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56th Congress, { SENATE. \ Document 
 
 2d ^e.^,slu/i. \ \ No. 39. 
 
 MESSAGE 
 
 FROM THK 
 
 PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, 
 
 TRANSMITTING 
 
 A COMMUNICATION FROM THE SECRETARY OF STATE, FORWARDINd 
 
 THE REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER TO 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION 
 
 OF 1898 AT BERGEN. NORWAY. 
 
 December 11, 1900. — Read, referred to the Committee on Fisheries, 
 and ordered to be printed. 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 
 1001. 
 
56th Congress, \ SENATE. ( Documknt 
 
 2d Session. f ( No. 39. 
 
 xVIESSAGE 
 
 FROM THE 
 
 PRESIDENT OF TlIE UNITED STATES, 
 
 TRANSMITTING 
 
 A COMMUNICATION FROM THE SECRETARY OF STATE, FORWARDING 
 
 ,THE REPORT OF THE UNITED STATES COMMISSIONER TO 
 
 THE INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION 
 
 OF 1898 AT BERGEN, NORWAY. 
 
 J)ECKMBEK 11, IHOO. — Read, referred to the Coniinittee <iii Fisheries, 
 and ordered to )>(■ ]irinted. 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^V 
 
 WASHINGTON: 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 
 1901. 
 
Plate I, 
 
 UNITED STATES EXHIBIT, IN MAIM BUILDING. 
 PliotoKraphed by Nybliii. 
 
1 "^ 1 ^' 
 
5t - 
 
 To the Senate and TIoui<e of Repreaentatives: 
 
 I tran.siiiit herewith a commuiiioation from the Secretary of State, 
 forwarding- the report of the United States commissioner to the Inter- 
 national Fisheries Exhibition of 1898 at Bergen, Norway. 
 
 William McKinley. 
 Executive Mansion, 
 
 Washington^ Deceviber 10, 1900. 
 
 The President: 
 
 I have the honor to submit for transmission to Congress the report 
 of the United States commissioner to tlie International Fisheries 
 Exhibition of 181*8 at Bergen, Norway. 
 Respectfully submitted. 
 
 John Hay. 
 Department of State, 
 
 Washington, Deceinher 6, 1900. 
 
Department of State, 
 
 Wa.sh!ngton. March 2, 189S. 
 
 Sir: The President liavino-, under the joint resohition of Conofr(\ss 
 approved February 17. 1898, appointed you to represent the Unit(^d 
 States at the International Fisheries Exposition to be held at Berjron, 
 Norwa}', from May 16 to Septeml)er 80, 1898. T inelose herewith youi- 
 conuiiission in that capacity. 
 
 I also inclose a copy of the joint resolution. Its object is to secure 
 at the exposition a suita])le and proper exhi})ition and display of the 
 food iishes of the Ignited States and the methods of catching-, salting, 
 curino-. and preserving- the same, and of the implements and appliances 
 used in carrjnng on the fishery industries of the United States. 'I'o 
 this end you may, with the consent of the Secretary of the Smithsonian 
 Institution, use at the said exposition any portion of the tisheri(>s col- 
 lection in the National Museum. 
 
 To pay the expenses and costs of representing the United States at 
 the exposition and to pay all the costs and expenses and outlays p(>r- 
 taining or incident to the making and carrying on of the exhibition 
 and display aforesaid, the sum of $2(>.(^()0. or so nmch thereof as may 
 be necessary, has been appropriated by (^ongress. Of this appropri- 
 ation the sum of $2,500 is specitically set aside by the joint resolution 
 for 3'our compensation, including your personal and traveling expenses. 
 
 The dis])ursing clerk of the Department of State will pay any 
 accounts for expenses that you may actually and necessarily incur in 
 carrying out the intention of Congress in the United States. Previous 
 to your departure for Bergen you will be furnished with a lett(>r of 
 credit upon the Government's l)ankers in London, upon whom vou 
 will sul)sequently draw. You will promptly furnish the Depai-tment 
 with an account of your expenditures under \\\o letter of credit, sup- 
 ported by subvouchers. 
 
 At the end of the exposition you will, in accordance with the 
 direction of the joint resolution, make a full report to the Department 
 of State of the participation of the United States th(M'(>in. and of all 
 the information and results acquired and obtained at or by means of 
 said exposition touching the fishing industry throughout tlie woild. 
 Respectfully, yours, 
 
 John SnEUiviAN. 
 
 eT. W. Collins. Es((. 
 
 - (Care Conmiissionci- of Fish and Fisheries, Washington. 1 ). C.). 
 
VI LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL. 
 
 Mr. Collins to th^ Secretary of Sfrrte. 
 
 Laurel. Md.. .]/</// 20. 1899. 
 
 Sir: I havo the honor to forwiird hcrewitli iiiv othcial report as 
 United States connnissioner to the International Fisheries Exhibition 
 at Bert^en, Norway, in 18H8. This report is divided into two parts. 
 
 Part I is a report upon the participation of the United States in the 
 International Fisheries Exhibition at Bergen. This deals exclusively 
 witii the exhil>it made by the United States, its preparation, installa- 
 tion, conduct, and return. It also embraces such other informp^tion 
 as bears on the subject under consideration, including- a synoptical 
 catalogue. 
 
 Part II is a report upon the Bergen Exhibition and the fisheries 
 collections exhibited by various counti'i(>s. An effort has been made 
 to embody in this part the ''information acquired touching the fishery 
 industry throughout the world." even although the tim(> availal)le for 
 the preparation of these data has l)e(Mi inade({uate foi' such an under- 
 taking, having in view the care that must be exercised to insure 
 accuracy in technical descriptions. 
 
 1 respectfully invite attention to the illustrative material submitted 
 hercMvith. particidarly that relating to fisheries exhibits of other coim- 
 tries. and venture to hope it may be utilized, for it will undoubtedly 
 eidiance the value of the report. 
 Respectfully , yours, 
 
 Joseph W. Collins. 
 
OOKTEISTTS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Letter of President to Congress in 
 
 Letter of Secretary of State to President 1 1 1 
 
 Letter of Secretary of State to Mr. Collins v 
 
 Letter of Mr. Collins to the Secretary of State vi 
 
 List of illustrations xix 
 
 Part I. — Report upon 'the P.\rticipation of the United States in the 
 International Fisheries Exhibition, held at Bergen, Norway, 
 IN 1898. 
 
 Authorization of exhi V)it 1 )y United States 8 
 
 Funds available 3 
 
 Appointment of a commissioner 4 
 
 Personnel 5 
 
 Application for space f) 
 
 Plan and scope of the United States exhibit fi 
 
 Preparation of collections, etc (i 
 
 Preliminary preparation for installation, etc 9 
 
 Modification of allotment of space 9 
 
 Officers, etc 10 
 
 Arrangement of exhil)its 10 
 
 Work of installation 13 
 
 Judging the exhibits 15 
 
 Awards 15 
 
 Decrease of personnel 18 
 
 Application for publications, etc 18 
 
 Change in date of closing 19 
 
 Disposition of the collections 19 
 
 Appointment of deputy 20 
 
 Press comments 21 
 
 Courtesies 24 
 
 Appendix. — Preliminary Catalocjie and Synopsis of the Collections 
 Exhibited my the I'nitkd States Fish Commission and by Special 
 e.xhihitors, with a concordance to the official classification of 
 THE Exhibition. 
 
 List of persons engaged in the preparation of tlie collection 26 
 
 Statistics of certain fisheries of the United States 27 
 
 Statistics of tlie fishcrieH of the Ciiiti'd States, 1897 30 
 
 VII 
 
VIII CONTENTS. 
 
 coLLE<'TiVE Kxnimr (>i- Tin: i mted states. 
 
 .Section A. — A</u<illc (iuiiii(ili< (ind /i/iiiilt< <if yorlli .liinricn luni iifl<il nr injurioiis 
 
 to man. 
 
 I 'age. 
 .Maimnals, Itirds, iriitilc;^, and Itatrailiiaiis, lislics, molliisks. marine ami Ircsli- 
 
 watt-r invertebrate.^*, exclusjive of ni(illnsk.< .'{2 
 
 Maps of fishing grounds :V,i 
 
 Section B. — Api><irutiis for hch and frtsli inilir jishinf/. 
 
 Clubs, ppeariJ, ilarts, rakes, and dred^res. 88 
 
 Fisbhooks, jigs and drails, artificial liaits, flies, and t\y hooks, jiuiieters, ilear- 
 
 in^' rin^rs, ete 'Mi 
 
 Fishing' lines and rigged gear 8;-> 
 
 Fishing rods and reels for lines and nets 84 
 
 Nets and .«eines, and materials u.'^ed in tlieir tnaunfactnre 84 
 
 Fish fraps, weirs, and ponnds 8-1 
 
 Knives, gaffs, and other apparatns 84 
 
 Illustrations of the fisheries 84 
 
 Section C. — Fif<]ii)ig rexNels, honlx, <iiiil jilliut/s. 
 
 Vessels and boats 35 
 
 Boat fittings and appliances 85 
 
 Section I). — Fit^lierrnin <iiiil mtglrrst. 
 
 Fishermen and their ajiparel 35 
 
 Shelter, etc 35 
 
 Habits of fishermen 35 
 
 Fishermen's tools and outfits 35 
 
 Section K. — Appanitns imed in tlif irha/inff and scalin;/ induKtri/. 
 
 Whaling vessels and boats 85 
 
 Whaling craft, harpoons, guns, and lances 8ti 
 
 Cutting gear 8H 
 
 Aboriginal whaling and sealing ai)paratns ;.(i 
 
 Section F. — Fitilieri/ jn-odmtK and llnir prf/iaralion. 
 
 Ajtparatus and materials nst-d in the preparation and care of products.. .8(> 
 
 Products of the fisheries prepared for food 8ti 
 
 ISIaterials emi>loyed in the arts and manufactures 87 
 
 Section (J. — /•'/>•/( i-nllnrr. 
 
 A])i>aratus and methods of fish culture 87 
 
CONTENTS. IX 
 
 Section H.- — InvcKtigitlion of fJie vatecR <ini1 research. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Deep-sea research 41 
 
 Investigation of the fresh waters '. 41 
 
 Section I. — Lilmiliirr. 
 
 Books 41 
 
 Collections displayed l)y special exhibitors 42 
 
 Concf)rdance of the otticial ('lassificati<in fnr tin- use uf jmics 56 
 
 Part II. — Report upon the Bergen Kxiiiisition .\>>r> the FisnKini;s Collec- 
 tions E^xHiBiTED ry Other Cointries. 
 
 Introductiiin 63 
 
 General features of the exhihition 65 
 
 Exhibits 69 
 
 Industrial exhibition: 
 
 General definition 70 
 
 Extent and location < tf exhibits 70 
 
 Special features 71 
 
 International Fisheries Exhibitidu: Scope, otticial represeiitatinii. etc 79 
 
 Norway: 
 
 (ireneral considerations SO 
 
 Fishing vessels and tishing boats 82 
 
 Steamers S3 
 
 Fininarken whalen steamers So 
 
 Bottle-nose whaling steamers 85 
 
 Sealing steamers 86 
 
 Market fishing steamers 87 
 
 Bait steamers 88 
 
 Fish-carrying steamers 88 
 
 Steam whaling launch 88 
 
 Sailing vessel and 1 m lats 88 
 
 The Nordland jtegt 89 
 
 The jgegt and galeas 93 
 
 Norwegian Iiank lishiiig vessel 95 
 
 The sk0ite 98 
 
 Listi'r sk0ite 1 00 
 
 The "slup" 100 
 
 Fishing ketches or smacks 102 
 
 Fishing schooners 1 02 
 
 Small fishing vcs.><els 102 
 
 Deciked sloops 102 
 
 Fishing ketches 103 
 
 Sealing and whaling boat 104 
 
 Nordland fishing boat 105 
 
X CONTENTS. 
 
 NouwAV — ('(iiitiiiucfl. Pufjo. 
 
 Su<:<rt'St(Ml imiJnivtMiicnt in Nonllainl lioat Ill' 
 
 The Hanen lisliin^' ))()at .' H'* 
 
 Fiiiiuarken lisliiiii; hoat "-^ 
 
 Th(^ Sondmore fishinj; Ix/at 1 H 
 
 Banker's trawl-line boat 11" 
 
 Norwegian dories 1 1'^ 
 
 Sognef jord fishing 1 x >at 1 1 '^ 
 
 Bergen or (^ondhorland herring boat 1 H' 
 
 Fonr-oared fishing Imat 1-0 
 
 Stavanger herring boat 1-1 
 
 Stavanger six-oared tishing boat 122 
 
 Stavanger welled tishing l)oat 12H 
 
 Ihinlangcr seine boat 123 
 
 1 lardanger gill-net boat 125 
 
 llvidiiigso tishing boat 12t> 
 
 bister llshing l)oat 12»> 
 
 Ari-ndai si'ine boat 12S 
 
 Arendal six-oared fishing iioat 12S 
 
 Fisliing ]iiaani 12!' 
 
 Norwegian lite-saving boats 1 2i< 
 
 Ai)i)aratns of eaptnre, etc - b!2 
 
 Whaling apparatus 132 
 
 Implements for killing walrus and seals 135 
 
 Api>ai-atus for catching tish 1 •'!<> 
 
 Nets and seines l'^t> 
 
 Trawl lines i:^>< 
 
 I huid-line fishing appliances 13Vt 
 
 Xordland two-hookeil hand-line gear ' 140 
 
 Kinmarken hand-line gear I-IO 
 
 ihuldoi-k hand-line gear HI 
 
 Lnl'otcn lead-sinker gear 141 
 
 Lister hand-line gear 142 
 
 Jiggers and decoy hooks 142 
 
 Sliark-lishing gear 143 
 
 S(|uid or cuttle-fish gear 143 
 
 Spears and gaffs 144 
 
 Halibut spear 144 
 
 ( od and halibut gaffs 145 
 
 Kelpots 145 
 
 Lobster j.ots 145 
 
 Winclu'S and rollers 14<> 
 
 Net winches '4' 
 
 Net n .Hers 147 
 
 Line w inches '47 
 
CONTENTS. XI 
 
 Norway — Continued. Page. 
 
 Line rollers 148 
 
 Killicks and grapnels 148 
 
 Knives 149 
 
 Buoys and bailers 149 
 
 Fish products 150 
 
 Fish culture 155 
 
 Sweden : 
 
 Commissioner 165 
 
 General considerations 165 
 
 Fishing vessels and fishing hoats 171 
 
 The bankskuta : ^ 172 
 
 Fishing ketch - 178 
 
 Mackerel tishing boat 1 79 
 
 Bank-trawlers' boat 181 
 
 Bohuslan herring boat 1 82 
 
 Bohuslan fishing yawl 182 
 
 Skane fishing boat 182 
 
 Cimbrishamns fishing boats 186 
 
 Blekinge fishing ])oats 187 
 
 Sddermanland fishing boat 190 
 
 The Gotland fishing boat 190 
 
 Dalaro fishing Ijoat 1 91 
 
 Vaxholm fishing boat 191 
 
 Rtora ni{)ja fishing boat 192 
 
 Oregrund fishing boat 192 
 
 Stockholm welled fishing boats 162 
 
 Hamas fishing V)oat 194 
 
 Helsingland fishing boat 194 
 
 Pitea herring ])()at 195 
 
 Manno fishing boat 197 
 
 Sealing boat 197 
 
 Lake Venern fishing boat 199 
 
 Lake Wettern fishing boat 199 
 
 Lake Siljan boat 200 
 
 Lake Malaren fishing skiff 200 
 
 River boats 201 
 
 Api)aratus of capture, etc 201 
 
 Sealing apparatus 202 
 
 Nets and seines 202 
 
 Fykes, traps, weirs, etc 204 
 
 Trawl lines 208 
 
 Hand-line fishing appliances 208 
 
 Cod fishing gear 208 
 
 Whiting; lines 209 
 
XII CONTENTS, 
 
 SwKDKN — Continued. Page. 
 
 f.,ake Hsliiiifr jrear 209 
 
 I, am 1-1 i lit- hull IS 210 
 
 \\,{.^ 210 
 
 Ivobstfr 1 )ot.« 210 
 
 Fi.sh baskets 21 1 
 
 Eel pots 211 
 
 [.laniprey pot.'^ 212 
 
 Crayfish iM>t 212 
 
 Killicks anil srrapnels 213 
 
 Knives 213 
 
 Bnoys 213 
 
 Water telesc( )i)e 213 
 
 Fishermen's bark shoes 214 
 
 Methods of fisliinir and fishinj; stations 214 
 
 Fish-packinj; estahlishiiicnts and accessories 215 
 
 Oil and pnano lactniy 215 
 
 Fish products 217 
 
 Fish culture 218 
 
 Dknmauk : 
 
 Couiniissioner 220 
 
 ( Jeneral consiilerations 221 
 
 Fishing' ves.sels and fishing' hoats 221 
 
 North Sea fishing steamer 222 
 
 Steamer for fishin<r at Iceland 223 
 
 V]t lunder smacks 224 
 
 Herring drift-net boat 225 
 
 Skovshoved herring boat 22H 
 
 Bornholm herring boat 227 
 
 I'xtridiolm salmon boat 228 
 
 Drift b()ats for eel lishing 229 
 
 Old style fishing vessel 230 
 
 Cattegat fishing 1 " lat 231 
 
 T.,ynjes herring l)oat 232 
 
 Hornback fishing boat 232 
 
 Linifiorden fi.'^hing 1 n lats 232 
 
 Cod fishing boats ■ 233 
 
 Sound fishing boat 235 
 
 Jutland lishing l)oat 236 
 
 Faroe Island fishing boat 237 
 
 Iceland fishing boats 23S 
 
 Greenland kaiak 241 
 
 Apparatus of capture, etc '-^-11 
 
 Faroe whaling implements 241 
 
 Nets and seines 242 
 
CONTENTS. . XIII 
 
 Denmark — Continued. Page. 
 
 Otter traw i 244 
 
 Eel and flounder trawl 245 
 
 Fyken, trajis, etc 24(j 
 
 Trawl linen 247 
 
 Hand-line gear 248 
 
 Cod hand-line gear 248 
 
 Hooks - 250 
 
 Spears and gaffs 250 
 
 Pots, etc - - - 252 
 
 Live earn 252 
 
 Eel dip net ,. . 252 
 
 IJne rollens 253 
 
 Killicks and grapnels 253 
 
 Buoys 253 
 
 Methodsof tisliing 253 
 
 Fish products 255 
 
 Fish culture 255 
 
 Russia: 
 
 Commissioners 256 
 
 (ieneral considerations 256 
 
 Fishing vessels and tishing l)i)ats 264 
 
 Steamers 264 
 
 Sailing vessels and boats 264 
 
 Fishing vessels 264 
 
 Bait smack 265 
 
 Caspian Sea tishing lugger 266 
 
 Southern Caspian Sea tishing vessel 267 
 
 Caspian Sea welled vessel 267 
 
 Astrakhan River smack 268 
 
 Fish freighter 268 
 
 Caspian Sea line fishing 1 )oat 269 
 
 Caspian Sea long-line boat 270 
 
 Volga fishing boat 271 
 
 Volga fish lighter 271 
 
 Volga police boat 272 
 
 Caspian Sea seine boat 272 
 
 Ural Cossack's boudara 273 
 
 Baudarka 273 
 
 Ural dugout 274 
 
 River Don fishing boat 274 
 
 Murman coast cod-lishing ))oat 274 
 
 Seal fisher's boat 276 
 
 Apparatus of capture, etc 277 
 
 Whaling appliances 277 
 
XIV * CONTENTS. 
 
 Russia — ('oiitiiuic<l. Page. 
 
 Sealing aj>i>aratus -"7 
 
 Nets and seines -78 
 
 Cast nets, fykes, traps, weirs, etc : 283 
 
 Cast nets 283 
 
 Fyke nets 284 
 
 The "ssisha" 2So 
 
 Black Sea fishing trai) 285 
 
 Fishing mats 285 
 
 Dip nets and scoop nets 286 
 
 Trawl lines 287 
 
 Hand-line gear 288 
 
 Spears, gigs, gaffs, etc 291 
 
 Fish- baskets, pots, etc 2!t3 
 
 Sleds 295 
 
 Rollers 295 
 
 Killicks an<l grapnels 296 
 
 Knives - 296 
 
 Fish-hook file 297 
 
 Buoys and bailers - 297 
 
 l.ive cars 297 
 
 Astrakhan live car 298 
 
 Sturgeon testing needle 298 
 
 Stringing needle - - - 299 
 
 Fishermen's apparel, etc 299 
 
 Apparatus used in preparatinu - 300 
 
 Handbarrow -^Ol 
 
 Wheelbarrows ^01 
 
 Fish wagon «^01 
 
 Measuring sticks '^01 
 
 Salt shovel :^02 
 
 Soaking tub -^02 
 
 Salt tub 302 
 
 Caviare tubs -^02 
 
 Fish-cleaning box 302 
 
 Draining board - 302 
 
 Pickling trough .' 302 
 
 Kettles ; 303 
 
 Blubber scraper 303 
 
 Caviare apparatus 303 
 
 Barrel marker 304 
 
 Pickle pump 305 
 
 Cordage 306 
 
 Methods of fishing 306 
 
 White-whale fishery 306 
 
CONTENTS. XV 
 
 Russia — Continued. Page. 
 
 Seal huntiiifi 307 
 
 Codfishery 310 
 
 Salmon fishing in northern Kussia 310 
 
 Seine fishing in Astrakhan 313 
 
 Fish products and their preparation 318 
 
 Fish culture 328 
 
 Life-saving apparatus and life-saving service 336 
 
 Finland: 
 
 Commissioner 341 
 
 General consideration.si 341 
 
 Fishing boats 341 
 
 Karlo fishing boat 341 
 
 Kokar herring boat 342 
 
 Sastmola fishing boat 3-13 
 
 ilango fishing boats 343 
 
 Wasa fishing boat 343 
 
 Wasa punt 344 
 
 Lake Ladoga fishing l)oat 345 
 
 Wiilasaare fishing boat 346 
 
 Ulea River boat 346 
 
 Sealing Ijoat 346 
 
 Apparatus of capture 346 
 
 Sealing implements 346 
 
 Nets, etc 346 
 
 Fykes, traps, weirs, etc 347 
 
 Pots 349 
 
 Angling tackle 351 
 
 Methods of fishing 352 
 
 Seal fishery 352 
 
 France: 
 
 Commissioner 354 
 
 General considerations 354 
 
 Fishing vessels and boats 355 
 
 Steam fishing vessels 356 
 
 Sailing ketches and yawls 35(5 
 
 Fishing luggers 356 
 
 Sardine fishing boat 361 
 
 Fishing boat of Concarneau 362 
 
 French fishing dories 362 
 
 Mud punts 363 
 
 Algerine fishing boat 364 
 
 Fishing boats of Tunis 364 
 
 Ox boat 365 
 
 Tunisian fishing boat 366 
 
XVI CONTENTS. 
 
 France — Contiinu'd. Page. 
 
 S|HUi^t'-(i8hinjr t)<»al .S66 
 
 Fisliiiijr a|l|•ar;lt^l^^ 1^68 
 
 Net« 368 
 
 Bon net ' 368 
 
 Sliriinp ni'tH 369 
 
 Poninl nets, tiap!^, weirs, ete 369 
 
 Trawl linen . . 372 
 
 Spears, etc 372 
 
 Pott) 372 
 
 Coral apparatns ; 373 
 
 Accessory ajipliances 373 
 
 TJiilit-house lens and lanterns 373 
 
 Sextatits, sjiy^'hif^ses, haronu'ters, etc 374 
 
 ]\Icteiiri)ioiric;il iiii|ilenients 375 
 
 :\letlio(lsof (ishin.tr 376 
 
 Coral fishiny: 383 
 
 Sponge tisliery 384 
 
 Squid fishing 385 
 
 Fishery jjroducts 385 
 
 Methods of preparation 385 
 
 Accessories of fish packing 386 
 
 Refrigeration 387 
 
 Life-saving 388 
 
 Japan: 
 
 Connnissioner 388 
 
 General considerations 388 
 
 Fishing vessels and lishing Ixmts 391 
 
 Fishing schooner 392 
 
 The kawasaki 393 
 
 Bf)nito fishing boat 394 
 
 Tunny fishing boat 394 
 
 Dockle-dredging boat 396 
 
 Scare-cord fishing boats 397 
 
 The market boat 307 
 
 Cai)tain's Ijoat 398 
 
 Other boats 398 
 
 Purse-seine boats 399 
 
 Salmon fishing boat 400 
 
 Apjmratus of cai)turi' 400 
 
 Nets and seines 400 
 
 Dolphin nets 400 
 
 Tai seine 401 
 
 Ayu scare-cord net 401 
 
CONTENTS. XVII 
 
 Japan — Cantinued. " I'afje. 
 
 Purse seine -^0- 
 
 Bonito circle net - -102 • 
 
 Cod gill net 403 
 
 Mackerel net -103 
 
 Tunny drift net -^03 
 
 J^ardine l)ag net -lO-l 
 
 Net making -'•'-l 
 
 Traps, weirs, etc -^04 
 
 Tunny pound nets - 404 
 
 Salmon jiound net or weir 406 
 
 Lake weir 406 
 
 Trawl lines 406 
 
 Tai trawl lines - 407 
 
 Tunny long line 407 
 
 Cod trawl line 408 
 
 Shark trawl line 408 
 
 Eel trawl line 409 
 
 Mackerel trawl line 409 
 
 Hand-line tishing ajipliances 409 
 
 Tai tishing line 409 
 
 Yellow-tail line 410 
 
 Mutsu hand line 411 
 
 Plaice line 411 
 
 Horse-mackerel line 411 
 
 Mackerel hand lines 412 
 
 Mullet drift line 412 
 
 Shore hand line 413 
 
 Shore cast line 413 
 
 Sand-eel tishing geai' 413 
 
 I'eep water s(iuid gear 414 
 
 Surface squid gear 414 
 
 Gear catcher 414 
 
 Hooks, jigs, and drails 414 
 
 Pots, dredges, etc 415 
 
 Prawn traps 415 
 
 Eel trap 416 
 
 Cockle dredge - 416 
 
 Anclnjrs and killicks 417 
 
 Knives 417 
 
 Methods of fishing 417 
 
 Tai fishing 417 
 
 Bouito fishing 41S 
 
 Cod fishing -. 419 
 
 Sardine tuck-seine fishing 419 
 
 8. Doc. 39 II 
 
XVIII CONTENTS. 
 
 Pape. 
 
 .Lm'an — Contimu'd. 
 
 Sardine circle-iu't fishiiitr 420 
 
 Macki-rel finhing 420 
 
 Pr< xliicts 420 
 
 En(;i-am): 
 
 General (runsiileratiuus 421 
 
 Vessels 422 
 
 Antifnulinir paint 426 
 
 Fishing gear and general i mtfits 427 
 
 Observations on fisheries and tish markets 430 
 
 Methods of trawling, etc 432 
 
 Long-hne fishing 432 
 
 Fishing gear 433 
 
 Methods of fishing 434 
 
 Care of the fish 436 
 
 Marketing the catch 437 
 
 Lay and wages 439 
 
 Earnings of stean lers 439 
 
 SaiHug luggers at A 1 >erdeen 440 
 
 (Trimsby docks and lish market 441 
 
 Suggestions 441 
 
 Other countries 444 
 
 International Fisheries Congress 444 
 
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 I '11 til ■- 
 
 Pi.ATK I. United States exhibit in main huildinfj Frdntispiece. 
 
 II. Section- of United States? exiiibit near iKirth eiitrancf tn main 
 
 building. ^Nlodel of Merrimack at left 4 
 
 III. Sectional front view of United States exhil nt 8 
 
 IV. Section of United States exhil )it in main building 16 
 
 V. Models of American tishing vessels and boats 22 
 
 VI. United States exhibit in annex .S6 
 
 VII. Fishery i)roducts: United States exhibit 42 
 
 VIII. Plan of United States exhibit in main building 4(5 
 
 IX. Plan of United States exhibit in annex 50 
 
 X. Main exhibition building (i4 
 
 XI. Norwegian army and navy exhibit Bfi 
 
 XII. Norwegian exhibit under the dome, in main building ()8 
 
 XIII. Norwegian exhibit, southeastern hall of main Imilding 70 
 
 XIV. South hall of main building 72 
 
 XV. North hall of main l)uilding. (-Jeneral view of lisheries ex- 
 hibits 74 
 
 XVI. Machinery hall 76 
 
 XVII. Horticultural exhibit .SO 
 
 XVIII. Steam whaling barkentine Kagnvaid Jarl 84 
 
 XIX. Sealing and whaling steamer . . 86 
 
 XX. Plans of improved Nordland fishing boat 110 
 
 XXI. Plans of 4-oared l)oat 1 20 
 
 XXII. Life-saving boat 1 30 
 
 XXIII. Haddock hand-line gear 140 
 
 XXIV. Front view of Flodevigen cod hatchery 156 
 
 XXV. Covered cod-si)awning pond in rear of hatchery 158 
 
 XXVI. Interior of Flodevigen hatchery, showing cod-hatching boxes in 
 
 operation 162 
 
 XX VII. Cimbrishamns decke<l boats 1 86 
 
 XXVIII. Plans of Stockholm welled boat 192 
 
 XXIX. Plans of Pitea fishing boat U)6 
 
 XXX. Fishing lines, knife, etc 210 
 
 XXXI. Fish houses and fishing boats at Hudiksvall 214 
 
 XXXII. Oil and guano factory at Dragsmark 216 
 
 XXXIII. Old-style fishing vessel 2.S0 
 
 XIX 
 
XX ILLUSTKATIOXS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 I'l.A n: XXX I\'. Fiisliiiigjiear, eti- 248 
 
 WW. Fishhooks 2-50 
 
 X X .\ \'l. Towing an otter trawl 254 
 
 X X X \' 1 1 . Caspian Sea welletl vessel 2ti4 
 
 X X X VIII. Ire fishing on the Volga 288 
 
 XXXIX. Ice fishing on the White Sea 290 
 
 XL. Ural River fishing apparatus 292 
 
 XLI. Sleds and sledges 296 
 
 XLII. Objects used 1)y Astrakhan fishenuen :^00 
 
 X LIIl. Seining white whales 306 
 
 XLIV. Method of setting salmon net 310 
 
 XLV. Hauling a river seine 312 
 
 XL\'l. Autumn fishing on the Ural River 814 
 
 XLVII. Winter fishing on the Ural River ol6 
 
 XLVII 1 . Cleaning fish for salting; women at work 318 
 
 XLIX. Cutting and packing sturgeon 322 
 
 L. Fish-packing establishment on the Volga .326 
 
 LI. Hatching salmon eggs on glass grills at Luga River station 332 
 
 LII. Yawl-rigged trawler 356 
 
 LIII. Dieppe fishing luggers 358 
 
 LI V. Fishing Heet sailing from Diepjie 362 
 
 LV. Stadia telemeter 374 
 
 LVI. Tunny fishing 376 
 
 LVII. Hauling .<eine at Rochelle 378 
 
 LVIII. Sardine tishing 382 
 
 LIX. Plans of Kawasaki 392 
 
 LX. Plans of Sampa 398 
 
 LX I. Fishing gear, etc 410 
 
 LXI I. Fishing gear 414 
 
 LXllI. Hooks and lures 418 
 
 LXI V. Fish knives 420 
 
 LX V. Slieer and deck plans of steam trawler built by Cochran and 
 
 Cooper 424 
 
 LXVI. Sailing trawler Frank Buckland 426 
 
 LXVII. Fngineering department of (ireat (irim.>iby Coal, Salt and 
 
 Tanning Co - - 430 
 
 LXVIIl. Iromnongery department of (ireat (irimsby Coal, Salt and 
 
 Tanning Co 434 
 
 LXIX. On the "Pontoon" at Grimsby 442 
 
 FIGURES IN TEXT. 
 
 Fk;. 1. United States whaling and sealing exhibit 10 . 
 
 2. Fine arts building 66 
 
 3. Christiania building 67 
 
 4. Main re.staurant 67 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. XXI 
 
 Page. 
 
 Flo. 5. Kropelin's pavilion 68 
 
 6. Friele's pavilion 68 
 
 7. Digre'.s pavilion 69 
 
 8. Chri?tiania butter exhibit 69 
 
 9. Killing a whale off Finmarken 84 
 
 10. Xordland jtegt 90 
 
 11. Sealing jagt at Spitzbergen 94 
 
 12. Banksk0ite 96 
 
 13. Fishery police skgite 99 
 
 14. Fishing sloop 101 
 
 15. Fishing ketch 103 
 
 16. Sealing boat 104 
 
 17. Nordland cod-fishing boat 105 
 
 18. Nordland femboring, or twelve-oared boat 107 
 
 19. Ranen fishing boat' Ill 
 
 20. Finmarken fishing boat 113 
 
 21. Sondmore fishing Ijoat 114 
 
 22. Banker's trawl-line boat 117 
 
 23. Bergen herring lioat . . . 119 
 
 24. Stavanger herring boat 122 
 
 25. Stavanger welled boat 123 
 
 26. Hardanger seine lioat 124 
 
 27. Hardanger gill-net boat 125 
 
 28. Lister fishing boat 127 
 
 29. Arendal six-oared fishing boat 128 
 
 30. Fishing praam 129 
 
 31. (inn harpoon with bar1)s closed 132 
 
 32. tnin harpoon with barbs open 133 
 
 33. Xon-explosive gun harpoon with rigid head 134 
 
 34. Xon-explosive gun harpoon with swivel head 134 
 
 35. Seal club 136 
 
 36. Catching small pollock in Ijag net 137 
 
 37. Cod-fishing gear 139 
 
 38. Cod-line sinker and spreader 140 
 
 39. Haddock hook 141 
 
 40. Cod-line sinker 141 
 
 41. Halibut gaff, halibut knife, and line roller 144 
 
 42. Halibut gaff, trawl rollers, and fish knives 145 
 
 43. Sondmore and Espevwr lobster pots 146 
 
 44. Wire lobster pot 147 
 
 45. Net winch 147 
 
 46. Line winch 148 
 
 47. Line 1 )Uoy 149 
 
 48. Conical buoy 150 
 
 49. Dannevig cod-hatching Ixixes in operation IHl 
 
X.XII ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Fk i. 50. Dannevi^ rod-hatchintr Vxjx 1(52 
 
 51. Hatchiiifj-lxjx attatliinent '. 1*53 
 
 52. Bankskuta 173 
 
 53. Sweili.-^h ti^^hi^f^ ketch ITS 
 
 54. Mackerel boat 180 
 
 55. Banker's trawl-line l)oat 181 
 
 56. Skane fishing boatt; 183 
 
 57. Sk^ne fi.«hing boat 184 
 
 58. Cimbrishannis fishing 1 )oats .- 186 
 
 59. Blekinge brakeka 187 
 
 60. Blekinge fishing boat 189 
 
 61. Delaro fishing boat 191 
 
 62. Helsingland fishing boat 194 
 
 63. Body plan and cross section of Pitea boat 195 
 
 64. Sail plan of Pitea boat 196 
 
 65. Sealing boat 197 
 
 66. Lake Venern fishing boat 199 
 
 67. Lake Millaren fishing skiff 200 
 
 68. Dalelfven fishing boat 201 
 
 69. Torne River boat 201 
 
 70. Method of hanging herring net 202 
 
 71 . Baltic herring net 202 
 
 72. Seining herring 203 
 
 73. Ra4 eel trap 204 
 
 74. Skane eel trap 205 
 
 75. Halland salmon weir 205 
 
 76. Great Finlandian fish trap from coast of Helsingland 206 
 
 77. Salmon trap in the Ume Kiver 206 
 
 78. River Ume salmon mine 207 
 
 79. Salmon pen on river Ume 207 
 
 80. Salmon trap on river Lule 207 
 
 81. Eel trawl and hand lines 208 
 
 82. Ice fishing tackle 210 
 
 83. Lobster i)ot 210 
 
 84. Fish basket 211 
 
 85. Fish ba.«ket 211 
 
 86. Fish pots or junkets .' 212 
 
 87. Eel pot 213 
 
 88. Lamprey weel 213 
 
 89. Lamprey trap 213 
 
 90. Crayfish pot 214 
 
 91. Bell Itiioy 214 
 
 92. Water glass 215 
 
 93. Steam winch 215 
 
104. Kattegat drift-net herrincr ))()at 2->C 
 
 ILLUSTRATIONS. XXIII 
 
 I'agf. 
 
 Fig. 94. Fisherman's hirch-liark .•-lines 9|g 
 
 95. Gill-net tishing .,jg 
 
 98. Purse-seine lishiny: . . .>,- 
 
 '^ 21/ 
 
 97. Taking gill nets on boat at Knggorn .^J 
 
 98. Picking herring nets at Krakon .>]^ 
 
 99. Fishing village of Ago .,.^ 
 
 100. Fishing village of 8k;irsa .^iq 
 
 101. Barrels, Itnoys, and nets .,-^^^ 
 
 102. Auxiliary steam fishing vessel 99.? 
 
 lOo. Auxiliary fishing steamer 99., 
 
 104. Kattegat drift-net herring 
 
 105. Skovshoved herring boat 99- 
 
 lOH. Bornholm salmon boat 990 
 
 107. Little Belt eel-fishing boat ."J.^g 
 
 108. Cattegat fishing boat 9,,, 
 
 109. Limfiorden fishing boat ^S'-t 
 
 110. Fishing praam .^., , 
 
 111. Faroe Lsland fishing 1 )oat 9.>y 
 
 112. Iceland fishing boat 9.>u 
 
 113. Iceland fishing lugger 9.,^ 
 
 114. Greenland kaiak ., . , 
 
 1 15. Single-bowl pound net .^ , 9 
 
 116. Plan of double pound net 24S 
 
 117. Double pound net 9 ,., 
 
 118. Plan of multiplex pound net .;, , 
 
 119. Flounder trawl .. ., .= 
 
 245 
 
 120. Towintr finunder trawl ,,,, 
 
 /4b 
 
 121. Prawn fyke ., ,„ 
 
 24o 
 
 122. Lifting an eel i)ot 9 ,_ 
 
 123. Lifting an eel pot 
 
 ' 24/ 
 
 124. Salmon yard ., 
 
 '" ---. _ 248 
 
 125. Cod hand-line gear ., ,^, 
 
 126. Faroe cod-fishing gear 9-,. 
 
 127. Eel spears and eel fishing 9-, 
 
 128. Eel spear open .,(..^ 
 
 129. P^el spear closed 9_.. 
 
 130. Adjustable eel spear .,... 
 
 131. Lobster i)ot and hoop net .,r-, 
 
 132. Floating live car .,.., 
 
 - 2o3 
 
 133. p:el fishing with dip net .^- , 
 
 134. Net Imiov.. " . 
 
 - . . - 2o4 
 
 135. Driving whales at Fame. 9-. 
 
 Zon 
 
 136. Caspian Sea bait stnack .^^.^ 
 
 137. Caspian Sea fishing lugger . 9^.-, 
 
XXIV ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 I'age. 
 
 Fk.. l;-]8. Fij-hiuiT vessel of S. mthern Cai-pian Sea reirion 268 
 
 i:>it. Astrakhan river ^^nlack 269 
 
 14(). Caspian Sea long line fishing lioat 270 
 
 141 . Volga fishing boat 271 
 
 142. Volga fish lighter 271 
 
 1 4;!. Volga police boat 272 
 
 144. I'ral Cossack's bourlara 273 
 
 1 4'). Bondarka 273 
 
 140. Tral dugout 27-» 
 
 147. Murman coast cod-fishing boat 275 
 
 145. Seal hunters and boat 276 
 
 149. Harpoons and lances for killing white whales 277 
 
 150. Seal hunters and apparatus 278 
 
 151. Reed float 279 
 
 152. ( iourd net-buoy and fioat 279 
 
 - 153. JBirch-l)ark gill-net float 280 
 
 154. ^Method of fastening sinkers 280 
 
 155. Method of hanging trammel net 280 
 
 156. Section of gravel net linker 281 
 
 157. Seine-pole sinkers 281 
 
 158. Sheet-lead net sinker 281 
 
 159. Net sinker _ 282 
 
 1(50. Net sinker : 283 
 
 161 . Net sinker 282 
 
 162. Xet sinkers .' 283 
 
 163. Net sinker 283 
 
 164. Sink-seine fishiuL' 283 
 
 165. Dip net 286 
 
 166. Dip net 287 
 
 167. Trawl line 287 
 
 168. Method of hitching hooks 288 
 
 169. Fish gaff 292 
 
 170. Cod gaff 292 
 
 171. Fishing apparatus 292 
 
 1 72. Net pusher 293 
 
 173. Ice fishintr imi>lement .- 293 
 
 174. Salmon traj) 2;t4 
 
 175. Russian method of setting fish pots or baskets 295 
 
 176. Fish trap 296 
 
 1 77. Fish 1 )asket 29(> 
 
 178. Basket fascine 29H 
 
 179. Fish basket 297 
 
 180. Fish trap 297 
 
 isl. Fish trap " - 297 
 
ILLUSTKATIONS. XXV 
 
 Page. 
 
 Fig. 182. Line roller .,i,- 
 
 183. Stone killick .xjk^ 
 
 184. Astrakhan killick 99^ 
 
 185. Astrakhan killick 298 
 
 186. Cod splitting knife 2f»8 
 
 187. Cod throater .k)^ 
 
 188. Fish knife 099 
 
 189. Buoy 099 
 
 190. Bailer 299 
 
 191. Scoop 299 
 
 192. Live cars -iqq 
 
 198. Live car, etc -^qq 
 
 194. Sturgeon-testing needle 3Q2 
 
 195. Point of sturgeon needle 3qj 
 
 196. Handbarrow 09I 
 
 197. Wheelbarrow 3Q2 
 
 198. Measuring stick -^qo 
 
 199. Salt shovel 
 
 ■AO-^ 
 
 200. Salt tub ._;q2 
 
 201. Fish cleaning box 3q;> 
 
 202. Draining board ;>Qq 
 
 203. Oil kettle oq3 
 
 204. Caviare tubs and sieves 3Q4 
 
 205. Caviare fork oq^ 
 
 206. Caviare ]ire.s.s 3q^ 
 
 207. Caviare jDress 3Q5 
 
 208. Barrel marker 305 
 
 209. Pickle pump 3Q5 
 
 210. Seal-fishing village 3Q7 
 
 211. Net floats 311 
 
 212. Section of salmon net 3 1 .> 
 
 213. Heaving in the net warp 312 
 
 214. Fall fishing on the Ural River. Waiting for the .-signal 314 
 
 215. Fish on bank of the Ural 315 
 
 216. Ural fishermen equipped for ice fishing 316 
 
 217. Unloading fish into a chute 319 
 
 218. Casks for pickling fish 3.>1 
 
 219. Woman packing fish 302 
 
 220. Women fish cleaners 322 
 
 221. Fish cleaning ben(!h 323 
 
 222. Making caviare 325 
 
 223. Fish-oil and guano factory 32g 
 
 224. Interior of Nikolsk hatchery 33Q 
 
 225. Hatchery at Dorpat 332 
 
 S. Doc. 3!> III 
 
XXVI ILLUSTRATIONS. 
 
 Page. 
 
 Fig. 226. Hatchery at Luga River 332 
 
 227. Interior of Nikolsk liatchery. Ilatciiins pan? in oporation 333 
 
 228. Glass hatching jars 334 
 
 229. Aerating device for transporting fish fry 335 
 
 230. Lifebnoy 33(i 
 
 23L Life belt 336 
 
 232. Life ])elt 336 
 
 233. Life belt 337 
 
 234. Life-saving floats 337 
 
 235. Throwing floats .338 
 
 236. Using life-saving ladder 338 
 
 237. Hanling boat over broken ice .339 
 
 238. Ice grapnel 339 
 
 239. Using ice grapnel 339 
 
 240. Throwing life line 340 
 
 24L Losing floats for saving life 340 
 
 242. KarK'. fishing boat 341 
 
 243. Kijkilr herring boat 342 
 
 244. Sastmola fishing l)oat 343 
 
 245. Ilango fishing l)oats 344 
 
 246. Wasa fishing boat 344 
 
 247. Wasa pnnt 345 
 
 248. Lake Ladoga fishing boat 345 
 
 249. Wiilasaari fishing boat 346 
 
 2.50. Net sinker 346 
 
 25L Fyke net trap 347 
 
 252. Salmon weir or l)arrier at Uleaborg, North Finland 348 
 
 253. Lake Sainiu fish weir 348 
 
 254. Double-heart fish weir 349 
 
 255. Tavastland fish weir 349 
 
 256. River Kinio fish weir 350 
 
 257. Crawfish pot 350 
 
 258. Section of crawfish pot frame 350 
 
 259. End of crawfish pf)t frame 351 
 
 260. Wire-framed crawfish pot 351 
 
 261. Crawfish pot 351 
 
 262. Crawfish pot ." 352 
 
 263. Crawfish pot 352 
 
 264. Decoy fish spinner 353 
 
 265. Finns hanling a sealing 1 )oat over the ii'e 354 
 
 266. Mud punts 363 
 
 267. Algerine fishing felucca 364 
 
 268. Tunis fishing boat 365 
 
 269. Tunis fishing boat 367 
 
ILLUSTRATIONS. XXVII 
 
 Fig. 270. Sponge fishing boat 367 
 
 271. Shrimp fishermen and nets 369 
 
 272. Plan of pound net 370 
 
 273. Plan of fish weir 370 
 
 274. Tunny tra)) 371 
 
 275. Fish pot 372 
 
 276. Fish trap 373 
 
 277. Octant 374 
 
 278. Marine glasses 374 
 
 279. Artillerist's field glasses 375 
 
 280. Field glasses 375 
 
 281. Mechanical transmitter 375 
 
 282. Register 376 
 
 283. Barometer register 376 
 
 284. Using a carrier dove 377 
 
 285. Women gathering seaweed 378 
 
 286. Eeirigerating machine 387 
 
 287. Fishing schooner 393 
 
 288. Tunny fishing boat 394 
 
 289. Cockle-dredging boat 396 
 
 290. Market lx)at 397 
 
 291 . C^iptain's boat 398 
 
 292. Scare-cord net 1 )oat 399 
 
 293. Salmon boat 400 
 
 294. Section of purse seine showing purse-line and sinkers 402 
 
 295. Purse-seine floats 402 
 
 296. Xet-making machine 404 
 
 297. Tunny long line 406 
 
 298. Cod trawl line 407 
 
 299. Shark trawl line 408 
 
 300. Eel long line 409 
 
 301. Bonito trolling line 410 
 
 302. Shore hand line 412 
 
 303. Shore cast line, etc 413 
 
 304. Sand eel fishing gear 413 
 
 305. Squid jigs and lures 415 
 
 306. Prawn trap 416 
 
 307. Prawn trap 416 
 
 308. Fish knives 417 
 
 309. Toilet box and jewel ease 421 
 
 310. Steam trawler Huu-k 422 
 
 311. Steam trawler Lucerne . 424 
 
P^^^PIT I. 
 
 REPORT UPON THE PARTICIPATION OF THE UNITED STATES 
 IN THE INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBI- 
 TION, BERGEN, NORWAY, 181)8. 
 
 S. Doc. 39- 
 
REPORT 
 
 UPON THE 
 
 PARTICIPATIIIN OF THE UNITED STATES IN THE INTEHNATIONAL 
 FISHERIES EXHIBITION, HELD AT BEHGEN, NORWAY, IN I89S. 
 
 AUTHORIZATION OF EXHIBIT BY THK UNITED STATES. 
 
 The authoriziition for tlio purticipatioii of the United State.s in the 
 Iiiternationul Fisheries Exhilntion, held at tlie city of Bergen, Norway, 
 in 1898, was contained in the following joint resolution of Congress, 
 accepting the invitation of the Government of Norwa}^, approved 
 February 17, 1898: 
 
 Hesolved />// flie Si'mifc and House of Represcutofivrx of the VitHed Sfcitcs of ^imerlea in 
 Congress assnid>led, Tluit said invitation is aeceptt'd, and that the Connnissioner of 
 Fish and Fisheries is hereliy directed, in jierson, or l)y a deputy to be appointed by 
 the President of the United States, and whose compensation if not in the pubHc 
 service shall not exceed two thousand five hundred dollars including jier^-onal and 
 traveling expenses to represent the United States at said Exposition, and to cause a 
 suitable and proper exhibition and display to be made at said Exposition of the food- 
 fishes of the United States, and the methods of catching, salting, curing, an<l preserv- 
 ing the same, and of the implements and appliances used in carrying on the fishery 
 industries of the United States, and to tliis end may, with the consent of the Secre- 
 tary of the Smithsonian Institution, use any portion of the fisheries collection in the 
 National iMuseum at said Exposition. 
 
 That the sum of twenty thou,«and dollars, or so much thereof as may be necessary, 
 is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the United States Treasury not other- 
 wise appropriated, to be immediately availa))Ie, and to l)e expended vnider the 
 direction of the Secretary of State, to pay all the expenses and costs of re])resenting 
 the United States at said P^xposition, as aforesaid, and to pay all the costs and 
 expenses and outlays pertaining or incident to the making and carrying on of the 
 exhibition and disjjlay aforesaid at said Exposition: Provided, That the total exjienses 
 and lial)ilities incurred imder this resolution shall not exceed the sum of twenty 
 thousand dollars. 
 
 That the said ('ommissioner, or his deputy, is hereby directed to make a full 
 report to the Department of State of the particii)ation of the United States in said 
 Exposition, and of all the information and results accpiired and obtained at or by 
 means of said Kxposition toucliing the fishery industry tliroughout the world. 
 
 Approved, February 17, 1898. 
 
 FUNDS AVAILABLE. 
 
 From the foregoing joint resolution of CV)ngress, the money avail- 
 a))le For niakini!" an exhibit ol" tish and lishei'ies ot" the United States 
 
4 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 (iiicliHlin^- tish culture and scicntiHc investigation) wsis liiuitod to 
 $20,(X)O. From this amount all expenses of personnel, transportation 
 of exhibits, and preparation of exhibition material had to l)e met. 
 The sum appropriated was similar in amount to that assigned for the 
 participation of the United States in the International Fisheries 
 Exhi})ition at Berlin in 1880. But a comparison of the favorable 
 conditions under which the exhibit was made b}^ the United States in 
 1880 and those which prevailed in connection wnth the exhibit at 
 Bergen, indicates that a larger sum was actualh' required in the latter 
 case to meet the demands of the occasion, having in \ iew the fact 
 that the amount appropriated in 1880 barely sufficed t'oi- the expend- 
 itures of the exhibit at that time. 
 
 Professor Baird, in alluding to the (whibit of the United States at 
 Berlin, mentioned the fact that "with unexampled liljcralit}' the great 
 railroads between Washington, New York, Philadelphia, and Balti- 
 more * * * agreedto transport packages [the exhibit of the United 
 States] to the point of shipment, and return them to Washington free 
 of expense. The North (Jerman Llo\'d Company was e(iually gener- 
 ous, carrying them from New York and Baltimore to Bremen and 
 back, free of cost, so that the entire mass * ''' "'• cost nothing what- 
 ever for transportation between Washington and Bremen. * * * 
 Reduced rates of transportation were given to the party [the connnis- 
 sioner to the exhil)ition and assistants] by the North German Lloyd on 
 the vessels of which company they were taken to Bremen." 
 
 The saving to the appropriation for the exhibit at Berlin. ))y this 
 generous action of the transportation companies, was approximately 
 from $3,000 to $5,000. In considering the amount available for the 
 exhibit at Bergen, this should be remembered when making a compar- 
 ison, since in the latter case no courtesies of this character were 
 extended, and full prices had to be paid for transportation of material 
 and personnel. It was also necessary to hire temporary quarters for 
 the preparation and packing of the exhi})it. The difl'ercMice in th(>se 
 particulars ])etwccn L8S0 and 1898 amounted approximately to one-tifth 
 of the appropriation. This indicates the necessity which existed for 
 the greatest ecoiiomy in the expenditure of the funds aviulable for the 
 exhibit of the United States at Bergen. 
 
 APPOINTMENT OK THE COMMISSIONER. 
 
 In conformity M'ith the joint resolution of Congress, and in conq)li- 
 ance with the nomination of Hon. (Jeorge M. Bowers, Unitinl States 
 Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, the President appointed me, on 
 March 1, 1898, to represent the United States, in Bergen, Norway, 
 and to assume i-esponsi}>le chai'ge and dii-ection of the preparation and 
 installation of the exhibit to be made 1)\ the United States. 
 
INTERNATIONAL KTSHKKTE!^ EXIIIRITTON. 5 
 
 PERSONNEL. 
 
 As soon as possible after my appointniont. the appointment and des- 
 ignation to duty of the individuals eonstitutino- tlie personnel received 
 attention. Mr. George H. H. Moore, who for many years had been 
 associated with the work of the United States Fish Commission, was 
 selected as chief assistant in the preparation of the exhibits. Mr. W. H. 
 Abbott, who had long- been connected with the exposition work of the 
 Fish Connnission, was appointed in charge of the preparation of fisher- 
 ies exhibits, and later was assigned to the important work of assisting 
 in installation. Mr. Friman Kahrs, of New York, was appointed assist- 
 ant, and sent to Bergen to look after the construction of a large case, 
 screens, tables, etc. , that were required for the installation of the exhil)it, 
 and which could l)e built in Norway for less expense than they could 
 be transported from ^he United States to Bergen. Mr. W. H, Wentz 
 was temporarily put in charge of accounts, but was subsequently 
 assigned to other duties. Mr. W. H. Johnson was appointed as skilled 
 laborer in the preparation of material. Mr. William P. Sauerholi' was 
 temporarily assigned by the Conmiissioner of Fish and Fisheries to 
 assist in packing the exhi})it The appointment of most of the people 
 referred to was made immediately after the appointment of the com- 
 missioner, and the assignment of Mr. Sauerhofi' was made from time to 
 time when absence from his usual duties was possible. Miss H. B. 
 Blackwell was temporarily appointed as typewriter to assist in the 
 office work during the period of preparation. Mrs. S. A. Collins was 
 appointed secretary, in charge of accounts and correspondence, on 
 April 15. On May 9 Mrs. G. C. Ennersen was appointed as transla- 
 tor and general office assistant. In addition a corps of laborers was 
 employed in the prepai'ation of the exhibit. The assistance received 
 from collaborators will be referred to elsewhere. 
 
 As has already been stated, Mr. Kahrs was sent to Bergen imme- 
 diately after his appointm(>nt; and on April 20 I sailed from New 
 York, accompanied by the following members of my staff: Mr. W. H, 
 Abbott, Mrs. S. A. Collins, Messrs. W. H. Wentz and W. H. Johnson. 
 Mr. Moore remained in Washington to superintend the completion of 
 the packing and shipment of exhi])its, also to attend to other matters 
 in connection therewith. Miss Blackwell was assigned to assist him 
 until May 31. 
 
 APl'LICATION FOR SPACE. 
 
 Hon. A. Grip, the minister from Sweden and Norway, very courte- 
 ously offered to cable the executive committee of the exhibition, at 
 Bergen, a request for space for the United States; subsequently he 
 also cabled for plans of the area assigned. 
 
6 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 T\\v authoiizjition lor the participation of tlir Ignited States in the 
 oxhil)iti()ii iiad coine .so hitc that the exeeiitive coiiiinittee were not 
 prepared to assii^n the amount of space re([uired, since they had only 
 6,000 feet avaihible in the huilding-s, for the instalhition of the exhibit 
 from this country, although they ottered the United States the privi- 
 lei^e of constructing, at its own expense, an additional building, or 
 buildings, in the park, but the limitations of the appropriation made 
 this impracticable, and it was decided to arrange the exhi])it to tit the 
 space allotted. 
 
 Beyond the knowledge of the amount of floor area available, received 
 by cable March 1, nothing was known of the space to be occupied 
 until March 17, when diagrams were received showing that the space 
 at our disposal was in two l)uildings, Imt these gave no details in 
 regard to the construction of the main building or other data requisite 
 for the arrangement of phms for the exhibit. As there was no time 
 to obtain additional information by correspondence, it was, therefore, 
 necessar}" to go ahead with the preparation of the exhibit with only 
 a meager knowledge of the character of the space to be tilled, and the 
 fact that the exhibit fitted so completely to its allotment is a matter 
 for much gratification. 
 
 PLAN AND SCOPE OF THE UNITED STATES EXHIBIT. 
 
 The plan and scope of the exhibit of the United States were neces- 
 sarily limited by the means, time, and space available for preparation 
 and installation. In general, it was decided to embrace in the exhibit 
 various animals, or other objects which constitute o])jects of fishery, or 
 nvo included among those inhabitants of the waters that are useful or 
 injurious to man ; specimens of apparatus — including boats and vessels — 
 by which they are pursued, taken, or otherwise obtained; iUustrations 
 of the methods of capture; representations of the methods and machin- 
 ery for utilization; samples of raw material, and collections of uianufac- 
 tured products derived from fisheries; representations, by models or 
 otherwise, of appliances and methods for the artificial production and 
 multiplication of economic species; and illustrations of scientific 
 research relating to lisheries and lish culture. 
 
 PREPARATION OF COLLECTIONS, ET( . 
 
 The scope and magnitude of the exhil)it were promptly decided 
 upon as soon as limitations of space to be occupied were known. The 
 special character of some details was influenced by the fact that the 
 United States Fish Commission had to make an exhi])it at Omaha, 
 Nebr., contemporaneous with that made at liergen. Therefore, as 
 the material intended for exhibition at Omaha had alreadj^ been 
 selected, and most of it prepared before I was appointed, the available 
 collections of the Conuuission wei'c reduced to that extent. For this 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 7 
 
 reason it was not so easy, as it otherwise niig'ht have been, to obtain 
 all that was required for a symmetrical presentation of objects relating 
 to fish and fisheries of the United States. This difficulty was, how- 
 ever, overcome much more readily than might have been expected, 
 although the accomplishment of this task involved much additional 
 labor. Owing to the conditions alluded to it became necessary to 
 supplement the availaljle material, to some extent, and especially in 
 certain directions, in order that the objects of fisher}- and fishing 
 products should be properly represented. 
 
 The time at command for the assembling, preparation, packing, and 
 shipment of collections was so exceedingl}- short that the accom- 
 plishment of the work, within the limit, seemed almost beyond possi- 
 bility. This will be evident when consideration is given to the fact 
 that the date of my appointment was onl}' two and a half months prior 
 to the opening of the exhibition; and, inasmuch as no line of steam 
 vessels was running direct from United States ports to Bergen, the 
 transshipment of material in pAirope had to be counted upon. Full}- 
 one month of this time, or more, was required for transportation of 
 collections after they were shipped. 
 
 The work of preparation was inaugurated on the very day of my 
 appointment. A suitable building for the preparation and packing of 
 the collections was rented. Among the first work done was the repair- 
 ing and putting in proper order for exhibition of a series of models of 
 fishing boats and vessels obtained from the collections in the United 
 States National Museum. At the same time lists of other material in 
 the Museum, or held in storage, were made out, and Mr. Abbott was 
 detailed to look after its obtainment. 
 
 Correspondence was also opened with preparators, manufacturers of 
 fishing tackle and fishery products, State authorities, and others who 
 were known to have material that was desirable, and which they 
 might ])e disposed to exhibit. It w^as apparent, however, that time 
 was too short to conduct an extensive correspondence, especially with 
 people resident on the other side of the continent. Nevertheless, it is 
 gratifying to ol)serve that much more was accomplished than could 
 have been anticipated, and with the exception of fish products, and a 
 few other objects, all was obtained that might reasonably have been 
 expected, and fully as much as there was room to accommodate. The 
 following is a sample of a letter widely circulated: 
 
 United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, 
 
 International Fisheries Exposition, Bergen, Norway, 
 
 Washington, D. (.'., March — , 1898. 
 An exhibit of the fish and fislieries of the United States will be made at Bergen, 
 Norway, the present year, by the United States Fish Commission, under the authority 
 of the joint resolution of Congress, approved February 17, 1898. 
 The Bergen Exposition opens May 15 and will close September 30. 
 The resolution provides that "a suitable and proper exhibition and display [shall] 
 be made at said [Bergen] Exposition of the food-fishes of the United States, and the 
 
8 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 method!^ of cutclung, wilting, curinjr, ami preserving the same, and of the imple- 
 ments and appliances used in carrying on the fishing industries of the I'nited States." 
 
 For this i)urpose the sum of $20,000 has been appropriated, and information has 
 been <j]itained that the si«U'e available for the installation of the United States 
 exhiV)it will not exceed 6,000 scjuare feet of floor space. 
 
 While these limitations, as well as the extreme shortness of time available for 
 the i)reparation and shipment of material, make it difficult if not impossible to pro- 
 vide for American exhil)itors the space, etc., that may be justly considered desir- 
 able, the fact remains, nevertheless, that this o]){>ortunity to display in Euro{)e the 
 products and manufactures relating to the lisheries of this country should not be 
 neglected. 
 
 Tfie advantages to be gained by American exhibitors at a technical exposition like 
 that to be held at Bergen have been so fully demonstrated heretofore that discussion 
 is unnecessary. 
 
 Nor has this depended on the size of iiidiviilnal dis]ilays, but rather on excellence 
 of the material. 
 
 The object, therefore, of the commission is to offer to possible exhibitors every 
 facility consistent with the limitations indicated, and it is confidently expected that 
 mamifacturers and producers will be disposed to j)articipate in this exposition, bear- 
 ing in mind that quality rather than quantity will be considered in making awards. 
 
 The commission will undertake the installation, care, and transportation of any 
 material loaned to it for exhibition ])urposes, and will return the same at the close of 
 the exhibition. 
 
 I wish to learn at the earliest practicable date if you desire or intend to exhibit 
 material at Bergen; also the space you estimate will be required, and the earliest date 
 when you can send the objects here or to the i)oint of shipment. 
 
 Please use the inclosed envelope, upon which no postage will be required. 
 Yours, very truly, 
 
 J. W. Collins, Commissioner. 
 
 Tho time availablo for preparation of exhibits was so inadequate 
 that many who might otherwise have desired to exhibit were disin- 
 clined, for the reason that the}^ felt they could not arrange a dis- 
 play that would be satisfactory. In uiany cases it was impossible 
 for packers of fishery products to prepare an exhibit on so short a 
 notice, particularly as the notification reached them " between seasons," 
 when they had disposed of their previous year's pack, and before it 
 was possible for them to utilize the season's catch. 
 
 The necessity, too, of limiting exhibits to the minimum of space 
 prevented some from exhibiting, who believed that a small collection 
 would receive little attention. . 
 
 After the work was well organized and in an advanced stage of 
 completion, I found it necessary to make a brief trip to New York 
 and New England to confer with parties who possibly might desire to 
 exhibit, particularly lish packers. In most instances the packers 
 were disinclined to make exhibits, and 1 had to purchase the material 
 needed for a reasonable presentation of fishery pi'oducts. 
 
 In the meantime correspondence had been begun with various rail- 
 road and steamer companies in order to secure the best terms for the 
 transportation of the exhibits to Bergen. Arrangements were made 
 
5 F 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 9 
 
 with tho Fciinsylviinia Rtiilroiul to carry tho niatcriul iroiii Wasliinyton 
 to New York, aiul with the Wilson Line to transpoit the exhibits from 
 New York to Berj^en, transshipping- the collections at Hull, Eng-laiid. 
 This was the most direct route availal)l(\ and was much cheaper than 
 any other. Material sent from other points than Washington reached 
 New York over various lines of railroads, hut all went via Wilson 
 Line to Berg'en. 
 
 The first shipment from Washington, amounting to about 53 tons 
 measurement — two carloads — left April 4; the second shipment Avas 
 made on April 11. These two shipments constituted a large part of 
 the collections. 
 
 The work of preparation was pushed with the utmost vigor, and })y 
 the last of April the ])ulk of the material had been shipped and the 
 remainder was in an advanced stage of preparation. The last shipment 
 was made on May 9. 
 
 In the last few daj^s prior to my departure for Europe I prepared 
 a preliminary catalogue of the exhibit. Previously it had been neces- 
 sary to prepare and print man}^ labels, both in the English and 
 Norwegian languages. 
 
 IISrSTAIiljATIOISr AIS^D CONDUCT OF KXIIIBIT. 
 
 PRELIMINARY PREPARATION FOR INSTALLATION, ETC. 
 
 I reached Bergen on April 30, accompanied l)y the persons hereto- 
 fore referred to. At that time none of the collections had arrived. 
 The large case for models of fishing vessels and boats was well 
 advanced in construction, so far as the woodwork was concerned, but 
 certain iron accessories obtained in New York had not been received. 
 These came in a few days; but the glass for the case, which should 
 have been delivered in the early part of May, did not reach Bergen 
 (from Belgium) until about two months later. 
 
 Nothing had l)een done toward having the screens and tables con- 
 structed. No time was lost, however, after my arrival, and the 
 preparatory work was pushed with all possi})le expedition in the main 
 building, l)ut, owing to changes referred to elsewhere, nothing could 
 be done to advance installation in the annex. The work in the annex 
 was promptly inaugurated, ])ut was soon discontinued, and nothing- 
 could be done in this direction for several weeks ))ecause of delay in 
 completing a new structure, where ultimately the fish-cultural collec- 
 tions, fishery products, etc., were installed. 
 
 MODIFICATION OF ALLOTMENT OF SPACE. 
 
 Subsequent to the allotment of space, some modifications were made 
 in it. In the main building, a portion of the exhibit of Denmark, the 
 installation of which was completed before I reached Bergen, was 
 
]0 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 allowed to riicroiu-Ji upon a conicr oi" the space i»i\i'ii lo (lie I'liited 
 Stales, hut this, fortunately, did not seriously interfere with the ])lans 
 made for our display. Tiic exhi))ition authorities also found it neces- 
 sary to assign to the Moi-weo-ian fisheries material the space in the 
 annex l)uildini;- wliich had orii^inally l)een allotted to the I'nited 
 States, and the part of our exhibit intended to be placed thei-e was 
 provided for in iinother structure, erected niaiidy for that ])urp()se. 
 The space so allotted was a little larger than that first assigned, and 
 therefore bett«M' suited to the re(]uireinents of oui' collections. 
 
 OFFICES, ETC. 
 
 It was found absolutely impracticable to set aside an}" .space in the 
 exhibition buildings for the purpo.se of an office, since every available 
 
 1.— I UUl>1 .-1,(1^ 
 
 i.iling anrl sealing exhibit. (I'lKitograiilioil Ijy N\ bliu.) 
 
 foot Avas required for installing the collections. Fortunately, a suita- 
 ble room for ofiice recjuirements, located outside the grounds, but, 
 nevertheless, only a short distance from the main building, was obtain- 
 able at a moderate rent, and this was secured. Previous to this, how- 
 ever, my apartments had to be used as an office, and at all times I 
 did much woi-k there. 
 
 ARRANGEMENT OF EXHIBITS. 
 
 The division of the exhibit, where) >y part of it was installed in the 
 main building and part in an annex some distant^e from the principal 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 11 
 
 .structure, niadc iiiipossihlc :i uiiiHod ;ind harmonious arraiij^'ciiipnt of 
 tlu' c-olk'ctioiis. This diificult}' was enliaiK-ed l)y the Ihiiitations of 
 space, which necessitated crowding-, and by other conditions which did 
 not admit of such exact classification of material as otherwise might 
 have heen possible. In the main, however, it was practicable to secure 
 a fairly satisfactory installation, considered even from this point of 
 view — better in fact than is usual at exhibitions — while looked at from 
 the standpoint of effective arrangement, so far as the conditions 
 admitted, there was little to be desired. Reference is made to the 
 accompanying plans anrl illustrations for a better understanding of 
 the installation. 
 
 The general plan was to install the collections relating to fish and 
 fisheries, including scientific research, statistics, etc., in the main 
 building. Aquatic animals or plants of North America, beneficial or 
 injurious to man — generally constituting objects of fishery — were 
 placed at the northwest end of the section. These included mammals, 
 such as seals and sea lions, fish-eating birds, reptiles and l)atrachians, 
 j&shes, moUusks, crustaceans, echinoderms, sponges, crayfish, etc. 
 Associated with these were charts and maps of fishing grounds, litera- 
 ture and statistics of fish and fisheries, photographs and drawings 
 illustrative of scientific investigation, and various other things, such 
 as nets and other forms of apparatits, thus placed for decorative effect 
 or exhibition purposes. 
 
 The large photographs, drawings, and paintings, illustrating methods 
 of fishing, the curing or packing of fisher}' products, the economic 
 condition of the fishermen, fishing towns, etc., occupied the central 
 portion of the space on the side next the wall. })eing hung for the most 
 part on the wall and on screens erected for the purpose. Some paint- 
 ings of this character were hung in front, just beneath the gallery, 
 where they could be seen to the best advantage. 
 
 The smaller photographs pertaining to the same subjects were, of 
 necessity, placed elsewhere, chiefl}'^ next the main aisle at the end 
 of the ]>ig case, while the large group of full-size dory and figures of 
 fishermen, illustrating trawl -line fishing, was on the main isle, imme- 
 diately in front of the cases containing hooks and lines. 
 
 The apparatus of fisher}', incduding angling appliances, was, to a 
 large extent, installed in the southeast portion of the section. In 
 order, however, to produce satisfactory effects in the installation and 
 at the same time utilize all of the space to the best advantage, various 
 forms of apparatus, more particular!}' nets, traps, and pots, were sus- 
 pended from beneath the gallery, draped upon the posts, fastened to 
 the walls and screens in suitable positions, and otherwise used in a 
 decorative way. 
 
 Models of fishing vessels and fishing l)oats filled the 50-foot case 
 located at the extreme end of the United States section, next the space 
 occupied by the Japanese exhibit. A few of the models, however, for 
 
12 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXIIIHITION. 
 
 which there was not space in the case, wert' |)hici'cl<)ii top of othei- cases, 
 and a luimherof huikh'is' nuxU'ls were clisphiyed on the wall at the end 
 of the laro'c case. 8upi)leinentino' all these Avere a niiniher of large 
 photos>i'aphs of fishing- schooners, in process of construction or under 
 sail; tliese were hung next to the builders' models referred to. A few 
 small photographs were on the wall with the models. l)ut the illustra- 
 tions of tishing vessels were chieily on swinging screens, at the opposite 
 end of the case, together with similar material relating to other phases 
 of tisherv. Full-size kaiaks and a ])idarka were placed along the 
 extreme upper part of the wall, which was the only space available for 
 them, and where they could be seen very well, while this arrangement 
 added to the eft'ectiveness of the general installation of the collections 
 in the main l)uilding. No space could be found in this section for a 
 folding canvas boat, consequently it was placed elsewhere. 
 
 The front of the gallery, which was directly over the center of the 
 United States section in the main building, had an unfinished appear- 
 ance, and to insure a satisfactor}' effect it was necessary to treat this 
 somewhat in a decorative way, and at the same time to g-ive it a dis- 
 tinctively national character. In the center, above the section, was 
 placed a large sign, containing the words "United States." Above 
 this was the shield of the United States and a group of flags, while 
 American ensigns Avere draped along the front of the gallerj' oAcr the 
 entire space occupied by our exhibit. At the extreme end next to the 
 Danish siH'tion, and at right angles to the gallery, w'as suspended, 
 underneath the latter, a sign containing the following words: '* Ignited 
 States Commission of Fish and Fisheries.'"' This sign served to indi- 
 cate the exhibit of tlie United States to people entering tlie ])uilding at 
 that end, who might temporarily be in a position so that the national 
 designation in front was not discernible. 
 
 The collections illustrative of fish culture, including the transporta- 
 tion of fish, fry and eggs, were installed in the annex, which adjoined 
 the building where the Norwegian fisheries exhibits were located. The 
 fishery products — with the exception of pearls. leathcM' made from skins 
 of fishes, water snakes, alligators, etc., and the objects maiuifactured 
 therefrom — were also exhiy)ited there. The former occupied the walls, 
 for the most part, and the main portion of the floor space next the 
 entrance to tlu> building. The })roducts filled the remaining fioor space, 
 in cases and on tables, and some illustrations connected with them were 
 hung on the wall on th(^ same side of the section. 
 
 Models of fish hatcheries; a model of the Fish Commission schooner 
 Grampux; model of a car for transporting fish and eggs; a series of 
 hatching and transpoi-ting a})paratus; (MpiipnuMits for si)awn takers 
 oi' messengers; and various other ol)jects. inounti'd on stands or dis- 
 played on tables, occupied the fioor space assigned to fish culture, 
 where also Avas a series of photographs in swinging screens. 
 
 On the walls were statistical niai)s containing sunnnations of the fish 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIHITION. 13 
 
 cultural work of tlic United States Fish Commission; a laig(> mtip of 
 the United States, upon Avhich was indicated the location of the vari- 
 ous stations of the commission; large photographs of the conunission's 
 steamships Albatroi^,'^ and F'lfi/i Jfa^vk, and a series of large photographs 
 of fish-hatching stations, ponds for rearing fish, and cars for carrying 
 fry and eggs. 
 
 On the side next the door was placed a full-size collapsible canvas 
 boat, and also the trunk in which it could be packed for transportation. 
 
 Perhaps the most noticeable thing in the tish cultural exhibit, con- 
 sidered from the standpoint of its appreciation by visitors to the 
 exhibition, was the group of life-size figures of men mounted in a 
 boat, so arranged as to graphically illustrate the capture of the shad 
 and the obtainment of the eggs of that species for the purpose of 
 artificial propagation. This stood on the main aisle which separated 
 the section of the United States from that occupied by some English 
 exhibits. 
 
 The bulk of the fishery products were arranged — usually in a pyra- 
 midal form — on tables placed against the walls. A portion of such 
 material was, however, installed in cases, and in one instance a stufi'ed 
 specimen of a sturgeon was suspended over a cas(^ in wdiich w'ere col- 
 lections of products from this fish, including caviare put up in difterent 
 kinds of packages. 
 
 Netting was draped in all parts of this section, so as to produce a 
 pleasing and charactcn'istic efi'ect, and, so far as possible, to soften the 
 unfinished appearance of the interior of the structure. 
 
 A sign, with the words "United States Commission of Fish and 
 Fisheries," was placed across the wall at the end of the l)uilding, and 
 above this were grouped American flags — an arrangement which sug- 
 gested the nationality of the exhibit and secured a satisfactory effect. 
 
 WORK OF INSTALLATION. 
 
 The work of installation was begun at the earliest practicable 
 moment and pushed with the utmost energy both night and day. 
 Although no artificial light was permitted inside the Ituildings, day- 
 light was generally sufficient until 10.30 or 11 p. ul, and the effort to 
 get the collections in place did not cease at night while it was practica- 
 ble to see well enough for labor to be continued. It was generally 
 between 11 o'clock and midnight l)cfore the day's work ceased. 
 
 Some difficulty was experienced in getting the material c-arted 
 across the city to the exhibition, because of the occurrence of a suc- 
 cession of events which temporaril}" suspended work of all kinds. A 
 large consignment of exhibits reached Bergen shortly ])efore the 
 opening day, but it was impossi])le to get the material moved. The 
 day succeeding that upon which the o})ening ceremonies were held 
 was the national holiday — the 17th of May. It corresponds, in public 
 
14 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 estimation, with the American Fourtii of July, and is cclchrated in 
 Norway, ospeoially in Bergen, with the greatest })atriotic ai'dor. 
 Two days hiter, on May 19, a church festival occ-urred, during which 
 no teaming could l)e done. Thus a whole week passed while our 
 goods were lying on the qua}', the movement of them being a practical 
 impossil)ility. This will show the character of certain unsurmountahle 
 obstacles that delaved completion of installation despite all that ((tuld 
 be done. 
 
 Considerable delay was also caused ))y the extraordinary amount of 
 breakage and the consequent necessar}^ repairs, which had to })c made 
 under advei'se circumstances. Upon unpacking the collections it was 
 found that a large <iuantity of glass was l)rokcn, and serious damage 
 was done in other directions. This was sui prising and unexpected, 
 since the material had been packed in the most careful mainu'r by experts 
 of the United States Fish Connuission, who had performed similar 
 service for many years, and always with marked success. Inasmuch 
 as the same kind of exhibits — indeed, nmch of the same material — had 
 repeatedly been transported over the railroads of this country without 
 material injury, the al)normal breakage seemed to indicate careless 
 handling on shipboard in loading and discharging, and a total disregard 
 of printed directions on the boxes. I learned of no conditions that 
 would be a sufficient excuse for thus jeopardizing the interest of a 
 shipper, whoever was responsible for the damage done. 
 
 Mr. Abbott was the only assistant who had had any experience 
 whatever in installation work. He ably seconded my eft'orts, and at 
 all times was efficient, resourceful, and indefatigable in his efforts to 
 secure satisfactory results. 
 
 The haste with which the collections had been assembled and the fact 
 that some of them were not received until I was about to leave Wash- 
 ington made it impracticable to prepare and print all the re(iuired 
 labels. It is true that oiany English labels Avere printed before I left 
 the United States, but it was then impossible to prepare labels in the 
 Norwegian language for objects other than models of boats and ves- 
 sels. The translation of labels into Norwegian for other exhibits, a 
 most onerous task, fell on Mrs. Ennersen during the installation 
 period, while the secretar}^, in addition to other duties, Avas called 
 upon to write hundreds of descriptive labels in English. It was a busy 
 time, when those who had the welfare of the exhibit at heart Avere 
 taxed to the utmost, but the result attained was to them ample recom- 
 pense for the unusual effort required. 
 
 Complete success in installation Avas materially aided by the gener- 
 ous assistance of two public-spirited gentlemen of Bergen. One of 
 these was Mr. Peter Jessen. of the Fagerheims Notfal)rik, one of the 
 largest net manufactories in NorAvay, who not only generously sup- 
 plied Avithout charge all the netting required for decorative purposes, 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 15 
 
 but sent his own men to hang it, and also came himself to confer 
 with me concerning- its proper arrangement, so that he might be sure 
 his men acted in conformity with my desires. At the close of the 
 exhi])ition he likewise furnished his own men to remove the netting. 
 
 After the gallant deed of Lieutenant Hobson and his associates had 
 made famous the transport thc}^ sunk at the entrance to Santiago Har- 
 bor, and the name of the 2lerrhnac was on every tongue, ITon. Chris. 
 Michelsen, president of the exhibition, volunteered to lend me the 
 model of that vessel for installation in the United States section, a 
 courtesy that was promptly accepted. Subsequently he offercnl to 
 present the model to the United States, and it was accepted on behalf 
 of the United States National Museum, where it has been placed. 
 
 It may be explained in passing that this vessel, now so celebrated 
 in the annals of our naval history, was built for Mr. Michelsen at 
 Newcastle on Tync in 1894. She was originally named the Solvei.g. 
 In 1897, while at NcAvport News, she caught on lire, was completely 
 gutted, and sunk. Subsequently she became the property of American 
 owners, and ultimate h' was obtained by the United States Government 
 for use as a transport in the Spanish- American war of 1898, in which 
 capacity she was serving when she was utilized in the attempt to 
 "bottle up" Admiral Cervera's fleet in Santiago. 
 
 -JUDGING THE EXHIBITS. 
 
 The jury work l)egan Jidy 4, when the so-called "jury groups'' were 
 organized. There were thirteen of these, of which nine were charged 
 with making awards to the national industrial exhibits, and four (jury 
 groups 10 to 13, inclusive) were international in their composition, and 
 had the duty of passing upon the merits of exhibits in the International 
 Fisheries Exhibition. The exception to this was that juiy group 9, 
 which dealt with sports, including angling, wasiauthorized to pass upon 
 the miM'its of international collections relating to sport fishing. While 
 apparently looked upon as somewhat removed from the status of the 
 other international juries, it was really like them, or at least closely 
 allied to them, not only in function, but to some extent in personnel. 
 The United States was represented on this jury. 
 
 The work of the international juries was passed upon and i-evised by 
 a so-called ov(>r jury, which Avas composed of the chairman of the 
 executive conunittee of the exhibition, Mr. Chr. Lehmkuhl, ex oihcio 
 chairman of the jury, and the presidents and vice-presidents of the 
 several juries that dealt with international exhibits. This was a very 
 connnendable arrangement, for the revisionar}' work was most impor- 
 tant. As a result the awards were made more deliberately and with a 
 b(^ttei- undei'standing of their merits than otherwise would have been 
 possil)l(\ 
 
 We were deficient in men suliicientl}" experienced to serve on juries, 
 
Ifi INTERNATIONAL FISHERIKS EXHIBITION. 
 
 cQn.scquentl}' were at a disadvantage, inasmuch as it was difficult aiul 
 often impossible, for the same individual to give full attention to the 
 work on more than one jury group. Ever}- eii'ort was made to accom- 
 plish this, so far, at least, as American exhibits were concerned, and 
 the result indicates that the interests of exhibitors were most cari^fully 
 guarded. 
 
 Mr. Abl)ott was designated to serve on jur}' groups 11 and 18; ]Mr. 
 Kahrs on jury groups !» and 10. while I served on jury 12, which 
 seemed one of the most important, and also on the over jury. 
 
 The work was very taxing, especiall}^ that on the over jury; the 
 necessity for early completion of the task compelled long hours of 
 exhaustive labor, but the knowledge thereby gained of the material 
 exhibited amply repaid the writer for extraordinary effort. The labors 
 in connection with judging the international exhibits weiv brought to 
 a close about the middle of August. 
 
 AWARDS. 
 
 The following is a list of awards granted exhibitors in the sections 
 of the United States: 
 
 A. — Diplomas of Hoxok. 
 
 1. United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries, collective exhil)it in twenty- 
 
 three classes of the various groups in which it participated. 
 
 2. Ilydrographic Office, Bureau of Navigation, United States Navy Department, for 
 
 collection of charts. 
 
 3. Coast and Geodetic Survey, United States Treasury Department, for t-ollection 
 
 of charts. 
 
 4. Thomas F. McManus, Boston, ]Mass., models and i)hotograi)hs of lishing vessels. 
 
 5. Tiffany & Co., New York, N. Y., for exhibit of fish and alligator skins, 
 
 pearls, etc. 
 
 B. — Gold ^Medals. 
 
 H. 'Slixx Ams, New Y''ork, N. Y., one medal for smoked eels and sturgeon, and one 
 for newf method of hermetically closing tin cans. 
 
 7. Sherman F. Denton, Wellesley, Mass., for work on fish casts and mounted fish 
 
 skins. 
 
 8. Henry W. lOliiott, Cleveland, Oliiu, for drawings and water-color i)aintings of 
 
 Alaska, including series illustrating life habits, etc., of the fur seal. 
 
 9. The Horton ^Manufacturing Com))any. Bristol, Comi., for steel fishing rods of 
 
 various kinds. 
 
 10. The William J. Hooper ^Manufacturing Company, Baltimore, M<1., for collection 
 
 of fishing nets, traps, etc. 
 
 11. \l. & G. W. Lord, Boston, Mass., for collection of twine, nets, and seines. 
 
 12. L. 1). Lothrop, Gloucester, Mass., for collection of fishery apparatus. 
 i;>. B. C. Milam & Son, Frankfort, Ky., for collection of fishing reels. 
 
 14. William F. Nye, New Bedford, Mass., for excellent quality of chronometer oils. 
 
 15. Eben Pierce, New Bedford, Mass., for collection of whaling apparatus. 
 
 16. Joseph Rowe & Co., Gloucester, Ma.ss., for collection of oil clothing. 
 
 17. William H. Wonson, Gloucester, Mass., for smoked halibut. 
 
 18. Russia Cement ('ompany, (iloucester, Mass., for fish glue and fertilizers. 
 
 li). Hugh M. Smitii, Washington, D. C, for exhil)it showing artificial cultivation of 
 sponges. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 17 
 
 C. — Silver Medals. 
 
 20. J. W. Beardsley's Sons, J^ew York, N. Y., for smoked boneluss licrriiiK and 
 
 shredded codfish. 
 
 21. Bristow & Dixon, Storniont, Va., for deep-water oyster tongs. 
 
 22. Paul E. CoUins, Boston, Mass., for paintings illustrating different methods of 
 
 catching fish. 
 
 23. Mary A. Gardner, 3Iiami, Fla., for artistically made fish-scale jewelry. 
 
 24. Charles B. Hudson, Washington, D. C, for drawings of fishing vessels and boats. 
 
 25. George ^Marshall, Laurel, ^Id., for collection of fish-eating birds. 
 
 26. John K. Neal & Co., Boston, Mass., for finnan baddies. 
 
 27. Chresten Nelson, Gloucester, Mass., for canvas and net preservative. 
 
 28. William Palmer, Washington, D. C, for casts of fishes. 
 
 29. G. M. Skinner, Clayton, N. Y., for spoon baits. 
 
 30. J. & W. R. Wing, New Bedford, Mass., for whalel)one. 
 
 D. — Bronze Medals. 
 
 31. A. H. Baldwin, Washington, D. C, for drawings of economic batrachians. 
 
 32. The Enterprise Manufacturing Company, Philadelphia, Pa., for bait and meat 
 
 chopper. 
 
 33. Charles B. Hudson, Washington, I). C, for painting illustrating method of fishing. 
 
 34. Edward Pitcher, Brooklyn, N. Y., for collection of hooks, drails, etc. 
 
 35. A. Zeno Shindler, Washington, D. C, for Avater-color iiainting of the Great Auk, 
 
 and oil paintings of Funk Island. 
 
 36. Charles H. Townsend, Washington, D. C, for collection (if photographs of fur 
 
 seals, etc. 
 
 37. J. & W. R. Wing, New Bedford, ^lass., for collection of whaling apparatus. 
 
 E. — Honorable Mention. 
 
 38. G. B. Borden, Acushnet, Mass., for net made of whalebone. 
 
 F. — Diplomas of Thanks. 
 
 39. Marcus Benjamin, Washington, D. C, for collection of portraits and autographic 
 
 letters of presidents of the American Association for the Advancement of 
 Science. 
 
 40. W. H. Benton, Washington, D. C, for preparation of statistical charts. i 
 
 41. Paul E. Collins, Boston, Mass., for drawings. 
 
 42. F. F. Dimick, Boston, Mass., f(jr collection of reports of the Boston fish bureau. 
 
 43. Barton Warren Evermann, Washington, D. C, for collection of fish literature. 
 
 44. George E. Jennings, New York, N. Y., for bound volumes of the Fishing 
 
 Gazette. 
 
 45. David Starr Jordan, Leland Stanford Jr. University, Stanford University, Cal., 
 
 for collection of fish literature. 
 
 46. George Frederic Kunz, New York, N. Y., for literature on pearls. 
 
 47. George H. H. Moore, Washington, D. C, for fossil fish. 
 
 48. Memorial Museum, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, Cal., for collection of 
 
 Pacific coast fishes. 
 
 49. W. de C. Ravenel, Washington, I). ("., for fish-cultural literature. 
 
 50. A. F. Rich, Boston, Mass., for photograph of fishing steamer. 
 
 51. Scientific Publishing Company, New York, N. Y., for literature on pearls, etc, 
 
 52. Thomas W. Smillie, Washington, D. C, for photographic work. 
 
 53. Leonhard Stejneger, Washington, D. C, for literature on fur seals. 
 
 54. S. G. Worth, Washington, D. C, for photographic work. 
 
 S. Doc. 39 2 
 
18 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EX"IBITION. 
 
 It is pertiiuMit to expliiin that the several juries unhesitatingly 
 awarded a diploma of honor — the highest award given by the 
 exhibition- to the c-olleetive exhi})its of the United States C'onnuission 
 of P'ish and Fisheries in each of the twenty -three classes of the various 
 groups, in which it participated. The single diploma of honor 
 actually given the Commission eml)odies in itself all of the awards 
 made for these several collective exhibits. 
 
 Having in mind the haste with which the material was assembled 
 for the United States exhibit at Bergen, the restrictive limitations 
 necessarily placed on private exhibitors, and the fact that Mr. Abbott's 
 exhibit did not compete, the result attained in the procurement o^ 
 awards appears to be most gratifying. 
 
 The total number of competing exhibitors other than the United 
 States Commission of Fish and Fisheries numbered fifty-five. The 
 total number of awards made to these aggregate tifty-three. Some 
 exhibitors received two awards, it is true, but the total number 
 granted amounted to more than 96 per cent of the entire list of com- 
 peting exhibits, a result never previously attained oi- even approxi- 
 mated by the United States at any international fisheries exhibition, 
 and probably not elsewhere. This may undoubtedly be taken as an 
 indication of the advanced position occupied by the United States in 
 certain directions and the intelligent appreciation of that fact by those 
 who were called upon to ofiicially pass upon the merits of the exhibits. 
 
 DECREASE OF TERSONNEL. 
 
 The limitations of the appropriation compelled a decrease in expend- 
 itures for salaries; consequentl}^ a reduction of the personnel was 
 necessary at the earliest date practicable. Of course laborers emploj^ed 
 in connection with the installation were discharged as soon as their 
 services could be dispensed with. The services of Mr. Kahrs ceased on 
 September 80, the date fixed for the close of the exhibition; those of 
 Mrs. Ennersen October 15, and those of Mr. Wentz on October 31. 
 Thus the force was reduced one-half as soon as practicable after the 
 close of the exhil)ition. It was necessary to keep the remaining 
 assistants on the rolls until the collections w^ere returned to the sev- 
 eral persons from whom the}' were obtained and the business of the 
 exhibit was completed. 
 
 Al'PLK ATIOX FOR PUBLICATIONS, ETC. 
 
 The applications for publications of the United States Commission 
 of Fish and Fisheries were numerous and urgent. These came not 
 only from Norwegian museums, fishery schools, etc.. l)ut also from 
 gentlemen prominently identified with the fishery, fish-cultural, and 
 scientific interests of other countries. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 19 
 
 In many, if not in all, cases the .societies or other organizations or 
 persons applying had received the publications of the commission in 
 former years, but for some reason they had failed to get them for sev- 
 eral 3^ ears past — anywhere from three to six years — although in some 
 instances the European exchanges had constantly been sent to the 
 commission. 
 
 In every case when the facts were brought to my notice 1 promptly 
 notified Commissioner Bowers, who, I am pleased to sa}^ most cor- 
 dialh' responded, thus taking an action that restored the appreciation 
 in which the commission was formerly held in Europe. 
 
 Applications were also received from various nuiseums and societies 
 for other material. These were complied with so far as practicable. 
 
 CLOSE OF EXHIBITION, ETC. 
 
 CHANGE IN DATE OF CLOSING. 
 
 The original progrannne for the exhibition contemplated ])ringing 
 it to a close on September 30. As that date drew near, however, it 
 Avas decided to continue it until October 2, which became the official 
 date for closing. 
 
 DISPOSITION OF THE COLLECTIONS. 
 
 The material constituting the exhibit of the United States, and 
 embracing both public and private collections, was. with some excep- 
 tions, returned to Washington as soon as practicable after theclose of 
 the exhibition. From this point the bulk of the private exhibits were 
 sent to their respective owners, while the collections belonging to the 
 Goverimient were restored to the various places in the National 
 Museum, Fish Counnission, or storage, from whence they were 
 obtained. By direction of the Secretary of State the unexpended 
 material purchased for the exhi])it was placed in the custod}'^ of the 
 Fish Counnission. 
 
 The cases, however, which had been procui'ed frcmi the Fish Com- 
 mission at Woods Hole were shipped directly to that point from 
 Bergen. The collection of lish casts exhibited by the jVIemorial Park 
 Museum of San Francisco was not included in the material shipped to 
 Washington, but, in compliance with instructions from the Park 
 Museum authorities, was sent to Wellesley. Mass.. to l)c repaired. 
 Some of the private exhibits were sold in Europe, in whole or in part, 
 by request of exhibitors, and in a few cases I presented to Europeans 
 certain objects from private collections, in accordance with instructions 
 from the owners, the special purpose of such donations being to invite 
 attention to .Vmericaii manufactures. The most noticeable action of 
 this kind was taken by the Horton Manufacturing Company, of Bris- 
 tol, Conn., who requested me to dispose of as much of their exhibit of 
 
20 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 .steel fishing rods as I thouoht best. Mr. Max Ams, of New York, 
 also authorized nie to present to various museums and schools fish 
 products, stufi'ed fishes, and tins showing his new method for hermeti- 
 cally closing- cans without solder. 
 
 The Scientific Publishing Company and Mr. George F. Kunz both 
 authorized the presentation of their publications on pearls and gems 
 to the Bergen Fisheries Museum. The W. J. Iloopei- Manufactui-ing 
 Company, of Baltimore, Md., presented their collection of models of 
 fixed and floating nets to the Trondhjem Museum, and many others 
 contributed to schools and museums. 
 
 There is ever}' reason to believe such intelligent and generous action 
 will have a most satisfactory result. 
 
 By direction of Hon. George M. Bowers. Fnited States Commis- 
 sioner of Fish and Fisheries, the collection of alcoholic specimens of 
 salmonida^ ; and all the 8 bj' 10 inch photogra])hs of United States Fish 
 Conmiission hatching stations, etc., were presented to Dr. DecioYinci- 
 guerra, director of the royal fish cultural station at Home, Italy. 
 
 Three boxes of material — two containing manuscripts and office 
 equipments and one the awards made to American exhibitors — were 
 shipped to Washington early in October. The exhibits, however, 
 were not dispatched until a month later; they left Bergen November 
 4 and ai'rived at New York on November 2iK They reached Washing- 
 ton December 6, and the work of unpacking and distribution of the 
 material was completed in the latter part of January-. 
 
 In order to care for the collections in transit as much as practicable, 
 Mr. W. H. Johnson was detailed to accompany' the shipment on the 
 Wilson Line steamships from Bergen to New York, and was 
 instructed to secure a careful handling of the packages, so far as 
 possible. His report indicates this action was well taken, and that 
 much breakage and consequent expense to the Government was saved. 
 
 APPOINTMENT OF DEPUTY. 
 
 The recent rcmarka))le development of the British deep-sea market 
 fisheries — contrasting so strongly with the decadent condition of the 
 New England ocean fisheries— convinced me of the importance of 
 personally studjdng the methods and conditions prevailing at some of 
 the chief fishing ports and maikets on the east coast of Great Britain, 
 even though I had to do this at my own expense. In order to accom- 
 plish this it was necessary to put some one in charge of packing and 
 shipping the exhibit collections. Having, therefore, attended to the 
 prelim inai'ies associated with the packing. arrang(>d the exchanges, 
 etc., I left Bergen for Newcastle, England, on October 8. placing 
 Mr. W. H. At)bott in charge of the work, and giving him detailed 
 instructions for its conduct. This duty was most satisfactorily and 
 expeditiously performed l)y ]\Ir. Abbott, while the expense was 25 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 21 
 
 per cent less than the estimates, whieh were based on siuiihii' work at 
 other exhibitions. Ordinaril}' full}^ six weeks are required to pack 
 and ship such an cxhil)it as that of the United States, even when 
 conditions are favorable. But on this occasion the material was all 
 packed, carted about a mile and a half over a hillv road to the qua}', 
 and loaded on a steamer in one day over a month, notwithstanding the 
 days were short and artificial light was not permitted in the exhibition 
 l)uildino-s. 
 
 PRESS COMMENTS. 
 
 The exhiliit of the United States attracted much favoral)le comment 
 from press and people, and by unanimous consent it excelled all others 
 in completeness, systematic arrangement, and effective method of 
 installation. There seemed to l)e no difference of opinion, for the 
 press of continental Europe, of Great Britain, and of the United States 
 vied with each other in commendatory remarks concerning the exliibit 
 that must prove most gratifying to our people, as well as to those 
 charged with responsibilities in connection with it. It would be 
 impractical, of course, to quote these to any considerable extent, but 
 brief extracts may suffice to show the drift of public opinion. 
 
 The following is a free translation of a small portion of an article in 
 the Bergen News (Bergens-Tidende) of May 23, 1898, under the head 
 of "America's rich collection of fishing boats and vessels:'' 
 
 The collection of models installed in the 50-foot case in the main building is both 
 attractive and instructive. The case contains models of all kinds of fishing boats and 
 vessels now used on the coasts of the United States, from the Eskimo's skin boat, the 
 dugout from Alaska, or the Indian's birch-bark canoe to the modern clipper schoon- 
 ers from the New England States. There is also a special series of models, showing 
 the development in the fishing schooner from the first settlement of America until 
 to-day. This historical collection, as it ought to be called, deserves special attention. 
 * * * One of the most interesting models is that of the fishing vessel Sparrow 
 Hawk; since it is the earliest fishing smack used in America of which there is a model. 
 It was a small vessel (about 40 feet long) which was wrecked on Cape Cod in 1620. 
 It was buried in the sands more than two hundred years, until 1863, when wind and 
 waves brought its remains to light. * * * Tlie vessel was carefully dug up and 
 sent to Boston, where it was exhibited in the park (Boston Conunon). * * * An 
 American shipbuilder took careful measurements of all its parts, and the model was 
 made from these. 
 
 There are other interesting models of vessels used two liundred years ago in the 
 Atlantic Ocean fisheries, also a Marblehead vessel for fishing on the banks of New- 
 foundland in 1750. * * * 
 
 Among other types are found the ketch; Chebacco boat; pinky; the square-stern 
 schooner from 18:->0 to 1850, and different forms of schooners built from 1874 up to 
 the present. The latter ends the series, which shows more clearly than words the 
 intelligent and tireless energy of the American in securing improvement whenever 
 possilile. * * * 
 
 The Norwegian shipbuilders and fishermen will surely derive both pleasure and 
 instiuction in studying this collection, because the models are (carefully made to a 
 scale in every detail. 
 
22 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 lender the cuptioii of tho •■I'liitt'd St:itos of AuK^ricu at tho fisheries 
 exiiibition at Beri;eii,"" the (Tcitehorj^s Ilaiulels- oeh Sjofaitstidiiing, 
 one of the most inHuential of Swedish papers, makes the following 
 remarks: 
 
 Thi- country of the star-ppanprled banner partakes in a manner \vlii(]i lionors the 
 name. A more instructive exiiilntion than this one is hard to Ihid. 
 
 It allows in different series tlie development of the various kinds of iisheries pre- 
 sentetl in an excellent and clear manner. 
 
 Further, there are shown fishhooks such as are used by the Indians and Eski- 
 mos, made of wood and bone, and often carved with figures. The hooks are made 
 of nails, found in driftwood or obtained by exchange from the Europeans. The 
 halibut hooks are of special interest. They are large and clumsy and look. impossi- 
 ble to use for a good fishery, but the natives keep them and prefer them to the 
 modern ones. 
 
 A collection of models of lishing vessels is found, even from the large whaling 
 steamer to the Eskimo'skyak, the Italian's fehux-a, and the bank-tisher's dory. The 
 collection is historical in its character, as it represents the American fishing schooner's 
 development from the earliest times. * * * 
 
 The American bank fishing, as carried on with the modern schoonei-s, is very well 
 represente<l. A full-size dory, with outfit and crew (two men), is j)articularly inter- 
 esting. To such a boat belong 5 or trawl lines, each with 500 hooks. Each 
 schooner carries 8 to 12 dories, and the men may have to handle a line more than 20 
 English miles long with more than 30,000 hooks. In such an effective manner of fishing 
 it may pay to build fishing vessels to the value of $12,000 to $15,000 each. The 
 schooners, as they are built at present, are remarkably fast sailing. ]Many of them 
 c^n run up to 13 knots. 
 
 It is no wonder that the American fisherman's home shows a comfort, such as I 
 have seen on a large i)ict.ure, which illustrates such an one. Piano, chandelier, uphol- 
 stered furniture, carpets, etc., are found in this "' fisherman's home," as the inscription 
 reads. 
 
 The collection of models gives one the best conception of the great extent of the 
 American fisheries. The whaling steamer cruises through the Arctic seas north and 
 south; the bank fisher is wandering about all over the Atlantic. The mackerel and 
 lobster fisheries require their special types of boats, and so does the herring fishery 
 on the Atlantic coast as well as the oyster fishery. Farther south is carried on the 
 sponge and coral fisheries. Then comes the fisheries on the Great Lakes, on the rivers, 
 and at last the fisheries on the coast of California and Alaska. 
 
 Almost all the world's races, including Chinese and Indians, are engaged in the 
 American fisheries. Many of them still use their al)original shapes of boats and 
 fishing gear. In this choice collection is also seen the American fast sailer along 
 with the Chinese junk and Irish cutter. 
 
 Among the American fish products is specially to be noticed a dried fish of fine 
 quality (.^jhredded codfish) and in such a state (ground quite fine) that it can be used 
 at once. 
 
 Canned salmon from the Pacific shore, smoked halibut, etc., are exhibited here. 
 
 Among the by-products are exhibited samples of 20 to 30 kinds of glue made for 
 certain ])urposes, fish oil, guano, etc. The latter is even ready-made for different 
 purposes — for fields, for grass, for vegetables, and flowers. 
 
 As regards hermetically sealed cans, the Americans present an important new 
 method, which may jjerhaps be valued also with us, where the hermetic (canning) 
 business now is advancing very fast; for example, we will mention the lately started 
 comjiany at Gottenborg. It is the hermetic (can) manufacturer, Max Ams, of New 
 York, who has invented a process to close the cans and boxes without plumbing 
 (solilering) the covers. For this he uses asbestos and caoutchouc as well as specially 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 23 
 
 constructed miu'hiues. The result is said to Vje a considerable saving of time and 
 wages as well as absolute tightness. 
 
 Eegarding the sport fishery the American exhibition is unsurpassed. The angling 
 rods of steel which are exhibited there are admirable; they are light, elegant, and 
 strong. In one stroke the different parts of the rods are thrown out and also the 
 line; when put together, closed up, it measures 24 to ;W inches. Many different 
 kinds of salmon flies are seen, and trout flies as well. 
 
 The fish hatching, into which the Americans have put special effort and which 
 has turned out very satisfactorily, is also well represented. This business is carried 
 on by the United States Fisheries Commission, which expends an annual appro- 
 priation of about $500,000. 
 
 Early in August a delegation of gentlemen from Aberdeen, Scotland, 
 visited the exhibition at Bergen, for the purpose of studA^ng it, and 
 obtaining knowledge as to its scope and character; also with the object 
 of taking preliminary steps to secure some of the exhibits for the 
 exhibition then talked of for Aberdeen in 1899. 
 
 The Aberdeen Daily Free Press of August 19, in commenting upon 
 the arrival home of this delegation, made the following reference to 
 the American exhibit: 
 
 They were particularly struck with the splendid fishery exhibits sent over from 
 the United States, which are in charge of Captain Collins, from whom the deputation 
 obtained a great amount of valuable information that may i)rove useful in connection 
 with the Aberdeen scheme. It is very probable that if it is resolved to proceed with 
 the Aberdeen exhibition, application will be made to the United States to allow 
 these exhibits from Bergen to be shown in Aberdeen. 
 
 It is spoken of as large and thoroughly representative, and, the deputation say, 
 would make no inconsiderable show in itself. 
 
 Sir Arthur Grant, one of the deputation, in reporting upon the 
 exhibition and the exhibits from various countries, spoke in the fol- 
 lowing complimentary maiuun- concerning the display of the United 
 States : 
 
 "We then come to the only real good thing in the fishery part of the exhil)ition. 
 This, I am glad to say, comes from our American friends. It is of urgent importance, 
 if we are to have an exhibition in Aberdeen, that the whole of this collection should 
 be secured en bloc, and it can with a little notice be well supplemented from across the 
 pond. The United States commissioner, Captain Collins, met us in the exhibition 
 and repeatedly showed us the utmost courtesy and gave us much useful information; 
 so also did his assistant, Mr. Abbott. Most of the exhibits belong to the United 
 States Fish Commission, but some belong to various States, e. g., California. Those 
 which belong ti) the United States Fish Commission are under the authority of Con- 
 gress and can only be moved by the authority of that body and by the Executive 
 order of the I'resident.' 
 
 At an earlier date the lord provost of Aberdeen, in speaking of his 
 observations upon the exhibition while in Bergen, remarked that "the 
 most complete exhibit is from America, under the superintendence of 
 Captain Collins. * * * Xhe American court shows in concrete 
 form the fish and fisheries of America.'"'^ 
 
 * The Aberdeen Daily Free Press, August 30, 1898. 
 "The Aberdeen Daily Free Press, August 27, 1898. 
 
24 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 A correspondent of the Detroit Free Press (SeptenilxM- 11. 1S9S) 
 
 wrote as follows: 
 
 Most of the contemporary uatioiifj liave contriljuteci to the fif^h exhibiti^; Imt were 
 the United States to withdraw hers from the hall, the remaininfr show would he a 
 decided lizzie. As far as fish and fishing tackle go, our exhiljit is really creditabU'. 
 * * * The United States display of mounted specimens of her native fish, fishing 
 tackle, and models of fishing boats, is really a revelation to even these people who 
 know nothing outside of fish catching, for this is their leading industry. 
 
 The News and Herald, of Cleveland. Ohio, stated that ""In- universal 
 consent the exhibit of the United States exceeded all other.s from 
 foreign countries, not onl}^ in size, but in comprehensiveness and 
 method of installation.-' 
 
 The New^ York Fishing Gazette says: 
 
 The Norwegian press has been very enthusiastic concerning the American display. 
 ]More has been written about it than of all the other foreign exhil)its put together. 
 
 The whole problem of fish and fisheries is carefully and systematically worked out 
 in the arrangement of the objects of the United States. Marine mammals, fish, 
 reptiles, mollusks, and other things that are sought by fishermen are in profusion 
 and large variety. All the various types of boats and vessels employed in the United 
 States fisheries are well represented by models. This collection also shows histor- 
 ically the development of naval architecture as applied to the fisheries since the 
 settlement of America. The old snow, ketch, and ancient schooner from Mar])le- 
 head contrast strongly with the yachtlike clij^pers of the present time or the steam 
 whalers that venture far into the Arctic in search of their prey. 
 
 Similar statements to those (juoted might be multiplied, l)oth from 
 the European and American press, but the extracts givcMi will dou])t- 
 less suffice to show the general ap})reciation of what was accomplished 
 by the United States. 
 
 COUKTESIES. 
 
 I have pleasure in acknowledging the following courtesies: The 
 Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, Hon. George M. Bowers, detailed 
 Mr. William P. Sauerhoff to assist in packing the exhil)it. a matter 
 of much moment, since Mr. Sauerhoff is one of the most experienced 
 and accomplished experts in the country in this special line of dut)\ 
 
 Dr. Bart(Mi W. Evermann, ichthyologist of the commission, and Mr. 
 W. C. Kendall were also detailed by the Connuissioner to make a trip 
 to Chesapeake Bay for the purpose of collecting siu'h fishes as could 
 be obtained there for exhibition as alcoholic specimens, while Mr. 
 Livingston Stone, superintendent of the station at Cape St. Vincent, 
 N. Y., Mr. Clifford G. Corliss, superintendent at Gloucester, Mass., 
 station, and Mr. Frank E. Locke, superintendent at the "Woods Hole, 
 Mass., station, were instructed to give me all the aid in their power 
 in collecting and shipping fish to Washington. All of these gentle- 
 men did everything they coidd in o))taining specimens, and their 
 intelligent zeal made possible the fine ('xhil)it of preserved fish. The 
 expedition conducted by Dr. Evermann was particularly successful; 
 the results exceeded expectation. 
 
INTERN ATIOK AT. FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 25 
 
 I was assigned an office, with proper equipment, at the Fish Com- 
 mission building-, and every facdlit}^ was cheerfully accorded me for 
 the advancement of the preparatory work bj' various officials of the 
 commission. The commission's wagon was placed at the disposal of 
 the exhibit when not required for its regular work, and the packages 
 received or dispatched by express for the exhibit were attended to ])y 
 the Fish Commission as a part of its regular duties, all of which was 
 of great assistance when it was necessary to get the collections ready 
 for shipment at the earliest practicable moment. 
 
 The United States National Museum placed at ni}' disposal various 
 collections and manuscripts, that were of great importance to the 
 exhibit. 
 
 Dr. David Starr Jordan, president of the Leland Stanford Junior 
 University, Stanford Universit}^, Cal., very generously interested him- 
 self in o])taining a collection of casts of west coast fishes from the 
 Memorial Park Museum, at San Francisco. 
 
 On various occasions Lieut. Robert Piatt, U. S. N., on special duty 
 with the United States Fish Commission, most satisfactoril}" performed 
 certain duties for the exhil^it. 
 
 Dr. Leonhard Stejneger, of the United States National Museum, 
 assisted the exhibit in certain important matters. 
 
 I have pleasure in acknowledging, on behalf of my associates and 
 myself, the assistance and courtesy received from the managers of the 
 exhibition, especially from Mr. Chr. Lehmkuhl, chairman of the 
 executive committee, Avhose indefatigable labors ('ontril)uted largely 
 to the success of the exhibition, Dr. J. Brunchorst, and Mr. Herman 
 Friele. 
 
 Extended reference has hocn made elsewhere to the aid and cour- 
 tesies received from Hon. Chris. Michelsen, president of the exhibi- 
 tion, and Mr. Peter Jessen. 
 
APPENDIX. 
 
 PRELnilNAI^y CATALOGUE AND SYNOPSIS OF THE rOLLECTIONS EXHIB- 
 ITED P.V THE UNITED STATES FISH COMMISSION AND BY SPECIAL 
 EXHllHTORS. WPPH A CONCORDANCE TO THE OFFICIAL CLASSIFICA- 
 TION OF THE EXHIP.ITION. 
 
 LIST OF PERSONS ENGAGED IN THE PREPARATION OF THE 
 
 COLLECTION. 
 
 GEORGE :\I. BOWERS, 
 
 United States Comniisshner of Fish and fisheries. 
 
 JOSEPH WILLIAM COLLINS, 
 
 United States Commissioner to tlie Exhibition, in general charge. 
 
 STAFF. 
 
 George H. H. Moore, in charge of Fish Culture aud Sliipnieuts. 
 
 W. H. Abbott, in charge of Fisheries Collections. 
 
 S. A. Collins, Secretary, in charge of Accounts, etc. 
 
 H. B. Blackwell, Typewriter. 
 
 Friman Kahrs. 
 
 W. H. Wentz. 
 
 W. H. Johnson. 
 
 COLLABORATORS. 
 
 Hugh M. Smith, Chief, Division of Scientific huiuiry. Ignited States Fish Connnis- 
 
 sion. 
 W. DE C. Ravenel, Chief, Division of Fish Culture, United States Fish Conmiission. 
 Charles H. Townsend, Chief, Division of Statistics, United States Fish Conmiission. 
 J. H. DuNLAP, Chief Clerk, United States Fish Commission. 
 Barton W. Evermann, Ichthyologist of the United States Fish Commission. 
 Charles W. Scudder, United States Fish Connnission. 
 
 Hector Von Bayer, Chief Architect and Engineer, United States Fish Commission. 
 Livingston Stone, Superintendent United States Fisli Connnission Station, Cape 
 
 St. Vincent, New York. 
 Clifford il. Corliss, Superintendent Ihiited States Fish Connnission Station, (ilouces- 
 
 ter, Massachusetts. 
 E. F. Locke, Superintendent United States Fish Connnission Station, Woods Hole, 
 
 Massachusetts. 
 
 ARTISTS AND rREPARATORS. 
 
 Artist in water colors. — Henry W. Elliott. 
 Artist in oil and pastel. — Paul E. Collins. 
 
 Artists in painting casts. — A. Zeno Shindler, United States National Museum; S. F. 
 Denton. 
 26 
 
IlSTTEKlSrATIOlsrAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 27 
 
 Artist in prrpariiuj sldtl.slicdl uitips, etc. — W. H. Benton. 
 
 Photographers. — T. W. Smillie, United States National Museum; Charles H. Town- 
 send, S. G. Worth, United States Fish Conunission. 
 
 Modelers. — William Palmer, United States National .Museum; Sherman F. Denton, 
 Wellesley, Massachusetts. 
 
 Pri'parators. — W. P. Satrhoee, United States Fish ("ommission; W \l. Johnson, 
 C. R. LuscoMBE, and Lawrence Jensen. 
 
 Statistics of certain fislieries of the United States. 
 [I'rcpured )>>• the Uiiitwl States Fish Commission.] 
 
 States. 
 
 Cod. 
 
 Heri;ing. 
 
 Mackerel. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pacific suites (inohiding Alaska): 
 Alaska 
 
 2, 219, 835 
 539, 000 
 
 «55,,562 
 21,560 
 
 18,700,000 
 617,112 
 
 »32, 000 
 6,817 
 
 
 
 Wasliington 
 
 
 
 Oregon 
 
 
 
 
 2,274,565 
 
 56,864 
 
 4,486,887 
 
 .55, 790 
 
 350, 399 
 
 S14, 159 
 
 
 Total 
 
 5,033,400 
 
 133,986 
 
 23,803,999 
 
 94, 613 
 
 350,399 
 
 14, 159 
 
 
 New England States: 
 
 7,786,525 
 
 488,750 
 
 69,912,247 
 
 365,416 
 
 1,529,863 
 
 152, 036 
 
 8,261 
 
 1,356,514 
 
 11,098 
 
 50,018 
 
 44,853,220 
 
 220, 000 
 
 90 698 194 
 
 153,314 
 
 2,450 
 
 iu« nno 
 
 2,296,096 
 
 87,275 
 
 11,641,378 
 
 188,475 
 
 65,800 
 
 102,643 
 5,340 
 
 .595,894 
 15,736 
 4,817 
 
 
 
 
 700 ' '^'> 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total . . . 
 
 80,082,801 
 
 1,577,927 
 
 65,772,114 
 
 353, 796 
 
 14,279,024 
 
 724, 430 
 
 
 Middle Atlantic States: 
 
 New York 
 
 i 
 
 2,277,458 i 89,921 
 676,859 ' 20.691 
 
 
 
 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 
 
 22, 907 
 
 2, 747 
 
 Pennsylvania 
 
 
 
 
 
 Delaware 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Maryland 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Virginia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 2,954,317 
 
 110, 612 
 
 
 
 22, 907 
 
 2, 747 
 
 
 
 
 South Atlantic States: 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Georgia 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Florida (east coast) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 ToUil 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gulf States: 
 
 Florida ( west coast) 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Alabama 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Mi-ssissippi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Te.xas 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Great Lakes 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Grand tf)tal 
 
 88, 070, 518 
 
 1,822,525 
 
 89,576,113 
 
 448,409 
 
 14,652,330 
 
 741,336 
 
 
28 
 
 INTEKNATI«»N AI, FISIIF,RIK>5 KXIIIinTlON. 
 
 Slatisti(x of eerlaiii Jitiheriis of the United Slulu- — (^ontinnt'd. 
 
 
 Salmon. 
 
 Market fish&s. 
 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pacific States (incliulinp Alaska): 
 
 42,231,500 
 
 21,084,211 
 
 25,536,701 
 
 4,862,408 
 
 81, 219, 973 
 551,546 
 781,000 
 179,031 
 
 
 
 
 3,140,759 
 
 2,763,779 
 
 14,190,804 
 
 863,469 
 
 
 39, 028 
 
 
 369, 631 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 94,314,820 
 
 2,731,550 
 
 20,095,342 
 
 472, 128 
 
 
 
 New England States: 
 
 152, 740 
 
 34,118 
 
 17,989,998 
 1,090,300 
 
 OS, 092, 741 
 9,625,934 
 3,388,126 
 
 244,286 
 
 
 13,881 
 
 
 139 
 
 08 
 
 1,400,499 
 
 
 224,174 
 
 
 280 
 
 222 
 
 160,853 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 153, 159 
 
 34,408 
 
 100,187,099 
 
 2, 043, 093 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 21,603,849 
 31,455,260 
 5, .397, 848 
 4,679,711 
 32, 745, 537 
 31,102,404 
 
 833,305 
 
 
 
 
 1,363,991 
 
 
 
 182,181 
 
 
 
 163,036 
 
 
 
 760, 425 
 
 
 
 
 801,625 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 126, 984, 609 
 
 4,104,563 
 
 
 
 
 
 South Atlantic States: 
 
 
 
 33,226,393 
 3, 9.t0, 605 
 1,163,550 
 0,014,231 
 
 967,764 
 
 
 
 
 148, 710 
 
 
 
 
 66,055 
 
 
 
 
 1%, 882 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 44,9.Vt,785 
 
 1,379,411 
 
 
 
 
 
 Gulf States: 
 
 
 
 24, 320, 079 
 1,404,778 
 1,825,395 
 6, 965, 582 
 3,718,000 
 
 606, 038 
 
 
 
 
 46,119 
 
 
 
 
 64,368 
 
 
 
 
 139,449 
 
 Texas .• 
 
 
 
 164, 200 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 38,240,434 
 
 920, 174 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 96, 619, 671 
 
 2,270,618 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 94,467,979 
 
 2,765,968 
 
 427,081,940 
 
 11,190,587 
 
 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 29 
 
 Statistics of certain fisheries of the United States — Continued. 
 
 states. 
 
 Lobster. 
 
 Oyster. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pounds. 1 Value. 
 
 Pacific States (including Alaska): 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 1,154,468 S147.995 
 
 
 
 
 11,431 
 1,250,515 
 
 3, 062 
 
 
 
 
 698, 267 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 2, 416, 414 
 
 849. 314 
 
 
 
 
 
 New England .'States: 
 
 10, 300, 880 
 
 90, 300 
 
 2, 089, 502 
 
 774, 100 
 
 1,614,530 
 
 1683, 082 
 
 5,493 
 
 157, 330 
 
 .53, 762 
 
 101,358 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 338,604 
 
 1,525,749 
 
 14,911,218 
 
 70,946 
 261,275 
 
 Rhode I.sland . 
 
 
 1,432.479 
 
 
 
 "fetal 
 
 14, 869, 312 
 
 1,001,025 
 
 16, 77.5, .571 
 
 1,764,700 
 
 
 
 Middle Atlantic States: 
 
 New York 
 
 165,093 
 143,905 
 
 15,655 
 10,861 
 
 18,277,434 
 18,204,291 
 926, 660 
 1,227,324 
 69,615,406 
 43, 134, 602 
 
 2, 748, 509 
 
 
 1 , 766, 648 
 
 
 101,8.50 
 
 
 5, 600 
 
 285 
 
 73, 863 
 
 
 .5,295,866 
 2, .524, 348 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 314,598 
 
 26,801 
 
 151,385,717 
 
 12, .511, 084 
 
 
 
 South Atlantic States: 
 
 North Carolina 
 
 
 
 4, 977, 336 
 442,050 
 
 1,570,485 
 681,450 
 
 1.50, 845 
 
 South Carolina 
 
 
 
 23, 204 
 
 
 
 
 40, 520 
 
 
 
 
 14,8,50 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 7,671,321 
 
 229,419 
 
 
 
 Gulf States: 
 
 Florida (west coast) 
 
 
 2, 597, 567 
 3,367,490 
 5,645,346 
 5,891,095 
 3, 085, 600 
 
 9fi,692 
 107,812 
 
 
 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 
 
 166, 672 
 299,896 
 127, 990 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 
 
 Texas 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Total 
 
 
 
 20, 587, 098 
 
 796,062 
 
 
 
 
 Great Lakes 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 Grand total 
 
 15, 183, 910 
 
 1,027,826 
 
 198,836,121 
 
 16,150,579 
 
 
30 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 StatMcK of the Jixlirricii of ihr (')iilnl Slulrs, 1S<)7. 
 [Prepared by the United States Fish Commisf-ion.] 
 
 State. 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Alaska 
 
 Arkansas 
 
 California 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massachusetts. . . 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 New York 
 
 North Carolina. . 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania . . . 
 Rhode Island . . . 
 South Carolina. . 
 South Dakota . . . 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington 
 
 West Virginia. . . 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Persons 
 
 em- 
 ployed. 
 
 02.T 
 849 
 750 
 820 
 047 
 339 
 219 
 622 
 
 57 
 656 
 919 
 944 
 
 61 
 587 
 231 
 129 
 443 
 238 
 351 
 075 
 088 
 575 
 
 76 
 
 39 
 365 
 467 
 052 
 274 
 353 
 323 
 539 
 757 
 328 
 121 
 520 
 ,277 
 630 
 169 
 ,328 
 ,212 
 
 67 
 ,371 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 Total 197, 293 
 
 66 
 208 
 
 43 
 185 
 
 23 
 
 119 
 
 108 
 
 1, 627 
 
 836 
 
 64 
 
 15 
 
 629 
 
 665 
 
 128 
 
 59 
 
 23 
 
 61 
 
 69 
 
 15 
 
 41 
 
 6,453 
 
 Net ton- 
 nage. 
 
 387.87 
 9, 574. 43 
 
 9,796.87 
 5,269.68 
 
 569.00 
 2, 787. 89 
 
 267. 74 
 
 Value, in- 
 cluding 
 outfit. 
 
 116. 
 
 896.84 
 
 13,136.67 
 
 34,217.13 
 
 .59, 259. 30 
 
 1,380.87 
 
 266. 52 
 
 570. 02 
 
 588.06 
 7, 879. 22 
 9, 409. 40 
 1,615.59 
 
 797. 26 
 
 468. 07 
 1,190.44 
 1,4X4.79 
 
 240. 04 
 
 240 76 
 
 943 14,151.87 
 59 j 1,420.56 
 
 831,810 
 505,500 
 
 1,1&1,685 
 662, 252 
 
 42,540 
 470, 068 
 
 26,800 
 
 18, 495 
 
 93, .527 
 
 813, 752 
 
 1,833,658 
 
 4,639,168 
 
 326, 928 
 
 42, 400 
 
 IS, 759 
 
 43,099 
 
 873,822 
 
 1,011,109 
 
 101,029 
 
 223,432 
 
 54,009 
 152, 370 
 223, 735 
 
 29, 325 
 
 29,710 
 
 934, 786 
 160.384 
 
 164, 092 
 
 14,711,244 
 
 Boats. 
 
 Num- 
 ber. 
 
 499 
 455 
 
 .561 
 
 1,479 
 
 1,3.53 
 
 968 
 
 2,379 
 
 788 
 
 30 
 
 1,694 
 
 890 
 
 739 
 
 61 
 
 639 
 
 3, 860 
 
 5,920 
 
 9,825 
 
 3,494 
 
 1,673 
 
 703 
 
 423 
 
 523 
 
 50 
 
 30 
 
 73 
 
 5, 618 
 
 6, 879 
 
 3. 862 
 
 967 
 
 2,022 
 
 888 
 
 6.51 
 
 it>; 
 
 Ml 
 90 
 56 
 9,247 
 2, 646 
 51 
 9.56 
 
 Value. 
 
 75, 722 
 
 S20, 663 
 
 66,475 
 
 7,917 
 
 124, 380 ' 
 
 98,595 
 
 29,754 
 
 16.5,268 
 
 9,766 
 
 &10 
 
 56,064 
 
 8,546 
 
 14,797 
 
 683 
 
 10, 175 
 
 213,406 
 
 237, 469 
 
 579, 308 
 
 2.>1,033 
 
 103,689 
 
 14,463 
 
 16,856 
 
 11,221 
 
 534 
 
 600 
 
 4, 170 
 
 387, 491 
 
 401,686 
 
 188,375 
 
 117, 876 
 
 212, 925 
 
 44, 310 
 
 62,743 
 
 31,804 
 
 938 
 
 1,879 
 
 101,570 
 
 1,175 
 
 1,090 
 
 463, 722 
 
 170,155 
 
 2,630 
 
 5C, 894 
 
 4, 323, 635 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 31 
 
 Statistics of the fislieries of the United States, 1897 — Continued. 
 
 other prop- 
 erty. 
 
 Alabama 
 
 Alaska 
 
 Arkan.sas 
 
 California 
 
 Connecticut 
 
 Delaware 
 
 Florida 
 
 Georgia 
 
 Idaho 
 
 Illinois 
 
 Indiana 
 
 Iowa 
 
 Kansas 
 
 Kentucky 
 
 Louisiana 
 
 Maine 
 
 Maryland 
 
 Massachusetts... 
 
 Michigan 
 
 Minnesota 
 
 Mississippi 
 
 Missouri 
 
 Nebraska 
 
 Nevada 
 
 New Hampshire 
 
 New Jersey 
 
 New York 
 
 North Carolina.. 
 
 Ohio 
 
 Oregon 
 
 Pennsylvania . . . 
 Rhode Island . . . 
 South Carolina.. 
 South Dakota . . . 
 
 Tennessee 
 
 Texas 
 
 Utah 
 
 Vermont 
 
 Virginia 
 
 Washington 
 
 West Virginia. .. 
 Wisconsin 
 
 Total 
 
 $97, 304 
 963,728 
 
 28,647 
 336,469 
 065,987 
 1.51,965 
 502, 799 
 137,865 
 1,835 
 929, 693 
 
 23,292 
 
 31,913 
 2, 728 
 
 25, 319 
 490, 282 
 ,S3S,572 
 ,932,848 
 , 352, 028 
 ,243,551 
 181,649 
 383, 664 
 
 32, 984 
 
 2, 187 
 
 83 
 
 65, 391 
 176, 167 
 374,140 
 951,584 
 340, 650 
 370, 478 
 117, 378 
 733, 700 
 
 66, 633 
 1,973 
 
 25, 324 
 187,842 
 
 10,560 
 
 3,704 
 
 '147,751 
 
 693, 930 
 
 1,445 
 
 5.t5, 998 
 
 40, 945, 040 
 
 Total invest- 
 ment. 
 
 «149, 777 
 
 2, 535, 703 
 
 36, 564 
 
 2, 615, 534 
 
 2,826,834 
 
 224, 259 
 
 1, 138, 135 
 
 174,431 
 
 2,375 
 
 1,004,252 
 
 31,838 
 
 46, 710 
 
 3,411 
 
 35, 494 
 
 797, 215 
 
 2, 889, 793 
 
 7, 345, 814 
 
 13,245,229 
 
 1,674,168 
 
 268,512 
 
 449, 279 
 
 44, 205 
 
 2,721 
 
 683 
 
 112,660 
 
 2, 437, 480 
 
 5, 786, 935 
 
 1,243,988 
 
 1,681,958 
 
 2,637,412 
 
 1,314,058 
 
 1,020,178 
 
 127, 762 
 
 2,911 
 
 30, 203 
 
 319, 122 
 
 11,735 
 
 4,794 
 
 2. 846, 2.59 
 
 2,024,469 
 
 4,075 
 
 770, 984 
 
 Products. 
 
 Pounds. 
 
 121, 
 141, 
 301, 
 34, 
 
 10, 
 3, 
 
 73, 
 176, 
 51, 
 30, 
 38, 
 15, 
 127, 
 4, 
 
 183, 
 59, 
 
 21 
 
 59,919,919 1,596,413,068 
 
 Value. 
 
 »227 
 
 2,901, 
 
 116 
 
 1,794 
 
 1,871 
 
 2.50 
 
 1,2.53 
 
 123 
 
 11 
 
 371 
 
 131 
 
 124 
 
 11 
 
 90, 
 
 852, 
 
 2,22.5 
 
 6,460 
 
 7,531 
 
 964; 
 
 185; 
 
 301 
 
 119 
 
 14 
 
 3 
 
 91 
 
 3, 646 
 
 5,045, 
 
 1,027 
 
 567 
 
 1,282, 
 
 403 
 
 935 
 
 202 
 
 13 
 
 82, 
 
 313 
 
 37 
 
 7 
 
 3,647 
 
 1,401 
 
 370 
 
 0.55 
 Oil 
 729 
 413 
 853 
 140 
 563 
 929 
 410 
 .567 
 851 
 022 
 024 
 146 
 806 
 759 
 194 
 279 
 649 
 793 
 786 
 015 
 056 
 481 
 382 
 560 
 669 
 039 
 036 
 886 
 ,-144 
 602 
 261 
 .502 
 832 
 479 
 160 
 845 
 433 
 701 
 415 
 
 47,180,847 
 
32 intp:rnational fishektks kxtiibttion. 
 
 COLLECTIVE EXHIBIT OF THE UNITED STATES 
 
 AXA LI SIS. 
 
 Section A.- AQUATIC ANIMALS AND PLANTS OF NORTH AMERICA BENEFICIAL 
 OR INJURIOUS TO MAN. 
 1. — Mammals;. 
 
 1. Group of sea lions, Eumetopif(s stellrri, witli lai'gc series of Avater-color 
 
 sketclies by Henry W. Elliott, and photographs by Charles H. Town- 
 send, illustrating life and habits of the sea lion and the fur seal, 
 CallorhinnH uri^hn(,'<; stuffed hair seals. 
 
 2. Cast, head of black-fish, Globkrphaluti; photographs and i)aintings of 
 
 blaek-fish and whales. 
 
 3. Cast of cow-fish, Tumops. 
 II.— Birds. 
 
 4. Collection of skins of acquatic birds. 
 
 5. Mounted acquatic birds. 
 
 Ill, lY. — Reptiles and Batkaciiiax.s. 
 
 6. Alligator, Afligalor mii<f<is.vpj)i('ii!<is; dianiond-ljackcd terrapin. Milnro- 
 
 cloiiiin/s 2>(il"><tris; red-bellied terrapin, I'xcudeiiij/s rayusa; western 
 terrapin, Chchijins iiKirmoratux; hawk's-bill turtle, Eretmochelys squa- 
 mnUt. 
 
 7. Hellbender, MoKiponin itUcglicnlcuiiU. 
 
 8. Six species of edible frogs, including five drawings ami alcoholic speci- 
 
 men of the giant bullfrog, liana catesbiana. 
 V. — Fishes. 
 
 9. Casts of characteristic fishes, including most of tlic economic species. 
 
 10. Series of water-color paintings of fishes. 
 
 11. Series of chromo-lithographs of important species of fishes which have 
 
 been artificially propagated. 
 
 12. Series of i>hotographs of fishes. 
 
 13. Series of fishes in alcohol. 
 
 14. Representation of fish eggs. 
 
 VI. — MOLLUSKS. 
 
 15. Series of gastro])ods useful for food, bait, etc., or injurious to edible 
 
 mollusks. 
 
 16. Collection of plates and diagrams illustrating the t-mbryology of the 
 
 American oyster. 
 
 17. Series of American oysters, illustrating geographical distrilmtion and 
 * local variations. 
 
 18. Other useful mollusks. 
 
 19. Enemies of the oyster. 
 
 VII. — Marine and Fresh-water Invertebrates, Exclusive ok Mollisks. 
 
 20. Collection of economic crustaceans, mainly alcoholic, used as food or 
 
 bait, etc. It includes the lobster, JIomarriK aymricannK; spiny lobcter 
 or salt-water crayfish, Panulirus; common edible crab, Callhiectes 
 hastatus; rock crab, Cancer irroratus; jonah crab, (.'anccr horealh; red 
 crab. Cancer productns; Pacific crab. Cancer niagii^fer; stone crab, 
 Menlppe merrenaria; prawns, PanduluK and Pahmonetes; shi'imp, Cran- 
 gaii, Pakvmon, and Poin-im; horseshoe or king crab, L'nnnJnx, etc. 
 
 21. Collection of economic echinoderms, chiefiy dried specimens of star-fish, 
 
 Asterlas riili/<trif, ilhistrating the way in wliii'h this species attacks the 
 oyster. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 33 
 
 Section A. AQUATIC ANIMALS AND PLANTS OF NORTH AMERICA BENEFICIAL OR 
 INJURIOUS TO MAN— C'(.iitimK'<l. 
 VII. — Marine and Fresh-w atkk Invertebrates, etc. — Continued. 
 
 22. Collecti(jn of Florida commercial sponges, and other sponges, contain- 
 
 ing 53 specimens, including series showing development of sponges 
 by artificial cultivation. 
 
 23. Collection of fresh-water crayfishes, VamJiarnn and Adacux, occurring 
 
 within the linnts of the United States. 
 Vlll. — Maps ok FrsiiiNo-GKoiyNDs. 
 
 24. Series of cliarts showing the location of oyster beds, etc. 
 
 25. Series of general sailing charts, coast and harbor charts, covering the 
 
 principal North American fishing-grounds; exhibited by the United 
 States Coast Survey and the United States Hydrofrraphic Office. 
 Section B.— APPARATUS FOR SEA AND FRESH-WATER FISHING. 
 IX. — Clubs, Spears, Darts, Rakes, and Dredges. 
 
 26. Darts, throwing sticks, harpoons, clubs, etc., made and used by the 
 
 Indians and Eskimos of Alaska, the Northwest coast, and other parts 
 of the United States. 
 
 27. Eel spears, porpoise and dolphin grains, sword-fish lily irons, lances, and 
 
 harpoons used along the Atlantic coast of the United States for the 
 capture of numerous species; hahbut killer and gob stick for killing 
 fish and disgorging the hook; squid jigs used to catch squid for bait; 
 mackerel gaff and mackerel bob, formerly used by New England fish- 
 ermen for the capture of mackerel without the use of bait. 
 
 28. Clam rakes, hoes, moss rakes, oyster tongs, deep-water oyster tongs, 
 
 rakes, scrapes, and dredges. 
 X. — Fishhooks, Jigs and Drails, Artificial Baits, Flies and Fly Hooks, 
 Gulleters, Clearing Rings, etc. 
 
 29. Series of Indian and Eskimo hooks made of bone, wood, and iron. 
 
 30. Series of steel hooks, showing the manufacture of hooks from plain wire 
 
 to the finished hook; and all the principal varieties of fish hooks used 
 in sea and fresh-water fishing, including the Barbless, Limerick, Cen- 
 tral-draft, Kirby, Aberdeen, Kinsey, Carlisle, shark, and dog fish 
 hooks. 
 
 31. Jigs and drails for the capture of cod, weak-fish, Spanish mackerel, bass, 
 
 bluefish, and dolphin; mackerel jigs formerly extensively used, with 
 lead, ladles, molds, file, rasp, etc., used in their manufacture. 
 
 32. Spoon baits, trolling spoons, spinners, minnows, and insects for salmon, 
 
 trout, bass, pike, and pickerel fishing. 
 
 33. Case of lure baits and ornamental hooks from Alaska. 
 
 34. Collection of over 700 varieties of salmon, bass, and trout flies, arranged 
 
 on cards and labeled with their trade names. 
 
 35. Case of insects used for 1)ait and injurious or useful to the fisheries, pre- 
 
 pared by Prof. C. V. Riley. 
 
 36. Spring hooks for pickerel, "snap and catch'em hooks," Edgar barbless 
 
 hooks, eagle-claw trap. 
 
 37. Bait boxes, creels, gulleters, clearing rings, pocket scales, and other 
 
 miscellaneous articles used by anglers. 
 XL — Fishing Links and Rigged Gear. 
 
 38. Indian and Eskimo lines made of kelp, wliale and seal hide, and cedar 
 
 bark. 
 
 39. Cotton lines, shroud laid and cable laid, white and tarred; linen, (lax, 
 
 grass, and silk lines, including waterproof My lines, and other silk lines 
 for salmon and trout fishing. 
 
 S. Doe. 3!) 3 
 
34 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIIUTIf)N. 
 
 Section B.— APPARATUS FOR SEA AND FRESH-WATER FISHING— ('out imud. 
 XI. — FisiiiNt. Lines and Kukiej) (Jkak — ("oiitimu'd. 
 
 40. Spanish gut as imported for the manufacture of leaders; single, double, 
 
 and twisted gut leaders; minnow gangs, brails, gangings, used in various 
 sea fisheries. 
 
 41. Stone, lead, brass, and composition sinkers for nets, seines, and hand 
 
 lines. 
 
 42. Indian and Eskimo floats carved in wood; glass, cork, and wood floats 
 
 for nets and lines in sea fisheries; wood, cork, and (jnill floats fi)r pond 
 fishing. 
 48. Hand lines rigged for cod fishing on the offshore and inshore l)anks and 
 ledges; pollock hand lines; blue-fish trolling lines; lines for pond fish- 
 ing; gear for the capture of cat-fish, weak-fish, and others pecies; Indian 
 trawl lines made of cedar; cod, haddock, and halibut trawls in sections 
 and fully rigged with buoys and anchors; snares and eel bobs; Indian 
 fishing lines from Alaska and the Northwest coast. 
 XII. — Fishing Rons and Reels for Lines and Nets. 
 
 44. Rods for salmon, trout, bass, and general fishing, exhibited by the Horton 
 
 Manufacturing Company. 
 
 45. Reels for fiy fishing; multiplying reels for trout and salmon; automatic 
 
 reel; spools, winders, trawl-line rollers, etc. 
 XIII. — Nets and Seines, and Materials vsed in theik Manufactcre. 
 
 46. Samples of netting, white and tanned, showing varieties of mesh and 
 
 kinds of twine. 
 
 47. Gill nets, full size, for the capture of shad, mackerel, herring, and other 
 
 species; gill nets made by the Eskimos from strips of whalebone, etc. 
 
 48. Trammel nets for general fishing; models of shad seines; Baird collecting 
 
 seine, etc. 
 
 49. Handle or dip nets and landing nets used in the capture or in handling 
 
 mackerel, menhaden, trout, and other fish. 
 
 50. Oyster dredge and hoisting apparatus, dredge nets, etc. 
 
 51. Folding or jerk nets, including models of mackerel purse seines and 
 
 models of mackerel-seine pocket, etc. 
 XIV. — Fish Traps, Weirs, and Pounds. 
 
 52. Drawings of fish slides and wheels used for catching shad in the rivers 
 
 of North Carolina; photographs of floating and stationary wheels for 
 catching salmon in the Columbia River. 
 
 53. Models of bar weirs and brush weirs used for catching herring in the Bay 
 
 of Fundy; pound nets, etc.; photographs of various kinds of weirs 
 used for catching herring; pound nets for the capture of salmon, her- 
 ring, mackerel, and many other species of fishes. 
 
 54. Various kinds of fish pots; models of several kinds of lobster pots used 
 
 on the coast of New F^ngland. 
 XV. — Knives, Gaffs, and Other Apparatus. 
 
 55. Indian and F^skimo knives made of stone, bone, and iron for cutting fish 
 
 and blubber. 
 5(3. Cod splitting, ripping, and throating knives; finning and flitching knives; 
 bait-chopping knives; mackerel splitting and reaming or creasing 
 knives; scaling knives, slivering knives, etc. 
 
 57. Salmon, cod, haddock, halibut, and mackerel gaffs; halibut cutters; hook 
 
 used in decapitating fish; fish forks and "pews" used in storing and 
 handling fish. 
 XVI. — Illustrations of the Fisheries. 
 
 58. Series of oil pamtings, and sketches, in crayon, illustrating the sea fish- 
 
 eries. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIHITION. 35 
 
 Section B.— APPARATUS FOR SEA AND FRESH-WATER FISHING— Continued. 
 XVI. — Illustr.vtions of thk Fisheries — Continued. 
 
 59. Series of more than five hundred photographs, large and small, showing 
 
 the methods employed in the hand line and trawl line, cod and halibut 
 fisheries, the lobster and other sea fisheries, the fisheries of the Great 
 Lakes, rivers, etc. 
 
 Section C— FISHING VESSELS, BOATS, AND FITTINGS. 
 
 XVll. — N'kssei.s and IJoats. 
 
 60. Series of rigged models and buikler's models of all types of vessels used 
 
 in the American fisheries, past and present. 
 
 61. Series of rigged models showing evolution of the New P^ngland fishing 
 
 schooner. 
 
 62. Series of models of all important types of boats used in the fisheries; also 
 
 full-size dory, shad skiff, Aleut bidarka, and Eskimo kaiaks. 
 
 63. Series of large photographs showing fishing boats and vessels in different 
 
 situations. 
 
 64. Series of large ancl small photographs of ship yards and boat shops, illus- 
 
 trating the construction of fishing craft. 
 XA'III. — Boat Fittings and Appliances. 
 
 65. Photographs of sail loft where sails of fishing vessels are made. 
 
 66. Nelson's canvas-preserving solution. 
 
 67. Anchors, killicks, etc. ; oars and paddles. 
 
 68. Charts of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey and the United 
 
 States Hydrographic Office. 
 
 Section D.— FISHERMEN AND ANGLERS. 
 XIX. — Fishermen and their Api'arel. 
 
 69. Lay figures of fishermen, showing costumes, implements, methods of 
 
 w^ork, etc. 
 
 70. Photographs, 30 l)y 40 inches and smaller, showing groups of fishermen 
 
 of different nationalities, or engaged in the sevei'al branches of fishing. 
 
 71. Collection of fishermen's oil clothing, etc. 
 XX. — Shelter, etc. 
 
 72. Series of photographs of fishermen's houses, boarding houses, etc.; 
 
 underground dwellings of Alaskan natives. 
 XXI. — Habits of Fishermen. 
 
 73. Collection illustrating the games, amusements, art work of fishermen; 
 
 carvings, etc. 
 XXII. — Fishermen's Tools and Outfits. 
 
 74. Fishermen's tools, ditty-boxes, palms, sail needles, etc. 
 
 Section E.— APPARATUS USED IN THE WHALING AND SEALING INDUSTRY.' 
 XXIII. — Whaling Vessels and Boats. 
 
 75. Model of the steam whaling bark Orai, of San Francisco, Cal., fully 
 
 rigged and equipped, with all sails set and boats at cranes. The Orca 
 is the largest whaling vessel in the United States. Builder's model of 
 the sailing bark Jircit Swift, one of the vessels burned in the Arctic 
 Ocean by the Confederate cruiser Shctiamloah. 
 
 76. Model of a whaleboat, one-sixth full size, completely equipped for the 
 
 chase, with sails set and harpoims, lances, oars, etc., in tlieir respec- 
 tive positions. 
 
 ' F(ir convenience of arrangement, there are included here the apparatus of manu- 
 
 t'ucMiic (ir preparation of whaling products, the preliminary stages of which, l)eing 
 iiM.;ii|y (onducted on board of whaling vessels, may be regarded as a portion of 
 the li.-hery j)r()per. 
 
36 IN'l'KKXATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Section E.— APPARATUS USED IN THE WHALING AND SEALING INDUSTRY— ( "td. 
 
 XXIV. \\'ll.\I.I.\(. C'HAIT, IIaKI'UO.N.-^, (ilNS, AM) La.\( ES. 
 
 77. Series of hand harpoons of various patterns, including the toggle liarpoon. 
 
 78. Series of guns, including shoulder guns, darting guns, etc. 
 
 79. Series of various forms of gun harpoons. These have no coiiniincial 
 
 value at present, but are interesting, as they constitute a link in tlie 
 chain that connects the past with the present. 
 
 80. Earliest types of hand lances, formerly used exclusively for killing 
 
 whales; past and present forms of lances for killing seals, sea ele- 
 jihants, and walruses; the old-fashioned, non-explosive gun lance, and 
 the bomb lance, darting bomb, and rocket bomb of the present; also 
 an example of the first bomb lance, according to the records of the 
 United States Patent Office, patented in this country for killing whales. 
 
 81. Prussic-acid lance, etc. 
 XXV. — Ci'TTiNG Gear. 
 
 82. Cutting spade, used for cutting blul)])er from \vhale,< during the process 
 
 of flensing or "cutting in" a whale. 
 XXVI. — Ahokic;inal Whaling and Sealing Apparati's. 
 
 83. Series of whaling apparatus used by Indians and Eskimos, including 
 
 harpoons, lances, etc. 
 Section F.— FISHERY PRODUCTS AND THEIR PREPARATION. 
 
 XXVII. — Apparatus and Materials ised in the Prepar.vtion and Care of 
 Products. 
 
 84. Models of welled vessels and boats for keeping fish alive; photographs 
 
 of fish and lobster cars. 
 
 85. Models of ice scoop, fish fork, etc., used in handling ice and fish in pack- 
 
 ing fresh fish for market or storing them in a vessel's hold; sectional 
 model of fishing schooner, showing arrangement of hold for ]>reserv- 
 ing fish in ice. 
 
 86. Photographs of fish wharves, packing and curing houses, sliowing the 
 
 appliam-es for handling, culling, weighing, and packing mackerel and 
 other pickled fish, for curing dry fish, including weighing scales, butts 
 for jiickling, flakes for drj'ing, etc. ; photographs of smokehouses for 
 curing herring and halil)ut; of sardine canneries, showing exterior 
 and interior; of salmon canneries; of lobster-boiling house at Boston, 
 showing \ats for steaming lobsters; of fish packing and refrigerating 
 houses on the Great Lakes, interior and exterior, with gangs of men 
 at work cleaning fish; of menhaden factory, showing the various appa- 
 ratus and processes for making oil and guano. 
 
 87. Apparatus used in the i:)reparation of boneless fish, including series of 
 
 knives, nape hooks, etc.; cod-si)litting knives, mackerel-siilitting 
 knives, menhaden-slivering knives, etc. 
 
 88. Series of three large photograjjlis, mostly oO l>y 40 inclies, showing the 
 
 manner of handling and curing fish, landing from the vessels, wash- 
 ing, pickling, drying, culling, jtacking, smoking, etc., al.>*o showing the 
 preparation of boneless fish, landing and shipiiing fresh fish, etc. 
 
 89. Series of large photographs showing landing, shucking, packing, and 
 
 shipping fresh oysters, steaming oysters, and packing them for ship- 
 ment, etc. 
 XXVIII. — Products of the Fisheries Prepared for Food. 
 
 itO. Dry salted or jilain dried ])reparations, including wholi' and boneless 
 codfish. 
 
 91. Smoked preparations, including halibut, herring, finnan haddie, etc. 
 
 92. Pickle or brine salti-d prei)arations, including mackerel, herring, cods' 
 
 ton<4ues and sounds, etc. 
 
UJ - 
 
 in — 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIIUTTON. 87 
 
 Section F.— FISHERY PRODUCTS AND THEIR PREPARATION— Continncil. 
 
 XXN'III. — I'uoDicTs oi' iiii-: 1' isiii;i:ii:s 1'hi:i' \i<i:i) i m; Food — CoiitimuMl. 
 
 ito. Preparations in spici-s, viiu'^mr, i-lc, iiu'ludint: sardines in niustanl and 
 tomatoes, niaekerel soused and in mustard and tomato sauee, etc. 
 
 94. Preparations in oil, including American sardines. 
 
 95. Cooked preparations in cans, including mackerel, herring, salmon, 
 
 lobsters, fish balls, clams, clam chowder, clam juice, etc. 
 XXIX. — Matkkials Kmployed in the Arts and ^Ianufactikks. 
 
 H(). Ivory of manmials, including teeth of sperm whale, I'ln/mtcr tnarroreph- 
 alKn, etc. 
 
 97. Bone of mammals, including ]>arts of jaw])one of whale; l)one of fishes, 
 
 including bill of sawfish, etc. 
 
 98. Baleen or whalebone, crude and prejiared for various uses, including 
 
 slabs of whalel:)one from bowhead whale, Bahvna mysticetus, northwest 
 coast; right whale, Euhalirnn Kieholdii ; strips of bone j-yrepared by the 
 Eskimo and made into nets. 
 
 99. Pearls; pearl-yielding shells, with the mother-of-pearl in the rough 
 
 state and in its various forms to the finished buttons, etc. 
 
 100. Leatlier of the alligator, AUigator itil.msKljjjiinixiK, salted and tanned and 
 
 manufactured into satchels, etc.; leather of Hzards, sharks, etc., and 
 articles manufactured therefrom (see exhibit of Tiffany & Co. ) ; skins 
 of cod, Gadus callarias and other species, crude and manufactured 
 into isinglass and glue. (See exhibit of the Russia Cement Co. ) 
 
 101. Isinglass, IchthyoUa, made from the air-bladders and skins of fishes and 
 
 used in the manufacture of fine glues and sizes, adhesive and court 
 plasters, diamond cement, table jelly and confectionery, in refining 
 wines and liquors, in adulterating milk, in fixing the luster of arti- 
 ficial pearls, and in lustring silk ri))l)ons; samples of dried sturgeon 
 sounds or bladders; liquid fish glue made from the skins of cod, cusk, 
 hake, and other species; carriage axle and various other articles in 
 the manufacture of which fish glue is used. (See exhibit of the 
 Russia Cement Co. ) 
 
 102. Specimens of American commercial sponges. (See invertebrate exhibit.) 
 
 103. Oils and fats, including blackfish and porpoise-jaw oils, used in lubri- 
 
 cating fine machinery, watches, clocks, and guns; whale oils, sperm 
 oil, etc. (See exhibit of Wm. F. Nye. ) 
 
 104. Fertilizers in the preparation of which fish are use ;, including guano, 
 
 made from waste fish iiroducts in the preparation of fish glue. (See 
 exhil)it of the Russia Cement Co.) 
 Section G.— FISH-CULTURE. 
 
 XXX. — Apparatus and Methods of Fisn-CuLTi"RE. 
 
 105. yiii]> showing the location of the hatching stations ])elonging to the 
 
 United States Fish Commission. 
 
 The following is a li.st of the hatching stations operated l)y the 
 United States Fish Commission in 1897: 
 
 1. Greenlake, Me., station for collecting eggs of tlie landlocked 
 
 tiahnon{Saln>o mlar sebago) ,hrooktrout [tSulrcl i nuHjmitl iHilis), 
 and the golden brook trout {Salvel'musal pxnu^ aureoluR). 
 
 2. Craig Brook, Maine, station for the propagation of the eggs of 
 
 the Atlantic salmon {Salmo s(tlar), brook trout {Snlrefiuus 
 fontimtlis), landlocked salmon {Salmo .mlar >^i'J><i(j(>). In 
 connection with this station a small auxiliary station is 
 operated at (irandlake Stream, Maine, for the collection of 
 eggs of the landlocked salmon {Salmo mlar .sebago). 
 
HH INTKKNA'rT(>NAL FTf^Il?:KTE!^ KXII I lU TloN. 
 
 Section G. -FISH-CULTURE — Continued. 
 
 XXX. — AiM'AUATrs AND Mkthods ok Fisii-Ck'LTrHK — ( 'iintiiinc<l. 
 
 8. St. Johnsbury, \{., .station lorated U miles from the town of 
 St. Johnplmry, and devoted excliiijively to the jiroijajration 
 of the brook trout ( Stilrelinitx ff)nttn(ilii<) . 
 
 4. GloueeHter, ]\Iays., .«tation located on Ten Pound Isiiuid, in 
 
 the harbor of Gloucester, and estal)lished for the propaga- 
 tion of the marine fishes, chiefly the cod {Gadua (■(illdrliia), 
 pollack {PoUachius virens), mackerel {Scomber Hvoinh-iia) , 
 and the lob.ster {HomaruH ammcnnvK). 
 
 5. Woods Hole, Mass., station located in the town of Wo'xls 
 
 Hole, and ilevoted c-hiefly to the propagation of cod ( (Idilns 
 c(tllarniK) and lobsters {IIoimirnK iDiiericanun), though the 
 eggs of several other of the marine fishes are handled, 
 including the flatfish {Fseudo-pleuroiu'ctcfiamerlcuoiuti), mack- 
 erel {Scoinber scombrus), tautog {Tautoga onitis), and sea 
 bass {Cnitropi'istes striatus). It is also equipjjed for bio- 
 logical investigations, and most important scientific work 
 is conducted there each summer. 
 
 6. Cape St. Vincent, N. Y., station located on the St. T^awrence 
 
 River near its mouth; established for the propagation of 
 whitefish {Coregonus dupelforinia), pike perch {,Stizuxl('dio)i 
 rhreum), and lake trout {Cristivomer namaycush). It is 
 utilized also for the hatching of quinnat salmon ( Oncorhyn- 
 chus tschainjf sella) eggs transferred from the Pacific coast. 
 
 7. Battery Station, Maryland, located at the head of the Chesa- 
 
 peake Bay, 4 miles from the town of Havre de Grace, Md., 
 for the purpose of collecting and hatching eggs of the shad 
 {Alosa sapidlssima), striped bass {lioccus lineuius) , and white 
 perch [Morone americana). 
 
 8. Bryan Point, Maryland, station situated on the Potomac River 
 
 12 miles below Washington, D. C., and used chiefiy for col- 
 lecting and hatching eggs of the shad (Alosa sapid Ittsima) . 
 
 9. Fish Ponds, Washington, I). C, used for years for the propa- 
 
 gation of carp, now chiefly devoted to the rearing of black 
 bass {Micropterus) , crappie {J'oiiKKrix ainndarix), and shad 
 {Aloso sapidissima) . 
 
 10. Central Station, Washington, I). C. This station is ])rovided 
 
 with apparatus for the hatching of the eggs of the shad 
 [Alosa sapidissima) and Salimonidas also as a distributing 
 center for the stations in the vicinity, and as headiiuarters 
 for the car and messenger service. Attached to the station 
 is a small aquarium used to exhibit fresh and salt water 
 fishes, which also affords opp(jrtunity for natural-history 
 study. 
 
 11. Wytheville, Va. This station is located 3 miles out of the 
 
 town of Wytheville, in Wythe County, and is devoted prin- 
 cipally to the propagation of the rainbow trout {Saliiio 
 mVZeM.s), rock bass {Amblojditcx ru})estris), black bass {^ficrop- 
 terus sahiioides), and crapjiie [I'omn.ris ainiKhirix). 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 39 
 
 Section G.— FISH-CULTURE— Continued. 
 
 XXX. — Apparatis and Methods of Fish-Cultuke — Continued. 
 
 12. Erwin, Tenn. This station was established in 1897 for the 
 
 propagation of brook trout {Salv(dlvns /(mtinalw) , rainbow 
 trout {Sdlmo irideus), black l)ass {Micropterus salmoi<h;ii), 
 and crappie [Pomoxis annular in), and is located in Unicoi 
 County, 22 miles from the town of Erwin. 
 
 13. Put-iu-Bay station is located on the island of Put-in-Bay, in 
 
 Lake Erie, and is the largest whitefish and pike perch sta- 
 tion in the world, having a capacity of 200,000,000 eggs of 
 the whitefish {Coregonun cinpeifornm) and 500,000,000 eggs 
 of the pike perch {Stizostedioii vitreum). 
 
 14. North ville, Mich., station, located in the town of Northville, 
 
 25 miles from Detroit, was established for the propagation 
 of brook trout {SalveUnus forJinalin), but during the past 
 year, 1897, over 11,000,000 eggs of the lake trout {Cristivomer 
 nainaycush) were handled. 
 
 15. Alpena, Mich., station, located in the town of Alpena, on Lake 
 
 Michigan, is devoted exclusively to thecollection and hatch- 
 ing of the eggs of the whitefish (Coregonus dupeiformh) . 
 
 16. Duluth, Minn., station is located at the western extremity of 
 
 Lake Superior, in the town of Duluth, on Lester River, and 
 was established for the collection and liatching of the eggs 
 of the lake trout {Crisliromer namaycuftJt), whitefish {Core- 
 ga)iuus dupeiformis), and pike perch (Stizostedioii vitreum). 
 
 17. Manchester, Iowa, station, located 4 miles from the town of 
 
 Manchester, is equipx)ed for the collecting and hatching of 
 eggs of the brook trout [SalveUnus foniinalis) and rainbow 
 trout {Salmo irideus) ; also for the propagation of bass 
 {Micropterus salmoides) and crappie {Pomo.vis ojinularis) in 
 ponds. 
 
 18. Quincy, 111., station is for the collection of black bass [Micro- 
 
 pterus salmoides) and of fishes indigenous to the Mississippi 
 Valley. The ponds for the retention of these fish are located 
 at Meredosia, 111., 40 miles from Quincy. 
 
 19. Neosho, Mo.; a station in the Ozark region of the State of 
 
 Missouri, for the propagation of rainbow trout [Salmo 
 irideus), black bass [Micropterus salmoides), and crappie 
 [Pomoxis annularis). 
 
 20. San Marcos, Tex.; a station established on the San ^Marcos 
 
 River, Texas, for theprojmgation of black bass [Micropterus 
 salmoides), rock bass [Ambloplites rupestris), and crai)pie 
 ( Pomoxis annidaris ) . 
 
 21. Leadville, Colo.; a station located on the Rocky Mountains 4 
 
 miles from Leadville, and receiving its water sup])ly from 
 Rock Creek. It was established for the propagation of the 
 black-spotted trout [Sabno luykiss), the yellow-fin trout 
 [Salmo mykiss macdonaldi) , and the rainbow trout [Sdmo 
 irideus). Several million eggs of the brook trout [SalveUnus 
 fontinali.'s) have also been collected and hatched at tiiis 
 station. 
 
40 INTKHNATIONAL FISHERIES EXIIIHITION. 
 
 Section G.—FISH-CULTUKE— Continued. 
 
 XXX. — AiM'AKA'ir.s AND METHODS OF Fisii-Ci'LTrKE — Contiiuu-fl. 
 
 22. Bozeman, Mont., station is located in the (iallatin Valley, 4 
 
 miles from the town of Bozeman, and is devoted to the 
 propagation of the ])lack-spotted or mountain trout {Salnio 
 inifkisx), the brook trout {S(ilvt'lliinf< foiitiiniHK] , and the 
 grayling {TJujiiiallus ordarietisit )iiont(U)H.'<). 
 
 23. Baird station, California, was the first salmon station estab- 
 
 lished on the Pacific coast, and is devoted exclusively to 
 the propagation of the (piinnat salmon {Oncortiynrhus 
 ischauytKclia) . 
 
 (a) Battle Creek, an auxiliary .station, operated in con- 
 nection with the Baird station, at which 50,000,000 
 eggs of the (juinnat salmon ( Oncorhijiiclius tsrha- 
 irytHcha) were collected during the season of 1897. 
 
 24. Fort Gaston, Hoopa Valley, California. This station is on the 
 
 Hoopa Valley Indian Reservaticjn, and is devoted to the 
 propagation of the steelhead trout {Salmo gairdneri), the 
 silver salmon ( Oncorliynchus kisufch) , and the quinnat salmon 
 {Oncorhyndms tM-hawytschn) . Two auxiliary stations, one 
 at Redwood, Cal., and the other at Corbel, Cal., are also 
 operated in connection with this station. 
 
 25. Clackamas station, Oregon. The station is situated on the banks 
 
 of the Clackamas Kiver, a tributary of the Colund)ia River, 
 and is devoted to the collecting and hatching of eggs of the 
 quinnat salmon {Oncorltynchus txcJriirytsrha). In connec- 
 tion with this station, three auxiliary stations are operated, 
 one at Sandy River, distant 16 miles, one on the Little 
 White Salmon River, in the State of Washington, and one 
 on the Rogue River. 
 
 106. Lay figures of two men, one in the act of hauling a shad gill net and the 
 
 other taking the eggs from a shad in a pan, in which they are to be 
 impregnated. These figures are in a shad gilling skiff, such as is com- 
 monly used on the Chesapeake Bay and its triljutaries. 
 
 107. Model of United States Fish Conmiission schooner (irainpust, u.-^cd in 
 
 connection with the propagation of cod, lobsters, etc. (see also under 
 head of deep-sea research ) ; photograph, 30 by 40 inches, of theT'nited 
 States Fish Commission steamer Fish Hmck, built in 1880, at Wil- 
 mington, Del., and used as a floating hatchery during certain seasons 
 of the year. 
 
 108. Model of the United States Fish Commission hatching house at Put-in 
 
 Bay, on Lake Erie, for hatching white fish and other lake species, 
 fitted with "batteries" of hatching jars, etc.; model of the United 
 States Fish Commission hatching house at Gloucester, ^lass., for 
 the hatching of cod, liaddock, pollock, lobsters, etc. Both of these 
 models were built under the direction of Capt. Joseph \V. Collins. 
 
 109. Scries of large photographs of the mcst important fish-hatching stations 
 
 and the most interesting features of fish-cultural work, such as col- 
 lecting the fish, taking and im|)regnating the eggs, and the process of 
 manii)ulating eggs and young fisli at the hatchery, rearing fish in 
 troughs, feeding fish in ponds, etc. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 41 
 
 SectionG—FISH-CULTTJRE— Continued. 
 
 XXX. — Ai'i'AKA'ns AND Mkthods of Fitsii-( 'lU/n'HE — Continued. 
 
 110. ]\Iodel of United States Fish Commission car used for transporting eggs 
 
 and. young fish from the hatcheries to various parts of the country, 
 and for carrying adult fish from one section to another. The com- 
 mission has four of these cars specially fitted for the transportation of 
 eggs, fry, and fish. 
 
 111. Pliotograplis, 80 by 40 inches, of one of the cars and its interior arrange- 
 
 ment. 
 
 112. Series of fish-luitching apparatus, including all of tiie important kinds 
 
 used in the United States. Each specimen in this series is of actual 
 size and in couflition for use. 
 
 113. Series of accessory ajjparatus used at fish-hatchery stations, such as pans, 
 
 dippers, etc. 
 
 114. Series of apparatus for the transportation of eggs and young fish. This 
 
 is what is usually termed a "messenger's outfit," but does not include 
 the full complement of fish cans, which are generally al)out fifteen in 
 num])er. 
 
 115. Models of fish eggs for the purpose of illustrating the u.se of fish-cultural 
 
 apparatus. 
 
 116. Prints showing the development of eggs duringthe ])rocessof hatching, 
 
 including the embryology of the oyster. 
 
 117. Series of sjwnges, showing their development, as a result of artificial 
 
 culture. 
 Section H.— INVESTIGATION OF THE WATERS AND RESEARCH. 
 XXXI. — -A. — Deep-sea Research. 
 
 118. Model of United States Fish Commission schooner Grompus; large 
 
 photographs of the United States Fish Commission steamers Albatro.ss 
 and FisJi Hawk. 
 
 119. Series of nine charts showing the dredging operations of the United 
 
 States Fish Commission; charts showing the investigation of oyster 
 grounds in the Chesapeake Bay region ; series of photographs of fur- 
 seal rookeries on the Pribilof Islands, taken in 1895, showing the 
 condition of seal life on the islands, etc. 
 
 B. IXVESTKiATlOX OF THE FrESH WaTERS. 
 
 120. ]Maps, prints, and photograjjlis showing investigation of interior waters; 
 
 collections of fish, crayfish, etc., from the rivers or lakes of the United 
 States. 
 Section I.— LITERATURE. 
 XXXIL— Books. 
 
 121. Publications of the United States Fish Commission; publications of the 
 
 United States (xovermnent relating to the fisheries; princi})al works 
 of American writers on the marine and fresh-water fauna of the United 
 States; the geograi)hical distribution, develcjpment and life history 
 of aijuatic animals, and, generally, investigations upon seas, lakes, and 
 rivers, and their inhabitants. 
 
42 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIHITION. 
 
 COLLECTIONS DISPLAYED BY SPECIAL EXHIBITORS. 
 
 WILLIAM H. ABBOTT. Washington, D. C: 
 
 Mills >>i llic sawlisli, I'ristis )„rti, talus. 
 
 MAX AMS, New York. N. Y.: 
 
 1. Caviare. 
 
 2. Pickled eels. 
 
 3. Smoked eels. 
 
 4. Smoked sturgeon. 
 
 5. Stuffed sturgeon. 
 
 6. Cans for packing fish, showing that cans can l)e made air-tight without the 
 
 use of solder. 
 A. H. BALDWIN. Washington. D. C: 
 
 ]\'n-and-ink di-awings of edil)le frogs. 
 
 J. W. BEARDSLEYS SONS, 179-180 West street. New York. N. Y.: 
 
 1. Shredded codfish. 
 
 2. Boneless herring. 
 
 MARCUS BENJAMIN, 1710 N street, Washington. D. C: 
 
 Series of portraits and autograpliic letters of the presidents of the American 
 Association for the Advancement of Science from 1848 to 1898, the first 
 half century of its existence. The complete list is as follows: 
 
 William C. Redfield 1848 
 
 Joseph Henry 1 849 
 
 Alexander Dallas Bachc 1850 
 
 Louis Agassiz 1851 
 
 Benjamin Pierce (letter only). 1858 
 
 James Dwight Dana 1854 
 
 John Torrey 1855 
 
 James Hall 1856 
 
 Jacol> Whitman Bailey 1857 
 
 Alexis Caswell 1857 
 
 Jeffries Wyman (portrait only) 1858 
 
 Isaac Lea 1860 
 
 Frederick .Vugustus Porter Bar- 
 nard 1866 
 
 John Strong Newberry 1 867 
 
 Benjamin Apthorp (4ould 1868 
 
 John AVells Foster 1869 
 
 William Chauvenet 1870 
 
 Thomas Sterry Hunt 1870 
 
 Asa Gray 1871 
 
 John Lawrence Smith 1872 
 
 Joseph Lovering 1873 
 
 John Lawrence Le Conte 1874 
 
 Julius Erasnms Hilyard 1875 
 
 William liarton Rogers 1876 
 
 Simon Newcomb 1877 
 
 Othniel Charles Marsh 1878 
 
 George Frederick Barker 1879 
 
 Lewis Henry Morgan 1 880 
 
 John William Daw.son 1882 
 
 Charles Augustus Young 1883 
 
 John Peter Lesley 1884 
 
 Hul)ert Anson Xewton 1885 
 
 Edward Sylvester Morse 1886 
 
 Samuel Pierpont Langley 1887 
 
 John Wesley Powell 1888 
 
 Thomas CorM'in Mendenhall .. 1889 
 
 George Lincoln Goodale 1890 
 
 Albert Benjamin Prescott 1891 
 
 Joseph Le Conte 1892 
 
 William Harkness 1893 
 
 I )auiel Garrison Brinton 1894 
 
 Kdward Williams Morley 1895 
 
 Edward Drinker Cope 1896 
 
 Theodore Nicholas Gill 1897 
 
 Wolcott Gibbs 1898 
 
 W. H. BENTON. Washington, D. C: 
 
 Statistical charts of United States fisheries, and the fish-cultural work 
 United States Fish Commission. 
 
 .f the 
 
INTERNATIONAL P^SHERIKt^ EXHIBITION. 43 
 
 G. B. BORDEN, Acushnet, Mass.: 
 
 (iill iit't iiuulc <if f<tri])s (if liali't'ii (ir])lack boiu' from the polar whale (probably 
 Balfieiia myKticetiiH) by the Eskimos of northern Alaska. I^sed for fish- 
 ing through the ice. Net is about 40 feet long and 8^ feet deep; mesh 
 2\ Indies. 
 It is stretched across a stream when the fish are running down to the sea. 
 The bone net is superior to anet made of twine for the conditions under which 
 it is used. In extremely cold weather one made of twine soon becomes so 
 clogged with ice that it is useless, wdiile one made from l)one needs only a 
 vigorous shake to free it from clinging ice, when it is iigain ready for use. 
 
 BRISTOW & DIXON, Stormont, Va.: 
 
 Deep-water oyster tongs. 
 
 F. E. BROWN, 12 William street, New Bedford, Mass.: 
 
 Collection of whaling apparatus. 
 
 1. Darting gun and bomb lance. 
 
 2. Pierce harpoon for darting gun. 
 
 3. Wooden model of harpoon. 
 
 4. Darting harpoon, gun attached. 
 
 5. Brown's shoulder bomb gun. 
 
 6. Wire-shank harpoon 
 
 7. Allen's gun harpoon. 
 
 8. Freeman's bomb harpoo 
 
 9. Toggle harpoon. 
 
 10. Brown's gun harpoon. 
 
 11. Brown's gun harpoon. 
 
 12. Double-action harpoon. 
 
 13. Barker's bomb harpoon. 
 
 14. Single-barb harpoon. 
 
 15. Two-barbed harpoon. 
 
 16. Brown's bomb lance. 
 
 17. Prussic-acid lance. 
 
 18. Egger's explosive bomb. 
 
 19. Pierce's bomb lanc^e, rubber guides. 
 
 20. Pierce's bomb lance, metallic guides. 
 
 21. Pierce's bomb for darting gun. 
 
 22. Pierce's first patent bomb lance for darting gun. 
 
 23. Brand's bomb lance. 
 
 24. Toggle harpoon for Pierce's darting gun. 
 
 25. Pierce's darting-gun harpoon. 
 
 26. Pierce's muzzle-loading darting gun. 
 
 27. Pierce's darting harpoon gun. 
 
 28. Cunningham and Cogan's boml) gun. 
 
 29. Cunningham's darting gun. 
 
 PAUL E. COLLINS, 1323 Washington street, Boston, Mass.: 
 
 Series of paintings and pastels illu.^trating methods of fishing; portrait of Hon. 
 Georgi' M. B(jwers, United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries. 
 
 SHERMAN F. DENTON, Wellesley, Mass.: 
 Casts and niounleil skins of lishes. 
 
 F. F. DIMICK, 3 Long Wharf, Boston, Mass.: 
 ReiKirts of tiu' ]>oston fish bureau. 
 
44 TXTEKNATFOXAL FIMIIKRIKS EXITTIUTION. 
 
 HENRY W. ELLIOTT. Cleveland, Ohio : 
 
 Scries of over KM) \v;itcr-c< ilnr paintings of Alaska, iiicluilin^' a lart.'c r<illccti(iii 
 showing: till' life ami habits of the fur seal (('(illnrJiiniis nrsiiniK) , its hreetl- 
 in«;jrr()Uinls on the Prihilof Islands, niethod.s of driving and killing it, etc. 
 
 1. Entrance to the Straits of Fuca. 
 
 2. Steaming thnmgh Portland Canal. 
 8. Baranof Island. Sitka Sound. 
 
 4. Town of Sitka. 
 
 5. Mount Yerstovia, from Sitka. 
 
 6. Momit Kruzof, Sitka Sound. 
 
 7. Baranof (^a.stle. 
 
 8. Fairweather and ('rillon mountains. 
 
 9. The island of Kadiak. 
 
 10. Safhalidak heads, Kadiak Island. 
 
 11. Kahgook, Kadiak Islan<l. 
 
 12. Surround of the otter, Kadiak Island. 
 
 13. An extended glimpse of the Aleutian chain 
 
 14. Volcanoes of Pogromni and Shishaldin. 
 
 15. Study of volcano rocks, Kahlecta Point. 
 
 16. Akun Island, Aleutian chain. 
 
 17. Oogalgan Island, Aleutian chain. 
 
 18. Glimpse of Shishaldin, from P.ering Sea. 
 
 19. "The Bishop," Kahlecta Point. 
 
 20. Unalaskan snow sipialls. 
 
 21. AVaterfall Head, Unalaska Harbor. 
 
 22. Yesolia Mees, Unalaska Island. 
 
 23. Volcano of Makushin, Unalaska Island. 
 
 24. Volcano of Makushin, from Oolachta IIarl)or. 
 
 25. Unalaska heads, from the village. 
 
 26. Interior of Unalaska Island. 
 
 27. Unalaska village and mountains. 
 
 28. Bogoslof, Bering Sea. 
 
 29. The island of St. George. 
 
 30. The Reef Point, St. Paul village. 
 
 31. English Bay, St. Paul Island. 
 
 32. Fur seals fighting. 
 
 33. Vanquished ])ull. 
 
 34. Seal-breath fog. 
 
 35. Village Hill,' St. Paul Island. 
 
 36. East landing, St. Paul Island. 
 
 37. Stroll on I.,ukannon Beach. 
 
 38. Reef rookery, St. Paul Island, 1872. 
 
 39. Polavina rookery. 
 
 40. Tolstoi seal grounds. 
 
 41. Seal pups podding. 
 
 42. Fur seals approaching rookeries. 
 
 43. Fur seals hauling. 
 
 44. Hauling grounds, English P.ay. St. Paul Island. 1872. 
 
 45. Sea-lion rookery. 
 
 46. Sea-lion rookery at Tol.stoi, St. Paul Island. 
 
 47. Sea-lion pen. 
 
 48. Drive of sea lions. 
 
 49. Natives driving fur seals to killing ground, St. I'uul Island, 1S72. 
 
 50. Natives and fur-seal drive. 
 
 51. Killing fur seals, 1872. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 45 
 
 HENRY W. ELLIOTT, Cleveland, Ohio— Continued. 
 
 52. Killing neals. 
 
 53. Natives Hkinning seals. 
 
 54. Loading skins. 
 
 55. Natives and Bidarrali egging. 
 
 56. Netting Cliooehkies, St. I'aul. 
 
 57. New village, St. Paul, 187.S-1S9I. 
 
 58. Old village, St. Taul, 17St)-1876. 
 
 59. Village of St. George. 
 
 60. Village of St. Paul. 
 
 61. The south shore of St. (ieorge Island. 
 
 62. The east shore of St. George Island. 
 
 63. The east rookery of St. George Island. 
 
 64. The north shore of St. George Island. 
 
 65. Starry arteel rookery, St. George Island. 
 
 66. Zapadnie, looking north, St. George Island. 
 
 67. Zapadnie, looking south, St. George Island. 
 
 68. The island of St. Paul. 
 
 69. The north shore of St. Paul. 
 
 70. Lukaniion sands, St. Paul. 
 
 71. Polavina rookery, St. Paul. 
 
 72. Northeast point and sand dunes. 
 
 73. Killing grounds and landing, St. Paul Island. 
 
 74. Sea lion neck, St. I'aul Island. 
 
 75. English Bay seal grounds, 1890. 
 
 76. English Bay seal grounds, July 18, 1872. 
 
 77. Lukannon rookery. 
 
 78. Zapadnie rookery, St. Paul Island. 
 
 79. The lagoon and village, St. Paul Island. 
 
 80. Katavie rookery. 
 
 81 . Reef and Garbotch rookeries. 
 
 82. English Bay sands. 
 
 83. Tolstoi rookery. 
 
 84. A herd of fur seals in waiting. 
 
 85. Group of sea lions. 
 
 86. "Walrus Island, Pribilof group. 
 
 87. Otter Island. 
 
 88. Otter Island. 
 
 89. Polar bears on Halls Island, near St. Matthew Island. 
 
 90. Cape Upright, St. Matthew Island. 
 
 91. Magnet Head, St. Matthew Island. 
 
 92. St. Matthew Island, from Magnet Head. 
 
 93. Pinnacle Islet, near St. ]\Iatthevv Island. 
 
 94. The Bishop and his Thund), St. Matthew Island. 
 
 95. Banded Point, St. Matthew Island. 
 
 96. Northeast Cape, St. Lawrence Island. 
 
 97. Innuits stacking frozen hair seals. 
 
 98. The Dioniedes, Bering Strait. 
 
 99. Innuit huts. Lower Kuskokwim River. 
 
 100. Cape Prince of Wales. 
 
 101. Portion of the tundra. St. Lawrence Island. 
 
 102. Point Barrow, Alaska. 
 
 103. Sealers off Shishaldin, Pacilic Ocean. 
 
 104. St. Matthew Island. 
 
 105. Old Sitka, October, 1866. 
 
46 INTKI{N.\ rio.NAL FISIIKKIES EXIl I HITION". 
 
 ENTERPRISE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, Philadelphia; 
 
 'Meat ami liait cIm)]!!!!')-. 
 BARTON WARREN EVERMANN, Ph. D.. ichthyologist, United States Fish Commission 
 List of papers on the fishes of America: 
 
 1. A Review of the Species f)f (lerrcx Found in American AVatcrs, by J5. 
 
 W. Evermann and Setli K. jMeek. (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci, Phila. 1883, 
 116-124. ) 
 
 2. List of Fishes Collected in Harvey and Crowley Counties, Kans., ))y 
 
 Barton AV. Evermann and ISIorton W. Fordici-. (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. 
 Phila. 1885, 412.) 
 
 3. List of Fishes Collected in Harvey and Cowley Counties, Kans., l)y Bar- 
 
 ton W. Evermann and 3Iorton W. Fordici'. (Bull. AVashburn Col- 
 lege Lab. Nat. Hist. 1885, 184-186.) 
 
 4. A List of the Fishes Observed in the Vicinity of Jirookville, Franklin 
 
 County, Ind. (Bull. 2, Brookville Soc. Nat. Hist. 1886, 3-11.) 
 
 5. Notes on a Collection of Fishes from the Monongahela Eiver, by Barton 
 
 W. Evermann and Charles H. Bollman. (Proc. N. Y. Ac. Sci. 1886, 
 335-340. ) 
 
 6. The Food Fishes of Indiana, ])y David S. Jordan and Barton W. Ever- 
 
 mann. (Kept. Ind. State Board Horticulture 1886, 156-173.) 
 
 7. A Revision of the American Species of the Genus G'rrres, by Barton W. 
 
 Evermann and Seth V.. JMeek. (Proc. Ac. Nat. Sci. Pliila. 1886, 
 256-272.) 
 
 8. Description of Six New Species of Fishes from the Gulf of Mexico, with 
 
 Notes on Other Species, by David S. Jordan and Barton AV. Ever- 
 mann. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1886 (Nov. 26, 1886), 466-476.) 
 
 9. Description of Eighteen New Sjiecies of Fishes from the Gulf of Cali- 
 
 fornia, by Oliver P. Jenkins and Barton W. Evermann. (Proc. U. 
 S. Nat. Mus.- 1888 (July 2, 1888), 137-158.) 
 
 10. Notes on Indiana Fishes, l)y Barton W. Evermann and Oliver V. Jen- 
 
 kins. (Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus. 1888, 43-57.) 
 
 11. Report upon a Collection of Fishes made at Guaymas, Sonora, Alexico, 
 
 with Descriptions of New Species, by Barton W. Evermann and Oliver 
 P. Jenkins. (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1891, 121-165, Pis. I, II.) 
 
 12. Description of a New Species of Fish from Tippecanoe River, Indiana, 
 
 by David Starr Jordan and Barton "Wan-en Evermann. (Proc. V. S. 
 Nat. Mus. 1890, 3-4. ) 
 
 13. Two-Ocean Pass. (Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci. 1893, 29-34.) 
 
 14. The Work of the United States Fish Commission Steamer Albatross in 
 
 the North Pacific and Bering Sea in 1892. (Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci. 1892, 
 56-57.) 
 
 15. The Ichthyologic Featiu-es of the Black Hills Region. (Proc. Ind. Ac. 
 
 Sci. 1892, 73-78.) 
 
 16. The Work of the United States Fish Commission and its Relation to the 
 
 Farmer, by Barton Warren Evermann. (Rept. Indiana Fish Comm. 
 1893-94, 15-25.) 
 
 17. The Fishes of the Missouri Basin, by Barton W. FAerinaiin and J. T. 
 
 Scovell. (Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci. 1895^ 125-130.) 
 
 IS. Recent Investigations concerning the Ri'dfi.^h, Oncorlnjnclms iit'rka, at its 
 Spawning Grounds iii Idaho, l)y Barton W. Evermann and J. T. 
 Scovell. (Proc. Ind. Ac. Sci. 1895, 131-134.) 
 
 19. Description of a New Species of Pipefish (.sVy>/io.s'/o/»'( scovelll) from Cor- 
 pus Christi, Tex., by Barton AV. Evermann and William C, Kendall. 
 (Proc, U. S. Nat. I\Ius. 1895, 113-115.) 
 
' ■- : WMAm .-:.,' " yA'J^mmm 
 
 O 
 
 /f 
 
 io 
 
 II 
 
 Z2 
 
 ZZ 
 
 Model of U. S. transport Merrimac 
 
 Screen, with casta and paintings C 
 
 Charts. , 
 
 Screen, with tisli casts and paintii 
 
 Swinging screens. 
 
 Models of whaling scenes. 
 
 Screen, with whaling apparatus, \ 
 
 Screen, with views of fishing towr 
 
 Screen, with photographs of meth 
 
 Models of weirs. 
 
 Screen, with views of net making 
 
 Models of pound nets. 
 
 Oyster and clam rakes and dredge 
 
 Cases, with oil clothes, nets, twine 
 
 Bait and meat chopper. 
 
 Cases containing fishing apparatus 
 
 Large case for models of vessels ar 
 
 Group of hair seals. I 
 
 Cnsts of fish and liliTHture 
 
f'^v/M//jm//.\'.\\\v^^^^^^ 
 
 VJ/MWAV/////M»ff///M//W//\jmj/^^^ >i>i>f ,,,,.A,,.„>f,,^^>, ^y;^~^ 
 
 Plate VIII. 
 
 // 
 
 /Z 
 
 /^ 
 
 /i 
 
 36 
 
 /f 
 
 to 
 
 II 
 
 Z2 
 
 ZZ 
 
 ZG 
 
 Z7 
 
 S7 
 
 — 
 
 30 
 
 — 
 
 3/ 
 
 — 
 
 3z 
 
 — 
 
 /7 
 
 
 35 
 
 68 
 
 PLAN OF UNITED STATES EXHIBIT IN MAIN BU LOING 
 
 Model of U. S. transport Merrimac. 
 
 Screen, with casts and paintings of fish. 
 
 Charts. 
 
 Screen, with fish casts and paintings of Alaskan seal herds. 
 
 Swinging screens. 
 
 Ntodels of whaling scenes. 
 
 Screen, with whaling apparatus, paintings, etc. 
 
 Screen, with views of fishing towns, and methods of fishing. 
 
 Screen, with photographs of methods of fishing. 
 
 Models of weirs. 
 
 Screen, with views of net making and methods of fishery. 
 
 Models of pound nets. 
 
 Oyster ana clam rakes and dredges. 
 
 Cases, with oil clothes, nets, twine, etc 
 
 Bait and meat chopper. 
 
 Cases containing fishing apparatus. 
 
 Large case for models of vessels and boats. 
 
 Group of hair seals. 
 
 Casts of fish and literature. 
 
 ' ating birds. 
 
 Unmountfl li^l) 
 
 Fish ca.'its 
 
 Fish casts iimI - 
 
 Mounted liini- 
 
 Alcoholic fxlm 
 
 Sea lions and m 
 
 Alligator. 
 
 Oysters. 
 
 Ovsters anil oili 
 
 TitTaiiv'sf.xliil:! 
 
 Rigged t\>Utii-: - 
 
 Rigged fi-hiiiK ir. 
 
 Hoolts: Auk'ii '■'es. etc. 
 
 Hooks: Aborli; I and nKxlern. 
 
 Platform i«r tr . ler's dory. 
 
 Swinging .s( rn n M photographs. 
 
 Main aisU- ilin -tt United States 
 
 Cross ai.-^Ii- hv ,, 
 
 Main aisle tlirw » Duilding between exhibits of Sweden and United States. 
 
 • inges 
 
 ligator skins, etc. 
 of fish and reptiles, 
 •seal. 
 
 • niOllu.sca: crustaceans: utilization of river muscles. 
 " pearls, etc. 
 'i">- lines and reels. 
 
 States section. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 47 
 
 BARTON WARREN EVERMANN. Ph. D., etc.— ('(.ntiniicl. 
 List (if iiai.rrs on the i'lAwa ul America— Continued. 
 
 L'O. Tlie Whitefishes of North America, Vjy Barton W. Evermann and Hugh 
 M. Smith. (Rep^ U. S. Fish Comm. 1894, 288-;^24, pl.«. 11-28.) 
 
 21. Report upon the; Fishes of the Missouri River Banin, by Barton W. 
 
 Evermann and Ulysses 0. Cox. (Rept. U. S. Fish Comm. 1894 (Xov 
 27, 1896) , 325-129. ) 
 
 22. An Annotated List of the Fislies known from the State of Vermont, by 
 
 B. W. Evermann and W. C. Kendall. (Rept. U. S. Fish Comm. 1894 
 (Nov. 27, 1896), 579-604. ) 
 28. Description of a New Species of Shad (Alom alahmnx) from Alabama. 
 (Rept. U. S. Fish Comm. 1895 (Dec. 28, 1896) , Appendix 4, 203-205. ) 
 
 24. A Check List of the Fishes and Fish-like Vertel)rates of North and 
 
 Middle America, by David Starr Jordan and liarton Warren Ever- 
 mann. (Rept. U. S. Fish Comm. 1895 (Dec. 28, 1896), Apix-ndix 5 
 207-584. ) 
 
 25. Report on the Fisheries of Indian River, Florida, l)y Barton W. Ever- 
 
 mann and Barton A. Bean. (Rept. U. S. Fish Comm. 1896 (1897), 
 Appendix 5, 223-262, pis. 23-59. ) 
 
 26. The Fish and Fisheries of the Coastal Waters of Florida. (Senate 
 
 Document No. 100, 54th Congress, 2d Session, 1897, 1-80.) 
 
 27. Notes on Fishes Collected by E. W. Nelson on the Tres Marias Islands 
 
 and in Sinaloa and Jalisco, Mexico. (Proc. Biol. Soc. of Wash. 1898 
 1-3, Jan. 27, 1898. ) ' ' 
 
 28. Report on the Establishment of Fish-cultural Stations in the Rocky 
 
 Mountain Region and Gulf States. (Articles 1 and 2, Bull. T". S. Fish 
 Comm. 1891 (May 25, 1892), 1-90, pis. I-XXXVI.) 
 
 29. Description of a New Sucker, Pantostem jordani, from the Upper Mis- 
 
 souri Basin. (Article 2, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 1892 (Jan 27 1893) 
 51-56.) 
 
 30. The Fishes of Texas and the Rio Grande Basin, considered chiefly with 
 
 reference to their Geographic Distribution, by Barton W. Evermann 
 and William C. Kendall. (Article 3, Bull. U. S. Fish Comui 1892 
 (Feb. 6, 1894), 57-126, pis. X-L.) 
 
 31. The Investigation of Rivers and Lakes with Reference to the Fish En- 
 
 vironment. (Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 1893, 69-73. ) 
 
 32. A list of the Species of Fishes Known from the Vicinity of Neosho, Mis- 
 
 souri, by B. W. Evermann and W. C. Kendall. (Articles 22 and 23, 
 Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 1894 (May 23, 1895), 469-472. ) 
 
 33. The Fishes of the Colorado Basin, by B. W. Evermann and ClomL 
 
 Rutter. (Articles 22 and 23, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 1894 (Mav 23 
 1895), 473-486.) ' ' 
 
 34. The Salmon Fisheries of the Columbia River T5asin, ])y C. IL (Jilbert 
 
 and B. W. Evermann. (Article 16, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 1894 (Auo- 
 27, 1894), 153-207, pis. 13-25.) 
 
 35. A rreliminary Report upon Salmon Investigations in Idaho in 1894. 
 
 (Article 2, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 1895 (Feb. 20, 1896), 253-184.) 
 3(). The Fishes of the Neuse River Basin, by Barton W. Evermann and 
 Ulysses 0. Cox. (Article 4, Bull. U. S. Fish Comm. 1895 (March '> 
 1896), 303-310.) 
 37. A Report upon Salmon Investigations in the Headwaters of the Colum- 
 bia River, in tlie State of Idaho, in 1895, together with Notes upon 
 the Fishes Observed in that State in 1894 and 1895. (Article 2, Bull. 
 U. S. Fish Comm. 1896 (1897), 149-202, pis. 67-72.) 
 
48 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 BARTON WARREN EVERMANN, Ph. D., etc.— Contiinu'd. 
 liii^t i)f juijKT.s (111 tin- lislitiS of America — ContinuL-d. 
 
 3H. A Report iipc(f5 Salmon Investigation.s in the Columbia River Basin and 
 Elsewhere on the Pacific Coast in 189(3, by Barton Warren FAermann 
 and Seth Eugene Meek. (Article 2, Bull. U. S. Fish Conim. 1897 
 (Jan. (), 1898), 1-5-84, pl.s. 1 and 2, and G text figures.) 
 89. Descriptions of New or Little Known Genera and Species of Fishes from 
 the United States, by Barton W. Evermann and William C. Kendall. 
 (Article 5,BulI. U. S.'Fish Comm. 1898 (Fel). 9,lS98),12.5-i;«, pis. 6-9. ) 
 
 40. The Fishes of North and ^liddle America: A De-scriptive Catalogue of 
 
 the Species of Fish-like Vertebrates found in the Waters of North 
 America, north of the Isthmus of Panama, by David Starr Jordan and 
 Barton AVarren Evermann. (Published as Bulletin No. 47, U. S. 
 National Museum, in 4 octavo volumes (3 of text and 1 of ])lates), of 
 more than 3,000 pages and 700 plates. Vol. 1 i)ul)lislie(l in 1896, the 
 other volumes in 1898.) 
 
 4 1 . The Fish Fauna of Florida. ( Bull. U. S. Fisli Comm. 1897. ) 
 
 MARY A. GARDNER, Miami, Fla.: 
 
 Fish-scale jewelry, etc. 
 
 CALVIN V. GRAVES. Natural Bridge. N. Y. 
 Trolling liait. 
 
 Protected live-fish bait. An annealed, flanged, flint-glass tube, into which 
 a live minnow is placed, the tube being so arranged as to magnify the 
 minnow; hole in each end to keep the bait alive. Three sets of white 
 hooks — one treble hanging from lower end of tube and two double from 
 upper end on opposite sides; ]nano-wire leader and white swivel. Sizes 1 
 and 2. Tubes 32 and 4 inches long. 
 
 Only the minnoAV is seen in a foot of water. Angleworms, crabs, grasshop- 
 pers, or any bait can be used. 
 
 MONROE A. GREEN, 125 Broadway, Rochester, N. Y.: 
 
 SaiiipU's of l)arl)k'ss hooks, made Ity ]\lr. Green for trout and bass iishing. 
 l>ox for transportation of fish ova. 
 
 THE W. J. HOOPER MANUFACTURING CO., Baltimore, Md.: 
 
 1. Gill nets for the capture of various kinds of fish. 
 
 2. Samples of white and tanned netting, showing kind of twine, si/e of mesh, etc. 
 
 3. Models of i)ound nets, floating traps, etc. 
 
 4. Model of fyke net. 
 
 THE HORTON MANUFACTURING CO., Bristol, Conn.: 
 
 1. Bristol steel fishing rods. 
 
 2. Bass rod, full nickel-mounted, plain maple handle. 
 
 3. Bass rod, full nickel-mounted, with jjlain majile handle. 
 
 4. Fly rod, full nickel-mounted, telescoped, plain maple handle. 
 
 5. Fly rod, full nickel-mounted, telescoped, plain maple iiandle. 
 
 6. Fly rod, full nickel-mounted, telescoped, jilain maple handle. 
 
 7. Fly rod, full nickel-mounted, jointed, ])lain cork-grij) handle. 
 
 8. llenshall ba.ss rod, nickel-mounted, plain maple handle. 
 
 9. Llenshall bass rod, nickel-mounted, celluloid-wound, double-grip handle. 
 
 10. Bass rod, nickel mountings, solid agate tip, white celluloid-wound handle. 
 
 11. St. Lawrence bass rod, full nickel-mounted, silver three-ring tip, j^lain maple 
 
 handle. 
 
 12. l\;uigely fly rod, full nick('l-nioniite<l, one-ring fly tij), cork-grip handle. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 49 
 
 THE HORTON MANUFACTURING CO., Bristol, Conn.— ( "oiitiiuu-d. 
 
 l;l Favorite bait casting rod, full nickel-mounted, solid German-silver dou1)le- 
 hole tip, cane-wound handle. 
 (Tlove-leather cases for Bristol fishing rods. Five sizes: Nos. 4, 8, 9, 11, 18, 
 and 16. 
 
 CHARLES B. HUDSON, Washington, D. C: 
 
 1. Painting of fleet of American schooners fishing for mackerel with hook and 
 
 line; entitled "Mackerel fishing in the fifties." 
 
 2. Pen-and-ink drawings of fishing vessels. 
 
 GEORGE E. JENNINGS, 203 Broadway, New York, N. Y.: 
 
 Bound volumes of the Fishing Gazette, from 1892 to 1897, inclusive. 
 Book of recipes for cooking fish. 
 
 DAVID S. JORDAN, President of the Leland Stanford Junior University, Stanford Univer- 
 sity, Gal.: 
 
 Publications upon American fish and fisheries, etc. 
 H. & G. "W. LORD, Boston, Mass.: 
 
 1. Model of mackerel purse seine. 
 
 2. Model of drag seine, with bunt pocket. 
 
 3. Model of gill net. 
 
 4. Samples of white an<l tanned netting, showing different kinds of twine and 
 
 sizes of mesh used for various purposes. 
 
 5. Collection of twines for making nets. 
 GEORGE FREDERIC KUNZ, New York, N. Y.: 
 
 Publications on j)carls. 
 L. D. LOTHROP, Gloucester, Mass.: 
 
 Collection of models and full-size sjiecimens of fishing ajiparatus, etc., as follows: 
 Candleholder. 
 Cod splitter. 
 Cutthroaters. 
 Dory scoop (model). 
 Dory knife. 
 Eel spear. 
 
 Fish forks (model). 
 Fog horn (model). 
 Fish gaff (model). 
 Fishing sinkers for liaud lines. 
 Fishing sinkers. 
 Georges hand-line swivel. 
 Hand-line swivels. 
 Haddock ripper. 
 Ice scoop (model). 
 Improved snap hook. 
 J^ine splicer. 
 Mackerel splitter. 
 Mackerel plow. 
 Mackerel jigs. 
 Net swivels. 
 Paint scraper. 
 Patent swivel. 
 Swordfish dart. 
 Skinning knife. 
 
 S. Doc. 89 4 
 
50 INTKKNATIONAL KISHKIUKS KXII I lilTloN. 
 
 L. D. LOTHROP. Gloucester, Mass.— Continued. 
 Collections of models, etc.— Continued. 
 Small lead sinkers. 
 8i)readers. 
 Sail needles. 
 Squid jigs. 
 Sucker spears. 
 Trawl swivel. 
 Thole pin. 
 Trawl swivel. 
 Trawl niller (mo.lel). 
 
 THOMAS F. McMANUS, Boston, Mass.: 
 
 1. ^Models of (ishing vessels. 
 
 2. Model of pilot schooner. 
 
 3. Photographs of fishing schooners. 
 
 GEORGE MARSHALL, Laurel, Md.: 
 
 Collection uf acjuatic birds — 
 
 1. Bonaparte's gull, Larus Philadelphia. 1 si>ecimen. 
 
 2. Least tern, Sterna antillarum. 1 specimen. 
 
 3. Hooded merganser, Lophodytes cuculhalm. 1 specimen. 
 
 4. Mallard, Anas hoschas. 1 specimen. 
 
 5. Black duck, Anas ohscura. 1 specimen. 
 
 6. Blue-wing teal, Anas discors. 1 specimen. 
 
 7. Wood duck, Aix sponsa. 2 specimens. 
 
 8. Great blue heron, Ardea herodias. 1 specimen. 
 
 9. Green heron, Ardea rirescens. 2 specimens. 
 
 10. King rail, Kallus elegant. 2 specimens. 
 
 11. Virginia rail, iiaZto mr(/miamt.s. 1 specimen. 
 
 12. Sora, Porzana Carolina. 2 specimens. 
 
 13. American woodcock, PhiloJiela minor. 1 specimen. 
 
 14. Wilson's snipe, GaUinago delicata. 1 specimen. 
 
 15. Pectoral sandpiper, Tringa maculata. 1 specimen. 
 
 16. Greater yellow legs, Totanus melanoleucus. 1 specimen. 
 
 17. Bartramian sandpiper, Bartramia longicauda. 2 .specimens. 
 
 18. Spotted sandpiper, Actitus macularia. 1 spei'imen. 
 
 19. Golden plover, Charadius aprlcarius. 1 specimen. 
 
 20. Belted kingfisher, Ceyvjie alcijon. 2 specimens. 
 
 MEMORIAL MUSEUM, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, Cal.: 
 ]Oighty-seven gelatine casts of Pacific coast fishes. 
 
 B. C. MILAM & SON. Frankfort, Ky.: 
 
 ColU'ctidii of Kentucky fishing reels — 
 
 1. Trout reel. A small real that will hold ample line for trout fishing. 
 
 2. Black-ba.ss reel. It holds from 8() to 100 yards of line, and is an ideal 
 
 black-bass n-el. 
 
 3. General utility reel. Used for trout, bass, and salmon fishing. 
 
 4. Salmon or lake reel. Used for salmon and heavy lake fishing. 
 
 5. Sea-bass reel. Used for same fishing as No. 4, but is larger and stronger, 
 
 and specially suited to sea fishing. 
 
 GEORGE H. H. MOORE, Washington. D. C: 
 
 Spcciiiirn of fossil tish. 
 JOHN R. NEAL & CO., Boston, Mass.: 
 
 Smokeil fisli, including finnan liaddie. 
 
\miiif::iu<,^.i^:'>^,...,j->^->^^ 
 
 m 
 
 n 
 
 K 
 
 ^ 
 
 □ 
 
 •<i 
 
 «^ 
 
 n^m^^^^^^m^^^^w . m^>^^sv^%^^m^^^^^^^^^ 
 
 :m^^vWm'y 
 
 *^ 'it- ^ ^- *-< 
 
 A ^'E S 5 g 3 
 
 ~ y. C o ^ -^'^ 
 
 « fcf-O c ^~ o 
 
 ^ 'ri CO -r »c -o i--^ 
 
 - ij '5 
 
 
 'Tr t. 
 
 SS-" 'S = 
 
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 c^£ 
 
 " A ijc.^ 
 
 = M2^ 
 
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 =' - ^ c 5 
 
 
 
 
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 = — ^ — .i 
 
 
 
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 — XA; £: . 
 
 c^'OW 
 
 K w O '-' 
 
 i-WiO 
 
 -O t~ X o 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 51 
 
 CHRESTEN NELSON, 307 Main street, Gloucester, Mass.: 
 
 1. Patent iii-csci\ati\(' fin' cainas, nianila lojic, ami ncttiutr. 
 
 '1. Spec'imen.s of canvas, rdpr, and nettiny: pn'servcd witli tlu> fluid. 
 
 WILLIAM F. NYE. New Bedford, Mass.: 
 
 ColliH'tion of oils — 
 
 1. Fine'gradt's of porixiiseand l)lack-fisli oils for lnl)ricatinir watches, niacliiii- 
 
 ery, etc. 
 
 2. Wliale oil, sjtenn oil, t^tc. 
 
 "WILLIAM PALMER. United States National Museum, Washington, D. C: 
 
 1. Casts of cetacea. 
 
 2. Casts of fishes. 
 
 EBEN PIERCE, New Bedford. Mass.: 
 
 Series of whaliny; implements, including new t_vpe of whaling gun. 
 
 EDWARD PITCHER, Brooklyn, N. Y.: 
 
 Kxliibit of si)ear lishliooks, scpiids, wire snells, swivels, and swivel sinkers — 
 
 1. Pitcher's swivel blue-fish s(juids. 
 
 2. Pitcher's plain hlue-fish scpiid. 
 
 8. Pitcher's swivel weak-fish stpiids, single hooks. 
 
 4. Pitcher's swivel weak-fish scpiid, double hooks. 
 
 5. Pitcher's swivel weak-fish .sijuid, treble hooks. 
 
 6. Blue-fish pearls on trolls. 
 
 7. Jointed fined piano-wire snells. 
 
 8. Pearl weak-fish squids, fish shape. 
 
 9. Pearl weak-fish squid, profile. 
 
 10. Snapper blue-fish trolls. 
 
 11. Pitcher's treble swivels. 
 
 12. Pitcher's adjustable treble swivels. 
 
 13. Pitcher's swivel l)a.ss-casting sinkers. 
 
 14. Pitcher's swivel sinkers. 
 
 15. Columbian swivel pearl trolls. 
 
 16. Piano-wire snap pearl trolls with treble hooks. 
 
 17. Curio. 
 
 18. Spear fishhooks. 
 
 THE PRESERVALINE MANUFACTURING COMPANY, 12 Cedar street. New York, N. Y.: 
 Samples of preservaline, and fish treated witli it, as follows: 
 
 1. Preservaline for fresh fish, smoked fish, and frozen fish. 
 
 2. Preservaline for pickled fish. 
 
 3. Preservaline for dry salted fish. 
 
 4. Preservaline for shrinq). 
 
 5. Preservaline for oysters, lobsters, etc. 
 
 6. Shredded cod treated with preservaline. 
 
 7. Brick (boneless) cod. 
 
 8. AVholecod. 
 
 9. Smoked finnan haddie. 
 
 10. Shrinq) jnit up in preservaline. 
 
 W. DE C. RAVENEL, United States Fish Commission, Washington, D. C: 
 Publications on fish-culture, etc. — 
 
 1. Report of operations at St. Jerome station for 1884. United States Fish 
 
 Commis.sion Report for 1884, XII. 1886. 
 
 2. Report of operations at St. Jerome oy.ster-breeding station during 1885. 
 
 United States Fish Connnission Report, 1885, XIII. 1887. 
 
52 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXIIIRITION. 
 
 W. De C. RAVENEL. United States Fish Commission, Washington, D. C. — ("(Hitimicd. 
 I'ul>lir;itiuiis (III lish-cultiirc, vU\ — ("ontiiuii'd. 
 
 3. lie]>()rt of operations at tlic sliad-liatching .'itation on r.attt'ry If^land, 
 
 Havre de Grace, Md., durinfj the season of 1887. I'nited States Fish 
 Commission Bnlletin, VII, for 1887. 1887. 
 
 4. Information bearing upon the artificial propagation oi uuilk-t. bulletin, 
 
 VII, for 1887. 1889. 
 
 5. Report of operations at Battery station, Havre de Grace, Md., for the 
 
 year ending Deceniljer 31, 1886. United States Fish Commission 
 Report for 188(>, XIV. 1889. 
 
 6. Report of operations at St. Jerome oyster-breeding station for the year 
 
 issi;. Tnited States Fisli Connnission Report for 1886, XIV. 1889. 
 EDMOND REDMOND, 112 Spencer street. Rochester, N. Y.: 
 
 C'oi)per cast of i»rnii — a new jirocess of making fisli casts from copper. 
 RUSSIA CEMENT COMPANY, Gloucester, Mass.: 
 
 1. Fish skins used in tlic manufacture of lic|uid (ish glue. 
 
 2. Collection of various kinds of fish glue from tlie raw, unrefineil liquid tlirough 
 
 the several stages to heavy, refined glue. 
 
 3. Fertilizer resulting from the manufacture of fish glue. 
 
 4. Collection of various objects showing the utilization of fish glue in the arts 
 
 and industries. 
 A. F. RICH, 13 T Wharf, Boston, Mass.: 
 
 Photograph of the steel steamer Xeir ?ju/liiii<l, for bank fishing. 
 JOSEPH H. ROWE & CO., Gloucester, Mass.: 
 
 Collection of oil clothing. 
 A. ZENO SHINDLER, United States National Museum, Washington, D. C: 
 
 Paintings of the great auk, Plant im linpcnnls, and Funk Island — • 
 
 1. The great auk, one-third life size, water color. 
 
 2. Funk Island, distant about I2 miles, in oil. 
 
 3. Funk Island, distant about 5 miles, in oil. 
 
 4. Head of Indian (iulch, eastern end of island, in oil. 
 
 5. Grave on Funk Island, in oil. 
 
 Note. — The great auk has been extinct for about sixty years. It was formerly 
 abundant on Funk Island, off tlie east coast of Newfoundland. An expedition, 
 under connnan<l of ('apt. J. W. Collins, collected large quantities of its remains in 
 1887. The paintings of Funk Island are from sketches made by Captain Collins. 
 
 SCIENTIFIC PUBLISHING COMPANY, New York, N. Y.: 
 
 Publications on Ciems and Precious Stones of North America including chapter 
 on pearls. 
 G. M. SKINNER, Clayton, N. Y.: 
 
 Collection of tinted trolling spoons: 
 
 1. Nos. 1 to 8, inclusive, treble hooks. 
 
 2. Nos. 1 to 4, inclusive, single hook fly. 
 
 3. Nos. 1 and 2, casting single hook. 
 
 4. No. 2, casting auxiliary single liook. 
 
 5. No. 4|, combination. 
 
 HUGH M. SMITH, United States Fish Commission, Washington, D. C: 
 1. Publications on the tisli and lisberies of the United States. 
 
 1. Notes on two hitherto unrecognized species of American whitefishes. 
 
 2. The fishes found in the vicinity of Woods Hole. 
 
 3. Notes on fishes from the Lower Potomac River. 
 
 4. H(>iH)rt on :i collection of fishes from Albemarle region of North Carolina. 
 
TKTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIHITIOlSr, 53 
 
 HUGH M. SMITH, United States Fish Commission, "Washington, D. C— Contimied. 
 
 1. ruhliratiiiiis on the li!<li ami lit^lu'ries of the United States — Continued. 
 
 5. A review of tlie history and results of tlie attempts to acclimatize lish 
 
 and other water animals in the Pacific States. 
 
 6. The fyke nets and fyke-net fisheries of the United States, with notes on 
 
 the fyke nets of other countries. 
 
 7. Notes on an investigation of the menhaden fishery in 1894, with special 
 
 reference to the food fishes taken. 
 
 8. The giant scallop fishery of Maine. 
 
 9. Notes on the capture of the Atlantic salmon at sea and in the coast waters 
 
 of the Eastern States. 
 
 10. Notes on the king-crab fishery of Delaware Bay. 
 
 11. The salmon fishery oi Penobscot Bay and River in 1895 and 1896. 
 
 12. Notes on an improved form of oyster tongs. 
 
 13. Economic and natural history notes on the fishes of the northern coast 
 
 of New Jersey. 
 
 14. Notes on the crab fishery of Crisfield, Md. 
 
 15. Remarks on the mamtenance and improvement of the American fisheries. 
 
 16. The fisheries of Japan (compiled). 
 
 17. Report on the fisheries of Lake Ontario. 
 
 18. Notes on a reconnoissance of the fisheries of the Pacific coast of the United 
 
 States in 1894. 
 
 19. Statistics of the fisheries of the United States. 
 
 20. Report on the fisheries of the South Atlantic States. 
 
 21. A statistical report on the fisheries of the Middle Atlantic States. 
 
 2. Collection of sheepswool sponges, Hippospongla equina gosni/pina, grown from 
 
 clippings, in water 4 feet deep, near Key West, Fla. , 1897-98. 
 Two small clippings that had been planted a few weeks. 
 One small sponge about 4 months old. 
 Five sponges between 8 and 10 months old. 
 
 3. One drop-fyke net, from Delaware River. 
 
 4. Collection of fresh-water pearl-bearing mussels, Unionid.r, of the United States, 
 
 and their utilization in the manufacture of buttons. 
 Specimens of fresh- water mussels: 
 
 Unio rectus, Mississippi River. (Salmon-colored nacre.) 
 
 Unio rectus, Mississippi River. ( Purple nacre. ) 
 
 Unio crassidens, Mississippi River. (Salmon-colored nacre.) 
 
 f/nio crosstdejjs, Mississippi River. (Purple nacre. ) 
 
 Unio unodontoides, Cedar River, Iowa; Mississippi River. 
 
 Unio plicatus. Cedar River, Iowa. 
 
 Unio ligamcntinus, Ro('k River, Iowa River, Mississii)pi Ri\er, Skunk River, 
 
 Iowa. 
 Unio capax Wapsie River, Iowa. 
 Unio lavxssimus, Mississippi River. (Pinkish nacre.) 
 Unio tuberctdatus, Cedar River, Skunk River, Rock River, Iowa. 
 Unio alatus, Mississippi River. (Purple nacre.) 
 
 Unio fallaciosuH, male and female, ponds and lakes, Iowa; Mississippi River. 
 Unio venlricoms, "Pocketbook clam," Mississippi River. 
 Unio multiplicatus, Iowa River, ponds and lakes, Iowa. 
 Unio undidatus, I)es Moines River, Iowa. 
 Unio ebenus, INIississippi River. 
 
 Margdritana riigoxd, ^Iississii)j)i River; Skunk River, Iowa. 
 Morgariimta confragosa, ptnids and lakes, Iowa. 
 Anodonta grandis, Des Moines River, Iowa. 
 
54 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIIUTIOX. 
 
 HUGH M. SMITH. United States Fish Commission, Washington, D. C. — Continued. 
 
 Frt'tih-watfr nius.'^i'l.-^ [Vu'io (HKjdouto'nli'K) from Cedar River, Iowa, locally callcil 
 
 "yellow Hun .shells," u.^ed in nianufaeture of l)uttons, as .shown in the 
 
 series exhibited. 
 Fresh-water nmn^QXa {Un'w un»dontoide><), with servieeal)le i)ortions cut out by 
 
 drills for use in niakinfj buttons. 
 Fresh-water pearl buttons in jirocess of nianufaeture: 
 
 1. Rough blanks. 
 
 2. Ground blanks. 
 
 .3. Rough turned buttons. 
 
 4. Drilled and beveled buttons. 
 
 5. Polished buttons ready for sewing on cards. 
 
 6. Finished buttons on cards, ready for market (2 cards). 
 
 7. Additional samples of finished buttons (3 c-ards). 
 
 Shells of fresh-water nuissel {Uvio chnuis) from Mississippi River, showing por- 
 tions cut out for manufactui-e into buttons. 
 
 4. Crayfish trap, Milwaukee, Wis. 
 LEONARD STEJNEGER, United States National Museum, Washington, D. C: 
 
 I'ulilications on the fur-seal, CullorhiiiHs ursinm, etc. 
 E. STERLING, Cleveland, Ohio: 
 
 Patent fish spears. 
 TIFFANY & CO., New York, N. Y.: 
 
 1. Collection of leather of alligators, lizards, etc. 
 
 2. Shagreen made from shark skins, etc. 
 
 8. Articles made from skins of alligator, lizard, shagreen, etc. 
 4. Collection of pearls. 
 
 CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, United States Fish Commission, Washington, D. C: 
 
 1. Publications on the fur-seal, Calldrhinus uraiiiKs, etc 
 
 2. Portfolio of photographs of the fur-seal rookeries on the Pribilof Islands, 
 
 showing the condition of seal life thereon in 1895, and method of 
 killing seals. 
 Illustrations showing condition of fur-seal rookeries in 1895 and method of 
 killing .'seals. 
 
 1. Northeast Point rookery, St. Paul Island, .Inly 24, 1S95, station 1. 
 
 2. Northeast Point rookery, St. Paul Island, July 24, 1895, station 2, north. 
 
 3. Northeast Point rookery, St. Paul Island, July 24, 1895, station 2, south. 
 
 4. Northeast Point rookery, St. Paul Island, July 24, 1895, station 3. 
 
 5. Northeast Point rookery, St. Paul Island, July 24, 1895, station 4. 
 
 6. Northeast Point rookery, St. Paul Island, July 24, 1895, station 5. 
 
 7. Northeast Point rookery, St. Paul Island, July 24, 1895, station 6. 
 
 8. Northeast Point rookery, St. Paul Island, July 24, 1895, station 25. 
 
 9. Polavina rookery, St. Paul Island, July 26, 1895, station 21. 
 
 10. Polavina rookery, St. Paul Island, July 26, 1895, station G. 
 
 11. Lukannon rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 12. 
 
 12. Lukannon rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 26. 
 
 13. Ketavie rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 13. 
 
 14. Ketavie rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 14. 
 
 15. Ketavie rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 14^. 
 
 16. Ketavie rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 15. 
 
 17. Reef rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, stati(jn 16. 
 
 18. Reef rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 17. 
 
 19. Reef rookery, St. Paul Island, .July 20, 1895, station 18. 
 
 20. Reef rookery, St. Paul Island, .Inly 20, 1895, station 19. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 55 
 
 CHARLES H. TOWNSEND, United States Fish Commission, Washington, D. C— ('(iii'lM. 
 IllustratioiiH Hhowiug conditions of lur-SL'al rookerit'H, etc. — Continued. 
 
 21. Reef rookery, St. Paul Inland, July 20, 1895, station 20. 
 
 22. Reef rookery, St. Paul Island, August 5, 1895, near station 17; grass area 
 
 showing growth of grass upon ground almost bare in 1892. 
 28. Reef rookery, St. T*aul Island, "grass area," showing condition in 
 July, 1892. 
 
 (To be compared with same view for 1895.) 
 
 24. Lagoon rookery, St. Paul Island, July 11, 18H5, station 27. 
 
 25. Tolstoi rookery, St. Paul Island, July 24, 1895, station 11. 
 
 26. Tolstoi rookery, St. Paul Island, July 24, 1895, station F. 
 
 27. Lower Zapadnie rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 7. 
 
 28. Lower Zapadnie rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 7n. 
 
 29. Lower Zapadnie rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 8a. 
 
 80. rj)per Zapadnie rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 8. 
 
 81. r])i)er Zapadnie rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 9. 
 
 82. Upper Zapadnie rookery, St. Paul Island, July 20, 1895, station 10. 
 
 83. East rookery, St. Paul Island, July 18, 1895, station 9. 
 
 34. Little East rookery, St. George Island, July 18, 1895, station P. 
 
 35. North rookery, St. George Island, July 18, 1895, station 1. 
 
 36. North rookery, St. George Island, July 18, 1895, station 2. 
 
 37. North rookery, St. George Island, July 18, 1895, station 5. 
 
 38. Starry Arteel rookery, St. George Island, July 18, 1895, station E. 
 
 39. Zapadnie rookery, St. Paul Island, July 19, 1895, station D. 
 
 40. Zapadnie rookery, St. George Island, July 19, 1895, station II. 
 
 41. A drive of seals from Reef rookery, St. Paul Island, July, 1895. 
 Killing, skinning, cutting meat for food; rejected seals going back to 
 
 l)each. 
 
 42. Seal killing, St. Paul Island, July, 1895. 
 Clul)bing and driving off rejected seals. 
 
 43. Seal kilhng, St. Paul Island, July, 1895. 
 
 "Sticking" seals just clubbed; rejected seals returning to beach. 
 
 44. Seal killing, St. Paul Island, July, 1895. 
 A "pod " just knocked down. 
 
 45. Seal killing, St. Paul Island, July, 1895. Skinning gang at work. 
 
 46. Seal killing, St. Paul Island, July, 1.S95. Skins removed; food meat 
 
 being cut from carcasses. 
 
 HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE, Bureau of Navigation, United States Department of the Navy: 
 
 Charts of Atlantic and Pacific coasts and of the North Atlantic Gcean. 
 UNITED STATES COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY, Henry S. Pritchett, Superintendent, 
 Department of the Treasury: 
 
 Collection of charts of Atlantic and Pacific coasts of .\ortli .\merica. 
 L WILZINSKI, 1057 North Halsted street, Chicago, 111.: 
 
 Collection of drietl sturgeon sounds (isinglass) from lish taken in various sections 
 of the Lnited States. 
 J. & W. R. WING, New Bedford, Mass.: 
 
 1. Cutting spade used in whale fishery. 
 
 2. Mounted hand harpoon (toggle iron). 
 8. Mounted hand lance. 
 
 4. Slal) of baleen or whalebone from Bowhead whale {Balinia mi/sticctits), taken 
 in Arctic Ocean. 
 YAWMAN & ERBE, Rochester, N. Y.: 
 Automatic reel. 
 
56 INTERNATIONAL KISHKKIKS KXIimiTIoN. 
 
 CONCORDANCE TO THE OFFICIAL CLASSIFICATION FOR THE USE 
 
 OF THE JURIES. 
 
 NOTE. 
 
 In the collective exhibit of the United States are included many articles which are 
 labeled with the names of the ])ersons from whom they were t)btained. These are 
 not, as a rule, entered for competition. 
 
 In the following list are included the names of all exhil)it()rs who will be permittee! 
 to receive awards or special mention from the juries. 
 
 The artists and preparators by whom the pictures, photographs, casts, stuffed 
 specimens, lay models, etc., have been prepared may be classed as exhibitors. A 
 list of their names is given at the l>eginning of this catalogue. 
 
 Group I.— FISH PRODUCTS. 
 
 Class 1. Fish, fresh, iced or frozen, lobsters, oysters, mussels, etc. 
 
 The Preservaline IManufacturing Company, New York, N. Y. 
 Class 2. Fish, salted, dried, smoked, or cured in similar manner. 
 
 United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. 
 Groups 90, 91, and 92. 
 Max Ams, New York, N. Y. 
 J. AV. Beardsley's Sons, New York, N. Y. 
 John E. Neal c*t Co., Boston, Mass. 
 William H. Wonson & Son, Gloucester, Mass. 
 Class '.i, Fish, tinned, or preserved in similar manner. 
 
 United States Commission of Fish an<l Fisheries. Collective exhibit. 
 Groups 93, 94, and 95. 
 Max Ams, New York, N. Y. 
 John R. Neal &. Co., Boston, Mass. 
 
 The Preservaline Manufacturing Company, New York, N. Y. 
 Class -1. By-products, as oil, roe, stearin, glue, feeding stuffs, guano, etc. 
 
 United States Conunission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. 
 Groups 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 101, 102, 103, and 104. 
 Max Ams, New York, N. Y. 
 Mary A. Gardner, Miami, Fla. 
 William F. Nye, New Bedford, Mass. 
 Russia Cement Company, Gloucester, Mass. 
 Hugh :\I. Smith, Washingtcjn, D. C. 
 Tiffany & Co., New York, N. Y. 
 L. Wil/.inski, Chicago, III. 
 .1. c*i W. R. Wing, New Bedford, Mass. 
 
 Group II.— FISHING APPARATUS. 
 
 Class 1. Twiiu' of licniii, Ihix, cotton, silk, and other material; seines and nets, 
 in netting as well as complete, also models. 
 United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhilnt. 
 (Groups 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, and 53. 
 G. B. Borden, Acushnet, Mass. 
 
 The W. J. Hooper Manufacturing Colli) lany, Ualtimori', Md. 
 II. it G. W. Uord, r.oston, :Mass. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 57 
 
 Group II.— FISHING APPARATUS— Continued. 
 
 Class 2. Apjiaratus fur the anj^le fishing, inchiding long lines, hand lines, leaders, 
 fishhooks, floats, buoys, cork, and artificial bait for the sea fishery. 
 United States Connnission of Fish and Fislieries. Collective exhibit. 
 Groups 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, and 34. 
 L. D. Lothrop, Gloucester, Mass. 
 
 B. C. Milam & Son, Frankfort, Ky. 
 Edward Pitcher, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 
 E. Sterling, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 Class 3. All kinds of natural bait and methods of its application. 
 
 United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. 
 Groups 4, 5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 15, 18, 20, and 23. 
 Class 4. Apparatus for the whale, bottle nose, and seal catch, and trawling. All 
 kinds of fish pots, eel spears, and representations of other metho<ls 
 of catching. 
 United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhil)it. 
 Groups 26, 27, 52, 53, 54, 58, 59, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, and 83. 
 
 F. E. Brown, New Bedford, Mass. 
 Paul E. Collins, Boston, IMass. 
 
 The W. J. Hooper Manufacturing Company, Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Charles B. Hudson, Washington, D. C. 
 
 L. D. Lothrop, Gloucester, Mass. 
 
 Eben Pierce, New Bedford, Mass. 
 
 Hugh M. Smith, Washington, D. C. 
 
 J. & W. K. Wing, New Bedford, Mass. 
 
 Group III.— VESSELS EMPLOYED IN THE CATCH, AND THEIR EQUIPMENT. 
 
 Class 1. Fishing vessels, fishing boats, with models and drawings of same. 
 
 United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. 
 Groups 60, 61, 62, 63, and 64. 
 Charles B. Hudson, Washington, D. C. 
 Lawrence Jensen, Gloucester, Mass. 
 
 C. R. Luscombe, Washington, D. C. 
 Thomas F. McManus, Boston, Mass. 
 A. F. Rich, Boston, Mass. 
 
 Class 2. Seine, net, and line winches, windlasses, anchors, and grapnels with 
 cables. 
 United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. 
 Groups 45, 65, 66, 67, and 68. 
 L. D. Lothrop, Gloucester, Mass. 
 Class 3. Coiripasses, spy-glasses, barometers, signal apparatus, wave-subduers, 
 life belts, drag-sails, stoves, etc. 
 Joseph H. Rowe & Co., Gloucester, Mass. 
 United States Connnission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. 
 
 Group 67. 
 Hydrographic Office, Bureau of Navigation, United States I)ei)artment 
 
 of the Navy. 
 United States Coast and Geodetic Surv^ey, Henry S. Pritchett, Superin- 
 tendent, Department of the Treasury. 
 Class 4. Canvas, prepared and uni)repared; cordage, l)locks, tarpaulins. 
 Chresten Nelson, Gloucester, Mass. 
 Group IV.— PRESERVATIVES. 
 
 Class 1. Salt, hmacic acid, ice, an<l other material for the preservation of lish. 
 The Preservaline Manufacturing Company, New York, N. Y. 
 
58 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Group IV.— PRESERVATIVES— ( "ontinncl. 
 
 Class 2. Bark, catcchn, oil, paint, tar, coiiiitositioiis for coatinj: sliips' l)ottonis, 
 canvas preservatives, and other materials for tlie preservatiun of 
 apparatus. 
 Chresten Nelson, (iloucester, Mass. 
 
 Group V. LODGING SHIPS, LODGING HOUSES, AND STATION HUTS AND THEIR 
 INTERIOR ARRANGEMENTS. MODELS AND DRAWINGS OF SAME. 
 
 rnitiMJ States Coniini.s'^ion of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit, 
 (iroiip 72. 
 
 Group VI.— TANK AND OTHER TRANSPORT VESSELS. 
 
 Wells, trans])ortation wajjons, cases, or other transportation of fish. Models or 
 drawings of same. 
 United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collecitive exhibit. 
 Groups 84, 85, and 88. 
 
 Group VII. 
 
 Class 1. Models and drawings of warehouses, salting estal)lishments, smoke- 
 houses, ice houses, and other cold rooms. 
 United States Commissicm of Fish and Fisherie.s. Collective exhil)it. 
 Groups 86, 88, and 89. 
 Class 2. All kinds of api)aratus necessary for the preservation of tish, including 
 barrels, staves, and hooi)s, tish cases and cans, and also macliines 
 used in the manufacture and soldering of .same. 
 United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. 
 Groups 85, 86, and 87. 
 Max Ams, New York, N. Y. 
 T.. I). Lothrop, Gloucester, ]\Iass. 
 
 Group VIII.— MACHINES, TOOLS, AND APPARATUS. 
 
 Class 1. Mai'hines and tools used in the manufacture of lishing tackle or parts of 
 same, including knives, cooper's tools, kv crushers, etc. 
 United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. 
 Groups 55, 56, and 57. 
 J J. D. Lothrop, (iloucester, Mass. 
 Class 2. Apparatus for the manufacture and improving of the by-products of the 
 fisheries. All kinds of oil, glue, feeding stuffs, guano, etc. 
 United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. C'ollective exhibit. 
 
 Groups 56, 57, 82, and 86. 
 Russian Cement Co., Gloucester, Mass. 
 
 Group IX.— FISH CULTURE. 
 
 Class 1. Ap})aratus for hatching fish, oysters, mussels, with models and drawings 
 of fish ladders, etc. 
 United States Counnission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. 
 Groups 110, 111, 112, 118, and 114. 
 Class 2. Collections illustrative of hatching, development, and growth of fry, 
 either alive or in alcohol, or otherwise. 
 United States Counnission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. 
 Groups 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 115, 116, and 117. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 59 
 
 Group X.— PLEASURE FISHERIES. 
 
 All apiiaratus pcitainiiiL' t<) tliis category, a^ fishing njds with gear, nets, long 
 lines, liand lines, artilicial bait, etc. 
 United States C'omniission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. 
 Group.s 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 44, 45, 49, and 69. 
 Calvin W. Graves, Natural Bridge, N. Y. 
 Monroe A. Green, Rochester, N. Y. 
 The Ilorton Manufacturing Company, liristol, Conn. 
 B. C. Milam, Frankfort, Ky. 
 Edward Pitcher, Brooklyn, N. Y. 
 G. M. Skinner, Clayton, N. Y. 
 Yawnian ct Krbe, Kochester, X. Y. 
 Group XI.— FACTS ABOUT THE FISHERIES AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT. 
 
 Class 2. Scientific collections, pictorial representations, casts of fishes, stuffed 
 fishes, birds, and other marine animals and ])lants of imj)ortance 
 to the fisheries. 
 United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. 
 Groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 
 20, 21, 22, and 23. 
 A. H. Baldwin, Washington, D. C. 
 Henry W. Elliott, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 Sherman F. Denton, Wellesley, Mass. 
 George Marshall, Laurel, Md. 
 
 Enterprise Manufacturing Company, Philadelphia, Pa. 
 George H. H. Moore, Washington, D. C. 
 William Palmer, Washington, D. C. 
 
 Memorial INIuseum, Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, Cal. 
 A. Zeno Shindler, Washington, D. C. 
 Charles H. Townsend, Washington, D. C. 
 Class 4. Books, charts, periodicals, and drawings of imiwrtance to the fisheries. 
 United States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. 
 Groups 105, 119, 120, and 121. 
 Marcus Benjamin, AVashington, D. C. 
 Paul E. Collins, Boston, Mass. 
 Henry W. Elliott, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 Barton Warren Everman, A\'ashington, D. C. 
 Charles B. Hudson, Washington, D. C. 
 George E. Jennings, New York, N. Y. 
 
 David S. Jordan, Leiand Stanford Jr. University, Stanford Uni- 
 versity, Cal. 
 W. de C. Ravenel, Washington, D. C. 
 T. W. Smillie, Washington, D. C. 
 Hugh M. Smith, Washington, D. C. 
 Leonard Stejneger, Washington, D. C. 
 Charles H. Townsend, Wasliington, D. C. 
 Hydrographic Office, Bureau of Navigation, United States Dejiart- 
 
 ment of the Navy. 
 United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, Henry S. Pritchett, Super- 
 intendent, Department of the Treasury. 
 S. G. Worth, Washington, D. C. 
 
GO INTERNATIONAL FISIIEKIES EXHIHTTION. 
 
 Group XI.— FACTS ABOUT THE FISHERIES AND THEIR DEVELOPMENT— ("nntinuiHl. 
 C'la,s« ."■•. rulilicatiuns licaiiiiir iipuii tlic iii.liticu-icdiioiiiical importanrt' of the 
 lislR'rii's. Statistics. 
 I'liittd States ("oinnussion of Fish and Fisheries. Cullec-tive exhibit. 
 (.4roui) ll'l. 
 W. H. Benton, Wushinjxton, I). C. 
 F. F. Dimick, Boston, Mass. 
 Henry W. Elliott, Cleveland, Ohio. 
 David S. Jordan, Stanford University, Cal. 
 George Frederic Kunz, New York, N. Y. 
 Leonard Stejneger, Washington, D. C. 
 Scientific Publishing Company, New Y^ork, N. Y. 
 Hugh M. Smith, Washington, D. C. 
 Charles H. Townsend, Washington, D. C. 
 Class 6. Facts about relief funds and loan offices for fishermen and other particu- 
 lars about the economy of the fishing population. 
 Ignited States Commission of Fish and Fisheries. Collective exhibit. 
 Groups 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, and 74. 
 
I^^R Til. 
 
 REPORT UIMIN THE HERGEN EXHIBITION AND THE EISHERIES 
 COLLECTIONS EXHIRITED BY OTHER COUNTRIES. 
 
 61 
 
R K P O R T 
 
 IPON THE 
 
 liERCEN EMIIIIITKIN AND THE FISHERIES COLLECTIONS EXHIBITED BY 
 
 OTHER COLNTRIES. 
 
 INTRODUCT I ON. 
 
 A report upon the fisheries of other countries, particular!}" those of 
 Europe, nuist ol)viously eontaiii much information which may prove 
 advantageous to the fishery industries of the United States. This may 
 be conceded, even if it is true that our fisheries hold an ad\'anced posi- 
 tion in many particulars, and especially so far as apparatus, methods 
 of capture, and preparation of products are concerned. For it is wiser 
 to avail ourselves of all obtainable knowledge, however simple it maj" 
 appear, since it is sometimes difficult to say exactly what class of 
 information may lead to important, and perhaps unexpected results 
 in the profitable utilization of our natural resources. 
 
 Our fisheries are so varied and extend over such an immense area, 
 even in httoral waters, reaching- from the tropical regions to the 
 arctic, that a published account of some method of fishing, or of cur- 
 ing, or a description of certain forms of apparatus may contain hints 
 or suggestions of value to fishermen and curers, even if the things 
 described may seem to a cursory observer to have little real merit in 
 them. 
 
 This view of the subject has impressed me most forcibh-, and for 
 this reason I have ventured to discuss the exhibits of other countries 
 as I found them. It has seemed to me inadvisable to refer only to 
 so-called improvements, which, though given prominence, have not 
 been allowed to monopolize attention. For it is quite possible that the 
 simplest and most common-place things may be most useful under cer- 
 tain conditions of environment, where the propel' utilization of avail- 
 able material is i)erhaps the most potent question that ma}' confront 
 the fishermen, and the determination of this question decides whether 
 fishing can be successfully prosecuted or not. 
 
 Other things, however, are so obviously meritorious that uncer- 
 tainty as to the advisability of their adoption by Americans is largely, 
 if not entirely, eliminated. 
 
 S. Doc. 81> 5 63 
 
64 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 \\ hill', tlu'rcforc. it has hccn iiiaiiit'cstly iiin)i"at'tifalih' to iiiDiio^raph 
 the ('xliil)its of otlicr countries, an etlort has })eeii made to present 
 the salient features of them in as clear and eliicient a manner as the 
 limitations of this report will permit. In all cases conciseness has 
 been considered, particularly when illustrations have aided in niakino- 
 a proper presentation of the subject under consideration. 
 
 In many cases, however, detailed discussion has been unavoidalilc. 
 largely because no similar report on an international tishei'ies exhibi- 
 tion has heretofore been published b}- the United States Government, 
 and also because inexact or indefinite treatment of technical subjects 
 would prove misleadino- and unsatisfactory. The nitiin ()l)ject in view 
 has been to consider most fully those subjects which are believed to 
 offer suggestions of greatest value to people interested in American 
 fisheries. 
 
 The gathering of the data upon which this report is based was a 
 task of no small magnitude. It demanded the closest attention and 
 most exacting labor on the part of the writer during the companitively 
 brief time available for the Avork. ' 
 
 Translations were made chiefly by Mr. Kahrs and Mrs. Knnersen. 
 although Mr. -lohnson aided some in this work. Mr. Abbott made 
 many drawings,' and a large number of photographs were made l)y 
 Mr. Wentz, under the personal supervision of the writer. It was not, 
 however, perniissi))le to take photographs inside the grounds, conse- 
 quently the illustrative material for the exhibition bvuldings, etc., had 
 to be obtained elsewhere. 
 
 The obtainmont of an extensive collection of photographs and draw- 
 ings was deemed very important, for technical descriptions unaided by 
 suitable illustrations may prove of little or no valu(> IxH'ause of the 
 difficulty ])eople unfamiliar with the subjects may have in under- 
 standing them clearly. This is especially" true when, as in the present 
 instance, the necessities of the case compel the prompt completion of 
 the ]"e]iort quite regardless of any other consideration — a condition 
 that makes im|)ossiblc more exhaustive treatment of the subjects under 
 consideration. 
 
 The extreme courtesy of the foreign connuissionei's. the exhibition 
 authorities, and many of the Norwegian exhi))itors made possible the 
 procurement of a rich and varied assortment of illustrations. 
 
 * The early part of the exhibition period was occupied in completing the installa- 
 tion. This was followed by duties in connection with making the awards, which 
 continued until late in August. Thus only a little more than a month remained in 
 which to secure illustrative material and to collect notes needed for the report. 
 
 ^These were mostly made with pencil or roughly with ink. Subsequently they, 
 as well as draAvings by the writer, were redrawn by Mr. Abbott, or by others 
 assigned by United States Commissioner George ^1. Bowers to a^^sist in the work. 
 Mr. Abbott also retouched many of the photographs to make them suitable to be 
 engraved. The private collections of the W'riter have also been drawn upon to some 
 extent to illuf^tratc this report. 
 
z — 
 
 o ~ 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 65 
 
 Special acknowledgments are due to Dr. Von Grhuni, commissioner 
 fi-om Russia, and bis assistants. Messrs. Von Hulsen and Von Kuhne, 
 for uniform kindness and courtesy in affording- nie every facility to 
 o))tain photographs and drawings of Russian exhibits, and also for 
 making translations of gnnit value. Like acknowledgments are due 
 Mr. Sandman, commissioner from Finland; Dr. Rudolph Lundl)erg, 
 commissioner from Sweden; Mr. Feddersen, commissioner from Den- 
 mark; M. Perard, commissioner from France, and Dr. Kishinouyi", com- 
 missioner from Japan. Without exception these gentlemen and their 
 assistants did all in their power to make possible the proper illustration 
 of the objects exhil)ited l)y their respective countries. 
 
 The writer is also under obligations to Capt. G. S0rensen, who was 
 in charge of the Norwegian fisheries exhibits, for information, and for 
 aid in securing illustrative material; to Mr. Johan Fleischer, secretary 
 of the Society for the Promotion of Norwegian Fisheries, for many 
 courtesies; to Messrs. Kraasby Bros. & Co., for the privilege of 
 copving their painting of a whaling steamer; to M. J0rnsen. for a 
 similar courtes^v; to Mr. J. A. Johnsen, for plans of his improved 
 design for a Nordland tishing boat; to Mr. Olaf T. Olsen, for plans of 
 a four-oared boat; to Mr. C. F. Carter, for photographs of the Grimsby 
 tish market and the workshops of the Great Grimsl)y Coal, Salt, and 
 Tanning Company, Limited; to Mr. O. T. Olsen, of Grimsby, for 
 various courtesies, including information in regard to the British lish- 
 eries; and to Messrs. Cochran & Cooper, of Beverly, England, for 
 plans of tishing steamers. 
 
 GEXERAL FEATURES OF THE EXHIBITION. 
 
 The site of the exhibition, the tine public park known as Nygaards- 
 parken, was well chosen, considered from the standpoint of location 
 or fitness. This park has an area of 35 acres, and is situated in the 
 southern part of Bergen, in one of the most fashionable sections of 
 the city. It has a broad water front on the Pudde fjord, Avhere boats 
 may lie, and a salt-water pond or lagoon for marine mammals and sea 
 birds. On the border of this pond is located the Bergen marine bio- 
 logical laborator}^, with its acpiarium, which easily became a most 
 interesting part of the exhibition. 
 
 The section of the park near the water is low and ratluM' flat, and this 
 furnished satisfactory sites for many of the principal exhibition build- 
 ings, including the main building, which stood on the edge of a salt- 
 water liigoon that afforded accommodation for a fleet of tishing boats 
 moored there. Back of this the park is diversified in contour, rising 
 graduall}^ in some places, but more abruptly elsewhere; and the winding 
 or zigzag roads, fringed by shrul)berv or green lawns, are adapted to 
 the natural terrace-like arrangement of the elevations. The existing 
 fountains, trees, shrubbery, and flowers combined to lend their charm 
 to the landscape, thus making the effect exceptionally pleasing; the 
 
66 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 more so, perhaps, beeause fortunately it was not necessary to sulior- 
 dinate the natural lu'autics of the park to the needs of the exhihition. 
 The main huilding- (Pi. X). ])eeause of its size and Norse ciiai-acter- 
 isties, may, perhaps, Im' considered the most noticeable architectural 
 feature of the exhibition, particularly if only those structures are 
 considered which were devoted to exhibition purposes. As a rule, the 
 buildings in which the exhibits w^ere installed were (piite devoid of 
 architectural beauty, since they were mostly i)lain. rouo-hly constructed, 
 shed-like wooden structures tempoi-arily erected for the occasion, or 
 existing storehouses M'liich were adapted to the needs of the exhibi- 
 tion, but in some cases at least they were ini])roved in a})))earance by 
 external additions or modifications. The accimipanyiiig illustiations 
 indicate their general ai)pearance. 
 
 I , -^r "-V^ ^;£| -. 
 
 f^iUit' I I iHil 
 
 l'"|i.^ ■-'. — I'iiic arl< huil.liiii;. t riiul(ii;ra|ili(ii \>\ Nylilin.i 
 
 As already indicated, these buildino-s were mostly located near the 
 fjord. The only exception, so far as the general exhibition buildinos 
 are concei'ned, was the fine arts building (fig, 2), which stood on the 
 road leading from the main entrance to the princij)al restaurant, the 
 "Hovedrestaurant." This was a low, plaiji, unpi-etentious stucco 
 edifice, well adapted to its purpose so far as the interior and arrange- 
 ment of light were concerned, ])ut without anj' specially attractive 
 feature exteriorl}^, though it nuist be confessed its neat, modest 
 appearanci' impressed one favorably. 
 
 As a specimen of ancient Scandinavian architecture, which it was 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 67 
 
 int(Midod to rc'produce. the huilding- (fig-. 3) erected by the city of 
 Christiiiiiiu desei-n^s mention. The plain exterior, g-ables, pitched 
 roof.s, s(iuare, pointed ))ell tower and antique-looking- windows with 
 small panes, gave the structure a nota])le and very interestinii- ajipear- 
 ance, even though it dittei-ed radically fi-om prevailing architectural 
 forms of tiie pi'cseiit day. 
 
 ("linstiiinia building. (Photograiihccl by Nyblin.) 
 
 Among the restaurants, booths, and small structures foi- exhibition 
 purposes were some i-ather interesting examples of the architect's 
 skill. These included the '' Hovedrestaurant,'' Kropelin's pavilion. 
 Friele's coffee pavilion, Digre's yacht pavilion, and the building of the 
 Christiania l)utter manufactorv— " Christiania smorfabrik." 
 
 ^ 
 
 ..i^lTO 
 
 rm 
 
 Fkj. -1.— Main rcstaiini?it. ( I'lidtdgrniibvil by Nyblin.) 
 
 The first of these (fig. 4) was built on the side of a steeply terraced 
 hill, facing the main exhibition building, and the combination of open 
 arches, l)alconies, and gables on the front had a pleasing effect and 
 
68 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 hurnioiiizccl with tlic sui rouiidiiii'-s. while uttiiiiiiiii:- the iiKixiiiiuin of 
 utility. Kropeliifs pavilion {tig. a), in iiiiitjitioii of a Swiss c-halct, 
 was light and pretty, and its colors conti-astcd otiVctively with the 
 bright green of the sloping hillside upon which it stood and the foli- 
 age in its immediate vicinity. 
 
 4i 
 
 Psm 
 
 
 "r^-.-^- - umi/:.-:'^--:^ 
 
 lt:2>Jtl2 
 
 ^^ 
 
 m 
 
 Fl<;. ft.— Kropoliii's pavilion. (Photograpla-d by Nyblin.) 
 
 Friele's pavilion (tig. 0), of Moorish design, and intended to repre- 
 sent a Tunisian cafe, seemed uni(jue and sti-angelv at \ariance with the 
 structures around it. 
 
 Kic. (;.— Kriclo's |ia\ iliini, ( Tli. itd.nTaplR'd by X\bliii.) 
 
70 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Int<M-ii!iti()iial Fish(M-i('s Exhibition, wliifli (Mnhniccd (\\hihits offish :uid 
 lisboi'ies from Norway tiiid various oth(M' coimtrios. 
 
 Under this arranorenient it was apparently intended to exclude tioiu 
 the first division all foreig-n luatm-ials. or inaiuifactures. as well as 
 objects pertaining- to fisheries, wliih* all the latter were supposedly 
 inclusive under the international section, which, however, was not 
 expected to einliracc^ material except such as was directly associated 
 with the fisheries. This was the g-enei'al purpose of the exhit>ition 
 programme. 
 
 It must be conceded, notwithstanding, that the classification was 
 rather indefinite in some particulars, and it developed, in comiection 
 with the jury work, that there had l)een more or less misundcM-standing 
 of its provisions, due in part, it was chinned, todiffei-ences betwecMi the 
 English version and those in other languages. It is not deemed neces- 
 sary for the purposes of this report to do more than make a passing- 
 allusion to this matter, chiefly for th(» purpose of leading to a better 
 understanding of certain conditions hereafter to be mentioned. 
 
 INDUSTRIAL EXHIBITION. 
 
 General definition. — That part of the exhi])ition coming under the 
 official designation of "'Haandva'i'ks and Industriafdelingen." was. as 
 its name indicates, designed to be an exhibition of national handiwork 
 and industrial development. It is not my ol)ject, however, to discuss 
 this section in detail, but simply to refer to its most salient features, in 
 order that some idea ma}" be conveyed of its scope and its relations to 
 the international, or fisheries section of the exhibition, with which this 
 report chiefly deals. 
 
 Extent and location of cvhihitx. — The magnitude of the national 
 industrial collections was far in excess of the international exhibits, 
 and the most conservative estimate would indicate that the former occu- 
 pied fully six or seven times the space assigned to the fisheries. 
 
 In the main building the industrial exhibits filled two of three wings, 
 the central space under the dome, and the galleries. Besid(^s. large 
 buildings were filled with the naval collections, the school exhil)its, 
 machinery, agricultural implements, horticulture, etc.. whih^ smaller 
 structures — usually exhibits in themselves — were scattered over the 
 park in such manner as to appear to the l)est advantage. 
 
 The building containing the naval exhibit and various other collec- 
 tions was one of the largest structures. It was situated ])etween the 
 Puddefjord and the main building, directly opposite the latter, and 
 separated from it by the lagoon heretofore referred to. 
 
 The [)()st-()ffice and postal telegraph, illustrating the postal facilities 
 and postal management in Norway, the horticultuial ])uilding. the 
 machinery hall, the buildings containing exhibits of carriages, stoves, 
 agricultural implements, etc.. were noi'thwesterl}^ from the main 
 building, on the low fiat area next the fjord. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION, 71 
 
 Farther back, on or near the road leading- fi-om the main entrance, 
 were the Christiania building, containing collections chiefly illustrat- 
 ing the municipal government of that city — schools, police, fire pro- 
 tection, architecture, etc. — the fine arts building; an elevator or lift 
 arranged in an open tower, from the top of which a bird's-e}' e view of 
 the park, city and harbor could be obtained; and certain small struct- 
 ures of brick, paper, etc. Elsewhere were exhibits of structural 
 objects, such as slate, cement, and artificial stone, put up attractively 
 as towers, ornamental stairs, and such other forms as they were well 
 adapted to. 
 
 A soeter, with its birch-bark roof, covered with sod and a hixuriant 
 growth of grass and small shrubbery, although somewhat diminutive 
 in size, was an interesting isolated exhibit, since it illustrated a 
 peculiar phase of Norwegian peasant life, which proba))ly is not par- 
 alleled elsewhere in the world. 
 
 A sa?ter is usually a small log hut, generally not exceeding 12 or 11 
 feet in length by 8 or 1<) feet in width. In many sections of Norwa}" this 
 is the summer residence, high upon the mountain side, of one or more 
 members of a peasant's family — often girls from 11 to 20 years of age 
 — who care for and milk the herds of goats and cattle which, in early 
 summer, are driven up the mountains, where grazing can be found far 
 above and miles distant from the farms along the fjords. The milk is 
 converted into cheese and butter at the sseter, Init sometimes it is sent 
 down on wires strung from the mountain tops to the houses far below; 
 and, after the cans are emptied, they are hauled ])ack to be refilled the 
 next day. 
 
 Special features. — If space and other conditions permitted, an 
 extended consideration of the special features of this section of the 
 exhibition might prove interesting as bearing on the general indus- 
 trial development of Norway; but it seems impracticable to do more 
 than to make a brief allusion to some of these, sufficient only to convey 
 a general idea of the subject-matter. 
 
 The naval exhibit embraced materials illustrative of the liistory and 
 present condition of the Norwegian navy. jSIodels and phms of o])so- 
 lete t3'pes of wai- vessels and ancient guns were shown beside the rep- 
 resentations of modern war ships and ordnance. 
 
 The collections afforded an opportunity for an interesting study of 
 the development of war vessels and their equipment, from the ancient 
 viking ship, carrying warriors' shields on its sides for the use of its 
 spearmen when l)oarding another vessel or when making a foray on 
 land, to the armed and turivtted battle ship of the present day, a 
 floating steel fortress, armed with high-power rifled guns, possessing 
 a range and accuracy of fire scarcely short of marvelous. The inter- 
 mediate steps were found in the round-bowed sailing frigate of a 
 century ago or more; the paddle-wheel steamer of the forties; the 
 
72 INTERNATIONAL FISHKKIKS KXHIHITION. 
 
 hio-h-sidod wooden •war slii]) ])ro])oll(Hl hy ii scivw: uiid the monitor, 
 tlu' advent of which led directly to the hit>hly s})ecijdi/ed hattle .ship 
 of recent design. 
 
 Associated with the naval display was an army exiiihit. which 
 eml)raced in like manner materials relatino- to the (M|ui])ment and 
 operations of an army. FigTires of soldiers dressed in the uniforms 
 of the service, small arms of \arioiis kinds, field ouns. plans or other 
 representations of fortifications, ticdd-hospital equipments, etc.. fairly 
 illustrated what had been accomplished in these directions. 
 
 The very creditable exhibits of mod(ds and plans of ship builders 
 or designers, seen in the main building, emi)hasized the important 
 strides recently taken by Norway in tiie shipbuilding industry. There 
 are at least two large shipbuilding companies at Hei-geti. not to speak 
 of others in Norway, wiiich make a .specialty of consti-ucting iron and 
 steel vessels. While it is probable their facilities may not equal those 
 of the mammoth shipbuilding concerns in Great Britain, they never- 
 theless are doing good work. ajid. so far as form of hull and excellence of 
 constructi(»n are concerned, the Norwegian merchant ves.sels (not 
 including small coasters) will proljabl}' not sufi'er by comparison with 
 those of any other country. 1 have never seen superior designs for 
 the purpose for which the ships were recpdred, and, .so far as I had 
 opportunity to .study the construction of iron and stcvl \-essels. I was 
 most favoral)ly impressed by it. 
 
 Having in \iew the rapid growth of the Norwegian merchant marine, 
 the low cost of labor, the nota])le aptitude of the people for maritime 
 art'airs, and the natural advantages for building, such as deep harbors, 
 etc., the development in this special industry, as shown by the exhibits, 
 may fairly be taken as indicating larger growths in the near future. 
 
 There were many exhibits of furniture, not a few of which were 
 worthy of special mention. Some of the native woods lend them- 
 selves readily to the manufacture of household furniture, and even in 
 conventional forms are ,so well prepared that the" show considerable 
 skill and art in manufacture. 
 
 A very prominent feature in this held of Norwegian uulustry is. 
 however, the tendency to reproduce, in more or less idealized ft)rms. 
 the peculiar ornamentation in fa\or among the ancient Nor.semen; 
 and it nuist l>e confessed that the car\ings. when wcdl excMMited. ai'c far 
 from commonplace, and often ]K).s.sess a charm and a fitness entiicly 
 their own. In the eager search for novelties in furnituri^ Vmerican 
 mamifacturers may possibh' find it advantageous to adopt some of 
 these Norwegian designs, even though it may be conceded that the 
 historical or traditional a,ssociations that connect them willi (he ])ast 
 in Norway may often have strongei- influence on the i)uyer ihan the 
 beauty or utility of the article itself. 
 
 The displays of Norwegian jeweliy. sil\erwar(\ and enameled 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 73 
 
 (roods were rich, comprehensive, and for the most part strictly char- 
 acteristic of the dom(\stic manufacture. Whih' it is tru(^ that conven- 
 tionality was obser\al)le in some things, the enameled wan^ and articles 
 of silver included many original Norse designs which ai(^ artistic and 
 attractive, even if disassociated with the idea that they are represen- 
 tations of Scandinavian handiwork — a feature that enhances their 
 value to some, and especially to people of Scandinavian origin. 
 
 The exhibits of structural materials, such as marble and other forms 
 of building stones. \v(M-e well arranged and very credital)le; they 
 embraced many kinds of stone worked into attractive and appropriate 
 designs. 
 
 I am informed that this branch of Norwegian industry is largely of 
 recent development. ])articularly so far as tht^ (piarrying of marble is 
 concerned. Slate is easily obtained and is widely utilized. It seems" 
 probable the demand for other l)uilding stones may steadily develop 
 as their qualities are better understood. 
 
 The improvement in recent years in the manufacture of textile 
 fabrics was well exemplitied by numerous exhibits more or less com- 
 prehensive. Although the handloom is by no means obsolete in Nor- 
 way, and homespun is extensively if not universally worn by the peas- 
 antry, the fal)rics turned out by the woolen mills are of a quality 
 needed to supply the demand for high-grade goods, as well as for 
 cheaper materials, and doubtless will ultimately take the j)lace of the 
 coarser homemade cloth. 
 
 A noticeable feature in the manufacture of textiles is found in the 
 production of ancient forms of Norse tapestries, known as Aal-laeder.^ 
 
 For some years past there has been a growing desire on the part of 
 Norwegians to collect antique tapestries and to use them for decorative 
 purposes in their homes. Naturally the demand for such articles was 
 increased and the price enhanced correspondingly. This led to attempts 
 to copy the old patterns, a not very difficult matter, since the handloom 
 alone is used in their production and the work is simple, though the 
 finished fabric is often (juite artistic. These tapestries art^ generally 
 of rather small size, seldom exceeding 4 or 5 feet in length or breadth, 
 so far as my observation extended, and they more nearly nvsemble in 
 design the work of the Navaho and Zuni Indians than any other 
 fabrics I have seen. They are exceedingl}^ populai- among Norwe- 
 gians, and the numei'ous exhibits and large variety of patterns indi- 
 cated the eti'<M"t now being made to cater to the national taste. Some 
 of the exhibitors of such goods had handlooms in op«M-ation in con- 
 nection with their exhibits, thus furnishing a practical demonstration 
 of the method of production. 
 
 In no other way, perhaps, were the special features of Norwegian 
 
 'Thi.-i is pniinmiictMl "jioklair," while the lingular form of the noun, Ankldede, is 
 prunouuct'd '"jKjklay. " 
 
74 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 handiwork more .strongly demonstratecl thiin iii tlic miincrous and 
 varied presentations of tln^ native embroidery. Sonic of tlic liucst 
 of this, it is true, was more or less eonventional in execution. Uut the 
 larger part was purely Norweoijin. Th(> llardano-ei- enihioidery has 
 long been eele))rated for its unicjue V)eauty, and the mimerous examples 
 of it in the industrial halls attracted well-de.served admiration. 
 
 Wood eai'ving and painted woodwork were well represented. Nor- 
 wav has long been famed for its wood cai'vings. wjiich are largely the 
 product of the province of Hardanger. It would he impractical)l(» to 
 enumerate here the ditt'erent carved objects made for sale by the 
 pcasantiT. Th(^ most connnon forms are fancifully carved kni\es and 
 forks, spoons, nmgs, placques. picture frames, viking ships, aiiddi-ink- 
 ing horns. These are used almost wholly, if not exclusively, for 
 decorati vv purposes. 
 
 The painted woodwork is uniciue. and notably a domestic pioduction. 
 The colors are garish, and the eti'ect not always pleasing or harmonious. 
 Nevertheless, this style of ornamentation is in high favor for many 
 varieties of wooden articles. Among these the most noticea])le are 
 chests or trunks and hand baskets, the latter often taking the place of 
 a reticule foi' shopping purposes or marketing. They are jdso used as 
 work baskets, ^\'o()(len shoes and toys, crudely cut out with knives, 
 are decorated in this manner. 
 
 The method of decorating wooden oltjects. by burning with hot 
 irons, is in vogue in Norway, and pyrography undoul)tedIy competes 
 for popularity with the more characttM-istically national forms of 
 ornamentation already alluded to. This likewise has a considerable 
 range of application, being adapted to most forms used purely for 
 decorative purposes, as well as those of general utility. Among the 
 articles of this kind on exhibition work baskets, market baskets, and 
 fancy plac^ques took precedence. 
 
 The exhibits of leather goods, such as trunks, valises, portfolios, 
 etc., though good, were conA'entional. and ])resented no strikingly 
 novel feature. 
 
 There were several tine collections of furs, and garments made of fur, 
 on exhibition. They generally embraced not only peltritvs used for 
 wearing apparel and the completed garments, but also skins for rugs, 
 carriage robes, and other articles. 
 
 These exhibits, as a rule, included skins of animals from tropical 
 countries, such as the tiger, for example, but northein |>(dti'it\s pre- 
 dominated. Among the latter were skins of the white bear, foxes of 
 several varieties, the fur seal, hair seals of various species, skunks, 
 martens, sable, mink, beaver, etc. 
 
 Some of the colh^'tions were installed w ith nuicli skill and taste. 
 The background of one, for instance, represented a polar scene, wdth 
 a ship in the distance locked in the ice, and hunters in the foreground 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 75 
 
 attacking- ii ])()liir bear. The life-size figures of men siiul iuiinials. the 
 former e([uippecl with guns, and the accurate representation of ice 
 and shi}) made up a realistic picture of life in the far north, which 
 was an appropriate accessory to an exhibit of northern furs and fur- 
 bearing animals. 
 
 In no part of the industrial exhibition was more artistie skill dis- 
 played than in the arrangement of some of th(^ collections eoming 
 imder the general classificaticni of confectionery, while the (piality of 
 the goods of this (dass was very high. Considered from the stand- 
 points of method of installation and meritorious matei-ial. the displays 
 included under this head were not excelled by any connnercial 
 exliil)it.s, and it may justly be said that they reflected honor on Norway 
 for the advanced position she has taken in this particular. The life- 
 size figures made of chocolate were examples of artistic installation. 
 
 The soap industry was well represented, and also coumianded atten- 
 tion for the (character of the goods exhibited and the exceptional 
 taste displayed in presenting them to the public. 
 
 Among sporting goods the eft'ective arrang'ement of wooden snow- 
 shoes, locally called ski, was perhaps most conspicuous, since they 
 are especialh' associated with the national life and sports of Norway. 
 
 There was one good exhibit of angling tackle and other accessories 
 of sport fishing. This also included some fine plaster casts of salmon. 
 But the showing in this direction was scarcel}^ what might have been 
 expected in a country exceptionally rich in trout and salmoji streams, 
 and without a rival in western Europe in the inducements it is iible 
 to ofi'er anglers. 
 
 Considering the extent of the exhibition, machinery was well repre- 
 sented, both in variety and amount. Inasmuch, however, as this sec- 
 tion was supposed to form a part of the national exhi})it of handiwork 
 and industrial achievement, one could scarcely fail being impressed 
 with the large (|uantity of foreign-made machinery exhibited by sell- 
 ing agents. 
 
 Machinery of American manufacture was nuich in evidence. A 
 large part of the agricultural implements exhibited were manufac- 
 tured in the United States; indeed there were few others of approved 
 designs. 
 
 Besides these, American windmills, sewing machines, etc., were 
 among the most prominent objects in the industrial sections of the 
 exhibition — a fact that emphasizes the adaptal)ility of our mechanical 
 productions and the place the}' occupy in Europe, despite the keen 
 competition which confronts them. 
 
 Nothing in the national collections of Norway was more strikingly 
 characteristic of the country than the paintings, and probably nothing 
 else conveyed a clearer idea of the genius of the people and the condi- 
 tions which environ them. It would be a pleasant duty to notice these 
 
76 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIHITION. 
 
 in detail, not alone for the artistic skill shown. ))ut still more liecause 
 they reveal iiuiiiy aspects of life in Norway w liicli can be seen only 
 through the eyes of the painter, unless one is [)ri\ ileged to study the 
 economic conditions of the people and to share with them experi- 
 ences, often of danger and privation, that few care to meet. Hut 
 thedmitsof this report preclude it, and the In'iefe.st mention nmst 
 suffice, except in a ver}^ few cases where the life and experiences of 
 the fishermen are delineated. That the fisheries have furnished inspi- 
 ration to Norwegian artists was too apparent to admit of a dou>)t, and 
 the numerous canvases devoted to these industries or closely related 
 subjects indicated how rich a field lies open to the painter in this land 
 of the midnight sun, of midday night, of towering snow-capped moun- 
 tains, of fierce storms and howling gales, and of brave, hardy, self- 
 denying men and women, who labor on courageously and almost 
 defiantly in their efforts to overcome the obstacles with which nature 
 confronts them; and, despite it all, to exact sufficient tribute from her 
 to sustain themselves along th(^ ironbound rugged coasts, or on the 
 limited areas in the narrow valleys between the mountains, or the 
 slopes that fringe the fjords. 
 
 The most im]:)ressive of the paintings was a large marine view, by 
 Hans Dahl. entitled Bad weather. It is a realistic depiction of one 
 phase of life frequently experienced by the fishermen and their fami- 
 lies, the women of which are generally trained from early childhood 
 in the management of boats. 
 
 The artist is fortunate w'ho can reproduce nature faithfully, as in 
 this case. An open fishing ]>oat, under spritsail and jib, is seen scud- 
 ding before a rising gale, which tears the tops from the waves and 
 sends the spoondrift scurrying oflf to leeward, while the dark, windy- 
 looking clouds that sweep past the distant mountains presage danger 
 to those on the little craft. 
 
 The bareheaded old fisherman at the helm turns his wrinkled face 
 anxiously to windward, his snow-white locks and whiskers streaming 
 in the wind. His daughter, with that skill and fearlessness that Nor- 
 wegian women acquire b}^ familiarity with the sea, is leaning at the 
 bow, ludiooking the tack of the jib. preparatory to taking it in. while 
 a little girl of five or six years crouches amidships, but shows no signs 
 of fear. Both boat and water seem to move. The former is just ris- 
 ing on the slope of a passing wave; her sails stand out hard and full; 
 one almost imagines he hears the whistle of the gale and the swish of 
 water as it goes seething by. and one feels in studying this painting 
 a fuller api)r{M'iation than ever before of the jjcrils the coast people are 
 always liable to meet whenever they venture forth in the carriage of 
 the fjoi-d, the tisher\s boat, that all nmst learn to use. 
 
 Two smaller canvases by Hans Dahl. though well executed and 
 distinctively Norwegian, were nuich less impressive than the one men- 
 
INTEENATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITIOlSr. 77 
 
 tioned. One of those, entitled Happ}" Girls, showed how three young 
 peasant girls managed to play a practical joke on a sturdy youno' fisher- 
 man who, perha})s, was a little too vain of his personal prowess and 
 knowledge of boats. 
 
 They are about to cross a fjord, and the young man strains, tugs, and 
 pushes at the boat's })ow in the ettort to huuich her. but she will not 
 move, while his two companions stand by, laughing and taunting him 
 with his lack of strength, their chief effort being to diHtract his atten- 
 tion, so that he will not see the rope they have tied aroiuid a project- 
 ing stone and the rowlock on the side opposite to where he stands, thus 
 holding the 1)oat tirm despite all his endeavors. One of the trio, near 
 the rope, is sedate-looking enough, and is evidently encouraging the 
 outlay of greater strength. One feels disposed to laugli with the mis- 
 chievous maidens. 
 
 The other painting represents a bridal part}' eml)arking in lioats for 
 a trip across the fjord to the church, where the marriage ceremon}^ is 
 to be performed. A wedding procession on the water is one of the 
 common episodes of peasant life in Norway that is both unique and 
 interesting. 
 
 A scene in Svolvt«r, by Chr. Eggen, conveyed a good idea of condi- 
 tions at this celebrated fishing station of Lofoten on a fine afternoon 
 in late winter, when the codfisher}^ is at its height. The da_y's suc- 
 cess in fishing and fair weather combine to make this picture of the 
 fisherman's life cheerful and inspiring. The fieet of fish-hiden boats — 
 hundreds of them — are coming into the harbor from the fishing grounds 
 in the fjord beyond th(> snow-covered jagged peaks that guard the 
 entrance, and the setting sun throws a gleam of soft radiance over the 
 mountains and the square sails of the Nordland boats, some of which 
 arc still so far off' that their canvas looks like the tip of a gulTs wing 
 on the distant horizon. 
 
 The bluish shtidows in the foreground contrast strongl}' with the 
 beautiful tints of light beyond, and would seem an exaggeration in 
 any place but Norway, where light and shade contrast so strangely. 
 
 Another large painting of Svolveer, by Gunner Berg, shows the inner 
 harbor under the ordinar}' conditions that prevail in winter. In the 
 foreground is a ffeet of jagts, skoite, and fishing boats. The latter are 
 gathered around the larger craft which assemble at Svolva?r in winter 
 to purchase fish as they are ])rought in from day to day. The gray, 
 sunless sky is almost of the same shade as the snow-covered mountains 
 that guard the harbor, and the outlines of which are so indistinct that 
 they can scarcely be seen. The picture gives one a good conception 
 of the gloominess of the dull, sunless winter days that hang over 
 Lofoten for the most part during the codfishing season. 
 
 The painting of a Nordland Cove, bv Henrik Backer, delineates 
 another phase of a fisherman's life in Nordland. it represents a storm 
 
78 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 sucli M> (it'ttMi |)rt'\:iils on llic coast at Lofoten and \iciiiity dui'ln^' the 
 ti.shiiio- .season. One sees a tloet of tisliin<j;" hoats liaiilcd out upon tlic 
 beai'h al)()V(' the sea, while tlie spooiuli'ii't of sui'f minified with tiiickly 
 falling" snow is driven sliorewjirds hy the fierce w inter wind a realistic 
 scene which speaks vohunes of the dangers whicli heset tlie lisJKM'nieM 
 when eaui^ht out in their frail boats in such a hurricane, as, alas, is too 
 often the case. 
 
 TTalfdon Strdni's Rest after Work tells still another story of the 
 primitive life of Norwegian lishernien. This shows tiie interior of 
 a tishcrman's cottage at evening, when the day's toil has ceased and 
 rest is sought to recu})i'rate strength for the morrow's laltoi". The 
 interior which the ai'tist shows is rude and simple to a degree. The 
 log walls of the structure are revealed in the subdued light that comes 
 from the lire on the hearth, and against the walls of the hut are rough 
 board bunks, which serve as beds for its inmates. In two of these 
 men are sleeping. One old man sits on the side of iinother l)unk, in 
 which his wife is sleeping, while h(> calmly smokes his pipe and evi- 
 dently meditates over the work of the day just past before turning 
 in. Scattered about the floor are the fishermen's boots, shoes, and 
 outer gariuents, as they have been carelessl}' thrown ofl'. 
 
 Another glimpse of domestic life in Norwa}' is given by Helen 
 Gundersen in her painting entitled, The Baby Sleeps While Mother 
 Works. The infant lies sleeping in a wooden cradle in the center of 
 the room; two larger children, although yet of tender years, stand 
 quietly by, evidently ready to soothe the baby again to sleep if there 
 are any indications of wakefulness. Meantime the mother works 
 steadily at a loom in the corner of the cottage, her occupation evincing 
 the imiversal industry that obtains in Norway. 
 
 Besides the above, which have been mentioned at some length, be- 
 cause the}' depict various aspects of the fisherman's life, there were 
 many other paintings deserving of extended notice. It is, however, 
 practicable here to brief!}' refer to only a few of them. 
 
 Skovsfjorden, near Mandel, by Almedus Neilsen, is a fine picture 
 of Norwegian scenery, where the glory of summer on a fjord, with the 
 hills, mountains, and water, make up a combination of almost inde- 
 scribable grandeur and beauty. 
 
 Strong Wind and Fine Weather, by the same artist, shows one of 
 the many conditions met on the coast. It represents a large boat com- 
 ing in from sea, her reefed sail suggesting the "strong wind" which 
 prevails, while the blaze of sunlight streaming across the fjord, light- 
 ing up the waves until they glisten like molten silver, tells of the 
 prevalence of " fine weather," despite the rough seas beyond the head- 
 lands. 
 
 Harriet Backer, in her Game of Cards, shows four young men 
 playing cards on a plain deal table in a peasant's cottage. This is a 
 
INTEENATIUNAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 79 
 
 side light on the life of the pt^isuntry, and teaches a lesson of their 
 amusements. 
 
 One view of farm life is shown, by A. Askevold, in Cows Return- 
 ing Home. This is a summei- scen(% and the representations of cattle 
 with the attendant maiden and the natural glories of the season deserve 
 commendation for the faithfulness of portrayal. 
 
 The antithesis of the above was Winter Time, by G. Stenersen. 
 The prevailing snow which this depicts, the cottage seen dimly in the 
 middle distance, and the pony urged l)y his driver, sturdil}' pulling 
 a sled load of wood along the country road, make up a scene entirely 
 in harmony with conditions in Norway when the sun hangs low on the 
 southern horizon. It also suggests that the storm has no terrors for 
 the hardy y^easant or his dumb companion. 
 
 Who Can It Be, l\v 8ven fJorgensen, illustrates a human weakness 
 that is not confined to the rural districts of Norway. The old cot- 
 tagers, man and wife, peer out of a window at a passer-by; their in- 
 tense curiosity, written on every lineament of their wrinkled faces, 
 evidences the appropriateness of the title. 
 
 Hauling a Lifeboat on the Coast of Holland, by Elizabeth Sindeing; 
 After Bad Weather, a scene on the Dutch coast, by Fr. Smith-IIald; 
 and A Fishing Harbor, Loch Fyne, and Sannox Ba}^, Scotland, by 
 Hans Gude, indicate that Norwegian artists have occasionally been 
 tempted to portray other scenes than those which their own countr}^ 
 is so celebrated for. 
 
 The many portraits, some of them showing exceptional skill, and 
 the treatment of other subjects also point to the fact that the painter's 
 brush is by no means limited to mountain scenery, the beauties of 
 rural life, the perils of the coast, or the picturesque features of the 
 fisheries, all of which must be alluring!}^ tempting to the artist's 
 imagination. 
 
 Christ and Mary, by Marcus Gr0nvold, was a good example of Nor- 
 wegian painting of Scriptural subjects. 
 
 Hans Hynerdahl, in his painting entitled Tell Me What I've Done, 
 deals with a subject as old as humanit}-, but never uninteresting. The 
 artist paints a misunderstanding between lovers. The maiden is evi- 
 dentl}^ the offended one, for she turns away, while her lover, uncon- 
 scious of having ofl'ended, inquires why he is thus treated. The 
 composition and execution are good. 
 
 The same artist exhibited an Old Fisherman, which was a fine piece 
 of bust porti-aiture, with its strong wrinkled face, fisher's dress, and 
 nets upon his shoulder. 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Scope., official re-presentation^ etc. — The international exhibits were 
 limited by the progranune and classification to collections illustrative 
 
 S. Doc. 39 1) 
 
80 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 of fish and fisheries, fisn cultiiic. and scientific investigation relating 
 to fisheries and pisciculture. 
 
 As a rule no attempt was made to exceed the limitation thus made, 
 but the classification was not always strictly adhered to, or its meaning 
 was difierently interpreted, hence there was, in some cases, matei-ial 
 in the foreign exhibits not apparently germane to the fisheries. 
 
 Aside from the United States, the exhibit of which has been dealt 
 with in another section of this report, the following countries were 
 othcially represented at Bergen : Norwa}', Sweden. Denmark, Russia. 
 Japan, and France. The Russian province of Finland and the French 
 province of Tunis were also oflicially represented; their respective 
 exhibits were made distinctive and separate from others, and in each 
 case so as to illustrate the industries of those countries. For the sake 
 of clearness, as well as political relations, they will l>e associated with 
 the countries of which they form a part. 
 
 There were individual exhibits from the following countries, w hicli 
 were not. however, officially represented: England. Germany. Italy. 
 Spain, and Belgium. 
 
 Some of these unofficial exhibits were exceptionally good and 
 instructive, as will be seen by reference to them h(>reafter to lie made 
 
 Genei^al considerations. — Considered from the standpoint of fisheries, 
 probably no country on earth holds a more important position, in 
 proportion to its population, than that occupied by Norway. The 
 rugged nature of the coast, often precipitous, and with only a limited 
 amount of tillable land, and the fact that its waters abound in fish, 
 which at certain seasons appear in phenomenal luunbers, have all con- 
 tributed to make fishing a leading industry for many centuries, par- 
 ticularl}' since the art of curing herring by salting was discovered. 
 For this reason, and especially because the Norwegians have found it 
 necessary to apply scientific methods to their fisheries, so far as their 
 means admit, it seems desirable to discuss their apparatus and methods, 
 as represented at the exhi])ition, and to allude to certain matters con- 
 nected therewith, which may contain suggestions of po.ssible utility or 
 benefit to American fishery interests. 
 
 No comprehensive statistics of Norwegian fisheries were exhibited, 
 and none have been published, so far as 1 am aware, which show in 
 pounds or tons the total amount of fishery products. It is customary, 
 in presenting the statistics of the Norwegian cod fishery and its allied 
 branches, not to give the weight, but the number of fish, hence there 
 are no data extant showing the weight, which can onlv be estimated. 
 
 Nor is the system of di^termiiiing the iiumb(>r of fisluM'men employed 
 satisfactory, since it only shows the number engaged in special fisheries 
 at certain seasons, and there is nothing to indicate how many of these 
 change from one fishery to another, and iipparentl}' no data upon 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 81 
 
 which tho total imiuber of ti.sheniHMi in the t-oiintrv can be accurately 
 arrived at. 
 
 Notwithstanding all this the otiicial lioures avauahle arc sufhcicnt to 
 show the important position held by Norway in the tisheries, and to 
 Tvhat extent she contributes to the supply of marine food in the various 
 markets of the world. For this reason, and because it serves as a 
 basis for a clearer understanding- of the statements which follow, 1 
 venture to give the following statistics: 
 
 The total number of lishermen employed is estimated at 95,000, of 
 which 35,000 are at Lofoten in the season and 31,000 in the fat-herring 
 fishery. 
 
 The average animal catch of cod in Norway, in the period from 1S1>1 
 to 1895, inclusive, was 65,000,000 hsh in luunber; of these, 3-l:,000,000 
 were taken at Lofoten. In the same i)eriod the annual catch of whales 
 off the Finmarken coast \\as 900, with an aggregate \alue of 975,000 
 kroner, equal to $263,250. 
 
 The average annual value of the catch in the principal fisheries, at 
 prices paid the fishermen, aggregated 23,897,000 kroner, equal to 
 16,452,190, divided as follows: Cod, 13,723,160; pollock, ling, and 
 cod (other than those above), $804,060; fat herring (summer catch), 
 $682,020; spring herring, $591,840; salmon, $196,830; mackerel, 
 $118,530; sprats, or small herring (""brisling"), $103,950, and lobster, 
 $96,390. 
 
 The maximum annual value of exports, taking the highest price 
 reached with any product during this period (1891-1895) was $12,933,- 
 000; and the average value was $12,562,560. These exports included 
 oils to the value of $1, (552, 400. 
 
 The exports of fish go to th(^ following countries; they are vV the 
 kinds indicated, and have the values stated: 
 
 Sjxdn.—^envly all dried cod (klipfish), a few smoked fish, $3,247,290. 
 
 Germany. — Chiefl}'^ fat herring, klipfish, and stockfish; also a large 
 amount of whale and seal oils and medicinal cod oil, $2, ♦528, 720. 
 
 (rredf Iti'ltdlri, iuchidnKj Ii'chuid. — Mostly klipfish; whale and seal 
 oils, medicinal cod oil; salmon; also fat herring, stockfish, etc., 
 $1,784,430. 
 
 Sweden. — Largeh' fat herring and pollock, $1,171,800. 
 
 Austria and Ttaly. — Principally klipfish and stockfish, $970,650. 
 
 Rumla. — Mostly fat herring, stockfish, pollock, and klipfish, 
 $812,970. 
 
 Neth^ands.—Oax^^y stockfish and oils, $719,000. 
 
 Denmark. — Nearly all fat herring and lobster, $431,460 
 
 France. — Mostly cod roe, $314,550. 
 
 Portugal.— ^\io\\y klipfish, $297,270. 
 
 United Statt^'<. — Chiefly fat herring, mackerel, and medicinal cod 
 oil, $64,800. 
 
82 INTEKNATIoNAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Since tlio (late foi' wliicli these fij^-ures are given (18!H to lsn5) the 
 exportation to the United States has increased materially. In the 
 year ending June 30, 18HS, there were exported to the L'nited States 
 from the Bergen consular district alone fishery products amounting to 
 a total \aliie of !t>541, 208.25. These were divided as follows: Ancho- 
 vies, ^11>,84().S4; canned tish, ^22,642.12; stockfish, *()1,711.6J>; salt 
 herring, $221,508.79; salt mackerel, ^^98.879. 14; fish skins, $2,529.11; 
 cod-liver oil, $();"). 751. ;>7; sardines and anchovies in tins, ^28,904.59. 
 
 Bdginni. — Largely klipfish, but many other varieties, $49,140. 
 
 Finland. — Chiefly klipfish and fat herring, $48,870. 
 
 Other countries. —$10, 8( )( ). 
 
 Fhhing vessels andjishuig boats. — The fishing fleet of Norway' is one 
 of the most interesting to be found in the world. In the Norwegian 
 fishery craft of to-day are seen many of th(> |)(M'uIiar characteristics 
 that distinguished the viking ships of a remote period, in which the 
 famous navigators of Scandinavia pursued their voyages. 
 
 "'Little, if any. change a})pejirs to have been made in northern naval 
 architecture," remarks Boehmer, "for in the Northland boats of the 
 present day we recognize the oldest forms known to us from the rock 
 sculpture {IfellevixfnhKjer or Ilalhristnhujar) discovered in Sweden and 
 Norway, with an antiquit}' reaching far back into prehistoric times, 
 and supposed to have originated from boat-shaped stone burial groups 
 [Sl'thssaetriingci- or Stfinsl-ej>2>er) supposed to hav(^ been erected during 
 the transition time from the bronze period to the iron age in Scandi- 
 navia, and from boat remains found at various times and places, rep- 
 resenting structures dating from the third to about the ninth or tenth 
 centur}' of the Christian era.''^ 
 
 The remarks quoted apply chiefly to open boats, but it must be con- 
 ceded that, while the steamers are of course modern, and improvement 
 is noticeal)le in some of the sailing vessels, certain types of the latter 
 are evidently of ancient origin, and other forms indicate little advance. 
 
 It is som(>what ditticult to understand the exti'eme conservatism of 
 the Norwegians in tiie matter of t)()at and vessel construction. Nothing 
 connected with the ))ros(^(iiti()n of commercial fisheries is of greater 
 moment than having l)oats and vessels Avell adapted to the purposes 
 for which they were designed. The questions of strength, safety, 
 speed, and suitable capacity are all of much importance, and the highest 
 coml)i nation of these to meet the requirements of special conditions is 
 wliat is needed in a fishing boat. It is evident, however, that consid- 
 eration must be given to the cost, a matter that can not be overlooked, 
 when the means of those who own and operate boats or vessels are so 
 limited that expense nuist always be kept at the lowest practicable 
 point. 1 am satisfied that this has much to do with the remarkable 
 conservatism that has continued for centuries, but it is not sufticient 
 
 ' See NoT>o Na\ al Architecture, by George H. Boehmer, iii Proceeding8 of the 
 United States National Museum, 1886, p. 444. 
 
INTEENATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION 83 
 
 excuse for certain conditions in construction or rig which might be 
 material!}' improved without additional cost. More specific reference 
 will be made to this matter elsewhere. 
 
 The greater part of the Norwegian tishing fleet is composed of open 
 boats, some being simply rowboats, while others depend chiefly upon 
 sails for propulsion. With t-omparativel}' few exceptions, these boats 
 have a sharp stern, a feature that dates back to prehistoric times. 
 Some of the larger decked vessels are also sharp aft, but most of the 
 fish freighters and some others have square sterns. 
 
 The vessels employed in the Norwegian fisheries include several 
 types that are used for freighting only, devoting the larger part of each 
 year, or possibly all of it, to the fish l)usincss, though some engage in 
 general freightitig "between seasons," carrying wood or other prod- 
 ucts, from point to point, but chiefly from the country districts to the 
 towns. Most of these vessels are used for receiving and salting the 
 catch of cod or herring that is purchased from day to day, and others 
 serve as homes for seine fishermen, who move from place, following 
 the migrations of fish. 
 
 Steamen. — Steam vessels have been little used in the Norwegian 
 food-fish fisheries until recently, though the}- have been emplo3'ed in 
 the whale and seal fisheries for some years. The tendency of the 
 times is strongly in favor of increasing the steam fleet, and it is 
 probable that steam liners, and possibly trawlers, like those of Great 
 Britain, may soon be engaged in the Norwegian ocean fisheries. 
 
 Finmarl^en, \olialing steamet's. — A small fleet of screw steamers is 
 emplo3'ed during each season in whaling in the Arctic Ocean ofl' the 
 coast of Finmarken. In 18i>6 the fleet numbered 29 steamers with an 
 aggregate tonnage of 730 tons; the crew numbered 544 men; and they 
 caught 1,212 whales. 
 
 The species sought are the ])lue whale {Balcenoptera sihhaldi), 
 flnback (B. museulus), sei whale {B. borealis), and humpback 
 ( Megaptera hoopH) . 
 
 These steamers, with one exception, are owned south of Troms0, 
 chiefly at T0nsberg, Sandefjord, and Christiania. They are schooner- 
 rigged, built of iron or steel; usually about 75 to 85 feet long; 14 to 
 16feet beam; 20 to 30 nominal horsepower, and resemble the Ashing 
 steamers of Great Britain. A whaling steamer, fully equipped, costs 
 from $13,500 to $16,200. 
 
 A large engraving, from the painting by Professor Saltzman, of the 
 whaling steamer Duncan Gr<iy^ on which Kmperor Wiihc^hn II wit- 
 nessed the killing of a whale, was exhibited by M. J0rsen, of T0nsberg 
 (fig. 9). 
 
 A typical arctic whaling steamer has a moderate sheer; sharp bow, 
 with convex water lines; stem almost vertical above water line, but 
 tumbling in slightl}^ at top, and curved below to join the keel; rather 
 low floor; round bilge; fine run; round stern; two pole masts, fitted 
 
84 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 to ciiiTN' siiiiill sails, which. liowcNcr. arc litth' used. Tlic iiiaiimiast 
 stti4)s ill the forward j)art of the (|nai't('r deck, whicli is somewhat 
 hijj;ln'r than the main (h'ck. The foremast stands well abaft the stem, 
 and the smokestack is between the two masts. Boats arc ( aiiicd on 
 side davits, hit^h above the rail. One of these is oenerally a })i-aam and 
 the other a whalet)oat, ]>ut they are seldom used. Then' is a "crow's 
 nest" at the foremast head, a large cask fastened to the mast, so tliat 
 the man on the lookout for whales can stand in it when on watch, and 
 thus be safe and partially sheltered from the icy arctic wind. 
 
 KlG. 9.— killinj,' a whak- ull' Kiiiuiaikeii. ^iMoia paiiiUiit; by I'nif. Saltzinan. i 
 
 A little abaft the stem head is a small cannon, from which is shot 
 a large wide-tlued harpoon tiiat fastens into the whale, and also c:irries 
 with it an explosive bomb to kill the animal. .Inst forward of the 
 gun an iron bridge is arranged on iiinges. so that it can be elevated 
 or turned forward to a horizontal position. This platform is 1> feet 
 wide and 6 feet long, fore and aft. When a steamer is hunting for 
 whales the lu'idge is turn(Hi forward and some -JO fathoms of the large 
 harpoon warj) is coiled in fi-ont of the gun, so that there may 1)e rope 
 enough to easily reach a whale when the harpoon is tired, although it 
 is a rare thing to attempt to shoot a "lish" more than la fathoms off. 
 About 300 fathoms of warp is carried. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 85 
 
 These steamers are equipped with steam winches for raising the 
 whales after they are killed, for they often sink and can he saved only 
 by a strong' warp and the wide-spreading flues of the harpoon, which 
 are generally sufficient to stand the strain of bringing a dead whale to 
 the surface; when it is properly secured and towed to the station. To 
 ease the strain on the towline, some steamers are fitted with a rubber 
 accumulator to the foremast, and in a rough sea the flexibility of this 
 device lessens the efi'ect of a jerky motion of the vessel and decreases 
 the chances of losing the whale. 
 
 The following are the principal dimensions of one of these vessels: 
 Length over all, 81 feet; beam, 16 feet; depth, molded, 9 feet; fore- 
 mast, above deck, -11 feet; mainmast, above deck, 20 feet. 
 
 Bottle-nose whaling steamen's. — The steam vessels employed in the 
 fishery for the bottle-nose whale {IL/peroodonro8tratuR) differ radically 
 from those on the Fiiunarken coast, as will be seen from the illustration 
 of the steam barkentine Ragnvald Jarl (PI. XVIII), copied from a 
 painting exhibited b}'^ Kraasbye Brothers & Co., of Aalesund. 
 
 These vessels are generally small wooden barks and barkentines, 
 ranging from 100 to 120 tons in size, carrying substantially the same 
 amount of canvas as a sailing vessel, and being equipped with auxil- 
 iary steam power, with a two-bladed screw that can be raised when the 
 pressure of ice makes it necessary. 
 
 In addition to the vessels that engage exclusively in the pursuit of 
 the bottle- nose whale during the season, usually more or less of the 
 sealing steamers hunt this species after the close of the spring sealing. 
 These vessels are much larger than those which find their principal 
 emploA'ment in the bottle-nose fishery, averaging about 230 tons each. 
 They are described under the head of sealing steamers. 
 
 A model was exhibited of an auxiliary steam bark employed in the 
 bottle-nose whale fishery. This represented a wooden vessel about 100 
 to 110 tons register, of the conventional half-clipper type, with well- 
 shaped bow and run, full midship section, and a two-bladed screw. 
 A large ''cutting-in board," made of planks, extended from th(^ rail to 
 below the water line and was about 13 feet long on the vessel. Sup- 
 ported by a special stav, extending from the mainmast to the foremast 
 head, were two large cutting-in tackles used for hoisting in the blubber, 
 and an iron steam winch just forward of the poop deck fuinished the 
 power for operating the tackles. 
 
 The poop deck, flush with the main rail, extended forward nearly 
 halfwa\' between the mizzen and main masts. fJust forward of this was 
 the smokestack. The bridge extended from side to side of the ship 
 across the forward end of the poop, above which it was elevated about 
 5 feet. It was sheltered with canvas wind-breaks. The topgallant 
 forecastle deck, underneath which was the forecastle occupied by the 
 crew, was unusually long, for it reached abaft the foremast. Two 
 
86 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 stanchions on each side ut thr l»<)\v :uul one sttuu-hion on each sich^ of 
 the poop were fitted to support tlie swivel harpoon uuns used for kill- 
 ing bottle-nose whales. Avhich are sometimes shot from the vessel as 
 well as from boats. 
 
 A pole mizzemnast. rolling- topsails, and no sails at)Ove the latter 
 were the chief peculiarities of rig. A *' crow's-nest "' for the lookout 
 was on the main topgallant mast.' 
 
 Vessels of this class are fitted with iron tanks to receive the blu])ber, 
 which is not tried out until after it is dischai'ged at the home port. 
 These tanks vary in size, according to the shape of tln^ vessel's hold, 
 which they are made tofit. and haxea capacity of fi'om K) to ?>() ])arrels. 
 Large casks are also used. The tanks are filled with water for ballast 
 at the begiiHiing of a voyage. 
 
 A steanuM- will carry from 5 to 8 open boats, which are 20 feet long, 
 6 feet wide, and '2 feet 8 inches deep. They are stout, carvel-built, 
 keel boats; with curved, raking stem and sternpost; V-shaped s(|uai(' 
 stern; 5 thwarts and a half deck forward for -i feet al)aft the stem. Jn 
 this half deck is a stanchion, on which is mounted the swivel harpoon 
 gun that is always carried on boats which hunt the bottle-nose whale. 
 The following are the principal dimensions of the l)ark represented 
 by the model alluded to: Length over all, 104 feet; beam. 20 feet; 
 depth, 10 feet; length of topgallant forecastle deck, 81 feet; poop, 
 32 feet. 
 
 Sealing steame?'S.— Among the vessels employed in the seal fishery 
 are some auxiliary screw steamers of a tj'-pe similar to those engaged 
 in the industry from Dundee. Scotland, or St. Johns, Newfoundland 
 (PI. XIX). They average something over 280 tons register. In 1896 
 the fleet consisted of 18 steamers, aggregating 4,188 tons and carrying 
 853 men. As has been stated, some of these engage in the whale 
 fishery after the spring fishery for seals is ended. 
 
 These steamers are generalh' bark rigged and are fitted to carry a 
 full complement of sails. ))ut light sails and spars are generally sent 
 down and stowed away when working in the ice pticks. The two-bladed 
 screw propeller is so fitted that it can be lifted in case of a nip. 
 
 The great(\st strength is rcnjuired in vessels that must enter the ice, 
 and experience has proved that only those l)uilt of wood can endure 
 the strain that sealers have to encounter. Consequently onlj- the best 
 wood is used in the construction of the hull, oak and American rock-elm 
 being in high favor. Outside of this, from the keel to al)ove the 
 water line, is a thick sheathing of green heart, ironwood, or some other 
 exceptionally hard and durable wood. 
 
 The 1k)W of a sealing ship, for several feet abaft the stem, is ])uilt up 
 
 'In most cases the "crow's-nest" is on the fore topgallant mast, as shown in the 
 
 illu.stratiun of the liagiivuld Jarl. 
 
5' ^ 
 
 s > 
 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. »^ 
 
 solid of deadwood, iind the outside sheathing comes flush with the 
 forward part of th(^ stinn. This gives enormous strength to this part 
 of a vessel. 
 
 The bows are further strengthened inside by diagonal oak logs, and 
 outside of the stem is a heavy iron plate, 2 to 8 Indies thick in the 
 center, carried to the keel, and iron plates to protect both sides of 
 the bow, from top of dou})ling down below the water lin(\ 
 
 The steui itself is very thick and usually has a strong rak(% which is 
 of advantage when a ship is working among ice, for with good head- 
 way she can push her slanting bow upon a floe, when the combined 
 weight of the vessel and force of the blow will often l)i-eak the ice and 
 open a passage for her to pi'oceed. 
 
 The crow's-nest is secured to the fore or main loyal mast, and a su])- 
 ply of boats is carried at the cranes or on deck. 
 
 Market fishing steanner's. — In the past few years thiM-c has been a 
 marked change in the vessels engaged in deep-sea fishing, (\specially 
 in the market fishery from Aalesund, and Norwegian-built iron steam- 
 ers have come into favor for the long-line fisher}^ from oft' Cape Stadt 
 north to Christiansund. and even on Storregcn Baiik in summer. 
 Their catch of cod, halibut, or ling is marketed daily, and their adapt- 
 ability to the market fishery, as compared to the sailing vessels, is so 
 immensely superior that the latter are being transformed into steamers 
 by having an equipment of boiler, engine, and screw projx'ller added. 
 The vessels so transformed are chiefl}" the i-ound-sterned l)ankers — 
 "banskiote"' — which retain their general chai'acteristics. hereafter to 
 be referred to. 
 
 Not having ]>een built for steamers, they are not so well ada])ted to 
 their work, even after transformation, as A^essels specially designed for 
 working under steam, but the change is an improvement. The \essels 
 are sturdy and seaworthy, and, even if rather slow under steam, it is 
 believed they will give a fairly good account of themselves. 
 
 The steamers specially d(^signed for this fishery are about To feet 
 long, 16 to IT feet l)eam, and 8 or 9 feet deep; usually with schooner 
 rig, and resembling in g(Miei"al aoDcarance the small steam lintM's of 
 Great Britain. 
 
 A steamer of this kind will cost double as much as the large sailing 
 ski0te, ]>ut it will catch so many more fish that its cai-nings foi- both 
 crew and vessel are nmch larger. 
 
 It is an interesting fact that the employment of steamei-s in the 
 Norwegian line fisheries for cod, halibut, etc.. has led to the adoi)tion 
 of the American dor\', which, as is well known, is peculiarly suiteil to 
 this fishery, and is gradually making its way in various ])ai-ts of the 
 world where long-line fishing is prosecuted in boats going t)ut from 
 vessels. 
 
88 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Builders* models of steam liners were exliil)ited. and a paititiiiii' liy 
 O. A. Ekreii, of Aulesimd, showed two of these vessels working- otf 
 Cape Stadt in a fleet of sailin*'- vessels and boats. 
 
 Bait Hteatnet^s. — A considerable number of small steamers, of \ary- 
 ini>' sizes and di^signs, en^ao'e in supplyin^^" bait for the cod fishermen 
 at Lofoten and Finmarken during the seasons. 
 
 These vessels are bait carriers in the strict sense of the term. At 
 other times they find employment elsewhere, and it seems unnecessary 
 to refer to them at length. 
 
 Fish-carrying steamei^s. — During the height of the hening season 
 it is common for coasting steamers to engage in carrying hei'ring 
 from Norway to British ports. But, inasnmch as this is not a perma- 
 nent or regular business and is only incidental to their usual trade, 
 and also because they havt> not been designed for the fish(n-i(^s so far 
 as I am aware, a passing allusion to them must suffice. 
 
 Steam tohaling launch. — In carrying on tlu» bottle-nose whale fish- 
 ery, and the fishery for white whales, steam launches are sometimes 
 employed. Captain Thompson says that '" a vessel pursuing the bottle- 
 nose whale carries two or three launches." 
 
 A screw steam launch such as the Norwegians use for whaling is 
 carvel-])uilt. of oak. It is entirely open, with a sharp ))ow, round bilge, 
 rather long midship section, a shoi't run, no overhang, and a nearlj^ 
 vertical. V-shaped square stern. Jt is equipped with harpoons, and a 
 small steel cannon for shooting whales is mounted on a pivot at the bow. 
 
 The following are the dimensions and other particulars: Length, 
 overall, 27 feet; beam, extreme, 7 feet; draft of water aft, loaded, 2i 
 feet; cannon, l^-ineh caliber; speed of launch, 8 miles per hour. It 
 has an ordinary inverted, single-cylinder, noncondensing engine, with 
 cast-iron standards. Diameter of cylinder, 5 inches; length of stroke, 
 7 inches; number of revolutions per minute, 200. The boilei" is of the 
 straight through, dry-ended type, with small fire box and no combus- 
 tion chamber. Length of boiler, 4 feet; height, 8[ feet; number of 
 2-inch tubes, -tlO. There ai'e 2 coal boxes, one on each side of the 
 boiler, the dimensions of those being: Length, H^ feet; width at top, 
 16 inches; depth, 2 feet. 
 
 Cost: Boat complete, l)ut without shooting apparatus. $900; steel 
 cannon, complete, with stand, $175; shooting hai'poons, $25; hand 
 harpoon, $15; hand lance, $5; boat anchor, $2.50. 
 
 Sailing ve.'^seh and hoats. — There are man}' varieties of sailing craft 
 emplo3'ed in the Norwegian fisheries, with which may, perhaps, be 
 properly included the fish carriers, fisher}^ police boats, and life-saving 
 boats, which really form a part of the fishing marine. Most of these 
 were exhibited either in full size or models. 
 
 The boats of many of the principal fishing districts usually have 
 marked peculiarities of form, construction, or rig which distinguish 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 89 
 
 them from lishino- craft in othei- sections of the country. The fish- 
 ermen of each section, aceordino- to Norwegian authorities, are gen- 
 erally much prejudiced in favor of the boats they use themselves, often 
 believing them far superior to those of their })rothei- fishermen in a 
 neighboring district, while the latter, in turn, arc as fully convinced 
 that their own boats are ])etter than others. 
 
 But this appears not to be an invai-iable rule, even if it is a conmion 
 prejudice. So far as the decked vessels are c-oncerned, with few 
 exceptions they seem to be very generally employed along the coast. 
 "Although there are distinct types of vessels," remarks Holmboe, 
 "(littering very nmch from each other, it can not be said that a certain 
 model is used for a special kind of fishing. Neither is it possible to 
 tell to what part of the country a certain model properly ])elongs. 
 These diti'erent types of vessels used in the fisheries are represented 
 in almost any port, and ai-e found in almost any kind of fishing or 
 trading."' It is self-evident that this does not iipply to the vessels 
 used for cod fishing on the banks. The Norwegian bank ski0te is used 
 for no other purpose, and no other kind of vessel (with a few exceptions) 
 is used in this fishery. 
 
 The Xordlnnd jmgt. — Bergen is the principal port where are gath- 
 ered for exportation the products of the Nordland fisheries, chief 
 among which are the stockfish — cod dried without salt — dry salted 
 cod, or kliptish, cod roe, and cod-liver oil. A remarkable type of 
 vessel employed in transporting these products from the various Nord- 
 land fishing stations to Bergen (and perhaps to other less important 
 ports) is called a " jfegf' (fig. 10), a name which is applied to a single- 
 masted vessel, with movable deck, carrying one or two square sails, and 
 distinct from the type known as " jagt," which has a fore-and-aft rig. 
 
 The jffigt is peculiar in form and rig, and, according to Norwegian 
 traditions, has remained almost entirel}^ unchanged in both for many 
 centuries. It is even believed by some that the Norsemen came to 
 America in such a vessel about one thousand j^ears ago. The spirit 
 of impr()\'oment which characterizes the present age has made some 
 slight changes in the modern-built j{i?gts, which w^ll be noticed farther 
 on, but the old-style craft is still empkn^ed, and clinker-built vessels 
 of this type may still be frequently seen at Bergen. Following is a 
 desciiption of one of them: The hull is very broad and full; the stem 
 curxcs considerably l)elow and rises vertically 8 or 9 feet above deck. 
 The bow is bluli' and round, the bilge low, there is no overhang to the 
 counter, and the stern is excessively full and square, giving the vessel 
 the appearance of having been cut in two in the middle and only the 
 bow portion left. . It has a keel of medium depth, and little or no run. 
 The rudder hangs outside, and is square at the heel; a boat is car- 
 ried at wooden stern davits, which are like those in use on American 
 fishing vessels fifty years ago. A little more than three-quarters of 
 
90 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 the vcs.sor.s length, from aft forward, is a raised Imlwaik, or waist, 
 some 3 or 4 feet higher than the ))ow, and ])etween tliese ('le\:ited sides 
 the deck is not permanently secured, hut consists of m()val)le aprons, 
 which ma}" be raised to the middle height of the mast, to cover the 
 dry fish that are pih^d high above the rail when the vessel is loaded. 
 
 Vessels of this kind usually have two cabin windows in the stern, or 
 painted representations of windows. The custom of iiaving stern 
 windows on coasting vessels, which was very prevalent iihy or one 
 
 Fig. 10.— Nordliiiid j;i'gt. 
 
 hundred^vears ago, has generally been abandoned, except on the j«?gts 
 of Norway. 
 
 The rig consists of a single mast, stepped almost in the center of the 
 vessel and standing as nearly upright as possible. This is supported 
 by four shrouds on a side, in addition to backstays, while a forestay 
 sets up at the stem. A single square sail, with three bonnets, is used, 
 in the upper corners of which are black patches that are still carried 
 by some of these vessels at least, as emblems of mourning for a famous 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION, 91 
 
 poet and priest, Peter Dass, who lived in Nordiand from about 1650 
 to the carl}" part of the eighteenth century, and who is said to have 
 been much loved and esteemed by the Norwegians/ 
 
 Another ja^gt. from Trondhjem, has the sam(^ general features as that 
 above, but is somewhat more S3'mmetrically formed, and represents 
 the improved type of this class of vessels. It has a full, round bow, 
 hollow at water line; hollow floor; shallow run, and heavy, square 
 stern; narrow, square-heeled rudder; considerable rake to stern post. 
 The greatest beam would be about 8 to 10 feet from the stem; from 
 this it narrows gradually to the stern. It is painted black, varied 
 with narrow white stripes and bright varnished streaks. The wind- 
 lass, which is worked with handspikes, stands well forward, about 5 
 feet fronfthe stem. Just abaft this is the entrance to the forecastle, 
 which is under deck, and on the port side is the stovepipe. The 
 cabin occupies some 10 to 12 feet of the vessel's length, at the stern, 
 and })etween this and the forei-astle is the hold where the cargo is 
 stowed, this part being covered with the movable deck previously 
 mentioned. The cabin is below deck, and is lighted by a large square 
 skylight just forward of the tiller, this skylight also serving for a bin- 
 nacle. The cabin companion way is a small box-like aflair. The pump 
 stands at the after end of the apron or movable deck. This vessel is 
 provided with davits for carrying two boats. A pair of nearly straight 
 wooden davits project from the stern, while on the starboard (|uarter 
 are a pair of stout upright wooden davits. The bulwarks are of 
 moderate height, and the rails are flush on top, foi-e, and aft. There 
 is little sheer to the vessel, except near the bow, which has consid- 
 erable curve upward. It carries a lap-streaked, square-sterned 
 boat, having six thwarts, and Ave sets of rowlocks on a side. Her rig 
 difl'ers from that of the ]a?gt flrst descri])ed in having a jib and topsail, 
 while the square mainsail has four instead of three l)()nnets in it. It 
 may be explained here that these bonnets serve a doul)I(> pur])()se, 
 namely: In the flrst place they are removed from the sail when the 
 vessel is loaded with lish, enough l)onnets being taken oft' to allow the 
 foot of the sail to swing chnir of the deck, which, as has l)een explained, 
 is sometimes hoisted nearly halfway up the mast, where it lies on top 
 of the load of fish; secondly, these serve the purpose of an ordinar}'- 
 reef, and. when sail nuist ho shortened because of strong winds, one 
 or more l)onnets are taken ott' the foot. The tacks and sheets, which 
 
 ' Peter Dass was a Lutheran clergyman, who made long journeys in boats over his 
 extensive diocese in Nordiand. This gave him opportunities to meet the fishermen 
 and to learn much of their lives, habits, work, dangers, and hardships; also of 
 their families and the country. These are discussed in a Iwjok he wrote (The Nord- 
 land's Trompet), which, with his preaching, made him very popular. His death 
 was sincerely mourned, and ])lack patches were worn in the sails of Nordiand ves- 
 sels as an emblem of mourning. They may still be seen occasionally. 
 
92 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 arc pennanontly l)tMit to the lower corner.s of the .scimirc sail, above 
 the bonnets, follow down along the sides of the latter, to which the}^ 
 are secured by a number of siuall stops (generally four or live stops to 
 each side of a bonnet), and are lashed securely to the clews of the 
 lower bonnet. To the middle of the foot of the square sail, and to the 
 foot of each ])onnet, are attached lizards, through which is rove a lace- 
 line that passes around the mast, and prevents the sail from bellying 
 out too nuu'h. There is a bowhne bridle on each leech of the sail, to 
 which is fastened one end of a bowline that reeves through a block at 
 the stem head. When sailing ))y the wind, the ])owline is hauled taut 
 on the weather side, and assists in keeping the sail liatter than it would 
 otherwise be. When the vessel is running, the foot of the square sail 
 is often triced up so that the helmsman can look ahead to seean3^thing 
 in that direction. 
 
 A peculiar sort of parrel is used on the main yard. This slides up 
 and down on the mast; is constructed of thirteen long, thin pieces of 
 hard wood (the central piece being the longest), straight on one side, 
 ends rounded, and the other side hollowed out slighth^ near each end. 
 In each piece are three holes, except the middle piece, which has more. 
 A line passes through these holes and through small circular parrels, 
 which alternate with the longer ones. When the whole are strung on 
 lines, the parrel is fitted to the after side of the mast, where it is held 
 by two parts of a stout rope, the bights of which go round the yard 
 on each side of the mast. As the yard is raised or lowered this parrel 
 is lifted or slacked down by a line rove through a l)lock at th(> mast- 
 head. 
 
 The square-sail tie, by which the yard and sail are hoisted, passes 
 over a large sheave in the masthead. A heavy, threefold purchase is 
 used to hoist the sail, the lower block being simply a large S(iuare 
 standard fixed in the deck and having three sheaves in its upper end. 
 The upper block, which hooks into the tie, is prevented from turning 
 and thus fouling the purchase by a long leader which runs up and 
 down on the starboard backstay. 
 
 The topsail is set from deck; the sheets reeve through ))ull's-eyes at 
 the ends of the main 3'ard, and through other ))uirs-e3'es near the slings 
 of the yard. Sometimes the last-mentioned bull's-eyes are secured to 
 the parrel lashings. 
 
 She has a pole mainmast, the upper end being tapered to form the 
 topmast. In addition to the four shrouds on a side (the starboard 
 rigging only being rattled down), there are two backstays on a side; 
 the after one is set up permanently, with a lanj'ard rove through dead- 
 eyes, while the other is a runner and tackle purchase. There is also a 
 topmast l>ackstay on each side. There are two stays from the mast- 
 head to the stem. The jib bends to the smaller stay that sets up over 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 93 
 
 an eyobolt on the stem. The t()])niast stay comes down to the stem 
 head. Chain cables are used. 
 
 At the present time these vessels, while engaged in freighting lish, 
 sail along the Norwegian coast about ()0() to 1,^00 miles, depending, of 
 course, chietl}' on favoral)le winds, since a craft of this form and rig 
 would be eminently untitted for beating against head winds. It is 
 claimed, hoAvevtn-, tiiat these ]{^?gts will sail l)efore the wind at a speed 
 of S toit knots. 
 
 The following are detailed measurements of the vessel last described: 
 Length over all, <iO feet; beam. jJl feet; width of stern, 14 feet 7i inches; 
 height amidships (Itottom of keel to top of rail), 12 feet; l)ow (to top 
 of rail). 14 feet o inches; stem, above rail, S feet H inch(\s; depth of 
 keel, 18 inches; height of bulwarks, 27 inches; length of movable deck, 
 32 feet o inches; length of stern davits, 3 feet [) inches; mast, above 
 deck (to eyes of rigging), 4t) feet (! inches; topmast, 10 feet U inches; 
 metal vane pole, 3 feet U inches; main yard, 37 feet 6 inches; topsail 
 yard, 2" feet. Sails: Jib, lutf. 35 feet 3 inches; leech, 2i> feet 3 inches; 
 foot, 1<) feet () inches; mainsail, hoist, 31* feet i> inches; width, 3() feet; 
 topsail, hoist, 10 feet (! inches; head, 2o feet inches; foot, 33 feet. 
 Boat: Length, 17 feet 7i inches; beam, 4 feet li inches; depth, 18 
 inches. 
 
 Very little iron is used in the construction of the jtvgts, or, indeed, in 
 any of the small coasters or tishing vessels, the fastening l)eing almost 
 wholly treenails. While it may ])e conceded that this t.vpe has some 
 features which reconnnend it to favor, notal)ly the movahle deck, it is 
 ([uite impossible to understand the conserAatism that, at the close of 
 the nineteeth century, prompts one to l)uild vessels which can not sail 
 to windward and must lie windbound in hai'bor for days or eveji weeks 
 when adverse winds prevail, even if the weather is moderjite. 
 
 The ni()vabl(> deck, or e\ en a better protection, may b(^ put on 
 almost any kind of vessel, and one from a modern design, with a better 
 shaped midship section and stern, and carrying a centerl)oard, would 
 have fully as large, if not greater, capacity for the same tonnage and 
 expense in I)uilding, and undoubtedly would prove vastly superior for 
 all purposes. 
 
 The jagt and (jalean. — The jagt (fig. 11), of which numerous models 
 were exhibited, is a type of vessel emploA'ed in Norway for ])uyingand 
 transporting fish and for various other purposes, including the seal 
 fishery. So far as its hull is concerned, it is considered by Norwe- 
 gians an improved form of the jiegt. The former, however, is essen- 
 tially a fore-and-aft rigged \ess(d w4th a single nuust, and usually car- 
 rj'ing three or four head sails. Some haveonh^ fore-and-aft sails, but 
 in most cases they carry, in addition to these, a square sail set flying 
 on a sta}^ below the hounds of the mast and inside of the forestay. 
 
 S. Doc. 3i> 7 
 
94 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 These A'essels have not the high stem of the ja^gt and are usually 
 shaiper forward, although their sterns are verj' similar to those of the 
 square-rigged fish freighters. 
 
 The following reference to this type of ^•('ss(•l lias hccn )u;u\o l)y 
 Holm))oe : 
 
 The most coiniiuiii and what is considercil tlic liandirst and must convenient vossel 
 for all these purposes, fish trading and fish freigiiting, is the jagt, whicli nndonl)tedly 
 in more than tlie name originated from tlie old-fashioned "ja^gt." Their average 
 tonnage is, I think, about 40 tons. They have their mainmast (with no topmast) 
 about two-tifths of the vessel's length from the bow, and carry mainsail, topsail. 
 
 Fig. 11. — .Sealing jagt al Si>it/.l».'rgeii. 
 
 three jibs, and (like all the other Norwegian one-mast vessels) the square sail. 
 The main boom extends about one-fifth l)eyond the stern. The hull may be de- 
 scribed as something between that of the j;egt and the sloop, being rather full, short, 
 and sometimes with very much sheer. They may be found rather clumsy, but they 
 will load well for their size and are very easy to handle when sailing through the 
 narrow straits and estuaries along the coast. They are very stiff, and in other 
 respects splendid seagoing vessels, and when the rather low rig is taken into con- 
 sideration they may be said to sail very well. The best jagts are built in I lardanger. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 95 
 
 A model of ti jaj^'t exiiihitod at Bcr^cii represented a carvel-built, 
 square-stern, keel vessi^l, with sharp, wedge -shaped l)ow; straig'ht, 
 moderately raking* stem; short rising floor; short run; heavy, square 
 stern, with no overhang, and s([uare-heeled rudder hung outside. It 
 had a good sheer, Hush deck, a cabin truidv aft, and a cook's galley 
 forward of the trunk. It had a modified cutter rig with l)oom and 
 gatl'-mainsail, club headed gafl-topsail, fore staysail (set on stay com- 
 ing down to stem head), jib and tiying jib, and a small square sail 
 set on rope stay forward of the pole mast, and below the hounds. 
 
 The principal dimensions of the vessel represented by this model 
 w'ere as follows: Length over all, 61 feet 8 inches; beam, 17 feet 6 
 inches; depth, S feet 1 inches; mast, al)ove deck, 53 feet 4 inches; 
 boom, 15 feet; gaft', 30 feet; bowsprit, outl)oard, 11 feet 8 inches; 
 jib-boom, outside cap, 13 feet -4 inches; lower square sail A'ard, 8H feet 
 8 inches; upper yard, 25 feet. 
 
 The galeas is simply an enlarged jagt, with a ketch rig similar to 
 that of the fishing ketches from the east coast of England, ])ut cariy- 
 ing a fiying sijuare sail like the jagt. The form and construction of 
 hull are essentially the same. The models exhil)ited and the vessels I 
 saw all had the moderately sharp wedge-shaped bow, with slight fiare 
 and straight stem, without head or ornamentation of any kind; a ris- 
 ing, rather sharp fioor; usually a well-shaped run, l)ut ahvays the large, 
 square stern, without overhang and with rudder hung* outside. Ves- 
 sels of this type generally have a flush deck and s3'mmetrical sheer, 
 and are considerably larger than the single-masted jagt, ranging in 
 size from 40 to 100 tons, or more. They are not as a rule quite so 
 wide in proportion as the jagt, the difi'erence in size making a slight 
 change in this respect preferable, and the floor is somewhat longer. 
 
 Thus, without material change in form, these largtu" vessels are 
 rigged with two masts, the mizzenmast being sonunvhat longer in 
 proportion to the mainmast than is common on the English ketch, 
 or ■'dandy-rigged''' cutter. The t3'pical name of galeas is therefore 
 simply a designation indicating the rig. 
 
 The large luuuber of these vessels indicates their popularity. That 
 the jagt and galeas are far better adapted to the purposes for w^hich 
 they are used than the old-style jfegt is too evident to admit of discus- 
 sion. At the same time candor compels the statement that they can 
 easily be much improved, so that the carrying capacity, speed, and 
 handiness can all be increased. !iot to speak of the better appearance 
 of an overhanging stern of suitable proportions. 
 
 Norviegian hank fishing vessel. — One of the most noticeable types 
 among the Norwegian fishing vessels is that locally known as the 
 "Banksk0ite"' (fig. 12). Vessels of this class engage exclusivcdy in 
 the deep-sea fisheries for cod, ling, and halibut, from Aalesund and 
 vicinity. A favorite fishing locality in summer is Storreggen Bank — 
 
96 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 litciiilly the (Jreat Ledyc wliicli lirs oti' (lie west cou.st of Norway, 
 where th(> \-essels anchor iiiid the lishei'inen yo out in open >^'d'\\ boats to 
 set traw I lines, in much the same way as the French fishermen do in the 
 Grand Hank cod lishci"y. 
 
 The bankskoiti! is wide and deep; it lias a rather lull convex how and 
 lounding- stern; the ends are shaped near!}' alike, except that the bow 
 is hi^hei- and usually has more rake than the stern. The bilge is round 
 and easy; there is considerable rise to the floor, which is hollow in 
 some vessels, although this feature is less pronounced in recent designs. 
 
 Fig. 12.— Bankskciite. 
 
 The stemcurves moderately, and has a strong rake; thekeel isof medium 
 d(>plh, while the run is rather shoi't and the sternpost has a moderate 
 rake, and is usually straight, but is sometimes curved near the top. The 
 rudder hangs outside, is flush with the bottom of the keel, and is square 
 on the foot; it is moved l)y a tiller. Vessels of this type have only a 
 moderate sheer on the deck lin(\ ])ut the l)uhvarks foi-ward are gen- 
 erally laised considci'ably ])y a d()ul)le set of heavy T)()W choi-ks, the 
 lower ones come aft to the after main shroud, and the top chocks reach 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 97 
 
 about halt" as far. The outside plankiuo- is usually hard wood and 
 the deck pine. The old-style handspike Avindlass is used. Sonietinies 
 the eal)in is foi'ward, but othei' vessels have a eabin aft and forecastle 
 forward. 
 
 The rig- is nearly the same as that known in Enoland as the "'dandy" 
 or keteh rig-. It has two pole masts, the upper ends of which are 
 tajx'red to form topmasts. The bowsprit muis throuoii an iron hand 
 on the port side of the stem; the hohstay sets up with a tackle pui'- 
 chase near the outer end of the l)()wsprit. A pcM-manent forestay sets 
 up on (Mid at the stem head. There are usually six sails, namelj^; 
 jil), which sets Hying-; fore staysail, the sluu't of which works on an 
 iron traveler; loose-footed mainsail; mi/zen, and two square-headed 
 g-ali'-topsails. The lower sails have less angle to the head than English- 
 made sails, while the heads of the gatf-topsails are comparati\'(^ly 
 narrow. There are generally two shrouds on a side to the mainmast 
 and a heavy backstay that consists of a pennant and purchase, this 
 being set up well aft on the weathcn- side. A singde shroud on a side 
 supports the mizzenmast, which is sometimes provided with a peu- 
 nant-and-tackl(^ stay to keep it forward. It is of course necessary to 
 slack this up and shift it whenever the vessel changes her tack, 
 unless it is taken to the side. Heavy, wooden-stocked, short-shanked 
 anchoi-s and tarred hemp cable are carried. 
 
 Vessels of this class vary from .50 to To tons. The following are 
 detailed measurements of one of them of about the average size: 
 Length over all, 60 feet; keel, Si feet; beam, 21 feet * inches; depth 
 of hold, 8 feet; draft, 5 feet 6 inches; freeboard, about 4 feet; bow- 
 sprit, outside of band, 18 feet; mainmast, deck to hounds, 35 feet, 
 from deck to truck, 57 feet; stem to mainmast, 10 feet; main gaff, 18 
 feet; main gafi'-topsail yard, 7 feet; betweiMi masts. 21 f(M4: mizzen- 
 mast, deck to hounds. 2!» feet, to truck. 45 feet; s})ank(M' boom, I'Jfeet; 
 gati", 11 feet. Sails: Jib. on lutf 37 feet, foot 20 feet, leech 21 feet; 
 stay foresail, on stay. 31 feet, leech, 28 feet, foot, 14 feet; mainsail, 
 hoist, 24 feet, leech, 30 feet, head, 16 feet; main gatf -topsail. le<H-h 17 
 feet, foot 14 feet, head, 3 feet; mizzen or spanker, lutl', IS feet, leech, 
 24 feet, foot, 16 feet, head, 12 feet; gaff-topsail, luff, 12 feet, leech, 13 
 feet, foot, 11 feet, head, 4 feet. 
 
 These vessels carry a crew of 1<) to 12 men when engaged in fishing 
 on the banks, but in the winter, when cod fishing- nearer the coast, they 
 use a greater luunber of boats, although these are not so large as those 
 carried to the l)aid\s. The crew is, however, somewhat increased at 
 this season, for besides the men who go out in the boats it is conunon 
 to have two or three additional, who fish from the deck, and go on a 
 special "lay'" because of this. 
 
 Vessels somewhat similar in design, with a dandy rig, are occasion- 
 
98 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 ;ill\ riii])l(i\c(l ill the arctic tislici-ics and in llic li>li trade along- thp 
 coast, hut tlic real hanksktiite is scldoni used in any Imsiiu^ss besides 
 that for which it was Imilt. 
 
 There ai«> many siuailci- cuttor-rigg'od vessels, ranging from 10 to 20 
 tons. Avhicii arc sul)stantially of the same foi-m. hut these naturally 
 come undei' a diU'erent class. 
 
 Het'ei-ence has already heen made to the fact that these larg(^ haidv- 
 skoite are l)eing transformed into screw steamei's. and it is probable 
 tliat the day is not far distant when the type will disajjpeur as sailing 
 vessels. 
 
 Thi' skir/t(\ — This typical nam(^ has a rather wide application, but 
 whcMi used alone, without modilication, genei'ally ap))lies to a style of 
 vessel very ext(Misively employed as a small coaster, or trading craft, 
 ah)ng the Norwegian coast, and also to a considei'at)lt^ extent in the 
 fisheries, or for the Hshery police to cruise in from ])oint to point. It 
 differs in form. rig. and construction from the haiikskoite, hut Iloim- 
 boe thinks th(> lattcM' is a large and improved form of the tyj)*' which 
 beai's the general name of skoite. There are also other modified or 
 im})iT)ved forms to whicii i'ef<M"ence will l)e nuuh^ in succeeding pai'a- 
 graphs. 
 
 The typical skoite seldom exceeds 35 tons, and is commonly clinker- 
 built (lis are also many of the jagts). hut for the arctic sea tisheries 
 only car\-el-l)uilt vessids are employed, since great sti'ength is reciuired 
 for encountering th(> ic(^; and the edg(\s of the planks on cliidvcr-built 
 craft would soon he so badly worn as to ruin the vessel. It is sharp 
 aft, and, in its hidl, has a general reseml)lance to the bank vessel, 
 though it is not so deep rebitively, and usually has a low, round floor. 
 It is always a single-masted vessel, with a sloop oi- cutter rig, the lat- 
 ter l)eing the most connnon, if not univt-rsal. Tlu> special feature is 
 the s(|uare stern, which is uni(iue in its construction, and ow(\s its 
 origin. I am informed, to the necessity for cai'rying the boat on stern 
 davits, siiu-e it would occupy too nuich space on the small deck, not to 
 s])eak of the inconveiuence of frequently pulling in a boat and launch- 
 ing it again o\'er the vessel's side. It also adds to the deck room aft. 
 
 Instead of building the conventional fonn of sciuare-sterned vessel, 
 the Norwegian l)uild(>rs of this type pi'efer to make a shar[)-sterned 
 craft, and then to put on a sort of square stern — oft(Mi called a "chicken 
 stern"— l)y ext(Miding the deck and bulwarks aft of the rudder head 
 and fastening plaid^s across their ends. It follows, of course, that the 
 counters, if such they may be called, are entirely flat, since there is 
 nothing underneath the projecting afterpart of the deck. 
 
 In order, therefore, to prevent the sea from lifting and breaking this 
 fragile structure to pieces w hen a vessel pounds the flat surface on 
 choppy waves, the stern is sup])orted l)y iron braces which extend 
 downward from the underneath side of the afterdeck and are fastened 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 99 
 
 securely below. This steni is considerably narrower than the beam 
 of the vessel, which lessens the strains it must endure, and it can be 
 removed without doing- any injury. 
 
 The following- notes on a ski0te used by the Govin-nment tishery 
 police (%. 18) will appl}^ generally to this class, with the exception 
 that many, if not all, of these little vessels are clinker-built, and the 
 trading- and fishing boats seldom or never have large deck h<)us<\s. and 
 are, perhaps, not quite so loftil}' rigged in all cases. 
 
 It was a carvel-built, flush-deck, keel vessel, with full conv(^\ l»ow: 
 raking, slightly curved stem; low, narrow floor; round, easy bilge; 
 
 Fk;. 13. — l-ishery-police s<k0ite. 
 
 flaring sides; short, full run; raking sternpost, curving forward at 
 head: square-footed rudder; flat, shallow, ''chicken" stern; long tiller 
 and large cabin trunk extending from the end of the tiller to the heel 
 of the bowsprit, and with only a narrow runway on each side. Cutter 
 rigged, with large sail area; carrying boom and gatt'-mainsail; club- 
 headed gart'-to])sail; staj' foresail and jib, the latter set flying on a long, 
 running bowsprit. 
 
 Relative dimensions: Length over all. 32 feet 3 inches; beam, 11 
 feet 3 inches; depth, 4 feet 3 inches; mast, above deck, 29 feet 2 inches; 
 
100 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 topmast, heel to truck. 10 feet 8 inches: iiiuiii boom, '2-2 feet <> inches; 
 gaff, 1<) feet; bowsprit, outside, Ifi feet 4 inches; gaff-topsail chib. 8 
 feet -I- inches; oars, 2H feet 4 inches. 
 
 List, r Kkirite. — A new type of small decked tishing- vessel, which is 
 now quite «>xtensively used in the North Sea drift-net mackerel tislicry, 
 froui southern and eastern Norway, takes its specific name from Lister, 
 where it is said to have originated. It is, however, a close copy of the 
 boats fi-om the southwestern provinces of Sweden. It has laro-(dy 
 superseded the open Lister l)oats fornKU'ly employed in drifting for 
 mackerel, because it is better adapted to meet the exigencies of d(»ep- 
 sea iishing. and can go farther to sea if necessary. It is also suitable 
 for prosecuting- the hook-and-line mackerel fishery. It usually carries 
 5 men in a crew and from 50 to 80 nets — an average of about 60 — each 
 18 fathoms long and 130 meshes deep. It varies in length from 27 to 
 upward of o7 feet, and the average capacity is about 120 bai-rels of 
 fish, including what may be carried on deck. The tisiiing grounds are 
 from near the land to -10 or .50 miles offshore. 
 
 The following <lescription is based on a model of one of these boats: 
 It is a cliidver-built, sharp-ended, keel boat, with curved raking stem 
 and sterni)ost: hollow floor and water lines; rather full forward and 
 aft at deck line; very straight on top; wide, nearly square-footed 
 rudder, curved to lit sternpost, and tiller fitted over rudder head. 
 
 It has a flush deck, Avith small cabin trunk aft, and large hatchway 
 abaft the mast. On the port side of the stem is a roller foi- hauling 
 the net warp over. 
 
 It is cutter rigged, with long bowsprit reaching back to the mast; 
 the bowsprit is used as a spinnaker ])oom when rumiing fnn'. It car- 
 ries a loose-footed sprit-mainsail of nearly uniform width; a stay 
 foresail; a jib set fl^'ing, and, in light winds, a club-headed topsail, set 
 on a long pole that comes nearly to the deck on forward side of the 
 mast. 
 
 The principal dimensions are as follows: Length ov(n- all. 80 feet 3 
 inches; Iteam. 12 feet 1 inch; depth, 6 feet 8 inches; cabin house, 5 
 feet 10 inches long, 5 feet 5 inches average width, and J. 5 inches high; 
 mast, al)ove deck. 30 feet 10 inches; bowsprit, outboard, 10 fiM't; top- 
 sail pole. 30 feet 10 inches; topsail club, 14 feet; average width of main- 
 sail, 10 feet; oars, 25 feet long. 
 
 Tlie '•^xlnp.'"' — A cutter-rigged vessel, called by the Norwegians a 
 "ship," or sloop (fig. 14), is employed to some extent in the fisheries 
 of Norway, but chiefly as a trading vessel or carrier. In general char- 
 acteristics it resembles the single-masted fishing smacks of England, 
 from which it has been copied; the rig is essentially the same, with the 
 exception that the Norwegian craft carriers a square sail foi-ward of 
 the mast for use when running free. It s(ddom exceeds 50 tons, and 
 some of these vessels are consideral)ly smaller. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION, 
 
 ini 
 
 It has Ji sharp ])ow; straioht vortical stem: i-ising- floor (occasionally 
 hollow); lono- easy nm: raking- sternpost, and ovorhano-ing-. shallow 
 square stern, of the En,t>lish pattern; very little sheer: flush deck; 
 usually a cahiii house aft: and often davits on the ouartei- for cai-rving- 
 a boat. 
 
 The mast stands a little more than one-third the vessel's Icnoth from 
 the stem, and is nearly v(>rtic:U, with a long- topmast. It has a boom 
 and g-ati'-mainsail; a narrow cluh-headed topsail; stay foresail, jil) set 
 flying on a long- running howspiit: usually a jib topsail, and the s(|uare 
 sail heretofore referred to. A peculiarity of the latter is that it is 
 generally fastened to the upper yard only at th(^ (>ai-ings (or ujjper 
 
 Fifi. 11.— Fishing sloop. (Drawn by .T. W. Collin.s and C. B. Hudson.) 
 
 corners of the sail), while the center of the sail is supported 1)\- the 
 hoisting tackle, which hooks into a cringle in the head i-ope. This 
 square sail is called the ''bredfok" or l»i-oad jit). 
 
 These vessels are generally fairly good sailers and very seaworthy, 
 but they do not work so well as tiiey would if their fore foot was cut 
 away instead of being square, as it usually is. 
 
 The following- are the dinuMisions of one of these sloops: LcMigth 
 over all. 75 feet; beam, 2() feet H inches; depth. !» feet t'. inches: mast, 
 above deck, 54 feet; topmast, heel to truck, 42 feet; main boom, 51 feet 
 2 inches; crafl", 28 feet 6 inches; bowsprit, outboard. 2.S f(>et (5 inches; 
 top.sail yard, 10 feet S inches; upper square-sail yard, 4'\ feet. 
 
 A l>uil(ler's model of a cutter intended for the mackerel flsherv iiad 
 
102 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 essentially the form described above, and i-epresented a vessel of the 
 followinji" propoi'tions of hull: Length over all, OU feet '> inehes; beam, 
 IH feet 2 inches; molded depth. T feet 10 inches. 
 
 FlshlrK/ h'tch('i< or xniaehs. — In recent years a luimbcM" of Enolish- 
 built ketch-rigged fishing vessels have been piirdiased in Xoi-way and 
 ha\ r been found serviceable. 
 
 Vessels somewhat similar have })een ))uilt in >.orway For the dcep-sca 
 fisheries. Builders' models of these were exhil)it«'d. w hidi embodied 
 many of the sturdy features of the banksk0ite, the ciiicf difierence 
 being the overhanging stern, which is a decided improvement. One 
 of them represented a carvel-l)uilt keel vessel, with moderately sharp 
 ])<)w. c()n\(^x above, and slightly concave ])elow water line: rising 
 floor: easy bilge; well-shaped run; raking stei-npost; overhanging 
 round stern, and fine sheer. The principal dimensions were as follows: 
 Net tonnage, 51.16 tons; length over all, 72 feet 11 inches; molded 
 depth, 8 feet 10 inches; draft, extreme, 8 feet 1 inches. 
 
 J^i.s/i/'n</ M'hoonerx.- -The schooner rig has not met with nuich favor 
 in Norway, although some attempts have been made to use vessels of 
 this rig in the oli'shore bank cod fisher}". 
 
 According to Holmbo(\ a schooner was built for Aalesund. in lSS2, 
 to engage in bank fishing. This vessel had the following dimensions: 
 Length over all. T<) feet; l)eam, j}(> feet 4 inches; depth of hold, 7 feet 
 1 iiu'hes; tonnage, gross, 54.14 tons; net, 50.19 tons. Her cost, fitted 
 for sea with fishing gear, etc., was $0,300. 
 
 Various buildei-'s models of fishing schooners were exhi])ited, among 
 them one designed by the Avriter, but there was no evidence that they 
 were anything more than suggestions which builders displayed to 
 attract attention. For this reason it seems scarcely ii(>eessary to refer 
 to them at length. 
 
 Small fishing vessels. — In recent years small decked and half decked 
 vessels, from 8 to 15 tons, have ])een extensively adopted for fishing 
 purposes in Norw^ay, particularly for the cod fishery at Lofoten and 
 Finmarken; the market fishery at Aalesund, and the mackei-el fishery 
 oft' the southwestern coast. While there is considerable experimeiita- 
 tion in the attempt to get the best form, one type of hull seems to be 
 in most common use, with the possible exception of the sharp-sterned 
 sk0ite. This is, however, not always rigged the same, and small 
 vessels of the same model and construction are rigged as single-masted 
 sloops, or as two-masted kt^tches. The latter is, perhaps, the most in 
 favor, especially in the north. 
 
 DecJicd sloojtx. — At Aal(>sund small sloops ai'c used in the hank and 
 market long-line fisheries. According to a model exhihited by the 
 Fishery Society of Aalesund and Sondm0re, a boat of this type has 
 the following characteristics: 
 
 It is a clinker-built, keel, decked vessel; with moderately sharp bow; 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 lO.S 
 
 stem straight unci >'ertical above water, curved at forefoot; rising 
 hollow floor; easy round bilge; long well-formed run; raking stern- 
 post; round-heeled rudder; rather flat counters; and wide, overhang- 
 ing round stern. The deck is flush, with rather low bulwarks; a 
 trunk forecastle, with raised companion way forward of mast; cabin 
 trunk aft, and small square steersman's cockpit abaft the after house. 
 There is one large hatch iust al)aft the mast, and a smaller one Ix'tween 
 that and the cabin. 
 
 It is sloop (or cutter) rigged, with pole mast, fon^ stav setting up 
 to large hook at stem head, and jib set flying on running l>()wsprit. 
 The fore stavsail sheet and main sheet run on iron travelers. 
 
 Fit:. 15.— Fishing kutch. 
 
 Vessels of this type range from about 'M) to 50 feet in length; some 
 are less, perhaps, than 80 feet in length, and few so long as 60 feet. 
 
 The following ai'e the relative dimensions of one of them : Length 
 over all. ;^S feet H inches; t)eam. 1;^ feet 6 inches; depth, 3 feet 10 
 inches; l>ulwarks, 11 inches high; stern, 8 feet 1 inches wide; mast, 
 deck to hounds, 30 feet 2^ inches; deck to truck, 39 feet 7 inches; 
 main })()om. 21 feet 4 inches; gafl*, 18 feet 1 inches; gafl'-topsail chd), 
 12 feet li inches; bowsprit outboard, 11 feet 3 inches; cabin trunk, 
 feet long with average width of 5 feet 8 inches; forecastle trunk, 5 
 feet h)ng, 5 feet 1 inches average width. 
 
 Fi^Jting hdchex. — The small ketch-rigged vessels are gencM-ally 
 clinker-built, and in form, construction, and relative proportions of 
 
104 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIKS KXHriUTIoN. 
 
 hull they closely approxiinatt' the sloop just descrilx'd. The chief dif- 
 ference is in the v\i^. which is a coinproniisc between a schooner and a 
 3'awl. and most nearly rcseni])les the ketch lie- of tlie Hniilisli North 
 Sea fishing- vessels. This is distinctivcdy an ini])i-o\('inent in rig, 
 introduced in the eigliti(\s and. I understand, has heen (|uite exten- 
 sively ap})lied to the lariicst NOrdland l)oats. the "" fenihorinu'. "" \vhich 
 formerly carried a s(|uare sail. IndiM'd. these small decked, or half- 
 decked, vessels ha\(^ superseded the large open hoats to such an extent 
 that there is ofticial authority for stating that the " femboring" is no 
 longer l)uilt. the tendency of the times l)eing to construct modern types. 
 The rig of the ketch is shown in the accomptmying illustration of 
 
 Fig. 1G. — Sealing boat. 
 
 one built by O. Alvig, of Troms0 (tig. 15). mIio exhibitc^l a builder's 
 model of it. 
 
 Following are the i'elati\(' dimensions of thisNcssel. which may l»e 
 taken as a type: 
 
 Length over all. 4:^ feet; beam. !<> feet t; iiuhes; depth. 4 feet 3 
 inches. 
 
 SealirKj ami irh<il'ni<i hoat. —^\^\\s of the ])oats used in the seal and 
 bottle-nose whale fisheries are alike ^ (fig. IC)) and are constructed with 
 special reference to their employment among drifting ice, or ice fioes. 
 The chief difl'er«'nie is in the e(iui])ment; those engaged iji hunting 
 the bottle-nose whale have a .stanchion forward to mount the har- 
 
 'The exceptions .are steam launches and square-stern boats, such as have been 
 described. Otherwise than tliis the scalintr hi>:its, whicli iniiy also he used for kilHiiijr 
 bottle-nose whales, arealike. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 105 
 
 pooii gun on. while those dcsiu-ned for scaling hiivc an 0(|nipni('iit for 
 that tisherv. Following is a description of one of the latter, built at 
 Tronis0: 
 
 It is an open, carvel-liuilt, sharp-ended keel hoat, with convex lines 
 fore and aft; curved raking stem and sternpost; i-ising Hoor; round, 
 easy, rather full bilge; heavy gunwales and slight sheer. The stem 
 and sternpost cui-vc sufficiently to make it easy to haul the ])oat onto 
 ioe. either end first. The keel, stem, and sternpost are protected b}' 
 half-round ii-on. and the sides of the l)oat ai'e sheathed with sheet iron 
 from amidships to the stem, for a width of 80 inches. IS inches above 
 water line and 1:^ inch(\s l)el()W it. 
 
 It is built verv substantiallv. ha\ ing Hftccn full frame's of large size. 
 
 Fig. 17.— Nordlaud codrtsliiiig boat. 
 
 It has ti\e thwai-ts and a half deck forAvard, the sptu-c below it )>eing 
 arranged to hold amnuuiition, etc. There is also a box on each side 
 for amnuuiition. It has four rowloeks on a side, with beckets for the 
 oars. A single sijuare sail is carried. 
 
 The dimensions are: Length overall, 20 feet; width, o feet 8i 
 inches; depth, 2 feet 3 inches; mast, above gunwale, 11 feet 5 inches; 
 yard, 8 feet; oars. 9 feet 10 inches. 
 
 X'rrdldiid ^jix/iln</ hoat. — Among the many types of open boats used 
 in the fisheries of Norway, none is more distinctive or icmui-kable 
 than that known as the Xordland boat, which is easily recognized 
 wherever it may be seen. It derives its specific name from the fact 
 that it not onlv seems to have originated in Nordland — the northern 
 
106 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIHITION. 
 
 section ol' the wost coast of Nofwiiy l)ut is still built iiixl used there 
 in great iiuinl)ers, particularly in the cod fishery of Lofoten. 
 
 There are various sizes of these boats, roughly classified according 
 to the special hi'anch of the cod fishery in which they engage. Another 
 S3'steni of classitication prevails neai'ly everywhere in Norway, by 
 which a boat propelled wholly, or in i)art. l)y oars, is rated ])y the 
 number of oars she is fitted for. This system ()l)tains in Xordland, 
 and the size of a })oat is usually indicated by the number of oai's she 
 has, instead of by actual measui'ement. They dill'ei'. however, chiefly 
 in size, and in certain e(|uij)ments for fishery, though there are occa- 
 sionally differences of I'ig. and a few of the largest boats have cuddies. 
 But ill all cases the ty})e is shown so strongl}^ and unmistakably in the 
 hull that it can not l>e mistaken. 
 
 Th(> size varies from about IS to 4:0 feet in length; the smalh^st are 
 used l)y hand-line fishermen, the next sizes for operating trawl lines, 
 and the largest boats for net fishing. The latter, however, vary con- 
 siderably, from the seven-oared l)oat (fig. IT) to the ''femboring" (tig. 
 18), the largest of the type, which ranges fiom 3(3 to 4(> foot in length; 
 from S to 1) feet beam, and from li;") to 3H inches in (lei)fh. and carries 
 from 10 to V2 oars. 
 
 But. while there are variations in size and e(|ui])ments for special 
 brant-hes of lishei'v. the following eltMnents are so constant as to l>e 
 substantially in\'aria])le in the Nordland boat: 
 
 It is an open, clinkei-built. sharp-ended, keel Ixjat, with hollow floor 
 and water lines; very high stem and sternpost. both of which are nearly 
 vertical above the water line, but are curved ])elow. It is low amid- 
 ships, with flaring sides, which are generall\- increased in height by 
 vertical washboards fastened to the gunwales. 
 
 It lias only a fair sheer thi'oughout the greatei" })art of its length, 
 but cui'N'es uj) sharply at each end. The ])()W and stern are very sharp 
 and concave below, but flare strongly above, and aiv much fuller on 
 the gunwale line. The floor is also excessively hollow, and this char- 
 acteristic feature of Scandinavian boat construction is carried to such 
 extent as to make the upper section of the floor very shallow and rather 
 flat, therel)y decreasing the buoyancy of the boat and materially reduc- 
 ing its free board. 
 
 The construction is crude and primitive to an unexplainable degree, 
 which can not be accounted for on the plea that it is necessary to keep 
 the cost of building to the lowest practicable amount. For instance, 
 the inner edges of the stem and sternpost arc so thin that there is not 
 space for rabbets deep enough to properly receive the wood ends of 
 the planks; hence they project, and though the}^ are rounded, they 
 necessarily retard the speed of a boat. The nails used for fastening 
 have very large round heads which can not he countersunk; conse- 
 quently they project all over a boat's ))ottom, to the great detriment 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 107 
 
 of her easy prooress. In view of the fact that it is of tiie highest 
 importance that the Nordhmd ))oat should ])ass easily through the 
 water, since it nuist often l)e propelled })y oai's alone, it is inipossible 
 to understand why such crude workmanship should have l>een con- 
 tinued for centuries, and especially in recent yeai's. when experience 
 has shown that it is practicable to make important improvements in 
 these particulars, without additional cost or sacrifice of structural 
 strength, or any other desirable ([ualiti cation. 
 
 The number of thwarts depends on the size of the ))oat and the oars 
 carried. With few exceptions })oats of this ty})e are entirely open. 
 Some of the largest, however, have a small ca])in, or cuddy aft, under- 
 
 FiG. 18. — Nordland "femboring" or twelve-oared boat. 
 
 neath a short deck lliat (•ur\-cs up sharply to the center to give requisite 
 height. In this the men sleep and cook, when it is necessary for them 
 to remain on board, as is sometimes the case, esy)ecially when making 
 trips to the Finmarken fishing grounds. 
 
 The rig is usually one large square sail, set on a mast stepped nearly 
 in the center of the boat. The largest boats formerly often carried a 
 topsail (set fl^'ing) over the square sail in light winds. I am informed, 
 however, that the rig of many of these large boats has been changed in 
 recent years, so that, instead of the old-style square sails, they now 
 have a ketch or "dandy" rig, with fore and aft sails. 
 
 The square .sail is somewhat higher than wide, and though it can be 
 
108 INTERNATIONAL FISHEKIKS EXHlJUTKtN. 
 
 used l»y the wind it is dcsioiicd more especially for use wiien running' 
 free, the )>o!it l)eino- o-eneriiiiy I'owed when the wind is ahead. The 
 sail is reefed on tiie foot, piece by piei-e. as the wale increases. 
 
 The arranj^euient for steering- is ])eculiar. An arm, or yoke, exten<ls 
 out from the rudderhead about a foot at rijrht ano-les to the boat's keel, 
 and to this is jointed a lon«i- handle or tiller, which reacln's forward 
 scAeral feet, and with which the tishei'iiien steers, simply t»y moving- 
 it fore and aft instead ot" putting it from port to starboard, or vice 
 versa. a> one has to do with the common tiilei". 
 
 The boats employed in gill-net fishing usually have an adjusta))le 
 roller attached to the side or to the bow over which the nets are ])ull(^d 
 on board. Line rollers are also used on the boats euiployed in line 
 fishing. 
 
 The crew of a )>oat fitted for the net tishery varies from ti to S men, 
 and th<' number of nets from <)0 to l'»(i. These are not all in use at 
 the same tinu\ })ut the greater part ai"e kept in reserve to supply the 
 phu-e of such as may need repairs or drying, or that may be lost. 
 From i!0 to H;-) nets are fastened together and set in a gang by each 
 ))oat on a s])ecitied })art of the lishing ground. 
 
 Tlu' Xoi'dland boat has been the subject of uuicli criticism beeause 
 of its luiseawoithiness. and the frequent disasters which have resulted 
 in conse([uence. and many attempts have been made to induce the 
 iishermen to adopt other types of boats which are l)eliev(>d to be safer. 
 Little has been accomplished in this direction, however, for the fisher- 
 men still cling to the style of boat they ha\e always been familiar with, 
 and refuse to believe any other has so many good (pialities for the 
 Lofoten fishery. The reason for this is believed to be due to the fact 
 that, because of its remarkably easy under-water lines and compara- 
 tively small displacement, the Noi-dland l)oat rows easier than most of 
 the proposed new' designs. This is a most important qualification, 
 because of the prevailing meteorological conditions, for it is said that 
 the storms of winter and spring are almost invariably followed by 
 calms, hence it is generall}' necessary to row the boats to the fishing- 
 grounds, whenever the w'cather permits the fishermen to work, and 
 often the boat must be rowed back because of lack of wind or advcse 
 winds. It will thus be seen wh}'^ it has been so difficult to influence 
 the fishermen regarding the shape of their boats, but the fact cited 
 makes it still more inexplical)le that no att(Mupt has been made to 
 lessen surface friction on the craft thej^ now have, and thus to improve 
 them matei-ially in the matter of rowing. 
 
 The problem of designing an open boat that will safely encounter 
 the most trying conditions met with in the pursuit of the winter cod 
 fishery at Lofoten may possibly be beyond the skill of any designer, 
 for storms arise with such suddenness and violence that it is impossi- 
 ble for the lisherman always to avoid being caught out m weather that 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 109 
 
 any small open boat could scarcely live through. Nevertheless, there 
 are many reasons for believing that a boat of a better design, such, for 
 instance, as that exhibited by Mr. J. A. Johnsen, tishery inspector at 
 Bodo (PI, XX), would safely and successfully ride out gales when the 
 Nordland boat would l)e swamped, while, at the same time, it would 
 have superior (^arr3'ing capacity and be equally easy to row. 
 
 AVhatever else may be said, it is evident that the Nordland boat, 
 with its low freeboard and small capacity, is poorly adapted to carr}^- 
 ing a cargo of tish in rough weather, for it sits so deep in the water 
 when loaded that the waves will wash over it amidships. 
 
 Indeed, it is difficult to imagine how a boat of this size could be 
 made less seaworthy. But it does not appear that Norwegian fisher- 
 men alwa^'s depend on their boat taking them safely through rough 
 weather, simply because of its seaworthiness or ability to ride safely 
 over the waves. "When the crew see that there is no hope of keep- 
 ing the boat afloat in the ordinary wa}^," remarks Dunell, "the}^ will 
 purposely give her such a lurch, by a simultaneous movement of their 
 bodies, that she will turn completely over, and the fish or ballast that 
 ma}^ be on board will fall out, and the boat will float keel up through 
 the natural buo3'ancy of the wood. Then the flshermen scramble onto 
 the flat bottom, and b}^ sticking their knives deep into the keel will 
 try to hold on until the storm is past or they drift ashore, but their 
 most frequent fate is to be washed off and swallowed by the sea. It 
 is a common saying among the fishermen of these parts that two out 
 of ever}^ three meet their death b}' drowning. It is said that the 
 Norwegian fishermen on some parts of the coast consider a boat imsafe 
 that can not be turned over by the movement of the crew on board; 
 so that the low middle portion which we in Kngland should consider 
 so undesirable an element in the design is looked on b}^ the native 
 fishermen as a necessary feature." It is often the case that holes are 
 cut in the })ottom of the capsized boat to let the air beneath escape, 
 thus rendering it steadier on the waves. ""In this situation the crew 
 will wait in hope of being saved by some other vessel," writes Fer- 
 guson, ''a hope which is not always realized, as the yearly loss of lives 
 in this part of Norway by boats being wrecked is over 180. Quite as 
 many lives, however, are annually saved by being rescued from the 
 keel of boats thus upturiuHl."" ' ^, 
 
 Fortunately, the presence of life-saving boats on the northern fishing 
 grounds in recent years has been a potent factor in decreasing the 
 loss of life, but th(^ necessity for adopting an improved form of boat 
 is still appariMit. This is important enough to justify the remarks 
 made here, in the iiopc f h:it a satisfactory solution of the problem may 
 soon be reached. 
 
 'Paris lJiiiver8al Kxpot^ition, 1878. Reports of United States Coinmissioners. 
 Pisciculture. — Thonian B. Ferguson. 
 
 t5. Doc. 39 8 
 
no INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIHITION. 
 
 FoUowino- are the dimensions of a Nordland boat — the "Nordkap"" — 
 exhibited at Bert^en: Length overall, 21 feet; beam, 5 feet I inch: 
 depth. l!> inches; height of mast, 14 feet. 
 
 The relative dimensions of one of the largest boats are as follows: 
 Length overall, '6d feet 11 inches; beam, 10 feet 1 inch; depth, 8 feet 
 2 inches: height of washboard amidships, 9^ inches; mast above gun- 
 wale, 27 feet 10 inches; topsail yard, 11 feet; oars, 12 feet 1 inch. 
 
 Suggeded Improve) iievt In Nordland hoat.—T\\e. improved form of 
 boat for the Nordland fisheries designed by Fishery Inspector John- 
 sen deserves more than a passing mention. AV^hile it lias a shaip 
 stern and hollow floor, it will be seen that it differs radicall}- from the 
 tj'pical Nordland boat (PI. XX). Instead of the quick rise at bow and 
 stern noticeable in the latter, the new design has a graceful and uniform 
 sheer throughout, while the unsightly and worse than useless high 
 stem and sternpost are dispensed with. There is a moderate overhang- 
 forward, with a long easy curve to the forefoot, thus dispensing with 
 the superfluous deadwood and surface friction seen in the Nordland 
 type, and producing nearly straight or easy convex water lines, which 
 are much better ada])ted to speed than al)rupt wave lines, while this 
 form of boat is more buoyant, and is easier to turn and quicker in stays 
 when under sail. 
 
 The form suggested is designed to secure a high degree of buoyancy, 
 and consequent carrying capacity, with fine lines; in this respect it is 
 immensely superior to the old-fashioned craft. The stern is also as 
 well formed as the forward section. Indeed, it isditticult to point out 
 just how this design of Mr. Johnsen's can be bettered, having in mind 
 all the conditions necessary for consideration; and. even if prejudice 
 and conservatism prevent its adoption, it is a satisfaction to know that 
 one officially connected with the Norwegian flsheries has given suffi- 
 cient thought to the subject to enable him to suggest an improvement 
 in })oat designing that should earn for him the commendation of all 
 who have the welfare of the flsheries and flshermen at heai't. 
 
 The model exhibited by Mr. Johnsen was designed for a boat 30 feet 
 long. 7 feet 10 inches wide, and 3 feet 10 inches molded depth. It is 
 evident, however, that boats of various sizes can be built substantially 
 from the same lines, though of course the larger they are the less pro- 
 portional width they usually have. 
 
 Tlic Ramn jixlung hodt. — The boats built at Kancn (lig. l'.») difler 
 from the typical Nordland })oat chiefly in having a more synunctrical 
 sheer thi'oughout and witliout an abrupt rise at the ends. Indeed it is 
 said that a large numbt'r of the l)oats used in the Lofoten tisheries ai'e 
 built by the peasants of Ranen. and therefore the descrii)tion given of 
 one will a})])ly nearly as well to the other. 
 
 Omitting mention of those peculiarities that are conunon to both, 
 and which have been previously alluded to, the fc^llowing details of 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Ill 
 
 one of the llanon boats may be given: It has fi\'o thwarts, the two 
 after ones beino- placed pretty close together, one of them serving as 
 a seat for the steersmaji; the stroke oarsman sits on the forward one 
 The middle thwart is placed a little forward of amidships, and against 
 the after edge of this the mast stands. The two forward thwarts are 
 for the rowers. The forward thwart is adjustable, but the others are 
 permanently fastened. The boat is provided with six oars, and when 
 being propelled by theni each one of the three men who row use two 
 oars. The rowlocks are generally of the single-prong type, a form 
 which has been quite universally adopted in Norway, and these are 
 provide(l with Icatlicr bockets for holding the oai's. 
 
 '<4 
 
 ¥ui I'.l. — Kaiit'ii lisliiiif,' Ixiiit. 
 
 "The rowlocks of all the Northland boats," says Boehmer, ''from 
 the most ancient to the present Norwegian Hshing craft. exhil)it the 
 same general model, although they diti'er from one another in size and 
 detail of work. In every case they are cut out of one piece of tim- 
 ber. * * '^^ 
 
 "They are called 'Keipor,' and the same (" Keipr") is I'ouml in old Ice- 
 landic sagas {Formnanna Sogur) and in the Snorre's Edda. The Keiper 
 consists of a piece of wood fastened to the gunwale by wooden ])egs — 
 in the Sondnuire l)oat, in tln^ absence of a gunwale, they are fastened 
 to the top plank by two iron nails — bearing an oblique prolongation at 
 
112 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 one end, and furni.shod with a loop of wicker-work i-ope or leather, 
 through which the oar is passed, and which prevents its slipping- out 
 of the keip whih' i-owing. These rowlocks are in Norway considered 
 superior to ordinary tholes, l)eing" not so lial)le to break as the latter/'^ 
 
 On each side of the boat, extending nearly two-thirds of its length, 
 in the middle, is a stout gunwale, and in rough weather, or when the 
 boat is deeply loaded, a vertical washl)oard is })i:i('ed al»()\ •' this, the 
 board ])eing aliout one-half the length of the boat. 
 
 The mast is supported on each side by three shrouds, and also l»y an 
 adjustal)le l)ackstay which sets up Avith a single purchase; a forestaj' 
 extends from the masthead to the stem. The mast is supported also 
 on the after side by the halliards, which reeve over a sheave at the 
 masthead and make fast on the weather (piarter near the boat's stern. 
 
 The sail is of the oi'dinary square form used on the Nordland boats, 
 and is provided with reefs T)oth at top and l)ottom. There are three 
 cringles on each side, at the foot of the sail, but it has only one set of 
 reef points on the lower part. The sail is provided with a bowline on 
 each side, which is attach(>d to a bridle on each leech that reeves 
 through a fair-leader at the stem head, and, when sailing close hauled, 
 the weathei- leech of the sail can be extended, so that it sets better 
 than it otherwise would. 
 
 The boat has a much shorter sternpost than that of the typical Nord- 
 land craft, and is steered with an ordinary straight tiller that shoves 
 into the rudder head and works over the top of the sternpost. For 
 holding this tiller in any desired position there is a "tiller chock," a 
 sort of elevated horse, which extends from side to side, is curved 
 strongly, and has a large number of wooden pins in its upper side; 
 wh(Mi the helmsman wishes the boat to steer herself for a short period 
 he drops the tiller into this chock between two of the upright pins, 
 which prevent it from moving. 
 
 The boat is clinker-built, as is conunon with the small craft used in 
 the northern fisheries; fastened with copper; has live strakes of plank 
 on each side, and sixteen sets of timber. There is a heav}' half keel- 
 son in the center of the boat, extending a])out two-lifthsof her length. 
 The middle portion of the interior is divided into two compartments 
 by three ])ulkheads beneath the thwarts, and in these sections the iish 
 and fishing apparatus are counnonly stowed. 
 
 A craft of this kind may vary from 18 to 40 feet in length. The 
 following are the principal dimensions of an eight-oared boat: Length 
 over all, 26 feet; beam, (i feet "2 inches; depth, amidships, 20 inches; 
 depth of keel, 6 inches; mast, extreme length, 20 feet (i inches; main 
 yard, 9 feet 4 inches; sail, hoist, 12 feet; head, 9 feet: foot, 13 feet 6 
 
 1 Proceedings of United States National Museum, 1886, pp. 443-444. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 113 
 
 inches. A four-oared boat was 18 feet 4 inches long, -1 feet 7 inches 
 wide, and 21 inches deep. 
 
 Finmai'l'cii jixliuKj hoaf. — The open boat chiefly used in the tisheries 
 from the coast of Finniarken, and especially in the cod fisher}- (lig-. 20), 
 has been copied from the Nordland boats; indeed, many of the latter 
 go to Finmarken in the spring or early summer to engage in the great 
 "lodde" cod tishery. The l)oat refei'red to here under the above cap- 
 tion is, however, that which has l)een built at Finmarken; this, though 
 a copy, is sufficiently differentiated, according to reliable authority 
 and models, to be considered largely typical. 
 
 ■J(l. - I'irinuii'ki'n li>hiii,n l)iiat 
 
 It is wider and deeper than the Nordland boat, the extra depth being 
 due to a wide plank put on permanently above the gunwale and extend- 
 ing from bow to stern, the ends being much narrower than the center. 
 The sheer is more like that of the Rancn boat, but, according to a 
 model, the upper end of the stem curves inboard, the mast stands 
 farther forward, is comparativelv short, and the sail is much smaller 
 than is common on the west coast of Norway. 
 
 It is an open, double-ended, clinker-built, keel ])oat, with curved 
 stem and sternpost; typical Norwegian rudder and hinged tiller. 
 
 Following are the dimensions of a Finmarken fishing boat: Length 
 over all, 22 feet 11 inches; beam, 7 feet 11 inches; depth, 25 inches; 
 mast, above gunwale, 14 feet 2 inches; yard, 11 feet 8 inches; oars, 12 
 feet 6 inches. 
 
lU 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Tin Sinidiiii'ii'i' ji>^li'utii hoat.— \ type of Ixnit coiniiioiily used in the 
 cod and herriiio- Hslieries at S()iulnioro (tig. 21) diti'eis materially in 
 shape, constniction. and rig from other Norwegian craft. 
 
 In the models exhibited, certain ditlercnces were noticeable: these, 
 however, were probably due to the iiidi\idual fancies of th(» builders. 
 Although there may l)e some slight xariations in tiie form and con- 
 struction, the type is nevertheless well defined. 1 am informed, how- 
 ever, that it is being superseded by other kinds of boats, and is less 
 numei'ou^ than formerly, although still a well-recognized form in the 
 fisheries. 
 
 'rh(> shape of the Sondmore boat is peculiar, resembling somewhat 
 tlu^ hall" of a pea pod wiiicli has been cut in two horizontal! v. and has 
 
 Fig. 21. — Siiinlui..ic ii.~liiii,u bnal. 
 
 been very nmch spread out in the middle. It has sharp Haring ends 
 with generally convex lines, and is somewhat wider and fuilei' forward 
 than aft. There is a supplementary top strake at the bow which 
 extends aft a little more than one-third of the boat's length, and 
 another at the stern which is about half as long. 
 
 These additional streaks raise the bow and stern considerably above 
 the midship section, and give the boat the appearance of having a 
 strong sheer. It is wide, but comparatively shallow; it has a deep 
 keel; the stem and sternpost are wide, with a long slanting curve, and 
 extend from 1 to 3 feet above the top strake. It is V-shaped through- 
 out its entire length; and the upper part is spread out very broadly, 
 so that the sides have a strong tiare. The floor near the keel is slightly 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 115 
 
 concave, but from tliiit point noiirly to the top of the upper strake 
 there is conipiiratively little convexity in the low midship section. 
 
 It has nearly a mininuun superfluous surface friction, and with the 
 flaring- top side it gets a strong "'shoulder" and rapidly increases it;^ 
 stability when heeling to a breeze; therefore, for rowing or sailing 
 in moderate winds and fairly smooth water, the form is an excellent 
 one. The short keel and " rockered" ends facilitate ({uick turning. 
 
 The SonduKire l)oat is entirely op(Mi and cliidvcr built, but in some 
 respects its consti'uction is very unicjue. The model referred to has 
 nine sets of tim))ers and half frames; also a breasthook at (>ach end 
 which is placed in a diagonal position, its apex being low down in the 
 boat and its arms extending toward the upper streak. Running along- 
 each side of the interior at the floor timber heads (or at the upj)er odge 
 of the second strake from the top) is a hi^avy clani}) or thick streak 
 about two-thirds of the 1)oat's length in the middle; it approaches the 
 stern somewhat nearer than it does the bow. It is held in place chiefly 
 by top timbers or stanchions, the lower ends of which are notched so 
 as to flt over the clamps, and it is additionally secured ]>y being nailed 
 to the outside planks. Two stout beams extend from side to side of 
 the boat, their ends resting against the planks and the clamps. One 
 of these beams is about in the middle of the boat and the other is from 
 2 to 3 feet farther forward. Each of these is covered by a thwart; 
 there are six thwarts in all. The boat is not ceiled inside, but it has 
 narrow, adjustable platforms which are placed between the frames, low 
 down in the bottom. 
 
 It has four streaks of plank on each side amidships and six streaks 
 at the l)ow. The distinguishing characteristic of this craft is that it 
 has no gunwale, and the low^er bow planks instead of being placed in 
 the usual way, horizontally or sloping dow^nward beneath the bilge, 
 extend diagonally upward at an angle of 10 or 15' , and meet the 
 other planks coming from the stern about one-third of the ])oat\s 
 length from the stem. The ends of the planks are chamfered, so that 
 they lap over the after planks instead of butting against them. This 
 form of construction, it is claimed, while being quite as strong as any 
 other, gives great elasticity to the boat and not only renders her safer 
 in a sea way but makes her much easier to row and swifter under sail. 
 
 Writing of this peculiar construction, Dunnell says: 
 
 There is another curious theory raised by the Norwegian fishermen whicli has led 
 to the strakes in the fore part of some classes of boats being placed diagonally instead 
 of fore and aft to the keel, and consequently out of line with the planking of the 
 midship and after parts. It is stated that this is done in order to allow the boats to 
 free themselves from water, supposing a heavy sea should hreak on board. Although 
 the idea may seem ahsurd at first glance to those accustomed to a more rigid con- 
 struction of vessel, there is no doubt that the theory appears far moi-e plausil)le when 
 one comes to consider the matter. The boat in its midship section is very shallow, 
 and the sides ari- not high. There is, therefore, no rigid double web, as it were, to 
 resist the bending strain. As the boats ride on the water they tend to conform to 
 
IT) INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 the contour of tlie waves when tliere is a great weight of water on boanl. In this 
 way the water would run out at the ends when the l)oat was poised on tlie wave 
 crest, and in like manner would flow out over the low sides aniidsliips when in a 
 hollow. Whether this theory be soinid or not we will not venture to pass an opin- 
 ion, but it may l)e not altogether impossible that tlie fishermen have good reason for 
 adopting it, extravagant as it may appear at first sight. 
 
 Havino- hud a lono- practical experience in open boats in vaiving- 
 kinds of weather, I am inclined to be somewhat skeptical about this 
 foiin of construction ha\'ino- .so niany afhanta<j;"es as are claiuHMl for it, 
 though its elasticity doubtless aids it in sailing and rowing. One thing, 
 however, is pretty sure to happen to almost any open boat that is tilled 
 with water and which is partly or wholly loaded with lish. It will 
 ca})size at once, especially in rough water, uide.ss, indeed, it should be 
 balla.sted with rocks, sand, or shingle, in which case it will sink. 
 
 When engaged in the gill-net tish(n'v, the Scuidmcire boat, like other 
 Norwegian craft, is providcnl with an adjustable I'oller, over which the 
 nets are pulled. This maj" l)e i)ut on any part of the boat's side. 
 
 The rudder is usually small, curved on the for(> side to Ht to the 
 sternpost, and is operated with a tiller similar in form to that used on 
 the Nordland tisliing boat. The I'owdocks are also of the single-pronged 
 type connnonly used in northern Norway. 
 
 The boats of SondmOre are usually built of pine, or planked with it, 
 and when they are well cannl for it is .said that they last a long time. 
 
 The rig differs somewhat from that of the Nordland lishing boats. 
 A single i-aking mast stands amidships, and this is supported on each 
 side by four shrouds, to the lower ends of which are attached pointed 
 wooden toggk^s. In each of the side clamps that luiv(» previously been 
 mentioned are four metal staples, into each of which is spliced a rope 
 becket. The toggles on the lower end of the shrouds are inserted in 
 these beckets when the mast is erected. This is a convenient arrange- 
 ment, for the standing rigging can almo.st in.stantly be removed or put 
 in place whenever it is desirable to lower or erect the mast. The mast 
 is sometimes, though not always, additionally supportinl by a stay 
 running to thi^ stem head. 
 
 A narrow-headcMl lug .sail is carried, which, when the l)oat is sailing 
 close hauled, tacks down to the stem, while the sheet trims to the lee 
 quarter. Tln^ larger part of the sail, however, when trimmed in this 
 maniKM". is forward of the mast, and the center of eii'ort of the sail is con- 
 sidera])ly forward of tlu^ mid.shij) section. In ca.se there is a forestay, it 
 is customary to lace the lower part of tlu^ sail to it when the boat is by 
 the wind; but when there is no stay, a rope is rove through the cringles 
 in the lull' of the .sail and taken around the stem head. The sail of 
 the Sondmore boat is pecidiai- to it, and this special form of lug-.sail, 
 it is said, makes it easv for the boat to go very close to the wind. 
 
 A boat like this will carry a crew' of eight men, one of wdiom is 
 usually employed in bailing out the water that comes into her. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 117 
 
 The boats from SoiidnKire vary considerably in size. Two full-size 
 six-oared boats which were exhibited from there were 24 and 27 feet 
 long, respectively. Following are the dimensions of the latter: Length, 
 over all, 27 feet; beam, 6 feet; depth, 2 feet; mast, extreme length, 26 
 feet 9 inches; oars, 12 feet 5 inches. 
 
 BanJcer^s fi'dirl-ll/ii- hoat. — The vessels employed in the Storeggen 
 Bank fishery in summer, and at other seasons in the market lisherv. 
 from Cape Stadt to Christiansund, usually carry from two to three 
 large sail boats for setting and hauling trawl lines. 
 
 Fig. 22. — Bunker's Irawl-lino bout. 
 
 The typical boat used for this purpose (tig. 22) is a clinker-built, 
 sharp-ended, keel craft. It is entirely open, wide and deep; therefore 
 bulky and heavy for iiandling and hoisting to and from the deck of a 
 vessel. It is rather full on top at the ends, but has moderately ea.sy 
 lines below. It is fitted with two masts and carri(\s two loose-footed 
 .sprit sails; the mainsail is much larger than the foresail. 'Che fore- 
 mast is stepped just al)aft the stem, and the mainmast is forward of 
 amidships. It has a line-rolhn- at th(> stem, and is usually e<[uipped 
 with an iron winch for heaving in the trawl lines. This winch is placed 
 on the forwai'd thwarts. There are live thwarts, in one of which the 
 mainmast is stepped. 
 
118 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Boats of this type usuiilly sail to and from the aosscI. if there is 
 sufficient wind; when the trawls ai-e hauled the sails are furled and the 
 masts unshipped. Three or four men :11c required for a erew. 
 
 "^I'lie following" are the r(dati\'e dimensions of a hoat of this ty])e: 
 Lenotli over all, 22 feet 1 ineh; beam, 8 feet 5:t inches: depth, yiuiwale 
 to garboard, 3 feet 9 inches; foremast above gunwale, 13 feet -i inches; 
 average width of foresail, feet 3 inches; average width of mainsail, 
 6 feet; length of oars, 14 feet, l(i feet, IT feet 6 inches. 
 
 Nonoegian dm'tes. — While some of the dories Imilt for ])rosecuting 
 the deep-sea trtiwl-lini^ fisheries from Norway are fairly close copies 
 of the American lishing dory, most of the l)oats of this ty])e. ]xirticu- 
 larly those us(hI from steam liners, are wider and (Un'pcr than those 
 l)uilt in the rnited States and are also heavier in consti'uction. They 
 look hea\v. elumsy. and unwieldy in comparison with Ameriean-l»uilt 
 dories, and most of them are not adapted to rowing to windward 
 against a fresh wind and chop})v sea. 
 
 Tlie reason for this form is because, when fishing oil the coast, it is 
 considered important that a dory should b(^ able to carry her day'.s 
 catch, so that it Avill not l)e necessary in the short days of winter or 
 spring for her to go alongside the steamer to discharge hiu' lish before 
 the lines are all in. The mattei- of lia\ ing a good rowing dory is 
 deemed of secondaiy importance, for the steamers pick uj) their boats 
 and the tishernu'n siddom liaAc to row nuu-h except when sc^tting the 
 lines, and then generally l)efore the wind. 
 
 Two full-size dories were exhi])ited, neither of which would 1)e con- 
 sidered a good example of the Amei'ican type of tliis kind of fishing 
 boat. One was from Trondhjeni and tiie other fi'oni Arendal. The 
 former had four streaks on a side and, in this particular, resembled the 
 four-streaked dories formerly built by a firm in (Jloui-ester. ]Mass.. but 
 which are now ])ractically obsolete, while the three-streaked Salisbury 
 dory still remtiins the American type. The Trondhjeni dory was 19 
 feet 7 inches long. 5 feet 2 inches wide, and 21 inclies deep. 
 
 The Arendal dory was nmch wider and deeper, and had a heavj^ 
 chafing ((}uart(M'-round) sti'eak outside the gunwale from stem to stern. 
 This boat was 20 feet long. 5 feet 11 inches wide — bottom, 3 feet 1 
 inch wide — and 2»! inches deep. 
 
 Sognefjord fs/ihuj boat. — The tA'pical lishing boat of the Sognefjord 
 district, of which a full-size specimen was exhi])ited, is an open, 
 clinker-built, sharp-ended, keel boat, with curved raking stem and 
 sternpost; concave water lines; rising floor, ;uid moderately flaring 
 sides. It ranges from IT to 30 feet in length, but boats not exceeding 
 22 feet in length are, perhaps, most in use. 
 
 It has four streaks on a side, and three frames occupying froui one- 
 (piarter to three-eighths of a boat's length in the center; the two for- 
 ward frames ha^•e crossbeams, like the four-oared boat, hereafter to 
 
INTEKNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 119 
 
 be dosi-ribed. There is a l)re{isthook at the how and stern; in each 
 case this is phict^d diagonally, with the arms slanting upward, to secure 
 greater strength. It has four rowlocks of the ordinary L-shaped pat 
 tern, usually with wickerwork beckets to hold the oars. 
 
 It has no gunwales, the uppei* strake, Avhich is 10 or 1::! inches wide 
 in the middle and '2. or ;^ inches wide at the ends, has no support of 
 this kind. Instead of this there is on each side a ribband or clamp 
 rumiing along the inner upper edge of the strake next the top, l)etween 
 the breasthooks, and this serves to stiffen the )>oat somewhat, which 
 seems necessary in the absence of gunwales or ceiling. Boards are 
 laid along the bottom for the oarsmen's feet to rest on. Boats of this 
 type seen in Sognefjord were not painted, but were covered with a 
 sort of varnish. The oars are of the conventional form. 
 
 v^- 
 
 Vu;. 2o. — H(jrgcu honing bout. 
 
 The rig usually consists of a narrow-headed and rather small square 
 sail, set on a mast stepped nearly amidships. 
 
 One of the boats had the following dimensions: Length over all, 
 22 feet T inches; beam. 5 feet o inches; depth, 22 inches, stem and 
 sternpost 10 inches al)ove upper streak; oars. 10 feet 1» inches long. 
 
 Bergen or Sondhorland herrhuj hoat. — A large fleet of boats is 
 employed in the herring fishery from Bergen and vicinity, and are 
 represented in the spring herring Hshery which is prosecuted from the 
 coast fishery stations south of Bei-gen. 
 
 The typical l)oatof this class (tig. 23) is an ojien, cliidvcr-built, siiarp- 
 ended, keel craft, with raking curved stem and sternpost; hollow floor 
 
120 INTERNATIONAL FISHP:RIKS EXHIBITION. 
 
 and ^vator I'mos; l)()\v ratlun- full abovo water; yood sIkmt; tliive thwarts 
 forward of mast and two well aft: a larov open s])acH' is left bctwoen 
 the forward and after thwarts t'oi- the storage of u'iH nets. A net 
 roller is litted on tlie side. 
 
 It has a single nuist. a loose-footed sprit-mainsail, stay foresail taek- 
 ing- to stem head, and a small jil> set llyinii' on an adjustaMe l)o\\ spi'it. 
 
 The following are the dimensions of a hoat of al)out the a\'erage 
 size: Length overall, 27 feet (5 inches: l»eanu 8 feet; depth, '2 feet 3 
 inches; mast, above gunwale. 15 feet; oais. 1.") feet long. 
 
 Foni'-odi'ed ji-'ih'nHj hoat. — Among the small, opcm fishing boats of 
 Norway, none is more worthy of notice than the so-called four-oared 
 boat, which is in widl-cleserved favor along aconsideralile section of the 
 coast, including that from just north of Hergen through the Ilardanger 
 Fjord. 
 
 The southwest coast of Noi'way. from liergen to the Naze, is nnich 
 cut up with fjords and estuaries, and to a fishing po])ulation, such as 
 inhabits this region, a light row ])oat is so indispensable that it is stated 
 that "the poorest people, even beggars, possess such ))oats in this 
 part of Noi'way." 
 
 Probably no other type of Norwegian l)oat embodies so many good 
 qualities as this, or is so well achipted to the purposes for which it is 
 used, and the wonder is that larger boats are not built sut>stanti;dly 
 on the same lines. 
 
 It is used for various purposes besides fishing, and is one of the 
 most i)opular lowboats in the country. Numerous full-size l)oats of 
 this type were exhibited. Most of these were of the ordinary con- 
 struction, but some, designed for ph^asure rowing, were more highly 
 specialized, and constructed so as to bring out the best points of this 
 fonn. The most notable exhibit of this kind was a full-size boat, 
 designed and built by Olaf T. Olsen. of Bergen, the i)lans of which 
 are .shown in Plate XXI. This boat is 1!) feet 6^ inches long. 4 feet 9f 
 inches wide, and iTi inches deep. 
 
 Although it is built somewhat crudely, as a rule, the four-oared boat 
 embodies the (dements of s})eed in a high degree: therefore it rows 
 and sails well. One which I saw at Bergen was fitted up as a small 
 yacht. It was deidved, with the exception of a small cockpit amid- 
 ships, sloop-rigged, and provided with a tish-shaped lead bulb on a tin 
 keel, like some of the small racing boats in the I'nited States. This 
 little craft, not exceeding 18 feet in length, was very swift, (|uick in 
 stays, stiff, and possessed the (qualities most desired in a small, canoe- 
 shaped racing l)oat. 
 
 The size is usually from 16 to 20 feet in length, and for fishing pur- 
 poses it is always an open, clinker-built, sharp-ended, keel boat: with 
 curved, rather strongly raking stem and sternpost; usually straight or 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 121 
 
 slightly c-onvox wutor linos; sharp floor; oasy round hiloo. and flaring 
 sides and ends. It has a medium sheer; low. pointed stem and stern- 
 post; three thwarts; tAvo rowlocks on a sid(\ and two pairs of oars. 
 The rowlocks are of the ordinary Norwegian form, with })eckets of 
 twisted withes for holding the oars. There are three streaks of plank 
 on a side. 
 
 These boats are built chiefly of pine, and very iittle metal fastening 
 is used in consti'uction. One wliich I saw in course of const i-uct ion in 
 Hardanger had no metal fastening in the frames, small, wooden tree- 
 nails being used instead of nails. The three Hoor frames came nearly 
 to the top of the streak next tlie top one. Crossing from side to side, 
 over each of the two forAvai'd frames, was a pine knee, the short arm 
 of which extended upward to the gunwale on one side, while the longer 
 arm ser^'ed as a beam to strengthen the boat and to support the th^Nart. 
 To the other end of this beam was fastened (with treenails) a shorter- 
 armed knee, one prong of which fitted to the boat's side up to the gun- 
 wale. The whole, in each case, was fastened to the planks and frame. 
 There are only three frames occupying about one-third the boat's 
 length amidships, but at each end is a stout breasthook. placed diago- 
 nally and reaching up to the gunwale on each side, 
 
 A feature of the construction is that often, if not alwa^^s, the 
 frames are put in after a boat is planked and the ])lanks fastened 
 together. This was the case with the one I saw building. The bow 
 and stern planks, as well as the stem and sternpost, were held in posi- 
 tion by numerous braces, the upper ends of which fitted into the longi- 
 tudinal grooves (of which there were three) of an overhead l)eam, 
 while the lower ends rested against the various parts of the ))oat. 
 
 The fishing boats are- for the most part built by those who use them. 
 They are, however, inexpensive, for a four-oared boat with its equip- 
 ment of oars can be bought for from |10 to ^1'2. 
 
 The rig consists of a loose-footed sprit-mainsail, and jib tacking to 
 stem head. 
 
 The following dimensions of a full-size Hardanger boat are about 
 the average: Length over all, 17 feet 10 inches; beam, 5 feet; depth, 
 11) inches; oars, 10 feet T inches long. 
 
 Stwvangei' herriixj hoat. — This type of boat (fig. 24) is from 80 to 40 
 feet long and is very extensively used from Stavanger to Bergen, par- 
 ticularly in the spring hei'ring fishery at and near Hagesund. It is 
 swift and seaworthy, and is undoubtedlj'^ one of the best open boat8 in 
 Norwa3\ A boat of this class took first prize in the fishermen's regatta 
 off Bergen July 12, 1898. A herring boat is equipped with from 25 
 to 30 nets, each 15 fathoms long, but it is customary to use only about 
 12 nets at a time, these being anchored near the land. 
 
 It is an open, sharp-ended, clinker-built, wide boat, with keel; mod- 
 
 S. Doc. ay y 
 
122 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXIIIHITTON. 
 
 eratoly rakino-. curved stem and sternpost; hollow floor and water-lino; 
 symmotrioal sheer: nearly horizontal Avashl)oards aloni;" the sides, w itii 
 coaniintj;,s on their inner edt»'es; four narrow thwarts, and eiyht oars. 
 
 It has a single mast and cutter rig-, Avith a loose-footed sprit-niain- 
 sail, stay foresail, jib set living from an adjustable bowsprit, and a 
 club-headed topsail set on a long pole that conies down within easy 
 reach, its heel step])ing into an eyebolt on the forward side of Ihc mast. 
 The mainsheet works from side to side on a traveler. 
 
 Flu. 2i. — Slavaiij;fr laTriiit,' liDUt. 
 
 Following are the dimensions: Length over all, 80 feet; beam, 10 
 feet 5 inches; depth, 4 feet 7 inches; mast, above gunwale. 21 feet 3 
 inches; bowsprit, outboard. 8 feet 9 inches; gafi-topsail i)ole. 24 feet 2 
 inches; oars, 20 feet long; net roller, 3 feet 11 inches long. 
 
 Sfavanger six-oared ^ii shin </ hoat. — This is similar in form and rig to 
 the Stavanger heri-ing l)oat. but smaller, being al)out 20 feet long and 
 rigged with jib and sprit-mainsail. It is used for hand-line and long- 
 line tisiiing in the sounds and fjords, and -i or 5 mil(>s oti' the i-oast. 
 
 Its crew usually consists of three men. who o])erate from 500 to 1,000 
 fathoms of line. 
 
INTERNATIt)NAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 123 
 
 Stavaiujer loelled finhimj l>oat. — A sharp-ended, clinker-l)iiilt, open 
 })oat, fitted with a Avell in the after section to keep fish ali\'e, is used in 
 the coast fisheries at Stavanger (fig*. 25). It has the usual curved stem 
 and sternpost, three streaks of planks on a side, a ofood sh(H>r, and 
 three thwarts. The well is covered, and the tiller is long enough to 
 reach o\"er it, so that it can be grasped by the boatman. 
 
 A sloop rig is common, with a loose-footed spritsail. and jib tacking 
 to stem head. 
 
 The dimensions are: Length over all, 21 feet 8 inches; beam, KS feet 
 8 inches; depth, 8 feet; well, 1 feet 2 inches long; mast, aboAC gun- 
 wale, V■^ feet -1 inches; oars, 12 feet inches. 
 
 Fig 25.— StaviiDKt'r welled boat. 
 
 J/arddiKji r seine Jxxif. — This type of boat (tig. 2<)), which difi'ci's from 
 any other in Norway, derives its specific name from the fact that it is 
 })uilt chictly in the llardanger province, for operating drag seines in 
 th(> herring lishery. It is nevertheless employed along an extensive 
 stretch of the Norwegian coast, since the seine fishermen change from 
 point to ])oint, their movements corresponding with the appearance of 
 fish in difi'erent places. 
 
 The boat is designed for the sole i)urpose of making it specially titted 
 
124 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 to the })ui'])()s(' of canyiiii:- and oix-i'sitiiiu' the licax v luMi'idii' seines in 
 coniinon us(^ 
 
 It is rather large, and. heinu' w idc and doep, looks clumsy, it js an 
 open, elinkor-lmilt. keel Woat. with sharp moderately tiarinii- how; 
 rising" floor: easy run. and s(|uar(> stern without overhang, the rudder 
 being outside, and the tiller passing- through a slot in the ui)])er i)art 
 of the stt^.rn. 
 
 It is cutter rigged; the mast stands al»out two-tifths of the hoat's 
 length from the how, and on it are set a loose-footed eall'-mainsail; 
 
 Yui. :iG.— llaidanser soiue boat. 
 
 stay foresail, and small jib set flying on a short adjustahh^ boAvsprit. 
 The main sheet trims to an iron traveler which extends across the stern. 
 
 Its chief peculiarity is the nioval)le deck in sections, which covers 
 the seine a})aft the mast for a little more then one-third the boat's length, 
 and has a slight i)itch to shed water, something like the roof of a house. 
 This deck is for the protection of the seine when the latt(>r is not 
 required for immediate use, but of course the covering is removed at 
 other times. 
 
 A wooden roller extends across the stern, and the seine passes over 
 this, when it is set or hauled in, instead of over the side, as gill nets do. 
 Forward and aft of the space occupied by the net is a primitive wind- 
 
INTERNATIONAL F1SHP:RIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 125 
 
 lass used in workino- the seine. Forward of the mast there are four 
 rowlocks on a side and four pairs of oars are carried. 
 
 Following" are th(> dimensions of one of these boats: Length over 
 all. 32 feet 7 inches; beam. 10 feet; depth, 4 feet 8 inches; mast, above 
 g-unwale, 23 feet -1 inches; gaft', 11 feet 3 inches; boAVsprit, outlK)ard, 
 6 feet 3 inches; oars. 10 to 20 feet long. 
 
 TIardarKjcr (j!//-iii4 hxit. — This style of boat (tig. 27) is extensively 
 employed in the gill-net herring lisher}', especiallv the spi-ing- herring 
 fishery, in the prosecution of which the province of Hardanger takes 
 a most conspicuous and active part. Between January and .Vpril, 
 when the h(M-ring fishery along- the southwest coast of Norway is at 
 
 -llai'ilaliLJrr l:i!1 inl linat. 
 
 its height, thousands of gill- net boats are gathered at the chief fishing 
 stations; among these the Hardanger boat is prominent. 
 
 It is very similar to the herring boats from Bergen and Stavanger, 
 being, like them, a sharp-ended, clinker-built, keel boat, with curved 
 raking stem and sternpost. but still differing in some particulars. It 
 has washboards along the sides from stem to stern, these being pro- 
 vided along their inner edges with high coamings except at the bow. 
 The net roller is fixed on top of one of the washboards. The l)oat 
 studied had an iron mainsheet traveler crossing from side to side near 
 the stern, and curved to admit of the tiller working under it. For- 
 ward of the traveler was a tiller chock, from side to side, with pins 
 for holding the tiller steady when necessary. 
 
 It has a sloop rig; the mast is only a little forward of amidships, 
 
126 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 and on it aro sot a loosc-foc^tcd oall-mainsail. which is hicod to the 
 mast, and jil) on a stay that sets up inside of and below the stem head. 
 'J'iiere are eiiiht oars and four rowlocks on a side, two of the hitter being 
 forward of the mast and two Avell aft. The nets and tish are put into 
 the so-called tish looms amidshi])s. 
 
 The dimensions are: Leno-th, over all, 2;") f(>et 4 inches: heam. s feet 
 H inches: depth. 8 feet 8 itiches. 
 
 JIri(lhi(/s<rjis/u)Kjh<)((t. — A new style of boat ii:is been iniroducetl at 
 Hvidings0 in recent years and has been employed in the oreat spring 
 herrinii" fishery at this place. Ry many this is considered one of the 
 very best open fishing boats in Norway, and it und<)ul)tedly has many 
 tine ([ualities. It resembles the Lister inackeicl lK)at in some respects, 
 ])ut is a ])etter form. It should ])e swift and powerful under sail, 
 seaworthy, and fairly easy to row. though it can scarcely be e\[)ected 
 to ri\al the narrower Nordland l)()ats in the lattei- (pialilication. 
 
 In many resp(>cts it has the well-known features conunon to Nor- 
 wegian fishing boats. It is an open, clinker-built. shar})-ended keel 
 boat, with hollow tlooi' and watcM' lines: curved raking stem and stern- 
 post, and moderate sheer. It has live thwarts, the after one being the 
 helmsman's scnit. A washl)oard 8 inches wide, with a coaming three- 
 fourths of an inch high, extends from stem to stern on (Mich side. 'The 
 boat examined was not ceiled, and 1 understand it was a fair repi-esenta- 
 tive of the type. It was, hoAvever, fitted with a most excellent appa- 
 ratus for distributing oil and smoothing the sea during strong winds, a 
 device which I ])elieve is not conmioidy used, although its efficiency is so 
 evident tliat its adoption by American tishermiMi may justly be urged. 
 It was placed under the forward thwart, and consisted of a semi-circu- 
 lar tin oil can KJ inches long, 7^ inchi^s deep, and (i inches wide, fore 
 and aft. In shape and size it res(Mu])led half a chees«\ It was arranged 
 so that it could be tilled through tln^ thwart b}' loosening a screw, and 
 w'as provided with two lead pipes from each side of tlie lower part of 
 the can, which passed through the boat's ])ottom and were controlled 
 by stopcocks, so that oil could ])e let out to any extent reipiired in 
 rough water. 
 
 The sloop rig is preferred, w'ith loose-footed sprit-mainsail, and jib 
 tacking to stem head. 
 
 Following are the relative dimensions: Length over all, !25 feet 2 
 inches; Iteam, 7 feet 8 inches: depth, '1 feet 11 inches; mast, above 
 thwart, 13 feet 6 inches; stem to mast, 8 feet (^ inches. 
 
 Lixtrf fixli'iuij hoiif. — This ])oat is used in the fisheries, and particu- 
 larly in the drift-net mackei-el fishery, along a considerat)le strettli of 
 coast in southwestei'n Norway. It originated in the ))rovince of Lister, 
 and ])ecaus(> it was formerly built with })articular rcderiMice to the 
 mackerel tishery, it has generally ])een called the " List(M- mackerel 
 boat" (tig 28). It is noted for th(> unifoimity of its shape, construe- 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 127 
 
 tion, and ri»^", and it i.s .said to he dilticult to tell one of these boats from 
 another. 
 
 The Lister ))oat is sharp a ft, has water lines very much eonoaved, 
 hollow tioor, and deep keel. It is c'linker-l)uilt; has usually about six 
 frames, and a breasthook at each end; the stem is eurvcd and has a 
 moderate rake; sternpost sliohtly curved; rudder. hun<>' outside; wash- 
 ])()ards or runways alono- the sides from stem to stern, and live thwarts, 
 through one of which — the second from the bow — the mast steps. 
 
 It has a cutter rig-; the mast is about one-third the boat's length 
 from the bow, and on this is set a loose-footed sprit-mainsail, stay 
 forsail tacking to st(>m head, and jil) set flying on an adjustable 1)ow- 
 
 FlG. 28.— Lister tishing boat. 
 
 sprit, which })ass(>s through an iron ring on the stai'board side of the 
 stem; thi> hetd of the ])()W.spritis held in a wooden b:u' that cro.sses the 
 boat's bow. 
 
 The Li.stor l)oat lias much initial stal)ility, and will carry .sail well 
 with a comparatively small amount of ballast; it is swift in most 
 chances. But it seems rathei' qu(\stionable, at least, that the extremelv 
 hollow lines would piM'init of its .sailing exceptionally fast in I'ough 
 water. The fact that it has recently been superseded to a considerable 
 extent in the mackei-el fishery by a different type of decked boat, which, 
 though no larger, is ))etter adapted to th(> work it has to do. proves 
 that for deep-sea fishing other forms may l)e superior. 
 
 Tlie dimensions of on(» of the larg(>st are as follows: Length over 
 
128 
 
 INTKKNATroNAL FISHKlilKS KXHimflON. 
 
 all, 40 feet; on keel. 3<» feet 2| iiiehes; 1)eam, extveine. 15 feet 1^ 
 inches; depth amidships, 4 feet S inches; depth of keel, 10| inches; 
 height of mast a})ove thwart, 30 feet 8 inches; total len^^th of bow- 
 sprit, 16 feet; outside stem, 9 feet 9^ inches. Sails: Mainsail, luff, 
 24 feet, head. 14 feet 2f inches, foot, 16 feet 4 inches, leech, 28 feet 
 5i inches; nmin jit> or fore sta3^sail, luff, 26 feet 2| inches, leech, 22 
 feet 8 inches, foot, 14 feet 8 inches; jih. luff. 24 feet lOf inches, leech. 
 19 feet U inches, foot, 12 feet. 
 
 Ar ended sehwhoat. — A full size five-oared seine hoat from Aifiidal 
 was wide and deep, and very heavy in construction. 
 
 It was an open, sharp-ended, clinker-l)uilt ])oat, with full, round 
 sides, and less rise to floor than most Norwegian lishinu- boats. It had 
 
 Fig. 29.— Arendal six-oared fishing boat. 
 
 washboards along the sides, these being one foot wide amidships, but 
 tapering to a point at bow and stern. It was not fitted with a sail. 
 
 The dimensions were: Length over all, 20 feet 10 inches; beam, 7 
 feet 10 inches; depth, 3 feet 3 inches. 
 
 Arendid six-oared fixhhig hoed. — The six-oared })oat of Arendal, in 
 southern Norwaj^, is very similar in form and construction to the 
 four-oared boat already described. It is usually provided with three 
 pairs of oars, hence its specific name. It also generally has a small 
 lugsail, though the spritsail rig is now growing in favor among 
 Norwegians. 
 
 The dimensions of one of these boats are: Length over all. 1!» feet; 
 beam, 5 feet; depth, 15 inches. The seven-oared l)oat differs only in 
 size. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHP:RIE« EXHIBITION. 
 
 1'29 
 
 F'l.s/ihuj jn'dani. — The praam (tig-. 'M)) i.s used to 8ome extent in the 
 fisheries of southeastern Norwa^v, but rarely, if ever, on the west coast, 
 where it is considered unsuitalde for a tishino- boat. 
 
 It is an odd-shaped, open, clinker-ljuilt boat, with a round bottom 
 and a long- scoop-shaped bow, wliich is square and narrow at the 
 extremity and nearly heart-shaped in cross sec^tion. The keel follows 
 the upward curve of the bow and ])rotects the plan)vs when the boat is 
 beached. It has no run. but the square stern is somewhat smaller 
 than the midship section, and there is usually a small skag aft. Tt has 
 four thwarts and a stern seat. The praams used for tishing generally 
 have a small mast stepped in the second thwart from the bow, and on 
 
 Fk;. ;S0. — Fishing praam. 
 
 this is set a lugsail. One of these boats was 17 feet long, 5 feet 3 
 inches Avide, and 19^ inches deep. 
 
 Nonmgian Ufe-mvijuj hoaU. — Inasmuch as the sailing lifeboats of 
 Norway were designed with special reference to saving the lives of 
 imperiled fishermen, and assisting them to reach safety in gales by 
 towing their l)oats to shelter, it seems appropriate that mention should 
 be made of them here. Of all the attempts made to benefit the Nor- 
 wegian fisheries, nothing has been done within the present century 
 deserving of greater conmiendation than the introduction of these life- 
 saving boats, and perhaps nothing has been more helpful. Eleven of 
 them lay moored to the piers in front of the exhibition grounds 
 throughout th(» summiM'. These boats vary somewhat in form, the 
 earlier ones being sliai'i)er than those built at a later date. The three 
 
130 INTERN ATION A r. FISHKRIKS KXHIHITK >N. 
 
 I)()ats lirst Itiiilt wore designed in iiuitatioii of the typical NOrwcuiaii- 
 huilt pilot boats, and were rigj^ed like tiu^ latter — ha\ in^- one mast 
 stepped about two-fifths the boat's lenuth fiom the stem, a running 
 l)owsprit. doul)k> head rig, a short main boom, and h)ng gait'. The 
 lifeboats most reeently built have a yawl lig (PI. XXII), higher free 
 board, and fuller lines tlian their predecessors. Ther also have a 
 winch windlass abaft the mainmast. They have Hush decks, with low 
 open rails extending from about 4 or 5 feet aft of the .stem to abaft 
 the mizzen rigging. The undei'-deek accommodations for cooking, 
 sleeping, etc., of the larger boats are ample and comfortable. 
 
 These boats are sturdy seagoing craft, designed especially for work- 
 ing in strong winds and a heav}' tumble of a sea. Their ai-ea of can- 
 vas is, therefore, rather small, and they are not intended to attain 
 high speed in ordinary winds. It is evident that they must be out in 
 the severest weather, and in sharp high seas; consj?quently they have 
 a high degree of buoyancy, seaworthiness, and stability, so that they 
 can live under the worst conditions and render assistance to fishing 
 boats that are unable to gain the land unaided, or rescue men from the 
 the bottoms of capsized ])oats. 
 
 Their work is various, although perhaps they are most frequently' 
 ciilled upon to perform the duty of towing to windwai'd fishing boats 
 which are in danger of being l)lown ofl' the coast or stranded upon 
 some dangerous shore to leeward, which is not infrequently the case. 
 One of these lifet)oats will if necessary })ick up and tow into port four 
 or live fishing boats which otherwise would drift helplessly away to 
 destruction. 
 
 Til case a vessel is stranded, and her crew can not be rescued from 
 thi' land, the lifeboat is maneuvered until she is in a position nearly 
 dead to windward of the wreck. A liiK^ is then shot ovei- the wreck 
 and a larger line is drawn on board and fastened so that the ordinary 
 apparatus for transferring people from stranded \essels to shore is 
 used, and the crew are brought on board of the life-saving boat. The 
 life-saving service of Norway, for which these boats aw liuilt, and 
 which was instituted in 181)0 for the special lienefit of the fisheries, 
 began in 1893 with one single-masted cutter. Two boats were, how- 
 ever, built that year, four in IS!)-!, three in I8il5, one in ISIMJ, and two 
 in 18!tT. 
 
 As a result of their operations, 110 fishing ))oats and 3-11 fislun-men 
 have becMi saved, also 7 shi})s and 83 seamen. In addition 2.118 boats 
 and 38 ships have received assistance when imperiled. The assistance 
 rendered merchant vessels is mostly on the southern coast, and often 
 consists in piloting them to safety when regulai' pilots are unol)tain- 
 al)le, and competent men who ar(> familiar with the coast are needed to 
 insure the safet}' of vessels. 
 
Plate XXII. 
 
 LIFE-SAVING BOAT. 
 Phot()gra[)lie(l by Muriaiis. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 181 
 
 The records of some of these boats inclieati' their usefiihiess as Avell 
 as the skill and hardihood of those who man them. For instance, the 
 Bergen . I)iiilt in 181)5, was officially reported on ^lay 31, 1898, to have 
 saved 21 ))oats and the lives of 7(> fishermen, besides assisting 55 other 
 boats. The Colin Arvlxr, ))uilt a year earlier, at the same date had 
 saved l(i boats and »il> men. and had assisted 21H boats. The LangeHund^ 
 one of two built in 181K3. had saved 12 ])oats and 23 lives, and had 
 assisted 927 boats. When it is considered that the boats so assisted 
 were in the most extreme peril, and that o-enerally they would have 
 been lost, together Avith their crews, except for the aid rendered by 
 the lifeboats, the importance of this service can be better appreciated. 
 
 Other life-saving ])oats also have done good work, and all may well 
 be proud of their records. 
 
 It may be mentioned here thatl)efore the introduction of this service 
 the loss of life on the Finmarken coast was often considerable. In 
 the fall, winter, and early spring gales rise suddenly on that far north- 
 ern coast and blow furiouslv, generally accompanied by snow. Boats 
 fishing a few miles offshore usually are unable, under such conditions, 
 with the wind Ijlowing tiercely off' the land, to reach hai'bor. Often 
 in former vears the ffshermen were compelled to anchor when they 
 found it impossil)le to make headway against the sea and wind, and ti'v 
 to ride out the gale until it moderated sufficiently to enable them to 
 reach home. But even if the boat weathered the storm, human endur- 
 ance was too often not equal to the demands upon it. Thus confined 
 within the narrow limits of a fishing boat, tossed about in a tumbling 
 sea without possibilitv of adequate exercise, and with the biting blast 
 of an aictic storm piercing to their vitals, the unsheltered fishermen 
 have succumbed to the inevitable. On some occasions, after th(^ sub- 
 sidence of such a storm, l)oats have been seen riding (juietly at anchor 
 off the coast, and wIkmi visited the frozen bodies of the fishermen 
 l)roved more forcibly than words could tell the hardshij) that could 
 not be endui'ed. and that coui'age and hardihood faihul at last and the 
 fishers lay down, like the Vikings of old. to yield u]) their lives in the 
 boat that had so oftiMi borne them safely. 
 
 One of the recently built lifeboats may l)e described brieffy as 
 follows: 
 
 It is a cai'vel-built. sliarp-eii(l(Ml. decked vessel: wide and deep; with 
 ('urv<'(l. lakingsleni: modei'ately sharp bow. with slightly convex lines; 
 sliar]). iiollow Hoor; a deep U^ad keel; well-foi'med run. aiul raking st(>rn- 
 post, cui'\(m1 near the top. It has a nioderat*^ sheer; Hush d(H'k; low 
 open bulwarks; helmsman's cockpit aft; cabin companionway a few 
 feet forward of cockijit. and winch aft-of mast; also stout stanchions 
 on deck, fitted to receive bolt of the small swivel gun used for filing 
 life-saving })i'o]'ectil(\s; yawl-ilgged, with running bowsprit; polemiusts, 
 
i;v2 
 
 INTKliXATIoNAL KISIIKKI KS KXHIHITK>N. 
 
 and sails made of voi-y stout canvas. The sails consist of jil) and jib 
 topsail sot tlA'injj;" (then' are several sizes of jil)s and foi-e staysails), fore 
 .staysail, mainsail, main ii'aff-topsa i 1 . and jiiiw"er or mizzen. 
 
 FolloM'iniiai'*^ the dimensions of a desio-n of Olaf .1. Olscn. of Rersren, 
 from which tiie life-saving- hoats Sfadf and Brr<j> n have hccn Wiult: 
 Length over all. 44 feet; beam, extreme. 14 feet 4 inches; depth, rail 
 to i^arhoard. T feet KH inches: least freeboard. '.\ feet 
 5 inclu>s; area of immersed midship section, water line 
 to o-arboard, 88.;^ scpiare feet; center of buoyancy, 0.90 
 foot forward of midship section and 1.78 feet below 
 water line; metacenter. 2.26 feet above water line; 
 extHMuc^ draft, 7 feet (! inches; displaciMuent, !>25 cubic 
 feet; mainmast, above deck, 42 feet; main boom, 19 
 feet; main i;atl'. lu feet 5 inches; jiggei- mast, above 
 deck. 21 feet; l»oom. 11 feet; g'atf, 9 feet 6 inches; bow- 
 sprit, outl)oard. 18 feet inches; gati'-topsail pole, 22 
 feet: sail area, 1,0(51 square feet; center of effort, a lit- 
 tle over 4 feet forward of midship section and 22 feet 
 above water line. 
 
 Apjxirdtus of capture^ etc. — A large variety of appa- 
 ratus is used in Norway in the capture of marine 
 manmials and fish, and in the preparation of fishery 
 })r()ducts. It is, however, impracticable to do more in 
 ' this report than to briefly describe some of the more 
 important or interesting forms, since time and space 
 preclude the possibility of anything approaching 
 monographic treatment, however tempting the subject 
 may be. 
 
 Most of the fishery apparatus is distinctix'ely Nor- 
 wegian, and some of it, the whaling implements, for 
 instance, is exceedingly effective, and indicates invent- 
 ive ability of no mean order. 
 
 Much progress has also been made in the manufac- 
 ture^ of nets, which are quite equal to the best of other 
 countries, but the hand-line fishing gear is primitive 
 and indicates less advancement than is noticeal)le in 
 other directions. 
 
 WJi((l!)}g apparatux. — The successful prosecution of 
 the whale fishery oft' the Finmarken coast depends upon 
 haA'ing a harpoon that can be fired from a gun, and which at the 
 same time is large and strong enough to raise a whale after it has 
 been killed and has sunk: for most of the whales ca])ture(l sink as 
 soon as they are dead. 
 
 Cai)tain Svend Foyn inxcMitiMJ the great explosive harpoon used in 
 theFinmaiken whale lishciy and tor a numbci-of years had a monopoly 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 138 
 
 of its use. Since then it has been g-enerally adopted and some tiftcen 
 firms now use it. 
 
 The gun harpoon, of which specimens were exhil)it(>d by M. Jornsen, 
 of T0usberg, consists of a double siiank for receiving the shaclvle, into 
 which the hawser is bent. This shank is provided with an eye at its 
 (Mid, and is attached to the head (or ''barb-holstei'") of the harpoon by 
 a sort of swivel joint, the handle being held permanently in phice l)y two 
 nipples, one on its end entering the head of the harpoon, and another 
 on the eve of the head of the harpoon, projecting into the handle. It is 
 prevented from unjointing when the harpoon is tired by two arms 
 locking over projecting lugs on the eye of the handle. (See figs. 31, 
 32.) As soon, however, as the "iron" enters a whale, and the l)arl)s 
 open, the shank is loosened, so that it will turn in any directio!i that 
 the warp pulls it, for it swings easil}' 
 on the swiA'el joint. This arrange- 
 ment, which is a recently devised 
 and most important feature of the 
 Norwegian harpoon, obviates the pos- 
 sibility of bending the shank by the 
 strain of the warp upon it, and en- 
 ables the harpoon head to hold more 
 firml}^ in the llesh of the whale. The 
 harpoon is fitted with four large 
 flukes or arms, and beyond these is 
 an adjustal)le, bottle-shaped, cast-iron 
 shell that contains the explosive, on 
 the end of Avhich is a cone-shaped 
 point. 
 
 To prepare a harpoon for use the 
 shell is screwed into place in the so- 
 called "holster," and the pivoted 
 flukes or barbs are secured to the shank (or "pole") )iy a rope-yarn. 
 The four flukes, the harpoon head, the explosive bom]), and the shank 
 now form a rigid, compact implement. But when it enters a wliale 
 the rope-yarn slips ofl', leaving the flukes free to t)pen. As tlu^y 
 spread their inner ends crush a ghiss tube containing sulphuric acid, 
 which (piickly flows through a hole in the screw and causes the ex})lo- 
 sion of the powder in the shell. If the ''iron" has entcu'i^d near a 
 vital part the Avhale is kilk^d at once, but sometimes the gunner — who 
 is nearly always the conunanding officer of a steamer — misses his aim 
 and strikes somewhere else. In such instances the whale ma}' be ver^^ 
 difficult to kill and several additional shots may be fired before it suc- 
 cumbs. 
 
 The total length of one of tiie har})oons is 5 feet i>i inches; shank. 
 
 -Gun liiirpnon with harl>sopen. 
 
134 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXIIIIUTION. 
 
 3 foot (3f iiu'hos; shell. 13i iiu-hos lontr jind -i-k inobo.s tjfroutost diam- 
 eter. PjXtreiiio lonoth of the arms or flukes, i;^)^ iuehos. 
 
 Different patterns of gun harpoons are used l)v the Xorwegiaiis. hut 
 the largest difl'er only in minor details. None are more modern or 
 more formidable than that described above. 
 
 Some idea of the size of these implements may be obtained when it 
 is stated that one of them, witiiout whale line or shell, but with spun- 
 yarn lashing and wire gronunet. weighed more than 1:^ ! [)oun(ls. 
 
 Steel muzzle-loading guns, mounted on swixcls, ai'e used foi- shoot- 
 ing these harpoons. One exhibited was '6 feet long, with a bore of 2f 
 
 Fig. 33.— Non-explosivf gun liarjxxjn with ritcid iK-ad. 
 
 inches, but, according to Capt. Neils Jules, the largest are 1.2 meters 
 long and 0.(>78 meter caliber. He gives the dimensions of the shell 
 as O.ol'J meter long and 0.104 motor diameter. Avhilo the charge of 
 powder is about 1 pound. 
 
 There are several varieties of smaller non-(>xplosivo gun hai'poons, 
 some w4th rigid shank and others with the shank toggled or swivelod 
 to the harpoon head in the same maimer as that described. (See figs.- 
 33, 34.) 
 
 These are used chiefly for killing bottle-nose whal(\s. and arc gener- 
 ally two-fluod, but some have tliree flues. The specimens figured were 
 
 ^^'-irwc mJsm* .;i!gey ?a^»y>g.«p--- 
 
 Fui. 34. — Non-explosive giin harpoon with swivel head. 
 
 exhibited by ]M. J0rnsen. The smallest of these had a rigid double 
 shank, with a flattened, sharp-pointed, arrow-shaped head. This is 
 provided with two folding flues, which are closed when the gun is dis- 
 charged, but open after entering the whale, when the strain of the 
 rope comes upon the harpoon. The objection to this form of apparatus 
 is that the shank is liable to be bent and nnist be straightened before it 
 can be used the second time. 
 
 The folloAving are the dimensions of this harpoon: Extreme length, 
 3 feet 9i inches; shank, 2 feet 9 inches; head, 7f inches long b}^ 3i 
 inches broad; flues, 5i inches long when open and (Ji inches long when 
 closed. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 135 
 
 The largtM- of these htirpoons had a pointed, ari'ow-shaped head, 
 with two arms or lliies fitted to close, similar to those in the one 
 first described, and also, like it. having a swivel arrangement which 
 permits of the shank turning in any direction after a whale is struck. 
 
 This form of harpoon, which is perhaps the most ett'ective used in 
 the bottle-nose whale fishery, has the following dimensions: Extreme 
 length, 4 feet 2| inches; shank, 3 feet; head, including swivel eye, 12^ 
 inches long; head, 7i inches long ])y 4 inches wide; ilues, Og inches 
 long when open, 7| inches long when closed. 
 
 The warps used in the bottle-nose whale fishery are of the best 
 hemp and are 2|- inches in circumference. 
 
 The gun used for shooting these harpoons is mounted on a swivel- 
 post, and is hung in steel and brass gimbals, so that it can be pointed 
 in any direction. It has a pistol grip; barrel 3 feet long, with 1-}| 
 inches bore; it has a l^rass lock cover, and is provided with breech- 
 loading cartridges. 
 
 Toggle harpoons are usually carried on the whaling vessels, but ai"e 
 seldom used. It is also the custom for the steam whalers to carry the 
 old-fashioned long-handled hand lance, for the purpose of killing whales 
 in case they are not killed ])y a harpoon. But these are rarely used at 
 the present day. This is due to the fact that the gunners on the whaling 
 steamers have become so expert that it seldom happens they do not kill 
 a whale at the first shot. 
 
 Long knives are used for cutting the blubber from the whales caught 
 oft' the Finmarken coast, and this is stripped ofi* by a tackle operated 
 by a hand winch which is turned 1)y three or four men. It takes two 
 tides to strip a big whale, but sometimes a small whale is flensed in one 
 tide. 
 
 Cutting spades are used in stripping the blubber oft' ])ottle-nose 
 whales, the process ])eing very similar to that generally employed on 
 board other whaling vessels. 
 
 Implements for killing iralrus and Keals. — The killing of walrus is 
 only an incident to the seal ftshei'ies. The implements used are the 
 rifle and a hand lance like that employed in the whale ftshery. 
 
 Dift'ercnt implements are used for the capture of various kinds of 
 seals. Young seals constitute an importa?it part of the catch, and, in 
 order to get these, vessels are forced into the ice ftelds in the vicinity 
 of Jan Mayen until a herd of breeding seals is discovered on the ice, 
 when the ftshermen leave the vessels and engage in killing the yount*" 
 pups. For this purpose they are equipped with the so-called ''seal 
 club," consisting of a wooden handle, 4 feet 10 inches long, having at 
 one end a steel implement so formed as to combine in one an ice pick, 
 ice gaff, and hammer for killing the seals (ftg, 35). The hammer is 
 used to kill the j^oung seals by hitting them a blow on the head. The 
 pick at the end assists the seal hunter in making his way along the ice, 
 
136 
 
 INTERNATIONAL KISHKKIKS EXHI lUTK )N. 
 
 jindthc loiiu'. slightly (•ui\('(l])r()ii<i- oriLiiiH is useful for many i)ur])()ses, 
 espcc-ially in pulliiit;- to him a cake of ic(; upon which he wisiics to get 
 across an open space. 
 
 Followinu' are the dimensions of a seal cluh exhibited by 11. Ilenrik- 
 .sen. of Toiisbero-: Handle, 4 feet 1<) ini-hes: \-ertical ice ])ick. '21 inches 
 lonji-; horizontal pick or gatf, of inches Ion y fi'om handle; lianmier. [^ 
 inches lont>-. 
 
 Apjxii'dixx fof ('(ifcliiiKj _li-sli. -The a[)i)aratus for catcliini;' lisli in 
 Norway may he divided under three heads, namely: Nets, lono- lines, 
 and hand lines. Theri* are, of course, many ditferent forms of each of 
 these, ])ut it is a notal)le fact that u]) to the pi'esent time no attempt 
 seems to have l)een made in Norway to introduce the Hoatintr tish trap, 
 or poimd net. such as are used so extensively on the coasts and in the 
 lakes of the Tnited States. 
 
 It is not j)iacticable, however, to discuss here in detail the many 
 kinds of iishino- appliances, nor is it deemed necessary to do so, since 
 many of these are conventional and in conunon use nearly everywhere, 
 while others are more or less obsolete. 
 
 FlG..3o. — Seal club. 
 
 Mention will l>e made of certain imphMuents accessoi-y to catchino- 
 tish or used in the curing- and preparation of them. 
 
 N^ets and .><emes. — As a rul(\ the nets used in the fisheries of Norwaj' 
 correspond ver}^ closeh^ with those of the United States, both in mate- 
 rial and manufactui'e. Cotton and linen twines are now chieli^' used, 
 while the machine-matle cork and wooden floats ditl'er in no essential 
 particular fi'om those of American manufacture. It is true there may 
 be some minor dilTerence in size of mesh, etc., between the Norwegian 
 gill nets used ft)r herring and mackerel and those made ht're, but these 
 are unimportant and scarceh" deserving of extended mention. 
 
 The gill nets used in the cod fishery seem to be the only ones that 
 are specially distinctive, but nets similar to those used in Norway were 
 introduced in the fisheries of New England eighteen years ago, and 
 are as well known in this country as almost any other kind of net. 
 For descriptive details of this form of net and method of use, refer- 
 ence is made to a paper published by the writer in the rnited States 
 Fish Connnission Bulletin, Vol. I, pages 1-17. 
 
 The so-<"alled "sink seine" was employed foi* sevei'al years in the 
 Lofoten cod tisherv. but was considered so destructive that its use 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 137 
 
 has been prohibited there. It i.s used for cMtchiiig pollock and coal 
 fi«h in some of the fjords, particularly on the coast of Finmarken. 
 During June and July these species come into the fjords in great 
 numbers and gathcn" in schools on shallow spots, where there is often 
 not exceeding 1() or 15 fathoms of water. Here the fish are taken in 
 large numbers with the sink seines, which are lowered in the water 
 from four boats and raised when a school of fish comes over them. The 
 sink seine is simply a s({uare or oblong sheet of netting of var3'ing 
 diameter himg so as to make it somewhat baggy (see figun^ ICA in 
 chapter on liussia). It is sufficiently weighted to carry it to the 
 
 Fi(i. 30.— Catching small {xjllock in has lU't. 
 
 bottom, wliere it is aUowed to remain until tli(^ propei- time for rais- 
 ing it com(\s. wlien the men in each of the four boats at tlie corners 
 pull up on the lines and lift it to the surface. The net. as already 
 stated, is baggy and the lines or i-opes will easily come (o the surface, 
 while the inclosed fish liiid room enough inside the bag that hangs 
 several fathoms below. Th(> method of opi'ration is simple. The 
 men in each boat now ))till in on the lini^s and net until the fish are 
 brought to the su i-face in a compact mass, wiien tiiey are , transferred 
 to the boats. 
 
 Another method of Hshing with a bag net for small sei (pollock or 
 coal fish), although diilering in details, is somewhat similai-to that last 
 
 S. Doc. 3'J 10 
 
138 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIIUTION. 
 
 described. Only two men, or Ji man and a hoy, are required for oper- 
 ating^- this device (fig. 3<i). The apparatus consists of a laro-e ]nig net 
 attached to a hoop, reseiuhling in form the old-fashioned lobster hoop- 
 net formerly used on the New England coast, but very luuch larger, 
 the diameter being 15 to 20 feet. For operating this net the boat is 
 specially fitted with a derrick-like arrangement, consisting of a short 
 mast and a long boom, the former being sta3'ed with shrouds and the 
 latter being supported l)y a lift, so that it stands at an angle of 30 to 
 45 degrees. To the end of the boom is attached a single block, through 
 which is rove a rope that leads to a man}^ armed rope l>ridle that 
 supports the hoop of the net. Thus equipped thii boat proceeds to a 
 suitable location, where the net is lowered into the water to a depth of 
 several feet. Bait is then thrown out to attract the pollock over the 
 position occupied by the net. When a school of fish is gathered, the net 
 is quickly raised until the hoop is level Avith or above the boat's gun- 
 wale, then, while one person pulls on the line to lift the hoop, the 
 other gathers in on the slack of the net until the fish are brought to 
 the surface, so that they can ])e easily transferred to the boat. 
 
 Drag seines are the only kind used in Norway, or at least no others 
 were exhil)ited. These are of the old, straight pattern, consisting 
 simph' of a large sheet of netting hung in the ordinary' manner, and 
 intended for either dragging fish to the shore or else inclosing them 
 in arms of the fjords. This form of seine is so well known that a 
 detailed description seems superfluous. 
 
 Trawl Jln&i. — The trawl lines used in the Norwegian cod fisherv are 
 similar to those employed by American fishermen, except that in the 
 construction of the former tanned hemp line and galvanized eyeless 
 hooks are used instead of the cotton lines and black, eyed hooks, which 
 are so popular in the United States. The size of lines and hooks used 
 on the Norwegian trawls Aary considerably, according to the locality, 
 the size of fish taken, and possibly other conditions. They also 
 vary in the distance which the hooks are placed apart, but in nearly 
 all cases the hooks are about the same distance apart as is customary 
 on trawl lines used by American fishermen. On some of the cod 
 trawl lines, h()\vever, the hooks were not so far apart as the}' com- 
 monly are on gear used on the ])anks })y fishermen of the United States, 
 but in size of line, length of gangings, and size of hooks, specimens 
 examined more nearl 3^ correspond with the '* shore trawls" of New 
 England. One of these Norwegian lines had gangings 14 inches long, 
 placed 1 feet () inches apart, and round-bowed galvanized hooks 1^ 
 inches long. There were no floats on the gangings. TIk^ latter, as 
 well as the ground line, was tanned. Sometimes the hooks are wider 
 apart, and this is particularly true of the gear used in the bank fishery 
 for ling and halibut. But these are simply differences of detail, and 
 the construction of a trawl line is so well known that extensive men- 
 
IlSrTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 139 
 
 tion .seenis to be unuecessaiy. Reference 111113' he iiiiide, liowever, to 
 the fact that some of the Norwegian fishermen still prefer to have 
 wooden or small glass floats on their gangiiigs, although, judging from 
 specimens of lines exhibited, I am led to infer that this custom has been 
 abandoned to some extent. 
 
 Iland-llve jixkhaj <ij>pJiau(U'-^. — There are many forms of apparatus 
 used for catching fish with hand-lines. But, so far at least as the cod 
 fishery is concerned, they are limited to a few general typos, although 
 these are subject to much modification in details Avhich it is imprac- 
 ticable and unprofitable to follow here. The banana-sha\)ed or crescent- 
 shaped lead sinker, usually with one snood, ))ut friMjucntly with two 
 and a corresponding numl)er of hooks, is very generally in use along 
 the coast of Norway for cod, pollock, and haddock lisiiing. 
 
 Fig. 37.— CixUishing gear. (Drawn by \V. H. Abbott.) 
 
 Cod-fishing gear with an iron sinktn-, with or without a spreader, 
 with one or more snoods and hooks, is extensively used, especially in 
 Nordland, and it is ditticult to say whether this has a wider application 
 than the gear with a lead sinker. 
 
 There are ditterences in weight of sinkers, also variations in spreaders 
 and material used for snoods organgings, but the principle of arrange- 
 ment mav be chissified under one of a few forms, to which, of course, 
 there are exceptions, though the latter are comparatix cly unimportant 
 because of the lack of wide application. 
 
 Besides the more common appliances, there are sp(Mial kinds of 
 apj)aratus, such, for instance, as decoy hooks, to which reference will 
 be made. 
 
 The fisheries for mackerel, small pollock, etc., (Miiploy forms of 
 hand-line gear ditt'erent from those alluded to above, a few of which 
 arc sufficiently important to deserve mention. 
 
14U 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISIIEKIKS EXH1I51TIUN. 
 
 A'or(//a/i(/ iir,,-}i(><,k,<l IkiikI-Jiiw (/ear. — One form of cod-fishing- gear 
 used in Nordhuul bus the typical Norwegian iron sinker, s(|uare in cross 
 section and tapering to a blunt point at each end, the upper end ])eing 
 provided with an eye to receive the line and spreader. The latter is 
 made of iron wire, which is passed through the eye of the sinker, 
 where it is bent so that the arms reverse their direction, and each end 
 of the spreader is turned over to form a hoop-shaped eye. The s[)reader 
 is about 15 inches long. The upper ends of the snoods bend into the 
 e5^es of the spreader, while the lower ends receive the hooks or the 
 gangings to which th(\v are fastened. 
 
 Conventional shaped hooks are coniiiioniy used, 
 generally galvanized and much larger than are in 
 favor for the same size of tish in the United States. 
 The line is hemp. Another form (fig. 87) is simi- 
 lar to the haddock gear (PI. XXIII), but larger. 
 I^ordlatid singh'-JiooJi- (jmr. — This st^de of hand- 
 line cod-fishing gear appears to be more in favor 
 than any in Nordland. The iron sinker is used. 
 The specimen studied (fig. 38) had a wire ring in 
 the upper end of the sinker. A sort of spreader- 
 like device of wire, double throughout a))out three- 
 quarters of its length, passes through the wire 
 ring, being bent so as to form a sort of half loop 
 which is closed by overlapping the wire turned 
 back from the lower end. This spreader has an 
 eye at its upper end to receive the line and an eye- 
 shaped loop at the lower end in which is fast(Mi(>d 
 a small l)rass swivel. The upper end of the snood 
 is spliced into this swivel and the lower end is 
 fastened to the hook by twine. 
 
 The following are the dimensions: Length of 
 spreader, 18 inches; length of sinker, 6 inches; 
 greatest diameter, H inches; length of snood, 8 
 feet 3 inches; length of hook, top of shank to 
 lowest point in bend, 6 inches; spread of hook, 
 2,t inches. 
 FuuHiirluii hand-line gear. — The gear used at Finmarken appears 
 to be an improvement on that of Lofoten. It has a blunt-ended 
 iron sinker, i> inches long by 1^ inches greatest diameter. A few 
 inches above the sinker is a curved-wire spreader about 3 feet long, 
 the ends being 32 inches apart. This passes through a leather strap 
 into which the hemp line bends. The snoods are smaller than the line, 
 and are each 32 inches long. They bend to gangings that are 18 
 inches long. The latter are simply small pieces of line, one end of 
 which is bent into a loop at the hook and the other into the lower 
 
 Fig. 38. — (;(Kl-line siiikur 
 and spreader. ( Drawn 
 by J. W. Collins.) 
 
Plate XXIIl. 
 
 HADDOCK HAND-LINE GEAR. 
 Drawn bv J. \V. Collins. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHP:RIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 141 
 
 Fig. 39. 
 
 end of the snoorls. Gahaiiizetl r(>uiid-lK)wed hook.^ o inches long are 
 used. 
 
 The line is wound on a double-pronged reel, 25 inches long, 12 
 inches wide at low(n- or open end. and 8|- inches wide at the 
 upper end. 
 
 Haddock, hand-line gear. — A common form of hand-line 
 gear used for catching haddock (PI. XXITI) has the com- 
 mon iron sinker. The line passes through the hole at the 
 top, where it is seized together, so that the end comes 8 
 or 10 inches below the sinker, and is bent to the middle of a 
 long, curved- wire spreader, at the ends of which are small 
 swivels to receive the snoods. The latter are compara- 
 tively short, each with an eye at its lower end. Galva- 
 nized, round-bowed eyeless hooks are used, these being 
 about 2 inches long (tig. 39). To the top of each of these 
 is fastened a short line loop, into which is bent a long snood or gang- 
 ing of tine brass wire, the upper end of which is 
 bent into the lower end of one of the line snoods. 
 The sinkers are usually about f) inches long by 
 li inches diameter; the spreaders are 3 feet long; 
 the line snoods each 18 inches long, and the wire 
 snoods about the same length. 
 
 Lofoten lead-ainker gear. — The most common, if 
 not the only, form of lead-sinker used in the cod 
 fisheries of the Lofoten Islands and probabh' of all 
 Nordland has a semi-crescent shape; it is some- 
 what flattened, moderately concave on one edge 
 and strongly convex on the other; the ends are 
 pointed, and each is perforated with a hole (fig. 40). 
 The line bends- into the upper end or into a loop 
 fastened to it, and there is a loop at the lower end 
 into which the single snood bends. Sometimes, if 
 not generally, these sinkers are thinnest on the 
 convex side, so that they will have less resistance 
 to the current when the tide is running. 
 
 The snood varies from ;"> to 7 feet in length, but 
 it is usually about 6 feet long. A round- bowed 
 hook is generally used, this being about 4i inches 
 long. The lead described is 10^ inches long and 
 If inches greatest width. 
 
 Hemp lines are used, and these are almost invari- 
 ably wound on a two-pronged reel, with one end 
 open, so that the line will run otf easily. 
 A hand-line gear of this form, used at Kaalvag, in the Lofoten 
 Islands, differs somewhat from that above described. The lead-siid<er 
 is similar, but .somewhat wider and thicker in proportion to its length; 
 
 Fig. 40. — Cod-line sinker, 
 (Drawn l)y .1. W. Col 
 lin.i.) 
 
142 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 it wcij^hs :il)()ut l4 pounds, and is '^k inches Ion"-, IS inches extreme 
 width, and 1 inch oreatest thickness. In the hoh^ at <>ach end is a line 
 loop; one of tiie.se serves for a tail t'oi- the line to Ix'iid into and the 
 other is a horse, in the end of Avhich is bent the snood. Both are 
 served their entii-e length — from 5 to 8 inches except where tiie loop 
 is formed at the ends. A noticeable feature is a piece of whalebone 
 (baleen) put into the hole under the line, to prevent chafino-. 
 
 At Sondmore. too, the same form of gear is used, l)ut the sami)le 
 studied is rather larger than either of those referred to. Tiie line is 
 hemp and weighs about 6 pounds to 300 fathoms. The lead-sinker is 
 the same in shape. It is il^ inches long, 1^ inches extreme width, 
 and \l inch thick, and weighs about 5 or 6 pounds. The snood is 
 much smaller than the line and about (i or 7 feet long. 
 
 Lktcf hiiiid-line (/ear. — A peculiar kind of hand-line gear is us(h1 
 for catching cod and pollock on the southwest coast of Norw^ay, and 
 especially at Lister. 
 
 The lead-sinker is of the sow-bug pattern, 8^ inches long l)y H 
 inches greatest diameter, and probably weighs about H to 2 pounds. 
 It has a wire eye cast into the upper end of it. and two long wire 
 horses or spreaders in the lower end, these spreading from the sinker 
 at an angle of about 25 degrees. These are each 14f inches long, and 
 are i)r()vided with swivels at theii' lower ends to receive the snoods, 
 which are from 3i to 4 feet long, (talvanized round-bowed hooks, 
 about ;-) inches long, are used. 
 
 Small lead sinkei's are also used, with a horse of wood or brass, and 
 having only a single snood and hook. These sinkers usually are fi-om 
 2f to 3 inches long and weigh about a pound or less. The horse is 8 
 to 12 inches long. 
 
 It is not unconmion on gear used for small tish, including mackerel and 
 pollock, to have a cup-shaped device of leather, with about the capacitj^ 
 of a large teacup, hung in an inverted position alongside the sinker. 
 This leather cup is tilbnl with tine tole bait, wdiich is pressed in tightlv. 
 After the gear is lowered the bait gradually soaks out and attracts the 
 fish in the vicinity so that more can be caught. The hooks used are 
 generally small, often not larger than an ordinary mackerel hook. 
 Some are of improved forms, like the Limerick hook. 
 
 Jkigerti and decoy hooks. — It is not uncommon in the cod-tishery for 
 bait to be scarce or unobtainal)le when tish are exceptionally abundant. 
 To meet this condition the fishermen (and others) have invented various 
 devices, such as jiggers or other artificial lures, to deceive and attract 
 the tish, and thus to make their capture possible with hand lines with- 
 out the use of bait. 
 
 Perhaps the most common forms of these heretofore in use arc fish- 
 shaped jigs of pewter or lead cast on to the shanks of hooks — from one 
 to three hooks in each- which. wh«'n ke])t bright and moved u}) and 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION, 143 
 
 down in the water in .simulation of the movements of small tish that 
 the cod preys upon, serve to attract large numbers of the latter around 
 the glittering object. Thus, though the cod do not swallow the decoy 
 fish, it is liable to ])e hooked by the jigger. Many fish are sometimes 
 caught this way. 
 
 Jiggers with fish-shaped deco3^s of glass on the shanks of the hooks 
 are in favor in Norway. These glass decoj's are sometimes silvered, 
 so that they glisten in the water, and some are brown or other color 
 which will best imitate a small fish. These may have only a single hook, 
 but some have two hooks. 
 
 Another favorite device has been to cast a jig 3 or 4 inches long on 
 the shanks of two or more large cod hooks. The jig does not cover 
 the whole length of the shanks, which are about 1^ inches above the 
 lead. To the upper part of the hooks, therefore, is fastened double 
 gangings 15 to 18 inches long, and to these are attached, at intervals 
 of 4 or 5 inches, fish-shaped pieces of bright tin, which hang loosely. 
 As the "jigger" is moved up and down in the water these attract the 
 fish. The ol^ject is to gather a school of cod, pollock, or other fish 
 around the jigger, so that when it is raised with a sudden jerk one or 
 more of the fish will be impaled upon the hooks. 
 
 The natural result of the use of such ai)paratus is that many fish are 
 badh' wounded and escape, perhaps to die of their injuries. For this 
 reason the Norwegian Government has prohibited the use of such 
 devices. 
 
 Small pollock are often caught with pole and line from boats, and 
 mackerel are sometimes taken in the same manner when the}' go into 
 the fjords. The apparatus is simple, as a rule consisting only of a 
 hook and line fastened to a flexible pole made of a small sapling. 
 
 Shark-fishing gear. — The apparatus used for catching the ground 
 shark [Scf/mintu inicroceplialuii) consists of a stout hand line fastened 
 to the chain ganging of a large hook from 7 to 9 inches long. The 
 modern hook is usually galvanized, and it is necessary to have several 
 feet of small chain next the hook, otherwise the line would be bitten 
 ofl' by the sharks. 
 
 Squid or cuftlr-fish gear. — The squid jigs used b}" the Norwegians 
 may be classifi(>d under two general heads, the old and modern styles, 
 though there are variations in each of these. The old style s(iuid jig- 
 is made of wood, with a cylindrical base and tapering top, which is 
 perforated by u hole that the wire ganging bends into. Attached by 
 seizings to the base of the jig are several hooks, or pointed wires Ijcnt 
 into the shape of hooks. One of these jigs had eight hooks. Length 
 of wooden part was 7 inches, and its great(\st diameter 2 indies. The 
 distance from the base to the point of hooks is at)()ut 2 inches. In 
 addition to the seizing passing around the shank, there is a seizing of 
 twin(» run from one hook to th(> other. The Norwegians often attach 
 
144 
 
 INTERNATIONAL BTSHKKIE>^ EXHIIUTION. 
 
 little strips of Hsli skin alxnit ♦} inches lono-. cut in the sha])o of a tish, 
 to the gaiijjiiiji'. at a distaiiet* of 1 or 2 feet above the jiii' and the same 
 distance apart. Vho oljjcct of tiiis is to attract the scpiid. so that when 
 the }i^ is pulled suddenly it will impale them. 
 
 The modern jig- consists of a steel wire, with eye at the top and a 
 cone-shii])e(l piece of lead at the bottom, into the top of which is rixed 
 a numb(M' of stout pins standing out at an angle fi'om the shank. 
 About halfway from the bottom of the jig to the top of shaft are 
 attached three hooks of the size ordinaril}' used for trawl-line tishing 
 for cod. One of those examined had a shank 28 inches long, the lead 
 part at the bottom being 3f inches long. \h inches greatest diameter, and 
 provided with 1 7 j)in hooks, each "2 inches long. A swivel is fitted into 
 the eye at the up})er end of the shank, and to this is attached the line, 
 which is about the size of ordinary ganging line for cod. In some cases 
 the squid jigs are nuich smaller than the one referred to, and some of 
 
 41.— llalibul Kali', halibut kiiilr, and lino rolkT. 
 
 them are very primitive in type. In a few instances bar1)ed hooks have 
 been used, but thesc^ ciin not be employed to advantage for sipiid fishing. 
 
 Some of the jigs are like those of American make, but apparently 
 such are not so commonly used as those made l)y the fishermen them- 
 selves. 
 
 Spears uml <ji{ft's. —Not many implements coming under this classi- 
 fication are used for catching tish in Norway. 
 
 lldlihiif sprar. — In certain parts of Norway where halibut occur, and 
 where th(> watei- is so clear that the tish may be observed on the bottom 
 at a consi(leral>l<' de})th. a two-pi"onged spear is used foi' their capture, 
 this being provided with an iron handle into which it screws. The 
 handle has cast on it a large, elongated, s([uare leaden weight, which 
 gives the sp(>ar sullicient momentum, when suddenly di'opped. to enter 
 the tish with the reipiisite force to bury the projigs in its llesli. Total 
 length, 2^ feet; length of prongs fi-om curve. <> inches; length of leaden 
 weight, i>f inches; average diameter of leaden weight. 1| inches; length 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIHITION. 
 
 145 
 
 of handle above weight, 12f inches. The upper end of the iron handle 
 is worked into an eye into which the line is bent. 
 
 Cod and halibut gaf.s. — There are various kinds of hand gaft's used 
 in the boats for gaffing codtish and halibut. Some of these are barbed 
 like a hook, and others somewhat like a harpoon. The handles are 
 usuallv of hard wood, thick and heavy at the lower end. which is used as a 
 club to kill the lish, while there is a hand clasp at the upper end. The 
 extreme upp(>r end, however, usualh' has a knol) or a hook on it to 
 prevent the hand from slipping, and the halibut gatis generally have a 
 hole in the upper end with a long becket or line in it, so that if the hsh 
 takes the gaff away it will not be lost. The handleof one of these halibut 
 gafi's (tig. 41) is 22 inches long, 5 inches greatest width, and 2 inches 
 thick in the lower section. The metal hook is »! inches long. Another 
 of -these gaffs (tig. 42), which was not barbed, had a handle 17i inches 
 long, 5 inches greatest diameter, and 2i inches extreme thicknes.s. 
 
 The Finmarken cod gaff' has no barb, and has a lighter handle 21 
 inches long, with a notch at its upper end so that it can be used as a 
 gulleter. 
 
 Fig. 4'2.— Huliliia 
 
 \\ 1 i.>llLTS, and iish kniv* 
 
 The 
 
 The gaff' used at Arendal is similar to that last mentioned, 
 handle is 17^ inches long, with an extreme width of 2 inclu>s. 
 
 Eelpots. — Several varieties of eelpots are used, these being gener- 
 ally bottle shaped. The old style is made of ordinary withes, with the 
 usual funnel-shai)ed entrances, these, however, being permanent. The 
 new-style pots are made with one and two funnels, according to the 
 size, the fuiuiol-shaped entrances l)eing so attached that they can be 
 removed for emptying the basket. Length of old style, 2 feet T inches; 
 greatest diameter, 11 inches. Length of single funnel, new style, 2 
 feet 9 inchi^s; greatest diameter, about 11 inches. Length of old pot 
 with doul)le entrances, 4 feet; greatest diameter, 2 feet, 
 
 Lohster poU. — There are various kinds of lobster pots, some of 
 which have been improvised by the ffshermen from l)arrels and other 
 materials which they had at hand. Two very interesting specimens 
 of these have l^een used, respectively, at Sondmore and Espevjvr (tig. 
 43). The former consisted of a half barrel fitted at each end with a 
 
14H 
 
 INTKKNATIONAL FISHKKIES KXHIHITION. 
 
 net head, ciiti-imcc inado of seven wooden splints iit)out 1 inch wide 
 and pointed at tiieir inner ends. It had a door on top, 5A^ hy ♦> inches, 
 hiino- on line liinu't's. The Espeva-r lobster pot was also made of a 
 half barrel, in which a ninnl)er of three-fourths-inch holes were bored. 
 On top was a rop(> l)(>ck(>t for lifting" tin* pot, and an adjustable door 
 6 inches scpiare. The heads were made of wattles wove thi'ouuh thin 
 wooden sj)lints, which extended inward :> or 4 indices beyond the 
 woven })art of the head, so as to form a funnel for the entrance of 
 lobsters. 
 
 The most common form of lobster pot heretofore used is cylindrical 
 in form, with wooden frame covered with netting, and provided with 
 a funnel-shaped (Mitrance at each end and an adjustable door for 
 
 I'll.. I.:. S'liiilmiMi' and i;>]ic\ ;i r IciIj.vIc r imls. 
 
 removing the catch. Tots of this description were 2 feet long, 14 
 inches in diameter, with doors 7i inches long, wliilc the diameter of 
 the funnel-shaped entrance Avas 4 inches. 
 
 The most modern form of lobster pot used in Norway is made of 
 galvanized, iron win^ (tig. 44). Various sizes of these were exhibited 
 by Fr. Christensen, of Christiania. 
 
 This device is made of wire attachi'd to wooden sills. It is cage 
 shaped, provided with two entrances, and weighted in the bottom with 
 a large flat stoiu\ Length, 24t inches; extreme width, 18 inches; 
 extreme height, Ki inches; diameter of funnel hoops. 4 inches. 
 
 Larger sizes are used uj) to 2 meters in l(>ngth. but the dimensions 
 given are apparently those most in favor. 
 
 Wl))cJo s ((nil rollers. —Several foi'ins of winches and I'oUei's are 
 em})loye<l in the lisheries in connection with gill nets and ti'awi lines. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FI8HP:RIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 147 
 
 Net w'mehei<. — In recent years various devices have been invented 
 for heaving-in net^, and particulary drift nets, which are set oil' the 
 coast for mackerel. The accompanying- ilhistration (fig. 45) shows an 
 improved Norwegian form of apparatus for this purpose. 
 
 Net rollers. — Wooden net rol- 
 lers are in general use on all ])()ats 
 emplo3'ed in gill-net fishing. 
 They are usually made of soft 
 wood and are fitted so that they 
 may be attached to the Ijoat's 
 gunwale. These rollers vary ma- 
 terially in size, but are usually 
 from 4 to 6 feet in length and 
 from 4 to 6 inches in diameter. 
 
 Lineiolnches. — When long lines 
 are hauled on board of a vessel or large boat the strain is often so 
 great that it is difficult to pull them in without mechanical appliances. 
 The need for the latter has led to various inventions to facilitate haul- 
 
 'IG. 41.— Wire lobster jiot. 
 
 Fr;. lo. — N\'t wiiifli. 
 
 ing trawl lines under such conditions. One of these winches was 
 exhibited by Vlv. H. Olsen, of Aalesund (fig. 4(5). This is considered 
 one of the most effective devices for the purpose. ^Mlen in use it 
 is generally ste[)ped on the rail of a vessel or boat in the most con- 
 venient position for operation. One or two men operate the handles, 
 while one man coils the gear and another takes oil' the fish as the line 
 is brought on board or before it passes over the winch. 
 
148 
 
 IXIKICNATIOXAL KISHKKIKS KXHIHirioN. 
 
 IJ.ne 7^oUer><. — RoUors oitlinarily used on l>oiits onoat^od in the long- 
 lino lishorv arc iLsualh' made by the li^liernion of wood or of wood 
 and bono, although occasionalh' a woodon lollci- may Ix' lixocl in an 
 iron framo. These are commonly oallod tiawl loUors \\\ Amciioan 
 fishormon, and are arranged (so that they ran bo attached to tho gun- 
 wal(> of tho boat in order that tho trawl line may be hauled across tho 
 roller and thereby ease the friction. 
 
 The nearest approach to an American trawl roller sinn among the 
 Norwegian fisher}' apparatus was one used at Finmai'kon (tig. 42). 
 The roller is made of wood, and is <> inches long by 4^ inches greatest 
 diameter. Tt is fitted into an iron frame, which has a prong at each 
 end to stick into the gunwale of a l)oat. 
 
 A line roller used at Borge (fig. 42) was made of wood and bone. 
 
 The roller or revolving part 
 was made of bone and was 
 iitted into a sort of box, open 
 at the top, and with a flat ex- 
 tension at one end, with a hole 
 in it, so that it can be fastened 
 to a boat's gunwale. The l)one 
 roller was 4Jr inches long, with 
 a diameter of 2^ inches, and 
 the total length of tho device 
 was 14 inches. Another roller 
 of the same kind (fig, 41) was 
 somewhat similar, having an 
 extreme IcMigth of 12 inches, 
 Avhile the bone roller was only 
 3i inches long. 
 
 KHHchs (ind grapjtelx. — Stone 
 ki Hicks are yet used in Norwaj', 
 and are similar in typo to those 
 employed in tho fisheries of New England. A prinutivo wooden grap- 
 nel is used in dragging for sunken nets. This consists of a stafli 
 of spruce, to which is attached b}' strong seizings of cod line 5 wooden 
 prongs. Tho total length is 20j inches; length of prongs, <i inches. 
 At the upper end is a hole, into which is splictMl a sti-ap of hemp rope 
 little larger than ratline stuff. At the lower end is also a hole, which 
 is for the pui'poso of attaching a weight to keep the apj)aratus close to 
 the bottom. 
 
 In recent years an iron grapnel, ])rovidod with six prongs and placed 
 tandoni, is used for dragging for sunken nets or other fishing gear. 
 Usually throe grapnels are attached to each other by a small chain. 
 These arc essentially the same as those used l)y the New England 
 traAvl-lino fishormon for securing suidvon trawls. Longtii of grapnel, 
 
 Fk;. IC). — Liiiu wiiicli. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIHITION. 
 
 149 
 
 IT inches; leng'th of i)r<)nt>-s. (5 inches; length of chain coniieetiiio- theiiij, 
 about -i feet. 
 
 Knives. — KnJA'es used in the Norweg-ian uitickerel fishery are like 
 those of American manufacture, and to a large extent have been copied 
 from them. 
 
 The knife in general use for splitting- cod (iig. 4'2) has a short, broad 
 blade 3i inches long by 2i inches wide, set in a wooden handle Ti inches 
 long; the handle being formed so that it is nmch smaller in the middle 
 than at the end. 
 
 The knife commonly used for ripping codtish, or what in the United 
 States would be designated as a throater (fig. 42), is a single-edged, 
 sharp-pointed implement, with a blade H^ inches long by 1^ inches 
 wide, set into a handle llf inches long, this having an iron ferrule next 
 the blade. The handle is smaller where the hand comes than at either 
 end. 
 
 The knife used for cutting halibut (tig. 41) has a shai-p pointed blade 
 12 inches long by li inches wide, 
 set into a wooden handle 6 inches 
 long. This is similar to the 
 knives used for the same pur- 
 pose in the United States. 
 
 Buoys and hailci's. — The buoj^s 
 ordinarily used on the long lines 
 and nets of the west coast of 
 Norway (fig. 47) are made of 
 pine or spruce plank, in one end 
 of which is a becket of hemp 
 rope about the size of ratline 
 stuff. This end is curved up from 
 below like the bow of a scow; the other end is sqiiar(>. In the center 
 of this is placed an upright with a curved top. There is some varia- 
 tion in the size, but ordinarily the size is pretty uniform. Dimen- 
 sions: Length, 3 feet; width, !»i inches; thickness 3 inches; height of 
 upright, li>i inches; width, 4 inches; thickness, f inch. 
 
 Egg-shaped glass buoys are used to some extent where the current 
 is strong, or nets are set at the bottom, as in the codfishery at Lofoten. 
 
 Buoys, generally made of hard wood, but sometimes made of soft- 
 wood staves, conical in form, and with a staff" running through the 
 center, are most serviceable for deep-sea fishing on the Storregen bank 
 or on the shore grounds. Conical buoys of smaller size (fig. 48) are 
 used inshore for nets or lines. 
 
 For bailing the Nordland boats, the fishermen use a large wooden 
 dugout bailer, shaped something like one end of a ))read tray, with an 
 open handle or hand grasp. Next the handle end is a sort of half deck, 
 to prevent the water from slopping out when bailing, and in front of 
 
 Fiu. 47.— Line buoy. (Diiiwn by W. H. Abbott.) 
 
150 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHEKIES EXHIHITION. 
 
 this, extotuliiiii" from side to side, is ji loop oi- straj) made of withos, so 
 that the person bailiii*;' can take hold of it witii one liand ft)r more 
 convenient manipulation. Length of bailer, exclusive of handle, 19 
 inches: i'xtrcmi^ depth at rear, oi^ inches; extreme widtli. 11 .V inches; 
 length of handle, 7 inches; mortices for hand grasp, 4s by 2| inches. 
 Bailers of the same shape and construction, but small enough to be 
 used with one hand, are in common use. 
 
 J-'^.sh j)rodi(ct'<. — The success of the Norwegian hslun-ies depends on 
 the demand for hsherv products in other countries and ever}' practi- 
 cabh» eff'oi't is made to pi'omote the export trade. It is true that cei'tain 
 products, such as the cod, haddock, ling, and pollock, are cured in the 
 same manner as they have been for centuries, but this is due to the 
 fact that there has always been a demand for them, 
 and also })ecause the}' are apparently ])etter for exporta- 
 tion to countries having a warm and humid climate 
 than lish cured in any other manner. Then, too, this 
 method has the advantage of being well-known in the 
 world's markets, and also of being adapted to the cur- 
 ing of large quantities of tish at the smallest cost. 
 
 Still, progress in the preparation of fish food is so 
 important to the successful maintenance of the Nor- 
 wegian fisheries, that it is not surprising new methods 
 have been extensiveh' adopted in certain directions, 
 and that experimentation is constantly in process with 
 the object of impro^■ement. Thus we find that nmch 
 advance has been made in recent years in camiing tish 
 products, and in the preparation of evaporated mate- 
 rial, like fish meal, which can easily and quickly be made 
 read}' for the table. The old method of })roducing tish 
 meal was to grind up fish that had been dried in the 
 ordinary way. At the present time, however, the same 
 residt is reached by artificial evaporation, and it is 
 claimed, apparently with justness, that this product is 
 much superior to that prepared formerly. Haddock are chiefly used 
 for this purposes The product is very dry and is as fine, almost, as 
 floui-. It is claimed that it "contains 85 per cent albumen, its nutri- 
 tive value being consequently four and a half times greater than that 
 of lean, boneless beef." It has the additional advantage that it will 
 keep for an unlimited time in any climate. 
 
 The following information regarding the preparation of this prod- 
 uct has been furnished the writer by the manufacturers: 
 
 This fish flour is prepared from fresh fish (hadiluck). The skin and bones having 
 been removed, the meat is passed through an artificial drying process. The drying 
 is done so quickly and at such a low temperature that the meat of the fish does not 
 undergo any change except in this, that nearly all the water which it contains is 
 evaporated. 
 
 Fig. 48. — Conical 
 buoy. (Drawn 
 by W. H. Ab- 
 bott.) 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 151 
 
 The tish flour, for that leasoii, contains all the nntrition.s inj^redients of the fresh 
 fish, and is just as palatahle. 
 
 From 20 parts fish only 1 part fish flour is produced through this di-yinjj process. 
 
 The whole process, from the time the fish is caught until it is ready as an artii'ie of 
 commerce, consumes only twenty-four hours. 
 
 Other noticeablo i)roparation,s of fish food which iiiio;ht prove sug- 
 gestive to American packers were the following: Fish pudding; salmon, 
 boiled, marinered, and smoked, in oil; smoked sturgeon in oil; skinned 
 and boneless smoked herring in oil; fish cake fried in Avine sauce, in 
 cuny, and in jelly; iialibut in wine sauce; smoked herring in jelly, and 
 boiled cod roe. 
 
 There has recently been introduced into Norway a method for pre- 
 paring shredded codfish, dried without the application of salt. A 
 similar system to this was invented and put to use to a limited extent 
 in the United States some years ago. By this method fresh codfish 
 could be shredded and dried by artificial means. Samples of this prod- 
 uct were exhibited at the Centennial, and at one time a plant for the 
 production of the material was established at Gloucester, Mass. The 
 demand for this product, however, was not suflicient to make possible 
 the continuance of its manufacture. Americans did not, as a rule, 
 appreciate the increased value of fish for food when it was divested 
 almost entirely of water and reduced to a condition in which it could 
 be kept indefinitely or transported to hot climates. It is probable, 
 however, that it will prove profitable to Norway, inasnnich as many of 
 its most important markets are found in tropical countries. Fish so 
 prepared is unquestionably preferable to the old-fashioned stock fish, 
 since the material is pure, boneless, and skinless, and can be made 
 ready for the table at short notice. It can also be packed in air-tight 
 boxes or tins, and thus be kept from contact with the atmosphere or 
 exposure to dii't. 
 
 The preparation of this kind of shredded fish is said to ])e carried on 
 quite extensively at Bodo, where a factory was built in 1S92 b}^ Frcd- 
 erik Backer, the daily production of which is stated to be upward of 
 2,000 pounds. 
 
 Smoked cod roe, a meal made of cod roe, and preserved fish liver are 
 products that have not ])een prepared in a sinular manner in the United 
 States, so far as I am informed. While fresh cod roe has been utilized 
 to a very limited extent in this country for food, no attempt has been 
 made, so far as I am aware, to prepare it b}^ smoking or by drying 
 and grinding it into a meal for food purposes. In view of the great 
 (piantities of cod roe obtained from the shore fisheries of New Eng- 
 land, and which, at best, is salted and sold at a very low price, it 
 would seem important that experiments in preparing it for introduc- 
 tion into our markets might be undertaken with promise of profitable 
 returns. 
 
 S. Doc. 39 11 
 
152 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXIIIHITION. 
 
 Tho 11 uiiiu fact lire of "fish puddinofs " is an cnterpriso that woU 
 mioht be imitated in other eountries, such as the United States, for 
 instance, where man}' species of cheap but nutritious fish abound. 
 
 In the manufacture of fishery products of this kind, a device 
 exhibited b}- Nullmej'ers Brothers, of Christ iania, lias been an impor- 
 tant factor. This is a machine designed for the special purpose of 
 cutting' the fish into a pulpy mass. It consists of a series of crescent- 
 shaped knives fixed to one end of a shaft and working in a bowl-shaped 
 metal receptacle holding the fish, the knives being driven by machinery 
 operated by steam or hand power. This machine is effective and re- 
 duces materially the cost of preparing tlu; fishery products referred to. 
 
 The process of canning fish products is extensively prosecuted at 
 Stavanger, which appears to take precedence of any other place in 
 Norwa}' in this particular. 
 
 The Stavanger Preserving Companj^ exhibited various kinds of 
 canned fish, including fish puddings, and Hsh balls in bouillon and 
 sauces. With the exception of th(^ hist-mentioned articles most of the 
 other material was similar in kind and treatment to the ordinaiy 
 canned products. 
 
 This company- is the oldest engaged in canning in Stavanger. and its 
 history indicates the development of this industry in Norwaj'. It was 
 established in 1S73. During the first five or six years the chief obj(H-t 
 was the preparation of ''ship's provisions "^especially meat — ancho- 
 vies, and other delicacies. This, together with making empty boxes, 
 employed only 16 or 17 persons at most, including the superintendent, 
 ■1 tinners, 2 male and 8 to 10 female laborers. 
 
 In 1S79-S0 the Appert system was introduced and a smokehouse 
 was added. 
 
 The company writes: 
 
 Wliile formerly the sprats had only been made into anchovies — which, indeed, is 
 still a chief article of our trade — we made this year the first attempt at cannina: 
 smoked Norwegian sardines in oil, which ])r()dncts quickly gained ground and after- 
 wards have l)ecome such remarkable articles of exportation from our town, having 
 also been introduced to trans- Atlantic places. 
 
 Subsequently other improvements were made in ajipliances and 
 methods, and to-day the result is seen in the manufacture of cans by 
 the most approved machiner}' and a corresponding ad\'ancement in 
 other directions, all of which is typical of the general progress made 
 in packing fish in Norwa}'. 
 
 It is pertinent to mention in this connection the excellent ])ractical 
 work acccmiplished l)y the fishery schools of the country, which have 
 done so much in the way of (wperimentation to introduce new methods 
 and to indicate? how various cheap or waste products of fishery can be 
 turned to good account — a work of such paramount importance to the 
 fishery industries that it is worth 3- of imitation in the United States. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 153 
 
 Through the courtesy of Mr, Fr. Backer I liad the opportunity' to 
 test some canned tishery products put uj) l)y the fishery school at 
 Bodo, where experimentation is carried on in order to secure the best 
 method of utilizing various kinds of fish, and ])articulai"ly to prepare 
 low-priced species, or such parts as are not usually eaten, in such a 
 way as to make them attractive and delicious foods. 
 
 The first tried was pollock (sei). put up for fish cakes ready for 
 cooking. The cakes were excellent, and f ulh' equal to the best codfish 
 cakes I have eaten. 
 
 Rolled herring ("Ralniops"), shirred herring, boiled and rolled, put 
 up with onion and spice-fiavoied vinegar sauce — one-third vinegar and 
 two-fifths water — were especially good. 
 
 Halibut heads and fins, canned, I think, in their own oil, were also 
 excellent. Many tons of halibut heads are annuall}' pressed for their 
 oil in the United States, when a delicious article of food could be pre- 
 pared from them. 
 
 But, while improvement is evident in man}^ directions, conservatism 
 prevails to a considerable extent. Reference has already been made 
 to the methods of curing cod as stockfish and klipfish. These are so 
 well known that it is scarcely necessary to say that the former is 
 cured b}^ drying without salt, and the dr3'ing is so thorough that 
 nearly all of the moisture in the fish is removed, so that cod cured this 
 wa}^ can be taken to tropical countries without spoiling. It follows, 
 ho \ ever, as a matter of course, that it requires time and nuich soak- 
 ing to prepare fish for the table which are cured in this manner, and 
 the tendenc}' of the times is to have food products that can be made 
 ready for use in the briefest time. The split, light-salted, and hard- 
 cured klipfish — so called because they are dried on rocks or stones — 
 are similar to much of the dried fish of Canada and Newfoundland, 
 and are also adapted to exportation to tropical or semi-tropical 
 countries. 
 
 But there is nuich waste in preparing either stockfish or klipfish for 
 the table, since the work nuist of necessity be done mostly, if not 
 entirely, by inexperienced people. For this reason there is seemingly 
 an effort being made in Norway to pack boneless fish, or at least dried 
 cod that has been skinned and from which the larger bones have l)een 
 removed. 
 
 It may take some time to introduce goods packed in this manner in 
 some of the markets which Norway exports her fish to, but it is, nev- 
 ertheless, reasonable to suppose that the advantage of hiiving products 
 so packed will be realized in time, and that most people at least will 
 prefer an article of food in which waste has been reduced to the 
 minimum to products in which the item of w-aste is a large factor. 
 
 The lack of a legalized systematic method for packing herring, and 
 the fact that every curer is sul)stantialiy a law unto himself, is doubt- 
 
154 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIHITION. 
 
 less detriiiu'iita] to tho l)e.st iiiterosts of tho Monvotriaii licMTinu- Hshciy, 
 for, as the matter now stands, the brand fails to be a guarantee of the 
 (liiality beyo!id the reputation ae(|uired l)v the packer. It is conceded 
 l)y the best informed that this is so, and that the cure of one yc^ar may 
 be far superior to that of another for the same l)rand, even if the tish 
 are packed by the same curer, while the variation of (lualities put up 
 ])y ditlVrent cui'ers may be considei'able in the same season. 
 
 ^^'hcn it is understood that upward of ^200,000 worth of h(M lino- 
 iiave been exported to the United States from Norway in a sinj^Io 
 year, the Norwe<^ian methods of cure and reg-ulations for jjucking 
 become questions of importance to citizens of this country. 
 
 Mackerel are cured by the American method, due to tlH> fact that 
 the lart»"est market is in the United Sttites. 
 
 Cod-liver oil for medicinal use was exhibited by vaiious liruis. It 
 is. however, so well known that a bare allusion to it must suffice, not-, 
 withstandino- its excelhMice and its Importance, or th(> temi)tatioii to 
 dwell upon its preparation, concerning which nuich data is available. 
 
 Norway is a large producer of marine oils, among which are differ- 
 (Mit grades of l)rown cod-liver oil, shark oil, and whale oils. 
 
 Fish are cured by smoking to a large extent. This applies more 
 particularh' to herring. The Norwegian smoked salmon has a high 
 reputation, due to care and skill in curing. 
 
 There is apparently a growing tendency to market fresh lish in for- 
 eign countries, as a result of improvements in refrigeration and trans- 
 portation. England appears to be the chief nitirket for fresh fish. 
 Large quantities of herring are sent there in steamers; also salmon, 
 halibut, and lobsters. 
 
 Among the most important accessories of fish packing was the new 
 l)arrel exhibited ))v the inventor, ^Nlr. George Koss-Lund. This is a 
 straight -bilged, wooden cylinder, constructed of sawed, factory -made 
 staves, and hooped with iron. Aside from other advantages this kind 
 of barrel can be made cheaper than those in ordinary' use. because the 
 staves being of uniform width the}^ can readily be prepared for use by 
 mtichiiiery. 
 
 It nuist be confessed that this i-ylindrical barrel is so different in 
 appearance from the conventional barrel that the first impression one 
 receives is liable to l)e an unfavorable one. for life-long prejudices in 
 favor of a round-bilged barrel, and the thought that no other form is 
 suitable for such a receptacle, impel one to look with distrust upon 
 anything radically differing from what one has always seen. One 
 feels at the Hi-st glance that the new barrel is weak -at least that was 
 my impression. But careful consideration convinced me otherwise. 
 The advantage of a straight-bilged cylindrical barrel over the ordijiary 
 form for stowage is too evident to re(|uii'e discussion, and the gain in 
 this respect is an item of nmcli importance. At the same time it will 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 155 
 
 be evident that ])arrels which, when stowed in a vessel's hold or else- 
 where, bear the strain on them uniformly throughout their entire 
 length, are more lia))le to resist successfully than if the strain comes 
 only in one place — the middle of the bilge — as must ])e the case with 
 the conventional round-])ilged barrel. For this reason there is lialde 
 to be much less leakage in using the new device, and, since the loss on 
 pickled fish by leakag(^ is often large, the opportunity to obviate it 
 is a matter of considerable moment to tislu>rmen and tish packers. 
 
 Ordinarily, each barrel has from -t to iron hoops; these are (piickly 
 fastened by a patented device made specially for the purpose. The 
 staves are recessed to receive the hoops, so that the lattiM- will not slip. 
 Barrels made for special purposes have additional hoops, but in all 
 cases the calculated strength of the hoops is in 'xcess of that of the 
 com))ined strength of all the wooden hoops usually put on a })arrel. 
 
 The facility with which these new barrels can be put together, 
 opened, or headed up was a matter of surprise and gratitication. It is 
 safe to say, from the ol)servations I made, that coopering can be more 
 expeditiously performed than with the old-fashioned barrel. Another 
 advantage is that, after a barrel has served its purpose for the first 
 time, it can readily be shooked and shipped back at a minimum cost 
 of freight. 
 
 It is also specially adapted to the shipment of oil and certain other 
 kinds of tish products, for its shape is such that it will readily receive 
 a metal or porcelain cylinder inside. Oil can be shipped in a protected 
 tin cylinder, and thus be carried safely and with an immunity from 
 waste or leakage. And certain kinds of food delicacies can l)e shipped 
 in larger packages than now, and probably with greater assurance of 
 success, by having metal or porcelain receptacles to fit inside the 
 barrels. 
 
 Possibly no other Norwegian exhibit oflPered a suggestion more 
 important to fisheries than this, and certainly none was more novel. I 
 understand that the Ross-Lund barrel is mi>eting with general favor 
 in Europe, particularly in Germany and England. It was manu- 
 factured in a small way at Bergen, but the invention is so recent that 
 the l)usiness of making the barrels is not yet nuu-h developed in Nor- 
 way, where the introduction of new enterprises must necessarily meet 
 with many obstacles. 
 
 F'l.sJi culture'. — Although th(» ({uestion of increasing the supply of 
 food fish by artificial propagation is apparently one of much conse- 
 quence to a country like Norway, which depends so nuich upon the 
 industry of fishing, comparatively little attention has been given to it 
 until recently; now there is only one Government hatchery, and despite 
 the important work performed in this there is no small amount of 
 prejudice in certain (juarters against the expenditure of public money 
 for such a purpose. This pi-ejudice is all the more suri)iising in \iew 
 
150 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 of the fact that it exists among some of those whose ])usiness pros- 
 perity depends upon the success of the tisiieries, and also because the 
 results of well-conducted tish-cultural operations have been sufficiently 
 demonstrated in various countries during recent years to indicate that 
 the experimental period has been passed and the stage of certainty of 
 attainment has been reached. 
 
 The hatchery referred to is at Fl0devigen, near Arendal, on the south 
 coast of Norwa}', and it was designed and erected for the purpose of 
 breeding sea tish, particularly the cod. Photographs of the hatchery, 
 showing the exterior and interior were exhibited (Pis. XX I \', XXV, 
 and XXVI), and also a working model of the apparatus used, together 
 with specimens of yoimg cod of various ages. 
 
 The output of this hatchery reached the enormous total of about 
 400.()00,0<)0 cod fry in 1S9S. with a maximum expenditure not exceed- 
 ing $2,500 — the Government appropriates $2,350. This, together with 
 the additional fact that the hatching apparatus, as well as the syst(nn 
 for collecting eggs, ditiers materially from anything tried in the United 
 States, seems to warrant a somewhat extended mention of the hatchery 
 and the methods pursued. The description of apparatus and methods 
 is ))ased on a free translation of the account written by Captain 
 Dannevig, the superintendent. 
 
 The original hatchery at Flodevigen was l)uilt, at the suggestion of 
 Captain Dannevig. in 1884, ))y the Arendal branch of the Society for 
 the Promotion of the Norwegian Fisheries, and with the object of ascer- 
 taining whether it was possil)le to produce large num])ers of fry of 
 the better class of salt-water tish at a reasonable cost, the decrease in 
 the fisheries, especially in the cod fishery, being then greatly felt. 
 
 The work commenced in February, 188-1, and as neithei* methods 
 nor sei'viceable apparatus for hatching the floating eggs of salt-water 
 fish were then invented, many difficulties had to be overcome, and the 
 first four seasons were, generally speaking, spent in making expt>ri- 
 ments, the whole quantity hatched during the period being only al)out 
 100,000,000, and the cost of production -1 pence per 1,000 fry. 
 
 In 181>0 the hatchery w^as i-eV)uilt after a new and iin|)rovcd pljiii :uid 
 considerably enlarged. 
 
 The site of the hatcherv is on a little bay at His0en (His Island), 
 about half a mile from the North Sea, and the same distance from the 
 town of Arendal. In spite of its close neighborhood to the sea, 
 Fl0devigen is well protected against storms and rough w'aves by small 
 islands and rocks, so that even small l)oats can lie safely at the wharf 
 at all times of the year. The sea water is clear and clean, as it gener- 
 ally is along this part of the Skagerack coast, notwithstanding it maj' 
 at times get somc^wliat mixed with fresh water from Nidelven (Nid 
 River), which surrounds three sides of llisoen. This does not, how- 
 ever, seem to have any apparent intluciuc on the salinity of the deeper 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 157 
 
 water from which the hatchery gets its supply. The depth in FI0- 
 devigeii, where the suction pipes are phiced, is 8 to t> fathoms, and 
 there is an increase in depth nearer "Thoruno-erne/" which is here the 
 outermost of the group of islands. The sea bottom slopes gradually 
 downward from Thorungerne, so that the depth is 100 fathoms not 
 more than four English sea miles distant. From this the slope continues 
 down to the 450 fathoms deep channel, which cuts off the coast from 
 coiuiection Avith the shallow and still rich fishing grounds on the oppo- 
 site side of Skagerack. This strip of ground, with its natural protec- 
 tion of islands, banks, and deep channels, makes an excellent fishing 
 bank, which until the first half of this century literally swarmed with 
 edible fish. I^etween the islands and the mainland there are many 
 fjords, l)ays, and soiuids, which constitute a most excellent home for 
 the non-migratory species of fish, and besides possesses the great 
 advantage that the fisheries can be prosecuted there in all kinds of 
 weather. There is also another circumstance which makes this strip 
 of coast adapted to the fry that may be let out there, namely, the cur- 
 rent, which is so weak that there is no danger of the fr}^ being driven 
 out to sea in the beginning of its development. Prof. G. O. Sars has 
 been there on several occasions to study the conditions at this place, 
 and in his report to the Storthing he sa3\s : 
 
 The result of my investigation is that the ground on the whole must be said to be 
 very good for cod at all ages. I have also found the sea fauna rich and varied, which 
 means nourishment enough for many times the i^resent quantity of fish. 
 
 Even if the strip of fishing ground protected by the deep channel 
 maj' be said to be very well adaptc^d to support a large <|uantity of 
 fish, at the same time, on account of its limited extent, it may ver}' 
 easily be fished out, so as to deplete it of fish. The increase of the 
 population in the surrounding districts in the beginning of the fifties 
 brought on a larger demand, as far as the dailv fisheries were concerned, 
 and as a consequence there was a decrease in the (quantity of fish to 
 such a degree that there was fear of entire destruction. The feeling 
 cojicerning this was so general that when, in 1882, the proposal was 
 made to erect a hatcher}^ for salt-water fish it met with the greatest 
 approval. The old hatchery which was started in 1884 was almost 
 entirely erected by private sul)scriptions, and was intended for a trial 
 hatchery where one, besides the largest possible production, had espe- 
 cially to gain experience, so that a larger plant in the future might be 
 erected on as practical and economical a })lan as possible. 
 
 The new establishment, like the old. is erected within the angle 
 formed by the two salt-water basins belonging to the hatchery, in such 
 a mamier that by aid of two short pipes it can t)e put in connection 
 with these. 
 
 The hatchery house (Pi. XXTV) is a wooden building ().5 feet long 
 and 34 feet inches wide. Two-thirds of the leiiirth of the buildinir 
 
158 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 has one story with cclliir and loft: tho reniaiiiino- third has two 
 floors. The first fioor is one large room, where the hatching appa- 
 ratus is pUieed in three ro^vs. Between the rear wall of the build- 
 ing and the basin wall, and 3^ feet higher than the Hoor of the 
 main building, is erected a smaller building, where the filteiing appa- 
 ratus is placed. In this room is also a water wheel, the purpose of 
 Avhich will be explained later on. From the hatching room ii stairwa}' 
 leads up to the loft and to the second stor}'. One part of the second 
 floor is used for the manager's oflice and the other for the workroom 
 of zoologists. The l)asement floor contains two large wooden l)oxes 
 in which the water that has been used is, by aid of gutters, conveyed 
 under the floor. These boxes are connected by special pipes with two 
 ship pumps in the engine house. 
 
 Connected with the hatchery, and constituting an important part of 
 the fish-breeding establishment, are two small ponds or basins, filled 
 with sea water, where the breeding fish are confininl until they shed 
 their eggs naturally; for b}" the s\'stem conducted by Captain Dannevig 
 no attempt is made to spawn fish artificially', for he claims that he can 
 get a much larger number of eggs l)y the method adopted, and also 
 that a greater percentage of them will hatch. The ponds referred to 
 are designated by him as the spawning basin and breeding basin. The 
 former is the smaller of the two, and is 61 feet 9 inches long, 10 feet 
 6 inches wide, and 9 feet 9 inches deep. It is surrounded on three 
 sides by solid stone w^alls, while the fourth is formed of a steep moun- 
 tain wall. It is supplied with a roof of l)oards (PI. XXY) to protect 
 it against the snow, and also as a shade for the strong daylight, which 
 otherwise would affect the fish. About 2 feet from the bottom a 
 wooden floor is placed, with an opening ])etween the slats of 1 to 1^ 
 inches. Under this is a network of pipes, with outlets through the 
 wall, for carr3dng ofl' the impure water which gathers in the bottom 
 on account of the excrements, waste food, etc. As the floor is visible 
 through the clear water, the dead fish may easily be removed. The 
 basin has room for 1,000 to 2,000 large fish, but the Avater must be 
 I'cnewed contimially. 
 
 The breeding basin is 110 feet 6 inches long, 71 feet 6 inches wide, 
 and It) feet 3 inches deep. Two sides are formed b}'^ thick solid-stone 
 walls, the other two sides by the natural mountain walls. The l)asin 
 has no roof, and is consequently exposed to all kinds of Aveather. It 
 Avas originally put up for breeding frv, but being hemmed in so 
 closely 1)etAveen the hatchery house and the rocks, the Avind has nuich 
 less strength than before to set the surface of the Avater in niolion, 
 and therefore it is less suitable for breeding purposes. It Avill in 
 future be used principally as a reservoir for salt Avater, necessary for 
 operating the apparatus, and in the sununer for production of oyster 
 fry. The eggs discharged by th(> cod in tli(> spawning basin float at 
 the surface, and are automatically collected by an u]){)aratus specially 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 159 
 
 devised for this purpose, the outtiow of the water ])eiiio- utilized to 
 accomplish the work. 
 
 This apparatus is located in the loft in the east end of the buildino-, and 
 consists of a trouo-h 4 meters lont^-, i metei' wide, and ji metiM- (h'(^p. 
 It has one of its ends fastened in the basin wall, while the other end 
 enters a box somewhat wider and deeper than the trough. The whole 
 is placed horizontally, aiul k(»pt absolutely waterproof: the box must 
 be consider(Kl a continuation of the trouoh. From the box extends 
 another small trough to the ))reeding ])asin, having its opening above 
 the water wheel, which supplies the necessary water, hi the box is 
 placed the particular apparatus which collects the ro(\ It consists of 
 a large strainer covered on the bottom, on tAvo sides, and one end by 
 line haircloth. The open end turns toward the trough, and is pressed 
 tightly to its edges. It will easily l)e understood that the floating roe, 
 which is carried l)y the current into the gathering apparatus, must 
 remain in the strainer, while the water continues on through the 
 trough. All that remains to be done is to transfer the eggs from the 
 collector to the hatching boxes. 
 
 Steam power is required to fill the ponds and keep up the necessary 
 circulation of water. For this reason an engine house, 2G feet long 
 and 13 feet wide, was l)uilt west of the hatchery anU parallel to it. 
 
 It has a 8-horsepower steam engine, which is in operation continu- 
 ally during the hatching season. In the sunnuer time, Avhen only the 
 water in the basins needs replenishing, the engine is not used, but there 
 is a windmill behind the engine house, attached to a high iron ])ra<'e, 
 and so arranged as to l)e put into coimection with the axle joints in the 
 engine house. In the engine house is also placed a double-acting 
 force pump, which gives about 10,000 liters of water per hour, and a 
 smallei- force pump and two ship pumps. These different pumps, 
 either individually or collectively, can be put in motion l)y the engine, 
 which, in the last-mentioned case, works under a pri'ssure of about 50 
 pounds per scpiare inch. 
 
 A pipe about 1,00(» fci^t long leads the fresh-water supply to the 
 steam boiler. From both of the ship's pumps, galvanized pipes lead 
 down to the taid<s on the cellar floor of the hatchery; from the other 
 two pumps the suction pipes go into the sea, and out to a depth of 8 to 
 It fathoms. At a height of 8.8 meters alwve the engine-house floor is 
 placed a trough 80 centimeters wnde, into which all the pipes empty 
 their water. The trough is divided lengthwise in the southwest corner 
 of the hatching house, where the two difterent water courses part, one 
 continuing in the same direction to the spawning basin, the other, also 
 in a closed trough, running past the western wall of the main building, 
 to the breeding basin. 
 
 In addition to the fish in the basins others are kept in tanks or live- 
 cars underneath a wharf 65 feet long and 13 feet wide, which was 
 built for this pur])ose: it has 21 feet of water at its deepest end and 
 
1(J0 INTEUNATKiNAL FISIIKHIES KXHI lU'lK »N. 
 
 12 feet at its inner or shallowest end. It contains three larij^r tanks, 
 about 10 feet square, and two smaller on(>s. Xiunerous openings are 
 made in the tanks, so that the fresh sea water ma}- run in and out. The 
 fish seem to thrive very well, when th(>v ai-e properly fed. The tanks 
 are made so that they can easily hr lifted out and repaired, and also 
 be cleaned of destructive Avorms, which in a short time would destroy 
 the woodwork. For this purpose the tanks are taken up every spring — 
 when the spawn fish are put into the spawning basin — and are left out 
 in the cold air, so as to kill any live germs which may have accunudated 
 on them. The three tanks will hold about 1,()(»0 cod of different sizes. 
 
 It has been a part of the .system to keep the fish from one season to 
 another, but in order to do this successfully it was found necessary to 
 have an ice house and freezing apparatus, ^^'ith()ut this plant it was 
 difficult and even impossible to obtain the food needed for the roe fish 
 when these are kept from one year to another. 
 
 Therefore, inasmuch as a regular and cei'tain supply of nourishment 
 is required to keep the fish in good condition, the cheapest and surest 
 means of securing this was to erect an ice house, with freezing appa- 
 ratus, so as to always have on hand in a frozen state the fresh herring 
 bought during winter. The freezing apparatus, which occupies a space 
 of about 200 cubic feet, holds 25 barrels of herring, which seems 
 sufficient for summer consumption. These are placed in the center of 
 a 1,300 cubic-feet ice depot. 
 
 The hatching boxes, as previously stated, aiv difierent from anything 
 used in this country, and the svstem of circulation bv which thcv are 
 operated is unlike anything adopted in the United States and seems 
 well adapted to hatching many species of sea fishes. In regard to its 
 arrangement, the apparatus is the same as has been used since the 
 hatchery was built, and Captain Dannevig believes it is the best and 
 most reliable of its kind. At the tinu^ the hatchery was remodtded 
 and extended he savs: 
 
 A great many new kinds of apparatu.M were needed, and tliere would tluMi liave 
 been a good chanee to try one of the newer systems, but after having made myself 
 thoroughly familiar with these, I did not venture to make any chifnges, and later t>n, 
 after I had had opportunities to confer with foreign scientists, I have had no reason 
 to regret that I did not make changes. 
 
 Under favorable circumstances our apparatus is al)le to hatch u}) to 90 per cent, 
 and it is hardly possible to reach higher, with tin- tender, delicate tod roe. Two 
 liter of roe is used per each cubic foot of water, and the roe is kept in a constantly 
 whirling motion, so that it has no chance to lie still, eitlier on the bottom or on the 
 surface. 
 
 The hatchery has 42 sections of apparatus, with an aggregation of l)oxes, in each 
 of whicli may l)e put IJ liters of roe, or a total of 500 liters. If the work begins 
 carlv in Fcliniary, and there is a sufficient number of roe fish, the apparatus may be 
 lillc<l t\\ ice, wiiicli means 1,000 liters. After the last counting, 1 found 45(),000 eggs 
 per liter, w iiicli indicates a possible total of 456,000,000 cod eggs in one season. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FIsriEKIP:s EXHIBITION. 
 
 KU 
 
 The hatc'liing- appariitus (tig. 4i)) is 8 feet long, '2 feet 3 inches wide, 
 and 12 inches deep. Its whole length is divided into two even parts, 
 and each of these is divided into seven sections ])\ crossbars, of 
 which live are 15 inches long, and the other two (> inches each. The 
 apparatus is divided into ten large sections, C, and four smaller ones, 
 D. Each of the first-mentioned ten are water])roof. while the four 
 smaller, 2 ))y 2, are connected by an opening in the long side b\' B; 
 the upper two sections (farthest to the right on the illustration) serve 
 as receivers for the water coming fi-om i)ipe E, and the lower two 
 receiA'e the water after it has passed through the boxes, and discharge 
 it into the waste-pipe F.^ 
 
 Til the larger spaces, of which each apparatus (as formerly mentioned). 
 
 Fig. 49.— DaiiiR'vig cod-liatchiiis boxes in opcrution. (After Cai)Uiiii Diinnevig.) 
 
 contains ten, the hatching boxes for the floating eggs of cod, flounder, 
 etc., H, or lobster, I, are placed. 
 
 The hatching boxes (fig. 50) for floating eggs are 12 inches long, 10 
 incluvs wide, and 10 inches deep. The sides are made of five-eighth- 
 inch boards; the bottom is of haircloth so fine that it can retain eggs 
 and fry, and at the same tim(> allow the water to run out. 
 
 The little boxes which are placed in the lai'ge room are fastened 
 by the upper edge to the nearest cross partition by leather hinges, 
 A A (fig. 51). In each partition is a cut about 3 inches long and three- 
 quarters of an inch deep, in which is placed a spout of galvanized iron, 
 B, and in the corresponding edge of the little box is placed a similar 
 
 ^ Owiiifi to a mistake, the upper end of the waste jiipe shows on the illustration above, 
 in!^tead of a couple of inches below, the surface. 
 
162 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 spout, C, but of iinich larger size, so that it projects and extends out- 
 side the first mentioned, })oth on the sides and underneath. 
 
 By looking- at fig. 49 we will see how the eii-culation takes place. 
 When the water runs into the apparatus, through pipe E, the two 
 upper small compartments fill up on a level with the lower edge of the 
 spout, through which the water next passes into the nearest larger 
 section C, and thus continues to run until the whole appai'atus is lillcfl; 
 the superfluous water is carried off through waste-pipe F. 
 
 The apparatus slants one-fourth of an inch per foot, which makes the 
 stream of water run quicker as long as the water supply through pipe? 
 E takes place with sufficient speed — al)out .500 lit(M-s ])cr hour- for each 
 apparatus. 
 
 In figure 4!* a })iece of the side wall of the appai'atus is removed, 
 to siiow how the circulation takes place in the hatching l)oxes. It will 
 
 he noticed that when the larger 
 spaces are filled with water, and 
 the little boxes inside of these 
 spaces are fastened only at one 
 side, the l)Oxeswill naturally float 
 up against the opposit<' side, and 
 conscMjuently get into a slanting 
 ])osition. as shown at II H (fig. 4lO. 
 \\'hen the water from the space 
 above streams through the spout 
 into l)ox H. and this, as well as the 
 space in which it is placed, is filled, 
 the circulation will l)egin under 
 the continuous run of the water. 
 The water jet has speed enough 
 to reach the net on the bottom of 
 the box, but instead of going through the net, it follows in the same 
 slanting direction, until it meets the side wall of the box. which it 
 follows up towards the surface and back towards the starting point. 
 The whole mass of water thus gets into a whirling motion, in vertical 
 directions, at the same time, as the superfluous water runs through the 
 bottom of the box, and through the spout into the next box, and so on, 
 through the whole apparatus. 
 
 If the apparatus is clean — which is absolutely necessary f'oi- the 
 hatching to prove successful — and the water sufficiently salt, tiie 
 motion in the water itself will separate the eggs from the })ottom. 
 
 If the water loses enough of its salinity so that it*> specific gravity 
 is less than tht^ weight of the eggs (1,022) the latter go to the bottom 
 and into the ''dead corncn-.'" right across fi-om the inlet. To prevent 
 this, which practically means the destruction of the eggs, there is 
 
 Fl(i. 50. 
 
 -DaniiL'viK fod-hiitchiiig box. 
 CapUiiii Diimievig.) 
 
 (After 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 163 
 
 fastened on each apparatus an arrangenuMit which may b(? doseribed as 
 follows: 
 
 In the illustration (fig. 49) will be noticed an iron rod, K L, which, 
 at L, is fastened in such a manner to a fork-shaped vertical beam 
 placed in the center of the middle wall of the apparatus that it can 
 move on the bolt, with L as a central point. 
 
 In this iron rod is placed a cross bolt, M, which is long (Miough to 
 project across the upper edge of a box. By looking at the illustration 
 one will observe that the boxes, H H, which are opposite each other, 
 are far enough apart so that the iron bar can pass between them down 
 to the central partition. The cross bolt prevents this, however, by 
 stopping it at the upper edge of the boxes, and as the bar has suf- 
 ficient weight, it causes the free ends of the boxes to be pressed deeper 
 down into the water, but they mil again float up when the iron bar 
 is lifted at K. The string, P, which is fastened to the bar, has -its 
 other end attached to the water wheel in such a manner that it rises 
 
 Fig. 51. — Hatching bo.x attachment, (.\ltcr ('attain Daniicvig.) 
 
 and falls twice ever^' minute. The motion is, however, not regular. 
 The rise takes place ver}' slowly, while the fall comes suddenly. At 
 N is a split vertical beam, or guide, in which the rod moves. 
 
 As the bottoms of the hatching ])oxes consist of haircloth, and as 
 the space in which these are placed is full of water, it will easily be 
 understood that when the box is pressed down the water will rise 
 through the haircloth, and at the same time the eggs, which may have 
 sunk to the bottom, will rise, and these will again be whirled around in 
 the box by aid of the current. 
 
 The circulation of water is effected as follows: From the engine house 
 two pipes lead down into the sea and are contiiuu^d along the bottom 
 until a depth of 9 fathoms is reached. These pipes are connected 
 with the suction pump and press pump in the engine house. Pipes 
 lead from these up to the large wooden trough which receixes the salt 
 water. This trough continues through the wall of the engine house to 
 the southwest corner of the hatching house, and is divided ItMigthwise, 
 so as to form two separate water courses. One of these continues 
 along the south wall of the main building to the spawning basin, while 
 
164 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIHITION. 
 
 tho other runs ;il()iiji>' tho west wall to the l)i-eediii<i- IkisIii. which now is 
 used as a resei'voir. 
 
 Hv coutiiuious pumping- through the tirst of these water courses the 
 spawning hasin, where the roe tish are, gets tiUed and the superfUious 
 water will run out through the trough which leads into the collect- 
 ing apparatus. carr\ing along on the surface the tioating roc whi<h, 
 as already mentioned, gathers here and may then be ()l)tained very 
 easily. 
 
 After the water has thus done its double service, first, to supply tlie 
 spawn fish with the necessarj^ oxygen, and. next, to carry the roc into 
 the gathering appai'atus, it is led onto the wheel which puts into motion 
 the levers placed over the hatching boxes. This gives a considerable 
 power, which otherwise would have to come from the engine, and it 
 also enal)les one to regulate the speed without regard to the unavoida- 
 t)le temporary stops and irregular motions of the engine. As the same 
 water volume will l)e used again in certain cases, it is of the greatest 
 significance for it to absorl) all the air possi})le, and this is accomplished 
 l)y carrying it over the wheel. After this it runs out into the box 
 l)laced under the wheel and forms several little waterfalls before it 
 reaches the large tank in the cellar, fi-om which it is pumped up again 
 into the spawning basin, to take the same return run. For partly 
 renewing the water in the spawniiig basin one of the press pumps in 
 the engine house is used and is kept continually punii)ing water from 
 the sea. 
 
 The other water course runs aloug the west side of the main ])uilding 
 to the )u-eeding basin, into which it empties the whole volume of water. 
 From this basin the water runs in pipes through the wall into the filter- 
 ino- house, where it gets distributed into five filtering ])oxes which are 
 connected by conuuunicating pipes so that the water reaches the same 
 height in all of them. The filtering is done by letting the water run 
 through three frames covered by flannel before it comes into the boxes. 
 These frames, sixteen in number, need constant attention, as they gen- 
 erally are changed and cleaned four to six times an hour. 
 
 From the filtering ])oxes the water runs through galvanized-iron 
 pipes to the hatching house, in which is placed small faucets along the 
 walls and in the middle of the floor, for the purpose of carrying the 
 water into the hatching boxes. 
 
 After running through these it is led through a tiough under the 
 floor to a box in the cellar, from where it may be pumped back into the 
 breeding basin by the other ship's pump in the engine house. The 
 suction and press pumps already mentioned pump fresh sea water 
 steadily for replenishing the supply. 
 
 The purpose of this dou])le water circulation is to prevent the usage 
 of the same water for the hatching boxes, for that which has been 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 165 
 
 u.sed in the .spawning- basins often becomes unclean, especially from 
 the etfects of fat or from the excrements of the tish. This uncleauli- 
 ness will easily spoil both eggs and fr^' if not attended to. 
 
 Commissioner. — The commissioner from Sweden was the well-known 
 authority on fish and fisheries. Dr. Rudolph Lund berg, who is the 
 superintendent of fisheries for Sweden and a member of the royal 
 board of agriculture. Dr. Lundberg has written extensively on the 
 Swedish fisheries, and his knowledge of them is concededly compre- 
 hensive and accurate. 
 
 General considerations. — The fisheries of Sweden, though of less 
 importance than those of Norway, are, nevertheless, of nuich conse- 
 quence to a large element of the coast population, and serve to supply 
 the nation with much useful material for food and other purposes. 
 
 The Swedish fisheries have fluctuated considerably, due to the 
 periodical visitations of the herring to the coasts of the southern 
 provinces, for periods of exceptional abundance and prosperity have 
 been followed by years of absence of fish and consequent depression 
 painful to witness. So great has been the influence wielded that, in 
 his History of Gottenburg, Granberg has ascribed its prosperous con- 
 dition in the closing years of the eighteenth century " to its East 
 Indian trade and the herring fisheries." 
 
 The Rev. O. Lundbecks, writing in 1831, graphically depicts the 
 evil of the absence of herring from the southern coast and the con- 
 sequent decline of fisheries and distress of the inhabitants. '' He who 
 knew the coast of Bohusliin twentv-five vears ago," he writes, "and 
 now sees it again, will scarcely bo able to refrain from tears. Then it 
 presented an imposing appearance. From the sea itself rose massive 
 walls and pillars supporting immense salting houses and oil refineries. 
 Farther inland rich warehouses and busy workshops might ))e seen, 
 as well as palatial residences of the merchants and neat cottages of the 
 fishermen and workiiigmen. The coast was crowded with a ])usy throng 
 and the sea studded with sails. Every night it looked as if there 
 were a grand iUumination, many thousand lights shining from the 
 windows and from the numerous lamps along the quays, and being 
 reflected in the waves. Everything was life and bustle, and tons 
 of gold changed hands. Now nothing is seen but ruins, only here 
 and theiv a dilapidated fishernuurs cottage, awakening melancholy 
 thoughts in the heart of the visitor. Would that these glo""'ous times 
 for which thousands are sighing might return."" 
 
 A new herring period l)egan in Bohusliin in 1877 and, although the 
 catch has fluctuated considerably since that time, it was uniformly large 
 for the nine years ending in 1896, the winter catch always exceeding 
 
1()G INTERN ATUtNAL FISHERIES EXHIHITloX, 
 
 1,000,000 hoctol iters' (>;u'h .season during that period, according to 
 statistics given by Dr. Lundberg, and on two occasions, the seasons of 
 1898-94 and 1895-96, being in excess of 2,000,000 hectoliters. In the 
 last-mentioned year it was 2,372,051 hectoliters, with a value of 
 $592,087. 
 
 " During 1895-96 no less than 10,741,848 kilograms of fresh herring 
 were sent by rail from Gottenburg and Udde valla.'" During the period 
 from 1891 to 1895 the amount of herring stilted in Hohusl-in ranged 
 from 844.546 to 418,614 barrels yearlv. In addition large (juantities 
 were manufactured into oil and guano. 
 
 In Introductory Remarks on the Fisheries and Fishery Industries 
 of Sweden, Dr. Lundberg presents the following facts which are of 
 more than ordinar}^ interest: 
 
 The Kingdom of Sweden, which forms the eastern and larger (58 per (vnt) ixirtioii 
 of the Scandinavian i)eninsula, extends from 55° 20' 18'^ N. to 69° 3' 2V^ N. (a (Hstance 
 of ahout 14° of latitude) and has an area, including the islands, (jf 442,126 square 
 kilometers (170,660 square miles) . Of this area the lakes make up 36,281 sijuare kilo- 
 meters (13,900 square miles), or 84 per cent;''' the length of our seacoast, omitting that 
 of the many liays and fiords, is estimated at 2,500 kilometers (about 1,550 miles). It 
 is clear that, under these circumstances, fishery ought to be an important industrial 
 source for the population of the country. The importance of the fishing industry 
 woidd be yet greater if our seas were as rich in fish as our coasts are extensive, but 
 unfortimately such is not the case. But the fisheries are, nevertheless, of considerable 
 importance for our population, of whose total of 5,000,000 about .50,000 may be said 
 to depend directly on the fisheries for their support, while fishery forms a not unim- 
 portant by-industry for a considerable number of other people, both on the seacoast 
 and along the shores of the innumerable lakes of the country. Besides this, our 
 fisheries are doubtlessly capable of further development in proportion as the extension 
 of our systems of communication increases the opportimities of a lucrative disposal of 
 the fish, and when our i)opulation has gained a clearer insight as to the value of the 
 fisheries — especially of the lake fisheries — if only proper attention ])e paid to them. 
 
 The seas that wash our coasts are, beginning from the north: The (iulf of Bothnia 
 and the Baltic, which, on the Swedish side, is joined by means of tlu' Sound with the 
 Cattegat and the Bay of Bohus, which are connected with the North Sea l)y means of 
 the Skagerrack. 
 
 The deep (600-800 meters) gully called the " Norwegian Channel," extending al(jng 
 the Norwegian coast in the Skagerrack, ends at rather a good distance from the Swedish 
 coast, the depth in the Bay of Bohus only occasionally exceeding 200 meters; in the 
 Cattegat a deeper gully or channel (50-100 meters) runs southward along the Swi'dish 
 coast down to the island of Anholt, l)ut with that exception the Cattegat is not more 
 than 50 meters dee]). On the west coast, especially, there are l)anks of great importance 
 for fishery. 
 
 The sound also is deepest in its northern part, and a rather deei> channel (but one 
 not reaching to 50 meters) is found there till we come a little to the north of Malmo, 
 where a bank only some few' meters deep begins. 
 
 *A hectoliter is 26.42 gallons, nearly equal to the capacity of an ordinary fish 
 barrel. 
 
 -This is evidently a typographical error, since the area of the lakes is only a frac- 
 tion in excess of 8.2 per cent of the total area of the country. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 167 
 
 The Baltic, too, is a fairly shallow expanse of sea, T)ut, besides the ^reat shallow )>anks 
 (as that between Skaneand the (Tennan coast, that south of (rotland, etc.), there are 
 also very extensive ti-acts of from 100 to 200 meters in depth, and occasionly depths 
 (as between Gotland and Kurland and south of Landsort) of 300 or even over 400 
 meters — the deepest in the Baltic — have been reached. The Baltic, properly so called, 
 is separated from the western Baltic by a bank which follows a line running between 
 the entrance to the Sound, Falster, and Doesserorts; and to the north from the part 
 known as the Sea of Aland (Swedish "Alands haf") by a similar submerged bank 
 between the coast-archipelago of Stockholm, Aland, and the Finnish coast-archipelago. 
 The Sea of Aland is similarly divided from the Sea of Bothnia, or the southern portion 
 of the Gulf of Bothnia, at the South Qvarken. A broad bank, at the North Qvarken, 
 separates the Bothnian Sea from the northernmost part of the Baltic, or, as it is termed 
 restrictively, the (julf of Bothnia. The latter is, near the coast, almost exclusively 
 shallow, with but a few places where the depth is over 100 meters. One can see upon 
 charts giving the various depths, how the mud carried down into the Baltic l)y the 
 full-flooded rivers (especially in its northern portions,) has been deposited in mighty 
 banks, not only near the coast, but also at a considerable distance out to sea. 
 
 The influence of currents on the appearance and sustenance of fish 
 is a matter to which Dr. Lundbero- devotes much attention. He says: 
 
 These enormous bodies of water which are conveyed to the Baltic, give rise 
 to an almost always continuous current from the Baltic through the Sound and the 
 two Belts out into the Cattegat, the varying rapidity of the current being dei)endent 
 upon the water-mass of the tributaries at different seasons of the year and upon the 
 winds. This current flowing out from the Gulf and the Sea of Bothnia has there a 
 preponderant north or northeast direction; at its entrance into the Baltic, i)roperly 
 so called, the north current from the Sea of Bothnia meets with the northeasterly 
 currents from the Gulf of Finland, and these uniting, give rise to a northeast current 
 which flows by the coast-archipelago of Stockholm and goes down between Gotland 
 and Oland with a branch going through Kalmar Sound, and also to a more northerly 
 current which passes between Gotland and Kurland. The two currents unite south 
 of Gotland and Oland, forming an east-northeast current which flows round Bornholm 
 in two branches and flows out in two branches between the Sound and the Belts into 
 the Cattegat. The current through the Sound conveys chiefly Baltic water, and this 
 current afterwards continues along the Swedish coast as a slightly-salt surface current 
 into the Bay of Bohus and then along the Norwegian coast to about as far as Bergen. 
 
 A bottom-current of Salter and heavier water enters the Baltic simultaneously from 
 the North Sea through the Skagerrack, the Cattegat, and the Belts, and this stream 
 can be plainly traced chiefly along the southern and eastern coasts of the Baltic as 
 far up as to Osel and to the Gotska-Sando, after which it disappears. The salter water 
 which thus flows into the Baltic comes mostly through the Great Belt, while the 
 outflowing fresher Baltic water passes both through the Sound and the Belts. The 
 Baltic water issuing from the Belts is, however, much salter than that going out 
 through the Sound. 
 
 The seas surrounding Sweden thus show from Skagerrack up to the Gulf of Bothnia 
 a continually decreasing saltness which finally almost approaches that of fresh 
 water. * * * 
 
 It is to be noted that it is not alone the small salt-percentage of tlie water but also 
 its coldness that contributes in ecpial degree to give the Baltic the biological character 
 it disjjlays when compared with the adjacent seas, in sharp contrast especially with 
 the fish-swarming waters of the North Sea. * * * 
 
 This is of importance from a biological point of view, which is shown by the fact 
 that salt-water fish in many cases were found to go farther north along the Finnish 
 
 S. Doc. 39 12 
 
168 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 coasts, ill tlu' same way that several species of fish belonging to the western Baltic, 
 but which are not found on our Baltic coasts, <ro to a considerable distance eastward 
 along those of Germany.' 
 
 In the most recent work on the .sul)jcct, published in Sweden, by 
 F, A. Smith, the author elaims there are 175 diff'ei'ent species of tish 
 in Sweden or off its coasts. Of these 135 are salt-water tish, and the 
 other 40 species embrace fresh-water fish, anadromous and niij»ratorv 
 species. Sixty-five of the salt-water tish are considered onh' as occa 
 sional visitants to the Swedish seas. Only about 23 species of sea lish 
 occiu" connnonly in the south part of the Sound and off the soutii 
 coast of Skane. and only about \'2 species can be reckoned as occur- 
 rino- m()r(> or less generally in the northern Baltic. Th(> influence of 
 prevailino- conditions in the Baltic are noticea))le in the hcrrino- par- 
 ticularly, which is smaller ort' the northern coasts than in the seas off' 
 southern Sweden, and is called ' ' stroraming. " 
 
 The differences found in our fish-fauna and in its biological conditions on differi'ut 
 parts of our coasts, says Dr. Lundberg, naturally affect the fishery carried on there, 
 not only as regards the fish-species which are the object of the fishery, but also in the 
 question of returns and of the methods of fishing. It is to be noted, however, that 
 in the last respect the coast-conditions are of great imjxirtance. It is not, for 
 example, merely an accident that, as we shall see, deep-sea fishing with drift-nets is 
 carried on almost exclusively in those parts where the coast is open, and wanting in 
 that girdle of surrounding islands which we call the "coast-archipelago." Attempts 
 to introduce drift-net fishing in other places have not been crowned by any real 
 success, neither has it succeeded in ousting the other forms of fishing previously 
 in use. 
 
 Another condition, distinctive for our fisheries in contrast with the fishery for 
 example in the North 8ea, is that the fishermen themselves are owners of the boats 
 and fishing-tackle and divide the returns in proportion to each one's share. Ship- 
 owners or companies carrying on fishery with hired crews are not yet found in this 
 country. 
 
 The species of fish that here are the object of the fishing are: The herring first of 
 all; many species of cod and flat-fish, the mackerel, etc.; the salmon, the eel, and a 
 great number of other fresh-water fish.'' 
 
 Comprehensive figures of the Swedish fisheries are not jivailal)le, 
 l)ut the following statistical statements relative to some of the more 
 important branches of fishery may prove interesting, since they convey 
 an idea of the magnitude of these industries: 
 
 In 1895 the herring fisheries of Bohusliin employed 7,536 men, 
 18,H3l2 gill nets, and 331 seines. Of the gill nets, 4,358 w^ere used in 
 drift fishing and the balance were set or standing nets, anchored near 
 the shore. The boats employed in the drift-net fishery numbered 140, 
 but no record seems to have been made of the boats used in operating 
 seines and set nets. The results of this fishery have already been given. 
 
 The so-called Sound herring fisher}'' yielded a product, in 1897, valued 
 
 ' Fisheries and Fishery Industries of Sweden, by Rudolph Lund berg, Ph. D., pp. 1-5. 
 
 -lb., p. 11. 
 
IISTTERTSTATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 169 
 
 at a})oiit $116,993. The herring tisherj' of Blekinge yieldert a value 
 of $45,333 in 1896, but in 1894 it amounted to $88,1,55." The Gotland 
 stronnning- (small herring) fishery reached a total of $74,047 in 189(5. 
 It is estimated that this fishery in the government district of Gefieborg 
 has an annual yield of about $54,000, while in Westernorrland it 
 reached a total, in 1895, of $70,857. The sprat fishery of Bohuslan 
 yielded $10,()05, though this amount was below the average for six 
 years, the highest of which was 1891, when the value reached tlu^ sum 
 of about $i>4,107. 
 
 The yield of the deep-sea fishery for cod, etc., including that carried 
 on in the C'attegat, amounted to $133,875 in 1896, when 218 vessels, 
 with an aggregate tonnage of 4,423 tons, and crews numbering 1,716 
 men were employed in this industr}'. 
 
 In the same 3^car the codfishery of the province of Malmohus pro- 
 duced 729,510 kilograms of fish, valued at $34,110. 
 
 There are no statistics of the codfishery for the east coast of Skanc. 
 
 In the province of Blekinge, however, the returns for the codfishery 
 show a catch for 1896 of 1,520,000 kilograms, Avith an aggregate value 
 of $29,545. As we proceed north the importance of the codfishery 
 declines, and in the province of Kalmar, which adjoins Blekinge on 
 the north, onl}^ 62,600 kilograms were given as the catch in 1894, with 
 a value of $4,225. But the codfishery industr}^ of the island of Got- 
 land is of greater consequence, due probably to the fact that it is 
 farther out in the Baltic. In 1896 it produced 562,700 kilograms of 
 fish, worth about $15,193. 
 
 The statistics of codfishery given above include species of the Gadida» 
 besides the cod, such as the haddock and whiting; the fishery for the 
 latter is not important. Large mmibers of coal-fish {(radus vire/is) are 
 sometimes taken ofi' the southern coast with hand-lines, and quantities 
 of hake are caught on some of the banks west of Oskar during the mid- 
 sumnuu' h(M-ring season. 
 
 The fiat-fish fishery is of considerable consequence, for from the dis- 
 trict of Malmohus alone the catch for 1896 in the Baltic, the Sound, 
 and the Cattegat reached a total value of $28,216; in Blekinge, $13,824; 
 Gotland, $4,426; and in South Kalmar it is estimated at $1,422. 
 
 The yield of the mackerel fisher}' of Bohuslan, from which province 
 alone it is prosecuted, amounted to 993,305 fish in bS'.MJ, with a value 
 of $36,143. That year 520 boats engaged in the fishery. 
 
 The total catch of lobsters in Bohuslan and the adjoining province 
 of Halland was 301.t»2(), woi-th $49,711. There has been a decline in 
 the oyster fishery, which in the period from 1869 to 1878 yielded 670 
 baskets of 200 oysters each, with an aggregate value of $2,976, but in 
 1896 the returns show only !>4 baskets, worth $792. 
 
 The eel fishery is important. For the year 1896 the product in 
 
170 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Skaiu' :iii(l Hlckiiiirt' uinountcd to si total of '^74.7^(1 kilooi-ains; \:ilue, 
 $(52,8(52. 
 
 Th(!re are no li^urcs for the disti'ict of C'hristiaiistad since IssM, hut 
 in the period from 1S7',> to i^S'4 the average annual eatcli was 1»6,70.5 
 kilog-ranjs of eels, worth $24,8()(). The total value of the salmon cateh 
 of Sweden in 1896 was estimated at $106,547. 
 
 A\'hile the statistics given cover the most important branches of 
 tisherv, various other species of fish are taken in small numbers, but 
 sufficient, perhaps, to make them of some importance to the fisherj' 
 industry of 8\ved(Mi. Among these nuty be included the pike {E^ox 
 lucliui)^ perch {I*ci'ca ^jiarlatlllii)^ roach {Leiiciscu^ rutllii.s), gwyniad. 
 {Cm'regmius lavaritiis), and ide {Zeuck'eus idam). According to Dr. 
 Lundl)erg.the returns for 18'.»7 showed that there were caught 6T.23(J 
 kilograms of pike, 77,320 kilograms (^f perch and roach, and 14.030 
 kilograms of gwyniad and ide. He says that "in southern Kalmarliin 
 the catch of these kinds of tish amounted in ls74 to 2()i>.s7() kilograms, 
 with ail estimated value of 06.257 kronoj'." 
 
 The foregoing figures, while the}" ma^' serve to indicate the extent 
 of sea fishery, aside from ref(u*ences to a few fresh-water fish, do not 
 embrace the lake and river fisheries which, in a country having so 
 many lakes and streams as Sweden, must be of some conseciuence. 
 There are, however, no complete statistics covering tli<^ catches made 
 in fresh water. 
 
 Concerning the disposition of fishery pioducts. and especially tlie 
 exportation of tish. 1 venture to <juote the following from Dr. Lund- 
 Ix'rg's pap(M-: 
 
 In foniuT (lays the trade in linli was limited chiefly to drit'd or salti-d goods, the 
 slow means of communication of the times not allowing of the transport of fresh fish 
 to any great distance. Increased and (juicker conumniications have led to a great 
 change in this respci^t, although the long distances and the consequent heavy freights 
 still hinder the develo])ment of the tish trade. Respecting the herring of the govern- 
 ment district of Bohuslan, which is caught during the late autumn and the winter, 
 in consequence whereof the fish can bear transport to fairly long distances, reduced 
 rates have been allowed on the State railways when whole wagon loads are sent, and 
 as a result the fresh Bohus herring is nowadays sold in almost every part of the 
 country where railways are found. Fresh fish in general may, on certain conditions, 
 be sent by the day express trains at the same rate as for freight goods, l)ut this may 
 be done only exceptioTially by the night expresses. Salted herring and str("inuning 
 forming a j)art of the daily food of the working ])oiiulation of the country, a consid- 
 eralile amount of such fish is consumed; even in former times, when the i)opulatioii 
 was far less than now, salted and dried fish was imported from Norway, and salt 
 stromming and salmon from Finland. Even to-day these countries are our chief 
 sources of import for these goods. From Finland, especially from the island group 
 of Aland, there are imported, besides salt striunming, living fresh-water fish such •^^» 
 pike, etc., ti) Stockholm. For this transjjort there is used a kind of l^oat with a well 
 room, called " Alands sumpar,'" and the same kind of vessel is used on the Swedish 
 
 ' For details of this craft see des(;riptiou of Stockholm welled boat, j). 192. 
 
IKTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. l7l 
 
 coast to transport liviiijr lisli fmni the coast archipclajro to Stockholm from as far 
 south as the govenimeiit (Hstricts of Ostergothiiid and north Kahnarliin. 
 
 ******■)«■* 
 
 Sweden's export of tishcry j)ro(hicc lias long l)een unimportant and much below 
 the imi)orts in extent. A great change luis occurred of late in this respect, so that in 
 question of quantity as regards the export of fishery produce, Sweden now holds one 
 of tlie foremost places. 
 
 To this the very inqjortant ex])ort of fresh P.ohus herring has largely, though nf)t 
 w 1 loll y , contril)uted. 
 
 While the export in 1876 did not amount to 1,000,000 kilograms, in 1894 it reached 
 not less tlian 1 34,000,000 kilograms. Fresh herring has, as we have hefore mentioned, 
 had the chief share in this increased export, but the export of salt herring has also 
 considerably increased from what it was in the seventies. 
 
 Salmon, chiefly in a fresh state, has long been exported — pai'tly to England, partly 
 to (iermany. During the last few years an export has arisen of other fresh-water 
 tish, such as pike perch, etc., to the last-named country, besides which, (ierman fish 
 dealers buy living eel and other spe('ies of fresh-water lish along the south and east 
 coasts of the country. A little salt salmon is exported to Germany for the smoke- 
 curing establishments. ' 
 
 The total value of all exports of fresh tish in 1S96 was $1,386,915. 
 Of these 65,663,730 kilograms were fresh herring, with a value of 
 $886, -160, aud 2,059,487 kilograms of other kinds of fresh tish, worth 
 $500,455. 
 
 The total value of all kinds oi tish products for the three j'ears end- 
 ing in 1896 were as follows: I8i»4, $2,303,533; 1895, $2,163,255; 1896, 
 $2,056,758. 
 
 The exhibit of Sweden, in addition to material of private exiiibitors, 
 embraced rich collections of models of boats and tishery apparatus 
 from the Fishery Museum at Stockholm, fishery apparatus from the 
 Gothenl)urg and Bohusliin Agricultural Society, and collections of sea 
 and fresh- water tish and animals, eggs and fry, maps, etc., from the 
 royal board of agriculture at Stockholm. Taken as a whole, the 
 exhil)it was comprehensive and interesting. It was lociited directly 
 opposite the exhibit of the United States in the main biulding. 
 
 Fishing vessels andfisMiig hoats. — In regard to its fishing fleet Swe- 
 den seinus to occupy a peciditir position among the countries of north- 
 ern Europe, since none of its fishing vessels are propelled by steam, 
 so far as I could learn. It is true steam tugs may be employed in con- 
 nection with its oil and guano factories to tow boats or vessels, or pos- 
 sibly to carr}' fish, but the fishing vessels proper are all sailing craft. 
 No others were represented in the collection, and there is no printed 
 reference to fishing steamers in tln^ hitest ])ul)lislied accounts on the 
 Swedish fisheries. 
 
 The fishing vessels and boats are, for the most part, sharp aft, and 
 many of them show thcii' Sciuidintivian origin. Hut. gcnertdly speak- 
 ing, they resemble tlic boats of Denmark and Finland moi'e than the}' 
 
 ^ Fisheries and l'"ishery I ndustries of Sweden, j)p. 71, 78. 
 
172 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 do those of Norway. This might reasonably be expected, for the fish- 
 ermen of southern Sweden and those of Denmark frequent the same 
 fishino- o-rounds. and thus have ()pi)()rtunity to study the boats of each 
 other and to adopt any features considered (U'sirabh'. 
 
 The excessive hollow floor, so characteristic of the Norwegian fishing 
 boat, is seen only occasionally in the Swedish boats, which also have 
 no high stem and sternpost; while the s(piare sail rig is now I'are, if 
 seen at all. 
 
 Some of the open boats are very similar to sharp stern tishing boats 
 in New England. In recent years the tendency is to introduce vessels 
 of the "dandy" oi- ketch-rig type, like those used in H^ngland, and 
 these will pr()l)ably supersede the picturescjue old-fashioned l)ankskuta. 
 
 There are no statistics available showing the total number of vessels 
 and boats employed in the Swedish fisheries. We have seen, however, 
 that, in 18!)(), 218 vessels were employed in deep-sea and Cattegat 
 fisheries. 
 
 In ls77 there were employed in the Bohuslan fisheries 189 bankers, 
 ■14T decked l)oats, and 79!) open l)oats. having a total tonnage of 13,254 
 tons, and crews nund)ering in the aggregate 7,905 men. 
 
 The total number of boats belonging to the Skane fishing stations in 
 1882 was 1,581. These figures, meager though they are, suggest that 
 the fleet is large in the aggregate. 
 
 The hankskuta. — Considered from the standpoint of size, the old- 
 fashioned skuta employed in the deep-sea bank fisheries for cod, ling, 
 etc., is one of the most important fishing vessels in Sweden, and until 
 recently has held precedence in this particular, though, as has been 
 stated, it is now being superseded by ketch-rigged cutters like the 
 English smacks. The bankskuta has been used for many years and is 
 decidedly the most picturesque t3^pe of fishing vessel in Sweden. It 
 has undergone some changes in rig, and possibly in form, in the earh^ 
 part of the nineteenth century, and its shape has been modified some- 
 what in late years. The following historical notes concerning this 
 form of vessel are based on a free translation from the Fisheries on 
 the West Coast of Sweden, ])y Geohard von Yhlen: 
 
 The ()1<1 schutcn l)aiikers were clumsy structures with hii;h bows, measuring 40 feet 
 on the keel and of 80 tons burden. They had three masts, two of which could be 
 lowered. The after mast or mizzenmast had a fore-and-aft spritsail set on it, but 
 square sails were set on the mainmast and foremast. Each vessel carried two small 
 y)oats which were used for setting and hauling long lines. During the reign of Gus- 
 taves X more than 1,000 Swedish vessels were lishing on English banks. 
 
 About 1830 to 1840 the size of the vessels was thought to be of far less imjjortance 
 than their seaworthiness, and they began to build tishing craft which, with a length 
 of keel of 2(i to 28 feet, were from 30 to 40 tons burden. These vessels had their 
 main and mi/.zen masts both fixed, and they were rigged with spritsail, topsail, jib, 
 and staysail. Within a short time these innovatiotis were altandoni'd and they 
 returned to the old style of heavy schuten. 
 
 The deei)-sea boats were manned with S men, and they made short voyages, going 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 173 
 
 out on Monday and returning at the end of the week. In the ])eri()d between 1850 
 and 1860 the tishernien began to extend their cruisey farther nortli and to fish upon 
 JaderV)ank. Now tiie deep-!?ea boats began to increase in size, and soon they were 
 built witli a keel 40 to 50 feet long and 50 to 60 tons burden. 
 
 In 1862 there came to the knowledge of the Swedish fishermen the great wealth of 
 ling upon Storeggen Bank. For this fishery it was deemed neee.ssary to build still 
 larger vessels, and accordingly, about 1865 to 1870, a number of larger boats were 
 built, these averaging about 70 tons each and carrying crews of 12 to 15 men. 
 
 Vessels of the present time are usually carvel-built. They are divided into four 
 classes. First, the largest vessels, from 60 to 70 tons, with 14 men; second, those of 
 40 to 50 tons, with crews of 10 men; third, boaty of 30 tons, which are most com- 
 
 monly employed of any, carrying 8 men in crew; and fourth; small craft of 12 to 15 
 tons, with 5 to 6 men. 
 
 The largest of these vessels are usually sheathed with zinc, and cost from about 
 $2,700 to $3,240. 
 
 The second size vessels cost from $1,620 to $2,160. These fish on the Jaderbank, 
 and usually make five voyages in a season, beginning in March and hauling up in 
 September, the catch being sold partly in Norwegian ports and partly at home. 
 
 The vessels of the third class, which are most numerous, cost from $1,350 to $1,620. 
 They fish on all the grounds usually resorted to l)y Swedish fishermen, such as the 
 reefs off Jutland, Storeggs, and Jiiderbank, and even in winter also carry on codfish- 
 ing. They are at sea in all months of the year except November and Deceml)er. 
 Sometimes they fish at anchor like the larger vessels, and at other times under .sail. 
 
 The boats of the fourth class cost about $810 each. These fish exclusively in the 
 
174 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Cattc'gat, r»)th tjuiimu^r ami winter, fienerally iisiiifr l<)n<r lines. Of late years, how- 
 ever, in sprin},' and summer, 86 of the l)oats fish with tloiunler irawl <>r fround net. 
 Some also oeeasit mally use mackerel nets. 
 
 All of the bankers set their lines from small boats. The vessels of the first and 
 second classes carry two boats each, while those of the two inferior irradi's have only 
 one 1)oat apiece. 
 
 The codfishery in the time of ilistress, in ISOS and sul)se(juenlly, wa.s carrieil on 
 only by the people of the Skargard. In 1833 this place had only 42 bankers, but in 
 1878 its fleet consisted of not less than 107 vessels, maimed liy 1,784 of the most 
 .skillful fishermen and sailors. 
 
 From 1868 to 1877, 8 vessels and lOli men were lost in this fishery. Althou<,di the 
 Skarjrard, by its position, affords a good winter harbor, all exce|)t the largest class of 
 vessels are hauled ashore in winter for the purpose of overhauling them. 
 
 AVhile the statements made by Von Yhlen supply much interesting 
 and useful infofmation, they have a treneral application to various 
 kinds and sizes of fishing vessels and boats. It is, however, only the 
 larger vessels that come properly under the head of bankskuta. 
 
 Writing of the hank tishery at a more recent date (18U8) Dr. Lund- 
 l)erg makes the following statements concerning the vessels employed: 
 
 This fishery, which is supi)osed to have been introduced by some Dutchmen who 
 had innnigrated to Uothenlmrg, is carried on, at the fishing ground situated off the 
 Skaw, in a rather antiquated type of fishing vessel specially built for this fishery and 
 termed "bankskutor" (bank-sloops), which are of as much a»s 70 tons burden and 
 carry a crew of 14 men. Usually the boats are of .30, 40, to 60 tons burden, with 
 a crew of from 8 to 10 men. These boats are found along the southern and central 
 part of the Bohus coast archipelago, from Roron, northwest of Gothenburg, to Bovall- 
 strand on Bottnafjord, some miles south of Fjilllbacka (halfway up to the Nor- 
 wegian frontier). They are owned and equipped by the crews ("fiskarelag" = 
 fishing gang), and the produce of the fishery is divided e(jually according to the 
 number of the partners. A certain amount is always set aside to pay off the cost of 
 the vessel and for necessary repairs. One of the crew is registered as being the cap- 
 tain, but on board the command is held by the man who happens for the time to be 
 at the helm. Each partner owns his own fishing gear, consisting of long lines (called 
 "backor"), which are baited with bits of herring, mussels, etc. On arriving at the 
 fishing ground the vessel is anchored and the lines are set out from smaller boats, 
 called "Hviissing" or "kak," of which every sloop carries one or two, according to 
 its size. The fishing ground is the ".Jutska refet" (the .Jutland reef), the "Nordvest- 
 bngten" (".Tiixleren " ), "Tampen" off Hergen, and since 1884 also to the north of 
 the Shetland Islands. The Bohus fishermen once went as far north as Finnmarken 
 (northern Norway), and for many years fishing was carried on at "Storeggen," out- 
 side Aaiesund. These journeys have now ceased, but since 1894 one or two vessels 
 have gone as far as to Iceland to fish. The deep-.sea fishery is carried cm from March 
 until the middle of September, but the greater number of vessels finish that fishery 
 in the last half of July or the beginning of August, in order to give the rest of the 
 season to mackerel fishing with hand lines, called "dorij" in the North Sea. Ling, 
 cod, and halil)ut, etc., are the produce of this deep-sea fishery. Three or four jour- 
 neys are made between the fishing ground and home; the vessels that go north of 
 tiie Shetlands make but one. The catch, which by the first-named vessels is dis- 
 posed of at home, is sold at the more distant grounds lo ».•!»: b-'y"*^ ^J-ire, but the 
 last catch is generally taken home. The lish is usually cured on arrival hoiu. Part 
 of it is salted until a brine is formed. It is then prt-ssed, and prepared in this fo'^ 
 has the name of "clip fish." Bart is packed, half dry, in one-fourth kegs, and i_ 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION, 175 
 
 called "salt codfish," or, in a soiuewhat drier and less compressed state, salt ling 
 (saltlanga). The bigger ling are cut in two. The backbone is taken out to three- 
 fourths of its extent, after which the fish is split open, stretched on thin wooden 
 splints, and air dried. Thus prepared the fish is called "spil-langa" (split ling). 
 
 The number of boats engaged in the deep-sea fishery proper amounted, in the 
 years 1891-189(5, to 91, 95, 97, 107, 112, and 122, respectively. 
 
 The followino" is a description of the haiikskuta, as built a few years 
 ago, and it is probable that this form still ])redoniinates in the deep- 
 sea fishing fleet of Sweden: 
 
 It is carvel-built, is deep and very beamy; has a flush deck and 
 strong sheer, the upward curve at the forwar(l rail being materially 
 increased by heav}', high bow-chocks. The bulwarks are low and xer}' 
 cumbersome, and are made by l^olting thick timber togther, one piece 
 above the other. The ends of the vessel are full and rounding at the 
 rail, l)ut hollowed out a great deal at and below the water line. The 
 bow is high and flares strongly outward, the stem curves moderatdy 
 near its upper part, and rakes ver}' strongly below, meeting the keel 
 at an obtuse angle. The floor is hollowed out excessively near the 
 keel, the lower planks rising nearly vertical, so that there is as nnicli 
 as two or three feet of deadwood in height, n(»xt to the keel, a))ove 
 which the floor cu)'ves outward and is rather flat for about half its 
 width, terminating in a round bilge and flaring side, the "flare" being- 
 continued to the top of the rail. The concavity of tho bottom rises at 
 either end, forming the run aft and making a scoop-shaped bow of verj" 
 peculiar appearance, but which the Swedish fishermen deem it neces- 
 sary to have to enable their vessels to ride out gales at anchor on the 
 banks they resort to.' The body of the vessel a])ove these concavities at 
 the bottom and ends has a curious oval shape, not very nuuh unlik(^ 
 the half of an etfif which has been cut in two horizontally on the axis 
 of its greatest length. The sternpost is straight and has a slight rake; 
 the rudder, which is narrow and square on the foot, is hung outside, 
 and a curved tiller is used for steering. The cal)in is under deck, for- 
 ward, and is entered through a low companion, aft of the windlass. 
 The windlass is of the old-fashioned type and is worked by handspikes. 
 It is placed well forward, near the stem; the pawl-bitt is on the port 
 side of amidships, and only the starboard end of the windlass is used 
 
 ' The theory that it is necessary to build a vessel so full, flaring, and high forward, 
 to ride safely and comfortably at anchor, is undeniably a mistaken one, since ;i cnift 
 of this form must necessarily surge and strain very heavily on her anchor, and con- 
 sequently would need heavier ground tackle to hold her tlian would be required for 
 a vessel with finer shaped ends. The exi)erience of American fishermen has taught 
 them that the best vessel at anchor is one having at least a moderately sharp bow 
 with a fine sheer; for example, like some of the schooners now enq)loyed in tiie 
 Grand Bank cod and halibut fisheries, that ride out at anchor the fiercest winter 
 gales that sweeji tlie western Atlantic, and which, in this respect, are probably not 
 excelled by anything that has ever been built. 
 
17f> INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 for the luiwser to pas.s round. TIk' (•al)le, instcjid of ^oini;' through a 
 hawse pipe, as is generally the case on most vessels of this size, passes 
 over a roller or pulley in the stem htnul. w hicli rises a little distance 
 above the upper part of the knightheads. The top of the pawl-hit is 
 hollowed out to receive the heel of the bowsprit; the bit is firmly 
 braced on its forward side by a stout ])eam, which extends from side 
 to side, its ends being- securely fastened to the top of the bow-chocks. 
 A heavy wooden-stocked anchor is carried. Just abaft the windlass is 
 the hind clamp for th(> ))owsprit. This is made of round iron, shaped 
 something like an inverted U, with the lower ends turned out so that 
 they will fit into stout eyebolts that are driven into the deck, while at the 
 top or apex is a heavy iron l)and, into which the h(>el of the bowsprit 
 ships when the latter is run out. \\ lu'n the bowsprit is taken in, the 
 heel rest or clamp drops on deck out of the way. The bowsprit runs 
 through an adjusta))le ii'on l)and (on(> end of which is held in place by a 
 key bolt) on the top of the bow rail on the port side of the stem head. 
 
 There are usually four hatches; a small one just at)aft the mainmast, 
 aft of which is the larger main hatch; still furthcM' aft and iinmediately 
 forward of the pump is a second small hatch, while another, of about 
 the same size, is abaft the mizzenmast. A sort of "horse," generally 
 made of oak plank, extends from side to side, a few feet forward of 
 the sternpost. This is supported by a bulkhead, in the starl)oard end 
 of which is a hole to admit the end of the mizzen outrigger. 
 
 A vessel of this class carries two })ole masts, the ui)})(M' (mkIs tapered 
 to form topmasts, and a running bowsprit. The luainmast stands more 
 than one-third of the vessel's length from the boAv and the stay sets up 
 to a heavy iron band which is fastened to the stem head. The mast is 
 supported on each side by two rope shrouds and also by a heavy, 
 adjustable backstay, which is set up by a whip pui'chase. The mizzen- 
 mast stands close to the stern and is supported on each side l)y a single 
 shroud, which sets up a little forward of the mast. 
 
 There are six sails, namely, jib. fore staysail, mainsail, sprit mizzen, 
 and square-h(Mided main and mizzen gall'-topsails. These are usually 
 made of hemp canvas. The jib sets tlying (without stay) from the 
 bowsprit end; the stay foresail sets on the mainstay, the upper part of 
 the sail being bent to hanks, while below the second reef it is laced to 
 the stay with a small rope. There are two reefs in this sail. The 
 lower sheet l)lock moves from side to side on an iron traveler as the 
 vessel changes her tack. The standing part of the jib-sheet fall hooks 
 into a cringle on the first reef, instead of into the Iowim' part of the 
 upper jil)-sheet block, as is generally the case on American \essels. 
 The mainsail has four reefs, three of which are straight across the* sail 
 in the ordinaiw maimer, while the "'balance reef," or stoi'in reef, runs 
 diagonally from just abov«' the 8-reef cringle, on the leech, to the 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 177 
 
 upper hoop near the throat of the sail. The head is l)ent to a gaff, the 
 upper part of the iuti' to hoops, while the lower part, from the third 
 reef down, is laced to the mast with rope. There is no boom to the 
 foot, and the sheet is the same as on the jih, and, like the latter, runs 
 from side to sid(> on an iron traveler. The main gall-topsail is nearly 
 square; it has a long yard, t)ut much less peak than the English-cut 
 sails. The mizzen has two reefs; it is laced to the mast; is hoisted by 
 a single throat-halyard that reeves through a sheave hole just below 
 the hounds of the mast, and the end of which splices into a combina- 
 tion hoop and hook (of iron), the former running on the mast and the 
 latter hooking into a shackle at the throat of the sail. The sheet trims 
 to a wooden outrigger, extending outward from the starboard side of 
 the stern. The mizzen gall'-topsail differs from the main gafi-topsail 
 only in size, it being smaller. 
 
 The rig of the bankskuta resembles somewhat that of the ketch- 
 rigged English tishing vessels, though as previously. stated its rig is 
 more properly that of a yawl. The masts are considerably taller, in 
 proportion to the length of the vessel, than those of the British trawler; 
 the mainsail is not so wide, has more hoist and less peak than the 
 English cut sails. On the whole the Swedish vessel has not a large 
 spread of canvas, especiall}' if it is compared with American fishing- 
 schooners, and, judging from its form, there is probably little danger 
 of its capsizing, since in fair ballast it is reasonable to suppose that 
 sails or spars would first be blown away. It umst, however, l)e slow, 
 if not clumsy, in anything like moderate winds. 
 
 The proportion of length over all to width is about 2i beams. A 
 vessel of 60 feet over all would be about 26 feet wide and 9 to 10 feet 
 deep in the hold. The following are the dimensions of a vessel of 
 this type: Length, over all, 63 feet; on keel, 42 feet; beam, extreme 
 (at top of rail), 26 feet 8 inches; depth amidships (bottom of keel to 
 top of rail), 13 feet 3^ inches; depth of hold, 9 feet; depth of keel, 
 18 inches; height of dead wood above keel, 2 feet 5i inches; height of 
 bulwarks amidships, 16 inches; at stem and stern, 3 feet 9 inches; bow- 
 sprit, outside stem, 21 feet 9 inches; mainmast, deck to hounds, 46 
 feet 6 inches, hounds to truck, 24 feet 4^ inches; main gatt", 24 feet 
 4^ inches; mizzenmast, deck to hounds, 43 feet 6 inches, hounds to 
 truck, 12 feet 9 inches; sprit, 33 feet; outrigger (beyond stern), 15 
 feet 9 inches. Sails: Jib, lutt", 47 feet 3 inches; leech, 31 feet 1 inch, 
 foot, 22 feet 6 inches; fore staj'sail, luff, 37 feet 6 inches, leech, 34 
 feet 6 inches, foot, 18 feet 2i inches; mainsail, luff, 32 feet 3 inches, 
 leech, 46 feet ♦> inches, head, 22 feet 2^ inches, foot, 23 feet 3 inches; 
 main gaff-topsail, luff", 24 feet 9 inches, leech, 18 feet, head. 18 feet 4i 
 inches, foot, 23 feet 7i inches; mizzen, luff, 28 feet 6 inches, leech, 
 29 feet 7i inches, head, 18 feet, foot, 19 feet 1^ inches; mizzen topsail, 
 
178 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 lutf, IS feet, leoch. l!i fcot (> inches, houd. lO foot <i indios. foot. 17 
 feet 7i inches. 
 
 Tho foregoing doscriptivo notes arc based upon vossols l)uilt at and 
 prior to 18S?>. Models of tho l)anksknta oxhi)>itod at liorg-on. however, 
 indicate that in recent years a matiMMal change lias l)eeii made iji their 
 design. The recently huilt vessels of this ty])e (fig. .52) have a raking 
 steiji and sternpost. 'i'ho ])ow and stern are sharper and much ])ottor 
 formed than those of tlieeai-li(M- vessels, while* the fiooi- is sharpoi- and 
 not hollow; thus the modern fishing vessel (>mi)loyod in tho ))ank fish- 
 eries is much improved in bouyancy, speed, and seaworthiness, if the 
 
 latest models fairly show the changes made. The rig remains the 
 same. The relative dimensions of a modern bankskuta, represented 
 bj^ a model exhil)ited at Bergen, are as follows: Length over all, 51 
 feet 4 inches; beam, 18 feet 4 inches; depth, 7 feet; mainmast above 
 deck, 48 feet 8 inches; main gaif, 23 foot 4 inches; mizzenmast above 
 deck, 37 feet 6 inches; bowsprit, outside stem, IT foot 10 inches. 
 
 F'ishlng ketch. — In recent years the English type of ketch-rigged 
 fishing cutter has been introduced for bank fishing outside the Skaw. 
 Those are, of course, shar])oi' and generally better foi-mod than the 
 old-fashioned Itank sloop, and are imich swifter than the latter — a 
 (|u:dily which is es))eci:dly :i(l\ antagooiis to tho fisheries. 
 
INTEKNATIUNAL FISHEKIE8 EXHIBITION. 179 
 
 A model of one of these ve.s.scls (tio-. 58) was exhibited in the colh'c- 
 tiou.s of the Stoekhohn Fisheries Museum. 
 
 This type of vessel is carvel built, with sharp bow; straight nearlj^ 
 vertical stem, except at forefoot, where it is curved; rather shallow 
 keel; sharp floor; long- easy run; moderately raking straight stern- 
 post; round-heeled rudder; overhanging round stern; moderate sheer; 
 flush deck; steers with tiller; binnacle just forward of mizzenmast; 
 ca])in companionway 5 or feet farther forward; boat usually stowed 
 on deck. 
 
 It has a shoi't running l)owsprit; a moderately long mainmast, 
 about one-quarter the vessel's length from the stem; a short main top- 
 mast, and pole mizzenmast, which is almost as far from the taffrail as 
 the mainmast is from the stem. The jib sets flying; the stay foresail 
 sets on sta}^ to stem head; the boom and gafl'-mainsail is low on the 
 peak compared with British sails; the jib-headed main gafll^-topsail is 
 laced to the topmast; the booui and gaft' spanker or '"mizzen"" also 
 has a low peak, and over it is set a club-headed topsail. 
 
 Following are the principal dimensions of an average size vessel of 
 this kind: Length over all, 64 feet; beam, IT feet; depth, 7 feet; 
 mainmast above deck, 42 feet; main topmast, heel to truck, 23 feet; 
 main ])oom, 26 feet; gaff, 25 feet; pole mizzenmast, deck to truck, 38 
 feet; spanker boom, 20 feet; gaff, 18 feet; topsail yard, 18 feet; bow- 
 sprit, outboard, 19 feet. 
 
 JLackerel fii<hing hoat. — The mackerel fishing boat of Bohuslan 
 (fig. 54) has some of the features of construction and rig which char- 
 acterize the bankskuta of this province. A large fleet of these decked 
 boats is employed during the season in the drift-net mackerel fishery; 
 hence the}^ are called "mackerel l)oats," though at other times they 
 may engage in various branches of fisher3\ 
 
 According to Von Yhlen, there were, in 1878, in all Bohuslan, 370 
 mackerel Ijoats, with an aggregate tonnage of 3,480 tons, carrying 
 10,450 nets and 3,480 men. Some boats of 5 to 8 tons, each carrying 
 4, 5, or 6 men and bo3's, engage exclusively in the hand-line mackerel 
 fishery, sa3's the same authority, from the middle of June to the last 
 of July." 
 
 '•An}' afternoon during the season," he writes, ''from 150 to 200 
 boats, each 8 to 10 tons and carrying 4 men, may be seen in the nar- 
 row channels between the islands engaged in the mackerel net fishery." 
 
 Since 1878 there htis been an increase in the fleet, which in recent 
 3ears has numbered from 420 to 563 boats. As has been stated, 520 
 of them were engaged in the mackerel fishery in 1896. Dr. Lundberg 
 makes the following reference to their work: 
 
 It is only in Bohus that the mackerel fishery is of any importance or where it 
 forms a separate industry. It is true that mackerel are found in the Cattejrat and in 
 the Sound, but they do not occur in lar^e numl)ers and are caught only together 
 
180 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 vvitli otluT lish. Tl fishermen of Bohu.s fisli for mackerel with "dorj" and with 
 drift nets in the Gulf of Bohus, the Skagerack, and tlie C'atte<rat, and, tlioufjli nowa- 
 days more seldom, with seines inshore. 
 
 The drift-net fishery is carried on from May until tlie mitldle of July. During the 
 latter part of the summer the fishing is carried on hy means of mackerel lines for 
 "reeling" or "railing" — towing plummets under sail, with a hit of mackerel skin as 
 bait. As we have mentioned before, the bank-fishery boats take i)art in the ma(;k- 
 erel fishery in the North Sea, l)ut the greater number of fishermen use smaller decked 
 boats with crews numl)ering 4 or 5 men. The fish is disposed of at home in (iraf- 
 varna, Sniogen, etc., and at Gothenl)urg. Those who fish in the Skagerack and the 
 North Sea sell their catch in Norway, from whence it is sent to America. It is dis- 
 
 FiG. 64.— Mackerol boat. 
 
 posed of fresh on ice within the country, or exported to Norway, England, Denmark, 
 or Germany. Even the mackerel thus exi)orteil usually finds its way to America. 
 A small quantity is salted at home for native consuinpti(Hi. 
 
 The nmckori'l ]K)at is usuiilly l)uilt of tir; i.s generally from 2-1: to 28 
 feet long on the ke(4 and from 5 to 8 ton.s measurement, though ocea- 
 sionally as large as 10 tons. It is wide and deep and, in good ballast, 
 has almost a maximum of stability, a <]uality whieh is essentially neces- 
 sary in the region where they are used, since, according to Dr. Mahlm, 
 the wind blows from the highlands of the coast in sudden and Furious 
 gusts, which would be extremely dangerous to vessels of ordinary 
 width and form. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 181 
 
 It is ii decked, .sharp-ended, clinker built keel boat, with hollow 
 under- water lines, and rather strongly convex above; sharp floor; eas}^ 
 round bilge; raking curved stem and sternpost, and moderate sheer. 
 The deck is flush Avith the gunwale. ])ut there is an open railing about a 
 foot high running along the sides. The low cuddy companionwa}' is 
 forward of the mainmast, and between tiu^ luasts are hatches for the 
 stowage of nets and flsh. Abaft the mizzenmast is a small circular or 
 oval-shaped cockpit for the helmsman. A small boat, usually a short 
 wide praam, is carried on deck. 
 
 The mackerel boat is yawl rigged, with running l)ow^sprit going 
 through iron band at stem head; pole mainmast al)out one-third the 
 boat's length from stem, and pole mizzemiiast 5 or <> feet from the stern- 
 post. Ordinarily it carries a jil) s(»t flying; a stay foresail set on stay to 
 
 '"^ 
 
 Flii. 5,"). — Baiil<t['> Irawl 
 
 stem Head; loose-footed gaft'-mainsail (sometimes a sprit-mainsail); clul)- 
 headed or jib-headed main topsail; loose-footed sprit jiggor sail that 
 trims to outi-igg-er, and soiuetimes a topsail set over the jigg-er, though 
 generally the mizzenmast is not long enough for this. On the model 
 exhibited at Bergen the mainsail was bent to hoo[)s. and tiu^ sprit 
 jigger was laced to the mast; but it has not been uncommon foi- both 
 sails to be laced. 
 
 Following arc the relative dimensions of one of these boats: Length 
 over all, 42 feet 3 inches; beam, 15 feet; depth of hold, (> feet 3 inches; 
 mainmast above deck, 42 feet; bowsprit outside stem, 15 feet 3 inches; 
 main gaff", 20 feet 2 inches. 
 
 Bank-trawlers'' hoat. — A special type of ])oat called ""kvassing" or 
 " kak " (tig. 55) is used on the coast of Bohusliln for setting trawl-lines 
 
182 INTERNATIONAL FI8HERIE.S EXHIBITION. 
 
 from the bunkers tliat tish outside the Skinv. It is also ('in])l()y(Hl in 
 the coast tisherv for haddock, bait species, etc 
 
 It is ;in o])('ii. cliiikci-biiih kccd boat, with raking' stem, sliarp bow, 
 risin*:' lloor, widl-sliapcd run. and V-shapcd s(|uar(^ stern. It has a 
 s(juare-footed rudchu-. moderate sheer, Itut rath(M- (|uicl\ lisc at the 
 bow, and is ])rovi(h'd with a stern seat and three thwarts. It is sh>op 
 i-io-rr{>(l. and carries a wid(^-headed sprit-mainsail and a jii> set on an 
 adiustal)le }>owsprit. 
 
 Boats of this type are seaworthy and good sailers, hut they are 
 much less convenient than dories for stowino' on a vessel's de<'k. and 
 are therefore le.ss suital)le b)r bank ti.shery. 
 
 Thi> iclative dimensions ai'e as Follows; Length over all, 21 feet 7 
 inches; beam. 8 feet 4 inches; depth, 3 feet (> inches; mast aboA'e gun- 
 w^ale. Is feet (i inches; bowsprit outside stem. 3 feet -1 inches; width 
 of mainsail, 10 feet; oars, 12 feet 2 inches. 
 
 BoJoidaii licrrinij hoat. — A type of sharp stern, open, clinker-built, 
 keel fishing boat is used on the coast of Bohusliin for operating her- 
 ring gill nets set near the shore, and localh' called " standings nets." 
 This boat has raking stem and stcrnpost; sharp Hoor; hollow Avater 
 lines; strong shear, and large beam. It has six thwarts; is yawl rigged; 
 and in light winds carries a main gati'-topsail set on a ])ole by a halyard 
 rove through a hole at the top of the maimnast. It has a loose-footed 
 gaff-mainsail and sprit jigger. 
 
 Its relative i)roportions are as follows; Length over all, 26 feet 6 
 inches; extreme width, lU feet 6 inches; depth, 3 fe(>t 3 inches; main- 
 mast above gunwale, 21 feet 3 inches; mizzemnast above gunwale, 17 
 feet 3 inches; bowsprit, out])oard, 3 feet 7i inches; gatl-topsail pole, 
 19 feet; oars, 1(5 feet 6 inches. 
 
 Bohusldn Jishlng yawl. — An open, clinker-built, sharp-ended, keel 
 boat is used in the coast fisheries of the archipelago of Bohusliin. It 
 has a sharp floor; hollow water lines; raking stem and sternpost; strong 
 sheer and a squai-e-heelcd rudder. It has a yawl i-ig. 
 
 It carries a jib and loose-footed sprit-mainsail and jigger, the sheet 
 of the latter trimming to a short outrigger. 
 
 It so closely resembles the herring boat of l^oluislan tJiat the two 
 may be considered otu> type, the only apparent difference being in 
 details of rig. 
 
 The following are the relative dimensions of a boat of this type; 
 Length over all, 20 feet 7 inches; beam, 8 feet 1) inches; depth, 2 feet 
 6 inches; mainmast above gunwale, 26 feet 8 inches; mizzenmast above 
 gunwale, 17 feet 2 inches; bowsprit outboard, 2 feet 6 inches. 
 
 Sl-(in<\'fii<}iin<j ho((t. — There are several types of fishing boats from 
 Skane, which engage in the so-called "Sound flsheries," whence is 
 derived the name " Sound fishing boats," which is often applied to 
 them. Some of the largest of these are decked, but others are open. 
 In all cases, however, the larger ones arc sturd}^, seaworthy boats. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 183 
 
 The genenil :i})po:iranc(i of the lishinj^ boats of Skam^ is shown in 
 iig-uro 5(). As will he notieed, the}' are doii]>h^-ende(l; (•linker-l)uilt; 
 decked boats; with ])road beam; singde mast; and cutter rig-. They 
 have a higli free])oard, and are well designed to carry a large cargo 
 t)f tish and to sail dry in choppy seas such as they are liable to 
 encounter. 
 
 Many of these boats strongly res(>m])le those used l)y the Danes who 
 frequent the same fishing grounds. Nor is this surprising, in view of 
 the fact that it is common for the fishermen of one country to pur- 
 chase boats from the builders in the other. 
 
 Dr. lAindbcrg is autiiority for saying: 
 
 Skane has no boat peculiar Id that province. The Sound boat is principally used 
 in the fishing on the Cattegat and the Sound; the Bornhohn boat, whirh gradually 
 lH*gan to come into use on the east coast of Skane, and seems destined to take the 
 I)lare of the third form; the Blekinge boat, which, however, is still in general use 
 on the south and east coast of Skane. 
 
 At present the Sound boats are generally covered, with the exception of the 
 Torekov and ]\Iolle boats, which, even when f>f considerable size, are open, because 
 they are also used for carrying hunber, etc. The smaller Ijoats, however, are all 
 open, as is the case with all the fishing boats used on the coast of Skane. Most of 
 the Sound boats are at })resent built at Viken, north of Ileisingborg. Their general 
 dimensions are as follows: Length from stem to stern, .SO feet; length of keel, 19.5 
 feet; breadth bat'k of the mast, 12 or 13 feet; depth of hold, 4. 5 feet; height of the 
 mast, 152 feet. (Teiu'rally they have only one mast, with a boom and jib. They also 
 have a topsail, fastened to a pole attached to the top of the mast. 
 S. Doc. 3!) 18 
 
184 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIRITTON. 
 
 A conimnn Bornholm bnat, such as is iise<l on the east roast of Skaiu-, iiicasurcs 
 26 feet from stem to stern l)y 13 feet in l)rea(ltli baek of the mast, and lias a lioM 4 
 feet deep. Tln'ir sails ain-, as a '^t'ueral iiilf. like those of tlic lUekiu'rt' boats. These 
 boats are built in Bornholm. 
 
 The Blekinge boats vary in size, the largest being of the same size as ihc Boiiiholm 
 boats, having only one mast and one sqnare sail, whieh ean })e hoisteil and let down 
 very rapidly. They are good sailers, but there is always some danger of their being 
 up.«et.' 
 
 At tilt' tiiiio the :il)<)VO was ■sviittci. Dr. Luiult)oro- Avasot" the ()i)iirK)n 
 that tlio ()])(Mi l>()iits oil the oast coast of Skaiio would iiroltahly be 
 
 Fio. 
 
 -.Skaiu' liMiiiig lioiu. 
 
 replaced by (hn-kcd boats, which he considered absokitcl}' neces.saiy for 
 the safe prosecution of the winter sahnon tisheries. 
 
 A large, open, double-ended, clinker-built, keel boat (tig. 57) is still 
 used, however, in the fi.sheries from Skane. on the south coast of 
 Sweden. This boat is deep and wide, viith a sharp floor, flaring sides, 
 straight, moderately raking stem and sternpost, deep keel, square- 
 footed rudder, three thwarts, and a stern seat. It is cutter-rigged, 
 with loose-footed s])rit-maiiisail: t'oi-o staysail tacking down to stem 
 
 ^Fisheries of Sweden, Stockholm, 1883, by Rudolph Lundberg. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 185 
 
 head; jib set Hying' on an adiustahh* running b()ws])rit, and pole top- 
 sail, the pole eoniing down two-third.s the length of the mast. 
 
 The relative proportions are as follows: Length over all, 27 feet 9 
 inches: beam, 10 feet 11 inches: depth, 4 feet: mast above gunwale, 
 'SO feet; bowsprit, outside stem, 6 feet; topsail pole, 21 feet 8 inches; 
 oars, 15 feet. 
 
 The most recentW built tishing ])oats from liaa are of a type very 
 common in southern Sweden. Thc}^ are wide, double-ended, keel 
 craft, with convex lines above and hollow or wave-shaped lines at 
 and below water line; also hollow floor. They have a graceful but 
 moderate sheer, with rudder hung outside. The largest are yawi- 
 rigged, carrying jil), fore staysail, mainsail, gatf-topsaii on the pole 
 mainmast and a small jigger sail on the mizenmast. 
 
 These t)oats are decked and are provided with trunk cabins for 
 sleeping, cooking, etc. They are considered stanch craft, witli nmch 
 initial sta))ility, and sail fairly well in fresh breezes and smooth water, 
 though of course they would scarcely be considered swift when com- 
 pared with tiner-lined vessels. 
 
 A cutter-rigged, welled boat, with the same form of hull, is used in 
 the lisher}^ for flattish. Its typical name is "kvasse."" It carries a jib 
 setfl3angon a rumiing bowsprit, stay foresail, boom-and-gaff mainsail, 
 and usually in light winds a ji})-headed gafl'-topsail. 
 
 Dr. Lundberg makes the following reference to this type in con- 
 nection with the flattish Ashing in the Cattegat: 
 
 The Cattegat, especially in its western, shallower part, together with the shallower 
 waters of the coast archipelagos, is the most suitable place in our salt waters for the 
 species of flatfish, and a paying flatfish fishery is there carried on by the fishermen 
 of Bohus and Hkane, and still more by those of Denmark. The fish most sought for 
 is the plaice, which is c-aught there all the year round. 
 
 The Swedish flatfish fishery in the Cattegat has developed of late, owing chiefly 
 to the efforts of the fishermen from Hkane, who equip boats specially to this end, 
 the so-called "kva.ssar," of from 5 to 10 tons burden, not including the well room 
 with which they are provided (called the damm, "cauf") and in which the fish can 
 be conveyed alive to the place of sale, the towns on the Sound, especially Copen- 
 hagen. These boats cost from 3,500 to 4,500 kronor (£195-£250). The crews con- 
 sist of 5 or (1 men, who are j)artners in the boat and who each provide about S nets 
 of some 100 fathorns in length. But the Swedish fisliermen now l)egin to imitate 
 those of Denmark in using the so-called "Snurrevaad," a sort of apparatus that is 
 not without its ill effects on the fishery and which fishing gear has been forbidden 
 within Swedish jurisdiction upon the Bohus coast. The fishing grounds are chiefly 
 north of Anholt and up toward La^sso, etc. The boats return home with their catch. 
 This fishery was begun l)y Kaa fisherman in 1879 with but 1 ''kva-^se;" in 1880 the 
 number had already reached 9, and in 1881 there were 23 such boats at Kaa. At 
 present the number of vessels from that and some other fishing i)laces amounts to 
 33, of which a few lish occasionally in the southern Baltic. The value of the Skane 
 "kvassar's" flatfish fishery in the Cattegat amounted in 1895 and 189(5 to 58,714 and 
 80,620 kronor, respectively. The greater part of the catch consisted of plaice, of 
 which the values in the years named were 50,508 and 71,551 kronor. 
 
186 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 C'l iiilirisliitin IIS p'sh/iii/ JpDiits. A lartic fleet of tisliinjif Ixmts i.s 
 employed from tli(^ li:irl)oi" of ('iml)risiiiimiis, in the extreme south of 
 Sweden, iKU'ticulai'ly durinj( certuiii tisliiiij^ seasons. At siieli times it 
 is common for the t)oat.s to assem))le in the harbor in lar»>'e mimbers, 
 especially when they come to market their catch. Such a Heet is 
 shown lyinii- at the pier in Ciml)rishamns Harbor in ti^ure 5S. which not 
 only o'ives a oood idea of the types of ))oats uschI ther«\ but also indi- 
 cates the local importance (»f the fishery. As will l)e seen, the boats 
 are nearly all of th(> shar])-stern, sinele-masted, cuttei"-rigg"ed type, .so 
 coninion to most localities in southern Sweden. Square-stern boats 
 are the excej)tion. 'PIk^ clinker build is practically uiii\'ersal in this 
 instance, and tlu; boats are mostly decked. 
 
 Flu. OS. — Ciinbrishiiniiis li>liiiig Ixiats. 
 
 The boats em])loyed from ( 'imbrishanms are more cleaj-ly shown in 
 Plate XXVII. This form .somewhat closely re.seml)les the Norweoian 
 pilot boat, thouo-h still ditfering sufficiently to constitute a type. It is a 
 .sharp-ended craft, with strongly convex lines at the deck and concave 
 and Huich easier lines at the water. Both the .stem and stern post are 
 vertical or tumble in slightly at the top, but curve gracefully below. 
 The boats are clinker-built keel craft; usually with hollow floors and 
 dee]) keels. They are decked, with only a very low rail. Aft is the 
 little cabin, with a low deck house to give additional headroom. 
 
 The cutter rig is in favor. This consists of a loose-footed 'sprit- 
 main.sail. with low peak and narrow foot; foresail (or fore staysail), 
 and jib-headed poletop.sail set over the mainsail in light winds. These 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 187 
 
 boats are generally iil)out 22 feet to 25 feet long ovm- all, and 7 to S feet 
 wide. 
 
 Bl eking e fixhmg hoatx. — Two i/iodels of the l)oats jx'culiar to Blek- 
 ing-e were exhibited at Bergen. One of these I'cpresented a ])oat of 
 the larger class and was yawl rigged, while the smaller one had a loose- 
 footed wide-headed sprit-mainsail, and jib tacking down to stem head. 
 As a matter of fact, these small boats are often propelliMl l»y oars, at 
 which times the sails are furled and the mast taken down. 
 
 The boats used in this region are peculiar to Sweden and are known l>y the special 
 name of Blekinge boats. The original type — theso-called "brakeka" (tig. 59) — have 
 
 Fig. 59.— BlfkiiiKL' hnikfka. (I'liotograplied by T. W. Smillie.) 
 
 a single mast and one sail, "raasagel." ^ At present this rig is being abandoned and 
 sprit-sails used, often with two masts. When there are two n)asts the after one is 
 the smallest. 
 
 The Blekinge boats are seaw(jrthy, and can carry sail in a high sea. Their size 
 varies and can be roughly estimated by the number of planks on each side. Thus, 
 to ascertain the length of a boat, multiply the number of strakes on a side by .'^ to 3^. 
 A boat having six planks would be from 18 to 21 feet long. 
 
 In the vicinity of Stockholm the fishing boats use the "raasagel," or frequently 
 sprit-sails with one or two masts. They are usually built of pine; but farther south, 
 at Ostegotland and Kalmar Liin, the boats are made of oak, the construction being 
 similar to that of the Blekinge craft. ^ 
 
 The rig of the old-fashioned "brakeka"" or ""vrakeka," as it is vari- 
 ously called, has certain features that mark it as distinctively Scan- 
 dinavian. The mast is stepped in the middle of the boat, and receives 
 
 ' A sail bent to a yard. 
 '^ Fisheries of the Baltic, by Rudoljiii I.nndberg. 
 
188 intp:rnational fisheries exhibition. 
 
 no support from passinj^ through a thwart, a.s is generally the case in 
 nearly all small })oats. It is supported by a foi-estay that sets up at 
 the stem head (in this case reeving through a block), and by a single 
 shroud on each side. The shrouds have curious curved yokes, or tog- 
 gles, on their lower ends, which are inserted into rope heckets that 
 are fastened to the timbers some distance aft of the mast. There are 
 several of these loops or beckets attached to each other like links of 
 chain, and the "set" or rake of the mast may be changed at will, it 
 would appear, simply l)y shifting the toggles from one loop to another 
 and slacking away or hauling taut on the forestay. It will l)e remem- 
 bered that this method of '"setting up'' the rigging is the same as that 
 in use on the boats of Sondmore, Norway. 
 
 The square sail (raasagel) is a sort of connecting link bctwcc^i the 
 lug and the scjuare sail, though perha})s it may properly be classed with 
 the former. It has six rows of reef points, is bent to a long yard at the 
 head, and when sailing clos(^liaulc(l thi^ larger psirt of the sail, more 
 especially at the foot, is forward of tlie mast, tlie clew coming oidy a 
 short distance aft of amidships. 
 
 The oars, when* they come in the rowlocks, are cased on three sides 
 with thin strips of hard wood, this part of the looms being sif.iare. 
 
 Following are the dimensions of one of the old-style boats: Length 
 over all, 25 feet 4 inches; keel, IT feet -i inches; beam. S feet 4 inches; 
 depth, 2 feet 10 inches; depth of keel, 11 inches; width of stern, 2 
 feet 10 inches; mast, 21 feet 8 inches; yard, 17 feet; oars, lo fietS 
 inches; sail, lutf or forward leech. 1«) feet 8 inches; after Km-cIi. Is feet; 
 head, 1(5 feet; foot, 14 feet. 
 
 The largest of the modern-rigged boats is known by tlie generic 
 name of " blekingseka." This is a yawl-riggiHl boat with running 
 bowsprit, and carries jib, fore sta^'sail, sprit-mainsail, sprit-niizzen, 
 and one or two ji])-headed topsails set above the main and n\\///.on sails 
 in light weather. The luti' of these t()})sails is, in (uthercase, fastened 
 to the upper end of a long pole that is hoisted to the masthead l)y a 
 halyard, and the lower end of each pole, which is oidy 4 to feet 
 above the thwart, is lashed to the mast. The topsails sheet Iiouk^ to 
 the peaks of the lower sails. 
 
 The smaller, skifl'-like I'owboat of Blekinge is similai" to a conunon 
 form of tishing skiff used in western Nova Scotia, and it seems more 
 than probable that this kind of craft was introduced into that province 
 by Scandinavian fishei-men who have settled there. 
 
 Both the large and small boats are used in the long-line and net 
 hsheries of the south coast of Sweden, from Blekinge to llelsingborg, 
 and even to Anlialt. 
 
 The smaller of the Blekinge boats (fig. 60) is usually a])out 18 feet 
 long over all and 5 to 6 feet wide. Those rigged as yawls are nuich 
 larger, the average size being about 20 feet long. The cost varies 
 with the size from $54 to $135. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 189 
 
 The larov ])<)at has a crew of -t or 5 men, or 15 men and a boy. Its 
 equipment for the herrhi"- li.sher}' consists of SO gill nets made of cot- 
 ton, each 126 feet long-, 21 to 2-1 feet deep, and from 12 to 13 meshes to 
 th«^ foot. These nets are used chiefly for drifting. 
 
 Capt. C. Smith, of the royal navy of Sweden, writes as follows con- 
 cerning the blekingseka: 
 
 The l)oat owes its name to tlie j)rovince of Blekinge, where it is (;liiefly built, and 
 tlie Swcflisli word "eka," a l)oat constructed of oak. According to the (hfferent 
 tasks tlicy are use<l for, these boats are, of course, differently fitted and rigged, most 
 of tluiii liaving a sprit-mainsail and a fore staysail, but the lugsail rig is principally 
 used for the herring bcjat or the "vrakeka," as it is called in Swedish, the name 
 being derived from the word "vraka," to drift with the nets. 
 
 As the "vrakeka" is never decked, although it is seen far out at sea in all weathers, 
 it must be an excellent sea boat as far as regards her (|uality to live in rough water. 
 
 The whole shape of the boat also shows a general tendency to go over the water 
 rather than through it, and the hull is built as light and elastic as possil)le. (iener- 
 ally it sails without any ballast at all, with a crew of 5 or 6 men. 
 
 The jiosition of the sail adds to tlie buoyancy of the boat by the mast being, with a 
 strong backstay as well as with the halyard, heeled over to windward, the sail thus 
 forming an inclined plane, on the under side of which the wind acts, tending to lift 
 the whole boat. It makes a very curious appearance to see these boats sailing by the 
 wind in a fresh breeze, witli their lee gunwales almost in the water and the masts 
 yet standing quite perpendicular. 
 
 Another very peculiar idea in the management of these boats is that when .^^cud- 
 ding in a gale of wind the whole crew, except the helmsman, and all tlic cargo, are 
 stowed liefore the mast, thus bringing down the head, (juite contrary to the custom t)n 
 all other biiats in similar circumstances. The lishermen say the l)oats scud In'tter in 
 this tiini.thc bow making less resistance, and the raised stern keeping off the seas 
 better. In tliis eondition the boat, of course, shows a great tendency t(j broach to, 
 but the enormously big rudder is generally sufficient to counteract this, or if not, an 
 oar is kept in readine.'^son each side. It hajjpens sometimes that the l)oats gets dam- 
 aged when riding to the nets, l)nt no instance is known of their ever l)cmg injured 
 when scudding. 
 
iyO INTERNATIONAL FISHP'RIES EXHTHlTloN. 
 
 The Ixjat is freiierally built wlioliy oi oak. Keel, stem, and sternpost aliout 2 
 inc'hesJ in thicknt'ss, with no rabla't cut into them. IMankint,' 1 to IJ inches tliick, 
 l)uilt, so to say, in tlie free air, without any frames whatever or witliout any other 
 guidance than tlie l>uil(ler'.s eye or "rule of the tiiumh." Nails, of iron, clouted, or 
 very rarely cleiulic(l. Tiiiil)ei*sof oak, .'! inches liy 2 inclies, 8 feet apart, fastened by 
 juniper-tree nails. Tlie two forward timbiTs reach only halfway up, rendering the 
 bow more elastic. Inwale, 3 inches ))y 4 inches, thinned off toward the ends. 
 
 The mast stands nearly in the middle of the boat, a step being nailed on the keel, 
 but no thwart or any otluT arrangement for steadying it, except a stay to the stem 
 head and two Itackstays. A wooden parrel is used on the lugsail yard, which is 
 dipped in tacking, while the mast, by means of the backstay, is heeled over to the 
 weather side. The halyard also a.'isists in steadying the yard, being always l)elayed 
 to windward with a slipi)ery hitch. A long boat hook, put into one of the earings 
 on the luff, is used as a l)owline. 
 
 The water lines and buttock lines are as tine as may reasonably lie cxijccted in a 
 boat built without any drawing or any calculations whatever. Nevertheless, the 
 center of buoyancy corresponds very nearly on the same vertical with the center of 
 lateral resistance without the helm, making the boat thus very handy aini well bal- 
 anced. P>ven the line of displacement shows a resemblance to the wave form. 
 
 The boat is also a very fast sailer, tolerably close winded, and especially an i-xcel- 
 lent sea boat, but being so light and buoyant, slie has not very much jjower to force 
 herself against a lumpy sea. In scudding before a gale of wind she is probably not 
 surpassed by any craft of her size. 
 
 Sdderiiimila7}<l ^fixJiing hoat. — Tho fi.shino- >)o;it ohiefiy used on the 
 coast of the province of Soderiniinlund is a clinker-built, square-stern 
 craft, .something like the "•])lekinoseka;'' but with a much stronger 
 sheer and greater rake to its bow. It has a loose-foottMl s])rit-niain- 
 sail and jib tacking down to the stemhead. 
 
 The Gotland fishing Z»r>«^.— Gotland is the largest island otf the coast 
 of Sweden, and the "stromming" fisher^' is of great importance to its 
 population. This fishery for small herring is prosecuted with set gill 
 nets and drift nets at all seasons of the year, bitt chiefly from April to 
 December. A large fleet of boats is employed. As long ago as 1809, 
 606 boats, manned by 1,911 persons, engaged in the fishery. 
 
 There are slight difl'erences in the boats, but they are mostly of one 
 kind, designed specially for being haided out on the shore. They are 
 from a little less than 23 to 26 feet long, and are rather light in con- 
 struction, making them easier to handle when being hauled out or 
 launched. It has been said that they are less strongly built than those 
 on the coast of Blekinge and Schonen, but they are, nevertheless, very 
 seaworthy and are often out in heavy storms. 
 
 The boats engaged in the drift-net herring fishery have 81 » nets and 
 3 men, and are, therefore, designated as "tre maimingar."' 
 
 This boat has a fine sheer on top, is open, and clinker-built; with 7 
 strakes on a side; 15 frames and 5 thwarts, two of the latter being 
 pierced with holes to receive the masts. It has a deep keel; curved 
 stem and sternpost, both of which rake very much. The ends are 
 shaped nearly alike, both being sharp, with slightly convex lines; 
 while the bilge is rounding; and the sides flare somewhat above water. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 191 
 
 It is schooner-rigged, and usually cai'i-ies two small loose-footed 
 sprit sails and jib tacking to stemliead. Occasionally supplementar}' 
 light sails — topsails set on poles and another jib — may be used in mod- 
 erate winds, but the typical rig is as a])ove described. 
 
 The oars are made on a remarkable pattern: The blad«' of each is 
 flat on one side, and beveled on the other; the loom is square for 
 nearly half its length, l)ut the upper part, next the haiidl(\ is as wide 
 or even broader than the blade, and quite thick and h(>avy. To this 
 is fastened a cleat, having a hole in it which is large enough to ship 
 over the single, round, wooden thole pins that are used. Stone kil- 
 licks are used for anchoring the boat or nets. 
 
 Following are the relative dimensions: Length over all, 25 feet 2^ 
 inches; beam, C feet 7 inches; depth, 2 feet 6^ inches; foremast al>ove 
 thwart, 9 feet 8 inches; mainmast, above thwart, 9 feet. 
 
 Dalaro fishing boat. — An open, clinker-built keel ski tf, called "kol- 
 
 FiG. 61.— Diiliiri) iishiiig boat. 
 
 ekstock" (fig. 61), is used in the fisheries from Dalaro and its neigh- 
 borhood in the coast archipelago of Stockholm. 
 
 It has a sharp ])ow; curved, strongly raking stem; round bilge, prac- 
 tically no run; and raking scpiare stern; "udder hung outside. It car- 
 ries a square sail set on mast standing about one-third the boat's length 
 from the stemhead. 
 
 The following are the dimensions of a boat of this t3'pe: Length 
 over all, 20 feet; beam, 6 feet 4 inches; depth, 28| inches; mast above 
 gunwale, 12 feet 1 inch; yard, 9 feet 2 inches; oars, 11 feet 3 inches. 
 
 Va.cJioliii fit<h)n(i Ixxit.-^K long. I'ather narrow, canoe-shaped, clinker- 
 built keel boat, is used for '' stromming'' fishing in the Stockholm archi- 
 pelago. It has long, easy lines fore-and aft, with round, rising bilge; 
 flaring sides; moderately i-aking, curved stem; shallow keel; sti-aight. 
 raking sternpost; five thwarts (one at the extreme bow for the foivmast 
 to set in), and two spritsails. It is fitted with the ordinary Scandinavian 
 
192 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES KXIiriUTIoN. 
 
 rowlocks, iuid on each side with two t'urk-sliiipcd Avoodcn supports for 
 the oars. Boats of this tvp(> row easily and ai'c voiy swift und(M- sail. 
 They are uschI oidy hy the tishenneii at Vaxlioliii and vicinity, in the 
 central part of the archipelago, who do not go outside the islands. 
 
 The relative dimensions of a ])oat of this type, as represented l»y a 
 model exiiihited at Bergen, are as follows: Length ovei- all. '2S feet 
 inches; l»eani. T feet y> inches; de])th, 2 fe(^t inches; foi-emast above 
 gunwale, 12 feet li inches; mainmast al)o\'e gunwale. 14 fe<'t 'J inches; 
 center to center of masts, 10 feet; oars, 15 feet 1(» incJies. 
 
 Stora mijja fiHlihuj Ixxit. — The boats employed in the tisheiies from 
 the island of Stora moja in the Stockholm archipelago ai"e so simi- 
 lar in form to the Belkinge ])oats that a detailed desciiption seems 
 unnecessary. The chief ditlerence seems to be in the rig, which con- 
 sists of a single s({uare sail set on a raking mast stepped a litth^ more 
 than one-third the boat's length from the bow. 
 
 Orcynoid p'sl,!,i(/ hoat. — A sharp-ended, clinker-l)uilt, open-keel 
 boat is used in the '"stronnning"' fishery from Oregrund and neighbor- 
 ing islands in the Stockholm archipelago. It has a two-sail cat rig. 
 The foremast stands close to the stem; on it is set a small loose-footed 
 sprit-foresail. The mainmast is about three-fifths the boat's length 
 from the stern, and the loose-footed sprit mainsail has about twice the 
 area of the foresail. 
 
 This type of boat is broader and deeper than that from \'axholm, 
 and its lines are fuller. A boat from Oi'egrund, S4 f(M't long, would 
 be about 7 feet wide and 2 feet 9 inches deep. 
 
 Stochholia welled Jlshivg hoats. — On the Swedish coast, near Stock- 
 holm, a peculiar type of welled boat (PI. XX VTIl) is used for the trans- 
 portation of live lish, the special characteristic of this being that the Avell 
 in which the tish are kept alive is located at the extreme after part of 
 the vessel. There are two classes of these, the larger boat being a 
 cutter-rigged craft, and the smaller a rov.boat. A model of the 
 larger Avelled boat was exhibited at Bergen. 
 
 It is a clinker-built, ])eamv, keel boat, with sharp ])ow; stem strongh' 
 curved; hollow floor; clean, sharp run; a sharp, low stern, and a 
 slightly curved, moderately raking sternpost. 
 
 The boat is decked about two-thirds of its length in the forward 
 part, and this deck is elevated considera])ly above the stern; on top of 
 it is a house or ''trunk" about 2 feet high, 1) feet long, and with an 
 average width of between 6 and 7 feet. The cabin in which the crew 
 sleep and eat occupies the middle of the boat ])eneath tlu^ trunk just 
 mentioned. Forward of the cabin is the hold wherein is stowetl the 
 spare sails, ropes, fishing gear, etc.; this is entered by a small hatch 
 located just forward of the trunk. Aft of the cabin is a deep cockpit, 
 in which the crew of the boat sit wIkmi she is sailing. The well in 
 which the live fish are kept is, as ])i'e\ iously stated, at the extreme 
 
Plate XXVIII. 
 
 PLANS OF STOCKHOLM WELLED BOATS. 
 After Admiral I'aris. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 193 
 
 stern, and is u little more than !» feet long. The outside planks are 
 perforated with holes to pei-mit the water to freely circulate through 
 the well. The advantage claimed for having a well located in the 
 extreme after part of a small craft is that it gives more cal)in room. 
 
 But it seems j)ossihle that a l)()at may not be (juite so swift Avitli a 
 well so far aft, while aci'aft that is niadi^ so low at the stern and which 
 at the same time has that portion tilled with water would pi'()l)at)ly be 
 unsuitable for work in rough Avater. It is certain that the motion \n 
 the extreme end ot the l>oat would ]>e very uiaterially greater than it 
 would in the centei', and in the pitching and scending incident to 
 sailing in a choppy sea the tish might at times be exposed to the 
 danger of being left nearly dry, or to injury from contact with the 
 planking of the boat. The well is covered with a deck that is Hush 
 with the gunwales, and in this is a hatchway which is provided with a 
 sliding cover or door. The tish are put into the Avell and taken from 
 it through this hateh. 
 
 The following explanation of its use is given l»v Dr. Lundberg, who, 
 as will ])e seen, asserts that despite the unusual location of the well 
 the l)oat is reputed to be both swift and safe: 
 
 From Finland, Cf^pecially from the island group of Aland, there are imported, 
 besides salt stromming, living fresh-water fish such as pike, etc., to Stockholm. For 
 this transport there is used a kind of boat with a wi'U room called "Alandssumi)ar," 
 and the same kind of vessel is used on the Swedish coast to transport living fish from 
 the coast archipelago to Stockholm from as far south as the government districts of 
 Ostergotland and north Kalmarliin. These vessels have the peculiarity that the 
 well room does not lie midships, but aft, where a number of small holes are bored, 
 and which is separated from the other part of the vessel by means of a water-tight 
 compartment. The part of the after deck thus cut off is lower than the other part of 
 the deck, and, when the fish are kept there, is weighted with large stones in order 
 that it may lie deeper in the water. These boats sail very fast, and the construction 
 we have just mentioned does not act unfavorably upon their sailing powers.' 
 
 The so-called ''rowing well l)oats"' are sometimes rigged as sloops, 
 with a sprit-mainsail and jib, tiie latter tacking down to the stem head. 
 
 It is, however, propelled oidv by two oai's, Avhich have permanentl}^ 
 attached to them iron rowlocks (or what might ]m called iron pins bent 
 at a right angle), which ship into holes in the gunwales. The boat is 
 clinker built, eight strakes on a side; is sharj) forward and aft, with 
 full midship section and generally convex lines. The stem rakes very 
 much and curves gracefull}' to meet the keel; the sternpost is straight 
 and has a moderate rake. There is no raised section forward, as in 
 the larger craft, and the rowboat is open with the exception of the 
 well, which is at the stern, and is covered like that of the cutter. 
 
 Instead of a midship thwart there is a compartment (with a door on 
 top) across the Ijoat, which answers the purpose of a thwart and a 
 receptacle for gear, bait, etc., and sometimes there is an inclosed place 
 or cudd}'^ at the bow. 
 
 ' Fisheries and Fishery Industries of Sweden, pp. 71-72. 
 
194 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 'I'lie ii\enige (liiiifiisions of the l;irjj;('r class of those well boats are: 
 Length, 33 feet; licam. li^A foot; doptli. forward (j foot, aft 4 feet. 
 Tho ro\vl)<)ats avoiaiio: Loiiiitli. 14 foot; l)oain. T) foot; dopth, 2 feet. 
 
 Ilartiiis jisJi'iiKj Ixxif. 'riu> lisliiiio- hoat from Ilai'iias. in tlio jjrovinoe 
 of Upland, is ])('culiar in tiio form of its ends. It is a donhlr-ondod, 
 elinkor-hnilt kool boat, with Harinii- how and storn, and stroni;ly i"akin<( 
 stom and stornpost to noaf tho toj), whoro thoy oui'\(^ ahrupth' upward. 
 'I'ho lower section of each is sliy-htly concavo. which, with theu'roiit 
 rako and sharp anijlo of the ourvo uhovo, gi\os the hoat an odd 
 appoaranoo. It is entirely oi)en, and has little sheer. The rio- oonsists 
 of a wide, loose-footed sprit-mainsail and jib tackin^- to insi(l(> of stem. 
 
 Flii. (i2. — Holsiiiglaiid tithing boat. 
 
 Helsingland Jishing hoat. — One of the best forms of open fishing- 
 boat used in Sweden, and having several improvenionts in dcsiyn and 
 equipment, has })oen l)uilt in reoont years by Mr. .1. Skoglund, of 
 IIudiks\all. for tho coast lishei-y of northern Sweden, in the (ndf 
 of Bothnia (Hy. (I:^). It lias all the elements of a swift. I)uoyant, 
 seaworthy boat. It is a sharp-ended, elinkor-buill, koid boat, with 
 moderately raking stem, eurved strongly at and below water line; 
 slighth' curved stornpost; stem, forward and after part of keel, stern- 
 post, and heel of rudder are shod with metal. It has two thwarts for 
 
INTEKNATIONAL FISHEKIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 195 
 
 oar.sniOM, ;in adjustal)!*' thwai'l, lliisli with (lie yuiiwalc. to llic after side 
 of Avhicli the luainiiiast is licid l)y a clas]); and one well aft for the 
 steersman to sit on. 
 
 Its special feature consists of vertical canvas wasiiboards that can ])e 
 stretched along- the sides. Au Qye in the after end of each is attached 
 to a hook near the top of the sternpost, while a rope from the upper 
 edj^e, passing through a hole in the stem, serves to pull it taut along 
 the side and the metal supports, that are stuck into the gunwale when 
 occasion demands their use. 
 
 The rig consists of two balance lugsails, the mainsail being nuich 
 the larger. The foremast stands as far forward as possil)le; on this is 
 set a small foresail, having* two reefs. The mainmast is h\ss than one- 
 third the boat's length from the bow; on this is set a large boom lug- 
 sail, having three reefs, and with sheet trimming to a ti'aveler on the 
 
 Fm.. (;:',.— lie )ily |>lan an I ( n 
 
 iiiui ('< I'ilca li.ial. 
 
 after side of the stern thwart. It is claimed that a boat of this type, 
 when she is unencumbered with fishing gear, can be handled by one 
 man, even in windward sailing, although the crew usually consists of 
 2 men, and sometimes 8. The hshing nets are generally' placed aft, 
 while the lines, etc., are stowinl farther forward. 
 
 I am informed that many ])()ats of tiiis type have Ixmmi built along 
 the coast of Ilelsingland. 
 
 The relative dimensions are as follows: Length overall, "2'4 feet; 
 beam, S f(H^t 1 inch; depth, 2 feet 8 inches; foremiist a))ove gunwale, 
 14 feet *.) inches; for(> yard, !» feet 5 inches; stem to mainmast, 7 feet 
 ■i:Ji inches; mainmast above gunwale, 18 feet 3/j inches; main yard, 13 
 feet 6^ inches; main boom, 1*! feet (> inches; oars, 10 feet. 
 
 Pitca hurr'auj hoat. — The boats used in the herring or stn'imming 
 fishery from the coast of Pitea, Gulf of Bothnia, are entirel}' open 
 
im 
 
 INTKRNATIUNAL FlSHEllIES KXHIIJITION. 
 
 and rlitikfi-hiiilr (PI. XXIX and tij^'s. (;a-(i4); the ends are sliaped 
 neailv alike. Ix-iiio- sliaip and well formed for speed; curved stem and 
 sternpost ; and moderate depth of keel. In a <;eneral way, thev resemble 
 the American \vhal(>l)oat, though the latter is longer in proportion to 
 beam and depth, and has finer lines. 
 
 The lines are concave, as is the cas(^ witii so many of the Scandina- 
 vian lishing craft. The central part of the inside is sheathed up to the 
 tliwarts. There are two thwarts, or beams, for the masts, flusii with 
 the gunwale, that for the foremast ]>eino- near the stem, and the other 
 foi-ward of amidsiiips. Besides these, there are two thwarts for row- 
 ing; the rudder, as is usual in such boats, hangs outside. It iscui-ved 
 and round on the lower end, and is hung to a long ])intl(> which extends 
 considerably altove tlie water, so as to make the hanging of the rudder 
 easy, even when the bosit is in a seawav. 
 
 Fig. G4.— Sail plan of ritcab;>at. 
 
 Boats of this class carry two rather small s])ritsuils, w liich ha\ i* no 
 booms. The uiasts are held in ])lace ])v metal hasps on the after side 
 of the thwarts. The maimuast stands a little forward of amidships, 
 and, contrary to the rule Avhich usually prmails, the mainsail is larger 
 than the foresail. A })eculiar oar is commoidy used, with the part ne.xt 
 the handle almost as wide as the Idade. 
 
 The Pitea fishing boat carries a ci"ew of 2 men, and its equipment 
 consists of 1-1 to 1() cotton herring nets, each 120 feet long and 10 to 
 12 feet deep. These nets are always set stationary, being aiu-hored to 
 the bottom. The boats of that region never drift for herring. 
 
 In going to or from the fishing grounds, according to Lundl)erg, 
 large boats are used, which may ])c either decked or open, but the 
 tj'pe abov(^ described is the one chiefly employed in actual lishing 
 operations. 
 
S. Doc. 39- 
 
 14 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 197 
 
 Tlu' following arc details of niea.sureiiients of one of tho.sc boats: 
 Leng-th over all, IT feet; keel, li feet; beam, 5 feet 41 inches; depth, 
 top of gunwale to in.sidc ceiling, '21 inches; height amidships, lower 
 part of keel to gunwale, 2 feet 9 inches; to top of stem, 4 feet; stern- 
 post, o feet 1> inches; depth of keel, inches; spars, foremast, total 
 length, 10 feet !•) inches; above thwart, !> feet; maiimiast, 11 feet 6 
 inches; above thwart, 9 feet 10 inches; foresprit, S feet 9 inches; main- 
 sprit, 9 feet inches; foresail, luff, feet 9 inches, leech, 8 feet, head, 
 4 feet 9 inches, foot, 4 feet 9 inches; mainsail, luff, 7 feet 3 inches, 
 leech, 7 feet 9 inches, head, 6 feet, foot, feet 9 inches. 
 
 Manno fishing hoaf. — The boat used in the fisheries from the island 
 
 Fi(i. 05.— Scaling boat. 
 
 of Manno, in the government district of Norrl)otten, at the ht>ad of the 
 Gulf of Bothnia, is similar in form to the Blekinge boat, and, like it, is 
 clinker-l)uilt. 
 
 It has a small loose-footed sprit-foresail, set on a mast stepped close 
 to the stem, and a boom and sprit-mainsail, nearh' double the size of 
 the foresail, and the mainmast stands forward of amidships. 
 
 Sealhxj hoat. — The requirements of the seal hunt in the Gulf of 
 Bothnia, Avhich is carried on dui'ing February and March, has resulted 
 in the production of a most remarkable style of boat (fig. 65), which 
 resembles in form the sternum of a sea l)ird. There are three species 
 of seals in Sweden: The ringed .seal {Phoca fmtlda)^ which is most 
 numerous in the Gidf of Bothnia and northern Baltic; the harbor seal 
 {P. vituUna), which is found as far north as halfway up the cast coast, 
 
198 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXH[HITK)N. 
 
 and the ^vny seal {Ihilirhn m^ './''UJ'"'^)^ uliich (»ccins on all partsof the 
 coast. l)ut is most |)l('nlit'iil in the Baltic. 
 
 All the si>efic's are liarnifnl to the fisheries, the {rray seal especially so. They 
 occasion iimch loss to the fishermen J)y eatinir the salmon and herrinir caiiirht in the 
 nets, besides the loss they occasion by the devonrinjr of (ish that otherwise mifiht 
 fall to the share of the fisherman.' 
 
 The fishermen go out to iiiint tiicm on tiio ice Hoes, at whicli time 
 the laroe boats serve as lodgings, while smaller boats are dragged 
 over the ice })y the hunters when they go on exped'tions. 
 
 Disguised in white clothes, and sometimes moving in a lying j)osition, the men 
 approach the seals w^hich are gathered on the ice and shoot or spear as many of them 
 as they can before the creatures can succeed in (Te(>ping down to the openings or 
 "blowholes," which they themselves have mailc in the ice. These hunting expedi- 
 tions, which last whole months, are now undertaken on a lesse- scale than formerly 
 on account of the <lecrease in price of seal oil and seal skins, and it is fancied that 
 in conseijuence the number of these destructive animals has increased of late years. 
 The State therefore pays a sum forming i)art of a bounty for the killing of seals, which 
 are also caught with nets and tra[)S of various kinds along the coast. -^ 
 
 The sealing ))oat, which plays so important a ])art in this industr}^ 
 is an open, sharp-ended, clinker-built, keel craft. It has convex lines; 
 overhanging ends; sharp Hoor; flaring sides; and straight, raking stern- 
 post. The keel is deep at the after end and comparati\ely shallow at 
 its forward end, or that part which, in any other boat, woidd be 
 termed the stem. It slopes witii a long, gentle, upward curve to the 
 top of the bow. The bow is shaped something lik(» the end of a deep 
 spoon bowl, and is thus well adapted tor running upon an ice floe. 
 A sealing boat has l/igh, u})right washboards along its sides, and a 
 single mast, standing \univ the middle of tiie boat, upon whieii is set a 
 square sail. 
 
 The i)eeidiar construction of this boat flts it for the i)urpos(> of 
 breaking through ice. and a craft of this kind can. without dithculty, 
 sail through ice '1 or 3 iiu'hes thick. The seal iumters go to sea toward 
 the end of February and do not return until the sea is free from ice. 
 When the boat is used as a house for the crew, it is pulled onto the ice 
 and a wooden rest is placed under the forward (>nd of the keel to keep 
 the craft in a horizontal position. The sides of th(^ boat are then sup- 
 ported by 4 notched ])oles, which serve as ladders to climb on l)oard. 
 Poles arc fastened to the beam in the center of the l)oat, and on these 
 is i)laced a l)eam. from which strong lines are suspended to rings on 
 the outer canvas. A skeleton roof is thus formed, and when it is cov- 
 ered with the sail it att'ords an excellent shelter for the crew. 
 
 The sealing l)oat averages about 30 feet in length and L(» to i'l feet 
 in width. 
 
 ' Fisheries and Fishery Industries of Sweden, j). 62. 
 ^Ib., p. 63. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 199 
 
 Lah' Y<-))<'rit jisjiliuj Ixmf. — A finely forniod, open, cliiikei'-built, 
 keel boat, locally called "•snipa," is used in the tisherie.s of Lake 
 Venern (ti<>'. (Kl). It has a .stroiig', syiunietrical sheer; long', sharp 
 bow and stern; rising floor; flarinj^- sides; and stroniily rakinu-. curved 
 stem and sternpost. Inside it has platform seats at boM-- and stern, 
 the foi-ward one (^xtcMidino- well aft. It is also provided with two 
 thwarts. It has four straight iron thole pins, to which the oars are 
 attached l)v iron staples driven into the handl(\s. This boat has a small 
 sprit-sail; a jib tacking down to stem head; but the center of effort of 
 the sails is so far forward that it evidently can not do so well in wind- 
 ward sailing as if the rig was l)etter l)alanced. The boat is steered 
 with an oar. Boats of this type are used mostly from Hammer, in 
 Lake Veneiii. They are generallv l)uilt of pine, but sometimes of 
 asp. The i)lanks are 1.5 cm. thick. It carries about l,8()t> pounds, 
 
 Fig. 06.— Lake Veiiein fishing bout. 
 
 with 2 men. and has a speed of (5 or S knots uudcM' sail. l)oats of this 
 size and form cost about %'1\ without sail, and with sails !js'27. 
 
 The following ai'e the princijjal dimensions : Length, 22 feet; l)eam, 
 5.2 feet; depth, Ll> feet; sail area, l-lO square feet. 
 
 Lake Wettern fishing hoat. — A special form of open. shar])-ended, 
 clinker-l)uilt boat is used in the fisheries of the large lakes \Vett(M-n 
 and Weneiii. The boat found in Lake Wettern is called " Wettern 
 snipa," and that of Lake Wenern is designated as ''Wenern snipa." 
 The former is about It! feet S inches long; has tine lines; is reported 
 to be swift under sail and easy to row. though rather ciank. It 
 usually has two masts and is steered with a rudder. 
 
 Thr^ Wenern snipa carries two si)rit .sails and jib. and is steered 
 with an oar. It is rather larger than the otluM-. being usually 21 feet 
 6 inches long. It costs complete li^2T. 
 
200 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Lal'e SUjaii hoal . — This is believed lo l»e ii very old tyjie of Scuiidi- 
 navian boat, foi" its construction is similar to the old \ ikiiii^- ships 
 which ha\'«^ been exhumed. It is clinker built: has a litiht keel: <iii-\-e(l 
 stem, and straigdit sternpost, both of the latter rakinii' very nuich. 
 The ends are sharp and bilj^e high, the lines being councx. The 
 peculiarity of its construction, however, consists in the way the ])laid<s, 
 of which there are Hve streaks on a sid(\ are put on and fastened. 
 There are nine sets of timbers and a breasthook forward and aft. Over 
 this frame the jilanks are fasteniHl. They ai'e apparently of the same 
 widtli throughout, and their edges ai"e chamfered otf thin, so that when 
 lapped over each other they project \ery little. The edges are fastened 
 tog(^tli(M' with wire clinched on the outside. \\'hen the ])lanks aiv on. 
 the upper strak(\s are tapered otl' at each end to form the i)roi)er sheer 
 on top. and around the outside is nailed a thin hard-wood ribband, 
 which is all the gunwale there is. 
 
 This form of construction gives a \ery light l)oat that can be carried 
 over portages, and which may be useful for many purposes where great 
 
 FKi. t')7. — I-!ikc* Miilarfii /isliiiit; skill'. 
 
 strength is not specially recjuired. The rowlocks, of whicli there are 
 four, are made of wood. They are semicircuhir on one side and con- 
 cave on the other. The convex side, in which is cut tht> oar invst. is 
 put upward, w'hile the concaved side rests on top of a timber, the 
 horns coming down inside and fastening to the boat's ])lank. 
 
 The relative dimensions of the boat are as follow^: Length, over 
 all, 20 feet; width, 5 feet 7 inch(\s; depth, M\% inches. 
 
 Lahe j\I(UartnJii<hing sMjf'. — On Lake Malaren a flat-bottom, square- 
 ended skiff (fig. 67) is used for operating a hoop-net ("sank-haf "). that 
 is sunk to the ]K)ttom by a leaden wcnght and its metal hoop, and is 
 raised by a small winch placed near the heel of the pole projecting 
 from the boat's stern, through the end of which passes the line by 
 which the net is managed. 
 
 This punt has slightly flaring sides; is nearly as wide at the stern as 
 amidships; a strong camber to the bottom, especially forward; and a 
 narrow bow. It is pi-opcdhnl with two oars, and underneath the rower's 
 seat is a box for holdinir the tish taken. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 201 
 
 The relative dimensions of one of these fish i no- punts and the net are 
 as follows: Length over all. 15 feet 8 inches; beam, -1 feet 7 inches; 
 depth. 20 inches: oars, *.♦ feet 1^ inches; pole. a))ove stern, 8 feet 5 
 inches; diameter of net, 5 feet 8^ inches. 
 
 This pant is a fair example of the flat-bottomed l)oats used on the 
 smaller lakes. These are called "ekor" (a name taken from "ek," 
 the Swedish word for oaic), and Dr. Lundberg- has pointed out the 
 fact that thev were '^ originally hoUowed-oiit oak trunks." Remains 
 
 of these old dugouts have been discovered in the presiMit century, and 
 it is not uncommon for them to be found in the nuid at the bottom of 
 lakes when the latter are drained. 
 
 Rlrrr hoaf-'i. — Long, narrow, clinker-built, sharp-ended boats are 
 used on the Torne and Kalix rivers in Norrl)ott(Mi. These are light in 
 construction and are considered especially suitable for the passage of 
 the rapids (figs. 08-69). 
 
 AjrparatuN of capture, etc.— The. appliances for the capture of fish 
 and other marine animals in Sweden are perhaps less varied than 
 
 (Aflcr Dr. iJiiiillHTi,'.) 
 
 those of Norway. Nevertheless they are too numerous for full dis- 
 cussion here, as it is not feasible to deal with the subject at length, 
 nor is it considered essentially necessary to do so for the purposes of 
 this report, even though the data is available, for manv forms of gear 
 are so generally used and so well known that little new can be said of 
 them. 
 
 In a country like Sweden, where the herring, macki'rel. eel, lobster, 
 and salmon fisheries are so generally and extensively prosecuted, it 
 
202 
 
 II^TKRNATIONAI. FTSH?:RIKS EXHIBITION. 
 
 Fig. 70.— Method of hanging her- 
 ring net (/)) upon headline («). 
 and fastening float (e). (After 
 Dr. Lundberg.) 
 
 follows that iict.N. seines. I'ykes. ti-:ips. aiul pots eonstitilte the most 
 important apparatus of capture, even though the (litlei'eiit forms of 
 hand-lino o-e;u- may claim attention. Thei-e is no tishory for marine 
 mammals except that for seals in the (Julf of Bothnia, hence the 
 appliances under this head ai'e less im})ortaiit than those of some<ith(M' 
 countries. 
 
 Sc((li)i(/ (ipjyiratus. — TIk^ ai)i)liances used in huntine- seals aside from 
 the boats, consist of a h(M\y ^'un. a louii-handled spear, and a sort of 
 
 hroad wooden snowshoo. called " skida," 
 which the hunters push forward over the 
 ice when a])proachine- seals, and across the 
 forward (Mid of which is er(H'ted a (vunas 
 scriMMi and rest for the g'un. ^ 
 
 Net!< ((n<l Ki'lnt^s. — A larj^'e variety of nets 
 and seines are used in the Swedish fisheries. 
 These are usually made of cotton and linen. 
 Of coui's(» the e'l'eater number ai'e herring' 
 will iii^ts us(hI l)oth in drift-net and standing- 
 net fisheries. Foi' instance, at Bohushin alone 5,410 gill nets were 
 used in the drift-net herring hshery in iS'.Mi, The nets used in the 
 herring tishery of the Cattegat are called "" nardingar," and they are 
 hiuig to the headrope, as shown in figure 70. th(> hanging line heing 
 roA^e through three meshes and then fastent^d to the headrope. The 
 Baltic herring nets, locally known as "niansor/' used in the strom- 
 ming hshery, are hung (piite differently, the upper ])order of the net 
 being some distance from the cork rope, to which it is ludd by small 
 lines placed at intei-vals along the head of 
 the net, tigure 71. 
 
 From the northern part of the Stock- 
 holm archipelago and upward past Oi-eg- 
 rund and the coast of Norrland. the ordi- 
 nary construction of the stromming-net 
 
 begins to be replaced ])v a largei- and much ^ . 
 
 deeper kmd ot net, called •'djupskcittir ■'^/^•■■■'■•<-'V:'/sy/^w^<//^--///^^^J/} 
 or " storskotar." originally introduced from ''^ ■•'<'■■>> v;x>«<^<<^Sx^^^ 
 Finland. These nets are from 35 to over 
 70 meters in length and from 7 to 15 meters 
 in depth. It is here a very usual thing to set the net "'\ ki'ok"' (in a 
 crook); that is to say, the outer net is turned back so as hy that means 
 to form an angle with the remainder of the net. In this crook the}' 
 not seldom make rich catches of several barrels of stromming at once. ^ 
 Cod nets similar to those of Norway, but usually of a smaller mesh, 
 are used, these being generally fitted with glass floats, as is common in 
 Norwa}' and elsewhere. 
 
 Fig. 71. — Baltic herring net. 
 Dr. Lnndhcrg. ) 
 
 (After 
 
 Fislierie.s ami Fisliciv Iii(lustrie.>j of Sweden, pjt. L'::!-24. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FrSHERIP:s EXHIBITION. 
 
 203 
 
 Stake oil 1 iiots aiv used foi- siUnioii iit aiul near the mouths of rivers, 
 as has h)iii>' Ihmmi the custom in Norrhuul. 
 
 For fresh-water fishing various kinds of nets ai'c used, these being 
 adapted to the different species of fish sought. While the ordinary 
 gill net may be most numei'ously employed, the trannncd net — '" skott- 
 nat" — is nmcli in favor for tishing on reedy bottom near the shore, 
 where it is pushed out by a j)ole, after which the tish are frightened 
 into the net l»y sti-iking on the water with a pole luning a knob at its 
 outer end. 
 
 The sinkers and lloats used on gill lu^ts in certain sections of Swe- 
 den ai'e interesting objects of study. 1 found that among the nets 
 exhibited at Bergen many had lloats made of birch bark tightly rolled 
 together. Some floats were made of wood and some of coi'k. but 
 
 2— shilling herriiiK (Frmii Sui'iii>-li <li'imim;.) 
 
 others of thick buoyant bark. Stones, bones of animals, gravel inclosed 
 in birch l)ark, and pieces of iron were among the materials used for 
 sinkers. In some places it appears stones are not obtainable of suita- 
 ble size and form for net sinkers, therefore the rishermen avail them- 
 selves of other materials which will serve the purpose. 
 
 At Kuggorn the cork floats are somewhat irregular in shape, as is 
 practically always the case when they are prepan^l by the tishi>rmen. 
 The general form is ovate, but some are round at one end and s(|uare 
 at the other, and vary in other particulars. These Hoats have a hole 
 near one edge, and a line passing through this and around tln^ head 
 rope attaches them to the net. Stone sinkers are used. 
 
 Hoth di"ag nets and purse seines are used in tin* herring HsIkm-v. It 
 is a couunon thing foi' a large school of tish to be stopped in an arm of 
 the sea or estuary by setting a seine across its entrance, after which the 
 lish are jnilled to the shore, as requir(^d, with another seine (tig. 72). 
 
'J()4 
 
 INTERNATIOXAI. FISHERIES EXHIHITloN. 
 
 The })iil"s(' seine i> iiuide al'tef t lie pat tern of the Ainei'ican net oi' 
 that kind, aiul is Htted with coi'k floats. I»ri<lle lines, linos. imd ])ur.se 
 lino, us in tho riiited States, where tliis t'onii of appaiatus oiioinatod. 
 
 Haul seines are used in hiko tishinj^-, and those are usuidly pro\ ided 
 with a jKX'ket or ha^;" in the l)unt, into which the li.sh are oathei-ed when 
 the net is dragged on shore. Some of th(\se seines are of the ordinaiy 
 form, and do not have the pocket. 
 
 •"Hut two that are peculiar," remarks Dr. Liuidhero-. "ai-e the 
 so-caUed "spiUer' seine (spihi=spjala= thin wooden laths), which is 
 used in Heising-land, and ' segel" seine (segel = sail) from Skane. The 
 jXH'idiarity of th(\se is that the gulh^t or 'cod' - tlie ni^t ttag. provided 
 with Hoats — is tiie chief part of the net, and the arms or wings are 
 either short or are altogether wanting, being replaced liy wooden laths 
 or l)unch(\s of straw, which are fastened to the draw lines and w liicji 
 frighten tlie tish fi'om tiu'jiing otf to the sides. These seines are rowed 
 between two boats out in the lake. \\'hen the tish are to l)e secured 
 the boats row toward each other, so that the draw lines cross, and the 
 
 Fig. 73. — Kaa eel trai>: iiliin and elevation. lAllerUr. Lnmlherg. i 
 
 seine is taken into the boats. In Norrland thev use a kin<l of seine 
 without a cod. called • ena.' The same kind of thing is used in the 
 district of Kalmaihin and is calhnl "dam})' or "damp." Thev are put 
 out between two boats, of which the one rows in a cin-le w liich becomes 
 gradually less until the boats ai)])roach each otlier, when the siMiie is 
 taken up. The gear whicli is wsvd in Wettern. under the name of 
 'stro' or 'stro' net, for catching char, is managed in \\w same wa\'."' 
 Fyh's. fi'<i/>s, ii-rirs, rfc. Fykes and fyke traps ar(M\\tensi\-ely used 
 in the eel tishery. and generally in connection with an eel})ot, which 
 is placed at the end of {\\v fyk(\ An eel trap of this kind, used at 
 Raa (tig. TH). has an eelpot at its (^xtivmity attached to a stone killick, 
 which holds it to the l)ott<nn. it is further fastened by a ring and line 
 to a post or stak*^ which projects out of the water, and is lifted by the 
 line referred to. It has long wings, om^ longer than the other, extend- 
 ing toward the shore, so as to intercept e(ds passing along the coast 
 and direct them into the fyke. This kind of fyke is design<'d for use 
 on a weed}' or grassy bottom in the Sound, but a different form is used 
 
 ' FisherioH iind Fishery Iiidiisti-ics nf Sweden, |i|i. r>;)-(;0. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 205 
 
 on shallow, sandy bottoms, like thoso along the coast of Skanc^ and 
 Bl(^kin<»o (i\g. 74). The apex of the latter is extended hy a stone with 
 a line reaching' to a buoy on the surface, so that it can be lifted. The 
 lonp-er wing- is is fathoms, the shorter 4 to .") fathoms, whih^ the fvke 
 
 Fm. 71.— Skauo eel trap, f.^l'lcr In-. Lundl.erK. ) 
 
 part from (»iiter iioop to net is 20 feet. These fykes are usually set 
 tandem, the long arm of the inner one extending to the shore, while the 
 longer wing of the next one laps by the tirst. 
 
 '"The remarkable thing with these eel traps," writes Dr. Lundl>erg-, 
 ''is that with all their difi'erences they have one thing in common, 
 uamtdy. that they are placed with the opening to catch the e(4s in one 
 direction: for example, on the cast coast for the eels that g'o south- 
 ward, and in the Soimd with the opening in the othei- dir(M'tion." 
 
 Many forms of tra})s, or l)ow nets, are used 
 in th(> lakes, and it is stated that those em- 
 ployed in Lake ^Venern for the captui'e of 
 pike perch ar»> comparatively large. Bow 
 nets, or fj^kes, used for catching eels in the 
 lakes, often have an entrance at each end. with 
 
 , 1 1 I !• 1 • 1 J*'*'- ^•"'- — Hiillaiul .Siihuoii weir. 
 
 an eelpot attached, but often there is only oiu' (.\ft.r Dr. i/indberfr.) 
 
 eel bucket. These pots are made in \arious 
 
 ways. Some of them ai"e construt-ted of wchkIimi splints, bound 
 togethei- with bast, and others are of netting, ^^)r details of con- 
 struction se(> chapter on pots. 
 
 A more peculiar kind of fisliing gear is the i\»h tra])(S. katsa) whicli in madt- by hiiid- 
 ing together long, thin, in'riti-ndicularly cloven wooden laths (as those of Venetian 
 blinds). Tiiese then form a chamber from which IIk' fisli can not make its way out 
 when once it has entered. Tlie iish is led to the ■'kat.sa" by a shore wing, wliich 
 is fastcnc(l to tlie land, and which is constructed in the greatest measure of i)iles and 
 l)rushwoo(l in order to save material. The "katsa" must be ]>laced in po.'^ition 
 while tlie water i.>^ still ice covere<l. The lisli captured is removed by means of a 
 landing net specially made for the purpose.' 
 
 'Fisheries and Fishery Industries of Sweden, pp. 60-61. The form of fish trap 
 thus referred to by I'r. Luiidl)erg is similar to that descrilied and figured in the 
 ehaptei- on P'inland. 
 
20() 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIHITKiN. 
 
 A sort of siiliiioii weir, nearly oltloiiu' in foiMu and held in ])()sition by 
 aiicliois at oach corner, is used at the mouth of tlif Ivrmnc-an Ivivcr on 
 the nortliwcst coast of Skanc. This is a sini})!!' (h'\ ice, and \(iy simi- 
 lar in form to the cod traps used on the coast of Nowfoundhmd. 'The 
 heart-shaped sahuon weir ("Laxa .satt") used on the coast of Ilalland 
 (tig. 75) is a more effective device, but still is far inferior to the salmon 
 traps employed in this country, and evidently less etiectiA e than the 
 
 ,p^.^it-.^iias& 
 
 Fig. 7G.— Great Finlandian fish trap from coast of Helsinglaiid. (After Dr. Lundberg. ) 
 
 Finland lish traj) ii>ed on the coast of Ilelsing'land for catchiiiL'' the 
 j^wyniad and other species (tig. 7<»). 
 
 Various forms of traps and weirs are used for >almon lisliing in tlie 
 Swedish i'iv(M-s, and have been used from tiiiu' inuuemoi'ial. Among- 
 these, of which models were exhil)ited. is the so-called '•tin-ln'ggnader'" 
 (tig". 77). It is a fixed apparatus. ])uiltof timbei' and sunk in tiie river 
 by ballast, and lias baskets or pots into which the salmon may I'un. 
 These conical baskets ai"e made of wooden laths and bi'ass wire and are 
 
 Fig. 77.— Salmon trap in the Cnie Itiver. (Alter Ur. Lundberg. ) 
 
 provided with a four-sided fumud entrance. A nunibtM' of tlu^st^ are 
 placed in wooden cassions, like that just mentioned, which ai-e sunk 
 in the ]-a])ids of the river. 
 
 AiKitliiT kiiiii 111' traj) is that caiU'd "laxniinnr" (saliiKHi mines i wiiicli arc large 
 erections sliapcd like river lucks and with the upper end i>rovided with d()ul)le fall- 
 ing sluices, the inner one supplied with bars, the outer one not so; the lower end of 
 the lock is furnished with harred sliding gates which are i)ulletl uji to allow of the 
 entrance of the lish, which arc iiri'vcnted from further ])rogrcss al the top cud by 
 the barred sluice doois. When the fish are to he removed, the low er haried Haps 
 are closed, as are also the upper, outer, close falling sluices. The water I lien runs 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 207 
 
 off and the ii.sli iiu-losed in Iht^ "mine" can easily be remove<l by means of landing 
 
 nets or smaller seines. Such erections are found at the sawmills of I'>aggbole (fig. 78) 
 
 on the river Ume and at Deijefors on the 
 
 Klarelfven in Werndand. A kind of pile 
 
 erection or "pens," of enormous size but 
 
 of varying dimensions, is used in our more 
 
 northern rivers, the Torne, Kalix, Ume, 
 
 and, of late years, in the Ljungan also. 
 
 They have a Finnish name "pata" (pi. 
 
 pator) and the four-sided chanibei itself, in 
 
 which the salmon is taken, is called in Fin- 
 nish "karsina." The aceompanyingsketch- 
 
 plan (fig. 79) shows such a pata from the 
 
 river Ume. The arrows give the direction 
 
 of the current. The fish is guided l)y the 
 
 shore arm (170 meters) to the entrance, 
 
 moves against stream to the upper short side 
 
 ( gaf vein ^ gable) and stubbornly remains 
 
 there. When the fish are to be secured, 
 
 the entrance is closed by means of a net, 
 
 and seine attached to two boats is drawn 
 
 up to the upper gable toward a net fastened 
 
 there so that the salmon are taken l)etween 
 
 the two. The length of the long sides of 
 
 the " pata" shown is oO meters; that of the 
 
 shorter sides, from 20 to SO meters. A net arm leads down stream from the lower 
 
 gable, which is intended to turn the salmon into the 
 X pata. These erections for salmon fishery vary both 
 
 in size and in method of construction. The walls 
 are sometimes of piles and plaited twigs (as on the 
 river Torne), sometimes with a kind of ladder or 
 gate-like l)ar work between the piK's, and sometimes 
 of coarse nets of hemp (on the river Lule) (fig. SO). 
 It is of the utmost importance that the pata should be 
 placed correctly in respect to the direction of the 
 current, in order that the catch may be good; when 
 this is successfully <lone the results are enormous. 
 A good daily catch in the river Torne amounts to 
 
 several hundred salmon, and it has happened, although rarely, that as many as 
 
 F"iG. 78.— River Ume salmon mine. 
 Dr. Lnndberg. ) 
 
 (After 
 
 \ 
 
 KiG. 79. 
 River. 
 
 -Salmon pen on Ume 
 (After Dr. Lnndberg.) 
 
 Fiii. .S(J.— Salmon lra|i irii l,uU' lUver. (.\ller i)r. Lnndberg.) 
 
 1,000 fish have been taken in twenty-four hours from a single pata in the river we 
 have mentioned.^ 
 
 'Fisheries and Fishery Industries of Sweden, pp. oO, ol. 
 
2MS 
 
 int?:rnational fisheries exhihition. 
 
 Irmrl I'ntf.H. — Lon*^- lines, or trawl lines, are u>e(| for llie (•ai)turG 
 of lUiiiiy spoeies of lisli in 8we<len. They ditfei- only slightly in tho 
 nuitter of rig, the chief \ariiition Weinu- in size of lines, hooks, length 
 of .snoods, et<-. 
 
 In all eases, lu)\vever, the system of plaeinj^'the hooks w hen not in use 
 is essentially tho same. The receptacle for holding thes(> is a wooden 
 device of suitahle length. One part is flattened, has a longitudinal 
 saw cut sufficiently wide to tak(> the hooks, and is worked into a handle 
 at one end. Fastened above this neai' the handle, hy a l)oll upon which 
 it turns, is another wooden part that may be designated as the co\ cr. 
 Wiien the hooks are l)eing tix(>d in place this is turned hack, but when 
 
 FRi. M. — Kfl trawl iimi liaiui liiR's. 
 
 they arc arranged the cover is swung over them and is lield in ])osition 
 by a cord tied around the outer end. This makes it ])i-acticable to 
 carry a trawl line without fear of entanglement. 
 
 The illustration of an eel trawl (tig. 81) shows the a])paratus for hold- 
 ing trawl hooks. 
 
 ILind-l'int' Jixhing apj^l'iances. — Various forms of hand-line gear are 
 used for the capture of fish in SwediMi, ])ut they are not so numerous 
 nor so varied as in many other countries, since most of the fishing is 
 done with nets, seines, pots, and traps. It is practicable to mention 
 only a few forms. 
 
 ('odp'sJiliKj (jrdr. — The most common form of hand-line gear for 
 cod that was exhibited consisted of a tarred hemp line, wound on a 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 209 
 
 square i"eol (fiy. 81); a lead sinker, nearly s(iuare in vvonf^ section, 5i 
 inches lony- and 2 inch(>s o-reatest dianu'ter; thi-ouji'li the center of this 
 is a straight brass-wire spreader, 28 inches long-, bent into an eye at 
 each end to receive the snood. Hk^ snoods are each 5 feet long; 
 hooks, 3f inches long, witli Is-inch spread.. 
 
 At times, when ))ait is not obtainable, a tish-shaped. doublcdiooked 
 jig, varying from 4 to 5^ inches in length, is usihI for catching cod, 
 thi:; l)eing fastened to a small hemp line about the sizt; of a small 
 pollock line (PI. XXX). The jig is simpl}^ pulled up and let down 
 (like a scpud jig) to uiake it sijuulate the movenuMits of a small fish. 
 If cod gather around it tlu'y are liable to be hooked. Substantially the 
 same form of gear is em])h)ved in Norwa}^ and Newfoundland. It is 
 also used for catching herring. 
 
 Whif'niij li)us. — The hand-line gear used for catclnng whiting (fig. 
 81) consists of a small hemp line, about the size of a large mackerel 
 line, wound on a s([uare oak reel. The lead sinkei* is somewhat flat- 
 tened, though nearly square in cross section, 3^ inches long and 
 five-eighths inch in its greatest diameter. The upper end is com- 
 pressed and the line is })ent through a small hole made for the pur- 
 pose. A spreader of brass wire passes, through a hole in the lower 
 end of the sinker and is })ent so as to reverse the direction of its 
 ends, which arc flattened. It spreads 11^ inches. To each end of the 
 spreader is seized a small black linen snood, 2(3 inches long; the lower 
 end is bent into the eye of a small hook 1\ inches long. 
 
 Another interesting hand-line gear for whiting fishing is illustrated 
 on Plate XXX. This consists of a line made of black hair (presum- 
 ably horse hair) knotted together in short sections, and wound on a 
 square wooden reel. Attached to the lower end of the line is a white 
 gut (or hair) snood or leader, the lower end of which is bent into 
 the eye of the lead sinker, which is of a conventional form — long and 
 cylindrical, with the upper end flatteiuHl and pierced with a hole to 
 receive the line. Thirteen snuiU galvanized hooks 1% inches long are 
 bent to the leader at intervals of about inches by gut gangings, each 
 3 feet long. This gear should ])c very effective in a slight current, 
 even if the line itself is primitive and suggestive of a lack of adequate 
 appliances for prosecuting fishery. 
 
 Tjilxi' jixli'nuj (j<'<u\ — The gear used in winter tishing thi-ough the ice 
 on the lakes (fig. 82) is chiefly interesting because of the peculiar hook, 
 with its long angular bend and point curving in toward the shank. In 
 using this a pointed stick, with a notch at its toji and a spool-like lino 
 reel fixed to its side, is lii-mly em))edded in the ice in a vertical position 
 and near to a hole cut through the ice. The line passes through a ring, 
 metal eye, or hole at the small end of a pole of pi-oper length, which 
 is placed in the notch of the upright stick, so that the heavier end is 
 
210 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHKRIKS EXHIHITloN. 
 
 Fig. 82.— Ice fishinj,' tackle. (After I>r. l.uiidljer-. 
 
 inside ami will slightly oxcrhalaiicc the other. i'liiis when a lisli hites 
 and i.s hooked the si rain on I he line ti))s the pole and wai'tis t he waiting 
 
 ti.sherinun. who may l)e watch- 
 ing' several such devices, that 
 liis attention is recjiiired. 
 
 Among the exhibits of 
 Sweden ^^'■ere an ice-lishing 
 sledg(\ e(iuip})ed witii axes 
 lor cutting ice. and othei* ac- 
 cessories i-e(|uire(l for winter 
 lisliing on tiie lake>. 
 
 In addition to the al)ove- 
 described gear, a decoy jig 
 hook, having a piece? of red 
 ragattaehed. is used forcatch- 
 ing perch through the ice. 
 Haiuf-Uiic Ii(>r)i-s. In Sweden, as in other Scandinavian countries, it 
 is common for the hand-line lishernien to use a peculiar (h'vicc for les- 
 sening the friction when hiiuling the line. This consists simply of a 
 cow's horn fastened on the convex side and nearly in the center to a 
 wooden stick, which is shaped so that it can be stuck in a thole pin 
 hole or in a hole made for the |)ur])ose in a ])oat's gunwal(\ \\'hen so 
 arrangiHJ, the concave side of the horn is uj) (PI. XXX). and a line can 
 be drawn over or aci-oss it without slipping oft' the imkIs. The horn on 
 one exhibited was S inches long and th(> woodiMi pin 1 1 .j inches long. 
 
 Pots. — ]\Iany kinds of 
 tish pots and tish baskets 
 are used in Sweden, 
 mostly in conn e c t i o n 
 with fykes and hoop nets, 
 as already mentioned. A 
 more detailed riderencc 
 to them will, however, 
 be made under this head. 
 Lohifter pots. — The lob- 
 ster pots employed in 
 Sweden are cylindiical in 
 form with an entrance at 
 each end (tig.- S3). They 
 are constructed of netting stret<-hed over a wood«Mi fiamework, are 
 light and easily handled, but less endui'ing than the lobster ]X)ts used 
 in the United States. Wooden strips altout the size of a lath, but 
 generally somewhat thicker, extend hmgitudinally outside of th(^ net- 
 ting at intervals of al)out a foot. These ])rotect the netting from 
 being chafed on the bottom. 
 
 The connnon method is to set them tancU'iu. or "trawl fashion," as 
 
 Fig. 83.— Lobster pot. 
 
INTKKNATIONAL FISHERIKS KXH I KITION. 
 
 211 
 
 Fig. 84.— Fish ha 
 
 it is called ill Maine, wliicli ('iial)le.s a iislicnnaii to operato many 
 
 more pots than it" they arc set singly. 
 Fiifh hcDiket.s. — A form of fish l)ask- 
 
 et used in the lakes (tig'. >S4) is made 
 
 of bast woven into th(» form of a net 
 
 and stretched ov(>r a wooden frame- 
 work; it is sipiare in cross section. 
 
 This pot has a funnel-shaped entrance 
 
 at one end and an adjustable door of 
 
 birch bark at the other. It is 34 inches 
 
 lonii' and 16 to 17 inches s(juare. 
 
 The wickerwork fish basket (lig. 85) 
 
 is cirt-ular in form, willi a funnel- 
 shaped entrance, and the osiers at the 
 
 opposite end drawn closely together. 
 
 It is 34 inches long- and 17 inches in 
 
 diameter. 
 
 A tish })ot, made of thin strips of 
 
 tough light wood (fig. Sd), is used to a 
 
 considerable extent. The splints are 
 
 held to hoops with twine wound around 
 
 them. The pot is circular in cross 
 
 section and is much smallei- at the outer end than at the entrance. It 
 
 has a funnel-shaped entrance made of splints. The end opposite the 
 
 entrance is inches in diameter, and is 
 co\ered with netting set-ured to the outer 
 edge of the pot, and drawn tight at cen- 
 ter with a puckering string, whit'h may 
 be loosened to reniov(^ th(> catch. This 
 kind of pot, which is h)cally known as a 
 "splat-work week" is 2 feet (> inches long 
 and 17 inches in diameter at the mouth. 
 A juidvct. or pot, for catching i)erch, 
 exhibited by Mr. C fJohnson. is shown 
 in ligure Si;. This consists of cotton 
 netting drawn over a wooden frame and 
 having a funnel-shaped entrance. The 
 total length of frame is 8 feet •> inches; 
 length of that })art covered l)y netting, 
 2 feet '.• inches: greatest diameter. 18 
 inches; depth of luniKd. 1 foot: siz(> of 
 iiiesji. 1 inch. 
 
 licl 2>oti<.-—'V\w most common form of 
 
 eel pot, or basket, used with the fyke net (tig. 87), was exhibited by 
 
 Mr. NilsSvenson. This is made of willow resemblingthe ri'd osier, and 
 
 8. Dc 
 
 -15 
 
212 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES KXHIHITloN. 
 
 i« very stronijf and (lural)l('. It has a narrow, funncl-sliapcd entrance 
 at one end and an eye for a gra.sp at the other. On one side is an 
 adju.stable door. This device i.s 3 feet ♦> inches h)ni>-; o-reatcst diameter, 
 1 foot; diameter at mouth, 7^ inches; hnigth of fuimel, 14 inches. 
 
 Lamprey poU. — In some of the rivers of Sweden the lamprey {P<4ro- 
 myzon JJuviatllix) is an object of fishery. According to Dr. Liindl)erg 
 it is caught in a kind of conical tube or weel with a funnel-shaped 
 entrance with a hole at the end which is closed ])y means of twigs, etc. 
 These ''natting stockar" or "tinor" have either been roughly hewn 
 out of a cloven, hollowed tree-trunk whose two parts are then joined 
 
 Fig. 86.— Fisli puts or junkets. 
 
 again and j^rovided with bored holes for the escape of the water (fig. 
 88) or. as in the I'iver Dal, are made of l)road wooden laths (tig. 89). 
 These traps are placed in the river between stones close to the shore.' 
 
 Crayfisli pot. — The crayfish is caught in a small wickerwoi'k basket, 
 circular in form, with a l)road, flat bottom and a narrower top, with 
 a funnel-shaped entrance, made of birch bark (fig. 90). It has a bail, 
 or handle, made of osier, for lifting it. The one exhibited was 9^ 
 inches high. IH inches greatest diameter, and 6 inches wide at the en 
 trance. 
 
 The crayfish {Axtai'u>< jlurint'dU) occurs in centi'al and southern 
 Sweden, and is found in considerable numbers in many places. The 
 
 ^Fisheries and Fishery Indnstrios of Sweden, p. 57, 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 218 
 
 pill 
 
 pots, lociilly known as '" burar," are sonictinit's made of plaited steel 
 wire, with tunnel-shaped entrance like tliat already deseril)ed. 
 
 KiUicls <i)i(I (jrnpneh. — Both stone and iron killicks, or anchors, are 
 used for anchoring- nets, boats, and trawl lines. 
 These differ onh- in detail from those of 
 other- countries. 
 
 Knives. — The larj^e, pointed knife, shown 
 in Plate XXX. is in connnon use for cutting- 
 bait and for other purposes connected with 
 the fisheries. The ])lade is al)out 10 inches 
 long; handle, 5 to inches in length. 
 
 Bnoyx. — Solid wooden l)uo^^s are in com- 
 mon use on nets, as are als(} keg 1)Uovs. 
 These are of various sizes, and many forms, 
 but are usually nearly cylindrical in cross 
 section and with one end about half the dia- 
 meter of the other. 
 
 An ingenious device (tig. UI) iuis l)een 
 adopted by the Swedish fishermen to enable 
 them to find their nets and long lines in 
 fog-gy weather. Having taken the bottom out 
 of an ordinary beer bottle, and having fas- 
 tened a metal clapi)er inside, they attacli the 
 
 bottle by a gal- 
 vanized iron, made 
 especially for the 
 
 pur))ose, to the stall' of the buoy just above 
 the latter. Thus the least motion of a wave 
 will make suthcient noise in tiie bottle to 1)6 
 heard a fai'ther 
 distance ( Ini n 
 the buoy can 1)(» 
 seen in thick weathei-, if the wind is mod- 
 erate. A wooden buoy of this description 
 was exhibited. This was about '1 feet 
 long, with a stall 5 feet 5) inches long 
 weighted at the bottom with metal. 
 
 W<it( !• fch-xcopc. — A watei' glass, oi- wa- 
 ter telescope, is used in the fisheries of Sweden for discovering schools 
 of tish — especially herring — that may !>(> passing, and can not other- 
 wise be seen, when a l)reeze ruffles the sui-face of the sea. It is simi- 
 lar to forms employed foi' the same ))urp()se in other counti'ies. and 
 consists of a tapering tin cylinder paintc'd l)lack. with the smaller end 
 open and a glass set in the large end (Hg. 1>2). It is provided with two 
 handles near the small end for the observer to grasp when watching 
 
 
 -i:rl ,„,L 
 
 Fi<;. 8,s. — Lampruy wee 
 Dr. LundbiTK. ) 
 
 (After 
 
 Fig. 89. — Laiuprcy trap 
 LuikUhtk.) 
 
 (.\fler Dr. 
 
214 
 
 INTERNATIONAL KISJIKKIKS i-.\\ll 1 IM'lloN. 
 
 '.10. — ('i;i\ li>li [•' 
 
 (ov ti.^li, ut which time lie \ni[s the hir^-cr cud into the water and i)usht's 
 hi.>< face into the othci', or open, end, so a.s to s\\\\{ out li<,^ht from 
 
 ul)ovc and enal)h' him to .sec more 
 elearly into the aqueous depths. 
 It is 2(! inches lon^-, 7i inches in 
 diameter at the hirg-e end and 4i 
 inches at the other end. 
 
 S/(f///t tr/'/ir/i. An improved i'orm 
 of steam winch, intended i)rimariiy 
 for use in loading' and (lisehar<'"inj^ 
 cargo, was exhibited by the (lote- 
 ))ort>-s mekanisUa Werkstad. of (JcU- 
 lenberL;'. This appcare(l siniph' in 
 construction, stron^-, and well de- 
 signed for 
 doing the 
 particular 
 kind of 
 \vork for 
 which it was intendinl. 'I'he style of 
 this winch is shown in ligure '.»o. 
 
 FiHliefrnievb 8 hark sJioes. — In som(> parts 
 of Sweden shoes made of ])irch bark are 
 worn by the lisherinen and their families, 
 and the same is true of some other coun- 
 tries of northern Euro})e, including- Fin- 
 land. A i)air of these shoi^ exhibited were 
 made of strips of ])ii'cli bark 1^ inches 
 wide, woven together as shown in fig- 
 ures 94. Thes(> Avere made with a double 
 thickness of l)ark. so that tlie cross point 
 ing is the same on the inside as on the 
 outside. 
 
 Methods of f.shhHj (iikI jixliuKj f<tti 
 turns. — Sweden exhibited a numbei- of 
 drawings and photographs illustrative ot 
 methods of fishing and coast-fishing sta- 
 tions. Figures 1)5 and 00 illustrate, re- 
 spectively, the methods of iishing with 
 set gill nets (for herring) and purse seines. 
 The method of preparing herring gill 
 nets for setting, by putting on the siid^- 
 ers and stowing them in a l)oat. is shown in the view of Kuggorn (fig. 
 97). The })rocess of taking herring from nets is an interesting one, 
 and is indicated in a view at Krakon, near (lottenberg (fig. 98). 
 
 Fk;. m.— Bell buoy. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIPIS EXIIIHITION. 
 
 215 
 
 Tho illustrations of fishino- stations are iiisti'uctivo and convt^v an 
 idea of the conditions under which tiie iisheries are prosecuted that 
 could not otherwise l)c so well obtained. 
 
 The tishing \illiiii(^s alono' th(^ coast of Sweden are often no more 
 than collections of rude ])oai"d shanties, whicJi, 
 however, afford the necessary sludter. The char- 
 acter of these stations, which closidy resemble 
 some of the tishinL;" hamlets on the coast of New- 
 foundland, is shown in th(> accompanying- \'iews 
 of the tishino- villages of Ag<) and Skfirsa (tigs. 
 99, l(MJ). 
 
 The conditions at Hudiksvall, however, are (juite 
 different, as indicated by the illustration (1*1. 
 XXXI). This tow^n is situated in the central sec- 
 tion of the Swedish coast, and is a place of con- 
 siderable importance. 
 
 Fish-pacl'ing extaMisJwients and accessm^iex. — Tiie 
 tish-packing houses at Hudiksvall arc not materially 
 unlike those used m some parts of the United 
 States, and indicate a prosperous tisher3\ 
 
 The boats ar(% for the most part, open, square- 
 stern.1 clinker-built craft, with two loose-footed standing lugsails. 
 They var}^ from 17 to 25 feet in length. 
 
 Oil and guano factory. — The manufacture of oil and guano is car- 
 
 FiG. 92.— Water glass. 
 
 Fro. !)3.— Stoani winch. (From Swiviish print.) 
 
 jy/yy 
 
 ried on to a considerable extent in Sweden, and several paintings and 
 photographs of such factories were exhibited. One of these, Kallvi- 
 ken\s establishment at Dragsmark, is shown in i)latc XXXII. 
 
21(> 
 
 INTKRNATIONAI. FISHERIES EXH I HI'IK )N. 
 
 Ill th(^ oarly ninoties the iil)uiul{iiic(' uiul coiiscijuciit clicapiicss of 
 herrino- caused somothino* like a l^ooiii in tlie manufacture of oil and 
 liUiuio. So pronounced was the movement in this direction that the fac- 
 tories increased from 8, in 
 1891, to 22, in 1895. The 
 total value of all these plants 
 is variously estimated to be 
 from about ^540,000 to up- 
 ward of $8.()00,0()(), in round 
 iuuu])ers. It is cliiimed that 
 the daily output of these 
 establishments amounts to 
 164 tons of o'uano. while the 
 product for the season of 
 1895-9() i-cached a totnl of 
 12,299 casks of oil and 
 14,169,58(> kiloo-rams of fer- 
 tilizers. In pi'oducino- these, 
 858,958 hectoliters of herring 
 were used. The success of 
 this enterprise depends, however, upon the cheapness, as well as upon 
 the abundance of fish, and the high price of herrino- in iccciit years — 
 1897, 1898 — has nearly stopped tlu^ maiuifaeture of oil and ^uano for 
 the time beino". 
 
 Fl<i. VU. — Kivhriji 
 
 '.!'>. — tiiU-iK'l (isliiim. iKi'Diii Swfilish dniuiiig.) 
 
 The barrels used for rish packing are of the .ordinary form, with 
 wooden hoops (fig. 101). 
 
 Among the most interesting accessories was an apparatus for rolling 
 casks or ])arr(^ls, exhibited by Beckman c^ Johnson, of ( J()ttenl)erg. 
 With this device^ a man can walk erect and loU one or several ])arrels 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 217 
 
 with conipiiriitive ease, instead of ))eing- compelled to do tiie work in 
 tlie usual hiborious way h}' stoopino- and pusliin<>- the barrel ahead of 
 him. The apparatus consists of a simple iron clamp which can quickly 
 
 Fiu. 9(5.— PursL'-SL'iiie lishiiig. (From Swedish drawing.) 
 
 and easily be adjusted to a barrel and it is so arranged that it revolves 
 on the bolts attached to the hauling- part, 
 
 F'lxli 2>roducts. — The tish products exhibited consisted chietly of 
 kliplish, salted herrings, both cured in the ordinary manner; smoked 
 salmon, dried fresh-water tish, dried smelts, fresh salmon, and other 
 
 Fu;. 1)7.— Taking gill nets on bout at Knggorn. 
 
 Hsh on ice, and various kinds of canned goods, including cod's 
 tongues, anchovies, put up in various ways; herring packed in difi'er- 
 ent forms, and oil of several varieties, l)ut chiefly lun-iing and 
 anchov}' oils. 
 
218 INTERNATIONAL KISIIKRIKS EXIIIlUTroN. 
 
 F'l^li oiJftirr. — A niodol of a salmon liatcli(M'v was c'xliil)ite(l hv 
 
 P ic. yy.— Piekinj^ IjiaiiiiK nets at Krakun. 
 
 K. J. Strom; drawing-s and maps of the liateliery and lisli ponds at 
 Eng-cisberg ))y the Eugelsbcrg Fiscieulturul Company, and models of 
 
 Fn:. 'J'J. — Ki.sliiiiK vilhiKo nl Ayo. 
 
 salmon hatcheries and oj" a tishway were shown among th(> collections 
 from the Stockholm l''ishcrv Museum. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISIIKKIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 219 
 
 Concernino- the })r()o-r('ss of tish-culturc in Sweden. Dr. Luiulhei'o- 
 makes the foUowino- stiit(Mncnts: 
 
 .Sweden was probably the first ainon» Enrnpoan lands to endoavnr by means of 
 special measures to promote the hatchinfj of fish spawn with the intention of thereby 
 
 I'u;. luu.— Fi.shiiig villuge o£ Hkarsa. 
 
 improving the fisheries. As early as 1761 the mayor of the town of Link()inn<r, 
 C. Frederick Lund, i)ublished an account in the Proceeding.s of the Roval Society 
 
 Fig. 101.— Ban-els, Inuivs, mul iu(s. 
 
 (Swedinh) entitled "On the planting of fisli in lakes," which was ba.sed on exi)eri- 
 inents made by hiiu in Lake Roxen, in Ostersjotland. * * * * * 
 
 In 1S(>4 an establishment for the hatching of salmon was erected at the cost of the 
 State at Ostanb-ick on the river Anirermanelfveii, at which iilaccalso instruction was 
 
220 IXTKRNATIONAL FISHEIITT<:S p:XIiriUTI()N. 
 
 <;iven in the motlioil of fructifyinir lisli of the salmon s|>t*ci('s. The cstalilisliinciit 
 nanie<l afterwards served as a model for similar ones in the country. They are 
 usually huilt of wood and at first had, very generally, wooden troughs with gravel at 
 the lx)ttoni, hut nowadays hatching tanks of very many modern types are in general 
 use. The numher of estahlishments for salmon hatchery has not heen constant, 
 several of the older ones having heen c-losed and ime or two new ones being estab- 
 lished. At pre.seut there are nearly forty of tliem in different parts of the country. 
 That at Ostanbilck ceased to be aState establislnnmt once it had liiltillcd Its mission 
 to serve as a model for similar institutions. 
 
 Our great wealth of lakes cajiable of supjilying us with fish has, together witli < it her 
 circumstances, had as a consequence that the i)reservation of lish in ponds does not 
 occur here to any great extent. Still this condition of tilings has .somewhat changed 
 of late, so that several establishments of the kind have been erected. The largest are 
 theiCarp ponds, formed in 1S79 by ('. 11. Wemlt, a landowner, at Gustafsborg, near 
 Perstor|)'s railway station in North Skane. Thean-aof the ponds is alioiit 40(1 hectares, 
 which are divided in the following maimer: 
 
 liar. 
 
 4 spawning ponds 1 . i)7 
 
 25 growing ponds nA.'.iO 
 
 8 growing ponds for 2-year carp 148. 10 
 
 4 growing ponds for 3-year carp 1 87. (>0 
 
 A number of carp are sold when but 8 years old. The greater nnmbiT are 
 exported to Hamburg. The yearly production amounts at present to about lo,0()0 
 kilograms, but when the ponds were new the production was from 20,000 to 25,000 
 kilograms. Besides carp, tenc;h, pike, perch, and eel are also cultivated, but the carp 
 is the principal object of care. The value of the carp sold during the years 1891 to 
 18!)() amoiinti'd, according to the ajipended table, to the following sums: 
 
 Kroiior. Krniior. 
 
 1801 7,145 I 1894 l:],49t) 
 
 1892 14, 980 I 1895 II, 204 
 
 1893 11,186 189B 20,272 
 
 At Engelsberg, in Westmanland, a company has of late years formed a lish-jjond 
 establishment chiefly for the cultivation of fish of the salmon family, and at present 
 an attempt is being made there to cultivate on a large scale the rainbow trout 
 [Salmo iridew<). That the cultivation of carp can be carried on much farther north 
 in Sweden than Ska,ne is shown by the fact of carp cultivation in ponds being suc- 
 cessfullly i>racticed at the works of Lilngbanshyttan, in Wermland, in spite of the 
 fact that the place lies in 59° 45^ north latitude and 767 feet (227.7 meters) above the 
 sea level. 
 
 Since the year 1890 there has been a lish-ixmd hatchery establishment, erected at 
 the cost of the Ciovernment, at Finspong, in Ostergotland, in connection with a 
 smaller fresh-water biological experimental station for the cultivation of fresh-water 
 fish and the bringing uj) of the fry of such fish in ponds. Numbers of young lish 
 of several sjjecies have l>een supplied to the jMiblic for stocking the waters.' 
 
 ('oiiiiiitsstoncr. — Mr. Arthur Feddersen, who has lono- Ixhmi promi- 
 nently identified with the Danish Fisheries Association (Dansk Fisk- 
 oriforonino-) and with the tisherios exposition work of his couiitrv, 
 was tlie commissioner from Denmark. His h)no" and varied experience 
 
 'Fisheries and Fishery Industries of Sweden, j)}). 63-65. 
 
INTERNATIONAL B^ISHERIES EXHIBITION. 221 
 
 not only enabled him to uttractivel}^ install the Danish exhibits, but 
 made him a most valuable member of the juries of awards. 
 
 General considerations. — The collections exhibited by Denmark 
 included materials from Greenland, Iceland, and the Faroe Islands, 
 which for the sake of convenience will be considered with those of 
 the mother country. 
 
 The lisheries of Denmark emplov a considera])le portion of the 
 popidation of the coast towns, more especiall)'^ those towns bordering 
 on the Cattegat and Skager Rack. In 1883 it was estimated that 4,300 
 families lived cliieHy by lishino-, while 7,000 other families derived 
 subsidiary incomes from fishing, thus making a total of 11,300 fami- 
 lies dependent to a greater or less extent on this industry. At the 
 same time ))oats or vessels employed having decks or wells was esti- 
 mated at 1,000, while from 4,(»00 to 5,000 open boats were engaged m 
 fishing. 
 
 It is to be regretted that there are no recent statistics available to 
 show the extent of the Danish fisheries and the fisher}^ industries of 
 the islands controlled by Denmark. It may, however, be stated in 
 general terms that Greenland has no fisheries of marked commercial 
 importance. 
 
 Such animals as are captured by the Eskimo — mostly marine mam- 
 mals — are generally, if not always, utilized for (k)mestic purposes. 
 The gathering of feath(>rs and down from sea fowl can scarceh^ come 
 under the head of fishery. 
 
 The case is different, however, at Iceland and the Faroes, where 
 fishing constitutes one of the most important, if not the leading, indus- 
 try of the inha})itants. 
 
 F!shin</ re-ssels and fsliiiuj hoats. — The fishing vessels and boats of 
 Denmark haAC a strong family resemblance to those of the Scandina- 
 vian peninsula. In some cases they are the same in design, ])uild, and rig, 
 and are used for the same purposes. In many other cases, however, con- 
 ditions of fishery or environment have led to differentiation, and distinct 
 types have resulted. It is noticeable that Denmark has steam vessels 
 employed in the fisheries, and even as long ago as 1880 the writer met 
 the captain of one of them at Berlin, and was told that this particular 
 vessel was working in the North Sea with an otter trawl, which was 
 then an innovation on vessels of that class. Since then the otter trawl 
 has superseded the beam trawl on the British steam fishing fleet. 
 
 It is a noteworthy fact that some of the most important types of 
 Danish vessels employed in the fisheries, considered from the stand- 
 point of size, are freighters, and are usually provided with wells for 
 transporting fish alive from the coast fishing stations to the larger 
 markets, notably Copenhagen. 
 
 The fishing lioats of Iceland and Fai'oe, though distinctively of Scan- 
 dinavian origin, differ in detsiil from those of Norway and Sweden. 
 
222 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHI lUTION. 
 
 North Srti ji.sJiiiK/ .st<'i(iiici'.'—V\\v ])l;iii.-> of :i yiiwl-riiiiicd auxiliiirv 
 screw steuni vessel foi- the deep-sea tishery of the North Sea were 
 exhibited by E. C. Benzon, who. T am iiiforined. for sev(M-al y(>:irs has 
 been one of the leading' dosio-uors of lisliiiio- Ijoats in Denmark. 
 
 This vessel is illustrated in tij^urc In-j. It is a carx d l)iiilt. wide and 
 deeji k(vl vessel, with rakino- cin-N cd stem: modcralcly sliaip how; 
 rising' tloor; rather short run; straight, vertical stcrnpost and hcax y 
 round stern, with \-ei'y little overhan<^'. Jt has a flush deck, forecastle 
 companionway just abaft the windlass; two entrances to the laro(^ w(dl 
 (which is more than one-third the vessel's length), and main h;:l( h 
 between them. It has a cabin trunk well aft: adjoining tills on the 
 
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 \ 
 
 \ - 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 * 
 
 
 ^^ 
 
 
 1 
 
 
 M 
 
 
 w^ttr^""^ 
 
 liiiiHM 
 
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 V\y.. 102. — Aiixilliary sluam IKliing \( 
 
 ( |).',Ml,'nr^l liy K- I'. I'.rll/nll. 
 
 forwaid side is a low engine house. Forwaul of both is the steering 
 wheeL 
 
 The mainmast stands al)Out one-tiiird lh(> xcssd's length from the 
 stem, and the polo mizzenmast about 7 feet Iroiii the talfitiil. The rig- 
 consists of a jib set flying on a running bowsprit; stay foresail; boom 
 and gaff mainsail, with high peak; club-headed gatl^-topsail; ])oom and 
 gaft' mizzen or jigger, with a small clu])-headed topsail set over it. It 
 has a single screw propeller, and auxilliary steam powiM-. 
 
 Tills vessel is 50 tons, and is evidently sturdy and seaworthy, hut 
 would not be swift compared with American tishing schooners. The 
 chief ol)ject sought in the design, aside from safety, is large carrying 
 capacity for live tish; therefore neai'ly the entire hold in the central 
 
INTEKNATIONAL FISHEKIES EXHIHITION. 
 
 223 
 
 section is utilized as :i well for tiiis purpose, and the cxti'a depth of the 
 vessel skives additional room. 
 
 Following' arc the approximate relative ilimensions: Length over 
 all. tjr) foct 8 inches; beam, 16 feet 2 inches; molded depth, 1(1 feet; 
 mainmast, above deck. 40 feet 8 inches; topmast, heel to truck, MO 
 feet; niizzenmast, above deck, 43 feet 2 inches; bowsprit, outboard, 21 
 feet T) inches. 
 
 Stciimri' for jii<hin(i at Tcehnirl. — A model was exhibited of an aux- 
 iliary steam tishing yawl (tig". 1<*H) designed for working otl' the coast 
 
 i 
 
 
 V 
 
 '"^fife 
 
 
 1^1 
 
 "^^^^^^Hl 
 
 
 
 
 ■ • • ■ . ■ . . ..■:■'-.. •■ . •;, .c ,i..v,, . 
 
 Fl«. 103. — Au.xilliiiry lisliiiii; stoaiiuM'. 
 
 ' f Iceland and bringing live tish from tliere to Copeidiagen or other 
 markets. This type of vessel is lilted with a 20-horse [)ower petroleum 
 (keros(>n(») iMigine. 
 
 A \'essel of this kind is cai"\('l-l)uilt, with shai']) bow; raking curved 
 st(Mn; modei-ately de(»p k(>el; rathei- sliai-p lloor; easy bilge; short, 
 well-formed run; two-bladed scrcMv; straight, nearly vertical, stern- 
 post; round-heeled rudder and overhanging, round stern. It has a 
 synunetrical sheer. Hush deck, and bulwarks from 2 to :>h feet high. 
 It has a pump-brake windlass which can l)e operated by steam or hand. 
 
224 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Tlio forccjistlc coinininionway is just forward of the inaiiiiiiiist; a small 
 enj^inc house is located forward of the luainsheet traveler; and the 
 cabin trunk is iu>ar the stern; the niizzenniast })assiiiu- throuy,h the 
 forward end of it. The wheel is abaft the cabin. This vessel, like 
 that previously descril)ed, has a lartj-e well for live lish, with two 
 entrances, and the bottom is perforated with holes for neai'ly half its 
 length to facilitate a proper circulation of water. 
 
 The rig is the same as that of the North Sea vessel. Tt has a run- 
 ning bowsprit and housing topmast. Following arc the dimensions: 
 Length over all, (>4 feet; beam, 15 feet 6 inches; depth, 7 feet; length 
 of Avell deck, 24 feet; forward well opening. 9 feet inches by 8 feet; 
 after one, 1> by 3 feet; mainmast, above deck, 37 feet (> inches; main 
 topmast, heel to truck, 30 feet; main boom, 32 feetO inches; main gatt", 
 25 feet 6 inches; main topsail club, 22 feet; mizzenmast. above deck, 
 31 feet (j inches; jigger boom, 15 feet; gatf, 11 feet inches; topsail 
 yard, 17 feet; bowsprit, outboard, 18 feet; boat-shaped. llat-])ottomed 
 live car (carried on deck). 10 feet long, 5 feet 6 inches witl(\ -21 inches 
 deep. 
 
 Fioundef s^iMcks.. — The fishery for fiat-fish has always hecn iinj)()r- 
 tantfrom Denmark, and employs a numl)(>rof sailing welled vessels for 
 carrying the products to market, as well as for fishing. 
 
 These vessels are usually about 20 tons, l)ut some are 4o or possibly' 
 50 tons. The fishing boats range from 30 to 50 feet in length, 12 to 
 16 feet beam, and 5 to 7 feet in depth, and the so-called ••purchasing- 
 boats "" — the smacks that buy and transport living tish — are from 40 to 
 60 feet long. 12 to 16 feet wide, and 6 to 8 feet deep. The carrying 
 ca])acity of the wells usually ranges from 2,000 to 6,000 flounders that 
 can be carried alive. One built at Fredrikshaven, of 20 tons, can carry 
 4,000 flounders. 
 
 One type of these small vessels is like the ketch-rigged liritish 
 cutters, employed in the North Sea long-line fisheries. Indeed, some 
 of this form have ])een purchased from England and others have been 
 built in Denmark on the same lines. One of these was 50 feet long, 
 13 feet beam, and 7 feet deep. It was fltted Avith a large well, as all 
 vessels are for this trade. The tank is generally so large that diffi- 
 culty was experienced in ]>allasting the vessels until recent years, 
 when it was found possible to put al)out 150 pounds of l)allast in the 
 well to eai'h ton of carrying cai)acity of the vessel. 
 
 The smacks built at Fredrikshaven are double-ended, decked, keel 
 vessels; wide and deep, with rathei- full lines; raking stem and stern- 
 post, and slightly hollow rising floor. They are yawd-rigged and are 
 similar in appearance to some of the Norwegian sk()ite. One of them 
 of 24 tons was 43 feet 2 inches long, 15 feet 4 inches wide, and 6 feet 
 6f inches deep. 
 
 A model of a schooner-rigged welled \ essel, designed by >Mr. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 225 
 
 Benzon, for the transportation of living- tish. was exhibited. It wtis a 
 carvel-built, decked, keel vessel, with moderately sharp, flaring- ))ow; 
 raking, curved stem; low, rather flat floor; easy bilge; short run; 
 straight raking sternpost, and heavy, square, non-overhanging stern. 
 It had a flne sheer, flush deck and very large well, this being fully half 
 the length of the vessel, having an immense capacitv because of the 
 long and full midship section. 
 
 It had a narrow-footed mainsail, foresail, tAvo club-headed gafl'- 
 topsails, fore staysail, jib, and flying jib. 
 
 This vessel is 49 feet 4^ inches long, 14 feet 4 inches Avide, and (> 
 feet 5 inches deep. 
 
 Mr. Drechsel, in his review of the Danish sea flsheries,' makes the 
 following reference to this flounder-carrying trade and the vessels 
 engaged in it, the Danish '' handelskvase:" 
 
 "The flounder fishery," he says, "is based on the trade with live fisli. Tlie catch 
 is stored alive in a tank in the hold and sold in this condition l)y the fishermen 
 directly on the spot to buying vessels, in which the fish are taken alive to Copen- 
 hagen or Norway, or the fish are sold to dealers on shore, who pack them in ice 
 baskets and send them away by rail, mostly to Germany. In recent years it has 
 become customary lor the fishermen to l)ring their catch ashore and sell it to the 
 dealers themselves. This, and for other reasons, as for instance the general imj>rove- 
 ment in the means of communication, has caused a great decline in this buying traffic 
 that formerly was so very extensive and very remunerative an occupation. At pres- 
 ent it is chiefly from Skagen, Anholt, the northern part of Jutland, west coast, and 
 similar isolated places that this trade still is pursued. Such a buying vessel Avas 
 built by Mr. Benzon in Nykjobing, on the island of Falster. Like all of her ty])e, 
 she is rigged as a fore and aft schooner, long and wide, low and flat amidships, and 
 with a rather high keel. It has l^een i)0ssible to construct good sailers, varying in 
 size from 30 to 40 tons, and with a large carrying capacity, the largest of them taking 
 about 12,000 flounders, weighing on an average of 88 pounds to a hundred fish. The 
 older buying vessels were, up to fifteen or twenty years ago, of the old Danish 'jagt' 
 type, but these vessels were very much inferior, both in regard to carrying capacity 
 and sailing powers. These buying vessels sail their load as a rule to Copenhagen, 
 and the fish are sold from on board the vessel directly to the fish retailers. As the 
 fish are <-arried alive to this market, and as the Cojienhagen people want it so, high 
 prices prevail, as a rule, but this is only natural if we consider the big risk con- 
 nected with the transportation and storage of live fish." 
 
 Ihrrnuj drift-net hoat. — Among the models of decked Ashing ))oats 
 exhibited by Demnark, was one of a deep and wide cutter used in the 
 drift-net herring flshery in the Cattegat (flg. 104). It is a carvel-built, 
 sharp-ended, keel boat, Avith raking curved stem and sternpost; holloAV 
 floor and under-Avater lines; S(iuare-lieeled rudder; modei'ate sheer, and 
 flush deck. It has a large hatch a])aft the mast. It has a long i-uiuiing 
 boAvsprit, and polo mast about two-flfths the boat's length from the 
 stemhead. The mast has little or no rake. The sails consist of a jib 
 
 ' Overisigt over Vore Saltvandsfiskerier Nordsoen og Farvandene inden for Skagen, 
 etc., ved C. F. Drechsel, 1890. 
 
22<> 
 
 INTI:RNATI0NAL fisheries EXHIUlTKtN. 
 
 set llyiiiu'. stay foresail attarlu'd to stay l)y laciii*i-. Ixioiu and <sdl\- 
 niaiiisail laced to mast, and elu])-lieaded i^all'-topsail. 
 
 As a rule, the lieri'iiio- l)oats south of" the Sound to ( iroudsuiid arc 
 decked and others are decked or ha!t'-deck(Ml. 
 
 Following- are the dimensions; Leii<j;th over all, ;>1 feet; beam, 14 
 feet; depth, 4 feet inches; hatch, 8 feet (5 inches long, 5 feet inches 
 wide; mast, above deck, 83 feet 6 inches; main boom, 20 feet 6 
 
 Fig. lOJ. — Cattegat drift-net herring buat. 
 
 inches; gait', 10 feet 6 inches; topsail 3'ard, IHfeet 6 inches; bowsprit, 
 outboard, 12 feet inches; oars, IS feet long. 
 
 Skovshoved herring hoat. — A clinker-])iiilt, sharp-ended, kcrl boat 
 (fig. 105) is employed in the herring fishery from Skovshoved. It has 
 a curved, strongly raking stem, liollow floor, and water lines; raking 
 sternpost, which curves sharply at the top; square-heeled rudder; 
 graceful sheer; washl)oards along the sides nearly to the bow. and half- 
 deck aft, with sternsman's cockpit at extreme stern. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 227 
 
 It is cutter rigged, with pole must; adjustable bowsprit; loose-footed 
 s[)rit mainsail; ji})-lieaded topsail set on pole eominu- well down the 
 mast; stay foresail and jib. 
 
 The dimensions are as follows: Length over all, 25 feet inches; 
 beam, 9 feet 3 inches; depth, ?> feet; mast, aboxe gunwale, 24 feet; 
 gaff-topsail pole, 30 feet; bowsprit, outboard, 1) feet 3 inches; average 
 width of mainsail, 13 feet inch(\s. 
 
 BoriiJiohih hevt'hxj hoat. — The Bornholm herring fishcrj^ is very 
 important, according to Drechsel. who says that it not only supplies 
 
 Flu. lU."i. — Skovshi)VL-d herring Ixiat. 
 
 iish for home consumption, l)ut also leaves a large surplus for expor- 
 tation to Denmark proper and to Germany. Herring is here fished 
 nearly the whole year through by the Bornholm men and b}^ the Swed- 
 ish iishermen, which latter come here in large luuubers during the 
 best part of the season. 
 
 "For the herring fisheries," he says, ''open boats of a special con- 
 struction are used, the so-called ' cger,' Avhich are rigged with sprit 
 mainsail, mizzen, topsail, and jib. These boats are built at Bornholm, 
 and are excellent sailers and splendid sea boats. The same kind of 
 boats are used bv the Swedish fishermen who have them built on the 
 
 S. Doc. 39- 
 
 -10 
 
228 
 
 INTEKNATIOMAL FISHKRIKS EXIIlMITloN. 
 
 island. I'mt thcv also usr tin- so-called " hlekiiitiseka," which in shape 
 and size resemble the Bornholni type, Imt diti'er in ri^-, and carrying 
 one big lateen instead of a sprit mainsail. Crew is generally 2 or 3 
 men/' 
 
 This herring boat is a wi(l(> and deep, sharp-ended, clinker-built, keel 
 craft, with straight raking stem and sternpost. It is 22 feet !• ini-he.s 
 long, 8 feet wide, and 8 feet 5 inches deep. 
 
 Bornliohn mhnoii hoat. — A clinker-built, sharp-ended, keel l)oat 
 (tig. lot;) is used in the salmon fisheries from the island of Bornholm. 
 It has a shai'p tloor; steni and sternpost curved al)ove water and 
 
 Fig. lot). — Bornholm salmon boat. 
 
 raking strongly Dclow; a modei'ate sheer; Hush deck nearly level with 
 gunwale; two hatches forw^ard; a large hatch abaft the mast, and a 
 small cabin trunk aft. 
 
 According to the plans pul)lished hy Drechsel, it is common for )»oats 
 of this class to have a high stem, and an open rail on a level with the 
 stemhead, running nearly to the stern, as on some of the Norwegian 
 life-.saving boats. 
 
 "It is onh' near Bornholm," he says, ''that the .salmon lisheries 
 require boats larger than the ordinary small open boats. The type is 
 very similar to the Nor\v(\gian pilot ])oats. They are fi-om (5 to 13 
 tons, without tank, but having a large hold for cargo amidships; they 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIIUTION. 
 
 229 
 
 aiv provided with a i^ood nihiii for the ci'ew ;iiid cuitv also a cooking* 
 ytovc. Rig is mainsail, a small topsail, and two foresails. TIk^, iirstof 
 those boats was l)uilt in 1867, in Mexo after plans made by Mr. 
 Benzon, in Nj'kjobing; later these l)oat.s have been built in Bornholm. 
 The}' are verA^seaworth}', as has repeated!}' been proven when they 
 have been used in winter time many miles out at sea. Lately it has 
 l)cen tried to provide these boats with a small auxiliary eng-ine and 
 propeller, in order to use them for tending salmon gear in calm 
 weather, Init the trials do notseiMu to have been very sueeessful. The 
 crew include, as a rule, ;> men. Besides these boats, open l)oats are 
 used for the salmon fishing in spring — the same boats that are used for 
 herrino-." 
 
 The salmon l)oat is eutter rigged; carries a nari-ow, loose -f ooted gatt- 
 mainsail, (■lul)-]ieaded topsail, stay foresail, and jil). The mast is 
 hinged just above the deck, so that it can be lowered. 
 
 I)rechs(d gives the dimensions of one of these boats as 34 feet in 
 length, 11 fec^t <> inches beam, and -1 feet (> inches in depth. The model 
 exhibited represented a l)oat with the following dimensions: Length 
 over all, 33 feet 9 inches; l)eam, 10 feet i> inches; depth, i feet 10^ 
 inches; mast, above deck, 34 feet (! inches; bowsprit, outboard, i) feet 
 9 inches; main gaff, 15 feet i» inches; topsail yard, 10 feet (> inches. 
 
 Drift hoats for ed fshf»(/. —In recent yeai"s there has been nuich 
 development in the Danish eel fishery. Fornu'rly it was pursued 
 chiefly to supply local demand, tmt the advance has l)een so great that 
 it may now l)e considered a Aery important shore lishery, in which are 
 employed many decked boats, which are built in various places, or are 
 
230 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 refitted, or clnintied to !i(l:q)t tliciii to tliis lishciy. They avfiiiu'c alxmt 
 6 tons. All these boats lish at a drift, dragt>-in<^- a sort of a traw 1 after 
 them, and a l)oat engaged in eel fishing is tecluiically known as '•(Irif- 
 krase" or drift ])oat. 
 
 According to nrcchsel — 
 
 Tlic larjit-'st of these liuat.-^ are built from (u'riiian plans, an<l iro out from Middelfait, 
 Skjit'fbak, and ]ieighl)orinj,' plaees. The special features of these vessels are a sharp 
 and raking l)o\v and a full stern, (leneral rigging is mainsail, with the sheet on a 
 traveler, mizzen, toi)sail, and two foresails. Aft is a boom for fa.stening one of the 
 linea of the net while in use. Amidships is a tank, with fine holes, for the storage 
 of the eels. The quarters for the crew, generally 8 men, are aft. 
 
 Besides these larger boats smaller ones and open boats are u.^ed aioun<l llit- I'jurds. 
 These are, as a rule, all built with a very flat bottom in order lliat they may be 
 used in the shallow water where the lishery is done, and in unlcr to enable tlu'ui to 
 earry sail they are all provided witli a centerboard. 
 
 Among the models cxhif)itcd at IVrgen was a yawl-i-iggcd welled 
 boat (Hg. 1(>7) for eel tisliing. This re])resented a wide, shallow, 
 doiil)le-end(Hl, cliidcer-lmilt iK)at. with shallow keel and lifted with lee- 
 boards. It had curved and slightly raking stem and sternpost; low 
 Hoor; round bilge; rather full lines fore and aft. and s<|uare-heeled 
 rudder. It was half decked forward and aft, with wide washboards 
 along the sides; thus leaving an oblong open space amidshi})s. in which 
 Avas the Avell, extending the entire length. It had a c:i))in forward, 
 with deck house. The lee 1)oards were atttiched to the maimnast ])Y 
 chains. 
 
 It had a tixed l)owspi-it; a pole mainmast stepped about one-third 
 the boat's length from the stem, and pole mizzeumast close to tlu> 
 stern. It was rigged with jil), stay foresail, loose-footed gafl'-mainsail 
 and standing lug jigger; the sheet of the latter is trinuned to an out- 
 rigger which also serves to fasten the warp to that holds ont> wing 
 of the trawl. 
 
 FolloAving are the dimensions: Length over all, 24 feet; beam, 8 
 feet 3 inches; depth, 2 feet 9 inches; length of open space, 7 feet {) 
 inches; average width, 4 feet 6 inches; maimnast, above deck, 25 feet; 
 main gatf, 11 feet; mizzenmast, a))ove deck, 1.5 feet 6 inches; jigger 
 yard, »'» feet; boom, 7 feet i» inches; outrigger, full length, 8 feet; 
 bowsprit, outboard, 10 feet. 
 
 Old i<fi/lc' JixJtlng vessel. — A small decked \-es.sel of an old tyi)e is 
 used to some extent in the autumn tisheries. As figured hy Drechsel 
 (PI. XXXIII) it has a sharp bow; raking curved stem; rather flat floor 
 which is hollow near the keel; easy turn to bilge; flaring side; well- 
 shaped run; scjuare nonoverhanging stern, with rudder outside. It 
 has a good sheer, and a lofty cutter rig, with i)ole mast about two- 
 fifths the ])oat\s length from stemhead. It carries boom and gafl-main- 
 sail; stay foresail; jib and club-headed gatf -topsail. 
 
 The boat is 2(5 feet long, feet wid(>. and 8 feet (i inches deep. 
 
JL Q) 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 231 
 
 Cattegat ji'<]i'ni(i Ixxii. — A sharp-ended, clinker-built, decked, keel 
 boat is used in the fisheries of the Cattegat. It is wide and shallow; 
 has nearly straight, raking stem and sternpost; convex lines; rising 
 floor; round l)ilg(>; flaring sides; s(iuare-heeled rudder — the after 
 part being lowest — and slight sheer. Its deck is flush with the gun- 
 wale, and it has a series of large hatches extending nearly fi'om side 
 to side of the deck, abaft the mast, with two small hatches foi-ward 
 of the mast. 
 
 It is cutter-rigged, with loose-footed sprit mainsail, stay foresail, 
 jib and ji})-headed topsail set on a long pole. The main sheet works 
 
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 i- II.. iu^.—t alU'f^al n>liuif< bOilt. 
 
 on an iron traveler extending across the stern of the boat, but, accord- 
 ing to the model exhibited (fig. 108), the sheet is abaft the end of the 
 tiller and the latter must l)e tilted or unshipped when tacking — a rather 
 unhandy arrangement. The mast is supported by two shrouds on a 
 side and b}' a sta}- setting up to the inside of stem. It stands more 
 than two-fifths of the ])oat's liMigth fi'om the stem. 
 
 Following are the relative dimensions of a l)oat of this type: Length 
 over all, 31 feet H inches; ]>eam, 12 feet <> inches; depth. 4 feet: mast, 
 al)o\'e deck, 22 feet (! inches; topsail p<)l(\ '27 feet <! inches; bowspi'it, 
 outl>oard, feet S inches. 
 
282 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIIUTION. 
 
 LyiKi'x luri'iiKj lioaf. — Thi' diift-iu't licniiiu- tisluMv j)r()sccut('d in 
 tho fall Fi-oin the ishind of Zralimd is vitv iiiiportaiit. Heavily built 
 docked boats, from ('•> to 7 tons, are ('ni])loyod in this industrv. Sonie- 
 tinios the riji' consists of a sprit-niainsjiil. t<)])sail. staysail, and jib, 
 "otherwise the type is similar to the Avell-kn(»\vn Swedish deck boats. 
 ?]x])eri(Mice has shown them to be exceptionally well adapted for tish- 
 ini;- with drift-iu'ts in the Cattegat, as they ai'e both good sea boats 
 and not too heavy, to drift with implements used by our own tisher- 
 men for such iishing. The boats are ])uilt without taidis, l)ut with a 
 large hold, where the nets with the catch ai'(> placed wIhmi hauled." 
 
 One of tiiese decked boats from Lyinvs is very wide, with flaring- 
 ends; convex lines; hollow iloor; raking, curvinl stem and st(M'npost; 
 square-heeled I'uddnr. and symmetrical sheer. It is rigged lik(^ the 
 Norwegian pilot l)oat; the i)o]e niiist is more than two-fifths the boat's 
 length from the stem, and it has a long bowsprit. It carries a high, 
 narrow-t'()ote(l boom and gatf mainsail. club-h(^a(led topsail, jil) and 
 staysail. 
 
 This ])()at is ?>'! feet G im-lies long. 1^^> feet S inches beam, and 4 feet 
 (i inches deep. 
 
 Ilofiiha,],' fi'sJil/Kj hoat. — Drechsel ligures a deckecl boat from Ilorn- 
 baek siinilar in form and I'ig to that last described, from which it dif- 
 fers chielly in Inning hollow lines forward and aft. and in having less 
 width proportionally, and less Hare to the sides. It is 'My feet long, 18 
 feet 8 inches wide, and 5 feet deep. 
 
 This is one of the several types of boats he mentions as being 
 employed in the deep-sea tishing. ""This fishery,"' he says, "has from 
 olden tinu\s been one of the most Important of the Danish home fish- 
 cries, and so it is still. Up to ten years ago it was exclusively a home 
 fishery, and only small open boats were used by the fishernuMi for set- 
 ting their nets near home and drawing them daily, weather permit- 
 ting. This is still done in many places. Since 1ST8 this fishery has, 
 however, l)een developed to a deep-sea fishery, with decked boats, 
 especially in the Kattegat, and in summer along the west coast of 
 Jutland. Thes(> ])oats sta}' out at sea for a numlier of days at a time, 
 and visit the banks wdiere fish are more plentiful." 
 
 Lhiifiorden JinJi i tuj 7/naf.s. — An open, sharp-sterned. clinker-built keel 
 boat (fig. 100) is used in the fisheries fi'om Limfiorden. It has hollow 
 floor and w'ater lines; curved stem and sternpost, the latter having a 
 very strong rake; round-footed rudder, and moderate sheer. It has a 
 short half deck forward, flush with the gunwales, and washboards 
 along the sides. It is fitted with 3 thwarts, and has a well in the 
 center one-third as long as the boat, for keeping living fisli. 
 
 It is sloop rigged, with a loose-footed, high-clewed sprit-mainsail, 
 lace(l to the mast; jib set on stay to st(>m Innid, and )ib-h(>ad(Hl toiis:il] 
 set on the customary long pole. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 233 
 
 Following are the diiiu'iisions: Leno-th over all, 21 feet; beam, 6 feet 
 6 inches; depth, 2 feet ?> inches; mast above ounwale, 15 feet; topsail 
 pole, 18 feet; width of mainsail, i) feet 3 inches; oars, 16 feet 6 inches. 
 
 Cod-fisJdng hoafs. — According to Drechsel, ai\ oddly shaped round- 
 ended decked cutter is used in the cod tishery from Esbjerd. In general 
 appearance it resembles some of the double-ended skiotc of Norway, Imt 
 is not so well designed. It is wide and deep, has strongly convex lines, 
 
 loy.— LiiiilionU'ii lishiiiji boat. 
 
 excessively hollow floor, and flaring sides. The stem rakes strongly, 
 and has a concave curve to near its top, where it IxmuIs abruptly, so 
 that it tumbles in al)o\-e. The sternpost is straight and raking below, 
 but also tum])les in at top. It is loftily rigged, and carries a large 
 boom and gafl-mainsail, stay foresail, jib, and clul)-headed gafl'-topsail. 
 
 One of these cutters, designed by Th. Dahl, was 37 feet !» inches 
 long, 13 feet 1> inches IxMim, and (> feet !> inches deep. 
 
 A double-ended open ])oat is us(»d in tlu^ cod lisiici-y from the west 
 
2^4 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHTBITION. 
 
 coa.st oF I)(Milii:irk. One of tlicso hoats dcsio-iuMl Wy Palil has an 
 excessive iiarc forward and aft. lu'ing very full on gunwale line at l)()\v 
 and stern and much sharper below. Tt has sti-ai^ht, rakin<^ stem and 
 sternpost; low, round floor; flarinj^ sides, and o-raceful sheer. It is 
 sloop rio-cred, witli loose-footed sprit-mainsail and jil) ta<'kinijf to stem 
 head. ]\Iast stands only a little forward of amidships. 
 
 This design was for a boat 26 feet (5 incluvs \on<r. S feet 4 inches 
 wide, and 2 feet 10 inches deep. 
 
 Praams also engage in the cod tisher}', with trawl lines, and seem to 
 })e nnich in favor. They often go 20 miles from home. Those about 
 
 Fk;. ho.— Fishing pnuun. 
 
 K) f(M"t in length have 2 men in a crew, but somtM)f the larger ones 
 cany as many as 4 men. A full-size boat of this type from Ilirshals 
 was exhibited, and also a model. 
 
 The Danish fishing praam (fig. ilo) is a clinker-) )uilt keel boat. It 
 has a long, flaring, overhanging bow, with a narrow V-shaped square 
 end; straight, raking stem, with deep fore foot; round, rising floor; 
 flaring sides; deep skagaft; square stern, outside of which is a straight, 
 raking sternpost and s(iuare-heeled wide rudder. It is half-decked 
 forward and aft, with washboards along tln^ sides, the opiMi space 
 being oval shai)(Hl and about two-thirds the boat's length. 
 
TNTEKNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 235 
 
 It is sloop rigged, and carries a loose-footed sprit-mainsail laced to 
 the mast, and jil) set flying from stem head. In light winds a jib-headed 
 topsail is set on a pole, the sheet reeving through the upper end of 
 the sprit, and another jib is sometimes set on an adjustable bowsprit. 
 
 The full-size praam had the following dimensions: Length, 16 feet; 
 beam, 5 feet 8 inches; depth, 2 feet '2 inches; mast above gunwale, 
 13 feet 3 inches; mast from stem, 6 feet 4 inches; bowsprit, outboard, 
 5 feet 3 inches; topsail pole, IS feet; oars, 1'2 feet 4 inches. 
 
 Sound Jishing hoat. — The large boats that tish in th(^ sound between 
 the Danish and Swedish coasts are similar in form, build, and rig to 
 the Swedish l)oats from Skane. So strong is the resemblance that it 
 is apparent that l)oth have a conmion origin, and any slight ditl'er- 
 ences are due to individual ideas of builders. 
 
 The Danish Ijoats from Snekkersteen vary from 10 to 21 (Danish) 
 feet in length, and from 1 feet inches to 8 feet l)eam. Thev are 
 sharp-ended, clinker-built keel boats. The smaller ones are open, but 
 they are practically the same in form, build, and rig as the larger 
 decked craft. 
 
 One of them has the following features: It is wide and remarkabl}^ 
 deep, with sharp ends; slightly hollow, high floor; very deep keel, 
 and raking, curved stem and sternpost. The rudder is, of course, 
 hung outside. The lower pintle is of great length, coming up to the 
 water line, so that the rucider may be easily hung when the boat is 
 afloat. It is clinker-built, with nine strakes of plank on a side. The 
 outside plank and frames are of oak, the deck of soft wood. It is 
 decked, with the exception of a small, oval-shaped cockpit, for the 
 helmsman at the stern, and another semicircular cockpit aft of the 
 cabin entrance. Both cockpits are moderately deep, and have seats 
 around them; a ladder with two steps leads from the larger one to the 
 deck. The deck is flush with the gunwales, above which are ver}" low 
 rails provided with scuppers for the escape of water. The square 
 "trunk" which forms the top of the cabin is about in the center of 
 the deck. The cal)in is large and comfortable, considering the size of 
 the vessel. Forward of this is the hold, for the storage of tish, gear, 
 etc., and the entrance to this is through a hatch forwai'd of the mast. 
 Between this hatch and the bow is a stout cavil, secured to two upright 
 posts, and to this the heel of the bowsprit is fastened. There are bitt- 
 hcads aft for belaying ropes to. 
 
 These boats are usually provided with two long oars and with row- 
 locks. In calm weather oars are often used. 
 
 They are cutter rigged; the single mast is supported by a stay to 
 the stem head and a shroud on each side. Thev carr}' a ruiming ])ow- 
 sprit; the long gafl'-topsail pole serves the purpose of a topmast when 
 light sails are set. There are four sails on a flrst-class boat of this 
 type, namely; jib, stay foresail, mainsail, and jib-headed gafl'-topsail. 
 
236 INTERNATIONAL FISHKRIKS EXHIBITION 
 
 Tlie jil) s(>ts tlyiiiti", the stiiy forosail luces to tho stay and is pro- 
 vided witli two reefs; its sheet trims and works upon an iron traveler 
 that extends from side to side of the deck. It has a loose-footed 
 gatf-mainsail which is laced to the mast; the head has a low peak 
 which is chai'acteristic of the rij^ of these hoats; the lower sheet block 
 works on a metal traveler. There are two reefs in the mainsail. The 
 triantifular gaft-topsail is bent to a long pole, the lower end of the pole 
 reachinu' lialfway from the masthead to the deck. The area of canvas 
 is not large, and there need be little fear that these boats will capsize. 
 They are well formed, both for speed and seaworthiness, and they are 
 dou])tless excellent sailers and very safe in a seawa3^ They hsh in the 
 Cattegat as well as in the sound. Each boat carries 2 to 3 men in a ci-ew. 
 The following are the measurements of a Snekkersteen boat: Length 
 over all, 25 feet; keel, !♦) feet 3 inches; ])eam, U feet; depth of hold, 
 
 4 feet -ii inches; draft of water, aft, 4 feet 5 inches, forward, 4 feet 2 
 inches; depth of keel, 1 foot 3. inches; least free board, 1 foot lOi 
 inches; length of rudder. 8 feet f)^ inches; average width of rudder 
 below water lino, 1 foot lOi inches; length of tiller, 2^ feet; house, 
 
 5 by 5 feet; height of house above deck, 11 inches; oars, 15 feet long; 
 boat hook, 10 feet long; mainmast, above deck, 19 feet (\ inches; main 
 gall', 10 feet 10 inches (this has a peculiar metal jaw — a metal ring that 
 slides on the piast is jointed, on its after side, to a flat piece of metal 
 that extends forward fi'om the gaff' end; this flat pi(H-(» runs back into 
 the end of the gafl, which is riveted to it); gafl'-topsail pole, 21 feet 
 3 inches; bowsprit, total length, 13 feet; outside of stem, 9 feet 2 inches; 
 sails — jib. lufl', 20 feet 10 inches; foot, 11 feet 2 inches; leech, 13 feet; 
 staj' foresail, lufl', 18 feet 9 inches; leech, II feet 7 inches; foot, 9 feet; 
 mainsail, luff', 14 feet 2 inches; leech, 18 feet; head, 10 feet 10 inches; 
 foot, 12 feet; gaff-topsail, luff', 15 feet 10 inches; foot, 10 feet; leech. 
 10 feet 10 inches. 
 
 Jutland fishing hoot. — This tj^pe of boat is entirely open and cliidvor- 
 built, with 9 strakes on a side, 9 frames. 2 breasthooks, one at each 
 end, and 6 thwarts. The frame, gunwales, keel, and planking are oak, 
 as are also the stem, sternpost, rudder, tiller, and oars. It is sharp aft, 
 the stem and sternpost curve very slightly, but have a great rake, join- 
 ing the rather light keel at an obtuse angle. The ffoor is hollow and 
 the under water lines are slightly concaved, while, higher up, both the 
 bow and stern flare considerably, the upper lines being stronglv convex 
 and much fuller than below. 
 
 It is sloop rigged, carrying a loose-footed sprit-mainsail and jil^, 
 the stay of the latter setting u^) to the stem head. The jib has two 
 reefs and the mainsail three. Boats of this class carry four oars, which 
 are made with the upjjer half of their looms square. 
 
 The following measurements are bas(Hl on a model: Length over all, 
 19 feet 2 inches; beam, G feet 5 inches; depth, 2 feet 5 inches; mast 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 237 
 
 above thwart, 10 feet 9f inches; mast from stem. (» feet '2^ inches; 
 oars, 16 feet. 
 
 F((Toe Island ji.sJtlny hoat. — The Faroe Islantl iishiiig- boats are mostly 
 of one type, but they vary in size from about 23 to nearly 30 feet in 
 leng'th. Three sizes were exhibited at Bergen, ranging in length from 
 23 feet to 27 feet 2 inches. 
 
 The Faroe boat (tig. Ill) is used in the vaiious lishcrics carriccl on 
 at the islands. It is notably Avell foi'med for speed and seaworthiness, 
 and aside from being somewhat wider in proportion, closely approxi- 
 mates the American whaleboat in form. 
 
 It is a sharp-ended, clinkor-ltuiit, keel boat, Avith curved, strongly- 
 raking stem and sternpost; rising tloor; moderateh- tlaring sides, and 
 a peculiar shaped rudder extending below keel. It has a fine sheer, 
 and is entirely open. Boats of this class are employed in the waters 
 
 Fig. 111. — Faroe l.slmul lishiiii; boat. 
 
 of the Shetland and Orkney Islands, jis well as about the Faroe Islands, 
 in capturing the grind whale {Dclphhim deduvtur of Scoresby), and 
 the ca'in whale of Shetland and the Orkneys. 
 
 These boats are interesting, as representing a type Avhich has prob- 
 ably been used for centuries in northern Europe. 
 
 The rig consists sometimes of a small lugsail, with the mast nearly 
 amidship, but the larger boats often have a small lug-foresail and a 
 sprit-mainsail. The foremast can be stepped either in the forward 
 thwart or the one next abaft of it. It is usually, however, put in the 
 former, so it is stated, and when thus placed it is claimed that the boat 
 "will look pretty nearly dead in the wind's e3'e." 
 
 The Avhaling apparatus for one of these boats consists of two lances, 
 two hooks and lines for towing dead whales, and a kind of large sinker 
 fastened to a long line and used for the double purpose of anchoring 
 
238 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 or (IciKlciiiiiu' (ln' Itoiit's "way, and as a iiiisslc t'oi' drivino- w hales into 
 shallow water. 
 
 One of those boats, tlie larg'cst cxhihited at lV'i\<;t'ii, had 1") frames, 
 spaced "21 inches from center to center, and '2 half frames. A curiou.s 
 feature of the construction is that the narrow o-ar])oards ha\-e only a 
 little flare, in conseciuence of which they form a sort of well or chan- 
 nel, inside al)o\'e the keel, foi' water, Avhich can thus niii freely from 
 forward aft, Avithout heint^ olrstructed by nets or lisli. 
 
 It was fitted to row ft)ur pairs of oars, and lia<l four tiiwarts; also a 
 small seat at extreme stern for helmsman, and a sinuiar one at the bow. 
 It carried a lu^'-foresail and small s])iit-mainsail. it was fitted with 
 harpoon and killing" lance, or knife, on handle. A thind)le-shaped 
 })iece of iron is iitted over the flue of the toggle iron so that it liolds 
 the flue until the iron enters a wiiale, when it slips ott'. 
 
 Iceland li^liiiit,' iMiat. 
 
 Following are the principal dimensions: Length oxov all, 27 feet 2 
 inches; width, 7 feet; de])th, 25 inches; foremast, a])ove gunwale, 15 
 feet; foreAard, 10 feet t> inches; mainmast, above gunwale, 11 feet 5 
 inches; oars, 1<> feet 1* indues ; harpoon, I'S feet inches: spear or 
 lance, 1) feet !> inches. 
 
 /cc'la7i((^fis/ihi(/ JjoafN. — A considerable lie(>t of small craft is used in 
 the fisheries of Iccdand. These are generally open boats and are of 
 small size. 
 
 None of the Ic(dand iishermen ha\'e a suital)le harbor, according to 
 CJarde. ])ut they are oI)liged to pull tludi* 1)oats on shore, and often the 
 breakers prevent them from going out to sea. It should also l)e held 
 in mind that the winttM' fisheries of the Icelanders arc carried on during 
 a season when there are oidy a few hours' daylight ever}' day. The 
 fishermen must go out to sea early, so that the}' can get to Avork when 
 the short day breaks; and many a time they are out at sea fishing by the 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 239 
 
 weak light of the aurora l)()realis. The same causes whicli cuinpol the 
 west Jutland tisheinuni to use open boats arc often met with in leeland; 
 but there is this differenee, that the Icelanders can find many places 
 where their vessels could lie sheltered if they possessed such vessels. 
 The Iceland fishermen arc generally too poor to get anything l)utopen 
 boats, and for this reason many a good day's fishing on the open sea 
 is lost to them, and the number of their fishing days is greatly dimin- 
 ished therebv. Much time is also lost in rowing out to the fishing 
 place and })y the poor fishermen getting wet and hungiy. The lot of 
 the Iceland fisherman is a hard one. They take out little or no provi- 
 sions, and it often happens that thc}^ have to go without food for more 
 than twelve hours. ^ 
 
 A Danish Avriter Avho studied the fisheries of Iceland with much care 
 a few years ago, makes the following statements concerning tiic. boats 
 used there: 
 
 It is difficult t(j ji;ivea form or type of Ixiat which i« in giMR-ral use througliout the 
 island. Even in localities which are adjacent, the forni of the boat varies consider- 
 ably, according to the local requirements. Thus the boats used on the south coast 
 in the Faxe Bay, the Brede Bay, and the western fjords, resemble each other in 
 some respects and differ in others. Each of these localities has some peculiarity as 
 regards the build of the boat, bi the Northland and Eastland the forms of the boats 
 vary still more, as the fisheries in these parts have been developed only recently, 
 and as especially on the" east coast the fisheries are carried on by foreigners or by 
 persons from other parts of Iceland, or from the Faroe Islands, all of whom, of 
 course, use the kind of boat to which they have been accustomed from time imme- 
 morial. 
 
 As a general rule the Iceland fishing boats are arranged in such a manner that they 
 can be used both as sailboats and rowboats, as occasion demands. The form of the 
 boat is also adapted to the part of the sea where it is to be used, to the landing place, 
 etc. On the south coast of Iceland, and in some other places where the fi.'^lieries are 
 carried on in the open sea and where there is rarely more than one landing place, 
 the I)oats are mostly row])oats. In the Faxe Bay the boats were formerly chiefly 
 used as rowboats; but at present they seem to be in a transition stage toward sail- 
 boats, with heavy ballast, because the boats are somewhat narrower, for which reason 
 they can als(j, if nei-essary, be used as rowboats. 
 
 In most i)laces in Ii'eland it will be necessary to have a boat whicli is adapted both 
 to sailing and rowing, as much as is possible, and which is suited to the sea and the 
 landing places where it is to be used. A boat which is arranged either exclusively 
 for sailing or exclusively for rowing, even if absolutely perfect in either respect, will 
 not prove so useful to the fishermen as a boat which combines both qualities. 
 Wherever sails are introduced care should be taken to adapt them both to stormy 
 and calm weather. In Iceland there are no harbors for Imats and they must in 
 nearly all cases be drawn ashore. On the south of Iceland only a main.sail is used, as 
 a general rule. In the Faxe Bay a jil) is also used, with two masts with staysails. 
 In the western part of Iceland only a mainsail was used some years ago, but recently 
 many fishermen have begun to use jibs. It is safe to assume that about two-thirds 
 of all the Iceland fishing boats have jibs. 
 
 Along the entire south coast only large boats with a crew of from 8 to 12 men each 
 are used (hiring the fishing season. In the Faxe Bay, the Brede Bay, and the 
 
 ' The Fisheries of Iceland, by Aug. Garde. 
 
240 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIHITION. 
 
 wt'stfiii fjords l)c'si(k*H tlu- abovL'-inentionctl l)oat,s there are also eiiii)l()yed .smaller 
 Itoats with a crew of (i to 7 men eacli, but this is only done in exceptional cases when 
 the lish come close to the coast. For the snnnner fisheries small boats with crews of 
 3 to 6 men each are used almost exclusively. During the fishing season the codfish 
 have often to be caught at a considerable distance from the coast, sometimes as far as 
 2 to 3 Danish miles (9 to 14 English miles) and even further as in the southern part 
 of the Faxe Bay, where, during the summer, I have seen the lishermen go out as far 
 as 4 Danish miles (about 11) English miles); but of course when the fish are near the 
 coast no one will think of going out any farther than is absolutely necessary.' 
 
 Aiiiono- the models of Icelaudic ti8hiiii»' craft exliihitod by Dciiiiiark 
 was one of a crudely constructed sharp-oiulcd, clinker-built, open keel 
 boat (tig. 112). It had a sharp tloor, ilaring- sides, and raking stem 
 and sternpost, both of which were straight except wlieie tliey cui\ cd 
 
 to join the keel. It had a good sheer and a narrow bnt heavy sijuare- 
 hceled rudder. 
 
 Above the central part of each giunvalc was a heaA'v continuous 
 rowlock, in whicli were four pairs of ilat thole pins. 
 
 It was rigged as a schooner, with two loose-footed sprit-sails and 
 two small ii])s - both set flying — the inner one tacking a foot or two 
 inside the stem head and the other to the end of a very short ))owsprit. 
 
 Its dimensions were as follows: Length over all, 31 feet -i inches; 
 l)eam, 10 feet; depth, 8 feet 4 inches; foremast a))ove gunwale, 14 
 feet 8 inches; mainmast, 13 feet; bowsprit, outboard, 2 feet i! inches; 
 oars, 12 feet 8 inches. 
 
 Another Iceland boat (tig. 113) was also sharp ended and clinker 
 
 '"llr. Annaniassons Rejseberlting fra island;" in FiskerilidtMide, Cojienhageni 
 December 23 and 30, 1884, and January (3, 1885. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 241 
 
 built, with rather doep keel and strong-ly rakiiio- -stem and sternpost. 
 It had a rising- Uoor — nearly \ertical yarboards — llarint>- .sides, .square- 
 footed rudtler, thole pins in continuous rowlock piece on top of gun- 
 wale for two-third,s of boat\s length. It had 18 frames, 1 thwart.s, and 
 3 pair of oar.s. 
 
 It had a dipping-lug foresail, a loo.se-footed standing-lug niain.sail, 
 and small jib, tacking to stem head. 
 
 The relative dimensions Avere as follows: Length over iill, 35 feet 9 
 inches; beam, d feet 1 inch; depth, 3 feet 1 inch; foremast, al)ove 
 gunwale, 18 feet; fore3^ard, 16 feet S inches; mainmast, above gun- 
 wale, 17 feet 1 inch; yard, 10 feet t> inches. 
 
 Greenland Jxdiiih. — A full-size, shar})-ended, skin-covered kaiak (tig. 
 Ill) was exiiil)ited in tlie Danish section. As is well known, the.se 
 graceful, buoyant, and exceedingly useful boats are constructed by 
 the Eskimo, who exhibit the utmost skill and daiing in the manage- 
 ment of kaiaks, which, to the natives of the far noi'tli, are what the 
 horse is to the Arab. Seated in his little boat, with his waterproof coat 
 tied tightly around the rim of the single manhole, and the kaiak thus 
 protected from the possibility of taking in any water, even though 
 
 Fl(5. 111.— Greoiihiiid kaiak. (Drawn liy C. B. Hudson.) 
 
 seas sweep continuously over it. the Eskimo will perform marvelous 
 feats, even as a matter of sport, rolling himself and his boat over and 
 over in thc^ water by a dexterous use of the paddle. 
 
 The kaiak is made of seal skins, .sewed together with sinews, and 
 drawn tightly over a light fi-aniework. usually made of driftwood, 
 or a combination of wood and bone, all of which is tied together with 
 sinews or strips of hide. It is usually 14 to 17 feet h)ng and only wide 
 and deep enough to admit of a man sitting in it by shoving his legs 
 forward under the skin-covered deck. It is ])ropelled l)y a double- 
 ))lade(l paddle, and is usually e(|iiipped with l)ii-(l spears, harpoon or 
 lances, according to the particular objects of pursuit. 
 
 Aj>par<it)(f< of capture, dc. — The apparatus used in the ca[)ture' 
 and preparation of fishery pi'oducts by DcMimark and her dependen- 
 cies was well represented l)y numerous objects. It was noticeable, 
 however, that, as with Sweden, various forms of nets ])redominated 
 in the exhibit from Denmark itself, indicating the fact that most of 
 the fish taken are captured by such devices. 
 
 Faroe a'haluKj inipJcux ntx. — The harpoon u.sed by the Faroese for 
 killing whales is a form of "toggle iron," with a handle to 10 feet 
 
 S. Doc. 39 17 
 
242 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIIJITION, 
 
 long. 'I'lio laiu'C i.s difl'ci'cnl troiii aiiytliiiii;- I lia\c seen clscwlicro. It 
 is a roiuul-poiiited. doulilc-cdgecl, kiiifc-shapcd l)lade, ['J or 15 iiu-hcs 
 long, and is '2 to 8 inches wide; it is fixed into the end of a long 
 wooden iiandlc around the lower cud of wliicli. wlicrc the liaft of the 
 blade enters, is woinul a stout seizing to ivee[) it from splitting. Iron 
 hooks are used for towing whales; these are hooked into the dead 
 animals, and the towrope attached is fastened to a boat's .stein. \n iron 
 implement is used for splashing in the water to frighten whales when 
 the latter are being driven aslioi-e in bays, as is sometimes the ease. 
 
 JVets and seliiis. — The Copenhagen Net and Twinc^ iMaiiut'acturing 
 Company exhibited various kinds of nets. tra])s. and pots, and illus- 
 tration.s of the same. ' 
 
 The gill nets used for herring ti.shing are similar in construetion and 
 rig to those of the fishermen of southtM'n Swinlen. who iisji in the same 
 
 -4-.. 
 
 y 
 
 
 -4,. 
 « ■■ ■ 
 
 A^.' 
 
 1-^ 
 
 I — , . 
 
 — 
 
 !'^uJi»r- 
 
 Fig. 115. — Single-bowl poiiiKi net. (Exhibit of Coi)enha.aen Net Hiid Twiiu' Mamif.icturiiig Company.) 
 
 waters. As a rule, wooden or cork floats and stone sinkers are used 
 on the gill nets. 
 
 Ordinarily the tioats are attached to the headropc of ;i net. but 
 sometimes to another rope which floats at the surface and su])portsthe 
 nets by means of short ropes placed at intervals and reai-hing from the 
 cork rope to the headroi)e of the net several feet below the surface. 
 
 The drift nets used in the North Sea have the floats along the upper 
 margin of the net, which may be sunk several fathoms deep. 
 
 The ••net swing," by which the })oat or yes.sel is held to the nets, is 
 sometimes bent to the corners of each net of the '"drift'" or "gang,'' 
 and in other cases it is held to the nets by short ropes at each corner 
 and from the middle of the net, and stretches along for the entire 
 length of the Aviiole inimber. In either case the nets are supported 
 by buo3\s attached by ropes to each corner, the length of these ropes 
 
 ' Many of the illustrations of Danish ]X)nn(l nets, ti-awl nets, fykes, pots, etc., in this 
 report are from the drawings exhibited bv tiiis lirm. 
 
INTEENATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITK^N. 
 
 243 
 
 being adjii.sted to the (leplli ;it whii-li it is dcsiicd to luive tlie upper 
 edge of the nets l)elow the surface. 
 
 Some of the gill-net sinkers are similar to those ot" Sweden. One 
 of these was a stone ineased in tarred canvas and lashed to the foot- 
 line of the net with seizings of twine. This sinker was 2f inches long, 
 and the canvas at each end extended beyond the stone from 2 to 2^ 
 
 Fig. lit).— Plan of dduble-pouiid net. (Alter Dioihsel.) 
 
 inches. The floats on the same net were flat corks i incli thick, 2^ 
 inches long, and li inches wide. 
 
 In another instance small smooth })el)t)les wcn^ incased in cotton 
 cloth and held to the foot line as above described. A tubular-shaped 
 lead sinker f inch long and f inch diameter is usetl on llt)und(^r nets, a 
 number of these being strung on the foot lino. 
 
 According to Drechsel the seines used in Bornholm watei-s are 
 made of hemj) and are from 20 to 22^ fathoms long and from 2^ to 3 
 fathoms deep. 
 
 Fig. 117.— Doiililu pound net. (E.xliibit of Oopenhagen Net and Twine ManufacturinL; ('(iiupany.) 
 
 Pound nets are, apparently, in connuon use in Denmark. Those arc 
 of various forms. The simplest is shown in tiguro IIT). This is only a 
 leader with a circular-shaped pound at its end. Figure il<! is a diagram 
 of the widely used double-pound net, set tandem. The equall}- w^ell- 
 known dou])le-hoart fishing trap is made in Denmark. Each of these 
 has a funnel-shaped entrance to the pound, the sides of which are dis- 
 
244 
 
 tntp:rnational fisheries exhibition. 
 
 tended or held ;ii);irt Uy uuy lines fasted ton l>ai"iit tlic Ixittoni, while the 
 upper eoniers of tiie fuiiiudure held in j)osition hy a bridle, into which 
 is l)ent a rope from the "'head stake" at the hack of the i)ound. 
 Drechsel figures i^oimd nets with one and two s(|uare funnels like 
 those used on the (rreat Lakes oi' hy the Pai-itic i-oast tishcrinen, and 
 one sueh was shown l)y the Copt'nhagen company, although the en- 
 trances of all the others represented b^'the rinn. were open at the top, 
 or at top and t)ottoui. as is conuiion in our Atlantic coast pound nets. 
 
 The double pound net, with a bowl or pound on each side of the 
 head of the leader (tie-. 1 17). is (juiti! different from tudinary foi-nis of 
 this kind of net. 
 
 The sine-lc bowl j)ound net, without heart, is often set tandem, one 
 after another at regular intervals on a long leader. Sometimes, how- 
 ever, one of these is placed at the extreme outer end of the leader, 
 and inside of this, at regular intervals, other short leadeis cross some- 
 what diagonally, having a ])()und at each end (lig. lis). Thus a con- 
 siderable luuuber of ])ovuid n(>ts are connected with one long leader 
 
 Fig. ^l.^. — I'hiii nf iiniltiplex pound not. (.\lter Drochscl. i 
 
 extending outward from the shore, constituting together a uiost effect- 
 ive and killing ai'rangement of iixed netting. The ordinary method 
 of setting pound nets is similar to that in vogue in ahiiost all countries 
 where this device is used. 
 
 Ottrr fratrl. — The ottei' trawl is a favorite form of apparatus in 
 Demuark for catching various species of bottom-feeding fishes, e.spe- 
 cially tlattish. It is conunon for these to ))e used of a size that makes 
 it practica])le for them to be towed ])y a boat. 
 
 As is well know n. the otter trawl consists of a bag-shaped net with 
 long wnngs, the latter l)eing })rovided at their ends with square or 
 oblong pieces of ])lank, called "otters.'" which are .so hung by bridles 
 to the to\ving line that, when towed over the bottom, they spread 
 apart, thus causing the net and wings to cover a wide reach of ground. 
 This is essential in ordei- to catch ground lish to advantage. 
 
 A full-size otter trawl of the kind referred to was exhibited in the 
 Danisli section. This was provided with 12 glass floats on each wing 
 and 5 on the upper side of main part of the trawl, these floats being 4 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 245 
 
 inches in diameter. Square stone sinkers wero attached to tiie h)wer 
 edge of the wings and ground rope. 
 
 Tlie following are the dimensions of the net: Length of wings, vach 
 26 feet; length of bag or main part of trawl, 20 feet; length of fun- 
 nel leading into the end of the hag net, 10 feet; mesh. U inches; 
 otters, each 3 feet li inches long by 2 feet S inches wide; IcMigth of 
 each leg of wire bridle. 75 feet. 
 
 £"('1 (HuJ ^iJouixh r trairl. — A simpler form of trawl, the so-called 
 " snurrevaad " (tig. 1U»), is used for catching flounders and eels. It 
 consists only of a net bag with two long arms lik(» the otter trawl, but 
 without fuimel, and having stout round pieces of wood fastened across 
 the ends instead of otters. There is a I'ope ])i'idle to each of these end 
 poles, to which is IxMit th(^ hauling warps. The ui)per edge of the 
 net is suppoi-ted by cork or wooden tloats, and lead sinkers are gen- 
 erall}' used to k(»ep the ground line on the bottom. 
 
 Fig. 119. — Flounder trawl. ( K.\liibil of ('openhngcn Net iiiid 'rwiiie Miiiml'acturiiiL; Conii>aiiy.) 
 
 This is sometimes operated by two small boats, but also by one. In 
 the latter case one of the wing lines is fastened to an anchored Imoy 
 and then run out until the net is reached — somedistanc(> from the buoy — 
 when the latter is set and allowed to sink to the l)ott()in. The fisher- 
 men then let out the other wing line, pulling their boat l)ack so as to 
 come abreast the luioy. At the ])ro])(>r time the l)()at is titnl t'o the 
 buoy and they haul away on both wing lines, dragging tht^ neto\'erthe 
 bottom and sweeping in any tish that may be in its courstv 
 
 Another form of the siuirrevaad has an inner funnel and the same 
 shape as the otter trawl. A favorite method of operating this is shown 
 in figure 120. taken from DrechseFs treatise. The net is set out from a 
 large sailboat, which is hove to so that it will drive sichnvays to lee- 
 ward, dragging the net slowly over the bottom. The wing lines are 
 fastened, one to the outer end of the boat's bowsprit and the other to 
 the stern outrigger; this arrangement keeps them far enough apart to 
 
246 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 spreiul the \\ iiii^s of tlio net. tlic nids of wliicli aic kc))! closo to the 
 bottom l>y a liciivv sinker — usually a stone — on the w inu- warj) in fiont 
 of the l)ridle. 
 
 Fi/lrs. tr(ij)x^ (4e. — Fykes or '"hoop nets'' are extensively used in 
 Denmark for takino- (ish, eels, and other varieties of marine animals. 
 Most of those used for tish are of the ordinary form with froiu two to 
 eight hoops and two to three funnels; they are eouuuonly set with a 
 
 I''i<:. IJH— Towing flounder trawl. (After Drcchsel.) 
 
 leader and two winj^-s, but of course there is much \ariation in placing 
 them, this usutilly beino- due to local conditions. Sometimes, for 
 instance, the wings ar(> turned ])ack at a sharp an»4l(\ thus formino- a 
 hook, or sometliing like IJu^ heart-shaped enti'aiice of a ])ound net. to 
 prevent the escape of tisli which may follow tlit^ leader to its end. 
 Occasionally the outer entrance is squiir(\ thouoh the other sections of 
 the net are extended l)y hoops, and in one form of fyke, w Inch has 
 
 Fig. 121.— Prawn fyke. (After Dreelisel.) 
 
 nine frames or hoops, the four next the wings are frames, composed 
 of straight plank sill with a hole at each end, into which is put the end 
 of a flexil)le ])ol(^ that is bent over in a curve to meet the one on the 
 opposite side until the upper ends cross, when they are fastened together 
 in that position. 
 
 The ])i-awn fyke (tig. 121) is of the conventional form and is set in 
 the usual wav. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 247 
 
 Fig. 122.— Lifting an eelpot. 
 (.\ftfr Drechsel.) 
 
 The eel fvkes of Demnaik are like those of Sweden tind need not be 
 described in detail. They are often set side ])V side alonu- tiie shoves, 
 with loops at the outer ends of the eelpots, slip})ed over an upright 
 stake, so that the pots can easily l>e lifted by a tishennan in a Ijoat (fig. 
 122). At other times, however, a wattle- work leader is built out from 
 the shore so tiiat it will intercept the progress of eels along the coast 
 and direct them into the fyke, one wing of which is joined to the outer 
 end of this l)ar or w(Mr. A plaidv walk and a railing are erected above 
 the leader. haA'ing at the outer end of the walk 
 a platform upon which the HshernuMi can kneel 
 to lift tlie (Mdpot. as shown in tigui-e 12;->. 
 
 It is sometimes the case that a com])lete lal)V- 
 rinth of fykes extend outward From one of 
 these wattle barriers, the leader of one fyke lap- 
 ping by the liead of another, so that it scarcely 
 seems possible^ for eels or fish to escape capture 
 when they ha\e once entered the maze. 
 
 The "salmon yard" at (uidenaa, illustrated l)y l)r(\sch(d (tig. 124), is 
 an effective device for catching salmon ti'out and salmon — chiefly the 
 former — when they are ascending the river to spawn. It is set so as 
 to constitute a l)arrier, and the fish p;issing on that side must neces- 
 sarily be (Mitrapped. The salmon arc usually caught in a seine set 
 inside tiie ''yard.'' 
 
 Following is tlu^ explanation of the tigur(>: <i, />, c, <J, arms of weir; 
 e^ head or pound; /'. entrance to pound; r/, "vestibule;'' /, "prison 
 yard;" J^\ closed tanks or storage pounds; /, sailing channel for boats; 
 
 111^ iron gate; //, gate for the prison 
 yard; ^>, ])illars for prison yard;j>, ice 
 pillars; y, bridges for foot passengers, 
 etc. 
 
 Troirl lines. — Ti'awl lines are used 
 for catching various species of fish, 
 including im4s and salmon. The lines 
 for cod or otiiei- bottom fish differ in no 
 essential particular from those of neigh- 
 boring countries, but resemble those of 
 Sweden more closely perhaps than any others. 
 
 A section of trawl line exhibited (fig. 2, PI. XXXIV) had round- 
 bowed hooks 2 inches long, on snoods 10 inches long and 3 feet S inches 
 apart. It has a round lead sinker attached to a piece of line several 
 fathoms long, which was bent to one end of the trawl. The hooks of 
 this long line, and of Danish long lines generally, are held in a wooden 
 device like tlio.se used in Sweden. 
 
 The peculiarity of the .salmon ti'awl line is that it is .set floating near 
 the surface of the water. 
 
 Drecliwfl.) 
 
248 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIIUTloN. 
 
 ] land-line (J enr. — Various foi-iiis of IimikI lino anil liand-liiic u'car 
 were oxhihitod by DcMimai'k. Ainotii:- these the loHow iiio-(h'S(i'il»e(l 
 spoeiiiions wore sonu^ of the most iiitiM'Cstiiio-: 
 
 Cod hand-line gear. — As a rule, the Dauisli cod fisheries are prose- 
 cuted where heavy sinkei's aj"e re({uire(l. 'I'h(> largest of these are al)out 
 the size of the "tishino- leads" used on the (}(M)ri«-es Baid-c hy New 
 E)io-huid lisiuM'Hieii. 
 
 One form of eod geai' used on the decked vessels that j^o to Iceland 
 (tig. 125^) has an octaooiuil lead sinker S)\ inches long and 1^ inches 
 average diameter, weight approximating 8 pounds. An iron-wire 
 spreader 2 feet long passes thi'ough tlie lowei- end of th(> sinUer so 
 
 Fig. 12-1. ^Salmon yard. (Afler Dreclis,! i 
 
 that it projects half its length on each side. To each end of this is bent 
 a snood 5 feet long, the lower end of M'hich hends into the (\ve of the 
 short gangino-, holdinof a round-l)o\ved i-ah anizcMJ hook a.V inches loner, 
 with a tish-shaped piece of pewter cast on its shaid<. 
 
 Another kind of hand-line gear for cod exhihited is unmistakahly of 
 American origin, and, aside from the lead sinkei'. is a fair sample of 
 the so-called "sling-ding gear" so extensi\-ely used hy (Jloucester tish- 
 ermen on Georges Bank. The whole thing (tig. 12.') "). with the excep- 
 tion of some lead sinkers on the snood.s and the big sinker lun-etofore 
 referr»Mlto. was doubtless made by a (Jloucester tishennan. and obtained 
 by the Danes at the Iceland tishing gi'ounds, where several of the Glou- 
 cester vessels make summer trips. 
 
Plate XXXIV. 
 
 FISHING GEAR, ETC. 
 1. Sli;irk litK': 2, trnwl liiu': '■■'<. 4, lishi'i-iiuMi's shoes; 5, G. lisli gaffs 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 249 
 
 The siiikci' wsis made hy w iiidiiio- slioet lead ai'ouiid an oak horse 17 
 inehes loiio-, liaving' a swivel at its lower end. 'Vho lead was TV inches 
 loii^' and 1^ inches diameter. The hauliny line was IxMit into a becket 
 which was seized to the upper end of tiie horse. She(>t lead was wound 
 on each snood al)out IS inches al)ove the hook to form a small siidvcr. 
 Attached to the swivel at loM'er end of the horse was the W(dl-known 
 triano-idar slino--din<>" j^ear, line formino- two sides of the trian<il(> and 
 the othei" ])eino- a steel wire spreader 21 inches lono-. At the lower 
 end of each snood was a hone slot swivel of the American type for the 
 
 -Cod hand line gear. 
 
 o-iing-ing- to slip into. The entire leng-th of snoods from hook to 
 spreader (incluflino- oanoing-.s) was !» feet. 
 
 A t3qiical foiiu of Faroe cod gear is shown in figure 120. The lunnp 
 line is wound on a reel something like those used in Norway. The line 
 is bent to a lead sinker 5f inches long and 11 inches diameter, having 
 a curved wdre spreader 2 feet long through it a little above th<> center. 
 A line loop is fastened to each end of the spreadei-. and into this is 
 bent a snood 4 feet long, having at its lowei- (muI a galvanized round- 
 ])Owed hook 2i inches long. 
 
 A large three-hooked jig (tig. 120) used foi- catching cod without 
 t)ait was exhil>ited. This had h^ad in th(^ shape of a lish cast on the 
 
250 
 
 INTKKNATIUNAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 shanks of tlic hooks. This lead portion was about S incht's lono- and 
 woiohcd approximately 3 pounds. Two-hooked jius m-e also used. 
 
 The hand-line o-ear used for catching- the (ireeidanfl shark {Sci/uinKS 
 7u/'croc('p/i>//>/.s) \s shown in Phite XXXIV, tio-ure 1. This consists of 
 a looselA' laid line a1)out th(^ size of nine-thivad i-atline stuti', hent to 
 the upper I'ino- of an iion sinkei' 1:5 inches lono- and about 8 inches in 
 diameter. The hook is 11 inches lono- and 4 inches spread (from i)oint 
 to shank); it has a barb on the shank, a laro-(» swivel at its top. and is 
 held to th(> sinker l,)y a stout chain oanoino- 7 foet lono-. Tiie swivel 
 and the chain o-anoino- nre necessary, for the vhui-k when hooked rolls 
 itself over and over, and with its sharj) teetli :ind rouoh skin would 
 cpiickly se\-ei- a stout line. 
 
 I-I... IJli. — r;ii iMlli^llills Kfur. 
 
 ILxlx. — The ditier(Mit kinds of hooks used in commercial fishing 
 were exhibited by Coni-ad Christensen, of Copenhaoen. As will be 
 seen in Plate XXXV. they are all of the round-bowed type. Some are 
 galvanized and some black. A fcAV are Kir])y bend, two have lead 
 jigs on their shanks, a small percentage are eyed, l>ut the majority 
 have the tops of the shaidvs flattened, oi- ai-e '• tlat eyed."" The .smallest 
 hook of this lot. No. I, remarkable for the angle of its point, is If 
 inches long, and the largest. No. 12, <S>i inches long. 
 
 ^^peavK and giifx. — The various con\-enlional forms of eel spears and 
 an eel hook, as well as the method of using thcMii. are shown in figure 
 127, after Drechsid. These are similai- to such forms of apparatus 
 
) 
 
 'r'yv'- 
 
 "1 .*! 
 
 / 
 
 
 I 
 
 .J"' 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 251 
 
 used in Xorwtiv siiul SwimIch. hence thev wei'e not sj)(>eiHe!illy referred 
 to there. They arc all such w(>ll-knowi\ forms that detailed descrip- 
 tion seems unnecessary. 
 
 A peculiar form of eel sp(>ar was exhil)ite(l hy (i. AVittii>". This is 
 so coiistruct(>d that it is adjustable to a considera])le (h'yree, and after 
 a thrust lias been mad(> and an etd is im])aled the escapt' of the animal 
 is made im})ossil)l(> )}y a lurn of tlu> handle of the device, Avliich locks 
 it and holds the ^ ictim l)y additional points. 
 
 Fig'ui'e 1'2S shows the spear unlocked. There is a small catch, which 
 passes throuuli the s})earlie;i(l and operates the locking- attachment. 
 This is so arranged that it can be moved b}' a twist of the spear handle, 
 
 Fii.. rJ7. — Ki;l ^|>^•aI■,s imcl c<.'l l'i>liiiig. (After Uret'li 
 
 when the spear becomes locked, as shown in tieuiv TJ!'. The total width 
 of this speai'hea<l is liJl inches, and its heio'ht (of the head alone) is 
 ^j^'g inchi's. 
 
 Anothei' foi-m of adjustable spearhead is shown in tiu'uiv l;>0. Thi> 
 was exhibited by F. SvendsiMi. It consists of an arrangement of 
 sprinj4s. which control th(> action of the pointed spear prongs, that, 
 in themsidves. are (juite of the ordinary form. The adjustnuMit 
 adnuts of some flexibility of the spear points, as already indicated, and 
 when they pass over an etd they will open slightly to receive the body 
 of the tish. but at the same tinn^ retain such a firm grip that he can 
 not escape. This device is 15A inches high and J<> inches wide; the 
 
252 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHUUTION. 
 
 P'lG. I'JS. — Eel spL'iir upfii. (Dn'.wu 
 by W. a. Abbott.) 
 
 (»iit»M" j)i(iM*;s are i>'i iiiclics loiit^- and cnilral proiitis ^> inches. 'The 
 distance Ix'twccn tlu? s])('ar i)()ints is r>.i inches. 
 
 'l\v() kinds of oatls were exliiWited (PI. XXX I \). ( )ne of these (:>). 
 witli a short handle and chiw-shapod gall' neailv at lijiht angles with 
 
 the handle, is used as a ,t>ati' and killer in 
 the cod and halihut fisheries. 'rh(> other 
 (6) has a lonj4", round, .soft-wood handle with 
 a barl)ed hook, reseml)line- in shape an ordi- 
 nary fishhook, with the u])i)ei' ])art of the 
 shank flattened to tit to the handle. 
 
 I^ofs^ ('^'t'.— The eel pots and Iol)stei' pots 
 are similar to those of Sweden. A lob- 
 ster pot is show n intii^iire 1.">1. The hanish 
 hsheriuen, however, iis(» a hoop net for lohster iishin*;- similar to that 
 formerly employed by New England lo])stermen (Hg. liil). The ordi- 
 nary lobster pot has three hoops, like that figured, one in the middle 
 and one at eaeh end, but the Copenhagen Net 
 and Twine Company exhibited illustrations of 
 larger forms, one with four h()()])s and one with 
 five, having tht- same diameter, hut much longer, 
 and the longest one, at least, with greatl}- elon- 
 gated entrances. The (»biect in making these 
 pots of extra length and changing the form of 
 the cone-shaped entrances is seem- 
 ingly for the purpose of making- 
 it easier for lol)sters to get into 
 the apparatus. 
 
 Live cars. — Floating or suidven 
 live cars, made on the same prin- 
 ciple as the lobster pots, hut with |)rojecting conical 
 ends, are in favor in Denmark (fig. W>-2). 
 
 Ed dip oiet. — A peculiar kind of two-handled di}) net 
 is used for eel fishing in shallow water. The apparatus 
 consists of a fi'ame oblong on three sides and triangular 
 at the ends. Two sides and the ends are covered, 
 h'uving an oblong entrance, across which are secured 
 two poles which may vary in length from a))out -f feet 
 upw'ard, the length depending on whether the apparatus 
 is to be used from a boat or by a man who wades out 
 into the water about waist high. 
 
 In either case the net is so placed that the hnver side can rest on the 
 bottom, along which it is shoved to catch eels that may be seen. 
 
 When wading is i-esorted to, it is usual for two men to work together. 
 One of these manipulates the net, pushing it along with a hand on each 
 pole, and towing after him hy a string tied to his waist a tub to receive 
 
 f" 1 
 
 
 lf' 
 
 
 F 
 
 
 
 
 *«1 
 
 1; 
 
 F'iG. 129.— Eel spear closed. 
 
 Fig. 130.— Adjust 
 aljle eel spear. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION, 
 
 253 
 
 tho catch. This is covorocl with (•h)tli to prevent the eels fi'om escap- 
 ing". The other niiin. ai'nied with a pole, assists in clrixing- the eels 
 into the dip net. This device and the method of using it are shown in 
 tioure I'S'S. 
 
 «^..^ 
 
 
 
 Fig. i:;i. — l. 
 
 |H,i anil liouiJ-iift. (After Dreoli.sul.) 
 
 L/Jie ro/Iers. — The line rollers used by the Danish lishernien more 
 closely resemble those of New England than any 1 have seen in Europe. 
 One of these had a three-scored wooden roller 11 inches long and 4i 
 inches in diameter arranged to revolve in an iron frame fitted to step 
 into a hole in a boat's gunwale. 
 
 KlJUel-x and grapnels. — Stone killicks or grapnels, simihii- to those 
 of Norway and Sweden, are used in Denmark. 
 
 Buoys. — The buoys are often made of 
 solid Avood, but keg buoys are nuich in 
 favor for net lishing. It is c-omi :on for 
 a }>uoy at the end of a gang of drift nets 
 to have a lantern at the top of the pole 
 that goes through the center of the keg 
 (tig. l':>4), and this is kept upright b}'^ a 
 weight at the ))ottom of the pole. Glass 
 buoys or floats, similar to those of Nor- 
 way, are sometimes used. 
 
 Mcfhodxofjjsli'nKj. — Mention has ])een 
 made incidentally of certain methods 
 of fishery in the description of lishing 
 
 appai'atus, and these need not he repeated. Among the incitlents of 
 fishery none is more exciting or intei-estmg than the capture of the 
 grind whale {I )il i>h'nnts deductor) when a large school of these ceta- 
 ceans are found in a bay at Faroe. 
 
 When this occurs the tishermen father in their boats and form a 
 
 Fig. 132.— Floating live car. 
 
254 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FI.SHKRIKS KXHlHITloN. 
 
 I'oidoii outside- of tlu; wlmlos, which ;iro lianird and iiUiiiiatcly driven 
 on .sliorc hv the noise ;in(l splashinj^" niad(! I»y the; hoatnuMi. An e\ent 
 
 :^-^ -" 
 
 ' $• 
 
 ■I 
 
 -.iaitn.-.—.i«.T^.^^TaBB<Be:i.j3»ti-' 
 
 :. lo3.— Kul lisliing willi dip net. (After Drccbscl.) 
 
 of this kind, whieli is simihir to a hhiekfish drive at Ca|K' Cod, was 
 shown in illustrations exhibited in the Faroe collections (li<r. lo5). 
 
 The method of usino- an otter trawl in shalloAV water alonjj^ the 
 Danish coast is shown in Plate XXXVI. This is a reproduction of a 
 pencil drawing that was exhi])ited. 
 
 A new method of operating" a trawl line for 
 the capture of eels was illustrated and described 
 b}" Jens Pedersen. He asserts that when eel 
 fishing" with hooks baited with pieces of lish 
 has been prosecuted for several years in a lake 
 the eels get accustomed to this method of fish- 
 ing and it is diflicult to catch them, for they 
 either do not go near tlie hooks or else take the 
 t)ait oil' while avoiding capture. He declares 
 that eels could not l)e caught atTisso in lS!)()-i)l 
 in paying quaidities on lines baited in the ordi- 
 nary manner, while satisfactory catches ^vcre 
 secured when the hooks were baitini with sniall 
 li\-e fish. But shooting the lines from an ordi- 
 naiy line box wdth sand in it was such slow 
 work that it was inipractical)le to use live lish, 
 whichdied l)(>foi'(> the lines were out. He there- 
 fore designed a new kind of box, which, though simple, proved satis- 
 factory. The method of fishing is as follows: 
 
 As the hooks arc hauled in they are put into an ordinary low hook box; 
 
 l.!l.— N\t buoy. 
 Drechsel.) 
 
 (.\ftt_T 
 
< § 
 
 S. Doc. 89 lb 
 
INTERTS^ATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 255 
 
 the eels tiikeu ure allowed to retain the hooks thev arc on, the snoods 
 being cut in two. These are replaced on shore; one man can ai'range 
 from 400 to 500 hooks per hour. When a box is tilled a canvas cover 
 is fastened over the hooks. So arranged, a line can ])e safely shot, with- 
 out fear of entanglement, as fast as a boat can sail, thus making it pos- 
 sible to have the tish used for bait reach the bottom alive. In shooting 
 the line, the line box is put on a thwart at the aftei" end of the well, 
 with the low side aft. The canxas is then removed and one man takes 
 his position on a thwart far 
 enough aft to reach the hook 
 box. In a small tub of water 
 between his knees are the little 
 fishes for bait, the supply of 
 which is renewed from time to 
 time from the boat's well by 
 the oarsman. With liis left 
 hand the tishiu-man takes a tish 
 from the tu))and with his right 
 hand he picks a hook from the 
 box. He quickly puts the 
 hook into the back of the tish 
 
 and throws it out with such force that the S feet of line between the 
 hooks goes out, too, when the operation is repeated luitil the whole 
 line is shot. In this manner 1,000 hooks can ))e baited and put into 
 the water in an hour. 
 
 J'^lsJi. j:>r<H](ict)<. — The kliptish fi'om Iceland and Faroe, were of good 
 quality, and Averc cured precisel}' like those of Norway and SAveden. 
 There Averc exhibits of smoked eels, smoked herring, smoked sprat, 
 anchovies, '''rollmops," and vai'ious other canned ])roducts; also seal 
 oil, l)roAvn cod-liver oil, seal skin, cider down and sea-fowl feathers. 
 But none of these need be discussed in detail. 
 
 FisJi, cidturc. — A model of a trout-hatching station atTiss0, in Avhit-h 
 the circulation of water is supplied b}- a windmill pump, Avas exhibited 
 by Jens Pedersen, of Tiss0. The following explanation has been giA'en 
 by the exhibitor: 
 
 When water can be had from a lake higli enongh to eircnlate through pipes 
 over a hatcliery, it is, of course, most desiralile, thougli not always olitainable. To 
 OA-ereome this so that artificial ])ropagation can be conducted on a large scale, I 
 worked out a design in 1886, which this model illustrates. 
 
 The i)ipe brings the water from a lake to the well, and is placed low enough to 
 always be under water. The well is under the floor of the hatchery. The pumps, 
 <lriven by Avindmills, take the water from the well to the tank. The windmill should 
 l)e adjusted so that it requires no attention. If the windmill continues working 
 after the tank is full the surplus water passes through a pipe to the well. The tank 
 is thus always kept full of Avater as long as there is wind. The tank holds water 
 enough to supply the hatchery for two days. If a calm should i)revail longer the 
 water must be supplied by a hand i)Uiiiii. The bottom of the tank declines a little 
 
25(> INTERNATIONAL F1SHP:RIKS EXHIBITION. 
 
 towanl tlif faiuvt to fa<'ilitate wa.«hiii>: away imnl ur silt wliicli colk-cts. Tlio water 
 passes tlinmj^h tlii' faurct iiit(j the lirst sei'tion of the filtei'iiii; ai)i>anitiis, wlieie some 
 of the iiiml is dej^jsited. It then runs over the i)artitiou to the next section, where 
 it goes down lliroujxli a zinc box tilled witli gravel. It then runs through the next 
 partition and up through the next zinc box, and through a flannel screen. The 
 water can thus be put into the hatching boxes free from impurities. These zinc- 
 boxes can easily be removed for the renewal of the gravel, and at tlie same time the 
 sediment on the bottom of the tank can be washed out through the faucets on the 
 back of the house. 
 
 There lire eioht^-l'our of these hoxi-s in tlic huti'hery rel'iMred to. 
 
 ItTTSHI.V. 
 
 C()i)nii!,s.sio)ier-'<. — The eminent tisli ciiltiirist. Dr. Oseur Von (iriinni, 
 was the eommissioner in chi(^f from Kiissin. \\'hilc Dr. Von (Jrimm 
 i.s ])erh;n)s best known tiiroiioji his Avork usii lisli cultiirist and seientifie 
 investioalor, he has also written eonsideral>ly on the practical a-^peets 
 of the fisheries, ilis assistants were C'harhvs Xmx Ilnlsen, sei-retary of 
 the l)i()loo-ical station at St. Petersl)uro-. and A. ^'on Knhne, an expert 
 in exposition work. 
 
 General cnii.sldi rai!(>it>!. — The exhibit from Russia, wiiirh ineiiided 
 instruct i\'e colU'ctions from Finland, was more extensi\e, comprehen- 
 sive, and interestino- thait any similar display iimono- the niiiny I have 
 seen from that country. It was ])articularly rich in illustrative mate- 
 rial of commci'cia! lisheries and lish i-iilture. includino' collections of 
 photooTaplis. iitlioo-i-aphs, and drawino-s, all of which wen* of o'reat 
 assistance in oainino- a (dearer and fidler knowledge of the use and 
 purpose of the \arious other objects (Mubracecl in the collections. 
 
 The o'eooiaphical location of the Russian Empire, and the conse- 
 quent natural conditions that environ it. at ])res(Mit preclude thepossi- 
 1)ility of extensi\-e sea lishcri(>s. The Arctic Ocean, which is covered 
 with ice most of the year and has only a brief sunmier, otl'ei's small 
 inducements to the fishing- industry, even if tht^ coast borderino- this 
 inhospitable sea was not almost uninhal)ital)le. Th(> sea fisheries on 
 the Asiatic side of the Emjiire a[)i)ear not to have been de\'eloptHl. 
 though it is possible that the compl(>tion of the Trans-Siberian Railroad 
 may sometime lead to the exploitation of a tishery for cod and other 
 species in the Okhotsk Sea and adjacent w^aters. 
 
 The tisheri(\s of the Baltic and Khudv seas are of little importance. 
 This is due in large part to their landlocked positions and the fact that 
 the water in them is only brackish, having but :i small percentage of 
 salt, and therefore ))eing neither adapted to fresh Avater species or 
 those belonging to the ocean fauna. 
 
 It is prol)ably the result of this condition that the fish of the Baltic 
 arc usually small, and authorities agree that l)oth seas have a poor 
 mixed fauna. The depth of the Hhick Sea is so great, even close up 
 
INTEKNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 257 
 
 to its shores, that the conditions art' uiifavorahlc foi- the sustenaiioe of 
 tish and other marine animals. 
 
 The conditions in the Sea of Azof, the Aral Sea and particularly in 
 the Caspian Sea, differ materially from those of the Baltic and Black 
 seas. While it is true that the former are all inland, or landlocked, 
 bodies of water, which might properly he called salt-water lakes — in 
 some instances at least — the}" are peculiarly jidapted to the sustenance 
 of immense quantities of important species of food fishes, and also of 
 seals, and consequently support rich commercial fisheries. Indeed, 
 the fisheries prosecuted on these iidand seas are so valuable that thej' 
 are considered ])y Russians as ample "recompense for the absence of 
 rich sea fisheries," and may well l)e deemed "preeminent among- the 
 fisheries of the whole world." 
 
 The river systems of Russia are also exceptionally notewoi'thy for 
 the amount of fish they ^'ield. While this may apph' with special force 
 to the rivers emptying into the Caspian Sea and adjacent seas, it is also 
 true of many streams flowing north and discharging theii" waters into 
 the White Sea. or the Arctic Ocean. The possibilities of these inland 
 waterways for sustaining fish life mav be judged when it is stated 
 that European Russia has 84 na\'igable rivers, some of them more than 
 3 miles wide, with an aggregate length of 19,870 miles. The Caspian 
 Sea alone has an area of 8,-1:13 square miles, and in "Fishing and 
 Hunting in Russian Waters," Dr. Grimm gives the total area of inland 
 seas and lakes, including the Caspian and the Sea of Azof, as 9,750.74 
 square miles. This summation does not include the Aral, noi- many 
 small lakes or ponds; the combined area of the latter being estimated 
 at about 1,000 square miles. 
 
 It is not practicable here to enter into a detailed discussion of the 
 commercial fishes of Russia, although the subject is a tenn>ting one. 
 It nuist suffice to make brief reference to the most impoi'tant species, 
 among which the sturgeon seems to be preeminent from a ct)mmercial 
 standpoint. Five species of sturgeon, at least, are of importance. 
 "The waters of Russia are very rich in these valuable fish," remarks 
 Dr. Grinnn, "with which no other fish can be compared as to the 
 flavor, nourishing (|ualifies. and the mass of useful products yielded 
 
 by it." 
 
 The giant sturgeon {Aeljienser Iikko) occupies a most conspicuous 
 position, both hecause of its size and connnercial importance It 
 occurs in the Black Sea and Caspian Sea basins, and is notal)ly abun- 
 dant in the latter. The average size of this s})e(ies has IxM^n given at 
 from 3(!() to 4()0 pounds, and s])e('imens are sometimes taken that weigh 
 from 800 to 1,20(» ])()unds. It has t)een recorded that a sturgeon 
 weighing 3,200 pounds was caught near Sarepta in 1813, one at SaratoH' 
 in 1829 of 2,7r»0 ])ounds. and one on the Ural in iS47 of 1.()0<I ])ounds. 
 
258 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 It is asserted tluit tlio miniiiiuiu wfiolit t"(»i- the Astriikmi iiuii'kot is 
 12<> ))ounds. 
 
 Karly in the eighties it wiis estiinatctl that the total annual produc- 
 tion of this species was 10,821,000 ])ounds. In IsitT. howcvci-. the 
 3'ield was mucli less, and a<i"j^'reoated only ♦!, l;^f>.44(! pounds. 
 
 C()nsi(UM'(Ml alon(> from tiie standpoint of ([uantity taken, the sevruga 
 (^1. sfrlliifiis) is th(> most important of the sturgeons, for it has been 
 estimated that the yearly output of tins species exceeds 8t>.000,000 
 pounds. 
 
 The sevruga is found in the sam(> waters with A. /n/.sa. ]>ut Dr. 
 Grinuu says it does not ascend the ri\ers very far. and is chietiy 
 taken on the ITral and Kur. It is not j^ropoi'tionaily so thick as the 
 giant sturgeon, and weiglis imich less. (Jo |)ounds Ix^ing about the 
 maximum, while ;5o pounds is a|)})roximately the average weight of 
 an Astrakhan sevruga. Dr. Oldekop reached the conclusion as the 
 result of investigation that ^1. KteUatu^'< contains relatixdy a greater 
 amount of nourishment than any other sturgeon, he ha\ing found 
 5;"). 2 per cent of nourishing matter to a pound of tish. 
 
 The schyp (.1. schypa) inha])its the same waters as the two foregoing 
 species and is also found in the Ai'al Sea, where no oth(U' sturgeon is 
 taken. It is rare in tlie Bhick Sea. Jt is caught in the I'l-al and Kur. 
 
 The sterlet (^1. ruthenns) is one of the most impoi'tant conuuercial 
 species of the sturgeons. It is tak(Mi in th(> rivcMs emptying into the 
 North Cas])iaii and the Black seas, ])ut is so rai-e in the rivers flowing 
 into the south side of the Caspian — the Kur, foi- instance — that it is 
 not an ol)ject of tish(M-y there. It is also abundant in Siberian rivers 
 that enter the Arctic Ocean. Dr. (h-inun points out the fact that in 
 the forties '"the sterlet penetrated through the canals into the North 
 Dwina. and finding the conditions favoral)le to its existence, it not 
 only settled down and multiplied, but ac(|uii"ed some peculiarities in 
 its exterior — a short, blunt snout and an arched back — and also a fine 
 flavor, for which in St. Peters])urg it is prized more than the Volga 
 sterlet. I nuist remark that even in the system of the Volga the 
 sterh^t is nuicli liner in the north — for instance, in the River Sheksna — 
 than in the soutluu'ii pai't. and tiie fai'thei' south one goes the less tasty 
 the sterlet becomes." 
 
 The sterlet is notably a small species. It is said to attain a weight 
 of 00 pounds, but such fish are exceedingly rare. The authority 
 above cpioted states that ''the greater part of the sterlets caught and 
 sold are generalh' from 80 to 50 centimetei-s long." 
 
 The so-called "eastern sturgeon" {A. (/nldijixftKltli) occurs in the 
 same waters where the sterlet is found, but not so far up the rivers, 
 and farther to sea than the latter. It ranges all over the Caspian, and 
 is found in the Persian rivers and the Kur. Its arctic range is greater 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 259 
 
 than the sterlet, for it is found fartlier noi-th than the latter in the 
 Siberian rivers. 
 
 While it attains a weioht in Kussui of 200 to 240])onncls. the a\'erage 
 market weight does not exceed 60 pounds. 
 
 The western sturgeon (.1. stvrio) is an inhabitant of the Baltic Sea 
 and the streams flowing into it. it is occasionally seen in the Black 
 Sea, which it enters from the Mediterranean. 
 
 In addition to the a])<)ve-mentioned sturgeon there is said to be 
 two other species in th(» River Amur, also "three species of the 
 genus SnqyhirhytieJnix in the rivers Amoo-Daria and Sii'-Daria, which 
 fall into the Aral Sea; these are ScaphirhyNehu.s Ft'dUchenkoi ., S. 
 Kaufmanni^ and S. Herman))!, but these are of no consequence in the 
 fish trade.''' 
 
 The Caspian Sea herring {Alosa ca.sjjtca) and the Black Sea herring 
 {A. poniica) are among the most important commercial species of Hsh 
 in European Russia. These are closely allied species, though distin- 
 guished by the fishermen, and are commonly sold together. The chief 
 difference in appearance is in the size, the Caspian herring being nuich 
 larger than the other. Both species are taken in large numhei-s in the 
 Caspian and Black Sea regions. About 1850 herring taken at the 
 mouth of the Volga were utilized only for the manufacture of oil, for 
 the Russians believed this to be a '"mad " fish; they called it "" beshenka," 
 and no one would eat it. A few years later herring began to be used 
 as a salted product. About 10,000,000 were salted in 1855, and since 
 that time the demand for it has increased, until enormous (|uantities 
 are now cured aniuially. 
 
 A. casj)ic</ looks like a sea herring; it is about the size of a shad 
 {AJoKd !<((j)id!.'<x!iii<i). I)ut it is not so deep in pi'oportion. The Black Sea 
 herring is much smaller, but still larger than the sea herring. This is 
 called " poozanook," and is reputed to have a better flavor than the 
 larger Caspian herring. 
 
 The sea herring {t'lupea liarengu^) is an important object of tisherv 
 in the White Sea. The herring taken in the Baltic are small, like the 
 " stromming " of the east coast of Sweden, ])ut are calhul " salaka " ]>y 
 the Fimis. They are a vai'iety of the sea herring. 
 
 There are two species of salmon — the Salino s((l(ii\ which is taken in 
 the Baltic and in the White Sea region, and the Caspian Sea salmon {S. 
 cw.v^>/v/.s', Kessl), "'which is found in the southern and centi'al j)arts of 
 the Caspian, from where it goes up the rivers to spawn, cliit'tly ascend- 
 ing the rivers Tei'ek and Koora." The latter spc cies averag(\-< about 20 
 })ounds in weight, and the yc^arly output has Ihmmi (Estimated at ISO, 000 
 pounds, while the yield of th(> jiorthern or Atlantic species is ten times 
 that amount. 
 
 ' Fisliiii<_' ami TTiiiitinyr in Knssian Waters, by l>r. < >. (Triiimi, \\. 2(1. 
 
260 INTERNATIONAL FISRKRIES EXIIIIUTTON. 
 
 Tiio siilinod ti'out (S. x((lnllinix) is of sonio coiiiiiKM'ciiil iniportancP in 
 the n()7'th. and two other spoci(>s of trout {S. (/r</(irkiiiu and -V. f'sc/ir/ta/t) 
 are takfii in Lake (iaktcha. in the Cauca.siis. The so-called "white 
 salmon" {Luciofniftd hucichthiis) is one of the most valuable and 
 highly prized food species of Russia, and it is asserted that none of the 
 other cor ego ni can compare with it for delicacy and richness of tiavor. 
 It is taken in the ITral. in the Volga, and its tributaries. The nelma 
 {C'oreyonus )i(']ina) closely resembles the '• white salmon." and is found 
 in the north, occurring in the I'etchora Iviver. the North Dwina. and 
 in Koobinskoc' Lake. 
 
 ■'About ;^>( I. (>(»(» poods of white salmon a year ai'(^ e.\])oiterl fi'om 
 Asti-akhan." accoi-ding to Di'. (irimm. "while the wliolc amount of 
 white salmon caught, not oidy in Astrakhan, but also iji the I'l'al. all 
 along th(^ Volga and Kama, etc., and of the ntdma caught in the basin 
 of the Arctic and the White Sea very lik(>iy n^iches Kio.dOd poods" 
 (3,60(>.(K)O pounds). 
 
 There are many varieties of white-fish in IJussia nesides those referred 
 to. l*olyakotf found thirty-liv(> species, of which eight b(dong to the 
 Baltic I'egion. The largest of tlu^se (61 muHcim) is a Sibei'ian s))ecies 
 wdiich is cel(d)rated for the richness of its flavor. 
 
 The smelt {Osmrrxs cperht nns) and a lake variety {(>. sj)lrltH-]niK) 
 are l)oth inhabitants of the regions of the White Sea and Haltic. and 
 the latter is found in sonu^ of the lakes of the Volga river system. 
 It has ])e(Mi oiKcially stated that more than :>»).00(>.00(> ])()unds of these 
 two species are taken annually in the waters of noi'thern Kussia. 
 
 The yellow perch {Pt rca jjvridtlhi.s) occu])ies ((uite an important 
 position in European Russia. It occui-s in all the lakes and riviM's, 
 and is also found in the Baltic, the Sea of Azov, and the Caspian. 
 
 It is taken of all sizes, from less than i? inches in length \\\) to the 
 maxinmm size. Its average weight is not exceiMling ;> pounds, but 
 specimens from the trans-Ural region have been I'ecorded as weighing 
 from 10 to 1*2 pounds — a most exti-aordinary size for this sp(H'ies. 
 The catch of perch in the Astrakhan region in 1S1«T amounted to 
 3,662.860 fish. 
 
 The gremille {Acci'Ijki ceruna) is found in all fresh waters except 
 the rivers flowing into X\w southern Caspian. It is a small species, 
 seldom exceeding one-fifth to one-third of a pound \v(Mglit in Kuro])(»an 
 Russia. ))ut Sil)(n"ian specinuMis have been taken that w(ughcd 1 .1 
 pounds, though such are rar(\ Tln^se little lish are takiMi in largi^ 
 quantities in floss-silk nets. It is estimated that the animal catch is 
 about lo.SOO.OOO pounds. 
 
 The " soodak " oi' pike perch {Levcioperea .mndra) ocvwvs in both 
 seas and rivers, but is taken mostly in the Caspian Sea region, " where, 
 however, it is caught, along with Loiciopin-a iDarlnun^ Cuv.. a sea 
 varietv; the tishermen make no distinction between them." The 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 261 
 
 average mai'kot size is about 5 pounds, and the niaxiniuni 25 pounds. 
 The immense importance of this species {L. s<iii<]i'<() from a commei'cial 
 point of view can W estimated when it is stated that 1<),U23,.%''' tish 
 were caught in the Astrakhan i-eoion in 1S'.»T. Of these, 10. 2s;'). 4-49 
 soodaks were taken in the ri\'crs. uiid r).r>-i:0,42(» in the sea. 
 
 But these figures are small alongside of those given for earlier years, 
 for Baer estimated the number annually exported from Astrakhan, in the 
 tifties, at 28,500,000 tish, weighing 1)0.000,000 pounds, and Dr. Grimm 
 says '*■ It is not so very long ago since 45,OtM),00(> soodaks w«M"e exported 
 from Astrakhan." In addition to the catch in the region named, large 
 (juantities ai'e taken in the river Kooban. from which it is estimated 
 some 7,000,000 fish are annually exported. 
 
 Luciopetx'a volgensis is another species of some consequence, as will 
 be seen when it is stated that 5,802,383 fish of this kind were caught in 
 Astrakhan in 1897. 
 
 The "Silure" {Siluru.^ giants) occurs generally in fresh waters, 
 except in the White Sea region, ]>ut is most numerous in the south, in 
 the C'aspian Sea and Black Sea l)asins. It is very large, and is said to 
 have attained the extraordinary weight of from 540 to 576 pounds, 
 while the average weight is given at from 60 to 70 pounds. This 
 species is of considerable commercial value, for it has been estimated 
 that the total annual catch is 9,000,000 pounds. In 1897. 5()2.57o tish 
 of this species were taken in Astrakhan. 
 
 The carp {Cyprmnx nirpio) inhabits tiie Caspian and Black Sea 
 regions, including the Sea of Azov and the Aral Sea. It is utilized 
 very largely for food. The statistics for 1897 show that 4,945,926 
 tish of this species were taken in Astrakhan. The weight of these 
 could not be much less than 30,000,000 to 40,000.000 pounds. 
 
 Among the cheap, but nevertheless important, varieties of tish is the 
 roach {Lciiciseus rufi/i/.s) and the Caspian Sea species (L. rutiivs rar- 
 cmpicKs). Another vai"iety which inhabits the Caspian and enters the 
 lower part of the Volga is the Cyjrrhixx f/risla(/r)it\ Pall., while L. 
 hecJi'dil, Nordm, called ''taran" l)y the local fishermen, is the Bhick 
 Sea variety of the roadi. 
 
 The roach is enormously abundant, and this, together with its cheap- 
 ness, renders it a very favorite food when dried, sonuich so that it has 
 been called a •'national dish." 
 
 From 300,000,000 to 400.000,000 roach arc caught in the Caspian 
 Sea annually, according to Dr. Grimm, and he estimates that the 
 weight of these, if dried, would l)e los,oo().ooo poimds. or 259.2oo.oo0 
 pounds of fresh tish. 
 
 Some 100,000,000 of the Black Sea tai-an {L. Iwckeli}) aiv caughl in 
 I lie Black Sea. the Don, and the Kooban. 
 
 Several other varieties of tish are known by the giMieral term of 
 " taran" beside that last referred to. Amono- these are the blue bream 
 
2n2 INTERNATIONAL KISHKKIKS EXHIBITION. 
 
 {AhiuiiDlxhdJlrriis), tho zopo {A.sojxi), hut iiioro particularly '^card?'7i?}if< 
 cryi 1i ropthal III itx ViiuX Bllccahjorhui. This taraii, as also the razor lish 
 {Peleehus cxiltratus)^ when salted, is used in great quantities, chiefly by 
 peasants of little Russia, says the author last (juoted, and he estimates 
 that i!)4,-lr(M),(>()U pounds of fresh tish is about the annual i)roduct from 
 the Astrakhan district. 
 
 The catch of blue bream for 1S97 was 25,239,S9() tish. and of H. 
 eri/fi'(>j>ffi(iliiiiis it was S.152.15>2 tish in the Astrakhan region. 
 
 The bi-cam (Ahr(iiii!sJ>rinii(i) occurs in all sections of Russia up to 
 the sixty-thii'd pai'allel of north latituiic The catch of this s])ecies in 
 Astrakhan in 1.^1*7 reached a total of 12.3U5S,4()5 tish. The average 
 weight has been placed at '^ pounds; thus the aggregate weight of the 
 fish enumerated above would ])e nearly 37. 000. (>(»(» ])ounds. 
 
 The pike {En-sou' IucIh.s) is an important object of tishery. The catch 
 at Astrakhan in 1897 aggregated 1,921,322 fish. 
 
 Lampreys are likmvise of large conuuercial consequence in Russia, 
 and are often used for food. The southern species {Pefroini/zon wag- 
 7iet'i) is found in the Caspian Sea region and the northern variety {P. 
 ■ftuviafilus) is taken chictly in the ])asins of the White Sea and Haltic. 
 
 The last of these is pickU'd extensivcdy. The southern hunprey was 
 not taken as an article of conunerce prior to 1870, except that a few 
 captured in the Kur River were "'di-ied and used for lighting instead 
 of tandles." It is now taken in great munl)ei"s both on the Kur and 
 the Volga. "In Tsaritsin and Tchei'iny Var a small portion of the 
 hunprevs caught is pickUnl in kegs and in this form sent to the market, 
 chiefly to St. Pett'i'si)urg and Moscow; the greater part — about five- 
 sixths of the whole catch — goes for oil."^ 
 
 It has been estimated that 50,000,000 lampreys, Aveighing from 
 5,400,000 to <>.300.000 pounds, are caught annually between Tsaritsin 
 and Enotaye\sk, and the yiidd of oil is placed at from 810.000 to 
 945.000 pounds. 
 
 The statistics g-iven above, though far short of completeness, will 
 nevertheless serve to convev some idea of the extent and importance 
 of the Russian fisheries, particulaidy in certain regions. It may suf- 
 fice to add that Dr. Grinun has estimated that the total animal catch 
 for European Russia ag'gregates upwards of 40,000,000 ])oods, or 
 1.440. 000. 000 pounds in round nund)ei-s. 
 
 Consid(M'ing that this estimate does not include any Hsh taken in 
 Asiatic Russia, that it ai)])arently excludes the product of nuunmal 
 fisheries. lil«» that for the seal, and having in \ iew the lack of ocean 
 fisheries, this showing is really remarkable, since the out])ut nearly 
 equals that of the entire product of the United States, which, m 1897, 
 was g-iven as 1,596,413,068 pounds. 
 
 ' FiHliintr and Hunting in Ku8Hian Waters, ji. 27. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 263 
 
 The prosocution of tho tishorios in Russia, especially in the Astra- 
 khan reofion, is often conducti^d 1)y lar^e firms oi' individuals of o-reat 
 wealth, who have obtained h"oin the (iovei'nment or ))v rij^ht of owner- 
 ship the privilege to control and carrv on these industries within 
 certain limits to the exclusion of all others. Such monopolies have 
 proved immensely advantaj'-eous to those holding them. 
 
 As an instance of this kind, and for the purpose of showing how th(^ 
 fisheries ai'e sometimes conducted on a g'ig-antic scale in Russia, men- 
 tion may he made of the Saposchnikov Brothei's, a firm that foi' nearly 
 a century has ])i-<)secuted the fisheries of the Volga, and w Inch had !i 
 large and insti'uctive exhibit at Bergen. This tii-m was organized l)y 
 the Saposchnikov family foi' prosecuting the fisheries at the end of the 
 last century, but was not otiicially recognized until is lit. Sinc(» that 
 date it has been known by the name it noAv bears (Saposchnikov 
 Brothers), notwithstanding the OAvnership has changed hands sevei-al 
 times l)y heredit}'. The sole owner from 1887 to 1898 was the widow 
 of one of the firm, and at her death the business was inherited by her 
 daughters. 
 
 The enormous Saposchnikov fisheries extend from far up the river 
 Volga to its outlet, and are generalh" carried on ])y drag nets (newood); 
 fixed or floating nets are very little used. 
 
 The seasons for fisheries on the Volga are divided into four periods^- 
 fi'om July 15 to September 1, from September 1 to Decembei- (I. from 
 Decem])er 6 to March 1, and from March 1 to May 15. after Avhich 
 the close season l)egins and lasts up to July 15. 
 
 The yearly catch of this tirm is more than 8r»,00(),000 pounds of 
 herring, and as high as 482,000 pounds of sturgeon, of different si)ecies. 
 The total catch is said to l)e 2,750,000 fish of different kinds, and the 
 fact that 763,000,000 pounds of salt are used for curing indicates the 
 extent of the industry. The product is cured at the seven stations 
 where its curing establishments are located, iind is transported to and 
 from these places by vessels owned by the tirm. In sunmier its own 
 steamers and bai'ges carry the fish to Zarazin and Nizhni-Novgorod, 
 and in winter 200 horses are used in transportation. 
 
 The business of the firm is administered by 200 persons, but as many 
 as 2,000 people are aniuially employed during the fishing season in 
 catching and curing. The employees are a mixture of Russians. Cal- 
 mucks, and Kirgheezians, and the firm pays out more than $540,000 
 annually for w'ages — a large sum when it is considered that the rate of 
 pay is exceedingly low. The statt^nent has been madc^ that the annual 
 catch in th(> waters of th(> V^olga estuary, controlled by J. H. Basilev- 
 sky, is a])out 75,000,000 fish of various kinds, having a total value 
 of 1,500,000 rul)les. The firm em])loys 0,000 workmen, 1,800 work- 
 women, and 200 minors, and operates 100 drag seines, 8 steamers, 420 
 
264 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 fi.shing- boats. 4 barg-es. (5 lijfhtors. and 1 1 \ossols on \\ hicli tho tisli aro 
 saltod, etc. 
 
 FisliiiKj vvA.sv/.s- (111(1 p'.s/iliH/ hodt.s. The vessels and boats employed 
 in {\\o fisheries of European Russia are interesting^ from an ethno- 
 lo^'^ical standpoint, for with rare exceptions they are (|uite unlike any 
 tiling else in Europe, and are generally notably crude and ])rimitive 
 in form, construction, and rig. 
 
 Steaiiiffs. — Steamers appeal' to bt^ little used in th(» Russian tisheries 
 except for transportation or to tow barges that are loachnl with tish 
 products. In the early summer of i!S98 I went on board the Russian 
 steamer PJtdnh\ from Riga, that called at Bergen on hei- wa}' to the 
 Murman coast to engage in the cod fishery. She was the Hrst steamer, 
 I was told, to take part in this industry. Siie was an old merchant 
 steamer, and in no way a typical fishing vessel. It was explained that 
 no fishing would be done on the vessel, but she would tow a fleet of 
 boats to the fishing grounds, 30 to 60 miles distant from harbor, and 
 lie there to receive the catch on board, where it was to ])e lightly 
 salted, and subsequently it would be transferred to sailing freighters 
 and sent to St. Petersburg. The fishermen — 50 or 60 in number^ 
 would sleep on board. The summer fishery was to ])e prostH'uted with 
 trawl lines. From time to time the steamer and her fleet of fishing 
 boats would return to port as the weather or obtainment of bait, etc., 
 made necessary. 
 
 No models of steam fishing vessels were exhibited. 
 
 Sailing vessels and boats. — The vessels and boats employed in the 
 fisheries of the Caspian Sea, of the rivei's Don, Ui'al. Volga, and adja- 
 cent streams that empty into the Caspian Sea and the Sea of Azov, are 
 of a peculiar rig, rather crudely built, and decidedly characteristic in 
 type. They were numerously represented h\ rigged models exhibited 
 ])y the Astrakhan board of fisheries, and also by photographs and 
 lithographs. 
 
 Fishing vessels. — One of the largest fishing vessels used on the Cas- 
 pian Sea is technically known as "emba kussovaya." This vessel is 
 employed chiefly in the gill-net fishery, but to some extent for hook- 
 and-line fishing. The maximum size of such vessels, according to Dr. 
 Borodine, is 5(» to 60 feet in length and 60 to 70 tons measurement. 
 The following is a description of one of them: It is a wooden, carvel- 
 built,, keel vessel, with sti'ong sheer: moderately sliai']) bow: straight, 
 slightl3'-raking stem: full, round bilge; short, rather full run: little or 
 no skag or deadwood aft; sternpost curved at an obtuse angle, raking 
 strongly b«dow the w^ater line and IxMiig nearly perpendicular above. 
 The vessel has a narrow. V-shaped stern, with a big slot cut in it at the 
 top for tho tiller to woi'k in. 
 
 The rudder is hung outside to stout pintles. It is of heavy, awkward 
 construction, with projecting flanges at the rear. It is supported on 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 265 
 
 the port side 1)}^ a tackle, hooked to e3^el)olts at the upper part of the 
 stern, and on the rudder post below the water line. It is also su])- 
 ported by guys leading" from a brace on the aft(M' part of the rudder to 
 each side of the quarter rail. It is operated l)y a long- tiller, the after 
 end of which is made with three })r()ngs, one passing each side of the 
 rudderhead and one going through the center. The steering is done 
 by a tackle attached to the tiller. The vessel has low l>ulwarks and Hush 
 deck, except abaft the ca})in house, where there is a low ([uartei'-dcck, 
 while an open quarter rail rises al)ove the main rail at this pouit and 
 extends to the tati'rail. There is a to})gallant forecastle extending from 
 the pawl l)itt to the l)ow, and an old-fashioned windlass operated by 
 handspikes. A high cabin trutd^ stands on the after })art of the deck. 
 
 The vessel has one mast and a peculiar rig. It carries five sails a 
 jib, fore staysail, large scjuare sail with a yard on its foot, topsail, and 
 mainsail. The square sail is set "flying"' or hoisted from the deck, as 
 is also the topsail. The former has only one reef, which takes in about 
 one-third of its area. The mainsail is set on a very long gafl', which 
 is controlled l)y vangs leading down to each side of the tatt'rail. and is 
 supported by a curious arrangement of halyards which closely I'csem- 
 bles the rig used on English vessels three hundred years ago. 
 
 The following are the principal dimensions of a vessel of this type: 
 Length over all, 52 feet; beam, extreme, 17 feet 7i inches; depth of 
 hold amidships, 6 feet; length of mast above deck, 63 feet 6 inches; gatf, 
 3!> feet ♦> inches; bowsprit, outside stem, 12 feet 7^ inches. 
 
 Bait smack. — A bait fishing vessel (tig. 136) is employed on the 
 Caspian Sea, and is provided with a tank for keeping bait alive. This 
 craft is essentially the same in form and construction as the vessel just 
 described, differing, however, in having a very narrow. V-shaped, 
 nearly perpendicular stern and less clumsy rudder, the tiller extend- 
 ing over the toj) of the stern instead of passing throngh it. In other 
 details it also ditters in having an open cockpit at the stern about 
 one-quarter of the vessel's length and in not being provided with a 
 windlass. 
 
 The njost marked featurt* of a vessel of this description is a large 
 hatchway amidships, and a great barrel-shaped tank, which extends 
 from the floor to some distance above the top of the after part of the 
 hatch. This has a covering, or top, like the head of a barrel, in which 
 is a sijuare hatch corresponding to the curb of the well on an oi'dinary 
 smack, or welled vessel. This taidv is considerably broader at tlu' ])ot- 
 tom than at the top, and is used for keeping bait alive for the Caspian 
 Sea flsheries. The rig dift'ers from that of the eml)a kussovaya in the 
 following particulars: It has two jibs, the mainmast is somewhat 
 farther forward, and on it is set a square sail and a topsail, as on the 
 other. It has a mizzenmast about one-third the vessel's length from 
 the stern, and on it is a diminutive leg-of-uuitton sail, its lull' being 
 
2()(') 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 !itt:i(li(Ml l»y hanks to ii stiiy that extends fi-oiii tlie iiiasthcad to the 
 dock. A four-proiiovd anchor is used. The ordinary vessels of this 
 kind rang'e from 36 to 4i> feet in hMij^tii, hut some are hirger. 
 
 The followintr are the princii)al dimensions of a vessel of this type: 
 T^cniith over all. 43 feet 4 inches; heam, extreme. 15 feet 10 inches; 
 de})tli of hold amidships, 5 feet 1" inches; heiuht of tank, 7 feet; diam- 
 eter of tank at top, 5 feet 10 inches; mainmast, al)ove deck, 45 feet 
 lo inches; bowsprit, outside stem. 13 feet '.» inches. 
 
 Fig. 1:56.— Caspian Sou bail smack. (Diawii by J. W. Collins.) 
 
 (Uisplan ^ea fishing lugger. — A large two-masted lugger is employed 
 in the sea fisheries in the northern part of the Caspian Sea (fig. 137). 
 It has the usual high, sharp bow and narrow. V-shaped, stjuare stern 
 which characterizes the vessels of this region. It is decked, with the 
 exception of a large open space at the stern. The cabin is in the after 
 part of the decked space, and is entered by a door from the cockpit. 
 Above the cabin, on the extreme after end of -the deck, is a galley or 
 ''oven" for cooking, provided with a wooden-covered iron kettle. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 267 
 
 SoutJien) CaspuD) Sca^ti.'</i/'/i(/ vessel. — A shurp-eiided dcckiKl vessel 
 (fig. 138) is used for fishing in the southern part of the Caspian Sea. 
 It has straight, raking stiMu and sternpost, thiring sides, and strong- 
 sheer, its ends ])eing nmch higher tlian the midship section. It has a 
 hirge, scjuare-heeled rudder, and steers with a tiller. It has a fiiish deck 
 and low l)ulwai"ks. It has one mast, about two-lit'ths the vessel's length 
 from the ])o\v. su})i)ort('d hy 4 shrouds on each side. On this is set 
 a single large squai'e sail. 
 
 Caspian Sea tvelled ves.sc/. — Welled vessels of \ arying sizes, like that 
 shown in Plate XXXVII, are used for fishing, or the transportation 
 of living fish, in the Caspian Sea, i)ut these l)oats do not go into the 
 rivers, for the fresh water would kill the fish in their wells. 
 
 Flu. liJi. -(.Ja.^iiian Sea lishing higgt r. iln.iu K 
 
 ;ia|.h.) 
 
 The carrying capacity of these vessels varies from 18,000 to 108,000 
 pounds of fish, and the difi:'erence in their dimensions corresponds. 
 
 As will be seen, the one under consideration has the usual form and 
 construction of the Asti'akhan fishing l)oats, with very hirgc rudder. 
 It has a fiush deck, hatch, and long well curb, or deck opening, lead- 
 ing to the live-fish "tank." It is rigged with a small lug foresail set 
 on mast standing just abaft the stem head, and a large dii)i)ing lug 
 mainsail set on mast, standing about three-fifths of the l)oat's length 
 from the stern. The luff of the sail is hauled forward by a bridle 
 bowline when sailing close-hauled. 
 
 This boat is 51 feet 8 inches long and 17 feet 2| inches wide. 
 
268 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 A.^l r<t],li(iii liii'i I- siiidrh. -Ww welled \-essel >1m)\vii in fl^'ure loit is of 
 the sjiiiie (liiiieiisioiis, rijr^ and o-eiun'ul construction as (li(> one last 
 described, :ind is used for transportint^ living fish for loni4- distanc-es on 
 the rivers. It is decked, and differs in this respect from other welled 
 boats used for i-iver transportation, and also in having- two masts. 
 
 All so-called "' tank boats" usually have ver^^ large Avells, occupying 
 fully one-half the boat's length in the central portion. The water 
 enters the well through a series of long, narrow, sh^t-like holes. The 
 river boats are often, if not generally, flat bottomed, but the seagoing 
 boats are usually round })ottomed, though in each case the construction 
 of the well is similar. 
 
 FisJi frei</}iter. — A fish freighter of a type called ''podyesna3'a" was 
 among those exhibited. This type of vessel is used by the Caspian Sea 
 
 Fig. 13S.— Fishing vessel of soutlieni Casiiiaii Sea regimi. ( Kiom Kussiau litluigrapli.) 
 
 fishermen for carrying fish to market. It is employed in connection 
 with the s(Mne fishery on the coast of the Caspian Sea, and ranges in 
 size from m) to O.") tons. It is not designed for a seagoing craft, for 
 the reason tiiat it is used onl}' for carrj'ing the catch of the seines to 
 market. It is a carvel-built keel Injat; rigged with three masts and 
 carrying three lug sails. It is decked, except at the stern, where there 
 is a steersman's cockpit; has a strong sheer; moderately sharp bo\v 
 and stern, both ends being neaily alike in form, Avith the exception 
 that it has the conventional, narrow. V-shaped stern. The upper part 
 of the, stem is also V-shaped, but much nari-ower than the stei'ii. It 
 has a rather low, narrow floor, lound bilge, and tlaiing sid(>s. The 
 V-shaped stern is perpendicular and extends nearly' down to the water 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 269 
 
 line, where it joins the .stornpost, which, as in ull the Astrakhan ves- 
 sels, has a very strong rake. The wide rudder is hung on heavy pintles, 
 and is operated b}^ a tiller. The short foremast is stepped in a piece 
 of timber that runs from the stem head to a beam a few feet farther 
 aft, and the mast is supported on each side by a shroud set up by a 
 tackle. The mainmast is a little more than one-third the })oat's length 
 from the bow, and the mizzemnast is just forward of the cockpit. 
 
 The dimensions of a vessel of this type arc as follows: Length over 
 all, 41 feet; extreme beam, l-i feet; depth of hold amidships, 4 feet 6 
 inches. 
 
 Casjnan Sea line fishing hoat. — A boat is used in connection with the 
 
 bait-tishing vessel for operating tishing lines with hooks. It is a clinker- 
 built, lug-rigged keel boat. It is decked, excepting a cockpit at the 
 stern; has a moderate sheer; sharp bow; narrow, rising floor; and 
 flaring sides. The after section is somewhat similai- in shape to the 
 bow; with a ver}^ narrow V-shaped vertical stern, and a straight, 
 strongly raking sternpost. The stem is wide at the forefoot, but 
 gradually narrows at the top and has a moderate rake. This is a 
 feature of nearl}^ all of the smaller Astrakhan fishing vessels and boats. 
 The rig is that of a three-masted lugger, though it is fair to say it 
 is somewhat difficult to decide whether the sails should be classed as 
 lug sails or settee sails. They resemble both, but are, perhaps, more 
 
 8. Doc. 89 19 
 
270 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISUKKIKS KXHlHI'l'IoN. 
 
 nearly rclatcil to tlic t'oniicr. and tlli^ type of sail is ])raf( icaily iiiii- 
 versul on the small vessels and hoats of Astrakhan. 
 
 The foremast is stepped just abaft the stem, the mainmast a little 
 forward of amidships, and the mizzenmast about one-third the l)oat's 
 lentifth from the stern. 
 
 It lias a half deck and catjin trunk abaft the mizzenmast. Aljaft the 
 cabin is a cockpit foi' the stcersiiien. For some distance forward of 
 the maimnast the deck is nearly flush with the top of the rail, Imt 
 bc^'ond that the j^unwale curves upward nuich more than the deck, 
 making' quite a deep bulwark at the bow. 
 
 The foresail tacks down to a ring at the stem head, the mainsail to 
 a ring at a timber head on the weather side, and the mizzen in a 
 
 Flci. IIU. — Caspiiui Sua Inii.n liiiu li.sliiufj; boat. 
 
 similar manner. These sails have to be lowered and shifted whenever 
 the ])oat tacks, and the rig adopted 1)y the Russians is, therefore, 
 extremely awkward and inconvenient in this regard. Avhile the con- 
 struction of the boats is crude and clumsy. 
 
 The relative dimensions of a boat of this class are as follows: 
 Length over all, 35 feet 7 inches; extreme ))eani, 11 feet 3 inches; 
 depth of hold amidships, 3 feet 9 inches; foremast above deck, 10 feet 
 4 inches; mainmast abov(> deck. 2(» feet 7^ inches; mizzemnast above 
 deck, 14 feet 8 inches. 
 
 Ca^ipian Sea lotuj-llne ho((t. — A boat of the conmion type, al)out 35 
 feet long, with vcr}- high l)ow, and decked except at the stern, is used 
 for long-line fishing in the Caspian. The lines are set and hauled from 
 a suialler boat of the same general form. Both of these boats are 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 271 
 iiies and 
 
 illustrated in tigurc 140. The larj^e hoat is at anchor, and hci 
 huoys arc hiinj*- on a pole for dryino-. 
 
 Volga fiiiliimj Ijoat. — In the lower part of the Vol^a a largf two-sailed 
 lugger of the ordinary Astrakhan type is used in the fisheries (Hg. 111). 
 
 This is designed solely for river fishing. It has the following dini«Mi- 
 sions : Length over all, 35 feet; beam, lU feet; depth, ;> feet 
 inches; foremast above gunwale, 11 feet 7^ inches; foreyard, 15 feet 
 
 Fr;. 1 12.— VoIk'h lish lighUT. 
 
 10 inches; mainmast above gunwale, 23 feet (5 indies: mainyard. 28 
 feet () inches long. 
 
 Voh/a p'sji Ihjidrr. — Large, sliarp-cndcd. open. llat-bottonic(l boats 
 (tig. 112) are used as lighters on the Volga for the ti-aiisportation of 
 fish. They vary somewhat in size, but usually are from 35 to 10 feet 
 
272 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHKKIKS EXHIHITIoN. 
 
 loii»i- and al»()ut Sor'.i iVctMide. 'I'licy have a heavy, wide luddcr and 
 from thr('(> to li\c tliwjirts. Tliey carry a hir<ic cargo on a light draft, 
 and are useful for river na\igation where the water is .shallow. These 
 open boats are, of course, <iuitc distinct from the large decked ])aroes — 
 often se\'cral hundred tons — used for transporting lish products long 
 distances, the former ))eing utilized onh' for local river transportation. 
 Vol(/a jxjllce hoat. — The boat used b}' the government olhcials for 
 inspecting the fisheries at the mouth of the Volga (fig. 143) is of the 
 same general type as the fishing ))oats of the region, though perhaps 
 with somewhat finer lines and a loftier rig. It has attained local 
 celcbritv for speed. 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 \ 
 
 \ 
 
 ■ 
 
 ; 
 
 : 
 
 i 
 
 
 
 
 =iJ 
 
 Uiii 
 
 
 b 
 
 
 H 
 
 JH^ 
 
 ^^^^^■90 
 
 n»%:: 
 
 ■A 
 
 
 ggg^^gg^. 
 
 
 \^ 
 
 Fig. U3.— \ulj;a pulux: l-u.il. 
 
 This boat is a])out 40 feet long, and is decked, except an open cockpit 
 aft. It has a small cabin truidv at the after pai't of the deck. 
 
 Caspian Sea sfifw Ixxit. — A large, open, flat-bottomed, skill-like boat 
 is used by the Caspian Sea fishermen to set the drag seines along the 
 shallow shores of the sea. Its light draft adapts it to this work. It 
 has a narrow, V-shaped. s(juare stern; flaring sides; and a wedge 
 shaped ])ow, shar^) })elow. but very narrow and V-shaped at top. It is 
 entirely open, with short half-deck forward and aft, and four thwarts; 
 three of these are well forward andw^neaft, the central portion of the 
 boat being left luiottstructed for stowage of the seine. 
 
 One of these boats was 3(5 feet long over all, 7 feet 4 inches wide, 
 and 3 feet 6 inches deep. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 273 
 
 Zmil OoxHdcl's IxHiddra. - Ow of th(> most interesting types of fish- 
 ing boats is the so-calh^d '" l)oii<lai-a'' (tig. 144), whicli is used in great 
 muiil)ers l)y the Cossaeks on the Ural Kiver. Boats of this type, 
 according to Dr. Borodino, are "so light that two of them ma}' be 
 carried on one cart." They range in size from about 20 to upward of 
 25 feet in length. One 2?) f(M>t long Avould lie 4 feet Avide and 20 inches 
 deep. The}" are doublo-eiKh^l, sharp-pointed, canoe-sliaped ])oats; 
 entirely open; very sharp forward and aft, with slightly hollow water 
 
 Fm. m.— I'ml Ciis>siK'k's biiiuiiini. 
 
 lines, and designed to attain the special objects of lightness and speed. 
 A notable characteristic is the upward and l)ackward turn of the sharp- 
 pointed bow. The paddles used on the boudara are very peculiar, 
 having a leaf -shaped blade. 
 
 Bauddrhi. — A boat called "baudarka'' (fig. 1-1:.5) was among the 
 exhibits in the Russian section. This is a light built, open boat, with 
 narrow, pointed, flat bottom; round l)ilge; flaring sides, and long, 
 sharp ends. It has a good sheer, strongly raking stem and sternpost. 
 
 Fig. 145.— Boudnrka. 
 
 but, as is usual with boats and vessels of this region, has a vei-y narrow 
 V-shaped stern. It has a single lug sail set upon a mast stepped a 
 little forward of amidships. It is also equipped with oars and row 
 locks. 
 
 Boats of this type are very genei'ally used in the Astrakhan region. 
 Often a small sprifsail takes the ])lace of a lug. The boudarka is gen- 
 erally about 2(» feet long and 5 feet wide, but larger boats of this form 
 are not uncommon. 
 
274 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIHITION. 
 
 I ral (hn/oiif. A criidclv made (loulilt'-ondcd duu'oiit is us(m| in the 
 lisluM-ics on the I'l-ul (lio-. \U\). This canoe is hcaxy and chimsy in 
 comparison with the li^-ht and <iiac('ful hoiulara, and is usually some- 
 what larjjjer than the latter. It has sharp ends, which curve uj) con- 
 siderably iind rake \-ery sliohtly. and th(» bottom is round. 
 
 River Don _psh!ii<f hiKii. — One of the tishino- boats used on the River 
 Don is especially intei'estinji' ])ecause of the importance of the ri\er 
 fishery. It is an open, carvel-built, tlat-bottom. s(|uare-stern boat, and 
 vei'v clumsy in appearance. It has a moderately sharp bow; straight, 
 rakin^i' stem; sliuhtly tlarin^i' sides; a ratluM- full run; straio-ht, raking 
 sternpost and V-shaped stern. The bottom is sti'aiu-ht. without camber 
 at either end. and the boat has veiy little sheer on top. This boat 
 has three thwarts, and a small platform or half deck on a le\'el with 
 the thwarts at each end. Boats of this class are propeibnl l)y three 
 pairs of oars. The rowers sit w(dl forward, and each man (nidenth' 
 uses a pair of oars. The oars are of the conventional type, with the 
 exception that they have heavy, squai'e looms where tlu>v come in the 
 
 Fic. 11(1.— I'l-iil (lutrout. 
 
 rowlocks. The steering' oar, howev(M-, is vei-y different, it havino- a 
 lance-shaped blade and a peg on its inner end for a hand gras]i. 
 
 Th(> dimensions of this boat are as follows: Length over all, 25 feet 
 5 inches; extreme beam, 8 feet G inches; depth amidshi})s. top of gun- 
 wale to underneath side of bottom. 5 feet. 
 
 2fnrrii(in coast cod-fisli'nuj Ixud. — The boat (tig. l-tT) used in the cod 
 fishery on the Murman coast, and j)articularly on the Russian side of 
 Veranger Fjord, is unique, and not oidy ditlei-s from other liussian 
 boats, l)ut is uidike those of any other counti'v. 
 
 Captain A\'iUiani Thompson, who spent some months on tlu> Mur- 
 man coast, says: 
 
 Tlie largest boats range from 35 to 40 feet in length, and some of them have a short 
 after deck like the Norwegian "femboring," under which is a small compartment 
 wherein food is cooked on a rude fireplace, made by laying flat stones in one corner 
 of the "cuddy." The fishermen do little cooking, however, on the boat, the extent 
 of their culinary operations l)eing to })rei)are fish for food; for the meat, whicli is 
 served to them only one day in the week, and the black, sour bread, which, witli lish, 
 constitute their principal food, is generally cooked on shore. With the exception 
 above mentioned, the boats are oi)en, and many of them are entirely so, not lieing 
 provided with washboards, or any deck or ])latforms to keep out water or spray. 
 
 These boats are clinker-built, and a curious feature of the construction is that the 
 planks are fastened together with a soft line (about the size of manila spun yarn), 
 which is made from the bark of a tree. The keel, stem, sternpost, and timbers are 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 275 
 
 nsnally uiado of l)irch, while tlic idanks are pine or sjinu'e. The coant where these 
 i)<>at.s are u^ed iy some distance north of the tinilx'r Ix'lt, and therefore tlie material 
 of which they are constructed must l)e transported to (he llsliin^ stations from some 
 part of the country farther south. 
 
 Many of the ])oats on the Murman coast are of a smaller size than the one aljove 
 alluded to, and average about 25 feet in length. They are, however, of the same type 
 as-the larger craft, and are generally wider in pro])ortion, and have a still stronger 
 slant to the upper ends of the stem and sternixist. 
 
 The large boats usually carry a crew of 5 or (i men, or 5 men and 1 woman, while 
 the crews of the smaller craft average about 4 persons. It is not uncommon for 
 women to be em})loyed on boats. 
 
 The people who eno-ao-e in these fisheries, with the exception of the 
 keeper, who looks after the station, do not remain on the coast in 
 
 winter, according to Captain Thompson. In the spring thov reach 
 the fishing- stations by the means of reindeer teams, and at the close 
 of the season, itsualiy a])out the middle of September, they are sent 
 home by the fisliing companies on the Russian mail steamers ])y the 
 way of the White Sea. The fishermen are paid from GO to 90 rubles 
 (MU'h for their summer's work, from March to September. 
 
 While at the fishing station they live in a squalid manner. Thej' 
 are not provided with bedding of anj' kind, and generally they sleep 
 on shore in a building erected for the purpose. Wide shelves, which 
 are elevated 3 to 5 feet from the groiuid or the floor of the l)uihling 
 and having a gradual slope downward from tiie walls, nro buiU up 
 aroiuid the sides of the dwelling. 
 
 On tliese bare shelves or platforms the fishermen sleep, with their 
 heads next to the side of the house, and without any covering other 
 than that which thev have Avorn durin*]: the (hiv. In the side of the 
 
270 INTERNATIONAL FI8HP:RIES EXHIHITloN. 
 
 buildiiiii-. wliicli faces thesea, sovci-al laiiic holes arc cut just at>()VO the 
 sleepers' lieads, these apertni-es being so an-auged that they can he 
 closed with sliding doors. If a lishernuin wakes and hears the wind 
 whistling about the dwelling he immediately gets up, shoves back the 
 slide that covers the hole over his head, and looks out to see if the boats 
 are safely riding at their moorings. In this way a sort of half-Avaking, 
 half-sleeping watch is kept over the fishing fleet, and the first indication 
 of impending disaster calls the sleepers into action to prevent an acci- 
 dent to their property. 
 
 The Murman coast cod boat is clinker-})uilt; open; lias a sharp stern; 
 shallow keel; rising floor, and flaring sides. The stem curves sti'ongl}' 
 and tumbles in at the top, while it has a great rake below. The bow 
 is sharp and well formed. The sternpost is straight and nearly verti- 
 cal. The ends are covered with tarred canvas, flush with the gunwales, 
 for a distance of about 5 feet. The rudder and long yoke tiller are 
 like those used by the Norwegians. The boat examined has six frames 
 and a heavy bulkhead about one-quarter the boat's length from the 
 
 Fig. 148. — Senl hunters an<l boat. (From Russian print.) 
 
 bow. The mast is stepped between a crossbeam, which extends from 
 gunwale to gunwale, and an open bulkhead. The boat is painted 
 brown, except at top of bow and stern, where there are small tritmgular- 
 shaped patches of yellow, l)ordered with blue. The blades of the oars 
 are black and the looms green; the tillei' is also Idack and gi-een. 
 
 It has four rowlocks, like those on Norwegian boats, with oar beckets 
 in them. 
 
 It carries a single loose-footed square sail, trimmed by yard braces 
 and sheets. When close hauled, the lower part of the lutt' is haul(>d 
 forward ])y a ])owline bridle and the upper part is ])ushed forward \\\\\\ 
 a sprit. 
 
 The dimensions are as follows: Length over all, 32 feet 11 inches; 
 beam. (! feet S inches; depth, 2 feet 5 inches; mast, above gunwale, 
 18 feet; yard, 15 feet; sprit, 1(5 feet 3 inches; mast, abaft stem, 12 feet 
 6 inches; oars, 13 feet G inches. 
 
 Sefil Jlshei''' s hoat. — According to illustrations exhil)ited In" Russia 
 (fig. 148), the se;d hunters of that counti'v use a small, open, sharp- 
 stern, clinker-built rowboat, which is hauled over the ice when the men 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 277 
 
 are in the pursuit of seals, and when, of course, thenj maybe reason to 
 anticipate meeting with oi)en water. 'Piiese boats are widest in the 
 middle and taper g-racefully at either end, the bow and the stern being- 
 very much alike. They are rather shallow, have a round bilge, curved 
 stem and sternpost, and ai-e moderatel}^ sharp forwai-d and aft. with 
 generally convex lines. 
 
 The seal hunters, with long, narrow snow'shoes on thcii- feet, make 
 their way over thin or ])roken ice in pursuit of their game, their skiffs 
 l)eing dragged behind them by means of ropes. These have loops at 
 their ends which are passed over the shoulders of the men. 
 
 The seal boat usually measures from 14 to 15 feet in length, 5 feet in 
 width, and about 2 feet in depth. 
 
 Apjxiratus of capture^ etc. — In a country so extensive as Russia and 
 having such varied fisheries, it follows, as a matter of course, that 
 there is a vast number of devices used for the captui'e of fii^h, marine 
 mammals, and crustaceans, and also in the preparation of tisherj^ prod- 
 ucts. The Russian exhibit included a large variety, the moi-c important 
 or interestiup- of which will be alluded to. 
 
 Fio. 149.— Harpoons and lanocs for killing white wiiales. (Drawn by W. II. Abliolt.) 
 
 W/ud/')H/ appliancei^. — The white whale {^Dalplihmpterux Jencai<) is 
 captured in the northern seas with large seines, made of strong cord 
 (PI. XLIII), and with harpoons similar to those used for killing seals 
 and walrus (tig. 149). 
 
 Sealing apparatni<. — The illustration (tig. 150) ^ shows the various 
 implements and dress of the seal hunters of northern Ru.ssia. The 
 a})paratus of capture consist of a large sealing gun, two forms of liar- 
 poons, spears or lances, and a combined ice i)ick and gaff'. The gun is 
 always provided with a cloth or leather lock cover, to keep the lock 
 dry, and is also carried in a case, as a rule, wIumi making passages on 
 the ice, especially in stormy weather, for it is highly important to keep 
 a gun dry. Fixed anmiunition is not (or was not) used by the seal 
 hunteis, and a powder horn is a part of the equipment; wooden hoods 
 or covers for the harpoon and lances are usually provided. Each 
 hunter has a pair of long, narrow wooden shoes, pointed at the ends 
 and turned up in front. They are not so long nor so light as the Nor- 
 wegian ski. A sleeping bag, a small keg for carrying water in the 
 
 ' Fruin TnveHligatioiis of FiHlierit-s ami Iluiitiiii!: for Sea .\niiiials on llic While Sea 
 and the Arctic Ocean, published by tlie Kussiaii Covernnieut. 
 
278 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIHITION. 
 
 I>():il tli:il Is liiiulcd oNcr llic ice. iiiid straps for (Iriiiiii'mi;" seals or pelts, 
 (•()m])l('l(' (lie (Miuipiiu'iit. 'Vhv strap is in two parts, to lit oxer each 
 shoulder, and is ])i'ovided with a loop and wooden to^'u'le at the lower 
 «Mi(l, l>v which it can he (luiekly t'astenecl to anything" that is to ho 
 dra^'i4('(l. 
 
 Tlu^ Caspian Sea sealers depend ehielly on <iuns, hut a wooden ( lul> 
 iirniod with many iron prong's at its head is also used. 
 
 jVt'f.'< (IikI s, liu-K. — The nets exhihited from Asti'akhan were all made 
 of hemp, and wen^ coarse and ])iimitive in comparison with nets of 
 western Euro})e or .Vmerica. 
 
 ^lachine-made nets and especially those made of cotton are little 
 used in Kussiii, because of the excessively high duty on cotton goods 
 
 i\Mli \ it I 
 
 
 Kic. 15(1,— Sval liunlrrs iind !i|ipaialiis. ( Kmni Kussiau pulilicadcii. ) 
 
 of all kinds. 'V\\^^ I'cmv net manufactories in opei'ation in Russia ai'e 
 (Mjuipped to make hemp nets ehielly. if not solely, for cotton twiiu* is 
 too expensi\ (' to use. Linen twine is used to some (>xtent. 
 
 Various solutions are used tor presei'\ing nets. IIerl)sar(> l)oiled in 
 linu> water, and solutions of tar and oil ar(> in favor. Much trouble is 
 sometimes ex])erience(l in the Caspian Sea ])ecause of the nets rotting 
 in an unaccountal)le mannei', and very suddenly, to such a deg^ree that 
 when this happens it is called the "net plague." The matter has heen 
 investigate(l. hut it is clainunl th(> ])rol)lem has not yet Ixmmi solved, 
 though hr. Arustamon heliexcs it is due to hactiMMal inlluences. 
 
 Von Kusnet/o\ says "the lixed nets and the drift nets are al)out the 
 same mesh, width, and size. The tixed net is either fastened to poles 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 279 
 
 Fig. 151.— Reed 
 float. (Drawn 
 by W. H. Ab 
 
 bott.) 
 
 or ail iiiiclior, or fiistoiicd hy ropes to ston(\'<." He speaks of tlic trani- 
 mol not lu'iiit.- used in Livhind. Amoiijj;- the drift nets, ho I'cfors to a 
 net which must 1)0 sonK^thinjj;- like the parenzolla, for it is drawn bj^ 
 two boats sailino- paraUol to each other. This net is "jarj-g-i" on the 
 Ural, but on the Volga it is known as the " poesduchi," 
 ''poesdy." or "buloaki." It is often operated in places 
 where no other appiiratus can be used. In such cases it 
 is set as a fixed not in a half circle around a coi-tain place, 
 and tho Hsh are frio-htoned into it t>y throwino- stones 
 in tho water, etc. 
 
 The nets used by the fishermen at Rostoti', on the River 
 Don, are made of coarse hemp twine and hung to a single 
 hemp rope. Wooden floats are used on these nets, th(\so 
 being of various shapes. Sometimes they are flat, but 
 more frequently half oval, being simply a section of a 
 round stick split in two. Tho flat floats averaged about 
 8i by ^i inches on the surface and were three-fourths 
 of an inch thick. The others av^eraged about 2i inches by 
 3 inches on the flat surface and wei'ea))out li inches thick. 
 These floats have a hole in the center through which the 
 cork line passes, and they are strung on to the latter at distances 
 from <i inches to 1 foot apart. Some of the nets were made of linen 
 twine, and the floats were made of from four to six sections of a 
 large dried reed, somewhat resembling a cornsttilk, these floats being 
 about H or (♦ inches long by li inches in diameter, and the reeds being 
 tirndy l)()und together at the ends by strong hemp twine (fig. 151). 
 
 The sturgeon nets were made of 
 coarse hemp twine with a mesh of 
 21) inches. Reed floats were also 
 used on these, the floats ))eing lU 
 inches in length and attached to the 
 cork rope ])y twine seizings pa.ssing 
 around each end of the float. 
 
 The gill net used in the River Kur 
 
 for tho capture of schamaja (Alhur- 
 
 n U.S clialcoldc.s) has a mesh of 1 % inches 
 
 and is hung by reeving the head 
 
 rope through the meshes. Small 
 
 goui-ds are used for floats and large 
 
 ones for buoys. These are held 
 
 by lines hitched over them (fig. 152). 
 
 Tho stdmon drift nets used in the Petschora River and the salmon 
 
 nets in the White Sea region have flat wooden floats, some of them 
 
 circular and some elongated, with fh(> ui)per and wide end rounded, 
 
 and the lower end s.iuare and made to fit the cork rope to which they 
 
 Fic. l.'vJ.— <i(Hii(l lU't-buoy ami lloat. 
 
280 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Fig. 153. 
 
 -Bircli-bark gill-net float. (Drawn by \V. 
 Abbott.) 
 
 tiro fiistcncd. 'Pho buoys of the Potschora iii^ts rt'sciuMc a foiir-l(>af 
 clover, with a statl' tlii'ouoli tlic (-(Mitci-. 
 
 For sea and i-ivcr tisliiiio- at Puski. in Northern Russia, the oil] n(4s 
 are hun*;- ])y passing a stout line through a nunihei' of the ineslies and 
 
 liitching it to the eork i"ope 
 
 at intervals (tig. ir>;i), and 
 the floats are made of hiicii 
 bark wound tightly around 
 the cork rope, so as to make 
 an elongated roll, which 
 may vary in size in propor- 
 tion to the dimensions of the 
 net. According to the best 
 authorities, the nets usually have no footrope, and the stone sinkers 
 are fastened to loops or strings attached to the bottom meshes 
 (fig. 154). 
 
 Trammel nets are in favor in some parts of Russia for cei'tain fish- 
 eries. The method of hanging these 
 small and large meshes, and where 
 the large meshes come a cord is 
 passed around the cork rope, which 
 in turn is rove through the floats 
 (fig. 155). The net is hung to the 
 footropt^ b}' reeving the latter 
 through the meshes. In some places, 
 however, a sinker made of gravel incased in cloth is used (fig. 156), 
 and then a lashing goes through the large meshes and around the 
 sinker, thus holding the meshes from slipping. 
 
 Many curious and interesting forms of sinkers are used on the Rus- 
 sian nets. In one case two pieces of burnt clay were fastened to 
 
 opposite sides of a pole 4^ 
 feet long (fig. 157), which 
 was attached to the wing of 
 a seine. These sinkers were 
 at the lower end of the pole, 
 to keep that end down and 
 aid in keeping the stick 
 nearly vertical in the water. 
 This is an Astrakhan de- 
 
 is to reeve a line through the 
 
 Fig. 'Irii. — Method of fastening .sinker.s. 
 (Drawn by W. II. Abbott.) 
 
 Fig. 155. — Methort of hanging trammel net. 
 W. H. Abbott.) 
 
 Vice. 
 
 A sinker used on an Astrakhan net was a piece of sheet lead about 
 one-sixteenth of an inch thick, bent around the lead line of a net 
 and hiunmered closely to the line (fig. 158). This ])ore evidence of 
 having been cut with a die. 
 
 A net used for catching smelt {Osmerus ojjer/a/iu.s) and white fish 
 
INTEENATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 281 
 
 Fig. 15tJ. — Sccliou of gravel net sinker. 
 Abbott.) 
 
 (JJniwu b.v \V. H. 
 
 {Coregotuii^ alhula) had bright-red burnt-clay sinkers, If to 2 inches in 
 diameter and 'i to 1 inch thick. These had a hole in the center, thi-ougfh 
 which the line passed that 
 hekl them to the net. Fig- 
 ure 159 shows one of these 
 sinkers inprotik'and cross 
 section. 
 
 A sinker ver}^ much like 
 the latter, l)ut less regidai" 
 in outline, with a hole in 
 the center, was made of 
 soft stone, possibly gyp- 
 sum. Its average diameter was If inches; average thickness, ^ inch. 
 A smooth, well-made, oblong sinker, with corners ground ofi' (fig. 
 100), was 4 inches long, 2i inches deep, and If 
 inches wide. It had two holes near the center 
 for the line to pass through. 
 
 A tubular sinker (fig. 101), varying in length 
 from 2f to 3^ inches, central diameter about 1:^ 
 inches and ends f inch, is used to a considei'- 
 able extent. This is a rather conventional form, 
 and resembles the tubular lead sinkers used in 
 the United States and western Europe. A num- 
 ber of these are strung on the footline, and a 
 wooden wedge is driven in the end, or ends, of 
 the sinker, to jam the rope so that it W' ill not slip. 
 In figure 102 is shown two kinds of sinkers 
 on one net, indicating the ex})edients often re- 
 sorted to where stones of suital)le shape are not 
 obtainable. One of these sinkers is incased in 
 birch bark. This is often done to prevent the net 
 or footrope from being chafed, as they might be 
 on rough stones. The other is a piece of terra-cotta, with a hole near 
 one edge, through wdiich passes the line that holds it to the footrope. 
 
 An egg-shaped sinker (fig. 103) 
 is used in some sections on the cor- 
 ners of a ''l)agnet."' The peculiar- 
 ity of this is that it is covered with 
 cloth, doubtless for the reason 
 already UKMitioned. The method 
 of attaching this to the corner of 
 a net is shown in the illustration. 
 The so-called sink seine, like 
 that of the Norwegians, is used on the ^lurmaii coast 
 feet square, and is operated b}' four boats (fig. 104). 
 
 Fig. 157. — Seine-pole sinkers. 
 (Drawn by W. H. Abbott.) 
 
 15<S.— Sheet-lead net sinker. 
 H. Abbott.) 
 
 (Drawn riy U'. 
 
 It is about 'JO 
 
2S2 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHEKIE^^ EXHIBITION. 
 
 Fig. loi).— Net siukcr. (Drawn by \V. H. Ab- 
 bott.) 
 
 'I ho drag seine of the Ciispiun Sea region i.s made of coarse hemp 
 twine, with a mesh of 2^ inehe.s. The net is hung to a single 
 three-quarter-iiuh hciuj) lopc on l)oth foot and liead. and along the 
 
 cork rope floats are placed, at a 
 distance of about \) inches apart. 
 The footrope is provided with cir- 
 cular iron slid-cers at intervals 
 of s feet apart. Each of these 
 has a hole in the center through 
 which the footrope is rove. This 
 s e i 11 e is about 9 feet deep, as 
 hung. 
 
 According to Kusnetzov, drag 
 seines are em))loyed in all large 
 Hsheries. The simplest form of 
 this apj)aratus. which is only a 
 straight net hung to stout lines, is 
 called •"bredni" or ''brodni." 
 This is usually a shallow seine, 
 like that last referred to, and is generally used in places where the 
 fishermen can wade out to operate it, particularly to pull it to shore. 
 
 A conunon form of Russian drag seine 
 has a bag in the biuit, intc^ which the catch 
 is gathered when the net is ])rought to the 
 shore. The l)ag has a smaller mesh, and is 
 made of larger twine than the rest of the net. 
 and generally the mesli of the bum. newt 
 the bag, is smaller than it is in the wings. 
 
 The size of the mesh, of course, depends 
 upon the species the net is employed to cap- 
 ture, and may vary from a fraction of an 
 inch for some of the smaller species to many 
 inches for white whales. A special kind of 
 seine, with the bag nearer one end than the other, is used for catch- 
 ing salmon in the White Sea region, and in the northern part of 
 
 Russia are also seines or bag nets 
 with only one wing. Some of the 
 bag nets have very short Avings, 
 especially those used in the White 
 Sea and Arctic Ocean for ciUching 
 salmon. The latter arc generally 
 fixed apparatus, each wing being 
 held b}' loops to a stake driven into the bottom, and the upper cor- 
 ner of the bag is e.xttMided in the same maimer l)v a line fastened to a 
 loop or strap that runs on a stake fast in the mud. The lower part of 
 
 100.— Not sinkiT. (Drawn by 
 W. H. Abbott.) 
 
 1(11.— Net sinker. (Drawn by W. II. Abbott.) 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 283 
 
 Fig. 162.- 
 
 Net sinkLTs. (Drawn liy W. II 
 Abbott.) 
 
 this form of bag net is kept to the Ijottoni l)y large stone sinkers, and 
 the upper edges are provided with floats to lieep them up in the water. 
 
 Cast nets, fyk'cfy^ traps, weirs, etc. — 
 There are many forms of fishing ap- 
 paratus used in Russia whicli may 
 properly come under this head, for 
 here we find not only modern types of 
 gear ])ut many forms which seem to be 
 aboriginal, or at least they differ from 
 fishing appliances seen elsewhere. 
 
 Cast nets. — Cast nets are used in the Caspian Sea region, and are 
 thrown essentially the same way as in the southern section of the United 
 States, the fisherman holding one part of the 
 lower edge in his mouth, thus gaining the lever- 
 age to wdiirl it out into a nuishroom shape, so 
 important for catching fish. 
 
 These nets differ from the American forms in 
 having a peculiar plait-like edge, weighted with 
 lead, but with no puck(n-ing strings, its efi'ective- 
 ness depending on holding the fish within the 
 full plaits of the edge until they can be removed. 
 At least those nets exhibited in the Russian sec- 
 tion had no puckering strings, or brail lines, 
 running to the lower edge, and I was assured 
 such were not used. Still in the volume of illus- 
 trations on the Caspian Sea, already referred to, 
 the detailed drawing showed the end of a l)rail 
 line fastened to the foot lin(\ 
 
 Cast nets are used l>otli from the shore and 
 from l)oats. Of course fish must l)e close to the 
 surface for a device of this kind to l)e opei'ated succ(>ssfully by men on 
 the shore. When cast-net fishing is att(>mi)ted two men usually go in a 
 
 Fi<;. 1(». — Net siiiUiT, c,c 
 (Drawn by W. II. Abbott. . 
 
 Fi«. I(>-1.— Sink-.'ieinc' (isliiMK- (From l\ns.viaii iniblicution.) 
 
 boat. One sits forward and slowly pulls the boat along — or backs her, 
 if ciicumstances demand it and the otiier stands ready to cast the net 
 whenever fish are seen. Sometimes a boat mav be fastened to a stake 
 
284 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 that is (lri\('ii into tin- hottoiii. and she lies (|uiftly while the men wait 
 for a})})r()aehinii' schools of tish. 
 
 In an\' case imi<-ii {U'xterity is re(|uire(l and is .shown. TIk* Hshennan 
 has one cud of the coiled line tie(l around lii> left wrist, and with the 
 whirliiii;' motion acciuifcd only l)y lone- j)ractice, he sends the net far 
 out from the boat — the entire length of the line and so aceui'ately 
 that it I'arely fails to .strike the water fairly and in the right place. 
 Jt necessarih' follows, however, that all such tishing i,s comparatively 
 unimportant, considered alone from the standpoint of conunercial 
 fisheries. 
 
 Fijl-e nets. — -Fykes are o-enerally used in Russia. Some are of the 
 ordinary pattern, having* circular hoops, some have s(piare frames, 
 and others still }ia\e frames which are a compromise between the two. 
 They var}' in design, as elsewhere, some being simple in construction, 
 with only one funnel, while others are longer and more complex, and 
 have several funnels. Very large fykes are used in some places. In 
 Lake Ijadoga, for instance, it is connnon for them to be TO feet long, 
 with a diameter of 20 feet. "On the Volga," says Kusnetzov, '"the 
 fyke nets sometimes have wings extending not only sid«Mvise, l)ut also 
 downward, toward the river bottom, and in this manner the whole 
 water run may be closed in from the bottom and up to the ice covering 
 the river or lake." 
 
 It is rare that fykes are set singly. l)ut they are usuall}' put out in 
 rows, so that their wings connect and c-verlap each other and form an 
 intricate labja'inth of netting, thus making escape for fish ])ractically 
 impossible, and often resulting in large captures. 
 
 In the northern part of European Russia — that section bordering 
 the White Sea and Arctic Ocean— the most effective devices are used 
 in the rivers for the capture of fish. Indeed, so comprehensive and 
 destructive are some of the obstructive apparatus, such as l)arriers, 
 weirs, etc., that one feels it nmst be almost impossible for a fish to 
 pass up a stream to the spawning groimds at the headwaters, and it 
 is difficult to understand how this system of hshing has been pursued 
 for many years without causing a serious depletion in the abundance 
 of species sought. 
 
 A common form of aj)paratus used in river fishing is the fyUe-net 
 weir, or trap. On the Zilmar River a fyke weir is in fa\()r for the 
 capture of ordinary forms of fish. It is composed of a long leader 
 extending across the current and well out into the stream. This is 
 made of alternate sections of brush, or sticks, driven into the mud, 
 and netting. In the center of each net section is a fyke n(>t. arranged 
 in opposite directions, so that one wdll catch fish passing up the ri\ cr, 
 and the next will take them when they are .swimming downstream. 
 The leader is supported by stakes driven into the river bottom, and 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 285 
 
 th(^ fykes urc so fastened to stakes that they can be lifted, as occasion 
 demands. 
 
 On the Kul)ino Sea a double fyke net is used. The fykes have a 
 hirge broad-mouthed funnel at the entrance, and an inner funnel. 
 Two of these are set facing each other, and are connected by a leader- of 
 netting-: the upper edge of the latter is supported by floats, while the 
 foot line is kept near the bottom by stone sinkers. The fykes are 
 fastened at each end to stakes in such a way that they can be raised 
 when nevessary, and reset without changing their position. 
 
 Fish passing along the coast, or in or out of a cove or estuaiy, are 
 liable to meet with the leader, and whichever way they turn, if they 
 follow the leader, the pro})ability is that they enter the fyke. Such a 
 device can not fail to be effective where the conditions are suitable to 
 its use. 
 
 The ''ssklM:'—T^\ii form of iish trap (which is also called "ssjesha") 
 "looks exactly like a purse net. It is fastened to poles and arranged 
 in such a manner that it is impossible for fish to escape which have 
 once entered the net. A small line extends from the center of the net, 
 and is held b}^ a fisherman stationed on the shore. This line gives the 
 signal for each fish that enters the net, and sometimes a little bell is 
 attached to the signal line, and this gives a light tinkling sound when- 
 ever a fish enters.""' 
 
 Black Sea fisidng trap. — A trap is used on the bays of the Black 
 Sea for catching mackerel and other species, which is supposed to have 
 ])een derived from the Greeks, but is similar in idea to apparatus used 
 by the people of various countries bordering the Mediterranean. It is 
 called ''dal jani" or "skipasty" by the Russians. It is a large trap, 
 and costs from 500 to 800 rubles. It is built like a pound net; the 
 netting is attached to poles, and anchors are used to hold it steady. It 
 is arranged in "what might be called a whole court," says Kutzenov, 
 "the entrance to which is opened by letting down one of the walls 
 formed b}^ the nets. If a school of fish enters, the entrance is closed 
 again by hauling the net well up the surface." 
 
 Fishing mats. — A system of fishing with mats called "rogoshke" is 
 practiced on the Black Sea, and is quite unlike anything I have known 
 of elsewhere. The mats are made of reeds, and are about 14 feet long. 
 The edges along the sides are curved upward to a height of 4 inches. 
 This gives them the appearance of large, oblong, low boxes when 
 fioating on the water, a form necessary to the purpose for which they 
 are used. "On dark nights these mats are silently put on the surface 
 of the sea, forming a half circle, and placed where fish are sure to ))e 
 found. The men in the boats then proceed to scare the fish up from 
 
 ' Fisherei unci Thiererbentiinir in don Gewiissern Russlands, by Von I. D. Kusnet- 
 zov, St. Petersburg, 1898. 
 
 S. Doc. 39 !iO 
 
286 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 the l»ottoiii ol" the .sea by shouts and noises and l>y heatiiio- the sur- 
 face with the mats. The frightened lisli. wliich have been dri\en 
 toward the mats, try to jump over the imaiiinary obstaides and thus 
 jump onto the mats, where they are easily eau<^ht by the tishermen, 
 for the bent edges prevent their escape.'" 
 
 8trang(^ as this device may appear for the capture of tish, the suc- 
 cess met with is often most gratifying", and instances are not uncom- 
 mon when so manj'^ fish spring upon the mats that the latter sink. 
 
 Dip nds and scooj) nets. — The dip nets and scoop nets are evidently 
 made by the fisherman as a rule, and are of primitive construction. 
 Metal ])ows are not much used. A metal-bowed scoop net of a ver^' 
 conventional foriii is used in the preparation of caviare in Astra- 
 khan. Ordinarily the l)ow and handle are fornunl of a two-branched 
 sapling, cut of sufficient length foi" the purpose. The 
 bark is first stripped oft", one of the branches is cut quite 
 short, and its end is chamfered; the other })ranch is left 
 of suitable length to make the bow large enough, and its 
 end is also chamfered to fit the other. Then the long 
 branch is bent to meet the short one, and the two are 
 firmly joined hy seizings of line, thus forming an ovate 
 bow of greater or less proportionate width, according to 
 the fiexil)ility of the wood or the fancy of the maker. 
 If neither of the branches is long enough to foi-m the 
 ))ow, as above described, they ma_v meet in the middle 
 (fig. 1<)5). although this is undesirable because the lash- 
 ings chafe olf quickh', and it is generally preferal)le to 
 leave both ends short and chamfered and fit a flexible 
 piece to them to form the bow. Of course it is best 
 to have saplings that divide at the top into two 85^m- 
 metrical parts or branches, ])ut such are not alwa3^s available. In 
 that event a small tree wath straight stem is selected which may have 
 two branches on opposite sides and nearly at the same height. The 
 top of the tree is cut ofi' just above the branches and the latter are 
 tapered to receive the ends of the bow piece, which are lashed in the 
 ordinary way. The bow of a dip net used on the River Don was 
 made of hardwood bent into the usual ovate form, the ends being 
 chamfered and secured b}' seizings to the ends of a branched Y-shaped 
 stick, the other end of which was strongly fastened to the wooden 
 handle of the dip net. The greatest diameter of the bow was 2 feet, 
 and the least diameter was 14^ inches. The handle was 4 feet 9 inches 
 long and 1^ inches thick. The bag-shaped net Avas made of very coarse 
 hemp twine, with mesh of If inches. 
 
 Thus, though the details of construction \arv somewhat, the ulti- 
 
 FlG.l(i5. — DiiHiet. 
 (Drawn by W, 
 H. Abbott.) 
 
 ^ Fisherei und Thiererbentung in den Gewassern Russlands, by Von I. D. Kusnet- 
 zov, St. Petersburg, 1898. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 287 
 
 Fig. 166.— Dip net. (Drawn by W. H.Abbott. 
 
 mate result is the same, so far as the geiu'ral nature of the handle 
 and hoop of the net are concerned. The attachment of the net is a 
 secondary matter, and this may be woven onto the hoop, or may be 
 previously prepared and simply hitched on in the usual way. A 
 large dip net (fig. 166), similar to the shrimp nets of France and 
 Great Britain, is used for fish- 
 ing along shore in shallow 
 water. The handle is 14 feet 
 long; head (or spreader), 4 feet 
 long; inner spreader, 18 inches 
 long; net, 6 feet long 4 feet 
 wide at head and 18 inches 
 wide at inner part. 
 
 Trairl lines. — The trawl lines 
 used on the Murman coast for 
 catching cod and other species difi'er in no essential particular from 
 the Norwegian lines. Indeed, it is quite supposable that the Rus- 
 sians have copied after the Norwegians in the preparatioji of their 
 fishing lines, as they have in most other things connected with cod 
 
 fishery. Figure 167 shows a sec- 
 tion of trawl line coiled on a stick 
 with the bights of the gangings 
 hitched over the hooks to prevent en- 
 tanglement. The methods of hitch- 
 ing is shown more clearl}' in figure 
 168, which indicates that one method 
 is a clove hitch and the other is a 
 slip hitch. 
 
 At least two forms of trawl lines 
 are used for catching sturgeon. The 
 hooks on l)oth iiave long needle-like 
 points, and are seized to the gangings. 
 One of the lines, however, has barb- 
 less hooks, while the hooks on the 
 other have ver}^ small l)arl)s. The 
 latter are used in the Caspian Sea, 
 and are set floating; the ground line 
 is supported at short intervals by 
 wooden floats or buoys, and the hooks 
 are allowed to hang down where the 
 sturgeon will come in contact with them. 
 
 The trawl line used foi- taking the sterlet on the Volga has l)arl)less 
 hooks. This is set at the hottoni of the river, the ground line l)eing 
 kc])t down hy stone sinkei's [)lac(Hl at intervals along it, while the 
 hooks are supported in the water for the length of llu> gangings by 
 
 FHi. 107 
 
 -Trawl line. iDrawu by W. 11. Ab- 
 bott.) 
 
288 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIKS P^XHIBITloN. 
 
 tiUuiU ryliiulritiil nvochIcii lloats. one oj' which is attached to the bcud 
 of each hook l)y a sinall (loul)k' line 12 or 1.") inches long. 
 
 Barbless hooks arc also used on long' lines for the larger species of 
 sturgeon. These are attached to ganging lines, or snoods, which are 
 about the size of ordinary cod lines. The snoods are about 1*> inches 
 long, and are l)ent to the ground line at distances of 8^ to 5) inches 
 apart. The ground line is the size of the buoy line conniionly used ))y 
 American trawl-line tishernien. These sturgeon trawls are set floating, 
 and have attached to them at regular intervals buoys or floats such as 
 are put on the nets, three of these being in a Inuich at disttuices of 
 about 5 feet apart. This variety of trawl is not l)aited. It is set a 
 short distance above the bottom so that the hooks may intercept the 
 fish that are moving about in the vicinity. When a stui-geon comes in 
 contact with one of the sharp-pointed hooks it (juickly enters his body. 
 Stung hy the pain, he naturally struggles to free himself, and soon he 
 
 is impaled on other hooks, and linall}' is 
 wound u}) in the gear and rendered help- 
 less. The struggles of one fish gener- 
 ally result in catching othl'rs that may 
 be near, for, as he sweeps the trawl back 
 ;uid forth, he is ailmost i-ertain to fasten 
 tiic hooks into some other sturgeon. 
 
 llaiKl-l'i lie (jair. — There is a great 
 \ariety of hand-line gear in llussia, 
 nuich of it being designed for the spe- 
 cial |)urpose of fishing through the ice. 
 In a country of such vast extent as 
 Russia, and situated so far north that 
 its inland waters arc covered with ice a 
 greater or less portion of the year, it follows that ice fishing on lake 
 and river is carried on to a large extent. In this, as in other afl'airs 
 of mankind, necessity is the spur that prompts efl'ort, and the ice 
 bari-ieis that iloat on stream or lake, or even on large estuaries, are 
 not suflicient, formidable as they may appear, to prevent the greatest 
 activity in efl'ecting the ca|)tuie of fish by various devices, among 
 which may be mentioned lines, gill nets, bag nets, seines, etc. 
 
 It seems a sonunvhat simple matter to cut a hole in the ice if a 
 suitable implement is to hand, and to secure success by angling for 
 the fish whose appetite has been sharpened l)y fasting. And so it is a 
 common thing 'n Russia for men to fish in this wa}' and to carry awa}'^ 
 their catch on sleds. But while this method may serve to supply the 
 fisherman himself, and possibly he may obtain a consideral)le surplus, 
 lin(> fishing through the ice, to be c()nnn(>rcially impoi'tant. must be 
 carried on u])()n a inucli largei' scale, with an arrangement whereby 
 one man can attend to many hooks, and thus multiply his catch. 
 
 Fui. 1IJ.S 
 
 of liilcliiiijj 
 
 (Drawn by \V. U. Abbott.) 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 289 
 
 For this purpose, therefore, numei-oiis devices are resorted to in 
 the shape of semi-automatic tishing appai'atus for catching fish through 
 the ice by hook and line. Among those that are used on the Volga in 
 winter is one of the most interesting and efiectivc, inasnuich as it 
 enables a single person to attend many lines and therein' to multiply 
 his individual catch (PI. XXXVIII). The species chiefly taken in this 
 way on the Volga are the yellow perch {Pcrca Jluviatlhis), the pike 
 perch {Lc\tcio2^erca .^<nulra)^ and the white salmon {Luciotrutta leucich- 
 tkys). 
 
 The apparatus consists of a ''•l)Oom rod," a curved pole reseml^ling 
 an old-fashioned well sweep, with one end much larger and heavier 
 than the other, and sometimes with additional weights attached, bal- 
 anced on a tripod made of three poles lixed in the ice so that they slant 
 at a proper angle for their top ends to cross. These ends are tied 
 together firmly a foot or so from their tops, and where they separate 
 al)ove the lashing the boom i-od rests. To the small end of the latter 
 is bent a tishing line, having at its lower end a hook with a tish-shaped 
 tin decoy cast on its shank. Various kinds of hooks are used, some 
 are barbless, some have a harpoon-shaped point and bar)), and others 
 are of the usual Astrakhan form, with long, sharp point and small 
 barb. In order to set this gear so that it will be in position to catch 
 tish, a sort of trap-like device is arranged for holding down the small 
 end of the boom, but in such a way that when a tish bites and l)rings 
 a strain on the line the boom is released and allowed to tip, l)y the 
 fall of the heavy end, thus raising the tish through the hole in the 
 ice. To accomplish this the points of an inverted U-shaped wooden 
 bow are secured in the ice close to the edge of the hole through which 
 the line passes. Attached to the line near the end of the boom are 
 three small pieces of wood, one is flat and long enough to reach across 
 the U-shaped ])<)w to which it is held by the strain of tlu^ boom upon 
 the line; one is the so-called *• knocker," a plug showing when ii flsh 
 has bitten, and the other is the ''resting plug'' for the line. 
 
 When the apparatus — tripod,, boom, line, and ttap — has been pre- 
 pared a hole is cut in the ice, the hook is dropped into the water, the 
 boom is pulled into position, the trap is set, and the lisherman goes ott' 
 to attend to other similar devices, of which he may have many. If 
 Hsh are plentiful, the Hrst hook ])ut()ut may be taken before all are set, 
 and thus th(^ tish ai'(» brought out on the ice to quickly freeze, when 
 the}' are cai-ried away on sleds. Yellow perch, and ])robal)ly other 
 species, are caught through the ice 1)V ordinary angling on the Volga, 
 and doul>tl«>ss are taken in the same way in nearly all sections of 
 Russia. 
 
 For this a decoy hook, with a Hsh-shaped piece of tin on its shank, is 
 used. The line is held in the hand, or bent to the end of a short 
 
'2\H) intp:rnational fisheries exiihution. 
 
 tlexil)le rod. An ax, or chisel, to cut the ice, and a sled to haul the 
 catch away are necessary adjuncts. 
 
 Several very primitive and curious forms of gear for catching- yellow 
 perch through the ice in northern Russia Avere exhibited. The lines 
 were made of twisted horsehair. One of these was attached to a pole, 
 2i feet long, that had evidently been made for the purpose, the upper 
 part being much thicker than the lower end. and having wooden pegs 
 in it upon which the line was wound. The line was 8i feet long; it 
 was bent to a conical lead sinker, 2 inches long and f inch diameter at 
 lower end, but tapering to a point above, where the line bends into it. 
 Fastened to the lower end of the sinker is a metal spreader, -ih inches 
 long, having a snood at each end, 4 feet long, bent to horsehair loops 
 at ends of spreader. Small round-bowed hooks are used. A similar 
 line, 9 feet long, with a smaller sinker of the same shape but no 
 spreader, was wound on a rough piece of sapling, 26 inches long, the 
 limbs being cut so as to leave them projecting far enough to wind the 
 line on, while the limbs at the extremity were left long enough to 
 be fastened together, forming a guide for the line to pass through. 
 The line w^as the same length as the other, and the sinker was li 
 inches long and i inch diameter. One inch above the sinker is ])ent 
 the single snood, 13 inches long, made of three twisted horsehairs, 
 and the Kirby hook is 1 inch long. 
 
 The third line was 29f feet long, and was woiuul on a rough stick 19 
 inches long. The sinker was simplv a plain, thin sijuid H inches long 
 and f inch wide, on the shank of the hook. 
 
 One form of hand-line gear, used for ice fishing on the ri^•ers of the 
 Caspian Sea region, has four or live hooks bent to snoods attached to 
 the line and a hook bent to the end of the line. A foot or so above 
 the latter is a stone sinker, sufficiently large to keep the line down 
 in the current. In this case a small branch of a tree is fixed in the ice 
 near each hole, and the end of the line is fastened to that. 
 
 A crude sort of spre.ader gear is used for catching smelt {Osi/ierufi 
 eperkmns) and Gadus navaga through the ice on the ^^'hite Sea, or at 
 the mouths or estuaries of rivers of Northern Russia. The curious 
 reels upon which the lines are wound, the form of the gear, and the 
 method of fishing on the ice in vogue in the ^\'hite Sea region are 
 shown in the illustration (PI. XXXIX). 
 
 A very primitive kind of gear is made in the North for cat<-hing the 
 burbot or ''guappen" {Lota vulgari.s) in winter. The hook is made 
 in Y shape from a small branch of birch, and the ends are pointed. 
 The one exhibited was 2i inches long, with a spread of ^ inch. This 
 is attached to a snood loj inches long, which is bent to the line 18 
 inches above the sinker. The latter is a piece of burnt clay, nearly 
 spherical in form, with a hole through the center. It is If inches 
 greatest diameter, and th(^ hole is ^ inch in diameter. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 291 
 
 The most curious aincl peculiar specimen of rishino- gear exhibited 
 by Russia was, perliaps, a d(n'ice used for catching" l)urbot on the Pei- 
 pus Sea. This is a sort of jig, made of 10 hooks mounted (or cast) in 
 the base of a lead sinker, so as to point in different directions, nearlj^ 
 at right angles to the sinker, and with their ends curved downward. 
 These hooks are made of ordinary wire lient to the required shape; 
 they are each 1 inches long from the sinker to the ])end, are sharp- 
 pointed, and barbless. Next the sinker tine brass wire is woven in 
 and out on the shanks of the hooks, something like a spider's web, for 
 about an inch, to hold them more firmh' in position. A circular metal 
 ring passes through a metal eye in the top of the sinker, and attached 
 to this, like links of chains, are three more similar rings, the line ])end- 
 ing into the upper one. Fastened to these rings are jingles, made of 
 strips of tin rolled up, and small brass bangles, etc. The purpose of 
 these jingles is to attract the tish, for it is supposed that the noise 
 made bv jerking these up and down in the water is similar to that 
 made b}^ the crawfish or " krafta" {Astacus flwiatiluK) with its claws. 
 The krafta is a favorite food of Lota vulgaris^ which is thus drawn to 
 the jig, the appearance of which, with its many hooks bending like 
 legs, mav heighten the deception and lead to the capture of the species 
 sought. 
 
 A soft-laid, two-stranded hemp line, 14 feet long, is used. This is 
 wound on a curious recurved handle, which serves the purpose of a 
 reel and fishing rod. The handle is 9f inches long, and has an arm 
 5 inches long extending upward nearly at right angles, with a slot in 
 the end for holding the line when the proper length has l)een put out. 
 The line not in use remains wound on the handle, which is held in the 
 hand of the fisherman. 
 
 Sjyeam^ (/n/f<, f/af^x, etc. — Various kinds of fish spears are employed 
 in the fisheries. On the Ural fishermen use a three-pronged l)arl)ed 
 spear with a long iron handle, having a socket at its upper end for the 
 wooden handle to fit into. They also have a four-pronged l)arbed 
 spear, with a long wooden handle. Both of these are shown in figures; 
 13, 11, Plate XL. 
 
 A four-pronged gig, attached to a long wooden handle, is used for 
 catching fish in certain sections of Russia. Each })r()ng is 2f indies 
 long (outside handle) and has three or four upright barbed points or 
 hooks. The handle is made of a length suitalile to the conditions 
 where it is to be used. The one exhibited had a round spruce handle 
 H inches in diameter. The iron gig was fastened to thi.<4 bv a strong 
 seizing covering the lugs of the prongs for a distance of 3 inches up 
 the handle. 
 
 The single-pronged gaff' of the Astrakhan region, and especially 
 that used on the Ural (PI. XT..), is similar in general form to the gaff' 
 used b}^ American codfishermen. It differs, however, in having a 
 
292 
 
 INTERNATK1NAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Fig. 1(19.— Fisli galT. (Drawn hy 
 \V. II. Abbott.) 
 
 Kaff. (Drawn by W.H. 
 Al)b..tt.') 
 
 longer haft, and a thin niotal g-uard which is workj'd onto the gafl', 
 about ahrcastof the h)wer end of tho handh^ and oxtendino- more than 
 
 halfway up the haft. The apparent pur- 
 pose of this is to protect the seizin*;" 
 around the haft from chating. The hand- 
 les of the Ural gati's are often very long, 
 consisting of several pieces join(»dtogeth(M' 
 by seizings over the chamfered ends. One 
 form of single-hooked gaff in the Ural re- 
 gion has a short handle, with a projecting linil) or hook turiKnl down- 
 ward at its upper end to prevent tlie hand from slipping (tig, li\ 1*1. XL). 
 
 Three-pronged gaffs, with very long 
 hafts, are also used on the Ural. 
 
 The botit hand gaff' used on the tishing 
 canoes (tig. 169) is ver}^ much like some 
 of th(^ Scandinavian gaffs. It has a spur- 
 shaped iron gaff, on a short handle. 
 which is heavy and club-shaped at the 
 lower end to serve as a killer, and 
 much smaller and rounder at the upper 
 part, so that it can be grasped easily, uhile the extreme upper end 
 usually has a knob to prevent the hand from slipping. 
 
 The gaff' used in the codlishery 
 on the Murman coast (fig. 170) is 
 similai- to those of the Norwe- 
 gians, and consists of a barbless iron 
 liook fastened to a short, heavy 
 handle, which is used to kill the tish 
 as well as a hand grasp for the gaff'. 
 A eoni])ined ice pick and gaff 
 (tig. 171), which is substantially 
 the same as an ordinary boat hook, 
 is used in winter for pulling nets 
 under the ice, or for other })ur})oses. 
 A special kind of gaff' (fig. 171) 
 is made for working nets under the 
 ice. This is a round sapling, which 
 is sti'ongly curved and Avorked 
 down to the proper size. At one 
 end is some sort of hook, :ind at the 
 other is usually lashed a straight 
 pole to make the implement long 
 enough. This is used in conjunction with another implement of the 
 sam»^ foi'm, except that it has a ])iece of wood across its lower end 
 (fig. 172), which serxes to push the nets under the ice, from one hole 
 
 1 , 1.— Fisliiiig apparatus. Net lionk. ax, 
 boat hook, ifi; chisel, and dip net. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 293 
 
 Fig. 172.- 
 
 -Net ])uslu'r. (.Uniwu by \V. H. 
 Abbott.) 
 
 toward another, while a fisherman with the gatf reaches along under 
 the ice to catch the apparatus as it nears the point where he is sta- 
 tioned. This is ^^ feet long. A two-pronged iron implement (tig. 173), 
 with one of the prongs turnea )«ick to form a hook or gaff, is used for 
 operating nets under the ice. The wooden handle is (5 feet long, the 
 prongs are S*i inches long. 
 
 Among the gaffs used in the Caspian Sea region is one with a sharp, 
 spur-like prong fastened in a 
 round wooden handle, which may 
 vary from 10 or 15 inches to •! or 
 5 feet in length. A short iron 
 gaff', very much like the Ameri- 
 can halibut gaff', but with a small 
 e3^e at the top, is used for hand- 
 ling large fish. The upper end 
 and eye are served with line, and a short lanyard with a knot worked 
 on its end is spliced into the eye. 
 
 Two-pronged gaff's, with the prongs strongl}^ curved and bent in 
 toward the same side, are used in the preparation of fishery products. 
 In operating seines in the waters of the Astrakhan region a special 
 device is used for keeping the foot of the nets down close to the bot- 
 tom while they are being drawn in. This consists of a stout iron wire 
 bent into a heart shape, and with the two ends fastened to the end of a 
 pole by a strong seizing. 
 
 The ice pick differs very little, and chieffy in the 
 shape of the handle. It is a long, sharp-pointed 
 or sharp-edged chisel (fig. 171), with a socket at 
 the top in which is set a short wooden handle. 
 
 A wide-l)laded, hatchet-shaped ax (fig. 171) is 
 used in Astrakhan for cutting ice or decapitating 
 sturgeon, but, generally speaking, any kind of ax 
 that may be conveniently handled is utilized for 
 these purposes. 
 
 J^^.sh Jjd.skt'ts. potf<, etc. — A large variety of de- 
 vices coming under this head were exhibited. 
 They are generally used in connection with bar- 
 riers across rivers or with leaders. 
 A most effective form of fish trap or basket is 
 used for catching salmon in northern Russia (fig. 174). It consists of 
 a truncated box-shaped device. s(juare in cross section, some four or five 
 diameters long, and about twice as wide at the mouth as at the opposite 
 end. It has a stout wooden frame and is covered with narrow, thin 
 slats placed about their own width apart. It has a f unnid-shaped net 
 entrance, and a net door at the top. This is set at intervals in a slat 
 barrier, built across (or out into) a river, and each end of it rests 
 
 KiG. 173.— Ice TishinK imple 
 nient. (Drawn by \V. H 
 Abbott.) 
 
294 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 between two stout .stakes, wliuli arc diivcii into the Wottoiu. Across 
 each pair of stakes, near their tops, are secured poles, on whicli are 
 laid pieces of boards for the lisheruicn to stand upon when raising the 
 basket. 
 
 Several forms of lish l)askets are employed for the ca])ture of lam- 
 prey's and small lish. One of these is an openwork basket, cylindrical 
 in form, with a square-mouthed, funnel-shaped entrance, the opposite 
 end taperino- to a ])()int. Another is l)uilt of Avoodcn staves, set closely 
 to*iether and held in place l)y a line rove throu<4'h holes near the ends 
 and in the middle. The circular, cone-shaped entrance is built in the 
 same way. This basket is cylindrical, taperino- to the rear end, it bcino^ 
 about twice the diameter at the entrance that it is at the small end. 
 It is provided with two hoops, and a rope strap by Avhich it can be 
 lifted is attached to these. Near the nnir (Mid is a round hole foi- lakiiio' 
 out the catch. This is closed bj' a wooden vahe or door. 
 
 Kkj. 171.- SnlmoTi trap. iFroin Hiissiiin iiul)liciiti(iii. i 
 
 Both of these devices are used in nortliern Russia. They ai'e set in 
 openings between brush weirs or barriers, as shown in figure 175. 
 
 A small cone-shaped basket (hg. 17()), a))out -2 feet long, made of 
 thin wooden splints, is used for catching lampreys and slime eels 
 {Myxine glutiiwsa). The one hgured is '2\ inclu\s long and 7 inches 
 diameter at large end. 
 
 One of the most common forms of lish basket (tig. 177) is made of 
 wicker, with a cone-shaped entrance, and the opposite end drawn to- 
 gether and tied. These are often of large size, but generally about 4 
 or 5 feet long. They are set in a Aveir, or " battery," l)uilt in or acro.ss 
 a stream, with basket-like fascines (tig. 178), filled with stones, placed 
 side by side, except Avhere the fi.sh baskets arc located. 
 
 Two forms of fish traps made of reeds or wicker are used in the 
 Caspian Sea region, and especially in the Volga. One of these (fig. 
 170) is in the form of a cone, with a cone-shaped entrance. The other 
 is like an eel pot, with a very large funnel-shaped entrance. Two 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 295 
 
 other forms are iiuide of closely woven Avickerwoi-k. One of these has 
 a form closely resembling the common sea urchin (tig. ISO), with a 
 small entrance at the top. The other is a flat-bottomed circular basket, 
 about as high as wide, and the 
 open top about two-thirds the 
 diameter of the bottom (fig. ISl). 
 
 Sleds. — It may easil}' be sur- 
 mised that the conditions exist- 
 ing in Russia during a large part 
 of the 3"car make necessar}^ the 
 use of sleds for transportation. 
 Various forms of these are 
 shown in Plate XLI, from the 
 Laplander's boat-shaped sledge, 
 open at the rear, to the well- 
 constructed sled with a covered 
 box on it that can be locked. 
 
 Rollers. — The line roller used 
 in the long-lino cod fishery on 
 the Murman coast (fig. 182) is 
 unlike anything heretofore de- 
 scribed, and is really a combina- 
 tion of two rollers for the pur- 
 pose of easing friction where 
 there is a current; it is fixed on 
 the gunwale of a boat so that 
 it remains in one position. A 
 wooden roller, recessed in the 
 middle and quite of a conven- 
 tional form, is arranged to re- 
 volve between two iron pins, 
 which are curved just l)elow the 
 roller to form shoulders which 
 rest on top of an oblong piece 
 of plank, through which the 
 pins pass and project some 
 distance below, so that they 
 may enter holes in a boat's 
 gunwale, where the device is 
 placed when in use. 
 
 Another and longer roller is attached to the outer edge of the 
 plank, at right angles to the other and abreast of one end of it, so that 
 a line passing over the first roller and trailinj'- to one side by the cur- 
 rent will come against the lower one, which revolves when the line is 
 hauled and causes it to lead straight over the other. This lower roller 
 
29fi 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Fig. 17G.— Fish Iraii. (Dmwii by W. II. AblxUl.) 
 
 is held by an iron strap, or arm, which reaches out from the edj^e of 
 the plank, and, turnintr ut rij^ht angles, receives the pintle of the roller 
 in its outer end. 
 
 Kill ids and cirapnela. — Three-pi'ong'cd and four-pro nj,'"ed iron 
 anchors seem to be in favor with the Russian fishermen Avho are able 
 
 to have them. But the an- 
 (liors mostly used are stone 
 Ivillicks. One of these used 
 on the Murman coast (fig. 183) 
 is ])iH'uliar in its construc- 
 tion. Tw o pieces of flat tim- 
 })cr ar(> made to fit together 
 so as to I'eceivc and hold a 
 long stone in the center. 
 The planks, when joined, are 
 pointed below, have a horn-like arm worked on each side, and a hole 
 at the top to receive the hawser. The pieces of wood are lashed 
 together at top and bottom. 
 
 The stone killick of the Astrakhan region is quite different. Two 
 saplings, each with a stout liml) on it at the 
 proper angle, are cut of a suitable length, and 
 the limbs are sharpened in spur-like points. 
 Sometimes a long stone is placed ])etween these 
 (fig. 18 Jr), and the sticks are lashed together at 
 top and bottom, so that the projecting lnn))s will 
 be at right angles to the stone, to hook into the 
 bottom. At other times, 
 however, an elongated, more 
 or less egg-shaped, stone is 
 put upright between the 
 sticks instead of crosswise, 
 and secured in that w^ay (fig. 
 185). Often it is covered 
 with netting, ])ut I am una- 
 ble to say for what purpose. 
 
 Knives. — The cod-splitting knife used on the 
 Murman coast (fig. 18()) is something like that of 
 the Norwegians, but the l)lade is longer in propor- 
 tion, and the handle is different, the part bej^ond 
 the hand grasp being slighth' curved and pointed. 
 The throater, or ripper (fig. 187), is a sharp-pointed, single-edged 
 knife of a common form, with the back slightl}'' concave near the point, 
 and the cutting edge rather strongly convex. The blade is about 7 or 
 8 inches long and the wooden handU' a])out 4 inches long. 
 
 Another crude form of knife used on the Murman coast is shown 
 in figure 188. 
 
 t 
 
 'mmmmu 
 
 Fig. 177. — Fish basket. 
 
 iT.-^.— Ii.i>krt hiM'ii 
 
S. Doc. 3y 21 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 297 
 
 Fig. 179.— Fish ba.«kei. 
 
 The knives used in the preparation of isinglass from the swim blad- 
 ders of sturgeon luivo a broad ))lade and short, round handle of hard- 
 wood, Avith a ferride o\'er the end of the handle next the blade. 
 
 Flxli-hooh jile. — A maehine-made, dag- 
 ger-shaped, l)road-l)laded file is used in the 
 Astrakhan region for sharpening hoolvs. 
 It has a round, htird-wood handle, with 
 ferrule next the bhide. 
 
 Buoys and hnilers. — A very ordinary 
 form of solid wood buoy (tig. 189) is 
 used in the fisheries of the Murman coast. 
 
 Another wooden buo}^ used there is conical in form, with a flat 
 section at the apex, or lower end, having ;i hole in it for a strap or the 
 buoy rope to l^end into, and a stafl' at the upper end; also on one side 
 
 a piece of hoard for a hand grasp. I am 
 informed that glass buoys are now used on 
 the Murman coast. 
 
 Ordinary round l^uoys of varying l(>ngths 
 
 and sizes are used in Astrakhan. But 
 
 a ver}' common buoy of this region is 
 
 made of river reeds, which are cut with 
 
 a long sickle and dried by the fishermen. 
 
 These are bound together in bundles of 
 
 different sizes, and serve A'er}- well for 
 
 buojs if not kept too long in the water. Mention has already 
 
 been made of the use of gourds for buoys. Sometimes a buoy is 
 
 simply a section of timber sawed off' to the requisite length. 
 
 The scoop bailers are made by the fishermen, and 
 are serviceable and enduring. The larger one (fig. 
 190) is lUi inches long, 6 inches wide, and 7 inches 
 
 deep; han- 
 dle, 20i 
 inches long. 
 The small- 
 er one (lig, 
 
 191), similar in shape and size 
 to Alaskan scoops, is 14|- 
 inches long, including handle. 
 Of inches wide, and I'l inches 
 deep. 
 
 Lire cars. — Various forms 
 of live cars are used in north- 
 ern Ivussia, some of which are illustrated. One form consists of a 
 sharpeiietl. llat-])ottome(,l, boat-like form, built of wood, with perfo- 
 rated sides and bottom, and with the deck arranged to open one-half at 
 
 Fig. 180.— Fish trap. 
 
 Fig. ]s1.— Fish tra 
 
 Fig. l.S'J.— I.iii.' roller. (Drawn liy W. K. .\l)l«)lt.) 
 
298 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIHITION. 
 
 Fig. 183.— Stoue killick. (Drawn by W. H. 
 Abbott.) 
 
 ii time, pliuccl soiiirw liiit bolow the upper odge. A live car <>t" this 
 stylo is easily towed at the stem of a 1)()at. 
 
 Another kind of live ear is nearly a cube in sha]K\ made in a basket- 
 like form l)y iK'inu- woven touether. 
 It has an opening" on top. A ey- 
 lindrieal-shaped live ear. made of 
 netting .stretehed over a frame- 
 work, with a hole at one end, is con- 
 siderabh' in favor. It is liohtand 
 convenient and serves the purpose 
 of keeping" small lish alive very 
 well. Another live ear, made of net- 
 ting stretched over a framinvork, 
 is square at one end, of a pyramidal form, tapering to a point at the 
 end. The larger end has a projecting nozzle of netting into which 
 the fish can be put. These various forms are shown on figure 192. 
 
 Astrakhan live car. — A large, boat-shaped live car (fig. 
 193) is used in the Astrakhan region for collecting fish 
 on the fishing groiuids and taking them to the curing 
 stations. This is often 60 to 80 feet long and fully 20 
 feet wide. It is sharp at each end 
 and has a flat bottom. The entire 
 hold is divided into sections b}- 
 open l)ulkhead of vertical planks, 
 separated 1 or 2 inches from each 
 other and supported at the top by 
 stout cross beams. This car is towed 
 to the point where fishing is carried 
 on and is anchored there until its 
 cargo is completed, when it is towed back. 
 
 Stiirgcoii fesfhig needle. — The Russian fishermen 
 use a special form of probing needle for determin- 
 ing if sturgeon have roe suitable for caviare. The 
 test is made on live fish as soon as they are taken 
 from the water.. An improved form of needle has recently been 
 devised. This is shown in figure 194. The improvement consists in 
 
 Fig. 184.— Astra- 
 khan killick. 
 (Drawn by W. 
 H. Abbott.) 
 
 -Cud-siilittiiip knil'u. 
 Abbott.) 
 
 (Drawn bv W. H. 
 
 Fig. 187.— Cod throater. (Drawn by W. H. 
 Abbott.) 
 
 a better design of the open groove (fig. 195) for extracting the eggs 
 than was in the old-fashioned needle. 
 
 When a sturgeon is taken from the water, this device is (juickly 
 thrust into its side at one or more points, and when withdrawn it 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 299 
 
 Fig. 188.— Fish kiiilV. (lirawii hy W. II. 
 Abbott.) 
 
 brings with it some of the eggs, if there be any. The appearaiice 
 of these ena])les the experienced fishermen to deeide at a ohmce 
 whether or not the fish has roe that will make caviare. 
 
 This probing needle is a shar})-p()inted 
 steel tul)e. opened into a groove near 
 the point in a niannei- suita]>le to ac- 
 complish its purpose, as shown in th(> 
 illustration. It is fixed in a short ma- 
 chine-made liandh'. It is If-^ inches long outside^ the handle, and i\ 
 of an inch in diameter at the widest part of the grooxe. which is 
 3s inches long. Below the groo\e the needle tai)ers to a sharp 
 point. The handle is '2 inches long. 
 Ik^^ ^trhujiiuj Hft/iUe. — A needle l-t^ inches long and ,\ of 
 
 an inch in diameter is used for stringing fish in bundles. 
 It is threaded with coarse twine, upon which the tish are 
 strung. 
 
 Jux^u/rtiif^n^s (ipjMcreU ftc. — Soft, thick leathei- gaiiuents 
 are used l)y the Russian fishermen in.stead of oil or rubber 
 clothing, which appear to be unknown, or at least they 
 are not worn. A suit of waterproof clothing consists 
 of a heavy pair of trousers, made long enough to cover the 
 feet, and without opening at the bottom of the legs, which 
 serve the purpose of l)oots, and a shoi't leather jacket com- 
 ing down to the hips. Leather mittens are worn, and also 
 crudely made low 
 leather .sandals (PI. 
 XLII). The latter 
 are matle of one piece of leather 
 crim})e(l into sh;i})e and the top 
 held in form l)v a lacing running 
 through holes near the edge. It 
 
 is interesting to note that these primitive shoes are similar to sandals 
 worn by the Danes, samples of which were exhibited in the Danish sec- 
 tion. Long, heavy boots are also worn by Russian fishermen. 
 
 When working on the ice the Asliakhan 
 lisluM'men wear iron or sti'cl corks (PI. 
 XLII) strapped on theii- feet. These con- 
 sist of an open circular plate that fits 
 underneath the boot, and haxing a chisel- 
 pointed cork on each side. 
 
 Among the ])ersonal equipment of a seine 
 fishenuan may })erhaps l>c included the 
 hauling strap shown in Plate XLII, an implement in almo.st uni- 
 versal use in the Astrakhan region for ]>idling drag seines to the 
 shore. It consists of a wide strap of plait«'(l hemp marline or spun 
 
 Fig. 189.— Buoy. 
 (Drawn by W. 
 ■ H.Abbott. I 
 
 Fii;. ]»).— Biiilor. (Drawn by \V. II. Abbott.) 
 
 Fig. 191.— Scouii. ( Drawn liy W. H 
 Alibott. I 
 
300 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FTSHKRTKS KXHTIUTION. 
 
 yarn, lono* ciiouoli to oovrr u lishcriuaii's slioiildci's. and cxtoiids a 
 slioi't distance behind. It is tiiiislied at each end with three ej'ed 
 
 Fig. 192. — Live cars and nets. (From Jtiissiiiii puljlicutioii.) 
 
 laiiyaids. into whicli is spliced a small hemp rope about 4 feet long-. 
 
 The lower cud of this rope passes through a hole in the center of a 
 
 round piei-e of hard wood, shaped lik*^ a door knol), and is knotted 
 
 to hold the knob from slipping* oil'. 
 
 When hauling a 
 seine, the tisherman 
 puts the strap over his 
 shoulders, hitches the 
 end of the rope to the 
 cork rope of the net — 
 the knol) makes this 
 easy — and then l)ends 
 forward, so that he 
 can pull with all his 
 strength. 
 
 Ap2X(ntfu-'< iixed In 
 l>re])arat'wii . — .V large 
 variety of implements 
 are used in the prepa- 
 ration of iishery prod- 
 ucts ill Russia, of which 
 were numerously reprc- 
 
 FiG. 193.— Live car, etc. 
 
 a few ha\'e already lieen doscril)ed. 
 sented ill the cojlcrt ions I'.xhibiled. 
 
 Th 
 
Plate XLll. 
 
 OBJECTS USED BY ASTRAKHAN FISHERMEN. 
 
 LoathiT iiiitti'ii. jiair (if leather slides ishdwiiiK uiiper and lower sides), strap used for hatilinfj 
 seine, and ice corks to |irevenl slipiiin};. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 301 
 
 Fk;. lyi. — Sturgfoii testing iR-odk". i^Dniwn liy W. II. Abbott.) 
 
 ILindhirroir. — The Astriikluiu liaiidharrow (ti<>-. l'.>6) consi.st.s of two 
 poles, tapering- at each end, attached to two oblong- or halt'-round 
 pieces of plank (l)y passing- throug-h holes in their upper corners, or 
 otherwise), and in the space between the plaidvs and the poles a stout 
 sack of netting-, in the 
 shape of a half cylin- 
 der. 
 
 WJiet'JIxiri'Divs. — The 
 Astrakhan wdieelbar- 
 r(nv (tig-. 11>T) has long open spaces in its bottom, while the sides are 
 made of strong- netting- fastened to the frame. The chief pecidiarity 
 is the moveable end over the wheel, which is held shut by a bar, the 
 notch on which catches on the top of the rear frame. The object 
 of this door is to be able to 
 
 Fic.lyS.— Point of sturgeon necllo. (Di'iwn by W. H. \^ Tllis is doiie bvliftinP" 
 Abbott.) , 1 ,. ,1 .. , 1 
 
 the rear end or the stick and 
 then lifting- on the handles of the barrow until the latter is raised 
 to the proper angle to effect the object. 
 
 The ])ody of the barrow has a slight flare. The following are the 
 inside dimensions of the body at the top: Length, 2 feet 10^ inches; 
 w^idth of rear end, 2 feet 8i 
 inches; width of front end, 
 lT-2- inches; length of handles, 
 2 feet 2i inches. 
 
 FlsJh loagon. — A common 
 form of fish wagon has a body 
 with flaring sides, mounted on 
 two pairs of wheels — a plain 
 box-like affair made of planks, 
 
 Measuring sticks. 
 
 ¥u;. 196. — Handbarrow. 
 
 but strong and servii'eal)l(\ 
 -In Astrakhan most species of flsh arc culled by 
 length, and measuring sticks specially made for the purpose arc used 
 to determine the length. Seven sizes of these are used, of which 
 
 four sizes were exhibited. 
 
 Of the latter, one was for fish 
 
 9f inches long and upwards; 
 
 one for fish 12^ inches long; 
 
 one for fish 14 inches long; 
 
 and one for fish 21 inches 
 
 Fi<;. l.tT.— Wlieelbtirrow. 
 
 (Drawn by W. II. Abbott.) 
 
 long. 
 
 The stick is simply a piece 
 
 of thin board (fig. 198) with 
 a handle at one end, and the measuring part made narrower and 
 straight on both edges, except at the end, wIkmi the back is, perhaps, 
 tapered somewhat. 
 
302 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Siilf sjunyel. — A ln-oad-hladcd wooden shovel (\'\^^. l'.t'.») widi short 
 round liandlo is in fa\'oi" t'oi- handlino- salt in the ])i'oc('ss of saltinj^ 
 lish. Tiic on(> ('xliil)itod was made of oak. and the blade or scoop 
 
 })art was curved sliohtly. 
 The l)lad(> was !)i inches 
 lon*^' and .s^ inch(\s wide: 
 handU\ 5 inch(>s lono-. 
 Iltiri'ils. Tile barrels 
 Fig. 198.— Measuring stick. ordinarily used for pack- 
 
 \u)X tisli in Russia have a 
 much oTcater diametei- in proportion to their heiujit. and a i^-i-eater 
 capacity than th(> tish barrel of western Kui'o))e and Amei'ica. 
 
 They are well and stroni:-|y made: usually wilh li\(> to stncn stout 
 wo()d(Mi hoops at each end, but wilh no bilge 
 h()oj)s. Sometimes a barind of th(> conven- 
 tional form, with cliime and <|uartei- lioo|)s. is 
 used, ))ut such seem to be exceptional. 
 
 Soal'l)i(j till). — An iron-hooped cylindi-ical 
 tub, smaller at top tlian liottom. is used for 
 soaking- fish bladders, and esj)ecially those of 
 sturo-eon, to pi'epare them for ch^anine-. 
 
 Salt tuh. — A metal-bound tul). with metal 
 handles on its sides, is us(>(l in Astrakhan for ilillllllli wi 
 
 keeping the salt in that is int<Mid(»d foi" curing 
 caviare. This tub (fig. :^(»0) is high and is 
 much wider at top than at the bottom. 
 
 Varlaiw tuhf<. — Small tul>s of various ])at- 
 terns are used in the })i-eparation of caxiare. Some of thesc^ ai-e low. 
 Both metal and wooden hoops are used in their construction. 
 
 Fhh-cli-inrhni T>o.f. — In th(> i^'cparation of fishcu'y products use is 
 made of a ])lain, shallow, woodeii box (fig. 201) 
 of \'arving dimimsions, for washing and clean- 
 ing the fish before they are salted. This is usu- 
 ally neaily sijuare, has slightly fiaring sides, 
 and a hole at on(> corn(M' for letting oft' the 
 watei'. This is closed with a plug thai is long 
 enough to come above the rim of the box. 
 
 Dni hi liKj hoard. — This is a low, oblong. opiMi 
 platform (\\^^. 202), made of })oar{is with spaces 
 between, and higher at one end than the other, 
 so that any water whicli docvs not pass through 
 the openings \\'\\\ drain off the lower end. which 
 is only H or 4 inches high. It is usihI for draining lish after they 
 hav(^ l)een washed: luMice its name. 
 
 l*i(LI/ii(j tf('ii(//i. — A long trough-like receptacle made of planks is 
 
 Fk;. 1".)9.— Salt sIk.v.'I. 
 
 l.v W. ir. Al.hott. 
 
 Fig. •.»t)0.— Salt tub 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 808 
 
 Fl(i. 201. — Fisli-cleaniiis 1)()X. 
 
 built for salting' the dor.siil part of larger sturycoiis in, to niako the 
 cured product known as 'M)alki." This may vary in size, and it has 
 no special features that need be described at lenj^th. 
 
 Kcffh'^. — Various forms of kettles are utilized in the preparation of 
 tishej'Y pi'oducts, more especial!}' in 
 trvinjo- out oil, etc. Some of these are 
 the ordinary leiiless. round-bottomed, 
 ij'on pots common to all countries. 
 These are enlarged in some cases by 
 hayino' an iron-hoojx'd bottomless tub 
 fitted to the to)) to increase the heiojit. 
 
 A cylindrical llal-bottouied copper 
 kettle (Ho-. ^1<)\\). tinned inside, is in 
 
 fayor in the Astrakhan reo-ion. as a receiyer of fat or lish oils. It is 
 proyided with short leu-s. and also has eai's for liftinii- it. 
 
 Bhil>h,r sri'dpcr. -YoY remox'iiii'' the blubber fi'om the inlei'ioi' of 
 kettles, when oil is being tried out, and thus preyenting it from burn- 
 ing and injuring th(» oil, use is made of a straight-edged, chisel-shaped 
 
 scraper, into the socket of which is 
 lifted a wooden handle o or 4 feet 
 long. A similai' im])lemcnt is used 
 in NcAV England. 
 
 ('aviarc (ij>i>(ir<t1u>i.- Aside fi'om 
 those already I'cbM'i'ed to. thei'e are 
 a luuubei' of implements used in the 
 preparation of caxiare, which is a large industry, and is prosecuted 
 with such success that a description of the apparatus (niiploycHl may 
 proye instructiye and useful to Ameriitan tishei-UKMi and pack(M-s. 
 
 At the mouth of the Volga a large wooden trough (tig. 2o4) is used 
 for recei\'ing the sturgeon eggs fi'om the tii'st sifting, and a .sieye of 
 suitabh^ dimensions to tit its top is proyided. 
 Ordinarily, howcyer, tul)S are preferred for 
 this pui-pose, and a smaller sieve is used for the 
 second sifting, of a size to tit oyer the to]) of 
 the receptacle. 
 
 A common form of sieve is square, and is fas- 
 tened inside of a s(]uarc wooden frame. 
 
 A small circular sieve with quite a dee]) frame 
 is used foi- di])j)ing the caviare from the lye into 
 which it is lirst ])ut. 
 
 A wooden fork, which resembles a large cond), 
 with a handle on top (tig. 205), is a favorite implement for handling 
 caviare when it is being salted. Jt is Hi inches k)ng and 4| inches 
 wide, teeth \ inch apart; a smaller fork has 8 teeth \ inch apart. 
 
 Several foims of presses for pressing ca\iare wei-e exhibited. One 
 
 Fl(i. 'Syi. — Drrtiiiing Ixiard. 
 
304 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 of these is shown in figure 200. It consists of a plank bottom, Avido 
 enoiio-h at one end to suit the ptieksio'e. and narrow at the othi^-. On 
 
 Fi(i. 'J04. — Caviare labs ami .sio\ os. ( l-'rom Ku.ssiaii ilrawiiig.) 
 
 the wid(> end are erected two upright pieces of phink 12^ inches high, 
 :ind these are securely fastened to serve as guides. 
 ,Vn iron lever is arranged to operate a plank press, 12^ 
 by T inches, that works between the uprights, and by 
 exerting power on the handle of the lever the caviare 
 is pressed into the receptacle. This press is 4 feet 
 4 inches long. 
 
 Another and simpler form is shown in figure 207. 
 In this the uprights are placed very much as on the 
 press first described, though they are supported b}' 
 knees. A wooden lever is used, however. This is 
 put under a rope strap, and a lanyard, which reeves 
 through a ring on each side of the rear end of the 
 bottom plank, serves to bring the gradual strain 
 required to press the caviare. Hard-wood blocks, 
 Avitli handles on them, are used for piling upon the 
 
 sai'ks containing tho, caviare, in order to secure additional pres- 
 
 FlG. 'JOti. — Caviai'L! ^tr^'^ss. 
 
 sure as the product is brought into a smaller compass. 
 
 Barrel indi'l'er. — For marking on fish barrels the weight, etc., of their 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION, 
 
 305 
 
 contents a conventional forni of luniher marker (li<^'. 20S) is o-mierally 
 used. This is so well known that no special description seems neces- 
 sary, the interesting feature about its utilization ])ein<>" that it seems to 
 
 ri<;. 207.— Caviare j-il-s. (Drawn by W. II. Alil.ott.) 
 
 Fio. 'JOS. — Barrel iiiarkor. 
 
 be preferred to brandino- irons or stencils, which elsewhere are com- 
 monl}' considered l>etter for this purpose. 
 
 PicMe 'pum_p. — Among the most useful devices exhibited by Russia 
 was a hand pump with hose, etc., attached, used for forcing* pickle 
 into l)arrels tilled with tish. This is shown in tigure -iU9. It consists 
 of an ordinary foi'm of force pump mounted on a wooden horse or 
 stand. It has a wooden lever handle, and is provided with a corru- 
 
 gat(^d ru))iK>r suction hose underneath, with a strainer at its lower cud. 
 It has a canvas discharge hose, fitted at the end with a nu^al spout for 
 entering a hole in the head or side of a cask, and with a simple form 
 
30() INTERNATIONAL FTSHERTES EXHIinTTON. 
 
 of stopcock to sliut oH' tlic How ot" t)i'inc when tlic baiTcl is full. Fish 
 iirc ])iickc(l (li'v. iis ill this countrv. and ai'c ])i"cssc(l titihtly into ihc 
 casks; tlic harrcls arc then headed, and the ])ickle is sul)>e(iuent ly 
 })uni|)ed into tluMii. This sceiiis to he a decided iniprovcnient on the 
 system of picklinu' lish in hanelsin the riiited States, where, as a rule, 
 only a simple funnel is used, into which tin' lirine is poured until a ca>k 
 is supposed to he full. It is far within the jiossitjilitics that sullicient 
 pickle is not always put on l)y the method icfeiTcd to. and inucli of 
 the loss of pickled fi.sh. which is now no small factor in the American 
 fish trade, doulith'ss niioht he prevente(l hy the use of a |)umi) foi' 
 forcing- hrine into the Itarrels. especially if the latt(M' are constiucted 
 on modern ideas. 
 
 Ciri'ihuic — It is scarcely lUH-essai'y to mak(> more than a passing* 
 allusion to the fii.e exhibit of hemp rope (lis])lave(l l)y T. lloth. of St. 
 Petcrshui'L!'. since the excellent (|uaiity of Kussian hemp cordau'e is 
 universally undei-stood and appreciated, it may. howe\er. not l»e 
 ainiss to mention the fact th:it the collection displayed l»y this Hrm 
 enihraced many ^'ari(»ties of products, from oai<um. thi'ouLili \arious 
 yizos and grades of hemp cordage — hotli rope and cahle laid, light and 
 heavy tarred, etc. — to a mammoth cal>le. 
 
 McfJiixh nf Jjs/ilng. — The methods of lishing ])i'acticed in \arious 
 sections of European Kussia were fully illustrated hy photogra})lis. 
 Some of these methods have been indicated sutHciently in the (h'scrip- 
 tions and illustrations of fishing a}.i)aratus. 
 
 y\liit<-ii']i((hji><}u'i'y. — In pros(>cuting the fishery for white whales 
 in the AVhit(^ Sea region a large seine is I'un out from the coast lUMirly 
 half its length, and is anchored in position wliei'c the whales are 
 (^xpected to come along the shore, as is their habit during tine weather 
 in summer, when large schools of them approach the shallow shores 
 or run between the islands that dot the White Sea. The net is curved 
 a little at its outer end, and nearly om>-half of the seine is rolled up 
 and tentativcdy tied with light strings (PI. XLIII). All is s(Maired by 
 anchoi's in this way. and a warp is carried from the outer end of the 
 seine to the shore. The fishermen then watch for the arrival of a 
 school of ])elugas, and when the whales are s(Hmi coming along the 
 coast men stand ready foi' work on shore, while others go out in boats 
 to turn the appi'oaching cetaceans shor(>ward. if they show a tendency 
 to go too far out so as not to l)e within reach of the net. 
 
 As soon as tlH> school ])asses inside the ai'ui of tlu^ seine the men 
 on shoi'c ])ull on the line, l)reak the cords that hold the end of tlu^ net, 
 and sp(>edily drag it to the shore. h(>liind the whals's. thus cutting otf 
 theii' escape. Another seine is then i-un inside the anchored one. and 
 the whales are gradually pulled to the beach or into shallow watei-. 
 where they are promptly disjiatched. 
 • Fishing lu'gins at the end of June, and the Hshermen organize into 
 
z § 
 
 p m 
 
INTEKNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 807 
 
 companies. Each company tjenerally has eight boats. There are 
 about 40 men in the company. 
 
 In describing this fishery Schultz says: 
 
 The fishermen cast anchor near a group of islands and -wait iiaticiitly f(ir the 
 watchmen to give the signal that a flock of orca? (white whales) is ajjproaching. As 
 soon as the signal is given they row rapidly toward the placie designated, taking good 
 care, however, not to fish in deeper water than 5 "segenes" (35 feet), lest the net, 
 which is only 6 "segenes" (42 feet) deep, as has been said before, should prove use- 
 less. 
 
 At first the boats row without order, but as soon as they approach the orcaj they 
 place themselves in the following manner: The two middle boats ai)proach each other 
 and remain in the rear, while the others advance to the right and left, keeping at a 
 distance of 120 "segenes" (840 feet) from each other, i.e., almost the length of the 
 seine. In order that tlie fishing should be successful it is necessary that the boats 
 should advance, remaining always two and two, at the same depth; afterwards they 
 must halt at some distance from the orcfe and cast all the nets at the same time, after 
 having tied them to each other. In this manner the orcfe are surrounded, and 
 endeavor in vain to break through. The circle is constantly growing narrower, and 
 the orcr are finally harpooned with fish i 'gs having short handles, which are easily 
 
 Fk;. 210. — Seal fishing village. 
 
 detached. The iron of the fish gig is not beyond the fisherman's cdiit ml, as it is 
 joined to the hand by a cord used for pulling up the instrument and ihc pierced orca. 
 If the orcse enter into a small bay their retreat is cut off })y means of large sta- 
 tionary seines, and they are easily captured.^ 
 
 Seal Jivntiiu/. — Reference has alread}" been made to the methods of 
 hunting seals in the White Sea region and the Caspian Sea. On what 
 is known as the "winter coast" — the eastern coast — of the White Sea, 
 and in the Bay of Mezene and the Gulf of Dwina the Greenland seal 
 {Phoca groenlandica) is vigorously hunted. Large villages of seal- 
 hunters' huts are on most parts of these coasts. One of these is illus- 
 trated ill tigure 210. 
 
 The huiitsnien carefully observe fnmi the coast the movement of the floating ice. 
 High, wooden towers are erected for this purpose all along the shore, whence the 
 <il (servers watch the horizon with telescopes, and when they have discovered an 
 encampment of the phocfe they decide whether it is possible to get to them, and 
 whetlier it is worth while to give them chase. Small hunting sheds are also built 
 along the coast, each of which can accommodate as many as twenty huntsmen. 
 
 ^Account of the Fisheries and Seal Hunting in the White Sea, the Arctii- Ocean, 
 and the Caspian Sea, by Alexander Schultz, pp. 55-56. 
 
808 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 As soon as tlie jtlio^'ji' show theiuselvfs at a slmrt (Hstaiitf from the shore the hunts- 
 men venture on tlie floating iee, <lra\ving a small lioat aftci tiiem, and they kill the 
 young phocfp by blows -with their boat hooks and tin- old ones by gunshots. In 
 order to approach the phoweas near as jxjssible the hunters makt' use of thi' follow- 
 ing ruse: They make themselves, as it were, invisible l)y mufiling up in long an<l 
 large white shirts, and by advancing slowly and noiselessly on the snow. When 
 the chase is over the dead animals are at once skinned and dragged on shore. They 
 usually kill only those Avhich they can take with them, for the wind easily drives 
 the ice far away and the booty would be lost to the huntsmen, who themselves are 
 often exposed to the greatest dangers. 
 
 This chase takes place on the "winter coast," extending over a space of 400 versts 
 (230 miles), antl numerous huntsmen meet there from the districts of Archangel, 
 Penega, and ]\Iezene. The principal place of meeting, and at which generally 2,000 
 huntsmen assendjle, is i-alled Kedy, and is located 12 versts (about 7 miles) from 
 Cape Yoronov. The huntsmen have built at this place about 100 luits, where there 
 is constant excitement from February till the end of March, while during the rest of 
 the year these liuts are deserted. 
 
 About the middle of March the young phocae are large enough to leave the ice and 
 swim toward the open sea, whither the old ones do not follow them. They assemble 
 in the < Julf of Mezene, where they rest on the ice and pair. The pieces of ice in the 
 gulf are sheltered from the wind and are not carried about by the waves, although 
 they melt a little, especially during the rainy periods. 
 
 Numerous societies of huntsmen assemble in the beginning of April at the mouth 
 of the river Kouloi, in order to follow for several weeks the chase of the phoc;e on 
 the ice. They use sailing vessels 22 feet long witii an iron-plated bottom. Every 
 vessel is manned by seven huntsmen, is conipletely t'(piippeil, and fnrnislu'd with 
 provisions and fuel. 
 
 Tlie iiuiilsiiicii all leave the shore at tlie saiin' time, and, having reached tin' Moat- 
 ing ice, they tlraw their vessels on the ice and there estalilisii avast encampment. 
 The younger and more active huntsmen are sent out to reconnoiter. Provided with 
 snowshoes, they hasten in all directions to search for i)lioca'. As they observe a 
 flock, they advise the huntsmen of the fact, and these all run toward the spot, drawing 
 their boats after them. Having arrived Avithin gunshot distance, the most expert 
 are placed in the front rank and commence the chase; for every shot nmst kill, and 
 not merely womid, lest the cries of the w-ounded phoc?e frighten the whole flock and 
 make them sjH'cd away. The animals which are killed are then placed in the boats, 
 and file huntsmen return to the shore — sometimes on the ice, sometimes on the open 
 sea — to deposit there the result of the chase, and bring new provisions to the com- 
 rades who had been left there. ^ 
 
 Oil the so-called "Terski coast" (western shore of the 'White Sea) 
 the pi'iiicipal point of assemblage for hunters is at Deviataya. about 
 9 miles north of Ponoi River. 
 
 Huts are built here, anil about 500 huntsmen assemble, who form themselves into 
 societies. Every society is composed of a master and three huntsmen. ^\'hile one 
 of the members of the society remains on shore with his sleigh and his reindeer, the 
 other three venture on the pieces of ice to discover the phocio which are sleeping there. 
 Every Imntsman wears over his clothes a short cloak of reindeer skin, called " sovik," 
 and has on his feet large l)oots lined witli fur. At the end of a long strap passed 
 over his shoulder he draws a small boat, weighing 20 kilograms. A game bag with 
 provisions is attache<l to his ln-lt. His gun on his shoulder, and having in his hand 
 
 'Account of the Fisheries and Seal Hunting in the AVhite Sea, the Arctic Ocean, 
 and the Caspian Sea, by Alexander Schultz, pp. 53-54. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 309 
 
 a long stick with an iron point, he rapidly and skillfnlly advances, by means of his 
 snowshoes, over the vast fields of snow and ice. The hunter who leads directs his 
 course by a mariner's compass, and with his iron-pointed stick constantly tries the 
 firmness of the ice. He acts as guide, and his two comrades follow him in single 
 file, drawing their l)oat after them. When they have arrived at an expanse of water 
 where phocte. are swimming, two of the huntsmen fire, while the third j)ushe8 the 
 boat into the water in order to take up the dead animals, which he hoists into the 
 boat by means of a boat-hook. 
 
 The chase commences early in the morning, and the huntsmen do not return to 
 their hut till evening, a flag hoisted on the shore indicating to them its position. 
 
 The seals of the Caspian are caught witli nets as well as killed with 
 clubs and guns. They are hunted chiefl}' on certain islands where they 
 congregate at fixed seasons. 
 
 In the spring and autumn the seals seek the shore to rest in the sun, one herd 
 arriving after the other. Scarcely has the first settled when a second comes, yelling 
 and showing their teeth to drive it away, followed soon by a third, to which it in 
 turn has to yield its place; so that the last herd arriving always drives the first 
 farther back on the coast. The invasion terminates l)y the arrival of some isolated 
 stragglers. 
 
 Now is the time for the hunters to commence the chase. They carefully observe 
 in what place and, approximately, in what numbers the seals have gathered; and 
 then elect as their chief the most experienced and skillful among them. They 
 approach the rookery in boats, either at dusk or during the night, always going 
 against the wind to conceal their approach. 
 
 After their arrival on shore the hunters disembark iftjiselessly, form a line in order 
 to cut off the retreat of the seals, and thus, creeping, advance quite near to the herd, 
 which is sleeping and suspects no danger. On a signal from the chief the hunters 
 all rise at once and pitilessly attack their unfortunate victims, killing them by a 
 single blow on the snout with a club. The bodies are piled up by means of gaffs, 
 and after a few minutes form a rampart, depriving the survivors of every chance of 
 regaining the sea. The seals growl, groan, bite, and defend themselves; but the 
 hunters, eager for gain, go on killing them without mercy, and soon the whole herd 
 is massacred. It is no infrequent occurrence to see 15,000 dead seals cover the battle- 
 field of a single night. 
 
 After the killing, the dressing of the seals commences, usually about daylireak. 
 
 The head is cut off, the belly is opened, and the skin is taken off with a thick layer 
 of fat adhering to it. These skins are piled up on the boats, which take them to 
 large sailing vessels anchored some "versts" from the shore, on which they are 
 heaped up, each layer being covered with salt. These vessels sail with their cargo 
 to Astrakhan, while the hunters return to the coast to carefully clean the Iiattlefield. 
 They bury the liodies and entrails at some distance, deep in the ground, or tiirow 
 them into the sea, far from the shore, and carefully obliterate every trace of blood, 
 so that when another herd of seals arrives these animals do not see an j' marks of the 
 slaughter which has taken place; for experience has shown that they never select for 
 their rookery a place from which every trace of the slaughter has not been carefully 
 removed. 
 
 Another way of hunting the seals is to take them with nets. Immense nets are 
 stretched out, into which the hunters endeavor to chase them by yelling and mak- 
 ing a noise. This way of hunting is chiefly emjjloyed in the maritime district of the 
 Ural Cossacks and in the Gulf of Sineye Mortso, from October till the sea is covered 
 with ice. The nets, called "okhani," are 6 "sagenes" (42 feet) deep, and have 
 mf'shes of 7^ inches. 
 
 Tlie following is the manner of proceeding: Forty boats join together and elect a 
 
 8. Doc. 39 22 
 
310 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 chief and an a.«.«istant chief. Then the boats sail out to sea with a fair wind, or use 
 their oars, goinj^ in a hue, thus forniinji a sort of cliain. In every ))oat there are 
 three nets. The chief, followed l)y twenty l)oats, is mi the lookout fdi- a htnl of 
 seals, which he endeavors to cut off, while his assistant reniuins with the otlier half 
 of the fleet at some distance from the shore. When the chief thinks that the time 
 for action has come, he gives the signal by throwing into the sea a bale to which a 
 flag is fastened. At this signal the boats simultaneously cast their nets, which are 
 all tied together so as to form a wall of meshes, l)y which the seals are soon com- 
 pletely surrounded. Then the hunters begin to yell and to strike the water witli 
 their oars in order to frighten them. They seek to avoid the danger by i)lunging, 
 l)ut they rush against the barrier of nets and are caught in the meshes, so that they 
 can be killed without difficulty. This way of hunting is prohibited in those parts 
 of the sea where it injures the fishing or obstructs the first-mentioned manner of 
 hunting. The chase on the ice is fraught wit li inaiix dangers, and is, therefore, 
 at present prohibited. The hunters, sitting on little sledges drawn by strong and 
 hardy horses, and provided with food, continue on for several weeks to shoot old 
 seals and kill young ones while they still have their white and silk-like fur. These 
 hunters brave all dangers, and it has sometimes happened that the south and south- 
 west wind, having detached large masses of ice from the shore, has driven them out 
 into the open sea, where they have floated in all dire(;tions, with the adventurous 
 huntsmen on them. These imfortunate hunters usually perish from cold and hunger 
 on these masses of ice, or find their death in the waves.' 
 
 Codjjshery. — The methods pursued in the ciipture of cod and li:dil>ut, 
 on the Murman coast, differ in no essential particular from those of 
 the Norweg-ians on contiguous tishing- grounds. Thislishery is carried 
 on chietiy with trawl lines, which are set and hauled m the ordinary 
 manner. 
 
 Salni(mfi.'<hing in northern Ru><s!a. — In the ri^•ersof northern Russia 
 various methods of catching salmon are employed, some of tiiem of 
 such a nature as to suggest the proba))ility of the entire destrut-tion 
 of the species in certain localities. 
 
 On the river Kitcha, for instance, a t>arriea(le is made of slats tied 
 together and driven into the bottom, and supported by braces — poles 
 placed in the river at sharp angles — so as to steady and make stronger 
 the closely built fence. In the latter is one rather narroAv opening in 
 the middle for the free passage of fish. The barricade is so built, 
 however, that each side recurves, the outer portion sweeping down 
 the river in a long curve, while the end next the shore also turns in the 
 same direction. Thus any salmon ascending the river and coming in 
 contact with the obstruction naturally swim upstream, and are led to 
 an opening in the barrier. Passing through this, they enter into a wooden 
 trap from which there is no escape. 
 
 At certain times this trap is raised by rude windlasses at either end, 
 a net door that covers a portion of the top is opened, and the fish are 
 removed. 
 
 The trap referred to is nearly oblong in shape, somewhat smaller, how- 
 
 'Account of the Fisheries and Seal Hunting in the White Sea, the Arctic Ocean, 
 and the Caspian Sea, by Alexander Schultz, pp. 93-95. 
 
PLATE XLIV. 
 
 
 METHOD OF SETTING SALMON NET. 
 Drawn by \V. H. Al)l)ott, uller Kussiaii plan. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 311 
 
 ever, at its extremity than at the entrance. Various other forms of traps 
 are used for the same purpose, mostly having- a pyramidal form, 
 although some are like one kind of crawtish net employed in Finland. 
 In these forms netting is drawn over a wooden framework, and the 
 larger end is in'ovided with a funnel-shaped entrance of netting simi- 
 lar to that conunon to lobster nets, fykes, etc. 
 
 On the river Ponoi a weir with a sort of heart-shaped entrance is 
 used, and as this is placed so as to intercept the salmon in their journey 
 up river, it must prove very effective. 
 
 A formidable barrier extends across the Onega River, having only a 
 narrow opening for the free passage of salmon. On each side of this 
 are numerous openings which lead into fyke-net traps. These fykes 
 have eight or nine hoops and two funnels, and are suited for the cap- 
 ture of numbers of fish at a time. 
 
 Where the conditions are favorable, long rows of stake nets are set 
 for salmon, as at the estuary of the Petchora. Here at high tide the 
 nets are submerged, or at least their upper edges arc only level with 
 the water; but when the tide ebbs, a large por- 
 tion of the shore end of the nets is left dry, so 
 that the fishermen can go out on the uncovered 
 bottom and take the fish out. The nets far- 
 ther out, however, extending beyond low-Avater 
 mark, must be attended to with a boat. 
 
 Along the shores of the White Sea salmon 
 are caught in a verv peculiar manner — ^one that 
 
 • i' 1 1 mi Fig. Jll.— Nfi flcuiis. , Drawn 
 
 1 have not noticed elsewhere. 1 he apparatus i.y w. n. .\i)i>..i!.) 
 
 used is a drag seine, with a bag in the l)unt, 
 
 where the floats are nuich nearer together than elsewhere (PI. XLI\'). 
 The bag is about one-third the length of the net from the shoi-c end. 
 The net itself is supported by the usual circular and ()vat(^-()biong 
 wooden floats (flg. 211), and has stone sinkers, the lattei- having holes 
 drilled in them, through which a cord passes to fasten them to the 
 foot rope of the net. 
 
 For setting this net a number of stakes — usually eleven — are driven 
 into the bottom from the shore line outward, and then nearly at right 
 angles. The inner end of the net is attached to a bridle, and this in 
 turn to the inner stake. The net is stretched along the stakes and is 
 held to them by stout wooden split clutches or pins, resembling ordi- 
 nary clothespins. At one end of each pin is a rope loop, which is put 
 over the stake, and the split end of th(> clutch is januued onto th(^ head 
 rope in such a manner that it is sutticient to hold the net in place, while 
 at the same time the latter can be pulled clear by a vigorous jerk or 
 heavy strain (fig. 212). 
 
 The extreme outer end of the net is loosi> or unattached to stakes; 
 but this is drawn back toward the leader by a rope fastened to the 
 
812 IXTKRNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 up])er cdi'iKM" :iii<l lifld in tlial ])(>siti()n t»y u iiian in :i l>o;it on the out- 
 side of the leader. This arriiiitit'inent ln'inijs the outer section of the 
 net into a sort of trianouUir form. thus, in a way, taking the shape of 
 a Hsli trap. 
 
 But it is the ))ui'i)ose of tii<' seine to .serve as a trap only in the 
 
 most limited sense, for a line leads 
 
 fi'o)n a l)i'idle attached to the outei' end 
 
 of the net to a rude cap>tan on the 
 
 l)each. and as soon as salmon are ol)- 
 
 /yvV','' ''■'■^•' '^^^^ served l»v the man in the t»oat to be 
 
 enteriiiii' the semi-inclosui'e. he inforuis 
 
 '{/ the fishermen on shore, who inunedi- 
 
 '/ ately jump to the work of hea\ inu' in 
 
 V . tlie line for the purpose of hrinuino- the 
 
 . f y <^iifl of the seine to the shore (hi;-, i^li^). 
 
 ^ ' As the strain on the rope inerease.s. the 
 
 "^ jjgj V ■ "" clutches or pins loose their hold, one 
 
 by one. on the head rope of the net. 
 
 Fig. 212. — Section of salmon net. (Drawn i ,i , i • i i i i 
 
 bvw H AbLott I '^'"^ "^o"'! the outer (Mid is landed, and 
 
 rinally the tish are t)rou«>ht into the 
 
 bao- in the luint and di-a\vn To the short\ This is an inuvnious device, 
 
 and 1 have not known of it l)eini>- used anywiiere except in llussia for 
 
 the ca})ture of lish. 
 
 Th(> method of .settintJ- .salmon rr\\\ uois at Kurna is essentialh' the 
 same as that adoptiMl t)y the lishermeii at and below tiie entrance to 
 
 Fig. 213.— Heaving in tjio net war]). (Drawn by W. 11. Abbott.) 
 
 Penobscot KiAcr. in Maine. The net is run straight out from shore, 
 like a leader, but inclined downstream, so that it is at an angle w ith the 
 shore of altout ."iO degives. The outer part of the net is cur\'ed around 
 to form nearly a square, the corners being held with stones or stone kil- 
 licks, but the extreme end is turned inward toward the bowl, like the 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 313 
 
 wing of a heart in a pound net. Thus the salmon entering a river or 
 estuary on their way to the spawning grounds, meeting with the straight 
 part of the net, turn offshore and enter the bowl or curved outer end. 
 They then swim around trying to find an outlet, and finally may make 
 a dash for liberty by rushing for the net, when they are gilled. 
 
 Seine fishing in Astrakhan. — The large seines used on the Volga and 
 its tributaries are from 2,100 to 2,800 feet long, and two boats are 
 always needed for operating them, the nevodnik, or seine boat, which 
 has a seine master or pilot and 8 to 12 men in her crew, and the 
 r^'bnitsa or carr3'-away boat, which has a crew of 7 men and carries 
 the catch to the vataga, as the curing establishment is called. The 
 net is shot by the seine boat, which first starts off from the shore and 
 sets the so-called "coast- wing" of about 60 fathoms, and then sweeps 
 around in a semicircle with the other wing, which is about 300 to 100 
 fathoms long, and the end of which is brought near the shore. The 
 net is then dragged on to the beach by the fishermen, each using a 
 haiding strap heretofore referred to (PI. XLV). 
 
 The seine fishery is prosecuted in the Caspian in depths of from 5 
 to 7 feet, particularly in spring and fall, for the capture of pike perch 
 {LuciojJe'rca sandni., L. volgensis) and bream {Ahraniis hrama). The 
 seines used have wings of equal length. 
 
 Ahi soon as the approach of a school of fish is announced, the rybnitea casts anchor, 
 while the nevodnik uses all its oars, or sails, going toward the school and gradually 
 casting the nets. On board the nevodnik there are a pilot, six rowers, and two 
 laborers. When the net has been cast, the nevodnik joins the rybnitsa, to which 
 one of the ends of the seine is attached, and, ail hands assisting, they begin to draw 
 the net into the nevodnik. This last-mentioned boat is placed at a distance of 1 
 arsheen (2 feet 4 inches) from the rybnitsa, to which it is joined by strong trans- 
 verse sticks. The net is drawn back underneath the hull of the rybnitsa. This 
 must be done in an even manner, without any sudden jerks. In order to depri\e the 
 fish of every means of escape, the net is drawn in such a manner that the lower bolt- 
 rope of the two wings slightly grazes the outside of the boat. For this purpose an 
 iron implement is used, shaped like a heart, to the pointed end of which a long cord 
 is attached. People fish only by daylight, and during the night the boats are drawn 
 on shore. It is very interesting to see the fishermen go out into the sea to search 
 for a school of fish. The experienced pilot who leads the expedition stands at the 
 prow of the boat, constantly sounding the water with a long pole to ascertain the 
 presence of a school, or to see whether one is approaching. He also gives the sign 
 as soon as he thinks the moment has come for casting the net. Generally the whole 
 school is caught.^ 
 
 Th<' following interesting stateuKMits regarding the fisheries on the 
 Ural River are from a paper published in the Popular Science ^Monthly 
 for October, 1893, entitled "The Ural Cossacks and their fisheries," 
 ])y Dr. N. Rorodine, fish conunissioner of th«> Ural disti'ict. 
 
 After first gi\ing a history of the settlement of the Cossacks on the 
 
 ' Account of the Fisheries and Seal Hunting in the White Sea, the Arctic Ocean, 
 and the Caspian Sea, by A. Schultz, pp. 7(3-77. 
 
314 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Ural River some three hundred years ago, and tracing the history of 
 the settlement up to the present time, including the subjection of the 
 tribe by tlie Kussian Government in 1723, Dr. Borodine discusses the 
 fisheries as follows: 
 
 To return to the fisheries and their importance in the life of the Ural Cossacks, I 
 should mention that thel'ral River is the only lar^e river that is entirely given over 
 to the fishing industry, all sorts of conunercial navigation being absolutely forbidden 
 from Uralsk to the Caspian Sea (330 miles); and more than that, in some places of 
 the river, where sturgeons collect for their winter sojourn, no one is permitted to run 
 a boat, to make any noise, build a tire on the shore, etc. By the laws of the com- 
 munity summer fishing is almost entirely prohibited, for the purpose of protecting 
 the spawning, also for the reason that fish caught in summer will not bring a good 
 price. They let fish enter the river from the sea and settle there quietly fur the 
 winter sojourn. All jwssible means are used to secure for the fish an unrestricted 
 passage to the upi:)er parts of the river, but not beyond Uralsk, where a railing is 
 
 Fig. 2H.— Fall liishint; ou the L'riil Kivur. Waiting fur the .'iignal. (Aftor In. J'.Mindino.) 
 
 constructed across the river to jirevent the larger fish going faitlicr n]>. ()\\ ing to this 
 arrangement the lf)\ver part of the river from this railing to tlie niotitii forms a large 
 natural fish pond, 330 miles in length, where the fish are carefully watched by a great 
 many fish wardens until the regular time for fishing, which is fixed by general con- 
 sent of the conumuiity. It is easy to understand what a thorough organization is 
 necessary to conduct successfully this complicated i)lan for the distance of 330 miles, 
 and which has to deal with more than 10,000 fishermen. It is indeed a complete organ- 
 ization. The central administration, residing in Uralsk, controls all this business, 
 assisted by munbers of local agents through the whole country. A steam cruiser, 
 steam launch, and a number of sailboats constantly watch the mouth of the river and 
 the neighboring banks and jirotect them from poachers. It should be mentioned that 
 the river, with its fishing grounds and ])art of the Caspian Sea, belong to this entire 
 comnumity, consisting of 110,000 })eopli'. There is no private ]iroperty belonging to 
 individuals or villages adjacent to the river, and an elaborate and detailed general 
 plan must exist to regulate all of this innnense business in such a manner that the 
 interest and rights of every member of tlie community shall be properly protected. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 315 
 
 The community does not believe that these interests may be i)rotec'te(l by free com- 
 petition, as is the case elsewhere. 
 
 As a rule, one part of the river (the loAver) is intended to l)e fished out in the fall, 
 the other (upper) portion in winter. The fall fishing begins about the 17th of Sep- 
 tember. On a certain day the " fishing army," as it is called, moves to the fishing 
 places, which are sometimes very far from home. The Cossack carts contain not 
 only nets and provisions, but also the boat used in this fishing. These boats, known 
 by the name of "boudara," are so light that two of them may 1)e carried on one cart. 
 
 When the fishing army comes to the proper place, the boudaras are taken from the 
 carts, and early in the morning appointed for commencing fishing they are placed 
 at the edge of the water, right along the river for a distance hardly compassed by the 
 eye. No less than 3,000 boats, each containing 2 men, meet here. To maintain dis- 
 cipline, a chief, or "fishing ataman" is appointed, and several representatives of the 
 fishermen are elected to assist the chief. The ataman gives a signal to commence 
 fishing by a cannon shot, and the crowd rush to the boats, and in kss time than you 
 
 Fii;. 'Jl.').— Fish on buuk of tlie Ural. (After Dr. Borodino.) 
 
 can rcahze what has h:ippciH'(l, ail tlie fi^ilicrnicn aic in (heir lioats and a jicculiar 
 kind <if boat racing commences. Tliey put forth their utmost strength and ability to 
 outrun each other, and to be first at the place where tlie fish have gathered in shoals, 
 these places being known by the reports from tlu' fishwardens. Once here they 
 throw out their small seines and haul them from two boats. Various kinds of stur- 
 geon (from 30 to 600 pounds weight), sander, carp, bream, and silurus are the jirin- 
 cipal fish caught at this fishing. The seines differ, of course, in the size of their 
 meshes, according to the fish for which they arc intended; but no one has the right 
 to use any but the regular size, large seines being admitted only behind the fishing 
 army. Hence, as in a noble fight, the chances of all combatants are as nearly equal- 
 ized as possible by the regulations above mentioned, fixed place and time, regulated 
 tools, etc. Success depends only on the ability and strength of the fishermen. 
 
 The total catch during the fail .«eining is from 54,000,000 to 72,000,000 jx.unds, 
 which includes 216,000 j)ounds sturgeon and about 21,600 pounds caviare. 
 
 Wlien fishing, the fishing army always goes down the river, covering from 12 to 24 
 miles a day, and in this way moves after a time to the mouth of the river, wliich is 
 
316 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 reached, as a rule, at the end of October. At this time the it-e bejiins to aciiiinulate 
 in the river and closes the fishing season. 
 
 Another army of equal magnitude, consisting of fish dealers with a large numl)er 
 of carts, accompanies tlie army. These carta are contracted to carry the catch to the 
 city markets (there is no railroad in this steppe). No less than 10,000 carts are used 
 here, and if you add 10,000 more carts belonging to fishermen, you may imairine how 
 imposing nmst be the sight of the peaceful armies. 
 
 The fishing in the upper part of the Ural River, as I mentioned Ixjfore, is carried 
 on in winter under the ice, and that is the most pecuhar of all fisheries. It is called 
 "bagrenie," which means "hooking," because fishing is accomplished by a peculiar 
 kind of hook. When the ice in the river becomes firm enough to support the weight 
 
 of the fishing army, which gen- 
 • -- erally takes place in December, 
 
 an order is given by the connnu- 
 nal administration for the army 
 to meet at Uralsk, from which 
 point the fishing is begun. On a 
 fixed day thousands of people, 
 old and young, hasten to the ap- 
 pointed place. 
 
 Let us now see how the fisher- 
 men dress for the winter fishing. 
 One of them ready ftjr work is 
 represented in the picture. Light 
 and comfortable garments, water- 
 proof mittens and boots; in one 
 hand a chisel, in the other two 
 haft hooks.' The long one (with 
 a haft of 7 or more fathoms) is 
 used for catching fish lying, as a 
 rule, in deep places on the bot- 
 tom; the short one is destined to 
 hold the fish when it is brought 
 to the surface of the ice. 
 
 At about 9 a. ni. the banks of 
 the river, near the place where 
 the shoals of fish have gathered, 
 are crowded with thousands of 
 horses and sledges, so that it be- 
 comes difTjcult to reach the river. Fishermen go down to the ice and stand on it in 
 endless lines on 1 )oth banks of the river, anxiously waiting for the signal, a cannon shot. 
 The ataman has gone out in midstream; everyone is looking for him impatiently. 
 The signal having l)een given, two living waves of people rush forward to the nuddle 
 of the river, and the arduous work begins, everyone trying to be the first to make a 
 hole in the ice with a chisel. In a few minutes an entire forest of long hafts grows 
 up over the river, as though some magic power had been at work. The fisherman 
 moves the haft up and down and listens intently that he may know when the fish touch 
 the hook. Once this has happened, he hooks the fish by an alert movement, then 
 hauls it immediately up to the surface of the ice, calling in the meantime for help 
 from his fellow-fishermen. They fish here, usually, in groups of from 6 to 20 men, 
 for it is not easy work to pull up a huge sturgeon of several hundred pounds weight. 
 
 \ 
 
 Fig. 216. — Ural fisherman equipped for ice fishing. 
 Dr. Borodino.) 
 
 (After 
 
 'One of these is a long-handled gaff, such as has been described, and the other a 
 short-handled gaff. — J. W. Collins. 
 
:§ i 
 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 317 
 
 In a very s^liort time the surface becomes marked with blood and I'overed with 
 big fish. 
 
 The most important fish caught in the winter are different kinds of sturgeon, viz, 
 the large sturgeon {Acipenser him)), Russian sturgeon (.1. Guldenstddln) , star sturgeon 
 {A. stellatm), and .1. shypa. Each decidedly differs from the other and from species 
 caught in America. For the flesh, and particularly the roe (caviare), very high 
 prices are obtained in the winter season; one single big female of the "large stur- 
 geon" is sold for 100 to 200 rubles. 
 
 Of course, not everyone succeeds in catching such a valuable fish ; on the contrary, 
 many, in spite of great efforts, do not catch any, not even the smallest sturgeon. 
 Nevertheless, this fishing being an alluring lottery with winnings, everybody hopes 
 to be a lucky one, and this is the reason why so many of the Ural Cossacks attend 
 this favorite winter fishing. Not less than 10,000 people participate in it; about 
 240,000 kilograms of sturgeon and the same amount of other fish (sanderandsilurus) 
 are caught and 30,000 kilograms of caviare prepared. The average price for sturgeon 
 is 25 kopecks a pound, and for caviare about 2 to 3 rubles a i)ound. 
 
 In addition to the fisheries desi-ribed aljove, the Ural Cossacks carry on important 
 fishing in the Caspian Sea in spring and also in winter; the methods not being of an 
 unusual character, I omit a description. 
 
 On some parts of the Caspian Sea coasts, and especially in the 
 vicinity of the Volga, much of the shore fishing' privilege, so far, at 
 least, as the land is concerned, is controlled by individual landed pro- 
 prietors. Certain portions, however, are free to the Ural Cossacks, 
 but the remainder is owned or rented out by the Government, which 
 derives large revenues from the fisheries. 
 
 A very extensive net and line fishery is carried on for the capture 
 of sturgeon outside of the entrance of the Kur River throughout the 
 year. In this region the Caspian seldom freezes, except where the 
 water is very shallow, and then only a few days at a time. 
 
 A chart was exhibited showing the method of setting nets and lines. 
 The places for each of these are designated by the Government ofhcers. 
 A peasant fisherman pav's 50 rubles per annum for the privilege of 
 fishing" with long lines. At the beginning of the season these fisher- 
 men draw lots for positions on the fishing grounds where long lines can 
 be set. Each trawl line is numbered and all are si^t in parrallel roAvs. 
 
 The gill nets are set in the same manner — in parallel lines — at certain 
 fixed distances apart, and in positions officiall}' designated. Neither 
 nets nor lines are permitted inside of a specified distance from the 
 river's mouth. If seines are used, the positions in wliich they can be 
 operated are assigned in the same way. 
 
 It not infrequently happens that a well-to-do fisherman may be 
 unfortunate in securing* a favorable position for his lines or nets when 
 the lots are drawn. In such cases a better position is secured by pur- 
 chase from someone who is willing to sell his privilege for a certain 
 allotted sum for the season. 
 
 The peasant fishermen who Avork on their own account contract to sell 
 their catch to one of the merchants to whom they are generally in debt. 
 
318 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 The chart referred to showed that there are various lart^e fishing 
 establi.shnients along the shores of the Caspian Sea near the mouth of 
 the Kur River, and also one inside the river's mouth. The latter is 
 the fishing establishment of Pitoeff, who controls the river fishery, for 
 whieh privilege he annually pays to the Government 1,10().0(»0 rubles. 
 
 ]us]i 2>r<)<li(cfs (iikI tJuir 2>i'<'J>(i>'<iti<>)i. — The exhibits of fish pi'oducts 
 were ver}'^ creditable, and some of them excellent. The pickled fish 
 exhibited by Saposchnikov Brothers were beyond criticism, e\'idencing 
 nuich care and systematic treatment in curing. The dried fish dis- 
 plaj'ed by this firm wei-e also goodol" tht-ii- kind. l)ut fai- less attractive 
 than the pickle-cured products. 
 
 The Altschuew Fishery, on the River Protoka, iiad good examples 
 of cured fish, including ^4ZJym;iw.9 chalcaidei^; also sturgeon. ( avijwe and 
 other products of the sturgeon fishery. 
 
 Examples of cured strrnnming— the small Halti<" herring — were 
 exhibited by two firms, M. Leesman and B. Djeiiiin. 
 
 The collections of canned products, though comparatively few in 
 num])er, were ([uite extensive and embraced many varieties of fish 
 packed in oil jind sauces, especially tomato sauce. 
 
 Secondary ])roducts were also well represented. These included 
 caviare of \ arious species of sturgeon, isinglass from sturgeon and 
 other fishes, the dried spinal cord of sturgeon, and other products, 
 among which mention may ))e made of tanned skins of th(> marine cat- 
 fish or wolf-fish {AiK(rrJi!c}i((s hq>iis), and various objects made there- 
 from, such as shoes, reticules, pocketbooks, etc. 
 
 The caviare and other products of the sturgeon fishery were generally 
 of excellent quality, as may readih' be inferred, for every efi'ort is 
 made by Russian packers to secure the highest results In these classes 
 of goods. The exhibits made by I. Pitoeft' & Co., of Tiflis, The 
 Altschuew Fishery, and .1. 1. Kauunan. of St. Petersburg and Astra- 
 khan. AvcM'e deemed the l)est (»f this kind. AVhale oil, seal oil. seal 
 skins, etc., were exhibited. 
 
 Th(^ subject of prei)aration of fishery })roducts in Russia is too large 
 to ])e dealt with here, and oidy ])rief mention will be attempted. 
 Although the facilities for ti'ansportation in the Empire are not com- 
 parable with those of western Europe and the I'nited States, large 
 quantities of fish are nevertheless consumed fresh, being sold at the 
 point of capture or at the nearest large market. It must be borne in 
 mind that the prevalence of cold weather in winter favors the market- 
 ing of fresh fish, which at that season can be kept frozen almost indefi- 
 nitely. In that condition they can be transported long distances by 
 sleds or sledges, and can thus reach the larger markets or some line of 
 transportation connecting with them. At other seasons fish can be 
 kept alive in welled vessels or boats, and within c(>i'tain limitations can 
 thus be conveyed to market. Still, the lack of a general system of 
 
15 '^v 
 
 (^ 
 
 X 
 
 *~«i 
 
 
 u 
 
 -' ^^ 
 
 -^^^S^^ 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 319 
 
 rapid transportation, and concurrent adoption of modern methods of 
 refrigeration, limit the sale and utilization of fresh products materially, 
 and consequently make necessary certain systems of cure by salting, 
 smoking, or canning. It is true that in spring, while the weather still 
 remains cool, fish are shipped in ice from the mouths of the Volga and 
 Don, and on fast trains they sometimes go as far as Berlin. The finest 
 sturgeon, however, are frozen for two or three da^s by a mixture of 
 salt and ice; they are then rolled in ha}^ to keep the frost in, and packed 
 in a special kind of large basket made for this purpose, in which they 
 can be kept frozen for four or five davs. This sort of freezing has 
 been practiced by the fishermen of the Azov "since the latter part of 
 the sixties, and was also used on the Murman coast in 1878." It is a 
 
 Flu. 217. — Uiikiaiiiuj; li>h into a tliutc. 
 
 matter of interest that a freezing house, like those in the United States, 
 has been erected in recent ^^ears bv Dr. Borodine in I'^ralsk. But even 
 in this I understand salt and ice are used for freezing, and the most- 
 modern ideas of refrigeration are not utilized. A freezing house 
 similar to that at tJralsk has been built at Otschakov, on the Black 
 Sea coast. But the so-called '* natural freezing rooms" are in favor in 
 Astrakhan and are chiefly used. They are so arranged, in some cases 
 at least, that wagon-loads of fish can be driven to the top (fig. 217) 
 and the fish can be unloaded into a chute, through which they are 
 carried to the cooling room. 
 
 The method of curing stockfish at Gavrilovskaia Ba}'. on the Mur- 
 man coast, is in most particulars like that so long followed by the Nor- 
 
320 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 wcgian.s. In curing roiindtish, the Rii.ssijins take off the heads. l)ut do 
 not open the napes, .simply splitting the fish to their tail from a point 
 below the napes; the fish are then strung on a pole, which passes 
 through the nape openings, and the ends of these poles rest on wooden 
 horses. In this way the fish hang until they are thoroughly dr}', 
 when they are piled in oblong stacks, like cord wood, held in place b}' 
 vertical poles at each end, and weighted down by poles laid on top. 
 
 In addition to the above-described method of curing stockfish, the 
 Kussians split them open from nape to tail, and cure them in precisely 
 the same manner as the Norwegians. Klipfish are also made in the 
 usual manner, by being split open and part of the ])ackbone removed, 
 lightlv salted, and hard dried. Other fish are cured round. Cod 
 heads are dried whole or split. The. former are often placed on 
 strings and tied in hunches for easier handling. 
 
 In southern Russia, and })articularly in Astrakhan, some of the 
 smaller species of fish like the Don herring, the vol)la of the Volga, 
 etc., are not gutted for curing, but are salted whole, and some are 
 even dried in this way. Prepared in this manner the product is known 
 as "kolodka"' — a name also applied to the ''sander," which is some- 
 what confusing. Large fish are eviscerated, and if intended for drying 
 they are often split, or cut into sections, so that they may be more 
 thoroughly dried, but it is considered that small fish, like yellow perch 
 and others, in addition to those previously mentioned, can be suflicientl}' 
 dried round, especially when they are cured artificially in ovens, as 
 they often are, though this system of drj^ing seems not to be applied 
 to larger species, the latter being sun dried. The large dried fish 
 exhibited, notabl}^ L. nandra^ were simply eviscerated and were driinl 
 with their heads on. Russian authorities sa}' it is common to dry fish 
 this way, and also to leave the roe and milt in them. 
 
 Kutsenov says: 
 
 The finh are cut in many different ways, sometimes the belly is opened, sometimes 
 the back, or it is divided lengthwise into halves, or on the sides, so as to have the spine 
 whole, etc. The ways of gashing the fish differ also. Sometimes they are cut on the 
 inside, sometimes on the outside of the body, and more or less deep, according to the 
 thickness, in such a way that the salt can be absorbed through the gashes. 
 
 He thinks there are as many methods of salting as of cutting the 
 fish. While some are immersed in brine others are sprinkled Avith dry 
 salt, which is melted by the moisture of the fish. The amount of .salt 
 used varies, depending somewhat on the season. In spring and fall 
 light-salted fish are cured. The fish at the bottom of a curing butt are 
 generally much heavier salted than others and are known as "bottom 
 ware." In summer, when the temperature is high, salt enough must 
 be used to efiectivel}^ cure the fish. 
 
 Much care is exercised in salting. To insure as equable a tempera- 
 ture as practicable large salting butts are buried in the earth, imder- 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 821 
 
 neath the floors, or in the h)wer sections of the eurino- est!il>lishnients, 
 so that their upper chimes are only a little above the ground (lio-. 218). 
 The fish are salted in these and left till thoroug-hly struck through, and 
 sometimes longer. When required for shipment they are taken out 
 and packed in barrels or casks, and are pressed tightl}' in ))y a person, 
 generally a woman, jumping on a cloth that is laid on the fish from 
 time to time as the packing proc;eeds (fig. 21!>)- After the fish are 
 packed and the cask has been coopered it is filled with brine, as already 
 related. 
 
 AVonien are extensively employed in the preparation of fishery prod- 
 ucts in the Astrakhan region, and for this >vork wear oidy a loose blouse 
 or a waist and an extremely short calico skirt over thick, close-fitting 
 
 Casks for fiickling fish. 
 
 trousers, which arc tucked into long wooUmi stockings. A pair of thick 
 shoes and a handiverchief — -usually a bright-colored one — tied around 
 their heads, completes the costume (fig. 220). Two women sit on oppo- 
 site ends of a plain wooden bench (fig. 221) (> fe(>t long, lOf inches wide, 
 and provided with low cleats to hold the tish from slipping. I'hey 
 face each other, each astride of her end of the bench, so that she maj' 
 work the easier and be able to reach the fish on the floor of the pack- 
 ing house or pier with the least possible hindrance. In this way many 
 women may sit in a row in a curing house, as shown in Plate XLVIII, 
 with the fish piled on one side of them and the Avashing tanks on the 
 other, while other employees stand ready to dip the fish from the tanks 
 into barrows to be carried off to the salting or cooling rooms. 
 
322 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 \\ hill', as iiidioated, some of the salt lish is pieklo cured and shii)})ed 
 direct to market, large quantities are dried, both in south and north 
 Russia. 
 
 The preparation ul' the so-called " balyki" from the l)acks of stur- 
 geon is carried on extensivel^^ but in the eastern section of the Empire 
 a product called ''pupki" is made fi-om the belh" or lower part of the 
 fish. The backs of white salmon and Caspian Sea salmon are also used 
 for the preparation of l)al\ ki. according to Kusnetzov, and he is of the 
 opinion that it is made substantially in the same Avay in all parts of the 
 country. 
 
 The backs of the large fat tish are first put into salt for about two 
 
 Fig. 219. — Woman |>iu-kiiig fish. 
 
 Fig. 2'jO. — Women fish t'U'aiR'r.s. 
 
 weeks, the salt being uiixed with ditferent ingredients, such as salt- 
 peter, bay leaves, pepper, etc., so as to give a pretty color to the lish. 
 After this process, balyki is soaked for a)>out two days in clear cold 
 water and then hung to drj^ on high racks — these being under a roof — 
 where they hang in the fresh air for a month or more for diying. In 
 addition to being dried, the white-salmo!i balyki is also smoked. The 
 smoking is often don(^ at the places where the tish is marketed and not 
 at the factory. 
 
 Tt is claimed that v(n-y few curers are able to prepare products of 
 this kind which lunc all the (jualities they should possess. For they 
 should c(|ual smoked salmon in tenderness, and should have an orange- 
 brown or reddish color, with "an odor something like that of the 
 
rNTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 323 
 
 cucumber." In addition, they f^liould !)<> free from bittcriu'ss. :iny 
 trace of putrefaction, and be more or less transhicent. 
 
 The process of cuttin*>- up sturgeon is shown in Plate XLIX. The 
 head is cut off with a broad-bladed ax, and the bodies of the fish are 
 cut up with large knives, and especialh' with a curious double-handled 
 knife about 2 feet long with a curved ])lade, the edge on the convex 
 side and a short handle at each end. 
 
 AVhen packing mildly cured lish in southern Russia, four Avomen 
 take the freshly split or cut lish, which are brought to them in a wheel- 
 barrow or handbari'ow, and strew a little salt on them, while two other 
 women behind them pack the tish in the casks. Assisting in the work 
 is a laborer, who forces the tish further into^the barrel I)}' standing and 
 tramping on them with his feet, having first put a piece of sackcloth 
 on top to keep the lish clean. Beam scales are used to weigh the 
 portion giv^en to the women for curing; a certain ([uantity of salt 
 is required for each lot of tish, in order that the cure may ])c uniform 
 and S3'stematic. The packed prod- 
 uct is g-enerally weighed on platform 
 scales. Beam scales are also used for 
 weighing. 
 
 A fish-curing station, such as may 
 be seen on the banks of the Volga, 
 and locall}' called ''vataga,'' is of 
 much importance, for in addition to 
 the building for cleaning and salting 
 fish, the salt warehouses, the storehouses for proxisions, and the build- 
 ings for tr^'ing out oil and making caviare and isinglass, there are the 
 sheds or other structures for storage of fishing apparatus, and also the 
 dwelling for proprietors, inspectors, and ojieralives. Near l)y fishing 
 boats cover the shore, lie at the piers, and continuously arrive and 
 depart, and Itustling activity is evervAvhere o])servable. 
 
 Th(^ fisii-cleaning estal)lishments are called fioats. They are large 
 structures, ])uilt on piles, a few^ feet above the water, and the wharves, 
 covei'cd with planks, look like those commonly used in New England, 
 though nothing like them aie seen in the Ural region, •'wheri* the fish 
 is generalh' cut and dressed in tlie open air, :ind where it is salted in 
 tubs ])rotected by a roof of reed or i)laidv." 
 
 Some of tlie plaid\s of the wharf are loose, and by lit'ting these, open 
 spaces are made, through which the bloodand nduse t'loni cleaning the 
 fish are washed into the water underneatii the whaif. The structures on 
 the wharf are either of wood or I'eeds, more fi-e(iuently the latter. The 
 front of these is provided with wide doors, to open oi- to lift, which 
 are close together, with only a single post between them. In front of 
 the buildings are devices for lifting lai'ge fish. 'i'he building, or 
 "float," as it is called, is often divided into compartments, a large one 
 
 8. Doc. 8y 28 
 
 'J"J1. — Fish-cleiiiiiiif,' bciicli. (Drawn by 
 W. H. Abbott.) 
 
324 INTKRNATIONAL F1SHKK1P:S P:XH1HITI()N. 
 
 for clciuiiiiii' Hsh.and .siiiiiUor rooms for ofHcor.s, the wiitchiiuMi.aiid the 
 preininitioii of caviurc. The.so striu'turos. like that shown in IMate L, 
 vary from 150 to 350 feet in length and up to 55 feet in w ichii. They 
 are, however, generally (juite distinct from the saltinj;- iiouses, whieh 
 arc usually near 1)V, but eonnuonly on the land, so that the salting vats 
 may be jnit in the ground, as already stated. 
 
 The tish are received, counted, and registered at these floats by an 
 inspector as they are delivered l)y each tisherman. and the price is 
 arranged according to the measurements of the lish. Shultx makes 
 the following reference to the preparation of fish in the Volga: 
 
 After the tish have been delivered, they are cut and the entrailH taken out. For 
 all this work there are special laborers, who display an almost incredible amount of 
 skill and rapidity, and who n-ceivc wa^es which are fixed 1)ef()rehand by free con- 
 tract. 
 
 Tlie head and tail of the iar<re sturgeons are cut off, and the l)elly is removed from 
 the i»eitoral air liladder to the tail. The belly of the smaller beluga and the com- 
 mon sturgeon is oi)ened, and the head is si)lit as far as the nasal cartilage. The 
 "sevrugas" [Acijirnxfr Mclldtns) are split into two halves, and the entrails thrown 
 away. The roe, the swinnning bladder, aii<l the dorsal cord, however, are carefully 
 taken out. These j)arts of the tish are handed to other laborers, whose si)ecial och-u- 
 pation is the manufacture of caviare and isinglass, which is carried on in separate 
 buildings. Laborers engaged in the manufacture of caviare receive the highestannual 
 wages. 
 
 A large nund)er o{ young girls and women are occupied in cutting the fish. They 
 all wear a peculiar working dress consisting of breeches and a jacket, their head an<l 
 half their body being covered. A sharj) knife in one hand, and a little hook in the 
 other, the workingwoman begins her lal)or. Crouched with crossed legs on a straight 
 bench, she picks up a tish with her hook, opens its belly, takes out the entrails, and 
 throws the fish into a corner, where a large heap is soon piled uj). During this time 
 other women are splitting and cutting the fish with no less skill, and stringing them 
 on threads made of the fiber of the bark of the linden tree, which they pass through 
 the eyes of the fish by means of a large needle. The skill and rapidity of these 
 women are truly admirable. Enormous i)iles of fish which encumber the fioor dis- 
 appear in a few hours, and pass to another building.to be salted. A skillful woman 
 can dress as many as 2,000 Ltirioperca during a single day. 
 
 After having been dressed the fish are, under the superintendence of the salter, 
 placed in lavers in the boxes above mentioned in such a manner that the heads and 
 tails alternate. The Salter then throws, with a shovel, the neces.sary (juantity of salt 
 on every layer of fish, the (juantity of salt varying according to the kind of fish and 
 according to the season. 
 
 In the autumn the back and not the lielly of tlu' scaly lish is sjtlit open, so as to 
 let tiie salt saturate more thoroughly. 
 
 The fish remain a longer or shorter time in the box, according to the different 
 species: Luciojjcrai, one month; Ci/priinis curj)iu, six days; ,S'/7(u-».s, till autumn; 
 Abnouis, twelve days; the different kinds of Aloxd till the month of June. The brine 
 of the Lucioperai is again used for salting the Ahraiiiis or the LtnciscKs riitilK.s, while 
 the brine of the other scaly fish is thrown away. 
 
 In the spring the fish are taken from the boxes, washed, and dried on poles. This 
 is done particularly with the Limoperva, the Abraniw, and the Lcuciscnn ralilu.'<, while 
 the Cyprinus carpio is dried on hurdles made of reeds. Tlie drying jirocess l)eing 
 completed, the fish are taken from the jxdes or from tlu' hurdles, laid up in ware- 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 325 
 
 houses, and in July shippetl hy steamer to Nizhni-^■tlVg(Jru(l. In i^ei)tenit)er large 
 boats arrive at the " vataga,« " (fishing establishments), where they buy the fish on 
 the spot, 1)eing salted l)efnre tiiey are shipped. 
 
 The preparation of .seeoiidarv produets, and espeeially of eaviare, is 
 a matter of much importance in liussia. Th(^. most highly prized caviare 
 is made from the sturj»-eon, and the universal aY)[)reeiation of this has 
 led to such a demand for caviare that the roe of other fish has been 
 extensively used for makinj'- cheaper g-rades of this ])r()duct. The 
 pike-perch {Luclopci-ea sandr'a) is noted for its hiroe yield of roe, 
 which, tooether with the roc of the Caspian roach and the breaiu, is 
 prepaied as scahnl tish caviare. Most of this is exported to Turkey 
 and Greece. Accordinu- to Dr. Grimm, more than 8,500,000 pounds of 
 
 this product used to l)e exported yearly from Astrakhan, hut more 
 recently only about half that amount is the annual export. 
 
 This is prepai'ed chiefly, if not wholly', b}' Greeks, who purchase the 
 roes at the fishing establishments. ""They draw from the ))ody of the 
 tish the little bags which contain the roe," saj^s Schultz, ""throw them 
 together ]ii"omiscuously, and cover each laver with a certain quantity 
 of .salt. They then press the whole between boards weighted down by 
 heav}*^ stones. This caviare remains thus for a month, after which the 
 (ireeks put it in casks and ship it. Caviare which has been thus pre- 
 pared is cut in slices shaped like disks, and is much sought after in 
 Greece." 
 
 The bulk of caviare for ex})<)rtation is of the haixl or pressed variety, 
 or at least that intended for transportation to long distances, but fresh 
 or "grained caviare" is also ])repared from the sturgeon. In either 
 case the roe is laid u})on a sieve, which is placed over a suitable recep- 
 
326 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIH1TK»N. 
 
 tilde. Tlie oponitor tlioti prcssos, or riihs. tin' roc ocntly so as to sep- 
 arate the o*;»i"s from the ovarian sack that surrounds them, and ptMinits 
 them to pass through the meshes of the sieve until nothing- icmains in 
 the latter of the whole ma.ss but the cellular tissue, the fat. and the 
 muscle (tig. "222). The black or brown eggs, looking like small shot, lie 
 in the tub or other recei)tacle underneath the sieve. The giained cav- 
 iare is prepared by sprinkling the eggs w4th tin(\ clean s;dt. which is care- 
 fidly stiri'cd into the mass with the wooden fork descriljed elsewhere. 
 Of course the amount of salt \aries with the season, less ])eing reipiired 
 in cool weather thtui during the heat of sununcr. and as the ''fresh" 
 caviare that has the least salt is most highly ])i'ized. that cured in win- 
 ter, spring, or fall is thus prepared. In cold wcathci- oidy f i-om 1 'i t(j 2^ 
 pounds of salt are retpiired for 'M pounds of caviare of this kind. t)ut 
 in luidsuuuuer from 3 to 5 pounds are used. When the salt is Hrst 
 mixed with the eggs, the uiass has a doughy, sticky appearance, but 
 when the salt has struck thi-ough the roe, and every e^rg has felt its 
 influence, •'the whole mass swells, and in stirring it a slight noise is 
 perceptit)le, like that of stirring small grains of glass." 
 
 This indicates that the product is ready foi- i)acking, and it is ])laced 
 in linden-wood T)arr(>ls. No other wood is used for caviare barrels, foi- 
 linden wood is the only kind known which will not give a l)ad flavor to 
 caviare. 
 
 The pressed caviare is made differently. The receptacle under the 
 sieve is half tilled with l)rine, which varies in strength according to 
 the season. To insure a uniform action of the biinc on the eggs the 
 roe is stirred contiiuiously with a wooden fork, which is always turned 
 from the same direction. The eggs are dipped from the brine with 
 fine-meshed round sieves, and the pickle is allowed to diain, hut in 
 order to get it all out the caviare is put into sacks made of linden bark, 
 108 pounds to each sack, and is sul)jected to pressure until it is reduced 
 to a compact mass. This process involves a loss of from 2S to ;^3 per 
 cent, due to the crushing of eggs, the contents of which flow ofl' with 
 the brine. After the pressing is com])leted the caviare is pa<ked in 
 casks, each of which holds 1,080 pounds. These barrels arc lined inside 
 with napkin linen, which has led to the adoption of the trade name of 
 •'napkin caviare" {c((fi(ir a la .^ervlcftc) for products packed in this 
 way. Large quantities of caviare are now also canned in tni boxes in 
 the ordinary way. 
 
 Rut the caviare which has l)een most lightly salted and pressed — that 
 considered the finest — is packed in straight, cylindriial linen bags, and 
 is known to the trade as "sack caviare." 
 
 Sometimes the roe has l)een spoiled, and the ovaries are soft and 
 lender to the touch. In such cases the}' are put into strong l»rinc until 
 they are thoroughly "struck" with salt. This makes an inferior 
 article of caviare, which sells at a low price. The so-called •"summer 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. ^^27 
 
 caviare," thouo-h a hig-hor g-radc, is also sold low. The fattest caviare 
 is pi-oduced in inidsiiminer from roe taken from the species of sturgeon 
 "caught in the sea l)etween the 8th of July and the IHth of August." 
 This is not pressed, but, after being- left for a few hours in brine, is 
 packed in barrels holding from ISO to 360 pounds each. 
 
 The fatness of the roe varies with the species, the season, and the 
 condition of the tish. The small-grained caviare of the sterlet is deemed 
 the most savory of any. but is not produced in sufficient quantities 
 to constitute an important iirticle of commerce. Th(> cavian^ made from 
 the giant sturgeon (A. Jiuw) is more valuable in the trade than that of 
 any other species "because its grains are larg-er and better looking." 
 
 It is worth}' of mention that the milt of sturgeon is also packed for 
 food, after being inunersed in brine for three or four da>'s. 
 
 Isinglass is made from the swim bladders of sturgeons, the carp, and 
 the siluiv (.S'/7///'//.v r/A/y//.s), the latter being the most inferior ({ualitv. 
 The preparation consists of soaking the "sounds'' for a sufficient length 
 of time, generally several days, and then cleaning them from all extra- 
 neous matter, after which they are cut into sti-i)>sl(Migthwise and dried, 
 and arranged in '" books" or otherwise for transportation. 
 
 Th(> spinal cord of the sturgeon is extracted and dried for food pur- 
 poses. It is called " veziga." and when boiled and cut into small pieces 
 is considered an important ingredient in Hsh pies, for which alone it is 
 used. 
 
 Oil is made from the Astrakhan herring {Alom jxmtlca and .4. 
 eax]>i<-<i) or from the visceral fat of the pike perch, or sturgeons. 
 Previous to 1854, when the salting of herring began, they were exten- 
 sively us(h1 for this purpose. Large ([uantities of the lamprey {Pe- 
 tro7ii!/s:oii jji(vl((t!li(s) are also used for this purpose, as has alread3'been 
 stated. As a rule, if not in all cases, the refuse is now used for guano, 
 though formerly, according to S(4udtz. it was ()l)ligatoiT to l)urv the 
 residue in the ground, for it was strictly for))idden to throw it into 
 the water. 
 
 Oil and guano are now ol)tainal)le (4iiefly from the hei'ring. The 
 hsh are boiled in large kettles, half tilled with s:dt water, until they 
 are reduced to a pulpy mass (fig. 223). The product is then pressed, 
 and the oil mixed with water is first extracted. The i-efuse is spread 
 on the ground to dry. and if the weathei- is good the process of drying 
 may ))e completed in three or t'oui' days. The guano is shipped to 
 Japan in l)ast bags and is used to fertilize rice fields. The process is 
 similar to that form«>rly adopted in the Tnited States for the maiuifac- 
 ture of oil and guano from the menhaden, and the work is generally 
 if not always done outside of a buildmg. 
 
 The process of canning tish products began in Russia in 1877, when 
 Mr. J. J. Roman built the tirst cannery. The business has developed 
 rapidly, until now there are more than 30 i-anneries in operation. In 
 
328 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 188-1 the Odessa linn of \\'. A. DiiWiiiin i»uck('<l l(t.(i(t(» cases. l>iit in 
 1898 their output \vas!^lO.(MM) cases. Tliere has also Ween a iioticcal)h^. 
 advaiici^ in nietluxls and in the attractiveness of the ])acka^es. 
 
 Some thii-ty species of fish are packed in oils and tomato sauce. 
 Amono- these are Russian sardines {KiKjiuiiiJix , ncrassiclioliiH), mack- 
 erel {Seomhe)'), "Sultanka" {^fl///>/.^ hdrhafas)^ "'kefal"' {Tiik/II salinis 
 and other species), the tuiuiy ( T/u//i /t i/.^ vidgar/n)^ stuvgoon {Adjuiis, r 
 (/ulJtmstadtii and A. /n/so), '"laban" [Mug 11 crj)/iaht.s), pike perch 
 {Lueiojyerca s(fn(h'a). also CariKi.i' frt/r/nr/'i/s^ RJiomhioi ineoticns, and 
 other species. These are practically all packed in Hat cans. oval, 
 circular, and scpiare. 
 
 The processes of canning- are so well known and so universallv 
 
 11 ami L;iiiiih> lai k >j \ . 
 
 adopted in all countries where the industry is active, that <'.\tensive 
 consi(U> ration seems unnecessary. 
 
 F!sJi. crdture. — The exhibits of apparatus, models of hatcheries, and 
 appliances used for hatchino; fish, or the transportation of ego-s and 
 fry, and a collection of phot()tj;raphs of hatcheries and methods of 
 work, etc., all served to convey an excellent idea of the dev(dopment 
 and ])resent condition of fish culture in Russia. 
 
 It may he said at the outset that the artificial breedings of tish in the 
 Empire, while prosecuted on quite a larg-e scale under Government 
 patronao-e, differs materisUly in the matter of distrilnition of esr.Sfs and 
 fr}- from the .system adoptctl in the United States. For instead of 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION, 829 
 
 applicants leccivino- these free, as is customaiy in this country, it 
 appears that persons (losiring- young- fish nnist pay a certain amount 
 for them. Public fish culture, whereby the (iovernnuMit undertakes 
 to increase the supply of food-tish in large bodies of water, apparently 
 has not yet attained important proportions in Russia. Nevertheless, 
 the artificial propagation of tish has advanced materially, and the 
 success attained indicates further progress. 
 
 Hatching- fish by artificial means was begun in Russia soon after the 
 middle of the present century, when experiments were conducted b}^ 
 Vladimir P. Vrasski, a landowner, in the province of Novgorod, and 
 also by Mr. Malyschew, at Fagil. in the l^ral district. The latter was 
 an assistant di-uggist, and his first attempt was to artificially breed 
 leeches. Later he hatched ]ierch and other species, including pike 
 perch {Lneioperea t<<()idra). 
 
 But the credit of establishing- pisciculture in Russia is given to 
 Vrasski. whose persistent and well-directed efforts led to present con- 
 ditions. On his estate at Nikolsk. in Novgorod, were several lakes 
 which he l)elieved might be made to yield a revenue by stocking- them 
 with desirable species of food-fishes. 
 
 He follow ed the methods of Professor Coste, of France, foi- the arti • 
 ficial impregnation of salmon and sturgeon eggs, but the residts were 
 unsatisfactory. After nu;ch experimentation and careful microscopical 
 study, he finallv discovered the so-called '"dry method" of impregna- 
 tion. He also learned how the development of the embrj^o ma}' be 
 retarded by a low temperature, a matter of nnich moment to piscicul- 
 turists. 
 
 The death of Vrasski occurred December 29, 1862, ])ut before this 
 he had seen numbers of 3'oung trout in the five ponds of the large 
 breeding esta))lishment he had constructed at Nikolsk. 
 
 It is considered probable that his achievements in pisciculture would 
 have been lost to his country after his death except for the fact that 
 the estate and hatchery at Nikolsk were purchased by the Imperial 
 Government and placed under the supervision of the department of 
 agriculture and imperial estates. Since then the work has l)een prose- 
 cuted officially. Recognizing the vast importance of artificial propa- 
 gation of fish, the department took up the work zealously, placing it 
 undcM- the dinn-tion of Repinski. The latt(>r fortunately had associated 
 with him as assistants several practical fish culturists — Kyl)kin, Rulew, 
 and Traschin. The last named is still in the hatcher}'. 
 
 Although up to this tiiue nothing had been done ))eyond stocking 
 the ponds on the estate, Repinski was soon able to begin the sale of 
 fry and yearlings of trout {Sahno faino) and white-fish {Coregonus 
 hair/'/') to parties who desired them for stocking their private waters. 
 Little was known about Hsh-culture at that time, however, and the 
 general belief prevailed that it was impossible to raise artificially bred 
 
880 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISH?:RIES EXHIBITION 
 
 tisli. ('()iisc((tnntl\ tlicri^ -was no sal«> for lish (^»:t:-s. and t lie demand 
 t'oi* y»nirliniis wjis small. 
 
 Tlic ([lU'stion of transporting;- cither tisli or eo-o-s was associated with 
 their sale, and suitable apparatus had to l)e devised. That in^'ented 
 for packing' <'<i;'^s was so efficient that it is still in use. 
 
 The work i>-radually progressed, and as eai'ly as 187lt a lunnher of 
 practical tish-culturists had l>een trained and titted to c-arry on lish- 
 culture at other })oints. Amono- these was Mr. Alexandror. the presiMit 
 superintendent of the sul>station at St. Petershuro-. In addition, nuich 
 has been done in aiding- the establishment of private tish-cultural 
 stations. 
 
 After the death of liepinski. in 1871>, Dr. Oscar Von (irimm was 
 placed in charge of the work, and \\o has continu(>d in that capacity 
 
 Fiii. 224.— Interior of Nikolsk liatchury. 
 
 until the present tmie. He had previously taken much interest in the 
 study of iish-culture and was prompt to recognize its great importance 
 to his country, Avhere the consumption of tish is increasing and the 
 continuance of their al)undance must depend on artificial projjagation. 
 
 It was found possible at this time, under the auspices of the agri- 
 cultui-al de])artment, to organize the work on a new and comprehensive 
 basis, so that, in addition to the prosecution of jn-actical Iish-culture, 
 certain studies and researches could be conducted for the oittainment 
 of knowledge bearing on the subject of artificially Itreeding and I'aising 
 fish. This new plan involved a division of the work into five ])arts, 
 as follows: 
 
 1. The i^ractical solution, by scientific means, of diti'erent problems 
 arisiui>- from fish-culture and fishiiii?-. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 331 
 
 II. The dissemination of knowledge concerning- li^li-c iillurc and the 
 raising- of food fish among landed propriotoi-s. 
 
 III. The education of pi'actical tisii-culturists. 
 
 JV. To promote the artiticial raising of tish l)y i)rivate individuals, 
 through advice or instruction, and by the sale of fry and impr(\gnated 
 eg^f^ of \'aluahle tish at low prices. 
 
 V. B}' restocking public streams, wJiich have been depleted In^ over- 
 fishing, with Salmonida*. 
 
 It will take years to satisfactorih' solve many questions of high sci- 
 entific interest, but conclusions have been arrived at along some lines. 
 The determination has been reached that tish do not alw^avs return to 
 the river or point Avhere they are hatched. It is said "the trout go 
 from lake or sea to those rivers or streams which are best suited to 
 their nature and habits, no matter how far the most suitable waters 
 may be from the place where the fry were planted." 
 
 It was found that the white-tish {Oore(./(mu.s' Imlrii and C. .noirii) of 
 the large lakes Ladoga and Onega, which breed in adjacent rivers, are 
 not easily hatched in small lakes, but may be artificially raised in large, 
 clear ponds if protected against predaceous species like the pike and 
 perches. 
 
 It was determined that the sterlet (^1. ruthrniis) thrives best in ponds, 
 for it loses the power of reproduction in streams with a sti"ong current, 
 the roe not developing in the female and the milt being found only 
 occasionally in the male. It is asserted that the sterlet can be trans- 
 ported alive in winter for long distances, and the raising of it in ponds 
 is deemed the most profitable work of this kind. 
 
 Earnest efforts have lieen made to instruct people in fish -culture who 
 can apply it to private purposes, and in some cases persons have been 
 granted a subvention of $150, besides receiving special instructions. 
 The hatchery at Nikolsk. ])eing 22 miles off the railroad and having 
 facilities for training only twenty people in the art of fish-cultur(\ a 
 "l>ranch" has l)een opened in the apartments of the Imperial Agri- 
 cultui'al Museum in St. Petersburg. Here students are instructed in 
 the methods of impregnation and in the use of various forms of fish- 
 cultu ral appliances. 
 
 Hut the greatest encouragement to private fish-culture has resulted 
 from the i-eduction in the price of impregnated eggs and fry, especially 
 as ('ggi^^ when packed in crates on wet cotton and inclosed in l)o.\es, 
 can be transported long distances successfully. For instance, eggs of 
 the Salmonidiv and Coregoni have been shipped from Nikolsk to the 
 Crimea, the Ural, and even to Turkestan. 
 
 The work of restocking the large rivers and lakes has l)een prose- 
 cuted only on a limited scale, due to the fact that the funds available 
 have been mostly used for other })urposes. The chief work of this 
 kind has been done by the Imperial Russian Society for Fish Hatching, 
 
332 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERI?:S EXHIBITION. 
 
 which liiis atteinpted to restock the ri\-ers Luoa uiid X'iclisel with 8al- 
 iiioiii(he. For this purpose eggs have been purchased from the iuitch- 
 ery at Kirsch and the Nikolsk station has furnished fry free of charo-e. 
 
 Flu. i;2o.— Hiiti'lu'iy al JJuipat. 
 
 Recently a yearl}' allowance of al)out 3*),()00 rubles has been made 
 •for the promotion of the tisheries," including sci<Mititic researches 
 
 
 Fici. 220.— HatcluTV at ].n,t;ii Hi\rr. ( From l;us.-iaii draw iii.L,-. i 
 
 and piscicultiiral i)urposes, and this has resulted in an advancement of 
 the work. To carry this on satisfactorily, it was necessary to l)uild 
 hatcheries adapted to breeding and reai'ing dilierent species in the 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 333 
 
 various loculitics, und su]).stations wero also established, Ainonu- the 
 stations ostablishod mention may be made of the following: 
 
 {(/) The Jurjow station at Dorpat, Livland (tig-, 225), hatches Chi^e- 
 (jouiix marcetm^ for the special purpose of restocking the lakes near the 
 Baltic — the Peipus and the Vigry — which have been much depleted l)y 
 overlishing. 
 
 (J>) The station on the Luga River, near St. Petersburg (fig. 226), 
 was built for restocking rivers with the Atlantic salmon {Salmo s((hir). 
 
 (c) The station at Boschi-Promysset on the Kiver Kur, in the trans- 
 Caspian region, for hatching the Caspian salmon {Salrao casj>ica). 
 
 About 50,0(10 tish of this species are annually taken, acccording to 
 
 Fi(^. 'I'll. — IiiliTior cif Nikolsk hatchery. llatcliiiiL; jmiis in djioriition. 
 
 official statements, and it is thought the supply is decreasing. Besides 
 those mentioned, a floating hiitchery has just been started on board a 
 vessel at the town of Uf;i, which is situated on a branch of the Volga 
 in the district of Kama. This is designed for hatching Luciofrutta 
 leuc'ichthxjti and A^ahno jJinuatilax^ Pall, but an attempt will l)e made 
 to develop methods for breeding sturgeon. 
 
 Figure 227 is an interior view of a section of the Nikolsk hatcher}', 
 with the !ipp:ir:itus in operation. The hatching pans are made of gal- 
 vanized iron, llariiig on one side and one end, and vertical on the oppo- 
 site side and end. At one end is a screen partition of Avire gauze in a 
 frame to k(M>p tlu», eggs from passing out of the pan, and on the same 
 end is a nozzle for the overiiow to run through. A pan of this kind 
 
334 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHKRIP:S EXHIBITION. 
 
 (prcsiiiii:il)l\ :i li:ilt'-si/.c iikkIcI) was ('.\lii)»it«Ml. 'I'liis was 'Jl inches 
 dec]), {■'] iiuhcs loiiji". and Si iiu-hcs wideoii top: l(»s" inches lon^- and 
 Ci inches wide on the hottoni, and the screenful space at ouo end was 
 1^ inches wide. 
 
 A hirire oal\aniz(Hl Ineedinji' ])an, witli ^•el•tical sides and llaiino- 
 ends, was exhitiited. Tiiis was nia(h' to tit into a wooden ]>ox. and had 
 two oauze-wire screens, cadi 4 hy T) inches, at one end. This ])an was 
 ;)l inclies h)ni*'. '2'2\ inches wi(h', and 7i inches deep. 
 
 Tlic olass-o-rill system for hatclnn«i" salmon {StiJino sdhir) is in laNor 
 at the Lug'a Ui\er hatchery. Tliese oi-iUs are ])lucefl in l)ox(\s so 
 arranged, one tier above the other, tliat the water passes t'i'om one set 
 
 of hoxes to those next helow l)y 
 i:ia\ itation. 'i'his is an old and 
 well-known methotl. 
 
 Jt may ])e mentioned incident- 
 ally that ett'oi'ts liave been made 
 in Ivussia to artiticially ])ropagate 
 the A arious species of sturgeon b}^ 
 the use of a sort of glass grill made 
 oi strips of ordinary window glass, 
 about half an inch wide, placed 
 edgewis(> close together in grooves 
 made to receive them. These strips 
 of glass are lirst covered with the 
 eggs of tlie sturgeon and then care- 
 fully put under running water. In 
 this way sturgeon have been suc- 
 cessfully liatchetl. but ne\-er in 
 sufficient ([uaidities to be of any 
 great im})ortance. and the ex})eri- 
 ments so far made liaxe not indi- 
 cated the pro])ability of a large output by this plan, unless some 
 improvcnnent c-an l)e made. 
 
 An ojxMi glass jar. somewhat resem))ling the Chasc^ jar, is used tor 
 senu-buoyant eggs. I ike those of the wlute-tishes. These are arranged :is 
 shown in iigure 2*2S, and evidently the tish-i-ultural operations in Russia 
 are ut)t yet conducted on a scale sufficiently large to warrant the intro- 
 duction of the system of instjdling glass hatching jars in batteries, as 
 is customary in the Uiuted States. 
 
 Among the necessary tish-cultural appliances exhibited were the 
 following: 
 
 1. A small cotton-cloth dip net. with trianguiai' sides, th(^ lower end 
 of the handle fornung one side. The total length of this is 82 inches; 
 de])th of l)ag. 8 inches; sides of triangular opening of l)ag, 8 inches on 
 one side and G inches on each of the other two sides. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIEF^ TW'HIBITION. 
 
 885 
 
 •J. Very small cheese-cloth clip net, Avitli circular lunv. 1] iiuhos iu 
 diaiiu'ter; net, iJ, inches deep, and handle 8 inches long'. 
 
 3. Dip net Avith circular bow, "2^ inches in diameter; net, 1 inch deep, 
 with sides of cloth and ])ottoni of gauze Avire. The handle is 27 inches 
 long- and ^ inch diameter. 
 
 -t. Two small gauze-wire dip nets, with circular boAvs, foi" handling 
 eggs; each Avith handles about (5 or 7 inches long. 
 
 5. Gauze-Avire dip net with boAV formed l)y bending two l)ranches of 
 the little sapling that serA^es for the handle and lashing them together. 
 The boAV is 3| inches long ])y 2^ inches Avide; handle, 20 inches long 
 and i inch in diameter. 
 
 t). Section of straight glass tubing 20 inches long. inch diameter 
 
 Flu. 2'jy.— Aerating dcviuL' for traiisiiiirtiiiK lisli fry. 
 
 at toi> and -| inch diameter at lower end, used in connection Avith 
 hatching jars, etc. 
 
 7. CurA'cd piece of glass tul)ing used as si])h()n. 
 
 8. Egg nippers. 
 
 9. (Small rake used in the examination of iish eggs. 
 
 1(). Piece of )»eiit Itiass Avire, AA^ith tag attached, used for tagging tish. 
 
 Among the notable fish-cultural exhibits Avas a model of a device 
 for aerating Avater Avhen fry are 1)eing transported ovvv country" roads 
 b}' horses. It consists of a large cask mounted on a specially con- 
 structed four-Avheel frame (fig. 229), fitted Avith shafts for one horse. 
 Underneath the rear end of the cask is a helloAvs, so arrangixl and 
 coimectcd with lh(> rear axle that, as the Avheels revolve, the ])i'll()ws 
 open and shut and force air into the water through rubber tub(>s whicli 
 pass I'roni beneath the ])arivl around each side of if, and through a 
 high bung at its toj). It is clainKMl that this simple de\ice works avcII. 
 
88U 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHlHITloN. 
 
 Life-H<ii^ln<j (ijqm rat IIS <ni<l llfe-i<iirln<is,rrlc<. — \N'liilc (ln' litV-saving 
 a])p:u":itiis and the lifo-saviii.u' service of any country must naturally he 
 intliicnced materially by climatic conditions, chai'actei' and extent of 
 coast line, extent of commerce, etc., there are 
 usually man}' articles used in common 1>y all 
 countries having lines of steamer traxcl oi' 
 similar means of trans]K)rtation. 
 
 Russia is no exception in this particular. l»ut 
 of course a country of such \ ast extent, situ- 
 ated for the most i)art in iiiiih latitudes, with 
 comparatively little coast line on naxiyahle 
 waters, and traversed by many rivers, while 
 numerous ponds and lak(\s dot its surfaci'. nuist 
 necessarily have special means for saving life that are adapted to the 
 conditions to 1)C met with. 
 
 Maiiv objects intended for life-saving, or for securing the gi'eater 
 safety of life, were exhibited by I. F. Kel>ke. 
 
 Special features of this display were uncovered life belts, lile huoys, 
 etc., made of the finest quality of cork 
 bark; also covered life belts and cov- 
 ered life buoys. Some of these, I am 
 informed, are s})ecially constructed to 
 be used without a cover other than tlie 
 canvas belt that the cork is attached to, 
 and which serves to hold it to the })ody. 
 There are several forms of these 
 buoys and belts, as already indicated, and reference is made to the 
 accomjjanying illustrations for a clearei" undcMstanding of their siiape. 
 Figure 'I'M) is the usual type of life buoy carried by steamers and 
 sailing ships. Its chief features arc well known, since the best forms 
 are simi)ly made of good cork bark and covered with canvas, which 
 
 is subsequently painted. Its useful- 
 ness consists largely in the i|uaiity 
 of the matt'rial used, and in the rope 
 loops attached to it l)v seizings. 
 
 Figure 231 shows the «)rdinary 
 form of canvas-covered life Ixdt, 
 conunoidy supplied to steamers. 
 
 Figures 232 and 233 are different 
 forms of life ludts. made of sections 
 of cork attached to a canvas lining 
 and belt, the lattei' being ])rovi(l(Ml with strai)s for fastening the 
 apparatus projx'rly. 
 
 Figure 234 consists of two si)heres of cork, al)out s inches in diam- 
 eter, having a ring and thimble in one side, thereby i)ermitting them 
 
 Fig. 231. —Lift' belt. ( Fmin Kiissiim i)rint.) 
 
 Kl(i. -iVJ.— LilV belt. 
 
INTERNATIONAL P^ISHERIES EXHIBITION, 
 
 337 
 
 to be attached by a rope, a.s .shown, the latter being seized together 
 close to the thimbles, and farther up so as to form a loop into which is 
 bent a throw-line when the auDaratus is used. 
 
 the lilV saver 
 
 Fig. •Jc!3.— Life Ijolt. ( From Russian liriiit. i 
 
 These floats arc in ])iMiiciplc lik(^ tiu^ t)()ll:is. used l»\ the South Ameri- 
 can Indians for catciiino- iuiiinals on th(> pampas, and can ])e thrown 
 with great accurai-y and for some distance t)y one experienced in their 
 manipuhition. 
 
 The ])ui'pose of this device is to save the lives of those who may be 
 thrown into the water from a sinking l)oat or otherwise. If this occurs 
 near the shore, as is not luu-ommon, especially on ri\-er 
 runs to the edge of the shore, Avhirls the coi"k floats 
 around his head, to gain momentum, and then 
 sends them out to the people in danger (flg. 28;-)). 
 
 Mr. Kebke also exhibited a canvas-covered un- 
 siid\able sailboat, with life lines stretching along 
 its sides. This was an ordinai'v round-bottom, 
 s(piare-stern. keel boat, aljout 1-1 feet long, carry- 
 ing a standing lugsail. Its chief feature was its 
 construction and life-line attachment for safety. 
 
 In the life-saving section of the Russian exhibit ,, .,.,, 
 
 were shown models of laddei-s usihI for saving life 
 on rivers, or other interior waters, when the ice breaks, as it not 
 infrcciuently does, under the weight of horses and men, with the 
 result that all arc precipitated into the water and with small chance 
 of being saved, except by timely rescue. 
 
338 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Those ladders are arninged in three attaelifd sections, the ends being 
 ina(h^ to fold over on the center: one is simply to increase the Icniith. 
 and the other has attached to it a float to j4ive additional sin)|)<)!( it" 
 necessary. The middle of the ladder is provided with supported hand 
 rails on each side, and this section has no crossf)ars or rim<:-s, the object 
 
 * Kiu. 23b. — Throwing flouts. (From Russian print.) 
 
 bemg to leave a space free for the feet of the one pushinjif the appa- 
 ratus over the ice. 
 
 ^^'hen the ice breaks and life is in daii<^(^r in i-onseciuence, the life 
 saver runs to the scene of disaster, la^'s the laddtu- on the ice, and 
 graspine- the liand rails on each side of the center, pushes. the appa- 
 ratus rapidi}' over th(> frozen and partially broken surface (lig. 236); 
 
 ■ZM'i — I'siiiK lilf-saviiiK ladder. (From Knssian print.) 
 
 )ssible, he throws a line to the people struggling in 
 
 [Toing as neai" as ])ossit)le, he throws a luie to ttie people struggluig in 
 (he watei- and pulls them on the ladder, or to safety on strong ice. 
 
 If necessity demands it the foiward "nd of the ladder, with its 
 ittached huoy usually a cask — is turnetl so t hat it will project forward 
 ;ind thus increast' the life-saving chances. 
 
 and thus increast' the life-saving c 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 339 
 
 When ice l)reiik.s and people arc imperiled in consequence, rescue i.s 
 often effected by the use of a light double-ended boat made especially 
 
 Hauling buul over broken ice. (From Russian print. 
 
 for the i)urpose, which is dragged over the ice by the life 
 237) iiiitil they get close enough to take other neces.saiy 
 action. 
 
 A s])ecial form of ice grapnel (tig. 23.S) attached to a line 
 wound on a spool is ver}^ servicable in many cases, since it 
 can be shoved into one end of the spool, and when the line 
 is unwound the implement can be thrown several fathoms 
 to catch hold of detached ice cakes upon which ])eo})h' may 
 be drifting to destruction (tig. 23!>). 
 
 Sometimes a line having a leaden weight at its end is 
 used to throw to people who ma}' be clinging to a log, oi- 
 scmie other laioyant object, in the water. The weight 
 enables the life saver to throw his line far out, and 
 if his aim is true, as it gen(»rallv is, success is attained 
 
 savers (lig. 
 
 Fii;. iW. — Using ice grapnel. (From Rns-^ian jirint. ) 
 
 One of the most slm})lc and doubtless most effective devices for sav- 
 ing the lives of those accidentally thrown into the water near the land 
 8. Doc. 3U 24 
 
340 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 consists of a few ordiniirv floal>. like lu-tcorks. iirmii<ic(l <»n tlitMMid of 
 a line, so that, wlioii the line is dexterously thiown, the far end of it 
 floats in a eirele on the water. The person cndano-ered may (iiiiekly 
 and easily pass it over his head and under his arm, so that he can be 
 pulled to the shore (tier. 241). 
 The Imperial Russian Life-Saving Soeiety Avas founded in Ls7l^ and 
 
 is under the patronage of 
 the dowager Empress ISIa- 
 riaFeodorovna. It is com- 
 posed of lo,81<) members 
 and has a tixed capital of 
 about ^270,000. Its oper- 
 ations extend over a vast 
 territory — from the life- 
 saving stations at Nova 
 Zemblaand the ^Vhite Sea 
 to the Caspian and Black 
 seas, and from the Baltic to 
 the distant Pacific coasts. 
 Itexhil)ited models of lifeboats, etc., and illusti-ations of methods and 
 apparatus for saving life, some of which have been mentioned. 
 
 During the quarter of a century (1872-1897) since the organization 
 of the society, 10,473 lives have been saved and i>OH wrecks have heen 
 
 Tlirowiiii,' lilo lull-, (i-rom iiits-iiiii iniiil.) 
 
 IK.. Jll. — i sins tloats for siiviiiK liR-. (From. Russian print.) 
 
 prevented. At the present time the society supports 87 stations and 
 205 sul)stations on the coast, and on the lakes it has 234 stations and 
 651> substations. In addition it has 7'.) winter stations. S7 houses for 
 the shipwrecked, and 1 1 light-houses. 
 
 The rocket apparatus appears to be in favor for esta])lishing com- 
 munication with wrecks, and the breeches buoy is extensively used. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 341 
 
 ir'iisri.vV>j^3>. 
 
 (niinin.ss/orh r. — The, coinmis.sioiu'i' i'loiii Fiiilaiul \\;is Mr. -loiuus 
 Albert Sandman, secretiiiy of the Fisheries Society of Finhiiid, a 
 zoologist and an ardent .student of matters pcrtaininy- to fisheries. He 
 has eontrihuted many papers to the literature on tish and fislierics. 
 
 General couiilderatlons. — Although Finland is a |)i'ovini'e of Russia, 
 its exhibit was distinct and quite utdilve the oencral Russian collec- 
 tions. In the official catalogue it appeared as the exhibit of Finland. 
 For these and other reasons it is considered advisable to treat it sepa- 
 rately here, to a large degree at least, though associating it Avith the 
 general exhil)it of the Russian Empire, 
 
 The fine collections constituting the exhibit of Finland were chietly 
 from the State Fishery Museum at Helsingfors, althoug'h four indi- 
 
 FlG. 242.— Kailci lishiui; buat. 
 
 viduals exhibited angling tackle; and charts, diagrams of temperature 
 observations, etc. , were disphu^ed by the Evois Fiskeriforsok-Station. 
 
 It seems unnecessary to discuss here the fauna of Finland, the con- 
 ditions of the Baltic Sea, etc., since these have been sufficiently 
 considered elsewhere, especially in the chapter on Sweden. 
 
 Fhh'nxj hoats. — No models or other representations of decked fish- 
 ing vessels were exhibited. The Fiidand fisheries are prosecuted in 
 open boats, chiefly of the sharp-sterned type, but generally difi"erent 
 from those of Sweden, while some are remarkable for distinctive 
 features rarely if ever found elsewhere in Europe. 
 
 Karlo fshing hoat. — A type of clinker-built, sharp-stern(>d, ojien 
 boat is employed in the fisheries from Karlo Island, in the Govern- 
 ment district of 0sterbotten (fig. l>4li). It has easy lines forward and 
 aft, with sharp floor; raking, curved stem; keel; raking sterupost, and 
 
342 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 strong sheer. It has two small sprit and Imjoiu sails. The iiiaiiiinast 
 i.s forward of amidships. Tlic forcl>oom oxteuds (•oMsideral)lv at»aft 
 the niaiiiinast, thu.siiuikiiio- it nceessar}' to lift the after end of the hoom 
 and pass it l)y the nia.st whenever the boat tacks or wears. The only 
 thwarts are the two that cross flush with the gunwales, which sui)i)()rt 
 the masts. One of these is near the bow, the distance from stem to 
 foremast being only one-tenth of the boat's length, while the main- 
 mast is not (juite one-third the })oat's length farther aft. 
 
 The relative proportions of a boat of this type, according to the 
 model exhibited, are as follows: Length over all, 31 feet lo inches; 
 heani, S feet S inches; depth, 3 feet (5 inches; foremast abovt- gunwale, 
 15 feet; foreboom, 13 feet 6 inches; mainmast above gunwale. IT feet 
 10 inches; main boom, 16 feet 8 inches; oars, 12 feet. 
 
 w^K 1 / IHi 
 
 ^d^ri^BSPl^"^^^^ 
 
 ^^^^^^^fe ;/- ,; . ." "Ja^JM^-. '..^j^J,ri^^^yB|i|J 
 
 
 
 PPHMlP^i^'^sis^ABi 
 
 
 rj 
 
 Fio. 243.— Kokar herring boat. 
 
 Kolar herring hoat. — A boat locally called "skot" (fig. 243), which 
 ditlers materially from the stereotyped sharp-steriu'd iishing boat of 
 northern P^urope, is employed in the herring lisherv from Kokar. 
 in the archii)elago of Aland. It is a round-bowed, clinkcr-l»uilt. 
 square-sterned keel boat, with rising tloor, a fairly good run, and 
 raking, curved stem. It is entirely open, has three thwarts, and is 
 ceiled inside. It is schooner rigged, with two spritsails and a little 
 jib, the latter tacking to the stem head. The foresail is loose footed, 
 but the mainsail has a boom. The sails are l)ent to hoops on the 
 masts. The relative proportions are as follows: Length over all, 25 
 feet 4 inches; beam, 9 feet 2 inches; depth, 2 feet 8 inches; stem to 
 'Toremast, 3 feet 4 inches; foremast a])ovc thwart, 13 feet 2 inches; 
 main Ijooui, 12 feet 8 inches; 2 oars, eacli 10 feet 8 inches; 2 oars, each 
 Iti feet. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 343 
 
 Saf<t)nohi fsJiriKj hotif. —\ sh;irp-(MKl(>(l. cliiikcr-lmilt. opon, keel 
 boat is employed in the tisheri(\s from the iirchipelugo of vSastmola 
 (tig. 244). This is the ])est form of fishing- ])<)at exhibited hy Finland, 
 and it closely resembles some of the Swedish boats, particularly those 
 from (xotland and Pitea. It has fine, well-formed ends; sharp floor; 
 rakinw", curved steni and sternpost; square-heeled rudder, and very 
 little sheer. It is entirely oy)en, and has three pairs of flat wooden 
 tholepins on each side. 
 
 It has two loose-footed spritsails held to the masts l)y roi)e lacings. 
 The foremast is al)out one-sixth the boat's length abaft the stem, and 
 tiic mainmast is a little forward of amidships. The sails are nearly of 
 equal size, and the clew of the mainsail is about as far forward of the 
 
 11. -Saslinula lishiii.i,' lM)iit. 
 
 stern as the foremast is from the stem, conse(juently the center of 
 effort of the sails is directly over the middle of the boat. 
 
 The relative dimensions are as follows: Length over all. 22 feet 10 
 inches; width, 7 feet 2 inches; depth, 2 feet 8 inches; foremast above 
 gunwale, 12 feet 3 inches; mainmast a))ove gunwale. 1P> feet S inches; 
 oars, 11 feet 4 inches long. 
 
 Hduiio JixhiiKj hoafx. — The fishing boats used at Ilango, in south- 
 western Finland (fig. 245) are clinker-l)uilt and open, with long, 
 sharj), overhanging bow; rising floor; very little run, and rather heavy, 
 square stiMii. They usually carry a single spritsail, Avith or without a 
 boom. 
 
 W(f.sa p\s/i/'/if/ hodf. — A type of sharp-ended, clinker-l)uill. open, keel 
 
344 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIKS EXHIBITION. 
 
 I>():it is used in tlio lislicrics fi-oin the :irclii]H'l:i,u-(i of Wasa (lio-. i>4r.). 
 It lias a shaip floor, a raking", curved stem and st(>rn])ost; hut is 
 notiihle for having- high A'ortical washboards, which run nearly from 
 the stem to the sternpost, and amidships arc two-thirds as high as tlic 
 boat itself. Those are put inside^ of the gunwales, and arc licld to the 
 hitter 1)V long hasps. Tht> insi(hM-onstruction of this boat is similar to 
 
 ^- w-..V--J| 
 
 tisliiiiK lMiiit> 
 
 that of tlic Norwegian four-oared boat, in the matter of having cross 
 beiuns under tiiree of the thwarts. 
 
 Tlie following are the relative dimensions of a boat of this type: 
 Length over all. IS feet 7 inches; width. 5 feet 8 inches; depth. 18 
 inches; washboards. 12 inches high; mast, total length. •> feetH inc-hes; 
 oars, 8 feet V» inches. 
 
 Wfs((, j)uj/f.— An open, square-ended. t1at-l)ottomed punt, called 
 ''ekstock," is used at Wasa, in the district of 0sterl)otten (tig. 247). 
 
 Fk;. 121(1.— W'iisii lisliiii^' Imat. 
 
 The sid(>s tlaie slightly, and the bottom rises in a long, easy slant at 
 each end. The ends are extended by pieces of thick plaid<. carved so 
 as to contimu' the upward curve. The two thwarts are on top of the 
 gunwales. The row locks are peculiar. They consist of straight 
 pieces of wood thai shi}) into heavy cleats on the inside of and below 
 the oun wales, and extend a))out a foot above them. From the after 
 
INTERNATION'AL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 345 
 
 side of each of these pieces, near its top, e.\;t<nids a oui-ved, spur-like 
 arm, tlie outer point of which is nearly as high as the top of the stick, 
 thus forming a rest or rowlock for the oar. 
 
 Following are the relative dimensions of this type of boat: Length 
 over all, 14 feet; width, 3 feet 11 inches; depth. 1(5 inches. 
 
 Lal:e Ladoga Ji-ihlng hoat. — A very curious form of fishing boat is 
 
 Flu. 'J17. — \Va.-i;i imiit. 
 
 used from the archipelago of Koxholm in Lake Ladoga (fig. 248). It 
 is a clinker-l)uilt, open, keel boat, with convex, sharp ends, moderately 
 rising lioor, and stem and sternpost tumbling in strongly at upper 
 ends. The remarkable feature is the keel, which is very deep forward 
 for nearly half the ])oat's length and extremely shallow aft. It is 
 steered l)y a wide, shallow rudder hung outside. It has six oars, three 
 thwarts, and carries two small loose-footed spritsails. The center of 
 effort of the sails is necessarily well forward. 
 
 The relative proportions of a boat of this class are as follows: 
 Extreme length, 2H feet 4 inches; on top, 21 feet 4 inches; beam, 7 
 feet 2 inches; depth, 2 feet 4 inches; foremast above gunwale, 6 feet 
 4 inches; mainmast, G feet 4 inches; stem to foremast. 2 feet; center 
 to ccntcM- of masts, 7 feet S inches: width of rudder, ?> feet; oars, 8 feet 
 ;> inches long; depth of keel, forward, 16 inches; aft, 2 inches. 
 
34() 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIHITIoN, 
 
 Wlilaxddr! pxIitiKj hoof. — A li^litlv Imilt. .--liurp-ciHlcd. open, cliiikor- 
 biiilt ])oat (H.ii-. 241t) is used foi- tishiiio- ut Wiilas:i:iri. iii (•(Mitral Finland. 
 It has lon<;- line ends and a naiTow ilat bottom pointed at cacli end. 
 The .stem is strongly curved and tumbles in at the top. The sternpost 
 eur\'es abru})tly at its lower end and is sti"ai<;ht M'ith a moderate rake 
 above. This lioht boat is adapted to river.s or other narrow inland 
 waters. 
 
 Its relative dimensions are as follows: Leno-th <\\oy all. 21 feet; 
 width, 4 feet G inches; depth, 15 inches. 
 
 ^■1 
 
 ■mi 
 
 ■ 
 
 ■ 
 
 
 
 Hfc^ifeTr_il__ — 
 
 ; , . iL. 
 
 ■^rm,:- 
 
 
 HilHlJjjj^HHi 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 -.-r-ga«« 
 
 VJca HiwrlxKtf. — For shootinu" the rapids on the Ilea lvi\-er and lor 
 fishino", a sharp-ended. (•linker-l»uilt, open boat is used. It is entirely 
 open, with convex lines forward and aft that o-ive nmch buoyancy. It 
 has strongly raking curved ends, round bottom, shalh^w k(Md, and good 
 sheer. Thei-e are no thAvarts, but a low platform at each end inside 
 foi- one to stand on. It has paddles with dagger-shaped blades. 
 
 4'he relative proportions of boats of this ty})e are as follows: Length 
 over all, 20 feet; beam, 5 feet 1^ inches; depth, 18 inches. 
 
 SealijKj hoat. — The boat used for s(Mil hunt- 
 ing on the Baltic is referred to under the head 
 of ''seal tishing." It is exacth' like the Swed- 
 ish seal boat, and reference is made to the de- 
 scription of the latter for details. 
 
 Aj}j)aratus of captui'e. — The lishing appa- 
 ratus of Finland is closely allied to that of 
 Sweden in many respects, but in some of its 
 features resembles forms common in neigh- 
 boring sections of the Russian Empire. 
 
 Srdlhu/ iinplcrncntx. — The appliances used 
 in tlie capture of seals are similar to those employed by the Swedes. 
 Reference is made to them undiM- the head of "seal lishing." 
 
 iVv/.v, dr. — (Jill nets and other similar hshing appliances are made of 
 (jotton and linen in Fiidand, and some of the fabrics of this k'nd indi- 
 cat(> a high order of workmanship. 
 
 'I'luM-e is vei-y little, if any, ditierence betw(MMi the nets of Finland 
 and those of the Baltic coast of Sweden, for the simple reason that 
 they are used for the same species of tish. and the small herring sought 
 bv th(^ Films is the same tish that the Swedes call the "stnimintjf.'" 
 
 Fk;. 'jr.o.—Xc-t sinker. (Drawn 
 l.y W. II. Al.liiilt.) 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 347 
 
 A curious form of not sinker (lio-. 250) consi.sts of a stono inclosed 
 in pliiit(^d strips of l)irch bark, and held in the center of a wooden 
 ring I)}' the bark, which extcMuls to the rino- in four directions. The 
 ring is secured to the footrope of the net by a lashing. 
 
 It is interesting- to note that some of the Alaskan Indians make net 
 sinkers almost like tliis. Th«» fishermen of our (ireat Lakes use iron 
 ring siid^ers on gill nets, set on the reefs, for white, tish, etc. These 
 net^•. are sunk to the bottom, and the iron hoops used for sink(M-s are 
 large enough in diameter to keep the foot of the net oil' the 
 rocky bottom and prevent chating. It is ((uite possible that 
 the fisherman of Finland and the Indians luive adopted the 
 type of sinker referred to for the same purpose, and inasnuich 
 as they could not secure iron hoops they have shown much 
 ingenuit}' in the construction of this device. 
 
 Fyl'ei^^ trap."^^ ire/'rs, etc. — A fish net, locally known as '"Stor- 
 
 r3's sja/' of the fyke-net pattern is used on the I'iver AN'noksen 
 for catching salmon, and is so arranged as to intercept the lish 
 when the}"^ are swinnning in one direction. It consists of a leader 
 attached to poles and with two or more fyke n(>ts arrangcnl at 
 right angles to the leader. The mouths of thesi^ fykes are ex- 
 tended by poles driven into the nuid, and the outer end, or apex, 
 of each fyke is attached to a pole, so as to (»xtend it. Each fyke 
 lias seven hoops and is of the ordinary pattern (tig. 2.") I). 
 
 In Lake Ladoga a double fyke-net trap is used, locally called 
 "Maatka." It consists of a lead(>r varvin*^- in length accoiding 
 
 Fici. 'jr)!.— Fyku-ncl tnii). (JJniwii by \V. H. Al>lM)tt.) 
 
 to requirements, running outward into jin oblong-shaped bowl, from 
 each side of which extends a 5-hooped fyke. Tlie entrance to these 
 fykes and the leader are supported on poles. Th(> whole ai)paratus 
 is much like fonns of fish traps employed in certain sections of the 
 United States. 
 
 A so-called great fish trap ("Storrys sja") is used at Kyrkslatt, dis- 
 trict of Ilyland, near llelsingfors. It consists of a leiider and heai't- 
 shaped entrance fastened to poles, with stone sinkers and cork fioats, 
 
348 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHKKIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 leadinj,*" into a larcjo S-hooix'd fyke, tlio outer cud of wliicli is drawn 
 into })(>sitioii l»y a rope rumiiii!;" throut:li a single hlocU to a stake or 
 anchor. 
 
 NuuKMous models ot various forms of salmon fish pens or tra})s used 
 
 Fig. 252. — Salmon wi'ir or hiirricr at t'lealx 
 
 in Finland wore exhil)ited. Some of these resemble the weirs for 
 herring- tishinj^ on the east coast of Maine, heino- constructed of poles 
 placed closely together. These are tied to a framework heaA'ily bal- 
 lasted with stones. A leader thus constructed directs the fish into a 
 piling inclosure, where they are taken out either l)y .seining or other- 
 wise. A pen of this kind used on the river Tornea is locally known as 
 "karsiuiipata." One used on the river Kemi and another on the river 
 Siikajoki have openings through a barrier lead- 
 ing into fyke nets. The former is called ''Lax- 
 pata/* or .salmon trap. Some of these pens are 
 cum])ersome timber structures, evidently built 
 with the purpose of withstanding the strain of the 
 ice and heavy current of the river. These have 
 wooden traps opposite openings in tlie barrier 
 that extends across the stream, so as to intercept 
 the salmon in ascending the river f\)r spawning. 
 One of these is used on the river Kymmens. 
 
 The salmon weirs or barriers ])uilt "across 
 the river at Uleaborg. north Finland (fig. 
 252), are similar in form and general con- 
 struction to those elsewhere. They ai'c built 
 with double rows of large stakes, drixen into the bottom and heavilj'' 
 ballasted for some distance. Ix'yond which the structures are not so 
 heavy or formidable. 
 
 Many mo(iels were exhibited of a type of fish weii- made of stakes 
 
 i 
 
 ^^//-^l-U^ 
 
 Fig. 353.— Plan of LakeSaima 
 lish weir. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 349 
 
 Fig. 254.— Double-heait lish wi'ir. 
 
 and roods, locally calU^l "" katsa." These vaiy materially in form. 
 Some have only a singlo hoart-shaped pound, whih^ others have two or 
 three. Th(\v an' used in interior watei-s. usually in lakes or laro-e 
 ponds. 
 
 The simplest form, consistino- of a leader from the shoi-e and a sinj^le 
 heart (tij^. 253), is used at Lake Saima. 
 
 Fig-ures 25-i and 255 are diagrams of other forms, with tj\'o and three 
 hearts, in favor in central Fi idand. 
 Their form is often influenced or 
 controlled by environment. On(> 
 set in the rivin" Kimo, near the 
 mouth of a small stream flow- 
 ing- into the river, has the form 
 shown ill the diagram (fig. 256), 
 and one i)lace(l hotweon an islet 
 and the main shore at Tavast- 
 land has a double heart ajid 
 three leaders. One of tla^ lat 
 ter is direct, one rc^aches to- 
 ward the island, and the other 
 toward the shore opposite. Another at the place last mentioned has 
 three hearts. 
 
 PoU. — The lisjiiiig for crawfish oi- "' krafta" {Astacius jJuvlatilm) is 
 important in the numerous lakes, which are such a marked feature of 
 
 Finland. Ahmy difl'erent forms of pots 
 used for the cai)ture of this species were 
 exhibited. 
 
 One form of pot (fig. 257) is trian- 
 gular in cross section, so that when 
 set one side lies on the bottom and the 
 other two resemble the sides of a pitch- 
 roofed house. It is made by stretching 
 netting over a frame and having a fun- 
 nel-shaped entrance of netting at each 
 end. The frame is made from branches 
 of tough wood, stripped of their bark. 
 The triangular sections are made by 
 taking a l)ranch, 4(» inches long, and 
 not<iiiiig it at distances of 11 inches, as at A in figure 258. The 
 l)raiich is then bent around the stringers, and whore the ends come 
 together they aie beveled, as shown at H, for a distanct^ of 7 inches, 
 and are securely fastened together with two or more wire nails, 
 which are dii\-en through the wood from alternate sides and their points 
 clinched. 
 
 Tiiviislliinil lish wiir. 
 
350 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIRITToN. 
 
 Fk;. •_'■')('.. — Kivcr Kiiiio llsh wrir. 
 
 'V\w three loneMtudinal strips. fonniiiiL:' Ihc sides, or MiiLfles of tho 
 trijuio'le, are iiotehed at their ends, as show ii at (" (He-. i*r>".t). ''ut not in 
 the middle. 
 
 In ])uttini:' tlie fiaine toii'ethei'. the wood is bent at notch A around 
 the eroove (', tlius niakine' a siniph'. sti'one- joint. 
 
 This pot is IT inches lono-, 
 andoach side is 1 1 inches wide; 
 funnel oponiny. y, inches wide. 
 A similar shaped pot {ti^. 260) 
 has a wii'o frame covered with 
 dai'k l)luo nottine-, and there are 
 wire hoops to inner ends of fun- 
 nels. The latter are stretched 
 into position hy string-s from 
 th(^ rinc^s t()oj)[)osite end of pot. 
 riie hook which holds the bait 
 1 lanes fi'om the top. 
 This j)ot is is inches lone\ lt» inches wide on sides: funnel openino", 
 8A^ inches wid<'. 
 
 One form of ci'awfish pot is suuilar in shape to the most common type 
 of American lobster pot, ])ut notciuite so high in proportion. The f i-ame 
 is made of half-round strips of tough wood— the erosspieces on top bent 
 to the re((uired curve — hished to- 
 gether with split rattan. The frame 
 is covered with netting. The pot has 
 a funnid-shaped entranceat each end. 
 and is weighted hy two stones, one 
 secured to each side of the bottom. 
 This was 14 inches long, Uw inch(\s 
 wide, and inches liigh, with funnel 
 openings 2^ inches in diameter. 
 
 A common type of crawfish pot consists of a woodcMi fi-anie haA'ing 
 the shay)e of a tinuicated cone and covei'ed with netting. At the toD 
 is a cylindrical entrance mad(> of birch baik. 
 
 The frame is made of tough wood and the u])rights HYO s<M'iired to 
 the cii'cular ])ai'ts of the frame, as in the pot first described. exce]>t 
 
 that thes(^ curvi^d sections ai-e not 
 
 ,„.,,,,, with twineat the pointsofint(M"sec- 
 
 tion. instead of IxMug fastened with 
 nails. The crawiish are pr«nent<'d fi'om ci'awling up thc^ sid(\s, and 
 thus (^scaping, by the broad band of l)irch bai'k whicii is fastened to 
 the i"im and ])i'oiects far enough inside to obstruct \\\v exit of the 
 crustaceans. This a))paratus is shown in ligui'c 2<1 1. At A is a wooden 
 peg for holding the bait. There is a l»ail at tiie top made of twisted 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 351 
 
 Fli.i. ■J(Hl.— Wire-fniincil crawlish |"it 
 (Drawn by W. H. Abbott.) 
 
 withes. Tliis .serves as a haiulU' for lifting;- the pot, and the haulinj^ 
 buoy line is ])ent to it. The pot is L<i inches wide on the bottom, Ti 
 inches wide at top, and S inches liiyh. The birch-bark cylindrical 
 entrance is 3^ inches deep. 
 
 Another form of pot is similar to that last described, except that it 
 has a net funn(>l. instead of the l)ircli-l)ark entrance, and the ujjri^hts 
 are fastened with nails. It is U) inches wide on the 
 bottom, 7 inches wide at top, and i)^ inches deep. 
 
 The simplest foi'm (ti^-. 2()2) has a frame somethino- like 
 an old-fashioned lobster net, consistinj^ of a circular hoop 
 at the bottom and two curved limbs extendino- from sidetosi(U> and cross- 
 ing each other at right angles, the buoy rope being fastened at the point 
 of intersection. Netting is stretched over this frame on the bottom and 
 half way or more up the sides, leaving a broad opening at the top. This 
 
 pot is 15 inches wide at the bottom and 7^ 
 inches to top of frame. 
 
 The ''krafta" ])ot, shown in figure liGH, is 
 similar in design to a common form of tish 
 |)ot used in northern Europe. Two U-shaj)t'd 
 bows are fastened at their ends to straight 
 crosspieces or sills. Fastened to these, at 
 right angles, are scN^eral pieces of flexible 
 withes, which are brought together and lashed at one end, while there 
 is a funnel-shaped entrance of netting at the other. The frame is cov- 
 ered \vith netting. This j)ot is 15i inches long, 1(» inches wide, and <S^ 
 inches high. 
 
 The most complicated form of crawfish pot is used at llelsingfors. 
 This is cylindrical and .siiaped like a bird 
 cage; itconsists of netting covering a wooden 
 frame. The frame has three hoops, to which 
 nine uprights are secured. This ])ot has 
 twenty funnel entrances of netting on its 
 sides, all of which Unid to the center of the 
 apparatus. The inner end of each fumiel is 
 held in position ])V lines leading to a metal 
 I'ing ill the center of the trap. This device 
 is r) feet in diameter and 21 inches high. 
 
 AiK/lltKj iiiclde. —The most noticeable aj)- 
 paratus under this iiead was a llexible decoy- 
 rish spinner for trolling. This is shown in fig- 
 ure 2()1, and the spinner, the gang of hook? 
 which these a ri^ fastened to the fish-like decoy are also illustrated. In 
 the latter, A is a seizing around the wire ganging that holds the hooks 
 and the whole device; W is the ring through which the gangings pass, 
 crossing each otlu'r, and also the junction of the spinnei"; C C, wings 
 of s})inner; D, narrow pointed metal pin, with bulb at toj), that enters 
 
 Fig. 'Jill. — t'rawli.sh pol. (Drawu 
 by W. IT. Abbott.) 
 
 and th(> sex'eral i)arts by 
 
352 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Fig. 26J 
 
 -Cniwlisli pol. (Drawn by 
 W. H. Abbott.) 
 
 the iiioutli (if (U't-(»y lisli iiiid jki.sscs down m-arly (<» its tail: K. F, (i, H, 
 hooks seized to wire trang-iiij^s; I. I. 1. I. liook-likc ttailx'd inojcctions, 
 at the rear of the hook .shanks, for liic purpose of attaching- the hooks 
 to the deeov Hsh. This form of apparatus is considered very elieetive 
 in Finhmd. 
 
 Methixlx ofp'shliKf. -The uietliods of operating- gill nets, seines, fyke 
 nets, and othei' eonnnon forms of tishino- apparatus are sul)stantially 
 
 the same in Finhmd as in the mM»ihl)orin(^ 
 countries, especially Sweden and the adja- 
 cent rej^ions of the Russian Kni])ire. For 
 this reason it seems inadvisable to repeat 
 what has already been written, and rtd'er- 
 encc is therefore made to only one t>ranch 
 of fishery. 
 
 Seal p'.^h, ri/.~ 'i'lu' spring' seal lisliei-y on 
 the (Julf of Bothnia is participated in hy 
 the Finnish fishermen mucli in the same 
 manner as it is conducted l»y the Swedes. 
 As spring approaches and before the ice 
 breaks up. usually some time in Mai-eh. the 
 seal hunters lea\"e the coast for a stay of two months or more, during 
 which time their utmost skill is brought into reipiisition to shoot the 
 seals, while their hardihood is taxed to the limit to endurt> the toil, 
 danger, and hardship incident to the i)ui"suit in which they (Migage. 
 A boat's crew usually numbers about fiAC men. It is not ditticult to 
 understand the severe task these men ha\e in di-agging the heavy scoop- 
 shaped boat over the ice, mile after mile, until open water is icached 
 (tig. 265). In the meantime the food, 
 fuel, guns, small dingey, and other acces- 
 sories of the himt are moxed on sledges. 
 
 If a favorable wind is encountered after 
 op(Mi water is gained, sails are set on the 
 ""long l)oat," and the hunters thread their 
 way among the drifting ice until they 
 find a place that seems to be suita})le for 
 shooting. This nuist be strong drift- 
 ing ice, which the seals prefer. 
 
 When such a i)lace is found, the hunters pull their boat out upon 
 the ice and encamp. Camping consists in arranging supports on each 
 side of the boat so that she will sit upright. Then the sail is drawn 
 over the after section so as to form a tent-like cabin, under which the 
 crew can sleep and where their clothes and outfits are stored. Cooking 
 is done on the ice. but the culinary operations are necessarily simple 
 to a degree. 
 
 The nights are passed on board the boat, in the improvised cabin, 
 
 Fig. 2C3. — Cmwti.sh [Mit. (.Driiwii by 
 W. H. Abbott.) 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION 
 
 353 
 
 but all day long, wliile it is lij^ht, the hunters roam over the vast floe, 
 .seeking- seals wherever they think there is probabilit}' of tindintr them. 
 When the hunters l)egin to l)ring- small returns, or there are indica- 
 tions of the iee breaking up, a new and better iee tieid is sought. 
 
 A sudden storm often causes the floes to break. Not infre<iuently 
 the tired sleepers are awakened ])y an awful crash and the grinding 
 of moving- iee that makes night hideous and compels prompt action. 
 The exigency admits of no delay, for the lives of all are in the most 
 imminent peril. The "long boat"' is hastily abandoned, and the 
 crew fly for safer ice. 
 
 To successfully hunt seals requires skill and experience, as well 
 as courage and hardihood. If the 
 seal gets a snitt' of his human enemy 
 he immediately slips ofl' the ice into 
 the water and disappears; it is im- 
 possible to get near enough to shoot 
 him. 
 
 The hunter, therefore, when he 
 sights a seal, lies down prostrate on a 
 long snow skate, called "'skridslang,"" 
 which has on one end (which is always 
 toward the seal) an oblong wliite can- 
 vas blind, about 30 inches long, 12 
 inches high, spread on yards, and hav- 
 ing a hole in the middle through which 
 the seal can be observed and the gun 
 can be fired when a point is reached 
 where a successful shot can l)e mad(>. 
 In this more or less prostrate position 
 the hunter pushes himself slowly and 
 carefully along over the ice field, 
 meanwhile watching the seal through 
 the aperture in the canvas blind, 
 until the animal is within easy gun 
 shot, when it is killed. The gun is frequently the handiwork of a 
 country' smith, is of large caliber, and extremely heav}'. Ordinarily 
 it rests on two iron rowlocks attached to the snow skate, but some- 
 times there is a clums}' wooden gun case on to}) of the forward end 
 of the skate in which the gun can t)e kept dry if the weather is 
 stormy. 
 
 Dangerous and laborious as the seal hunt is, it is looked upon almost 
 as a favorite sport by the hai-dy and fearless coast islanders who engage 
 in it. "They are men inured to hardship," says a writer, "steeled 
 against winters raw sea air and cold blasts, and used to throwing 
 themselves fearlessly into danger." 
 
 ■J(>1. — Decuy-fish spinner, 
 nish print.) 
 
 (From Fin- 
 
354 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Shooting seals on the (ill It" of Ijothniii has been ])raetice(l for several 
 himdri'd years. An old map pu))Hshed l>y Olof Maiisson indieates 
 that it was conducted as now as early as the iifteenth century. 
 
 The boats used are similar to the seal boats of Sweden, described 
 elsewhere. They resem})le the sternum of a bird, Avith round ends, 
 rising scoop-shaped l)ow, strongly raking stcrnpost, deep keel or skag 
 aft; round bilge; clinker-build; high washboards along the sides; 
 
 Flu. 265. — Finns hauling a sealing boat over tlie iee. 
 
 four pairs of stationary thole pins; single short mast stepped a little 
 forward of center, and a loose-footed scjuare sail. Thoy are usually 
 about 30 feet long, and approximately one-third as wide. 
 
 Coiiiiiiissloner. — M. Joseph Perard, civil engineer, who lias ])een the 
 author of papers on the lisheries and kindred subjects, was counnissioner 
 from France. 
 
 General coimlderatums. — France is one of the most important tish- 
 ing countries of the world, and pro})ably no other nation has so fully 
 recognized th(> im])ortance of commercial tisherics as a nursery for 
 seamen to man its lighting navy in time of war and its merchant 
 marine in peaceful periods. To promote and encourage these indus- 
 tries France supports fishery schools, in which technical instruction is 
 given in the arts of preparing lishing apparatus, catching lish, the prep- 
 aration of products, etc. It also pays a bount}' to its fishermen, and 
 protects them from ruinous competition by a high tai'ltl' on Hshcny 
 products. 
 
 The fisheries of this country are vaiiiMl and intiu'csting, especially if 
 we include tho.se of its dependencies of Algiers and Tunis, for tiiere is a 
 wide range of piscatorial effort between catching cod oil" Newfoundland 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 355 
 
 or Iceland to the g-athorino- of coriil or the cajjtun; of sardines in the 
 Mediterranean. 
 
 As an indication of the position licld l»y France in the iisheries, a 
 few figures for 1885 may be given. It is believed there has not been 
 material change since these data were published in 1887. 
 
 In the year referred to a total of 144,097 persons were engaged in 
 fishing, of which 85,915 were registered sea fishermen, 57,088 men, 
 women, and children that fished "on foot" along the shores, and 1,094 
 on 888 Italian boats sailing from the Toulon district. The fishing fleet, 
 exclusive of the Italian boats mentioned above, numbered 23,877 ves- 
 sels and boats, with an aggregate capacity of 160,299 tons. The total 
 value of the fisheries — in silver — was 117,898,161, and the aggregate 
 production of the fisheries for cod, mackerel, herring, anchovy, and 
 other species designated as "other fish," was 414,141,515 pounds. Of 
 this amount the Newfoundland cod fishery produced 59,239,806 pounds, 
 worth 11,750,298, and the yield of the Iceland cod fisher}' amounted 
 to 28,468,776 pounds, valued at $1,415,059. The aggregate sale for 
 public consumption of oysters artificially raised in ponds, parks, tanks, 
 etc., was 597,164,013, worth 12,459,730, while the product of the boat 
 and coast fisheries was 126,579,817 oysters, including Portuguese as 
 well as natives, which sold for |323,242. It is a somewhat remarkable 
 fact that the seaweed gathered for fertilizer and bedding oii the French 
 coasts in 1885 reached a value of $1,060,545. 
 
 During the same year Algiers had 4,495 men ciiiploycd in fishing 
 and 1,047 boats, with an aggregate tonnage of o,99'.t. The product 
 of its fisheries reached a total value of $791, 56(). The catch of mack- 
 erel, bonitoes, tunnies, anchovies, and those species included under 
 the head of "other fish" aggregated 9,295,723 pounds. 
 
 Tunis is reputed to have rich fishing grounds. Over 300 tons of 
 dried squid (Octojjoda) are annually produced. The sponge fishery is 
 knportant. In 1897 the exportation of sponges is given at $200,000 
 in value. It is estimated that the annual production of anchovies at 
 Tabarca, an important fishing station in Algeria, is 2,500,000 pounds, 
 while an equal amount of })ilchards is c-aught. It is, however, to be 
 noted that these fish are taken large!}' by Italian and French fisher- 
 men. The production of salt by Tunis will be referred to elsewhere. 
 
 The exhibit of France ijicludcd collections from Algiers and Tunis. 
 It also embraced a larger proportion of scientific implements, appa- 
 ratus for navigation, and life-saving appliances than were shown by 
 other countries, and also "wines for fishermen," but its collections 
 appertaining to commercial fisheries were correspondingly limited. 
 For convenience, the exhibits of France and its dependencies will be 
 considered together. 
 
 Fishing v&sseLs- and hoats. — France has a large \ariety of vessels and 
 boats employed in the fisheries, but comparatively few forms were 
 
 S. Doc. 39 25 
 
356 intp:rnational fisheries EXHimrioN. 
 
 oxhil)itod, :uul many <>t" tho i-cpresentations wpi-c ijhotojLi'raplis or <li'ii\v- 
 ing.s, without any acconipaiiying' data regardinj;' dinicii.sioiis, lislicrics 
 engaged in, etc. 
 
 Steam Jishing vesneh. — The steam tiinvlci's. which use the otter trawl 
 in the Bay of Biscay, the North Sea. and contiguous waters, are similar 
 to tliose of Enghmd. Reference is therefore made to the description 
 of P^nglish steam fishing vessels. 
 
 Sailing I'ctc/ie.s and yawl.s. — The French employ ketch-rigged trawl- 
 ers like those of the east coast of England, and also yawl-rigged ves- 
 sels, which differ from the ketches chiefly, if not wholly, in their rig. 
 One of these, of which a photograph was exhibited, is shorter in pro- 
 portion than an English ketch (PI. Lll). It has a straight, slightly 
 raking stem, moderately sharp bow, and heavy, raking, square stern. 
 It has a pole mainmast in the same relative position as on a ketch, and 
 pole jigger mast about 5 or 6 feet forward of the tatfrail. It carries a 
 jib, stay foresail, low and wide mainsail, club-headed main gafl'-topsail, 
 a loose-footed gaff jigger or mizzen. the sheet of which trims to an 
 outrigger, and a club-headed mizzen topsail. The vessel referred to 
 is about 55 feet long, and is one of the smaller trawlers of this class. 
 Ketches engage in the cod fishery at Iceland, and somi^times they have 
 crossed the Atlantic and fished on the Grand Bank of Newfoundland 
 and contiguous fishing grounds. The}^ range from 5(» to 80 tons, and 
 have about the same relati^•e i)i-oportions as the English ketch-rigged 
 cutter. 
 
 Fishing lugger's. — The only representations of this class of vessels 
 were in photographs. The luggers at Dieppe are short, clums}', 
 decked boats (PL LIII), about 35 to 45 feet long. Their chief char- 
 acteristic features are a rather full convex bow: large bod}^; short 
 run, and excessively heavy, non-overhanging stern, with rudder hung 
 outside. The mainmast stands well forward, and upon this is set a 
 large, loose-footed, dipping lug sail. The jigger mast is at the extreme 
 stern, and on it is set a small standing lug, the sheet of Avhich trims 
 to an outrigger. Vessels of this class fish on grounds near tlie coast 
 and within easy reach of a market. The one in the foreground (PL 
 LIV) is outward bound with a fleet of ketches. 
 
 The luggers that sail from Boulogne to engage in the drift-net fish- 
 eries for herring and mackerel are generally about 60 to 65 tons, though 
 there may l)e some of this class larger and some smaller than that. 
 
 One of these I have studied had a rather full convex bow above 
 water. l)ut was much sharper })eloAv the water line. She was not quite 
 so de(>p in proportion as the English fishing vessel: had a fairly 
 broad beam: a moderate rise to the Hoor: round ])ilge: medium depth 
 of keel; a long, finely shaped run: wide, s(piare stern: and 2 or 3 feet 
 overhang to the counter. The stem was nearly straight, and had 
 little rake, making almost a right angle with the keel, though the 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 357 
 
 lower part of the ))ow, next the forefoot, hud a ver}^ graceful curve. 
 The stei-npost had only a moderate rake, The hull below the water 
 line was very mueh like the hull of an American ischooncr of thirty" 
 3"ears ago of the moderately sharp type, and if a low quarter deck was 
 added, the after section from amidsliips Avould be scarceW distinguish- 
 able from the afterpart of a New England tishing vessel.^ This lugger 
 had considerable sheer, a flush deck, and board bulwarks about 2^ 
 feet high. 
 
 The accommodations for the crew on a lugger like this consist of a 
 forecastle forward and a cabin under deck aft. Amidships ther(> is a 
 large hatch running athwartships of the deck, almost from one side to 
 the other. Its width, fore and aft, is tj feet. This hatch is the entrance 
 to the net room, where the tishing gear, nets, ropes, etc., are stowed. 
 There are three additional hatches leading into the different sections of 
 the hold, and a small scuttle hatch near the bow. that is flush with 
 the deck. A tall crutch, into which the mast lowers, stands midwaj'' 
 between the bow and the stern. 
 
 These luggers usually carry a steam capstan, which, in addition to 
 being used for heaving in the nets, supplies the place of a windlass, 
 whit'h these vessels are not provided \vith. Steam capstans have l)een 
 used since about 1878, and are found very serviceable for hoisting the 
 sails, raising the mast, setting up the rigging, and landing fish or bar- 
 rels. The principal ol)ject, however, for which tiiey are used is for the 
 management of tlu» nets, for which purpose they are considered almost 
 indispensable. Many experiments have been made for several A'ears 
 past to use screw steamers for this work, but these did not prove suit- 
 able, and have almost universally been discarded. The objections were 
 that the screw fouled and injured the nets or other apparatus, and too 
 much space was occupied by the engines, coal bunkers, etc. The addi- 
 tional expense of a steamer was also an important item, and tended to 
 make it far less profitable than a sailing vessel, unless much greater 
 catches could be obtained. 
 
 The Boulogne lugger is a two-masted vessel, and differs in many 
 respects from the old style three-masted lugger, wiiich is not employed 
 at Boulogne, but is more particularly a Bi'eton type of tishing vessel. 
 The pole maimnast stands a little l(\ss than one-tifth the vessel's length 
 from the l)ow. the foot works in a "tabernacle,'' and the mast lowers 
 into a I'l'utch when the vessel has her nets out. The forestay is set up 
 at the stendiead with a heavv purchase, and the two shrouds on a side are 
 kept taut by runner and whip purchases. An enormously long running 
 bowsprit is carried, which ships out through a heavj' wooden chock on 
 
 ' The majority of the luoderu-built vessels composing the Boulogne fishing fleet 
 are sharper forward than the one here described, more particularly ahovt' water. 
 ]\hiny of them have hulls resembling the English trawlers, and of late years the 
 ketch rig, too, has been extensively ado])ted by the French. 
 
358 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 topot'tho how luil oil i)()i't side of the stem. Tlic iiii/./ciiiiiiist staiid.s 
 about one-lifth the vessel's length from the taffrail. it is sliapfd like 
 the foreniiist. but is a trifle shorter. It has two shrouds on a side. 
 A long- outrigger, to which the mizzen sheet trims, projects from the 
 stern. 
 
 Six sails are carried, namely, jib. stay foresail, mainsail, mizzen, 
 and two square-headed gati'-topsails. The ji)) is very large and hoists 
 to the extreme upper part of the main masthead. It sets "'Hying," as 
 jibs commonly do on running bowsprits, and one would think it would 
 be a ditHcult matter to take such a sail in witii a fresh breeze on some 
 points of sailing. The sta}' foresail is narrow, but has considerable 
 hoist. It has a single reef. The mainsail hoists only about half the 
 length of the mast above the rail, but peaks sharply. It is a gaff- 
 sail, bent to hoops, with three reefs, a low roaching foot, and no boom. 
 The sheet trims to a curved iron traveler, which extends from lail to 
 rail, just forward of the mizzenmast. The main gaff-topsail is a nar- 
 row elongated sail Avith convex foot, and ver}^ long yard that extends 
 about one-third of its length forward of the mast. The greatest length 
 of the sail is foi'e and aft; its average width is a little more than half 
 its l(>ngth. The mizziMi is a standing lug provided with three reefs.* 
 The mizzcMi gaff-topsail is shaped like the other, but is wider in 
 proportion. 
 
 The following are the details of construction as suppUed by M. 
 Frederic Hautier, a celebrated builder of Boulogne, who claimed, as 
 earl}' as 1883, to have launched from his yai'd a flotilla of 70() sail of 
 v^essels largely of this class: 
 
 Oak and red elm are chiefly used for the frame and scantling. The 
 keel is 8 inches thick and 15 inches deep. The frames are oak. made 
 up of two pieces firmly riveted together with iron, tlu^ doubU^ frame 
 being 5 inches thick and 10 inches wnde. The frames are placed 7 
 inches apart. The planking is half elm and half oak, 2 inches thick 
 and varying from 5 to inches in width. 
 
 Six-horsepower engines are used for operating the nets, etc. Tliese 
 have 85 revolutions per minute, 15 pounds working pressure, and 11.81 
 inches stroke. The diameter of the cylinders is <).»UI inches: lieight of 
 boiler, G feet 8 inches; diameter of boiler, 3 feet 8 inches. 'I'Ikm-c are 
 2 cross tubes. The boiler has a holding capacity' of 0.815 meter. The 
 area of gi'ate surface is H!l.!»4 s([uare feet. 
 
 M. Hautier gives the following dimensions for a vessel of 7'2 tons, 
 new measurement: Length over all, 72 feet; keel, 62 feet; beam. IV) 
 feet; depth, molded, 10 feet; of hold. !> feet; draft of water, aft, 10 
 feet, forward, 8 feet; mainmast, -18 feet; mizzenmast, 52 feet. 
 
 Following are the dimensions of the lugger described: Length over 
 
 ' These vessels have reef points in their sails instead of reef gaskets, like the Eng- 
 lish trawlers and Dutch vessels. 
 
i 
 
IKTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 359 
 
 all, 70 feet; keel, 65 feet; beam, 20 feet; depth of hold, 8 feet 4 inches; 
 draft, aft, 9 feet; forward, 5 feet 3 inches; mainmast, above deck, 50 
 feet 9 inches; mizzenmast, above deck, 50 feet; bowsprit, total length, 
 47 feet; outboard, 26 feet 8 inches; main gaff, 30 ieot 9 inches; foot 
 of mainsail. 40 feet; main gaff-topsail yard, 88 feet; mizzen yard, 28 
 feet 4 inches: mizzen outrigger, 20 feet 9 inches; mast crutch, 14 feet 
 high. 
 
 No ballast is used; the spare sails, nets, stores, etc., supply the place 
 of ballast on the outward passage and until fish are taken. The 
 luggers carry large crews, and it is not unusual for them to have as 
 many as IH to 18 men and boys on board. 
 
 Two-masted and three-ujasted luggers are used for catching tunnies 
 by trolling; these were represented in a painting of this tisherj^ by 
 Jean Connerre. 
 
 Some of the fishing luggers which have been built at Honfleur. and 
 numbers of which engage in the drift-net and othei- fisheries, are full, 
 bulky vessels, with short, convex bows and usually round sterns. I 
 saw several French \essels of this type, or nearly like it, at Kamsgate, 
 in England, in 1883. These luggers were about 25 to 30 tons register, 
 carvel ]>uilt. carrying two lugsails and a jil). Notwithstanding that 
 they looked full and somewhat clumsy and old-fashioned, they appeared 
 to move fairly quick through the water, and they tacked smartly. 
 
 Admiral Paris has pul^lished the plans of a vessel of this kind, ])uilt 
 in Honfleur in 1860, which resembles in rig and some other details 
 the luggers seen at Kamsgate, though it is not so large as the latter. 
 
 The vessel figured bv him has a round bow and stern and a full 
 under-water section, especially forward of amidships. It is decked, 
 with high bulwarks, and is straight on top. It is rigged as a two- 
 masted lugger, with a long, running l)owsprit, and cari'ies two ''work- 
 ing" lugsails, jib, and mainf()})sail. The foremast stands close to the 
 bow^ (about 2 feet from the stem at the deck), and the maimnast is 
 amidships. Both masts have a moderate rake, and each is supported 
 laterally by two shi'ouds on a side; these ai'e spread very nnich on the 
 rail, especially the main rigging, so that one shi-oud is considerably 
 forward of its respective mast, while the other is a similar distance aft 
 of it. The foot of the main lug is spread on a boom, and a short 
 maintopmast is carried. 
 
 The following are the principal dimensions: Length over all, 30 feet 
 7f inches; beam, K) f eet 3jV inches; depth, 4 feet 1 inch; draft, aft, 5 
 feet 1 inch; forward, 3 feet. Mainmast, 33 feet 9 inches; foremast, 27 
 feet 1(>^ inches; bowsprit, lit feet 3 iiu-hes; topmast, 12 feet 5i inches; 
 mainyard, 22 feet 7^ inches; foreyard, 2(> feet 4 inches; boom, 22 feet 
 7| inches.' 
 
 ' The above dimensions are those given by Admiraf Paris, and are probabty cor- 
 rect, although they do not agree precisely with the ])lan he publishes. 
 
360 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHI MI'l'loN. 
 
 Th«> luy-rig'*,a'd '" .shuUops" (bateau dc [)i'(lu'), t'onncrly ciuployed 
 exclusively by the French fishernieii for the purpose of settinjj^ and 
 haulin<jf trawl lines on the lisliinu' banks of the western Atlantic, and 
 still used to soni(> extent, are wide and dee]), clinker-built, ojx'ii. keel 
 l)oats, with full round bows and heavy sijuare sterns. A w ritci- in 
 Revue di's Hcux Mondes says of thcni: 
 
 They are heavy boat.>^, with about 7 meters of keel, seaworthy — but diffieiih to inan- 
 aee on aceonnt of their weight — cajjacious, and large. In rough weather it is often 
 diflieult to take them on board and they art- lost. They an- fastened on davits above 
 the deck or are lashed lirmly to the side. 
 
 These boats ranii'e in size from at>oiit 25 to 27 feet in b'liotli and are 
 about one-third as wide as long. They carry one or two lug" sails— 
 sometimes a jigger sail aft — and a jib. and are always ke]it under sail 
 when setting the lines if there is sufficient wind. If it is ctdni they 
 are rowed. 
 
 They are l)urdensoine and buoyant in a seaway, but ai-e liea\'V to row 
 in calm weather. Owing to their great weight and the ditiiculty of 
 getting them on board the vessels they are nearly always left out over 
 night on the fishing ground, towing astern of the ship at the end of a 
 long hawser. When gales come up suddeidy they are often lost. 
 
 None of those seen by the writer were provided with any roller for 
 the lines to pass over w hen hauled. On the Grand Bank to S tnen 
 go in each boat to liaid trawl lines. One of these men bends ov(n- the 
 bow of the boat, in a very inicomfortable position, with his breast 
 across the stem or gunwales, and it is his duty to clear th(> hooks that 
 swing across the stem, and sometimes to lift the fish over the bow. 
 One can scarcely imagine a more laborious and fatiguing duty, and 
 when it is understood that the use of the dory entirely obviates such 
 work, and also makes it possible for 2 men to do nearly the same 
 la])or that 7 or S are required to accomplish in the shallop, one can not 
 wonder that the French have of late years shown a preference for the 
 American boat. The remainder of the crew, Avith one exception, stand 
 along the side and haul the line, which is coiled in baskets at the stern 
 by one man, whose duty it is to attend to this work. While getting 
 the Jines the sails are furled and the masts taken down, with the excep- 
 tion of the jigger mast, which stands at the extreme stern, and 6n this 
 the little sail is generally ke])t set to steady the boat and keep her head 
 to the sea. 
 
 The hull of a boat of this type is coated with Hurgiuidy pitch, and 
 the sails are prepared with a decoction of o:d\ ])ark. in whit-li sufficient 
 red ocher is mixed to give the canvas a dark-red color. Tiiis is done 
 to pres(>rve the sjiils. 
 
 Following are the detailed ineasureuients of a Fecamp lH)at of this 
 kind: Length over all, 27 feet H inches: on keel, 25 feet 1> inches; 
 beam. !» feet s inches: dej)th. H fec^t 11 indues: maimnast. total length, 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 361 
 
 26 feet 8 inches; diaineter, 15 inches; yjird, IT feet; jigger mast, 13 
 feet 9 inches; outrioger. 11 feet 9 inches; bowsprit, 20 feet 2 inches; 
 total sail area, 50f square yards; oars, 19 feet 8 inches. The keel and 
 stem of this boat are 7 inches wide, and the frames 5^ by '2^ inches. 
 
 A two-masted tishing Iui>-o(n', employed by the fishermen of Brittany, 
 is similar in form to th<» boat hist descril)ed. It is an open, square- 
 stern keel boat; wide and deep, with considerable sheer; straight 
 stem and sternpost, both having a moderate rake; a full midship sec- 
 tion, making the boat "bunchy" in the middle; no overhang to the 
 counters; the rudder hung outside, and tiller worked through a hole 
 cut in the upper pai't of the stern. Stone ballast is used. 
 
 The boat is fitted with a running bowsprit, and the masts have a 
 strong rake, though less than some of the boats of southern France 
 and of Spain. 
 
 It carries two lugsails and a jib. The mainsail is a working lug, 
 and its foot is bent to a boom which is attached to the mainmast by a 
 goose neck. The foresail is a compromise lietween a dipping and 
 working lug. The foremast is stepped close to the stem and the main- 
 mast about amidships. 
 
 The following are the pi'incipal dimensions: Length over all, 17 feet; 
 on load w^ater line, 15 feet 6f inches; beam, extreme, 7 feet 1 inches; 
 draft, aft, 3 feet Si inches; forward, 2 feet 7i inches; mainmast, 18 
 feet Hi inches; foremast, 18 feet 7f inches; l)owsprit, outside, 7 feet 
 2i inches; main boom, 13 feet; main yard, 11 feet 1 inches; fore yard, 
 8 feet 6 inches. 
 
 Sardwe^fshing hoat. — A lug-rigged boat is employed in the gill-net 
 fishery for sardines from the coast of Brittany, It has a sharp wedge- 
 shaped bow; moderate!}' rising floor; quick turn to bilge; lean run and 
 round stern, without any overhang to counters. Sternpost has a mod- 
 erate curve and slight rake, while the stem is straight and nearly ver- 
 tical. Boats of this type are open, carvel-built keel craft (the keel 
 being shallow); straight on top; moderately deej) and beamy, the great- 
 est width being aft of amidships. There is a wide seat across the stern 
 for the steersman to sit on, and this is cased in below to form a locker. 
 There are three thwarts, the after one of which is fitted with flanges 
 on each side to make a runway to lead water to the pump, which is 
 placed in the middle of the thwart. The rig is that of a two-masted 
 lugger. The masts are tall and tapcn'ing and ha\e a strong rake, the 
 mainmast being much the longest. Two high and narrow, loose-footed, 
 standing lugsails are carried. These are tanned dark red or reddish 
 brown. The following are the oixlinarv dimensions of a l)oat of this 
 class: Length over all, 31 feet indies; extreme beam, 10 feet 9 inches; 
 molded depth, gunwale to keel amidships, 5 feet 6 inches; foremast 
 above gunwale. 26 feet; fore yard, 12 feet; mainmast above giunviale, 
 35 feet 6 inches; main yard, 11 feet 6 inches. 
 
362 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 J^ishiiKi Itotit iif ( 'oiiciii'iifKn. "X l)();it with a curious luut^'cr ri^- is 
 employed in the sardine rishcvics from Concaiucau. t-oast of Brittany. 
 It is an o]M'n. k«'('l craft "with medium sheei': round easy hile-e: moch'r- 
 ately "\vi(h' and deep: fine easy lines foic and aft : round stern: stem and 
 sternpost cui'\ed and I'akiuii' slio-htly: ru(hh'r hunji" outsich-. its h)w»'r 
 end s(|uare and tlush with keel. 
 
 'I'he rie- is ])eculiiir. althoui;"ii it resenddes somewhat that of the WA- 
 g'ian lishint^ "•sloop." It lias two masts. 'Piie foremast i> short, stands 
 close to the stcMU. and has eomparativ«dy litth' rake. The mainma.st 
 exceeds twice the h'lie-th of the foi-emast. stei)s about amidships, and has 
 a very sti'ouL!' rake aft. its u})p(T end heinj^" nearly over the sternpost 
 of the boat. A stay extends from its iiead to the st(>m. 'I\\() hio-sails 
 are carried. The fore lue- is small, nearly s((uai'e. with about one- 
 (juai'ter of it forward of the mast. It tacks down to the stem head, 
 and the sheet ti'ims aft to the euuwale. ^^'hen saiiin<;' (dose-hauU^d, 
 the luti' of l)oth mainsail and foi-esail is shoved forwaid and tie-htened 
 by a sprit with a crutched end. which shi})s into a h)o}) oi- cringle on 
 the edge of the sail. 
 
 Th(> mainsail is very much largei" than the foi'tvsail. and tlu^ strong 
 rake of the mast brings its center of etlort w(dl aft: so iiuich so that it 
 woidd appeal" pi'oljable that the boat would gri})e considerably when 
 running with beam wind or sailing (doscdiauled. It is loose-footed, 
 tacks down to the weather gunwale, and the sheet trims to the stern. 
 The after end of the yard is much lower than the forward end, giving 
 the sail a strange appearance. It is very nuudi shorter on the after 
 leech than it is on the luff. The mainsail has two reefs, and the fore- 
 sail one. 
 
 Boats of this tyix^ hav«> tludr hulls tarred, and their sails are gener- 
 ally of a reddish-))rown eoloi-. 
 
 Thev have each a crcAV of 2 to 8 men. and caii'y two large oars to 
 be used in calm weather. 
 
 The followdng are the princii)al dimensions: Length, 30 feet 1 inch; 
 beam, 7 feet 10 inches; depth amidships. 8 feet lo iiudn^s: mainmast, 
 27 feet 6 inches; foremast, 11 feet ?>% inches. 
 
 Fi'dicJi VsliiiKj (lories. — Dories, (diietly of American l)uild. have been 
 u.sed by the tislun'mt^n of St. Pierre and Miipudon islands for several 
 years, chietly for setting and hauling trawl lines, and boats of this 
 type are fast superseding the clumsy shallops on some of the vessels 
 belonging to ports in France. The lightness of the dory, the ease 
 with which it can be hoisted out and in from a vessel's deck, its sea- 
 worthiness, comparative cheapness, and the fact that it can be managed 
 by only two men, render it preeminently well adapted to the trawl- 
 line codtisheries, and it is not sui'prising to tind that the French tisher- 
 me« have hastened to adopt it as soon as they have learned its merits. 
 
 The dories ns(Hl bv the FrtMich are the same in form and consti'uction 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 363 
 
 as those employed in the American fisheries. The former are, liow- 
 ever, generally a foot longer than the dories used for the same pur- 
 pose by American fisherman — that is, the French boats are IH feet 
 long on the bottom, or about 20 to 21 feet on tcip. They have one 
 more set of timbers than dories used by fishermen of the United 
 States, and they also differ from the latter in haA'ing a ril)l)and, or 
 chafing chock, of hard wood, about 3 to 4 inches wide and ^ inch thick, 
 which runs from stem to stern around the outside of each gunwale. 
 This, of course, adds to the strength of the boats, l)ut increases their 
 weiglit, which is thv ()l)jection to the use of a chafing piece l)v Ameri- 
 cans. 
 
 M'/'/ puiit.'<. — The men engaged in the cultivation of oysters on 
 soft, muddy areas that uncover at low tide, or who. for other reasons 
 
 Fli:. ■Jtii;. — Mini limits 
 
 frequent the oozy regions at low water, usea mud punt to enal>le them 
 to pass o\er the bottom which will not otherAvise bear their weight. 
 This punt is a roughly consti'ucted box-like structure, about 7 to 9 
 feet long. It is entirely flat on the bottom with vertical sides and 
 square ends. The l)ow has a strong rake and usually a curve, but the 
 stern is nearly perpendicular. The fisherman has a wooden sandal, 
 about 12 inches long by 8 inches wide, secured to one foot — usuall}- 
 the right foot — and this is used as a paddle to propel the punt over 
 the nuid (fig. 266). To do this he kneels on one knee in the punt and 
 vigorously pushes with the other foot, the board sandal ena])ling him 
 to get a good leverage on the yielding mud that his foot would sink 
 into. A small sail is sometimes used to assist in the propulsion of 
 these punts. 
 
364 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Algerlne jixhnHj hont. Anioiiu- llic models cxliihitcd was one of a 
 fishino- fohu-c'ii from Pliillipcvillc, Alu-iers(%'. !i«)7). I'liis represented 
 a sliariMMided. caix d-ldnll. keel ]»()at; with low. ratlier tlut floor; stem 
 nearly vei'tieal. I>iit ciirvinii- outward at top, and witli a })roje('tln*:;- cut- 
 water or lout:- head; straiu-h(. slio-htly rakin«r stei-iipost. and louiid- 
 heeled nulder. It has little sheei'. a deep waist and Hush deek. There 
 is a larire hatch al>aft the mast and a similar hatch half way between mast 
 and stem. It has a small cabin aft. and is rio-^-ed as a single-masted 
 feluce;i. Tlie mjisf steps nearly amidships and has no rake. It is sup- 
 
 ported by two shrouds on a side, set up by a single whip purchase on 
 eacli. It carries a large lateen sail and a jib set on a long bowsprit. 
 
 The following are the relative dimensions of a ])oat of this class: 
 Length over all, ?,S, feet O inches; beam, 10 feet; depth, 2 feet -i 
 inches; mast above deck. 28 feet 5 inches; yard, 53 feet 1 inch; bow- 
 spi-it outboard, 18 feet 1 inch. 
 
 FixhiiKj hixifs. of TkhIs. — The exhibit from Tunis included three 
 models of the most important types of boats used in the fisheries of 
 that i)i-ovince. Two of these, at least, ai-e conmion in the various 
 countries bordering the Mediterranean. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 365 
 
 Ox hoat. — This type of tishiiig- ])oat (tig. 268) is used for operating- 
 the drag net known as the parenzella, hy the Italians, and caUed " liou 
 net'' ]\Y the Spanish. The net is towed over the bottom l)y two boats, 
 one at each end. which sail free from the wind when working together. 
 They are from 85 to more than 45 feet long, and are built more for 
 carr^'ing capacity and seaworthiness than for speed, silthough the 
 large sail area enables them to make reasonable progress with a still 
 breeze, and is specially serviceable for towing the net. 
 
 A boat of this kind is a double-ended, carvel-built, keel craft; with 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 1 
 
 
 
 
 1 
 
 f 
 
 ^1 
 
 
 
 ■ 
 
 • 
 
 H 
 
 "jf 
 
 
 
 
 ^H 
 
 J^^ ^v 
 
 
 
 ■^^^^ 
 
 '^^H 
 
 ^HMK^^^fi 
 
 
 g 
 
 
 ? --1^^ 
 
 I 
 
 1 
 
 ■ 
 
 ^9A 
 
 
 Fig. 2ti8.— 'I'uiiis ii>.liiiifi hunt. 
 
 full, strongly convex liixvs at bow and stein; low floor; easy bilge; 
 high, curved stem, and curved nearly vertical sternpost. It is 
 straight on top, except at the bow, which rises iiuickly. The wide 
 rudder hangs below the keel, and to a considerable extent acts as a 
 centerboard. The boat is decked, with a large hatch abaft the main- 
 mast, one small hatch aft on the starboard sid«^ and another well for- 
 ward on the port side. It has several stout stanchions for tow ropes, 
 and carries a four-pronged anchor. It is felucca rigged, and carries a 
 single largo lateen sail. 
 
366 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Its rel;iti\'t' (liiiiciisions iirc :is follows: I^ciiuth owr ;ill. 45 foet; 
 beam, 16 feet H inolies; depth, <> feet i»> inches; hiriic hiitch, ♦> feet 10 
 inche.s b^- 6 feet; mast above deck. ?>1 feet 'A inches; yard. 5H f(M>t 2 
 inches; rudder extends below keel. ;'. feet s inches; tiic sail measures 
 51 feet 10 inches on lutl'. 4r> feet on leach, and ;'><» feet 7 inches on foot; 
 oars, 18 feet h)ne-. 
 
 This ])oat is of the tA])e known as " t)ateau do ])oeuf," oi' o\ l)oat. a 
 name eiven to it b<'cause it aiwjivs works in pairs in draeeintr a net, 
 and thus has a fancied resemtdance to a i)aii' of oxen attached to a 
 plow. 
 
 In refenine' to this type of l)oat. used froui the (iulf of Lyons, 
 Admiral Paris afiirms that it can-ies a crew of Ki to IS men. •"These 
 vessels," he says, "never take any reef, and when the wind is too 
 strong- they set a jil) named *marahoutin." tied upon tlie smallest of 
 two spars wdiich they have on the deck, and of which the lenetli is 12.50 
 meters, whilst that of the second s])ars. named ' penon du C(^utelas,' 
 is 15.28 meters." 
 
 They are ballasted with oraNel. and tiicy lia\ c no grapnel to use 
 when they enter port. They have four oars of about 10 meters length. 
 
 These l)oats are painted l)Iack with a white, red. or green stripe (>.20 
 meter w^de from the hack rah])et at the level of the deck to within 
 1.50 meters of the stem. Upon the crosspiece of every deck is painted 
 the letter A for Adge, C for Cette, and M for ]Mars(>ille and Mai'tigues. 
 At the side is a white number 0.40 nutter high. Tlu^ stem, the stern- 
 post, and the rudder are black like the rest of the boat.^ 
 
 TunL^ian ^fixJiijKj Ixxif. — This ty])e of lioat (tig. 2()9) is extensively 
 used in the general fisheries of Tunis, and closely resonddes in form 
 and rig th(> feluccas us(^d l)y the Italian coral lishei-men. It is a double- 
 ended, carv«d-bailt. kcnd boat, witli straight. ^'(M•tic!d stem and stern- 
 post above water 1)ut curved Ixdow. It has a low floor; round bilge; 
 is full at the rail, with much sharper, hollow lines at and below the 
 water line. Tiie rud(h>r extends Ixdow the keid. It is dt'cked. with a 
 large oblong hatch in the middle of the deck extending forward and 
 aft of the mast, which rakes strongly forward. It is rigged as a 
 single-masted felucca, and carries a large lateen sail and small jib. 
 
 The relative dimensions are as follows: Length over all, 48 feet 9 
 inches; beam, 16 feet 3 inches; depth, 6 feet 3 inches; hatch. 16 feet 
 9 inches long by 6 feet wide; nrast, above deck, 22 f(H^t 6 inches; yard, 
 45 feet 3 inches; ))owsprit, 7 feet 7 inches; rudder, below keel, 18 
 inches. 
 
 SjxnK/c-fisJiiiig h(i<(t. — A carvel-lniilt keel boat of a (Trecian type is 
 used in the si)onge fisheries of Tunis (tig. 27(>). It has a siiarp l)ow; 
 straight vertical stem; low floor; round bilge; long easy run; scpiare 
 stern, without overhang; square-footed rudder, and symmetrical sheer. 
 
 'Souvenirs de Marine, by Admiral Pari^J, vol. 1. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION 
 
 367 
 
 It has a timber acroiss the stern, with its ends curved up sufficiently to 
 hold the sponge hooks, which can be temporarily laid on them, althouo'h 
 these are usually laid in rests on the ouiiwales when lishing is not 
 going' on. It is decked, with the exception ot a large open space amid- 
 
 ships for stowing- the sponges and for the oarsmen to stand in. The 
 oars have elongated, fan-shaped l)lades and square looms. A three- 
 pronged spear, resembling a grains, with a long handle, is used for 
 collecting sponges. The relative dimensions of the boat are as follows: 
 
 Fig. 270.— Spongelishiiig boat. 
 
 Length over all, 35 feet 10 inches; beam, 11 feet 10 inches; depth of 
 hold. 4 feet; oars, 15 feet 10 inches; sponge hooks, 32 feet <> inches 
 and 35 feet 10 inches; open space, 11 feet long, 6 feet .S inches wide. 
 The model exhibited at Bergen had neither mast nor sail, but was 
 
368 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION, 
 
 provided with iiia.st hole, showing that boats of this <l;iss usually cairy 
 sails. 
 
 Fi^hliK/ ajjjHU'ntHK. —Several tiriiis or individuals cxliibiLed speci- 
 mens of fishery apparatus of various kinds, but the eollections were 
 limited and the entire exhibit of appliances of this kind ^vas not 
 imposini;'. 
 
 ]!{ets. — The nets exiiibited were machine made and jicnci-ally of jrood 
 quality. Sardine nets were a})parently most mimcrous. Tliese are 
 made of line linen twine, with a 1^-inch mesh. 
 
 The herring and mackerel nets are similar to the same forms of 
 apparatus used in neig-hboring countries fishing in the same waters. 
 Beam trawls and otter trawls are also essentiall}' like those of Great 
 Britain. The drag seine is quite generally used in France and its 
 dependencies, but differs in no essential particulars from those 
 described. 
 
 Trammel nets are used to a considerable extent in I'uiiis. The drift 
 nets for pilchards and anchovies are 82 fathoms long and about 8 feet 
 deep. The mesh of the former is O.T inch (bar measure), and the mesh 
 of the anchovy nets 0.6 inch. 
 
 Bcni net. — A kind of trawl net, which is operated ])y two boats — the 
 ""bateau dc boeuf " — is used in Tunis. A model of this was exhibited. 
 This consists of a purse-shaped bag in the center and two long wings. 
 The upper part of the net is supported 1)V floats along the cork rope 
 of the wings and bunt, and the groiuid rope is kept to the ])ot.tom hy 
 sinkers sufficienth' heavy to overcome the buoyancy of the floats. 
 These nets vary materially in size, the dimensions depending on the 
 size and power of the boats that use them. Following is a description 
 of one of them : The arms are 130 meshes, or about 3^ fathoms deep 
 and T fathoms long, the cork rope and the ground rope ha^'ing nearly 
 the same curve. The body of the net from where it is joined by the 
 wings tapers so as to form a conical sack 5i fathoms long, which is 
 joined by a small neck to the end, the extremity of which is flat and 
 spread considerably. This end corresponds to the " cod" in a beam 
 trawl. To the end of each wing is attached a towing span, a double 
 rope, distended in the middle by a wooden spreader or crossbar, one 
 bight of which is secured to the extremity of the wing and the other 
 bight having an eye for the wing rope to bend into. I am informed 
 that these nets are used in various depths up to 1<>() fathoms in the 
 Mediterranean, and that the towing warps are sometimes MOO fathoms 
 long. The boats keep apart 400 to 500 fathoms w hen towing, so that 
 the arms of the net will spread and sweep a wide area of sea bottom. 
 
 One of these nets has a total length of about 180 feet; length of 
 each arm, 42 feet; width of arms, about 21 feet; size of mesh in arms, 
 2 inches; in l)ody of net. 1 inch and f inch. Lead sinkers about 1 
 pound each, and 18 inches apart on the ground line. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 869 
 
 JShrhnp nets. — The large dip nets used for catching .shrimp along the 
 •shore (fig. 271) have a wooden frame shaped like the letter T, the 
 lower part being the handle, and the cros-spieee or head serving to 
 distend the net, and also being of the proper form to closely follow 
 the bottom, where the fisher}- is prosecuted. The hundh^ is usually 
 about (S feet long, and at the end opposite the head often has a ivnob 
 that holds the line from slipping, which passes around the shrimper's 
 neck, and assists him in guiding and Avorking his net. The flat wooden 
 head is or T feet long. A little more than half wa^' down the handle 
 is a short crosspiece of wood, varying from about 20 inches to 8 feet 
 in length. Sometimes this is rigid, but frequently it is tapering and 
 somewhat flexible, so that it bends like a bow. Usually its ends are 
 supported by stays running back to the handle. The rear end of the 
 
 hrimp fohtTim n 
 
 upper edge of the net is bent to this crosspiece, M-hile the straight 
 front edge is attached to the inner side of the head, so that the net 
 will not be chafed or injured when the apparatus is pushed alono- the 
 ))ottom. 
 
 The net itself is a fine-meshed fabric, and deep enough to form co!\- 
 siderable of a bag, sufhcient to hold the shrimp and prevent their 
 escape when once they are swept into the net. 
 
 Pound nets, traps., weirs., etc. — Several models of different kinds of 
 pound nets, or fish traps, were exhibited in the Tunis section by the 
 general director of public works. One of these, called 'Mjordique," 
 is a form of pound net, or weir, having a leader from each side, with 
 a sort of double heart, the inner one having three long points, with a 
 bowl or pound at each point of the triangle (fig. 272). 
 
370 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 A form of Hsli weir is shown in figure 273. The loudcrs jiiid wings 
 of thiswoir iuv inude of })rush or sticks, stuck into the bottom. Tiie 
 hearts, which diti'er in size, are made of shits tivmly lashed together 
 and securely fastened to stakes, each of whicli is held ])y an anchor, 
 
 but each corner stake at 
 the entrance to the heart 
 is held b}' two anchors. 
 At each of the two angles 
 of the larger inclosures, 
 at the ends of the main 
 leader, is a wickeT fyke 
 into which the fish find 
 their way, and are ulti- 
 mately ca})tiire(l. The 
 small wing heart has only 
 one fyke. The positions 
 occupied V)v the boats while waiting to ''fish"' the weir were shown on 
 the model. 
 
 A model of a tunny trap, or "crawl," was exhibited. This is the 
 kind used in nearly all parts of the Mediterranean, where the tunny 
 tishery is prosecuted with fixed apparatus. The general plan of this 
 
 Fic. 
 
 Plan of pound net. (Drawn l)y \V. II. Abbott.) 
 
 Fir,. 273.— Plan of lish wi'ir. (Drawn by \V. H. Abbott.) 
 
 is shown in figure 27-i. This trap consists of an oblong inclosure, with 
 an opening in the center of one side and a long leader extending from 
 one side of this opening toward the shore. The tish are supposed to 
 approach the crawl from one direction only. On the outer corner of the 
 inclosure, on the side of approach, is another leader placed at the proper 
 angle to direct the tish toward the inner leader, and thus into the trap. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 371 
 
 One wing of the crawl is divided into two sections, or rooms, by nets, 
 and the other into four compartments. 
 
 One of these tunny traps, called '""thonaire,'' is situated in or near 
 the creek of Sidi-Daoud, a short distance from Cape Bon, where a con- 
 cession has been granted to Count Raffo. 
 
 "•'This tunny fishery, or 'madrague,'" says M. Bouchon-Brandeley, 
 "essentially consists of a long line of nets, perpendicular to the shore. 
 The nets l)raided with alfa strings have very large meshes, from 30 to 
 35 centimeters wide; they run from the shore to a distance of 2,000 
 meters off; at the end of this long wall, and perpendicularly to it, is 
 opened a first square room 50 meters long on its side. This room 
 communicates with a scries of five similar rooms l)y some breaches, 
 or clefts, which may be easily shut or opened at will. All these rooms 
 are made of alfa strings and lead into a central cage, called ' matance' — 
 
 Fig. 274.— Tunny trnp. (Drawn by W. H. Abbott.) 
 
 that is to sa}', the death room — the last cell of the condemned prisoner. 
 This last room is braided with hemp thread; besides, it is provided 
 with a hemp-braided bottom, a sort of floor or ceiling that may be 
 raised up or down at will. 
 
 "These heav\^ nets are verticalh' spread by means of large cork 
 bundles floating on the surface, while heavy stones and a series of 
 120 iron anchors fix them at the bottom. They arc impassable l)arrage 
 [barrier], half a league long and 32 meters high at least. 
 
 "The working of this apparatus ma}'^ be easily understood; the 
 tunny fishes coming from (loletta and going to the north meet with 
 this bar and, unfortunately for them, they don't try to shun danger 
 by going back; they follow the line, the head close to the net, and by 
 this way they are led to the entrance of the first room, into which they 
 unhesitatingly penetrate. 
 
 S. t)oc. 39 26 
 
87L> 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 "'riicn thev do not coa.>^o wliifliiiii- until. I)v their tuniiiiLi- round, 
 tlu'V h:ipp(Mi to j)as.s before the .second room, which they unhesitatingly 
 enter. Then the fisherman can consider the tunny as being at their 
 merc3% whether the fishes go farther into this mazy network or they 
 come back. 
 
 "Fishing is not allowed unless .500 or 600 fishes are gathered, the 
 very l)ad years (excepted. Sometimes 4,000 fishes come together, and 
 in that case the work is di\ ided into several fishings l)y distributing 
 the prisoners in the rooms at the outside of the 'matance' room and 
 taking them again from these rooms at the right time." ' 
 
 TruidJine.H. — -The trawl lines used in the cod-fishery are now often 
 similar to those of New England, except that hemp line is largely, if 
 not exclusiveh', employed in their construction. The comijaratively 
 small, center-draft e^^ed hook has largely superseded the angular, 
 galvanized hook, which straightened when a fish was slat off it and had 
 to be bent into shape on a "former" before it could be used again. 
 
 AVhile the latter may still be used 
 more or less extensivelv on trawl lines, 
 the greater effectiveness of the Amer- 
 ican pattern of hook is now pretty 
 well understood l)y many French fish- 
 ermen. 
 
 The trolling lines used in the tumiy 
 fisher}- will be referred to in the dis- 
 cussion of the fisher}'. 
 
 Speai'K^ etc. — The three-pronged 
 spear used at Tunis for gathering- 
 sponges has been alhuhnl to in the description of the sponge boat. 
 The spear itself has three straight barbed points like a grains, and is 
 fixed to a light wooden handle between 30 and 40 feet long. The 
 models exhibited represented spears 32 feet 6 inches and 35 feet 10 
 inches long. 
 
 Pots. — A low, circular fish pot resembling a conunon sea urchin 
 {Echinus esculentus)., with a funnel-shaped entrance at the top, is used 
 in Algiers for catching various species, (>si)ecially Ptrca </lga.v, Spurus 
 ijidanna.'i.f and iS. sjxirgus. Sardine ofi'al is used for l)ait. This pot is 
 made of reeds fastened to small withes (fig. 275). It has a door on 
 the underneath side Tf inches wide. It is l\^h inches high and 4 feet 
 8 inches in diameter. 
 
 A large conical basket made of rattan (fig. 2T(i) is used in Algiers 
 for catching a variety of fish, including sardincvs. It has a funnel- 
 shaped entrance at the larger end, and a door or cover at the small 
 end for taking out the catch. It is 4 feet 11 inches long, and 4 feet 1 
 inch greatest diameter. 
 
 '■•>. — P'ish pot. 
 
 ' Tunis at the International Fishing Exhibition of Bergen. Pp. o4-35. 
 
INTERN ATI* )NAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 373 
 
 A three-prono-ed iron rake with curved teeth iiiul long- wooden 
 handle is used in gathei'inu- seaweed in the surf, which is an industry 
 that employs a larue nuuiber of the coast population of France. 
 Women are chiefly eng-aj^ed in this work. 
 
 A three-pronged pitchfork of the conventional pattern is commonly 
 used for handling the seaweed after it is landed. 
 
 The handbarrow upon wiiich the seaweed is carried from the beach 
 to the adjacent land, where it is .spread to dry, is almost precisely like 
 that used in New England in curing cod. etc. It consists of two 
 slightly recurxed handles, united l)y five crossbars. Those on the 
 outside are flat and the three middle ones are round. 
 
 Conil app<ti'atm. — The apparatus used in Algiers and Tunis for 
 taking coral- consists of a wooden cross, weighted in the middle with 
 stone or lead to keep it at 
 the bottom. This is called 
 St. Andrew's cross (Croix 
 de St. Andre) by the fish- 
 ermen. A lot of swabs 
 (bunches of loose hemp 
 rope-yarns) are attached to 
 the bars of the cross, and 
 sometimes, it is stated, nets, 
 the meshes of which are 
 loose, are fastened in the 
 same manner. The device 
 is dragged over the >)ottom, 
 and the long loose yarn or 
 nets sweep in and out among 
 the crevices of the rocks, 
 and wind a))out the branches 
 of coral so firmh' that thc}^ 
 are broken oti and thus s(H'ur(^d. The apparatus is I'aised at intervals, 
 the length of which usually deptMuls on the rishermen\s judgment as to 
 the time required to obtain a satisfactory catch. 
 
 AcGesmry appUanccii. — The French exhibit was notable for collec- 
 tions of apparatus and implements of precision more or less accessory 
 to fishing, such as instruments for navigation, meteorological observa- 
 tions, etc. The construction and purpose of these are, however, so 
 well known that only brief reference to them will be made. 
 
 Light-house lens and lanterns. — The firm of Barbier & Barnard, of 
 Paris, had an excellent display of various sizes of nudtiradiant lenses 
 fqr light-houses and lanterns. The largest of these was of the class 
 designed for a high order of light-houses, and was fitted w^ith machinery 
 to keep it continuously in motion, in order to illustrate its movements 
 when used for a revolviny- or flash light. 
 
 Fig. 276. — Fi.sh trap. 
 
374 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Fig. 277.— Octant. 
 
 Sextantx. .y>i/(//(/.s.sr.'<, hiiroinetcrs, etc. — Ilurliiiiiiiin. <>l' I'aris. cxliihited 
 sextants and octants. In the manufacture of nautical instruments, 
 especially sextants and octants, that can ))e sold to fishermen at a 
 moderate cost, the French have shown a laudable desire to meet the 
 requirements of a class of seafaring men who can not afford to paj'^ 
 hioh prices, I examined some of these instruments, and while they 
 
 lacked the expensix'e fittin«^s of the costlier 
 implements, they seemed to be well made 
 and to possess all the chMiKMits n(M-(>ssary 
 tor safe naviuation. 
 
 A small octant exhibited by lliiiiiniann 
 (Hg\ 277) sells for !»<) francs, or. approxi- 
 mately, $1S. It is .said to haAC all the accu- 
 racy and relial)ility of the highest-priced 
 iniplcments, and is recommended to fishery 
 schools and to scientists who have need for 
 such instruments. It is considered spe- 
 cially adapted to the rcHjuirements of fisher- 
 men who may need to det(M'min(> tht^ir posi- 
 tions at sea and who might be indisposed or unable to ])ay the prices 
 heretofore charged for metal instruments of this kind. 
 
 The chief feature of this octant is that white metal is used in its 
 construction; this serves the same purpose as silver for the arc and is 
 less costl3\ It* lias, however, less colored glasses than a sextant, but 
 the manufacturers think there are enough for the purpose. 
 
 Various forms of marine and field glasses and opera glasses were 
 exhibited. Some of these were of ordinary patterns and others are 
 new forms, or at least of recent date. 
 
 Among the former may be included the marine glasses (fig. 278) 
 adopted b}^ the French navy, ])ut it is claimed that the new form of 
 glasses (fig. 279) used by the French ai'tiller}^ 
 officers are remarkably powerful. 
 
 A new kind of field glass (fig. 280), the so- 
 called "Jumellesstereoscopiques," is remark- 
 able for the principle of its construction as 
 well as for its i^ower. On several occasions 
 I had the oi»portunity to test its merits and 
 found it extremel}^ satisfactory. It derives 
 its name from the fact that in using it o]>jects at a long distance stand 
 out in bold relief, like those seen in a stereoscope, and therefore are 
 clearer and more definite than when seen with ordinary glasses or with 
 the naked eye, except when near. This result is due to an arrange- 
 ment of glasses and reflectors, so placed in relation to each other that 
 one does not look directly through the glass at the o])ject, l)ut the 
 latter is so reflected that it is seen clearly. 
 
 The "stadia-telemeter" (PI. LV), of which examples were exhibited, 
 
Plate LV. 
 
 STADIA TELEMETER. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 375 
 
 -Artillonsi's tield tfUisses. 
 
 is specially designed for inesisiiriiio- distances with accuracy. Such an 
 instrument as this would doubtless pi-oye \'er\^ servncea])le to seamen 
 in accurately determining the distance of land, buoys, or other objects 
 which serve to guide a vessel safely 
 through intricate channels if the exact 
 distance from them can he learned. But 
 if it can be made to quickh^ and accu- 
 rately measuie the distance of a vessel 
 from land when it exceeds 3 miles, it 
 might prove of great value to fishermen 
 in determining their exact position in relation to the shore, when fishing 
 off' foreign coasts which they are not allowed to approach, for the pur- 
 pose of fishery, within a specified distance. Other forms of the tele- 
 meter are made, reseudiling in appearance the ordinary field glass, 
 
 while one is like a spyglass. The one 
 figured, however, seems to be the latest 
 and most approved type. 
 
 Meteorological implement. — -Various 
 kinds of electrical instruments for i-e- 
 cording meteorological observations 
 were exhibited. Among these were sev- 
 eral forms of anemometers, fixtures, and 
 registering devices, registers for l)arom- 
 eters, thermometers, hygrometers, etc. 
 Some of these are shown, but it seems 
 inexpedient to enter into a detailed 
 technical discussion of such highly specialized implements in this re- 
 port, since they are only remotely associated with the prosecution of 
 fishery. Tlie following explanations may suffice: 
 
 The apparatus Avith cup-shapi^d disks is a common device for trans- 
 mitting the velocity of the 
 wind l)v direct mechanical ac- 
 tion. Figure 282 transmits 
 mechanically the force and di- 
 rection of the wind, which are 
 registered on the anemometer- 
 anemoscope shown. 
 
 Another form of anemome- 
 ter-anemoscope registers four 
 directions, and (irirouette's elec- 
 trical receiver is crinlited with 
 recording 128 directions. Various other devices for recording the 
 veiocit}^ of wind were represented. The exhibits of barometers in- 
 cluded several well-known varieties, and also registers for recording 
 variations of pressure. The register shown in figure 283 is fairly rep- 
 resentative of this class of exhibits. 
 
 Fig. 2S0.— Field sla.-<ses. 
 
 Fig. 2S1. — MechiUik-iil Irunsiniitfr. 
 print.) 
 
 ^J•'^l>lll Freiii'h 
 
376 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Fig. 282.— RugistLT. (Kroni 
 French print.) 
 
 Methods of jitildnq. — The methods hy which certain hranclics of 
 tishcrv arc pro.sccuted were ilhi.stratod by ])lioto*irai)ii.s and ijaiiiting-s. 
 The cod tishery was not represented, ]>ut it may he said that the 
 French method of operating trawl lines is generally similai- to that 
 adopted hy New England fishermen, especially if dories are used. 
 The Frencli fishermen Avho fivquent the fishing hanks of the Avestern 
 Atlantic come directly in contact witli Ameri- 
 can fishermen, with the result that the fc^rmer 
 have found it to their advantage to adopt not 
 only the dory and hooks used by New England- 
 ers, l)ut also the same system of settiiig and 
 hauling lines. Those, however, who still per- 
 sist in using the old-fashioned lugger — ^bateau 
 de peche — have a different method of setting 
 and hauling trawl liiu's, due to the larger size 
 of the boat and the consequent inability of a 
 vessel to j^end out more than two or three of 
 these luggers. Thus, instead of each line being 
 run out straight from the vessel, as is the case 
 when dories are used, a lugger carries five or six 
 miles of line or more and sets it in a triangle by 
 sailing off from the ship nearly close-hauled for a certain distance, 
 putting out line all the way, then to leeward, and finally })ack toward 
 the anchored vessel. The throwing out of the line is so gauged that 
 the last end of it is put over" near the ship. The mannei- of liauling 
 has been alluded to in the description of the lugger. 
 
 The method of beam trawl fishery on sailing A'essels is practically 
 the same as that of the English. This I have fully described in '"The 
 Beam Trawl Fishery of Great Britain," pu])lished in the Fnited States 
 Fish Conunission Bulletin for 1887, 
 and reference is made to that paper for 
 detailed information. 
 
 The system of trolling for tunnies 
 is interesting and has all the elements 
 of sport (PI. LVI). When trolling, 
 a lugger has a pole thirty or forty feet 
 long extending from each side at right 
 angles to the vessel. This is supported 
 b}^ lifts, and is held in position by guys 
 extending to the bow, and also to the rail amidships and aft. The pole 
 on the lee side is usually raised considerably higher than on the 
 weather side, the angle depending on the strength of the wind and the 
 consequent angle of heel of the vessel. There are five or six troll 
 lines from each pole. These lines are provided with leaden sinkers 
 which keep the hook at the requisite depth, even in a fresh breeze, for 
 
 mmmgm^m^j^ 
 
 Fk;. 2.s:5. — HjirmiU'tiT riK'^U'r. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 377 
 
 the fishing- is generall}" best when the luggers are sailing fast. What 
 may be designated as a hauling line, one end of whix^h is on board the 
 lugger, is bent to each of the trolling lines several fathoms from the 
 pole. This hauling line is indispensable, for when a tunny bites, a 
 fisherman pulls in the bight of the trolling line, and thus quickly 
 brings the fish on board. When fish bite freely, the work is often 
 exciting, and the men are kept busy pulling in the lines and bringing 
 on board the gamy and active tunnies. If time permits, the fish are 
 beheaded, and often they are hung over the stern to bleed. 
 
 Among the novel features of the fisheries represented by France 
 is the method of notifying the owners of vessels or large packers 
 of the catch of iierring or other fish by means of carrier doves. It is 
 
 Vu:. 'JM. — rsiiijr a carrier (iii\f. 
 
 considered iuipcM'tant l)y packers to have timely notice of the catch, 
 particularly if it is hirge, so that provision for its care can be made 
 before the arrival of. the fleet. To secure prompt notification while 
 the fleet is still at sea, a fishing vessel may take one or or more carrier 
 pigeons Avhen it sails. If the morning haul of the nets results in a 
 good catch, so that the vessel Avill sail for market, a message is fastened 
 to a pigeon (fig. 28-1:) and the bird is set free to seek its home, where 
 its arrival is lookinl for ))y those detailed for the purpose. 
 
 The drag seine fishery difl'ers in no essential i)articular from that of 
 other countries, except that women participate in it. The seine is set 
 in a semicircle with a line from each end to tiie shore. The net is 
 dragged to the beach by these lines. If the shore recedes gently, so 
 
378 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 thiit tlio wator is .shallow, it is not unconnnon for moii aiul women to 
 wade out sonic distance to i)ull on the lines. The method of hauling- a 
 seine at liochelle is shown in Plate LVII. 
 
 As has been indicated, the ga,thering of seaweed is an industry of 
 some importance in France, Women participate in the work very 
 larj^ely, and, according to a painting by Jean Connerre (Hg. 285), 
 monopolize it in some localities. Armed with long-handled rakes, they 
 stand at the edge of the surf or wade out into the water, and by a 
 dexterous use of their rakes they draw to the beach tiie alga\ which 
 is a laborious and trying occupation, especially for women, and the 
 greatest amount of endurance and hardihood are necessary to sustain 
 the tax upon the vitality of those who engage in it. 
 
 The following notes on the sardine fishery have been largely sup- 
 
 FiG. 285. — Women Uiithcrini,' si'nwued. (Drawn by .lean Connerre.) 
 
 plied ])y a prominent French packer, but to some extent have ])een 
 extracted from a report on the Sardine Fishery of Brittany, made to 
 the State Department of the United States by Consul De Sallier-Dupin: 
 
 The catching and pretJervation in uil of the sardine is one of the most important 
 industries of Brittany. Along the coast from Les Sables d'Olonne (Vendee) to 
 Camaret (Finistere) there are about 150 canning factories. During the sardine fish- 
 ing season, which lasts about five months, 2,500 boats, equipped by from 12,000 to 
 15,000 sailors, are employed. Tlie employees of the factories number about 10,000 
 women and children, and from 1,500 to 2,000 men. The annual exi)eiiditure of 
 Ial)or, materia], etc., amounts to aliout .$.S, 875,000. 
 
 This industry originated at Nantes in the year 1834, and some of the best brands 
 are still tlujse of that city. These brands are imitated in Spain and Portugal, but 
 are of inferior quality, owing to the use of Spanish instead of Italian oil. 
 
 The sardine is a migratory fish, which first appears on the coast of Africa, passing 
 northward in large shoals, following the coast of Portugal, crossing the Bay of 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 879 
 
 Biscay, and striking the coastn of Vendee in the month of April or May. Here the 
 sardine is met by fishermen stationed in the seaport town of L'Isle-d'Yeu and in the 
 bays of the Sables d'Olonne and of Saint Giles, who assemble from all j)arts of 
 Brittany and follow the fish toward the north, retarding its i)rogress with a special 
 bait called ' ' roque. ' ' 
 
 The season for sardine fishing on the coast of Brittany usually 
 begins about the middle of May and continues until the cud of 
 October. 
 
 The success of the fishery varies materially, and it has not yet been 
 possible to determine the causes of the Huctuations in abundance of 
 the fish. However, it is generally admitted that after a mild winter 
 the fish appear earlier and are more plentiful than after a season of 
 severe weather. 
 
 The boats used for sardine fishing are open, double-ended, lug- 
 rigged vessels, about 32 feet long, and those sailing from Douarnenez 
 are generally manned by 5 or () men (PI. LVllI). 
 
 The nets used are much like those emplo3'ed in Spain, known there 
 under the name of '"xeito." These are gill nets, and the sardine is 
 caught by being entangled in the meshes. Each net is from 450 to 
 500 fathoms in length and about U feet wide. The nets are ])arked or 
 tanned, and are dark colored and sometimes nearly black. Along the 
 upper part are cork floats, and on the foot line are leaden sinkers to 
 keep the net in an upright position in the water. 
 
 The bait is an important feature of the sardine fishery, since it is 
 quite expensive, and the fishermen often use (|uantiti(\s without srcur- 
 ing any satisfactor}' result. It is made chiefly of cod ro(> (and, accord- 
 ing to some authorities, of mackerel roe also), which is generally 
 imported from Norway, and is technically known as "roque." It is 
 claimed l)v some that mackerel roe is superior for this purpose. The 
 I'oe is mixed with clay, and so prepared the l)ait costs from $7 to $17 
 per barrel. This bait is made into small l)alls and thrown into the 
 water, where it slowly dissolves and scatters as it sinks. 
 
 The method of fishing is substantially as follows: The fishing takes 
 place rather ncnir the land, and most frequently at or about sunrise. 
 Before daybreak the J)oats leave port to search for tlu^ schools of sar- 
 dines; many leave in the evenmg and anchor at sea. When a peculiar 
 bu])])ling of the water reveals the presence of tisli, the iu>ts are innne- 
 diately thrown out. The oarsmen row (^ithcr against the wiudor the 
 tide. One man casts the net as the boat adxauccs. while another 
 throws bait into the water to attract the tish. 
 
 At nightfall the boats return to port, where they sell their tish to 
 the canners at prices vai'ving according to the al)undance of the catch 
 and the size and freshiu'ss of the tish. Sales mo made by the "thou- 
 sand,"' but this term does not always indicate a thousand sardines. 
 For example, at Belle Isle 1.240 fish make a thousand. Factories for 
 
380 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 preserving sardines are located at all the ports, foi- the fish spoil easih'^ 
 and can not bear transportation. The fishermen ('()n\('y th»> sardines 
 to the factories in baskets. 
 
 The method of preparation is as follows: The heads and entrails 
 are first removed, and then the sardines are spread on the floors of the 
 buiidinii's and salted. They are allowed to remain under salt from 
 half an hour to two hours, according to the size of the fish. They are 
 then thoroughly washed in clean water and dried on screens, hurdles, 
 or wire gridirons. This work is done almost entirely by the wives 
 and children of the fishermen, whose wages, added to the earnings of 
 the men and boys, enable the families to subsist during the following 
 winter. 
 
 After the fish have been thoroughly dried, the}' are cooked ])y plung- 
 ing them into boiling oil heated to 1(H)° C. (212° F.), l)y boiling them 
 with steam at the same temperature^, or by putting them into a heated 
 oven. Thus there is obtained, according to the process used, fried, 
 boiled, or broiled sardines. The last two methods of "" processing" 
 are cheapest, and the fish is, perhaps, whiter. But the first method — 
 the dipping of the sardines into ])oiling olive oil — though costlier than 
 boiling or broiling, gives much l)etter results so far as flavor is con- 
 cerned, and is, therefore, largely adopted. The oil used is imported 
 from the province of Bari, Italy. 
 
 When cold and thoroughly drained, the sardines are handed over to 
 workmen who pack them in rows in small tin boxes, which are filled 
 with pure olive oil, and then passed to the tin men, who solder them. 
 The boxes are next thrown into hot water, where they I'emain from 
 one and three-fourths to nearly three hours, according to the size of 
 the boxes. When withdrawn from the bath, the boxes are first cooled 
 and then rubl)ed with sawdust to cleanse and polish them, after which 
 they are packed in wooden cases of one hundred boxes for shipment. 
 
 During their inunersion in boiling water oil will escape from boxes 
 not i)ro])erly soldered. In such cases the loss is sustained by the 
 solderer. A good woi'knmn rarely misses more than two or three 
 boxes per hundred. 
 
 A quality of sai'dine called "boneless sardines" is prepared especiall}' 
 for the New York market by factories at Concarneau and Douarnenez. 
 Their, preparation requires special care, and they connnand a high 
 price. 
 
 Sardines in oil are sometimes mixed with trutlles. They are also 
 prepared with tomatoes and sent in small quantities to the New York 
 market, but the chief export in this form is to ^Mexico. Sardines are 
 also preserved in ])utter and vinegar. Those preserved in butter are 
 good. As the butter is generally of inferior quality, it is nectvssary 
 to remove it from the sardiiK^ before serving. Another inconvenience 
 is that the box umst be heated to melt the butter, so that the sardine can 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 381 
 
 be removed entire. Sardines preserved in vinegar are required to be 
 washed before using-. The addition of oil renders the fish more pala- 
 table, though the sardine retains the tase of the vinegar and its tiavor 
 is partly destroyed. 
 
 It is easy to understand how much the (juality of sardines may vary 
 because of the kinds of oil and rish used. Those manufacturers who 
 are willing to otter under their brand only such products as are en- 
 tirely faultless, buy fish exclusively from l)oats having oidy a moderate 
 catch and which come into harbor earl}' to land their fares. Thus is 
 avoided a too great piling up of fish, and also a long exposure to the 
 sun. This is a very important point in the obtainment of first-class 
 matei'ial, and tlie chief point in sunmier. Of course it follows that 
 the fish obtained under such conditions are much dearer than those 
 purchased of boats which have taken great (|Uiuitities of sardines. 
 
 The o])tainment of good olive oil is within tiie reach of everybody, 
 and its procurement is only a question of price. Therefore. l)y care- 
 fully choosing the best (piality of hsh and oil without regard to the 
 cost, auA'one has in his hands the means to secure the best results in 
 packing". As a matter of fact, however, all manufacturers do not 
 know how to avail themselves of these opportunities, or at least do not 
 choose to go to all the expense that is necessary. 
 
 In order to obtain a faultless result, it is of the highest importance 
 that the various stages of the work shoidd be so regular or systematic 
 as to follow each other as speedily as possible, and invai-iably to take 
 place under the same conditions. Above all, it is absolutely necessary 
 that the fish should he perfectly dry before they are cooked; that they 
 should be cooked without any carbonization, and always at the same 
 temperature. 
 
 Until lately the sardines were dried in the open air, which required 
 more or less time, according to the weather. Sometimes two hours 
 were sufficient, but at other times the sardines had to be kept for a 
 whole day or more without being dried, and often they had to be 
 cooked before they were perfectly dry. Many factories, it is claimed, 
 have not improved upon this method. Some of the manufacturers 
 still make use of coppers heated ])y direct fire, in which, beside the 
 danger of carbonization, which cpiickly makes the oil black, there are 
 liable to be considerable variations of temperature. 
 
 Referring to this matter, M. George Ouizille makes the following 
 statements regarding improvements in drying and cooking sardines: 
 
 We have entirely regulated our production by drying the sardine by means of an 
 apparatus called "aero-condeuseur," which is not of our invention, but which we 
 have improved, and by cooking in special coj)pers known under the name of " Lagil- 
 lardale coppers," which makes possible the ol)tainnient of a uniform temperature 
 without any carbonization. 
 
 Here is a succinct description of the apparatus: 
 
 Drying apparatus. — The principal apparatus is the aero-condenseur. This is com- 
 
382 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 posed of a set of vi-rtical pipes set in two plat«s of sheet irmi, uii which are screwed 
 liollow hah' sjilieresof cast iron so as to form at each end of the jMpes a chainV)er into 
 whicli tliev all open. A specially powerful ventilator throws a current of air on the 
 outside part of the jtipes. Steam is brouf^ht through the tubes into the upper cham- 
 V)er and is distriVmted in the vertical pii>es, where it is conrlensed under the action of 
 the current of air. . The condensed water gets into the lower chamber, from which 
 it is taken out through a pipe arranged for that purpose. The air, heated by its con- 
 tact with the pipes, is distributed by means of an opening provided with slides, by 
 which it is regulated so as to obtain the requisite temperature. 
 
 With this apparatus, the heating and ventilation can lie varie<l at will, and once 
 regulati'ij. tliey keep in perfect adjustment, which makes it possii)le to <"onstantly 
 maintain the degree of temjierature recjuired. The use of this apparatus is advan- 
 tageous because it excludes dust and smoke, prevents escajie of steam, and removes 
 any danger of fire. 
 
 In drying sardines it is necessary to evajiorate from the fish a certain (juantity of 
 water. Therefore it can easily be understood that, by regulating the arrival of 
 steam in the pipes, on the outside of which a current of air is thrown with more or 
 less strength by the ventilator, it is possible, whatever the weather may Ik-, to obtain 
 a perfect and uniform result in drying. 
 
 The a^'ro-condenseur is continued or extended by a chand)er into which trucks 
 carrying gr'dirons full of sardines enter through a door, and these occupy successively 
 their respective positions, aTid pass out tlHX)ugh another door, so that each of the 
 trucks remains exactly the same length of time in these several positions under con- 
 ditions that are precisely similar. The sardines are cooked iiiniiediately after they 
 are removed from the drying chamber. 
 
 M. Ouizille also furnishes the followiiio- interestiiio- statement con- 
 cefiiinji- an in)])r()vement in a vessel for eookino- sardines, Avhieh he 
 designates as "copper for cooking':"' 
 
 During the operation of cooking, the sardine leaves a residuum, or waste, com- 
 posed of oil, giease, blood, scales, or loose sections of flesh. The grease and blood 
 may be pure or mixed w'ith water. In the coppers ordinarily in use all this waste, 
 being heavier than the oil, sinks to the bottom of the kettle and adheres to the sides, 
 which are exposed to the action of direct fires, so that numerous points at the l)ottom 
 are incessantly exposed to very high temperatures, which produce the (•arl)onization 
 of the waste, and subsequently of the oil in which the fish is l)oiled. Carl)onization 
 gives to the waste and oil a most unpleasant taste, which is soon diffu.>^ed in all the 
 bath by boiling, for this quickly mixes the contents of the copper. 
 
 We avoid these disadvantages by dividing the bath into two zones — the upper one 
 composed of olive oil heated by means of pipes through which steam passes, thereby 
 insuring a continnous and uniform temperature, and a lower one composed of water 
 that is not exposed to the action of the tire. 
 
 All the waste material resulting from the cooking of sardines, bec*iuse of its 
 weight, sinks to the bottom of the copper. Thus it no longer spoils the oil, and 
 carbonization is rendered impossil)le. 
 
 The bottom of the copper at one end is considerably lower tlian at the other end, 
 the apparatus thus having a form which permits all waste material to collect on one 
 side, from whence it can be easily removed. For cleaning it, the oil is drawn out 
 through a tap, then the waste and water is drawn out through another tap. After 
 this the copper is thoroughly washed out. By this means the serious disadvantages 
 resulting from carbonization are completely avoided. 
 
 The most important thing in connection with sardine canning is to be al)le to pro- 
 duce a good article for the trade without variation. 
 
r. \ 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 383 
 
 A large quantity of sardines in oil, as a rule of good (juality and medium size, is 
 exported to the United States. They are generally put in ijuarter boxes, designated 
 as "quart has" and "quart amerieain." The quart has contains from 10 to 12 lish; 
 the quart amerieain from 12 to 18. The exports by the eanners during the year 1892 
 were as follows: 
 
 Nantes $H34, 630. 02 
 
 Brest 28, 864. 01 
 
 L'Orient 62, 854. 33 
 
 420,148.36 
 
 The.se figures do not represent the aetual exports, for many eanners sell to eom- 
 mission houses at P^is, Bordeaux, Havre, London, ete., who ship to the United 
 States and other countries. 
 
 Coral fishing. — The operation of the device called '"St. Andrew's 
 Cross," described elsewhere, is very hard and hiborious work, requir- 
 ing- not only strength, endurance and skill in towing, l)ut a thorough 
 knowledge of the areas of sea l)ottoni where the fishery is prosecuted, 
 which is generally in depths varying from i;^ to upward of 40 fathomy. 
 The upper end of the towing warp, to which the cross is l)ent, is around 
 a capstan on the boat that is used to heave up the apparatus at the 
 proper time. In towing the cross, the object is to hav(> it attain "an 
 upward motion," so that the wood will rul) or di"ag safely over the 
 rough madreporic reefs, in the openings or crevices of which the coral 
 is chiefly obtained. The boat proceeds slowly, so that the threads of 
 the swal)s may have time to float or sweep around the coral branches, 
 and so entangle them as to make captun^ possible. The skipper of the 
 boat keeps his hand continuously on the hawser, and long experience 
 enables him to determine, by the vi))rations of the towline, "'w^hether 
 the stopping of the swabs comes from a rocky prominence oi- ji coral 
 bunch.'' When it is supposed the. catch is sutticicntly large to warrant 
 it, or at least towing has contimied long enough, the skipper orders 
 the crew to heave up the apparatus, which they proceed to do by 
 getting the capstan in motion. 
 
 The Italians, and sometimes others, surreptitiously prosecute a so- 
 called "'grasse" tishery for coral, in which they use an unlawful device 
 that is similar in form to the other, Imt is "armed at each end of its 
 extremities with strong, iron, sharp-edged hoops. u])()n which "large 
 woof sacks" are hanging." This is operated the .sime as i\\v other. Tlie 
 diflference is, however, that when the arms of the cross come in contact 
 with the base of corals on the rough lK)ttom the iron armor is so power- 
 ful that it wrenches the coral away, and souK^times e\'en the stone upon 
 which it grows is broken. This is considered a very destructive and 
 undesirable luethod of fishery, because it tejirs away the stumjjs or 
 bases upon which the })ranches develop, and thiMvby causes a ces.sation 
 of growth, and consequent barrenness of fishing grounds. For this 
 reason, the use of this device has been prohibited. 
 
384 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Spmuiejiahery. — The fishorv for spoiii»-('s in 'rimisiaii watiM's is most 
 actively })ros('ciit('(l from Octol>er to the elosc of Januai'v. and is par- 
 tieipated in ahiiost wholly by the Hshermeii of neii^iihoriiig ('ouiitries — 
 Greeks, Maltese, and Italians — who at the ])roper season swarm into 
 the Gulf of Gal)es in large numbers. A gri'at fleet of boats and as 
 many as 5.(Mmi jx'oplc asseuible at the fishing" stations at this time. 
 The fishery is carried on t)\ different appliances and methods. Some 
 of the nativi' tishermeii wa(K' along the shores and "fish on foot" for 
 such sponges as can be gathered in this primitive manner. 
 
 A fisherman goes out until the water is up to his neck, when he 
 moves slowly along, feeling carefully with his feet for sponges, the 
 presence of which experieiu-e has taught him to (juickly detect. If a 
 sponge is felt, it is detached by the fisherman's toe, and is sent toward 
 the surface by an upward kick, when it is grasped l)y hand and 
 secured. If a dee]) hole is found, where sponges are more liable to 
 have escaped cai)ture than elsewhere, the fisherman dives and examines 
 the bottom. And thus the work goes on, the diving alternating with 
 the wading until the day's work ceases. But, despite the toil, there is 
 little earned in this way. for the sponges obtained are young, unde- 
 veloped. usu;dly ill-formed, and lack the firnmess of those taken 
 in winter. 
 
 Many of the foreign fishermen use a "trident" or sponge spear in 
 water as deep as from 30 to 40 feet. These have three to six prongs. 
 The success of this un^thod of fishery depends upon the clearness of 
 the water and the fact that the sponges rise sufficiently above the 
 other ol)jects on the bottom to be readily seen. A water glass is used 
 when the surface of the water is rippled b}' a breeze. This is a 
 hollow tin cylinder with a glass at one end and open at the other. 
 It is pushed into the water and the bottom of the sea can be clearly 
 seen with it. The fisherman bends over the boat's side, carefully 
 watching the bottom through the water glass until a sponge is seen, 
 when the spear is thrust quickly down with unerring aim into the 
 object sought. A sort of combined rotary and seesaw jerky motion 
 is given to the spear, and the sponge is torn from its fastenings and 
 promptly brought on board the boat. The Ara))s use crudely made 
 tridents with five or six prongs, and as a sponge nuist necessarily be 
 torn more or less when a spear enters it, these are uuuh more objec- 
 tionable than "focina,""' or the three-pronged spear of the Sicilian 
 fishermen. 
 
 Another method of fishing is with a drag net called '"gangava" by 
 the Greeks, who apparently use it more extensively than others. 
 This is a large meshed net, something like a beam trawl, with a bag 
 or purse 6 to 10 feet long. It is fastened to a frame 19 to 39 feet 
 long, and from about l!^» to 31 inches high. The upi)er beam is wood, 
 and the lower side of the frame is a round iron bar. This device is 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 385 
 
 towed over the ])ottoiii witli :i stout warp, In' the boats called "saco- 
 leves," which carry 4 to men, and have a hirge sail area to enable 
 them to operate the dredge. 
 
 The "g'angava'"' is put out like an oyster scraper or dredge, so that 
 the iron bar will go next to the l>ottoni. and sufficient towing warp is 
 veered out for tlie depth of Avater and force of wind. The boat then 
 sails or drifts, dragging the net after her until the deadening of her 
 way indicates th;ic the dredge Is tilled, Avhen the boat is hove to and 
 the apparatus is raised b}' a '" hand-hauling" device at the bow. 
 
 Diving for sponges is pursued to a very limited extent by some of 
 the natives. Attempts have been made to introduce diving a})paratus 
 in this tisher}', but the expense was too great, both for the appliances 
 and the men to work them. 
 
 Srjuidfi-shliuj. — The squid fishery at Tunis is participated in by many 
 natives. 
 
 When thiiJ cephalopod appears^ on the surface or in swimming under water they 
 catch it with their hands or with the same harpoon that is used for sponge tishing. 
 
 In the deep waters in which they can not fish on foot, principally in the places 
 beaten by the stream, the natives, in order to catch poulps, lay down on the bottom 
 a long rope on which tiiey hang at certain distances small water jugs called "gargou- 
 iettes." These jugs, which bulge out, ai"e opened at the two extremities, and thus 
 make suggestive little cells, speedily occupied by the mollusks. 
 
 Poulps introduce their tentacles into the jugs and can not easily draw them back. 
 They are taken out of the jugs by means of a sharp tool.' 
 
 Fij<hery jmjductii. — The exhibits of fishery products included ovsters 
 and canned sardines; also tunnies. The secondary products embraced 
 niatuifactured coral, pearl shells, carved or otherwise, imitation pearls 
 made from tish scales, tish glue, and tish-scale flowers, etc. 
 
 The preparation of sardines has been discussed in the preceding 
 chapter on methods of fishery. 
 
 The tunny is in favor in France, as in all the Mediterranean coun- 
 tries, but from the American standpoint is not so valuable as many 
 other species of lish. It is true there is a modei'ato demand for it here 
 when fresh, but attempts to put canned tunti}' on the American market 
 under the name of ' ' sea salmon " have not been successful. The French 
 product is similar to that packed in New England — a wholesome, luitri- 
 tious food, but lacking the delicacy of flavor of other canned flshery 
 products which abound in our markets. 
 
 The collections of carved and polished shells and imitation pearls 
 were creditat)le, but the rish-glue and flsh-scale work were inferior to 
 American products of that class. 
 
 The collections from Tunis included salt, anchovies, and pilchards, 
 pearl shells, a bunch of coral in its natural condition, and sponges. 
 
 Metlwd of pi'epdratlou. — The statenuMits made elsewhere regarding 
 
 ' Tunis at the International Fishing Exhibition of Bergen, page 46. 
 S. Doc. 39 27 
 
88f) INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 thf i)ivj)aiiiti()n of tisherv products need not be repeated here. The 
 eod is cured ))y the French in su))scantiulh' the same way as prevails in 
 New Knolund and the British North American provinces for makinj^ 
 kench-cured lish. The tish are first salted in kench on l)oard the ves- 
 sels. After the arrival of the vessels the tish are washed and dried on 
 frames. 
 
 The s([uid taken in Tiuiis are dried for exportation. To prepare 
 them for drying, the hard skin that c5vers the head is first removed. 
 A squid is then taken ])v the upper part of the body and vigorous!}' 
 pounded upon the ground foi' about one hundred and fifty times, for 
 the double purpose of killing it and softening its flesh. Su])sequently 
 it is worked back and forth upon the ground, under a strong pressure, 
 for the purpose of causing the ejection of any water it may contain. 
 Then it is hung on a rope to dr}'^ in the sun, hut no salt is put on it, for 
 this is considered unnecessar}', since ''the evaporation of the sea water 
 the moUusk still contains after the described operations leaves in the 
 fiesh salt enough to preserve it."' 
 
 Acce-'tsoriexofji.shpncl'iiui. — The most notable object under this head 
 was the exhi])it of salt made in the Tunisian section, by the Salt AVorks 
 Company (Saline de La Soukhra) of Tujiis. In addition to the satt 
 itself, the company exhibited a relief model of its salt works and several 
 photographs showing the methods of collecting salt and transporting 
 it to the point of shipment. 
 
 It is onh" recently that the manufacture of salt has been undertaken 
 in the regency of Tunis as a private industry. Indeed, it is stated that 
 the utilization of the resources of the salt lake Sebka El-Rouanji was 
 not begun until 1897, notwithstanding it yields more than a million 
 tons of salt annually, which rivals in quality the best salt used in the 
 fisheries, such as that obtained at Cadiz and Trapani. Following is 
 the analysis: 
 
 Per cent. 
 
 Hodiuui chloride 97. 696 
 
 Magnesium chloride 407 
 
 Magnesium bromide " 
 
 Magnesium sulphate 105 
 
 Calcium sulphate 232 
 
 Silica, iron, etc .' 06 
 
 Water 1 . 50 
 
 This analysis proves the absence of deleterious or insoluble ingre- 
 dients and indicates a high percentage of pure salt — chloride of sodium. 
 This seems to be a matter of interest to the fishing industry' of the 
 United States, which imports large quantities of salt from Mediter- 
 ranean ports, for if a desirable salt can ]w obtained from Tunis a trifle 
 cheaper than from other places Americans mav profit by importing it. 
 
 I personally examined this salt and found it about as coarse as Cadiz 
 
 ^ Tunis at the International Fishing Exhibition of Bergen, page 47. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 387 
 
 salt and apparently cleaner than the latter and hotter adapted to curing 
 fish. It has been introduced in Norway, and i.s favorabl}' received by 
 the fish packers. 
 
 Several parties exhibited salt manufactured in France, but it was of 
 a lower grade than that made in Tunis. 
 
 Refi'lgenitloit. — Ice-making and refrigerating machines, in motion, 
 were exhibited b}' Civil Engineer Douane, of Paris. In these chloride 
 of methyl was used for the production of low temperature and ice, 
 instead of ammonia or other material. The results seemed eminently 
 satisfactory, as was evidenced by the fact that the exhibitor received 
 the highest award. 
 
 The use of chloride of methyl as a volatile li(|uid in refrigeration 
 
 Fig. 286.— RefriKfratiiig Diiichiiie. 
 
 seems to lie comparatively recent, and it is claimed that for this ])ur- 
 pose it has many advantages over anunonia. sul})huric acid, or other 
 materials that have been tried, more especially in freedom from danger 
 to those whose duty it is to operate the refrigerating or ice-making 
 plant; for. as is well known, disastrous and fatal accidents sometimes 
 occur Avhen anunonia is used, and the l)ursting of a pipe distributes the 
 powerful gas so suddenly and with such overpowering force that 
 escape is practically impossible for those near ))y who are not protected 
 from the fumes. 
 
 Chloride of methyl is described as a colorless gas. It« density to 
 the air is 1,73S, and the weight of a liter is 2 grams, 2«i(» at 0- C. and 
 under pressure of 760 millimeters of mercury. Its particular smell 
 
388 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 i-('miii(ls one of clilorot'onn; and w illiout lm\ ini:- the ijuint'ul and sutio- 
 cjitinw,- intensity of anionia or sulplmiic acid, it is sutticiontly ciiarac- 
 toristic to help in tindinj4- a leak. When compressed, chloride of 
 method becomes liipiid, and is colorless, very fluid, possessing lubri- 
 cating^ power equal to sulphurous acid, and does not corrode metals. 
 Its density at 0"^ is 0.952. Its latent heat of vaporization is near 
 sulphurous acid; it is near 1>7 calories. It boils at —23 under 
 atmospheric pressure. 
 
 The chief ol)jection made to it is its inflammability. l>ul wliile this 
 is conceded, it is claimed that its vapors do not explode, and that the 
 dan<>er is so slio-ht that no extra charg'cs are exacted for its use by 
 insurance companies. 
 
 The advantages claimed arc that it is as ett'ective as annnoiiia in pro- 
 ducing low temperatures; that it is free from the objection of corrod- 
 ing metals, therefore a plant will last longer; that it is a lubricant, and 
 consecjuentl}" the machines Avork easily; that it is cheap; and that it is 
 harndess to workmen who watch and repair the machines. 
 
 The refrigerating machine exhibited is shown in flgure 28(5. 
 
 01i\e oil for table use and for flsh packing was exhibited by several 
 parties. 
 
 IJfe-sav'uuj. — The Societc Polytechnique de 8auvetagc exhibited 
 illustrations of methods of life-saving. These showed, among other 
 things, the correct method of rescuing from drowning a person who 
 can not swim, and who has sunk beneath the surface of the water; also 
 the proper method to follow in resuscita,ting a person apparently 
 drowned. 
 
 Cork jackets and vests stufl'ed with soot for life-saving purposes and 
 the common form of circular life buoj^ were also exhibited, but these 
 api)liances were quite ordinar}^, except the soot-fllled garments. 
 
 Cdiiuiiissloner. — Dr. Kamakichi Kishinouye, a well-known zoologist 
 and authority on oriental tisli and flsheries, was the commissioner from 
 Japan. He was assisted by M. Matsuzaki and S. Nomura. 
 
 General considerations. — While the flapanesc collections were not so 
 extensive as those from some other countries, and were crowded into 
 inadequate space, they were nevertheless well arranged and were excep- 
 tionally interesting and instructive. It is evident that the attempt to 
 illustrate all phases of the flsheries in a country so remarkable for the 
 variety and extent of those industries would ))e a task of great magni- 
 tude, especially when we consider the distance the collections had to 
 })e transported; ))ut the intelligent ()l)server was al)le to form conclu- 
 sions fi'om the objects exhibited, and which it was otticially declared 
 were intended oidy ''to give the visitor a glinqxse into the Ashing 
 industries of the f Japanese Empire.'* 
 
INTERKATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 389 
 
 From many points of view Jupan may safely ho considorod tho fore- 
 most fishino" country of the world. Indeed, the statements made by 
 competent writers are startling, and are explainable only by the fact 
 that a very large part of the animal food consumed in the Empire 
 comes from the water. It has been asserted by some that fuU}^ 87 per 
 cent of such nutriment is produced by the fisheries. The obtainment 
 of such vast quantities of alimentary products for the supply of a 
 nation is in itself enough to employ an army of men. But when we 
 consider that the fisheries yield many products that can not be classed 
 as food, but are useful in the arts and industries, the magnitude of the 
 piscatorial enterprisers of this oriental Empire foi"ces itself upon the 
 mind. Tlu^ importance to the nation of its fisheries will also be appar- 
 ent. For, instead of large numbers of men being engaged in raising 
 stock for supplying l)eef, mutton, etc.. fbipan has a vast fishing flotilla, 
 and great armies of fishermen, who gather the harvest of the sea and 
 exact tribute from all waters within easy reach that can yield anything 
 useful to man. 
 
 Dr. Kishinouye is authority for sajnng that the fleet of small vessels 
 and boats employed in the fisheries of Japan numbers about 400,000, 
 and the flshermen exceed 2,500,000 in num))er. He very properly con- 
 cedes that these figures are large, but thinks that when consideration 
 is given to the fact that the empire is composed of manj' islands, with 
 an aggregate coast line exceeding 30,000 kilometers, it will ])e found 
 " thej" are not ))ig at all." 
 
 The fishing grounds of Japan are reputed to be very I'ich and pro- 
 ductive, teeming with fauna and flora of many varieties. It is claimed 
 that there are scores of marine products, the annual yield of each of 
 which exceeds $150,000 in value per annum. When we consider the low 
 value of labor in the Far East, and the consequent low price of fishery 
 products, the actual magnitude of these figures will be more evident. 
 
 The most important and largest fishing grounds lie west of Japan, 
 between the islands and the continent, and in the Inland Sea. There 
 the water is comparatively shallow, particularly that section west of 
 the islands known as " Tong Hai," which has less than 200 fathoms. As 
 a rul<\ th(Mvater is deep around the flapanese islands, and it is common 
 foi' line fishing to be prosecuted in de})ths exceeding HOO fathoms. 
 
 On the eastern side of the islands the sea bottom descends very 
 abru]itly. so much so that in most places the lOO-fathom line is close 
 to the coast, and often a depth of 1,000 fathoms is very near the land. 
 Only surface fishing can l>e prosecuted on that sidi^ at any considerable 
 distance from the shore. 
 
 A warm current railed "Ivuroshiwo" washes almost the entire coast and brings 
 warmth as well as many useful food fish, such as fishes of the mackerel family. In 
 summer the current is strong and approaches nearer to the coast. It has the velocity 
 of 30 to 50 miles in one day. A cold current called "Oyashiwo" washes the northeast- 
 ern (;oast, which brings cod, herring, salmon, etc. This current is strong in winter. 
 
390 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 In S«'tou»lH-iiini (tlir iiilaiul sea) and otlier hays wati-r is cDniparativt'ly shallow, 
 and there we iind jjuod jiiuunds for tlie trawl lislu'ry, and also for the cnhnre of many 
 shelltisli and alga^ I^akes and rivers also fnrnisli many nsefnl lish and shellfish. 
 The fresh-water fisheries, however, are not so imiHutant as the sea lisheries.' 
 
 Undou])ttxlly niarino tishiiio- is of vorv luicient orio-in in Japiiii. This 
 is indicated l)y the discovofv, from time to time, of siiellfish. Hsliino- 
 implements, tish bones, primitive pottery, and stone impleMients in shell 
 mounds on the coast. Thus it would appear that even at that early 
 aoe, when stone implements were the only ones used, the food, orna- 
 ments, and many other things needed l)y the people were obtained from 
 the sea. 
 
 The complete statistics of the yicdd of the Japanese fisheries are not 
 available, but the followino- figures, W'hich do not include the results 
 obtained at Hokkaido, will show the great amount of fish products of 
 certain species taken in 18!>5: 
 
 Herring 
 
 Sardine 
 
 Bonito 
 
 Tai ( Pagrus) 
 
 Mackerel 
 
 Tunny 
 
 Cod (1 
 
 I'elaniid 
 
 Flatfish 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Pounds. 
 16,41.5,850 
 452,583,525 
 74,413,717 
 38, 954, 567 
 56,569.783 
 32,429,133 
 9, 578, 892 
 33, 348, 250 
 30, 883, 567 
 
 Value. 
 
 845, 616 
 2,424,131 
 983,009 
 808, 827 
 478, 987 
 467, 653 
 56, 625 
 503,186 
 261,118 
 
 Ayu (Plccoglossus) 
 
 Shark 
 
 Salmon 
 
 Trout 
 
 Shrimp 
 
 Oyster 
 
 Sea car 
 
 Sea cucumber 
 
 Whale 
 
 Quantity. 
 
 Value. 
 
 Pound x. 
 4, 877, 375 
 9,564,133 
 4, 726, 625 
 (104, OjO 
 
 :i4,631,7as 
 6,415,133 
 6,391,200 
 4, .5.58, .517 
 4,475,<S7^ 
 
 S150, 141 
 98, 481 
 
 122, 897 
 19. 206 
 
 298, .535 
 49, 523 
 
 132,595 
 46,019 
 88. 332 
 
 a The omission of the very important cod fishery of Hokkaido from this enumeration makes the 
 relative catch of cod appear much less than it really is for the Empire. 
 
 The foregoing statistical statements, leased on official data, show a 
 total catch for 1895 of the principal species of 821,421,053 pounds, or 
 upward of 410,710 tons, with an aggregate valuation of $7,034,881. 
 When consideration is given to the fact that these figures apply to only 
 comparatively few of the many objects of fishery in flapan. and do not 
 include any of the extensive fisheries of Hokkaido. t\w magnitude of 
 the fishery industries of the Empire will be appreciated, even if the 
 low price of labor makes the values less impressive than they would 
 be if estimated on the basis of prices in the markets of the Ignited 
 States. 
 
 An idea of the productiveness of the Hakkaido tisheries maj' be 
 gained from the fact that it is officially claimed they annually yield 
 41,489,400 salmon, besides 14.!»r.5,20(» spring salmon. ('., 81(5,000 cod- 
 fish, 170,108,700 pounds of herring, and 59,450.430 pounds of sardines. 
 If we estimate that the salmon and cod average only l»i pounds each, 
 the aggregate weight is 032,052,000 pounds. 
 
 But it is in the enormous fleet of boats, in the great number of tish- 
 ermen, in the intelligent utilization of practically (nerything the sea 
 3'ields, that Japan excels, and the student of political economy can not 
 
 'The Fishing Industry in Japan, hy Dr. K. Kishinonyc, p. 4. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 391 
 
 fail to appreciate the sigiiifioance of all this to a nation that has jriven 
 such evidence of enterprise and progressiveness, and which aims at 
 commercial prominence and naval power. For here is an inchistr}^ 
 which supports a vast body of fishermen and which, in addition, must 
 necessarily train thousands of seamen annualh' who are available to 
 man merchant ships or war vessels. Thus, aside from the purely eco- 
 nomic aspect of the fisheries when considered by themselves, they 
 seem to have a most important bearing- upon the future greatness of 
 the Empire. 
 
 The material exhibited by Japan was largely from the (xovei-nment 
 collections. 
 
 Fii^hmg vessels and Jishing hoafx. — The largest of the Japanese fish- 
 ing craft are comparatively small in dimensions, and though, stricth" 
 speaking, they should be classed as vessels, their adjustable decks and 
 other features impel one to consider them as boats, with few exceptions. 
 
 A large majority of the flotilla employed in the fisheries is composed 
 of boats of moderate dimensions, which may be propelled either by 
 oars or sails, but generally by both. 
 
 Certain general features characterize the fishing ])oats of Japan, 
 whether large or small, and some of these are distinctively oriental. All 
 the boats have flat bottoms. These are generally narrow; the gar- 
 board is wide and strongly flaring, and the upper streak is also wide 
 and nearly vertical. In cross section a Japanese flshiug boat resembles 
 the skipjack type of boat used to a limited extent in the United States. 
 The bow is long and sharp, usually with straight or slightly convex 
 lines, and the stem raking at a sharp angle. The stern is square and 
 vertical, with a stout timber at the top, cut in the center to receive the 
 rudder post; and it is remarkable for the extension of the planks some 
 distance farther aft, thus forming an open space or well abaft the stern 
 crosspiece. These planks, however, are open at the bottom for a small 
 space, to allow the rudder to be moved at a moderate angle. The rudder 
 is long and adjustable, and when in position it extends a considerable 
 distance below the stern. There is no skag, keel, center board, or lee- 
 board; consequently the ])oats can not sail to windward, and nuist be 
 propelled with oars if the wind is adverse. This applies to the larger 
 Ashing craft as well as to those of smaller size. 
 
 The method of rowing is peculiar to Japan, and differs i-adically from 
 that in vogue in Europe and America. As a rule a ))oat has one or 
 more stout timbers crossing its top and usually projecting fi'om each 
 side a greater or less distance, this generally depending on tli(> size of 
 the ])oat. In ea<'h end of these beams is a wooden peg or thole that 
 fits into a cavity in the oar loom, so that, while it holds the oar from 
 slipping about, the latter can be easily woi'ked and twisted to g<^t the 
 desired motion. This is a sculling motion, th(> oar not being raised 
 from tht» water, hut twisted in such a wav as to lia\'e the same efl'ect 
 
392 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 as :i ])i(ii)('llcr. VUc nuMt stand oroct to row. and on llic larger boats 
 two men nvo rcciuired to o])(>rato each oar. Tho l)odi(>s of the oarsmen 
 sway back and forth in roomlar cadoncc, ofonorally timed by the chant- 
 ing of a song. The Japanese are celebrated for tlicii' skill and ])ower 
 in propelling theii- l)oats in this manner. 
 
 The tyi)ical rig is one oi- more square sails, with th(» Aaiious breadths 
 looseh' laced together, in such a wa.j that the wind will pass through 
 between the edges of the canvas. Recently, however, some changes in 
 rig hav(» been introduced, of which more extended mention will be 
 made in succeeding pages. 
 
 On certain parts of the coast of Japan from whicli fishing is exten- 
 sively prosecuted there are no harbors, and consecjuently it is neces- 
 sary to land in tlu^ surf, which is often high, and pull the boats upon 
 the shore, from which they must l)e launched for the next trip. It is, 
 ther(d'ore, important tiiat they should have alight draft and a Hat ])ot- 
 tom made of thick, stout planks. The tishing boats are all Itiiilt in this 
 manner, however, whatever the conditions of environment, unless it 
 be dugout canoes or some form co})ied from European or American 
 types. 
 
 Finhrng schooner. — Recently the fisherman of Yokkaichi. near the 
 center of the empire, have adopted the schooner rig on some of their 
 boats engaged in trawling with nets. I am informed \\w tii-st of these 
 was built in 1.S93. 
 
 These schooners go 10 to 20 miles from the coast and catch flat tish. 
 gunards, and other bottom-feeding species, with purse-shaped trawls 
 similar in form to the otter trawd. but ha^Mng no otter lioards. The 
 wings of the net are spread by lines leading, resy)ectively, to the long 
 bowsprit (which projects much farther than required for the jib) and 
 a pole or outrigger from the stern. 
 
 The schooner rig is found suita])le to this fishery, for when operating 
 a trawl the boat is hove to, so as to drive sidewise to leeward, drag- 
 ging the trawl over the liottom. and the fore and aft sails can be 
 trimuK^d to secure the maximum of towing power in this dii'cn-tion. 
 
 A luodel of one of these schooners was exhibited at Bergen (tig. 287). 
 This has many of the characteristic Japanese features of form and 
 construction, including the narrow flat liottom, "•skipjack" cross sec- 
 tion, and an excessiveh' long, sharp bow, which was fully three-tifths 
 the boat's length. It has also the crossbeams projecting from each 
 side. It differs, how-ever, from the typical Japanese Ashing boat in 
 having an overhanging round stern and skags forward and aft. It has 
 a long scjuare-footed rudder, which extends below the skag, and the 
 stern is open so that the rudder can l>e hoisted, as is customary on 
 these boats. The rudder is operated with a long, straight tiller. The 
 schooner is decked and has raised quarter rails. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 398 
 
 The rig con8ists of two pole masts and a long bowsprit. The fore- 
 mast is jointed at the deck and can be lowered. Two boom and gall' 
 sails, fore staysail, and jib ai'c carried. The foresail and mjiinsail 
 have low peaks and are not cut in accordance with Western ideas. 
 Two long oars or sweeps are carried. 
 
 Following are the dimensions of a vessel of this class: Length over 
 all. 73 feet 10 inches; beam, 14 feet 7 inches; depth of hold, 3 feet 9 
 inches; foremast, deck to truck, 40 feet 10 inches; stem head to fore- 
 mast, 22 feet (i inches; l)etween masts, 22 feet inches; mainmast, 
 deck to truck, 30 feet 9 inches;* bowsprit, outboard, 13 feet 6 inches; 
 foreboom, 20 feet 10 inches; foregatf, 15 feet 10 inches; main boom. 20 
 feet 10 inches; main gatf, 16 feet 8 inches; oars, 20 feet long. 
 
 The hawasaki, — A large fleet of boats, the typical name of \vhich is 
 "kawasaki," is employed in the codiishery from the island of Yesso, 
 
 Fig. 287.~FishiiiK scImkhiit. 
 
 or Hokkaido, in northern Japan (PI. LIX). They an^ open, flat bot- 
 tomed boats, heavily and clumsily built, but neveitheless said to he 
 (juite seaworthy. 
 
 There are no harbors on the coast of Yesso from which these boats 
 sail, and therefore they are compelled to land upon the open shore, 
 where frequently the surf runs high. For this reason tlat-bottom 
 boats have been adopted, and it is said that in beaching their vessels 
 the Japanese fishermen run them on the shore stern first. 
 
 \\'ith the exc(>ption of its stern the kawasaki closely resemlUes the 
 Connecticut shtirpy. It has the long, sharp bow, wide, flat floor, and 
 slightly flaring sides of the sharpy, but difl'ers from the latter in hav- 
 ing no skag and in the stern being built somewdiat similar to that of 
 the Chinese junk, so that the rudder may hang to a broad beam, which 
 crosses from side to side. 
 
 'There is a raised section of deci' nt inaimiiast, ahnnt 'J ff<>t high. 
 
394 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 This type of l)oat has a sinf,''lo tall mast, on Avliich is sot a laro-o, roo- 
 taiionilar. loosc-t'ootod. square sail. The mast is sot up in a manner so 
 that it can 1)0 lowered when it becomes necessary to use sculls or to 
 replace it with a .shorter mast, which is alwa3^s kept for use in a heavy 
 storm. When sailing" is diflicult the l)oat is propelled hy six sculls. 
 
 AMien the wind is favoralde the kawa.saki generally sails to and from 
 the fishing- grounds oi- where\-er it ma}' be neeessar}- for her to go, but 
 she can not sail to windward, and consecpiontly has to be jiropidled by 
 oars when the wind is alu^ad. 
 
 The dimensions of a full-sized cod boat are: J^ength o^■or all, -to foot 
 10 inches; beam, 10 feet; depth, 8 feet 9 inches. 
 
 Fig. 2.H8.— Tunny HsliiuK' boat. 
 
 BoiiHoJTshing boat. — ^The boat used in the bonito fishery is essentially 
 the same in t3'pe, so far as form is concerned, as the American skip- 
 jack, though having" a general resemblance to the kawasaki, from 
 which it diti'ers in rig. It has three square sails, there being a short mast 
 and comparatively small sail near the stern and another small sail near 
 the bow. The mainmast stands well aft, less than one-third the boat's 
 length from the stern. Dimensions of full-sized ])oat: Length over 
 all, 42 feet G inches; beam, 11 feet 5i inches; depth, 3 feet inches. 
 
 Tunny fin] dng hoat. — This type of boat (tig. 288) is a seagoing craft, 
 for in the pursuit of the trawl-line fishery for the several varieties of 
 tumiies it often o-oes from 50 to l(tO miles to .sea on the Pacific side of 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 395 
 
 Japan, and consequently is exposed to heavy seas and whatever con- 
 ditions of weather may chance to occur in the open ocean. 
 
 Four species of tisii are taken^ — th(> connnon tunny or horse mackerel 
 (T/ii/fun/.s thytiinis), the albicore [T. ((lh(ir<)r((), the lono-himed tuimy 
 {T. iiiavroptcris and T. f<!h!). 
 
 llie tunny boat is typically Japanese in form, construction, and rig, 
 al'uhough it is deeper in proportion than most of the ])oats used near 
 tlio coast and has a more seaworthy appearance. 
 
 It has a long, sharp bow. straight ralving stem, very narrow Hat 
 bottom, and the clinker build peculiar to the fishing })oats of the 
 country — tlie garboards rising at a more or less shar}) angle, according 
 to their positions, and the wide upper streaks l)eing nearly vertical, 
 except at the bow, where the}' Hare slightly. The after })ai't of the 
 bottom and garl)oards curve upward, but there is no run, proj)erly 
 sj^oaking. It has the conventional flapanese sipiare stern, with project- 
 ing" open space, and a heavy cross beam for the long rudder to ship 
 into. This beam projects beyond each side about 2 feet, and four 
 other ])eams — one of them well forward — likewise extend beyond the 
 sides from 3 to 2i feet. Along each side, from the forward beam to 
 the stern, is a chating mat about 20 inches wide, made of reeds or grass, 
 and held securely in place by strips of wood or bamboo nailed over it. 
 
 There is a quarter rail or bulwark from 12 to 15 inches higher than 
 the main rail, extending from the stern to amidships on each side. On 
 either side of the l)ow is a short piece of l)idwark of about the same 
 height. 
 
 The boat is decked forward of anudships, and has live hatches leading 
 to the crew's quarters, the gear rooms, etc. Abaft this the deck is 
 composed of small adjustable sections. On one side of the deck, abaft 
 the mainmast, is a square water tank, and on the opposite side is a 
 large )>ox for provisions, etc. 
 
 This t3'pe of boat has three masts, and three square sails the breadths 
 of which are laced together in the usual manner. The forwai'd mast 
 stands close to the stem and rakes forward; the next mast is stepped only 
 a few feet distant, but rakes aft, so that the heads of the spars are 
 nearly twice as far apart as their he(ds. The mainmast is a little more 
 than one-quarter the boat's length from the stern; it is uuich longer 
 than the others; the area of the mainsail exceeds considerabl}' the 
 coi'^bined area of the other sails. With the exception of a single stay 
 from the mainmast head to the Aveather side of the forward crossbeam, 
 the masts have no support other than that obtained from the halyards, 
 which are belayed as far to windward as possible. 
 
 The sails can be used onl}' with fair or leading wintls. With unfavor- 
 able winds the sails are lowered, the masts are unshipped, aiul oars 
 are the motive power. There are three oars on each side. 
 
 The principal dimensions of one of these boats are as follows: 
 
396 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Length ovor :ill, 4o foot 4 inches; l)eiini, U feet 7 inches; depth, below 
 deck, 3 feet 2 inches; foremast, above dock, J 7 foot inches; fore- 
 3'ard, 9 inches; width of foresail, 8 feet 4 inches; middle mast, above 
 deck, 19 feet 7 inches; yard, 11 feet 3 inches; width of sail. 10 feet; 
 mainmast, above deck, 31 feet 8 inches; main yard, 17 feet C! inches; 
 width of sail, 16 feet 8 inches; rudder, 12 foot ♦> inches lono-. !>2 inches 
 wide; oars, 20 feet 10 inches lont,*-. 
 
 C(H'Me-dr edging hoat. — A long and comparatively narrow boat is 
 used on some sections of the Japanese ccnist for dredging cockles, in 
 which iishory seven dredges are operati'd at the same time (lig. 281»). 
 The boat is hove to, so that it will drive sidewise to leeward, dragging 
 
 Fu;. 2,S'.i.— Cdcklt -(iri.'d,i;iiiK lioat. 
 
 over the bottom the dredges, which are attached to the windA\:ird side 
 by towropcs of suitable length. 
 
 The boat is of the ordinary Japanese tj'pe. It has a long, sharp 
 bow; strongl}^ raking stem; narrow, flat bottom, rising somewhat in 
 after section; square, open stern; long rudder; and framework a])ove 
 stern for lifting the rudder, etc. It is decked, and has a projecting 
 double bowsprit or outrigger, to which the fore square sail tacks. 
 
 It has four masts, on which only s(piare sails are set. The foremast 
 stands close to the stem and has a strong forward rake. The next 
 mast abaft this also rakes forward. The mainmast, which is about 
 one-third the boat's length from the stern, is nuich longer than any 
 other and has a slight rake aft. The jigger mast is nearh' vertical and 
 is at the extreme stern. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 397 
 
 The principal dimensions of one of these })oats are as follows: 
 Leno-th over all, 31 feet 8 inches; l)eani, <> feet 7 inches; depth, 20 
 inches; rudder, feet 11 inches long-, 15 inches wide; foremast, a})ove 
 deck, 10 feet 5 inches; f orej^ard, 6 feet 8 inches; second mast, above deck, 
 13 feet 11 inches; vard, 9 feet 11 inches; mainmast, 23 feet 9 inches; 
 yard, 13 feet 3 inches; jigger mast, 14 feet 2 inches; 3*ard, 7 feet 6 
 inches; boAVsprit, outboard, 3 feet 9 inches; oars, 20, 19, and 18 feet 
 long. 
 
 Scare-cord Jisji i ))g hoatx. — A fleet of at least nine boats is recpiired to 
 operate one of the great scare-cord nets and to market the catch. 
 These are two seine boats, the captain's or seine-master's boat, two 
 
 Fig. 2y0.— Miirkot boat. 
 
 boats which operate the scare cord, two anchor boats, a merchant's 
 boat, in Avhich the dealer seeking to purchase the catch remains in the 
 vicinit}' of the net, and the market ])oat that transports the dead fish 
 to the nearest market town. The living fish are taken in the merchant's 
 boat, Avhich is provided with a well. 
 
 The tnarl'ct Ixxit. — This has the typical long bow and narrow, flat 
 bottom. The latter is straight for two-thirds of its length from the 
 stem, ])ut rises sharply in its after section. The open stern and 
 clinker build are of the ordinary Japanese style. Above the stern is 
 a frame for resting the mast on when it is unshipped (fig. 290). 
 
 Four heavy l)eams, and two lighter ones at the bow, cross the boat 
 from side to side, resting on the gunwales, beyond which they extend. 
 
398 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Alon»( ciich side. ii> ;i thick chuiip, ;uui j)iece.s of plunk, Jiiadc for the 
 purpo.se, rest on this and on a ])caiii that runs lonj^itudiiially ah)ng 
 the center of the boat, and these when hiid doAvn make an adjustable 
 deck, each part of which can be removed or put in i)lace as occasion 
 demands. The(iuarter deck, cxtendin^»" froui the stern to just forward 
 of the mast, is somewhat higher than the forward deck. 
 
 A square sail is set on the single mast when running free; at other 
 times the mast is usually unshippt'd and rests on the frame at the 
 stern. This frame is provided with a roller, so that the mast can be 
 easily moved fore and aft, which facilitates raising it into an upiight 
 
 Fig. 'JUl.— C'aiitain's bout. 
 
 position. Four oars are used. The ordinary four-pronged iron anclior 
 is carried. 
 
 The dimensions of a boat of this tj'pe are as follows: Length over 
 all, 21 feet 8 inches; beam, 5 feet 7i inches; depth, 20 inches; mast, 
 above gunwale, 14 feet 7 inches; 3'ard, 10 feet; oars, 9 feet 3 inches. 
 
 Capta'u^s hoat. — This l)oat (tig. 2*J1) has the same dimensions, form, 
 and construction as that last described, differing oidy in details for 
 acconmiodation of the crew. It has a cabin forward. 
 
 Other l)(>ats. — The merchant's boat difi'ers from all the market boats 
 chiefly in having a well for keeping fish alive. The dimensions of all 
 the boats, as well as the construction and rig, are substantially the same. 
 Thus, the two boats employed for working the scare cord to frighten 
 the fish into the net and the two used for laying out anchors to hold 
 
x o 
 
 S. Doc. ijy 28 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 399 
 
 the net in place are duplicates of the one described. The ))oat,s which 
 set out the net, however, differ in having two frames at the stern, and 
 in the cross beams projecting on only one side (fig. 202). 
 
 Purse-seine hoats. — Two ))oats are used in oix'rating a purse seine. 
 These arc of the Japanese type known as "sanipa" (PI. LX). Each 
 boat has three crossbeams, the forward one l)eing a trifle forward of 
 amidships, and the others placed so as to about equally divide the space 
 between that and the stern. These project on one side oidy, so that 
 the opposite sides of the boats can be brought together when the seine 
 is being pursed up. Across the bow of each boat and projecting a 
 short distance ])eyond each gunwale, is a small hardwood l)eam, which 
 is securely fastened in position. On one end of this is a ])rass roller — 
 a sort of elongated sheeve or pulle\" nuich longer than the diam- 
 eter — over which the purse line is hauled, this l)cing supposed to be 
 kept in position by a slight enlargement of the pulley on each end. 
 When pursing up the net the boats lie beside each other, with bows 
 
 Fui. 2yii. — Sc!iri''C(in1 net Ixiat. 
 
 abreast, and the crew of each pulls on one j)art of the purse line until 
 the bottom of the seine is closed and the purs(^ rings an> at tli(» surface 
 of the water. Th(» purst' line, after passing over tlie roller, reeves 
 through a single l)l()ck hooked to tiu^, middle of the after crossl)eam, 
 then through a single Itlock hooked to the center of the roller beam and 
 thence runs aft. Tiiis gi\-es a good purchase and affords opportunity 
 for all the fishermen to pull to advantage. But the iiorizontal roller, 
 al)ove referred to, thougii well made, -is a crude device for the ])urpose, 
 for it is evident that the })urse line is liable to slip off and caus(^ nnich 
 trouble and delay unless the water is absolut(dy smooth. It is, how- 
 ever, so easy to correct this d<>fect that it may doubtless l)e taken for 
 granted that the requisite improvement will soon be made. The full- 
 size roller exhil)ited was ;A inches long and ?> inches in diameter. This 
 was attached to the end of a gahanized-iron bar, s(}uar(> in cross sec- 
 tion, 16 inches long and 1{ inches diametei'. This goes into the end of 
 the wooden crossbar and is held in place l)V two Hat keys, which go 
 through wood and iron. 
 
400 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION, 
 
 The (iiiiHMisious of each of the si'iiie Ijoiit.s are us follows: Leni,^th 
 over all, 18 feet -1 inches; beam, 4 feet 5 inches; depth, 20 inches. 
 
 SdJmon finhhuj hoat. — A inofl(>l was exhi])itod of a small. llat-))ottom 
 skiff that is used for catching- salmon with bao- nets (fi<;-. 21t8). It has 
 a sharp ])ow, raking stem, strong camber to ])ottom. and square stern 
 which projects at the toj). It is deck(>(l forward. Over the central 
 section is an adjusta])le house that can ])e (piickly taken down. When 
 the nets are set near the ])oat, they ai-e connected by a cord witli an 
 apparatus inside the house holding three l)ells. Thus the tishcrnian is 
 promptly infoi-med if a salmon is caught, for the i asii of th(> tish against 
 the net puts a sti'ain on tlie cord and tiie Ix'lls jingl(\ 
 
 The dimensions of one of these ])()ats are as follows: Length over all, 
 16 feet S inches; width, 4 feet f) inches; de})th, 20 inches; house width 
 of boat, 5 fe(>t long, 2 feet 6 iiu-hes high at sides, and 4 feet 7 inches 
 high from ])ottom of boat to ridge ])ole; oars. feet 2 iiu-hes long. 
 
 Aj>/><if<ifiii< of c(ij>f)ir<'. — No people in the world appear to ha\e l)ecn 
 
 Kk;. l".t;.i.— Salinmi txiat. 
 
 more fertile than the Japanese in devising appliances for the capture 
 of the various objects of fishery. Thus, though the exhiliit of Japan 
 was crowded into narrow limits, it embraced many interesting objects 
 of this character, and one familiar with the remarka])le diversity of 
 Japanese fishing gear could appreciate the fact that all kinds Avere not 
 represented. 
 
 NeU and aeines. — The fJapanese use a great \ariety of nets, ini-lud- 
 ing gill nets, several sorts of seines, pound nets, circle nets, etc. Some 
 of these are most effective appliances for the capture of tish, and are 
 probably not excelled in this regard ))y any similar apparatus. 
 
 Dolphin nets. — Nets are used at Tago, in the province of Izu. for 
 catching porpoises or dolphins, of which the most conuuon species is 
 the Ddjjlilnuii loiKjironfri^. 
 
 These consist of three separate nettings, called, rcspecti\ ely, the 
 "closer," the "seine," and the " tuck seine." The first is used for 
 closing the mouth of the ba}' when the dolphins have entered it. It 
 is made of grass ropes, and the meshes are about 2 feet and 5 inches. 
 
INTERNATTONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 401 
 
 The seine is used for encircling tiie dolphins und drawing them nearer 
 the land. Its centi'sd portion is made of hemp, and the meshes are 
 here about 8^^ inches; while the two lateral portions are made of grass 
 ropes with meshes of from about 2 feet to 2 feet and 5 inches. The 
 tuck seine is used for finally landing the dolpliins. It is made entirely 
 of grass cord, and the meshes are about Mi inches. Six })oats are 
 attached to it as floats. 
 
 Tat xeriu. — A model of a seine used for catching "scup" or "tai" 
 was exhibited. This net is called a scare-cord seine in English, but is 
 known as "' katsura-ami '' ))v tiic nati\e fishermen, from the idea that 
 its scare-cord resembles in appearance the stem of the ivy. The 
 meshes are largest near the ends of the two wings, where they measure 
 about 5 feet, and, gradually diminishing in size, become at last about 
 half an inch in the central portion. The portioji with smaller meshes 
 is made of hemp, while those sections which have large meshes are 
 made of grass cord. The net is divided along its middle line into two 
 parts, which are joined together when used. 
 
 The scare-cord is hemp, about 8,750 feet long. To it are attached, 
 at intervals of 2 feet, thin, rectangular pieces of wood. Also, to keep 
 the cord in a horizontal position at a proper depth, stones and barrel 
 buoN's are attached to it. 
 
 To work the net, each end of the scare-cord is kept on a boat. The 
 two boats, keeping at a convenient distance from each other, row in 
 conjunction, and, gathering togetluM- the scattered fish, scare them onto 
 the net, which is kept spread by two other boats which also gather 
 it in after the fish have entered. 
 
 This scare-coi'd net is very large, and several boats are i'e(piired to 
 operate it. The main section is a great scoop-shaped seine, 1,200 feet 
 long and 800 feet deep, According to the model exhibited; the bunt, 
 where the fish are gathered in a mass befoi-e they are removed froui 
 the net, is 135 feet long, horizontally, and 265 feet deep. The wings 
 are each 2,600 feet long and 800 feet deeji. Thus the total length of 
 the net is 1,066 fathoms, or considerably more than a mile.' 
 
 Ayu scare-cord net. — The so-called scare-cord net for catching ayu 
 in the rivers is made of hemp, and its meshes arc about 1 inch. The 
 scare-cord is also made of hemp, and is from 200 to 250 feet in length. 
 It bears at intervals short branch lines, also of hemp, to the extrem- 
 ities of which are attached feathers of the cormorant. A single man 
 keeps the receiving net open against the current while four men scare 
 the fish down the stream with the cord and drive them into the net. 
 
 * These dimensions seem extraordinary and iniLdit ea^iily be doubted, except for 
 the fact that they are based on official information, and also because this is in a way 
 corroborated by the fact that so many boats are requireil to oi^>erat« the net. 
 
402 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Purse f<ein<. — Th(^ purse seine hus reeeutly ])eeii introduced in ihe tish- 
 erios of Japan, chietl}' for the capture of herring or sardines. Jt is 
 rio-ged differently from the American purse seine, the rings througli 
 which the purse line passes being fastened to the edge of the net 
 instead of to a bridle rope, while the line with sinkers attached hangs 
 below the purse line (tig. 294). This arrangement would seem decid- 
 edly unsatisfactory from the American standpoint, and it is morally 
 certain that such a device could not be successfully worked in our 
 waters. Elongated ovate wooden floats are used (tig. 295). 
 
 A model of one of these seines was exhibited. Accordino- to this a 
 
 Fig. 29-4. — Sectiim of purse seine showing purse liiiv and siulvcrs. 
 
 full-sized net of this kind is «)17 feet long and !(»() feet deep throughout 
 its entire length, for the Japanese ha\'e apparently not yet learned the 
 advantage of hanging a purse seine so that its ends will ])e baggy and 
 not so deep as the rest of the net. Doiil)tless they will improve it, but 
 the mere ftict that they haA'e adopted a device so effective for the cap- 
 ture of ffsh is in itself a very interesting fact and emphasizes the 
 progressiveness that characterizes them, and which in recent years 
 has done so much to advance th(^ industrial condition of the fishermen. 
 
 ;: -.« 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 f 
 
 i 
 
 ^^1 
 
 
 
 fe 
 
 (^ 
 
 "^m 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 f^^ 
 
 I^S$S'-i.x<'.->-.v-' 
 
 
 
 ■'■■''-^ 
 
 Flci. 295.— Purse .siiin Uu.il- 
 
 Bonito circle net. — A net very closely resembling the American 
 purse seine in the manner of its application is used for catchijig bonito, 
 and is called a '' circle net." It differs from a purse seine in being pro- 
 vided with an apron at its bunt, which is gradually pulled under the 
 tish, after which the bottom of the net is lifted to the surface. This 
 st3de of net is used at the (Mitrance of the Bay of Tokyo from the latter 
 part of autumn to the early part of winter. The bunt is made of heni]). 
 but the wings are made of grass cord. The net is made up of two 
 htdves. etich measuring a))()ut 1,550 feet in length. Tlu^ mesh<»siire from 
 about 2.V inches to 5 feet. To work this net 4 boats with 4S men are 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 403 
 
 required. Of these, two smaller l)oats serve jis leaders, searching out 
 the shoal of tish and giving- orders. When the signal is given, the other 
 boats, which have hithei'to carried the two halves of the net separateh', 
 join them together and encircle the shoal. The wings are gradually 
 tucked in and the fish are driven into the })unt. 
 
 Cod gill net. — Netsof this kind are made of hemp, and are used along 
 the shores of the Sea of Japan for catching cod ( Gadns chcdcogramnnus). 
 For this purpose they are sunk to the bottom of the sea. A single piece 
 is a])out 1,212 feet long and about 5 feet high, and the meshes are about 
 3 inches. For floats pieces of the varnish tree or of Pmdmmiia impe- 
 rlidis are used, and for grapnels stone and wood. A single boat uses 
 several pieces joined together. For (radux hratulfi nets with larger 
 meshes and made of bigger cords are used. 
 
 Mach-rel ru4. — On some sections of the southern coast of elapan a 
 peculiar kind of net is used for catching mackerel by toi-chlight. The 
 following description of this net has been ])ublished by the Japanese 
 Government : 
 
 The whole is a rectangular net (50 feet by 210 feet, the central portion being made 
 to hang down slack and form a sort of Img. Its meshes vary in different parts from 
 half an inch to al)out 6 inches. Four ropes made of straw are tied to the short sides 
 of the net and five to the long sides. At tlie junction of the net and the rope a stone 
 (of 8 to 10 pounds) is attached. 
 
 The net is first of all kept spread flat by four l)oats holding the ropes tied to the 
 sides. Two boats with dragons then row on to the middle of the net. A large num- 
 ber of mackerel, attracted by the lights, follow them. Then the men in the four boats 
 begin to work in the ropes, and the boats with dragons extinguish them and row out 
 of the net. 
 
 This mode of attracting large numbers of the mackerel with torchlights has been 
 in use in Japan for four hundred years.' 
 
 Tunny drift net. — Drift gill nets are used for catching tunny in the 
 vicinity of the Bay of Tok3^o. A single full-sized net of this kind is 
 about 275 feet long and 20 feet wide. Twelve such pieces (or ^' mogai," 
 as the fi.shermen call them) are joined into a single net. The meshes 
 are about Y inches, and the knots are made so as to prevent sliding in 
 either direction. A big rope is tied to the upp(M- margin. In order to 
 make the net float on the surface the rope is made from the fil)er.s of 
 the palm, and floats are fastened to it at the distance of about every l«j 
 inches. The rope of the lower margin is made of hemp and no stones 
 are attached to it. 
 
 This net is worked in the .spring in the open .sea at a depth of 500 
 to 1,000 feet. Many boats form a line and interc(^pt the route of the 
 fish, and the net is shot down the tidal current. \\'hile being drifted 
 one end of the net is kept tied to the hoat while the other end is 
 attached to a float, with a floating signal and a lighted lamp. 
 
 'Catalogue of exhibits relating to the fisheries of .hipan at the World's Cohimbian 
 Exposition, p. 9. 
 
404 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Sardine Img 7iH. — This form of net is cullccl "• Itokc-anii" hy the 
 Japiinese, and has been translatod as "dip net" in Eng-lish, thouo-h the 
 hitt<>r name does not adoquatoly express its character and purpose. It is 
 employed ({uite extensively on the Pacific shores of the main island for 
 catching sardines, to be used chiefly as bait for bonito. Therefore, it 
 is small, and the fish taken in it are kept alive in the well of the fish- 
 ing boat. It is hung- so as to form a sort of bag, and is nearly square, 
 usually about 35 feet long on each side, and the meshes vary from 
 li to 1^ inches. In using this net one edge is spread on bamboo poles 
 rigged out from the side of a boat, and the opposite side, which is 
 weighted with sinkers of lead or stone (lead sinkers were on the model 
 exhibited) hangs loose in the water, Tmt has several ropes leading to 
 the boat by which it can be quickly raised. 
 
 To operate this net the boat is first placed with her starboard side 
 against the current, and the net is dropped down froiu the port side. 
 
 The ])am]^oo rod, to which one 
 side of the net is fastened, is 
 held in a horizontal position a 
 few feet from the boat ])y means 
 of the two projecting poles. 
 Some shrimp (J/y.s/.s) are now 
 thrown into the water from the 
 starboard side to tole the sar- 
 dines together. When they ap- 
 pear more shrimp are thrown 
 out from the port side to bring 
 the fish over tlie net, and when 
 the school is in the light posi- 
 tion the fishermen pull quickly 
 on tiie lines, and the sunken 
 edge of the net is promptly raised to the surface, thus inclosing all the 
 sardines that may be over it. 
 
 Net rnal'lng. — Nets are made chiefly l)v hand. The large net-weav- 
 ing machines common in the United States and Europe have not yet 
 been introduced in Japan, so I am informed. A small machine^ (fig. 296) 
 is, however, used foi' making nets. This is operated l)y a woman, 
 something in the same way as a sewing machine, and is said to give 
 satisfactory results, though of course in no manner comparalde to the 
 large steam-driven machines used by our mamifacturers. 
 
 Trajys^ weirs^ etc.- — The Japanese fishermen have shown much inge- 
 nuity and often marked originality in the consti'uction of Hsji traps, 
 such as pound nets, weirs, etc. 
 
 Tunny pound nets. — There are two kinds of jjound nets employed 
 for the capture of the tiuuiv or horse macker«»l. These are known as 
 the ''single" and "double" ])()und \wi. The former closely resembles 
 
 Fig. 296.- Net making niachilii;. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 405 
 
 the ordinary American pound net, but the so-called double net is verj- 
 much like the device used in the tunny fishery of the Mediterranean. 
 
 The first has a single bowl or pound. It "is a fixed net made of 
 straw on a large scale and with great art. It is used at the extremi- 
 ties of wooded promontories in the vicinity of Nagasaki, It consists 
 of two principal parts, the leader and the bowl. The leader, which is 
 set near the coast, has 1-foot meshes. In the bowl the meshes at first 
 are also about 1 foot, but become smaller as they approach that por- 
 tion which is made of ropes of straw. The net is fixed by stones, some 
 of which are attached to the lower margin of the barrier, and others 
 are put into nets and suspended by ropes of straw from the floats con- 
 sisting of bundles of bamboo tied to the upper margin of the net. 
 The leader is about 1,150 feet long and 20 feet high, while the bowl is 
 about 850 feet long and 280 feet wide. Two watchmen are always 
 placed on a watchtowor to keep a lookout. When the fish enter the 
 bowl along the barrier, a net which is placed at the entrance of the 
 bowl is in the first place drawn up, and the fish are caught in the inner 
 pound by gradually raising up the net of the pound. When, however, 
 they do not enter the bowl directly, the entrance into the pound is 
 closed with another net and the fish are driven into the bowl.'' 
 
 The double pound used in the tunny fishery is also a fixed net and is 
 used in the seas near Sendai in the northern part of Japan. It con- 
 sists of a leader and a pouch. The former is about 1,750 feet long, 
 and its meshes are about 5 feet; the latter is about 1,740 feet in circum- 
 ference, and its two blind ends form the inner pound. There are five 
 intercepting nets, viz, one at the entrance of the pouch, another on 
 each side of this, and others at the entrance of each iimer pound. 
 These nets are usually allowed to hang down; but when the fish enter 
 the pouch, they are successively raised and lowered, so that the fish are 
 gradually driven into the inner pound. The whole net is provided 
 with stones and with floats of unhewn timber. The meshes of the 
 pouch vary from about 1 foot 4 inches to about half an inch in length. 
 
 This net proves itself to have been constructed with a full knowledge 
 of the habits of the fish for which it is intended. Owing to the pres- 
 ence of a rectangular bend in the barrier and the curvature of the 
 pouch, the fish which have once entered the net can not pos.sibly get 
 out of it again. Moreover if a second shoal of fish comes after the 
 first has entered the pouch, the latter is driven beyond the second 
 intercepting net, and the net at the entrance of the pouch is opened; 
 then the second shoal merely swims to and fro between the barrier and 
 the entrance of the pouch for any length of time, and there is no fear 
 of their escape. 
 
 In the watch-tower two men alwaj\s keep a lookout, while_ below is 
 a boat with six men. When the fish enter the net, word is given from 
 the tower to the boat, and the intercepting nets are put into action. 
 
406 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Moreover signals are made to the lishoniKMi's huts on th(^ slioro. accord- 
 incr to the number of fish. 
 
 Salmoi) pound net (rr trelr. — One form of sahiion " weir" used hy 
 the Japanese, according to a model exhil)ited. is constru(t(>d of twine 
 netting attiiched to poles driven into the bottom, and it is su})stantially 
 a pound net. It has a leader extending outward from the shore, the 
 ordinary pound-net entrance to the outer inclosuro. I)ut the pound or 
 bowl is atone side instead of being directlv in front of the head of the 
 leader. The plan is similar to that of the river weir of Maine. The 
 poles are supported by guy lines extending to anchors. 
 The pound net used for the capture of salmon along the coast of the 
 
 province of Tokachi in 
 Hokkaido is, in part at least, 
 supported l)y ))arrel l)uoys. 
 It consists of a large 
 bowl made of hemp and a 
 leader made of grass rope. 
 The latter is 750 to 1,500 
 feet long, and its meshes 
 are 2i to 7 inches. Inter- 
 cepted l)y the leader, the 
 fish follow it and enter the 
 l)owl. At this time a net- 
 ting w4iich has hitherto 
 been kept lowered is raised, 
 and the mouth of the bowl 
 is closed. The fish are 
 landed by gradually tuck- 
 ing in the bowl. 
 
 Lake weir. — One of the most effective forms of weirs found anywhere 
 in the world is used in Lake Biwa, in the province of Omi. This is 
 uiade of bamboo splints, and ))amlioo poles are used for posts. lt>! 
 plan in general is somewhat similar to the plan of the pound net. The 
 weir consists of three inclosures, however, each of which has no inti- 
 mate relations with the others, but is complete in itself. 
 
 Of these three, that nearest the Imnk is small and low, being about 10 feet high, 
 and the intervals l)et\veen the sj)lints being a little over one-fourth of an inch wide. 
 The next one is a little larger, being about 12 feet high with the intervals between 
 the splints about three-fourths of an inch. The last inclosure is largest, and is about 
 15 feet high with the intervals between the splints about \\ inches. It is intended 
 mainlj' for carps and crucian carps.' 
 
 Trawl lines. — The trawl line is extensively used by the Japanese 
 for many varieties of fish. Various kinds of these were exhibited. 
 
 ' Catalogue of exhibits relating to the Fisheries of Japan at the World's Columbian 
 Exposition, p. 21. 
 
 Fig. 297.— Tunny long line. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHLBITION. 
 
 407 
 
 They are usually in short sections, eoiled in shallow, circular baskets 
 that are eas}' to handle. 
 
 Tai trarvl Une^^. — ^The long' lines, or trawl lines, used in tishino- for 
 "tai" are provided with snoods about 20 feet long, placed at regular 
 distances apart, so that a section of line 1.900 feet in length will have 
 95 snoods. In fishing, these sections are fastened, one to the other, 
 and a boat carrying 6 or 7 men will often use a dozen sections. 
 
 A stone and a barrel buoy are attac-hed to each section of the Une as it is set down, 
 except the first, to which is attached, instead of tlie stone, a W(jodcn grapnel to fasten 
 it to the bottom. When the whole line has been let down, a stone and a buoy are 
 tied to its end; the boat is then rowed back and the line is taken up from its begin- 
 ning. For bait, spoon worms {Echiurus), sardines, and squids are used.* 
 
 Tunny long Ihic. — The tunny trawl line exhibited was coiled in 
 a circidar shallow basket 
 made of strips of bamboo, 
 the basket being 26 inches 
 in diameter and 5 inches 
 deep (fig. 297). 
 
 The ground line is cable 
 laid, hard twisted and 
 tanned. Snoods or gang- 
 ings arc made of three- 
 stranded soft-laid line. 
 These are first covered 
 with raw hemp fiber, and 
 then served with fine wire, 
 this protection l)eing nec- 
 essary to preventthegang- 
 ing from being bitten ofi" 
 b}' the sharp teeth of the 
 fish. Thegangings are 18 
 inches long. The hooks, of which there were six on the section of trawl 
 line exhibited, are 4 inches long, Ij^ inches spread fi-om ])oint to shank. 
 
 The following description has been given of a tunny tiawl line Tised 
 at Misaki: 
 
 Itisacord of about 1,250 feet, with ten snoods al)ont 5 feet long, and is worked at 
 a depth of more than 400 feet. Both the cord and the snoods are made of hemp and 
 put into shallow sacks. Two boats, with 8 or 9 men each, usually work twelve bas- 
 ketfuls of the cord. To use it, five stones, weigliing about 27 ounces apiece, are tied 
 to the cord; also at each end of it is attached, l)y means of a cord about 30 feet long, 
 •d rod oi Paidoinilaiinjyerlali.'i. To these again is tied at riglit angles a long stem of 
 l)amboo, at the top of which some easily observable signals are i>laced. Tiie i)rincipal 
 cord does not reach the bottom of the sea, but is kept suspended at some intermediate 
 depth. For bait, squids and liorse mackerel are used.'^ 
 
 Fk;. 298.— Cod trawl liiiL'. 
 
 'Catalogue of exhil>its relating to the Fisheries of .Japan at the World's Co]nnd>ian 
 I'.xposition, p. 5. 
 Uh., p. 10. 
 
408 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Cod frairl ]!m\ — A section of traw 1 lint' used for tlic capture of small 
 cod was exliibitod in one of the eharaeteristie eireular shallow l)askets 
 (tig. 298). It had a two-stranded tanned (ground line al)out the size of 
 the poUoek hand lines used b}' New England fishermen; the gangings 
 were the size of a mackerel line, and each -i feet lon^-. This section 
 had 50 Kirby-bend hooks, 1\ inches long. Fastened to the ground 
 line at regular intervals were 11 wooden floats, each 8^ inches long, 
 1^ inches wide, and f inch thick. To coiuiterbalance these, there were 
 6 stone sinkers, each 'I\ to 3^ inches long. Several sections like this 
 are bent together to form a complete line. 
 
 In the vicinity of Niigata the trawl lin(\s employed in the cod fishery 
 are usually in sections, about "2,^^ feet long, and each section has 55 
 gangings, each 2 feet in length. 
 
 Slinrk tiiuvl lint 
 
 Sucii a line is put into a shallow basket made of bamboo, and is called a 
 "maki." A boat with a crew of six men uses 80 such maki tied end 
 to end into a single line. At each end and in the middle of this line 
 is tied a stone and a l)arrel l)uoy, the latter by means of a cord; also at 
 the end of each maki are attached alternately a stone and a float, 
 so that the whole line uiay not li(^ flat on the bottom l>ut be kept float- 
 ing at intervals. For bait, sardines and squids, cut into pieces of 
 convenient size, are used. 
 
 SJiarh trmrl line. — A section of trawl line used in the shark fisher}", 
 which was exhibited, was coiled in a circular bamboo basket (fig. 299), 
 like the others. On one side of the rim is a bunch of soft strips into 
 which the hooks are stuck, for this is the customary way of disposing 
 of the iiooks on practically all varieties of tiawl lines. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 409 
 
 Three-stranded hard-laid tanned line, nine-sixteenths inch in circum- 
 ference, is used for the ground line. This section had 6 hooks, 4 
 inches long, bent to gangings about 30 feet long. Great care is 
 observed in the preparation of these gangings to prevent them from 
 being cut by the sharp teeth of the sharks, or chafed 1)\- their 
 rough skin. Each snood is served with copper wire for a length of 
 23i feet; 4^ feet of its length is made of hard-laid rope served with 
 blue cotton, and next the hook are three stout copper-wire links, each 
 9 inches long. 
 
 Eel trmd line. — Trawl lines are used for eel fishing in Japan. A 
 section exhibited had a tanned cotton ground line and white cotton 
 gangings, the latter being 4 feet long. It had 122 hooks, each three- 
 fourths inch long. It was coiled in a circular basket, 15 inches in diam- 
 eter and 7 inches deep (fig. 300). 
 Several of these sections may be 
 united in one trawl-line. 
 
 Macl-ercl travl line. — Long 
 lines are used in the mackerel fish- 
 ery at Misaki, in the province of 
 Sagami. One of these lines is 
 about 350 feet long, and has at- 
 tached to it 85 snoods, each about 
 2 feet in length. Fourteen bas- 
 kets of this line are usually 
 worked by a boat with a crew 
 of 6 or 7 men. When being 
 used, the line is kept fioating 
 at some intermediate depth by 
 means of five barrel })uoys at- 
 tached to the principal line by means of ropes 300 to 350 feet long. 
 As ballast, a small stone is tied to the lower end of each hanging 
 rope. Besides these, nine smaller stones arc attached at intervals to 
 the whole line. 
 
 Hand-line Jiskmg appliances. — Few countries have such ^■aried, 
 peculiar, and effective forms of hand-line fishing gear as Japan, and it 
 is evident that much skill and ingenuity have ))cen expended in produc- 
 ing many of these devices, the preparation of which often indicates 
 keen observation of the habits of the species they are intended to 
 capture. What has been accomplished is the result of centuries of 
 experience, of observation, and of competition, which have combined 
 to teach the fisherman what are the most ett'ective appliances for the 
 accomplishment of his object, having in mind his enviromnent and such 
 other conditions as must be met. 
 
 Tal Jishhuj line. — The hand lines used in "tai" fishing are usually 
 silk with a silk-worm gut leader at the lower end. A part of the 
 
 300.— Eel long lino. 
 
410 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHKKIKS KXHIBITloN. 
 
 loiidor is coilocl around acircular disk sliaprd hoxot' wood, and the silk 
 line is reeled leni-thwise on a bamboo rod. 
 
 The M-hole leiigtli of the line it? 1«0 feet, of whidi the leader, 100 feet in lenjrth, is 
 made of silk-worm gnt, the remaining part being of silk. At three points a lead of 
 one-tenth to one-fifth ounee is tied to hold the line against the currents. When the 
 line is used, the bamboo rod on which the line was reeled is used as a fisliing rod.' 
 
 Amoiio" tlie a])plianees exhiliited was a liaiid-liiie ofear for tai. This 
 had a eyliiidrieal lead sinker. 2 inches lono- and 1 inch tliick. inside an 
 egj^-shaped cage made of wire and nettino-, the chief purpose of which 
 was to hold the tole bait. A brass wire spreader, 20 inches long, was 
 secured to the top of the sinker, and extendino- upward from the center 
 of the spreader was a twisted w'ire, with a loop at its top for the line 
 to bend into. 
 
 Bait ca,t>('s, such as that mentioned, are coninionly used in the tai 
 hand-line tisher}'. These are crowded full of line bait, tightly pressed 
 in, and this soaks out gradually and drifts off with the current so that 
 
 the schools of tish follow^ing up the 
 stream of bait to the source of supply 
 come to the tishing gear, where they are 
 lia})le to l)e caught. Tt is interesting 
 to note that the Norwegians have a 
 similar but somewhat cruder device for 
 distributing l)ait and attracting fish. 
 
 liOnifo trollhiy Jhw. — A bonito trol- 
 ling line (tig. 301). with artificial bait, 
 was exhibited. The line is about 230 
 feet long and % inch in circumference. 
 At the lower end of the lin(> is a wire snood, 22 feet long, served with 
 raw^ fi])er. The hook is 2 inches long, and has around it strips of 
 of fish skin, bleached white, ♦> inches long. These strips are fastened 
 to a hollow piece of l)aml)oo that slides free on the snood al)ove the 
 hook. Th(^ cylindrical cartridge-shaped sinker of l)one and metal has 
 the snood ro\e through it so that it moves freeh', and the lower por- 
 tion is hollowed out so tliat it tits down over the bamboo to which the 
 lure is fastened. 
 
 This form of lure is made to reseml)le a scpiid. Another kind of 
 artificial bait is made in imitation of a sardine. Hooks with real bait 
 are used for catching bonito, which are frequently still-baited by 
 throwing sardines in the water. 
 
 Yell(/}r-t<('l Ihir. — The hand line used for trolling for the yellow-tail 
 {ScvloJit qiiliKjiirrddlnfo) in the China Sea from the coast of southern 
 Ja])an, is show'n in figure 1. Plate LXI. The line is a trifie larger than 
 the American mackerel line, and is woiuid on an ol)l()ng wooden reel. 
 
 Fig. 3Ul.— Buiiito trullins line. 
 
 ^ Catalogue of Exhibits relating to the Fisheries of Japan at the \Vorld's Columbian 
 Exposition, \). 5. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 411 
 
 On this line are small lead sinkers, about 15 to 'SO inches apart, those 
 at the bottom end of the line being nearest together, and the distance 
 increasing about an inch with each succeeding pair. At the end of the 
 line is a brass wire snell, 10 inches long, which ])ends into the line loop 
 in the upper part of the small pear-shaped lead sinker. There are two 
 hooks, each 2^ inches long, on still' hemp siioods, each 5 inches long. 
 
 Jfntsu hand line. — Hand-line lishing for the nuitsu {Sconihr(>j>s chlro- 
 fl I J devoid ('.'<) is prosecuted in the deep sea, in depths usually exceeding 
 3<>() fathoms. A tine 2-stranded silk or linen line is used; this is coiled in 
 a shallow circular basket like those used for trawl linos (tig. 3, PI. LXI). 
 
 The gear consists of a cylindrical lead sinker (2 inches long and 1^ 
 inches in diameter) attached to the middle of a bamboo spreader, 6 
 feet long, by lines S^ inches long, so that the lead hangs below the 
 spreader. The latter has a short, stout piece in the center to stifl'en it 
 where the line bends to it. There is a line loop at each end of the 
 spreader, into which the silk-line snood bends. The hooks are made 
 of ])rass, are bent in angular form, and haye the general shape of the 
 American center-draft hook. 
 
 Plaice liiw. — The hand line used for catching plaice is similar to 
 that aboye described. This is a double coil line about 50 fathoms long, 
 l)oaring 30 pieces of lead each weighing about 2|^ ounces. These pieces 
 of lead serye to hold the line against the current. The distances 
 lietween them grow less and less as we approach the hook. To the 
 hook is attached a flat, circular piece of lead, and besides this there is 
 a long line for tying the liait, for which sardines, either fresh or salted, 
 are used. 
 
 Harse-raackerel line. — The hand-line gear (fig. 3, PI. LXII) used for 
 catching horse mackerel' is well made. The line, which is the size of 
 our ordinary mackerel line, is coiled in a small, shallow, circular bas- 
 ket. It has a conical lead sinker, 3^ inches long (weight about one- 
 half poimd), with a curyed brass wire spreader, the upper part of 
 which is seized to the top of the sinker and extends al)oye it, 
 forming a loop for the line to bend into. The ends of the spreader 
 are separated 11 inches. To the ends of the spreader are bent horse- 
 hair or gut snoods, 1^ feet long. Small galyanized hooks (three- 
 eighths inch long) are used. At the top of the sinker is a net Dag 
 (3^ inches long and li inches diameter at top), for holding tole bait, 
 which gradually soaks out and attracts the fish. 
 
 ^I wa.s unable to learn definitely the scientific name of the .species to which the 
 common name of "horse mackerel" has teen applied by the Japanese. It is evi- 
 dent, however, that it is not intended to designate either of the tunnies, since the 
 line is too small for their capture. It is (piite possible the Auxis rolici Risso, which 
 is smaller than the mackerel (Sroniber smmhrns), or perhaps tlie little bonito {Anris 
 tapclnoxamd) , are the sixjcies taken with tliis gear, since these are migratory iish that 
 come to the coast waters in spring, and the largest specimens rarely exceed 17 or 18 
 inches in length. 
 
412 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Mac\'erel hand Ibms. — A .specimen of the liiiiul I'mc used for the cap- 
 ture of the Japanese mackerel {Scomher collaK) was exhi})ited. The 
 line which was wound on an oblong reel (tig. 2, PI. LXIl), similar to 
 the small cod-line reels common in New England, is about the same 
 size as American mackerel line, and is tanned. Th(> gear is like that 
 for the horse mackerel. The conical sinker is 3 inches long, the ends 
 of the curved wire spreader are 16 inches apart, the twisted gut snoods 
 are 4 feet 4 inches long, and at the lower end of each is a tine double- 
 gut ganging, lU inches long, to which is bent a brass hook, 1 inch 
 long and f inch spread, from point to shank. There is a net bag (like 
 fig. 4, Pi. LXTT) for tole })ait at top of sinker. 
 
 The hand-line gear used for mackerel fishing at Misaki consists of a 
 
 piece of brass wire bent in the mid- 
 dle so as to form a loop, the two 
 ends of which diverge from each 
 other. The wire is then attached 
 by the loop to a line consisting of 
 three strands coiled together, and 
 measuring about 250 feet in length. 
 Each end of the wire bears a snood 
 of silkworm gut, and to the loopare 
 attached a conical piece of lead and 
 a bag containing bait. 
 
 This line is worked by night and 
 at a depth of 10 to 50 fathoms with 
 good tidal i-urrents, large shoals 
 being made to gather by torch or 
 lamplight. 
 
 For l)ait, sardines and mackerel 
 arc chit'fly used. When these can 
 not be obtained fresh salt sardines 
 or salt mackerel are used. The small bag attached to the loop con- 
 tains minced tlesh of these tish, which acts as a tole ])ait. 
 
 The mackerel is caught in considerable numbers in the spring and 
 autumn, but also more or less throughout the year. 
 
 Midht drift line. — This line is employed for the capture of the 
 gray mullet in a lake having brackish water, and is operated from a 
 boat. 
 
 The line is made of hairs from horse tails, twisted together to the thii-kness of 
 about one line, and 120 to 140 yards in total length. Hooks, alwut ten in nnml)er, 
 are attached to the line by means of short snoods. Moreover, there are many small, 
 round floats attached to the line. The snood is provided with a long float made of 
 wood near the point of attachment of the snood to the line. When a fish is caught 
 on a hook, the long float belonging to the hook stands out of the surface of the 
 water. The hooks are baited with earthworms. At the distal end of the line a 
 
 Fig. 30'J. — Shore liaiul liiie. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 413 
 
 boat-shaped float with a sail is tied, by means of wliicli the Hue is sent from the 
 V)oat. This apparatus is used only for sport.' 
 
 The specimen exhi))ited (tig. 5, Tl. LXII) iuicl 12 hooks, each li 
 inches long; 12 Avooden floats, each 1 foot U)ng'. The wooden boat- 
 shaped buoy was !» inches long and o 
 inches wide, and had an iron keel and 
 square sail. 
 
 Shore hand line. — A two-stranded 
 grass line, about 100 fathoms long, is 
 used for tishing along the shore (tig. 302). 
 At the end of this lini^ is a smaller two- 
 stranded line, having attaclied to it 25 
 brass hooks, spaced 12 inches apart, and 
 each on a snood 10 inches long. At the 
 extreme end of this small line is a stone 
 sinker of about 5 pounds w(Mght. The 
 hooks are If inches long; their points 
 turn in toward the shanks, so tiiat they 
 spread only one-fourth inch. 
 
 Shore ca-'<t I me. — Among the exhibits 
 of tishing gear was a cast line and acces- 
 sories used in surf tishing from a shore 
 (tig. 303). The line itself is in two sections. A short piece of heavy line 
 is at the outer end to give weight and impetus for casting. Attached 
 to this is a much smaller but longer line to which the hooks or lures are 
 attached. When tishing the angler ties the apron shown in the illustra- 
 tion around his Avaist, the net bag 
 for the fish hanging in front of 
 it. Thel»one lures are carried in 
 the small l)and)oo i-ylinder. 
 
 Sand-eel jishing gear. — In pur- 
 suing the fishery for sand eels a 
 device attached to a hand line is 
 used, a sample of w hich was ex- 
 hibited (tig. 304). The object of 
 this is to frighten the tish, and the 
 wooden "scarer" is the chief fea- 
 ture of the gear. This is an oval- 
 shaped piece of wood, lOi inches long by 3i inches wide, fastened to 
 the line by a swivel hook. One side is painted bla(?k and the other is 
 the natural color of the wood. It has a piece of abalone shell set 
 into each side. 
 
 Fl(i. 303.— Shine cast line, etc. 
 
 Fiu. 30-1.— Sand-eel fishing gear. 
 
 'The Gray Mullet Fishery in Japan, l)y Dr. K. Kishiuouye, reprinted from Nat- 
 m-al Science, Vol. XIII, No. 80, October, 189S, pp. 257, 258. 
 
 S. Doc. 39 29 
 
414 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHlMirioN. 
 
 The fvliiulrical lead sinker, with a wedge-shajM-fl ui)|)ci- ciid. is at the 
 extreme end of the line. !•! inches from the "searci-." 'I'lic line is 
 wound on a reel. 
 
 Deej)-water squid gear. — None of the fishing appHratus exhibited by 
 Japan showed hiulicr skill in its construction than the ocar used for 
 catching cuttle-lish or squid in deep water (tig. I, PI. JjXII). The 
 two-stranded line is the size of a small mackerel line, and is wound on 
 a square frame reel. It has a cast and polished l)rass sinker, with loop 
 at top to receive the line, and a bamboo horse or spreader in each of 
 the two lower arms. Each of these is 13 inches long and their points 
 are separated 2<) inches. Fastened to the end of each is a gut snood 
 5 feet long, the lower end of which is bent to a squid jig. This jig is 
 made by fastening a coronal of bent pins around the lower end of a 
 small, round. Avooden shank. 4 inches long. When these are moved 
 in the water, by raising and lowering the apparatus, they somewhat 
 resemble small fish and are eagerly seized l)y the sijuid. which are 
 hooked bv the pins. 
 
 Surface squid gear. — The gear used for catching squid at the surface 
 (fig. 7, PI. LXII) difi'ers entii-ely from that last described. A dou])le- 
 pronged fishing rod is used with a line and jig from each prong. The 
 lines are made of gut, each 3 feet long. The liandle of the pole is 10 
 inches long; the arms each 22 inches long. Brass-shanked jigs are used ; 
 these are 4^ inches long. When not in use they are held in a wooden 
 box. When in use they are ])aited Avith sciuid and the l»ait is tied on. 
 
 Gear catcher. — This device (fig. 2, PI. LXl) is intended to catch 
 trawl lines or other gear that may have been sunk by the current or 
 otherwise. It consists of a cylindrical bar of lead, 12^ inches long and 
 li inches diameter, having two groups of wires bent into hook shapes, 
 with their upper ends fast in the lead. At the upper end of the lead 
 is a metal loop with a })rass chain, IS inches long, into which the line 
 bends. A large stone sinker is bent to the line several feet above the 
 "catcher."' 
 
 To recover gear this device is lowered to the bottom, and when sufli- 
 cient line has been veered out it is towed by a boat. If it comes in 
 contact with trawl lines or nets it is liable to catch them, but is less 
 efficient for this purpose than a device used for the same purpose by 
 New England fishermen. 
 
 Hooks, jigs, and drails.- — Possibly no part of the Japanese exhibit 
 contained objects more characteristic or interesting than were embraced 
 in the collection of hooks, jigs, drails, etc. 
 
 A striking feature of the Japanese hook is the shortness of the 
 shank on some of them, and also the fact that man}' are made with 
 the point turned toward the shank (PI. LXIII). This last is a char- 
 acteristic I have not seen emphasized so strongl}^ elsewhere except in 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 415 
 
 aboriginal hooks made of .shells or other materials by the natives of 
 the Pacifie islands or of the northwest coast of America. 
 
 Some of the Japanese hooks are made; of a patt(M'n closely resembling 
 that of the so-called center draft hook used in the sea fisheries of 
 Europe and America, these indicating that, the iishermen of Japan 
 recognize the advantage of having a hook so formed that it will be 
 surer to catch the fish l)y a pull on the line. Reference must be 
 made to the illustrations of Japanese hooks accompanying this report 
 for a better understanding of their varied shapes and peculiar 
 patterns. 
 
 Wooden iish-shaped jigs (fig. ^05) are in favor'for catching squid, 
 and these are made with much skill. The length varies from 5A^ to 
 upward of (I inches. Fourteen pins arc bent to the proper shape and 
 securely fastened around a wooden 
 shank which is firml}^ fixed in the 
 lower end of the fish-shaped piece 
 of wood. The latter is charrc^d to 
 give it color and is fitted with 
 feathers to resemble fins. It is 
 also banded or striped to heighten 
 the deception. 
 
 Various kinds of bone lures are 
 shown on the same figure. These 
 have ])one sinkers, barbless brass 
 hooks, and thin strips of white 
 whalebone (baleen) aroimd the 
 hooks for a lure or artificial bait; 
 one is shaped like a fish, others 
 like a rifle cartridge, and two 
 are boat- shaped. Some of the 
 drails for large fish, like those in 
 Plate LXIII, are provided with 
 feather lures instead of bone. 
 
 The Japanese are very skillful in the manufacture of small artificial 
 flies for angling. 
 
 Pots^ dredgc!^^ etc. — Man}' kinds of traps, pots, dredges, etc.. are 
 used in the fisheries of .lapan, and several varieties were exhibited. 
 
 J*r<(irii tf((2>s. — Three kinds of these pots were exhibited, two of them, 
 however, difl^ering only in size. These were cylindrical in form, made 
 of split bamboo, with three fumiel-shaped entrances placi^l tandem at 
 one end, and a square head at the other; the head has a wooden lid 
 which can be opened to remove the catch. 
 
 The smallest of these two pots was IS inches long and »> im-hes diame- 
 ter; the largest (tig. 806) "I'd^ inches long and 8^ inches diameter. 
 
 Flu. 305.— Squid jigs niiil lures 
 
416 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 A short l»ul wider t lu}) is used for <!itcliinu- prawns (litj. ?>o~). It 
 is iiiiidc of tlu' same material as the others, with Hat l)ottom and top, 
 the former l)eing' .somewhat hirger than the latter. Instead of lyinj^on 
 its side, as the other pots do, this rests on its bottom when set for lish- 
 inu". and the entranee is on one side, extendinj;' vertically from top to 
 bottom. This is provided with two rows of tine Iximhoo s])lints. one 
 on eaeh side, whieh converge toward each other at their inner ends, so 
 that, while the prawns may enter easily, they can not escape. This 
 
 'If 
 
 ■m .^.^- :Tsapw(»54hT??™rvw?*-? "^ '**'1i"'"-'^_;^l 
 
 Fig. 306.— Prawn tnii.. 
 
 trap is 10 inches high, 10 inches diameter at top, and Hi inches wide at 
 bottom. The entrance is 1^ inches "svide on the outside. 
 
 Prawn pots are extensively used in Lake Biwa. in tiie i)r()\ ince of 
 Omi. They are baited with shelltisii ( ^ ■<'y/7>/r//A/ or /'.-////(^////'O. wiiich 
 is crushed and put into the pots. Dozens of the trajis are then fastened 
 to a lon_u" line, at regular intervals, and sunk to the l)ottom. From 
 time to time they are raised and the slirini})s in them are taken out. 
 
 E(l //■((/>. — The eel traps exhibited are of simple consti'uction. 'Fhey 
 consist simply of a .section of ])ambo<), al)out '2 feet or more in length, 
 
 with one end closed, a door on the side for 
 removing the catch and a funnel-shaped 
 entrance at the other end. The tAvo shown 
 were each ^d^ inches long and 21 inches di- 
 ameter. 
 
 CocMe dredge. — A dredge such as is used 
 for catching cockles has an ohlong wooden 
 frame. al)out 4 feet long and 15 inches high. 
 The lower part of the Frame, which rests 
 on the l)ottom when in use. is armed with 
 twenty long, pointed iron teeth, with their ends curved downward, 
 so that they will dig into .sand or nuid and rake up anything on the 
 
 bottom. 
 
 A .stone sinker is fastened to each upright at the ends of the f i-ame, 
 and in the seizing that holds the stone is a rope l)ecket into which is 
 bent one leg of the bridle w hicli the towing warp fastens to. The 
 mouth of an oblong, T)ag-shaped n(>t is fastened to the frame and tows 
 behind it to receive the catch. 
 
 - I'raw 11 tniji 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITI<>N. 
 
 417 
 
 Anchors (iiul liJlicki<. — '^Phe i'our-pronycd iiiiclior or Uillick is greatly 
 in favor in Japan and seems to !»»' universally nsed in the tisheries. 
 
 Knivex. — The Japanese have attained a hio-li d(\i»i"ee of excellence in 
 the manufacture of knives used in the tisheries and the preparation of 
 fishery products, and in tiiis i-cspcct seem to be superioi- to some of 
 the Europeans. Knives shown in tig-ure 30(S atid Plate LXR^ will 
 convey a very good idea of this class of tools. 
 
 Metliodx of -fishing. — The methods of tishing Avei-e in part repre- 
 sented by the attachment of models of boats to nets, etc., but were 
 not otherwise shown. In the preceding descriptions of the apparatus 
 reference has occasionally been made to th(^ manipulation of the tish- 
 
 FlG. 308.— Fisli knives. 1-5, fisli-biill kiiivi-s; li-9, whiile kiiivt's; 10, luTriiiK knife; 11, cod knifo: 
 
 12, .siiluion knifu. 
 
 ing gear, which gives some idea of the methods employed in certain 
 fisheries. 
 
 Tni fishing. — The Japanese "scup'' or "tai" is esteemed the high- 
 est of all food-tishes of Japan, and it is said that no feast can be com- 
 plete without it. There are four species which are calied "tai."" 
 namely. l*<«jrus funiifiron.'^, P. ('(n'dinali.s^ ]*. iiia]t>i\ and /'. mh, /■. Of 
 these, /'. rardinalis is the most al)undant. This ck>sely reseml>les in 
 appearance the red snapp»M- of our southern waters. Fish of this 
 species commonh' found in the market are generally from 1 to 2 feet 
 long. They are so highly prizcnl that the fish 1 foot in length often 
 sells for more than a 3'en. 
 
 As has been indicated, the '"tai"" is caught with hand lines, long 
 lines, and nets. The great scare-cord net is used in the inland sea for 
 
418 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 (.•atc'liiiii;" ""tai." and tlu' iiiaiiaticiiifiit of this is one of \\\o most iiupor- 
 tant fishery ont('ii)risos of tlic countrv. 
 
 Ill op(M"atin<i' tiic scai'i'-cord net nine Ixrats are reipiired. Two of 
 these carry tiie apparatus and set it ai'ouiul a school of tish, siil)stan- 
 tially ill tiie same manner that a ])urse seine is set for ineniiaden. the 
 chi(^f (litference heino' that at the coiichision the hoats pass each other 
 so tliat the ends of the net lap. Also, tiie scai'e-coi'd net is usually set 
 only once a day. the ojiei'ation o'enei'ally heoinninj^- not hiter than 8 
 a. in. , while the American purse seine may he shot many times, and 
 whenever the tish appcnir, quite regardless of the hour. It is even .set 
 at nig-ht foi- mackei-el. 
 
 ]Much care is observed to have the net shot against the current, so 
 that the tide will set into the bunt. As soon as ])racticable the ''anchor 
 boats"* drop anchoi's to hold in ])osition tiie ends of the net. to wliich 
 lin(\s are run. These anchors, in fact, hold the whole net and the ])ursc 
 boats that set it out. the crews of which gather in the wings at the 
 proper time and gradually work the tisli into the bunt, wliere they can 
 be taken out. In the meantime the men in the two scare-cord lioats 
 are energetically working to dri\'e the tish into tlie bunt of the net, and 
 to keep them from going below the bottom of tile wings and thus 
 esca})ing. To accomplish this the scare-cord is kept in continuou.s 
 motion, and tlie sinkeis and wooden models of tish, with which it is 
 armed, slash back and forth through the water between the lower edges 
 of the wings of the net until the latter aj"e gathered in. 
 
 Meanwhile a couph^ of oars have lieen tied by one vud ne;ir to the 
 middl(> of the bunt cork rope (whicli is supported by two large barrel 
 buoys), so that the direction in whicli tliev flojit on the surface ma}" 
 indicate th(> set of the current. 1lie captaiirs lioat is back of the biuit, 
 from whicli })oiiit all the operations can l)e most advantageously 
 observed and directions given for the ])ro])(n' management of the net. 
 
 The boat carrying the merchant who l)uys the lish and the tish- 
 carrying boat or lioats lie (juietly by, generally near the pui'se boats 
 at the wings, for the ukmi on them have little or nothing to do until 
 the net is gathered in suiHciently to "'dry up" the tish so that they 
 may be bailed on l)oard the boats, when they are jiromptly transferred 
 and carried to market. 
 
 Jj<>ii(i()\i\xliih(i. In some respects the catching of bonito in tlu> circle 
 net resem])les our purse-seine fi.shery. The net is equally divided in 
 two boats, which go side by side until they separate to shoot the 
 ai)paratus ai'ound a school of tish. when they circle around precisely as 
 boats do in setting the purse seine. Each skipper, however, is uj) on 
 a sort of ladder at the stern of his boat, 4 or 5 feet higher than the 
 other men, so that he can better watch the movements of the lish and 
 direct his crew in rowing. 
 
 When the net has been shot, everv effort is made to gather it in 
 
Plate LXIll. 
 
 HOOKS AND LURES 
 
INTERNATIONAL B^ISHERIES EXHIBITION. 419 
 
 iirouMcl the school of iish, and to "tuck it up/' as it is called, so that 
 the l)ottoin of the net may be ln-oug-ht IxMieath the tish. and thus pro- 
 vent the possibility of their escape. When this has been acconii)lished 
 the rest of the proceedings is very similar to the manipulation of a 
 purse seine. The fish(M'men keep pulling' in on the net until the iish 
 are l)i'ouoht into a compact mass in th(^ bunt, when they are dipped 
 out into the boats. 
 
 Ill hand-line Hshino- foi- bonito off Shiwono-iuisaki. in the province 
 of Kii. the Hsii ai'e toled up with l)ait. On(» man stands in the middle 
 of the boat and with a dipper throws sardines into the water to attract 
 the tish. The fishermen hold their fishing rods in one hand, and with 
 the other, by means of spatulas attached to long ))amboo rods, they 
 continuously throw water over the surface where the bait is. The 
 object of this is to prevent the tish from seeing the line and hook, and 
 thus to more surely decoy them into biting. When caught the bonito 
 nuist generally bi^ lifted in with a gaff, and it is customary for a 
 .lapanese fisherman to hold one of these fish under his arm while 
 I'cmoving the hook from it. 
 
 Cod fiahlrKj. — The cod fishery is mostly prosecuted in January and 
 February, at which season the tish come near the shore for spawning. 
 Sometimes the cod come into water as shallow as 15 fathoms, but in 
 other places they are never found in less than about 100 to 110 fathoms. 
 As has been intimated, trawl lines are chiefly used in the cod fishery. 
 These are set out from the boats in long strings in a manner very 
 similar to that adopted in the American fisheries, and at a suitable 
 time the lines are hauled back and the fish are removed. 
 
 Nets arc used to some extent for catching cod along th(> shoi'es of 
 the Japan Sea. Several of them are fastened together and set in a 
 string at the bottom of the sea. as in Norway or elsewh(>re. where the 
 cod is taken in this form of apparatus. 
 
 Sardine tuck-seine Jishing. — The tuck seine is set for sardines in the 
 same manner as the bonito circle net, so as to inclose the school of fish 
 in the circle formed by the seine. A peculiar form of net is used for 
 this fishery resembling a large sack. When it is set out one end floats 
 and the other end is pulled through by boats on the opposite side until 
 it passes underneath the school, when it is gradually lifted to the sur- 
 face, so as to bring the flsh into the bunt of the net. In this way the 
 same result is accomplished as is attained by using the purse seine. 
 The nati\e name of the fish taken in this manner is "iwashi" {('hq)ea 
 
 inrJdItosflcfd). 
 
 The sardine is the most important of the useful fish of Japan, and tlie economic 
 condition of the whole fishinjjr industry is intimately connected with the amount of 
 its catch. This is due to the fact that the sardine always comes in enormous shoals 
 and is caught almost everywhere alono; the coast. Large areas of the surface of the 
 sea are sometimes clianged in color by the presence of a single shoal. The sardine is 
 a migratory fish, going from south to north in sj)ringand returning again to the south 
 
420 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 in aiituinn. The slioal iisnally swims at the surface ajrainst thcrnrrcnt, Imt is sai<l to 
 also sink at times to the }>ottom. Tlu' sardine feeds on small crnstaceans, sncli as 
 Ml/sis, and is attracted by torehli,<;ht. Spawninfr takes place in the sjjrinj^.' 
 
 Sardine circle-net jishliKi. — The niiiiiii)iilati()M of tho sardine circle 
 net doeis not differ niuteriiiUy from tli(> nu^thods already descri])ed. 
 The net is run around the tisli in a circle, and tiicn the ends ar(^ haided 
 in or " tucked up" until thc^ lisii arc all broiioht into a hao- or ])oucii at 
 the l)unt. after which they are dippcHl out. 
 
 ^[(irli'i'il jixhiiKj. — The three princi])al methods adojited in ,Iai)an for 
 the capture of mackerel are hand-line Hshinu-. lono--line tishino-. and 
 net tishino". 
 
 The hand-line lishery is often conducted at nioht 1)v torchlioht, by 
 which laro(> schools of mackerel are hrouo'ht tog'cther. Sometimes 
 lamplioht may he used instead of torches. The hand-line is used to 
 depths of 10 to 50 fathoms in o-ood tidal currents, accordino- to Japa- 
 nese writers, ]>ut it is difficult to understand the need of Hshint^ so 
 deep Avhen the fish are attracted by a light or i»y tole l)ait. 
 
 Mackerel and sardines are used for bait: if these can not l)e ()])tained 
 fresh, salted lish are taken. The tole bait, which is put into a small 
 bag" or net-and-Avire cao-e. consists of the luinced Hesh of the sardine or 
 mackerel. It will be understood that the tole bait is not thrown out 
 into the water, as is the practice in the United States, to attract the 
 tish to the surface, where they can ])e taken with short lines, Imt it is 
 used oidy in small quantities on the g-car, that is lowered down to a 
 depth where the}' are supposed to be. 
 
 The trawl line is set so that it will float at some intermediate depth, 
 and is supported ])y live barrel buoys, and with a l)uoy line from r>00 to 
 350 feet long- bent to the trawl line at regular intervals. At the lower 
 end of each buoy line is a small stone sinker. In addition there are 
 nine smaller stones bent to the tr:iwl line at regular intervals. 
 
 The net fishing depends for success on attracting schools of mackerel 
 with torchlights, a method which has been practiced in Japan for four 
 centuries or more. 
 
 The rectangular net is held in a flat position some distance below the 
 surface by four boats ])ulling on the ropes fastened to its sides. Two 
 other boats armed wi(h blazing dragons row about in the vicinity 
 until they have each attracted a school of tish, when thej' steer for the 
 middle of the net. the mackerel following the torches. Then the flsh- 
 ermen in the four boats pidl up quickly on the sides of the net to 
 inclose the fish, the torches are extinguished, and the boats that 
 carried them row out of the net. The latt(M- is then gradually gath- 
 ered in until the fish can be taken out. 
 
 Products. — The exhibits of products were rather limited. The most 
 
 ' Catalogue of Exhibits relating to the Fisheries of Japan at the World's Columbian 
 Exposition, pp. 25-26. 
 
W^ff^W?^^^"^" 
 
 IMtelHBHHiHHiliVWMIMir^ 
 
 ■ J I Mili i liW 
 
 UMlM 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 421 
 
 notable objects under this bead Avere canned sahnon, oysters, sardines, 
 eels, etc. The canned salmon exhil)ited by Tatsujiro Fnjino and Riiita 
 Mizushima were of excellent ((ualit}', while the canned o3sters shown 
 by Uhichi Kita, the iish soup by Kosan Kwaisha, iind the .sardines in 
 oil by the ]\Iatsuda Fish Cannery deserye mention. 
 
 The Yokohama Fish Oil Company exhibited \arious kinds of oil, 
 and 8. Ito had a small collection of medicinal cod-liyer oil. 
 
 Adhcsiye paper prepared with fish <2,lue, samples of pearl oysters 
 and pearls, and objects made from turtle-shell were among the notice- 
 able products of the fisheries. The Japanese excel in the maiiufacture 
 
 luikl box uiiil jfWL'l ciusi'. 
 
 of yarious ornanuMital or useful articles from turtle-shell. Amono- these 
 were ladies' toilet extension boxes and jewel cases (tio-. o(»!t), ladies"' hat 
 pins, fan frames, photograph frames, and yarious other things. 
 
 KN^Gi-L^lSTD. 
 
 General considerations. — Among the countries imofficially repre- 
 sented England uiupiestionably had the most important and instructiye 
 exhibits. Inasmuch, howcyer, as these were wholly ])riyate collec- 
 tions, and each exhi])it()r was naturally concei-ncd solely in (exploiting 
 his own wares or l)usiness, it was scarcely to )»' expectecl that the 
 liritish display Ayould embrace objects included in more than a few of 
 the groups and classes of the official classitication. 
 
 Great Bi-itain is, par excellence, the ])uild(n- of the most appi-oyed 
 forms of modern iishing yessels and other steam craft used in connec- 
 tion with European fisheries. It is also prominent in fuinishing 
 equipments of all kinds for these, from the smallest in4)lement to an 
 otter net. or a steam winch for operating it. It was, therefoi-e. in har- 
 mony with the fitness of things that the collections exhibited were 
 largely, if not exclusiyely, i-epi-esentatiye of the building, rei)aiiing, 
 and Ciiuipment of fishing yessels. 
 
422 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 Tlio rccciil ii()t;il)l(' <l('\fl()piue'Mt of llic Uritisli market tislicries, the 
 afhiinci' ill the iiiclliods of carinjr foi- lisli on shipl)oai-(l. tlic change 
 from sailing- to .strain V(>ss(^ls, and the improvement in the equipments 
 for men and fleets are reinarkaf)lo phasos of the tishing in(histrv of 
 Groat liritain which (h^serve special study and considiM-ation. par- 
 ticularly in y'ww of the decadent condition of American deep-sea 
 fisheries. Indeed, so strono-ly did this impi-ess me, and so important 
 did it seem to the welfare and continuanc(> of oui- Atlantic sea fisheries, 
 that after the close of the exhil>ition 1 visitc^l some of the most 
 important lish markets in Scotland and England for the purpose of 
 study and ol)servation. 
 
 T7xsv/.v. — The firm of Kdwards Brothers, of North Shields, exhiliited 
 a most interesting and instructive collection of models and photogi-aphs 
 
 
 
 
 . 
 
 
 
 
 
 •X ■ 
 
 '■\^' 
 
 1 
 
 ^,^JI^ 
 
 t 
 
 
 i 
 
 IgPP 
 
 
 
 
 
 ■ ■/:"- ■ " 
 
 Fig. ;;1U.— htfaiu tiuwlui- Hawk. (K.\liibiL ui Ldwanl.s Brulhcr.s.) 
 
 of fishing steamers built ))y them, which represented the leading fea- 
 tures of this class of British-1)uilt A'essels. Those exhibited wcmv mostly 
 models of trawlei's, which range from '•») to 11() f(M^t in length, ^Fhese 
 have been the usual limits of size, ])ut recently larger vessels are in 
 demand, and some trawlers ai-e sevcn-al feet longei"; few are now built 
 less than 100 feet in length, while the welled long-line steamers that lish 
 at Faroe and Iceland, and bi'ing houK^ fares of living and iced fish, have 
 sometimes exceeded 12;") feet in length between uprights. The small 
 trawlers, like the ILiwh (tig. ;>!<>), are generally for inshore fishing, 
 while those lik<^ the J.iicrfiu, of 107 feet in lengtii (tig. -Ul). visit the 
 distant iishing groimds and encounter all conditions of sea and weather. 
 Th(^ British Iishing steamei- is usually built of iron; sometimes steel 
 is used instead, but as thei'i^ is not the .•^ame necessitv for limiting the 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIfiS EXHIBITION. 423 
 
 weight of the hull ji.s in the case of :i large iiierchaiit vessel, steel has 
 not been extensively employed in constructing steamers for fishing. 
 For details of construction of this class of vessels reference is made to 
 the " Report on the British lu^am-trawl tishery,'' etc., and "Sugges- 
 tions for the improvement of fishing vessels," published some years 
 ago by the writer in the bulletins of the United States Fish Com- 
 mission.* 
 
 'rh(^ tvpical fishing steamer has a moderately shar}) 1)()W. fiaring 
 slightly above water; st(Mn straight and nearly vertical above water, 
 curved l)elow; rising floor (there is considerai)le variation in the midsec- 
 tion, some steamei-s being appreciably sharper on the floor than others, 
 ])ut most of them are substantially alike in the angle of rise, which is 
 usually moderate); rsithei- easy bilgc\ with or without bilge keels (the 
 vessels built by Edwards Brothers have bilge keels, which increase 
 their steadiness in a seaway); well-formed run of medium length; four- 
 bladed single propeller screw; round-heeled rudder, and overhanging 
 round stern. The sheer is a remarkable feature, the bow standing up 
 high and bold to breast the waves, but the stern is nmch lower. Some 
 steamers have a flush deck, but a quarter deck of \arying length and 
 height is common. Sometimes there is a raised forecastle deck. Gen- 
 erally the smokestack stands approximately three-fifths the vessel's 
 length from the stem head, ])ut sometimes it may be either farther aft 
 or forward. The cabin is aft, and the forecastle under deck forward. 
 The boat is usually stowed in chocks abaft the mizzenmast. The bridge 
 is 7 or 8 feet above deck, inuuediately forward of the mizzeiunast, and 
 is reached by steps. Recently the tendency is to have a pilot house 
 forward of the smokestack, as on the Lucerne^ and sometimes there is 
 a bridge or outlook on top of it." Steam steering gear has been put 
 on the most modern fishing steamers. 
 
 The steam winch for heaving in the steel trawl warps usually is a 
 little forward of amidships on the main deck. The trawl warps pass 
 
 ^The Beam-Trawl Fishery of Great Britian, with notes on Beain-Trawling in other 
 European Countries, by J. "\V. Collin^i, TL S. Fiwh Com. Bull., Vol. 7, pp. 289-407. 
 
 Suggestions for the employment of improved types of vessels in the Market Fislieries, 
 with notes on British Fishing steamers, U. S. Fish Com. Bull., Vol. 8, \^\^. 175-192. 
 
 ^ There is considerable diversity of opinion as to the relative merits of the bridge 
 and pilot house on fishing steamers. Some contend that it is more humane and 
 better to have the fishermen as comfortably provided for as practicable, especially 
 while steering in cold, fierce winds, when exposure to the chilling l)la.sts and driving 
 sleet and spume on a bridge is, to say tlie least, cnit'l iimiishnH'nt that taxi's human 
 endurance to the utmost. 
 
 On the other hand, it is urged tiiat being protected in a pilot hou.se is " too soft a 
 job" for the wheelsman who, because he is more comfortal)le, may fall asleep, to the 
 great peril of his vessel and shipmates, not to speak of the danger to other ve.ssels 
 which such negligence involves. However, the pilot house is gradually superseding 
 the bridge, and doubtless the prejudice of conservatism will yield more and more to 
 the innovation that seeks to improve the comfort of the fishermen. 
 
424 
 
 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 around iron or steel Itolhirds and (hence ()\('i- rollers in the sides. Two 
 trawls are used, one on each side, hut not at the same time, ^\'hen 
 one trawl is hove in. and while the men are busy eleaiine- it of tish and 
 o-ettinji" it ready to shoot ag'ain — possibly icpairine- damaecs — the other 
 is .shot, and thus no time for iishin*;- is lost. 
 
 On each side forward of tiie main rig-gine- and on the <|uartxn-. 15 or 
 20 feet from the stei-n, aiv iron derricks oi- davits, witii ])ulleys 
 attached, for lifting- the otters over the i-ails and bringing them in on 
 deck. Abreast of these on the sides of the vesstd are chating bands 
 for pre\'enting chafe from the ti'awl otters, and usually one or more 
 of these bands extend along the midship section also, where the trawl 
 net comes in. 
 
 The forecastle has eight berths, and the cabin usually has six. Over 
 the cabin is a raised sk3iight. The engine room is immediately for- 
 
 FiG. 311. — Steam trawler Lucerne. (K.xhibit of Edward.s Brothers.) 
 
 ward of the cabin, and the boiler room next forward of that. The tish 
 room and ice pens are between the forecastle and boiler room. 
 
 SoiiK^ of the a))ove-mentioned d»'tails of equipunMit are not counuonly 
 found on the steamers employed in the long-line fisheries, but it is pos- 
 sible for a vessel to be fitted so that she is available for trawling and 
 for fishing with lines. Many of the liners, however, have wells for 
 keeping fish alive. The details of deck and interior arrangement of 
 steam trawlers are shown in Plate LXV. These are the plans of a steam 
 trawler recently built by the firm of Cochran & Cooper, at Beverly, 
 near Hull. It is about the average size now being built for deep-sea 
 fisheries. The largest built by this firm in 18S>8 was a welled steam 
 liner for fishing at Iceland in summer. She was 128 feet long over 
 all, 21 feet 9 inches beam, and 12 feet depth of hold. She had bilge 
 keels. Her plates were from one-half to five-eighths inch thick. I am 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 425 
 
 indebted to Messrs. Cochran & Cooper for oourtesies, among which 
 was the gift of the plans published herewith.' 
 
 The rig- of the tishing steamer is what is eailed the '■ dandy rig" in 
 England. In the United States it would probably be eailed a schooner 
 rig. 
 
 It consists of two pole masts, the mainmast being considerably 
 longer than the mizzemnast. No bowsprit is carried ; the mainstay 
 and main tojnnast-stay set up at thi^ stemhead. Three sails are com- 
 monh" carried — jib or staysail, mainsail, and mizzen. The latter two 
 are often ])oom and gaff sails, but it is becoming customar}^ to have 
 leg-o'-mutton mainsails and mizzens, which are preferred by many, 
 since their use avoids the jerk of gaff's in a rolling sea. Sometimes 
 two jibs are used. Sails are not, however, much depended on, though 
 they assist considerably sometimes with fresh or strong leading winds, 
 especiall}' on long passages. 
 
 The Grimsby steamers usually have triple-expansion engines of 285 
 to 450 indicated horsepower, and a speed, under steam alone, of 9^ to 
 lOi knots. 
 
 The steam liner Phalarope, of Aberdeen, 103 feet long, 20 feet beam, 
 and 11 feet deep, had upright compound engines of 285 indicated 
 horsepower, 21-inch stroke, 110 revolutions per minute; multitubular 
 boilers; 10 knots speed, and consumed 2^ tons coal per day at full 
 speed. 
 
 A welled vessel costs about $1,000 more than a trawler. A welled 
 steamer, 128 feet long, 21 feet 6 inches beam. 12 feet depth of hold, 
 complete for sea, with triple-expansion engines, boiler 11 by 10 feet, 
 180 pounds working pressure — tested to 350 pounds— with complete 
 set of fishing lines, costs $30,000. A steam trawler of the same size, 
 ready for sea, including two sets of trawls and spare gear, costs 
 129,000, but a trawler 100 feet long costs only al)out $20,000. These 
 figures do not include cost of coal, ice, or provisions. 
 
 The vessels up to 112 to 114 feet in length, built at Beverly, had 
 triple-expansion engines of 350 indicated horsepower, but those 120 
 feet long had engines from 400 to 450 horsepower, and a speed of 10 
 to lOi knots, with an expenditure of 3^ tons of coal per day. 
 
 Following are the relative dimensions of a steam trawler: Length 
 over all, 111 feet; beam, extreme, 20 feet; depth of hold, 10 feet 8 
 inches; stem to mainmast, 28 feet 6 inches; length of forecastle deck, 
 
 ^As an indication of the remarkable prosperity of the tishing trade, and tlie effort 
 that is being made in P^ngland to increase the steam-fisliing fleet, it may be stated 
 that in 1898 Messrs. Cochran & Cooper lannched 35 fishing steamers at an average 
 cost approximating $27,000 each, and had orders booked for 1899 for 41 vessels of 
 that class. When one firm in a small town like Beverly finds about a million dollars 
 worth of business annually in building fishing vessels, the condition is one that 
 deserves the attention of American fishing interests. 
 
426 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 18 feet t> inches; iiiiiiniiiast to sm(»k('stiick. 33 feet; luiz/.ciiiiiast for- 
 ward of taffrail, 20 feet; iiiainniast abovo i-ail. 4S fcft: mainhooiii. 29 
 feet; .smokestack, above rail. 2(» foet; bridjre. al)ov(' deck, <; feet 6 
 inches; niizzeiunast al)ove rail. 35 feet; spanker boom. 22 feet. 
 
 There were no exhi))its of sailing- fishing" ves.sels, for the reason that 
 few, if any. are now built foi* ti'awlinti- or the lonij-line fisheiv. and 
 owners of those still employed are anxious to dispose of them. It is 
 true that extensive fleets of keteh-i-ioofed cutters still opei-ate beam 
 trawls, (irimsby alone had apj)roximately 30(> vessids of this class in 
 1898. liut th(\v are rapidly beine- superseded and sold for other trades, 
 and theii" places are l)eintr filled by steam ves.sels. which are so nuich 
 more efi'ective that it is considered one steamer is e(iual in pi'oducti\ (> 
 capacity to five sailing smacks.' 
 
 It is difficult to realize the change which has taken place since 1883, 
 when the International Fisheries P^xhibition was held in London. At 
 that time steamers were being- introduced to a limited extent and more 
 or less experimentally, and the model of the..sailing cutter 7' '/v////' Pmck- 
 land (PI. LXVI) was given the highest award as the best I'epresenta- 
 tive type of a beam trawler. Hut sail had to yield to steam. dt>spite 
 the deterrent influence of invested interests, and the effort has Itc'cn tO 
 sell the sail-dri\en \'essels as fast as practical)le and sup[)ly their places 
 with steamers. This is evidenced ])y the fact that the steam fleet of 
 (irimsby nunibcied about 300 vessels in 1898. When wo consider that 
 this is the creation of oidy fifteen years of effort — for (irimsf)y had- 
 only two or three steam fishing vessels in 1883 — and that the capital 
 invested in this })iscat()rial steam navy ag'gregates about $6,000,000 
 from this single port, the magnitude of the change and the impoi'tance 
 of the industry ai'c a})j)arent. Nor should it be forgotton that the fleet 
 is grow iiig t)v leaps and bounds, as already indicated, and the i)resent 
 outlook suggests a devidopment along this Iin(> in the immediate future — 
 if indeed it has not already occurred — that may fairly be considered the 
 most remarkable, as well as the most important, phase of the fishing 
 industries of the worid. When millions are anjuially devottnl to 
 increasing the steam-fishing fleet, it is not difficult to ai)pi"eciate the 
 influence which steam has had on the British tishing industry, while 
 the immensity of the latter is indicated in no unmistakable manner. 
 
 Aid i foul I iKj paint . — Clo.sely a.ssociated with vessels, and pai'ticularly 
 with steamers, is the question of preventing their bottoms from foul- 
 ing. Therefore, the exhibit ])v the Ilolzapfels Composition Company, 
 Limited, of anti-corrosive and anti-fouling compositions or paints for 
 preserving and protecting the bottoms of irt)n or steel steamers, or 
 copper paint for wooden fishing smacks, was apjjropriately placed near 
 the collections repre.sentijig fishing vessels. It is pertinent to i-emark 
 
 ^ At the time this is going through the press it can be stated that at the close of 
 1900 only M flailing ves.sels remained in the fisliing fleet of Grim.sln-, while there 
 had been a corresponding increase in the steam fleet, which numbered 486 vessels. 
 
Plate LXVI. 
 
 ic«(t if I't>i.t. 
 
 SAILING TRAWLER FRANK BUCKLAND. 
 Dmwii !)>• C. B. HiKlsoii. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 427 
 
 that these coinpo.sitioii.s are equally applicat)le to any steel, iron, or 
 wooden sui-faces which are immersed. These products are sold exten- 
 sively in continental Europe. 
 
 Fishimi (jeai' (Uid (leneraloxtfit^. — Theexhil)it of the Great Grimsby 
 Coal, Salt, and Tanning Company, Limited, was not oidy interesting 
 and instructive from the standpoint of enil)racin<i;- varied collections 
 illustrating- the business of ecpiipment of fishing vessels and their 
 crews, but the progressive development of the company itself epito- 
 mizes the changes and prospin'ity which ha\'e characterized the British 
 fish trade in the past two or three decades. 
 
 The company was formed at Grimsby, in 1.S73, by owners of fishing 
 smacks and their friends, the main ol)ject being to furnish their vessels 
 with coal and salt, and provide suitable accoumiodation for tanning 
 sails and nets, the tanning business being then an important part of 
 the outfitting or pr<»paratoi"v stages for fishing. Hence the name was 
 peculiarly appropriate for the time and the modest efi'orts for the first 
 decade, but it fails now to convey an adequate conception of the scope 
 or magnitude of the company's operations, and the remarkable diver- 
 sity of materials furnished l)y it to its customers in various parts of 
 Great Britain and the continent. 
 
 I knew it in 1880, before it attained pretentious proportions; its 
 exhibit at London three j^^ars later indicated success in its initiatory 
 stages, but from time to time different branches of industry or trade 
 have been added, thus accelerating its development and increasing 
 efiiciency for equipment of men and fieets, until the claim is now made 
 that it is ""the largest firm in connection with the fishing trade in the 
 world. '• 
 
 Again, in the autumn of 18'.>8, when visiting Grimsby, on my return 
 home from Bergen, I had the opportunity to inspect the various plants 
 of this company, where a great variety of equipments are manufac- 
 tured; from ganging hooks, making fishermen's clothing or lanterns 
 for use at sea, to the building of steam engines, l)oilers, or steam cap- 
 stans or winches. This was fully availed of and appreciated, for it 
 supplemented the studies of the exhibit at Bergen, and led to a 
 clearer comprehension of the work accomplished by the firm. 
 
 This may justly be referred to in detail since it otters a suggestion 
 as to what may be accomplished in the United States in a similar direc- 
 tion l)y united ett'ort intelligently directed. And the fact should not 
 be lost sight of that the manufacturers in this case ai'e largeU' the 
 owners of fishing vessels, and the profits accruing do not go to outside 
 parties, )>ut add to the financial strength and permanency of the fishery 
 industry. 
 
 The exhibit was divided into several groups or classes, to which only 
 brief reference can be made. The most important included various 
 objects of equipment for fishing v(\ssels. Among these were trawl 
 nets, fishing lines, sample bunches of ganged hooks for trawl lines — it 
 
 S. Doc. 39- -80 
 
428 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 is custoiuiirv to prepare these on shore- huoy lines, cordaj^c of \ arious 
 kinds, including steel rope such as is used for rigging vessels or towing 
 trawls: twines for making trawls, etc. ; hooks of several kinds, winches 
 for hea\ing in lt)ng lines, leads and lead lines, logs and log lines, nau- 
 tical instruments of many kinds, marine clocks, spyglasses and niai iiic 
 glasses, barometers and thermometers, sailmakers' palms and nt'cdles. 
 blocks, ships" signals: various tools ordinarily useil on shi}) hoard, includ- 
 ing knives employed in lisheries; implements for cooking, etc. 
 
 The collection of lanterns manufactured l)y the company was spe- 
 cially notit'cable. The lanterns were skillfully made, mostly of coj^imm", 
 and seemed to be well designed for the several purposes for which they 
 were intended. Among these were the common forms of running 
 (port and starboard) lights, with dioptric and plain lenses: anchor liglits: 
 copper masthead steaming light: a triplex masthead fishing light, with 
 dioptric lens, carried at masthead of steam trawlers when towing theii' 
 nets; sqviare deck lanterns, and several other varieties, including one 
 designated as a "shooting lantern," used on fishing vessels when the 
 gear is shot at night. A special pattern of l)uoy lantern had two 
 lugs on one side with rings to fit over the end of a buoy start'. This is 
 used on net or line buoys set at night and is a most useful form of 
 lantern, for it is of rather light weight and therefore can l)e suppoi'ted 
 at the top of a buoy start', which is important. esj>ecially if the weather 
 is rough, for the fishermen are thus better a])le to keep tiack of the 
 position of their gear. Cargo lamps and lanterns, engine-ioom lamps, 
 stern lanterns — to hang over the stern at certain times — gim])al lamps, 
 and others are among those manufactured by this company. 
 
 The fog horns exhibited indicated no inii)i'()\('m(Mit over the foi-ms 
 ordinarily seen for sale. 
 
 An interesting feature of the exhibit was the tollection of lisher- 
 men''s clothing, boots and shoes, which are extensively nianufactured 
 b}' the company, and in considei'able variety. The oljject is to have 
 these materials strong, warm, and serviceable, rather than highly tin- 
 ished and attractive to the ordinary buyer. The heavier clothing is 
 made of woolen stuff specially manufactured for the purpose. This 
 applied particularly to the woolen "fear-naught" trousers, which are 
 ver}^ thick and warm, as well as strong, and are preeminently service- 
 able and comfortable in winter weather. The woolen underwear, 
 stockings, hand-knitted guernseys, Faroe guernseys, cardigan jackets, 
 etc., partake of the same characteristics in greater or less degree, and 
 one can but feel that garments specially made for the needs of lisher- 
 men are vasth' better for them than anything we have in the United 
 States, where no provision of this kind is made, and as a rule the fish- 
 erman utilizes at sea his more or less worn out "store clothes" that 
 are no longer suitable to wear on shore. 
 
 Only passing allusion need be made to the oil clothing, whiiii, like 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 429 
 
 ull the European -made garments of this class, is much hcavioi than 
 American-made oil clothes, and although of good (juaiit}', the standard 
 is seemingly not so high as is found in the goods manufactured in New 
 England. This would doubtless be most apparent in cold weather, when 
 the European oil clothing must become ver}- stifl', thus making it diffi- 
 cult to move about with it on, not to speak of its liability to break. 
 But the tishermen, accustomed all their lives to such waterproof gar- 
 ments, seem to demand tlu'm; hence they are made. 
 
 Rubber clothing, made on the same [)atterns as the oiled garments 
 for lishermen's use, is apparently unknown to British tishermen, 
 although it has been used largely by Ariierican fishermen for many 
 years, being preferred b}^ many because its flexibility gives greater 
 freedom of action in cold weather. 
 
 Photographs of the company's stores, the several braiu-hcs of its 
 manufacturing department, etc., added interest and instruction to the 
 exhibit. But, as alread\' stated, it was my privilege, through the 
 courtesy of Mr. Harrison Mudd, president, and Mr. Charles F. Carter, 
 secretary of the company, to see in actual operation the various 
 branches of industry represented by the photographs, from the manu- 
 facture of tishermen''s clothing to the coaling of a fishing steamer. 
 
 The original purpose of the company to supply coal and salt to the 
 fishing fleet and to tan sails, etc., is still prominent, and the trade in 
 coal has materially increased in recent 3'ears, due to the employment 
 of so many steamers. Coal and salt are couvenientl}" supplied from 
 the company's premises to sailing vessels, which require only small 
 amounts of fuel. Special arrangements have been made to meet tiie 
 requirements for steam coal, which is quickly put on board from the 
 "coal drops,'' or from lighters lying in one of the docks. 
 
 Sails are tamied in buildings near the fish docks, and since this 
 is the universal method for preserving canvas and is extensively used 
 for nets, the business is one of no insignificant proportions. Oak 
 bark, cutch, tar, and ocher are the materials used. 
 
 Paint is manufactured, particularly a composition for vessel's 
 bottoms. 
 
 The manufacture of twine, Ashing lines, snoods, nets, inchiding 
 trawls, a patent "rounding" for trawl ground-ropes, etc., is another 
 branch of work. 
 
 T was much im])ressed with the department devoted to engineering, 
 boiler making and shipsmith's work (PI. LXVII), for this not only 
 emphasized the change which has taken place in the vessels themselves, 
 but showed in no unmistakable manner the remarkable proportions 
 to which the fish trade of (rrimsby has attained, ^^'hen one sees 
 extensive and well-equipped works, and a large force of men devoted 
 to the manufacture of boilers, engines, and numerous things recpiin^d 
 by fishing steamers, it is an object lesson that should not easily be 
 
430 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 forgotten. t"(ii' it not only iiuliciitos ])ros))(M'ity in the lislicrics. hut it 
 shows how the siu'ces-sfiil niana^cnicnt of thcni may luiiM up other 
 branches of inchislrv and ])ut into eireiilation no iiicoiisideraMe sums 
 of money. 
 
 Tlie raj^id increase in the steam tishing fleet has resulted in many 
 inventions to save time and labor in operating tishing gear and getting 
 trawls on l)oard -ordinarily called " boarding the tish." Thus there 
 are various patented appliances, such as steam winches, gangway rollers, 
 bollards, and "dandy"'"' scores, which constitute aji important part of 
 the products of this establishmcMit. 
 
 In the ironmongery section (PI. LXIII) a great variety of useful and 
 necessary articles are manufactured. An efl'ort has been made to ])ro- 
 duce cooking utensils specially adapted to the requirenu'nts of tishing 
 vessels. The lanterns and lamps have already been referred to at some 
 length, but l)y seeing them in the process of manufacture and having 
 the construction explained l)y skillful artisans one gains a lu'tter con- 
 ception of what ma}'" be accomplished in th(^ way of ])erfecting such 
 things for special purposes. 
 
 After seeing the result of this combined and intelligent eii'ort on the 
 part of the tishing trade to be a producer, in large part, of the objects 
 required for equipment, one can but feel that it would be to the 
 advantage of American deep-sea fishing interests if something like it 
 could be accomplished in the United States, But as the conditions 
 referred to are largely due to the success which has followed the adop- 
 tion of steam tishing vessels, it is scarcely to be expected that material 
 change will occur in the American deep-sea fisheries until it is demon- 
 strated that, for market fishing at least, steam-driven vessels are more 
 profitable than sailing craft. 
 
 Ohservations on Jisheri&s and fish rnarkeU. — The following notes on 
 British fisheries and the methods of marketing fish ar(^ based upon 
 studies and observations made in Scotland and England. They are far 
 from exhaustive. It is not intended to make them so, but simply to 
 invite attention to some salient features, the discussion of which at this 
 time may prove ludpful, in a suggestive way, to those interested in 
 supph^ng our markets with fresh fish. 
 
 Aside from herring, nearly all the sea fish taken by British fishei-- 
 men are marketed fresh, and whatever tends to improve the quality of 
 the product and to make the supply nearly uniform at all times leads 
 to greater appreciation of and reliance upon this kind of food and 
 enhances the demand for it. It is scarcely necessary to add that suc- 
 cess in commercial fishing depends on the creation of a demand for the 
 products, the practical certainty of meeting with ([uick sales and get- 
 ting remunerative prices. Whatever brings this develops prosperity, 
 and the latter commands the services of the most skillful, courageous, 
 and enterprising men. It is my purpose briefly to point out a few 
 
INTEKNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 431 
 
 things which seem to have brought about an unexampled period of 
 prosperity in the British fisheries. 
 
 Existing conditions are doubtU\ss due largely, if not exclusively, to 
 improvements in putting fresh fish upon the market. While in (rreat 
 Britain T had a purpose in eating fish, generall}^ to test their qualitj'. 
 I ate them at hotels, in plain eating houses, at restaui'ants. at boarding- 
 houses, and in private families, and invarial)ly found them in the best 
 condition, with their natural flavors well preserved. I visited the tish 
 markets at the fishing towns and in London and noted the condition in 
 which the tish are marketed by the wholesale trade, and the retail 
 markets of the metropolis Avere also subjects of observation. In all 
 cases the result was satisfactory and the condition of the products, as 
 sent to the retailer or delivered to the consumer, suggested the reason 
 why the demand for fish exists. For it is evident that the sale of fish 
 in the best possible condition creates a market for more, while every 
 fish sold which gives dissatisfaction to the consumer decreases the 
 demand for such food. This being conceded, the next thmg to con- 
 sider is the question of how present conditions in the British fish trade 
 have been brought about. 
 
 Unquestionably the adoption of steam fishing vessels has been the 
 prime factor that has made present conditions possible. It is true 
 much was done by steam carriers to improve conditions before the 
 advent of steam trawlers and steam liners. I)ut while the former are 
 still performing a valual)le service in attending upon the fleets of 
 sailing smacks and daily bringing their catch to market, the frequent 
 independent trips of the steam liner and steam trawler have revolu- 
 tionized the trade, and made possible what was before impracticable. 
 
 A rivahy also seems to exist between fishing ports regarding the 
 quality of fish put upon the market, and this tends to good results, for 
 the recognition of the fact that the trade of a place depends upon the 
 reputation esta))lished for its goods impels all to use the utmost care 
 and good judgment. 
 
 Of course when steanu?rs — either trawlers or liners — make trips to 
 distant fishing grounds, like those lying off the west coast of Norway, 
 the Faroes, and Iceland, the fish must of necessity be on board several 
 days before they are landed, and the first caught are not in such fine 
 condition as when they can !>(> marketed within a day or so from the 
 time when they are caught, as is most connnonly the case. It is. how- 
 ever, to be said that many, if not most, of the line steamers which 
 make these distant cruises have wells in which the fish first taken can 
 be kept alive. The last of the catch can then be iced, and will thus be 
 comparatively new and in good condition when the vessel arrives, for 
 the passage is seldom longer than three days. The trawled fish caught 
 at the same time and place nuist of necessity be in a less desiral»le con- 
 dition, for all are iced. Nevertheless, it is fair to state that vessels 
 
432 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 resortin*^ to these distiint o-rouiids usually tish ti very shoi-t tiin<\ con- 
 sequently it nii-ely liiippeiis tluit their i'jii-es ai'e in had ordin* when 
 discharged. 
 
 It i.s also ti'ue tliat th(^ n-i"eat hulk of the cateh is taken coiniJai'a- 
 tively near home, and the fisli aie marketed in the l)(\st possible 
 manner. 
 
 Nt'thdih (if irnwliuii^ etc.- — In recent years the beam trawl has been 
 entirely superseded by the otter trawl on steamt^rs. The ottei- trawl 
 covers more ground, fishes better than the beam trawl, and is eas}- to 
 handle. The ordinary width of the mouth is 64 feet, which is 1() feet 
 wider than the largest beam trawl. The otters are 8 feet long and 3 
 feet inches to 4 feet high. There is little change in the construction 
 of the trawl net, except in the size. The wings, belly, square, etc., 
 are longer, but the '"" cod-end"" is the same as in the beam trawl. 
 
 The ottei" trawl is well adapted to the capture of haddock and other 
 free swimming species, which make up the bulk of a trawler"s catch. 
 
 When fishing, a trawl is ordinarily towed about threi^ hours. But 
 while this is perhaps the time most commonly adopted, there is con- 
 sidera})le variation, due to the character of the ground, the known or 
 supposed plentifulness of fish, etc. If a good catch is made, the trawl 
 on the opposite side of the steamer is shot as soon as one is up. and it 
 is towed over the same ground unless the strength and trend of the cur- 
 rent prevents. If, however, the result is unsatisfactory, the vessel 
 generally steams away to a new position. 
 
 Trawled fish are usually gutted and packed in ice on shehes in the 
 pens of the fish room. They are put in boxes for landing. If condi- 
 tions permit, the fish are boxed between 5 and 8 o'clock on the morn- 
 ing of the arrival and put on the pier or "pontoon"" for sale. With 
 few exceptions, fish from trawlers are sold in boxes at drimsb}", but 
 the line-caught fish, such as cod, halibut, etc., are laid out in rows, 
 according" to sizes and condition, and sold by the .score, if there is a 
 considtM-able quantity in a lot; otherwise they are disposed of by the 
 piece, pair, or lot. The sales begin at 8 o"clock a. m. and continue 
 until all fish are disposed of. Everything i.s sold by auction. While 
 the sales are still going on the fish sold are rapidly packed in boxes, 
 barrels, or other receptacles, and are promptly dispatched on swift 
 trains to their destinations in various parts of the countr}-.* 
 
 Long-line Ji^hmg. — The steam long-line fishery, however, seems to 
 demand more attention here than trawling, for the reason that there 
 is small probability of the latter inuuediately becoming a prominent 
 feature of oui- fisheri(\s. while the long-line or trawl-line fishery is 
 alread}^ well established in the United States, although it is prosecuted 
 
 ^See Report on the Beain-trawl Fishery of Great Britain for further details of 
 trawling, marketing the catch, etc U. S. Fish Com. Bull., pp. 209-407. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 433 
 
 froni .sailing- vessels and l)y an entirely different method from that in 
 vogue in (iroat Britain.^ 
 
 The steam liner Plialarope^ one of the fleet of Mr. T. F. Robertson 
 Carr, of Aberdeen, may be taken as a fair example of the iirst-class 
 long-line steamers fishing from that port, although she is not so large 
 and expensive as many of the liners from (xrimsby, some of which are 
 120 feet long or more between perpendiculars, or about 130 feet over al I. 
 The Philiirope is 103 feet long. However, her eciuipment, the arrange- 
 ment for the care of fish, and the methods of fishing pi'osecuted on her 
 may be taken as typical, though of course there ma}^ be some local 
 difl'erences of outfit, and the exigencies of fishing, or individual opin- 
 ions of ditt'erent skippers, may cause some variation at times in fishing. 
 
 Fishing gear.- — The lines used by the Phdlarojje are rigged for the 
 capture of halil)ut. cod, ling, and various other species of ground fish 
 which can be taken with hooks. The ground lines are hemp. The}' 
 weigh 3i pounds to the "cut'^ of 60 fathoms. The gangings or snoods 
 weigh li pounds to the "cut." No. 12 Kirbv-bend hooks are used. 
 
 The gangings are 2 fathoms long and approximately -1 fathoms apart 
 on the ground line. The lines are rigged in "strings" of 60 fathoms 
 each, and eight of these, with a total of 130 hooks, constitute a " bas- 
 ket" of line. The lines are coiled in large willow baskets, which have 
 cork around one side of the rim for the hooks to stick into. The 
 PhaJurope carries 1-0 of these baskets of line, with .5,200 hooks, and an 
 aggregate length of 20,200 fathoms, or considerably more than 20 
 miles of line. 
 
 The buoy lines do not differ materially from those of the New Eng- 
 land fishermen. Hard- wood conical buoys are used. These have a 
 long wooden staff' going vertically through the middle, and usually 
 fitted to receive a lantern at the top. 
 
 The "hook iron" used for disgorging hooks from fish, or killing 
 them, is made of three-quarter-inch iron, 13 to 16 inches long, with a 
 knob at one end, and with the opposite end flattened and split so as to 
 fit over the bend of a hook. 
 
 For a part of each year herring nets are carried for catching bait. 
 The season during which bait is taken by the line steamers is usually 
 
 ^ The exception to this is found alone on the Pacific coa.«it, where steamers have 
 been must ])rolital)ly employed in the halibut fishery. These are owned or con- 
 trolled by Kasteni capital, but, nevertheless, the same men who have reaped pmlits 
 from their I'acilic ventures hesitate to invest in steamers for the deep-sea Atlantic 
 lisheries. In recent years a few small steamers have found employment, more par- 
 ticularly in winter and spring, in beam trawling for flounders on certain sandy or 
 muddy areas of sea bottom near the coast, especially in Cape Cod Bay and vicinity. 
 It is said this fishery la reasonably remunerative, but the demand for fiat fish is 
 much less than in Europe, and there are no present indications of a marlsed expan- 
 sion of this industrv. 
 
434 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 from Maivli lo to Septenil)or 15. Soiiictiiiics hci rino- nets are Oiii-ried 
 later in the .si'usoii, and occasionally oven to November, if the steamers 
 are lishiujf on southern grounds, wheri» herring are often found late in 
 the A'ear. In winter squid and herring are purchased for bait. 
 
 A line steamer Avill carry about twenty-tive hei-ring nets in summer. 
 In Scotland sheepskin buoys are used for these, since they are yery 
 durable and tight, as well as cheap. They cost only about 60 cents 
 each, and last from three to four years. 
 
 A yellow sheepskin net-tloat looks like a pumpkin. Jt is 12 to 15 
 inches in diameter; is first tanned and then tarred on the inside; the 
 outsidi^ is usually coated with och(M-. Tt has a wooden stock or stati' in 
 it. around the neck of which the skin is gathered and lashed so ;is to 
 exclude water. There is a hole in the end of the stall' for the ])uoy 
 line to fasten into. 
 
 The stout warp which holds the nets to the yessel, when they are 
 set, has a section of chain next the nets. This warp is called a "bush- 
 rope" in Scotland. 
 
 MetliodK ofjishing. — The method of fishing is as follows: The lines 
 are shot from the vessel and hauled on board of her. Boats are neyer 
 used for setting or hauling the lines. It is yery seyere weather when 
 a steamer fails to set or haul her gear. Often the lines are shot, says 
 Captain Forbes, of the Phalarope^ when everything is afloat aft, Avhere 
 the men nuist stand to put them out. It is not uncommon for th(^ deck 
 to be full of water and baskets of trawl-line floating alwut. and it is 
 often difficult in ''coarse weather" for the men to keep their feet as 
 the yessel I'olls rails under or the short combing seas tumble on board. 
 
 When the lines are being shot, the yessel is kept at a speed of about 
 6i knots and headed across the current, if the conditions are at all 
 fayoral)le for such a course. In some instances, however, when it is 
 desirable to^ keep on a small patch of ground, the course ma}' be 
 changed, and less attention is given to the set of the tide. The object 
 in placing the lines at right angles to the current is so that th<> snoods 
 to Avhich tlu» hooks are l)ent will lay out clear of the ground line. 
 
 The lines are baited as they are set; three men are usually engaged 
 in baiting the hooks, and one man "runs them out." A whole her- 
 ring is put on each hook, particularly when fishing on soft bottom, 
 and always when there is sufficient bait. Occasionally, when bait is 
 scarce and the gear is put out on comparatively hard l)ottom, tlu^ her- 
 ring are cut in two and a section is put on each hook. A whole her- 
 ring is preferred for bait, especially on soft bottom, because of the 
 al)undanc(^ of the slime eel {Mixhie gluflnosd), which would soon strip 
 the hooks if the herring was cut and leaA'e small ciiance for the capture 
 of cod, halibut, or other useful species. In baiting, tiie hook is passed 
 through one eye of the herring and out through the back. 
 
 To shoot a long line, the buo^- is first thrown over and the buoy 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 435 
 
 line run out; then comes the anchor to which the lust end of the buoy 
 line and the tirst end of the ground line are bent. The hooks are then 
 baited and "run out," as already stated. Before one basket of line is 
 out an end of the second i)asket is bent on, and thus the work pro 
 ceeds until the whole string of gear is in the water, when the last 
 anchor, buoy line, and buoy follow, and the ground line with its many 
 ))aited hooks sinks to the l)ottoni. No buoys or anchors are used 
 besides those at the ends, except when a shot is made just before the 
 steamer is going to market and when it is important to have the line 
 sink to the bottom as soon as practicable, so that it may have more 
 time to Ush. Then a piece of metal, usually weighing 5 to 10 pounds, 
 is bent to the ground line about three })askets from the last end 
 thrown out. 
 
 After the line is out the steamer lies by the last ])uoy. keeping close 
 to it, so that it may not be lost sight of. There is a lantern on the top 
 of the staff, which enables the fishermen to keep track of the buoj^ dur- 
 ing the night, and strict orders are given those on watch to keep the 
 vessel in position. Indeed, this lying bv the "dan," as the buoy is 
 called, is a matter of the greatest importance to all, for the success of 
 the trip, as well as the value of the gear, depends upon always being 
 within sight of the light on the buoy staff'. It is customary to lie by 
 for about three hours. During this time a vessel usually steams against 
 the current from one-half mile to 2 miles, according to the condition of 
 the weather, when she stops and drifts back until she approaches close 
 to the "dan," or passes by it, when she again heads the tide and gets 
 into position. This is repeated until the time arrives to begin hauling 
 the gear. 
 
 In the meantime those not on watch are sleeping. It is important 
 to utilize every available minute for rest, for the men are compelled 
 when at sea to be actively engaged in arduous work, even when the 
 conditions are very severe, during the greater part of the twenty-four 
 hours. 
 
 The best time of the day for setting long lines for cod varies with 
 the seasons. In autumn more fish can be caught if the lines are shot 
 in the evening, while in spring better results are ol)tained )>y putting 
 them out late in the night or in the early morning. 
 
 The lines are hauled by night as well as by da^^ and under nearly all 
 conditions of weather. In the fall and all through the winter tishing 
 is prosecuted only at night, for day fishing would be unpr()tital)le. 
 Therefore, as stated, the lines are shot in the evening, and hauling 
 begins some three hours later. In spring and sunnner day fishing is 
 most successful. 
 
 The entire complement of gear is rarely set in winter. The quantity 
 used depends largely on the condition of the Aveather, ])ut it is seldom 
 that more than 25 or 30 baskets of line are shot at a time, since at that 
 
436 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 season it is doenied preferable to use a moderate (jiiaiitity of Liciir :md 
 thus have a better chance of getting early to market, for in w inter a 
 steamer ma^' market her catch three times a week, and cxccptionally 
 four times, while in sunnncr, when she is tishing on inort' distant 
 grounds, she may be able to make only one trip a week.' 
 
 Tn summer halibut constitute the most important part of thc^ catch 
 of steam liners from Aberdeen, but in wintei- skates ar«» in demand 
 and have been sold at good prices. Occasionally large financial results 
 have been obtained l)y a vessel making exceptionally good catches of 
 skates. 
 
 Cm'e of tJieJish. — Ice is used both in winter and summer for packing 
 the fish on board the steamers, and this is invariably ground fine ])efore 
 being taken on board, a custom practiced in all parts of Great Britain, 
 where block ice is not carried on the vessels. A})out two tons of ice 
 is usually sufficient for a winter trip, but the Aberdeen liners carry 
 dou))le that ((uantity in sunmier. and the vessels going on longer trips 
 to distant grounds take a relativeh' larger amount of ice. 
 
 The ice is stowed in a section of the vessel's hold devoted specially 
 to that purpose and called an "ice pound."" This is usually forward of 
 the fish room. A door leads from the ice room to the fish room for the 
 convenience of the men in getting the ice, which, being all ready, can be 
 promptly used. The fish room is subdivided into pens or bins, like the 
 ice house of a New England market schooner, and these have sliding 
 adiustable planks in front, so that they can be closed up gradually from 
 below as they are filled with fish. They are also fitted with plank shelves 
 or horizontal platforms. 8 inches apart,' upon which the fish are iced. 
 Thus, after the bottom tier in the pen is stowed a hiyer of fine ice is 
 put on the shelf next above, and the fish are laid on the ice. with ice 
 between them, but no ice is put on top of them, except when the ves- 
 sel is far from market, and it is not customary to lay one tier of fish 
 upon another. P^very possi})le effort is made to ])re\ent the fish from 
 having any appearance of being jammed. couscMiuently when lantled 
 they look as if they had just been taken fi'oni the water. 
 
 The aim of the Aberdeen fishermen has been to put their catch on 
 
 ^This applies generally, perhajis, but more particularly to the liners from Aber- 
 deen, which liyh in the North Sea or at the most imt fart lier off than the Shethuid 
 Ishinds or off the Norwejiian coaj^t. The Hiiers fnnii Mull and (irinishy tliat go to 
 the Faroes or to Iceland niaki' Innm'i' trips. As has been exjtlaiued, the latter are 
 usually welled vessels and briiiir in a lartre percentage of their catch alive, conse- 
 quently the fish are not affectc<l hy the length of the trip, while the condition of the 
 fish in tight-bottomed vessels, like those under consideration at Aberdeen, is mate- 
 rially dependent \\\um the time they arc in ice l)cforc licing marketed. 
 
 ^This was the arrangement on the J'li<(larojM', and 1 luiilerstood sul)stantially the 
 same method is followed on other steam liners, and e\cii on some if not all of tlie 
 steam trawleis. The I'lialarope carries about 45,(100 jMiunds of fresh lisii. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 437 
 
 the market in the best possible condition and within as short a time 
 as practicable after the}'^ are caught/ 
 
 MarhtltK/ the ciitch. — In winter the lines are usually hauled about 
 3 o'clo(^k in the morning-, and b}^ 10 or 12 o'clock of tiio same day the 
 steamer is in port and the catch is landed. In summer, wIkmi the v(\s- 
 sels are working on more distant grounds, usually off tiie coast of 
 Norway, it takes a longer time to reach the home market, l)ut even then 
 it is seldom that tish are more than twenty-four to thirty-six hours 
 old when they are landed. 
 
 The tish are sold at Aberdeen, as elsewhere in Great Britain, at 
 auction. Each vessel owner usually has a tish salesman to attend to 
 the disposition of the catch of his steamers. There are also a number 
 of men who assist in landing the catch and arranging the tish for sale, 
 by placing them on the market dock in tiers or rows, according to 
 grade, or in any other way required by the trade. As a rule, halibut 
 are sold singly or by the pair; cod and ling are generally sold singly 
 in summer, or by the score, half score, or quarter score in winter. 
 Perhaps more are sold in lots of live than otherwise. The sale of skates 
 varies with the supply and demand. One visiting the market can gen- 
 erally tell what the demand is, if he notes how skates are being sold — 
 whether by the score or smaller lots — for when the price is high they 
 usually sell by fives or tens. 
 
 The tish auction at Aberdeen (as indeed in most of the British mar- 
 kets) is interesting and instructiA^e, but more or less puzzling to a 
 
 ' I think this is also true of other British fishermen, for, as has been explained, it 
 seems to be a well-recognized fact that quality of fish is fully as important as quantity. 
 In our American deep-sea market fisheries, however, almost the opp<_)site is true, 
 for (Uir fishermen seem most eager for quantity and pay less regard t<j the condition 
 in whicli the fish arrive, providing they are salable. Thus they are i>acked in i)ens 
 in bulk, 4 to 6 feet deep, and generally without i(>e in winter. The residt is that the 
 underneath fish, lying under a pressure of tons, have a jammed and old ajipearance; 
 their flesh is soft, especially if they have l)een caught two or three days, and tliey 
 are quite unfit to bear transportation and added pressure. When they are finally 
 brought to the consumer's table, perhaps two or three days after being landed, they 
 have lost their firmness and flavor to a large degree, and are far less tempting, a,s an 
 article of food, than they would be if properly cared for. The consequence is that 
 the demand for fresh sea fish is much less than it ought to be, and undoul>tedly much 
 less than it would be if there were some intelligent regulations governing the care of 
 such pnjducts, and the enforcement of them was strictly insisted upon by dealers. 
 In no other way can a good market V)e created, for while every fish in first-cla.<s con- 
 dition may create a demand for others, every poor or flavorless lish stojis the salt- of 
 many of its kind. It goes almost without saying that our deep-sea market fishermen 
 can not benefit themselves and the trade to the same extent in any other way a.s in 
 giving the utmost thought to the care of their catch, for it is otherwise impossible 
 for them to successfully compete with the products of the pound nets, seines, etc., 
 along the coast, which are put on swift trains a few hours at most after they are 
 taken 
 
438 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 stranger. For one unaccustomed to it is generally sit a loss to know 
 how the bid of a buyer is indicated, for it is rarely announced in 
 words. But the alert and trained sah'snian is on the lookout for a 
 wink or a nod. or other signs, which the initiated know pass for l)ids, 
 while tho n<)\ice is surprised to h<'ar the calls of bids hy the auc- 
 tioneer, when he is unable to determine what has been oti'ei'ed. oi- by 
 whom, even though he watelu's closely. It seems to l)e part of the 
 buyers' plans to conceal their identity with bids, so far as practicable, 
 and T was told that a pull on the salesman's coat, or similar hidden 
 signal, is often nuuh^ to indicate a l)id. It is all, however, intelligible 
 to those accustomed to the trade, and the business is carried on very 
 rapidly and much more systematically than one would expect who had 
 never seen anything of the kind. 
 
 After the steamers reach market the gear is usually cleaned of old 
 bait and made ready for use before they sail again. This proi-ess of 
 pi-epai'ing the apparatus is called "ridding"' the lines. 
 
 Unless repairs are needed, a steam liner rarely fails to go to sea 
 again as soon as possi])le after landing her catch. For whatever the 
 condition of the weather, rain or shine, blow high or low% she is off 
 for the fishing grounds as soon as the lish are out and coal, ice, and 
 necessary stores are on board. The storm that detains a fishing steamer 
 in port must l)e exceptionally severe, for it is in bad weather whtMi sail- 
 ing craft can not go to sea that the steam vessel reaps her richest har- 
 vest, since prices then are high.^ The fearless and hardv fishermen 
 literally defy the elements in their sturdy steel and iron l)oats, and 
 reck little of being half submerged much of the time. Thus, whatever 
 the conditions, it is a warfare with nature, for it is "drive, drive, out 
 and in." 
 
 Captain Forbes told me that often he has seen the high bow of the 
 Phalarope go under a green sea when he was pushing her hard for 
 market, and the water would go rushing like a catarat-t past the pilot 
 house and out over the stern and rails. But there was never a thought 
 of decreasing the speed, for "all is iron," and the contents of the fish 
 room nmst be on the pontoon at Aberdeen next morning, whatever the 
 risk or discomfort. The official zeal, courage, and endurance of these 
 sea toilers are only equaled ])y their supreme confidence in the vessels 
 the}' sail on. And this confidence can scarcely be wondered at, for 
 
 ^Pronounced "redding." 
 
 ^The unusually severe winter of 1898-99, when the North Sea was almost contin- 
 uously swept by a succession of gales, proved the most profitable season for the 
 Aberdeen steam liners they had ever known. One of the fleet of Mr. Carr, the 
 owner of the Plialarope, secured a catch in twelve weeks that sold for nearly $5,000. 
 This was largely due to the severe weather that made it impracticable for sailing 
 vessels to successfully pursue their work at sea; hence the prices ruled high, and the 
 steamers also made good catches. 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 439 
 
 these li.shing boats rarely meet with serious disaster at sea, and actually 
 pursue their hazardous work when nuich lart^er vessels are lost at sea 
 or on the eoast, or are eonipelled to seek slielter in harbor. 
 
 Lay and vxige^'i. — On the Aberdeen steam Uners, settlements are 
 made weekly with the crew. The method of payment is a mixed share- 
 and wage system. The engineer, fireman, and cook are paid weekl}'' 
 wages and receive no share. The usual wages are X'2 per week to the 
 engineer, <£1.6 to t'l.K) to the lireman, and £1 to £1.5 to the cook. 
 The cook, however, receives larger pay in summer, when nets are 
 carried for catching l)ait. 
 
 All others are on sliares. The S5^stem of settlement is as follows: 
 The harbor and dock dues; conmiission to salesman, coal, ice, stores, 
 and cook's wages ai'c dcnlucted from the gross stock. The net stock 
 is then divided equally, one-half going to the vessel and the other to 
 the fishermen, or those who receive no wages. The crew's half is 
 equally divided among the men, the captain included, who receives no 
 more than any other sharesman; sometimes, however, he receives a 
 small bonus from the owners, particularly if he is a "lucky skipper," 
 but this seldom exceeds £15, or about $75 per annum, and is usualh" 
 about £5. Occasionally a master may be a shareholder in a fishing 
 steamer, but this is not common on the liners. 
 
 From the vessel's half of the proceeds the engineer and fireman arc 
 paid; also a bonus of I shilling to the pound on the gross stock if it 
 exceeds £40 per week. This is called the ' ' stoker. " The balance is 
 the steamer's earnings. 
 
 The above method of settlement is limited to the season when bait 
 is caught at sea by a steamer's crew. AVhen bait is purchased it is 
 deducted from the gross stock, and at that season the engineer and 
 fireman's wages also are taken from the gross earnings. Thus, in 
 winter, the sharesmen not only pay half the expense for bait, but also 
 half of the wages for hired men. 
 
 Earnings <>f steamei's. — The earnings of fishing steamers vary mate- 
 rially, but my belief is that the variation is not so extreme as on sail- 
 ing craft. The average profit has been large in recent 3^ears, as is 
 plainly evidenced by the great amount of money being invested in this 
 class of vessels. I was told that the net annual earnings w(M'e often half 
 the total value of a steamer, and this, too, when the best sailing vessels 
 can scared}' pay a dividend in the same fishery. 
 
 Occasionally large catches are made, but success is rather due to the 
 uniformity of results than to lucky hits. 
 
 The largest trawlers from Aberdeen stock from $20,000 to $25,000 
 per annum — about what a vessel will cost when new. In 1898 one of 
 these vessels stocked $2,650 in three weeks. When one considers the 
 limited number of men carried by such a vessel, and the fact that a large 
 percentage of them get comparatively small pay, the significance of 
 
440 INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 
 
 those fisfuivs. considered from tho standpoint of iincstnioiit. will ))o 
 apparent. 
 
 A few years ao"<) the I*li<i/<tn>]>' nmde wiiat was then a record catch 
 for a steam liner by landing 7 tons of halibut and several scores 
 of other kinds of tish as a result of setting her lines once. Her fare 
 sold for £209, or, approximately, $1,045. She was only four days at 
 sea. Three years earlier the steam liner .SY. Cleriicut landed a catch 
 that sold for X'214, but she was at sea fully a week. 
 
 A very large fare of halibut was landed in the summer of lsi>s. l^y 
 the Knglish steamer (iddtc. The tish were caught on a l)ank off the 
 Lofoten Islands, on the northwest coast of Norway, some distance 
 north of the Arctic Circle. It was reported that she caught 1,800 
 halibut in mnnlxM". This was more than she had ice for. conse(|uently 
 the tish were below the standard when landed, and .sold for a low price. 
 It was stated that she stocked $2,500, but other accounts put it less. 
 
 The influence of all this has been shown in the development of the 
 Aberdeen steam fishing fleet. Previous to iS81 Aberdeen was of 
 comparatively little consequence as a fishing port, for it had only a 
 few sailing trawlers, which met with indifi'erent success. Rut in that 
 year the Toller^ Alierdeen's first steam trawler, went to work. At 
 first the progress was slow. The innovation succeeded, but it took 
 time to overcome prejudice and attain the best results. Th(Mi the 
 advance was continuous, and to-day 1 am assured that the steam fish- 
 ing fleet of this Scotch port numbers about 125 vessels, of which some 
 30 are liners and the rest fish with trawls.' 
 
 Sailing luggers at Aherdeen. — The Aberdeen fish market has grown 
 with its fleet, and is now among the most important in the Kingdom. 
 In addition to the steam fleet there are many Scotch luggers landing 
 their catch here. These are of two general classes. One consists of 
 about 80 to 90 single-masted, double-ended, clinker-built keel luggers, 
 from 20 to upwards of 25 feet long. They are wide, deep, sturdy, 
 seagoing boats that fish on nearb}" grounds and market their catch 
 daily, and for part of the season may, perhaps, be emploj'^ed in .some 
 other branch of the fisheries. 
 
 The other class is composed of the larger two-masted Fife and Zulu 
 boats, ranging in size from 45 to more than 60 feet in length. These 
 also are sharp-ended, clinker-built, keel craft, such as are commonly 
 used in the Scotch herring fishery, but many of them engage in 
 market fishing, especially when herring fishing is slack. They, too, 
 fish near the coast, chiefly for small haddock. 
 
 It is extremely interesting to see a fleet of these boats coming in 
 from sea and up to the market pier, locally called "pontoon," for their 
 immense red lug sails add much picturesqueness to the harbor scene as 
 
 ' Trawls are now used to a depth of 80 fathoms. 
 
INTEKNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 441 
 
 the}' 8wee}) o-racefuUy onward, and even uiulcr tlic iinpulso of the 
 lightest breeze eome gently into their berths at the doek. Sometimes, 
 however, they are assisted by long- oars, and thivse fall with regular 
 eadenee until the ''''pontoon '' is near, when the rowing is stopped, the 
 yards are lowered, and the great breadths of red and hiowii canvas 
 fall in graeeful folds on the deck as the skip])ei- ])ih)ts iiis l)oat into 
 the place selected for discharging her fare. 
 
 1 saw many of these Scotch luggers at Grimsby, where they were 
 landing their catch of herring, and their towering canvas lent variety 
 to the mai"in(> picture, when at the opening of the dock gates on a 
 morning, sailing trawlers, codmen, steam trawlers and liners, Scotch 
 luggers, tugboats, and mei'chantmen headed out into the North Sea, 
 each intent on the purpose of its voyage. 
 
 Grlmshy docks and fish }narket.—X.tQ^v'\\\\A)\ the steamers are usuall}' 
 assigned positions in one part of the tish dock and the sailing vessels 
 are by themselves. The docks are generally crowded, notwithstanding 
 the l>ulk of the fleet is away at sea, and it is an instructive object les- 
 son in the economic administration of great commei'cial fisheries to 
 witness the landing of lish and the outfitting of this fleet that goes on 
 daily. 
 
 The market, or so-called pontoon, stretches along the dock side for 
 three-quarters of a mile. Here on a morning one sees Hsh of vari- 
 ous kinds arranged for sale from one end of the market to the other 
 (PI. LXIX), and hears the loud calls of the strong-lunged salesmen who 
 cry the merits of their goods and announce the bids received in no 
 uncertain tones, however quiet and secretive the bidders may be. 
 Unquestionably it is a great piscatorial bourse, wherein the bustle 
 and activity of business during the hours when the sale is in progress 
 are excessive, and can not fail to impress one who is not accnistomed 
 to such a scene. 
 
 But through it all it is well to remember that the supply of lish is 
 generally uniform, despite the condition of weather and the uncertain- 
 ties of the flsherman's life; that business is rapidly transacted, and 
 that in the briefest practicable time tons and tons of flne savory tish 
 are being whirled away on swift trains to various parts of the countiy. 
 
 S>«jge.stlo)U'<. — It appears to me that the deductions to be drawn from 
 all this and applied to our deep-sea market tisheries are as follows: 
 
 1. Kxperience has shown that the most important and vital matter 
 is to enhance the demand for fresh sea tish to the fullest extent pos- 
 sible. To accomplish this successfully the utmost care should ])e given 
 to the preservation of tish on vessels* and the method of shipnuMit, 
 including an efl'ort to secure the most satisfactory arrangement with 
 the transportation agencies. 
 
 ^ It seems desirable to adopt the British method of icing fish on the vessels. 
 
442 intp:knati()nal fisheries exhibition. 
 
 There should l)e ji distinctive and dcterniined effort to impress the 
 Hshernien with the ini[)ortunee of hiivinji;' u standurd of ([uality. and 
 that this should receive attention still more than ((uantity. 
 
 "1. It is important that consideration be jji-iven to su])plyin*,^ the trade 
 with living' Hsh, and to this end widled vessels mav ])e introchu-ed with 
 such arrangements for storat^e of the catch in live cars properly located 
 in pure sea water as will secure to consumers the best possibl(> article 
 of tish focKl. 
 
 3. The introduction of steam tishing vessels, the use of which will 
 be an important factor in securing- the best ([uality of fresh lish and 
 greater uniformity in the supply. It is proV)al)le such vessels, or at 
 least those having auxiliary power, can be successfully used in the 
 mackerel tishery, in which speed and the power to move in calms are 
 important factors. 
 
 The advantages which might accru(^ to American fisheries through 
 the introduction of st(>amers were indicated by me in •" Suggestions on 
 the employment of improved types of vessels." published in the United 
 States Fish Commission Bulletin for 1888. The iuHucncc of invested 
 interests and natural conservatism have combint'd. however, to pre- 
 vent the employment of steamers in the North Atlantic deei)-sea mar- 
 ket iisheries. But in 1897 an iron steamer was built by P)oston parties 
 for employment in the Pacific coast halibut tishery. In general she 
 reseml)les the fishing steamers of Great Britain, but is larger. l)eing 
 al)out 140 feet long. She sailed from Boston late in 1897, and arrived 
 in Puget Sound on March 22, 1898. It was too late in the season 
 to engage in halibut fishing, which is not profitable on that coast in 
 summer, so the J^eir England found employment in other directions, 
 where she is credited with having made large profits. 
 
 A writer in the Fishing Gazette of April 2!», 1S1»!». makes the follow- 
 ing statement concerning her success in the fresh-halibut fishery: 
 
 8he sailed from Vancouver, British Columl)ia, on October 4, ISitS, and in six months 
 and eight days she landed at Vancouver, British Colund)ia, 1,1S0,50() poundsof hali- 
 but, which were shipped to Boston and New York liy the Central Pacific Railroad, 
 and which made a net stock of $81,570. 
 
 This is believed to be essentially correct, and it is an object lesson 
 that should not be lost. 1 have personally seen in Boston the halibut 
 landed by this vessel, after the}' had been transported across the con- 
 tinent, and it is only just to sav their condition was superior to that 
 of halibut just landed from sailing vessels fishing in the Atlantic. 
 
 In view of all this it seems almost superfluous and unnecessary 
 to suggest the employment of steam vessels for the betterment of 
 our ocean fisheries. Still, while steam is practically sure to win its 
 way if these fisheries are to be maintained on a pa^'ing basis, it is 
 just as certain that conservatism will retard progress imtil it is finally 
 
W\ w^ift^ 
 
INTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION. 443 
 
 demonstrated that .sail-propelled vessels can no longer successfully 
 compete in supplying our markets with an article of food the value of 
 which depends i;pon its being in excellent condition when it reaches 
 the consumer. 
 
 4. If anything can be done to bring the producer and the consumer 
 nearer together in the matter of price, especially when the fisherman 
 get« only a little money for his catch, it is easy to believe that both 
 classes will be materially Ijenefited and the trade in fresh fish will be 
 much improved. It has been customary for retail dealers to sell at a 
 uniform price, or at least to have little variation in their charges, even 
 when the wholesale price has fluctuated largel}'. It seems to be an 
 accepted belief that consumers could not understand why they should 
 pay two or three times as much for fish one day as they were worth 
 on the day previous, and that consequently the trade Avould be unfa- 
 vorably afi'ected by following the sudden and marked fluctuations of 
 the wholesale trade due to a superabundance of fish or lack of ade- 
 quate supply. Therefore it is deemed safest to keep the price uniform, 
 despite the great disparity which frequent!}' exists between the price 
 received by the fisherman and that paid by the consumer. 
 
 Exactly what can be done to remedy this condition is a question that 
 mav well engage the attention of the most experienced and wisest men 
 in the fish trade. It is, however, fair to assume that the employment 
 of steam vessels may do much to change conditions in this particular, 
 to the extent of making the supply more certain and uniform and 
 thereby lessening the chance of extreme scarcity in the markets with 
 corresponding inflated prices followed ))v an oversupply which can 
 not be successfully and profitably marketed. 
 
 5. While the use of dories for setting and hauling trawl lines in 
 weather when they can be used maj^ be found most desirable in the 
 Western Atlantic fisheries, the advantage which may be gained by 
 operating gear from a steamer in rough M'eather, when Ijoats can not 
 be put out, is too obvious to admit of discussion. It is then that the 
 adaptability of steam vessels to this kind of fishery is most apparent, 
 for they can prosecute their work safely and successfully when our sail- 
 ing schooners must lie by and wait for more favorable conditions of 
 weather and sea. 
 
 Nor should the fact ])e lost sight of that with a steamer the time 
 from the fishing ground to the market port is practically uniform and 
 certain, whether it be against a winter's gale or in a sunnuer's calm — 
 conditions which delay the sailing vessel, however swift it may be 
 with favorable winds. 
 
 While it is possilde to invite attention to other phases of the fisher- 
 ies which might be benefited by change, the most important sugges- 
 tions dei-i\ed fi'om a study of British fisheries and fish markets have 
 been indicated. 
 
 S. Doc. 39 ai 
 
444 intp:rnati(>nal fishp:ries exhibition. 
 
 OTHF.R COTTISTTRITT.S. 
 
 Exhibits were m!id(' 1)V privtite iiulividuuls and tirnis from several 
 otiior countries which, like Eiii^laiul, had no otlicial lepresentation. 
 These were Germany, Belgium, Spain, and Italy. 
 
 The exhibits from Germany included nets and Vuws. canvas for 
 sails, salt, zoological maps, seal and bottle-nose whale oil. and pearl 
 shells. 
 
 A small displa}' of lish glue and a collection of canvas for vessel's 
 sails were exhibited by Belgium firms. The exhibit of duck by Wil- 
 liam Wilford was noticeable for a line quality of cotton duck made 
 in imitation of AmtM'ican canvas, and also foi' containing sain})les of 
 duck made in the United States. 
 
 The only exhibit from Spain was salt. 
 
 There were two small exhibits from Italy. Both of these were 
 made by Antonio Montini of Naples. They consisted of terra cotta 
 and majolica models of fishing boats and samples of coral in the nat- 
 ui-ai and uianufacturtMl conditions. 
 
 IXTEKKATIOXAT^ F1SIIF.RTT:S CO?fGKESS. 
 
 An International Fisheries Congress w^as held in Bergen under the 
 auspices of the exhibition, from Jn\\ 18 to 21, inclusive. It was well 
 attended, not onl}^ by Norwegians, but by men eminent in fisheries, 
 fish culture, and science from nearl}" all European countries. 
 
 The meetings were held at the Bergen INIuseum, and papers were 
 read for the first three days on various subjects relating to fish and 
 fisheries. On ^lul}^ 21 an excursion w'as made on a steamer to the 
 oyster-breeding establishment at Espevig, T3\sna3s. 
 
 Among the papers read the following may be mentioned:' 
 
 '"The fisheries of the United States." by ('apt. Joseph William 
 Collins. 
 
 "The tlistril)ution of Swedisli fresh-watcu' fishes." I)y Dr. Rudolph 
 Lundberg. 
 
 "Respecting the basis for the dcxelopment of the Norwegian fish- 
 eries and increasing their value," by Jens O. Dahl. 
 
 "The scientific investigations in Lofoten," by O. Noixlgaard. 
 
 "The specific gravity of the herring and its relation to fatness," by 
 Henrik Bull. 
 
 '•Th(^ migrations of the herring and the periodii-ity of the European 
 herring fisheries," b}' Frederick M. Wallem. 
 
 "Poisoning of rivers by naphtha," by Dr. Oscar ^'on (nimin. 
 
 •'The duty on hei-ring in Germany, Russia, and Austria." by (i. \\'cst- 
 eruaard. 
 
 'These are given nearly in the imlcr in wliicli tliey were read. 
 
ITSTTERNATIONAL FISHERIES EXHIBITION". 445 
 
 "The Freiu'li sea tislicriivs and the professional instruction of fisher- 
 men in France." by .J. Perard. 
 
 "The iniiuencc of whaliiiii" upon the other fisheries." by G. Sorensen. 
 
 "How can the sale of olue he made more pi'ofitabier' by P^-iman 
 Kahrs. 
 
 "A possible connection between the codfisheries in Lofoten and 
 those in Finmarken," by Dr. J. Brunchorst. 
 
 "Limitation of national territorial jurisdiction in the sea," by Hroar 
 Olsen. 
 
 "'The necessity of an international fisheries association." by Dr. K. 
 Kishinouye. 
 
 "A permanent international connnittee for organizing international 
 fisheries congresses." by ,J. Perard. 
 
 ''The duty on tinned fishery products," b}' Fr. Backer. 
 
 "English line and trawl fishing." by M. Barclay. 
 
 "The injurious influence of the seal on the fisheries, and how can it 
 be prevented ( '' by G. S0rensen. 
 
 •*0n the fishing ))anks of the coast of northern Norway." })y fl. O. 
 Dahl. 
 
 " The oyster ponds on the west coast of Norway,"" by Herman Friele. 
 
 Many of these papers were exceptionally instructive and interest- 
 ing, since they embodied the best thought of authors who had enjoyed 
 unusual opportunities to study the questions discussed. It was the 
 purpose of those under whose auspices the congress was held to pub- 
 lish the papers read, and possibly others prepared for the occasion 
 which could not be read for lack of time, but up to the completion of 
 this report no information has been received of the publication of any 
 of the articles. For this reason it is impracticable to present abstracts 
 here of the more suggestive or instructive papers. 
 
 O 
 
Library of Congress 
 Branch Bindery, 1002 
 
^_ 002 877 14^9