Class__&-L3J Book._.M^ GopyiightN" COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT (, hf^y Cj-I Price 25 Cents, czian D^D innnlnrnnrynrA nninn/hnnnrxm^ ODiDD iDQi 3Qa CO SdCFzDDna f—jin . — ij — r r— 5 \ i[l3liM DfFlH- ozn: ^DHHUEDDaPiS \^ZBa OvjaniD □ □c7M^nnDP &J:!..^q '^'^- cJ iti^ ?2Z^ ift^ //irpO' i^ •aztx:^^ I ILy \ II I 0_;::A>w\^l Ui- --3 ~ ?a*x:j The Grand flrmy of the Repablle The credit of having originally suggested the organization of the Grand Army of the Republic- is fairly divided between two men, B. F. Ste- phenson. M. D., Major of the Fourteenth Illinois Infantry, and the Rev. William J. Rut- ledge, chaplain of the same regiment. The regiment formed part of Sherman's expedition to Meridian, Miss., in February, 18(irl, and it was in this campaign that Chaplain Rutledge sug- gested to Major Stephenson the advisability of forming some sort of association that would preserve the friendships and memories of the common trials and dangers of the war. Aftei the close of the army service this subject formed the basis of their correspondence, until March. 1866, when Chaplain Rutledge met Dr. Stephen- son, by appointment, in Sprinarfield, Illinois, and spent some time with him in arranging a ritual for the proposed organization. The following are known to have participated iu the conferences in Springfield that finally resulted in the organization of the Grand Army of the Republic : Col. John M. Snyder, Dr. James Hamilton. Maj. Robert M. Woods, Jlaj. Robert Allen, Chaplain William J. Rutledge, B. F. STEPUEN.SON, 31. D. Major and Surgeon Fourteenth Illinois Volun- teers, one of the founders and organizers of the Grand Army and Comman- der-in-Chief, 1866. REV. AMLLIAM J. KLTLEDGE Captain Fourteenth Illinois Volunteers, one of the founders of the Grand Army. Col. Martin Flood. Col. Daniel Grass. Col. Ed- ward Prince, Capt. John S. Phelps, Capt. John A. Lightfoot, Capt. (Since Colonel) B. F. Smith, Brevet Maj. A. A. Worth, Capt. Henry E. Howe and Col. B. F. Hawkes. Meetings were held in the offices of Drs. Allen, Hamilton and Stephenson and afterward in the office of Col. John M. Snyder, Secretary to Governor Richard Oglesby. Xo name had been decided upon at this time, and it is probable that the name of an order started in Missouri in 186"), the '"Advance Guard of America." or the "Grand Army of Progress," contained the suggestion of the title. The ritual of the '"Soldiers and Sailor's League" was also used in the organization at the sug- gestion and with the aid of Capt. John S. Phelps, Thirty-second Illinois Infantry, who had been promoted for meritorious conduct at Fort Donelson and Pittsburg Landing. The iTrst post of the Grand Array of the Republic was established by Dr. Stephenson at Decatur. 111., on the 6th day of April, 1866. The charter read as follows: Grand Akmy of the Republic, Department of Illinois. To all whom it may concern, greeting : Know ye, that the Commander of the De- partment of Illinois, reposing special trust and confidence in the patriotism and fidelity of M. F. Kanan, G. R. Steele, George H. Dunning, I. C. Pugh, J. H. Nale, J. T. Bishop, C. Reibsame, J. W. Routh, B. F. Sibley, I. N. Coltrin, Joseph Prior and A. Toland, does by the authority in him vested, empower and constitute them charter members of an encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic, to be known as Post 1 of Decatur, District of Macon, Depart- ment of Illinois, and they are liereby constituted as said post, and to do and perform all acts necessary to conduct and carry on said organiza- tion in accordance with the constitution of the Grand Army of the Republic. Done at Springfield, 111., this 6th day of April, 1866. B. F. Stephen.son, Commander of Department. Robert M. Woods, Adjutant General. The minutes of the first meeting contain the following: "At an informal meeting held April 6, 1866, for the purpose of organizing an Encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic, the following- named persons were mustered by Major Ste- phenson, and constituted charter members: I. C. Pugh, George R. Steele, J. "W. Routh, Jos. Prior, J. H. Nale, J. T. Bishop, G. H. Dunning, B. F. Sibly, M. F. Kanan, C. Reibsame, I. N. Coltrin, Aquilla Toland." 2.— S. A. HUKLBllT, 1866-67. 3 JOHN A. LOGAN, 1868-69-TO. At the meeting on April 10, N. Q. Burns, Henry Gorman, N. E. Winholtz, W. H. An- drews and W. H. B. Rowe, were mustered in due form, and tlius became the the first recruits after the organization of the post. Orders were issued by Dr. Stephenson dated in April, 1866, appointing staff officers. A call dated June 26, 1806, summoned the "Grand Army of the Republic" and Illinois soldiers and sailors to a convention in the hall of the House of Representatives at Springfield on July 12, To this call some well known names were signed. Among them were those of John L. Beveridge Colonel of the Seventeenth Illinois Cavalry and afterward Governor of the State of Illinois; Gen. William Birney, Colonel of a colored regi- ment, and son of the famous James G. Birney, who with Thomas Earle of Philadelphia formed in 18l0 the first Presidential ticket of the Liberty liarty, and Gen. John M. Palmer, ex-Governor of Illinois and now Senator of the United States. The last named was elected First Department Commander of Illinois. The election of a Department Commander by the Springfield Convention relieved Major Ste- phenson of any further responsibility for the work of organization in Illinois, and he turned his attention to other States, acting as Com- mander-in-Chief, without other authority than that first assumed, as the organizer of the Grand Army of the Republic. In October, 1866. Departments had been formed in Illinois, Wis- consin, Indiana, Iowa and Minnesota, and posts in Ohio, Missouri, Kentucky, Arkansas, District of Columbia, Massachusetts, New York and Pennsylvania. FIRST ANNUAL ENCAMPMENT In an order issued by Major Stephenson as Commander-in-Chief, dated October 31. 1866, the order was instructed to meet in First Annual Encampment at Indianapolis, Ind., on November 20, 1866. On that occasion the first national officers were elected as follows: Commander-in-Chief, S. A. Hurlbut, Illinois; Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief, J. B. Mc- Kean, New York; Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief, R. S. Fos- ter, Indiana. Adjutant General, B. F. Stephenson, Illinois. Quartermaster General. August Willich, Ohio. Surgeon, Gen. D. C. M(;Neil, Iowa. Chaplain, William A. Pile. Missouri. The famous war Governor of Indiana, Oliver P. Morton, was present and was received with the greatest enthusiasm. THE SECOND ANNUAL SESSION of the Grand Army took place in the Assembly Buildings, Tenth and Chestnut Streets, Phila- delphia. January 15, 1868. The following were elected officers: Commander-in-Chief, John A. Logan, Illinois. 5.— CHARLl S 1)1 A IONS, 1873-74-'75. 4.-VM3 I ) i3 E BUKNSIDK, 1871-73-73. Senior Vice Commander-in Chief, Joshua T. Owen, Pennsylvania. Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief, Joseph R. Hawley, Connecticut. Adjutant General, N. P. Chipman, Potomac. Inspector General, Edward Jardine, Nevr Jersey. Quartermaster General. T. C. Campbell, Ohio. Surgeon General. Dr. John Bell, Iowa, Chaplain General, Rev. A. H. Quaint, Mass- achusetts. THE THIRD ANNUAL SESSION was held in Cincinnati. O., May 12, 1869. The report of Adjutant General Chipman opened with a brief reference to the formation of the Grand Army, followed by a thorough review of the condition of the departments, numbering thirty-seven, with about 2500 posts. The Adju- tant General made no estimate of the member- ship on account of the meagre and unsatisfac- tory returns of several large departments. The election of officers resulted as follows: Commander-in-Chief, John A. Logan (re- elected) Illinois. SeniorVice Commander-in-Chief, Lucius Fair- child, Wisconsin. Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief, Joseph R. Hawley, Connecticut. Surgeon General, S. B. Wylie Mitchell, Penn- sylvania. Chaplain-in-Chief, Rev. A. H. Quaint, D. D., Massachusetts. THE FOUKTH ANNUAL SESSION assembled in Washington, D. C, May 11, 1870, Commander-in-Chief, John A. Logan presiding. The following officers were elected. Commander-in-Chief, John A. Logan (re- elected) Illinois. SeniorVice Commander-in Chief,Lucius Fair- child (re-elected) Wisconsin. Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief, Louis Wag- ner, Pennsylvania. Surgeon General, Samuel A. Green, Massa- chusetts. Chaplain-in-Chief, George W. Collier. THE FIFTH ANNUAL SESSION of the National Kncanipment was held m John A. Andrew Post Hull. Boston, May 10, 1S71, Commander-in-Chiel. John A. Logan presiding. Seventeen depaitnicnts were represented by sixty-eight delegates. The following otticers weie ilected: Comniandcr-iuC'hief, Ambrose E. Burnside, Rhode Island. Senior N'iie Connuander-in-Cliief, Louis Wag- ner, Pennsylvania. JuniorVice Coniniander-in-Chit'f.James Coey, California. Surgeon General. Dr. Kaniuel A.Green, Mass- achusetts (re-elei'ted) Chaplain-in-C'hief. Rev, Wm Earnshaw, Ohio. JOHN F. H.\KTKAXFT, 1875-70-77. ^j>^-% 7.— JOHN C. ROBINSON, 1877-78-79, THE SIXTH ANNUAL SESSION of the National Encampment was held in Cleve- land, May 8, 187.', Commander in-Chief. A. E. Burnside presiding. Sixteen departments were represented by sixty-two delegates. The following officers were elected. Commander-in-Chief. Ambrose E. Burnside, Rhode Island (re-elected). SeniorVice Commander-in-Chief, Louis Wag- ner, Pennsylvania (re-elected). Junior Vi''e Commander-in-Chief, Gen. J. Warren Keifer, of Ohio, afterward Speaker of the Lower House of Congress (session of 'Sl-'83) Surgeon General, Dr. Samuel A Green, Mass- achusetts (re-elected) Chaplain-in-Chief, Rev.Wm. Earnshaw, Ohio, (re-elected). THE SEVENTH ANNUAL SESSION of the National Encampment met in the hall of the House of Representatives, New Haven, Conn., May 14, 1873, Commander-in-Chief, A. E. Burnside presiding. The following officers were elected: Commander-in-Chief, Charles Devens, Jr., Massachusetts. Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief, John R. Goble. New Jersey. Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief, Edward Ferguson, Wisconsin. Surgeon General, Dr. Hans Powell, New York Chaplain-in-Chief, Rev. Augustus Woodbury, Rhode Island. THE EIGHTH ANNUAL, SESSION -of the National Encampment assembled in Ilar- iisl)urs. Pa., May 13, 1.S7-I, Commander-in Chief •Charles Devens. Jr., presiding. Fifteen depait- ,ments were represented hy fifty-one delegates. The following officers were elected: Commander-in-Chief, Charles Devens, Jr.. Massachusetts (re-elected). Senior Vice Conimander-inChief, Edward .Jardine. New York. Junior Vice Conimander-in Chief, Guy T. •Gould, Illinois. Surgeon General. Dr. TIans Powell, New York '(re-elected). Chaplain-in Chief. Rev. Augustus Woodbury, Khode Island, (re-elected) THE NINTH ANNl'AL SESSION ■of the National Encampment assembled in ■Chicago, May 12, 1875, Commander-in-Chief ■Charles Devens. Jr., presiding. The following ofhcers were eleotcd: Commander-in Chief. John F. Hartranft, Pennsylvania. Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief, J. S. Rey- nolds, Illinois. Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief, Charles J. Buckbee, Connecticut. Surgeon General Dr. John \V. Foye, Massa- •chusetts. Chai)lain-in Chief, Rev. Myron W. Reed, "W^lscmisiii. ^^ ''^5 ^:3k f:g^^^\ 9 LOUIS \> Al.NKH, I.S80-81. 8.— WILLIAM KAKNSHAW, 1879-80. THE TENTH ANNITAl, SESSION of the Natiimal Encanipment met in the hall of Post No. 2. Thirteenth and Spring Garden Sts., Philadelphia. June 30, 1876. The following offlceis were elected: Commander-in-Chief, John F. Hartranft, Pennsy 1 vania ( re-el ected ) . Senior Vice Commander-iuChief, J. S. Rey- nolds, Illinois. Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief, Charles J. Buckbee, Connecticut. Suigeon General, Dr. James L. Watson, New York. Chaplain-in-Chief, Rev. Joseph F. Lovering, Massachusetts. THE ELEVENTH ANNUAL SESSION of the National Encampment met in the armory i»f the First Light Infantry, Providence, Rhode Island. June 20, 1877. Coramander-in Chief, John F. Hartranft i)residing. The following officers were elected: Commander-in-Chief, John C. Robinson, New York. Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief, Elisha H. Rhodes, Rhode Island. Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief, William Earnshaw, Ohio. Surgeon General, Dr. James L. Watson, New York (re-elected). Chap!ain-in-Chief, Rev. Joseph F. Lovering, Massachusetts (re-elected). THE TWELFTH ANNUAL SESSION of the National Encampment met in Springfield, Mass., June 4, 1878. The following officers were elected: Commander-in-Chief, John C. Robinson. Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief, Paul Van Der Voort, Nebraska. Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief, Herbert E. Hill, Massachusetts. Surgeon General, James L. Watson. New York, (third term). Chaplain-in-Chief, Joseph F. Lovering, Mass- achusetts (third term). THE THIRTEENTH ANNUAL, SESSION of the National Encampment met in Albany, N. Y., June 17, 1879. The following officers were elected. Commander-in-Chief, Rev. William Eurn- shaw, Ohio. Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief, John Pal- mer, New York. Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief, Harrison Dingman, Surgeon General, Dr. W. B. Jones, Pennsyl- vania. Chaplain-in-Chief, Rev. Joseph F. Lovering, Massachusetts (fourth term). THE FOURTEENTH ANNUAL SESSION of the National Encampment met at the Nation- al Soldiers' Home, Dayton, O., June 8, 1880. -''S^!t> 10. -GKOKGE S. MERRILL, 1881-83. ll._PAUL. VAN 1>ER VOORT, 1883-83. The following officers were elected: Commander-in-Chief. Louis Wagner, Penn- sylvania. Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief, Edgar D. Swain, Illinois. Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief, George Bowers, New Hampshire. Surgeon General, Dr. A. C. Hamlin, Maine. Chaplaiu-in-Chief, Rev. Joseph F. Lovering, Massachusetts, (fifth term). THE FIFTEENTH ANNUAL SESSION of the National Encampment assembled in Ind- ianajjolis, Ind.. June 15, 1881. Commander-in- (Jhief. Louis Wagner presiding. Departments were represented by 126 delegates. The number of members in good standing as reported by Adj. Gen. Robert B. Beath, was 60,678 against 15,876 the previous year. The following officers were elected: Commander-in-Chief, George S. Merrill, Mass- achusetts. Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief, Charles L. Young, Ohio. Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief, C. V. R. Pond, Michigan. Surgeon General, Dr. Charles Styer, Penn- sylvania. Chaplain-in-Chief, Rev. Joseph F. Lovering. Massachusetts (sixth term). THE SIXTEENTH ANNUAL SESSION of the National Encampment met in Baltimore, June 21, 1882. Commander-in-Chief George S. Merrill presiding. Ad.jt. Gen. William M. Olin reported: Members in good standing December 31, 1880 W.*'"''^ Members in good standing Decemlier 31, 1881 8-5, 850 Gain for the year 2.5,27S The following officers were elected: Commander-in-Chief, Paul Van Der Voort, Nebraska. Senior Vice Commandei -in-Chief, W. E. W. Ross, Maryland. Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief, I. S. Bangs, Maine. Surgeon General, Dr. Azel Ames, Jr., Massa- chusetts. Chaplain-in-Chief, Rev. I. M. Foster, New York. ^ 0[ 13 JOHN S. KOUNTZ, 1884-85. THE SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL, SESSION of the National Encampment met in Denver. July 25, 1883. Adjutant General F. E. Brown reported: Members in good standing, Dec. 31, 1881, 85,856 Members in good standing, Dec. 31, 1882, 131,890 13.— ROKERT IJ. liEATH, 1883-84. Gain for the year 46,034 Members in good standing, March 31, 1882 90,166 Members in good standing, March 31, 1883 145,932 Gain for the year. 55,766 Total gain since Dec. 31, 1881 60,076 The following officers were elected: Commander-in-Chief, Robert B. Beath, Penn- sylvania. Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief, William Warner, Missouri. Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief, Walter H. Holmes, California. Surgeon General, Dr. Azel Ames, Jr., Massa- chusetts, (re-elected). Chaplain-in-Chief, Rev. I. M. Foster, New York, (re-elected). THE EIGHTEENTH ANNUAL, SESSION of the National Encampment met in Minne- apolis, Minn., July 23, 1881. Thirty-two depart- ments were represented by 3fl2 department oiBcers and representatives. Adjutant Gen. John M. Vanderslice presented a report showing: Members in good standing, Marcli 31, 1883 H6.]83 , Members in good standing, Maroli 31, 1884 2*^ .595 Membership reported June 30, 1881 2-53.895 Number of Posts March 31, 1883 2,575 31, 18S1 4,325 Net gain in membership during the year 87,418 Posts 1,"'8 The following officers were elected: Commander-in-Chief. John 8. Kountz. Ohio. Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief. John P. Rea. Minn. Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief, Ira E. Hicks, Conn. Surgeon General. \V. D. Hall, Pa. Chaplain-in-Chief, T. M. Shanafelt. Mich. 14._S. S. liUKDKTT, 188.->-8G. 1.5.— TOUCH'S FAIKCHILI>, 1886-87. THE NINTEENTH ANNUAL SESSION of the National Encampment met at Portland, Maine, June 21, 1885. Thirty-eight departments were represented, and 497 department officers and representatives were present. Adjutant General W. W. Alcorn reported the following: Membei s in good standing. March 31, 1884, 2*].824 Members in good standing. March 31, 1.SS5, 269,684 Number of Posts reported March 31, 1884, 4.256 Number of Posts reported March 31, 1885, 5,026 Net gain in Posts during the year 992 The election of officers resulted as follows: Conamander-in-Chief, Samuel S. Burdett, Washington. D. C. Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief, Seldon Connor, Maine. Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief, John R. Lewis, Ga. Surgeon General. J. C. Tucker. Cal. Chaplain-iii-Chief, L. H. Stewart, Ohio. THE TWENTIETH ANNUAL SESSION of the National Encampment assembled in San Francisco, August 4, 1886. Thirty-eight depart- ments were represented by 489 department officers and representatives. Adjt. Gen. John Cameron reported as follows: Members in good staiuling JMarcli 31, 18*) 20n,(i(»4 Members in good standing Marcli 31, 1SS() 295.357 Number of posts reported Marc'li 31, 1885 6,026 Number of posts reported March 31, 1886 5,705 Net gain in membership during the year (in good standing) 25,013 Net gain in posts during the year 739 The following officers were elected: Commander-in-Chief, Lucius Fairchild, Wis. Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief. Samuel W. Backus, Cal. Junior N'ice Commander-in-Chief, Edgar Allan, Xa.. Surgeon General, Ambrose S. Everett, Col. ChapIain-in-Chief, T. C. Warner, Tenn. THE TWENTY-FIRST ANNUAL SESSION of the National Encampment met in St. Louis. Mo., SejJtember 28. 1887. Thirty-seven depart- ments were represented by 585 officers and representatives. Adjutant Gen. E. B. Gray reported as follow: Members in good standing, March 31, 18S6 295,337 Members in good standing. Match 31. 18h7 320.910 Niini\)er of Posts reportrd M^ncli 31. 1>8(> 5,705 Hi.— JOHN I'. ItKA, 1887-88. 1..— WILLIAM WAKNKR, 1888-89. Number of Posts reported March 31, 1,SS7 6,312 Net gain m membership during the year ( II g lod standing) 25,609 Net gain t)f Posts during the year 540 Tlie following officers were elected: C immander-in-Chief, John P. Rea, Minn. Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief, Nelson C.ilf, Mo. .liiiiior Vice Commander-in-Chief, John C. Liiiclian, N. H. Surgeon General, Florence Donohue, Wash- ington, D. C. Chaplain-in-Chief, Edward Anderson, Conn. THE TWENTY-SECOND ANNUAL SESSION of the National Encampment met in Columbus, Ohio, September 12, 1888. Adjutant General Daniel Fish presented the following report. Members in good standing March 31, 1887 320,936 Members in good standing March 31, 1,S88 354.216 Net gain in membership in good standing 33,280 Net gain in posts reporting 472 Net gain in chartered posts 398 Total in suspension 81,750 Members in good standing 354,210 Total membership 385,966 The following officers were elected: Commander-in-Chief, William Warner. Mo. Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief, Moses H. Neil, Ohio. Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief, Joseph Hadfleld, N. Y. Surgeon General, R. M. DeWitt, Iowa. Chaplain-in-Chief, S. G. Updyke, Dakota. TWENTY-THIRD ANNUAL SESSION of the National Encampment met in Milwaukee, Wis., August 28, 1889. Forty-two departments were represented by 6fl department officers, representatives and past Department Com- manders. The Ajutant General reported as of June 30, 1889, that the number of posts was 6711 and of members in good standing, 382,598, a gain in membership of 28,382 over the 31st of March, 1888. The following officers were elected: Commander-in-Chief, Russell A. Alger, Mich. Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief, A. G. Weissert, Wis. Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief, J. F. Lov- ett. N. J. Surgeon General, Dr. Horace P. Porter, Kan. Chaplain-in-Chief, Rev. W. H. Childers. Ky 18.— RUSSELL. A. ALGKR, 1889-90. 19._WHJEEL.OCK G. VEAZEY, 1890-91. THE TWENTY-FOURTH ANNUAL SESSION of the National Encampment met in Boston, Mass., August 13, 1890. On June 30, 1890, the total number of comrades in good and regular stand- ing was 427,982 Total membership borne on rolls 458,230 Number of posts reported June 30, 1889. . 6,711 Number of posts reported June 30. 1890. . 7,175 Number of deaths during the year 5,476 This was a gain in membership in good stand- ing of 45,383, and in posts of 464. The total membership on the rolls June 30, 1890, including members delinquent, in suspension and out on transfer cards, was 458,230. 1072 delegates were present. The following officers were elected: ~Commander-in Chief, ,,Wlieelock . G. Veazey, Vermont. Sen ior Vice Commander-in-Chief, Richard Tobin, Massachusetts. Ju nior Vice Commander-in-Chief, George W Creamer, Maryland. Surgeon General B. F. Stephenson, Kentucky. Chaplain-in-Chief, Myron Reed of Colorado. THE TWENTY-FIFTH ANNUAL SESSION of the National Encampment of the Grand Army of the Republic convened in Detroit, Michigan, August 7. 1891. Commander-in-Chief Veazey presiding. This was the silver anniver- sary of the order and was the occasion of an unusual degree of interest and enthusiasm. The roll of the Twenty-Fifth National En- campment consisted as follows: National Officers (all of whom were present) 10 Members of the Council of Adminis- tration 43 Past National Officers !* Department Officers 177 Past Department Commanders 384 Representatives at large and appor- tioned 452 Total 1,104 The Encampment elected the following offi- cers for the ensuing year: Commander-in-Chief, John Palmer, New York Senior Vice Commander-in-Chief, Henry M. Duffield, Michigan. Junior Vice Commander-in-Chief, J. S. Clark- son, Nebraska. Surgeon General, Benjamin F. Stevenson, Kentucky. Chaplain-in-Chief. Rev. S. B. Paine. Florida. The Commander-in-Chief appointed the fol- lowing general staff officers: Adjutant General. Frederick Phisterer, New York. Quartermaster General, John Taylor, Phila- delphia. Inspector General, John P. Pratt, New Jersey Judge Advocate General, Joseph W. O'Neall, Ohio. Ass't Adjutant General, David W. Quick, New York. The Council of Administration consists of forty-five members, one elected by each Depart- ment. The various Committees and a corps of aides-de-camj} number about one hundred in all. Adjt. Gen. J. H. Goulding submitted a series of tabular summaries showing the growth of the order and its status at the date of his report. table of progression. Showing the Membekship in Good Standing of the Gkand Army of the Eepublic, dttking Each Quarter in the Fourteen Years, Ending, December 31, 1890. Note.— For the six years prior to 1887, the membership of the Grand Army of the Republic was almost at a standstill, comprising on the average less than 2(J,000 Comrades for each year. QUARTERLY REPORTS. 1877- 1878. I";! quarter, March 31 2d quarter, June 30 3d 'quarter, September 30 4th quarter, December 31 25,446 22,617 25.749 27,179 26,902 28,274 28,715 3t,oi6 Total gains each year.. 280 3.837 1879- 37,777 35-961 38,664 44-752 'J. 736 49.099 55,260 59.153 60,634 >5. i88i. 61 847 70 726 77 85 203 856 ■>i ,222 88,965 106,096 "9-354 134.701 48,845 146,183 178,811 199.447 215,446 80,745 QUARTERLY REPORTS 1884. 1885. 1886 ist quarter, March 31 •26 quarter, J une 30 3d quarter, Septetnber 30.. 4th quarter, December 31 . . 233.595 256,258 274-323 273,168 269.694 275.623 284,3^1 294,787 295.337 299.891 308.838 323-571 Total gains each year. . 57.772 21,619 28,784 1887. 1888. 320.936 336,540 341,213 355.916 354,216 361,194 362,^57 372,960 32,345 17,044 375 534 382,598 385.546 397.974 25,014 392,895 397,620 400,554 409.489 '»,5iS EXPENDED IN CHARITY. During the year ending June 30, 1890 ( relieving 21,634 persons) . . 1217,957.54 Year ending Dec. 31, 1S90 8225,653 21 In six months ending Dec. 31, 1890. . 107,833 77 In six mouths ending June 30, 1891. 1 2(5,335 92 For year ending June 30, 1891 234,169 69 From July 1, 1871, to July 1, 1891. . . . 2,221,704 24 MUSTERED OUT BY DEATH. For the year ending June 30, 1890 5,479 Quarter ending Sept. 30, 1890 1,241 Dec. 31, 1890 1,485 Six months ending June 30, 1891 3,239 Total number 5,965 This is 480 more than the record of the pre- vious twelve months, but all rejiorts were not in hands of tlie Adjutant General at the date of his report, and the actual number of deaths for the year was unquestionably much greater. Detailed Tabular Stateiueiit of the number of Posts and meinbersliip of the (i. A. K. to June 30, 1891. DEPARTMENTS. Alab.tma Arizona Arkans:is • California . . . Colorado & Wyoming. . Connecticut North Pakota South Dakota Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Ind. Ter'y & Oklahoma Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana & Mississippi Maine Massachusetts Maryland Michigan Minnesota Missouri Montana Nebraska New Hatnpshire New Jersey New Mexico New York Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania. Potomac Rhode Island Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington & Alaska. . West Virginia Wisconsin Totals . . June 30, li Posts. Members 67 117 30 14 21 16 <3 «7 5QI 524 434 484 130 «7 158 201 42 373 .65 426 18 252 93 112 12 636 712 50 598 ■ 13 21 78 42 3 105 40 60 82 264 7,185 302 300 '.749 6,280 2.663 6,805 82Q 2,OQ5 I ,v 1 7 480 407 420 32,35b 25,400 20,339 18, 238 4,081 1,122 9-584 22,4(;0 2,338 20,810 7,556 20,3'7 662 8, lit 5,041 7.629 340 39-770 46,440 1.698 44-379 3-'36 2,814 3.^69 897 i6i 5,272 1,289 2,215 2,^51 13-811 307-941 Sept. 30, t8 Posts. Members 50 100 57 69 16 56 21 i6 7 18 592 524 20 428 478 109 '7 159 203 44 362 145 428 18 251 93 113 46 23 79 38 3 107 41 58 80 264 3-,o igS I .61 I 6,323 2.719 6,897 553 1.882 1,33^ 346 385 447 32.568 25 209 634 20,123 i8.3>5 4.645 1 .063 9.666 2 3,4 = 8 2.352 20,158 7.096 20,732 675 8,194 5,127 7-7>^7 309- 40,688 46,1 19 1-774 44.390 3.240 2.Q82 3,605 994 167 5,39' 1,348 2.321 2,614 13.767 Dec. 31, 7.138 I 400.554 107 67 70 26 94 '9 17 9 19 596 523 17 437 480 '36 17 161 205 47 378 176 437 t6 255 93 "3 10 634 733 52 593 14 23 80 36 3 109 42 59 82 264 Posts. Members 332 295 2.002 6,181 2,940 6,946 7t' 2,783 1,328 414 4J2 454 32,641 25 '73 605 20,324 18.427 5.789 1,051 9,676 23-592 2,522 20,742 8,201 21,028 8,137 5-127 7,732 299 40,865 4';, oil 1 ,905 43,820 3,205 2.921 3.607 1,165 188 5V473 1,388 2.512 2.97' 13,775 409,489 June 30, 1891. *osts. Members II 334 9 293 77 2,200 99 5.812 , 65 2.901 69 6,807 21 535 95 2,769 19 1,280 19 47' 10 455 '9 439 600 32 329 523 24,726 14 552 440 20,174 446 17,5'6 96 3,973 '7 1,093 161 9,700 206 23,781 38 2,423 339 19,280 '73 7.947 443 20,822 '5 626 221 7. '44 94 5.211 115 7,793 1 1 292 63. 40,444 736 45-522 52 2,052 594 43, '68 14 3,312 25 2.856 87 3,7'9 48 1,305 3 184 110 5,487 44 1,422 6s 2.783 75 2,623 270 13,710 7,2t9 398,270 The Order showed a steady, healthy growth and increase up to and including December 31, 1890, the net gains to that time for the two remaining quarters of 1S90 being 11,-548 members. The returns for June 30, 1891, received at tlie time of printing the last annual report, exhibit an apparent net loss of 11,422, which is mani- festly not a correct showing. Indeed, many of the Departments claimed large gains, but the time was too limited to get the reports from all Posts since the close of the semi-annual period. The reports for the period ending December 31, 1891, being the basis of representation in the National Encampment, were expected by the Adjutant General to show not far from 42-5,000 in good standing, and possibly a much larger number. THE 26TH ANNUAL ENCAMPMENT. By a vote of 366 against 340 for Lincoln, Neb., Washington. D. C. was chosen as the place for the 26th Annual Encampment of the G. A. R., the date fixed for the opening of the Encamp- ment being Sept. 20, 1892. COMMANDEK-IN-CHIEF JOHN r.VLUlKK.— 18'Jl-»rJ. ROLL OF THE TWENTY-SIXTH NATIONAL ENCAMPMENT. Commauder-in-Chief. Jolin Palmer. Albany, N. Y. Senior Vice-Commander-in-Chief, Henry M. Duffield, Detroit, Midi. Junior Vice-Commander-in-Cliief, T. S. Clark- sou, Omaha, Neb. Surgeon-General, Benjamin F. Stevenson, Visalia, Ky. Chaplain-in-Chief, Rev. S. B. Paine, Ocean Grove, N. J. • Adjutant-General, Fred. Phisterer, Albany, N. Y. Quarter-Master-General, John Taylor, Phila- delphia, Pa. Inspector-General, John P.Pratt, East Orange, N.J. Judge-Advocate-General, Joseph W. O'Neall, Lebanon, Ohio. Assistant-Adjutant-General, D. U. Quick Brooklyn, N. Y. Executive Committee, National Council of Administration. A. J. Huntoon, Washington, D. C, XR. F. Knapp, Saratoga, N. Y.; H. C. Luther, Prov- idence, R. L; tWm. McClelland, Pittsburg, Pa.; James R. Milner, Springfield, Mo.; Wm. L. Olin, Boston, Mass.; Levi B. Raymond, Hampton, Iowa. Pension Committee. Augustus C. Handin, Bangor, Me.; J. G. B. Adams, Lynn, Mass.; J. A. Sexton, Chicago, Ills.; Byron R. Pierce, Grand Rapids, Mich. J R. W. Blue, Pleasanton, Kansas. Committee on the Seniority ot Departments. Louis Wagner. Philadelphia. Pa. ; E. B. Gray. Marshfleld. Wis.; P. H. Dowling, Toledo, Ohio.; James R. Carnahan, Indianapolis, In- diana. Committee on systematic plan of teacliing the lessons of loyalty to our coun- try and one tiag. George S. Merrill, Lawrence, Mass.; Lucius Fairchild, :Madison, Wis.; JohnP. Rea, Minn- eapolis, Minn.; Wm. Warner, Kansas City, Mo.; Paul Vandervoort, Omaha, Neb. Committee for the erection of a memorial in Washington to our late comrade, U. S. Grant. S. S. Burdette. Washington, D. C; Robert B. Beath. Philadelphia, Pa.; Russell A. Alger, Detroit, Mich.: Seldin Ummor, Portland, Me.; W. G. Veazey, Rutland, Vt.; E.S. Grant, Mid- dleport, Ohio.; Horace S. Clark. Mattoon, Ills. Committee on form for services at the lay- ing of a corner stone. Robt. B. Beath, Philadelphia, Pa.; S. S. Bur- dette, Washington, D. C; H. K. Trainer, Hart- ford, Conn. COUNCIL OF ADMINISTRATION. Alabama, A. W. Fulghuni. Hlrraliigliani. Arizona, Wm. Christy, Plioenix. Arkansas, Isaac C. Parker, Fort Smith. California, Magnus Tait, Los Gatos. Colorado and Wyoming. .John B. Cooke, Greeley. Connecticut, Jolm E. Clarke, New Haven. Delaware, W. .). Blac kbuin, Wilmington, Florida. J. DeV. Hazzard, Eustis. Georgia, Alfred Gultnn. Augusta. Idaho, Geo. L. Shoup, Boise City. Illinois, H. S. Deltrich, Chicago. Indiana, Chas. H. Vleyeriiotr, Eva-.isviU?. Indian Territory. Uolx'rt W. Hill, iMuskogv-. Iowa, Levi B. Raymond, Hampton, Kansas, J I). Barker. Girard. Kentucky, .1. H. Browning, i^ouisville. Louisiana and Mississippi, Chas. K. Lincoln, New Or- leans. Maine, Wainwi-'t Cashing, Foxfort. Maryland, Alfred S. Coiper. Baltimore, Massachusetts, Wm. >l. Ulin, Boston. Michigan, B. F. Graves. Adrian. Minnesota, Ell. Torrance. Minneapolis. Missouri, .las. R. Milner, SpringfijM. Montana, Robert E. Kisk, Helena. Nebraska, .J. A. Klirhardt. :New Hampshire, Benjamin F. <'lark. Conway. New Jersey, J. AV. Kinsey. Camden. New Mexico, Pliilip Molliersill, Engle. New York, tKobert F. Knapp. Saratoga. North Dakota, W. H. Winchester, Bismarck. Ohio, Ed. S. Grant, Middleport. Oklahoma, G. D. aiunger, ttklahoma City. Oregan, B. B. Tuttle, Portland, Pennsylvania, tWni. McClelland, Pittsburg. Potomac, A. ,1. Hunt(M)n, Washington, D. C. Khode Island, H. C. Luther, Providence, South Dakota, E. W. Caldwell, Sioux Falls. Tennessee, W, J. Smith, Memphis. Texas, C. B. Stoddard, Austin. Utah, C. O. Farnsworth. salt Lake City. Vermont, D. .1. Saiford. Morrisville. Virginia. .Joseph G. Fulton. Fort Monroe. AVashlngton and Alaska, Frank ( lendeniu. Tacoma. West Virgina, W. H. Aspinall. AXeston. Wisconsin, E, A. Shores, Ashland. PAST NATIONAL OFFICERS. PAST COMMAXDEES-IN-CHIEF. tB. F. Stephenson (Provisional) [died Aug. 30, 1871] 18fi6 tS A. Hurlbut, Illinois, [died Mar. 27, 1882] . .1866-67 tJohn A. Logan, Illinois, [died Dec. 26, 1886] 1868-9-70 tAmbrose E. Burutide, Rhode Island, [died Sept. 13, 1881 1871-72 tClias. Devens, Massachusetts, [died Jau. 7, 1891] 1873-74 tJohn F. Hartranft, Peunsylvaida, [died Oct. 17, 1889] 187.5-76 John C. Robin.son, Binghamton, N. Y 1877-78 tWilliani Earnshaw, Ohio, [died July 17, 1885].. 1879 Louis AA'agner, Philadelphia, Pa 1880 George S. Merrill, Lawrence, Mass 1881 Paid A'an Der Voort, Omaha. Neb 1882 Robert B. Beath, Philadelphia, Pa 1883 Johns, Kountz, Toledo, Ohio 1884 S. S. Burdette, Wa.slnngton. T). C, 1884 Lucius P'airchild. Madison, AVis 1886 John P. Rea, Minneapolis, Minn 1887 AVilllam AVarner, Kansas City, Mo 1888 Russell A. Alger, Detroit, Mich 1889 Wlieelock G. A'eazey, Rutland. A't 1890 I'AST SENIOR VICE-COMMANDERS-IN-CHIEF. tJoshuaT. Owen, Pennsylvania, [died Nov. 7, 18S7] 1868 Luc ius Fairchild, Madison, AA'is 1869-70 Louis AA'agner, Philadelphia, Pa 1871-72 Josephs. Reynolds, Chicago, 111 1875-76 ElishaH. Rhodes, Providence, R. 1 1877 Paul A'an l)cr A^oort, Omaha, Neb 1878 John Palmer, Albany. N . Y 1879 Edgar D. Swain, Chicago, 111 1880 Charles L. A'ouug. Toledo. 1881 W. E. A^^ Ross. Baltimore. Md 1882 A\ illiam Warnar, Kansas City, Mo 1883 JohnP. Rea. Minneapolis. Minn 1884 S Iden Connor, Portland, Me 1885 S. W. Backus. Sau Francisco, Cal 1886 Nelson Cole, St. Loui,s, ,Mo 1887 Moses if. Neil. Columbus, O 1888 A. G. AVeissert, Milwaukee. AVis 1889 + i;ichard F. Tobin, So. Boston Mass., [died Nov. 22, 189(1] 1890 George H. Innis, E. Boston, Mass., [elected A pril 7, 1891 ] 1891 PAST JINIOK VlCE-COMMANDERS-IN-CHIEF. .Joseph B. Hawley. Hartford, Conn 1868-69 Louis Wagner, Philadelphia, Pa 1870 J. AA'arren Keifer. Springfield. 1871-72 Ed. Ferguson, Milwaukee. AVis., 1873 Guy V. Goul I, Chicago, 111 1874 C. J. Buckbee. New Haven. Conn 187.5-76 tWilliaui Earn.shaw, (diio, [died July 17, 1885], 1877 Herbert E. Hill. Somerville. Jlass 1878 H. Dingman. Wasldngton. D. C 1879 tcieorge Bowers, New Hampshire, [died Feb. 14, 1884] 1880 C. A'. R. Pond. Coldwati-r. Mich 1881 I. S. Bangs, Waterville. Me ...1882 t\V. H. Holmes. Sau Francisco, Cal., [died March 26. 1889] 1883 Ira. E. Hic-s. NewBritian, Conn 1884 John R. Lewis. Atlana, Ga., 1885 Edgar Allen, Richmond, A'a 1886 John C. Llu'-han, Penacock.N. H 1887 Joseph Had Held, Ne v York City, N. Y., 1888 J. F. Lovett, Trenton, N.J 1889 George B, Creamer, Baltimore, Md 1890 N APRIL 15, 1791, -was laid, with suitable ceremonies, the ci>ruerstone of the " Territory of Columbia," as it soon after l)ecame known, at Hunter's Point, just south of Alexandria, Va. The facts of history that lead up to the selection of this site and the wonderful metamorphoses that the city of Washington has undergone in that time TERRITORY are so intricate and many that room does not OF here afford to more than mention the most im- COLUMBIA. portaiit events and the most salient features. Sailing into the mouth of the Patowomeke came Cap;,. John Smith, he of Pocahontas fame, on June the 16th, 1608, sent by the President of the Virginia Settlements to search out the sources of wealth in "the Monacans countrej'. " in his unique nairativeof this voyage he dilates with enthusiasm upon the "mountains, hills, plains, valleys, rivers and brooks, all running most pleasantly into a fair CAPT. bay. " Especially does he seem to have been pleased JOHN with the amphitheater which lay between the eastern SMITH, branch of the river, 295 miles from the ocean, and Crawford's IFreedom. the much smaller stream nearly 5 miles further up, which is now called Rock Creek. Here, we are told many tribes regularly found their way to hold those yearly "talks" which to the Indians were Legislative Council, Executive Session and Court of Last Resort. It is a strange coincidence that has resulted in transforming the glade and meadow of the savage's chosen rendezvous into the beautiful city of park-like avenues and marble palaces where his conqueror, the white man, now assembles. There are some, indeed, who claim that it was the knowledge of this Indian custom which, in his early days, called Washington's attention to the natural beauties of the spot and which in after years led to his throwing the whole weight of his influence in favor of its selection as the site of the National Capital. Be that as it may, it is fortunate for posterity that Smith saw fit to pick out the newer and less known name Patowomeke, which has by ob- THE vious changes given us the present name for the river Potomac, rather than the RIVER less pronouncable name Cohonguroton — River of Swans* — then generally in use POTOMAC among the Indians. After the war of the Revolution and even before its termination it became evident that a permanent home would have to be selected by Congress where should center all those offices required to carry on a rising young government. For over a decade the discussion of its local- * Querj- — Canvass-back Ducks ? 2 THE CAPITAL CITY. ity and the means for its government were the most absorbing and important source of differ- ences in Congress. As early as April 30, 1783, Congress, hemmed in by over 300 mutinous soldiers clamorous for their pay, in the State House at Philadelphia, learned that something more than State control was needed over the halls wherein they met. In the following years at Princeton, N. J., at Annapolis, Md., at Trenton, N. J., at New York City and again at Phil- adelphia this important question was frequently brought forward under varying circumstances, and each year marked an increase in the bitterness that was manifested between the members from the North and the South. For a long time the choice between a location near Trenton, N. J., and the present site hung fire. In 1789 the State of Pennsylvania offered in the Senate as a compromise, to deed to the Federal authorities 10 miles square around or near any of the following towns : Lancaster, Wright's Ferry, Carlisle, Harrisburg, Reading, or Germantown, now a part of Philadelphia. But from the first Virginia and her more southern neighbors had anchored their hopes on the Potomac and north of this they would not consent to go. The South Carolinians and the Georgians were outspoken in their desire to get the •Capital away from the proximity of the Pennsylvania Quakers who "were DIFFER- «ontinually dogging Southern members with their schemes of emancipation. " ENCES IN Said one southern Senator : " Upon this subject depends the existence of the CONGRESS. Union." Not inclined to view the matter so seriously, the opponents of the Potomac locality offered any point on the Susquehanna River as a compromise ; and for some- time it seemed likely that this would be agreed upon. It was approved (Ayes, 31; Nays 17) by the House, September 22, 1789 ; but in the Senate it was amended by substituting the Del- aware River. In all this discussion but little attention appears to have been given to the claims of the great West, the rapid growth of which was even then indicative of what was sure to follow. The strongest argument urged in behalf of the Potomac site was to the effect that the aggregate milage of the members of Congress was then 12,782 to the south of that stream and 12,422 to the north. The western limits suggested in the offer made by Pennsylvania, Harrisburg and Carl- isle, seem never to have been given a serious thought. For a time even so wild and impracti- cable a scheme as the establishment of " alternate residences " for Congress and the Executive Departments was gravely discussed. While matters remained in this uncertain state, Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, was busily engaged in furthering his scheme whereby the Government should assume the various outstanding State debts which he rightly considered to be necessary at that time to maintain the credit of the Nation. This was opposed by most of the Southern members of Con- gress, and before it came up for a final vote it was ascertained that the change of two votes would be necessary to carry the measure. Then it was that Thomas Jefferson, the Secretary of State, used his great influence, no doubt under the guidance of Washington, to harmonize these differences. This he succeeded in doing at a dinner where all the opposing interests were represented. There it was agreed that, in return for the two votes needed to carry the debt- assumption bill, Hamilton and Robert Morris, of Pennsylvania, would bring to bear such influences as would lead to the selection of the banks of the Potomac for qpiT ■frr'T'Tn'N' the future Federal district. This agreement was kept by both parties to it, ^^ tftf T5 AN^K^ and on May 31, 1790, Senator Butler, of South Carolina, introduced a bill ^^ thf to locate the District "on the river Potomac, at some space between the poTOMAC mouths of the Eastern Branch and Conogocheague. " It Avas also a part of this plan that from then until 1800 the Capital should remain in Philadelphia, and that in that year it should be moved to the new location. This bill after passing the Senate by a vote of 14 to 12, July 1, 1790, passed the House after four ineffectual attempts to change the site, by a vote of 32 to 29, July 9, 1790. It received the signature of the President and became a law July 16, 1790. Maryland, under date of December 28, 1788, and Virginia, December 3, 1789, had previously passed laws granting to the Federal Government such portions of their territory as might be needed for this purpose. THE CAPITAL CITY. After certain additional legislation had passed Congress, President Washington issued, January 24, 1791 and March 30, 1791, pixxjlamatious detining the boundaries of the 100 square miles which were to be inclosed in an exact square one side of which, starting at Jones' Point, was to run ten miles in a straight line due north-west ; the other sides being governed conse- quently by this initial boundary. This site which was chosen by Washington, the choice being confirmed by Commissioners, was, in his opinion, destined to become the " greatest commercial emporium " in the United States. He could not, SITE CHOSEN of course, foresee the facts of the era of railways. This territory of 64,000 BY acres lay on both sides of the Potomac ; nearly three-fourths of it being to AVASHINGTON. the north of the river. On it there were nineteen principal proprietors; these, under date of March 30, 1791, signed a paper conveying to the President, or such persons View from State, War aud Navy Bulldiag. Looking East. as he should appoint, all their lands, so included, in trust. To him they gave " the sole power of directing the Federal city to be laid off in what manner he pleases;" to retain "any number of squares he may think proper;" to hold the lots, ' ' which shall he joint property between the trustees on behalf of the public and each present proprietor;" to lay off the streets for which they should "receive no recompensation — but for the squares or lands THE in any form which shall be taken for public buildings or any kind of public im- FEDER- provements, ' ' they were to be paid at the rate of $66. 66 per acre. This very liberal AL CIT Y. conveyance was accepted by the Commissioners, Messrs. Johnson, Stuart and Car- roll, April 12, 1791. These same gentlemen notified the surveyor who was preparing a map of the region that after that date, September 9, 1791, the title would be "The City of "Washington in the Territory of Columbia. " The shrewd bargain which resulted in this way was undoubtedly the best ever made by the Father of his Country, who was noted for his busi- 4 THE CAPITAL CITY. ness sagacity. By it the Government got 17 reservations of 541 acres for$36,000; and the 10,136 building lots which fell to its share, ultimately proved to be worth over $850,000. The site, which is now covered by the National Capital after years of varying progress influenced by periods of govermeutal patronage and rapid growth and of two wars and the con- sequent stagnation, was for awhile known to the settlers before the Revolu- tionary times as Rome. Here flowed a turbulent little stream known usually THE CITY OF as Goose Creek, but, to the more aspiring of these early settlers, answering to WASH- the name of the Titer. Hence Moore's sarcastic lines INGTON. " And what was once Goose Creek is Tiber now." It was by way of this stream that, within the memory of some still living, fish and produce were brought to the spot where the Central Market now stands. An old series of surveyor's certificates now in the possession of the city authorities, set forth that on June 5, 1663, Francis Pope became possessed of 400 acres where now stands the Capitol. Capt. Robert Troop and William Langworth seem to have been his neighbors and it was among the>e that the name of i?ojne was first applied to the locality. In those days the stream now known as ^y^^ Qp Rock Creek was called the Anacostia, though on more recent maps it was the rpjj^j^ larger, Eastern Branch, which came to be known by that name. One of those Q^pj_ traditions, the origin of which the book- worm finds it impossible to unearth, sets tOL forth that this Francis Pope built his house on the present site of the Capitol, call- ing thg eminence on which it was situated Capit«line Hill, to still carry out the Roman like- ness. Be this truth or fiction, it is certain that this "Pope of Rome," as no doubt his neigh- bors called him, became the first owner under a regular survey of this now priceless land. After the long dispute, which euded in the selection of this site, all interests appear to have combined heartily to push forward the rapid upbuilding ot the Capital City. Washing- ton, accustomed to rely upon his own judgment in both architecture and landscape design, though undoubtedly the moving spirit whence came the broad general plan which has resulted in giving to the Nation the beautiful city of most generous proportions which we now have, seems from the first to have selected a young Frenchman who had served as a Captain of Engineers during the Revolutionary War, INIajor L'Enfant, as " better qualified than any one else who had come within his knowledge in this country, or indeed in any other," to prosecute this work of laying out a plan that would contemplate the utmost grandeur of uPBUILD- the future. * The plan then agreed upon, and which has been adhered to in a ^^^ ^^ THE degree very unusual in the history of rapidly growing cities, contemplated the CAPITAL Capitol to be built on the crest of the hill, as the center of the city. This oiTY plan has been compared to that of ancient Babylon, and has also been called "Philadelphia griddled across Versailles." From it all streets have been numbered or lettered in the four cardinal directions. And from the first it was claimed that "all roads lead to the Capitol," as the Washingtonian still delights to tell the visitor. So we now have to do with a city with a plan and street system that is remarkably simple and very convenient after the diagonal avenues are once fixed in the mind. From the Capitol run North Capitol street and South Capitol street directly towards the points of the compass indicated. East Capitol street consequently runs at an exact right angle to these and opposite to it the Mall, as the Public Gardens and Park are known, extends for over a mile to the West. Running due ^^ ^^ North and South and counting in a duplicate set both to the East and the West, are xiiD the numbered streets. Crossing these at right angles, and in duplicate sets also, grj,jjj>g.£, are the lettered streets, running East and West. This system naturally divides gysTEM. itself into four principal areas, the North-East, South-East, South- West and North- West. Its greatest drawback is in the duplication of street corners and numbers of the same denomination; that is, there will be four localities known as " 2nd and B streets " or "6th and G;" but, it is claimed, the addition of the initials of one of the four city areas, as THE CAPITAL CITY. "6th and G, N. W.," which becomes necessary by this system, adds more in the convenience of finding a given locality than it subtracts by reason of its some- what increased cumbersomeness. All highways in this system, which break in upon the general regularity of the plan by running at diagonals of varying angles are called "Avenues," and are always named after one of the States of the Union. Having fixed in his mind the four cardinal divisions of the city and their bounda- FOUR PRINCI- PAL AREAS. Thomas Cir«ie aucl Statue. ries, remembering that the numbered streets lead North and South and count both eastward and westward from the Capitol, and that the lettered streets simply reverse this proceeding and, leading East and West, are counted both northward and southward, the visitor, when he shall have fixed in his mind, by an inspection of the map, the principal avenues, is well equipped to find his way to any point of interest in the city proper. In fact, this would be all that would be necessary had the original plan been adhered to; unfortunately a considerable number of short streets, usually but one block long and generally named after noted personages, have been allowed to creep in to the city plan and complicate matters to that extent. A list of the prin- cipal of these, with their location indicated, will be found on another page. The history and growth of AYashington may be divided into five periods, viz: the first era, CARDINAL DIVISIONS OF THE CITY. 6 THE CAPITAL CITY. that prior to the War of 1812, when it was generally known as the " Wilderness City"; the era of destruction and rapid upbuilding consequent on the British outrages of August, 1814; the long period of stagnation and lethargy which seems to have continued GROWTH OF until just after the breaking out of the late war; the era when, under theguid- WASHING- ance of President Lincoln, the Nation presented the unprecedented sight of a TON. people engaged in a mighty conflict, also carrying on public improvements on a large scale; and finally that period since 1870, which mainly under the guidance of Governor, Shepherd has marked the life of that "new Washington" which has at last trans- formed the "Wilderness city" into the "city of magnificent distances," now the 'pride, the chiefest municipal ornament, and the Mecca of all loyal citizens of the Union. Of the first period we know but little beyond the dry details that are to be gleaned from South-West View from Capitol Dome. the Acts of Congress and the various reports made by the ever-changing heads of Departments. Washington, JeflTerson, Hamilton and others of that day were much occupied with the selection of suitable plans and designs for its principal buildings and in the choice of sites therefor. Majors L'Enfant and Ellicott in the general design, and Messrs. Hallett, Hadfield, Hoban, Latrobe and Dr. William Thornton, in architectural details, were those on whom the early planners most relied for finish and harmony. Of these seven gentlemen, THE six appear to have been foreign born, so little attention had then been paid to such FIRST callings among the pioneers and their descendants. During this era Virginia voted PERIOD f 120,000 and Maryland $72,000 in aid of public improvements and buildings in the District. Yet so much remained to be done when Congress moved to the city that Pennsyl- vania avenue was still but a morass; tne sidewalk bordering it, running from the Capitol to the Executive Mansion, was made ot pieces of wood and chips of stone from the buildings then THE CAPITAL CITY. under construction; the Capitol was surrounded by marshes in which cat-tail reeds and scrub oak were the only arboreal adornment; and the mosquitoes and green-headed flies beggared description. That portion of the history of this and the later periods which has to do with the several i^ublic buildings will be found in the pages where they are described. The second period was an eventful one for AVashington, during which the permanency of the site was threatened both by internal and foreign foes. Throughout all of the year 1813 the British Fleet was in control of all the waterways leading to Washington, and attacks that were made by the United States troops along the Canadian boundary were repaid with heavy interest, by the enemy along the Chesapeake. For fully fifteen months THE before the actual invasion of the country surrounding Washington, the British had SECOND shown unmistakaMy that it was their intention to stop at no means to harass the PERIOD seat of Goyernment. Havre de Grace on the western, Frenchtown, Georgetown and Fredericktown on the eastern shore of Maryland, and Hampton, Va., had all been attacked, North-West View from Capitol Dome, pillaged and burned, and many inhabitants killed or wounded. The style of warfare carried on by the enemy was sufiicient to show that it waa only a question of time and opportunity w hen the Capital should be laid waste. It was of the bandit or bushwacking sort. Plundering and burning farm-houses, robbing defenceless women and children of the clothing on their backs, breaking open family vaults and desecrating the dead in search of jewelry and clothing, and far worse crimes, which must remain nameless, were among those deeds charged in American papers and reluc- tantly admitted in the better class of English journals. Though this state of afiairs had continued for some months, it was not until July 15, 1813, that General Philip Stuart, of Maryland, introduced a resolution into Congress, calling attention to the grave state THE CAPITAL THREAT- ENED. 8 THE CAPITAL CITY. of aflairs and urging the necessity for immediate improvements in the defences and an increase in the available military force. This bill was referred to the Committee on Military Atiairs, who reported immediately and without any due deliberation, that they were "satisfied that the preparations [were] in every respect adequate to the emergence." It is known that this report was due to the influence of Secretary of War John Armstrong, of New York, who for over a year and up to the last moment laughed to scorn the idea that the British troops would attack the Federal District. In this opinion he had the concurrence of President Madison, who on July 20, 1813, stated in a message to Congress his opinion that the British only desired to con- trol and cripple American commerce. This vain reliance in either the chivalry or the cowanl- ice of the enemy — it is hard to say which — it was that accounted for the fact that at this time there was only one fortification, and that in name only, from the mouth of the Potomac to the city. That had only one brace of mounted guns and no men to serve more, had they been mounted. At the mouth of the Eastern Branch there was only an unprotected magazine, and from there to the Navy Yard not a gun; and the Yard itself was almost unprotected. With this defenceless water front the boundary line was in entire harmony. Throughout its whole extent there was not a single point fortified, not a redoubt, dike or ditch, not a single battalion of regulars, nor one company of militia or volunteers properly armed and disciplined. Such culpable, even criminal neglect, would be beyond the comprehension of readers cjij^yji^^^L to-day, was not the present condition of the city quite as hopeless and blamewor- ]sf eql j^cT thy, when the vast improvements made in modern warfare are considered. Not until a year later, on July 1, 1814, only six weeks before the city was captured, did the Administration begin to show any real signs of life. At a meeting of the Cabinet called "for purposes of consultation," a plan evidently devised by Secretary of State Monroe, was submitted. The Cabinet in this as in most questions then before it, was far from being a unit, but a compromise measure was finally agreed upon and the enlisting of "3000 combatants" was ordered. Soon after this the region was formed into " Military District, No. 10," under the command of General Winder, an officer of very limited experience and seemingly of still more limited knowledge and resource. As the situation became more grave, the nominal force was increased until General Winder was empowered to draft 93,000; but this movement came too late and he does not seem to have been able to place over 10,000 men in the field, if so many, when they were at last needed. These, composed almost entirely of newly levied, undisciplined militia or of recently enlisted regulars who had never been under fire, furnished an army of the rawest and crudest sort. To add to the difficulty of handling such troops they, in common with many of the citizens of Washington, seem to have been disaffected by a growing mistrust of the administration of Secretary Armsti-ong. He was very generally charged with unfriendli- ness to the District, with a desire to see the seat of Government moved to the North, and with showing no intention to raise a sufiicient force for the defence of the city. These beliefs aug- mented by direct charges of inefficiency, at last led to his resignation five days after the capture of the town. Perhaps no better illustration of the absolutely unguarded state of the District at this time can be found than the fact that on the arrival of Sir George Cockburn, Kear- Admiral in charge of the British Fleet, into the city he was recognized, by an ^^^trp' astonished landlady, as a gentleman who during previous weeks had been a qj, rprij,^ boarder at her house, residing there, no doubt, in the capacity of a spy. CITY. Finally, so serious had matters grown, Secretary Monroe volunteered to go to Benedict, on the banks of the Patuxent, accompanied by twenty-five or thirty'cavalrymen, for the purpose of reporting to the President on the force and equipment of the enemy who were reported to be landing at that point. The unique spectacle of a Secretary of State acting in the capacity of chief of such a party, combined with a realization of the serious disadvantages that would arise in case of his capture by the enemy, does not seem to have impressed the War Department, the head of which, even at this last moment, continued to deride the idea that "Washington was likely to be the destination of the Biitish troops. Monroe, however, seems to 10 THE CAPITAL CITY. have been alive to his situation, for he was very careful to keep out of the way of the enemy, never venturing sufficiently near to obtain any information of any value until the day before the disastrous skirmish at Bladensburg, when he senta BATTLE OF dispatch to Madison advising him to be ready to burn all bridges and to BLADENS- remove the public records from the city at once. The most exaggerated BURGr» reports prevailed as to the enemies strength; though not exceeding 4,500 available men, it was generally believed by the American forces to reach near 10,000. At a council of war held on the field but a few hours before the final engagement, at ■which President Madison, Secretaries Monroe, Armstrong and Jones of the Navy, and General Winder were present, Mr. Monroe was requested to go to the troops and arrange the order of battle while the Secretary of War and the General Commanding stayed with the President and discussed the situation. At last the battle, if such it may be called, began, at about noon of August 14, just outside of Bladensburg, only six miles from Washington, On a good mail-road running between the Capital and Baltimore. The brief skirmish which resulted, during which a force of 1500 British troops experienced but little difliculty in crossing a narrow bridge in the face of three or four times their number of Americans placed there to defend it, has come down in history under the name of the "Bladensburg Races." And the expression that "the British rather had the best of it at first but we beat them in the long run," was for many years a byword in use by all concerned. Afterwards, when the inevitable committee of inquiry was appointed, the leaders, anxious to shift the responsibility from their own shoulders, were unanimous in denouncing the cowardice of the common soldiers. No doubt there was consid- erable cause for this; one company was seen by an American officer to discharge their guns once- and immediately take to their heels while the enemy were yet at a distance. On the other hand, it was afterwards evident that a general retreat was ordered before many of the forces on the American side had had any opportunity for engaging in the battle, though some of them showed great eagerness therefor. The loss of the native forces was but twenty-six killed and fifty-one wounded ; that of the British, owing to the exposed position they were at first obliged to occupy, fully six times as great. If ever Messrs. Gilbert and Sullivan shall desire to com- pose a comic opera with an American motif and locale, no better subject than that of the " Bladensburg Races " can be found. It was from beginning to end a farce, in which the proverbial many cooks most eflectually spoiled the broth. Not content with the complete defeat and scattering of the American forces, the British- could not rest until they had visited the vanquished city, and by torch and powder-train done all in their power to prove the unfitness of their BUILDINGS AND commanders to conduct a civilized campaign. The use made by Ad- ARCHIVES miral Cookburn and General Ross of their one day's occupation of the BURNED, city remains a lasting disgrace to their country. The fact that the former was denied promotion, which he otherwise would have received, and that the latter was soon afterward killed by an American bullet, doe.s not entirely wipe away the stain. Buildings- in no way connected with warfare, archives, libraries and objects of great historic value — not to the United States alone, but to all civilized countries — were ruthlessly put to the torch. So congenial was this work that Cockburn himself aided in carrying books into the street to feed the flames started by his command. Standing at the desk of the Speaker of the House of Representatives, Cockburn called : "Attention ! Shall this harbor of Yankee Democracy be burned? All for it will say, Aye! Contrary opinion. No!" An affirmative shout was the signal for the spoliation to begin. The Capitol, not in the best of repair, it must be admitted, was fired wherever doors, sash, furniture and the building material in use for certain alterations could be made to ignite the structure, with the aid of the treasures of the Library of Congress and a large mass of valuable papers. This ended in the destruction of the dome, then made of wood, copper covered. After partaking of an impromptu lunch in the Executive Mansion, the invaders set fire to that building, which was soon reduced to a ruin of fire-blackened, marble walls. Then followed the destruction of the Treasury, State and War, Arsenal, and Navy Yard THE CAPITAL CITY. U buildings, and the " National Intelligencer" otfice, a few private residences, and the approaches to the Long Bridge. While a detachment was engaged in destroying the Navy Yard, a territfic explosion of a mine of powder and shell resulted in killing or fatally wounding nearly one hundred of the incendiaries. The etfects of this terrible blow to the aspirations of Washington and its people were not as disastrous as might have been expected, for with true American energy the citizens, impelled, no doubt, by the fear that an effort would now be made to have the Capitol removed, set to work at once to erect suitable temporary quarters for Congress and those departments that had been burned out. So promptly and well was this work done that in one hundred days a suitable building had been erected, which remained standing until after the late war. In it Calhoun died, Messrs. Lyman Trumbull, Wm. M. Evarts and Justice Field afterward had their resi- dences, and there, later, Wirz, of Audersonville notoriety was hung. If it seems that an undue prominence has been given to this second period in the city's existence, it may be. excused by the fact that so little attention has heretofore been given to the events of the War of 1812, as they afiected Washington, in works of this kind, and because they afford at this time an excel* lent text on which our present legislators, in charge of the city's defences, may well ponder. The third period in the city's history seems to have been one of stagnation, during which the ever-growing sectional hatreds so interfered with the general public good that Congress did but little for the city's improvement, save only such building THE enlargements or additions as the growth of the public business in the various depart- THIRD ments made absolutely necessary. During this period, under the Presidency of PERIOD. James K. Polk, in 184G, the City of Alexandria with the surrounding Virginia territory voted by an over two-thirds majority to leave the Federal District, and by special act of Congress they were allowed that privilege. During the fourth era, and soon after the commencement of the late war, President Lin- coln conceived the idea that in no way could the vast resources and the boundless energies of the nation be better brought to the attention of foreign powers, as well THE as more impressively shown to the malcontents at home, than by the fact of vast FOURTH improvements being in progress in the Capital City while the most expensive PERIOD, war — both in lives and money — that the world had ever seen was in full progress, and, at times, even within range of hearing. These war times saw $1,500,000 spent for 08 forts in a circuit of 37 miles, with 32 miles of excellent connecting roadways built. The Long Bridge was rebuilt, and the Railway Bridge built beside it ; the Aqueduct, which has cost over 13,500,000, was steadily carried forward, sometimes within range of the Confederate tire; the dome of the Capitol was finished, the Statue of Liberty being saluted by all the forts as it was placed on the surmounting tolus ; work went rapidly forward on the Treasury Building; most of the work on the Post Office Building was done during that period, and the Patent Office was nearly finished. Many improvements of a minor nature were made, and property that had been aban- doned and offered at a mere song by owners in 1861 was found at the end of the war to have greatly increased in price. The great transformation of Washington, which has at last resulted in producing a city of which every citizen of the Union has reason to be proud, began with the almost magical appearance oflong stretches of concrete pavements, lined on each side with thf PTTV one, and frequently with two rowsof trees. About the time that these „,, . v^r,I7,,w.^nT■T^ improvements began, Congress passed an act, February 21, 18/1, constitut- ing the District of Columbia a territorial government under a governor to be appointed by the Pres- ident, and a legislative assembly. But two of these Governors served ; the second, Hon. Alex. B. Shepherd being the incumbent in September, 1873, when the Act of 1871 was amended by Congress and the temporary authority of the three Commissioners established. Mr. Shepherd early saw the great possibilities for improvement which the city afforded and it was largely due to his energy that much was accomplished in a short time. He has beeu well described as "of indomitable perseverance and more than ordinaiy executive ability; naturally a leader of men — 12 THE CAPITAL CITY. City Hall and the Lincoln Column. this man who brought many of the most rare and valuablequalificationsofsuwess to the office to which he held as the real dictator of the District Goverameat." This District Gominissiou was made permanent by the act of June 11, 1878. It consists of three members to be appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, one of whom shall be an officer of the Eui^ineer Corps of the Army, whose rank shall be above that of Captain. These appoint all subordinate city officials. The Engineer Commissioner has two assistants— one in charge of Highways, the other of Sewers — who are also chosen from the Engineer Corps. Congress pays one half of the ta.xes and the salaries of the Presidential appointees and the District all others. The finances of the District are managed by the Treasury Department. It was from the date of the abolishment of the old municipal form of government, under a mayor elected by the people, that Washington began to take on new life. Then began those engineering works and sanitary science departures from the old routine which have resulted so favorably. But a swampy plain, with the Capitol Hill only ninety feet and Observatory Hill only ninety-six feet above tide, while the Executive Mansion is but fifteen THE PRESENT feet above low water and parts of Pennsylvania avenue originally below MUNICIPAL high water, the problems presented were by no means simple. Now the GOVERNMENT, city has over 265 miles of streets, which are from eighty to one hundred and twenty feet wide. Go miles of Avenues from one hundred and twenty to one hundred and sixty feet wide ; and over 33 per cent, of its roadways are paved. Swept by machinery, with regularity and care, Washington is now without doubt the cleanest city in the Western World, and it may furthermore, with justice, lay claim to the credit of being the best governed municipality in the United States. The great and self-evident drawbacks of this system of municipal life are those which arise from the entire disfranchisement of all residents of the District. This "undemocratic, unfair and unscientific" form of government calls for a radical reform. Even in the choice of such non-political officials as the members ot the scliool boards Washingtonians are allowed no opportunity to assert their sovereignty. These wonderful strides in the city's growth have not been brought about without the expenditure of vast sums of money. During the first year of the advance, 1870, Congress appropriated but $1000, while in 1873 it was moved to vote $■1,000,000. But it has never doue THE CAPITAL CITY. 13 its share in this good work; from 1790 to 1870 it expended but $5,000,000 on purely city im- provements and the greater part of that sum had been devoted to works surrounding its own public buildings; while during the same period the district spent over $20,000,000 in general improvements. Yet all reclaimed or made land becomes the property of the United States, an expenditure of$120,000 for filling up the old canal netted the handsome sum of $2,500,000 in city property. It is probable that in no way could an administration win greater popular favor, in these days when the people are tired of the constant din of party contentions than by bending its energies towards making the nation's city, architecturally and otherwise, the hand- somest Capital of the world. A "Surplus" could not be better used. Speaking of this metamorphosis, an English writer, Prof. Goldwiu Smith, says: "In the course of twenty years a wonderful change has come over the city on the Potomac. * * * The capital is becoming a favorite place of residence for people unconnected with politics or the administration, and a corresponding change has taken place in its outward appearance. It is blossoming out into a gay and most beautiful city." On the same theme John Addison Porter describes itasblessed "with a streetareamore THE CITY than double that of Paris ; with sewers that rival the Cloaca Maxima of^ DEVELOPE- Rome; with an unusually fine water power ; a superabundant supply of MENT. pure drinking water conveyed to it over a gigantic aqueduct which has been considered one of the marvels of mechanical genius; adorned at intervals with works of art which serve to inspire American patriotism and pride ; with architecture which is unap- proached in this country for grace and variety ; with rapidly growing museums , scientific bureaus, and schools of literature and art ; the favorite and increasing centre for all sorts of conferences and reunions, scientific, professional and social; the natural resting place for retired government officers, especially of the army and navy ; the best workshop for literary men in nearly all branches of their profession ; relying for its growth on neither commerce nor manufactures, but holding out the inducements, to persons of limited means, of an unsurpassed environment and a salubrious climate, cheap and beautiful markets, fair rents and taxes, and a learned and cultured society." Continuing in this line of thought many pages might well be written of the novel delights of the "Washington Season." The collection of the Legisla- tive element from all parts of the Union; the presence of the Diplomatic Corps, representing all civilized and many semi-civilized countries ; the contingent of the Army and Navy which is then always present ; and the addition of the thousands of sight-seers and members of the elite of cities who regularly make their annual pilgrimage here to join in the pageantries of officialdom ; these and other elements combine to make the "Season" in Washington sui generis. State, Executive, and Treasin-y BuUdintis I'li'iii .Moiiuiaeiit Hill. Interior of Rutuiula. HERE are three centres of interest in Washington — centres in its geography, and in the imaginations of those yet to see it. They are the Capitol, the White House and the Monu- ment. Inspiring as is the superior height of the Monument, the massive walls and graceful dome on Capitol Hill are ever the first point of interest towards which the visitor turns his face. By one of those unlooked-for freaks in growth development, the Capitol now finds itself in the position of the Irishman's shanty which had its frontdoor in the rear. This is all the more remarkable when it is re- membered that this Nation of the Western World, with the great West to look towards for it main growth and with every reason to turn its back on the " efiete monarchies of the East," having just thrown off an Eastern yoke, faced its greatest civic structure against the tide of Empire. Now the visitor, in THE CITY IS most cases, approaches what, without thought, he takes to be the front of the BACK OP building, asitlooksdownthebroadexpanseofPennsylvauia Avenue over the THE CAPITOL city. What is then his surprise after approaching this western side, by way of massive flights of stairs and through beautiful lawns, to find himself entering the building through a narrow back door, for such it is, and to be told that it is its back that the building turns on the Executive Mansion and all the magnificence of the regal city below. It is to be hoped that when the treasures of the Congressional Library are at last moved to the building now being erected for them, the Architect will have ready and Congress will generously support designs whereby this approach can be given an appearance of grandeur commensurate with its outlook. The grounds surrounding the Capitol contain over 55 acres and have been laid out after designs by Frederick Law Olmstead, of New York. They are filled with beautiful vistas of rare foliage effects and carefully kept lawns, and their charms are so entrancing at points, where a commanding viewot the great building may be had, that it is to be regretted that the authori ties are unwilling to accommodate the crowds of visitors by placing seats along the shaded walks. Along the northwest approach to the building there has been placed a brick summer house, ivy THE NATION'S PALACE. 15 COTered, where a drinking fountain, the music of a falling stream in a rockj' grotto and the shade I of the embowering trees entice the passer-by on a hot day. In the south- 1 , r^r-:fiatsi portion of the grounds stands the stone tower from the top of which the CAPITOL supply of pure air is carried, by means of a tunnel, to the Hall of Representa- GROUNDS, tives; and near the grotto stands that for the ventilation of the Senate Chamber. At the west front of the building stands a statue of Marshall r ad opposite it on the east front one of Washington ; these will be iound fully described in le section devoted to the outdoor statuary throughout the city. On close approach to the Capital it will be observed that the old or central building is not of the blue- veined white marble from Lee, Mass., of which the wings are built. It is of a yellowish sandstone, which needs frequent painting to keep it in apresent- able crmditiou, and which was selected as a building material in 1791, on account of its prox- 4 The National Capitol. —West Front. imity to the town and its consequent cheapness. The columns of the extensions are monolithic and are of Maryland marble. From the first the Commissioners of the District agreed upon what had been for over a century known as "Capitoline Hill" as the site for the Capitol, commanding an extended view of the surrounding country and near what it was then expected would be the centre of the city. The first advertisement for designs called for a brick building which should contain two assem- bly rooms capable of accommodating three hundred persons each, a lobby, and twelve rooms, ot not less than six hundred square feet each, for committees. The present structure contains one hundred and eighteen rooms, instead of fifteen, with an area of over seventy-one thousand superficial feet; it is built chiefly of iron and marble, with one hundred and thirty-four massive Corinthian columns, one hundred of which are monoliths; the two halls have a combined seat- 16 THE NATION'S PALACE. ing capacity of two thousand four hundred, with standing room for at least two thousand more; it covers 153,112 square feet of ground, or over three and one-half acres, being seven hundred and fifty-one feet and four inches long, and three hundred and twenty-four feet in greatest breadth, and having cost somewhat over 115,000,000. The changes which have led up from the modest ideas of 1791 to the present grandeur have been gradual. The building, which a prominent architectural critic has pronounced "one of the most impressive and imposing civic edifices now ARCHITECTS existing," has been the slow growth of years and the creation of many minds. OF First among these, in point of time, stand Dr. \Vm. Thornton, a native of THECA.PITOL. the British West Indies, and for eight years one of the Commissioners of the District, and Stephen Hallet, a French architect, both then being residents of Philadelphia. Brumicli's Cauupy.— The Apotheosis of Washington The plans submitted by thf.e tfcnticMiii:'!! were so equal in excellence and so strani^eiy similar that the Commissioners avvarded the full prize ofl'ered, $500 and a city lot, tc each ol them. Dr. Thornton not being professionally active, Mr. Hallet w;is appointid architect, August, 1792, under James Hobaii, a native of Ireland and resident of Charleston, S C, who was made Superintendent of Public Buildings. The corner-stone of the original building, beneath the }>resent law library in the base- ment, was laid September IS, 179.5, with suitable and impressive Masonic ceremonies, by Mas- ter Mason George Washington, President of the United States. Unfortunately, owing to the THE NATION'S PALACE. 17 prevalence of yellow-fever in Philadelphia, these ceremonies were not reported. Failing to agree with Hoban, Hallet was dismissed in June, 1794, and the former took entire charge of the work. In 1795 George Hadfield, an Englishman, was appointed architect and so continued until 1798 when he, too, became a victim of Hoban's rule. The north, or Senate wing of the old building was first made ready for occupation, and on November 17, 1800, Congress first assembled there. Hoban seems to have been again in entire control until 1803, when Benjamin H. Latrobe, an Englishman by birth, resident of Philadelphia, was appointed. Mr. Latrobe appears to have been the first of this series who was really fitted to cope with th.- ,j(ient"'. Room— Senate newer portion with the North Wing, which had been finished under his predecessors, by erecting the rotunda, library hall and eastern portico. The material principally used for this portion was a yellowish sandstone taken from an island in Acquia Creek, Virginia, which the Government purchased in 1791 for |6,000. This part now has frequently to be painted white to match its surroundings. This work progressed slowly until the breaking out of the war with England in 1S13, when operations were suspended. In 1815, on the proclamation of peace, Latrobe returned from Pittsburgh, where he had been engaged in building Senate Reception Room. steamboats in connection with Robert Fulton. The British had, as already mentioned, spent a night in setting fire with the aid «[ th^i™ to every combustible object in the building, the treasures of he Congressional Library and many valuable and irreplaceable records. Latrobe describes the appearance of the Capitol as "perfectly terrifying. ' ' Fire had consumed all the wood work save in a few unimportant rooms; but the dome and the Supreme Court room had suffered the most. Into some of the sandstone columns the "fire had eaten so that a few inches only of contact was left." These were repla ed by columns of a coarse "marble," which Latrobe discovered on the upper Potomac and which 18 THE NATION'S PALACE. were brought down on flat boats. As it was unfit for fine carving, being in fact a sort of breccia, the caps and bases were made of white Italian marble. In the reconstructed build- ing the House occupied what is now known as "Statuary Hall," for nearly thirty years. Through Latrobe's desire to give as much of a distinctively national character to the adornments as possible, there was evolved under the chisel of Guiseppe Franzoni, a form of column so airy and happy in conception as to be deemed worthy to be called the American order. An example of it is to be seen in the vestibule of the law library in the basement. The shaft is composed of Indian corn, springing from a circlet of the lance shaped leaves resting on a double moulded base, and winding spirally upwards. The capital is made of the ears with The Senate Chamber. the husks sufficiently open to show the grains, and the intermediate spaces are filled with the tassels bending over. Another and almost equally pleasing column may be seen at the vestibule of the Supreme Court, on the floor just above, where DISTINCTIVE tobacco leaves and flowers are used with good efiect. Cotton leaves and bolls NATIONAL were also used in this way; the original design of the "Corn Cob Column," DESIGNS. as it was alliteratively called, was presented to Thomas Jefterson and used by him as a shaft for a sundial. To Latrobe also belongs the credit of designing the clock in the Hall of Statuary, known as "History in the Car of Time." This work is usually attri- buted to Carlo Franzoni, to whom Latrobe entrusted the sculpture. In 1817 Latrobe resigned his position on account of his disinclination to cope with the harassing treatment of the Com- missioner of Public Works, a man entirely ignorant of architecture, appointed by President Monroe. In Latrobe's place Charles Bulfinch, a native and resident of Boston, was appointed ; he THE NATION'S PALACE. 19 had the honor of being the first American to be entrusted with this important work. "Where now stand the Rotunda and Dome with their adjacent fronts there was at tliat time simply the massot earth, rubbish and old foundations that resulted from British incendiarism. The found- ations for this part of the new work were laid March 2, 1818. To Bulfinch is due the credit of remedying to a great extent the glaring defect that arose from originally placing the Capitol too far over the western brow of the hill, and which caused the building to have one more story on that side. Under Bulfinch the central building, as it now is, with the exception of the approaches and the much higher dome, was finished in 1830. Then for twenty-one years the building stood unaltered and witliout an architect. The House of Representatives. On September 30, 1850, Congress provided for the enlargement of the Capitol, and on June 6, 1851, a second Latrobe, Thomas U. Walter, a natiye Philadelphian and there resident, was appointed to act as the architect of the contemplated extensions, his plans for which had been accepted. The corner-stone of this enlarged building was laid by President Fillmore, July 4, 1851, Daniel Webster, then Secretary of State, delivering the oration. December 21, 1851 the west front of the Center Building, was destroyed by a fire which also consumed over 35,000 volumes in the Congressional Library, besides a valuable lot of coins, manuscripts, etc. In the following June the present library rooms were begun and were built on a thoroughly fire-proof plan. On December Ifi, 1857, the House of Representatives fir.st met in the new hall at the southern extremity of the extended building; and on January 4, 1859, the Senate was first called together in its new abode at the north end. In 18(31 Congress ordered the discon- tinuance of the improvements on account of the Civil War, but so great was the patriotism and 20 THE NATION'S PALACE. COMPLETION OF THE CAPITOL. po ssession of confidence in the stability of the Government that President Lincoln succeeded fn awakening- in the contractors that the sound of the hammer was never stilled during all those dark days, and the Statue of Liberty was finally placed on top of the completed dome at noon on December 2, 1863. As the top section — the head and shoulders of the statue — was put in place, a tlag was waved from the dome and immediately a field-battery in the Capitol grounds replied with a National salute of ihirty-tive guns. This was replied to in turn by the sixty-eight forts which then guarded the District. In 1865 Mr. Walter's work was completed and he resigned ; his place was filled y^ Columbus by the appointment of Edward Clark, who still holds the position after twenty- six years. It will be seen from the foregoing / / Columbus that to seven architects or designers are / / takinf: we indebted for a building which, while it has without doubt awakened some adverse criticism, now stands ac- cepted by the vast concensus of public opinion as a worthy exponent of our national lite. Of these seven, four came from the Quaker City; and to two of these, who had charge of the work for a period of fourteen years each, is the credit mainly due for producing the perfect whole. Of it Prof. Gold- win Smith has spoken as "a most ma- jestic and imposing pile." With no desire to praise anything Ameiican, Mrs. Trollope was moved by it to utter many words of praise and admiration. Harriet Prescott Spotford, in apology for its somewhat mixed style of archi- tecture has well said: "It is not ex- actly unsuitable that a nationality so mixed as ours, so far from being settled in one type, should be represented in architecture by a mass comprehending almost every order under the sun." These are but stray expressions gleaned from among many such. If the reader wishes to realize how just such praise is, and yet how far all words will fall short of CRITICISM the truth, let him, on OF THE some bright moonlight CAPITOL. night, stand and gaze upon its eastern front from a dis- tance of not less than one hundred and fifty yards. Its stupendous grandeur of the national wealth; its awe-inspiring repose is a symbol of that national quiet which all good citizens pray for ; reaching far to North and South it typifies the bond which now binds all sections together in a common brotherhood ; and its Statute of Liberty uplifted high ' I The New Wc rid. \ ' 36 Asia 26© - before The JZ on his C Q. Council of r> Death 38 Europe O Salamanca O Bed 39 America 34© 35© Plan of Roger'' s Bronze Door. THE NATION'S PALACE. 21 above all towards Heaven, is a reassurance to all men that here is a soil freed from tyianny. Esto perpetua ' But, in the words of Webster engrossed upon the scroll placed iu the second corner-stone, July 4, 1851 : " If, therefore, it shall hereafter be the will of God that this struc- ture shall fall from its base, that its foundations be upturned and this deposit brought to the eyes of men, be it known, that on this day the Union of the United States of America stands firm ; that their Constitution still exists unimpaired and with its original usefulness and glory growing every day stronger and stronger in the affections of the great body of the American people, and attracting more and more the admiration of the world. And all here assembled, whether belonging to public life or to private life, with hearts devoutly thankful to Almighty God for the preservation of the Liberty and happiness of the country, unite in sincere and fervent prayers that this deposit and the walls and arches, the domes and towers, the columns and en- tablatures now to be erected over it, may endure forever. God save the UxiTED States of America." If in the street car or a carriage, the visitor will do well to enter the Capitol grounds from the east central ap- |iroach. If on foot, coming by way if "the Avenue," as Pennsylvania Avenue is usually called, it will be iiest for him to either walk around the ii|)per terrace by the southern end of I he building to the east central por- tico, or else to go directly through the building, on the basement level, to the same point, and thus in either case to first enter the rotunda from the portico that has been designed to be the main entrance. This is the scene of the immense inaugural gatherings which every four years act as a loadstone to so many patriotic citizens from all parts of our broad laud. On this portico, which is one hundred and sixty feet long, with twenty-four pillars and twelve pilas- ters upholding a pediment of eighty feet span, the President takes the oath of office, surrounded by Congress, the Supreme Court, and such officials and their friends as can gain admission, in the presence of the assembled thousands who are crowded together on the stone plaza beneath, where 150,000 persons can stand and witness the impressive ceremonies. At the top of the flight of steps are two semi-colossal groups, that to the South represent- APPROACHES TO THE CAPITOL. Roger's Bronze Door. 22 THE NATION'S PALACE. V>**, ^ *^ • Columbus Before the Couucll. ing the Discovery, that to the North the Settlement of America. The former, by Signer Persico, contains the figure of Columbus holding aloft the globe, which his voyages made complete, much to the terror of a crouching Indian maiden, whose mingled awe, wonder and admiration, it must be admitted, have caused her to forget the possibilities of anatomy and assume an attitude on which the sculptor could have easily obtained a patent for its novelty. _ _ A suit of armor which was worn by Columbus, and now at Genoa, is reproduced, it is said, even to every rivet. The group on the Xorth side is by rr" Iforatio Greenough ; it consists of a pioneer settler " , "verpowering an Indian warrior arrested in the at- ^^^M timptto kill a white mother and her ^ babe, who crouch at his feet. A dog EXTERIOR at one side is probably at once the STATUARY. pjVl most interesting and unique feature ft^Tjl "^ the group, as with most uncanine instincts he fc^ I I I (isely watches the struggle without coming to his r JtiA '"dster's rescue and without indicating to which side -owM*, he owes allegiance. These groups cost $24,000 each. v/^' On the tympanum of the portico — the face of the ■*»?-i gable — there is an allegorical group in basso-rilievo ~^ 1 i^presenting the Genius of America, accompanied by tlie Eagle, shield and spear, calling the attention of Hope, with her traditional anchor, to the figure of Justice, who, looking upon her scales with unban- daged eyes and holding the Scroll of the Constitution is indicated as the main reliance on which republican institutions rest. This is said to have been designed by John Quincy Adams. It was executed by Persico, and is creditable, con- sidering the extreme softness of the sandstone in which it is cut. It cost $1,500. On either side of the main entrance in deep niches are two heroic statues, also the work of Persico, costing $6,000 each. On the North stands War, in Roman costume, with sword and shield. On the South stands Peace, in a flowing Greek robe, with a fruit-bearing olive branch in her ex- tended hand. Over the door a basso rilievo, by Signor Capellano, represents Washington crowned by Fame and Peace. From these somewhat amateurish works of art the sight-seer turns with relief to the main entrance to the Rotunda, to the famous Rogers' Bronze Door. This unrivalled work of art is seventeen feet high, over all, and nine feet wide. It is made of the finest bronze, with two valves which fold back into recesses in the casing, when open. Over it is a semi-circular panel, and surrounding all a massive casing. It was designed in 1858 by Randolph Rogers, an American artist, while resident in Rome, and was cast in 1861 by F. von Muller, of Munich. It weighs 20,000 pounds, and cost the government $8,000 for the models, $17,000 for the casting and metal, and the freight, storage, erection, etc., finally swelled the sum to $30,000, or $1.50 per pound. The designs treat entirely of that portion of the life of Christopher Columbus which was given to the discovery of the New World, and with repre- ,T r-(^. ^( Columljus at La Kablda. THE NATION'S PALACE. 23 THE KOGERS' BRONZE DOOR. sentations of those whose names are connected therewith in history. The style of art is known OB alto rilievo — the figures projecting almost entirely from the surface; and its quality is universally pronounced as of the very highest order. An examination of our picture of the door itself and of the separate panels will afford a key to the interesting story that the door tells. The follow- ing brief account will add some details to this; the numbers here placed in brackets refer to those of the separate panels. To read the door in chrono- logical order it is necessary to begin at the bottom left-hand panel. Here (1) Columbus is under- going an examination before the Council of Sala- manaca, who after long delays decide "the project vain and impossible" and unbecoming to great princes of both Church and State. Later, cast down and weary, Columbus sought food and shelter from Juan Perez de Marchena (10), M'ho became his fast friend. While here he also won the friendship of Martin Alonzo Pinzon (22), who afterwards commanded the "Pinta" on the first voyage to America, and who was also the first to see land October 12, 1492. From the Convent of La Rabida, of which Perez was prior, Columbus is here (2) seen setting forth, accompanied by his young son, Diego, on his way to the Royal Court. , „Umibu^ at the Court. Through the influence of Perez, with Lady Beatriz de Bobadilla, Marchioness de Moya, (18) Columbus was granted 20,000 maravedis (about $215) to enable him to present a suitable apjjearance when at last he reached (3) the Court of Ferdinand (17) and Isabella (IC), King and Queen of Spain. Having through the influence of the latter, and largely owing to the interest shown by Pedro Gonzales de Mendoza (14), Archbishop of Toledo and Cardinal of Spain, and Alexander IV (15), the Roman Pontiff secured the necessary funds for his first voyage of Discovery, Columbus set sail (4) August 3, 1492, from Palos after leaving his little son, Fernando, in the charge of the friars there. On the semi-circular panel at the top (5) Columbus is shown in the act of taking possession of the Island of San Salvador (now Watling's Island, in the Baha- mas) in the name of Spain and the Church of Rome. From the first Columbus endeavored to hold in check the lawless spirits who made up the crews of his little fleet, but always with but slight success. The panel which illustrates the first encounter between the Spaniards and the Arrowack natives (6) shows Columbus sternly reproving a sailor for the capture of a girl. Returning to Spain, March 1493, with the glory of the greatest discovery in the World's history upon him, Columbus was given(7)amost triumphal entry into Barcelona. After other and larger expeditions had gone out under his charge, being unable to control the unbridled licentiousness and thirst of blood that his followers universally showed, he was formally charged with being responsible therefor, and Don Francisco de Bobadilla was sent out, in 1500, to the New World to make investigation. Starting on First Voyage. 24 THE NATION'S PALACE. Encouuter with IS atives. He, utterly unfitted for this important mission, found Columbus guilty and condemned him to be sent home in chains (8). Never fully recovering his spirits after this act, which he called "the Gratitude of Princes," Columbus in vain tried to obtain from Ferdinand relief from the poverty and shame which weighed him down. At last in 1506, at the age of seventy, we see him C9) on his death-bed at Yalladolid, having received the last sacrament, just as he is utter- ing his last words: "In manus tuas, Domine, commendo spiritum meum " — "Into thy hands, O Lord, I commend my soul." The justice that he sought came too late, and he was given a mag- nificent funeral from the Church of Santa Maiia de la Antigua and was buried with great pomp in the Convent of San Francisco, Yalladolid. In 1513 his body was removed to the Monastery of Las Cuevas, at Seville, and in 1536 to the Island of Santo Domingo (his "Hispaniola") from which it was removed in 1796 to Havana, Cuba, where it now rests in the Cathedral. On the styles of the door — the uprights of the valves — sixteen statuettes stand in deep niches, representing contemporaries of Columbus who were closely connected with his work. Of these Perez (10), Mendoza (14), Alexander (15), Ferdinand (17), Isabella (16), Lady Boba- dilla (18), and Pinzon (22) have been already introduced above. The remaining figures are (11) Hernando Cortez, the famous conqueror of Mexico, (12) Alouzo de Ojeda, at first a companion afterwards a traitor to Columbus, (13) Amerigo Vespucci, the discoverer from whose first name -vve get that of our continent, (19) Charles VIII of France, (20) Henry VII, of Eng- land, who received kindly the brother, Bartholomew Columbus, (23) and was disposed to aid in the dis- coveries, (21) John 11, of Portugal who in 1484 spurned the chance, which Ferdinand afterwards availed himself of, to become Monarch of the New World, (24) Vasco Nunez de Balboa, the first European to cross the New World, at Panama, and gaze upon the Western Pacific, and last (25) Fran- cisco Pizarro, the conqueror of Peru whose remains may yet be seen in the Cathedral at Lima. Inter- mediate, on the cross-bars of the the valves, there are small busts which Mr. Walter, the architect of the Capitol from 1851 to 1865, has said were intended by Rogers for those of the historians who wrote of the discoveries of Columbus, "from his own time down to the present day, ending with Irving, (33) and Prescott" (32). Unfortunately, neither from the artist's correspondence nor in any other way can the desired information be obtained regarding the others. The two heads at the top are those of females and the two at the bottom those of native American chiefs. It takes but a slight stretch of imagination — if I may be permitted so to indulge myself — to see in the two upper heads those of the wives of Columbus, Felipa, the mother of his son Diego, and Beatriz, the mother of Fernando. The two heads at the bottom are probably those of Eutiy into Barcelona. TTIE NATION'S PALACE. 25 ^^. ^^^ft .^l^^l Secretary of State under though the: -^oonses have not ^^^^^^P^Vk^B~''^^^^^H Buchanan, ISf , by French, been as many he; could be de- ^^^E ^^n.J!!*'* *^-^^H New Jersey. — Richard sired, about twenty are now ^^^BB|^^^^-w>- _.^^^ Arms, when the House is called to order. On one side of his chair is a full-length portrait of Washington, by Vanderlyn, $2,500, on the other side one of Lafayette, by Ary SchefFer, and presented by him. In large panels between the lobby doors are two paintings by Bierstadt, representing "The First Landing of Henry Hud- son " and "The Discovery of California," $10,000 each. Another panel contains a fresco by Brumidi, representing "General Washington refusing Lord Cornwallis' request for an Armistice at Yorktown " just before the final surrender. Leaving this Hall by the eastern door, with the House Library on the right, the corridor and eastern portico are before the visitor. The columns of this portico, like all those around the north and south extensions, are of single blocks of marble from a Maryland quarry, and all were rolled from the quarry to the point at THE MONO- which they were loaded on the flatboats on which they were trans- LITHIC COLUMNS, ported ; this unusal proceeding had the advantage of severely proving the solidity of each one that withstood the strain. To the right of this corridor is the richly frescoed room of the Committee on Ways and Means ; beyond it that of the Sergeant-at-Arms, with the Speaker's Room, Members' Retiring Room, with its richly panelled and decorated ceiling, etc., along the south corridor, or lobby. In this lobby there are many portraits of notables, chiefly former Speakers of the House, both dead and living, and at each end of it will be found elevators which run from the LOBBIES AND basement to the attic floor. In the southwest corner of this floor COMMITTEE ROOMS, are two rooms used by the Committee on Appropriations, and SOUrHERN LOBBY ® ® SENATORS LOBBY ^^^m VICE PRESIDENT'S ^H ■^V ROOM ^H ^H PRESIDENT'S ^^^ ■ «oo. IP Plau of House of Representatives Cliamber, THE NATIOJSrS PALACE. 35 adjoiniag thorn on the west end are the rooms of the Committee on Rivers and Harbors and of the Journal and Printing Clerks. The western stairway, of Tennessee marble, has at its landing a picture, "Westward! Ho !" by Leutze, $20,000, with "Golden Gate," San Francisco, by Bierstadt, below it, and a- portrait of Chief Justice John Marshall, by Brooks, at the head, and at its foot a bronze bust of the Chippewa Chief, Bee-She-Kee, "The Buffalo," by Vincenti. In the northwest corner is the room of the Committee on Naval Affairs, and in the northeast corner that on Military Affairs ; in the latter may be seen Lieut. Col. Eastman's collection of paintings of the principal fortifications of the country. Along the south corridor of this floor, adjoining the main hall, are the cloak rooms. Having now reached the eastern stairway, at the foot of which is Powers' statue of Jeffer- son, $10,000, and a full length jwrtrait of Henry Clay, by Neagle, flanked by those of " Charles Carroll of Carrollton," the last surviving signer of the Declaration, and Gunning Bedford, by Stuart, and on the landing the painting "President Lincoln and his Cabinet," or"Signirg the Proclamation of Emancipation," September 22, 186.3, by Carpenter, $25,000, presented by Mrs. Thompson and accepted by appointed orators, of whom Alexander H. Stevens, Ex- Vice- Capitol.— Main Floor Plan. President of the Confederate States, was one, it is best to ascend to the floor above. North ot this stairway is the room of the Committee on Foreign Affairs and south of it that of the Judiciary, followed by those of Commerce and Public Lands. Beyond, com- municating with the Ladies' Gallery are retiring rooms, with a matron in THE charge and still further west Journalists' Rooms and a Lobby. Along the HOUSE west end of this floor are the Committee Rooms of Pacific Railroads and Pen- GALLERIES, sions. Elections, Railways and Canals, and Patents, and on the District of Columbia, with that of Banking and Currency beyond the stairway. The main corridor, from, which entrance may be made to the galleries to witness the House of Representatives at work, which begins each day of the session at noon, leads on the north to the main library room in which 125,000 volumes of documents are kept, and continues to the east stairway where it or the elevator may be taken to the basement floor. The whole of the basement of the House is occupied by Committees, or by Restaurant, Bath and Retiring Rooms. The interesting rooms among these are the Restaurant in the east centre, where most edibles and drinkables are to be obtained ; the Bath, which is well worth seeing ; that of the Committee on Agriculture, near the west stairway, with some of the 36 THE NATION'S PALACE. handsomest frescoes in the building, portraying "Cinciunatus called from tlie Plow" to be Dictator of Rome, "Putnam called from the Plow" to join the Con- tinental Army, a medallion of Washington and an old-time harvest, and a . THE medallion of Jefferson and a modern harvest, with Flora, Ceres, Bacchus, and HOUSE Boreas, symbols of the four seasons, on the ceiling; and the room of the BASEMENT. Committee on Indian Affairs, where are interesting pictures representing Indian life. From this wing the corridor leads northward, past various Committee and Clerks' rooms, whei'e there is nothing of interest to detain the sight-seer, on into the centre of the building to the Crypt THE with its forty CRYPT. massive col- umns and the stone star marking the exact cen- Senat^.— D. ('. Ciiiiiinitii'f Rnoin. tre of the building, which was formerly tak jn as the meridian of Washington. West of the Crypt are twelve Committee rooms and surrounding it are storage rooms for the Library of Congress, none of which are of special interest. Continuing north- ward are the Senate Bath NORTH Room and the Consultation Rooms of the Supreme Court on the west side, and on the east the Law Library, prior to 1859 the Hall of the Supreme Court. Here is a most com- plete collection of legal works, already described on page 31, and here may be observed the "Corn Cob Columns" allu- ded to elsewhere. Those portions of the basement beneath the Senate Wing which Senate. -Marble Room, are of most interest are the Restaurant like that of the House ; the official telegraph office con- nected by telephone with all the Departments in the city and by wire with all parts of the globe; the rooms of the Committees on Military and on Naval Affairs, near the west stairway, where are frescoes representing the Boston Massacre, Battle of Lexington, Death of Wooster, Washington at Valley Forge, and Capture of Stony Point, in the former, and Marine deities, in the latter; The Committee on Library, appropriately frescoed in the south- west corner; and the Committee on Indian Affairs, near by. Other of the Committee THE NATION'S PALACE. 37 rooms are suitably decorated, and a fresco of Las Casas, the Spanish liero-priest, at tlie west stairs ; frescoes by Bruiuidi of the "Signing of the Treaty of Ghent," De- cember 2-i, 181-1, over the door vo the Committee on Foreign delations, at the SENATE centre ot the north front ; and a full length portrait of liobert Fultou over the BASEMENT, entrance to the ^Committee on Patents, just north of the east corridor, are worthy of examination. South of this latter room, and beyond the corridor, will be found the east stairway, of Tennessee marble, from which the main floor may be reached. The Hall of the Senate occupies in the north extension a position identical with that of the House of Representatives in the south extension, but it is a smaller room, being one hun- dred and thirteen by eighty-one feet, and thirty-six feet high, the surrounding cloak rooms and lobbies under the galleries, reducing the main floor to eighty- SENATE three by fifty-one feet; the galleries will seat twelve hundred persons, and CHAMBER, there are desks for eighty-eight Senators and the regular officers. The iron and glass ceiling is like that of the House and the glass panels are decorated with symbols of Pro- gress, the Union, the Army, the Navy, and the Mechanical Arts ; the desks are of highly polished mahogany. Leaving the Senate Chamber by the south door and turning to the right along the corridor the west stairway, a superb piece of workmanship in white marble, is reached. At the foot is Stone's statue of John Hancock, $5,500, and on the landing Walker's painting of the "Storming of Chapultepec, " Mexico, September 13, 1847, $6,000, (the artist was an American resident and refugee from the City of Mexico just prior to this time and some of his studies for the picture were made during the engage- COMMITTEE ment), and Charles Wilson Peale's portrait of Washington in 1779, at the KOOMS. head. Surrounding this stairway are the rooms of the Secretary of the Senate and the Chief, Executive, Financial, Engrossing, and Enrolling Clerks under his charge. In the northwest corner of this floor are the rooms of the Committees on Appropriations and Enrolled Bills, and adjoining them, along the north front, are the rooms set aside for the President, the Senators, and the Vice-President. The first of these is one of the finest rooms in the Capitol ; here the President comes to take part in the final rush of business incident to signing the bills during the last hours of the sessions of Congress. Portraits of Thomas Jeffer- son, Secretary of State, Henry Knox, Secretary of War, Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, Edmund Randolph, Attorney-General, and Samuel Osgood, Postmaster-General — Washington's first Cabinet — and one of Washington, hang on the handsomely decorated and gilded walls. The four corner ceiling THE PRESIDENT'S frescoes represent Columbus, or "Discovery," William Brewster, the AND first Plymouth pastor, or "Religion," Americus Vespuccius, or "Ex- MARBLE ROOMS, ploration," and Franklin, or "History." Between these are others representing Liberty, Legislation, Religion, and Executive Power ; all are the work of Brumidi. From this room along the north lobby, at each end of which is a Bronze Stairway costing $5, 000, entrance is next had into the Senators' Withdrawing Room or Marble Room, as it is usually called. Here the walls are of plate glass mirrors and Tennessee marble, with four Italian marble supporting columns, and a ceiling of the same. Continuing eastward the next is the Vice-President's Room, in which Rembrandt Peale's famous portrait of Washington, $2,000, and busts of President, pro. tern., Foster, of Connecticut, and of Viqe-President Wilson, who died in this room November 22,1875, are the chief attractions. Beyond a Ladies' Reception Room, the office of the Sergeant-at-Arms, and the room of the Committee on the District of Columbia fill the northeast corner of this floor ; these are decorated, the former, sixty feet long, has a vaulted ceiling divided into two arches, one-half of which contains frescoes of Liberty, War, Plenty, and Peace, the other of Prudence, Justice, Temperance, and Strengtli, and on the south wall a painting of Washington in consultation with Jefterson and Hamilton, and the latter room richly frescoed, all by Brumidi. The Senate Postofiice is well furnished and deco- rated with frescoes, by Brumidi, $5,000, to represent History, Geography, Physics, and Tele- grapliy. The corridor adjoining contains an Equestrian portrait of General Scott, by Trove, m'iSP -«i iil ll MMI IB B BMMBgBiBa»^ A\ ashington's Inauguration. ^-r'^^ /«i^>'.. W.i>|]ilr^l.il, ul I I l^te^:fC./l^^ I'm I M Hill iimI 'I. nil I W .nu ii •■ ■, ^"~^>^ iti % ' nL f '"-f"' itf' \llt k ifc."' '^^^ * ;iM Ilk' fv- Monmoutli an. I K.'iiiiU. -ii I. J^ Ydiktdwii and Hamilton iiiifiiiiiriiiii I'l II I III " r Peace and Its blessings. War aud ltt> terrors. The Crawford Bronze Door— Senate 'Wing. THE NATION'S PALACE. 39 who had a special house ereJted for this purpose at West Poiut where for several months the General visited the artist almost daily, valued at $25,000 ; a full length portrait of Henry Clay, by Nagle, $1,500, which Mr. Clay pronounced an excellent likeness. The Eastern Corridor, adorned with pillars and with panels of scaglioni marble, which follows, leads to the famous Bronze Door, by Crawford, illustrative of " Eevolutionary and Federal History," put iu place November, 1868, costing $6,000 for the models and $50,000 for casting by the Messrs. Ames, and being 7 feet 6 inches by 14 feet 6 inches in outside measure- ments, and weighing 14,000 pounds. The North Valve commemorates "War and its Supreme Court Room. Terrors," the South, 'Peace and its Blessings." The ijeriod illustrated is but eighteen years, and begins, chronologically, at the top of the north valve, where is por- trayed the "Battle of Bunker Hill and Death of General Warren," June CRAWFORD 17, 1775. Below, "Battle of Monmouth and Rebuke of the Traitor, BRONZE DOOR. General Charles Lee, " June 28, 1778; next, "Yorktown and the gallant Hamilton," October 19, 1781, with a "A Hessian Soldier Attacking a Colonial House" at the bottom. Opposite, and in contrast to this last study, is an allegorical representation of "Peace"; above, "Washington's Reception at Trenton," as he was on his way to New York to assume the Presidency ; next, " Inauguration of Washington," Vice-President John Adams stands just back of Washington, Chancellor Livingston administers the oath. Secretary of the Senate Otis, Alexander Hamilton, Generals Knox and St. Clair, Baron Steuben and Roger Sherman are grouped around; and in the upper panel '"Laying of the Corner-stone of the Capitol," September 18, 1793, by Washington. The door, like that of Rogers leading into the Rotunda, is in high relief, and by some thought to be a work of equal merit. Above it is a marble group , also by Crawford, of "History and Justice" aud out on the tympanum, or 4 THE NA TION'S PA LA CE. gable end of the portico, a sculpture by the same artist, which l;y many is thought to be his greatest work aud one of the chief adornments of the Capitol. lu this Crawford has attempted to portray in a single group the "Past and Present of America." SENATE In the centre, America oflfers the laurel wreaths of mei'itto her deserving citizens ; PORTICO, the rising sun and the eagle portray her youth and her strength ; at her left the pioneer levels the forest, the youthful hunter stands near, and beyond the Indian warrior and his family, in deepest gloom, watch the inroads of the coming race while only the inevitable grave is back of them. To the right stand the soldier, ready for defense, the educated youths and their teacher, ready for good citizenship in any walk of life, and the mechanic and the merchant are here with the emblems of Agriculture and Commerce, the bulwarks of the Nation. This suggestive work, together with that of "History and Justice," cost $20,000 for the models and $29,000 for sculpture. Returning to the corridor and turning to the south, the East Stairway is reached ; this is of Tennessee marble ; at its foot is a statue of Benjamin Franklin, by Powers, $10,000, and on the landing are the paintings, " Perry's Victory on Lake Erie, " September 10, 1813, by Powell, $25,000, and 'Recall of Columbus," by Seaton, portraying the turning point in his life, when the Great Discoverer, sick at heart and worn with disappointment, is hastily called back to the court of Ferdinand and Isabella to learn that at last they have decided to listen to his prayers and send him out to discover a New World ; this is flanked by jwrtraits of Jelferson, by Sully, and Patrick Henry. South of the Stairway are the rooms of the Official Reporters and the Committee on Finance, and near by an elevator, should the visitor prefer this to the Stairway, which leads to the gallery floor above. In the south-east corner of the upper floor of the Senate Extension are the rooms of the Joint Committee on Public Printing, and a conference room ; the Eastern Corridor is decorated by Thomas Moran's superb paintings, "Canonof the Yellowstone" and "Chasm of the Colorado," $10,000 each, portraits of Webster, Clay and Calhoun, and the statue, "II Penserosa," by Mozier, $2,000 ; and in the the north-east corner are the rooms of the Committees on Claims and Private Land Claims. The latter open into the ante-room to the Ladies' Gallery, which contains portraits of General Dix and Senator Sumner, and paintings of "The First Fight of the Ironclads" and "The Electoral Tribunal of 1877," in which may be recognized many historic faces, with a portrait of Garfield on one side of it and the famous mosaic portrait of Lincoln, presented by Salviati, estimated at $1,200, on the other. Along the north front are the Ladies' Retiring Room, with a matron in charge, the Journalists' Room and the Press Telegraph Oflice. In the north-west portion of this floor are the rooms of the Committees on Engrossed Bills, Commerce, Privileges and Elections, and Railroads, beyond them the Western Stairway, already described, and SENATE behind aud south of this those of the Committee on Expenditures, Coast GALLERIES. Defences, and Public Buildings and Grounds. From the South Corridor entrance can be had to the Senate Galleries, those tor gentlemen being on the west, the Press immediately back of the presiding officer's desk, that for the Diplomatic Corps facing the latter, and those to the east for ladies and the families of Senators and officials. From this corridor the visitor, turning to the south, can go through the Senate Document Rooms, on each hand, with those of the Committees on Nicaragua Claims, the Library Building and that of the Senate Library, 30,000 volumes, beyond ; here, to the east, is also the entrance to the Supreme Court gallery, and near at hand is the stairway leading to the dome, down which the lower floor may be reached. Having thus reached what may be known as the Supreme Court wing of the main build- ing, which alone remains to be inspected on this floor, the visitor will turn to the north and along tlie west front will And the Vestibule of the Supreme Court, and opening from this the Clerk of the Court's Rooms aud the Robing Room for the Justices, in which are portraits of Chief Justices Jay, by Stewart, Marshall, by Rembrandt Peale and a companion piece to his Washington, Chase and Taney, by Healy. East of this vestibule is the Supreme Court Room, which until 1859 was the Senate Chamber, the room just below this, now used as the Lawr THE NATION'S PALACE. 41 Library, then being the Hall of the Supreme Court, where they first met, Februarys, 1801, John Marshall presiding. This room is 45 by 75 feet and 45 feet high ; the gallery is supported by a row of Ionic columns of variagated Potomac SUPREME marble with Italian marble capitals ; on brackets along the west wall are COURT ROOM. busts of the former chief justices. On the north side of this hall is the retiring room for the Justices and on the south side the office of the Marshal, through which entrance to the main hall may be had in case the central entrance is closed. This completes the tour of the three main floors of the Capitol, and leaves only that of the Sub- baseraeni to be explored. The most interesting features of the Sub-basement floor are in the rooms where are the mechanisms and appliances for heating, ventilating and lighting the building. These are under the two extreme wings, and in them will be found attendants who are very polite in giving information to visitors. Under the Crypt in the center of the main building is the Undercroft, where it was at first intended the remains of Washington should be deposited. A portion of the bier, which at different times has held the remains of Lincoln, Thaddeus Stevens, Chief Justice Chase and others, is still here; this vault will on appli- THE cation be opened by an officer of the building. In this sub-basement story UNDERCROFT, are also the rooms of a number of the Committes that have been unable to find quarters on the floors above, and the offices of the Architect and other officials of the Capitol. Thus ends our inspection of the most beautifully majestic and historically impressive structure of its kind in the Western Hemisphere ; no where in the world is there another such monument to civil and religious liberty. uliu-s on the Jhuii I'ortioo of the Caiiitol. THE EXECUTIVE MANSION. N MARCH 14, 1792 the Commissioners of the District advert ist-tl for a design for " the President's House." James Hoban, already mentioned as one of the architects of the Capitol, was the su''- cessful competitor and on October 13, 1792, General Washingtoa was present at the laying of the Corner-Stone of the building, which was closely copied after the home of the Duke of Leinster, in Dublin. The building was not completed until about the time of Washington's death in 1799; President John Adams was the first occupant in 1800, the house being formally opened to the public by a reception given on New Years Day, 1801. In August 1814, the British, during their invasion of the Capital, after partaking of a lunch which they found awaiting the scattered guests, set fire to the Executive Mansion, and nothing but blackened walls remained. It was soon restored along the lines of the former structure with some minor and interior alterations and thus remained until 1881, when under President Arthur it was completely renovated and many modern improvements were introduced. Originally the building cost $333,000 ; when rebuilt in 1815, $300,400 addi- tional were expended and the stables and conservatories added $72,000 to those amounts; the total cost for the building, repairs and alterations to date has been about $1,700,000. It is still far from being either in size, location or appearance worthy of the important position which it now holds as the oflicial residence and office of the Chief Executive of the Great Ke- public. Consequently it sounds strange at this day, to read the words of a writer in the Democratic Review for November 1842, who, after urging that the Executive Mansion be sold to the then recently organized Smithsonian Institution, says : " Let the residence of the President be transferred to a more modest mansion * * and the only wonder would soon come to be how we could ever have so long tolerated to see and hear of ' the Palace of the President.' " Situated in the Executive Grounds of about 80 acres, which extend between 15tli and 17th streets, west, and B street and Pennsylvania Avenue, PLAN AND north, the Mansion faces north on the last DIMENSIONS, named and is surrounded by trees, shrubbery and appropriate landscape gardening ; it is about one and a half miles from the Capitol. The building is one hundred and seventy feet long by eighty-six feet wide, two stories high, in front and owing to the slope of the ground, three stories in the rear. A massive porte cochere, in the style dear to Executive Manslon.-Corridor. Virginians of one©hundred and fifty years ago, in the front, and a semi-circular balcony, with the supporting pillars reaching to the main roof level, in the rear, add variety to the Ionic architecture of what otherwise would be a severely Executive Mansion. —Red Koom. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. 43 plain structure. It is from the latter that the occupants of the Mansion are accustomed to listen to the regular Saturday afternoon serenade concerts of the Marine Band which, open to the public, are given in these grounds from May to October. From the main portico the door opens into a spacious vestibule, forty by fifty feet, which in turn opens to the right into a private Waiting Room for the use of social callers, to the left into the hall and stair- way which lead to the ante-room above, where olficial callers must await the pleasure of the President, or leads through to the Grand Corridor whit-h runs throutrh the lower fluor from east to west, the walls of which are decorated with portraits of the Presidents. From the latter or from the ante- room stairway access may be had to the East Room, forty by eighty feet, and twenty- two feet high, which is open GROUND to the public PLAN, from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. unless a State ceremony be pending. Tliis is the promenade during en- tertainments ; it presents a fine appearance during evening receptions, is rich- ly furnished and decorated by several valuable paint- ings, among which a Gil- bert Stuart of Washington, and portraits of Martha Washington, Thomas Jef- ferson and Abraham Lincoln are prominent; the three-panelled ceiling is beautifully decorated. Here at stated intervals it is the President's custom Executive Mausiou.— Sotttli Front. to come and allow himself to be shalsen by the hand by those who throng for that privilege. Opening into this room and extending along the south front of the main floor are the Green, Blue, and Red rooms so called from the prevailing color of their furniture and decorations. These are beautiful rooms, used on ceremonial and private occasions, and are only opened to the public when not in use, and on special request ; the Green Room contains portraits of a few of the former ''ladies of the White House," Mrs. Tyler, Mrs. Polk and Mrs. Hayes; the Red Room contains portraits of Presidents John Adams, Van Buren, and Taylor. Beyond there, occupying 44 THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. the S. W. corner of this floor, is the State Dining Room where many historic banquets have been served. Gastronomic matters have always raulied as of considerable importance in the lives of our statesmen, as they have abroad ; it was at a dinner that Hamilton and others were led to throw the weight of their influence for the selection of the present site for the Fed- THE DINING ROOM. ENTRANCE Executive Mansion. —Main Floor Plan. eral'District; in the pur- suit of that simplicity of life which made liim ;in ideal American of liis time, President Wil- liam Henry Harrison, while marketing for the Wiiite House table, is said to have caught that cold which carried him otf after Ijut one month of his term had elapsed; and, returning in a pro- fuse perspiration from the ceremonies at the Washington M o n u - ment. President Taylor sat down to a banquet and cooled himself by paying especial attention to the cherries and iced milk, from the effects of which he died in five days. • Here sat Dolly Madison, where she was more of a feature at the State dinners of that day than her husband, the President ; and here Mrs. Hayes taught a nation that providing the means wherewith to become intoxicated and the truest hospital- ity were not always compatible. The rest of this floor is occupied by the private dining- room, elevator, butler's pantry, etc. On the upper floor the rooms to the east are given up to the Execu- tive offices and those to the west are the private rooms of the President's family. The visitor who has business with or desires to "pay his respects" to the President, should announce that fact to one of the ushers at the front entrance; he will be taken up the stairs to the ante-room above, and, if it be the proper hour, will in due time be admitted to the oflSce, which is the center one of a suite of three THE rooms occupying the south-east corner of the building, that to the west being the UPPER Cabinet Room, and the corner room the office of the Private Secretary. The two FLOOR. Eiecutlve Mansion. —Second Floor Front. Note. — Only the portion to the left of the Official Stairway is open to the public. rooms ill the northeast corner are used as clerical offices, and tlie circular room in the south- center, over the Blue Room, for the Library, where are about 5,000 volumes and some por- traits of Presidents. The re- mainder of the floor, comprising a main corridor, jirivate stair- way, and nine bed and living rooms, is all that can really be called the private portion of the Presidential liesidence, and even here the prying eyes of the public would sometimes follow the Nation's chief ser- vant, if allowed so to do. The basement floor is given up to servants' rooms, kitchens, store- rooms, etc. ; a conservatory of the usual hot-house rarities Executive Mansimi.— Blue Kooin. ftpens out from the western end of the building. Presidents Tyler and Cleve- land are the only ones who have here brought brides to under- take the cares of officialdom, and these young wives of much older men will always be roman- tic figures in the history of the first century of the Executive Mansion. But to the true lover of his country and its institu- tions the Mansion's greatest charm will be in the fact that in these rooms lived and brave- ly carried a Nation's burdens that manliest of men, that typi- cal American, the martyr, Lincoln. Executive Mansion.— Green Room. 46 THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. THE DEPARTMENT OF STATE. HE Department of State is located in the southern part of the magnificent pile known as the State, War, and Navy Building, which covers the plot of ground between Seventeenth street and Executive avenue, west, and Pennsylvania and New York avenues, north. This building was designed by the late Sup- ervising Architect of the Treasury, A. B. Mullett, in the Italian renaissance style ; it is of Maine and Virginia granite, has a mansard roof, and is five hundred and sixty-seven feet long and three STATE WAR, hundred and forty-two feet wide, including the projections, cover- AND NAVY ing four and one-half acres. It was begun in 1871 and not entirely BUILDING, finished until 1887; it contains five hundred and sixty-six rooms, over two miles of corridors, and cost very nearly Sll, 000,000. It is practically one building Executive Mausiou. — East Room. made by uniting four fronts, of the same design, by connecting wings. It is variously described as "the finest edifice of the kind in the world," as "having few equals in the world," etc., but to many its beauty is greatly marred by the roof and by the very "cut up " appearance which is due to the myriads of small windows and .short pillars. The State Department, in the southern front of the building, is richly furnished, and is prin- cipally interesting on account of its library and documents. On the second floor are the Reception, Diplomatic Corps, Secretary's, Assistant Secretaries', and Chief Clerk's Rooms. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. 47 Portraits of all the Secretaries, from Jefferson, 1789, to the present, are on the walls of the ante- room to the ofSt-e of the Secretary of State; in that for the use of the Diplomatic Corps are portraits of the Bey of Tunis, of Lord Ashburton, and of some STATE of the Secretaries. On the floor above is the Library, containing over fifty LIBKARY. thousand volumes, ana such objects of interest as the original draft of the Declaration of Independence, the desk on which it was written, the original engrossed copy, fully signed, and a case of relics, in which Washington's War sword is conspicuous. Here there are also very extensive files of newspapers since 1781, and the records of the Department are rich in historic documents. This Department can best be viewed by consulting the Messenger at the door of the Secretary's ofiice. Here, also are the Bureau of Indexes and Archives ; the Diplomatic Bureau, with three divisions ; the Consular Bureau, with four divisions ; the Bureaux of Accounts, Rolls and Library, and Statistics ; and the Examiner of Claims, who is an oflicer of the Department of Justice. Under the supervision of this Department is the Bureau of American Republics, which is located at 2, Lafayette Square ; this Bureau was recommended by the International Amer- State, "War, and Navy Building. lean Conference, October, 1889— April, 1890, its scope to be the collection AMERICAN BUREAU OF REPUBLICS. and publication of "information of value to producers, merchants, manu- facturers, and others interested in the development of commerce between the countries of the Western Hemisphere." The Bureau is at all times available as a medium of communication for persons desiring such information, and its publi- cations will be found of great value and interest. 48 THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. THE DEPARTMENT OF WAR. HE Department of "War occupies the west section and much of the north front of the same building with the Department of State and the Navy. On the second floor, at the transverse corridor, west front, is the fine suite of apartments occu- pied by the Secretary of War. In these and the adjacent corridors may be seen a gallery of the portraits of the Secretaries and distinguished military officers; the messenger at the door can admit visitors, if the rooms be vacant. The library, over 20,000 volumes on the fifth floor, the domed corridor, and the Head- quarters of the Army, on the ground floor, open by permission of an aide, are points of interest. Here are also the offices of the Adjutant, Quartermaster, Commissary, Paymaster, Inspector, J udge- Advocate, and Surgeon-Generals, as well as the Bureaux of Ordnance, War Records, Engineering, and Public Buildings and Grounds. InconnectioQ with this Department are also the Washington Barracks, or Arsenal, Army Medical Museum, Soldiers' Home, and the Signal Office. The Washington Barracks are located at the foot of 4)^ street, s. w., on grounds of seventy acres, open to visitors daily until sunset ; they may be reached by transfer from any of the street-car lines, or direct by the 7th street cable line or the 9th street branch of the Metropolitan road. The grounds are on a tongue of land surrounded on three sides by the Potomac, and are a favorite park in the summer. Here stood the old Penitentiary Building, where were tried and hung the Lincoln assassination conspirators, aad under which the bodies of Booth, Mrs. Surratt, and the others were for a time buried. lu 1864, by an explosion in the laboratory, 21 girls were killed^ who are now buried iu the Congressional Cemetery. Since 1803 these grounds have been occupied by the War Department ; in 1814 they were destroyed by the British, and were rebuilt in 1815. The Rifle Range, where there is daily practice, 9 to 11 a. m.. Hospital, Battery Drill Ground, drilling daily at 10 a. m., and Fish Ponds are among the points of interest. The Army Medical Museum, adjoining the National Museum on the east, at the corner of 7th and B streets, s. w., cau be reached by the 7th street cable cars, or a walk through the Mall. The building is of brick, is 232 by 136 feet, with basement, three stories and wings, cost $200,000, and was finished in 1888. The points of interest are the Museum and the Library on the second floor ; the former contains over 27,000 specimens of interest to sur- gical and medical students and microscopists, and is the best collection of the kind extant ; many of the exhibits, while exceedingly gruesome, are of great historic interest. The Library contains about 110,000 books and 160,000 pamphlets, and is open to the use of specialists and properly introduced readers ; it is kept card-catalogued to date, and the twenty volumes of the Index Catalogue, now being published, is the most stupendous and complete library catalogue ever issued ; about 15,000 books and papers are added annually, perhaps 20 per cent, being by gift of medical men from all countries ; it is undoubtedly the leading library of its kind in the world. The Pension Record Division and Army Medical Supply Exhibit, on the first floor, are also of interest. The Signal, Office, under the care of "Old Probabilties, " is at 24th and M streets, n. w., but a short walk from the ears of the AV. & G. line. It may readily be distinguished by the vanes, anemometers, etc., on the building ; the instrument room is of chief interest. The Soldiers' Home will be found described elsewhere. WMAJ THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. 49 THE NAVY DEPARTMENT. HE Navy Department occupies the east front and half of that part of the building north of the Department of State. On the second floor, opposite the central stairway is the Office of the Secretary of the Navy, which may be viewed, if not occupied, by speaking to the messenger at the door ; it is beautifnllv deco- rated and contains some portraits of recent Secretaries. In the corridor are some ex- quisite models of our battleships; the stair- ways should be inspected also, as they are among the chief features of the building ; they contain over 1100 bronze balusters, surmounted by a massive rail of Honduras mahogany; the sky-light over these is also wor- thy of close examination. The Library of this Department is on the fourth floor, THE NAVAL and is the finest room LIBRARY, in this wing; foreign and domestic marbles are used in panelling the walls, in the corners Old Naval Observaturj . ait' large bronze symbolic figures supporting chan- deliers, theceilingof glass and iron is of artistic de- sign, and a gallery runs around the room. The volumes number about twenty thousand and are of especial value to those interested in Naval sci- ence and "Warfare. From this point the roof of the buildingcan be visited, by procuring the key at the 60 THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. office of the Superintendent ; the view over the city is very fine, the height is about one hun- dred and twenty-five feet. This Department is divided into eight Bureaux, viz : Equipment and Kecruiting, Yards and Docks, Ordnance, Provisions and Clothing, Construction aud Repair, Steam Engineer- ing, Navigation, and Medicine and Surgery ; and the offices of the Judge- Advocate General, Naval Intelligence, Steel Inspection Board, and the NAVAL Hydrographic Office. In connection with it, but in other buildings, are the BUREAUX. Naval Observatory, Naval Hospital, see elsewhere. Marine Barracks, Navy Yard, Nautical Almanac Office, the Magazines, Navy Pay Office, Museum of Hygiene, and Naval Dispensary. Of these the offices of the Nautical Almanac, at Pennsylvania and 19th, street n. w., Navy Paymaster, 1425 New York avenue., n. w., and the Naval Dispensary; 1707 New York avenue, n. w., and the grounds of Bellevue Magazines, on the Potomac, nearly opposite Alexandria, are not of especial interest. The Naval Observatory is located in the reservation known as "University Square" and can be reached by a walk of about a half mile from the W. & G. street cars at Pennsylvania avenue and 24th, street n. w. The main building is on Peters' or Camp Hill, ninety-six feet above tide ; General "Washington desired to see a National University founded here. The Observatory was established in 1842, the central building completed in 1844, and in it, in 1873, was mounted the "Great Equatorial" telescope, weighing over six tons, costing $47,000, under an iron dome costing $14,000, and said to be one of the most powerful glasses in the world. The telescope is of steel, in three sections, thirty-two feet high, with an object glass of twenty-six inches clear aperture ; it is of American THE GREAT make, as is also the dome, which is forty feet high by forty-one feet in EQUATORIAL, diameter ; the instrument is run by water power. Tne library here is composed of about 15,000 works of the highest standard, some of which date well back into the fifteenth century. The ' ' Meridian of Washington' ' passes through the center of the dome, and from this point the time-ball is daily dropped at noon and the time thus communicated by telegraph to all parts of the Union. Standard clocks, chronometers, transits, etc., are also here. The New Naval, Observatory is nearing completion on a tract of sixty-two acres on the Tennallytown Road, about two-thirds of a mile north-west of Oak Hill Cemetery, Georgetown. It may be reached by the electric cars which connect with the W. & G. line. Here the view is commanding, and the buildings, commenced in 1887, will be a three hundred and seven by sixty-two feet main building, with a forty-five feet dome, a clock house, and several minor buildings, all of New Y'ork marble, erected at a cost of $400,000. It is de- signed to make this the most complete institution of its kind in the world. The Marine Barracks are on 8th between G and I Streets, s. e., on the line of theW. & G. streetcars. They were destroyed by the British in 1814, but were immediately rebuilt at a cost of $335,600. These are the Headquarters of the Marine Corps, created in 1798 consisting of a Commandant, a staff of officers and ab»ut 2,500 men. The place is open to visitors daily until sunset ; there is a daily guard mount at 8 a. m. in the summer, 9 a. m. in winter, and a concert from the unexcelled Marine Band on Mondays at 1.30 to 3 p. m. during January to April, inclusive, and on Thursdays at 4.30 p. m. during May to October 1st. There are no concerts during October to January 1st; for concerts elsewhere, see page 43. Some interesting flags aud relics are in the Armory. The Navy Y'ard is at the foot of 8th Street s. e., about a half mile from the foregoing, may be reached in the same way, and is open daily until sunset. These grounds were laid out under order of the Department, December 1799, and the yard was formally opened in March 1804. It covers about 28 acres and is a most interesting place to visit from the fact that here may be seen in progress most of the work of gun making, etc. The Museum of Naval Relics, open from 9 to 4, contains among other objects of interest a cannon cast in 1490, used by Cortez in his conquest of Mexico, a small mortar captured from Lord Cornwallis 1781, and numerous J HE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. 51 arms of odd design. The yard also eontaius trophies connected with our naval victories ; and the ordnance foundries, shot and shell factories, copper-mills, etc., are of great interest. Here, too, is the Experimental Battery, extending across the NAVAL channel to the targets near the Naval Magazine in the distance ; the receiving TROPHIES. ship for recruits ; and usually one or more dispatch boats, monitors or men of war. All will be explained by inquiring of the men who are on duty at the time. The Museum of Hygiene is at No. 1707 New York avenue and is worthy of a visit. Its name explains its scope. The Treasuiy Building.— South Front. THE TREASURY DEPARTMENT. ■^^fc^' HE Treasury Department Building, just east of the Executive Grounds, occu- pies the square between loth street and Executive avenue, west, and Penn- sylvania avenue and E street, north. Its four fronts enclose a building of 572 by 280 feet, three stories, and a basement and sub-basement, containing 195 rooms above the ground level. The East Front, of Acquia freestone, was commenced under Robert Mills in 1836, and was ready for occupancy in 1841. In 1814 the building used by this Department was destroyed by the British, and at the point now covered by the south approach to the present EARLY structure another was erected at once ; this was consumed by fire, March 31, HISTORY. 1833. The present site was chosen by President Jackson : a most unfortunate choice, as it completely shuts ofl' the view between the Capitol and the Executive Mansion. 52 THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. In 1855 the extensions, of Maine granite, were commenced and carried forward under architects Walter, Young, Rogers, and Mullett ; the north front was the last portion finished, in 1869. It is of Ionic architecture, and the granite columns are thirty-one and one-half feet high, nearly four feet at the base, and monolithic, or of one solid stone each ; the total cost has been about $6,800,000. In the building, besides the Secretary of the Treasury's suite, are the otfices of the Super- vising Architect, Steam Boat Inspection, Life Saving Service, the First and Second Comptrollers, Commissioner of Customs and of Internal Revenue, Register, First, Third, Fourth and Fifth Auditors, Comptroller of the Currency, BUREAUX Director of the Mint, Bureau of Navigation, Light-House Board, Secret OF THE Service Division, and Treasurer of the United States. Only the last two DEPARTMENT bureaux are of special interest to the visitor, as such exhibits as would nat- urally belong to the others may best be seen at the National Museum. The suite of the Secretary is in the southeast corner of the building, second floor ; here, and in the adjoining corridors and Assistant's offices, are a gallery of the portraits of former Secretaries of the Treasury ; a view of these can be arranged for by the messenger at the door. Here permission can be obtained to inspect the Secret Service SECRET Division on the third floor, west corridor, where are a most interesting collection SERVICE of the plates and dies used by counterieiters, and a photographic " Rogues Gal- DIVISION, lery " of the noted criminals of this sort. A suit worn by a captured member of the infamous Ku Klux Klan is also here. In the northwest of the attic floor is a library of nearly 20.000 volumes, and the Light House Board also has a collection numbering 3,500 volumes. At the office ot the Treasurer of the United States, east corridor, first floor, a guide will be sent with visitors to show the Cash Room, Vaults, and all portions of the money-handling divisions open to public inspection. The Cash Room, 72 by 32 feet and 27 feet high, is opposite the north entrance, the best view being from the interior balcony, with its THE graceful bronze railing. This is said lo be the most costly room of its kind in the CASH world ; its walls are decorated with black Vermont, Bardiglio Italian, dove Vermont, ROOM. Sienna Italian, Tennessee, white Italian, and Sarraugolum marbles ; the latter is from the Pyrenees, and has much the appearance of raw beef the worse for age. At one end is the Cashier's office and at the other the Vault Room ; in this is kept a reserve supply of cur- rency, etc., and $•40,000,000 may be therein, in various notes of issue, at one time. The silver vaults in the basement may be inspected ; the closed vaults, with a capacity of $215,000,000 in coin, are in the sub-basement. The most interesting portion of this Department is contained in the rooms of the money issuing and destruction divisions; these are in the basement. In the first the money, fresh from the printer, is counted ; 50,000 notes have been accurately counted by one expert in a day from 9 to 3 o'clock, or at the rate of 150 per minute. That the currency may be kept in a presentable condition the Government pays the expressage on all old notes returned for exchange for new ones ; great bundles of cash are con- stantly coming and going. The Assistant Treasurer at New York has sent here an average of $100,000 per week to be thus exchanged ; this will give CURRENCY someideaoftheexteutof this branch of the work. All notes so received REDEMPTION, are carefully counted, scrutinized for counterfeits, assorted and recounted by women, who, it is claimed, attain a proficiency in this work never reached by men. At one time the counterfeits detected by them ran as high as $350 per day ; all such are punctured by a steel punch with the word "Counterfeit" and returned to the sender. Beyond is the room lor mail redemption where the most filthy and dilapidated notes are received, accompanied by many a tale ot woe. ~ Some come from the bodies of MUTILATED drowned and murdered men ; others have been used by some drunken fool CURREIsCY, as cigar lighters; Paddy has put his lighted pipe in his pocket with this par- tially burned wad ; these were used as the lining of a mouse's nest, and these again were THE EXECiriVE DEPARTMENTS. 53 "swallowed by our red calf." A distressed Frenchman returns a tistful of minute scraps with the information that they "met with the accident of a little dog "; and cases where mutilated counterfeits are offered, which their makers thus seek to pass on Uncle Sam, are by no means unknown. All such must be restored as near as may to their original condition, and as hope- less as these tasks seem, it is rarely the case that the ruins are not finally identified and redeemed. Burnt notes are of frequent occurrence, and they BUKNT require the highest skill in handling and examination; a Mississippi Kiver CUliRENOY. boat, at the bottom for four or five years, produced on search |180,000in burnt and decayed notes, yet hardly a dollar's worth was lost to the owners. The Chicago and Boston fires kept this division busy for over two years. Such work as the foregoing is very severe by virtue of its mental strain (errors are Bureau of Engraving and Printing. charged against the salaries of the experts), the disease-breeding condition of the material handled, and the crowded quarters in which the work is done. The last room is that where the cancellation of the notes, in bundles of one hundred, is going on ; here they are cut in half, one end is sent to the Secretary's ofiice, the other to the Register, and when the accuracy of the count is thus finally verified in duplicate they are placed in the macerating machinery in the presence of a special committee, and much of this pulp is afterwards found at the fancy stores and book stalls for sale in the shape of "grandfather's hats," Washington Monuments, etc. When begun in 1834 it was thought that this building would be sufficient to accommo- date the Department for a century at least ; in a half century, so unprecedented had been the growth of this great Nation, that the twice-enlarged structure was inadequate, though six extensivebureaus were of necessity lodged elsewhere. Another of equal size would now be 54 THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. inadequate to house these ; what another century's growth will demand no one can safely predict. In the days immediately after the Declaration of Independence, a ^500 salaried Secretary and a building of less then $10,000 cost was consid- GROWTH ered ample to rule and roof the infant department. A century has gone by OF THE and the infant is found to have outgrown a $7,000,000 house, and to have DEPARTMENT, worried over what to do with an unspent balance of $150,000,000. The tea- importing millionaire of New York, the moon-shiner of North Carolina, the stealthy greaser of the Mexican border, crossing into our domain with his bottle of aguardiente, the Esquimaux visiting Alaska with peltries, the Canadian huntsman entering Maine with his bundle of skunk skins, or the tabooed Chinaman seeking to cross our northwest border unobserved, all these and thousands more, little and big, must do homage to this mighty Department, and pay it tribute. No other branch of the public service so thoroughly illustrates the growth, the wealth and resources of our land. Yet great as is the work carried on under this roof, the Bureau of Statistics, 1335 E street, n. w., the Second Auditor, OUTSIDE 17th and F streets, n, w., the Sixth Auditor, see page 56, the Marine Hospital BUREAUX Service, 1308 F street, n. w., the Coast and Geodetic Survey, the Bureau of Engraving and Printing, and the Photograph Office are all located outside. The first three of these are of but little interest to the visitor, save that the first has a library of about 12,000 titles. The Coast and Gkodetic Sukvey is on New Jersey Avenue between B and C street*, s. e., in a fine brick building. This Bureau was originated in 1807, but remained unorganized until 1833 ; its objects are to survey our coasts and all tide waters, to issue tables and charts to pilots and mariners, and to conduct a general magnetic survey of the United States; it has charge of the Standard Weights and Measures. The rooms containing the latter, together with other curious instruments of precision, are of interest and will well repay a visit. Chart making, drawing, engraving, etc., may also be inspected here. The Bureau of Engraving and Printing. — Facing the Mall, on B between 14:th and 15th streets, s. w., is the handsome, fire-proof building of this Bureau, erected in 1879-80, at a cost of over $300,000 ; it is of Romanesque architecture, in brick, 220 by 135 feet. At the entrance application must be made for a proper attendant to conduct the visitor through the rooms open to the public and explain the interesting details of money and bond manufacture. Here the engraving and printing of bonds, notes, bank notes and Internal Revenue stamps can be seen ; and many matters of interest will be exhibited. The Photograph Building of the Supervising Architect's Office is on E street immediately facing the south front of the Treasury Building. In it are the plans and specifi- cations of public buildings throughout the country, and on the second floor the process of printing by photography the plans for buildings to be erected is carried on. THE POSTOFFICE DEPARTMENT. HE Postoffiee Department Building covers the lot bounded by Seventh and Eighth Streets, west, and E and F Streets, north, and occupies the site of the old " Blodgett Hotel," which was erected here in 1793 from the proceeds of an authorized lottery; it was here that the first theatrical entertainments were given. In 1810 Congress bought the building, and after the burning of the Capitol by the British, in 1814, held one session here ; later this Depai-tment on the ground floor, and the Patent Office above, occupied the building until its destruction, Decem- ber 15, 1836. In 1839, under Architect Robert Mills, the present building was com- menced on the south front, and the new extension, under Thomas U. Walter, General Meigs, and Edward Clark, was finished in 1869. It is of Corinthian architecture, of New York and Maryland marbles, cost over $2,700,000 ; is three hundred by two hundred and four feet, three THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. 55 stories high, and contains eighty-five commodious rooms. The number of postoffices in the country has increased six- fold since it was begun fifty years ago ; consequently it is now inade- quate and much of the business of the Department has to be discharged elsewhere. Over the Eighth Street carriage gate-way a carving represents " the iiailroad and the Telegraph ; '* the general appearance of the building strongly recalls memories of a Florentine palace. On the ground floor, on the south side, is the suite of offices of the Postmaster Gen- eral, in which is a coDection of crayon portraits of the Postmasters General since the founda- tion of the office. Here may be obtained permission to inspect the Dead Letter Office, on the third floor, where are many curious unclaimed THE DEAD aiticles, and the accounts kept by Franklin when Postmaster General LETTEK OFFICE, of the Colonies. The business of the Postoffice Department is carried on under four Assistant Postmasters General, the Sixth Auditor of the Treasury, who has Tliu I'ust Office Department. charge of the auditing of the accounts of this Department, and the Superintendents of the Railway Mail Service and Dead Letter Office, in this building. Outside are located the offices of the Money-Order System and of Foreign Mails, Eighth and E Streets, northwest, and the City Postoffice ; the first tvvo are of no special interest to visitors. The City Postoffice is on Louisiana Avenue, near Seventh Street, northwest ; and fourteen branches in different parts of the city facilitate the collection and delivery of the mails. The location of these can be ascertained from the City Directory. A lot has been pur- chased on the south sid6 of Pennsylvania Avenue, between Eleventh and Twelfth Streets, northwest, whereon it is proposed to erect a City Postoffice that shall be in harmony with the other buildings of the Capital. 56 THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. It will be interesting here, as showinej the enormous business of this Department to give a brief resume of the work carried on in the office of the Sixth Auditor of the Treasury, who has charge of these accounts. In his office are eleven divisions, SIXTH viz. : Examining, Postal Review, Registering, Bookkeeping, Collecting, Pay, AUDITOR'S Review, Inspecting, Checking, Recording, and Foreign divisions. The over OFFICE, sixty thousand postmasters in the country must all here submit their accounts ; yet of the $17,000,000 of payments audited in one year in the Money-Order division alone, only fifty-six (or $1,214;) were found to have been improperly made. The eighteen thousand mail Tlie Interior Depaitineut.— rateiit Office. routes, in the charge of seven thousand, two hundred contractors, call for over six hundred thousand entries, made in one hundred and seventeen ledgers. Here the far-reaching nature of the International Money-Order system is attested by the odd sight of clerks busy auditing ac- counts with Japan, and some of the South Sea Isles, where but a few years ago all ports were closed to foreign ships. This may fairly claim to be the largest auditing office in the world, for it is quite certain that no other such bureau conducts its business through over one hundred and seven thousand minor offices. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. 57 THE DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. HE building of the Interior Department, usually called the Patent Office Building, is on the reservation formerly known as National Church Square, four acres, lying between Seventh and Ninth Streets, west, and F and G Streets, north. It is a beautiful and impressive building of Doric architecture, four hundred and ten by two hundred and seventy- five feet, and three stories and a basement high ; it contains over one hundred and ninety rooms and cost about $2,700,000. The centre, built of Acquia free stone, painted white, was commenced uuder Robert Mills in 1837, on ground which for a long time had been reserved for a Grand National Church. The additions, begun in 1849 and finished in 1864, are of Maryland white marble exteriorly and of granite on the interior quadrangle. It was originally intended for the use of the Patent Office alone, but the business of the bureaux that have of late years been added to the Interior Department has increased so rapidly that now besides the main Department offices the General Land Office is also located here. It is, however, only that portion Patent Office. -Model Hall. occupied by the Patent Office which is of interest to the public. These offices are on the second floor and galleries ; they contain about two hundred and ten thousand models arranged in glass cases, so as to be easily viewed, in continuous halls of superb construction, sixty-four feet wide, 68 THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. two being two hundred and seventy-one feet long and the other two one hundred and forty-five feet Having sustained heavy loss by two fires, the last doing incalculable harm, September 24, 1877, the building is now believed to be fireproof. Here are many exceedingly interesting models of inventions in the early stages of steam, telegraphic, phonographic, agricultural, naval and other sciences ; such names as Fulton, Hoe, Edison, Bell and many others of equal note frequently occur on the cards with which all the INTERESTING- models are accompanied ; an improvement in inland ship navigation, by MODELS. Abraham Lincoln, is among tbe many curiosities. Attendants are at hand who will explain everything, and many days could be profitably spent here. On these floors are also the many ofiices of the Special Examiners and assistants of the thirty-two Divisions into which all patents are classified. This ofiice has a special library of great scien- tific worth of over fifty thousand volumes ; and the general library of the Interior Department contains about eleven thousand volumes in addition. Besides these bureaux the Interior De- Tlie Pension Office. partmeiit has charge of the following : The Commissioner of Railroads, in the Pension Build- ing, Judiciary Square ; the Census Office, Third and G Streets, northwest ; the Office of Indian Affairs, seventh floor, Atlantic Building, F Street, INTERIOR between Ninth and Tenth, northwest ; United States Pension Agency, 308 DEPARTMENT F Street, northwest ; and the Bureau of Pensions, Office of Education, BUREAUX, and the Geological Survey. Tbe first four of these are of no particular interest to visitors unless the Indian Office, with its portraits and the Census Office with its Hollerith electrical counting and classifying systems are excepted ; the latter three are each worthy of a visit. The Pension Office Building is in the north part of Judiciary Square, on G, be- tween Fourth and Fifth Streets, northwest. It is a large fireproof, brick and iron building, in the Italian renaissance style, four liundred by two hundred feet, with three stories and a central Clome; fifteen million bricks were used in its construction, and it cost about 6l,00i), 000. In- THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. 59 teriorly it is a handsome building, containing a main hall which reaches to the dome, and in which the Inauguration Balls of March 4, 1885 and 1889 were held ; this great hall will accom- modate eighteen thousand persons at a ball, and nearly sixty thousand can be crowded into it. Exteriorly the building has but one redeeming feature, the terra-cotta sculptured band which runs around the building at the second story level, twelve hundred feet long and three feet high, and which represents jNIilitary and Naval Campaigning ; otherwise a view of the structure forcibly reminds one of the remark attributed to the late General Phil. Sheridan, that "it is to be regretted that it is really fireproof." In this building an army of clerks is at work upon the vast array of pensions awaiting issuance or increase ; nine hundred thousand of these are said to have been on the books at one time. The Bt^rkatt ov Education is at the corner of Eightli and G Street'*, northwest- luterior of Pension Office.— luauguratiou Ball Room. opposite the north front of the Patent Office. This was established in 1867 with the "especial function of increasing the enlightened directive power of the people with regard to their schools." The library, of great value, has over one hundred and seventeen thousand volumes. The Geological, Survey is located in the Hooe Building, No. 1330 F Street, north- west, where the work of this, the greatest Survey of the kind ever undertaken, is carried on under Divisions of Geography, Mining Statistics, Technology, Paleontology, Topography, and Illustration. Here are to be seen many superb photographs of the scenic and other wonders of our varied country. The Library contains thirty thousand volumes, forty-two thousand pamphlets, and over twenty-two thousand maps. A large portion of the scientific staff con- nected with this Bureau is made up of specialists connected with the universities and colleges of the country, to whom material is sent for investigation and report. •60 THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. THE DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE. HE Office of Attorney-General of the United States, created in 1797, was not until 1870 placed in charge of a regular bureau ; in that year the Department pf Jus- tice was created. This is located on Pennsylvania avenue, between 15th and 15)^ streets, n. w., facing the United States Treasury. The building, originally erected for the Freedmen's Bank, was purchased by the Government in 1882, for $250,000 ; it is four stories and a mansard high, of Potomac Seneca stone, with darker trimmings. The ground floor is occupied by the U. S. Court of Claims, in session from the first Monday in December to May or June ; here is a fine Court Koom, back of the oifice of the Bailiff. The records of this court are many of them of great interest, and may be inspected by permission of the oificer in charge. The entrance at the west corner leads to the handsome suite of apartments occupied by the Attorney-General, second floor; their walls are adorned with a series of portraits of the Attorneys-General of the U. S. since the foundation of the office. Above are the necessary oflices for the four Assistant Attorneys-Gen- eral, six Assistant Attorneys, the Solicitor- General, Examiner of Titles, Chief Clerk, General Agent, records, etc., and on the fourth floor a fine library of over twenty thousand volumes ; all these rooms may be inspected by permission obtained through the messen- ger at the Attorney-General's otHce. This Department has subordinate to it the District and Circuit Courts of the U. S., the Reform School, the Metropolitan Police, the Court House, the Asylum and the Jail of the Dis- trict ; and the law officers who act as legal advisers to the Departments of the Interior, Post-Office, State, and Treasury. The Metropolitan Police are located at the corner of 6th and D streets, u. w., in a building once used for Unitarian worshij>. Department of Justice. The police of Washington are noted for their efficiency, and the District is famed for a remark- able degree of municipal order and attractiveness. The District Court Hou.se. — This building, usually known as the "City Hall," is in the southern part of Judiciary Square, on D street, facing 4>^ street, n. w. It is built of freestone ; was designed by George Hadfleld, though not commenced until 1820 and com- pleted in 1849, and is but one wing of the structure as originally designed. It is 250 by 180 feet, two stories and a basement high, with Ionic porticoes in front. The United States ai:d District Courts have here their offices and court rooms ; the west wing is now given up to the uses of the Civil IService Commissioners. In these latter rooms full information may be had concern- ing tlie Civil Service, such as present vacancies, the date and nature of examinations, eligi- bility of candidates ; and here, al^-o, at stated intervals, the local and special examinations are held. In the District Court lloom, just east of the centre of the building, was held the famous Guiteau trial, and there the assassin of Garfield was condemned to be hung. The Di.strict Jail. — This institution is on the reservation known as "Hospital Square," in the extreme eastern end of the city, 310 by 193 feet, four stories high, costing $343,000. It was begun in 1872, occupied in 1S75, and was the scene of the execution of Guiteau. Visitors may be shown through the jail, on application at the Warden's Office, every day, except Sundays, between ten and four. Nearby is tlie Washington Asylum. THE KXEiJUTfVE DEPAUT.UE.VrS. 61 and the THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. HE Ai^ricultural Department buildings and grounds are situated in the Mall, between the Smithsonian Institution and the Washington Monument, where l.'ith and A streets, s. w., would intersect, if carried out. The main building is of brick with brown-stone trimmings, 170 by (51 feet, three stories with a mansard roof and a basement; it was finished in 18(58 and cost $140,000. The ofiflces of the Secretary of Agriculture, Chief Clerk, Ornithologist, Pomologist, and Chemist are on the ground floor ; the first being in the west corridor, the front room, one door from the main entrance ; on this floor, also, are the Disbursing Ofiice and the Mineralogical Collection. On the second floor are the ofiices of the Botanist and the Entomologist; Liljrarv, fifteen thousand volumes ; the Museum of Botany, over one hundred and fifty ^ i«r -, ^* |<; 2t^ Department of Agriculture. thousand specimens of pressed North American plants ; and the Museum of Agriculture, in which are exhibits of agricultural products, showing how climates, soils, mammals, birds and insects afl:ect them. This Museum, which is of great interest, is extended into an annex-build- ing near at hand ; all will be explained by attendants. The ofiices of the Microscopic, For- restry. Veterinary and Statistical Divisions are on the floors above. Near the main building are those of the Book and Seed Division, the Stables, four Propa- gating Houses for oranges, persimmons, olives, pine apples, and two for miscellaneous plants, the Conservatories, 320 by 30 feet, and the Kose House and Grapery. All these contain much that is of interest and should be carefully examined ; this Department is doing a work of great economic value and all citizens should familiarize themselves with its workings. THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. JAMES SMITHSON, an Englishman, left at his death, in 1828, his entire propei'ty to an invalid nephew, with the proviso that in case of the nephew's death without heirs, it should come into the custody of the United States, " to found, at Washington, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge." After the death of the nephew Congress accepted the bequest in 183(i, and appointed Richard Kush a commissioner to collect the fund, which amounted to $535,169 ; it remained in the United States Treasury at interest until 1846. Oq May 1, 1847, the corner-stone of the building was laid. President Polk and Cabinet being present and George M. Dallas delivering the oration. This build- Miiiilisdiihm liisUiutioii. — NoiUnvrst view. ing, which is on the Mall, facing 10th street, s. w., can be reached by the cars on 12th street, or 7th street ; it is but a short walk from Pennsylvania avenue. It was finished in 1856 at a cost of $450,000, and consists of a central building 250 by 55 feet, two connecting ranges 60 by 49 feet and two terminating cross wings 80 by 40 feet ; the total length is 447 feet and the greatest breadth 160 feet. It is of Twelfth Century Norman architecture ; the nine towers of varying heights, the highest being 145 feet, are a pleasing feature. In 1865 a fire resulted in much dam- age to the collections on the second floor, and the building was reconstructed on a fire-proof plan ; the material is a dark red sandstone. The Institution is in charge of a Board of Regents of which the Chief Justice of the United States is Chancellor and the President of the United States is an ex-officio member. Asecre- THE EXECVTTVK DEPAIiTMEXTS. 63 tary is appointed by them, oue who has an acknowledged standing in the scientific worhl, and under him the work of the Institution is carried on ; this work consists largely of the management of the National Museum, under an assistant sec- THE; WORK retary ; the Bureau of Ethnology ; the publication of scientific serials and OF THE ■occasional monographs ; and the collection of material for and aiding in the INSTITUTION, work of specialists in various fields. In common with the Fish Commis- sion, the Government Printing Office, etc., the Smithsonian Institution reports directly to Con- gress and is not a bureau of one of the departments. The entire east wing of the building is •occupied by the executive otlices and the library, which contains about 250,000 volumes and pamphlets ; the great bulk of the latter is on deposit with the Library of Congress. Entering at the north front, the main Hall contains the collection of shells, one of the best representative collections in America. Here in cases along the walls is also a fine n National Museum.— Nortli Frcmt. collection of birds, about eight thousand three hundred in number. The gal- THE FIRST leries in this room are used by the curators and their assistants as otfices and FLOOR, laboratories, and from them hang many fine illustrations of bird-life. The rooms to the west contain the collections of marine life, fishes, etc. In the south-wing are a set of standard weights and measures and a display of instruments of precision. Both walls of the stairways in the north front are covered with casts of prehistoric Mex- ican picture writings ; these and casts of the great Sacrificial Stone and the Calen- dar Stone, as well as some idols, are of special interest. In the upper hall are a THE large collection of relics from the mounds and buried cities of the American SECOND Indians, Aztecs, Mayas, Tncas, etc. In the western end of this room are reproduc- FLOOR. 64 THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. tions to scale of the Arizona and New Mexico pueblos and cave-towns. This is the finest collection of relics of prehistoric American man in the world ; it is under the general super- vision of the Bureau of Ethnology. The National Museum. — As early as 1846 steps looking toward the establishment of a National Museum were taken, but it was not until the time of the Centennial, 1876, that it became apparent that the valuable material in arts and sciences, donated to the United States by foreign governments and exhibitors, would require a very commodious building for their display. With this in view the present structure, M'hich is on grounds adjoining the Smithsonian Insti- tution on the east, was finished in 1879. It is a brick building three hundred and twenty-seven feet square, covering nearly two and one-half acres, in the form of a Greek cross with the spaces between the wings of the cross filled in with somewhat lower buildings, and with four corner and four double intermediate towers in which the various offices and work rooms are located, over one hundred and thirty in all ; in the center rises a dome one hun- dred and eight feet high. The building is universally conceded to be one of the HISTORY best for its purpose in the world ; its cost, exclusive of the very expensive and OF THE complete museum furniture which it contains, was $250,000. Here, on its com- MUSEUM, pletion, were brought the treasures of the Patent Oflice Museum, those that had been accumulating in the Smithsonian Building, those from the Centennial Exhibition, valued at $800,000, and many lievolutionary relics as well as those of the later wars. It is not the scientist alone whose needs are consulted, though his requirements are here met to an unusual degree, but to the tyro in observation, as well, by means of a natural and obvious arrangement and a most complete and full system of labels and accompanying handbooks, this Museum becomes an open storehouse of tlie facts in the life of Man, his natural environment and his -SupHs Office aiul Bureau of luformation. -Engineer, Chemical and Label Departments. -Director's Offices. -Departments of Materia Me- dlca and Ethnology. -Dep' ts of Rocks and Property. —Dep't of Minerals. —Dep't of Mammals and Inver- tebrate Fossils. -Dep't of Fossils. -Dep't of Insects. -Cafe, and Modeler' s Office. — Dep' ts of Food and Textiles, and Fisheries. -Chemical Laboratory. —Library. -Mechanical Laboratory. -Public Comfort for Ladles. -Dep't of Birds and Eggs. -Crawford's "Freedom" and Fish Basin. -Collection of Gems. -Washington Relics. -Lincoln Relics. -Grant Relics. -Collection of Snakes. -Great Whale. -Food Allowance. -Public Comfort for Men. 8 5 "" ■*■ A- SlijeIeton.s H G ^ Minerals Building Stones y ^ m\ B- |o en r 1 (ttttR R P %T1 1 3- M Ji A 4— §• .-,- F '^ — w. S— , 1 [ 1 NTRANCE 3 10 90 30 40 50 60 7D BO 90 1 k Natlo Sc nal Museum.- -Floo Settl rP an . THE TiXEGVTlVE JjEPARTMEXTS. 65 artificial «inToiunli»g<. To attempt here siii adequate clescri|)tion of the wonders of this institution would overtax the entire space of this little work ; it is only possible to indicate the arrangement of the halls and rooms in the building by means of the accompanying diagram, and to call attention to a few unique features or displays that may easily be overlooked ; the letters or figures in parentheses, Ibllowing any such references, are those used in the diagram. Every case is connected by electric alarm with the Superintendent's Office (A), and an elaborate telephone and alarm system connects this buildingand those of the Smithsonian Insti- tution, Agricultural Department, Army Medical Museum and Fish Commission in a private circuit. In the most western of the halls devoted to Minerals is a very valuable collection of Gems (1), said to be the most complete in the U. S. ; in the Main Hall adjoining the entrance are the War Relics, those of Washington (2), Lincoln (:3) and Grant THE (4) being ot especial interest ; besides those brought from the Patent Office and EXHIBITS, luanv acquired by donation there are §50,000 worth of the Washington relics which were Iimij-ht b\' » 'oiiL'ress from his heirs. Under the Dome stands the plaster model of Crawford's Statue of Freedom which surmounts the Dome of the Capitol, and surrounding its base is a pool stocked with gold and other tish. The Bo- tanical Collections under the care of the Museum are in the Agricultural Department Muilding, and the collections of Birds, Shells, Marine Life, and American Antiquities are for the most part in the Halls of the Smithsonian Institu- tion. In tlie Department of Mammals this Museum is especially excellent ; the re- markably life-like reproduc- tions are due to an amount of care and precision which originated here. Clay models are made of the freshly flayed animals, and the skins are replaced over these ; in addi- tion all the artistic realism >,arioual Museum. -Skeleton Hall. that comes from a close study of these creatures in their native haunts, and from instantaneous photographs of their most char- acteristic attitudes, combined with the naturalist's love of his work, have resulted in an unap- proached collection of the American mammals. The large turtles are reproduced in papier- mache and the snakes (5) in plaster; the latter make a most unique and realistic collection. Perhaps no object in the Museum more fully illustrates the care to reach perfection in detail and educative completeness than does the model of a whale hanging overhead in the Hall of Mammals (6). This creature was reported stranded on Cape Cod ; a detachment from the Zoological Corps was dispatched, with three carloads of plaster of Paris. Moulds were made of the animal in its natural position, and the skeleton was secured ; from the former a hollow papier-mache model, correctly colored, was made of one side, and in this, in its due relation to the whole, was mounted the skeleton ; nothing could well exceed this for giving a comprehen- sive idea of the outer appearance and bony structure of this monster. In the exhibits of Materia Medica are an instructive collection of Food Allowance (7), together with accurate te THE EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENTS. reproductions of the nature and quantities of the various constituents of the human body, its daily consumption and expenditure. In addition to these hasty notes the diagram contains a clear indication of where certain exhibits are likely to be found, though the present somewhat crowded condition of these halls makesa certain amount of overlapping of departments necessary. The Bureau of Ethnology.— This Bureau was organized in 1879 and placed under the direction of the U. S. Geological Survey, though in no way associated with that work, but is under the general supervision of the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Its work covers the whole field of North American Ethnology from Panama to Ala.ska, and its valu- able collections are, so far as room is afforded, on exhibition in the Smithsonian Building and the National Museum ; its collection of aboriginal American pottery, now in the latter, is nota- bly the largest and finest in existence. THE FISH COMMISSION. HE Fish Commission occupies a brick building in the so-called Armory Square, in the Mall, between 6th and 7tli streets, s. w., just to the east of the Army Medical Museum ; this building was a District Armory, but was turned into a hospital during the war. The Fish Commission was given partial possession about twelve years ago, and in 1889, when it was largely remodelled internally, entire possession. The first Hoor, fitted up chietly for hatching purposes, contains a series of aquaria, a machine shop, etc. The principal fish hatched here is the shad, the eggs of which are obtained from the important fisheries on the Potomac. During the shad hatching season, in the late spring, large numbers of eggs are handled here, and may be seen in all stages of development. They are hatched in glass jars, several hundred being kept in constant operation ; these jars, connected by glass and rubber tubes with the water supply, are automatic in their action, the fry after hatching being carried by the outflow into large aquaria. They are then transferred to FISH the shipping cans and sent to different rivers for planting, by means of the car HATCH ING. service. This is a time of great activity, the work progressing rapidly, and there is much of interest for visitors, who then have the opportunity to observe all the processes of hatching and all stages of the embryo, from the transparent egg to the young fish swarming ji countless numbers in the large aquaria. During the winter eggs of other species are hatched at this station, but not upon so large a scale. Among these are lake white fish, salmon and trout. On this same floor are exhibited many kinds of hatching apparatus, forming an historical series of much interest. Here also are shown the different kinds of fishways used to overcome obstructions in the rivers, such as dams and falls. One corner of the room is given up to large aquaria for fresh water fishes, among v^fhich there are generally on exhibition seyeral species of salmon, different varieties of German carp, large ornamental ISIODELS gold fishes, and a great variety of other forms, some interesting from their AND peculiar shapes or antique pedigree, as gar pikes and mud fishes. The principal AQUARIA, aquarial display, however, is contained in two grottoes, in which the light is arranged to the very be.st advantage. The smaller of these is devoted entirely to fresh water, and is used for the smaller fishes, snails, mussels, crayfishes, etc. The larger is of chief interest, however, and contains principally salt water species of fishes and invertebrates. Many different forms are here exhibited, from the low types of corals and sea anemones to active and graceful fishes, whose unceasing movements are a great attraction to all. Tlie present arrangement is intended to afford opportunity for studying the habits of fislies and for illustrating the work of the Commission, and in view of the interest which it has aroused it is hoped that Congress may soon see fit to enlarge and perfect the display. Forced in at the THE EXBCUTIVE DEPARTMEyTS. 6T surface of the water of each aquarium, uuder heavy pressure, sufficient air is carried in with the water to insure a perfect aeration ; ajudicious assortment of plants also add their oxygen to the water, as well as beauty to the display. On the second and third floors of the building are the main offices of the Commission, the scientific laboratories, etc., where the visitor will tiud nothing of special interest. The cars, some times to be seen in the adjacent yard and open to inspection, have been built expressly for carrying fish and for THE hatching their eggs. CARS. Fitted with Pullman trucks, several sleeping berths for the employees, with large compartments afibrding accommodation for the stor- age of the fish, with an artificially cooled or heated circulation of water, all the arrangements are so perfect that the most delicate fishes have been car- ried from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Collections illustrating the general work of the Commission are exhibited in the National Museum. In the Museum building MUSEUM proper is alarge part of the DISPLAY exhibit which created so much interest at the London Fisheries Exposition, drawing so many prizes ; the models of fishing boats and of the Naval or Peace Mouumeut. Commission's steamers, Albatross and Fish Hawk, and specimens of the whale tribe. The fishes and other aquatic animals collected by the Commission, or representing its work, will be found in the Smithsonian Building. The ponds of the Commission near the Washington Monument, established primarily for the German carp, are of great interest. Tench, golden ide and gold fish are also propagated there, and with rare water lilies and other aquatic plants of many sorts, the ponds are orna- mental and attractive. THE GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. THIS, the largest printing and book-binding establishment in the world, is located at the corner of H and North Capitol sts., in a building 300 feet on H st. and 173 feet on North Capi- tol St., 50 feet deep and four stories high. Here is put forth all that vast array of publications which annually issues from Congress, the Executive Departments and the Judiciary. A mes- senger will always be found in readiness to escort the visitor through the interesting portions of the establishment, explaining the details in full. Vast as are its accommodations for rapid output, with an army of book-makers, exceeding two thousand, the size of the place is quite inadequate and new and greatly improved quarters are likely to be the order of the near future- HEN" Washington was first laid out, seventeen reservations were set aside for Government use. Since then, at certain avenue cross- ings, circles, places and parks have been laid out and decorated. Among these the following will be found described under the statues of the same name: Farragut and McPherson Squares, Dupont, Scott, Thomas and Washington Circles. lowaCircleis to be the site of the Logan Statue, and Stanton Square is described witli the Greene Statue. Their total area is about eight and one- half acres. The Arsenal Grounds. See "Washington Barracks," page 48. The Botanic Gardens. — Facing the Capitol Grounds, on ten acre.«, between 1st and 3rd streets, west, these gardens contain an interesting series of rare plants from all climes. Up to 1849 this region was given up to swamps and backwater, and even yet tidewater rises and falls in the old Tiber Creek sewer, which flows beneath. The first buildings were erected here in 1850, The Conservatory, erected in 1867, is 300 feet long, 31 feet wide, Avith a central rotunda sixty-one feet in "diameter. In its difterent apartments varying temperatures are maintained, and an unusually successful attempt is thus made to reproduce tropical conditions and plant life. Just north of the Conservatory is the Bartholdi Fountain, which after the Centennial, 1876, was bought by Congress for $6,000. South of it are the office and residence of the Superintendent, and beyond propagating and forcing hot-houses. The visitor will receive prompt and courteous information, and the garden will well repay a morning's visit, especially if it be during warm weather. The visitor will do well to have the Su)ierintendent explain to him the mysteries of the house devoted to pitcher and other insectiverous plants, of which he has made a special study. From the observatory on the rotunda of the Conservatory, a fine view of the plants below, the Capitol and Mall can be had. Centre Market Square. — On this reservation, between 7th and 9th sts., west, and B and C sts., north, Congress, in 1870, authorized the erection of Centre Market. It occupies 70,818 square feet, with a three-storied building, several towers, and 14,000 feet with covered sidewalks ; there are six hundred and sixty-six stalls and accommodations for three hundred M-agons ; it has a three-sided frontage of seven hundred and forty feet, and a width of eighty- two feet. Store rooms, artificially refrigerated, add greatly to its value ; it cost $600,000. Decatur Circle.— At the crossing of Pennsylvania Avenue with 23d st., u. w^ Eastern Market Square.— North of the Navy Yard at 7th and C sts., s. e., two reservations of two acres are occupied by a market house. Franklin Square.— Between 13th and 14th sts., and I and K sts., n. w. Purchased by Congress, 1829, on account of a fine spring from which the President's Mansion is supplied. Hospital Square. — See District Jail, page 60. Judiciary Square.— Twenty-five acres, between 4th and 5th sts., west, and I) and G sts,, north. On it are the U. S. Court House, the Pension Office and the Lincoln Column. Lafayette Square. — Seven acres, and immediately north of the Executive Mansion. Here are statues of Jackson and Lafayette; the missing tree on the sidewalk at the southeast corner is where General Siekels shot and killed District-Attorney Barton Key. Lincoln Park. — See Emancipation Statue. PARKS AXD STATUES. 69 The Mal,i^. — All of the continuoim Grounds at 1st st., n. w., to the Momiiuent Pai prises the Botanical Gar- dens, the grounds of the Fish Commission, the Ka- tional ]\Iuseuui, Smithson- ian Institution, the Army Medical IMuseum and the Agricultural Department. In it are the Henry Statue and the Commemorative Vase erected by the Ameri- can Horticultural Society to the memory of A. J. Downing, to whose taste the city is indebted for the beauties of this and several other of its most beautiful parks. ]iark area whicli stretches from the Capitol V at 14th St., is known as "The Mall." Itcom- IMONUMENT Park. — Bounded by 14th st. , west, B St., uorlh, and the Po- tomac basins. This park, twenty-nine acres, is oc- cupied ))y the Washing- ton Jlonunient, the Bureau of Printing and Engraving, and the Fish ^Jommission's propagat- ing ponds. Mt. Vernon Place. — Where Massachusetts and New York Avenues join 8th and K sts., n. w., is this park of nearly two acres. Brown's Scott. Eawlins Square. At the crossing of New York Ave. and E, 18th, and 19th sts., n. w. Seward Place. — This park of four trian- gles is at the intersec- tion of Pennsylvania and North Carolina avenues with 5th and C sts. , s. e. 1.— MiUs' WasliingCou. 3.-Mills' 2.— Kobisso's McPliersou. Jackson. Brown's Greene. Town-House Sq. South of the Capi- tol, where New Jer- sev North and South Carolina, and Vir- ginia avenues inter- sect, a park of twenty acres has been laid out and will here- after be called "Gar- field Park." 70 PARKS AND STATUES. STATUES AND MONUMENTS. 'he following is a description of the oiit-door statues and moaunients ; those within buildings will be found described in their appropriate places. The Dupont Statue. — In Dupont Circle, at 19th and P sts., n. w., stands Thompson's bronze statue of Rear-Admiral Samuel Francis Dupont. Ordered by Congress, 1882 ; erected 1884 ; cost $14,200, pedestal $6,800. The Emancipation Statue. — One mile east of the Capitol, in Lincoln Park, at E. Capitol and 12th sts., is Ball's bronze group of "Emancipation," cast in Munich; weighs .H,000 pounds ; cost $17,000. Unveiled April 14, 1876, on the eleventh anniversary of Lincoln's assassination ; represents our martyred president with outstretched hand, proclaiming free- dom to a liberated slave, kneeling at his feet, with broken fetters ; twelve feet high on a Virginia granite base, ten feet. Erected by contributions from freedmen ; the first, $5.00, from Charlotte Scott, ,a Virginia ex-slave, and her first earnings in freedom. The Faeragut Statue. — In Farragut Square, at 13th and I sts., n. w., stands Vinnie Ream Hoxie's colossal bronze statue of Admiral David Glasgow Farragut; cost $20,000. Unveiled April 25, 1881 ; on a granite pedestal, $5,000, twenty feet high ; figure ten feet high ; the metal from which it was cast was from the Admi- ral's flag-ship, the "Hartford." The Franklin Statue. — At the intersection of Pennsylvania Avenue with 10th and D sts. , n. w. , is the statue of Benjamin Franklin, " Philosopher, Statesman, and Printer"; designed by Plassman, executed by Jouvenal ; presented, 1889, by Stillson Hutchins. The figure is eight feet six inches, on a granite pedestal, eleven feet. The Garfield Statue. — At the Maryland Avenue entrance to the Capitol Grounds, west, stands Ward's bronze statue of James A. Garfield. Erected by Garfield's comrades of the Army of the Cum- berland, May 12, 1887, cost $33,500; heroic in size, weighs 5,000 pounds, stands on a granite pedestal of eighteen feet, and represents him in his customary attitude when speaking before the House of Representatives. The pedestal, a work of great merit, cost Congress $31,500 ; it is circular with three butresses surmounted by recumbent life-size figures in bronze ; these repre- sent a student, a warrior, and a statesman, typifying the three walks of life in which Garfield shone. Above these are emblematic shields with the book and globe, the sword and trumpet, and the scales and laurel wreath, in relief. The Greene Statue. — At 5th and C sts., n. w., is Stanton Place, where stands Brown's bronze equestrian statue of Major-General Nathaniel Greene, Continental Army, Statue of Lafayette. PARKt^ AND STATUES. 71 €rected 1877, $50,000, in fal61inenD of a vote of the Contineatal Congress nearly a century before. The Henky Statue. — In the Mall, immediately northwest of the Smithsonian, stands Story's semi-heroic bronze statue of Prof. Joseph Henry, first Secretary of the Smithsonian. The only statue of a natural historian in the city ; erected by Congress in 18S1 ; cost 815,000. The Jackson Statue. — Immediately north of the Executive Mansion, in Lafayette Square, is Mills' bronze equestrian statue of General Andrew Jack.son. Unveiled Januarys, 1853, Stephen A. Douglas delivering the oration ; it is of metal from the mortars captured from the British by Jackson, cost $50,000, weighs fifteen tons. The Lafayette Statue.— Near the foregoing stands the colossal statue of the Mar- quis de Lafayette surrounded by his compatriots, the Count de Koehambeau and the Chevalier Duportail, of the Continental Army, and the Counts D'Estaing and DeGrasse, of the French Navy, -who rendered valuable services as our allies in the closing years of the War for Inde- pendence. It is the joint work of the famous French sculptors Falquiere and Mercie ; unveiled in 1890 ; the surmounting figure of Lafayette is ten feet high, subordinate figures nine feet, total height forty-five teet. In front, America oflers the victor's sword to Lafayette and points to the in- scribed shield ; on the back are allegorical figures and the inscription. This is the most satisfactory and artistic production of its kind in the city. ' The Lincoln Column. — In front of the U. S. Court House, Judiciary Square, stands a marble column twenty-seven feet high on which is Lot Flannery's bronze statue of Abraham Lincoln, erected by private contributions. The Luther Statue. — Immediately north of the Thomas statue, 14th and N sts., n. w., stands Heitschel's statue of Martin Luther. Cast from the model tised for the central tigure of the Luther Memorial at Worms, Germany ; erected, at a cost of $10,000, May 21, ISSi, in commemoration of the four hundredth anniversary of his birth, Novem- ber 10, 1483. The Marshall Statue. — At the foot of the west stairway to the Capitol Terrace is Story's heroic bronze statue of John Marshall, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, 1801-35. Erected, 1884, by Congress and the Bar Association of the U. S., at a cost of $40,000. The eminent jurist sits in the Chief Justice's Chair delivering an opinion ; the granite pedestal contains bassi rilievi of Wisdom (iarfiild :statin . dictating the Constitution to America, and Commerce, Education and Agriculture iu one panel, and Victory bringing America to the altar of the Union in the other. The McPherson .Statue.— At 15th and I sts., n, w., is Mcpherson Square, in which stands llobisso's bronze equestrian statue of General J. B. McPherson, cost $23,500 for the statue and §25,000 for the pedestal, by the Army of the Tennessee and Congress. The Naval Monument, commemorating the services of the Union Navy in the late war, stands at the Pennsylvania entrance to the Capitol Grounds, west ; it is the design of Franklin Simmons, was erected, 1878, at a cost of $21,000 to the ofiicers and men of the navy and marine corps, and of $25,000 for the figure of Peace, the granite pedestal and fountain, to Congress. It is forty feet high, surmounted by bronze figures of History pointing out the THE WASHINGTON MONUMENT. PARKS AND STATUES. 73 inscription on the tablet, "They died that their country might live," to America, who is weep- ing ; beneath. Victory, holding a conqueror's wreath in her uplifted hand, with youthful figures of Neptune and Mars at her feet, stands on one side of the column, while Peace, on the other with emblematic olive branch and dove, is surrounded by the products and implements of husbandry. This is often, though erroneously, called the "Peace Monument." The Kawlins Statue.— At Pennsylvania Avenue and 9th st., n. w., is Bailey's bronze statue of General John llawlins. Grant's Chief-of-StaflF and Secretary of War at his death, in 1869. Erected in 1873, the principal cost of the work, §10,000, being borne by his friends ; cast from guns captured in battles in which the General took part ; eight ieQ\ in height, on a pedestal of granite, twelve feet ; weighs 1,400 pounds. The Scott Statue.— In Scott Circle, at Kith and N sts., n. w., stands Browne's bronze equestrian statue of General Winfield Scott, erected by Congress in 1874 ; cost $20,000 for the statue and §53,000 for the pedestal. Cast from cannon captured by Scott in Mexico, weighs 12,000 pounds, fifteen feet high, on a pedestal fourteen feet, of five blocks of Cape Ann granite, weighing over 320 tons ; the largest, said to be the heaviest block of stone quarried in the U. S., is twenty-six feet long, thirteen wide, two thick, weighs over 119 tons, cost §25,000. The Thomas Statue.— At 14th and M sts., n. w., in Thomas Circle, stands Ward's bronze equestrian statue of Major-General George H. Thomas, thought by many to be the finest equestrian statue in the country. Erected, 1879, by the Army of the Cumberland, cost $40,000, on a granite pedestal of sixteen feet, costing Congress §25,000 ; four bronze lamp posts, §4,000! The Wa-shikoton Monument.— By act, August 7, 1783, Congress authorized an " Equestrian Statue, at the place where Congress should be established^ in honor of George Washington, the illustrious Commander-in-Chief of the Armies of the United States of America." In 1795 it was proposed to erect a memorial to be called the " Monument to the American Revo- lution," and the present site was then chosen by Washington so as to be at the right angle of a triangle which should have the Capitol and the Executive Mansion for the other corners. On December 24, 1799, just after Washington's death, a resolution passed for the erection of a marble monument, and requesting his family to allow his body to EAELY be placed thereunder at its completion. To this Martha Washington replied, HISTORY, acquiescing in the request on the ground that this " sacrifice of individual feel- ing " was required by her "sense of public duty." Kothing, however, was done in this direction, and not until certain citizens of Washington, under the presidency of Chief Justice John Marshall, formed themselves, September 26, 1833, into the "Washington Monument Society" was interest in the matter again awakened. July 4th, 1848, the corner-stone was laid for a structure designed by and under the care of Architect Robert Mills. Twenty thousand persons witnessed the Masonic ceremonies as the corner-stone, twelve tons, was placed in posi- tion. In it were an account of the ceremonies and over a hundred difl:erent articles, among which were histories, maps, Masonic records, etc. The chair, apron and implements of the Master Ma&on were those used by Washington in laying the corner-stone of the Capitol, Sep- tember 18, 1793. The address was delivered by Robert C. Winthrop, of Massachusetts. Work progressed until 1855, when it stopped for want of funds, at 156 feet four inches above the surface level. Though the matter was frequently taken up in Congress, the Monument stood in this unfinished state— a " monument to the ingratitude of Republics," until August 2, 1876, when a joint committee of Congress and the old society was created for the purpose of completing the structure. The preliminary examinations, April, 1897, showed the foundations to be inadequate to sustain the added weight. Even at that height an inclina- LATER clination of 1.4 inches was observable. Three years were consumed in re-iuforc- HISTORY, ing the foundations by means of tunnels dug beneath the structure and then filled with hydraulic cement ; at the s-ame time the nortliwest inclination was thus rectified. August 7, 1880, saw the first stone of the continuation laid by President Hayes, and from that time to the laying of the 5, 000-pou lid key-stone, November 18, 1884, progressed rapidly. The walls 74 PARKS AM) STATUES. rose in 1880, 26 feet ; 1881, li feet ; 1882, 90 feet ; 1883, 70 feet, and 90 feet together with tlie L5 feet of capping in 1884. The wall, which was 25 feet square in the old part, was increased to 31 feet six inches in the new. On December 6, 1884, the cajj-btone, 3,300 pounds, was set, and saluted by cannonading ; this is terminated by the apex, a conical block of American aluminum, 9}4 inches high, 5)^ inches square at the base, weighing 100 ounces, and costing §225. Whiter than silver and free from a tendency to corrode, this tip on clear days glistens like a huge diamond. The finished structure was accepted by the Government and dedicated with impres- sive ceremonies, February 21, 1885, as the 22d — the one hundred and fifty-third anniversary of Washington's birth — fell on the Sabbath. Robert C. Winlhrop, the orator at the corner-stone laying 37 years before, was again i^resent, and a grand military and civic parade followed. The finished obelisk, 525 feet4>^ inches above the foundations, and 592 feet 2 inches over all, cost the society that first had it in charge $230,000, and Congress, since their time, $887,710, making the total cost, counting subsequent grading, etc., about $1,200,000. It is the highest work of masonry on the globe, and only excelled by the Eifiel tower in Paris, a skeleton frame of iron. It weighs 81,120 tons (162,240,800 pounds), over eighteen times as much as the Capitol dome, or 2 pounds 9 ounces for every man, woman and child in the U. S. This is supported on 16,000 square feet of foundation concrete and masonry ; it is known to have settled over 4 inches during SIZE ' the building of the new portions. AND I The outer surface of the old structure WEIGHT. is of Maryland marble, or "alum stone," against a wall, 15 feet thick at the base, of common rubble. The new portion is mainly of the best granite faced with white marble, until the walls become so thin, at about 450 feet, that it was econo- mical to finish them in solid marble ; they finally taper to 18 inches. In the interior eight iron col- umns run from top lo bottom, four supporting the stairways and four used as elevator guides. These are connected ^^ith the aluminum tip and extend lielow the foundation so as to aflbrd the best possi- ble protection against lightning. Some interesting side-items of history are con- nected with this mammoth shaft. During the days of the Know-nothing agitation Pope Pius IX presented to the Monument a Society beautiful cube of African marble from the Temple of Concord, inscribed "Rome to America." A Ealtimore dominie issued an "address to the Protestants of America " urging them to object to its reception ; this resulted in an attack on the guard by a party of masked men, Sunday, March 5, 1854, who succeeded in seizing the stone, and so efiectually hiding it that a reward of $500 was not sufficient to lead to its recovery. The following year the books and papers of the Society were seized by the adherents of the Amer- SOME SCRAPS ican party and most of them were lost ; this resulted in the almost complete OF disappearance of the original plans ana measurements. When work was HISTORY, resumed in 1880 a rigger climbed up the 150 feet of rope which had been hanging there since 1855. Having done this, each foot of his way being more dangerous and Lii.Klii ( 1 111 ;,i.iii raid. Statue. PARKS AND STATUES. 75 difficult by the added weight of new rope which he carried up with him, he unfastened the old and threw it to the ground ; so rotten had it become by age that it was broken into many pieces with the force of falling. Great care was taken to avoid accidents, and during the build- ing of the new portion a strong net was stretched around the outside to catch any one who might carelessly step oft". In May, 1884, the writer ascended to the unfinished top and noticed that some of the workmen, after their noon-day meal, took a nap in this net, 500 feet from the ground directly under them ; yet one broken arm was the AECHITECT- only casualty that was reported during the construction. When it was URAL MERIT, decided to abandon the original design and erect a plain,' unadorned shaft, severe criticism by the architects of the country was indulged in. Said W. W. Story, the famous sculptor, "This form of monument is the refuge of incompetency in architecture; when an architect has no ideas he resorts to the obelisk." Yet it must he urged in reply that the simple shaft, overtopping all rivalry, better represents to-day the character which the American public ascribe to their first President, than the ornate design which Story urged upon the consideration of Congress, with its sham windows, crouching lions, Roman gables and surmounting figure of "winged fame." The ground surrounding is RULES so graded as to form a knoll, and in the concrete underwork is the engine room for AND running the elevator which makes the ascent every even hour and half hour from 9 HOURS, a. m. to 5 p. m. The monument is open every day, except Sundays and National holidays, until 5.30 p. m. The elevator is overhauled thoroughly every month by the manu- facturers, and each day the safety clutches are carefully examined and their prompt action assured ; the mechanism is such that the elevator would not fall were both wire cables to break. On the upper landing, 500 feet from the ground, the visitor will note the novel manner of supporting and tying together all the marble blocks in the pyramidal top of 55 feet. This device, as well as the marble shutters mechanism, is the invention of Bernard R. Green ; the oddly shaped key-stone, 5,000 pounds, can be plainly seen directly over the elevator- well, dated "1884" on its underside. A look upwards, from the 2 by 3 feet windows, will show that more than 200 lightning rod tips extend in every direction from the upper 30 feet of the sloping sides. The view from the monument is surpassingly grand, commanding as it does on a clear day an area over 20 miles in any direction. It is well to be provided with a good field glass on making the ascent. Southward the Potomac, flushing lakes, canal and reclaimed flats in the foreground, with Long Bridge, Virginia shore, the shipping, the Barracks, old Fort Washing- ton, Mt. Vernon and Marshall Hall in the distance are to be seen. Westward, the Fish Com- mission's Propagating Ponds, Naval Observatory, Analostan Island, Georgetown, and Arlington meet the eye. To the North, the beautiful Executive Grounds with the "White House " as a center, flanked by the State, War and Navy and the Treasury Buildings, first attract the attention, while, to the left, the New Observatory and Oak View, and nearer the choicest residence portion of the city, and, to the right, tlie Post Ofiice, and Patent Office Buildings, with Howard University and the Soldiers' THE Home in the distance, make up a varied scene. This disputes with the COMMANDING eastern view the claim to chief attraction. There the Mall studded with VIEWS, trees of many varieties, with the buildings of the Bureau of Engraving, Agriculture, Smithsonian, National and Army Medical Museums, Fish Commission, Botanical Gardens, and the massive Capitol crowning all ; with Judiciary Square and its City Hall and Pension Building, Kendal Green, the Deaf Mute College and Graceland Cemetery on the left, and the Navy Yard, Congressional Cemetery, Jail and Alms House on the right, and the Anacostia or Eastern Potomac winding away in the distance, M'ith the Government Hospital for the Insane overlooking it on its commanding heights, is a picture not soon to be forgotten. Nowhere in the world, it is quite safe to say, may as many imposing buildings so advantage- ously ijlaced, and so surrounded by beautiful vistas be viewed from one eminence, as may here be seen from this commemorative shaft. 76 CHURCHES, CLUBS AND AMUSEMENTS. If after this exhilarating view the visitor prefers, he may descend by way of the 808 steps and 50 landings, well illuminated by electricity. The elevator makes the trip in ten minutes ; it can easily be done on foot in 15 ; this added time and labor THE is repaid by the opportunity afforded to examine the presentation stones which INTERIOR, have been laid in the interior. These are from nearly all of the States and Territories, from principal cities and towns, from Indian nations. Foreign powers, benevolent orders, schools and religious societies. Mount Vesuvius and Japan, Switzerland and China, the Tombof jSTapoleonand Tell Chapel, Bremen and Carthage, are here represented. It may be of interest to read the following comparison of heights : Eittel Tower, 986 feet; Washington Monument, 555; proposed Philadelphia Public Building's Tower, 535; Cologne Cathedral, 512 ; Strasbourg Cathedral, 4(55 ; St. Peter's, Rome, 455 ; Great Pyramid, Egypt, 450 (originally 485) ; St. Kollox Chimney, Glasgow, 450; St. Stephen's, Vienna, 441 ; Mariankirche, Lubeck, 430 ; Antwerp Cathedral, 402 ; St. Paul's, London, 364 ; Milan Cath- edral, 355; Capanile, Florence, 290 ; U. S. Capitol, 288 ; Trinity, N. Y., 284 ; Great Mosque, Cairo, 282 ; Bunker Hill Monument, 221; and the Leaning Tower, Pisa, 179 feet. The Washington Statue, by Geeenough. — Facing the center front of the Capitol stands the colossal marble statue of George Washington by Horatio Greenough, 1842. The figure, "sitting in majesty," is 12 feet high on a granite pedestal, cost $25,000 for statue, $19,000 for pedestal and transportation. Nude to the waist, with the right arm and lower body drained, the extended left hand holding a sheathed Roman sword and the right pointing heaven- ward, the conception is so strange that no statue in this country has given rise to a greater amount of controversy. On the right of the chair Phaeton represents the rising sun with his fiery car and steeds, and on tlie left the Genii of North and South America are represented by Hercules strangling the serpent of tyranny and Iphiclus on the ground shrinking from the ordeal. On the back of the chair where recline figures of Columbus and an Indian, the inscrip- tion, " Simulacrum istud ad magnum Libertatis exemplum, nee sine ipsa duraturum. Hora- tius Greenough, Faciebat," has been freely translated : "This statue cast in Freedom's stately form, And by her e'er upheld. —"Horatio Greenough, Sculptor." Governor Henry Lee's world-famous eulogy, "First in war — first in peace — first in the hearts of his countrymen," is engraved around the pedestal. The Washington Statue, by Mills. — At 23d and K sts., n. w., in Washington circle, stands Mills' bronze equestrian statue of George Washington, representing the Com- mander surveying the field just after having rallied his troops at the battle of Princeton. The likeness is considered very faithful; it is from Houdon's bust taken in Washington's lifetime. The metal is from captured guns donated by Congress, 1853 ; cost $50,000. By act of March 2, 1889, Congress appropriated $40,000 each for statues of Generals Sheridan, Hancock and Logan. They will be placed as follows : Sheridan, at 13th st. and Pennsylvania ave., n. w. ; Hancock, 16th and N sts., n. w., to be hereafter known as Hancock circle ; Logan in Iowa circle, at 13th and P sts., n. w. A colossal monument commemorative of the life of Abraham Lincoln has been talked of for some years, to be placed in some com- manding position in the Capitol Grounds. CHURCHES, CLUBS AND AMUSEMENTS. The Churches of Washington are of every Christian faith and many other sects ; the Evangelical denominations are well represented and both pulpit and choir in many are filled with a high order of talent. The Citij Directory will give full information, and in most of the hotels a list of the principal places of worship will be found. St. John's Protestant Episcopal CHURCHES, CLUBS AND AMUSEMENTS. 77 Church, 16th and H sts., n. w., of which Presidents Madison, Jackson and Arthur were mem- bers; the First Presbyterian Church, 4)^ between C and D sts , n. w., where President and Mrs. Cleveland worshipped ; and the Presbyterian Church of the Covenant, Connecticut ave. and 18th st., n. w., where President and Mrs. Harrison are communicants, are among the most notable in the city. Societies, Social, and Secret, are very popular in Washington ; especially mili- tary and secret organizations. At the Masonic Temple, 9th and F sts., n. w., and at Odd Fellows Hall, 7tli between D and E sts., n. w., full information of these and kindred organiza- tions may be bad. Armories, Boat, Bicycle, Athletic and Sjtorting Clubs and organizations among the various departmental employees, with special features, are numerous ; their location Tae Corcoran Gallery of Art. may be found in the CiUj Directory. The Cosmos Club, an organization with a literary and scientific membership, is at H and 15»^ sts., n. w. ; the Young Men's Christian Association, with a free reading-room, at JSTo. 14 New York ave., n. w.; and the Women's Christian Tem- perance Union in the Masonic Temple, 9th and F sts., n. w. " The Jefferson, " H between 14th and 15th sts., n. w., and "The Metropolitan," 17th and H sts., n. w., are leaders among the social clubs. The Hall of the Grand Army of the Republic, naturally a very strong and virile organization here, is on Pennsylvania ave., near 15th st. , u. w. The Places of Amusements in the city cover the field from the theater of the iM-st fl?s.s to +h-: variety stage where fisticuffs between local colored knights of the glove are a 78 RAILROADS, STREET CARS AND HACKS. leading feature. These are usually closed during the warmer weather ; the columus of the daily papers should be consulted for their announcements. The Corcokan Gallery of Art.s is at Pennsylvania ave. and 17th st.^ n. w., opposite the State, War, and Navy Building. The generosity of Mr. W. W. Corcoran, a deceased banker and philanthropist, furnished the building, the donation of his own art treas- ures, valued at $100,000, and an endowment of $900,000. The building is of bricli and freestone, 104 by 124 feet, two stories and a mansard roof, costing $350,000. The statues of Phidias, Raphael, Angelo and Durer on the south front, and of Titian, Da Vinci, Rubens and Rem- brandt, on the west, are of Carrara marble, 7 feet high, the work of Ezekiel. 1 1 was opened in December, 1874. On the first floor are the Sculpture Hall, Trustees' Rooms, Class Rooms, Library and the Janitor's Office ; on the second floor are six rooms devoted to paintings, and some busts of noted men. Powers' "Greek Slave" and the "Veiled Nun," are in the Octagon Room in the centre. A cat- alogue maybe procured of the janitor ; the gallery is open ___„ „ . ^^ ^^^ public September and June, admis- |[P^*' * ' ^ |^S[ every week sion 25 cents on Monda\-, Ip ^ ^I^B day between "Wednesday and Friday, and free on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday, as well as on Friday nights between 7.30 and 10 o'clock, during the winter, when it is beauti- fully illuminated byelectric light. An addition in the rear contains a col lection of rare books, engravings, gems medals, etc. Monument to Unknown Dead. RAILROADS, STREET CARS AND HACKS. The Baltimore and Potomac Depot, 6th and Bsts., n. w. ; trains arrive and leave over Philadelphia, "Wilmington & Baltimore, Pennsylvania, Virginia Midland, Richmond & Danville, and other roads leading to all parts of the country. The Baltimore and Ohio Depot, New Jersey ave. and C sts., n. w.; trains over Bound Brook, Royal Blue Line, New Jersey Central and other roads, east, north and west. The Street Car System of the city is very complete and by reference to the maps will be found sufliciently explained. Fare, 5 cents ; 6 tickets for 25 cents ; transfers to other roads 3 cents extra. The Hack and Carriage Regulations of the city are fair and r Uy enforced RAILROADS, STREET CARS A XT) HACKS. 79 by law ; attempts to overcharge should be reported to nearest police-station or officer, tlie hack- mau must drive the passenger free of charge to nearest point where arbitration can be had. Two trunks or their equivalent shall be carried without extra charge, 25 cents each may be charged for extra pieces over this amount ; such small packages as can be C()nveniently carried within the hack shall be free of charge ; driver shall unload all baggage IVee. The following table explains itself: — One-Hokse Hacks ok Carriages. By the Hour: For one or two passengers, for the first hour, or I'or multiples of an hour, at the rate jjer hour of For each additional quarter of an hour or part thereof For three or four passengers lor the first hour, or for multiples of one hour, at the rate per hour of : For each additional quarter of an hour or i>art thereof By the Trip : By the trip of fifteen squares or less, for each passenger, or for multiple of fifteen squares at the rate, for each fifteen squares, of For each additional five squares or part thereof 12.30 a. m. to 5 a. m. U 00 1 25 35 40 15 Two horse hacks, for four persons, $1.50 for first hour and 25 cents each extra quarter hour. If dismissed outside the city 25 cents additional. The usual rates for special excur- sions in the vicinity of the city are : To .Arlington, $5; Soldier's Home Mt. Vernon. —Dining-Eoom. ■Washington's Fed-Room. Brightwood, $5; Insane Asylum, Cabin John Bridge, $10 ; Great Falls of the Potomac, $20. Special rates by agreement may usually be obtained. Omnibus Lines, fares the same as those of the street-car lines, run on various routes which will be explained by any policeman or public guide. There are few points that can not be conveniently reached at moderate cost 80 PARKS AND RESORTS. PARKS AND RESORTS. f\ LEXANDRIA. — Originally called Bellhaven, this town, population now 15,000, was founded fj 1748, 42 years before Washington. For many years, or until after 1846, Alexandria had f\ reasonable hopes of maintaining commercial supremacy, and when in that year it, with the M surrounding Virginia territory comprised in the "Ten Miles Square,"' was allowed by Congress to retrocede from the Federal jurisdiction and again attach itself to Virginia, it was on the plea that Alexandria, the thriving city, could not atford to help carry the burdens of debt-ridden Washington. How glad it might now be to re-enter the old compact, maybe judged by a visit to this somnolent town, where grass grown streets, the over-powering sense of its having fallen asleep in the last century, and the difficulty of believing that such life — or lack of it — can go on within six miles of the modern Capital of the Nation, afford its main claim to the visitor's attention. The town may be reached hourly by train (25 cents, round trip), or by boat (15 cents), the latter starting from a wharf reached by the 7th St. cable cars. On August 28th, 1814, after their capture of Washington, the British sailed up the Potomac ; Fort Washington was seized and a powder magazine blown up, and the town of Alexandria, with- out any show of resistance, at once capitulated under the moat humiliating terms. At Washington and Cameron sts., Christ Church, Protestant p]piscopal, begun 1705, finished 1773, built of bricks made in England, is the place of worship for many years attended by George Washington, of which he was a vestryman. Pew No. 59, remaining as when he occupied it, is pointed out to visitors ; here the carpet, cushion, etc., remain in the worn and dilapidated condi- tion they were in at the time of Washington's death ; some old and interesting tombstones are in the church-yard. In the yard of the Mansion House, on Fairfax St., is an old house, called Wash- ington's Headquarters ; it is claimed that he so occupied it when in Alexandria. A National Cemetery, near the city, where are buried nearly 4,093 soldiers, is another point of interest. An ALOSTAN Island. — Opposite the old Naval Observatory is Analostan Island, 70 acres, connected with the Virginia shore by a causeway. It was the home of Gen. John Mason, Commis- sary-General, War of 1812, and in his time was under admirable cultivation and famed for the hospitality of its owner. James M. Mason, the Confederate Commissioner to Europe, captured by Admiral Wilkes, was born on this island. The mansion has been allowed to fall into a dilapidated condition ; the island is now mainly visited by picnic parties. Arlington Manor and National Cemetery. — On the Virginia Potomac shore, on a wooded knoll 250 feet above tidewater, known as Arlington Heights, and one-half a mile from the river, stands old Arlington jSIanor House, the home built, in 1802, by George Washington Parke Custis, the adopted son of Washington, and where, at the age of 2\ he brought his bride, Mary Lee Fitzhugh, a girl of but 16 years, and where he lived until 1851. The house, modeled after the Temple of Theseus at Athens, consists of a centre 60 feet long, two wings, each 40 feet, and a por- tico, 60 by 25 feet ; here may be obtained a charming view of the city and its environs. Here, until the outbreak of the late war, lived Gen. Robert E. Lee, who married the daughter of Mr. Custis, who, as the great-granddaughter of Martha Washiugton. had a life THK interest in the estate. The prevalent impression that the estate came into the posses- MANSION, sion of the Government by means of the Confiscation Act is erroneous ; it was sold on account of unpaid taxes, January 11, 1864, the U. S. giving over three fourths of its assessed valua- tion, though it had greatly deteriorated during the war. The weeping willows on the grounds are from stock brought to America, 1775, from the Poet Pope's villa at Twickenham, England ; this had been the parent stock of all like trees in England, as this cutting at Arlington has been of all in America. Ho; e came Lafayette with his son, George Washington Lalayette, on his second visit to America, and here have been entertained most of the notables of the days between the wars of 1812 and 1S61. The estate contained about 1100 acres, but has been divided, and about 200 acres and the Manor grounds were set aside in 1867 as the National Cemetery. Here are buried over 16,000 soldiers of the late war, and surrounded by these are the plain marble monuments of Mr. and Mrs. Custis, erected by their daughter, Mrs. Lee. Gen. Phil Sheridan is buried in front of the Mansion ; the granite sarcophagus south of it, is placed over a vault 30 by 220 feet in diameter, in which are 2111 unknown soldiers gathered from the battle-fields of Bull Run and the Rappa- hannock route. A grand stand and amphitheatre for use in Decoration Day NATIONAL ceremonies, will accommodate 5,000 persons. A mausoleum, commemorative of CEMETERY. many of the noted Generals of the Union Army, is also here. Congress has been and is very liberal in its appropriations for this beautiful spot, where almost daily the body of some old veteran is brought to join his comrades in the "silent bivouac of the dead." PARKS AXD RESORTS. 81 Arlington can best be reached by carriage, usual rate, S.5 ; but a walk of a mile and a half, 25 minutes, will take one from the Georgetown terminus of the W. & G. R. R. line to the grounds. The superintendent will be found ready to give information. Fair Grounds. —The National Fair Grounds are between the Brentwood Road and the Washington Branch of the B. & O. R. R., about where 14th and T sts., n. e., would intersect, if extended so far. It may be reached by the railway or by a short walk from the electric street cars running on New York ave. Falls of the Potomac. —The most delightful drive, requiring a whole day, in the vicinity of Washington, is that to the Great Falls of the Potomac, about 15 miles. The features of the drive are Cabin John Bridge, claimed to be the longest single span of masonry in the world, 220 feel.; the Little Falls, a series of cascades descending 37 feet, 4 miles from the city; the "Chain Bridge," which is now a Howe- truss, and the works of the water supplying system. This water supply, one of the most perfect in existence, comes from above the Great Falls the water is led THE CITY through an aque- WATER duct, the product SUPPLY, of the engineering skill of Gen. M. C. Meigs, U. S. Engineers, and is made possible by a series of engineering tri- Washliigton's Tomli. umphs. A cylindrical conduit, 9 feet inside diameter, capable of de- livering 80,000,000 gallons in 24 hours, at present furnishes 25,000,- 000 ; thus it is the best watered city in the world in proportion to its inhabitants. The conduit empties into a receiving reservoir, 33 acres, 300,000,000 gallons, which is 4% miles from the Capitol, 144 feet above tide water. Connected are the city conduits and the standpipe, 60 feet, at 16th and Boundary sts., n. w., and the high-service reservoir on , . Georgetown Heights ; this entire ■work, with Its 6 bridges and 12 tunnels, one of which is one-third of a mile in length, cost the Gov- ernment over $3,500,000. The scenery along this drive is picturesque, especially so as the Great Falls are approached ; here the water descends 80 feet in less than \}4 miles, one of the cascades being nearly 40 feet ; and the perpendicular Virginia shore towers above the foaming current, here pent up to only 100 yards in width. ^ y i- i During the summer months, small steamboats ply between the foot of 23d St. and Chain Bridge fare 15 cents the round trip. The scenery is wild and beautiful; here the leading boat Clubs have their headquarters and may frequently be seen at practice. ^■'"-^'^^ °^ THE Potomac. — For many years these were a constant menace to the life and Jiealth of the community, as a fertile source of malaria. Having been taken in hand by the Gov- Mt. Veruou Mansion. 32 PARKS AXD RESORTS. ernment. solid ground, driveways and the basis of a fine public park, bave sprung up where festering mud and slime were left twice each day by the receding tide. This reclamation adds many hundreds of acres of public property, extending from above the old Naval Observatory to below the Arsenal, and many thousand of dollars to the city's wealth. Glen Echo Chautauqua. —This famous resort, some miles in the suburbs, a branch of the great Educational Encampment held at Lake Chautauqua, N. Y., is a most charming retreat in the summer. It is reached by an extension of the W. & G. street cars ; the daily papers should be consulted for particulars. Marshall Hall. — This beautiful resort, where music, restaurants, the usual merry-go- rounds and swings for the children are to be found, and perfect order is maintained, about 20 miles below the city, is reached daily during the outing season by special steamers which leave the 7th St. wharves west, every morning and afternoon during week days and four times daily on Sundays. The steamers, large, commodious and safe, have music on board ; the trip is a charming one and takes one past the beautiful grounds of the Arsenal, crosses the mouth of the Anaeostia, up which, on opposite banks, maybe seen the Navy Yard and the Government Asylum for the Insane, past Alexandria, Bellevue Naval Magazines, Fort Foote, Fort Washington and Mount Vernon, where on week days the steamers stop to allow passengers to land. This round trip of over 40 miles, 25 cents, is well worth the expenditure of time which it requires, about 3 hours, 1 hour being spent on shore. WASHINGTON'S HOME. OUNT VERNON, the home of Washington, can best be reached by the boats to Marshall Hall ; the daily prints should be con- sulted for sailing hours and other details. The Mount Vernon Ladies' Association of the Union, incorporated 1859, purchased 200 acres of this estate, for S200,000, and under its care the grounds and home have been restored as far as possible to the condition they were in at the time of Washington's death, 1799 ; the origi- nal tract embraced 7,600 acres ; in 1887 Mr. Jay Gould bought and donated to the Association 33J^ acres on the north. The central or original mansion was built by Lawrence, elder half-brother of the General, naming it in honor of Admiral Vernon, British Navy, under whom he served in the attack on ^.^Xcr^^^^"^ Carthagena, 1741 ; the added wings were built by Gen. Wash- ington, The house is of wood, cut and painted in imitation of Washington Family Crest. stone. " The accompanying diagram illustrates the present arrangement of the box-bordered gardens, lawns, out-buildings, etc. ; detailed description is unnecessary. The "new tomb," at the south of the grounds, is THE MANSION beyond the old and abandoned one, from which the body of Washington and AND TOMB, of several members of his family were removed in 1837. Owing to the insecure condition of the latter, a grave robber was able to enter it and remove a skull and some bones, no part of the General's body, however, and on his detection it was decided to make better arrange- ments for the protection of the venerated remains. Under date of February 22, 1837, Lawrence Lewis, only surviving executor, wrote accepting the offer of John Struthers, of Philadelphia, to construct and donate a sarcophagus from a solid block of Pennsylvania marble, wherein the body could be deposited with safety. This, after designs by William Strickland, was shipped to Alex- andria, Sept. 22, 1837. The generosity of the donor led him to undertake the construction of the new vault ; this was completed and the sarcophagus finally sealed up Oct. 7, 1837. The condition of the old vault was most deplorable, coffins and loose bones were piled about promiscuously, and it was impossible to identify and separate these in the removal ; they were placed in the inner inclo- sure of the new vault and after the door was locked the key was thrown into the river ; no record now exists as to the identity or even the number of the bodies there placed. The lead coffin in which was the body of Washington, was identified by its silver escutcheon on which were the simple words : " George Washington, born Feb. 22, 1732 ; died Dec. 14, 1799." The top of the casket was somewhat broken, disclosing to view " a head and breast of THE large dimensions which appeared by the dim light of the candle to have suf- SARCOPHAGUS, fered but little from the effects of time." This casket was placed in the sar- sophagus, excavated from a solid stone, 8 feet long, 3 feet wide, and 2 feet high, inside measure- PARKS AND RESORTS. 83 ments ; the lid is of a ponderous block of Italian marble, on which are the Arms and Insignia of the United States in the boldest relief, and only the word " Washington." This and the sarcophagus containing the body of Martha Washington can be plainly seen through the grated, iron gate ; and nearby are clustered the graves of several members of the family. Washington was his own architect and landscape gardener ; after he resigned his commission at Annapolis, Dec. 23, 1783, he here lived the life of a retired country gentleman until called upon to become the first President of the Republic. Here was an extensive deer-park, where twenty or more deer could be seen at one time ; in this, in 1785, he had his last hunt in the saddle, a sport of which he was very fond. But it is in the ^Mansion that the visitor is brought most closely in touch with the life of the Patriot ; there the presence of old servants who " b'longed in de fam'ly," born on the estate, as were their fathers before them, adds a pleasant touch of realism to the memory of those bygone days. In the hall is the key of the Bastile, presented by Lafayette ; near the en- trance a cabinet contains the surveyor's outfit used by Washington in his early days in the Virginia wildernesses, and his Commission as Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army. In all cases where the carpets have been replaced the original patterns are followed ; the furniture is antique, though some of it is not original. Portraits of Washington and Peale's "Washington hefore Yorktown " hang in the dining-hall ; and the west parlor contains a picture of Admiral -Mt. "Vernon Mansion. -New Tomb and Jlonuments. -Lawn. -K— Gardens. -Lawn. -Deer Park. -Seed House. -Servants, etc. -Ice House. -Work Shop. -Fire-proof. -Salt House. -Gardener. -Servants Hall. -Kitolien. -Dairy. -Office. -Smoke House. -Laundry. -Corn Bin. -Barn. -Greenery. -Seed House. -Summer House. -Abandoned Tomb. POTOMAC BIVEB PLAN OF MT. VERNON ESTATE. Vernon's attack on Carthagena with the family coat of arms over the mantel. It is undoubtedly from one of these with its red and white stripes and gold stars, that the original inspiration came which resulted in our national colors, " the Stars and Stripes." The most interesting relics are on the 2d floor; Lafayette's Room, with an engraved reproduction of AryScheffer's noted portrait (see page 33), and the desk and dressing table that he used, and Washington's Room in which he died, Dec. 14, 1799, with the old high-post bed and the bedding remaining as they were at his death, and his desk, hair-coveied trunk, leathern chair (the THE cover cut by vandals) all as he left them, are the most fascinating spots among MANSION'S these historic surroundings. In her room, the mirror where "sweet Eleanor INTERIOR. Custis " made her toilet, and the steps whereon she climbed into her lofty bed are still to be seen, and below is her harpsichord, a wedding present from the General, which, with all the ivory of its keys stolen by relic-hunters, is now kept locked to prevent further vandalism. Other of the 2d-story rooms are named after various States which have contributed to keep them in order and have donated relics, etc., for them. On the floor above is the room where Martha Washington secluded herself after the General's death, and where, to quote one of the old servants. ' she staid fur eighteen months' till she died dere." A notch in the bottom of the door 84 PARKS AXD RESORTS. calls for this explanation : "She never had no fire in de winter, and it was mighty hot in de summer,— but dere she staid wid only her cat fur comp'ny"; and thus the one familiar friend had come and gone until its mistress was carried out to the old tomb. In the River-room, or East parlor, below, are still her writing-desk, clock, and spinning-wheel. A trip to Mt. Vernon is a feature of the visit to the Capital City which should never be overlooked ; here it is possible to completely escape from that sordid quality which so frequently makes the places associated with great deeds or persons an offense to the reverent visitor. Never before the time of such a visit will the American feel so near to the days of our nation's birth, and, as he turn's away to the placid river, he will remember with pleasure that, though bound on an errand of pillage and despoilation against Alexandria, the proud English fleet paused, in 1814, their officers and men with uncovered heads, and the reverberations of the minute gun echoed from hill to hill in respectful token of their veneration for the memory of Washington. NoTiiEY Hall. — A favorite riverside resort above Marshall Hall ; boats, from same wharves The National Soldier's Home, pass the same views which are described under that resort, see page 82. Round trip, 25 cents. River View. — Like the foregoing this is one of several riverside resorts, the boats start from and carry one past the same points. See Marshall Hall, page 82. Round trip 25 cents. Rock Creek Park.— This picturesque park extends along both sides of Rock Creek for about 3 miles, and can be reached by a walk of a mile from the cars leading into the northwest section of the city. 2,000 acres were purchased by Congress in 1890 ; it is intended to beautify the extent with drives, walks and the skill of the landscape gardener. The Soldiers' Home. — This institution, in the suburbs, 3 miles north of the Capitol, and may be reached by the electric cars on New York ave, the cable cars and Silver Spring route on 7th St. (2 fares), or the branch route of the Metropolitan Railway running out 9th St., and con- necting with the Silver Spring route. The first calls for a walk of about J?4 of a mile, the two others, a walk of a ^ mile. Through these charming grounds, with their 7 miles of roadway, is one of the most attractive and fashionable drives around Washington. The Home is for U. S.. PARKS AND RESORTS. 85 Regulars or Volunteers who served in the Mexican and the late war, and for privates in the Regular Army. It was founded, at the instance of General Winfield Bcott, by the aid of the pillage money which he levied on the Mexicans in that war. An heroic statue of General Scott, erected by the Home at a cost of $18,000, and the work of Launt Thompson, stands near the buildings. These comprise a Hospital, about the centre of the 500 acre tract of land, a Main Hall, Mess or Meeting Room and Offices, a Library, several commodious Dormitories, Houses for the OflBcers, and such stables, hothouses, etc., as the farm requires. A "President's Cottage," frequently tised as such in the summers, a beautiful chapel, and the " Capitol Vista" are note- worthy features; the latter presents, through a long specially trimmed forest vista, au entrancing view of the Capitol, 3 miles away. The Home, under the charge of the War Department, is famous for its perfect management, unusual sanitary excellence, and the feeling of content that is to be found among its inmates. Though open to the public every da.y from 9 to sunset, at no time is it possible for the visitor to inspect the inner life of this vast institution and not find it looking as though on dress parade, so excellent is the discipline and so willing are its inmates to comply with its rules. It is now partially maintained by a small monthly tax on the pay of the regular soldiers. Zoological, Park, National.— Joining Rock Creek Park, near Woodly Lane, is the new National Zoological Garden. Congress purchased 16G acres, 1889, at a cost of §176,128, and the ground is being laid out and the necessary building erected so as to fit this to become in time the principal garden of the sort in the country. The living animals, formerly behind the Smithsonian institution, form the nucleus for this display. A number of larger Rocky Mountain animals have recently been captured in the Yellowstone Park for this collection. PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. Space here affords but room for a brief mention of the most notable of the Institutions of Learning, Public Charities, and Cemeteries, not already mentioned elsewhere. These are arranged alphabetically. Institutions of Learning. — Academy of the Visitation; 35th st., W.. Georgetown; branch, Conn, ave., abv. L., n. w., founded 1799 ; open Wednesdays and Saturdays, after 12 M. Catholic University of America; ]\x & 2d., s. e., Sisters of Charity; open daily, 10 to 11 and 3 to 4; most excellent accommodations for both free and pay patients; enjoys a deserved reputation of a high order. St. Ann's, K & 21th. sts., n. w., St. John's, H near 19th., n. w., St. Joseph's, H near 9th, n. w., and SI. Rose's. G near 20th., n. w., are four prominent orphan asylums. St. Vincent's Orphanage; (Sisters of Charity), G and 10th sts., n. w.; founded 1831, for girls. Washington Orphan Asylum (Protestant); 11th and G sts., n. w.; founded I8I5! Work House; Hospital Square, adjoining Jail, see p. 60; an asylum for indigent and petty criminals; founded 1815; accommodates 400 inmates. CEMET-Eni-ES.— Congressional; on Anacostia, a mile above Navy Yard, Anaoostia line; worthy of a visit. Laid out 1807; 30 acres; 150 cenotaphs of members of Congress. George Clinton, Elbridge Gerry, Wm. West, A. P. Ushur, Gen'ls Brown, McComb, Gibson, Henderson and Commodore Chancey are among the notables here buried. Olenwood; 1^< miles n. of Capitol this, 90 acres, Prospect Hill, 17 acres, and St. Mary's. 3 acres are together, via Electric line. Oraceland; end of Columbia line, 15th and H sts., n. e.; 40 acres. Harmony; Brentwood Road, via Electric line. Mount Olivet; Columbia Turnpike, y^ mile n. of Graceland, see above; Wirz see p. 11, and Mrs. Surratt, see p. 48, are buried here. National Military; just north of Soldiers' Home, see p. 84; 5,153 Union and 271 Confederate dead here buried; here is the Logan Memorial Chapel. Oak Hill; Georgetown Heights; via Metropolitan line; gift oE W. W. Corcoran, 30 acres, endowment of §120,000; Corcoran, Chief Justice Chase, Stanton, Admiral Rogers, Gen'l. Eaton, Prof. Henry, Bishop Pinckney, John Howard Payne and other prominent persons are buried here. Prospect Hill; see Glenwood above. Rock Creek; this and St. Paul's P. E., Church therein, outdate the city by 71 years; the latter, built 1719, is of bricks from Eng- land;'just north of Soldier's Home, see p. 84. St. Mary's; see Glenwood, above. LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. midi's Canopy, 16; Capitol, distant views, 3 '9, 67; East front (frontispiece) west front 15; n. w. view from. 7; s. w. view from 6, floor plans, 34, 35; City Hall, 12: Colum- bus scenes from his life, 20-26, 41; Congres. Library, new, 27; Corcoran gallery, 77; En- graving and Printing bld'g, 53; Executive Mansion 3, 13,42146: Interior Dep't, 56, 57;interi- ors (See i^ooms) : Justice, Dep't. of, 60;Monu- ments (See Statuary); Nat'l. Museum, 63-65; Mt. Vernon. 79, 81, 83; Observatory,49; Patent Office, 56, 57; Penna, ave., 9; Pension office, 58, 59; Post Office Dept, 5.5; Rooms and Interiors: Blue, 45, D. C. Comm, 36, East, 46, Green, 45, House of Rep. and corridors, 19, 34, Marble, 36, Mt. Vernon, 79, Patent offices, 67; Pension off., 59 Red, 42, Rotunda, 14: Senate and corridors, 17, 18. 34, 86; Skeleton Hall, 65; Statuary Hall, 2N; Supreme Court 39; Smithsonian, 62; Sol- diers' graves, 78, Home, 84; State, War, and Navy bld'g, 13, 47; Statuary: Allen, 32," Car of time" clock, 17, Cass, 31, Civilization, 41, Columbus, 41, Crawford, 30, Emancipation, 74, Freedom, 1, Garfield. 30. 71, Greene, 69, Jackson. 69. King. 31. Ijat'ayette. 70, Lincoln, 12, 74, McPherson, 6i); Naval, or "Peace," 67, Scott. 69, Thomas, 5. Trumbull, 30, Wash- ington, 69. 72; Telescope, great, 49; Thomas circle, 5; Treasury, 13,61; Views, distant, 3, 5, 6. 7,9, 13; Washington, Geo.: apotheosis. 16, bed, 79; Family crest. 82, Home, 79, 81, Monu- ment, 72; Scenes in his life, 38; Statue, 69, Tomb, 81. GENERAL INDEX. Alto rilievo (Hee Pronzes). Akchitect.s and Designeks:— Bullfinch, 18; Capitol, of the. 10, 20; Clark^^ 20, 54; Davis, Jefferson, 29; Downing, 69; Early, 6; Green, 75; Hadfleld, 17, 60; Hallett, 16; Hoban, 16, 42; Latrobe, 17, 18, 33; Meigs, 54, 81; Mills, 51, 54, 57, 73; Mullett, 46, 52; Olmstead, 14; Rogers, 52; Shepherd, 11; Story, 75; Strickland and Struthers, 82; Thornton, 16; Walter. 19, 62, 64; Young, 52. Aetists and Sculptors:— Ames. 33; Bailey, 73; Ball, 70; Bartholdi, 68; Bierstadt, 33, a5. Brooks, 35; Brown, 32, 69, 70, 73; Brumidi, 16, 26, 27, 28, 33, 36, 37; Capellano, 22, 26; Carpen- ter, 35; Caucici, 26; Chapman, 25; Costaggini, 27; Crawford, 1, 20,28, 29, 30, 33, 65; Crittenden, 30, 33; D' Angers, 32; Eastman, 36; Ezekiel, 78; Falquiere, 71; Flannery, 71; Franzoni, 17, 18, 33; French, 31, 32; Gavelot. 26; Greenough, H., 22, 76; Greenough R., 32; Healy, 40: Hou- den, 33, 76; Hoxie, 33, 70; Hubbard, 33; Ives, 30, 32. Jouvenal, 70: Leutze. 3.5; Mead, 32; Mercie, 71; Mills, 69, 71. 76; Moran. 40; Mos- chowski. 33; Mozier, 40; Neagle, 3.5, 39: Nevin, 32; Niehaus. .30, 32; Palmer, 32; Peale, C, 37; Peale, R., 37, 83; Persico. 22; Plassman, 70; GEXERA L INDEX. Powell 25 40; Powers. 32, 35, 40, 78; Ransom, 33; Ream, 33, 70: Reitschel, 71; Roberts, 32; Robisso, CO, 71; Rogers, 22, 25; 8alviati, 10; Saunders, 33; Sclietfer. 33, 83; Seaton, 40; Sim- mons 31 32 07, 71; Stone, 32, 37; Story. /I, 75; Stuai-t 33 35, 43; Sully, 40; Thompson, 70, 85; Trove '37; Trumbull, 20: Vaiulerlyn, 25, 33; Wai-cl,' 70, 73; Whitney, 32; Wier, 26. Basso rilievo (See Bronzes). , ,,^ , Bronzes. RiLiKVi, etc. (see also *S'5, 36; Corner-stones, 16,19, 21, 39; ■ Criticism of, 20; Designs for, 1.5, 17; Dome, 10, Heating, 41; History, 14-20; House, 19, S2, 33- 35; Impressions of, 20; Journalists 35; Light- ing 35 41; Lobbies, 33, 35; Material, 15, 17,32; Monolithic columns, 33; Oven, The, 17; Por- ticoes, 21, 22, 2,3, 4U: Restaurant, 35, 36; Retiring rooms, .33; rooms (See Committee Roonis)\K»- tunda, 25: Sculpture. (See Bronzes and Statuary): Senate, 18. 19 37, 40; Site, 4; Size, 15; Stairways, 27, 35, 37, 40; Temporary struc- ture, 11; ventilation, 15, 41; Views from, 6, 7, 29. Carriage Hire, rates, 79. Circles (See Jieser cations). CoJiMiTTEE Rooms and Caittol Offices:— Agriculture, 35; Appropriations, 33, 37; Archi- tects, 41; Banking and Currency, 33, 35; Chief clerk, 33, 37; Claims, 40; Clerks, .35, 37; Coast Defences. 40; Commerce, 35, 40; District of Columbia, 3.5, 36, 37; Documents, 33; Elections, 35, 40; Engrossed Bills, 40; Enrolled Bills, 37; Expenditures, 40; Finance, 40; Foreign, 3.5, 37; Index, 33; Indians, 36, 36; Journalists, 40; Judiciary, 35; Land claims, 40; Library, 36; Library Building^ 40; Military, 3.5^36: Naval, 35, 36; Nicaragua Claims, 40; Official Reporfers, 40; Pacitic R. R., 35; Patents, 3.5, 37; Post office, 37; President's Room, 17; Printing, 40; Privi- leges and Elections, 40; Public Buildings, 40; Public Lands, 35; R. R. and canals, 3.5. 40; Re- ception Rooms, 17, .35; Rivers and Harbors, 35; Secretary. 37; Sergeant, 33, 37; Speaker, 33; Supreme Court suite, 36; Telegraph, 36, 40; Vice President, 37; Ways and Means, 33. Days and Hours:— (These hours, here given in this form for convenience of reference, ap- ply to sightseers and not to those calling on business. Unless the word daily is used it will signify that the place is closed on the Sabbath. Where no mention is made of a place it will be open from 9 till 4 on business days):— Asylums see p, 85; Barracks, daily, sun to sun; Bureaus and Divisions, usually, 10-2, displays therein, 9-4; Botanic Gardens, sun to sun; Capitol. 9-4.30; Charities, see p. 85; Corcoran Gallery, 9-6, see p. 78; Depart- ments, see Bureaus, above; Engraving and Printing Bureau, Saturdays, 10-2; Executive Mansion, 10-3; Hospitals, see p. 85; House of Representatives, 9-4.30, in session at noon; Museums, 9-4, except Army Medical, 9-3, and National, 9-4.30; Mt. Vernon, see p. 82; Navy Yard dailv, sun to sun; President receives all callers, 1 P. M.. Mond., Wednes., Friday; Resorts, see p. 80; Schools, see p. 85; Senate, 9-4.;?0, in session at noon; Smithsonian, 9-4.30; Soldiers' Home, daily, 9-6; Supreme Court, 9-4.30, in session at noon. Departmental subdivisions (See Bureaus). DEPARTMENTS:— Agriculture, 61, 65; Att'ny- Gen'l., 60; Executive Mansion, 42; Fish Comm., 63, 65. 66; Gov't Printing Off., 63, 67; Interior, 57; Justice. 60; Municipal Gov't. 12, 60; Navy, 49; Post Office, 54; Publications, .30. 63, 67; Smithsonian, 30, 42, 62, 65; State, 46; Treasury, 51 ; War, 48 Designers (See Architects). Dist. of Columbia (See Washington City). Divisions (See Bureaus). Environs, Resorts, etc. (See pp. .80-86):— Arlington, 79; Bellhaven, 80; Brightwood, 79; Cabin John Bridge, 79, 81; Chain Bridge. 81; Chautauqua, 82; Insane Asylum, 79, 85; Mt. Vernon, 82; National Cemeteries, 80, 80, 86; Soldiers' Home, 79, 84; Zoological Park, 85. Exhibits (See iV-/!3, 70, 71,; Livingston, 32; Logan, 68. 76, 86; Luther, 71; McPherson, 69, 71; Marshall, 71; Muhlenberg, 32; Naval, 67, 71, 73; Noted men 78; Peace, 22, 67. 71. 73; Phideas, 78; Pulaski, 33; Raphael, 78; Rawlins, 73; Rembrandt, 78; Rubens, 78; Scott, 69, 73, 85; Sheridan, 76; Sherman. R., 32; Stockton, 32; Thomas, 13, 73; Titian, 78; Trumbull, 31. 32; Union GeneraKs, 80; Veiled nun, 78; War, 22; Washington, 33, 69, 73-75, 76, 76, 82; Williams, 32; Wilson, 37; Winthrop, 32. Transportation. 78. Views, 6, 7, 28, 29, 50, 78, 80, 81, 82. 85. Washington City anb Dist. of Colum- bia: — Advantages. 13; Amusements, 77; Ap- propriations for, 12; Areas, principal, 5; Asy- lums, 60, 79, 85; Avenues, 5, 12; Boundaries, 3, 11, SO; Cemeteries, 80, 80, 86; Charities, 84, 8.5. 86; City P. O., 55; Cleanliness, 12; Club life, 77, 81; Defences, S, 10; Development, 4, 13; Disfranchisement, 12; Early condition and planners, 6; Education, 85; Environs, 80; Goose Creek, 4, 68; Government, 12, 60; Growth, 6-13, 14; Hacks, 79; Hospitals, 85; Land, how conveyed, 3, 4, ceeded by Maryland and Virginia, 2; reclaimed, 13, 81 ; Levels, 12; Markets, 68, 68; Meridian, 36. 50, 85; Names, 3, 4;0mnibusses, 78; Police, 60; Principal areas, 5; Railroads, 78; Religious life, 76, 77; Reser- vations, etc.. 68; Site, choice of. 2, 3, 4; Social life, 1.3, 77; Street arrangement, 4, 5, 12; cars, 78; Tiber Creek, 4 68; Transformation, 4, 11, 13; Water Supply, 81. Washington, Geo.:— Adopted son, 80; Anni- versary, 74; Apotheosis, 27; Books relating to, 31; Business sagacity, 4; Busts, 33, 76; Cabi- net, first, 37; Corner-stone laying. 16. 19, 21, 39, 42, 73; Crowned, 22; Death-bed, 83; Family crest, 82; Home, 82; Inauguration, 39; Jeffer- son and Hamilton, 37; Headquarters, 80; Master :Mason, 16, 7,3, 74; Medallion, 36; Mt. Vernon, 82; National monument, 73-75; Place of Worship. 80; Portraits, 26, 33, 37,4.3, 83; Princeton, 76; Rebuking Lee, .39; Relics, 47, &5, 83; Remains, 41, 73, 82; Resignation of, 26; Salute to his memory, 84; Sites, choice by, 1, 2, 73; Statues, 33, 69 76. 76; Tomb, 82; Trenton, 39: Valley Foree, .36; Yorktown, 33. White House, 29, 42-45. CD CI] Q. en □ CZl C7 a Q ^ CID n ^ 5M □czinc^inii^flD.nQao/n nnnn''zii\\]Dn ^D[/l^Y]DQ 2Qg3.C3.euo|n|[Z3C3C3nfi3tD,rzg_dan wpnnr DD jDDL DDDan c:\r WASHINGTON. Direct Reproduction of the Original Painting, by Gilbert Stuart, in the Museum of the Fine Arts, Boston. The Property of the Boston Athenaeum. I •' Fe'3^