism and Neu- rology were announced, and were making converts by thousands, and multitudes of new organs were daily dis- covered by this means, so that my favorite system was threatened with an overwhelming inundation, I was forced to take up this subject in earnest. Almost every friend I met asked my opinion of the new doctrines and new organs, and seemed surprised at my scepticism. In 1842, the public were assured by Messrs. Sunder- land, Buchanan, Fowler and Caldwell in this country, and Elliotson, and many other phrenological writers in Great Britain, that the organs of the brain could be ex- cited by touching the head of a person in the mesmeric condition. A large number of new organs were an- nounced as discovered by this new process and some of them of such an extraordinary character as to entirely overturn my new system of phrenology — and indeed every other system, if their claims were admitted ; so- cial organs were discovered in the very midst of my Ip- seal class, and Ipseal organs in my social class; some of the warmest friends and stoutest advocates of my new system fell under the influence of the delusion, and I stood for a while almost alone, expecting soon to te obliged to surrender at discretion to the combined INTRODUCTION. 21 forces of Phreno-Mesmerism, Pathetism, Neurology and Hypnotism, for these were the formidable names which the new science assumed. At first, such was the force of the testimony that I supposed that the organs of the brain actually could be in some cases excited in the way pretended ; and had all the experimenters been as candid and judicious as Caldwell and Elliotson, I should doubtless have been completely misled ; but the extraordinary and ridiculous organs which Buchanan, Sunderland and Fowler pretended to have discovered rendered the whole proceeding suspicious, and induced me to commence a series of experiments for my own satisfaction. I very soon detected the nature of the errors which had been committed, but they were not easily dislodged from their hold upon the public mind. In 1845 I published a work of 350 pages entitled " Etherology, or the Philosophy of Mesmerism and Phrenology, including a new philosophy of sleep and of consciousness, with a review of the pretensions of Neurology and Phreno-Magnetism." This produced the desired effect. Buchanan's Neurology was abandon- ed. Nothing is now heard of the new organs, but a new delusion has taken its place under the name of Electro Biology, and Electro Psychology, which in reality are but effects of credencive induction as ex- plained in my Philosophy of Mesmerism. Mr. Fowler seems to give up the new mesmeric or- gans with much reluctance and regret, and it is indeed no wonder, for he had inserted into a new edition of 22 INTRODUCTION. his phrenology, a long catalogue of them and declared that he had verified them by the examination of thou- sands of crania. Mr. Fowler, says — " No sooner had an application of Animal Magnetism been made to Phrenology, than I eagerly embraced it, not only to test the truth of magnetism in regard to the organs that were fully estab- lished, but also, when satisfied on this point, to see which of the doubtful organs stood being tested with magnetism, as well as wheth- er new ones could be discovered. Accordingly, the Rev. Le Roy Sunderland, Dr. Sherwood and myself instituted a series of Phreno- Magnetic experiments; a summary of that portion of the results which relates to Phrenology is given. " Nothing has ever more interested me than those experiments, and I felt that I could not put another edition of this work to press, though it was stereotyped, without giving at least a summary of them. I will just add, that t have examined hundreds, probably thousands, of heads, since these discoveries were made, with the view of seeing whether examinations made by means of them, coin- cided with the characters, and I find they do without the least per- ceptible variation." It is hardly necessary to remark that these notions are now repudiated by every one, notwithstanding their verification by Mr. Fowler's examinations of crania. The truth is, that the subjects whose organs were supposed to be excited, were highly susceptible to the mental influence of the operators ; and «when any part of the head was touched, they very innocently man- ifested the phenomena which the enthusiastic opera- tors desired ; and they could very easily have been made to verify any other notions or organs, however absurd, which the wildest fancy could have suggested. The lesson taught in this matter should not be forgot- ten ; those who make examinations, and pronounce upon the size and function of parts, should be held to a rigid rule, from which fancy should be excluded. Mr. O. S. Fowler has lately, among various other similar things, published a phrenological work entitled INTRODUCTION. 23 u Physiology" containing so many scientific blun- ders, as to be really beneath criticism ; but it includes several things which it is my duty to notice in this place, as they claim to be new discoveries in the sci- ence of mind. One relates to the organ of conscious- ness. He says, page 257, speaking of the corpus cal- losum, " the seat of the soul is undoubtedly in this com- missure, and the corpus callosum undoubtedly serves to impart that concert to all the faculties called con- sciousness, by which one faculty calls up such of the others as may be required to accomplish the end sought ." Spurzheim and all other phrenologists denied that consciousness is the function of a single organ, and no phrenological writer suggested that there is a single and distinct organ of consciousness, before my work was published in 1845, on the Philosophy of Mesmerism and Phrenology. In 1844 I undertook to show that consciousness is lo- cated in the medulla oblongata and that the phreno-or- gans concentrate there and act upon it. Descartes made the pineal gland the seat of the soul, and some others among the ancients, placed the soul where Mr. Fowler has, in the callosum, but since phrenology has been taught, no advocate of this science ever suggested the idea that there is any conscious centre where all the phreno- organs act in concert, until I wrote my work on Etherology, in 1845. I gave my reasons in that work for this important improvement and attempted to recon- cile it with Phrenology. Mr. Fowler publishes the American Phrenological Journal ; and it was therefore 24 INTRODUCTION. his duty to inform his readers that I had made, or at least attempted, such an improvement ; but I am not aware that he has ever mentioned even the publication of any of my works, except to misrepresent them ; yet two years after my work was published, he comes out with aw organ of consciousness that he has just discovered. Such conduct only needs to be mentioned to be appre- ciated by honorable men as it deserves, But he locates consciousness in the corpus callosum and not in the medulla oblongata where I did. Haller, in his Physi- ology, written many years ago, refutes this idea and shows that it cannot be in the callosum ; this part has been ruined by disease and rent asunder, without affect- ing consciousness, so that it cannot reside there. (See Spurzheim's Anatomy of the Brain.) Again, the callo- sum is not possessed by birds, reptiles nor fishes, and only by the higher animals, yet the lowest animals have consciousness and they have faculties of mind to be " called up and to act in concert." Mr. Fowler must therefore, locate his consciousness some where else, — and I advise him when next he commits plagiarism, to take the whole, the organ and its location; such conduct would at least have the merit of boldness if not of hon- esty. There is another discovery of Mr. Fowler's, which is ushered before the world in this work on Physiology and that is, that (/ give his own words) : 11 The heart, lungs, muscles, liver, bowels, pancreas, kidney, and all the other organs of the body have their cerebral organs in the cerebellum ; this conclusion is admirably fortified by the fact that all the nerves which connect the brain with the body proceed from INTRODUCTION. 25 the cerebellum, as seen in the accompanying engraving, none from the cerebrum. This establishes the most perfectly reciprocal inter- relations between the body and cerebellum." Now the truth is, that no nerve whatever proceeds from the cerebellum ! ! and no one but Mr. Fowler can be found who will make such an assertion ; every one, the veriest tyro, who knows any thing of the anatomy of the brain and the distribution of the nerves, knows that this is untrue. u The accompanying engraving" itself, to which Mr. Fowler refers, betrays him ; it was evi- dently not made nor designed by Mr. Fowler, but was probably an old engraving which was originally intend- ed and used for some other purpose ; for upon a close inspection, it positively contradicts Mr. Fowler's asser- tion, that it will exhibit the nerves proceeding from the cerebellum ; the nerves, even upon the engraving, pro- ceed from the medulla oblongata, just as they should do, and not from the cerebellum as Mr. Fowler asserts. It seems almost incredible that Mr. Fowler should have lectured upon Phrenology more than a dozen years, and yet make such a blunder as this, but so it is. Any one who will take the trouble to look at a brain, will see at a glance that no nerve proceeds from the cerebellum to any part of the body ; but Mr. Fowler says that all the nerves which relate to the body proceed from the cere- bellum, and he attempts upon this foundation, to build up a theory of what he very classically terms the inter- relation between the body and the cerebral organs of the cerebellum ! ! This is a fair specimen of Mr. Fow- ler's writings with which he is now inundating the 26 * INTRODUCTION. country ; and although in a scientific point of view they are beneath serious criticism, this does not prevent the half-educated and " superficial " multitude from being misled by them. Nothing, I fear, will put a stop to these mischievous pretensions until an association is formed, composed of men of real solid attainments and sterling worth ; a society whose sanction of truth will have ex- tensive influence, and whose censure will annihilate pre- sumptuous ignorance, and send pretenders back to their rudimentary studies. In Europe there are some indications that Phrenolo- gy will be permanently established upon their institu- tions of learning. I understand that Dr. Robertson 01 Paris, has, by his will, left $60,000 to the Edinburgh Phrenological Society, and I have also been informed that a Professorship of Phrenology has been establish- ed in one of the Universities of Scotland. In this country a conviction is settling upon the minds of all educated men, that the grand principles and the leading facts of phrenology are true ; but there is also a still more general conviction, that it is at present of no prac- tical value — that it is imperfect — that the truth is min- gled and adulterated with so much error as to render it merely a dangerous counterfeit — as a science it has been found deficient in system and consistency, and as an art it has been wanting in precision and practical certainty. This is the verdict of the public in this country, upon Phrenology as taught by Combe and Fowler. I pro- pose a reform, and offer a new system which I think is more in harmony with nature. I retain of the sys- INTRODUCTION. 27 tem of Spurzheim all that I find to be true, and reject the rest. Having devoted more than twelve years to in- vestigation, observation and enquiry — this system is the result. I ask that it be examined thoroughly. Let not friendship favor it, nor charity spare its faults ; but let the keen edge of truthful criticism lay bare its de- fects with remorseless justice ; error deserves no friends and truth can safely bid defiance to the scrutiny of all its enemies. I have no selfish wish to propagate doc- trines merely beeause they are mine ; no one can be more eager to worship in the temple of truth, and no one can be more desirous to sacrifice his own egotism at her shrine. J. STANLEY GRIMES. Boston Feb. 22, 1850. SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION. The organs of the brain may be scientifically and technically classified into Orders, Genera and Species, as follows ,: ORDER I. — DIRECTIVES. These were by Spurzheim denominated Intellectual Faculties. Their office is to receive impressions and transmit them to the mind. They may be divided into two genera, as follows : GENUS I. PEB.CEPTIVES. They receive impressions through the senses directly from external objects, modify them and transmit them to the conscious centre in the medulla oblongata, (the sensorium) where the mind resides, and operates in a mysterious manner, which is not yet understood. GENUS II. REFLECTIVES. These differ from the Perceptives in this, that they do not receive impressions directly from external ob- jects through the external senses, but they receive all their impressions by reflection from the other organs 30 CLASSIFICATION. through the central mind or sensorium. These organs enable the mind to perceive the relations of all the im- pressions made by all other organs upon the mind. ORDER II.— IMPULSIYES. These were by Spurzheim denominated Affective Fa cutties and divided into propensities and sentiments. They receive impressions from the various parts of the body directly, and from the Directives indirectly, through the mind; they are excited by our various wants, and impel us to those actions which are calculated to relieve them, but these Impulsives are blind and need the guidance of the Directives to reach the objects at which they aim. This Order is divided into two genera : GENUS I. IPSEALS. These originate actions that relate to self, and are subdivided into five species, called Ranges. Species 1. Corporeal. Species 2. Belligerent. Species 3. Prudential. Species 4. Industrial. Species 5. Improving. CLASSIFICATION 31 GENUS II. SOCIALS. Which originate actions relating to society and all intelligent beings. They are subdivided into three species. Species 1. Establishing. Species 2. Governing. Species 3. Conforming. ORDER III. — SENSORIUM. A central organ of consciousness — the residence of the mind — it is located in the medulla oblongata at the point where the fibres of the brain converge, and where all the nerves of volition and sensation communicate and connect with the brain and with each other. Each organ of the brain when excited either impels to action or directs action, and at the same time excites the mind, evolving ideas and emotions peculiar to the organ excited. The Sensorium cannot be divided unless by considering the different states of mind produced by different organs as subjects of subdivision; this is the province of psychology and cannot be discussed in this treatise. ANALYSIS OF THE PHRENO. ORGANS ORDER I.— DIRECTIVE ORGANS. GENUS I. — PERCEPTIVES. 1. Flavor or Chemicality. — This organ enables ani- mals and man to judge of the qualities of food, air and perfumes. When large it bestows the power of nice dis- crimination in matters of taste and smell, but it does not give any disposition to indulge the appetite to ex- cess. The organ is so situated as when large to give prominence to the bone just under the eye when com- pared with the prominence of the forehead. The olfac- tory nerve appears to terminate in this organ. It was discovered by the author in 1837. 2. Extension or Size. — Perception of distance, size, perspective. This organ is important in drawing, form- ing and measuring. It is my opinion that what we call the organ Form^ depends upon a combination of Extension and of Di- DIRECTIVES. 33 rection aided by Reflection. Form is extension in vari- ous directions. This organ when large, gives width and fulness between and immediately above the eyes. The space which others allot to the organs of Form and Size and Individuality, I allot to this one organ. This conclusion is the result of much observation and prac- tice. 3. Direction, commonly denominated Locality. — It gives perception of the points of the compass and the direction of objects. Locality, the perception and me- mory of places, depends, in my opinion, upon a combi- nation of Extension and Direction, aided by some de- gree of reflection ; a talent for drawing, for mapping and for navigation depends also upon the same combination. This organ is situated between the centre of the fore- head and the middle of the eye brow. It must be ac- knowledged that after puberty the frontal sinus or ca- Note. Individuality. — I consider this a very doubtful organ; indeed I must confess that I do not believe in the existence of any such faculty, and of course I cannot admit the organ. It was thought by Spurzheim that a fulness of that part of the forehead where it joins the nose, indicates a faculty of perceiving things in general, without reference to their qualities. He considered it the faculty of individualizing and of forming such ideas as God, man, tree. Now to my mind it is clear that such ideas depend upon the Reflectives aided by all the Perceptives. I admit that a person who is full in this part of the head is possessed of the talent for the observation and memory of some qualities of things, and I explain it by saying that the part called Individuality is composed of portions of the organs of Direction, Eventuality and Extension. Note. Form. — I do not' think that this is an independent or- gan, but that it is composed of portions of the organs of Extension and of Direction. I admit that width between the eyes indicates a memory of faces and forms, and so far Dr. Gall was correct ; but I deny that this power depends upon a single organ. 34 DIRECTIVES. vity in the skull bone, renders it difficult to determine the size of an organ in this part of the head. 4. Weight. — Perception of resistance or momentum. It is the essential organ concerned in giving the talent for mechanical skill and the delicate use of instruments in surgery, music, machinery and engraving. It must of course be possessed in a good degree by most animals, since it gives the power to command the muscles skil- fully in balancing, touching and jumping ; combined with the Reflectives it gives the engineering talent and the power of calculating the result of combined forces. When large it gives depth to the brow and an over- hanging appearance between the middle of the brow and the side of the nose. 5. Eventuality. — The perception of motion, change and phenomena. The foundation of the talent for histo- ry, biography, anecdotes and general knowledge ; com- bined with the organ of Words it gives a talent for learning and literature in general. When the Reflec- tives are small it gives a tendency to be minute in the details of narrative, but when the organ of Words and of Eventuality are small and the Reflectives large, con- ciseness and brevity are the result. It occupies the centre of the forehead and gives it fulness. 6. Words or Sound or Language. — Memory of words and the perception and memory of sounds. It is possessed by animals and man. It is the foundation of the talent for acquiring languages and also of writing and speaking ; but this organ alone will not make a lin- DIRECTIVES. 35 guist, a speaker, nor a writer ; a good combination of in- tellectual organs is necessary for this purpose. I think this organ is one important element in the talent for a musical perception of sounds. I suppose that the organ of Tune merely gives the disposition to use the voice and to imitate it by instruments. When large it gives prominence to the eyes and crowds them downwards. 7. Color. — Perception of hues and tints and nice shades of color ; it is large in distinguished painters. I very seldom find this organ so decidedly developed as to give me confidence in the external indication. I frank- ly acknowledge also that after the age of thirty, the bones of the skull and the frontal sinus, (a cavity in the skull bone over the eyes,) render observations in many cases uncertain. It give fulness to the middle of the eye brow. 8. Order. — A perception of the order, succession and arrangement of external objects. It gives a nicety, particularity, regularity and precision in all operations that require it and sometimes in those that do not ; com- bined with Causality it gives system to operations. Is it not related to regularity in time, in music and in danc- ing 1 It gives prominence to the brow between the centre and the outer extremity. 9. Number or Arithmetical Calculation. — The foundation of mathematical talent ; combined with Or- der it makes a good book-keeper and accountant ; com- bined with Comparison a good salesman and purchaser, 36 DIRECTIVES. where rapid computation is necessary ; combined with the Reflectives it gives a talent in the higher branches of mathematics. It produces fulness in the outer extremity of the brow. 10. Time. — An organ proposed by Spurzheim. He thinks that it gives the perception of time in chronolo- gy, dancing and music : but I have not fully confirmed it by my observations; and I strongly suspect that Spurz- heim was deceived by some appearances, produced by a combination of Causality, Eventuality and Order. I doubt the existence of the organ of Time, but I do not deny it with entire positiveness. It is situated just above the organ of color, and out- side of Eventuality. 11. Tune or Vocalness. — This is reckoned by all writers upon Phrenology, as an intellectual organ, but all the practitioners seem to admit that they cannot pro- nounce an opinion with any thing like positiveness oi satisfaction concerning the musical talents of any one from his developements. This part of the brain is evi- dently related in some way to music, but it is not yet agreed in what way it contributes to bestow musical ability. My own opinion at present is, that this organ ought not to be classed here with the Directives, but with the Impulsives. Its function I conceive is to prompt and impel to make vocal sounds, whether musi- cal or not— to exert the powers of voice that we may thus make known our wants. It should therefore be classed with the Ipseals if this view is correct. It gives DIRECTIVES. 37 a love of music merely because music calls the powers of the voice into exercise. But this organ needs fur- ther investigation before we can speak confidently con- cerning it. It is located just above the organ of Number, which is at the outer extremity of the eye brow and extends up to the organ of Experimentiveness. I shall not ven- ture to change it to the Ipseal class, but suspect that it will ultimately be done by future investigators. GENUS II. REFLECTIVES. 12. Comparison or Classification, — All the ideas which we acquire by the Perceptives and also by the ope- ration of the Impulsives are analyzed, compared and classed by this faculty, and when this is well tlone they can be called up as they are wanted, with ease and fa- cility. It is the foundation of the talent for rhetoric, poetry and of scientific classification, and also of analo-' gical illustration in teaching ; it originates parables, comparisons and allegories — it gives that kind of judg- ment which is founded on comparison with past experi- ence, and not upon original reasoning founded upon the nature of things. It is located in the centre of the upper part of the forehead. 13. Causality or Connection. — This power, like Comparison, relates to all the other powers as their su- perior. It perceives the connection, relation and de- pendence of all ideas and. feelings, all appearances and 38 DIRECTIVES. phenomena. It is the organ which gives the idea of the unity and connection of things that are apparently different, disconnected or confused. It is this that seeks for the cause of things — the unseen nature of things — the origin and the ultimate results of all movements ; it is this that seeks for the laws of nature which con- nect together things the most distant, various, and ap- parently discordant ; it gives ability to find new, shorter and better modes of producing results ; in mechanics, in science and in poetry, this gives originality, ingenuity, profoundness, foresight and sagacity. But important and powerful as this faculty is, it can only act upon the material furnished by other organs, and therefore we cannot determine what this organ will produce without first knowing the size and condition of the other organs. It is situated at the outer side of Comparison about an inch from the middle line of the head, and contri- butes to give prominence to the side of the upper part of the forehead. IMPULSIVES. 39 REMARKS ON THE NATURE OF THE IMPULSIVE POWERS AS DISTIN- GUISHED FROM THE DIRECTIVES OR INTELLECTUALS. What I name here Impulsives, Spurzheim named Effective Faculties. I object to the division of the Im- pulsives made by Spurzheim, into animal propensities and moral sentiments. There is no ground for the dis- tinction : the reasons given by Spurzheim are utterly erroneous, for he alleges that the moral sentiments (higher Impulsives) are accompanied by peculiar emo- tions which distinguish them from animal propensities, (higher Impulsives.) I object to this, and appeal to the consciousness of any man, whether his animal propen- sities are not, when active, accompanied with emotions quite as peculiar and even more powerful than those which attend the operation of the higher powers, which Spurzheim denominates Moral Sentiments. Is not Ali- mentiveness accompanied with hunger, and Destruc- tiveness with anger, and the lower Socials with emo- tions of love, and are not these emotions as powerful and as peculiar as those that attend Kindness, Submis- siveness, Conscientiousness or Imitativeness ? There is then no ground for this division, since each organ pro- duces an emotion or state of consciousness peculiar to itself and different from that produced by every other organ. 40 IMPULSIVES. The classification by Fowler includes all the faults of that of Spurzheim, besides still greater faults of its own, and has never been deemed worthy of especial criti- cism. Instead, therefore, of dividing the Impulsive organs into propensities and sentiments, I divide them into Ip- seal and Social, and subdivide them into Ranges and Groups. This classification has received such high and extensive sanction that I think it may now be deemed as permanently established. REMARKS ON THE ARRANGEMENT OF THE IPSEALS. The rule which should be our guide in a scientific classification of natural objects is, to arrange together those things which bear the nearest affinity and analogy to each other. I conceive that the perfection of any science depends almost entirely upon the success of its founders in the arrangement, classification and nomen- clature of its elements : for this reason I have always been solicitous to discover the true and natural founda- tions for a systematic arrangement and a correct nomen- clature of the Phreno-organs. In considering the whole Ipseal class I thought I discovered that from Pneumativeness to Hopefulness, there is a regular sue- IMPULSIVES. 41 cession and order of developement which a philosophic mind could not easily mistake ; that these organs are connected together as a natural chain, consisting of twelve or more links, each of which upon a careful analysis, is found to have the Ipseal character and to possess an undoubted right to be admitted into the fami- ly of Ipseal organs. Again it is evident that the first three Ipseals have one feature in common which is not possessed by any other organs of this class, namely, that they directly relate to corporeal^ Ipseal wants. The two organs above these bear also a common character, they tend to violence^ for Ipseal purposes ; they are un- like the two powers Secretiveness and Cautious- ness and are so nearly alike in function, as to be with difficulty distinguished from each other, yet they are both easily distinguished from any other organs of this class, no other has the violent character. The next or third Range is composed of Secretive- ness and Cautiousness ; here again the functions are strongly analogous, and the propriety of the association of the two organs into one Range is perfectly obvious, at the same time the utter absence of hostility or vio- lence in their character not only distinguishes them from the preceding organs, but actually affords so pow- erful a contrast that while one Range deserves the name of Belligerent^ the other is equally entitled to the term Prudential. In the fourth Range, consisting of Constructiveness and Acquisitiveness, the analogy of the two organs is less striking at first, but upon examination it becomes 42 IMPULSIVES. not only obvious but highly interesting ; they have much in common, — they both relate to the same class of objects — both relate to climate — to future Ipseal wants and to those productions of nature which we expect to need ; both distinguish the Rodentia and neither is une- quivocally manifested by any other quadruped. Spurz- heim was particularly struck with the anatomical con- nection of these two organs. Finally, we come to the highest Ipseal Range. Here as might be expected, the sphere of action is less con- fined — there is a greater freedom of choice — a greater variety of objects is concerned ; but amid and above the whole there is one grand distinctive feature which marks all the organs in this Range and which can easily be discovered — it is a tendency to change for the sake of improvement. All human performances are necessarily imperfect ; but I doubt whether in the whole round of the sciences any thing more beautifully systematic can be found, than is exhibited in the arrangement of the Phreno-or- gans as thus set forth, IMPULSIVES. 43 ORDER II. — IMPULSIVES. GENUS I. IPSEALS. These organs impel to those acts and produce those feelings which relate exclusively to the advantage of self and therefore they are denominated Ipseal, from the Latin word Ipse, self. A person who has the Ipse- als generally large and the Socials small may be said to be an Ipseal character, but it rarely happens that they are all large ; most persons have some Ipseals and some Socials large while other Ipseals and Socials are small. The Ipseals are divided into five Species denominated Ranges, as follows : SPECIES I. — CORPOREAL RANGE. This Range is related to the corporeal necessities. I. pneumativeness. — The propensity to breathe vo- luntarily and to make exertions to obtain air when it is required. When sufficient air cannot be produced it is this that produces that agonizing consciousness which is called a sense of suffocation ; the Pneumogastric nerve (lungs and stomach) connects the lungs with the brain and with this organ. Persons in whom this organ is deficient, fall easily into sedentary habits and become careless in regard to the ventilation of their rooms. When the organ is developed to excess it produces such a love of exercise in the open air as to disqualify for study 44 IMPULSIVES. and reflection. A comparison of the brains of Indians with those of white men shows that this organ is gene- rally much larger in the Indians. It is generally large in those who have large lungs. The author discovered this organ in 1837. When large it gives greater prominence forward and greater width to the cheek bones than they would have if it were small. II. Alimentiveness. — The propensity to eat and drink — when not gratified it produces a state of con- sciousness called hunger or thirst. It is large in those who never forget or neglect to attend to matters relating to food. It does not follow that those who have this organ large are great gormandizers or drunkards, they may eat but little, but that little is deemed by them a matter of great importance ; persons, on the contrary, with the organ small although they may occasionally eat immoderately, are very apt to neglect their food and be irregular in their attendance to their meals — their minds being pre-occupied with matter interesting to lar- ger organs. A branch of the Pneumogastric nerve con- nects this organ and the brain with the stomach. It gives width just before the orifice of the ear. III. Sanativeness. — Bodily pain, injury and disease; the propensity to protect the constitution from injuries and diseases. When any part of the body is injured or diseased an impression is transmitted along the nerves to Sanativeness, and from this organ to the central Con- sciousness, thus rousing the mind to a sense of pain. Bodily pain is therefore produced by this organ in order IMPULSIVES. 45 to rouse all the powers of mind and body to protect the constitution and remove the cause of the injury and pain. Sanativeness is generally largest on those ani- mals and men who take the most delight in injuring others. The larger the organ the more acute is the feeling of pain ; the rabbit, the lamb and the deer re- ceive fatal wounds with much less ado than the cat or the dog. The nerves, which are called the nerves of common sensation, proceed from all parts of the body to the brain to enable Sanativeness to receive impres- sions when the parts are injured. The word is derived from the Latin sanitas, which signifies soundness of the body or mind. The author discovered this organ and announced it several years ago. It gives width to the head just above the ears and below Destructiveness, and tends to crowd the ears outward and forward. SPECIES. 2. BELLIGERENT RANGE. This range is best illustrated by the lion, tiger, dog and other carnivorous (flesh eating) animals, it has, therefore, sometimes and with some propriety been de- nominated the Carnivorous Range ; but the fact that many herbivorous animals are very combative renders it improper to characterize this Range as exclusively car ■ nivorous ; I therefore have adopted the term Bellige- rent as more unexceptionable. I have been the more willing to do this, because some critics objected to the subdivision itself, on account of the names which I used in my first edition, published in 1839. 46 IMPULSIVES. IV. Destructiveness. — The propensity to kill for food — to injure for any ether purpose, accompanied with a wrathful or angry state of mind. It is large on all carnivorous animals and men who are constitution- ally disposed to eat flesh ; it is small on those animals and those races of men who are remarkable for absti- nence from flesh-food, the Hindoo for instance. Those who have the organ large are apt to direct it to the de- struction of any object that displeases them and to ex- press themselves with severity and bitterness when pro- voked. It sometimes produces cursing, denunciation and sarcasm in favor of oppressed innocence and in op- position to tyranny and injustice, but it often produces mischief and always needs to be guarded by charity and a good conscience. It gives w T idth to that part of the head which is co- vered by the top of the ears. V. Combativeness. — This is the propensity to con- tend, not to destroy, but only for mastery — for victory, and to have the privilege of gratifying the impulses in despite of opposition ; among some of the most pow- erful herbivorous and indestructive animals the males contend fiercely with each other for the favor of the females. It gives to men who have it large, especially if Secretiveness and Cautiousness are small, a love of disputation even on slight occasions. It produces in the mind the feeling (consciousness) of resentment. It gives width to the head a little above and behind the ears. IMPULSIVES. 47 SPECIES 3. PRUDENTIAL RANGE. This was formerly denominated the Herbivorous Range, because it was thought to be manifested by her- bivorous animals especially, but Professor E. N. Hors- ford has objected, and I admit with much propriety, that Secretiveness is manifested with more energy by some nocturnal carnivorous animals than by any of the herbivorous ; I have therefore thought it better to change the name of this Range and to make it conform to the actual manifestations. It seems to me that the word Prudential conveys a just notion of the effect of both or either of the organs of this Range. VI. Secretiveness. — Propensity to conceal inten- tions by acting indirectly and cunningly. We have no word in our language to express the feeling or state of consciousness which this organ usually produces ; the word suspicion conveys an idea of the feeling which it produces when we are watching others. Some have proposed to call this the organ of Watchfulness , but I think that Cautiousness might receive the same name with more propriety. Secretiveness is often useful and proper, but it sometimes is excessive while the moral edu- cation is deficient, and then it produces falsehood and deception ; when this organ is deficient the person is disposed to be open, direct and frank in his manners and conduct. It gives width to the middle of the side of the head about an inch above the top of the ears. 48 IMPULSIVES. VII. Cautiousness or Watchfulness. — Propensity to watch for coming difficulty and trouble — to avoid danger, and to restrain present gratification when it may be hereafter injurious. When first discovered it was called Foresight. It often produces hesitation and irresolution when a bold decided course is required ; it causes the feeling of fear and apprehension ; when in excess it sometimes produces fright and cowardice ; when deficient, carelessness and recklessness are often manifested. The manifestations of Cautiousness are often confounded with those of Sanativeness, but Cau- tiousness is related to the future, the distant and the doubtful, while Sanativeness is most frequently roused by the actual injury or disease of some part of the bo- dy ; when the two combine they often produce hypo- chondria, especially if the liver or stomach is diseased. The skulls of the herbivorous (vegetable eating) ani- mals, can easily be distinguished from those of the car- nivorous by the fact that the herbivorous are large at Cautiousness, and the carnivorous at Destructiveness. It gives width to the upper back part of the head. SPECIES 4. INDUSTRIAL RANGE. The powers of this Range are so well manifested by that class of animals denominated the Rodentia or gnawers, that it is sometimes called the Rodentia Range. The beaver, the wood-chuck or marmot, the rat and the squirrel are instances of the Rodentia. The word Industrial conveys an excellent idea of the true func- IMPULSIVES. 49 tions of the organs, for it includes the manifestations of Constructiveness and Acquisitiveness. The object of all the arts of industry is, to provide for future necessities, and those who have this Range largely developed have a natural tendency to engage in such arts. The Caucasian race are large in this part of the head, and the African deficient. VIII. Constructiveness. — The propensity to change the form and size of natural productions to adapt them to our use. It gives the disposition to construct — build or manufacture ; many who have this organ large are conscious of a love of the useful arts although they have not acquired practical skill. Mechanical talent is not produced by this organ alone, it merely produces a tendency to engage in mechanical operations ; the abi- lity to manifest skill in the use of instruments depends upon the Perceptive organs, and an ability to invent mechanical engines and instruments depends upon the Reflectives ; a love of the fine arts depends upon Per- fectiveness : all these combined are necessary to pro- duce a great genius in all the departments of the arts and in mechanical philosophy. If a line be drawn from the orifice of the ear to the centre of the upper part of the forehead this organ will be just about in the middle of that line. IX. Acquisitiveness. — The propensity to acquire and store up for future use whatever we expect to want. Beavers and many other Rodents store up during au- tumn the provisions which they will need the succeed- ing winter. Man not only stores up provisions for 4 50 IMPULSIVES. winter, but he acquires property of all kinds for all his life and for his posterity. This organ, like Construc- tiveness, only gives the tendency or habit, but not the ability unless combined with intellect and other requi- site qualities. Avarice is caused by general selfishness combined with the activity of this organ while the So- cial powers are deficient. Penuriousness is caused by this organ being active in a timid or weak man. Theft is caused by the activity of this organ upon an ignorant or depraved mind. Profuseness or neglect of pro- perty may be caused by a deficiency of this organ and of Cautiousness. It is situated above and behind Constructiveness, a little above and before the centre of the side of the head. SPECIES 5. IMPROVING RANGE. This is sometimes denominated the Human Range, because it is manifested in a high degree by man only ; but as I had resolved to establish a nomenclature which should distinguish the function performed by each Range, rather than the class of animals that manifests it in the highest degree, I have adopted the word Improv- ing as more expressive of the distinctive character of the Range than any other term which occurs to me. I think it will be found upon a careful analysis of the or- gans that constitute this Range, that there is some pro- priety in giving it this denomination. X. Experiments veness. — Playfulness — wit — mirth- fulness. No organ has caused so much discussion IMPULSIVES. 51 among Phrenological writers as this. Dr. Gall thought it produced wit, Spurzheim believed that it also pro- duced mirthfulness — various notions were entertained concerning it by the Scotch Phrenologians. In 1839 I announced that I considered it the cause of play and sportiveness in animals and children : Brousais, in France, about the same time, unknown to me, announc- ed that he and also Vimont had made a similar obser- vation. I have lately noticed that it gives a disposi- tion to try experiments in times of necessity and when we are in doubt concerning the extent of our abilities. Much of the play of children and young animals and even of men is but a kind of experimental trial of their powers. There is a species of apparently spontaneous activity arising from excessive, nutrition and respiration, and a want of serious occupation, which is sometimes denomi- nated a " flow of animal spirits," and sometimes it is called a " love of exercise," but neither of these must be confounded with the manifestations of this organ. This organ does not, in my opinion, give a disposi- tion to do some thing and any thing merely to gratify the powers that need exercise, but it seems to give a tendency to do something new, as an experimental test of ability. I think that if we carefully analyze the sports of the higher animals and children, we shall perceive that they are composed of two distinct elements ; one is a mere love of exercise without interest, object or aim, another is a love of experiment — doing something new and dif- 52 IMPULSIVES. ficult as a test of ability — as soon as they succeed and it is no longer an experiment they are tired of it and proceed to some new experiment. I consider this the basis of the love of experimental philosophy, and also of ability to resort to new expedients when surrounded by difficulty and danger of a novel kind. A perpendicular line drawn from the middle of the eye brow will pass through the front inner border of this organ, another line drawn from the orifice of the ear to the middle of the upper part of the forehead will pass through its centre. XI. Perfecti veness, commonly called Ideality. — Love of improvement — self educating propensity — the foundation of the love of the fine arts — invention, planning and improved methods of operating — love of the improved and beautiful in language, in art, in man- ners, in dress, in every thing. When in excess and not guided by a well balanced intellect and knowledge, it leads to useless contrivances, foolish, fanciful conceits and vain attempts at finery, the mere mockery of im provement and beauty. This organ only gives the dis position to attempt improvements but the ability de pends upon other organs, especially the intellectual di- rectors. When large it gives width to the upper part of the forehead. XII. Hope or Migrativeness. — Propensity to mi- grate and to act confidently with reference to the dis- tant, the doubtful and uncertain— to act as if success in future is certain. It bestows enterprize and leads to IMPULSIVES. 53 great undertakings. It seems to be this which leads to migration from a habitation which is no longer agreea- ble and when some distant region is more promising ; it leads its possessor to expect pleasure and happiness in another and a better place, and to wish to go to the promised land. When in excess it produces visionary schemes and foolish enterprizes ; when guided by reli- gious faith it produces a hope of eternal happiness in another and better world. A perpendicular line drawn from the orifice of the ear will pass through this organ, and another line drawn horizontally from the upper part of the forehead will also pass through it. GENUS II. — SOCIAL IMPULSIVES, This class is conveniently and almost naturally subdi- vided into three groups of five organs each. SPECIES 1. ESTABLISHING GROUP. This is so denominated because its organs tend to es- tablish society by producing the young, rearing them w T ith tenderness, fixing a home and binding the kindred in the bonds of family affection. 1st. Amativeness. — The propensity to propagate the species and to love the opposite sex. When combined with higher powers in a virtuous mind, it is the founda- 54 IMPULSIVES. tion of true love and matrimonial attachment; in a vi- cious mind it leads to licentiousness. It gives general fulness and roundness to that part of the back of the head between the ears where it joins the neck. 2d. Parentiveness or Philoprogenitiveness. — The propensity to protect and cherish weak and help- less children ; it produces a general tenderness towards the delicate, weak and defenceless among men or ani- mals, or even plants. It gives prominence and length to the central back part of the head above Amativeness. 3d. Inhabitiveness. — The propensity to remain in a permanent and fixed habitation — love of home. When large it has an effect upon the habits of thought and speech, to render them concentrated and to prevent them from assuming a rambling character — running from one thing to another — but confines the train of ideas to a more limited and concentrated range of ob- jects and topics. I cannot agree with those who would change the name of this organ to Concentrativeness, nor with those who would divide it into two portions, naming one part Inhabitiveness and the other part Concentrativeness. I consider Concentrativeness as an incidental effect of Inhabitiveness and not as its primary function. This organ when large prevents a sudden falling off and depression above Parentiveness in the middle line. 4th. Adhesiveness. — It is the propensity to form attachments, especially in youth, first to the mother 1MPULSIYE3. 55 then the father, and brothers, and sisters, and kindred, and associates, and finally, it combines with Amative- ncss to produce conjugal attachment. It is generally large in children and females, and in most of those who are constitutionally weak, timid and dependent, but it is sometimes very large upon those who are bold, mas- culine and strong. When large it seems to give width to Inhabitiveness. Parentiveness and Adhesiveness combine to make the head long from the ear backwards. SPECIES 2. GOVERNING GROUP. These organs tend to the government ot the family and of society with popularity, firmness and justice. 5th. Imperativeness. — Self esteem — Pride. This is the propensity to command in social intercourse — to direct the operations of others — to acquire social pow- er — to assume authority ; combined with the intellect it produces a high estimation of the individual's own importance in the social and political circle in which he moves, and a feeling of the love of independence — pre- vents him from courting favor, approbation or popula- rity by manners, dress, language, or excellence in works of art or other performances. The object of this organ is obvious, since without it there could not be even the rudimentary commencement of government among animals nor men; accordingly, wherever we see animals or men living in societies, we see this propen- sity manifested : natural history abounds with interest- 56 IMPULSIVES. ing illustrations of this principle, especially among bees, ants and beavers. This organ when large gives prominence to the up- per back part of the head in the middle line ; a cord passing around the chin and going half-way between the eye and the ear, to go over the head will pass over this organ. 6th. Approbativeness. — Love of popularity — desire of the good opinion of others — regard for reputation — desire for applause and fame ; propensity to conciliate those who have influence. In ignorance it is apt to de- generate into vanity, and in a vicious and depraved mind it sometimes gives a love of dishonorable and wicked notoriety. Dandies, fops and fashionable ex- quisites have this large and generally combined with refined taste in small and unintellectual matters, such as require no more understanding than children possess; combined with superior powers it sometimes gives a love of fame and immortal renown. This organ seems to give width to Imperativeness. 7th. Firmness. — Love of consistency — resistance of the persuasive influence of others — disposition to main- tain a position once assumed ; this must not be con- founded with the resistance which springs from Comba- tiveness or Destructiveness. Firmness is of very great importance in the government of families and commu- nities ; it prevents a frequent change of plans, opinions and manners ; it also prevents the formation of new and sudden acquaintances and friendships to the neglect of those already acquired. IMPULSIVES. 57 This organ is at the top of the head, back of the cen- tre. 8th. Justice or Conscientiousness. — Equity — the propensity to act impartially and justly between the dif- ferent members of society. I do not think that this organ alone, however large, gives the disposition to do right to superiors; nor does it give honesty to mercantile dealings when opposed to selfishness, though even in such cases it has considerable influence. Honesty depends up- on a combination of this organ with a fair developement of Firmness, Submissiveness, Credenciveness, Kindness, Approbativeness, and a well instructed mind. The true and primitive function of this organ seems to be to give a disposition to govern impartially, and to treat with equity those who are dependent upon us or in our power ; but though this was its primitive use it is also apt to manifest itself by giving a love of justice and truth in general. What is called remorse of conscience does not depend upon this organ alone, but upon a com- bination of all the higher social and intellectual powers of the mind. A careful review of all the organs of this Group will render it manifest that they bear an im- portant relation to the government of society. This organ seems to give width to Firmness. SPECIES 3. CONFORMING GROUP. The tendency of this Group is in many respects the opposite of the Governing Group. It produces a dis- position to submit, oblige, sympathise and believe ; it 58 IMPULSIVES. thus produres loyalty and conformity to existing insti- tutions and to those who have power and influence ; when both the Governing and Conforming Groups are large there is a disposition to govern inferiors or to con- form to superiors, according to circumstances, and the effect of this combination is very happy and useful. 9th. Submissiveness. — Veneration — reverence — pro- pensity to recognize and submit to superior power, au- thority and influence — tendency to obey, to pay defe- rence and respect to equals, and especially to those who are in power, such as parents, magistrates, and also those supernatural powers whose existence is believed in. When in excess and acting in ignorance it tends tp slavishness and to servile following of authority, without proper manly independence. It thus may be- come one of the elements of superstition. This organ is small m and Firmness large in the stubborn, irreve- rent, unsubmissive, self-willed and impertinent ; it is difficult to make such persons understand the duty of obedience ; when young they often seem more vicious than they really are, because they will not be guided by the advice, nor influenced by the authority of those who have had experience — their own will is their rule of right, and in ignorance, this rule is generally erroneous: when they become older they perceive and regret their previous folly and disobedience This organ is in the centre of the top of the head. 10th. Kindness. — Benevolence— good nature — cour- tesy, especially to strangers and new acquaintances and to society in general rather than family friends ; it is op? IMPULSIVES. 59 posed to prejudice, haughtiness, reserve and repulsive- ness of manners to strangers ; and tends to give amia- bleness, gentleness, mildness of manner and an obliging disposition. Combined with Submissiveness, if Firm- ness is small, it produces a degree of good nature, which amounts to weakness, and unfits its possessor for official situations where decision is necessary to repel the soli- citations and importunities of associates and friends ; but this combination qualifies one to act in a secondary and subordinate capacity where the responsibility and duty of unkind decisions is borne by others. This organ extends from the middle of the top of the forehead about three inches backwards. 11th. Imitativeness. — Sympathy — Human nature. Propensity to adopt the manners, habits of dress, pro- nunciations, and expressions of associates. This organ is intimately related to Kindness and Submissiveness, and combines with them to produce sympathy or simi- larity of feeling and conduct to that of others. Mi- micking is usually disrespectful imitation, and to be suc- cessfully performed requires that previous precision of observation which depends upon large Perceptives. This organ large, combined with large Reflectives, tends with several other organs, to acquire knowledge of the mental conditions and motives of associates, and a general knowledge of human nature. I pointed out this fact many years ago, and since then some phreno- logians have caught up the idea and proclaimed, that at the front part of this organ there is an organ of Hu- man Nature. This is plainly an error in theory, though % (50 IMPULSIVES. in practice it will generally prove correct, since this combination actually produces nearly the same practical result as if it were produced by a single organ. Strict- ly there cannot be one organ especially related to a knowledge of human nature; but all the Socials in some degree and in some sense, are organs of the knowledge of human nature, since each gives a tendency to learn those things concerning others which are caculated to guide to its gratification; and as the organs of Kindness, Imitativeness and Credenciveness relate to all the mem- bers of society, whether friends or strangers, these or- gans of course lend to a knowledge of human nature in general, especially when combined with Reflection. This organ runs parallel with kindness and combines with it to give heighth to the forehead. 12th. Credenciveness. — Wonder — marvelousness — tendency to act upon the testimony and assertions of others— to believe what others say, write or publish ; it is the basis of faith in revealed religion — belief in history — confidence in judicial testimony, such as courts of justice rely upon — it makes one member of society assume the truth of what another asserts, and act upon it as if he had acquired the knowledge by his own expe- rience ; it thus enables us to avail ourselves of the ex- perience of all men in all ages — it enables youth to be guided by the wisdom of age — it is the most important element of human institutions. With all the mischief and misery which is produced by erroneous and un- founded belief, such as fanaticism, superstition, bigotry, delusion and exaggeration, still it is productive of infi- IMPULSIVES. 61 nitely more good than evil ; it connects the past, the present and the future — it concentrates the experience and knowledge of all men, in all times and from all regions of the earth, and enables a single mind to re ceive the result. If this organ is small and the Go verning Socials large there is a tendency to be scepti- cal, and to rely upon one's own experience rather than the assertions and experience of others. If this organ is large and especially if all the Conforming Socials are much developed and the Governing Socials are small, there is a tendency to the most unbounded credulity and a total want of independent judgment. In this case a large intellect does not prevent credulity, but rather searches for arguments to fortify it ; for it should be remembered that the intellect is the mere servant and instrument of the larger impulsives ; the intellect does not control the propellers, it only directs them to the objects which they desire. This organ is parallel with Imitativeness and com- bines with it to give highth to the head and width also to the upper part of the forehead. This is the highest Social and is bounded by the highest Intellectual and the two highest Ipseals. TEMPERAMENTS A professional examination should commence with an estimation of the size of the whole constitution, compared with other persons of the same sex, age and race ; for, all else equal, the largest man will be capable of exercising the most extensive influence. The next consideration is the relative size and condi- tion of the six classes of Organs or Systems, which to- gether constitute man. 1. The Osseous System, or System of Bones. — The frame to which all the muscles and other organs are attached. The bones have but little influence upon the character, except that when large they indicate strength without much activity : animals or men that have large bones are seldom rapid or dexterous in their movements. MUSCULAR TEMPERAMENT. 2. The Muscular System is composed -of fibres that contract to produce motion. If the muscles be large they may be contracted powerfully and bestow personal physical strength, but the motions, though powerful, will be slow. The operations of the mind are generally TEMPERAMENTS. 63 slow when the motions of the body are so. The bones and muscles combine to give strength but slowness of motion • they may therefore be considered as one system of machines which is moved by the Brain and Nervous System. PHRENO-NERVOUS TEMPERAMENT. 3. The Brain and Nervous System, when large produce the Phreno-Nervous Temperament. When the muscles are small and slender, and the Brain and Nervous System much developed and well nourished by good blood, there is a capability of moving with rapi- dity though not with strength equal to the Muscular Temperament ; the mind partakes of the tendency and there is a high degree of mental activity and sensitive- ness. DIGESTIVE LYMPHATIC TEMPERAMENT. 4. The Digestive System is the apparatus which receives food and prepares it to enter the blood vessels to nourish the constitution. Every motion that we make consumes more or less substance, and nourishment replaces it. When this System is predominant and the Arterial Sys- tem deficient, it produces a pale and fat appearance which is the sign of the Lymphatic Temperament. ARTERIAL OR SANGUINE TEMPERAMENT. 5. The Jlrterial System, including the lungs and the blood vessels, receives air and conveys Vermillion colored 64 TEMPERAMENTS. blood to all parts of the constitution. The air received by the lungs is conveyed to the minutest extremities of the blood vessels, and there unites with the substances which were originally received in the stomach. Every motion, mental or muscular, which we make is, (in my opinion,) produced on galvanic principles, in the mi- nute capillary blood vessels, by the union of the oxygen from the lungs with the food (carbon and hydrogen,) from the digestive organs. If the Arterial System is in excess, it causes the food, the fat, and even the flesh to be consumed, and the person will be lean but florid. This is the Arterial Temperament, and denotes a love of action. When the Digestive System is well ba- lanced by the Arterial, the person is fair, florid, ruddy and animated, the eyes generally (but not always) blue, especially in the white Caucasian. Very florid Arterial persons cannot keep quiet enough to study without be- ing dull and sleepy — they soon become restless and uneasy, and their thoughts wander. VENOUS OR BILIOUS TEMPERAMENT. 6. The Venous System or System of Veins, receives the blood from the minute capillary vessels where the arte- ries convey it, and returns it to the heart, from whence a portion of it goes to the liver to manufacture bile and the rest goes to the lungs, and undergoes a change which restores it from the dark purple color to its original Ver- million, such as it possessed before it entered the capil- laries. It is estimated that four-fifths of the blood TEMPERAMENTS. 65 (some say five-ninths) is in the veins and only one-fifth in the arteries. In some persons there is a Venous or Bilious Temperament, produced by an excessive deve- lopement of the Venous System and liver, while the Ar- terial is less developed. This (in my opinion) causes the complexion even of pure white Caucasians to be dark, sallow and bilious — they are not as easily excited but are more continuous in their operations both of body and mind. BALANCED TEMPERAMENT. In many persons it is exceedingly difficult to deter- mine whether any one system is predominant — they all seem to be developed in nearly an equal degree. In such cases, of course, the individual has a Balanced Temperament, and will manifest activity, strength, vigor, continuance, sensitiveness and steadiness of nerve, all or each but not one more than another. DEBILITATED TEMPERAMENT. There is often a debilitated condition of the nutritive powers which greatly modifies the mind and character. Some are born with a Debilitated Temperament, and marked with the effects of the diseases and debility of their parents or grand parents — others are born with good constitutions but become debilitated afterwards. Some are born with a curious but indescribable condition of body, and irregularity of temperament, which are not healthy, but yet are such as tend to give uncommon and 5 66 TEMPERAMENTS. abnormal activity and energy to some powers of the mind, or a peculiar eccentricity to the character ; this is per- haps a kind of genius allied to insanity. Some also are peculiarly situated, educated and associated so as to have their native character modified in a particular manner which is not easily understood. The practical Phreno-Naturalist should be careful not to be deceived by these circumstances ; notwithstanding the numerous and varied forms which they assume he should endeavor to detect them and assign them, as far as he can, their true value. LARGE HEADS AND SMALL LUNGS. The author has lately made an observation which seems to him to be of considerable importance, and to which he begs leave to call the attention of physiolo- gists. It is, that the largest and most vigorous lungs are generally accompanied with moderately sized heads. The form of the head in such cases is also peculiar — the upper parts of the head being less developed than the lower, the forehead being generally retreating. On the other hand the very reverse is true of persons whose lungs are small; that is to say, their heads are generally Note. — Size is a measure of power, but not of correctness of mind. This is an important distinction which no writer upon phre- nology seems to have made. A man may think, or feel, or act cor- rectly, but not powerfully. The town clock may operate with a degree of power in proportion to its size, and maybe heard through- out a whole city, thus exercising an extensive influence ; and yet a small watch may excel in point of correctness. So a small man with a small head, may excel in correctness a large man with a large head, on account of a more perfect proportion and cultivation of his powers. TEMPERAMENTS. 67 larger, and the upper parts more developed than the lower, being in some degree like those which we call ricketty. I strongly suspect that this discovery will lead to important results when it comes to be fully explained. I will venture to suggest an explanation. The reason of small lungs being often accompanied with a large head is, that the small lungs and im- perfect respiration are the cause of the brain growing larger. For, the brain is the organ of motion ; and it can only produce its motions by means of oxygen, which oxygen is furnished through the lungs by com- bining with the food from the stomach. If the stomach and lungs do not furnish blood sufficiently charged with oxygen to enable the brain to produce the neces- sary motions, the motions must become less, to corres- pond with the quality of the blood. Under these cir- cumstances, larger brain will be equivalent to larger lungs: just as in galvanic operations a weat and adulte- rated acid, when applied to a large surface of zinc plates, will produce as powerful effects as a more con- centrated acid applied to a smaller zinc surface. Now the question is, does not the brain tend to grow larger and to extend its surface when the blood is weak, adul- terated and imperfect, in consequence of indigestion, badly ventilated rooms and imperfect respiration. Is not this the cause and explanation of rickets 1 It is admitted by physicians that rickets originate in indiges- tion and imperfect respiration, but why should this cause the brain to grow so large 1 Why do not the hands or the feet grow large as well as the brain 1 I answer, 68 TEMPERAMENTS. that the brain being the Phreno-Galvanic fountain of motion, and being deprived of concentrated and oxy- genated blood, it extends its surface to avail itself of a arge quantity of imperfect blood, and thus it is that the same causes which produce imperfect blood produce ricketty shaped heads. CRITICAL REMARKS UPON THE TEMPERAMENTS. Ancient Physiologists as well as modern Phrenolo- gists have all admitted that there are certain propor- tions and conditions of the body denominated Tempe- raments, which indicate certain peculiarities of charac- ter. The first division of the Temperaments seems to have been made as long ago as the time of Aristotle, into the Lymphatic, the Sanguine, the Choleric and the Melancholic, and was supposed to depend upon the pre- dominant quality of the various humours or fluids, red, white, black, or yellow, which the body contained. After the circulation of the blood was discovered and the Lymphatic vessels were known, the Sanguine Tem- perament was attributed to the predominance of the ar- terial blood; and the Lymphatic Temperament to the lymphatic fluid and the digestive organs predominating over the arterial. The author of this work was the first to suggest that the predominance of the venous blood and the liver is the cause of the Bilious Temperament. The author's theory of the Temperaments is very simple : it is that the office of the brain and nerves is to move the bones and muscles, and that the brain and nerves TEMPERAMENTS. * 69 are therefore antagonistic to the bones and muscles, or in legal parlance, it is bones and muscles versus brain and nerves. The principal bones and muscles to which I refer are those especially which constitute the limbs and face. Now I insist that ceteris paribus, when the brain and nerves are weak and the limbs large, there cannot be as much rapidity of action as when the reverse is the fact ; although there may be more strength, it will be manifested slowly. But what do we mean by ceteris paribus or all else equal 1 Why is it that the largest brain, compared with the limbs, is not always accompanied with the most rapid motions 1 Why is it, indeed, that we sometimes see a large head and slen- der muscles on one who habitually moves but little and then reluctantly and moderately ? Why is it that a brain of a given size is not always of a given power 1 It ought to be if no interfering causes prevented. Phrenologists generally assume that it is so, but they are constantly met and annoyed by the fact, that the same size and form of head on one manifests genius, and on another stupidity — on one body it produces rapid and vigorous movements, and on another, with bones and muscles no larger — perhaps even smaller — it produces slow, weak and merely necessary move- ments ; again, we see a small brain with large muscles, producing rapid and vigorous motions and an energetic character. The solution of this whole difficulty is found in the fact that the brain acts on cAemtco-galvanic principles, by decomposing the blood ; and that the power of the 70 TEMPERAMENTS. brain is dependent upon the qualities of the blood. The brain acts like the plates of a galvanic battery, while the blood acts like the acid liquor of a galvanic Dattery. Now the liquor of a galvanic battery is com- posed of several ingredients, only one of which (oxygen) acts upon the plates to produce the galvanic movement. The oxygen may be combined with a large amount of other ingredients, which only serve to dilute and adul- terate the liquor — or the oxygen may be combined with just a sufficient quantity of other ingredients to hold it. This is precisely so with the blood — the blood is com- posed of several ingredients, only one of which (oxy- gen) acts upon the brain to produce movements of the mind and muscles ; the oxygen of the blood may be com- bined with just a sufficient quantity of other ingredi- ents to hold it until it reaches the brain. Now let us see what difference this would make in the size of the brain. Every electrician knows that when an adulterated acid is used a larger surface of plates is required than when a properly concentrated acid is used. This also is true of the brain — when the blood is adul- terated it requires a large surface of brain to produce the same effect which a smaller brain could produce, when acted upon by blood properly and thoroughly oxy- genated. Here we have a plain and simple explana- tion of the matter, and the proposition now is, that the power of the brain depends upon its size and the qua- lity of the blood. A small brain may therefore be more powerful than a large one, if the small one has the ad- Vantage in the quality of the blood. This is no contra- TEMPERAMENTS. 71 diction of the proposition, that the larger the brain, and the slenderer the muscles, the greater the relative power of the brain, all else equal • on the contrary it is but an illustration of it. Another branch of the subject, and one that is not without difficulties, is that which relates to the modes of ascertaining what is the condition of the blood, and what is its quantity when compared with the other parts of the constitution. The Bilious or Venous Temperament is supposed to be caused by the predominance of the dark venous blood or bilious apparatus. The Arterial or Sanguine Temperament depends upon the predominance of the lungs and vermillion colored blood, which contains a large quantity of oxygen. The Digestive or Lympha- tic Temperament is supposed to be caused by large developement and powerful action of the digestive ap- paratus, while the dark and red blood is comparatively less in quantity. These three Temperaments, then, are all founded upon the idea, that the oxygen is adulte- rated and concentrated in a greater or less degree in each case. The lymph and chyle when acted upon in the lungs by oxygen, are changed from white to red and thus become blood — the red blood when acted upon in the capillaries is changed to dark purple — so that the very dark and the very light colors indicate a deficiency of oxygen. The Lymphatic or Digestive Temperament is indi- cated by soft, full, rounded forms, and in the white race by a very light complexion, indicating that the color- 72 TEMPERAMENTS. less lymph is abundant — the muscular fibres are not as compact, the bones and particularly the skull is more round and smoother, with less prominences and depres- sions, the skin delicate, pale and fair ; the movements are not very energetic, rapid nor long continued, and mind and body require frequent intervals of rest. This Temperament is also generally, but not always, accom- panied with width in the pelvis and abdomen. The Arterial Temperament is indicated by large lungs and in some degree by a florid, ruddy complexion ; when ac- companied by small muscles and narrower pelvis and abdomen, the movements are very vigorous, energetic and various. The Venous Temperament is indicated by a dark complexion and generally compact muscles, in consequence of a deficiency of lymph and fat. According to these premises, three men may have brains of the same size, but if one possesses the Arteri- al Temperament, a second the Venous and a third the Lymphatic, they will differ in character, in energy, en- durance and continuance. The very lowest animals (the radiata and molusca) are of the Lymphatic Temperament, they have colorless blood. These were among the first inhabitants of the earth and are supposed to have lived before fishes and reptiles were produced. The next animals were of the Venous Temperament, these were mostly fishes and rep- tiles. The quantity of oxygen in their fluids at any one time was exceedingly small, but their muscles were large and powerful. The next higher animals, are the present races of the Arterial Temperament ; their lungs TEMPERAMENTS. 73 are larger and the air that they breathe is more pure and free from carbon and moisture. We may infer from this view of the subject that the Lymphatic Temperament is the lowest, the Venous next and the Arterial the highest of the three that de- pend upon the fluids. The Phreno-Nervous is also higher than the Muscular. The combination of Ar- terial and Phreno-Nervous is the most perfect Tem- perament that can be conceived for Intellectuality. The lowest Temperament (by which I mean that which is the least favorable to the manifestations of mind,) is the Lymphatic and Muscular ; next, the Ve- nous and Muscular ; next, the Arterial and Muscular ; next, the Lymphatic and Phreno-Nervous ; next, the Venous and Phreno-Nervous, and the next and highest, is the Arterial and Phreno-Nervous. For long continu- ance the Phreno-Venous is best, but for the manifes- tation of much power in a short time, the Phreno-Ar- terial is best. The Temperament changes at different periods of life. In the commencement of human existence — in embryo — the Temperament is purely Lymphatic ; not a particle of red blood is seen ; next, the Venous Tempera- ment prevails a short time before birth, and man is like the fish and reptile ; at birth, the Lymphatic and Venous Systems still predominate, though the Arterial has com- menced its career ; as the child progresses to maturity the Arterial System gradually increases, until it arrives at its climax ; if at this time the Arterial is still infe- rior to the Lymphatic or Venous, it always will be — it 74 TEMPERAMENTS. is constitutional. In some persons the Lymphatic al- ways retains the predominance, though at times there may be a struggle made by the Arterial and Venous for the mastery, especially at puberty. Some, again, are naturally Venous, and this system early predominates over the Lymphatic, but never rises to the Arterial. Some are also constitutionally predisposed to the Phre- no- Arterial ; in such persons, at a very early stage, even in childhood, the Arterial predominates over the Lymphatic and Venous, and the Phrenic over the Mus- cular ; in such cases it is precocious and liable to exhi- bit premature genius, decay and death. It seems to be more indicative of health and longe- vity, to see the Lymphatic and Venous predominate un- til the age of puberty, and then the Arterial gradually take the lead and keep it until after middle age, when the Venous and Lymphatic again resume their sway, and lead to second childishness, and mere oblivion. The Lymphatic and Venous is the Temperament of childhood, and is apt, when it predominates at maturity, to be accompanied with something of the characteris- tic imbecility of childhood. The Arterial is the Temperament of boyhood, and the Arterial, Lymphatic and Venous of girlhood, and is ac- companied with beauty, vivacity and a love of variety, with aversion to long continued exertion. The Balanced Temperament is the prerogative of manhood when all the powers are in equilibrium ; but the Digestive, Lymphatic and Venous soon acquire a predominance which the Arterial never regains. REMAKES ON NEW ORGANS. Human Nature. — The author was the first to call the attention of Phrenologians to the fact, that those who have high foreheads are most disposed to study Human Nature ; such are Shakspeare, Scott, Burns, Rosseau, Voltaire, Jonathan Edwards and most of those who have excelled in their knowledge of character. But I ac- count for this by saying, that the Conforming Socials, when combined with the Reflectives, give this pecu- liarity. Kindness makes us notice strangers, Imitative- ness makes us sympathise with them, Credenciveness makes us listen curiously to what they say, and the Re- flectives make us philosophize upon it ; these, together with the operations of the other powers, give us a knowledge of character. I deny that there is any one organ of Human Nature, as Mr. Fowler, Dr. Buchanan and some others pretend. Suavity. — The same reasoning which refers Human Nature to the Conforming Socials, also refers Suavity to the combination of Kindness and Comparison, and not to any distinct organ. Sublimity. — I know not who it was that first suggest- ed this organ and located it precisely where I do the or- 76 NEW ORGANS. gan of Hope, but I do not hesitate to say that its ex- istence is a mere phantasy. Sublimity cannot have a distinct organ — I mean distinct from other well known organs. Submissiveness may be considered as one ele- ment of Sublimity, giving a consciousness of the power and grandeur, and awfulness of great things. Crede?icive- ness is another element of Sublimity, by giving the consciousness of the probability of that which is really exaggerated and unnaturally elevated. Many other or- gans may thus contribute to produce sublime ideas. But, after all, scarcely two can be found to agree as to what they mean by Sublimity, and it is a pity to en- cumber this noble science by such follies as the organ of Sublimity. Any man who will carefully examine the heads of his acquaintances, will find Hope in the very place where Sublimity is located by Combe and Fowler. Concentrativeness. — It is undoubtedly true that those who are small where Inhabitiveness is located, are disposed to be wandering, not only in their ha- bits of living but also in their conversation ; but this fact by no means justifies the idea of Concentrative- ness, as it is generally adopted. I regard Concentra- tiveness as an incidental effect of Inhabitiveness, not as a primitive function of that part of the brain. Matrimonial Attachment. — An organ which gives a tendency to matrimony has been proposed, but not a particle of evidence has been adduced of its existence nor of its probable location. NEW ORGANS. 77 NEW ORGANS OF PHRENO-MESMERISM AND NEUROLOGY. A large number of new organs have been pro- posed by experimenters, who fancy that they have discovered them by means of exciting the organs of mesmerized subjects ; and Mr. Fowler actually de- clares, that he has himself established and verified these new organs, thus discovered, by his examinations of the head. I can only say in this place, that all these pretensions are ridiculous and unworthy of serious no- tice; though in my Philosophy of Mesmerism and Phre- nology, I have taken the trouble to refute them for the benefit of those who are entire novices in the matter. GROWTH OF ORGANS. Notwithstanding all that has been asserted, it is not true that by exercise the Phreno-Organs grow during one generation, so that an organ can be made large which otherwise would have been small. I do not think that by ever so much exercise the form of the skull can be varied the twentieth part of an inch in twenty years. Observers have been misled on this subject, by seve- ral circumstances, some of which I will mention. 1. The skull is covered by muscular integuments which vary in thickness, in some places, at different pe- riods of life, and in different conditions of the health, so as to make a difference in the diameter of the head of more than an inch. This circumstance has led some to suppose that the Phreno-Organs had grown to this extent during a certain brief period, when in fact they had not grown at all. 2. The bones of the skull and of the face change by a regular law of developement, in all healthful persons alike, and nearly in the same degree in all. The bones of the forehead in childhood and in mature age, are very different ; the frontal sinus becomes developed, the superciliary ridge, the zygoma, and the mastoid and corrugator muscles all develope and enlarge, so as to en- tirely change the appearance of the head, and induce GROWTH OF ORGANS. 79 unskilful observers to suppose that the growth of the brain has produced all this difference in the external appearance. The brain itself undergoes changes by the regular and natural developement of its parts — some parts being more developed at certain ages. Whether the organs are exercised or not the head will tend to assume the form which was possessed by the ancestors at the same age. Now if it were true that the organs of the brain are capable of being developed by exercise in the man- ner claimed by phrenologists, there could be no such thing as national forms, nor family forms ; a negro might by peculiar exercise, have at thirty, or even at twenty, the superior Caucasian features of skull. Surely no one can believe this ! no phreno-physiologist who deserves the name, will pretend that a Hottentot can become a Franklin in one generation, by any amount of exercise of his organs : yet if the assumptions of some of our zealous but unreflecting friends are admitted, this is a legitimate result. No one insists more than I do upon the importance of exercise and knowledge to give power to organs that are small. Exercise, and education and knowledge be- stow skill and facility in the use of even small organs, but they cannot make them large in one nor even in six generations. .. I wish, therefore, to be distinctly under- stood as denying the common doctrine, that exercise, during one generation, can convert a small organ into a large one, or even to one of medium size. THE BRAIN. THE BRAIN IS NOT THE ORGAN OF THE MIND. The Brain is, in my opinion, the organ of voluntary motion, and I entirely dissent from the received opinion, that it is the organ of Mind in any other sense than any other collection of nerves of sensation and volun- tary motion are its organs. The hand may be said to be the organ of the Mind with as much propriety as the Brain may be so denominated. The motions which animals and men make when they eat, proceed from Aliraentiveness ; those which they make when they breathe, from Pneumativeness ; those which they make when they kill, from Destructiveness; and when they fight, from Combativeness ; but these motions are not mind, as we generally understand it. By mind we mean thought and feeling — w T e mean consciousness; but con- sciousness is not the function of Alimentiveness nor De- structiveness, any more than it is the function of the hand. Consciousness is possessed by animals that have no Destructiveness nor Constructiveness. Conscious- ness is possessed by all animals, however limited their other powers. All the results of Physiological, Ana- TEMPERAMENTS. 69 are therefore antagonistic to the bones and muscles, or in legal parlance, it is bones and muscles versus brain and nerves. The principal bones and muscles to which I refer are those especially which constitute the limbs and face. Now I insist that ceteris paribus ^ when the brain and nerves are weak and the limbs large, there cannot be as much rapidity of action as when the reverse is the fact ; although there may be more strength, it will be manifested slowly. But what do we mean by ceteris paribus or all else equal ? Why is it that the largest brain, compared with the limbs, is not always accompanied with the most rapid motions 1 Why is it, indeed, that we sometimes see a large head and slen- der muscles on one who habitually moves but little and then reluctantly and moderately % Why is it that a brain of a given size is not always of a given power 1 It ought to be if no interfering causes prevented. Phrenologists generally assume that it is so, but they are constantly met and annoyed by the fact, that the same size and form of head on one manifests genius, and on another stupidity — on one body it produces rapid and vigorous movements, and on another, with bones and muscles no larger — perhaps even smaller — it produces slow, weak and merely necessary move- ments • again, we see a small brain with large muscles, producing rapid and vigorous motions and an energetic character. The solution of this whole difficulty is found in the fact that the brain acts on cAemico-galvanic principles, by decomposing the blood ; and that the power of the 70 TEMPERAMENTS. brain is dependent upon the qualities of the blood. The brain acts like the plates of a galvanic battery, while the blood acts like the acid liquor of a galvanic Dattery. Now the liquor of a galvanic battery is com- posed of several ingredients, only one of which (oxygen) acts upon the plates to produce the galvanic movement. The oxygen may be combined with a large amount of other ingredients, which only serve to dilute and adul- terate the liquor — or the oxygen may be combined with just a sufficient quantity of other ingredients to hold it. This is precisely so with the blood — the blood is com- posed of several ingredients, only one of which (oxy- gen) acts upon the brain to produce movements of the mind and muscles ; the oxygen of the blood may be com- bined with just a sufficient quantity of other ingredi- ents to hold it until it reaches the brain. Now let us see what difference this would make in the size of the brain. Every electrician knows that when an adulterated acid is used a larger surface of plates is required than when a properly concentrated acid is used. This also is true of the brain — when the blood is adul- terated it requires a large surface of brain to produce the same effect which a smaller brain could produce, when acted upon by blood properly and thoroughly oxy- genated. Here we have a plain and simple explana- tion of the matter, and the proposition now is, that the power of the brain depends upon its size and the qua- lity of the blood. A small brain may therefore be more powerful than a large one, if the small one has the ad- vantage in the quality of the blood. This is no contra- TEMPERAMENTS. 71 diction of the proposition, that the larger the brain, and the slenderer the muscles, the greater the relative power of the brain, all else equal ; on the contrary it is but an illustration of it. Another branch of the subject, and one that is not without difficulties, is that which relates to the modes of ascertaining what is the condition of the blood, and what is its quantity when compared with the other parts of the constitution. The Bilious or Venous Temperament is supposed to be caused by the predominance of the dark venous blood or bilious apparatus. The Arterial or Sanguine Temperament depends upon the predominance of the lungs and vermillion colored blood, which contains a large quantity of oxygen. The Digestive or Lympha- tic Temperament is supposed to be caused by large developement and powerful action of the digestive ap- paratus, while the dark and red blood is comparatively less in quantity. These three Temperaments, then, are all founded upon the idea, that the oxygen is adulte- rated and concentrated in a greater or less degree in each case. The lymph and chyle when acted upon in the lungs by oxygen, are changed from white to red and thus become blood— the red blood when acted upon in the capillaries is changed to dark purple — so that the very dark and the very light colors indicate a deficiency of oxygen. The Lymphatic or Digestive Temperament is indi- cated by soft, full, rounded forms, and in the white race by a very light complexion, indicating that the color- 72 TEMPERAMENTS. less lymph is abundant — the muscular fibres are not as compact, the bones and particularly the skull is more round and smoother, with less prominences and depres- sions, the skin delicate, pale and fair ; the movements are not very energetic, rapid nor long continued, and mind and body require frequent intervals of rest. This Temperament is also generally, but not always, accom- panied with width in the pelvis and abdomen. The Arterial Temperament is indicated by large lungs and in some degree by a florid, ruddy complexion ; when ac- companied by small muscles and narrower pelvis and abdomen, the movements are very vigorous, energetic and various. The Venous Temperament is indicated by a dark complexion and generally compact muscles, in consequence of a deficiency of lymph and fat. According to these premises, three men may have brains of the same size, but if one possesses the Arteri- al Temperament, a second the Venous and a third the Lymphatic, they will differ in character, in energy, en- durance and continuance. The very lowest animals (the radiata and molusca) are of the Lymphatic Temperament, they have colorless blood. These were among the first inhabitants of the earth and are supposed to have lived before fishes and reptiles were produced. The next animals were of the Venous Temperament, these were mostly fishes and rep- tiles. The quantity of oxygen in their fluids at any one time was exceedingly small, but their muscles were large and powerful. The next higher animals, are the present races of the Arterial Temperament ; their lungs TEMPERAMENTS. 73 are larger and the air that they breathe is more pure and free from carbon and moisture. We may infer from this view of the subject that the Lymphatic Temperament is the lowest, the Venous next and the Arterial the highest of the three that de- pend upon the fluids. The Phreno-Nervous is also higher than the Muscular. The combination of Ar- terial and Phreno-Nervous is the most perfect Tem- perament that can be conceived for Intellectuality. The lowest Temperament (by which I mean that which is the least favorable to the manifestations of mind 5 ) is the Lymphatic and Muscular ; next, the Ve- nous and Muscular ; next, the Arterial and Muscular ; next, the Lymphatic and Phreno-Nervous ; next, the Venous and Phreno-Nervous, and the next and highest, is the Arterial and Phreno-Nervous. For long continu- ance the Phreno-Venous is best, but for the manifes- tation of much power in a short time, the Phreno- Ar- terial is best. The Temperament changes at different periods of life. In the commencement of human existence — in embryo — the Temperament is purely Lymphatic ; not a particle of red blood is seen ; next, the Venous Tempera- ment prevails a short time before birth, and man is like the fish and reptile ; at birth, the Lymphatic and Venous Systems still predominate, though the Arterial has com- menced its career ; as the child progresses to maturity the Arterial System gradually increases, until it arrives at its climax ; if at this time the Arterial is still infe- rior to the Lymphatic or Venous, it always will be — it 74 TEMPERAMENTS. is constitutional. In some persons the Lymphatic al- ways retains the predominance, though at times there may be a struggle made by the Arterial and Venous for the mastery, especially at puberty. Some, again, are naturally Venous, find this system early predominates over the Lymphatic, but never rises to the Arterial. Some are also constitutionally predisposed to the Phre- no- Arterial; in such persons, at a very early stage, even in childhood, the Arterial predominates over the Lymphatic and Venous, and the Phrenic over the Mus- cular ; in such cases it is precocious and liable to exhi- bit premature genius, decay and death. It seems to be more indicative of health and longe- vity, to see the Lymphatic and Venous predominate un- til the age of puberty, and then the Arterial gradually take the lead and keep it until after middle age, when the Venous and Lymphatic again resume their sway, and lead to second childishness, and mere oblivion. The Lymphatic and Venous is the Temperament of childhood, and is apt, when it predominates at maturity, to be accompanied with something of the characteris- tic imbecility of childhood. The Arterial is the Temperament of boyhood, and the Arterial, Lymphatic and Venous of girlhood, and is ac- companied with beauty, vivacity and a love of variety, with aversion to long continued exertion. The Balanced Temperament is the prerogative of manhood when all the powers are in equilibrium ; but the Digestive, Lymphatic and Venous soon acquire a predominance which the Arterial never regains. REMARKS ON NEW ORGANS. Human Nature. — The author was the first to call'the attention of Phrenologians to the fact, that those who have high foreheads are most disposed to study Human Nature ; such are Shakspeare, Scott, Burns, Rosseau, Voltaire, Jonathan Edwards and most of those who have excelled in their knowledge of character. But I ac- count for this by saying, that the Conforming Socials, when combined with the Reflectives, give this pecu- liarity. Kindness makes us notice strangers, Imitative- ness makes us sympathise with them, Credenciveness makes us listen curiously to what they say, and the Re- flectives make us philosophize upon it ; these, together with the operations of the other powers, give us a knowledge of character. I deny that there is any one organ of Human Nature, as Mr. Fowler, Dr. Buchanan and some others pretend. Suavity. — The same reasoning which refers Human Nature to the Conforming Socials, also refers Suavity to the combination of Kindness and Comparison, and not to any distinct organ. Sublimity. — I know not who it was that first suggest- ed this organ and located it precisely where I do the or- 76 NEW ORGANS. gan of Hope, but I do not hesitate to say that its ex- istence is a mere phantasy. Sublimity cannot have a distinct organ — I mean distinct from other well known organs. Submissiveness may be considered as one ele- ment of Sublimity, giving a consciousness of the power and grandeur, and awfulness of great things. Credencive- ness is another element of Sublimity, by giving the consciousness of the probability of that which is really exaggerated and unnaturally elevated. Many other or- gans may thus contribute to produce sublime ideas. But, after all, scarcely two can be found to agree as to what they mean by Sublimity, and it is a pity to en- cumber this noble science by such follies as the organ of Sublimity. Any man who will carefully examine the heads of his acquaintances, will find Hope in the very place where Sublimity is located by Combe and Fowler. Concentrativeness. — It is undoubtedly true that those who are small where Inhabitiveness is located, are disposed to be wandering, not only in their ha- bits of living but also in their conversation ; but this fact by no means justifies the idea of Concentrative- ness, as it is generally adopted. I regard Concentra- tiveness as an incidental effect of Inhabitiveness, not as a primitive function of that part of the brain. Matrimonial Attachment. — An organ which gives a tendency to matrimony has been proposed, but not a particle of evidence has been adduced of its existence nor of its probable location. NEW ORGANS. 77 NEW ORGANS OF PHRENO-MESMERISM AND NEUROLOGY. A large number of new organs have • been pro- posed by experimenters, who fancy that they have discovered them by means of exciting the organs of mesmerized subjects ; and Mr. Fowler actually de- clares, that he has himself established and verified these new organs, thus discovered, by his examinations of the head. I can only say in this place, that all these pretensions are ridiculous and unworthy of serious no- tice; though in my Philosophy of Mesmerism and Phre- nology, I have taken the trouble to refute them for the benefit of those who are entire novices in the matter. GROWTH OF ORGANS. Notwithstanding all that has been asserted, it is not true that by exercise the Phreno-Organs grow during one generation, so that an organ can be made large which otherwise would have been small. I do not think that by ever so much exercise the form of the skull can be varied the twentieth part of an inch in twenty years. Observers have been misled on this subject, by seve- ral circumstances, some of which I will mention. 1. The skull is covered by muscular integuments which vary in thickness, in some places, at different pe- riods of life, and in different conditions of the health, so as to make a difference in the diameter of the head of more than an inch. This circumstance has led some to suppose that the Phreno-Organs had grow T n to this extent during a certain brief period, when in fact they had not grown at all. 2. The bones of the skull and of the face change by a regular law of developement, in all healthful persons alike, and nearly in the same degree in all. The bones of the forehead in childhood and in mature age, are very different ; the frontal sinus becomes developed, the superciliary ridge, the zygoma, and the mastoid and corrugator muscles all develope and enlarge, so as to en- tirely change the appearance of the head, and induce GROWTH OF ORGANS. 79 unskilful observers to suppose that the growth of the brain has produced all this difference in the external appearance. The brain itself undergoes changes by the regular and natural developement of its parts — some parts being more developed at certain ages. Whether the organs are exercised or not the head will tend to assume the form which was possessed by the ancestors at the same age. Now if it were true that the organs of the brain are capable of being developed by exercise in the man- ner claimed by phrenologists, there could be no such thing as national forms, nor family forms ; a negro might by peculiar exercise, have at thirty, or even at twenty, the superior Caucasian features of skull. Surely no one can believe this ! no phreno-physiologist who deserves the name, will pretend that a Hottentot can become a Franklin in one generation, by any amount of exercise of his organs : yet if the assumptions of some of our zealous but unreflecting friends are admitted, this is a legitimate result. No one insists more than I do upon the importance of exercise and knowledge to give power to organs that are small. Exercise, and education and knowledge be- stow skill and facility in the use of even small organs, but they cannot make them large in one nor even in six generations. I wish, therefore, to be distinctly under- stood as denying the common doctrine, that exercise, during one generation, can convert a small organ into a large one, or even to one of medium size. THE BRAIN. THE BRAIN IS NOT THE ORGAN OF THE MIND. The Brain is, in my opinion, the organ of voluntary motion, and I entirely dissent from the received opinion, that it is the organ of Mind in any other sense than any other collection of nerves of sensation and volun- tary motion are its organs. The hand may be said to be the organ of the Mind with as much propriety as the Brain may be so denominated. The motions which animals and men make when they eat, proceed from Alimentiveness ; those which they make when they breathe, from Pneumativeness ; those which they make when they kill, from Destructiveness; and when they fight, from Combativeness ; but these motions are not mind, as we generally understand it. By mind we mean thought and feeling — we mean consciousness; but con- sciousness is not the function of Alimentiveness nor De- structiveness, any more than it is the function of the hand. Consciousness is possessed by animals that have no Destructiveness nor Constructiveness. Conscious- ness is possessed by all animals, however limited their other powers. All the results of Physiological, Ana- MEASUREMENTS. 93 pressed, or at least it may be said that they do not pre- sent any prominences unless when very large. How are we to determine what is the standard of size and proportion 1 It has not yet been done by any phrenologist, and can only be done by very great labor and the most consummate skill. I frankly confess that although I have attempted it, and have done something towards it, the task is yet incomplete. It is easy for any arrogant person to publish a bust and say that it is a true standard — a perfect head ; and most people will perhaps suppose that it is so, provided they have never taken the trouble to reflect on the matter, or are so con- stituted as to be naturally disposed to be influenced by the dicta of those who assume to have infallible know- ledge by instinct and intuition. To men, however, who are imbued with the true inductive spirit of modern sci- ence, such pretensions will only seem to be the offspring of vanity. But how are we to obtain a true standard 1 I answer that it must be done by the actual measure- ment of an immense number of heads of persons of the same age, sex and race, and then these measurements must be averaged; this average will be a standard; but it will only be a standard for that class thus measured. It will be no standard for persons of a different age, or sex, or race. The head of an Iroquois and the head of a Hottentot, the head of a German and of an Irishman, will be found so different that the measurement of a million of the one race, would give no proper standard for judging the average of the developements of the other; so also the 94 MEASUREMENTS. heads of women and the heads of men are different, and one can afford no standard of the other: the heads of children are different from those 01 youth, and both from those of adults, while old age presents another form peculiar to itself. Certain organs also are developed at certain ages and their activity characterises those ages. Now I acknow- ledge again that I have not, and never have had, in my possession the proper data for forming a correct idea of the standards for the different races sexes and ages, and I have no reason for believing that any one else has a better standard than myself. No man has probably made more or more careful examinations ; and of course I have acquired some notion of the sizes and proportions which approximate to the true standard ; but much is yet to be done. What we very much need, and what we have not yet obtained, is a set of measurements cor- rectly taken, by persons whose skill is undoubted, of subjects whose sexes ages races names and histories we know; measurements of the head in various directions, length breadth and highth, by some fixed and judicious rule of measurement which will give a correct idea, of the actual dimensions in one direction at least, of the person's head at the part where each Phreno-organ is claimed to be located. Nothing should be left to ca- price, nor to the discretion of the one who measures. He should be tied inexorably down to some definite rule, so that when he made his report it would not be his opinion but his performance which could be submitted to our examination. MEASUREMENTS. LJ The only plan which I have ever heard suggested which is unexceptionable, is that of Professor Jocelyn, of New-York city. He proposes (if I recollect aright) a craniometer founded upon principles similar to those by which we deteiminethe latitude and longitude of the various places of the earth, or in the heavens; and this so arranged that we can measure the length of a radius from a given centre to the surface of the head, at as many places as there are, or are supposed to be, Phre- no-organs. Having, by means of a sufficient number of measurements, obtained under the sanction of a sci- entific association, determined upon the average size of heads and proportion of heads, so as to fix a standard of proportion, — we may then tell a person precisely how large his head is compared with such standard, and also the proportion of one organ of his head to the rest of his head compared with such standard of proportion. It would be difficult to imagine any thing more ri- diculously absurd than the present mode in which all the practical phrenologists in this country at present examine heads, and pretend to tell with scientific and pro- fessional gravity, that one organ is precisely three and another is six and another is seven; and what is worse, in utter defiance and contempt of common arithmetic and common sense, they persevere in marking a majority of the organs above the average : doubtless this is done to flatter the persons examined. If the plan which I pro- pose could be carried out thoroughly and faithfully, any one could examine a head as well as the most experi- enced practical phrenologist, for it would all be reduced 96 MEASUREMENTS. to a simple matter of measurement. For instance, sup- pose it were found that by examining several thousands of Anglo-Saxon heads, that the average highth of the head from the orifice of the ear, is, in a man at the age of 30, five and a quarter inches to Firmness; four and a half the distance from the orifice to the most prominent par' 01 Parentiveness; four and three-fourths to Eventuality; six inches from Destructiveness to Destructiveness, and five and three-quarters from Cautiousness to Cautiousness. Now if we wished to determine the proportionate size of Firmness to the other parts thus measured, we might add all the numbers together and compare the measure of Firmness with the sum of all the others. Thus, take the above numbers : From the orifice of the ear to Pa. . . . 4£ do do do to Event. . . 41 From Destructiveness to Dest 6 From Cautiousness to Caut 51 Equal to 21 In this case Firmness bears to the other organs mea- sured the relation of 51 to 21, or of 21 to 84. Now suppose another person comes to us to have his head examined. Having this standard for our guide, we might measure from the orifice of the ear to Firmness and find it four and a half inches; to Parentiveness five inches; to Eventuality five inches; from Destructiveness to Destructiveness five and a half; from Cautiousness to Cautiousness five and three-quarters, amounting to twen- ty-one and a quarter. Then we should sav his Firmness MEASUREMENTS. 97 /s to the other organs as four and a half is to twenty-one and a quarter, or as eighteen is to eighty-five. We should have a sum in the rule of proportion, thus : as eighty-four is to twenty-one, so is eighty-five to the answer required, which is twenty-one and a half nearly; now the actual measurement is but eighteen, whereas to be up to the standard it should be twenty-one and a half. By measuring the head of one person with whom we are well acquainted, we can obtain a standard for com- parison which will be perfect as far as it goes ; for we can measure afterwards any other whom we do not know, and just so far as his head is in the same propor- tion as the known head, just so far, all else equal, he must agree with him in natural character ; and just so far as the proportion departs, so also does the character; assuming Phrenology to be perfectly reliable. In most cases I have no doubt it would be more inte- resting to compare with some well known person than to compare with a general average standard. Take a person whose character we know well, measure his head carefully, then compare others with him — for according to phrenologic rules, the difference of heads and charac- ters must correspond. Even if the practical phrenolo- gist should, after measuring the head carefully, proceed in the present indefinite manner of numbering organs, he would be likely to be much more exact — being thus guided and restrained by actual measurement. If I were now to have a friend at a distance whose head I was desirous to have examined, I know of no 7 98 MEASUREMENTS. person in this country in whose skill I have confidence, and upon whose opinion I could rely as I could upon actual measurements — let me have these and I could compare them immediately with those of others whom I know, and thus ascertain the comparative character. MEASUREMENTS OF THE BODY TO ASCERTAIN THE TEMPERAMENTS. Many remarks which I have made concerning the measurement of the head to obtain certain and definite knowledge concerning the size and proportion of parts, apply equally to the Temperaments. Examiners are in the practice of pronouncing authoritatively that such a person has the Nervous, the Sanguine, or the Lympha- tic Temperament ; but it would be much better if some definite and well grounded facts could be given as the foundation of their opinions, or if they have no such facts, it would be better to say that their decision is merely conjectural, or at best an approximation. The Phreno-Nervous Temperament, in my opinion, depends upon the relative disproportion of the size of the Brain, (and perhaps of the nerves also,) to the muscles. I think that a large head connected with small and slen- der muscles is indicative of a Phreno-Nervous Tempe- rament, but a small brain connected with large mus- cles is indicative of a Muscular Temperament. Now, this being admitted, it follows that a correct measurement of the principal limbs and muscles, and a correct measurement of the brain, will give us much MEASUREMENTS. 99 iixjre useful information than the. present unscientific method of conjecturing from the general appearance. It is now quite common for two practical phrenologists to give opinions directly opposed to each other concern- ing both the Phreno-organs and the Temperament of an individual ; not only so, the same phrenologist some- times gives different opinions at different times, especial- ly if he does not know that he has examined the person before. This is enough of itself to prove the imper- fection of the present system of examinations. It is useless to attempt to disguise the fact, that phrenologi- cal examinations have degenerated into the merest quackery. Madame A ###### , the fortune teller, pro- ceeds upon precisely the same principles as our practi- cal phrenologists, that is, she guesses from appearances^ and sometimes guesses aright and sometimes wrong, she judges by the dress, speech, manners and attendant circumstances, and avails herself of every hint which the credulous subject drops, and mixing up some actual but indefinite knowledge of phrenology and physiogno- my ; all this, with the occasional aid of a few runners and tattlers, she really tells more than any of our most boasting phrenologists, without half their egotistical pretensions to science. She looks into futurity and past- urity — tells the number of your children — how many wives or husbands you have had, and how many you may have yet to enjoy. In short she will tell anything which she is paid for telling ; she charges you fifty cents and sends you away. If you tell her it is all a sham she laughs at you and offers to tell a different story for 100 MEASUREMENTS. another fee. I am quite serious in saying that I would as soon give half a dollar for her opinion, as that oi any practical phrenologist who is now perambulating the country, and I assure my readers that one is worth just as much as the other ; that is to say, they are both worthless. Perhaps I ought, in justice, to go further and say that they are not only worthless, but the scien- tific pretenders are absolutely injurious, on account of the discredit which they tend to throw upon a science which is capable of being made of immense value, if fairly and honestly applied in an accurate and judicious manner. I cannot better illustrate these remarks than by refer- ring to Mr. L. N. Fowler's Phrenological Almanac. (I have not the article before me and I quote from re- Collection.) He there gives an account of his ex- amining the head of a Dr. Pitman : he says, that he pronounced the organ of Self-Esteem (Imperative- ness) to be small — in a scale of one to seven it would only be ranked three. Not more than five years after- wards he was called upon to examine the same head again, and not recollecting that he had examined it be- fore, he pronounced the organ of Self-Esteem to be large, so that in a scale of one to seven it would be ranked six. Being called upon to explain this blunder he said, " that the Doctor had been during the five years much of the time engaged in politics, which had exer- cised his Self-Esteem so as to make it grow from three to six in that time." ! ! Now I do not hesitate to assert that the normal exer- MEASUREMENTS. 101 cise of an organ would not produce this difference in less than a thousand years. The probability is, that the Doctor's head had not perceptibly changed at all. Another illustration of the same character, is found in the examinations which Mr. O. S. Fowler made to determine the truth or falsity of the new organs, which the Rev. Le Roy Sunderland and Dr. Buchanan pre- tended to discover, by Mesmeric Neurology and Pa- thetism. {See Introduction.) It is now admitted by Mr. Sunderland himself, that the organs of the brain cannot be excited in the way that he and Mr. Fowler supposed that they had been. In my work published in 1845, on the Philosophy of Mesmerism, I exposed those -errors thoroughly, and since that time they have been abandoned. But what shall we say of Mr. Fowler's accuracy in examining crania 1 He says that he has examined hundreds and even thousands of heads and the result is in favor of the new organs, yet no such organs exist ! ! Is it not evident that there must be something wrong in his me- thod of examining 1 Since it is now known that the new organs thus dis- covered never had existence, except in the regions of fancy, I ask, how could Mr. Fowler verify them by his examinations of heads 1 Shall we be permitted to say that he must not be believed when he asserts that he has thus verified them 1 or shall we say that his exami- nations are so loose and inaccurate that nothing can be established or disproved by them 1 Whichever view we take of the matter, the result is equally discreditable to 102 MEASUREMENTS. Mr. Fowler, and the friends as well as the see /'cs in phrenology may reasonably refuse to rely afterwards upon any other scientific assertions w T hich he may think proper to make. In a moral point of view there could be no objection to the present method of making examinations, if it were frankly stated to the persons examined that accu- racy is not attainable, that there is a great liability to error, and that the decision of the phrenologist is mere- ly his judgment, founded upon indefinite knowledge. If such an honest nethod as this were adopted no one could complain ; and if errors were committed, the grossest mistakes would only lead to more careful ex- aminations, and the adoption of more accurate methods. When men pretend to be already infallible, it is in vain to attempt to improve them, and the only alterna- tive is to expose them and put the public on their guard. The developement of the chest is, when compared with the developement of the pelvis, an indication of the relative amount of the Arterial Sanguine Tempera- ment ; and I should much prefer to have a person tell me the precise measurement around the trunk at three points, viz: under the arms, at the waist, and the pelvis, than to be told by some pretender that the Tempera- ment is Sanguine or Lymphatic. Again, in regard to the complexion, it might be stated directly and definite- ly that a person has light blue eyes and yellow hair, and soft pale skin, or dark blue eyes and chestnut color- ed hair and florid skin, or black hair and eyes and yel MEASUREMENTS. 103 low skin, with leanness. This would be definite and would be a good foundation for the judgment — or at least we should know what the judgment is founded on and could judge for ourselves of its accuracy. Tell me precisely a person's complexion, and his height, and then tell me how much he measures around the chest, waist and pelvis ; then how much he mea- sures around the instep, ankle and leg, the length of his foot and limbs ; and the measurement around the wrist, the middle of the fore arm and half-way between the elbow and shoulder, and around the neck ; tell me all this, and let me also know the size and form of the hea*d, and I will not ask you to tell me his Tempera- ment, nor to show me his chart. Any one can apply this rule for himself, and decide according to the rule what the Temperament is, and what the character is ac- cording to Phrenology. The head might be measured from the orifice of the ear, (the meatus audit orius) to each Directive organ, and also to each Social. Each Ipseal might be measur- ed from the organ on one side to the corresponding or- gan on the other side, and in addition to this the three highest Ipseals should be measured from the opposite meatus to its centre. Amativeness should be measured from one mastoid process to the other, besides being measured from the meatus to the mesial line. Number should also be measured from one organ to its opposite and from one meatus to the organ on the opposite side. Perhaps it might be a good rule to measure each organ that is near ttye mesial line, but not actually on it, from 104 MEASUREMENTS. the opposite meatus. I am now supposing the measure- ment to be made with callipers, but it would be much better to use a graduated craniometer, which might be easily so contrived as to give the latitude and longitude of each part measured so as to prevent any misunder- standing as to the precise location of organs. A crani- ometer may be made in the usual manner, like the bale of a kettle, exactly a half circle with its axis passing through each meatus, and held in its place by small knobs passing into the meatus. The centre of this semi-circle might come exactly to the mesial line ; to one of the knobs at the meatus might be attached another smaller semi-circle at right angles to the large one, and so marked and graduated as to corres- pond in degrees with the larger one. Now the de- grees on the large semi-circle would show the latitude of an organ, and the degrees on the smaller semi-circle would show its longitude ; and by means of a moveable slide, the distance from the skull to the edge of the large circle might be measured ; deducting this from the semi-diameter of the large circle, the remainder would be the distance from the centre of the brain to the sur- face of the skull ; assuming the centre of the brain to be in a line with the axis of the circle, which axis pass- es through the meatus. A phrenological society would do well to employ a man to use such an instrument for a sufficient time to obtain a standard of proportion as a guide for future examinations. After every means in our power has been exhausted to obtain exactness, we shall still have more than MEASUREMENTS. 105 enough uncertainty in our results ; for we have not yet learned the boundaries of any of the organs, nor have we learned the precise functions, nor even the very ex- istence of all of them; and their modes of operation are still unsettled. Nothing is yet perfect in this beautiful science but the vain self-conceit with which it is pro- mulgated and practiced by some of its noisy advocates. SUMMARY OF THE PECULIARITIES OF THE PHRENO-SYSTEM OF PHI- LOSOPHY, SET FORTH BY THE AUTHOR, AND WHICH ARE NOT TAUGHT BY ANY OTHER PHRENOLOGIST. 1. He denies the brain to be the organ of the mind, and considers it the organ of voluntary motion, each organ being the fountain of a class of peculiar motions and the medulla oblongata being the seat of the mind. 2. He denies that any of the organs grow in conse- quence of exercise during one generation as much as phrenologists pretend that they do ; and he denies that the changes which the size and the form of the skull undergo, at different periods of life, are caused by ed- ucation, employment or any voluntary exercises of the individual. He deems it improbable that the brain grows or varies more than the sixteenth of an inch during life, in consequence of any amount or kind of exercise. 3. He denies the common doctrine of phrenologists concerning large heads, and he thinks that a very large head (unless it is accompanied with large lungs) is an indication of weakness, and a want of proportionate energy of character, while, on the other hand, a small head and large lungs indicate a tendency to prompt SUMMARY. 107 and vigorous action -without much tendency to sedenta- ry deliberation. 4. The nature of consciousness or mind is unknown, but in this life its only real use is to enable us to move in such a way as to gain the objects which our natures require — mind is subservient to muscular motion. 5. The brain is constituted essemially of three class- es of organs, which are developed from three different radical points at the base of the brain, like three trees; one class originates Self-Relative (Ipseal) actions, a se- cond class originates Society-Relative (Social) actions, and a third class (the Directives) directs the actions to their proper objects. 6. The Bilious Temperament is related to the dark ve- nous blood. 7. The organ of Sanativeness — this is situated just below Destructiveness, and in proportion as it is deve- loped animals and man are capable of experiencing the feeling of bodily pain. No other phrenologist has ever suggested this idea and no organ for this feeling has been proposed. 8. The organ of Pneumativeness which contributes to give prominence to the anterior portions of the mid- dle lobe of the brain, and causes the cheek bones to oc- cupy a more prominent position, was first suggested by the author. It was denied by other phrenologists, and afterwards admitted, (and so also were Sanativeness and Flavor,) by some of them, because that they found (as they supposed) that it could be excited in mesmer- ised subjects ; but since it has been found that the or- 108 SUMMARY. gans of the brain cannot be excited in this way, they have been silent upon the subject. This organ conveys impressions of suffocation to the mind from the lungs. 9. The organ .of Flavor or the perception of the odor, savor and chemical qualities of food &c. The author discovered this organ and published an account of it in 1839. 10. The author denies the existence of the faculty of Individuality and also of Form, and appropriates the space which has been allotted to these organs by Spurz- heim, to the other organs around these, namely : Ex- tension, Direction and Eventuality. 11. The author denies the existence of any especial organ of Sublimity, of Human Nature, of Suavity or of Matrimonial Attachment ; but he was the first to an- nounce that the persons who excelled in the knowledge of character have high foreheads. 12. The author thinks that Hope is the propensity to migrate. 13. He regards the organ called Wit, Mirthfulness, or Playfulness as the organ of Experimentiveness — the impulse to experiment. He considers the cause of sport and play, to be an excess of the arterial stimulus pro- ducing activity, which during leisure is apparently spontaneous, and is called sportive or playful action. This condition of things is favorable to the manifesta- tion of Experimentiveness, and it is apt therefore to show itself in a sportive form, but its primary function is to impel to experiment, to extricate the individual from difficulty. SUMMARY. 109 14. The organ which Gall called Poetry, and Spurz- heim Ideality, the author denominates Perfectiveness, the impulse to improve ; and instead of regarding it as related exclusively to the fine arts, he deems it as pro- perly related to the useful arts only, and the fine arts are the results of its operation in leisure, or in excess, or under peculiar circumstances. 15. The organ which Gall called the organ of Pride and Spurzheim Self-Esteem, the author denominates Emperativeness — the impulse to command. 16. The organ which Spurzheim called Veneration, the author denominates Submissiveness — the impulse to submit to superiors. 17. The organ which Spurzheim called Marvelous- ness, the author denominates Credenciveness — the im- pulse to act upon the assertions and testimony of others, and thus to substitute what we suppose to be their per- ceptions for our own actual perceptions. 18. The author considers each organ of the brain as related to a certain class of objects, which are adapted to stimulate the organ to its proper action. The office of the Directive or Intellectual organs is to discover and point out the proper objects for the action of the Impulsive organs. 19. The Directive organs are often imperfect or in- experienced, so that, they miss the true objects which the Impulsive organs demand, and are misled by the re- semblance of false objects to true ones, so that they di- rect the Impulsives to act upon erroneous objects. This is idolatrous action. The account of each organ 110 SUMMARY. should therefore distinguish the action of organs when excited by their proper objects from their idolatrous ac- tions when excited by counterfeits. 20. In 1838 the author discovered and published an account of the relation which exists between the deve- lopement of the Belligerent, Prudential, and Industrial Ranges of Ipseals and the teeth, lips, nose and ears, showing that the uncommon developement of one of these Ranges with an uncommon deficiency of the oth- ers, was in animals and man harmoniously accompanied with a peculiar form of the mouth and nose ; all other phrenologists at that time were silent on the subject o* Physiognomy. Spurzheim had published a work in which he attempted to show that there is no foundation to Physiognomy. But the author flatters himself that he has discovered the true and natural foundations of what he has denominated Phreno-Physiognomy, or the har- mony between the form of the brain and of the face. 21. A person resembling most the parent of the same sex is generally smaller, and has a deficiency of the qualities of the opposite sex. EXPRESSIONS OF OPINION. Extract from a Report on the Phrenological Classification of J. Stanley Grimes ; by E. N. Horsford, Professor of Natural His- tory and Mathematics in the Albany Female Academy. Adopted by the Albany Phrenological Society, September 3, 1840. " The considerations which Mr. Grimes has presented in support of his division of the cerebral organs into three classes are of three kinds : — Anatomical Structure, Natural History or Animals, and Analysis of the Mental Powers. Of these, the committee have been unable to perceive the value which Mr. Grimes seems to attach to the anatomical facts. As a class of truths, they harmonize with this classification, and may therefore be said to lend it some sup- port ; but alone they must be regarded as far from contributing suffi- cient ground for this division. The occurrence of the fundamental organs of each class at the base of the brain, and the regular grada- tion of the powers, from Amativeness to Credenciveness, through the socials ; from Alimentiveness to Hopefulness, through the Ipseals ; and from Individuality to Causality, through the Intellectuals, cor- responding with the succession of animals in the scale of beings, from the lowest orders up to man, are certainly in beautiful harmony with, and go to sustain the last and most important consideration upon which the classification rests. In the analysis, Mr. Grimes shows that all the powers of each class perform certain specific functions that have a generic character in common. All the powers of the Ipseal class are related to the individual, those of the Social class to society, and those of the Intellectual class to knowledge. He also shows that each of the powers of the several groups in each class have a sub-generic character in common. The first four socials, Am- ativeness, Parentiveness, Adhesiveness and Inhabitiveness, have for their object the continuation of the species and the establishment o! society; those of the governing group, Imperativeness, Approbative- ness, Firmness and Conscientiousness, have for their object the main- tenance of government in society, and the administration of justice ; those of the conforming group, Submissiveness, Kindness, Imitative- ness and Credenciveness, have for their object the perfection of socie- ty, by ' obedience to government, condescension and kindness to all our associates, and conformity to their manners, habits and opinions.' In the Ipseal class he shows, that the powers of the corporeal range are related to the nourishment and preservation of the body \ that 112 APPENDIX. those of the carnivorous range are most strongly manifested in the animals that feed upon flesh, and procure it by the destruction of life ) that Cautiousness in the herbivorous range characterizes the peace- seeking, ruminating animals ;* that those of the rodentia range dis- tinguish the whole order of animals to which the beaver and squirrel belong ; that those of the human range are fully developed only in man. He makes Playfulness the link in the Ipseal chain, which con- nects man with the lower animals ; the other organs of this range being exclusively human. He shows that men who have a develope- ment corresponding with that of animals, belonging to either the car- nivora, herbivora, or rodentia, are, so far as their Ipseal character is concerned, enstamped with the dispositions peculiar to the carnivo- rous, herbivorous, or gnawing animals. The Intellectual class with the exception of a division into ranges, he considers as a whole, and treats the organs in their order of succession, commencing at Individ- uality, and proceeding through the first and second ranges of percep- tives to the reflectives. " From this hasty view of the principal systems of arrangement among the powers of the mind which have hitherto received attention, the committee pass to the more direct comparison of the classification of Mr. Grimes with that of Dr. Spurzheim. In doing this, it may be well to notice some of the principles of classification in nature, since correspondence with them can alone give perpetuity to any system j and since they constitute the only true, standard of merit. Among those which, in phrenology, are obviously important, may be enume- rated the following : " I. Powers immediately related in functional character should be arranged in the same division. 11 II. Powers not directly related, but differing in attributes, should be arranged in different divisions. " III. The order of succession of the organs anatomically consi- dered, and the relationship of the powers according to metaphysical analysis, should harmonize with each other. " If a classification is defective when viewed in the light of either of these principles, it is manifesily imperfect ; and that classification against which, when tested by these principles, there are found fewest, objections, is the most perfect. '' In noticing Spurzheim's classification, it was observed that Lan- guage, manifestly low in the scale of perceptives — inasmuch as it is possessed by almost every individual of the animal kingdom, and the organ of which is at the very base of the brain — is ranked next to the reflectives. It was also seen, that Alimentiveness, a propensity re- lated wholly to the individual, is associated with Amativeness and Philoprogenitiveness, which are beyond question related to the spe. cies. He has placed in separate subdivisions, Adhesiveness, Appro bativeness and Benevolence, making the first an animal propensity proper, the second an affective power common to man and animals, * Secretiveness is thought by Mr. Grimes to distinguish the Herbivora. It is also manifested in a high degree by the Carnivora. The essential question, however, is whether the associated organs perform analogous functions. APPENDIX. 113 and the last a power proper to man. While it is plain that Adhe- siveness characterizes man, even in his higher walks, as much as ani- oaals, and more so than most, and that Approbativeness, though ;ommon to man and some animals, cannot be claimed to be possessed oy all inferior creatures, it is equally plain, from facts adduced by Gall, Spurzheim and Combe, that Benevolence distinguishes several orders of lower animals. This view leaves the alternative of regard- ing those instances where animals present a developement of the pow- ers not in conformity with the classification as exceptions to a gene- ral rule, or as considering the lines of distinction as improperly drawn. As no arrangement, like the above is proposed by Mr. Grimes, none of the above objections apply with force to his classification. " Since the authors of the classification before us draw the same line, and give it the same direction between the intellectual faculties and the affective faculties, or propensities, the further question of relative merit resolves itself into the following inquiries. " 1. Is the distinction between sentiments and propensities main tained by Spurzheim, founded in nature 1 11 2. If it be not founded in nature, are all the powers of the Ipseal class according to Grimes, related to the individual ; and are all the powers of the Social class related to society ? " 1. Combe says in his remarks upon what distinguishes sentiments from propensities, that ' Acquisitiveness is a mere impulse to acquire ; but Veneration gives a tendency to worship, accompanied w T ith a par- ticular emotion.' Acquisitiveness is made the representative of all the animal propensities, and Veneration of the moral sentiments; and the argument based upon them is applied to the two genera. " It is true that the evidence here to be adduced is in Consciousness, and therefore may perhaps be thought difficult to present ; but as the laws of the mind are immutable, and as the germ of every mental power is possessed by every sound mind, it may be fairly presumed that testimony upon a point of such importance is not altogether shut out from view. Let there be taken Firmness from the moral senti- ments, and Combativeness from the animal propensities. When the former is in action, the possessor feels an impulse to resist the influ- ence of others, and to maintain any position he may have assumed— a tendency to fixedness — and this feeling or impulse is called an emo- tion. When the latter is aroused, the possessor feels an impulse to oppose whatever may be in his pathway. Now between the two, is there any difference beyond the particular character of the attribute ? Is there any thing amounting to a superaddition ? If there be not, this distinction of Spurzheim is without existence in nature. " 2. Are all the powers of the Ipseal class, according to Grimes, re- lated to the individual, and those of the Social class to society ? In other language, it may be asked, could each power of the Ipseal class be brought into legitimate exercise, though the whole species besides the individual were annihilated — and could any of the Social class be legitimately exercised without the being of society ? " A detailed reply to these interrogatories would involve an analysis of all the powers of the two classes, a task whose execution it cannot be conceived could be brought within the Limits of this report. 8 1 14 APPENDIX. " That these two generic functions are respectively characteristic of the two classes, it may be remarked, is not denied, since Carmichael and Besseires have admitted its truth among the lower powers of the two classes, though they were unable to perceive its extension through the whole. From a careful examination of the analyses, the ground of distinction between the two classes, and their limits seem to be well established. The subdivisions of the two classes appear among the obvious arrangements of nature. Of the Ipseals, the corporeal range has relation clearly to the demands of the physical system. So nearly allied in function are Combativeness and Destructiveness, that the language of their respective analyses almost seems to be appli- cable to a single power. No two, in many respects, appear so near- ly related as Secretiveness and Cautiousness ; and the propriety of associating Acquisitiveness and Constructiveness is obvious, for the hoarding of possessions demands a place of reception. The powers of the last range, according to Mr. Grimes' analyses, appear all related to the improvement and the perfection of the individual ; they seem to point to higher and nobler spheres of action than any of the preceding ranges, aiid are therefore justly separated from the lower powers. " Of the Socials, all the powers of the establishing group have the distinguishing generic character expressed in the name under which they are arranged. This remark is equally true of the governing and the conforming groups. " While the division of the powers into three classes, and their sub- division into ranges and groups, may be considered important and use- ful, the distinguishing feature, and that which to the committee con- stitutes the highest merit of the new classification, consists in this, that it traces the chain of functional relationship, from the lowest organ to the highest of each class. " If Mr. Grimes' classification is founded in nature, the following are some of the advantages which may be expected from its adoption. " 1. It will facilitate the application of phrenological principles in deciding upon character from an examination of the head. Upon no- ticing the predominance of one class of organs, it may be said of the individual thus marked, he is Ipseal, Social, or Intellectual ; or, upon observing two classes prevailing over the third, it may be said, he is Ipseal and Intellectual, or Social and Intellectual, or both Ipseal and Social. The same principle will be applicable in speaking of the de- velopement of one group, or of two groups of the Socials, and also of the ranges of Ipseals and Intellectuals. The effects of a combined developement of particular groups in the different classes will be more readily understood. 11 2. It will aid analysis, in ascertaining the ultimate function of each organ. Upon knowing its position, and the relation it sustains to others — with what organ it would probably act, and whether in the centre of a class, or joined to organs of other classes, its manifesta- tions will be more readily perceived, and more clearly comprehended. '.' 3. It will aid in discovery, by directing the eyes of all phrenolo- gists to limited regions of the brain, when in search for the seat of a APPF.NDTX . 1 25 faculty, in whose existence they have been induced to believe. For example, if the seat of a supposed power related to corporeal wants be sought, the attention will be directed to developements and defi- ciencies in the corporeal range. If the function of the organ occupy- ing the region marked upon the bust of Mr. Cornbe as unknown, be the object of discovery, several aids will be afforded. It must, in the first place, be either Ipseal or Social ; and in the second place, it must oe either a Social of the conforming group, or an Ipseal of the human range. "4. It will furnish phrenology with new claims to the character of an established science ; and by its simplicity and consistency? will induce the student to pursue its investigation with the same kind of satisfac- tion that now attends his study of the older sciences. " In conclusion, the committee state, that distrusting their own abili ties to discharge the duties assigned them, they entered into corres pondence upon the question to be determined with several phrenologi- cal writers. They have also examined all the published works re- lating to the subject which they could command. And with these materials before them, after weighing the whole matter, the result is the opinion, that the classification of Mr. Grimes is a decided improve- ment, as it arranges the powers of the mind more nearly in accord- ance with the laws of natural relationship than any of the systems which have preceded it. E. N. HORSFORD, Chairman of Committee on Grimes' Classification. " At the close of Mr. Grimes' lectures, delivered in the Chapel ol the Albany Female Academy, the class organized by appointing Chai les D. Townsend, M D. Chairman, and Thomas W. 01cott,Esq., Secretary. Whereupon Henry Green, M.D., introduced the following resolutions, which were unanimously adopted : \ { Restdved. That we have listened with exciting interest to the Lectures of Mr. Grimes, President of tiie Phrenological Society ol Buffalo, on the science of phrenology. •' Res toed, That we believe Mr. Grimes has made new and import- ant discoveries in Phrenology ; that his arrangement of the brain into three classes of organs, viz : — the Ipseal, Social and Intellectual, to- gether with their subdivisions into ranges or groups, is founded in nature, the anatomy of the brain, and the natural gradation of animals as they rise in the scale of being. •• !i s to d, That we are forced to believe that Phrenology, as taught b Mr. Grimes, may be learned by persons of on inary intelligence a:i 1 observation, so as to.be useful to them in their every day inter- cii i.-je will) sieieiv — iliac it is destined to improve our race, remodel f;i j resun i in >de of education, become useful in legislation, and in the overnmenl of children in families and in schools. •• Resolved, That we not only esteem it a duty, but regard it a pleasure, to encourage talents, genius and enterprise, wherever we 116 APPENDIX. discover them, and in whatever pursuit, if the object and effect is the improvement of mankind — that we regard Mr. Grimes as possessing the highest order of intellect, as original in his observations and de> ductions, and as destined to fill a distinguished place in the scientific world. • Resolved, That we confidently recommend Mr. Grimes to the at- tention of our fellow-citizens in different sections of our extended country, believing they will find him an accomplished lecturer, a close, accurate, forcible reasoner, and inimitable in his illustrations of the science he so triumphantly advocates. " Resolved, That Henry Green, M. D., and Professor McKee, of the Albany Academy, be a committee to present a copy of these re- solutions to Mr. Grimes, and request their publication in the daily papers of the city. " C. D. TOWNSEND, M.D., Chairman. " T. W. OLCOTT, Secretary." " Prof. Grimes, whose lectures on phrenology, at Buffalo, Albany, and other cities, have excited unusual interest, and elicited the warm- est approbation, proposes to deliver a course of lectures in this city immediately. His System differs materially in its details from that of Gall, Spurzheim and Combe, though resting on the same general foundation. We have not yet heard him ; but from the testimony of friends on whom we can place reliance, we know that he handles his subject like a master, and that those who can find time to attend his lectures will be entertained and edified." — New-Yorker. u Professor Grimes, the phrenologian, whose original and ingenious views on phrenological science have caused his lectures to be very much followed in our western cities, has arrived here, and puts up at the Astor. He brings with him most flattering testimonials, from his Excellency the Governor and others of Albany, where his last course was delivered. He proposes, we are pleased to hear, to give an op- portunity to the citizens of New- York to judge of the merits of his discoveries and deductions, in what he justly terms the science of phreno-physiognomy, embracing all the phenomena developed in the brain, features, and whole organization, and character and habits of the individual, as divided into three great orders of mammalia, viz: — the carnivorce, the graminivorce and the rodentice — corroborated by illustrations from every tribe of animated nature — the only true and exact base of this interesting science." — N. Y. Star. (< New Theory of Phreno- Physiognomy, by James Stanley Grimes, Esq. — Mr. Grimes delivered his first lecture last night, at the Ameri- can Institute, to a respectable and intelligent audience. Every body present seemed impressed with the truth, force and originality of his new views on the science of phreno-physiognomy. Mr. Grimes has the merit of making himself clearly understood, and of presenting his subject under its natural divisions, and with great distinctness. He appealed, in strong and effective declamation, to the common sense of all present, and gave such familiar, graphic illustrations of his analysis of the temperaments, and of the language of the passions, APPENDIX. 117 displaying the powers of mimicry and eloquence to great advantage, that all present, we believe we may with truth say, were convinced that the theory of the Professor is based upon practical sound sense and indisputable facts." — Ibid. " Lecture on Phrenology. — Professor Grimes, we are happy to hear, has consented to repeat his introductory lecture on phrenology this evening, at the rooms of the American Institute, rear of the City Hall. The views on the science of phrenology, presented by Professor Grimes on Monday evening, Were entirely new, and elicited a uni- versal request from the audience for a repetition on this evening, and we trust all who feel an interest in the subject will attend." N. Y. Times. " The Lectures on Phreno- Physiognomy , by Professor Grimes. Mr. Grimes will continue his course to-night, at the American Insti- tute. The subject being one of particular interest, viz : — the highest range of the ipseal faculties, as he calls them, or those peculiar to man, as distinguished from all other animals. Mr. G.'s last lecture was received with great approbation, and fully sustained his bold ori- ginal theory, which has the merit of producing conviction, because we have before remarked, its illustrations are drawn from the only sure foundation for these investigations." — N. Y. Star. " Mr. Grimes commences a third course of lectures to-night, having been engaged to deliver the same before the Mechanics' Library As- sociation, at their lecture room in Crosby-street, near the corner of Grand. The popularity of this gentleman is increasing daily, as is evinced by the nattering demands upon him by the most respectable literary institutions of our city. *' We understand, the lectures of Mr. Grimes, at the Crosby-street Institute, before the Mechanics' and Tradesmen's Library Associa- tion, are so crowded that it is next to impossible to obtain admission. Last night a great number had to go away. We felt sure that when this gifted and luminous expounder of the only true laws of phreno- logical science should have a hearing, he would daily gain more and more converts to his views on this interesting subject." — N. Y. Star. "Phrenology. — This science, which seems strongly based upon truth, however erroneous may be some of the theories deduced from it, and however mistaken some of its professors may be in its application, nevertheless appears to be slowly gaining a strong hold upon the faith of the multitude. A new and popular lecturer on this subject is now in this city, and will deliver a course, as will be seen by the adver- tisement. Mr. Grimes gave an introductory lecture last evening. His first regular lecture will commence this evening. His mode of illustration is exceedingly happy and forcible. Possessing a great fund of humor, he tickles his audience into a roar while conveying much important information — so, his hearers are both instructed and exceedingly amused at the same time. We cannot tell, of course, how the lectures will wear ; but he seems to have made a decided hit in the beginning We understand that he has made some practice) 118 APPENDIX. experiments of his theory at the College, with great success, hitting the characters even of those who attempted to mislead him. We per- ceive that Mr. Grimes brings with him flattering testimonials from a number of well known individuals in the larger cities, and the Phreno- logical Society of Albany have published resolutions highly commen- datory of him and his system." — New-Haven Palladium, 1841. " $& Mr. Grimes' Phrenological Lectures have been exceedingly well received in this city, by the classan attendance. As he progress- ed with his course, his hearers increased, and those who were in con- stant attendance were apparently more and more interested with eve- ry succeeding lecture, to the close of the series. We do not believe Mr. Combe is his superior, in any sense, as a lecturer on this science, and we know he is altogether his inferior in many particulars. The following resolutions express the opinions of most if not all of Mr. Grimes' hearers in this city." — New-Haven Palladium. On Friday evening last, after J. Stanley Grimes, Esq. had delivered his concluding lecture on Phrenology- in the Exchange Saloon of this city, the audience remained and a meeting was organized by calling His Excellency, Gov. Edwards, to the Chair, and appointing W. E. Robinson. Secretary. Whereupon the following resolutions were proposed and unanimously adopted : Resolved, That we have listened with increasing interest and delight to the course of lectures just concluded by James Stanley Grimes, Esq., on the Science of Phrenology. Resolved, That we believe Mr. Grimes has made many valuable discoveries and improvements in the Science : That we admire his lucid explanation of the connection and harmony between the organs of the brain and those of the body, and that his classification and arrangement of the Phrenological organs appear to be founded in nature. Resolved, That we take pleasure in recommending Mr. Grimes as a pleasing, original and able lecturer, that, whether in this country or in Europe, where we understand he intends to lecture on this sci- ence, he has our best wishes for his success and happiness. Resolved, That the Secretary of this meeting be appointed to pre- sent a copy of these resolutions to Mr. Grimes. W r M. E. ROBINSON, Secretary." New-Haven, Dec. 12, 1840. " Mr. Grimes' last Lecture in Hudson. — On Friday evening last Mr. Grimes completed his second course of Lectures on Phrenology, in this city, before a numerous and highly respectable audience. At the close of the lecture Josiah W. Fairfield, Esq. made a few appro- priato remarks complimentary to Mr. Grimes, and proposed that the audience should resolve itself into a meeting for the purpose of passing resolutions, expressive of its sense in regard to Mr. Grimes' lectures. W hereupon Col. Charles Darling was called to the Chair, and J. R. S. Van Vleet appointed Secretary. J. Sutherland, Esq. then rose, and after some remarks expressive APPENDIX. 119 of the pleasure and gratification with which ne had listened to Mr. Grimes' able exposition of his system of Phrenology, offered the following resolution, which, on motion of J. W. Fairfield, Esq. was adopted : Resolved, That we have listened with high gratification to the course of lectures on the science of Phrenology delivered in this city by Professor Grimes, and which have been this evening completed. That we feel it due to Professor Grimes to express our thanks for the instruction and pleasure his lectures have afforded us, and the interest we have felt in his able exposition of the principles of Phrenology. That his manner of lecturing is admirable, combining amusement with instruction, and well calculated to impress favorably all who hear him with the principles of the science. That we highly commend his zeal and ability in advancing a science the aim of which is more perfect knowledge of intellectual Philosophy and of ourselves. The Secretary of the meeting then offered the following} which, on motion of Cyrus Curtiss, Esq., was also adopted : Whereas, the labors of Mr. Grimes are for the present ended in this city, we deem it a duty we owe to him — to the cause of truth, and to ourselves, that we give an expression of the high gratification with which we have listened to his interesting and instructive lectures. Therefore, be it Resolved, That we approve of his classification of the Phrenological organs — of his explanation cf the temperaments, and of his new sys- tem of Phreno-Physiognomy. Resolved, That we cheerfully recommend Mr. Grimes to the public, as an able advocate for his new and beautiful theory of the human mind, and from whose teachings we have derived in a high degree, intellectual pleasure and instruction. On motion, it was resolved that the proceedings of this meeting be signed by the Chairman and Secretary, and published in both the newspapers of the city. CHARLES DARLING, Chairman. J. R. S. Van Vleet, Sec'y." Hudson, June 6th, 1840. Union College, October 23, 1844. Prof. J. Stanley Grimes : " Dear Sir — At the conclusion of your lectures, just delivered before a portion of the students of this Institution, a meeting of the class was duly organized, and the following resolutions were adopted, as expressive of their sentiments in reference to your lectures. Resolved, That we have listened with deep interest and the highest satisfaction, to the series of lectures on the Philosophy of Mesmerism, just delivered before us by Mr. Grimes, and that we unanimously concur in tendering to him this testimony of our approbation and respect. Resolved, That the experiments delivered before us, have without exception been of such a character — the subjects being our fellow-stu- dents and classmates, known to us to be men of intelligence, firmness, 120 APPENDIX. and Christian integrity-— as to forbid a doubt of the facts, anC. leave us not the slightest ground for scepticism. Resolved, ThaX so far as we are competent to judge, the theory of Mesmerism, as presented by Mr. Grimes, is not only novel and exci- tingly interesting, but in perfect accordance with admitted principles of science. Resolved, That should Mr. Grimes, as we understand it is his inten- tion to do, publish to the world his views upon this subject, we believe they will meet with that favor from the public, and from men of sci- ence in particular, which, in our judgment at least, their present novel- ty demands. Resolved, That wherever Mr. Grimes may go, we would respect- fully solicit for him a candid hearing from an enlightened public, feel- ing assured that their experience will accord with our own, and pre- judice give place to conviction, and scepticism to confirmed belief. Resolved, That a copy of these resolutions be presented to Mr. Grimes, to be used according to his»diseretion. A. NEWKIRK LITTLEJOHN, Chairman" " Professor Grimes' Lecture on the Philosophy of Intemperance. — This gentleman appeared last evening at the Tremont Temple, be- fore a large and respectable audience. Intemperance is an old and somewhat hackneyed subject, but the able Lecturer gave quite a new form to it, and deeply interested his audience for an hour and a half. ********* We freely give Professor Grimes great credit for the very able and interesting manner in which he handled his subject. We hope we shall hear from him again." — Boston Daily Mail. "Lectures on the Science of Human Nature. — It will be seen on refer- ence to our advertising columns, that Prof. J. Stanley Gkimes, of New- York, commences a series of lectures on this subject at the Ma- sonic Temple, on Monday evening next. Mr. G. is eminently known as the author of several philosophical works, among which are " A new System of Phrenology," " Etherology," " The Philosophy of Mesmerism," etc. The opinions and positions assumed by this gen- tleman in relation to the human mind, as connected with the above mentioned subjects, are entirely different from those hitherto assumed by other gentlemen who have lectured upon them. Mr. Grimes comes among us with the highest possible recommendatious." — Bos- ton Daily Mail. "Professor Grimes. — This gentleman is slowly, but surely gaining a merited popularity among our citizens, without resorting to any of the usual means to acquire notoriety ; hardly advertising in the public prints to inform our people that he is present with us, his audiences are nightly increasing, and are of a class which neither humbugs nor mediocrity could satisfy. His great merit is a quaint and hearty ori- ginality. He appears to be a close observer of human nature, the foibles of which he illustrates with infinite fancy and sarcasm. His APPENDIX. 121 manner of discourse is peculiar ; he is exceedingly impressive in de- picting the different emotions of the mind, a capital mimic, when re- lating the many droll anecdotes in which he abounds, and yet sober and serious when treating of the more profound themes of his dis- course. The basis of his lectures is Phrenology, being a modification of the systems of Spurzheim and Combe. He does not confine himself to the brain alone, but to the whole structure and constitution of the frame, to judge of the tendencies and capabilities of the individual. Mr. Grimes, we understand, is a lawyer of some eminence in the State of New- York. Having had much success as a lecturer, he dm ploys the vacant time between the sessions of the court, in promul- gating his peculiar views on men and things. This is his first visit to our city in this capacity, although originally a Boston boy, where at school, we have heard it hinted, he was chiefly remarkable'for the fact that he could thrash every boy in it: He seems disposed to come off victorious evea now with any one, either physically or mentally, who is inclined to grapple with him, or is anxious to feel the weight of his calibre. His lecture this evening is on Hope, at the Tremont Tem pie." — Boston Daily Whig • Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process. Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide Treatment Date: Nov. 2004 PreservationTechnologies A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATION 1 1 1 Thomson Park Drive Cranberry Township, PA 16066 (724)779-2111