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f,4 
 
 AMERICAN 
 
 JOURNALISTS IN 
 
 EUROPE 
 
 AN ACCOUNT OF A VISIT TO ENGLAND AND FRANCE AT THE 
 
 CLOSE OF THE WAR MADE BY A PARTY OF EDITORS AND 
 
 PUBLISHERS OF AMERICAN INDUSTRIAL PAPERS 
 
 AS GUESTS OF THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT 
 
 UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE 
 
 BRITISH MINISTRY OF 
 
 INFORMATION 
 
 BY 
 
 H. M. SWETLAND 
 
 1/ 
 
 Published by the 
 
 UNITED PUBLISHERS CORPORATION 
 
 New York 
 
 1919 
 
Copyright, 1919 
 UNITED PUBLISHERS CORPORATION 
 
 529899 
 
 •S<r 
 
 SEP '<& 1919 
 
 f 
 
P REFAGE 
 
 IT was an afterthought which prompted the attempt to 
 make a permanent record of the visit of the industrial 
 journalists to England and France as guests of the British 
 Ministry of Information. If we had fully appreciated the 
 great opportunity afforded us, a detailed plan for making this 
 record would have been inaugurated at the start. As it is, 
 many important happenings have not received the attention 
 they deserve. No apology is offered, however, for the lack 
 of literary merit, as the effort has been solely directed to plain 
 statement of facts. Plagiarism is frankly admitted, as the 
 writer has used without stint abstracts from the various writ- 
 ings winch have appeared in the numerous publications repre- 
 sented by the party, and elsewhere. 
 
 Our chief apology is offered to the British Ministry of 
 Information for whatever omissions may have occurred, and, 
 further, for so weak an attempt to cover so important a 
 matter. Apologies are further extended to the various mem- 
 bers of the party — many of whom would have given this 
 narrative the literary distinction which it so richly deserves. 
 
 H. M. SWETLAND 
 
CONTENTS 
 
 Organization 5 
 
 Men of the Empire 9 
 
 Industries of England and France in Times of 
 
 War 51 
 
 In the Wake of War 59 
 
 Westward Bound 69 
 
 Personal Impressions 75 
 
 Appendix • 103 
 
\r 
 
 -M 
 
 ORGANIZATION— I 
 
 HE purpose of inviting American industrial journalists to visit 
 England and France as guests of the British Government, was to 
 promote a better understanding between the people of Great Brit- 
 ain and the United States. The progress of civilization, as repre- 
 sented by the English-speaking people, has been at all times dependent upon 
 the facilities of individual and international intercourse. The importance of 
 communication is indicated in the statement of Lord Avebury, before the 
 International Paper Congress, that the development of modern civilization 
 depends upon the discovery of cheap paper. This necessity for more inti- 
 mate and comprehensive relations among all nations had always existed. 
 The extreme obligations of war; the demand upon unity of action on the 
 battle-front and in the production of munitions, and even the sentiment of 
 the people, brought this necessity to the front to a degree that impressed 
 its importance upon the observing leaders in both countries. Looking 
 backward, we can easily determine that the first progress made by man 
 came from the power of language, which gave him the facility of communi- 
 cating the results of his observation, and of thus building a general store- 
 house of knowledge. The second step came with the ability of mankind to 
 record the developments so far achieved, and thus perpetuate and increase 
 the common store. But the power of communication was the greatest 
 factor. Wherever the facilities of communication were increased the prog- 
 ress of civilization was hastened, and wherever they were lessened a rapid 
 degeneration followed. Thus China, at one time in the lead of intellectual 
 attainment, by cutting itself off from the progressive thought of other 
 peoples, and by curtailing internal communication, lost its leadership among 
 the progressive nations of the world. 
 
 If civilization is, therefore, the cumulation of all intellectual develop- 
 ment, every avenue of information must remain open, and our schools, 
 churches, books and newspapers must have a broad outlook upon all intel- 
 lectual development and a quick observation and a keen appreciation of 
 intellectual attainment. Prior to the war our nations were so interwoven 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 with cable, mail and transportation facilities of communication, so bound 
 by international organizations for the distribution of knowledge and so co- 
 operative in intellectual development that civilization had reached its most 
 advanced stage. 
 
 In 1914, came the beginning of the greatest war in the history of the 
 world. It immediately curtailed every form of national and international 
 communication, until finally only general information could pass the censor- 
 ship, and passport regulations limited the opportunity for personal, inter- 
 national intercourse. The intellectual progress of the world was checked. 
 Civilization became static, if not degenerate, at its most critical moment. 
 
 The British Ministry of Information — 
 
 It must have been a careful consideration of these facts that prompted 
 Lord Beaverbrook to recommend to the British Government the establish- 
 ment of the British Ministry of Information. This Ministry, under govern- 
 mental authority, immediately undertook to re-establish as far as possible, 
 facilities for international communication, and originated new and advanced 
 methods of intellectual cooperation. It instituted an organization with 
 headquarters in London, and branches in other countries, established a 
 system of propaganda, and invited groups of citizens of other countries as 
 guests of the British Government, to visit England and France. Every 
 facility for observation and personal contact was afforded these parties. 
 Meetings were arranged with the great intellectual leaders of the Empire 
 and France. Their industries were thrown open for observation. The 
 entire operation of the war, the production of its munitions, the transfer 
 and transport of men and machines, and the activities at the front were 
 bared for individual inspection of the members of these parties. Three 
 parties were invited from this country, and each was given special facilities 
 for individual observation and investigation. The first comprised journal- 
 ists and writers, the second were clergymen, and the third, our party, was 
 made up of fifteen publishers and editors of industrial papers covering the 
 leading industries of America. 
 
 American Industrial Press — 
 
 This selection of the last group was undoubtedly due to the fact that the 
 industrial publications of America are more highly specialized than in any 
 other country, and therefore wield a potential influence on the great indus- 
 tries which they represent. They are the only periodicals dealing directly 
 with the great industrial problems of the nation, and their importance to 
 American industries has been fully recognized, not only by the industries 
 
 6 
 
Organization 
 
 themselves, but by the Government, under conditions of exacting require- 
 ment. A recent conference of American industrial editors was addressed 
 by all the members of the Cabinet and the heads of important departments, 
 to secure the cooperation of the industrial press in coordinating American 
 industries with a Governmental propaganda of war. The services rendered 
 by these specialized publications have received favorable comment from 
 distinguished men of other countries who have given the subject considera- 
 tion. Just as the daily press of the Continent differs from the daily press 
 of America, in that its editorial expression is the dominating feature, whereas 
 in America the daily press caters directly to news, so the industrial publica- 
 tions of America, with their highly specialized individuality, differ from the 
 business periodicals of all other nations. 
 
 The personnel of the party, the journals which they controlled and 
 brief statistics of the industries thus indirectly represented, are given in an 
 appendix herewith. 
 
 Instructions — 
 
 Our party was organized by the New York branch of the British Minis- 
 try of Information, under the direction of Sir Geoffrey Butler and Mr. 
 Goode. We were given a week of preparation, and on the evening preced- 
 ing our departure were assembled at Sherry's, where the objectives of our 
 trip were laid before us. Sir Geoffrey Butler, who presided, informed us 
 that our work would be divided into three distinct features: — 
 
 First — We should meet the great men of England and France, familiarize ourselves 
 with the social conditions of the two countries, listen to their great leaders and observe 
 their hereditary and institutional customs. 
 
 Second — We should visit their great industries in the period of greatest production, 
 and confer with their industrial leaders. Full information would be given us as to their 
 treatment of the great problems affecting the industries of all nations. 
 
 Third — We were to be shown the operations of the great war. We were to visit the 
 Grand Fleet and the battle-front in France. 
 
 The 1 oyage — 
 
 At noon, on the twenty-sixth of October, 1918, our party embarked on 
 the Steamer Lapland, a troopship bound for "somewhere" on the other side. 
 When we were off Staten Island we were anchored for twenty-four hours, 
 and finally became a part of a great marine pageant. Ship after ship, 
 loaded to the limit with men and munitions, passed us on its way out of the 
 harbor. We counted over sixty, among which was the great Leviathan, 
 with 11,000 men overflowing its decks and cabins and its hold filled with the 
 
 7 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 great and small machines of war. Numerous warships and aircraft acted 
 as escort. Two great captive balloons furnished further evidence of the 
 watchful care bestowed on this monstrous convoy. We had now received 
 our first impression — a picture of the magnitude of these preliminaries to 
 battle, and the thorough manner in which precautions to avoid quick dis- 
 aster were established. 
 
 The next morning found us far out on the Atlantic. Only fifteen of 
 the great fleet of the day before were to be seen. These were convoyed by 
 a large cruiser half a mile ahead, and by a torpedo destroyer a mile or two 
 astern. Our speed was cut down to harmonize with the speed of the slower 
 ships, and our formation was not broken during the long, zig-zag course 
 across the Atlantic. We were informed that we were now under military 
 control, and that we were in a region of war. All lights outside were for- 
 bidden at night, even to smoking. We were assigned to a lifeboat and 
 daily drill, and were directed to wear the lifebelt continuously. Our course, 
 which was only indicated to us by the difference in time and the tempera- 
 ture of the salt water, was evidently in the direction of the Azores; from 
 there we turned north, cleared the west coast of Ireland, and entered the 
 Channel at the north. One day followed another in monotonous repetition 
 without even one submarine scare. The only exciting event occurred when 
 we were in the war zone supposedly infested with submarines. Up to this 
 time we regarded the lifebelt as a terrible nuisance, but on this day we 
 submitted without remonstrance to its kind protection. We watched our 
 cruiser circle to the rear of the fleet and disappear over the horizon toward 
 America, and our torpedo destroyer also deserted us at this point. We 
 had an anxious hour before we were picked up by a convoy from the British 
 Fleet, which escorted us down the Channel. But the greatest excitement 
 of the trip was when the pilot came aboard bringing news, and the first 
 papers we had seen since leaving New York. We crowded around Baldwin 
 as he read the story of the surrender of Turkey, and the rumors of the sign- 
 ing of an armistice. We learned of the great revolutions in Germany, and 
 concluded with much rejoicing that the war was over. 
 
THE MEN OF THE EMPIRE— II 
 
 ROMthe moment we landed on British soil we were made to feel 
 the hospitality of the English people. Major Whitmore and other 
 representatives of the Ministry met us on board the Lapland, and 
 escorted us from Liverpool to London in a special car, where a 
 luncheon was already prepared for us. We were a jolly party on the 
 train, with songs and stories, and happy with the feeling that our voyage 
 was over, and the "Great Adventure" lay just before us. 
 
 Our arrival was marked by the overwhelming realization that we were 
 in a country that knew the meaning of war. London was a city of gloom. 
 The streets were so darkened that you had to "watch your step" in walking. 
 Lights were showing faintly at the street corners, but they were carefully 
 hooded so that they could not be seen from above. Taxicabs had tiny 
 lights, and every window in the city was darkened. We learned from 
 placards in the Hotel Waldorf that under penalty of arrest no curtain should 
 be raised while the room was lighted. The only lights that could be seen 
 from a distance were those that marked the entrance to an air-raid shelter, 
 and their significance only added to the gloom. The congestion of traffic 
 and travel also made us feel that we were near the scene of action. Luckily, 
 the Ministry had provided special traveling accommodations for us every- 
 where. Traveling independently would have been slow and difficult and 
 impossible without governmental permit. 
 
 England was not starving, but was "careful" of her food. We were 
 given food cards which were issued to everybody. These were bordered 
 with coupons which were clipped by our hosts, and allowed a portion of meat 
 three times a week, a package of sugar which we carried with us, and 
 various other articles of food. These coupons were more realistic than 
 those clipped from American bonds, and gave the holder a sense of material 
 value unaffected by market quotations. 
 
 Whether or not England was economizing coal, the fact remains that we 
 were cold from the time we arrived until we left. Small open fires and 
 the ever-present whiskey and soda seemed to be the English substitutes for 
 
 9 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 steam heat. We doubled our amount of clothing, and even appeared at 
 formal dinners with sweaters concealed under dinner coats. 
 
 Upon our arrival in London cables were waiting for us telling of the 
 death of Mr. Baldwin's son. He was killed at the front. So our little 
 party received its own baptism of war, and from this time could sympathize 
 more sincerely with the sad but determined faces that met us everywhere. 
 Our feelings were stirred by close contact with the people of a great nation 
 bending every effort to a single purpose and enduring whatever of suffering 
 to a single end, and a kindred feeling was permanently established, for this 
 war was also our war. 
 
 So perfect was the plan of the Ministry to have us meet some of the great 
 people of their country and see the social side of English life, that they 
 filled our days with one function after another. 
 
 Lieut. -Col. Byllesby and General Biddle of the American Army called 
 the morning after our arrival, and heartily tendered their services during 
 our stay. 
 
 Lord Mayor s Parade — 
 
 The Lord Mayor's Parade occurred on the afternoon following our 
 arrival. It was not inaugurated especially in our honor, but is one of the 
 traditional spectacles of London. A great parade of soldiers from all coun- 
 tries, captured cannon, floats showing the great machines and operations of 
 war, escorted the newly elected Mayor from his home to his office. He was 
 magnificently apparelled, and rode alone in a wonderful golden carriage 
 which has been used on such occasions for centuries. We think of the City 
 of London as the largest in the world, yet it is technically only a small part 
 of the city as a whole. It comprises only the ancient tower and a section 
 that was originally all of London. The municipal powers of this section 
 do not extend over the other municipalities of Greater London, such as 
 Westminster, and the Lord Mayor has jurisdiction only over this small 
 municipality. 
 
 Sutton Place — 
 
 On November tenth our party was taken by automobiles to Sutton 
 Place, in Surrey, where we were guests at luncheon of the Duke and Duchess 
 of Sutherland. It was a long, cold ride for thirty miles out of London, and 
 we were quite disappointed to find the only means of heat in the house 
 was small fireplaces. The warmth of our reception, however, went far 
 to adjust the difference in temperature. Sir Mortimer Wilson escorted us 
 
 10 
 
SUTTON PLACE, SURREY. HOME OF THE DUKE OF SUTHERLAND 
 
The Men of the Empire 
 
 to the reception room, where we were presented to the Duke and Duchess, 
 Lady Essex, Mrs. Ward, General Fitzgerald, Captain Grey and Lieut. 
 Bowles. 
 
 The palace was built in 1520, and was occupied at one time by Henry 
 VIII. It was magnificently furnished, and included a well-known art 
 gallery filled with old paintings, antique furniture, wonderful tapestries and 
 art treasures. The grounds were beautifully planned, with rose gardens, 
 lily ponds and hot houses. The hard profile of the castle was broken by a 
 line of magnificent Cedars of Lebanon, the seed for which was brought from 
 the Far East hundreds of years ago. 
 
 Reception by the Ministry — 
 
 On the day that the armistice was signed, the Ministry of Information 
 gave us a luncheon at the Savoy. We wore flags and decorations, and 
 the occasion was made memorable by the significance of the day. General 
 Sims presided, and gave us a cordial welcome. 
 
 The following is from the minutes of the meeting: 
 
 The Chairman: Gentlemen, we are met here today in this informal fashion in order 
 that before you launch out on your rounds of sightseeing and tours of investigation, our 
 Ministry may bid you welcome. From the very outset of your visit we want you to feel 
 that you have fallen among friends. Trade, they say, follows the flag. We hope it does. 
 Your flag has arrived long since. The greater the volume of that trade, the better we shall 
 be pleased, for though, in a sense, you represent rival industries, we welcome your compe- 
 tition as a salutary stimulant, and rejoice in the knowledge that your success, even though 
 occasionally at our own expense, can spell nothing but additional prosperity for one great 
 branch of the Anglo-Saxon family. 
 
 Gentlemen, the thought may be passing through your minds that this was not always 
 the case, indeed, that not so very long ago the outward and visible signs of brotherly affec- 
 tion were all too few between our nations. May be, in those seemingly distant days of 
 peace we on this side were a shade too self-satisfied — a trifle over-prosperous and lethargic. 
 May be, you on your side, in the tempestuous vigor of your national youth, were a little 
 impatient of Old World ways, of Old World creeds and dogmas. But, Sirs, it is only in 
 the hour of calamity that a man first truly finds his soul — it is only in the hour of disaster 
 that he discovers his friends. And, so, it has proved to be with nations. When the Cata- 
 clysm struck the world, and our two countries were immersed in the crucible of war, all 
 foolish fallacies and misconceptions vanished in a moment, and for the first time in a hun- 
 dred years the pure metal of our peoples stood revealed — identical in the basic elements, 
 nobility and purpose — identical in fibre, courage and resolution. In that great hour each 
 found, not only himself, but a long-lost br< ither. Who can foresee the full result of that won- 
 derful discovery? But the first fruits, at least, are already clear to us; civilization saved, 
 freedom and justice guaranteed to all peoples of the earth. With these as a beginning, 
 what may we not hope for the future in progress and in prosperity, if so be our two peoples 
 only keep clean the white metal of nationhood, and cement with the ties not only of language 
 
 11 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 and commerce, but also of joint responsibility in the common burdens of mankind, the 
 newly-found and doubly precious brotherhood of our peoples? 
 
 Gentlemen, it was thoughts such as these that inspired Lord Beaverbrook when he 
 became Minister of Information. Born in that great Continent from which you hail, son 
 of a kindly Presbyterian Minister, it was in the farms and villages of New Brunswick that 
 he first breathed the pure air of America, imbibing with it a passionate and undying love 
 for its forests and wide spaces, its people and their institutions. In due course he grew up, 
 and the whirligig of fortune sent him far from home across the seas, there to battle in the 
 centre of the Empire for a seat among the Great. Through each step of his career, through 
 each advance into new realms of thought and activity, he carried with him the torches of 
 the New World — Canada and the United States — illumining with them the darker corners 
 of political apathy. Ere long, both in the political and business life of this country, his 
 voice had become generally recognized as a trumpet of the New World, sounding out 
 incessantly a clarion call for a better understanding — for a closer intimacy between the 
 Anglo-Saxon peoples. What wonder then that when opportunity came to him at last to 
 put his teachings into practice, he should be found eager and ready to grasp it. It was only 
 in March of this year, as you probably know, that the opportunity arose, but in those few 
 intervening months, despite the difficulties of organization, despite the weakness of a body 
 all too frail to house so dynamic a will, his genius has succeeded at least in blazing a path 
 in the right direction. 
 
 "Let us get to know our kith and kin intimately, and let us help them to get to know 
 us just as intimately," he repeatedly said. It does not sound very wonderful, but simple 
 though it be, we believe that it contains potentialities powerful enough to sway the whole 
 course of future history, and to affect in vital manner the future destiny and welfare of gen- 
 erations to come. It was for that purpose that we invited you here. 
 
 As you know, we are a War Organization, created in war for war purposes only. Great 
 news has reached us today. On the last battlefront an armistice has been signed; our sole 
 remaining enemy has confessed himself utterly and inevitably beaten. Thank God for 
 that. The hour is none too soon. Indeed our hearts go out to those, of whom there is at 
 least one among us, for whom it is already too late. 
 
 I do not think it would become me on this occasion to speculate on the future of this 
 Ministry. The sentiment of Anglo-Saxon kinship has already taken root so firmly that 
 we may have confidence in its survival. Our principal duty of the moment is to strive 
 to demonstrate to you the magnitude of the part which Great Britain and the British 
 Empire have played in this war; to show you our Fleet, our Armies, our war industries, 
 our factories; to indicate to you the awful upheaval of a Nation's life; the tremendous 
 effort which has transformed a race of free and independent traders into a vast and com- 
 plex machine of war. We want to prove to you that our purpose in entering upon this war 
 was as disinterested as your own; that our purpose is based on finding a true and durable 
 solution to the greater problems of the world; justice for all; peace and security for every 
 race beneath the sun. 
 
 We court your fullest investigation. We invite your criticism. Judge us as you find 
 us. We will not attempt to influence your decision. But, Sirs, if your verdict should be 
 favorable, I confess that we shall be glad, not only because we shall feel that our endeavors 
 have been well worth while, but because also we shall then indulge the hope that fifteen 
 more of our most influential kinsmen from the States are returning home, not as pilgrims 
 
 12 
 
The Men of the Empire 
 
 with their devotions paid and done with for another season, but as pioneers in a great, and 
 noble cause, eager and willing to assist in lighting on every hilltop over their broad and 
 beautiful country the beacons which shall announce to their peoples the glad tidings of a 
 kinship rediscovered; of a brotherhood claimed and acknowledged by two great nations. 
 Should this come to pass, the fine dream of Lord Beaverbrook will be near fulfillment, 
 for the desire, the sentiment of kinship is already here in your country as in ours, and it 
 requires but the hand of conviction, the spark of enthusiasm in both, to kindle such a 
 flame of good-will and understanding as will assuredly burn brightly down the centuries, 
 fed by an ever-increasing host of staunch adherents of the high ideals and standards of 
 civilization, which are already preached and practiced, by the two great twin democracies 
 of the World— those of the United States of America and of the British Empire. 
 
 Mr. H. M. Swetland: I should be certainly lacking in the spirit of the day if I did not 
 think it incumbent upon me to express the sentiment of our party by saying we appreciate 
 all that is being done for us. I may say that we are almost jealous of the British Ministry 
 of Information. That you should have been the first to have thought of this great plan 
 of international brotherhood that is certain to bind these two great nations together, is a 
 matter of inspiration. Now, how you should have happened to have selected this auspi- 
 cious time, how you could have kept us out on the ocean thirteen mortal days waiting for 
 this wonderful moment, is really beyond my comprehension, for I can safely say you have 
 most successfully planned the hour of this reception. When America went into this war 
 it went in as one great unit. We have two great political parties in the States, but when 
 war was declared, I want you to know, if you don't know it already, that we became one 
 people, one nation and one party, and we have been with you from that date. We may 
 have been slow to accept our responsibilities, but I trust you will feel that we have in some 
 measure made good. England and America, as usual, are on the right side of a great 
 question, and as you said, so I will say that we did not enter this war for any commercial 
 advantage. We did not expect to extend our domain ; we did not expect to gain commercial 
 advantages from this great struggle, but we do expect to help you to uphold the great 
 principles that constitute the basis of our joint civilization. Now, I feel that I am monopo- 
 lizing the time of our real speaker, whom I shall now introduce to make the real response 
 to this toast. 
 
 Mr. A. J. Baldwin: I saw in an English journal the other day, in the House of Com- 
 mons proceedings, that a Mr. Baldwin defended the Ministry of Information. I should 
 like to say that if the Ministry of Information needs any defense they can be sure that 
 there is another man by the same name who will be glad to appear. 
 
 Someone has said about America that even God Almighty does not know it except 
 that he knows it as an individual. This is a little difficult to understand, and many people 
 do not understand our cosmopolitan nature, as we have so many nations in our country. 
 In the little village where I live there are 6,400,000 foreign-born or the children of foreign- 
 born parentage; New York, with 8,000,000 of people, has eighty per cent of its people 
 foreign-born or of foreign-born parentage. These various elements in our midst make up 
 America, so whatever our outward appearance may be we want you to understand that 
 America has a British heart. When the world saw the British Empire confronted with a 
 sudden option as to whether it must break its plighted word to little Belgium, and grow 
 rich and opulent as a neutral in the world struggle, or remain true to its traditions and 
 prove once more in the world that there is such a thing as National Honor and National 
 
 13 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 Morality, they saw her rise, every woman and every man, rise to the emergency to defend 
 the National Honor of England. Then it was that the learned German psychologists who 
 had been planted in our universities, the learned German physicians who were all over 
 our land taking observations of our patients, reported back that America was neutral, and 
 a little later, when the Lusitania was sunk and gone, these famous people took the tem- 
 perature of the patients again, made their diagnosis and reported back that America was 
 unmoved. There they made the mistake, they did not use the stethoscope to determine 
 the heart-beats of America, and so they went on and went on until the decision came, and 
 when the decision came America rose as one unit, first disposing of these elements in our 
 midst which had been planted there for the purpose, and since that time we have been 
 with you in all that is in us, as we were before in our hearts. But at a time like this when 
 the glad news is here it seems so wonderful that certain things should have happened. 
 Why before we left the other side that triumphant march of General Allenby into Jerusa- 
 lem — what a picturesque thing, how the imagination comes after all these centuries — had 
 taken place. I have read somewhere — I am not sure of my English — but there is said 
 something about how a certain man went down from Jerusalem to Jericho and fell among 
 thieves. That was a long time ago, but it was regarded as a solemn fact, and it is a strange 
 thing that for 2,000 years it has been impossible for a person to go from Jerusalem to 
 Jericho without falling among thieves. I believe from now on, on account of the great shel- 
 tering army of the great nations that always stood for truth and honor, and rightly so, you 
 and I, or anyone else will be able to journey from Jerusalem to Jericho without falling 
 among thieves. The last official communique I saw published from the Turkish Govern- 
 ment read like this: "We are retiring and the enemy is following step by step." Now I 
 do not know, but I should say as a matter of fact that General Allenby was giving the 
 Turks the greatest Turkey Trot the world has ever known. I do not know that the Turkey 
 Trot has ever been popular in the British Empire, but I judge from now on it will be a 
 popular dance, because compared with the Barn Dance which some of us in our childhood 
 used to know, the future Turkey Trot will be like Chopin's Funeral March. Is it not 
 glorious that the English are passing through the Dardanelles and coming to anchor at the 
 gateway between the East and the West, removing forever that dividing line that has 
 stood between the civilization of the world and Asia, removing forever that barrier that 
 has made it impossible to put down the outrageous happenings that have transpired for 
 centuries in the Holy Land? And then, too, is it not wonderful to think that your General 
 Haig, in all the might and power of the Empire, was able to march back across those blood- 
 stained fields into Mons? And then, too, our own little part. Just think that fifty years 
 ago almost to the day General Moltke won his famous victory at Sedan over the French 
 and so inflamed the German Empire that he made war their one ideal. To America, 3,000 
 miles away, it was reserved that she should come and take the place, and she came in the 
 name of peace, with the only object of making war impossible for ever. Do you know, 
 it is a little hard to dispose of an occasion such as this without some remarks in regard to 
 the ones who have plunged this world into misery? I should like to refer you to a letter 
 which was written by a boy to his parents just after the Sixty-ninth Begiment had taken 
 part in an advance. He said: "Dear Pa: — We went over the top this morning, and I got 
 a bit of a scratch on my leg, and I am in hospital. I wanted to write you because I knew 
 you would be glad that before I dropped out I sent three Germans straight to hell." When 
 the Censor saw that letter he took out that last word, and added a note — "It is not per- 
 mitted to speak of the German headquarters." The last official announcement I saw of 
 
 14 
 
The Men of the Empire 
 
 the happenings in Berlin was a speech by the President of the Mouse of Lords of Prussia, 
 in which he wound up by saying: "The Kaiser is the first in Prussia, Prussia the first in 
 Germany, and Germany the first in the world." Well, now today, if they will let us add 
 one little word, it will read something like this: "The Kaiser the first in Prussia, Prussia 
 the first in Germany, and Germany the first in the lower land." How else can we refer 
 to those people? How else can you refer to a man, to a nation, who respects not the laws 
 of God, not even the name of the Most High? How else can we refer to a nation of people 
 who do not respect these solemn obligations between nations, which through centuries have 
 been set up, these obligations called international law; how else can you refer to a people 
 or a nation that holds not sacred those laws which are common to all mankind, the sacred 
 things of life, and the relations of wifehood and motherhood? How else can you deal with 
 it except to deal with it in terms we have done? We in America appreciate what you are 
 doing for us today on behalf of the British people. You have always had the reputation 
 of being reserved, and I am so glad that you are making the advances now because I assure 
 you they will be received. There are a great many problems that must be worked out, 
 there may be occasions that will create misunderstandings. I think that few people can 
 comprehend the magnitude of the plan which America conceived and is now in the process 
 of carrying out to accomplish the desired end. A programme so great that figures mean 
 little. Twenty millions of our workers are today engaged in the manufacture of the ele- 
 ments of destruction, and tomorrow the contracts will be cancelled. There were no ma- 
 chines in America to do these things, and our first effort was to make the machines and 
 then man them, with a result that our men who used to receive four dollars a day, are now 
 receiving ten and twelve dollars a day. Then there were not enough, so ordinary mechan- 
 ics, ordinary laborers, were picked from the common walks of life and were taught these 
 trades, with a result that they are now earning ten and twelve dollars a day whereas not long 
 ago they never received more than two dollars. What is the result? These men with 
 their families raised their standard of living and tomorrow it ends. With the sudden 
 cessation this is one of the readjustments that we will have to deal with, and I am afraid 
 that if we are to keep these laborers engaged it must be by means of artificial laws. I 
 daresay you in England have much the same problem, and it is to this problem of recon- 
 struction that your nation and our own must turn in this great time. I want to say this: 
 We never had an army, and we did not want one, and that was all on account of the treaties 
 made by our forefathers. In your strength which you have demonstrated to all the world, 
 we want to stand with you face to face that there may be no difference or distinction be- 
 tween our common heritage, our common ambitions, and our common land. 
 
 Mr. Dodge, in proposing the health of General Sims and Major Wrench 
 paid a high tribute to the Ministry of Information, to its Chiefs, and the 
 members of the Staff. 
 
 Major Wrench: I want to thank you very much indeed for drinking the health of 
 General Sims and myself, and I should like to take this opportunity of asking you all to 
 show your sympathy with a member of this party. When I had the pleasure of meeting 
 you at Euston on Friday night, it was my unfortunate duty to tell one of the party that 
 very bad news was awaiting him — that he had lost his son. I want to pay this mark of 
 respect to Mr. Baldwin, who has lost his son, for I think on a day like this it is the hardest 
 of all. I ask you if you will just stand up for five seconds in silence as a mark of our 
 
 15 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 sympathy to Mr. Baldwin in his great loss, and in the memory of all these men from your 
 country across the Atlantic, from our Empire, from France and from the other countries. 
 
 The company stood in respectful silence for five seconds. 
 
 Major Holland: I want to say how much the last suggestion of Major Wrench appeals 
 to many of us. I am taking this duty upon myself because I know that Mr. Baldwin's 
 loss is so recent, and therefore so acute in his memory, that he probably would like me to 
 do justice to it. I did not stand, because I am in the same position. I also lost my only 
 son in this war — it is some months ago now — but the extreme bitterness of the grief has 
 passed away. I am sure that Mr. Baldwin like myself would say if I had a dozen sons I 
 would give them all to arrive at such a day as we have arrived at today. The grief, of 
 course, being human as we are, is natural, and it is an added grief to think that having 
 arrived at such a day as this we have not those gallant boys with us to share the joy which 
 we share with all civilized humanity in the great victory we have achieved. What we all 
 feel, I am sure, is this, that not only does today signify the triumph of all that right-thinking 
 men hold dear over the baseness which has plunged the whole world in misery, but it has 
 effected this — it has brought into active real sense the brotherhood of the two nations 
 which have perhaps been too long separated by misunderstandings of each other's charac- 
 teristics. I ask what should ever have separated us but those misunderstandings which 
 occur so often even in families, to say nothing of nations. But thank God for one thing 
 that the Kaiser has done, which he never dreamt of doing, and that is that he has welded 
 together in bonds which are absolutely indissoluble the American and the British nations. 
 
 English-Speaking Union — 
 
 One of the first functions that we attended was a luncheon given by 
 the English-Speaking Union, at the Criterion Restaurant, at which were 
 present several hundred members and guests, and which was presided over 
 by Sir Arthur Steele Maitland, Bart., M. P. Besides the members of our 
 party, there were seated at the guests' table: Hon. R. P. Skinner, American 
 Consul General; Lord Desborough; Bight Hon. Sir Gilbert Parker, Bart., 
 M. P.; Sir Charles A. Hanson; Right Hon. John Hodge, M. P.; Major 
 Wrench; Sir Campbell Stuart, K. B. E.; Mr. W. A. Ackland; Hon. G. Flem- 
 ing Moore; Sir Harry Brittain, K. B. E. 
 
 The toastmaster in England assists the host in the conduct of the 
 dinner by making announcements in a loud voice behind the speaker's 
 chair: "My lords and ladies, give attention to the toasts, His Majesty, the 
 King — His Excellency, the President." 
 
 The response for our party was made by Henry G. Lord of Boston as 
 follows: 
 
 Mr. Chairman, My Lords, Ladies and Gentlemen, it is my very pleasant privilege to 
 respond to your most cordial welcome. Your cordiality has been manifested to us from the 
 very moment of our landing. It is a privilege that none of us can fail to appreciate and 
 cherish to our dying day, that we have been able to be with you on the great day of days, 
 yesterday. (Hear, hear and applause.) Every American in our party felt thrilled to the 
 
 16 
 
The Men of the Empire 
 
 core when he heard the hoom of the maroons at eleven o'clock yesterday. I was passing 
 through Trafalgar Square when the first gun sounded ; I was alone. Directly next to me was 
 a British officer, and in the thrill of joy and exhilaration I turned to that man and clasped 
 his hand, and he gave me a cordial response. I knew he was a British officer, and I fancy 
 he did not need any explanation from me that I was an American, hut with our natural 
 desire to enlighten the world I thought it only fair to tell him so, and the result was an 
 even more cordial grasp, and we went on to the Palace chatting together like old friends. 
 
 It seems to me, gentlemen, that we are in a higher atmosphere in these wonderful days 
 that we are living in, and in this rarer, purer atmosphere there is a great opportunity to 
 break down the barriers of traditions and restraint and differences in temperament that so 
 often lead to misunderstandings. I think sometimes that the very fact that we speak 
 the same language is often the cause of misunderstanding between the different branches 
 of the English-speaking peoples. Because we speak alike we are so apt to think that we 
 are going to act alike in all circumstances. We fail to recognize the difference of racial 
 characteristics. If we met Frenchmen or Italians, the very fact of the difference in lan- 
 guage makes us realize that they think perhaps along different lines, and we fail to realize 
 that between the average Englishman and the average American there is really great 
 difference in the less essential details of matters of communion together. Nevertheless, 
 it is these little things that constitute the daily intercourse of life. Fundamentally, we 
 think alike. We have the same ideals of sportsmanship, fair play, decency, justice and 
 honor; and let us never forget that in these fundamentals we have a foundation strong 
 enough and broad enough upon which to build a structure which cannot be overcome by the 
 mere misunderstanding of minor details which are bound to arise. And in this opportunity 
 which is now with us, with hundreds of thousands, yes, millions of Americans on the Con- 
 tinent, it is a wonderful thing that these men should have the privilege of taking back to 
 America the impressions that they have gained here to enlighten their friends and families. 
 
 This morning I was in the Eagle Hut of the Y. M. C. A., and the secretary in charge 
 showed me on the wall a map twenty feet long, — it was covered with little flags, tiny Ameri- 
 can flags. I said to him: "What do these flags mean?" and he said: "We ask every boy 
 coming into this hut to pin a little flag on the city or town from which he comes." That 
 map impressed me as nothing else has done with the extent of the great crusade that has 
 taken place from America to the old world. That map was literally covered with these 
 little flags put there by men who had had no idea of ever visiting France or England, and 
 each one of these men has gained impressions which he is taking back to the United States, 
 and what he tells his friends and his family there will to a great extent influence the opinion 
 which the United States has of the old world. They are the voters of the future; many of 
 them are voters today, but they will be more influential as the years go by. They are the 
 men who are going to create public opinion; and, gentlemen, it seems to me that such 
 Unions as yours can do an invaluable amount of good in promoting the right sort of feeling 
 and good fellowship between the English-speaking peoples. I hope it may not be out of 
 place for me to say here that the work of your British Ministry of Information seems to be 
 along very practical lines toward this great end, not only in our own visit — which I under- 
 stand is one of several others paid by American journalists — but in the work which they have 
 done in sending to us your representatives to tell us the story of what the British Empire 
 has done. We are a very responsive people. We like to know, but we must be told; and I 
 think it is too much, if you will permit me to say so, a trait of an Englishman to rather take 
 it for granted that if he does a good thing it speaks for itself. That is a highly creditable 
 
 17 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 attitude to take, but remember that we are 3,000 miles away. We can understand 
 what we are told; we can understand what we read, but we are not mind-readers, and we 
 must be told of the things that are not printed, and which are not so fully known in the 
 United States as you fancy. Therefore, I say that every means that you can take through 
 your organized channel, the British Ministry of Information, is a very wise step, and 
 particularly at this time. Don't let the work stop here. Let it go on in these crucial times. 
 Another very good thing they (the Ministry) have done, and which has come under our 
 observation on our trip over here, is this, — they sent twenty-five or thirty young officers 
 over to speak and to lecture throughout the great expanse of our country. In that they 
 did a very, very wise thing, and they chose a splendid lot of young men. Those young 
 men traveled through our country from the North to the West, from the Pacific to the 
 South, telling the story of the war, and themselves examples of the sacrifice which your 
 boys were making ; and they did it in such a nice way that they won friends wherever they 
 went. And it had a very practical effect. So many people in those far Western States of 
 ours had never seen an English soldier before. They knew from his uniform that he was 
 not an American, but they had no idea what he was until they were told, and it was really a 
 revelation to them to meet and hear a British officer tell them first hand the story of the 
 great fight on the Western front. It had a very direct effect in some instances. We had 
 some labor troubles in America; perhaps you have had them here, where the working people 
 do not fully recognize the importance of keeping supplies going to the men at the front. 
 On one of these occasions a young British officer was asked to go out to the works and 
 speak to the men. The men were just on the point of going on strike for what seemed an 
 exorbitant demand for wages. That young fellow went out there and spoke to those men, 
 one section of whom were foreigners. His remarks had to be interpreted. Those men, 
 after hearing him speak, went back to work and they stayed at work, and the proprietor 
 of the establishment said that for the next few weeks the efficiency of the men had been 
 increased from ten to twenty-five per cent. That is a practical demonstration of what the 
 British Ministry of Information has been doing, and I hope it may be continued. 
 
 Our own party is just at the beginning of "our great adventure." If we may judge 
 of the future few weeks from what has occurred in the past few days, I know all of us feel 
 that it is the privilege of a lifetime. A great opportunity has been given us, and with it 
 comes equally great responsibility. We have been chosen because we were representatives 
 of many of the different great industries of the United States. We have been invited to 
 investigate, to observe, to criticise if we will ; there are no obligations ; our tongues are not 
 tied. We are asked to go back and tell and write what we have seen and what we have 
 felt. That responsibility is a great one, for, as the Chairman has said, the business papers 
 in our country occupy a very important position. They are read by a very influential class 
 of people, a class of people who to a large extent form public opinion. That responsibility 
 rests deeply on all of us; but. ladies and gentlemen, let me assure you that we came over 
 in the fullest sense in the most hearty sympathy with the sentiments that have been ex- 
 pressed here today and on every occasion when we have met, and I hope that we may fulfil 
 our mission, so that when we go home what little we may say, what little we may do, may 
 tend to promote the good fellowship and greater cordiality which must and will exist be- 
 tween the English-speaking peoples. (Applause.) 
 
 The aim of the English-Speaking Union is to aid inter-communication 
 between the English-speaking peoples of the world. It desires no formal 
 
 18 
 
The Men of the Empire 
 
 alliances. It has nothing to do with the Government, but is an independent 
 organization to promote goodfellowship among the English-speaking dem- 
 ocracies of the world. The English-speaking peoples possess a common 
 heritage, their language, sympathies, traditions and ideals. The 3,000 
 miles of unguarded frontier between the United States and Canada is an 
 example of the relationship between the two great English-speaking nations. 
 The task which the Union is now undertaking is to perpetuate and extend 
 this brotherhood for all time. 
 
 Creed — Believing that the peace of the world and the progress of man- 
 kind can be largely helped by the unity in purpose of the English-speaking 
 democracies we pledge ourselves to promote by every means in our power 
 a good understanding between the peoples of the United States of America 
 and the British Commonwealth. 
 
 Membership — Open to citizens of the United States of America and British 
 subjects. The English-Speaking Union is non-partisan, non-sectarian and 
 is open to men and women alike. It does not concern itself with the internal 
 politics of the English-speaking peoples, and membership does not in any 
 way conflict with the duties of good citizenship. It is realized that each 
 member's first duty is to the land of his birth or adoption. 
 
 Practical Objects — To establish branches wherever the English language 
 is spoken, with the view of promoting locally every movement which makes 
 for the friendship of the English-speaking peoples. To extend the hand of 
 welcome in every country to English-speaking visitors. To make the Eng- 
 lish-speaking peoples better known to each other by the interchange of 
 visits, by correspondence, by the printed word and lectures, by an inter- 
 change of professors and preachers, by sporting contests, and by any other 
 means. To publish a magazine devoted to the cause of the English-Speak- 
 ing Union. To take every opportunity through the press and otherwise 
 of emphasizing the traditions and institutions possessed in common by 
 the English-speaking peoples. The headquarters of the English-Speaking 
 Union to be in Washington, D. C, and London, England. 
 
 The London organization has for its president the Bight Hon. A. J. Bal- 
 four, 0. M., and Ex-President Wm. H. Taft is president of the American 
 branch. Major Evelyn Wrench of the British Ministry of Information 
 is Chairman of the General Committee. 
 
 British Newspaper Conference — ■ 
 
 A most impressive occasion was the dinner given on November thir- 
 teenth at the Savoy as a welcome to our party by the British Newspaper 
 
 19 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 Conference. As has been stated, the Englishman demands quite a different 
 publication at his breakfast table than is furnished a citizen of the United 
 States. The editorial comment on the events of the day, and on the things 
 which should happen tomorrow constitute the dominating features of a 
 Continental daily. The news of the morning is in the paper, but you have 
 to look for it. It is not thrown at you on the front page with glaring head- 
 lines, as in America, where each paper emphasizes the importance of his 
 news item with a funeral-faced type and an extravagant use of ink. No 
 subject is too subtle or too intricate to receive intelligent editorial com- 
 ment, provided the matter is considered of national importance. It is easy 
 to understand the tremendous influence of these papers when you have 
 observed the calibre of the men who are conducting them. 
 
 At this Conference Lord Burnham, publisher of the Telegraph, acted as 
 Chairman, and the following is the list of guests and a report of the meeting 
 as published in the Telegraph: 
 
 Mr. A. J. Baldwin (Press Association, British Papers), Lord Bobert Cecil, Hon. James 
 M. Beck, the Lord Mayor (Sir Horace Marshall), Mr. Oscar P. Crosby, General Sir Ian 
 Hamilton, Mr. W. C. Macon (Editor The Iron Age), Mr. Louis Baemaekers, Mr. B. M. 
 Collins, Brigadier-General Sir Cecil Lowther, Mr. F. W. Parsons (Editor Coal Age), Dr. G. W. 
 Prothero, Mr. Milton V. Snyder, Mr. G. H. Boberts, Mr. S. 0. Dunn, Mr. Arthur J. Baldwin, 
 Captain Twining, the Attorney General, Mr. Paul D. Cravath, Mr. Winston Church- 
 ill, Mr. H. M. Swetland (President, United Publishers' Corporation), Mr. Irwin Laughlin, 
 Sir Theodore Cook, Sir Boderic Jones, Sir Beginald Hall, Major Evelyn Wrench, Mr. 
 Wilson Cross, Mr. Lafayette Young, Mr. H. S. Perris, Sir A. Jeans, Sir Henry Dalziel, 
 M. P., Mr. T. P. O'Connor, M. P., Mr. 0. B. Baldwin, Sir F. Swetenham, Mr. B. D. 
 Blumenfeld, Mr. David Beecroft, Mr. Lyle Samuel, Mr. Sheriff Fletcher, Mr. Sheriff 
 Smith, Sir George Biddell, Sir Chas. Hanson, Sir Harry Brittain, Mr. J. Heddie, Mr. H. E. 
 Taylor, Colonel Eliott, Commander Boys, Mr. H. C. Parmelee, Mr. F. E. Powell, Major 
 Holland, Mr. Chester Beatty, Mr. Gomer Berry, Colonel Slocum, Sir Arthur Pearson, 
 Mr. E. H. Darville, Mr. Thomas Marlowe, Mr. E. Cunard, Mr. J. A. Spender, Sir A. Hope 
 Hawkins, Mr. Ed. L. Keen, Sir Clement Cook, Mr. A. W. Clark, Sir Alfred Bobins, Mr. 
 J. B. Scott, Major Brinton, Mr. J. M. Tuohy, Sir E. Buggles-Brise, Mr. Bobert Donald, 
 Major Dunning, Mr. Archibald Hurd, Sir H. Morgan, Mr. G. W. McKinley, Sir Edmund 
 Bobbins, Mr. Fredk. F. Cutler, General A. D. Macrae, Mr. G. B. Sims, Mr. Carmichael 
 Thomas, Chevalier T. Sambucetti, Mr. A. G. Gardner, Mr. W. L. Griffiths, Mr. H. Cole 
 Estepp, Mr. W. J. Evans, Mr. B. W. Allen, Mr. W. L. Courtney, Mr. A. S. Draper, Mr. 
 F. Glass, Mr. A. W. Mann, Captain A. E. Spender, Mr. E. H. Butler, Sir Bobert Bruce, 
 Mr. F. B. Kent, Mr. E. B. Piper, Mr. H. C. Bobbins, Mr. F. W. Wile, Mr. Edward Ware 
 Barrett, Mr. Howard d'Egville, Mr. F. W. Doidge, Mr. Herschell Jones, Mr. G. H. Mair, 
 Mr. Edward O'Hara, Mr. W. A. Paterson, Mr. E. L. Bay, Mr. H. A. Vernet, Mr. H. L. 
 Aldrich, Mr. Ernest Marshall, Mr. Charles Book, Mr. H. G. Lord, Mr. H. Davray. 
 
 Lord Burnham read the following letter he had received from the Prime 
 Minister: 
 
 20 
 
LORD BURNHAM 
 
 Harry Laioson Webster Lairson. Lord Burnham, second Baron, 
 is the son of first Baron Burnham, and was born in London in 
 1SG2. He was educated at Eton and Balliol College, Oxford. 
 Lord Burnha/m is a member of Parliament, and oions an estate 
 of some 5000 English acres. He is the proprietor of the London 
 "Daily Telegraph" 
 
The Men of the Empire 
 
 My Dear Burnhain: — I am sorry that I am unable to accept your kind invitation to 
 the dinner you are giving to the influential body of American editors who are now in this 
 country. I wish I could have been present to rejoice with you all in the victory for right 
 and freedom to which the great Western democracy has so enormously contributed. 
 
 May I also, on behalf of the Government and people of this country, pay my tribute 
 of gratitude to the American Press for its handsome recognition of the share which these 
 little islands and the British Empire as a whole have had in the burden of effort and sacri- 
 fice which has led to this amazing triumph? 
 
 Yours sincerely, 
 
 D. Lloyd George. 
 
 The toast of "The King and the President of the United States" was 
 drunk with musical honours. 
 
 England's Ordeal — 
 
 Mr. Churchill proposed "The Newspaper Press of America." He said: 
 
 I feel I am greatly honoured to have been invited to join in giving the guests who have 
 come across the ocean in time of war from the United States a hearty welcome. I am told 
 that a number of those who are here were cut off from all effective communication with 
 the mainland during some of the most momentous days which have passed in the whole 
 history of the world. They left the United States with the feeling that a long task might 
 well lie before them; that they would come to a scene of intense carnage and destruction. 
 They arrived to find that the work had been achieved, and that peace — or, at any rate, 
 a solemn and justifiable hope of a lasting peace — had been established throughout Europe. 
 I wondered whether those who have come all this distance across the ocean on a mission of 
 high public importance have formed a favourable or unfavourable impression of the way 
 in which the British public is comporting itself in this hour. We are entirely free at this 
 moment from self-consciousness. We have been through too much. This long ordeal has 
 worn us down to the very last ounce of buoyancy and spirit which a population and its 
 Government can show. 
 
 For nearly four and a half long years we have heard in our minds, and sometimes 
 audibly, the dull rolling of the cannon in France and Flanders. We have known, day after 
 day and night after night, that this ferocious military machine of war which the Germans 
 had prepared over the lifetime of two complete generations was licking up our cherished 
 and most beloved friends' children, brothers — and that at any moment some fatal message 
 might come carrying grief to our own homes. And we have had wave after wave of effort 
 and enthusiasm, as hope has been succeeded by disappointment, as fears have given place 
 to the possibility of a further and a higher effort. We have had during all this time a 
 continued diminution of our strength. But triumph has come in a fulness which no one 
 could ever have thought possible. (Cheers.) Every word spoken in the excitement of the 
 conflict has been made good in the terms of the treaty of capitulation — (cheers) — and with 
 this came the rejoicing power of the British people after the long and horrible ordeal through 
 which we have gone. (Cheers.) Therefore, I say I trust that you will bear this in mind 
 when you come from the mighty nation across the ocean to the shattered communities in 
 Europe, that the load and the burden of these days will not lift from us, even in our mo- 
 ments of intense rejoicing, but will lie upon us heavily as the years roll by. 
 
 21 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 Power of Hope — 
 
 Nothing would have enabled the Old World to go on with this struggle against those 
 hordes of a long-calculated conspiracy and tyranny which was nursed in Prussia but the 
 fact that the fire of hope was always kept burning in our hearts. It is extraordinary in this 
 the greatest of all the material struggles of the world, how the moral and the mental have 
 decided the issue in the end. (Hear, hear.) Take the intervention of the United States. 
 I have no hesitation in saying, speaking as an Englishman, though half an American — 
 (laughter and cheers) — that the entrance of the United States into the war was the greatest 
 mental effort and spiritual realization of truth which has occurred in the whole course of 
 secular history. (Cheers.) We saw Europe precipitated into Asia by the Crusade. But 
 compare that with the intense realization which has drawn more than 2,000,000 soldiers 
 across the vast Atlantic to suffer and die on the field of France. We offer to you to-night 
 our most respectful tribute of admiration for the great, the brilliant, achievement on the 
 field of war which those American troops have performed. (Cheers.) It was a long and 
 sombre struggle before the result was achieved; but there came the swift advance which 
 carried them with victory to the very historic spot where France was stricken down in 
 1870. Could there be any more poetically perfect way in which America could have paid 
 her debt to France? (Cheers.) But greater and more decisive than all the physical and 
 material contribution of the United States in this struggle has been its effect upon the 
 mentality of the other Allied Powers engaged in the struggle. (Cheers.) 
 
 No one can go on fighting without a continuous and fresh-recurring hope. You have 
 seen what happened to the Germans when hope failed. Their front was unbroken. Their 
 military reserves were still struggling to exact the sacrifice of millions of men in life and 
 limb before they could be conquered. But hope went from them. No further prospect, 
 no new circumstance presented itself to them to give them the expectation and the hope 
 of escape from their situation. It was the message from across the Atlantic which, more 
 than any other element in this struggle, more even than the heroic fighting of our men 
 regardless of sacrifice, burnt hope into every breast in France and Britain and Italy. 
 (Cheers.) Once the United States had hurled her mighty weight into the struggle, there 
 could be no doubt about the ultimate result. (Cheers.) We have lost in this war what we 
 can never hope to recover. You had begun to lose your dearest sons very heavily in the 
 closing months of the struggle, and you will find your manhood scarred during the rest 
 of your lives by the cruel injuries of the conflict. We have all lost in wealth, in happiness, 
 in friends, in vital strength and energy. 
 
 Our Gain — 
 
 What have we gained? We have all gained the feeling that if such a great cause had 
 to be fought out in the world, had to be fought out by these methods, it was a good thing 
 that we lived to bear our share and part in that aim. (Hear, hear.) We have gained 
 that — everyone has gained that. But in Great Britain and the United States there is an 
 extra gain which Providence has bestowed upon us in this war. We have come together, 
 and we never could have come together in ordinary days of peace. When we look back 
 on our past history and see how the impression of old quarrels was necessarily fortified 
 and developed by the teaching of each succeeding generation, we see that the gulf must 
 have widened as the years and the centuries passed by. But this great struggle, this 
 common cause, which enables us for the future to write our history together, has brought 
 
 22 
 
WINSTON CHURCHILL 
 
 Member of Parliament for Dundee, Scotland, is a brilliant man 
 who has occupied many parliamentary positions, and is at pres- 
 ent Secretary of State for War of the British Empire. One of 
 his greatest acts, when First Lord of the Admiralty, roas in 
 ordering the mobilization of the British Navy, in intelligent an- 
 ticipation of possible trouble icith the Central Powers. He is one 
 of the youngest members of the British Cabinet, and held the 
 post of Minister of Munitions until after the armistice was 
 signed, when he was appointed to his present cabinet rank 
 
The Men of the Empire 
 
 us into an association — I care not whether it is association or alliance — into a comradeship 
 begun in the consciousness of a common cause, pursued in faith to a high and an unchange- 
 able ideal, and now flowing forward smoothly and swiftly in a genuine purpose of world- 
 wide welfare, which will enable the British and the American peoples to act together in the 
 closest harmony and sympathy. (Cheers.) The Press has played an extraordinary part 
 in this war, at the outset rigorously excluded from even a public show of the military opera- 
 tions, but afterwards taking charge of the whole front. (Laughter.) It is not possible to 
 fight a great war like this except with a highly-intelligent democracy, and it is not possible 
 to act upon the consciousness of a highly-intelligent democracy, except through the agency 
 of a gigantic and innumerable Press. We have owed to the Press of this country a good 
 many harsh criticisms and a good many rough turns, but in the main it has been the great 
 vehicle which has expressed the national will, and it has been an indispensable element, 
 I doubt not, in that marshalling of American strength which has enabled us to strike this 
 decisive blow in the great struggle. (Cheers.) 
 
 A Prophecy and an Epitaph 
 
 Mr. A. J. Baldwin, Vice-President McCraw-Hill Co., New York, replied to the toast, 
 referring to what was in the heart of the German Emperor, to the words he spoke, and to 
 what he had done. He quoted a remarkable prophecy by Mr. Harold Frederick, which 
 appeared in the New York Times after the coronation of the Emperor in April, 1888. The 
 Kaiser was there spoken of as "utterly cold, entirely selfish, wantonly cruel, a young man 
 without a conscience or any softening virtues whatever. It seems very probable that 
 some future Taine, a century hence perhaps, will write to say that William II of Prussia 
 was a mysterious belated survival of the mediaeval Goths and Vandals — an Attila, belated 
 a thousand or more years after his time." The epitaph he (the speaker) would write of 
 the Kaiser was: 
 
 "The only German soldier who never fired a gun, 
 
 The only German father who never lost a son, 
 
 He called himself the God of War, but he never faced a fight, 
 
 And when he crawled beneath the sod, the world just yelled 'Good-night.' ' (Cheers.) 
 
 Beferring to the entry of Great Britain into the war, the speaker said from the moment 
 she took that decision the heart of America was with her. (Cheers.) Americans had the 
 same blood as England, the same common faith and heritage, and they had read that if a 
 man should lose his life he would gain it, and if he should save his life he would lose it. If 
 that was true of individuals, was it not true of nations? They had all been lifted out of 
 themselves to a higher spiritual level. He thought this war would bring them greater 
 patriotism, a world patriotism, and that was what they gained. (Cheers.) 
 
 Mr. S. 0. Dunn, Editor of the Railway Age: 
 
 I arise with a sense of complete inability to express what is in my mind and in my heart. 
 
 Our party arrived at Liverpool only last Eriday — but four days ago. We had been 
 on the sea thirteen days. During that time we were out of touch with all the news of the 
 world — a time during which there was more important news to be in touch with than there 
 ever was before in any equal period in the history of mankind. After we reached Liver- 
 pool, we began to learn that the map of the world had been changed since we left New 
 York. \\ e learned that Turkey had surrendered. We learned that Austria had collapsed, 
 and that the Italians had captured 500,000 Austrian soldiers. In due course— 1 ! think it 
 was some twenty-four hours after we landed — somebody confided to us that the Americans 
 
 23 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 had made a great drive and taken Sedan. We learned that Germany was being torn by 
 Bolshevik uprising, and that the end of the war, which we thought far off when we left 
 America, was almost at hand. 
 
 Well, you can imagine what sensations we have had, with all this news crashing in 
 upon us at once. And then, since we arrived in Britain, of what a wonderful outpouring of 
 hospitality we have been the recipients. And since the signing of the armistice, what a 
 wonderful outburst of popular rejoicing we have witnessed. The world has been taught 
 to believe that the British take their pleasures sadly. We have seen no evidence that 
 they have taken sadly the pleasure afforded by the ending and the outcome of this war. 
 
 With all the tremendous news of the last two weeks bursting upon us at once, and still 
 fresh in our minds; with the evidences of your generous and abounding hospitality all 
 about us ; with this wonderful celebration of the great victory still going on in your streets, 
 need I say we all have sensations which no language could express? 
 
 There is no feature of the outcome of this war which gives every true American so 
 much satisfaction as the fact that America had some part in bringing this outcome about. 
 As for myself, personally, there was never a moment from the time the mobilization began 
 in Europe when I was not anti-German and pro-Ally. I had many reasons for assuming 
 this attitude, but I shall mention only two. One of these was that I was in France and 
 England in July, 1914. The other was that I was in Germany in June, 1914. The super- 
 ciliousness, the egotism, the arrogance of the higher classes of Germany, their bumptious 
 confidence in their "invincible arms" and in the superiority of their institutions, their 
 outspoken contempt for the "decadent" nations around them, and especially for the 
 French and the English, had become so marked and so disgusting by that time that I 
 cannot comprehend how any intelligent and red-blooded American could have travelled 
 in Germany then without coming away with a profound distrust for and dislike of the 
 German government and the German higher classes. 
 
 Now, it is well known that in the early stages of the struggle in Europe there were 
 many of our people who were not pro-Ally, but who were pro-German. The number who 
 were pro-German has been exaggerated, but that many were, is certain. The French, 
 the British and the Italians felt that they were fighting our battles as well as their own, 
 and they wondered why we did not come in. Well, you must remember that the United 
 States has the most cosmopolitan population in the world. Furthermore, we have been 
 a peace-loving nation and we have had certain traditions regarding the avoidance of en- 
 tangling alliances which have exercised a powerful influence upon our public sentiment. 
 Therefore, while there were many of us who thought almost from the start that we ought 
 to get into the war, there were many others who were very slow to be convinced that we 
 ought to get into it. Of one thing you may rest assured, however. This is that there 
 never was a time when the sympathies of an overwhelming majority of our people were 
 not on the side of the Allies. Furthermore, when we did come in, we came as a united 
 people. Never in the history of America was there any subject upon which our people 
 were more unanimously agreed than they were when they entered this war as to their 
 duty to enter it and to spare no effort and no sacrifice to help to win it. Many of us 
 think we were too slow about getting in; thank God, when we finally did get in, we were 
 not too late. 
 
 I hope I need not tell you how the fortitude, the courage, the indomitable will, the 
 ability and adaptability that the British people have shown in the struggle have won the 
 admiration of America. The attitude assumed by your great General, Sir Douglas Haig, 
 
 24 
 
DAVID LLOYD GEORGE 
 
 Member of Parliament for Carnarvon. Wales, and became 
 Prime Minister in December, 1916, at the most critical period in 
 the great war. He immediately formed a coalition Government 
 representing all phases of British political thought. He is a 
 self-math man. with intense human sympathies and magnetic 
 personality which have carried him through many difficult 
 periods of his great career. He has done more to awaken the 
 national economic life of the British Empire ilian any other man 
 of any period of Us history, anil his influence in international 
 affairs has bttn dominant in forming the great alliance among 
 the 'ii Hissed nations 
 
The Men of the Empire 
 
 has especially impressed and moved some of us. Unity in the command of the Allied 
 armies became absolutely necessary to their success. The spirit of loyalty and unselfish- 
 ness with which Sir Douglas Haig subordinated himself to Marshal Foch was one of the 
 best evidences he could have given that he was as great as a man and patriot as he was as 
 a soldier. 
 
 America came into the war late. Our direct contribution in the active fighting was 
 comparatively modest. Our greatest contribution was that our entrance took the heart 
 out of the Germans and put heart into the Allies. But while we came in late, we came 
 prepared to stay long. I assure you, and my colleagues in our party will support the 
 assurance, that when we left the United States, there was but one sentiment among our 
 people, and that was a sentiment in favor of spending every dollar, putting forth every 
 effort, making every sacrifice and shedding every drop of blood that was necessary to win 
 this war. Having come in, we were determined to show that we merited a place in the 
 ranks beside our gallant brethren of Italy, France and Great Britain. 
 
 In conclusion, permit me to express on behalf of our party, to the British people and 
 especially to our gracious and generous host, Lord Burnham, how deeply we are touched 
 by, and how heartily we appreciate, the hospitality which is being extended to us. 
 
 America s Lay Energy — 
 
 Lord Burnham said he proposed to give a toast that, so far as he knew, had not been 
 drunk in this country, "The Health of the General Staff of the Civilian Forces of the United 
 States," whose invaluable work had not been very different in importance or responsibility 
 from that of the general staff of the military forces. The black coats had won for them- 
 selves a fame and a credit on the civil side of this war not far behind that of the more 
 shining glories of the khaki and the blue. (Hear, hear.) The Chief Censor was present, 
 so he should not dare, even though the war be over, to give information to the "transient 
 and embarrassed phantoms" of German revolution who flirted across the tragic stage of 
 Central Europe; but the business men and financiers of America had made good all that 
 we hoped and expected of American enterprise and energy. Moreover, figures after 
 dinner — even the figures of the Ministry of Food — were rather indigestible. (Laughter.) 
 But we knew that America organized her great supplies, even of the inevitable bacon, in 
 the nick of time, to supply the deficiencies of Great Britain and the Allied countries. 
 (Cheers.) This gathering was one of fraternal greeting to the American editors and press- 
 men who were now in this country, and he should like to say that their visit in itself justi- 
 fied the appointment of our first and, perhaps, last Minister of Information, to whom they 
 cordially wished a complete recovery of health. (Hear, hear.) No time could ever be so 
 vital to the future of the world. The Three Sisters of the Greek myth who span and twisted 
 and cut the destinies of our poor humanity had never, in their three or four thousand years 
 of history, been so busy as during the last four weeks of earthquake and combustion. 
 Never was the old Greek faith in Nemesis, as they called her, "lame-footed and late-punish- 
 ing," more wonderfully justified. (Hear, hear.) The foundations of our European civi- 
 lization were being shaken as they never were before, not even in the day of the French 
 Revolution, which the seers of that time thought was the end of the old world and the true 
 beginning of modern history. We must look forward to the testing time that was on us all, 
 and nothing would, he believed, so much tend to bring us safely into the haven of ordered 
 liberty and equal justice as a broad alliance of purpose and sympathy between the news- 
 papers and publications of the whole circle of English-speaking nations in the new world 
 
 25 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 and the old, if there be any of the old world left. Broadly speaking, they not only used the 
 same language, but they professed the same faith, and practiced the same mystery — the 
 mystery of making up the people's minds for them. They wanted to explain, each to the 
 other, the idiosyncrasies, the prejudices, perhaps also the fine points of national character 
 and customs. They might make more of each other's strength, less of each other's 
 weakness. 
 
 Twisting the lion's tail was never a good game if the lion were really a lion — even a sea 
 lion, if he has a tail — (laughter) — and not a jackass stuffed in a lion's skin. This war had 
 shown that there was something of the old lion left. It would not now be thought, perhaps, 
 so much as it had been on the other side, that we had come down to the last match in the 
 tray — the match that never struck. We, too, might see that the real currency of America 
 was not the silver or the paper of her dollars, but the fine gold of high resolve and magnifi- 
 cent achievement. (Cheers.) So in this better understanding might we have the union 
 of the English-speaking peoples, which was the real security of the coming time — the only 
 League of Nations that would have the power, and especially the sea power, to enforce its 
 will in the bewildering multitude of small states that must come out of the present condition 
 of national and international life. 
 
 A distinguished American who was his guest that evening remarked to a friend of his 
 that we were "a funny people." The British had done the greatest things in the world, 
 and they did not seem to take any interest in them. (Laughter.) He feared that was 
 our peculiar brand of bunkum — with a touch of the pride of the Pharisees. We were 
 properly proud of ourselves in this war, and we had found our trumpeters in American 
 orators and the American Press. No man had ever praised the British Navy in more 
 resonant and insistent words than Admiral Sims. (Cheers.) No man had ever praised 
 the British Army more than Major Palmer, the American Press officer at the front. (Cheers.) 
 America had its League of Friendship before the States founded their Federal Union. 
 Theirs would be a League of Friendship only, but it would have at its base the words of 
 Lincoln, "Let us have faith that Bight makes Might, and in that Faith let us to the end 
 dare to do our duty as we understand it." (Cheers.) In associating the toast with the 
 Hon. Oscar Crosby, the Sub-Treasurer of the United States, Lord Burnham recalled the 
 common debt of America and England to Dr. Page, the late Ambassador. 
 
 Still on Guard — 
 
 The Hon. Oscar Crosby responded. The civil forces, he said, were not merely those 
 that served the Government. There was a vast body of men who had given in private 
 life all they could to the support of their Government. They had the double feeling, per- 
 haps, that they would have been glad to do something for the Government more directly. 
 Yet there had been a sense of conviction that in remaining in private life they were doing 
 their maximum service for the cause. The task of the civil forces was not yet ended. 
 They must be still on guard and joined to all the men in khaki who were only civilians. 
 Those who remained in black coats must confront the problems that were now so insist- 
 ently driven upon them. They believed they had driven the great enemies of the human 
 race from the international arena. He thought the problems were more national than 
 international, and that a radical rearrangement must be made if we were to have a durable 
 peace. In the financial aid which America gave to the Entente the civil servants of the 
 United States had been delighted to be able, earlier than their brothers in khaki, to bring 
 some help to winning the war. (Cheers.) 
 
The Men of the Empire 
 
 Sir F. E. Smith, K.C., M.P., proposing "The Health of Our Host," said Lord Burnham 
 was a director of one of the greatest organs of the Press in this country. He did not know 
 whether it would be possible to say that on every great issue which had called for public 
 discussion The Daily Telegraph had been right or wrong, but this he did know, that there 
 never had been any question on which the fortunes of England and the maintenance of a 
 strong, patriotic, anti-defeatist Government depended which had not from the first to the 
 last commanded the enthusiastic devotion of Lord Burnham and The Daily Telegraph. 
 (Cheers.) When the first Coalition Government came into office Lord Burnham and his 
 paper saw that, whatever its faults might be, it stood for England and the Empire and the 
 Alliance, and never did he waver in his support of it. He remembered well some of the 
 crises which perplexed them in those days, and he should be slow to claim that their deci- 
 sions were always right, but until there was a Government which could replace it, it was 
 the duty of the Press of this country to support it in an age in which everything was essen- 
 tially dynamic and uncertain. (Hear, hear.) It was then that the Prime Minister, Mr. 
 Asquith, who supported for many years a great burden, vindicated the honour of these 
 islands when he uttered a sentence which would live as long as any sentence in the classical 
 speeches of Thucydides, "We will never sheathe the sword, which we have not lightly 
 drawn, until we have crushed Prussian militarism." (Cheers.) He was addressing men 
 who were very familiar with what were commonly known as "stunts." It was much 
 easier to oppose than to support, particularly when things were going badly ; and when the 
 fortunes of the state seemed to be rocking in the balance and we had reached what might 
 have seemed to be the darkest moments of the war, Lord Burnham never despaired of the 
 Bepublic, never withheld his support from those upon whom the fortunes of the Bepublic 
 depended. Our American friends had done us more than justice in their recognition of 
 what England had done in this war. (Hear, hear.) Their President had stood amongst 
 the Press the exemplar of a single-hearted spirit of patriotism. (Cheers.) 
 
 Lord Burnham, responding, said he neither claimed nor desired to claim any more 
 than to have done his best to uphold the traditions which had been handed down from the 
 earliest days of our freedom. The British Press, in a sense, had no doubt given the lead — 
 and perhaps set the standard — to the Press of the English-speaking countries, but it had 
 learned much from the American Press, and it was their pride that in all the English- 
 speaking countries the tradition established long ago had been maintained. (Cheers.) 
 Nothing could be more magnificent than the unanimity and patriotism with which the 
 American Press had supported what it believed to be the cause of freedom and justice. 
 (Cheers ) 
 
 Luncheon by Sir George Perley — 
 
 November thirteenth our party was given a luncheon at the Savoy by 
 Sir George Perley, High Commissioner for Canada. It was interesting to 
 note the attitude of England to her great American colony, and to note the 
 difference between a Country and an Empire. We felt quite at home with 
 our Canadian neighbors. In the first place, they really spoke the English 
 language, and their problems of life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness 
 are very similar to our own. We have crossed and recrossed the imaginary 
 line separating us without knowing it, and as neighbors we have taken a 
 
 27 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 mutual interest in affairs, and the trend of our industries has crossed and 
 recrossed to mutual advantage. We had felt from the beginning a neigh- 
 borly pride in the wonderful participation of Canada in the great war. 
 One of Canada's sons, Mr. Dixon, employed in our own offices, had promptly 
 answered the call of his country, and had written us many accounts of the 
 activities of his men in the operation of machine guns. We were particu- 
 larly proud of the fact that our host himself acknowledged with pride his 
 nativity to the State of New Hampshire, and that led us to recollect that 
 the Chairman of the English Railroad Board, formerly general manager 
 of the Great Eastern Railway, was at a still earlier date manager of the 
 railroad system of Long Island. This led us also to claim Lord Beaver- 
 brook himself as a native American, and his great interest in American 
 affairs and the relations between the English-speaking nations has given 
 him a lasting relationship. 
 
 In proposing the toast of "Our Guests," Sir George Perley said that 
 until the armistice was signed there was no public statement on the subject, 
 no premature rejoicing, and all the people here carried on just as if they 
 expected the war to last some years longer. The result has shown that 
 people who governed themselves were able to protect themselves. It had 
 often been doubted by many whether democracies could really protect 
 themselves against autocracy. Now, we knew that they could, and we had 
 demonstrated that we had the proper system of government, and we hoped 
 and believed that we might help the rest of the world to get these blessings 
 as well. Sir George Perley referred to the close relationship which existed 
 between Canada and the United States, and reminded his hearers of the 
 great part the United Kingdom, and especially the British Navy, had 
 played in the war. 
 
 Mr. H. M. Swetland, responding, said that they were not here to pass 
 the pleasantries of the hour. They were here to consider some of the 
 greater things which must follow in the steps of this great war. Now that 
 the sound of the cannon had passed beyond their hearing and they were 
 not privileged, if it might have been a privilege, to be at the front during 
 the fighting, it seemed to them, as Americans, that there were some great 
 questions which must come before the English-speaking people — questions 
 of reconstruction. Every way they looked and every way they turned 
 they found that they were confronted with new conditions. The principles 
 of democracy are permeating every form of government. By the people 
 and for the people must be the basis of intelligent government, whether 
 it be republic or monarchy in form. The welfare of all the people of a 
 nation must have first consideration. Class legislation and eventually 
 
 28 
 
The Men of the Empire 
 
 politics must be replaced by pure regulations and progressive statesman- 
 ship. Capital and labor must unite on a common constructive policy. 
 The division of profits must cease to be the dominant contention. Increased 
 production must have first consideration. Instead of curtailing its effi- 
 ciency and penalizing production, labor must encourage industry and expect 
 reward proportional to individual effort. Capital must take the intelligent 
 worker into his confidence and give him a voice in the problem of produc- 
 tion. Capital must be alert to recognize the intelligent progress of produc- 
 tion, and keen to share increased profits with her partner. Civilization 
 today demands less accumulation to capital and less poverty to labor, 
 based, however, in either case on the integrity and intelligence of the pro- 
 ductive effort. 
 
 All these matters were going to need the most careful consideration 
 of the best thinking men in the world. They had been invited here to do 
 their part in this great reconstruction work. They would study the con- 
 ditions carefully. They had great confidence in the future, and believed 
 that when England and Canada and Australia and America joined hands 
 they would reach the answer. 
 
 Mr. F. G. Glass, proposing the health of Sir George Perley, said that 
 they had seen the spirit of Great Britain under conditions that were most 
 valuable in character. They would go back to America very heavy with 
 their sense of appreciation and with their knowledge of the conditions of 
 Europe. We were going to have trouble, of course, in future in handling 
 the world problems. President Wilson, in his speech to Congress the day 
 before, merely outlined some of the serious problems we English-speaking 
 people would have to tackle. We had the greatest responsibility placed 
 upon us today that we had ever had in the history of the world. There was 
 to come the real test of our civilization to be able to assimilate the fruits 
 of our victory for the benefit of the world in order that it should be a per- 
 manent and a useful victory. 
 
 Sir George Perley, in reply, said the League of Nations was something 
 that we all hoped for, but if unfortunately it should not be brought about, 
 it seemed to him that the alliance between the English-speaking people— 
 the United States and the British Empire— ought to be quite enough to 
 guard the peace of the world. 
 
 American Chamber of Commerce — 
 
 On our way to the Savoy we called at the office of the Chamber of 
 Commerce in London. This organization is performing a great service 
 to the world-wide business of all countries. Its plans for a combination 
 
 29 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 and inter-relations with the important Chambers of Commerce of all im- 
 portant countries of the world is attracting much attention, is well under 
 way, and is capable of performing great service to the international business 
 relations of the world. 
 
 Drapers' 1 Organizer — 
 
 Our party paid a visit to the offices of the "Drapers' Organizer." These 
 people are important art printers, employ a large number of artists, and 
 have recently been doing a tremendous amount of art printing for the 
 Government. Their art work is of the very highest order. Their pub- 
 lication is extremely artistic, and presents English textile products to 
 foreign and domestic buyers in a very instructive and attractive manner, 
 and we were much interested in comparing our own products and 
 methods in this direction with this well-organized and highly specialized 
 production. 
 
 We met at the "Drapers' Organizer" Mr. Hobart Jackson, Editorial 
 Director, and Mr. Theodore A. Stephens, Managing Director, who escorted 
 us to luncheon at the Carlton Hotel, where we met a large number of dis- 
 tinguished guests, among whom were: Right Hon. Winston Churchill, 
 Minister of Munitions; Lord Desborough, Chairman of the London Cham- 
 ber of Commerce; W. Joynson Hicks, M.P. ; William Wallace, Director, 
 National Trade Press; General Sims, Roy Somerville, Chairman, National 
 Trade Press; A. A. Martin, Director, National Trade Press; Sir Woodman 
 Burbidge and John C. Curtiss. 
 
 At this luncheon I was seated next to Mr. Churchill. We fell into a 
 discussion of Wilson's idea of an international peace. Churchill said to me, 
 and afterwards repeated in his speech: "There will be more wars. Each 
 country has its interests. An international congress will split on grave 
 problems, and the split will cause war." He advised a congress with power 
 to know the secrets of every country and its war preparations, and put this 
 forth as a great preventative. I urged that if the civilization of England 
 could enforce peace between the colonies of the British Empire, an inter- 
 national congress, backed by military police, could enforce peace between 
 the nations. To this Churchill demurred and replied, "England will never 
 give up her navy." 
 
 Dinner by General Smuts — ■ 
 
 The Right Hon. J. T. Smuts, Lieutenant-General of the British Army, 
 also gave us a dinner of welcome. General Smuts began his career as a 
 Boer soldier. He was one of the most successful leaders of the Boers in 
 
 30 
 
The Men of the Empire 
 
 that country's war with Great Britain, slightly more than twenty years 
 ago, and provided a concrete instance of British success in harmonizing alien 
 interests, and using them for the common good in times of stress. When 
 the call came, General Smuts took complete charge of military affairs in 
 South Africa. He raised and trained troops, mobilized all possible effec- 
 tives, arranged for supplies and transportation, and conducted a most 
 effective campaign throughout those portions of the African wilds which 
 were under the German heel. The General was no less a born military 
 leader than he afterwards proved himself to be a statesman. As soon as 
 his military work was effectively accomplished, he went to London, where, 
 as a member of the War Council, and in political meetings he aroused in- 
 tense enthusiasm among a class which had apparently not hitherto fully 
 realized that their country was not only at war but in dire peril. He now 
 talks and fights like a staunch Englishman. 
 
 Admiral Jellicoe, Arnold Bennett, Lord Islington and other distinguished 
 gentlemen attended this dinner. 
 
 In the course of a statesmanlike speech, General Smuts paid tribute to the 
 beneficent regime which Britain has always endeavored to establish in 
 her colonies and over conquered peoples. One could but contrast the atti- 
 tude of those peoples who have been conquered by the Germans during 
 the past four years. 
 
 Mr. Parmelee, who is also a distant son of Holland, responded as 
 follows: 
 
 General Smuts and Friends: — It gives me sincere pleasure to say on behalf of the mem- 
 bers of our party that we have listened with approval and admiration to the statesmanlike 
 speech of our host. For my own part I acknowledge some surprise at hearing these re- 
 marks from the lips of a soldier. We have been accustomed to think of soldiers as men of 
 action who leave politics and state-craft to others; but the combination of these qualities 
 in General Smuts explains his peculiar title as it appears on the menu card this evening. 
 I could not help wondering why it should be "Lt.-General The Rt. Hon. J. T. Smuts," but 
 it is now quite evident that the combination acknowledges his qualifications for state-craft 
 as well as for military affairs. 
 
 I greeted you simply as "friends" because I could think of no more appropriate or 
 sincere word to explain the relationship which I think we all want to see between the Eng- 
 lish and American people. You may have heard the definition of a friend as we have it 
 across the water — "one who knows all about you and likes you just the same." That is 
 what we hope to accomplish through a brief visit among you — to learn something about 
 you and still like you. In the same way it is to be hoped that we may retain your friend- 
 ship after you have discovered many of our little peculiarities. 
 
 I sometimes think it is unfortunate that the only idea of an Englishman that many 
 Americans ever get is from the exaggerated type which appears on our stage. As depicted 
 in our dramas and comedies, an Englishman is usually an insufferable snob, wearing a 
 monocle and speaking with a broad accent. This impression is probably so widespread 
 
 31 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 that I think many Americans would be surprised not to find the type prevalent in London. 
 We have not seen them and if you really have any of them you probably are keeping them 
 in seclusion. 
 
 It was a great pleasure to me during dinner to discover that our host, General Smuts, 
 and myself are distant relatives. It seems likely that 200 years ago our forefathers, or 
 mothers, chatted together over the back fence. At that time Holland was the center of 
 culture in Europe and our recently defeated enemies were the same barbarians they are 
 today without the veneer of civilization. For various reasons our respective forefathers 
 saw fit to emigrate from Holland and probably left about the same time — his going to 
 South Africa and mine to New Amsterdam or what is now New York. Since that time 
 the Boers of South Africa and the people of the American colonies have had their differences 
 with the English people but those differences are so completely adjusted today that we find 
 General Smuts in the military service of the country by which his people were vanquished 
 in battle, while Americans have been proud to serve with English forces against a 
 common enemy. 
 
 I am sure that the prospect of continued harmony among the English-speaking people 
 is greatly enhanced by such simple functions as we are enjoying this evening. It is difficult 
 to quarrel with those whom we know well and for whom we have respect. The war has 
 inevitably increased the mutual respect of the American and English people and I am sure 
 that with the special efforts that will be made by both nations there is little prospect that 
 we shall again become estranged. The time has arrived when the English-speaking people 
 are to direct the affairs of the world. This is not because we sought it but because we could 
 not approve of the methods adopted by whose who tried to impose upon us Teutonic 
 ideals. Having set these aside the very definite duty devolves upon us to see that we 
 take constructive measures to make the world a decent place in which to live. 
 
 Call on Lord Northcliffe — 
 
 On the morning of the fifteenth, our party made a formal call at the 
 home of Lord Northcliffe. He received us in his library in a businesslike 
 manner, and asked us at once whom we wished to meet in England. We 
 said that we wished to meet those interested in the industrial development 
 of the Empire. He replied: "I will arrange that upon your return from 
 Scotland." 
 
 American Chamber of Commerce — 
 
 Our meeting was brief, and we hastened away to a luncheon given by the 
 American Chamber of Commerce. General Sims, of the British Army, 
 presided, and Admiral Sims, of the American Navy, made the principal 
 address. He described the importance of the Navy in the war; showed 
 conclusively that the control of the seas was the dominating factor of suc- 
 cess. He spoke of the harmony of action between the British and American 
 officers, and told how the American Fleet was placed at the disposal of the 
 British. He dwelt on the importance of international acquaintance, and the 
 
 32 
 
The Men of the Empire 
 
 necessity of knowing the personal characteristics of our people, and illus- 
 trated his point hy one of his famous stories: "A Frenchman enters a car, 
 hows to the people on the right and on the left, and apologizes for his inter- 
 ruption. When he leaves the car he again hows right and left, and leaves 
 with an implied apology. An Englishman enters a car, sees no one, and 
 seats himself with an atmosphere of ownership. An American enters a car, 
 sees everybody, bows to no one, and when he sits down you know he does 
 not care a damn who owns the car!" 
 
 City of Edinburgh — 
 
 The most formal receptions that we attended were those in Scotland. 
 The Lord Provost of Edinburgh and the City Directors entertained us at 
 dinner in the City Chambers. The city buildings contain not only the 
 council chambers, libraries, art gallery and museums, but great reception 
 rooms and banquet halls. We were conducted to the anteroom, where 
 our wraps were removed, and then were ushered into the presence of the 
 Lord Provost and the City Directors. 
 
 It was somewhat disconcerting to have our names announced in sten- 
 torian tones by a uniformed attendant as we entered, and to be confronted 
 with a line of the Directors, headed by the Lord Provost, all decorated in 
 the regalia of their respective offices. Each had a necklace of gold and 
 jewelled medallions, ending at the bottom with a large medallion repre- 
 senting the insignia of his particular office. The Lord Provost extended 
 his hand to welcome us, and we went down the line. At the end, we found 
 ourselves lined up on the opposite side of the room facing our hosts like a 
 military review. Resolved to break the ice, I walked across to the line 
 of dignitaries, boldly reached for the emblazoned medallion and asked for 
 an explanation of the meaning of the decoration. This was given to me 
 in such broad Scotch that its meaning is still an unanswered enigma, 
 although the cordiality with which it was given assured me that it was 
 all right. 
 
 After a few minutes of attempted conversation, the stentorian voice 
 came to my rescue and announced dinner. We marched down past the 
 fifteen or twenty City Fathers into the banquet hall, two by two, each of 
 the guests accompanied by one of the officials. I found my neighbor at 
 my left at the table to be an important Scotchman, the publisher of The 
 Scotsman, the great daily of Edinburgh. He kindly wrote his name on 
 the back of my menu, but inasmuch as his writing was as broad as his 
 dialect, it was of no great assistance to my memory. The dinner was 
 conducted in great state and formality. We were served with the famous 
 
 33 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 Scotch Haggis. The Lord Provost, Sir J. Lome MacLeod, presided. 
 Among those present were: 
 
 Lord Scott Dickson, Brigadier-General Sir Robert Cranston, Colonel Sir Robert 
 Moncrieffe, Colonel Blair, the Rev. Dr. Wallace Williamson, Mr. James Law, Mr. James 
 P. Croal, Mr. A. Darling, Master of the Edinburgh Merchant Company; Major Hule, 
 Chairman of Edinburgh Paris Council; Provost Lindsay, Leith; Mr. Gordon Douglas, Mr. 
 Robert Wilson, and Mr. Rufus Fleming. American Consul. The guests included Messrs. 
 Ernest Harlin Abbott, The Outlook, New York; Jackson Fleming, Christian Advocate, New 
 York; Dan Drearlet Brummitt, Epworlh Herald, Chicago; R. W. Gammon, Congregational- 
 ist and Advance, Chicago; Clifton Doggett Grey, The Baptist Standard, Chicago; William 
 Revell Moody, The Record of Christian World, East Northfield, Mass. ; Wil'iam Douglas 
 MacKenzie, President, Hartford Theological Seminary; Philip Howard, Sunday School 
 Times, Philadelphia; Charles Clayton Morrison, Christian Century, Chicago; Guy Emery 
 Skippler, The Churchman, New Jersey; H. L. Aldrich, Editor Marine Engineering: Roger 
 W. Allen, Editor, The American Halter; David Beecroft, Editor, Automotive Industries; 
 A. W. Clark, Editor, American Paint and Oil Dealer; Frederick F. Cutler, Editor, Shoe and 
 Leather Reporter; E. H. Darville, Editor, Hardware Age; H. Cole Estep, Editor, Iron Trade 
 Review; Samuel 0. Dunn. Editor, Railway Age; H. G. Lord, Editor, Textile World Journal; 
 W. W. Macon, Editor, The Iron Age; H. C. Parmelee, Editor, Chemical and Metallurgical 
 Engineering; Floyd W. Parson, Editor, Coal Age; H. M. Swetland, President, United 
 Publishers' Corporation; H. E. Taylor, Editor, Dry Goods Economist; Arthur J. Baldwin, 
 President, Associated Business Papers. 
 
 The Lord Provost, in proposing the toast of "The Guests," said Amer- 
 ica's entry into the war came to their people as a great moral approbation 
 of this country's policy. It filled them with great joy and sustained their 
 courage, resolution and endurance to an extent which was hardly calculable. 
 America's contribution towards the happy result of last week, in men, 
 money, foodstuffs and material, they deeply acknowledged ; it was undoubt- 
 edly the determining factor in the situation. They welcomed that and every 
 opportunity of exchanging views and sentiments with the delegations from 
 America. They desired to come into closer understanding and cooperation 
 because they believed that the association of the two English-speaking 
 peoples was necessary for the safety and the preservation of the liberties 
 of the world. 
 
 Mr. Beecroft, replying on behalf of the business group, said that while 
 Edinburgh did not rank as a manufacturing center, it had always been 
 highly appreciated and recognized throughout America as one of the great 
 educational centers of the British Isles, and connected as they were with 
 the various industries the delegation did not fail to recognize that educa- 
 tion stood as the basis of industry. This war had been called a war of 
 smokestacks and machinery, and as industry had played a wonderful part 
 in the war, so would industry continue to play a still greater part in the 
 
 34 
 
The Men of the Empire 
 
 reconstruction programme that had already been entered upon. The 
 belligerent stage of the war had taught them the one great lesson of co- 
 operation and concentration, and now that they had passed that stage 
 Britain and America must work together as fellow-nations in the problems 
 concerning humanity that lay before them. They felt that they were on 
 the threshold of a new epoch, and that upon this generation rested the bur- 
 den of so framing and fashioning the principles that were going to govern 
 this epoch, that honesty in business and international honesty in business 
 would never be questioned. A new power had come into this great Empire 
 because of what women had done since 1914. Britain was ahead of them 
 in that regard. Following the signing of peace their fondest wish was that 
 there would be an ever-increasing business relation between the two great 
 Anglo-Saxon nations. 
 
 Mr. Abbott, New York, who responded for the other group, said there 
 was a report that the President of the United States was considering a visit 
 to this land. Whether he came or not he was sure that all those who came 
 from America would agree that if their King should go to their land, he 
 would be royally welcomed. America was not a Bepublic; it was a Con- 
 sular Bepublic, and the President was not merely a political leader, the 
 head of a Government, but the symbol of a nationality. Scotsmen who 
 had gone from this land to America had contributed to its character some 
 of those qualities which they liked to think were among the greatest. The 
 Lord Provost had been generous beyond their expression of appreciation 
 in his estimate of what America had done in the war. They knew perfectly 
 well that Great Britain would never have been defeated. America's com- 
 ing into the war did not avert defeat. It might have hastened victory. 
 Great Britain did not need saving, for they had saved their own souls when 
 they entered the war in August, 1914. America came in because they 
 needed the same kind of salvation, and knew that it could be won in no 
 other way, for the soul of Britain and America consisted of their faith in 
 liberty and law. Although despotism was the enemy of that ideal, the 
 opposite extreme, anarchy, was likewise an enemy, and in the days to 
 come America and Britain were going to face together the common prob- 
 lems that confronted them. 
 
 The toast of "The Lord Provost" was proposed by Mr. Arthur J. Bald- 
 win, in the course of which he said: — 
 
 "No one person could precipitate our country into war, and even if such power were 
 possible, we would be of little service unless the people of our country were stirred to 
 demand such procedure. It required some time to awaken the whole country to a realiza- 
 tion of the necessities and to get away from the long-standing principle that each continent 
 
 35 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 should regulate its own difficulties. But when we did start we placed our full support, 
 believing in the movement, and at the close America's full force was with the Allies." 
 
 We joined as best we could in singing "God Save the King," and then 
 we asked permission of the Lord Provost for our party to sing the words of 
 "America" to the same tune. The last trace of stiffness disappeared from 
 the gathering as our voices mingled in the common anthem, "Auld Lang 
 Syne." The picture as we stood around this festive table, with our hands 
 crossed, grasping with our right hand the hand of our neighbor on the left, 
 and with an up and down movement keeping time to this great historic 
 melody, will always remain vivid in our memory. 
 
 City of Glasgow — 
 
 The dinner given by the Lord Provost of Glasgow was almost a dupli- 
 cation of the stately scenes which we had witnessed in Edinburgh. Our 
 host was still more Scotch on this occasion, and after a wonderful display 
 of oratory in the Scotch dialect, he ended with the statement that as we 
 were all of English descent we spoke the same language. In these Scotch 
 cities leading citizens are members of the city government. There are no 
 political parties, and the city's business is conducted as a great business 
 corporation. Glasgow is one of the most progressive cities in municipal 
 control of public utilities, operating its own gas, lighting and water works 
 and street railways. It also owns many blocks of municipal dwellings for 
 workingmen which are leased at very moderate rental, which tends to keep 
 the rents of private owned tenements at a reasonable price. Glasgow's 
 growth in the past ten years and particularly since the war has been very 
 rapid. It has now a population considerably exceeding a million, and is 
 the second city in the British Isles. 
 
 Mr. H. L. Aldrich made the response for our party as follows: 
 
 Mr. Chairman and Gentlemen: It is with much pleasure that I make this, my first 
 appearance in Scotland, for most of my ancestors came from this country. The original 
 ancestor left Scotland in 1636, and many members of the family since this original ancestor 
 were of Scotch birth or descent. Probably nothing that I can say to you will interest you 
 so much as to give you a little idea of what we are doing in America in shipbuilding. Before 
 the war, a shipyard that had eight or ten launching ways was regarded as a yard of very 
 large size. We had a few such yards, but they were not kept very busy, owing to the fact 
 that shipbuilding was not a great industry with us. 
 
 Soon after the Huns started in with their submarine campaign, it was evident that 
 there would be a great demand for vessels, and this demand was made very urgent in a 
 speech by Mr. Lloyd George, in which he referred to the great necessity for "ships and 
 ships and still more ships." To supply the necessary shipbuilding facilities called for, the 
 United States Government established several shipyards, two of which are so large that a 
 
 36 
 
The Men of the Empire 
 
 little information regarding them will interest you. It was absolutely necessary to estab- 
 lish these new yards because the existing yards were filled up with all the work for the 
 United States Navy, in building battleships, cruisers and especially destroyers, that they 
 could possibly build. 
 
 The largest yard established by the United States Government is referred to as the 
 Hog Island Shipyard. This is on the Delaware River, just below Philadelphia. It extends 
 for over a mile and a quarter on the west bank of the river, just below where the Schuylkill 
 enters the Delaware. Along this expanse of over a mile and a quarter are fifty launching 
 ways, a very remarkable sight when seen from the deck of a steamer in the river. 
 
 This yard is divided up into ten distinct shipyards, each with five launching ways. 
 Orders have been placed in this shipyard by the Emergency Fleet Corporation, a branch 
 of the United States Shipping Board, to build 110 ships, each of 7,500 tons D. W., and 
 seventy ships of 8,000 tons D. W. Included in the latter are a number of fifteen-knot 
 troopships so-called. When our troops are all returned from France, these troopships will 
 probably be changed over into passenger vessels to sail the seven seas. 
 
 The next largest shipyard is the one established by the Submarine Boat Co. in the 
 Newark Meadows, about ten miles from the center of New York City. In this yard are 
 twenty-five launching ways. The company has a contract for about 140 vessels, each of 
 5,500 tons D. W., but in order to be prepared for future business, the launching ways were 
 built large enough and substantially enough to accommodate vessels of about 8,000 tons. 
 
 The type of vessel being built in this yard, as stated, is 5,500 tons dead weight. Each 
 of these vessels calls for the driving of about 425,000 rivets. About twenty-five per cent 
 of these rivets are driven in the fabricating shops, where much of the framework and plat- 
 ing is fabricated. Each ship is 335 feet, 6 inches over all, 46 feet beam, 22 feet, 11 inches 
 load draft, and has 1,500 horsepower. The propelling machinery consists of turbine reduc- 
 tion gears, and propellers make about ninety revolutions per minute. The estimated 
 speed is ten and one-half knots. 
 
 As a matter of fact, neither the Hog Island Shipyard nor the Submarine Boat Shipyard 
 can be spoken of as a shipyard in the full sense of the term. They are not shipyards; 
 they are simply assembling yards, as a greater part of the material going into these ships 
 is fabricated in other shops. This is well illustrated by the fact that ninety-six per cent 
 of the material used in the 5,500-ton ships building at the yard of the Submarine Boat 
 Company is fabricated in outside shops. These shops include twenty-eight steel mills 
 and fifty-six other shops of various kinds, in which the fabricating is done. 
 
 When I left New York, the General Manager of the Submarine Boat Yard told me 
 that he was turning out about six ships a month, and he was hoping a little later to be able 
 to deliver to the Emergency Fleet Corporation twelve completed ships a month. The 
 description of these two yards will show how different business is in America from what it 
 is as a general rule in your shipyards. Today we had the pleasure of spending several hours 
 in the yard of Sir William Bcardmore. Just think of the money that a concern of this kind 
 must be making, when it is considered that there is a profit at every stage in the operation 
 of furnishing and fabricating material. This company mines its own ore in its own mines 
 — one profit. It carries its own ore in its own vessels and delivers it at the steel mills in 
 Great Britain — another profit. It makes its own castings, plates and shapes — another 
 profit, and so 1 might go on, naming the different stages through which the iron and steel 
 pass in building hulls, boilers, engines, both reciprocating and turbine, and other parts 
 of ships. Just think of the great amount of profit a concern like this can make. 
 
 37 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 In America we specialize so closely that in many of our shipyards not even the deck and 
 engine room auxiliaries are built. Whether one system is better than the other is fortu- 
 nately a subject upon which I do not have to pass. Great Britain has been a maritime 
 nation for many centuries, and will undoubtedly continue to be a maritime nation, and in 
 spite of all the vessels that we are building, I do not imagine that you are worried very 
 greatly over the possibility of being driven from the sea. I can imagine that we in America 
 may perhaps build cargo steamers cheaper than you can build them here, and it may be 
 that we will become the great nation to build cargo vessels, as they can be manufactured 
 on a large scale rather than to be built individually. The passenger vessels are different 
 propositions. They require individual attention, and I do not suppose there is much doubt 
 but that Great Britain will continue to be the great place where passenger vessels will be 
 built for years to come. 
 
 I thank you. 
 
 Craioford Dinner — 
 
 On the evening of the twenty-third we were back in London, and attend- 
 ed a dinner given by Mr. W. S. Crawford. It was an opportunity which 
 brought together a large number of publishers and advertisers. Mr. Craw- 
 ford is particularly interested in advertising, and has done much to promote 
 the business interests which he serves in this direction. The specially 
 invited guests were General Townshend, Sir Thomas Lipton and Admiral 
 Sims. We were again served the famous Haggis and a snifter of Scotch 
 and various other things to the content of our most exacting epicure. The 
 advantage of cooperation between publisher and advertiser was fully dis- 
 cussed in the welcome given by Mr. Crawford, and the power of practical 
 advertising was presented in a forceful manner, with many instances given 
 from personal experience. Sir Thomas Lipton did not need to endorse the 
 advertising sentiment, for we had already observed "Lipton's Tea" in 
 elaborate display in all forms of advertising. Admiral Sims acknowledged 
 the power of the press, spoke of the assistance rendered on many occasions 
 both in creating sound public sentiment and in correcting wrong impressions, 
 and concluded with his famous pie story which has been given much pub- 
 licity in the English press. 
 
 Sir Thomas J. Lipton — 
 
 The twenty-fourth was made memorable by a visit to the home of Sir 
 Thomas Lipton, who had invited us to come to luncheon and to stay for tea. 
 His home is filled with curios collected from all over the world, and his 
 mind is a reservoir of incidents, beginning with his arrival at Castle Garden 
 as an immigrant, to his present acquaintance with kings and queens of all 
 nations. The simplicity of his manner lent charm to his hospitality. His 
 sportsmanship is well known. His eye is still on the yacht cup which he is 
 
 38 
 

 PRINTING HOUSE SQUARE 50 YEARS AGO 
 
 PRINTING HOUSE SQUARE PRESENT DAT 
 
The Men of the Empire 
 
 about to challenge. He is particularly proud of his Ceylon tea, and a great 
 producer of it as well. His merchant ships were turned over to the hospital 
 service of his country when the war began, and he, personally, superintended 
 this work. He lives in one of the finest houses in the suburbs of London, 
 and has a retinue of Chinese servants dressed in their native costume 
 and wearing a wonderful comb, which surrounds the head at the top 
 under the queue. He presented us with a shamrock pin and a silk handker- 
 chief beautifully embroidered, and promised us a package of his famous 
 tea when we arrived in New York. He is a bachelor of about seventy, hale 
 and hearty, and his genuine humor and kind invitation to come again were 
 much appreciated. 
 
 Luncheon at The Times with Lord Northcliffe — 
 
 Pursuant to his promise that our party should meet the great industrial 
 leaders of the Empire, Viscount Northcliffe honored us with a luncheon in 
 The Times office at Printing House Square, on November twenty-ninth. 
 We were on historic ground. The site of the buildings was occupied as a 
 large and important monastery in the thirteenth century. It was occupied 
 by King Edward II in the fourteenth century, and Parliament was here 
 assembled. In the fifteenth century the monastery was occupied by the 
 Emperor Charles V, and later by Henry VIII, who held here the "Black 
 Parliament." After the monastery was abandoned by the Black Friars, 
 the region was devastated by the great fire of 1666, and a year later there 
 was built on this spot the King's Printing House, from which Printing 
 House Square takes its name. In 1770 the King's Printers of the time 
 moved to another place of business. In 1784 it was taken by the first of a 
 family that has ever since been identified with the spot, John Walter, the 
 founder of The Times. The buildings have since been enlarged and re- 
 constructed, notably in 1874, and now occupy the whole square. It is a 
 strange fact that the man who founded The Times was neither a journalist 
 nor a printer. About 1783, John Walter, who had been first a coal mer- 
 chant, then an underwriter of shipping, bought the patent rights of a method 
 of printing by means of "logotypes" or fount composed of whole words in- 
 stead of separate letters. He improved the device and set up as a printer 
 in Printing House Square. On January 1, 1785, he started a little news- 
 paper called The Daily Universal Register, and on January 1, 1788, the name 
 was changed to The Times. Thus began the career of this great newspaper. 
 John Walter II became manager of the paper in 1803, and remained in con- 
 trol until his death in 1847. He aimed to keep The Times independent of 
 
 39 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 governments or parties, and of his own contributors and advertisers, and in 
 his day the paper achieved its reputation of being no party organ. In 
 1847, John Walter III succeeded to the management of the paper, and at 
 his death in 1894 his son, Arthur Fraser Walter, became chief proprietor. 
 John Walter IV is now Chairman of the Board of Directors of the paper 
 which was founded by his great-great grandfather. In 1908 Lord North- 
 cliffe became the principal shareholder in a newly formed company owning 
 the property. The Times has always been quick to take up great national 
 movements in times of stress, notably The Times Red Cross Fund, which 
 raised during the war more than $55,000,000 for the sick and wounded 
 soldiers of the allied countries. 
 
 The following is a report of the meeting as published in The Times: 
 
 The American trade editors who are in England on a visit to the Allied 
 countries were the guests of Lord Northcliffe at luncheon yesterday at 
 Printing House Square. The visitors, who have been in this country for 
 several weeks, have inspected many of the leading British industrial con- 
 cerns and have seen something of the extent of the war effort of our manu- 
 facturers and work people. 
 
 The following is a full list of the company: — 
 
 American trade editors: Mr. H. M. Swetland, President, United Publishers' Corpora- 
 tion; Mr. D. Beecroft, Automotive Industries; Mr. H. L. Aldrich, Marine Engineering; 
 Mr. B. W. Allen, The American Hatter; Mr. A. W. Clark, American Paint and Oil Dealer; 
 Mr. F. F. Cutler, Shoe and Leather Reporter; Mr. E. H. Darville, Hardware Age; Mr. S. O. 
 Dunn, Railway Age; Mr. H. Cole Estep, Iron Trade Review; Mr. H. G. Lord, Textile World 
 Journal; Mr. W. W. Macon, The Iron Age; Mr. H. C. Parmelee, Chemical and Metallurgi- 
 cal Engineering; Mr. H. E. Taylor, Dry Goods Economist. 
 
 Others present were: Lord Devonport, Lord Inchcape, Lord Rothermore, Lord Aber- 
 conway, Lord Desborough, Sir A. C. Corey-Wright, Sir John Ellerman, Sir Vincent Cail- 
 lard, Sir Robert Hadfield, Sir H. Llewellyn Smith, Sir Howard Spicer, Mr. W. L. Hichens, 
 Mr. Crawford Vaughan, Mr. Robert P. Skinner, Brigadier-General R. Manley Sims, 
 D.S.O., Mr. Axel de Bildt, Mr. Alfred Clark, Mr. E. Manville, Mr. Holt Thomas, Mr. F. N. 
 Garrard, Mr. Gordon Selfridge, Colonel E. L'Estrange Malone, Major Evelyn Wrench, 
 Mr. M. Bloomfield, Saturday Evening Post; Mr. G. A. Sutton, Mr. Geoffrey Dawson, Mr. 
 H. Corbett, Mr. W. Lints Smith, Mr. W. A. Ackland, Mr. J. P. Bland, Mr. M. Humphrey 
 Davy, Mr. H. G. Price, Mr. C. Maughan, and Mr. T. S. Sheldrake. 
 
 Two of the American trade editors, Mr. Arthur J. Baldwin, McGraw-Hill Publishing 
 Company, and Mr. F. W. Parsons, Coal Age, were unavoidably absent. 
 
 The toast "The King and the President," proposed by Lord Northcliffe, 
 was heartily honored. 
 
 40 
 
LORD NORTHCLIFFE 
 
 Is one of the dominant figures in British affairs to-day. Pre- 
 eminently a self-made man, he has arisen to a unique position. 
 While refraining from accepting a cabinet position, he directed 
 every energy to the successful prosecution of the war, and 
 staunchly supported the Government both by personal effort and 
 through his great papers — ■•The Times" and "The Daily Mail" 
 
The Men of the Empire 
 
 Independence of the Press — 
 
 Lord Northcliffe proposed the health of the American Trade Editors. 
 In the course of his opening remarks he said:— 
 
 Our guests represent one of the most potent forces in the United States, something 
 that exists here in a lesser degree, the great business newspapers that lead the trades at 
 which their aims are directed. Some of our friends here appeal every week to hundreds of 
 thousands of those engaged in practically every large industry in the United States. The 
 power and independence of these business and technical newspapers and their enterprise 
 are examples to us. When the Government of the United States went into the war with 
 the enthusiasm and thoroughness of which we are all aware, they appealed to the con- 
 trollers of these great trade organs to help them, and right well they did it. 
 
 These American gentlemen come from a country in which the newspapers hold a more 
 important position than that occupied by the press of our country. They come from a 
 country where the controllers of independent newspapers are regarded as men of super 
 Cabinet rank. 
 
 The position of the individual newspaper controller like myself, who believes that, 
 except under circumstances which rarely occur, and do not at this moment exist, it is his 
 duty to decline office, is not so well understood in this country as in the United States of 
 America, where the long list of independent newspaper owners, such as Medill, Dana, 
 Nelson, Bennett, and Pulitzer stand out as examples of men who believe that a press 
 independent of Government favors, independent of its readers, and independent of its 
 advertisers is essential to democratic rule. I believe that at the present juncture, with the 
 forthcoming inter-Allied Conference and Peace Conference at Paris, any newspaper pro- 
 prietor who went to those Conferences in an official capacity would be as effectively gagged 
 as he would be if he were willing to accept a place in this Cabinet. 
 
 Britain s New Factories — 
 
 Mr. Beecroft responding said : — 
 
 The Ministry of Information invited us to this country that we might see and learn. 
 We have had an opportunity of doing both. During the four and a half years of war you 
 have had an opportunity of putting into force various activities which we have heard of 
 in the last few months. We have visited your factories, travelling fairly well through 
 the length and breadth of your island. It is the factories we are most interested in, and we 
 are going to carry back with us a wonderful fund of information. We take it that it is the 
 spirit of your country as it is the spirit of ours, that it would be an error if these two lands 
 which have been fighting together in France and elsewhere should cease to cooperate and 
 work together. (Cheers.) Great problems lie ahead of us. It is only by meeting and 
 discussing common problems that we shall be able to work intelligently together. We 
 hope that it will not be long before we have corresponding missions from your country 
 going over to the United States,, and we shall consider it a wonderful pleasure to do our 
 little part in showing you what we have to show. 
 
 We have been amazingly impressed with your war factories. I can only speak of one 
 kind of factory — but from all other members of our party I have heard nothing but the 
 same words used — the new factories which have sprung up in your country because of the 
 war. I spent several months in England several years ago, and the comparisons which it 
 
 41 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 is possible to draw after visiting ten or twelve factories connected with the aeroplane, auto- 
 mobile, and truck industries in this country. The most amazing thing we have observed 
 in the great war industries is the great attention you have given to the workers. Men and 
 women are largely creatures of environment, and if we want to get the best out of them we 
 must give them the most desirable environment. In that respect the factories which we 
 have seen this week show a wonderful improvement over those that we visited several years 
 ago. A great many of your factories are object-lessons to the world. During the dark 
 days of this week we have been in huge factories, some employing 10,000 and 20,000 work- 
 ers, and the lighting conditions were so good that not a single electric light was necessary. 
 We found out many years ago that the efficiency of the worker was much greater under 
 natural than artificial light. In the great period of rivalry and competition which is ahead 
 of us, that will work towards greater productivity of the worker. We must take a greater 
 interest in the worker than we have ever done before, because we want greater efficiency 
 out of the worker. We want him to live a fuller life, and believe that in proportion as he 
 does that he will be more efficient. 
 
 Education of the Workers — 
 
 We were almost astounded to see the educational work going on in certain factories. 
 We met with great technical societies for education, not only of the heads of departments, 
 but all those who wanted to avail themselves of these activities. We found other fac- 
 tories with auditoriums, stages, moving picture apparatus, and libraries, and everything 
 that will help towards brightening the workers. I do not think we can get too much of that. 
 If there is one error we make in all lands, particularly in industrial countries, it is that of 
 taking the worker out of school at too early an age. Specialization sets in before the 
 strong foundations of elementary education have been properly established. If we keep 
 boys and girls in the public and high schools for a longer period they will become more 
 efficient workers than they have been in the past. It would be a mistake if after the war 
 we went along in certain channels as we did before, and built up conditions that might 
 bring about a recurrence of what happened in 191 1. We want to make that impossible. 
 The industries of the different nations must understand each other better. (Cheers.) 
 There is an opportunity for cooperation in industry, with great results. We are mostly 
 concerned in our country with the wage problem. Wages have gone up in many industries 
 125 per cent in the last three years, and in some industries higher. Our living costs haves 
 increased sixty-two per cent in some industries, in others more. That means that a great 
 deal of surplus money has flowed into the pockets of the wage-earners. We are glad. 
 In the majority of American industries there is no desire to revert to the old pre-war wage 
 scale. This has been a war of industries. Industries have done their part as it was never 
 thought possible for them to do it, and the reconstruction work for the future greatness of 
 our people will largely depend on the cooperation and work of these industries. We hope 
 the industries will get together, and we are looking forward with great pleasure at these 
 gatherings to hear what the leaders of industry have to say on these various problems. 
 We must pass on to higher stages of individual efficiency, and to greater production, and we 
 must always welcome those machines and combinations of machinery which will lift the 
 workmen up to a higher level. We have to lead the workmen to see that the machine is 
 not his enemy, but his friend. This will call for a great deal of interchange of thought. 
 We know no better way of bringing that about than through the business Press. We, who 
 are connected with the business Press in America, are very proud of it. It has done won- 
 
 42 
 
The Men of the Empire 
 
 derful work since the war. It has taken a position of leadership; it has not been content 
 to lag behind and merely to be a reflector of activities that have taken place. We look 
 forward to the time when the business Press of this country will be working hand in hand 
 with the business Press of America in the great leadership of industry, on which the world 
 is so dependent for the future. (Cheers.) 
 
 Industry and Education — 
 
 Mr. H. C. Parmelee (Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering), who also 
 responded, said: — 
 
 My Lords and Gentlemen : — We should be lacking in candor if we did not say first of 
 all how much we appreciate the hospitality with which we have been welcomed here. 
 We have heard many comments since we arrived regarding the little differences and idio- 
 syncrasies of our respective peoples. A few days ago in the offices of the Ministry of In- 
 formation a young lady typist said to me, "I am glad to get acquainted with some of you 
 Americans. You are not just exactly what we thought you were because we always had an 
 idea you were so conceited." I said, "Isn't it strange? We always had the same idea 
 about you. Probably the only difference is that we talk about it and you didn't." 
 
 From the time this war began I have been thinking that there are three factors that 
 have played a very important part in our success: the technical school, the engineering 
 magazine and the research institution. I believe that just in proportion as the English 
 and the American nations foster these three factors, industry and education will make 
 progress with mutual benefit. I believe that England has realized more than any other 
 nation the importance of the technical man in this war and the corresponding importance 
 of technical education. We have been fighting an enemy who has developed technology 
 in the highest degree and who had made more progress than any of us in applying science 
 to industry. As a consequence when war was declared England found that it was not to the 
 lawyer and clergyman of Oxford or Cambridge to whom she turned for help, but to her 
 chemists, physicists and metallurgists who had worked in the background and without 
 much public recognition. The lesson undoubtedly will be taken to heart, and more atten- 
 tion will be given to the technical and scientific schools of the kindgom. 
 
 The war has cleared up some unfortunate misconceptions, one of which was that most 
 of the chemical knowledge of the world resided in German factories. For some reason or 
 other we had come to think of the German people in terms of chemistry and attributed 
 to them knowledge and ability which they did not possess in greater measure than the 
 rest of us. You will search the history of chemistry in vain for a single instance in which 
 a German has initiated fundamental laws of chemistry or produced any of the epoch-making 
 discoveries in that science. The basis of chemistry was evolved by English and French 
 scientists but the German people put the ideas into practice and built great industries upon 
 them. They have established the closest cooperation between industry and the university 
 and have set an example which we could well follow. 
 
 Speaking for both your country and mine, I believe that we now have the opportunity 
 of establishing ourselves and our industries on a sound scientific basis. The technical 
 school should receive your support, the engineering magazine should be developed to the 
 highest degree as a medium of education and finally the research institution should be 
 encouraged because through its activities the nation will make rapid progress. 
 
 43 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 Lord Inchcape, who was also invited to speak, observed that in the 
 future British industry would probably be more up against the industry of 
 America than it had ever been before. But competition was the life-blood 
 of enterprise, and they might depend upon it that, whether we were in 
 competition with America and America in competition with us, it would 
 not be a matter of one Government or one country against the other, but 
 would be one enterprise against another. He hoped sincerely that we 
 should hold our own, and at the same time that America would go on 
 developing. He felt sure that the relations which had been brought about 
 by America having come to our assistance in this war would never be for- 
 gotten, and that we should continue as we were now, the closest of friends, 
 in spite of any competition which might take place between us as indi- 
 viduals. (Cheers.) 
 
 Need of Increased Production — 
 Mr. W. L. Hichens said: 
 
 One thing that must have struck your American guests today is that we in England 
 do not sing the same song. There is a very healthy difference of opinion among most of us. 
 There is no stereotyped labor view or employers' view. We hold different views and, for 
 my own part, I cannot claim to represent the employers in anything that I say. All of us 
 are interested today in the big subject of reconstruction, and I think you will all have 
 noticed that reconstruction is really aimed primarily at improving the condition of the 
 workers themselves. We want to maintain wages, or, if possible, to increase them. We 
 should like to reduce working hours, to deal with the problem of unemployment, with the 
 question of decasualization, and to improve education. To solve such problems in a 
 generous spirit will cost a power of money. According to statisticians, the income of this 
 country before the war was 7,000,000 pounds a day, or about three shillings per head for 
 every man, woman and child. Three shillings a day is a very small sum on which to 
 work out the ideal state we want to see. We all realize that that can be secured only by 
 increasing production. Production can only be increased in two ways. One is by improv- 
 ing mechanical improvements in our railways, great improvements in all our factories. 
 That will cost us a great deal. Even more important is to increase the output from the 
 worker himself. In the past one of the greatest troubles of this country has been the 
 restriction of output. We have to get the workers to realize that it is not merely in his own 
 interests, but in that of the community as a whole, that he should produce as much as he 
 can without any kind of restriction. That is a problem that concerns us more than you in 
 the United States. 
 
 How are you going to secure those two things — the capital that is required for improved 
 mechanical devices and the increased output from labor? I would submit as an indi- 
 vidual opinion that they can only be secured in one way. That is, if we can assure both 
 sides, namely, the capitalists and the workers, that the increased wealth is going to be 
 fairly distributed between the two. That is fundamental. The capitalist says, "I am not 
 going to take trouble to save and put my money into this or that development unless I 
 
 44 
 
The Men of the Empire 
 
 can see some reasonable return." The worker says, "I am not going to put my best ener- 
 gies into the work unless I see that I am going to have a fair share of the result. "That can 
 never be secured without a radical change in the outlook of this country today. You have 
 the employer on the one hand, organizing himself in order that he might be the most efficient 
 in this struggle, and the worker with his trade union, organizing himself so that he might 
 be most efficient in the struggle. The State did nothing, except to keep the ring. The 
 Church said, "This has nothing to do with us. It is not a religious question. We will leave 
 it severely alone." 
 
 The Community as Final Judge — 
 
 But you cannot divide things into watertight compartments. This is a moral question 
 more than anything else. I think we can only get away from the old theory by accepting 
 the view that no one is entitled to be the final judge in his own cause. It is not right 
 that the capitalist should have the last word as to the amount of profit he is to make in any 
 enterprise. The principle must be considered that each industry caters for the 
 consumer, in other words, for the community as a whole. Industry ought to be at the 
 service of the community as a whole. It is not right that any section should claim to 
 determine how much of the profit it is going to have for itself. That is really the claim 
 that the capitalist has put forward. The capitalist has to submit to the principle that the 
 State should determine what is a fair and reasonable return. In other words, I believe the 
 principle of the excess profits tax is right. I know it is not in all respects popular. I wel- 
 come most heartily the commendation given to that tax in the leading article in The Times 
 today, because I believe it is fundamental in any settlement of this labor problem. On the 
 other hand, labor is no more entitled than capital to hold the community up to ransom, 
 and to pillage them by means of strong combinations. It is wrong for the electricians to 
 come forward and say the Albert Hall shall not be used for a certain purpose because they 
 disapprove of it. It is their function to supply electricity, and it is for some other body 
 to determine the other question. Labor is entitled to put forward its case as strongly as 
 it may, but, having done that, must recognize that there is a superior authority. Each 
 section thinks it ought to do what its strength entitles it to do. That is the principle that 
 might is right, which we have been fighting against in the war. Are we going to support 
 the application of that principle in our own countries? I contend that it is for every civil- 
 ized nation and every individual in a civilized nation to fight the principle that might is 
 right in their own countries as they have fought it elsewhere. (Cheers.) 
 
 The Shipping Outlook — 
 
 Sir John Ellerman said : 
 
 We were faced in this country with a new phase of competition that had never occurred 
 to any serious extent before, and that was that in the future America and other nations 
 would take a very prominent position in the shipping industries of the world. We should 
 only secure what he might call common effort to advance the welfare of the world if on the 
 one hand we were prepared to pay reasonable rates of wages to our men, and on the other 
 hand we cooperated with those States and with those countries where hitherto we had 
 carried on trade almost exclusively. It was to future cooperation with America that we 
 looked to see the joint flags rolling in most countries in the world where formerly the English 
 and German flags alone were seen. (Cheers.) 
 
 45 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 Mr. Gordon Selfridge expressed the hope that the war would give us 
 that Avhich we all so much desired, namely, closer intercourse between the 
 English-speaking peoples of the world. If we could bring our two peoples 
 together by means of American people coming over here and people here 
 going over there it seemed to him that we could do very much toward 
 making the English-speaking peoples the controllers of the destinies of the 
 world. As to the question of excess profits referred to by Mr. Hichens, 
 the system would be fair only if it took in every one. As at present admin- 
 istered it seemed as if the excess profits tax put a handicap on those who 
 tried the hardest, while those who were going along as they did before the 
 war in that easy-going way were not affected at all. 
 
 The Forty-eight Hours' Week — 
 Sir Robert Hadfield said: 
 
 I have tried to be somewhat of a pioneer in regard to the question of labor. Some 
 twenty-five years ago I took the opportunity of trying the experiment of giving a forty- 
 eight-hour week to my workmen. I must confess that I got some of my ideas from my 
 visit to America. I found that in some cases there the workers did not start until they 
 had had breakfast. I was sure it was only a rational way to expect a workman to start 
 his work. He could not be expected to go to work before he had had something to eat, 
 and in America, although they have a longer working day than we have, they followed out 
 that principle. My own firm twenty-five years ago introduced the forty-eight-hour week. 
 We were told that we should land in disaster. It has been anything but that. There 
 has been a very great advantage in a shorter working day, and in this country only a few 
 days ago a forty-eight-hour week was adopted by the employers of the northeast coast of 
 England. 
 
 It seems to me we have the greatest opportunity that has presented itself in the history 
 of the world. We have England and America working side by side. Why should we not 
 extend that principle? Why should not wages in England be as good as the wages in 
 America and the hours of working just the same in the two countries? The men are very 
 much the same. We have the finest opportunity of exchanging ideas by the wonderful 
 way we have been brought together in this war. We are together now. Do let us remain 
 together, and work side by side, not merely from the selfish point of view of earning money 
 and paying dividends, but of trying to raise the condition of humanity. A secretary or a 
 clerk, is given a ten days' holiday and paid his wages, but when the worker puts down his 
 tools he gets no remuneration. I do not see why the time has not come when the worker 
 also should be able to have a week or ten days' holiday and be paid for it. I believe ways 
 could be found of carrying out such a proposal. 
 
 The Aeroplane Movement — 
 
 There are many things we can learn from America. The patent system in England 
 is a long way behind. I believe that to a large extent the wonderful progress in America 
 has been due to your magnificent patent system. As to your file wrapper system there 
 is not one Englishman in a thousand who knows what it is. We don't have such things 
 
 46 
 
H. H. ASQUITH 
 
 Was Prime Minister of Great Britain in the earlier stages of 
 the war — a man of great legal attainments and a leader for many 
 years in British politics. Be was succeeded in the portfolio of 
 Prime Minister by David Lloyd George in December, 1916 
 
The Men of the Empire 
 
 here. I think we should learn from you. If Lord Northcliffe would lend the aid of his 
 powerful papers to bring that about, I believe he would greatly benefit the country. We 
 owe a great deal to Lord Northcliffe. Had it not been for him we should never have had 
 aeroplanes among us to protect us. Thanks to his wise and farseeing spirit, he started 
 that movement, from which, I am thankful to say, we in London benefited. 
 
 Mr. H. M. Swetland (President, United Publishers' Corporation), in 
 proposing the health of Lord Northcliffe, acknowledged the hospitality 
 which the party had received in this country. Not the least of the lessons 
 which they had learned, he said, was the lesson of hospitality. They were 
 tremendously impressed with the technical schooling which was being 
 given in some of the industries in this country. It was not possible that 
 the industrial papers of America, which did not enter into the great political 
 questions of the day, could do the good their host had done, but they would 
 go back and try to emulate him. 
 
 Lord Northcliffe acknowledged the toast. 
 
 After the luncheon the visitors were conducted over The Times office, 
 and had an opportunity of witnessing the printing of the Library Edition 
 of The Times. 
 
 The Circle of Scientific, Technical and Trade Journalists — 
 
 We attended a meeting which had been previously arranged with the 
 great publishers of England. The Circle of Scientific, Technical and Trade 
 Journalists which held the meeting, under an invitation from the Worshipful 
 Master and Wardens of the Company of Stationers at Stationers' Hall, 
 received us in this old forum of publications with almost Masonic formality. 
 We were presented to the Worshipful Master and Wardens, and then 
 joined at tea the members of the Circle. 
 
 This old Company of Stationers has for many years performed the 
 function of copyright privileges. After the tea, which was provided in the 
 big reception room, we were taken into a lecture room where a formal 
 meeting was held, at which addresses were made by members of our party 
 and responses by the great English publishers. The following report of 
 the meeting was given us before leaving England: 
 
 THE CIRCLE OF SCIENTIFIC, TECHNICAL AND TRADE JOURNALISTS 
 
 On December 18, 1918, a large and representative gathering of London 
 Trade Journalists, called by the Circle, assembled at the Stationers' Hall 
 to meet the party of American Trade Journalists now on a visit to London 
 as guests of the Government. The party were the guests of the Master 
 and Wardens of the Worshipful Company of Stationers, by whom they 
 
 47 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 were officially welcomed to a tea and reception, the Chairman of the Circle, 
 Mr. L. Gaster, subsequently returning thanks for the visitors. 
 
 An informal conference was then held in the Court Room, Mr. L. Gaster 
 presiding, and a number of points of great interest in regard to the man- 
 agement and functions of technical journals were discussed. On behalf 
 of the guest journalists from the United States, short addresses were deliv- 
 ered by Mr. H. C. Parmelee, Editor of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineer- 
 ing; Mr. S. 0. Dunn, Editor of The Railway Age; Mr. H. C. Estep, Editorial 
 Director of the Penton Publishing Company; Mr. Horace M. Swetland, 
 President of the United Publishers' Corporation; Mr. Arthur J. Baldwin, 
 McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. 
 
 The speakers gave a number of striking instances of the valuable co- 
 operation of the technical press with the United States Government in 
 connection with the war, and emphasized the importance of the technical 
 editor preserving independence of judgment, while working in cooperation 
 with the business management. This latter point was strongly endorsed 
 both by Mr. Swetland and Mr. Baldwin, who are responsible for the man- 
 agement of many technical journals, and by the various editors. Professor 
 MacLean also gave a short address emphasizing the importance to the 
 journalists of a comprehensive and wide course of training. 
 
 Mr. H. C. Estep, responding for the American party on the editorial 
 policies of American business publications, said: 
 
 British business and technical publications certainly should be congratulated on the 
 successful way in which they "carried on" during the war, at the same time performing 
 services of great value to the Government. Some of the most influential technical papers 
 in the world are published in Great Britain. Particularly I think they are to be con- 
 gratulated on their success in obtaining articles dealing with the scientific fundamentals 
 of engineering and production. 
 
 The editorial ideals of the leading British business and technical papers corresponded 
 with those of their American contemporaries. Briefly expressed, the ideal of the modern 
 publication in the business field is to live for and not on the industry which it represents. 
 This requires an aggressive constructive editorial policy which recognizes clearly the 
 necessity for leadership, coupled with constant striving toward more effective service of a 
 practical character. The American technical editor has constantly before him the advice 
 of the late John A. Hill, one of the greatest publishers of engineering journals who ever 
 lived, who stated repeatedly that "a technical paper which does not teach its readers how 
 to do things in their particular line better, cheaper or faster, has no excuse to live." 
 
 To be even a partial success and realize some of the ideals of his profession, the technical 
 editor must wear out the soles of his shoes rather than the seat of his pants. In other 
 words, it is necessary for him to keep constantly in touch with the latest developments in 
 the sphere in which his publication operates by means of direct personal contact with the 
 industry itself and its leaders. The successful editor is always something of a teacher, 
 but he must constantly guard against getting into a rut and falling behind the times. A 
 
 48 
 
The Men of the Empire 
 
 technical or business publication should be like an outpost on the battle-line, always in 
 touch with the very latest developments. The editor should be constantly seeking that 
 which is true and new, and while he should be willing to forget the old when it is super- 
 seded, he must not lose sight of the fact that old ideas and methods are not necessarily bad 
 just because of their antiquity. 
 
 Successful publishers in the business field in the United States believe in the integrity 
 and independence of the editor. They realize that the editor is the servant of the readers 
 of the publication and that, therefore, his usefulness is destroyed if he is made subservient 
 to the advertising or business department. The editor and the advertising manager should 
 cooperate, to be sure, but neither should dominate the other. While both should be 
 independent, both should realize that they are common servants of the same master — 
 the industry which the publication represents. 
 
 The editor should avoid shooting over the heads of his readers and constituents, and 
 while preserving independence of judgment he should not forget that the advertisers are a 
 part of the business. In brief, the ideal editor should be a compound of a statesman, 
 philosopher, preacher, teacher and business man and perhaps something of a poet as well. 
 
 Professor Gregory, Nature; Mr. L. Pendred, The Engineer, and Mr. A. C. 
 Meyjes, The Ironmonger, spoke on behalf of the British Press, entirely 
 corroborating the views expressed by the representatives of the American 
 Press, and especially that of the independence of the editor. Mr. Pendred 
 proposed a vote of thanks to the American guests for attending the meeting 
 at unavoidably short notice, the vote being carried with acclamation. 
 
 The following resolution was moved by Mr. H. C. Parmelee, seconded 
 by Mr. A. C. Meyjes, The Ironmonger, and passed unanimously: 
 
 That this meeting of American and British editors, representing the trade and technical 
 press of both nations, records its satisfaction at the alliance between the great branches of 
 the English-speaking race, expresses its earnest desire that the union formed for war pur- 
 poses should be permanently continued in the cause of peace, and to this end urges a closer 
 cooperation and periodical exchange of views between the trade and technical press of both 
 countries on subjects of scientific, educational and industrial interest. 
 
 The Chairman closed the discussion with a brief account of some 
 of his experiences when visiting America in 1907 and 1913. Mr. Baldwin, 
 responding for the visitors, extended a very cordial invitation for a depu- 
 tation from the British Technical Press to visit the United States. 
 
 Conclusions — ■ 
 
 Our party was much impressed by these semi-social functions and fully 
 appreciative of the great privileges extended to us. The personal contact 
 with the great men of the Empire, the men who are not only shaping the 
 destinies of that vast domain but whose influence is felt in every corner 
 of the globe, was at once an inspiration and an education. While their 
 
 49 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 oratory outclassed our simple responses we found ourselves in accord with 
 the underlying sentiment of every address and in full sympathy with the 
 ideals that prompted both England and America to carry their standards 
 into France to protect the civilization of the world. No mercenary note 
 provoked a discord. Even the protest that England must retain control 
 of the seas was sweetened by the concluding statement "in the interest of 
 universal civilization." In this protection America is expected to perform 
 her part. We even began to appreciate the extreme formalities where we 
 saw that much of this was a perpetuation of institutional prerogative. 
 The toastmaster, with his gavel and his stentorian voice, the Lord Mayor 
 and his golden equipage, and the King and his retinue became to us as they 
 are to the Empire — symbols of a great civilization and sacred in their signi- 
 ficance. In no other way than by the unusual opportunities afforded us 
 could hereditary and institutional England have given a full realization of 
 the meaning and importance of these ancient customs. 
 
 0& 
 
INDUSTRIES OF ENGLAND AND FRANCE 
 IN TIMES OF WAR— III 
 
 ." GTTvl 
 
 HE time when the business man cherished secrets, and carefully 
 secluded and jealously guarded his process of production has 
 passed. Cooperation has avoided the wastes of competition, and 
 efficiency has been increased by the more confidential relation be- 
 tween employer and employee. A nation is nothing less than a business or- 
 ganization. Its prime obligation is to so organize and relate its productive 
 capacity as to insure to each individual a proper return for his effort. As 
 the individual business enterprises have learned from experience the 
 benefits of unselfish cooperation, so the nations of the world are beginning 
 to realize that industrial progress depends upon international cooperation. 
 Their commercial rivalry in the world market must be as fair and open as 
 the competition in the home market, and the same principles must be 
 adopted to secure national efficiency as are employed by the individual. 
 
 A new epoch is opening in the industrial history of the world, in which a 
 better understanding among commercial nations and the desire to do away 
 with national egotism are rapidly growing. Our invitation to see the 
 industries of England and France showed one of the ways in which the 
 English people were endeavoring to establish a means for the exchange of 
 ideas on industrial conditions even in time of war. 
 
 Industry and War — 
 
 The one purpose, to help win the war, was dominating every industry 
 of England and France at this time. Whether it was the making of ammu- 
 nition or garments, the same motif was behind every individual's work, 
 "How does my work help defeat Germany?" England and France were 
 submerged in the one thought "Victory," and were spurred on to the same 
 effort "Work to win." They were fighting Germany not only with their 
 armies and navies, but with their industries. A great army of industrial 
 workers stood behind the men at the front, and it was their fight to "speed 
 up," make more, increase production, that finally brought about the defeat 
 
 51 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 of the foe. It was an industrial war from beginning to end. Without the 
 second line of defense of food, supplies and ammunition, the armies in 
 France would have been useless. The strategy that brought victory was as 
 much that carried on in the shops as it was that on the field. 
 
 Every plant that we visited, every man that we interviewed, gave evi- 
 dence of this great purpose. Men and women worked as they had never 
 worked before. The leaders of industry, spurred on by the same determina- 
 tion to win, studied new methods, worked out new schemes and employed 
 every available means for increasing production. The war spirit was 
 everywhere, and tended to unite the great industries in the greatest enter- 
 prise that has ever been undertaken. 
 
 And, as a result of this mighty and united effort, as a reward for the 
 unselfish endeavor of every man and woman in the industrial world, England 
 and France found themselves, in 1918, producing more than they ever had 
 before in spite of the handicaps of war. 
 
 Production Increased — ■ 
 
 Many factories were doubled or tripled in their capacity. The Beard- 
 more Plant, at Glasgow, running on war work, had been doubled in the last 
 two years. The Hadfield Steel concern was greatly enlarged for the manu- 
 facture of guns and shells. Automobile factories were expanded in order 
 to produce aircraft, army trucks, munitions and war products. The Austin 
 Motor Company, employing 22,000 people, was one of the largest that we 
 saw. The old town of Gretna Green, in Scotland, sprang from a little 
 village of romance into a great manufacturing center almost over night. 
 In France also, production was being undertaken on a larger scale than it 
 had ever been before. The great Andre citron plant employed 12,000 
 people. It was complete in its mechanical equipment, and had its own 
 elaborate laboratories. 
 
 Efficiency Increased — 
 
 Efficiency was greatly increased by this large scale production. The 
 latest labor and time-saving devices were in common use in England and 
 France. They had learned the value of automatic assembly, moving plat- 
 forms and all the American tricks for increasing production. The plants 
 were running at top speed. There was a sufficient labor supply in spite of 
 the great drain caused by the raising of armies. In some places, as in 
 Coventry, motor lorries collected the people from the country and brought 
 them to the factories. Women were employed in almost every line of 
 industry. We saw women employed in munition plants, on the trains, 
 
 52 
 
Industries in Time of War 
 
 driving taxis. Two-thirds of the employees of the Andre citron plant were 
 women. Their work was estimated in one place to be more efficient than 
 the previous work of men in the same plant. Although the new methods 
 of production were partially accountable for the increased productivity, 
 the greater part was due to the effort of each man or woman to do his best 
 to help win the war. 
 
 Better Working Conditions — 
 
 The working conditions of the laborer were receiving more attention 
 than they ever had before. The problem of his welfare was not overlooked 
 in the great rush to increase production; on the contrary it was considered 
 of the greatest importance not only for the increase of production, but for 
 the realization of the ideals that the Allies were fighting for. Mr. Hall, 
 Manager of the Austin Motor Company's plant, aptly expressed the chang- 
 ing attitude of the English manufacturer toward labor when he said that 
 he had faith in the Labor Party, believing that it is the day when the labor 
 element of all countries will see better times, and that more attention must be 
 given to them. They deserve better houses, he said, better food, better 
 pay, educational advantages, for all these things tend to the uplifting of the 
 Empire. He spoke very forcibly about the English institutions. He said, 
 "In London they will show you the gilt and tinsel and frippery of royalty. 
 They will talk of institutions, and their habits and customs, but you may be 
 certain that the people have gotten beyond this, and the ancient and hon- 
 ored institutions of England will be forced to give place to the practical 
 development of the industries of the Empire." The munition plant in 
 Gretna Green had a model community of concrete and plaster houses for the 
 employees. A munition plant in Paris was running an up-to-date res- 
 taurant where 4,000 people could be seated at once. In that city, also, 
 one of the factories employing many women, was maintaining a nursery 
 where mothers could nurse their infants during working hours. Children 
 could be left here for care during the day, and if the parents desired, they 
 could be continuously cared for until they were six years old. 
 
 The great change that the war had brought about seemed in no way 
 to daunt the eagerness and determination of the people of England and 
 France to get back on a peace-time basis as soon as possible. The period of 
 transition and reconstruction presents problems as difficult as those of 
 waging war. Great Britain has remained a free trade country throughout 
 her whole history. 
 
 53 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 Coal and Iron — 
 
 The principal natural products are coal, iron and tin. The English coal 
 fields are scattered throughout the midland and northern portions. There 
 are also extens ; ve coal deposits in Scotland, and, owing to the configuration 
 of the coast line they can supply ships directly with bunker coal, and 
 their position has helped the great shipbuilding industries of the Clyde, 
 Newcastle and Lancashire. There are extensive coal fields in Warwick, 
 Stafford, York, Derby and Northumberland, and they have contributed 
 to make Birmingham the center of an immense iron manufacturing trade. 
 In fact, the twelve-mile strip between Birmingham and Wolverhamp- 
 ton is known as "The Black Country." Wales has extensive coal fields 
 which are said to produce the best steam coal in the world. In normal 
 times the navies of the world, with the possible exception of that of the 
 United States, used Welsh coal exclusively when available . It is estimated 
 that there are 1,000,000 workers employed in this industry; that the total 
 production approximates 300,000,000 tons of coal per year, and that the 
 total value is about $900,000,000. In 1914, Great Britain produced twenty- 
 two per cent of the entire coal production of the world. 
 
 In almost every case, the iron ore is mined in districts immediately 
 adjoining the coal deposits, a fact which permits the smelting to be carried 
 out with a minimum of transportation. It is estimated that there are 
 200,000 workers employed in this industry, the approximate annual output 
 of which is about 8,000,000 tons of iron and steel valued at $150,000,000. 
 
 Textile Industries — 
 
 During the war the textile industries of England were running under 
 Government control, and the output was reduced to fifty per cent of normal. 
 The machinery needs renovation, the supply of coal is insufficient, and the 
 supply of raw materials is still limited by the Government. Increased 
 wages make the problem of reconstruction difficult in this trade as in others. 
 The transition from Government to private control will cause a great dis- 
 turbance in the industry, and the buying of raw materials is hampered by 
 these uncertain conditions. 
 
 Manchester and Lancashire are the centers of the cotton industry, the main 
 source of supply of raw material being the United States. Belfast, Ireland, 
 is the center of the linen industry, much of its wealth being derived from 
 the growing of flax and the manufacture of the finished product. During 
 the war it became necessary to commandeer the entire resources of the 
 linen mills, as it was for a time deemed impossible to use any fabric other 
 
 54 
 
Industries in Time of War 
 
 than linen for airplane wings. The industry was also seriously handicapped 
 by the lack of flaxseed, which formerly had been imported from Russia. 
 
 In Yorkshire, Leeds, Huddersfield and Halifax are the centers of the 
 wool industry of England. There is also a large trade in re-manufactured 
 wool usually known to the trade as shoddy. It is estimated that there are 
 over 1,000,000 workers engaged in the textile industry of the United King- 
 dom, two-thirds of whom are women. 
 
 Shipping — 
 
 In 1914, the mercantile marine of the United Kingdom consisted of 
 12,862 steamers, 19.145,140 gross tons; and 8,203 sailing vessels, 864,679 
 gross tons; a total of 21,065 vessels, 20,009,819 tons. In the same year, 
 281 sailing vessels of 29,107 net tons, and 858 steam vessels of 1.006,065 
 net tons, were built. In 1912 there were 286,806 seamen employed on 
 British vessels. The total tonnage of British and foreign shipping entered 
 at the various ports of the United Kingdom in 1914 was 71,126, 162, and the 
 total tonnage cleared from the same ports was 68,963,076. This was 
 exclusive of vessels engaged in coasting trade or in connection with the war. 
 It is interesting to note that during the period 1899-1913, the United 
 Kingdom produced sixty per cent of the entire world's output of ships. 
 The shipbuilding industry is hampered until the terms of peace are decid- 
 ed upon, but the production of merchant ships will probably be undertaken 
 on a larger scale than ever before. The ships that are in use will need over- 
 hauling and a great deal of repairing, for they have been kept running during 
 the war at any cost. According to recent figures, the total number of mer- 
 chant ships built in 1914 was 656, with a total tonnage of 1,683,553. 
 
 Tra nsportation — 
 
 In December, 1914, there were 23,701 miles of railway open for traffic 
 in the United Kingdom, the capital of the various companies reaching a 
 total of $7,109,240,000. The total receipts were $700,000,000. When 
 Great Britain entered the war the wages the railways were paying amounted 
 to about $250,000,000 a year. Various grants of "war bonuses" and "war 
 wages" have been made with the result that the wages now being paid 
 amount to about $525,000,000 a year. The advances in wages amount to 
 more than the net earnings of the railway companies before the war, which 
 were about $250,000,000. In addition to the advances in wages which 
 already had been made, the principle of an eight-hour-day is to be put into 
 effect, which will increase the payroll another $125,000,000. 
 
 In other words, the total increase in the cost of railway labor in Great 
 Britain since the war began will soon be 150 per cent greater than the total 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 net earnings of the companies were before the war. Passenger rates have 
 been advanced fifty per cent, but no advance has been made in freight 
 rates, and it is contended by the shippers of Great Britain that the freight 
 rates already are so high that British industry could not bear a substantial 
 advance in them. Therefore, the present administration in Great Britain 
 seems to have concluded that there is nothing it can do but adopt govern- 
 ment ownership. No economist or business man in Great Britain believes 
 that the railways would be more efficiently or economically operated by the 
 state than by private companies. Furthermore, there is a strong sentiment 
 to the effect that even though the government buys the railways it should 
 lease them to private companies for operation. 
 
 The motor companies are turning their efforts toward producing com- 
 mercial vehicles. The leading motor companies are looking to the American 
 market for the sale of their surplus products and are planning large com- 
 mercial aircraft capable of carrying forty or fifty passengers. They are 
 continuing their production of steam lorries and trucks, and are expecting 
 to begin at once the manufacture of automobiles of several sizes. The 
 transition period in the munition plants will be facilitated by the work of 
 rebuilding machinery for Belgium, France and England. 
 
 Coal Fields of France — ■ 
 
 France, of course, was the greatest sufferer from the vandalism of the 
 Germans. Her industries in the north of France were entirely destroyed. 
 One-third of the coal fields of France were centered around Lens, and these 
 were so completely ruined that reconstruction is almost impossible. All 
 valuable mining machinery was stolen or destroyed ; the shafts were blasted 
 and the mines flooded. There are no means of transporting or housing 
 laborers left in this district. The total coal production of France in 1913 was 
 40,275,485 tons. The coal fields of France have a total area of nearly 1,200 
 square miles. Lens is the center of the great coal-producing region bearing 
 that name. The territory in which Lens is located is from five to ten miles 
 wide, and covers an area of more than 400 square miles. In this district, 
 before the war, were numerous villages and towns, where the miners work- 
 ing in the collieries were housed. Approximately 180,000 people lived in 
 the region. In the pre-war period the district furnished approximately 
 seventy per cent of the entire French production. The Lens region was 
 also the chief by-product. coking center. Nearly all of the coal produced in 
 France is bituminous of a good quality. France has little anthracite, and 
 is also short of coals for making gas and coke. The greater part of the coal 
 was produced from beds that lie more than 1,000 feet below the surface. 
 
 56 
 
Industries in Time of War 
 
 A number of the shafts exceed 3,000 feet in depth. In many of the collieries 
 ten and sometimes twelve separate and distinct seams of coal were worked. 
 One of the beds in the vicinity of Lens averaged twenty-three feet in thick- 
 ness, while at a number of mines the seams were successfully worked at not 
 to exceed eighteen to twenty inches thick. The output per individual em- 
 ployee in the French mines was never equal to the large production of the 
 individual American miner. In 1913, the average production of each 
 French coal miner was slightly more than one ton per day. Many prob- 
 lems occur in mining the French coal seams that are not common to 
 American practice. 
 
 Minerals of France— 
 
 The Departments of Pas-de-Calais, Somme, Aisne, Nord, Ardennes and 
 Meurthe-et-Moselle were, before the war, the principal centers of the pig- 
 iron, steel, wrought steel, and copper industries. In France, there was a 
 trend, before the war, towards concentration. This development particu- 
 larly characterized the steel industry. The total production of iron ore, 
 pig-iron, copper and other metals, including nickel, tin, lead, aluminum, 
 antimony and zinc, in 1913, was 27,000,000 tons. The French steel mills 
 have made considerable progress in the manufacture of high grade tool steel, 
 and it is probable that the industry will be fostered. Before the war, the 
 invaded territory furnished France with ninety per cent of the iron ore, 
 eighty-three per cent of the pig-iron, and seventy-five per cent of the steel. 
 An estimate of the amount invested in the iron mines, blast furnaces and steel 
 works of northern France before the war is given as $500,000,000. 
 
 Textiles of France — - 
 
 The mill towns of France also centered largely in the area that was devas- 
 tated by the Germans. Before the war, the cotton and woolen machinery 
 of France was divided as follows: 
 
 Cotton spindles 7,400,000 Worsted spinning spindles 2,500.000 
 
 Cotton looms 135,000 Wool spinning spindles 750,000 
 
 Wool cards and combs 2,500 Wool and worsted looms 55,000 
 
 In 1912, France imported about $12,500,000 of cotton fabrics, and 
 $6,000,000 of cotton yarn. The cotton machinery of France before the war 
 was about one-quarter that of the United States, and its consumption of 
 raw material was 1,200,000 bales as compared with the United States of 
 7,500,000 bales. The woolen and worsted spinning industry of France is 
 about two-thirds that of the United States, which has 4,700,000 wool and 
 worsted spindles, including both producing and twisting spindles, and 
 75,000 looms as compared with 55,000 in France. The Departments of 
 
 57 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 Lille, Roubaix, and Tourcoing have been for 800 years the center of the 
 textile industry in Europe. 
 
 Reconstr net ion — 
 
 In spite of the devastated industries of France, and the paralyzed indus- 
 tries of both England and France, in spite of the problems of reconstruction 
 and transition, the commercial outlook of these two countries is far from 
 discouraging. The lessons of large-scale production and increased speed, 
 taught by the war, will be brought to bear upon future undertakings. It is be- 
 lieved that women will remain in industries, doing light mechanical and 
 clerical work. Wages will remain higher, and labor conditions will not re- 
 vert to the lower standards of the past. Although the labor problem is 
 much the same there as it is here, its solution is helped in England by the 
 fact that a labor party exists, and there is not the abuse of party "catering" 
 to labor rates. America no longer has a monopoly of quantitative produc- 
 tion, for England and France are both applying the most advanced methods 
 of large scale production. 
 
 The rebuilding of the ruined industries of France will probably be aided 
 by the indemnity to be paid by Germany. These countries may have the 
 advantages of shipping in competition with America. The cost of building 
 ships is less there than here, and their merchant ships greatly outnumber 
 ours. Now that they have adopted American ideas of production, their 
 chance in the world market is equal to ours, for in this country wages are 
 still higher than the increased wages of Europe, and our merchant marine 
 is still in its babyhood of development. 
 
 But never before in the history of the world has there been such an oppor- 
 tunity for the industrial cooperation of nations. Of what benefit is an ex- 
 pansion of international industrial information unless it exerts an influence 
 to international industrial cooperation. The time was when each man 
 manufactured his own clothing and everything else which he possessed. 
 The experience of the ages has taught the wisdom of the exchange of com- 
 modities, allowing the individual to specialize some one product which he 
 exchanges for other specialized products. This practice secures to the in- 
 dividual products of much higher quality, and the higher efficiency of the 
 specialized worker gives the individual a wider range of the world's products. 
 So international industrial reconstruction must coordinate and regulate the 
 industries of the nations. Each must specialize on its particular products, 
 and these must be exchanged for other specialized products with the 
 same confidence and fairness that has established the exchange between 
 individuals. 
 
 58 
 
IN THE WAKE OF WAR— IV 
 
 rr\ 
 
 HERE will be more wars!" Mr. Churchill said to me. • If his 
 prophecy comes true it would look as though the progress of man 
 were downward, that the fruits of civilization were only the 
 development of scientific means of destruction; and it would seem 
 that America had responded to a false call, and that the great victory was 
 meaningless. It was not until we were taken to see the battle scenes of 
 France that we could understand the barbarism implied in the world 
 "war." No man, soldier or civilian, that has come back from the front has 
 been able to describe its horrible scenes. He has seen it and felt it. He 
 understands it, but words are too feeble to portray the things he has wit- 
 nessed. Our trip gave us an unusual opportunity to get a glimpse of the 
 great machinery of war, and to witness the havoc and devastation which 
 followed its operation. 
 
 The Great Fleet — 
 
 The Great Fleet lay at Rosyth in the Firth of Forth at the time of the 
 armistice, and the main object of our trip to Scotland was to see it. We 
 motored down from Edinburgh to the harbor and embarked on a steam 
 launch. It was a cold, foggy day, and not a sign of the great array of ships 
 could be seen when we started out. Rut suddenly one great man-of-war 
 loomed up before us, and then another and another in endless repetition. 
 We passed hundreds of torpedo boats and destroyers, and then an endless 
 line of large cruisers, battleships and dreadnaughts, and yet we were wit- 
 nessing only a part of England's great naval reserve. We understood then 
 England's right to the title "The mistress of the seas." 
 
 It seemed impossible that such a monstrous fleet should be kept in trim, 
 ready for action, and yet should lie, day in and day out, in idleness during 
 the war. Yet the silent victory on the sea was as great in its way as that 
 on the land. Without a dominant battle above water, the great fleet held 
 its own because of its unrivaled strength. There was no direct conflict 
 of the whole fleet on the sea, Admiral Sims had said, because no German 
 man-of-war dared to venture from its harbor of safety. I could picture the 
 surrender of Germany's naval forces as we sailed past the great ships. "We 
 
 59 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 couldn't trust them," Admiral Sims said, "They had to pass between 
 two columns of our ships reaching out from the harbor into the North Sea. 
 Every man was at his post. Every gun was loaded. Every ship was 
 ready for their treachery." 
 
 But some one who knows should write the story of the British patrol, 
 their constant devotion to duty under the most uncomfortable and dan- 
 gerous conditions, their refusal to be intimidated or deterred from returning 
 to sea even after they had been torpedoed one or more times. About 5,000 
 small craft have been engaged in this work of coast patrol, mine sweeping 
 and convoying, cruising at times a total of 6,000,000 miles in a single month, 
 and providing throughout the war for the safe carriage from all ports and in 
 all directions of a total of 15,000,000 men. 
 
 We were received at the flagship and were taken aboard some of the 
 other ships. On the Orion we were shown the operations of a battleship 
 in a fight. We crawled under the turret where the two fifteen-inch guns 
 were operated, and witnessed the loading and firing operation. We watched 
 the operations of the ship and guns from the bridge, and went down into 
 the engine room to see the two great steam turbines. We visited the mess 
 where the men were eating, and the officers' quarters. At noon we divided 
 into parties of four or five, each party going to a separate ship for luncheon. 
 
 In the afternoon we were taken to see the American squadron. It was 
 an inspiration to see that the great battleships, sailing under the Stars and 
 Stripes, compared favorably with the English. They were seemingly as 
 well equipped and as powerful as any of the English ships. Our squadron 
 comprised battleships, cruisers and submarine chasers and destroyers. 
 
 Devastation — 
 
 The contrast between the two aspects of war, that on the sea and that on 
 the land, was brought vividly before us when we arrived in battle-torn 
 France. Here, with the Great Fleet, was the manifestation of power, 
 might, and supremacy in war. There it was a struggle, destruction and 
 suffering. During our trip through the devastated area we were constantly 
 depressed by the indescribable pathos and horror of the scenes through 
 which we passed. 
 
 Every arrangement had been made for our party to make the trip from 
 London to France in a large Handley-Page flying machine. This was one 
 of the things that had been constructed for the especial purpose of bombing 
 Berlin, and was capable of carrying, as far as weight is concerned, forty to 
 fifty people. The machine was taken out and every preparation was made 
 for the flight, but at the last moment the famous London fog deprived us 
 
 60 
 
I a 
 
 H 
 3 
 O 
 g 
 
 a 
 < 
 
 S 
 < 
 
 a 
 
 «! 
 O 
 
 H 
 
 S 
 
I\ the Wake of War 
 
 of this great privilege, and in order to keep the schedule we were forced to 
 take the boat across the Channel to Boulogne. We arrived in the evening 
 and were taken by motor to the English Guest House, situated some thirty 
 miles from the Front, the Chateau Radinghem, which had not been occupied 
 for many years, but which had been fitted up by the English as a place 
 to entertain visitors to the Front. 
 
 The Chateau is typical of many in France, dating back to about the 
 seventeenth century. It was built as a place of residence, but was also 
 provided with the usual means of defense, and surrounded by a moat with 
 the usual drawbridge. It was furnished by the British officers in strictly 
 military style, the main living room being decorated with trophies from 
 the war. 
 
 From this centre, for three days, we motored to the various points of the 
 devastated area, returning each night to the welcome fireplaces of the 
 Chateau. Each day we motored from 150 to 175 miles, taking with us our 
 luncheon, consisting of bread and wine, which we ate usually standing by 
 the side of the cars in some devastated village. 
 
 La Bassee to Ypres — 
 
 Our first trip by motor was through the city of La Bassee to Lille, Menin 
 and across the Belgian front as far as Ypres. La Bassee now is simply a mass 
 of fallen buildings. Hardly a wall remains standing from one end of the 
 town to the other. The road to Lille runs through a region a thousand 
 times more desolate than the Sahara. The fields are a mass of shell holes. 
 The road is the only thing that is intact, and this is true only because it was 
 being repaired continuously during the war. Rows of tall trees usually 
 bordered the roads in France, and along these, wherever they were left 
 standing, were hung screens to conceal the passage of marching troops. 
 But more often the trees were completely shot away and nothing but the 
 splintered trunks were left. 
 
 Surrounded by these scenes of desolation we were surprised to find that 
 the city of Lille was not shot to pieces like the other towns through which 
 we passed. Most of the buildings were standing intact, although the fac- 
 tories and houses had been looted and marred. It seemed like an isolated 
 village, an oasis in a desert of destruction. We saw here the German money 
 made in France. It was made of iron and was economized in size to that 
 of a five-dollar gold piece. 
 
 The Belgian town of Gheluvelt was once a scene of great fighting. Here 
 the trenches extended for miles in every direction from the roadway, and the 
 space between them was a mass of barbed wire entanglement. This place 
 
 61 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 is in the eight-mile stretch between Menin and Ypres, and marks the scene 
 of over 500,000 British casualties. Just east of Ypres is the point which 
 will pass down in history as Hell Fire Crossing. It is nothing but a cross 
 road and the scattered debris of farm buildings, but it was the scene of 
 terrific lighting during the war. Ypres is a mass of ruins, and the beautiful 
 Cloth Hall and the Cathedral are practically destroyed. 
 
 Looking out toward the German front beyond this point, one sees a 
 scene of desolation which beggars description. The ground is completely 
 shell-marked, and one shell hole extends into another so that you have to 
 pick your way from point to point. Scattered over this bit of No Man's 
 Land were fifty to a hundred abandoned tanks, relics of the war, disabled 
 and having the appearance of wrecked ships stranded on a deserted shore. 
 Even the dead were not sufficiently buried and projections of bodies added 
 a gruesomeness to the scene. We motored on and for miles and miles all 
 the small towns we passed were either completely destroyed or deserted. 
 The day's journey was through such scenes of desolation — the screened 
 roads, the destroyed villages, and the returning troops — and what was once 
 a fertile section was now worse than desolate waste, torn and riddled. We 
 met and passed numerous troops, first a regiment of French, then a regi- 
 ment of English, returning from the front, and we saw miles and miles of 
 heavy artillery trains, eight-inch guns drawn by caterpillar tractors. 
 
 Arras and Douai — 
 
 At Arras, which was the farthest point west reached by the boche, the 
 great cathedral is a mass of ruins and tottering walls. It is proposed to keep 
 this great cathedral in its present ruined state. We visited the cellars 
 which surround the city. They are excavations which were made in 
 building the city, but in these cellars 60,000 men were hidden the day before 
 the great drive when the Hun was driven back. Motoring east from Arras 
 we crossed the great British defense line where trench after trench blocked 
 the progress of the boche. The road to Douai is one continuous line of 
 shell-holed fields and trenches, strewn with shells and the wreckage of war. 
 We met here an English artillery train, returning from the front, consisting 
 of fifty to 100 cannon, of all sizes up to the very largest, drawn by steam 
 lorries. 
 
 Douai presented a horrible picture of boche vandalism. A city of some 
 15,000, it was completely sacked, and the homes of the people vandalized. 
 We were taken to the home of Paul Bobant, who was once one of the wealthy 
 and cultured gentlemen of Douai. He was a man of about sixty and was 
 made head of the Bed Cross work in Douai during the war. While the 
 
 62 
 
In the Wake of War 
 
 Germans occupied the city he still continued the Red Cross work for the 
 Germans. The Red Cross officers lived in his beautiful house. Six hours 
 before the Germans retreated, they notified him that he must leave the city. 
 Then, before they left, they destroyed everything in his home, ripped the 
 pictures from the frames, smashed the furniture, hacked with sabres the 
 carved tables. Chairs covered with tapestry were ripped and torn and 
 smashed. The beautiful library containing books of art and value were 
 strewn on the floor and torn and spoiled. Even the ceilings and sidewalls 
 of the rooms had been smashed through with the butts of bayonets, and 
 everything in this beautiful home, even to the personal clothing of the owner, 
 was destroyed. The only things left in the house which were not destroyed 
 were a crucifix under which was suspended the badge of the Legion of Honor, 
 which had been presented to M. Robant, and the mirrors. These items 
 seem to have had a superstitious influence on the beast. 
 
 Rut not only was this beautiful home destroyed, but all others, and the 
 stores were vandalized. The city is dead. The returning inhabitants wan- 
 der through the streets as in a daze. The streets are solemn in their deso- 
 lation. We saw a priest who stopped to tell us of the sacrileges of his altar 
 and the profanation of his sacred vestments. He told of a village nearby 
 in which the barbarism of the Hun still went on even after the armistice was 
 signed. In one place they caused all the women to walk the streets naked, 
 and all the barbarities possible were committed. 
 
 From Douai through Lens to Vimy Ridge is the great coal section, and 
 was once a continuation of mining villages, but this section also is now 
 completely destroyed. The road winds through places where the debris 
 has been shoveled out, presenting the appearance of a canal. Some villages 
 are so nearly obliterated that a placard is posted among the ruins with the 
 inscription, "This is the village of Souchez." 
 
 Vimy Ridge was the most impressive spectacle of the great contest. 
 It is covered now with shell holes and trenches. The trenches are almost 
 lost in the maze of holes and mines which eat into them at every point, and 
 among which one sees now only the rude markings of the graves and the 
 rubbish of war. Dugouts had been constructed with heavy concrete covers. 
 One mine hole is fully thirty to fifty feet deep and sixty to 100 feet across. 
 This point will remain for years as evidence of the magnitude and violence 
 of the great struggle. One sees few people here, and not a soul on Vimy 
 Ridge, and no work being done except the repair of the roads and the return 
 of Rritish troops, consisting of artillery trucks, vans, cavalry and general 
 munitions. In the top of the Ridge is a hastily constructed monument 
 dedicated to the brave Canadians who here paid the full price in their 
 
 63 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 attempts to take the Ridge. Here had been the great mine, worked by 
 the Welshmen under the Ridge when occupied by the Germans, the explosion 
 of which was said to have been heard by Lloyd George in London. 
 
 The Hindenburg Line — 
 
 Our third day at the British front was spent in Bapaume, Cambrai and 
 the Hindenburg line. Bapaume is among the cities of the dead. In the 
 ruins of what was formerly a bank we picked up a propaganda sheet dis- 
 tributed among the English and French, giving evidence of terrible German 
 crimes. After lunching, standing among the ruins, we started for Cambrai, 
 but owing to delays, our trip was terminated at the Hindenburg line. Here 
 we saw the great underground German defenses. The trenches were ten 
 to twelve feet deep, and leading from the bottom, usually at an angle, were 
 the descents to the underground rooms. These rooms were thirty or more 
 feet underground and were connected to other passages and out to the main 
 zigzag trenches, and all were duplicated in irregular underground trench 
 work leading back to the rear. These rooms were below the reach of shells 
 and heavy artillery, but we saw the paths where the tanks had walked over 
 the trenches and the wire obstructions as though they had not existed. 
 
 Those three days will always remain the epitome of our semi-wartime 
 experience. But for the armistice we should have hidden in the trenches 
 and taken periscopic peeps at the great panorama of war; or possibly looked 
 down on the processes of devastation from some of the aerial appurtenances. 
 The booming of the great guns would have been still ringing in our ears, 
 and the spectacle of advancing forces and aerial combat would have formed 
 a never-to-be-forgotten kaleidoscope of carnage. 
 
 Yet the swift passage of our motor cars through mud and rain, the en- 
 counter of endless, returning armies, and the horrors of the devastated war 
 zone, have given us at least the atmosphere of the great contest. 
 
 Our Letter to President Wilson — 
 
 So it was while seated around the fire at Chateau Badinghem recounting 
 the horrors of our inspection that we were stirred to action and a com- 
 mittee was appointed to draft a letter to our President, insisting that he and 
 others of our countrymen should see what we had seen before determining 
 the basis of future relations with those who were directly responsible for 
 bringing this great suffering to intelligent humanity. The following letter 
 was therefore sent to President Wilson and printed in the leading papers 
 of Europe and America : 
 
 64 
 
In the Wake of War 
 
 "Dear Mr. President: 
 
 "The undersigned American citizens address you to further the sacred cause of human 
 justice and right. 
 
 "For days we have been passing over the battlefields and through ruined cities and 
 obliterated villages of Belgium and France. We are among the first American civilians to 
 survey this area of desolation, and we have been profoundly moved. 
 
 "The devastation and ruin wrought are not the work of one man or a group of men. 
 They are the result of a system, the policies of which have been executed with thorough- 
 ness by a willing people. The evidences of organized pillage and vandalism are on 
 every hand. 
 
 "E\ ery law presupposes a penalty for its violation. The laws of nations that civiliza- 
 tion has so painfully built up through the centuries have been wantonly isolated for four 
 long years. To fail to enforce those laws now would be tacitly to concede the power of re- 
 peal by the criminals themselves. These laws must be re-established. To our mind 
 the enforcement of complete restitution and reparation by the people of Germany and the 
 punishment of the leaders and their guilty agents for the crime committed in violation of 
 existing laws against piracy, murder, and pillage, will do more than anything else could to 
 ensure that future laws made by agreement of the nations will be observed. 
 
 "We are writing this to you, knowing that the sentiments expressed would receive the 
 support of all Americans, could they see these things as we have seen them and hear the 
 terrible evidence from the lips of the unhappy victims." (Signed) Henry G. Lord, Boston 
 Boger W. Allen, New York; Arthur J. Baldwin, New York; H. M. Swetland, New York 
 Samuel 0. Dunn, Chicago; Herbert L. Aldrich, New York; H. Cole Estep, Cleveland 
 Harry E. Taylor, New York; Edward H. Darville, New York; Howard C. Parmelee, New 
 York; Frederic F. Cutler, Boston. 
 
 The French Front — 
 
 Visits to the French and the American fronts were made from our head- 
 quarters in Paris, and were interspersed with social, industrial and sight- 
 seeing events which lessened the depression of our trips to No Man's Land. 
 We were met at the depot and taken to the Hotel Grand by members of 
 the British Ministry and others who were arranging our program. Lord 
 Castleross insisted that we dine with him at the famous Voisin, and wines of 
 rare vintage were mostly wasted on unaccustomed palates. We visted the 
 Andre Citroen plant, the tomb of Napoleon, Versailles, and were dined at 
 the Inter-Allied Club, which occupied the home of Baron Bothschild. 
 
 We were divided into two parties in alternately visiting the French and 
 American salients. The French front was reached at Noyon, which was 
 completely destroyed. Twenty-five per cent of the resident population 
 consisted of an elderly lady who had remained throughout the entire bom- 
 bardment, a baker and his two German-prisoner assistants, and an old 
 blacksmith, vitriolic in his denunciation of German treatment. The party 
 was then taken by railroad through Chateau-Thierry to Epernay and 
 thence north to Bheims. 
 
 65 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 At Chateau-Thierry, distant perhaps 2,000 yards, was the low range of 
 hills taken by the Germans in their advancing rush. Here the French 
 line was broken, and there were no troops back in reserve. There was an 
 open road to Paris. But the American troops were there. We saw where 
 the trainloads of American boys pulled in at the foot of these hills, jumped 
 from the cars, formed ranks and charged up the hill. Line after line was 
 mowed down, but the Marines and the Twenty-sixth Division kept coming 
 until the hill was taken, the Germans driven back, and the drive for Paris 
 ended. The evidences of battle are few. No elaborate trenches, no dug- 
 outs, not much evidence of heavy shelling, but the struggle was one of 
 terrific open warfare of a kind the Huns were not used to. 
 
 Rheims — 
 
 The famous cathedral at Rheims is a tragic ruin, but not beyond restora- 
 tion. The roof is full of holes, the windows are smashed, and shell holes 
 through the sides testify to the accuracy of the German gun fire. The fight- 
 ing around Rheims was terrific, but the Germans never got in. Our party 
 visited the celebrated champagne caves of Pommery, extending in tunnels 
 and galleries for twelve miles under the city. These were connected with 
 other cellars, so that they formed a complete system of communication 
 under the city, accommodating many thousands of troops which could be 
 moved from place to place in perfect safety from bombardment. These 
 wine caves are old chalk tunnels, and there are many vaulted chambers and 
 high galleries. We were told there were 8,000,000 bottles of champagne 
 in the Pommery caves alone. 
 
 At Berry-au-bac nearby where the German line held for four years, their 
 system of underground dugouts connected by tunnels was extraordinary. 
 We saw them just as they had been left in their hasty retreat. Taking 
 hold of hands and led by a French officer who had been in the fighting when 
 the position was captured, we groped our way by the light of an electric 
 hand torch through many of these underground chambers. Some of them 
 were well furnished with beds, chairs, rugs and pictures. The headquarters 
 of the King of Saxony contained a handsome tiled fireplace and mantel, 
 writing desk and all the furnishings of a comfortable living room thirty feet 
 underground. 
 
 The American Front — 
 
 From the French front the party was taken to the American head- 
 quarters at Chaumont and then on to Neufchateau, where guests were 
 quartered in a comfortable house in charge of American officers. From this 
 
 66 
 
In the Wake of War 
 
 point we visited Toul. Beaumont, Seieheprey, St. Mihiel, Verdun, and Metz, 
 many of them scenes of terrific French and American fighting. The country 
 in this sector is different from the north. It is beautiful, hilly, partially 
 wooded land, affording strong defensive positions. We passed the American 
 position, and following the course of the St. Mihiel salient, saw where the 
 Americans had gone through. The Germans held a wonderfully firm posi- 
 tion which had to be abandoned when they were outflanked. 
 
 Mont Sec commands the country for miles. The French lost 60,000 
 men in trying to take it by assault. It seemed impregnable, but it was cut 
 off when the Allies drove through the base of the salient. St. Mihiel itself 
 is little damaged, but the Germans, during their occupancy, concluded 
 that the country already belonged to them and had built a big cemetery with 
 fine monuments. 
 
 1 erdun — 
 
 The battlefield of Verdun carries its own story of the tremendous struggle 
 which makes it the most famous of the great war. We visited it on a beauti- 
 ful clear December day — we could see from Fort Vaux and other hills the 
 whole great panorama, Douamont, Souville, Fleury, Dead Man's Hill, and 
 all the rest. Every tree of the dense wooded hills has been shot away; 
 every foot of ground churned up with shell holes; the hillsides covered like 
 hideous lace work with trench lines and parapets which show white in the 
 chalky soil. The hills on which the battle was fought are several miles 
 from the city and almost entirely surround it, forming a wonderfully strong 
 position for defense. The Germans surrounded Verdun on two-thirds of 
 the circle. The town has little strategic value, and as it could only be 
 reached by German heavy guns, they evidently preferred to reserve these 
 for the fortifications. The Citadel in the outskirts of the town is largely 
 built under a hillside with galleries and chambers accommodating 
 12,000 troops. We were shown through it and saw General Petain's 
 headquarters. 
 
 Metz— 
 
 We visited Toul, Pont-a-Mousson and Metz, from which we motored 
 back to Fleury and Seieheprey, where the Germans captured the first Ameri- 
 can prisoners. We saw the great airdromes and many miles of American 
 front. But Metz was the great objective of the day. It was not destroyed 
 as were the other places, and in celebration of the victory the French flag 
 was displayed everywhere, with an occasional sprinkling of the Stars and 
 Stripes and the flag of Alsace-Lorraine. 
 
 67 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 The great cathedral in the center of the city is adorned with statues 
 of the saints along the front. One on the extreme right was known as the 
 Prophet Daniel, but the Kaiser, in order to perpetuate his name among 
 the saints, had caused the head of this statue to be removed and a cast of 
 his own head to take its place. This is very apparent, even to the turned - 
 up mustaches, but the French, on occupying Metz, have added a chapter to 
 the history of the statue; they have placed great iron chains around the 
 hands. Attached to the chain is a poster reading: "Stc transit gloria mundi." 
 We also saw the overturned statue of Frederick III. This is a beautiful 
 equestrian statue, but in the overturning the head of the rider struck the 
 stone coping and is broken off. It was said that it is the intention of Metz 
 to leave this overturned statue in its present condition for all time as a 
 demonstration of the overthrow of German rule in Alsace-Lorraine. 
 
 Civilization to go on — ■ 
 
 These scenes of destruction and devastation, coupled with an observa- 
 tion of the destructive machinery and operation of war, will remain the 
 great object lesson of our journey. We are not attempting a historical 
 notation or any adequate pen picture of these devastated areas. The brief 
 memoranda of what was presented to our view gives but the merest hint of 
 what occurred. No previous battlefield has been ploughed and tortured by 
 the tremendous war machinery which characterized this conflict. For years 
 the inventive genius of the world was centered on machinery of destruction. 
 The denouement was stupendous. It rocked the civilization of the world. 
 But the suffering inflicted on the whole world as a result of this effort must 
 be impressed on future generations as the guiding star to universal and 
 perpetual peace. Unless our civilization is to give place to savagery the 
 destructive process must be eliminated. 
 
 The American engineers who followed us to confer with the engineers of 
 France, through their Chairman, Mr. Nelson P. Lewis of New York, give 
 the following as their most conservative estimate: 
 
 Devastated area, 6,000 square miles, 2,000,000 population. 
 
 Five hundred thousand buildings damaged, one-half wholly destroyed. 
 
 Buildings damaged or destroyed $4,000,000,000 
 
 Furniture destroyed or stolen 1,000,000,000 
 
 Public works 2,000,000,000 
 
 Farm lands 800,000,000 
 
 Live stock, agricultural implements and forests 1,200,000,000 
 
 Mines and steel works 700,000,000 
 
 Miscellaneous industrial plants, machinery and raw materials 4,000,000,000 
 
 Tolal $13,700,000,000 
 
 68 
 
■t£I~. r^ " 
 
 CAPT. EDDIE RICKENBACKER. AMERICAN ACE OF ACES. WITH HIS SPAD PLANE 
 
 -MOTORS ON DOCKS AT BORDEAUX 
 

 RENAULT TANKS AT FACTORY AWAITING TESTS 
 
 GERMAN PILL BOX ALONG MENIN ROAD NEAR YPRES 
 
MACHINE ('.UN I 'oSITIi )N AI.oNC. A HIGHWAY 
 
 GERMAN PRISONERS BEING MARCHED THROUGH YI'RES AFTER THE GREAT ATTACK 
 
SEICHEPREY— SCENE OF THE FIRST AMERICAN ACTION 
 
 MONTFAUCON, ON AMERICAN FRONT, TOTALLY DESTROYED 
 
IX THE WAKE OF THE GERMANS ON THE AMERICAN FRONT 
 
 i 
 
 TYPICAL COMMUNICATING TRENCH ON THE AMERICAN FRONT 
 
l«« i :.V-?.>J : i.-i- \J" V 
 
 DESTROYED CHURCH SHOWING SIDE FACING GERMAN DINES 
 
 SHELD DESTRUCTION ON AMERICAN FRONT 
 
BEHIND THE AMERICAN LINES ON THE ST. MIHIEL SECTOR 
 
 DESTROYED CHURCH ON AMERICAN FRONT 
 
BRITISH REST DUGOUTS 
 
 ARTILLERY MOVING UP PASSING A MINE CRATER IN FRONT OP WARLINCOURT 
 
THE RUINED VILLAGE OF COURCELETTE 
 
 DESTROYED TRENCH SYSTEM IN CHAMPAGNE 
 
TANKS AND PONTOONS GOING THROUGH BELLICOURT 
 
 DEVASTATION ON SOMME BATTLEFIELD 
 
BELLENGLISE, IN THE HINDENBURG LINE— TYPICAL OF THOUSANDS OF VILLAGES 
 
 BRITISH TANK BREAKING BARBED WIRE DEFENCES ON THE HINDENBURG LINE 
 
DESTROYED VILLAGE ON AMERICAN FRONT 
 
 DUGOUT SYSTEM ON FRENCH FRONT AT VERDUN 
 
DEVASTATED FOREST ON SOMME FRONT 
 
 ~ f tr 
 
 DUGOUT ENTRANCE ON FRENCH FRONT 
 
THE ROAD TO BAPAUME 
 
 FIRST PICTURE TAKEN IN CAMBRAI THE MORNING THE GERMANS WERE DRIVEN OUT 
 
'! -3il 
 
 
 ' 
 
 
 •*•£*£ ■- '.. ' '*->:';.'- 
 
 ^ : ^r ; ^_ 
 
 DEVASTATED VILLAGE IN SOMJIE BATTLE ZONE 
 
 DESTROYED CARAVAN OF GERMAN WAR TRUCKS 
 
WESTWARD BOUND— V 
 
 N our return to Paris we were again entertained at the Inter- 
 national Club by the business men of Paris, and a strong 
 feeling was established that the industries of both America 
 and France could be benefited by a closer interchange of 
 purpose and understanding. We are only able to reproduce the speech 
 given by our Mr. S. 0. Dunn on this occasion. He replied as follows: 
 
 It is my pleasant duty to say a word of appreciation on behalf of our party regarding 
 the hospitality which we have received from the French Government and the French people 
 during the brief time we have been in your country, and especially regarding the hospital- 
 ity which you have extended to us tonight. 
 
 We have now been on French soil for several days. We have traversed a large part 
 of the territory of France which has been devastated in this cruel war. We have heard 
 and we have seen the evidence of what the French nation has suffered, and of what it has 
 done, not merely for itself, but for humanity, in this war. The more we have seen, the more 
 gratification we, as American citizens, have felt that our country finally entered this great 
 conflict and helped to bring it to a conclusion which was right and just. This was not the 
 first time when Frenchmen and Americans had fought in the same cause. We could never 
 forget and we have never forgotten that almost a century and a half ago when our fore- 
 fathers were struggling for freedom from a German king who at that time occupied the 
 British throne, the French people came to the assistance of our forefathers when assistance 
 was vitally needed. Every student of history now knows that a majority of the British 
 people did not, even at that time, approve of what their German king did and attempted 
 to do. Certainly no Britisher approves of it now. It has therefore caused us much grati- 
 fication to have our men and our ships serve side by side with the men and the ships of 
 Great Britain. But possibly we have felt even more gratification because our ships and 
 our men have fought side by side with those of France, because this has given our people 
 an opportunity to repay in some measure the obligation of gratitude which they have 
 owed to the French people for these many years. 
 
 Permit me to endorse in conclusion what already has been said here tonight regarding 
 the affection and admiration in which the people of the United States hold the people of 
 France. Our people at home have but a vague and inadequate appreciation of what you 
 have suffered and of what you have done, but even the vague and inadequate appreciation 
 they have inspires in them sentiments which should help to insure the closest and most 
 friendly relations between the United States and France for generations to come. 
 
 69 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 Wilson in Paris — 
 
 We witnessed the spirited ovation given to President Wilson on his 
 arrival in Paris, equaling the peace day celebration which we witnessed 
 in London. The streets swarmed with surging crowds shouting "Vive 
 Wilson." He was courteous enough in his public acknowledgment of this 
 reception to consider this as a welcome to his country. 
 
 Leaving Paris by the morning train we missed the Channel steamer at 
 Boulogne on a beautiful day. We remained all night, and experienced the 
 worst day of the season in crossing the Channel next day. The boat was 
 crowded to the limit with returning soldiers, but the storm was no respecter 
 of uniforms, and their sufferings paralleled our own in the two-hour jour- 
 ney across the Channel. 
 
 On the nineteenth, the British Ministry gave us a final luncheon at The 
 Savoy. Major Budge presided, and paid many compliments to our 
 party. The following notice of the meeting appeared in the London 
 Times of December 24, 1918: 
 
 ANGLO-AMERICAN FRIENDSHIP 
 
 U. S. Journalists' Farewell Messages 
 
 The representatives of American trade journals, who came here at the 
 invitation of the Ministry of Information to see England under war condi- 
 tions and to visit the front, have sailed for home. At the close of their 
 visit, which, fortunately, coincided with the signing of the armistice, and 
 thus enabled them to see both England and France under happier conditions 
 than could have been expected when they left America, they forwarded 
 messages of thanks and good will, extracts from which are given below : — 
 
 Mr. Henry G. Lord, Editor, Textile World Journal. — Until the return to 
 more normal conditions permits greater freedom of travel, the people in both 
 our countries must be dependent on the Press for a proper understanding of 
 accomplishments and conditions, although only by personal observation 
 can the facts be fully appreciated. This opportunity we have had, and with 
 it goes the responsibility of telling the things we have seen, and conveying 
 the impressions we have received to the business constituencies which we 
 represent. If this is faithfully done, our friends must share with us the 
 sincere desire for the best possible understanding and most cordial relations 
 between the great English-speaking countries. 
 
 Mr. H. Cole Estep, Editor, Iron Trade Review. — -Here in England and 
 Scotland I have been most strongly impressed with the evidence on every 
 side of your tremendous industrial resources and manufacturing capacity, 
 
 70 
 
Westward Bound 
 
 as well as with your organizing ability. There are many features in your 
 productive enterprises that our people in the United States could study with 
 profit. The English-speaking peoples should strive to work together 
 harmoniously, with a full appreciation of each other's problems, and with a 
 firm determination to place the business intercourse of the future on such a 
 basis of integrity and fair dealing as will preclude forever the possibility of 
 commercial friction leading to armed conflict. 
 
 Mr. H. M. Swetland, President, United Publishers' Corporation. — We 
 have witnessed the grandeur and strength of your time-honoured institu- 
 tions. We have the evidence of your power to reconstruct and organize 
 with patient courage and hopeful determination. A closer and more inti- 
 mate knowledge, coupled with reasonable charity for our mutual eccentrici- 
 ties, will greatly assist us to avoid personal and national disagreements. 
 
 Mr. A. J. Baldwin, President, Associated Business Papers. — I return to 
 America with a fuller realization of the gigantic problems with which Great 
 Britain has grappled during these dark years and a better understanding 
 of the spirit and purpose of your wonderful nation. 
 
 Mr. E. H. Darville, Editor, Hardware Age. — I have long believed that 
 with the British Empire and the United States cordially and unselfishly 
 cooperating they can with their Armies and Navies exercise a wise restrain- 
 ing influence on selfish dynastic ambitions for the best interests of mankind. 
 
 In addition to these tributes from representatives of trade journals, Mr. 
 William B. Moody, of the Record of Christian Work, says: — The members 
 of our party have been impressed by the breadth of vision of men on this 
 side of the ocean, and we return home inspired by something of their noble 
 ideals. We shall work to bring about a better understanding of the prob- 
 lems of the British Empire in the realization that they are the problems 
 of civilized countries in which the United States should assume its respon- 
 sibility, and render its quota of service. 
 
 Departure — 
 
 At nine A.M. on the twentieth of December we were at the depot, ready 
 to bid a final farewell to London. We arrived at Liverpool at seven P.M., 
 and were taken to probably the finest hotel in Europe, The Midland- 
 Adelphia. It is the first hotel which has seemed like home. It is under- 
 stood to have been built for Americans. In any case, it has steam heat, 
 big lounging rooms, bathrooms, etc. The Major gave us a last private 
 dinner, at which we attempted to express our appreciation of his careful 
 attention to our party since its arrival, and the many services which he had 
 rendered to the party, collectively and individually. 
 
 71 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 By noon of the twenty-first we were on board the Carmania, a larger 
 ship than the Lapland, and with better accommodations. We had to wait 
 for the tide, and did not leave the pier until eleven A.M. the following day. 
 
 The sea was calm as our pilot left us. But the nightmare of our pre- 
 vious trip was still with us, for we were ordered to wear our lifebelts, as the 
 danger of floating mines still existed. 
 
 Christmas night on board was made enjoyable by a splendid concert 
 and a lecture by Sir Arthur Pearson, the great English publisher, and 
 founder of Dunstan School for the Blind. He explained to us in de- 
 tail the great work which he has undertaken. Being blind himself, 
 his speech was very impressive. He told us how they first get the con- 
 fidence of the men, and get them to feel that while they may have 
 lost one sense they have four left. His main talk hinged around the foun- 
 dation of the school. They teach them to get about first in their own room, 
 then they branch out, and soon they find that they can get on very com- 
 fortably, although they cannot see. They are taught all sorts of work, 
 from chair-making to stenography, and, as Sir Arthur explained, they make 
 splendid workers, for their attention is not distracted by the things which 
 they cannot see. 
 
 Halifax — 
 
 At Halifax we left 3,600 Canadian soldiers. We had enjoyed meeting 
 and knowing many Canadian officers. They were going home. We were 
 pleased at what Canada is doing for her men. We found that each of 
 these officers had been presented with a big farm — not an unproductive 
 waste of mountain stretches of snow and ice, but of productive land 
 which can add to the productive capacity of Canada. And as a 
 stimulation to these men to become solid and substantial citizens 
 of the Colony, each one has the offer of a loan of $2,500 from the Canadian 
 Government, at five per cent for five years, with which to equip, furnish 
 and habilitate himself in his new home. 
 
 We travelled around in the snow in Halifax, visiting the great pier which 
 will cost $30,000,000, met the constructing engineer, and visited various 
 parts of this wonderful undertaking, which is now under construction. 
 
 Early in the afternoon we were on the way to New York, and January 
 first we hailed with delight, first the grey Jersey shore, then Coney Island 
 came into view, above which finally the Statue of Liberty lifted its head, 
 and we were greeted with the ragged sky-line of old New York. But what- 
 ever may be said in criticism of this conglomeration of architecture, it pre- 
 sented to us the most beautiful picture we had seen since we left. 
 
& 
 
 Westward Bound 
 
 Looking Backward — 
 
 Reviewing briefly the various experiences of what has been styled our 
 great "adventure," our party found themselves tremendously impressed 
 with the immensity of the great war struggle. The enormous jireparations 
 made by the United States, the great merchant fleet on which we sailed, 
 the concentrated intensity of English endeavor, and the determined and 
 methodical work of the French people, proved that the greater part of the 
 civilized world were united in one common cause, the protection and 
 maintenance of such civilization as had been established prior to the war. 
 We were impressed with the character and stability of English production 
 even under its greatest expansion. The habit of quality production inau- 
 gurated and maintained through many years permeated the war products 
 in the same characteristic quality. But the greatest educational advan- 
 tage gained from the trip was derived from close contact with the insti- 
 tutions of England. The great docks at Liverpool, the Great Fleet, and 
 the Bank of England illustrated the difference between the institutional 
 progress of England, and the hasty and sometimes immature develop- 
 ments of American enterprise. 
 
 Whatever the inspiration which prompted Lord Beaverbrook to estab- 
 lish his Ministry, and inaugurate through its ministrations a closer relation- 
 ship between the nations of the world, can only be reflected in the results 
 that are shown as a direct outcome of this undertaking. We can assure 
 him, fifteen men have become thoroughly convinced of the wisdom of the 
 project, and see a far-reaching development as a direct result of their visit. 
 If the results are to be measured by the interest shown by the American 
 people, a satisfactory answer can already be given. Numerous addresses 
 before important and influential gatherings have been received with marked 
 attention, and the pages of their various publications devoted to records 
 of these important events have been read with great interest. 
 
 Looking Forward — 
 
 If the project measures up in any degree to the conception of its origi- 
 nators, it will stand as the forerunner of many important and beneficial 
 developments affecting the future of the people of the English-speaking 
 nations. While the effort cannot produce that extreme personal relation- 
 ship between all the individuals of the great nations represented, it is a 
 beginning which promises much for future generations. As each country 
 becomes better informed of the aims, objects and desires of the other 
 a greater unity of purpose will be established, and civilization will 
 mark a period of development. 
 
 73 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 The business of the nations is to produce by industry and cooperation 
 the commodities needed for the world. It is not a vain hope nor a wild 
 assumption that a wider observation of the facilities, conditions and 
 requirements of the several nations will bring about a cooperative effort 
 which will furnish these commodities on a fair basis of exchange. No 
 individual or collective plan will succeed that does not take into account 
 a fair compensation for services rendered, whether it be from capital 
 or labor. A careful consideration of these questions by our great 
 statesmen will also tend to a closer study of conditions by the great leaders 
 of industry representing both capital and labor. Society is interested in 
 making better people. Industry is interested in making better products. 
 But better products are a by-product of better people. Progress will, 
 therefore, be at all times dependent upon the ethical stimulation of the 
 people. Then the problem will be the intelligent organization of the pro- 
 ductive capacity of the world, and the stimulation of production to its 
 highest efficiency. The distribution of the products of individual industry 
 will cease to be the dominant question. When we have stimulated industry 
 to its highest efficiency, proportional compensation will follow. Civiliza- 
 tion is today possessed of sufficient intelligence on the one hand, and suffi- 
 cient humanity on the other, to answer properly and justly the question of 
 the distribution of the products of all industrial endeavor. It may not be 
 considered a prophecy but rather a conclusion from the progress of events 
 that the culmination of advanced social, industrial and political conditions 
 is within the intellectual vision of advanced thought. Such a denouement 
 will give the world a universal government, a common language and a 
 distribution of world's products proportional to individual effort. 
 
 To this end, the British Ministry of Information has made a liberal 
 contribution, and the Industrial Press of America will assist as far as pos- 
 sible the evolutionary process. 
 
 Impressions — 
 
 The foregoing is an effort to record in a more substantial manner than 
 has been previously undertaken, the important events and happenings that 
 occurred in this connection. It also offers an opportunity of placing on 
 permanent record the great appreciation of our party, individually and 
 collectively, of the many favors and courtesies extended, not only by the 
 British Ministry of Information, but by a large number of individuals who 
 cooperated in the project to our profit and pleasure. 
 
 In the following pages an opportunity for individual expression by each 
 member of the party has been afforded. 
 
 74 
 
ARTHUR J. BALDWIN 
 
 Is a graduate of Cornell University and member of the American 
 Society of Mechanical Engineers. He entered the publishing 
 business in 1916 as President of the Hill Publishing Co., and 
 with the consolidation became Vice-President of the McGraw- 
 Hill Company. Mr. Baldwin is an able lawyer, and is consid- 
 ered a great acquisition to the publishing field. He was a mem- 
 ber of the Constitution Convention of the State of Neiv York. 
 He has given much time to politics and other patriotic ivork. 
 He was the first President of the reconstructed Associated 
 Busiiiess Papers, Inc.. which is at present an important organiza- 
 tion, the members consisting of the leading publishers of busi- 
 ness pa vers in Aim erica 
 
PERSONAL IMPRESSIONS— VI 
 
 ENORMITY OF GERMAN CRIMES 
 By Arthur J. Baldwin 
 
 HE impressions that I received from our European trip were 
 many and varied, but somehow, now that a number of months 
 have passed since I traveled through the devastated area, one 
 thing stands out predominantly in my mind, and that is the 
 enormity of Germany's crimes. To express them tersely I would say they 
 were three, and I would name them in the inverse order of their importance. 
 FIRST — The Crime Against Property: The sight of the fertile lands 
 made barren, the populous towns and cities laid waste, and villages literally 
 obliterated, made a deep and lasting impression on my mind. Rut, after 
 all, this great crime against property is of the least importance because we 
 know that in time the flowers will again bloom, the trees will grow, and the 
 industry of man will replace much of the wealth so wantonly destroyed. 
 
 SECOND — The Crime Against Humanity: Ten million men are dead, 
 and millions of young manhood of Europe, while they live, are sightless and 
 maimed, and their vitality sadly depleted. Some statistician will shortly 
 give us the exact numbers of these casualties but no one will ever be able 
 to enumerate the broken hearts and blasted hopes, or measure the tears 
 or the anguish of the years that have gone. This crime against humanity 
 is felt in millions of homes, but somehow we realize that time, while it does 
 not assuage the sorrow and suffering of the world, deadens the pain, and in a 
 few generations the world will move on and the processes of evolution will, 
 in a certain sense, replace the lost ones. 
 
 THIRD — The Crime Against Civilization: By this I mean the destruc- 
 tion of the moral fibre of mankind. Slowly through the generations there 
 was evolved a code of honor applicable alike to all men in their dealings one 
 with another. "Thou shaft not kill!" was taught for so many generations that 
 the sanctity of human life seemed secure. "Thou shalt not steal!" was 
 made the fundamental law of all governments and all peoples, until life and 
 property were secure from pole to pole and westward until the globe was 
 encircled. And woman, too, was respected, and those tender relations 
 
 75 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 of life which are the very basis of civilization seemed secure everywhere. 
 But in the autumn of 1914 Germany invaded Belgium, openly violated her 
 treaties, and the world, with open eyes, wondered that there was no such 
 thing as honor among nations. Men began to ask themselves, "If there is 
 no honor among nations why should there be honor among men?" They 
 saw so much killing and murder that it was put into the hearts of all men to 
 kill. They saw so much pillage and robbery and appropriation under the 
 guise of military necessity that the millions of men involved could draw 
 but one lesson — if you want anything you must take it. The manner in 
 which the womanhood of invaded France and Belgium was treated, and the 
 utter disregard of established laws and morals furnished such an example 
 to the world that there seemed to be precedents for anything that man 
 desired to do. Civilization had been built up upon the restraints that were 
 laid upon ignorance and passion. Germany loosened all these restrictions, 
 and now, although peace is being sounded, there is approaching from 
 eastern Europe and steadily making its way westward a theory of life and 
 morals that knows no country and knows no God. The whole moral fabric 
 of the world is so undermined and a hungry world is being fed upon the 
 garbage can of Hell. Even in the streets of New York this day there are 
 circulated pamphlets reading: "No more rent to the landlords! No more 
 interest to the bankers! Property for the workers only! Are YOU for it?" 
 Bolshevism, the expression of unrestrained desire and animalism, was 
 made possible by Germany's conduct. This to me is Germany's greatest 
 crime. Centuries upon centuries of work have been destroyed, and long 
 after the property damage and damage to human life shall have been lost 
 sight of, the moral fibre of civilization will still feel this terrible wrong. 
 
 0&i 
 
 76 
 
H. E. TAYLOR 
 
 Graduated from Amherst College in 1904. Member of the City 
 Club of New York. Entered the publishing business in 1906, 
 and has been for a number of years secretary of the Textile 
 Publishing Co., Eastern manager of the Root Newspaper 
 Association, and Advertising Manager of the "Dry Goods 
 Econotn ist" 
 
JUSTICE TO CIVILIZATION 
 
 By Harry E. Taylor 
 
 As I now look back over those eventful months of our trip the details 
 have pretty generally classified themselves, but the general impressions are 
 so closely interwoven as to be segregated only with difficulty. 
 
 It is more plain each day that the British Government was wise in not 
 relying upon printed propaganda to have itself properly understood by the 
 world, but that its plan of inviting men from every corner of the earth to 
 come and see will have a more far-reaching effect than any printed program 
 that might have been issued. 
 
 I shall never forget the sense of unworthiness and yet pride with which I 
 first heard the men of the United Kingdom praise the part played in the war 
 by this country, and express their sincere thanks and appreciation for having 
 unquestionably thrown the balance against the Central Powers. I am 
 constantly conscious of a sincere friendship towards this nation on the part 
 of the English, the Scotch and the Irish, which friendship was to be found 
 in all of the classes with which I came in contact. The extent of that feeling 
 abroad is not known or realized in this country as it should be, but the 
 knowledge of it is bound to spread by very reason of its existence. As 
 things stand today I feel that Great Britain knows us better than our people 
 know her. 
 
 Before doing the battle area I was impressed with the fact that the 
 British reserve had in it nothing of the phlegmatic. I was impressed with 
 the almost inconceivable amount of effort expended in material accom- 
 plishments; with the enormous drain on man power; with the stoic sacrifice 
 of life, money and comfort; and with the great solidity and earnestness and 
 determination of the British people. 
 
 Having seen what we did of the fighting area we can still better appreciate 
 what was that wastage of men and material and human effort. W astage, 
 because it was all wasted beyond salvage for destructive purpose, or for 
 defense against destruction. To me the one great thought as we saw the 
 thousands of acres of barbed wire, the hundreds of miles of trench systems, 
 the thousands of underground excavations, the hundreds of demolished 
 tanks, and the evidence of infinite labor, and, as we easily imagined, millions 
 of tons of steel manufactured and the extensive transport system required — 
 seeing all this, it seemed a miracle of miracles that the Allies should have 
 saved themselves from even the first rush of the Central Powers, so long 
 
 77 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 prepared, so completely supplied and so carefully co-ordinated for this war. 
 That the British people, with their enormous indebtedness, with the 
 destruction of shipping, with their appalling loss of human life, face a great 
 financial, social and economic problem, is immediately apparent to anyone. 
 Particularly, in that external commercial relationships have been changed 
 during the same time that internal changes were going on. I feel that it 
 would be a great mistake if the moment the one great danger to the world 
 were removed, international martial cooperation were to give way immedi- 
 ately to international commercial competition and thereby place the heavi- 
 est economic burdens upon those who had made the greatest sacrifice for the 
 world's safety and future happiness. 
 
 There is another impression which I shall carry as long as I live, and I 
 think we all will. It is that impression of Douai. We shall remember 
 Ypres, Lens, Courcelette, and the hundreds of other cities and villages, 
 worse than obliterated by the terrific fighting that swept back and forth 
 through them, but we shall remember that that destruction was a part of 
 modern warfare. In contrast with them we shall remember Douai and that 
 what we saw there is not the evidence of war but the unquestioned evidence 
 of organized vandalism and bestiality for which those in authority were 
 no more or less responsible than the individual private soldier. The wanton 
 destruction, despoilment and defilement that was carried on in every room 
 in every house in that town would have been impossible unless it were 
 willingly and enthusiastically done by many thousands of individual Huns. 
 
 And now that the war is over we are fully aware of what Germany 
 intended to do to and with the nations she had planned to conquer, now that 
 we have ourselves seen what she did to the inhabitants caught behind her 
 lines, now that we have read her own printed plans for exacting recompense 
 for her own expenses, now that we have seen the sacrifice of life, wealth and 
 happiness forced upon civilized nations and peaceful human beings, it is 
 galling to read peace plans and international policies that talk about "jus- 
 tice" to Germany and Austria, and forget the justice due the inhabitants of 
 Douai, or those farmers of Noyon, or the crucified Canadians, or the little 
 French lieutenant so horribly burned with liquid fire, or the boys who were 
 choked to death by gas, or those who died in agony from poisoned waters, 
 despite the agreements of The Hague. I am in favor o£ justice to Germany 
 and Austria ; but justice to civilization deserves first consideration, and such 
 justice involves full and complete punishment for crimes committed and 
 rendering of the criminal helpless to repeat. 
 
 I feel that the great opportunity that was ours carried with it the per- 
 petual obligation and privilege to promote truths and proper understandings. 
 
 78 
 
ALLEN W. CLARK 
 
 He entered the publishing business in 1SS8, and since 190S has 
 been president of the American Paint Journal Co. of St. Louis, 
 publishers of the "American Paint and Oil Dealer" and the 
 "American Paint Journal". He is president of the Southwestern 
 Trade Press Association and teas one of the founders of the 
 Associated Business Papers, Inc. He was state chairman of the 
 Committee on War Camp Activities of Missouri and was a 
 member of the Export Bureau of the War Trade Board during 
 the war. Mr. Clark was on leave of absence by courtesy of the 
 War Trade Board while in Europe 
 
THE ENGLISH-SPEAKING DEMOCRACY 
 
 By Allen W. Clark 
 
 The common democracy that pervades the English-speaking world and 
 that made us feel at home among Britishers of all degrees was most strik- 
 ingly exemplified to me in the character of Baillie Muir, shoemaker, the 
 official host who presided and spoke with such rare grace and wit and wisdom 
 at the dinner given us by the corporation of Glasgow. When I told him 
 of our St. Louis shoemakers and their great plants, he said, "But I'm a cob- 
 bler and work at my bench," — which reminded me of the Mayor of St. 
 Louis, who had said to me a few months before, at a Liberty Loan meeting 
 in a high school building, "Eight years ago I was laying bricks in that south 
 wall, and mashed my finger." 
 
 It was an incident, of an instant, that most enlightened me, and removed 
 my one prejudice against the English, whose native reserve I had considered 
 an indifference or incapacity for feeling. It was on a crowded London 
 street, when a bomb bursted in midair, then another, and I felt the instant 
 tension of the crowd. Everyone had stopped in his tracks as if paralyzed. 
 A third bomb exploded and though all knew its message the tenseness did not 
 relax — until, after several seconds, a woman rushed into the street, with her 
 arms opened toward the skies, and cried, "Thank God, it's over." Then 
 and there the men and women and children, who a few hours later and for 
 a week after, made pandemonium on the Strand, fell to weeping and sob- 
 bing, some upon their knees — and were unashamed. Then I knew that the 
 English are very human and very lovable and quite understandable. 
 
 Perhaps the British characteristic most important for Americans to 
 realize and appreciate was impressed upon me by almost daily demonstra- 
 tions — but one incident illustrating it constantly recurs to me. In a little 
 suburban settlement a small cottage was being torn down. It was said to 
 have been built about 150 years ago — not old, for England. Every bit of 
 wood in that cottage had been painted or varnished all over, on all sides and 
 ends, the surfaces that were hidden as well as the surfaces that were shown ; 
 and all this wood was practically intact. British thoroughness is a trait, 
 a quality, an asset, of which the world will know more, if British manufac- 
 turers continue their current emulation of American organization and quan- 
 tity production and scientific advertising. 
 
 Another incident comes to my mind when I am asked, "If the war 
 devastation is as bad as it has been described," and I know that it never 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 has been described and never can be described satisfactorily by or to one who 
 has not seen it. We were in a ruined and razed city in the midst of that 
 vast devastated area through which we had motored for hours until its tragic 
 monotony overwhelmed us into a sickness of heart that was silent in the 
 futility of speech. The quiet of the grave covered the ruined city as a pall, 
 and we seemed curious and alien intruders in this cemetery of homes and 
 hopes, of industries and work, of churches and schools and hospitals and 
 reverence and culture and charity. Here, and for miles around, was no 
 habitation for man nor beast. Even the birds seem to shun its desolation 
 and solitude. But up the narrow roadway that had been cleared through 
 the debris for the Allies' last advance came a woman and four small chil- 
 dren — one in her arms. She had eluded or cajoled countless military police 
 and dragged herself and her children for miles through that zone of desola- 
 tion, in her woman's and mother's insatiable hunger for the home that she 
 must have known was but a shapeless mass of brick and timbers. 
 
 But what impressed me most deeply of all was the idea and spirit and 
 work of the English-Speaking Union, and I also am reminded of that by 
 another incident. "Do any of you want to see anybody or any city in 
 Ireland?" Major Evelyn Wrench, our official host, asked us. "Because 
 we want you to go everywhere and to visit everybody that you have even 
 the slightest inclination to see, and we can arrange that any such visit or 
 interview can be secured without any embarrassment to anybody." 
 
 Major Wrench was the prime factor in the conception and organization 
 of the English-Speaking Union, of which he recently said, in a dinner to a 
 distinguished American, Hon. James M. Beck: 
 
 "Mr. Beck has referred to the Arthurian Legend as one of the greatest 
 possessions we English-speaking people have in common. Why should not 
 we create a Round Table to which we could call the Knights from all 
 the far corners of the world, all the men who do things that are worth 
 while in the English-speaking world? I should like to see this Parliament, 
 this Conference, this Moot or Council, whatever you like to call it, meet 
 one year in Washington to discuss common problems, and another year in 
 London, subsequently at Melbourne or Sydney, at Ottawa and Cape Town, 
 and let it perambulate around the English-speaking world. And if we could 
 have such a common council as this, with representatives from all the Eng- 
 lish-speaking world, it would have a tremendous influence, and would make 
 us all understand the problems we have to face, and would be the means 
 of teaching us a great deal. We of the English-speaking world have much 
 to learn from one another. America has her tremendous lessons to teach 
 us, and I venture to say that this old country has something to teach also." 
 
 80 
 
H. C. ESTEP 
 
 Attained the title M. E. from the University of Minnesota in 
 190S. Is a member of the American Iron and Steel Institute, 
 British Iron and Steel Institute, American Foundrymen's Asso- 
 ciation and American Society of Mechanical Engineers. He 
 entered the publishing business in litOS. Has been Directing 
 Editor for the Penton Publishing Co., publishers of the "Iron 
 Trade Review", ''Daily Iron Trade", "The Foundry", "The Marine 
 Review" and "Power Boating" for 4 years. He is the author of 
 "How Wooden Ships Are Built", was Secretary of the Semisteel 
 Shell Committee, Ordnance Department, in 191S, and is at 
 present Chairman and Secretary of the Committee on Papers 
 for the American Foundrymen's Association 
 
IMPRESSIONS OF GREAT RRITAIN AND FRANCE AT 
 THE END OF THE WAR 
 
 By H. Cole Estep 
 
 The period immediately following the signing of the armistice was 
 described by A. J. Balfour, the great foreign secretary of Britain, as "the 
 most dramatic moment in the history of recorded civilization." A jour- 
 ney through western Europe at such a time could not help but bring to one's 
 mind a multitude of tremendous and vivid impressions, only a few of which 
 I shall endeavor to set down. 
 
 On every hand in Europe, I am glad to say, there is the most generous 
 disposition to give the United States credit, perhaps more than we deserve, 
 for our part in the war. And it is particularly gratifying to know that this 
 credit extends especially to the American private soldier — to our doughboys 
 whom everyone freely admits were among the finest fighting men who ever 
 appeared in battle in the world's history. 
 
 The second great impression which I received is that Germany is utterly, 
 completely and finally defeated in a decisive military way. And further- 
 more the Germans know it regardless of any camouflage they may put up 
 from time to time. Just before he departed for the safe security of Holland, 
 the Crown Prince issued one of his characteristic flamboyant manifestoes to 
 "my glorious, loyal and steadfast troops." With that curious inconsistency 
 which is characteristic of the Germans, the Crown Prince in this document 
 compliments his army on its victorious career and then points out how 
 many of his divisions have been reduced to a strength of less than 1,000 rifles. 
 
 If anything could add to Germany's military defeat you have only to 
 consider the condition of her industries. The basis of all war today is steel. 
 And Germany's source of steel is gone through the loss of the great Briey 
 iron ore fields. These fields are the second most important in the world 
 and the only ones in Europe where iron ore can be mined on a basis com- 
 parable in cost and efficiency with our own Lake Superior ranges. Without 
 this Briey ore the great German blast furnaces and steel works in the lower 
 Rhine valley must remain black and deserted. And hereafter, let us not 
 forget, Germany cannot obtain this essential raw material which lies at the 
 root of her entire industrial and military power except on terms dictated 
 by France and the League of Nations. 
 
 My third impression of Europe concerns the great debt which we owe 
 to our older Allies abroad, which we can never repay, owing to their terrific 
 and terrible losses. 
 
 81 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 In spite of this, however, I was amazed at the evidence on every hand, 
 especially in Great Britain, of tremendous reservoirs of industrial and com- 
 mercial power. The war has awakened the British people to new life and 
 energy such as they have never exhibited before in all their great history. 
 And as a result, I believe that England has come out of the war more power- 
 ful in an industrial and business sense by far than she went into it. 
 
 To make this definite, permit me to present a few figures regarding the 
 British foundry industry with which I happen to be familiar. In Great 
 Britain, that little country no larger hardly than the State of Wisconsin, 
 there are 3,000 gray iron foundries, or about two-thirds as many as there 
 are in all of the United States of America. These foundries have a capacity 
 at present of about 2,000,000 tons of castings per year. In addition, there 
 are about 100 steel foundries in Great Britain, with a capacity of 160,000 
 tons per year, or double that which was available prior to the war. Finally, 
 there are an equal number of malleable iron foundries with a capacity of 
 over 50,000 tons per year. And Great Britain's iron and steel industry as 
 a whole has increased its capacity some fifty per cent in the last four years, 
 or from 8,000,000 to 12,000,000 tons per annum. 
 
 Of course, back of all this evidence of power and prosperity stands 
 labor, the great question-mark of the day in Great Britain. There are fav- 
 orable factors, however, even in the British labor situation. Particularly 
 one is impressed in going through British shops with the great advantage 
 they have in the fact that their workmen come from a single national stock 
 and all speak the same language. The practical importance of this is incal- 
 culable and I have been vividly impressed with the fact that no movement 
 among our industries today is more important than the plans which are 
 going forward in many industrial centers for Americanizing our great un- 
 digested mass of foreign-born workmen and teaching them the English 
 language, so we will have a common bond of speech through the medium 
 of which we can deal with these men. 
 
 Stretching down across the fair land of France from the North Sea to the 
 Swiss border is the great red line of battle now happily quiet, peaceful and 
 all but deserted by fighting men. Nevertheless, you cannot take even one 
 glance at a battlefield, viewing that vast welter of destruction, with here 
 and there those lonely little crosses, without being filled with the determina- 
 tion that somehow in a practical way — and it must be practical — a plan 
 must be worked out which will prevent the world from ever again going 
 through the scourge of the past four years. 
 
 82 
 
HERBERT LINCOLN ALDRICH 
 
 Was educated at Cornell University. Is a member of the En- 
 gineers' Club, New York; Automobile Club of America, Loyal 
 Legion, Army and Navy Club. Member of the Council Ameri- 
 can Society of Naval Architects *£ Marine Engineers; member 
 of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers. In 1S97 he 
 wrote a booh, "Arctic Alaska and Siberia". Assisted in the 
 founding of Marine Engineering , and is President and Treasurer 
 of the Aldrich Publishing Co., which publishes "Marine En- 
 gineering", "The Boiler Maker" and technical books 
 
IMPRESSIONS FROM THE TRIP 
 By H. L. Aldrich 
 
 The trip was full of impressions — important and unimportant — but the 
 important ones were so great in themselves that they make the unimportant 
 ones seem trivial. Recause of this I shall devote myself entirely to the 
 important ones. 
 
 Nothing impressed me more than the apparent change in sentiment of 
 the people of England toward Americans. On my many previous trips to 
 England (and this was the twenty-third time I have crossed the Atlantic), 
 I have been impressed with the consciousness that although some of the 
 Rritishers were friendly to Americans, many of them were not. This time, 
 however, all the weeks we spent there, so beautifully entertained by the 
 nation, I do not recall meeting a man who did not seem anxious to be 
 friendly with Americans and eager to have his country and ours in perfect 
 accord. 
 
 The feeling seemed to be universal that the future safety of the English- 
 speaking peoples depended upon a spirit and bond of friendship that no 
 German propaganda, nor other maligned influence, could break. 
 
 In previous years I have visited English industrial establishments where 
 I was entertained in the office with the greatest of courtesy and given good 
 cigars to smoke, but was apparently deliberately kept away from the shops 
 where work was carried on. This time where we were received in industrial 
 establishments there seemed to be a desire to make us feel as though we were 
 welcome, not only to enjoy the cigars and the wines in the offices, but to 
 inspect the manner in which the work in the shops was being carried on. 
 
 I expected to find in London many wrecked buildings and other evidences 
 of destruction wrought by bombs dropped from German aeroplanes, and the 
 surprise was great to find no such traces of demolition. It showed a wise 
 forethought on the part of the English authorities, to have at once the 
 damaged buildings restored, to efface all oppressing and disheartening signs 
 of wreckage. 
 
 I had the good fortune (if it could be called good) to be in London when 
 the war started. It was wonderful to see the valiant way in which the young 
 men, with such unhesitating and intrepid courage, rushed to enlist, and it 
 was inspiring to witness the enthusiastic and indomitable spirit with which 
 the people showed their determination to win the war into which they had 
 been so unexpectedly plunged. Napoleon recognized this characteristic 
 
 83 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 tenacity when someone said to him, "The British seldom win hattles." 
 He answered, "But they always win the last one." 
 
 The terrible price that the English and Scotch have paid to win the 
 victory is more appalling than human imagination can picture, but the 
 undaunted spirit with which they are greeting peace is as admirable as their 
 irrepressible valor in tackling the war at its inception. 
 
 France does not seem at all like her old self. Our lack of knowledge of 
 the French language and of the French character made it difficult for us to 
 comprehend all that the people are feeling about the terrible ordeal through 
 which they have passed. But the same quality of mind and spirit which 
 enabled them to meet so heroically privations, danger and death will carry 
 them on progressively through the reconstruction period to the triumph of 
 eventual prosperity. 
 
 Naturally, as an American, I was deeply impressed by the evidences 
 on all sides of the excellent work done by my fellow-Americans and in 
 talking to scores of people I learned to realize how fearlessly our soldiers 
 faced the fight and how brilliantly their final effort helped to bring about 
 the armistice. 
 
 Equally well did our doctors distinguish themselves in the work that 
 they did. 
 
 It especially touched my pride in engineering to see the work that our 
 American engineers did in all branches of their work in France, and although 
 I undoubtedly missed a great deal by not visiting Metz, Verdun, Rheims 
 and other places, I would not for anything have missed the very remarkable 
 experience I had in going to St. Nazaire, and seeing with my own eyes what 
 our American engineers did to back up the work of the soldiers who did the 
 fighting, and the doctors who were on the battle-front and who managed 
 our hospitals so splendidly. St. Nazaire is a full day's ride from Paris and 
 there was a constant changing of passengers so that I had opportunity to 
 talk with something like seventy-five to 100 men closely associated with the 
 work done by our engineers. In this way I was able to get an unusually 
 intimate grasp of what these engineers had done. The work would make 
 any American proud of the fact that he was an American citizen, and 
 especially make a man associated with engineering proud of his associates. 
 
 84 
 
SAMUEL O. DUNN 
 
 He is a member of the Illinois Bar, American Economic Asso- 
 ciation and the National Institute of Social Sciences. He en- 
 tered the publishing business in 1890, and has been the Editor 
 of "Raihvay Age" since 1911. He is the author of "The American 
 Transportation Question", "Government Ownership of Rail- 
 ways" and "Regulation of Railways". He is a noted writer for 
 popular publications on railway subjects, and is on the lecture 
 staff of the North Western University of Illinois, Howard Uni- 
 versity and the University of California 
 
& 
 
 WAR AND OPPORTUNITY 
 
 By Samuel 0. Dunn 
 
 I think the deepest impression made on my mind by what I saw in 
 Europe was made by the evidence we saw on every hand of the destructive- 
 ness of modern warfare. In all the regions where there had been prolonged 
 hard fighting the ruin was complete. While we were passing through the 
 devastated areas the question constantly arose in my mind as to where all 
 the civilian population which had inhabited some of the fairest parts of Rel- 
 gium and France had gone. The fact of its absence indicated more for- 
 cibly than anything else could the terrible sufferings which I he survivors had 
 endured and to which many thousands of persons had succumbed. 
 
 The ruin wrought by the war was not, however, confined to the devas- 
 tated areas. It had extended throughout the world, because the entire 
 population of the world had been put under tribute, not merely tribute in 
 money, but tribute in labor, suffering, property and lives to produce the 
 results of which the desolation which we saw was merely the most concrete 
 evidence. 
 
 The ruin wrought by this war argues overwhelmingly, to my mind, for 
 new constructive efforts being made to render war, if not impossible, at 
 least far more improbable in the future than it has been in the past. Mea- 
 sures are being proposed to make future wars less destructive and more 
 humane. These are but palliatives, and may prove to be not even pallia- 
 tives. I fear that any war which may occur when there are available such 
 instruments of destruction as modern science has made available will have 
 effects as bad. or worse, as this war, and that unless mankind can devise 
 means of preventing wars civilization will be destroyed by the very science 
 which it has regarded as one of its most glorious and beneficent products. 
 
 Another impression made on my mind was as to how much more the 
 peoples of Europe had done and suffered than had the people of the United 
 States. We did our part during the short time we were in the war, but they 
 did their part much longer and at much more frightful cost than we did. 
 Those who held back the Germans during the two and a half years before 
 we entered were defending us as much as themselves, although we did not 
 then recognize it. In our future relations with them we should recognize 
 this fact and deal with them accordingly. 
 
 With respect to the American industries which the papers with which I 
 am connected especially represent, I gained the impression that the outcome 
 
 85 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 of the war has opened to them an enormous opportunity. The industries 
 in large parts of Europe have been destroyed. The industries of Europe 
 which have not been destroyed have greatly deteriorated, and the same 
 thing is true of the industries of other countries throughout the world. The 
 material welfare of mankind demands that industries which have deteriorat- 
 ed shall be rehabilitated and that those that have been destroyed shall be 
 reconstructed. It demands also that vast resources of the earth which 
 heretofore have remained almost untouched shall be developed. 
 
 Before these vast untouched resources can be developed or industries 
 which have deteriorated can be rehabilitated, or industries which have been 
 destroyed can be reconstructed, there must be carried out all over the world 
 a vast program of rehabilitating and reconstructing old railroad systems 
 and of building new ones. Production can not be maintained and enlarged 
 under modern conditions without good and adequate railroad service to 
 transport raw materials to the places of production and to carry the finished 
 products away. 
 
 Now, the one country which today possesses a large surplus capacity 
 for the production of railway equipment and supplies is the United States. 
 Furthermore, it is the one country which has large amounts of capital which 
 can be devoted to the rehabilitation, reconstruction and construction of rail- 
 roads. I feel sure, therefore, that the world war has made available large 
 markets for the railway equipment and supply manufacturers of the United 
 States. 
 
 Before the opportunity presented can be grasped, two things must be 
 done : First, the countries which need railway equipment and supplies from 
 the United States must be provided means for buying it. This presents a 
 problem of international finance of the first importance and magnitude. 
 Second, the railway equipment and supply manufacturers of the United 
 States must thoroughly investigate foreign markets and adapt their manu- 
 facturing methods, their practice in giving credit, and so on, to the require- 
 ments of foreign governments and foreign railway companies. 
 
 I am confident from developments which already have occurred that 
 these things are going to be done, and that during the period of recon- 
 struction there will be vast exports of railway equipment and supplies from 
 the United States. 
 
 86 
 
ROGER W. ALLEN 
 
 Is a graduate of the New York Public Schools. He entered the 
 publishing business in 1892, and has been Treasurer of the 
 Allen-Nugent Company, the. Hat Trade Publishing Co. and the 
 Millinery Trade Publishing Co. for 17 years. He is at present 
 President of the New York Business Publishers' Association. 
 He organized and. was Executive Secretary of the great Pre- 
 paredness Parade in Neic York City in 1916. This was the first 
 of similar parades in 92 other cities. He is active in numerous 
 civic and national patriotic movements 
 
GERMAN CRIMES 
 By Roger W. Allen 
 
 I received certain very distinct impressions as the result of the oppor- 
 tunity afforded our party through the courtesy of the British Ministry of 
 Information and I think not the least important of the impressions with its 
 consequent lesson, was that the British Government had acted most wisely 
 in taking absolutely into its confidence representative citizens of the United 
 States, selecting those who, by reason of their particular vocation, were in 
 a position to influence public opinion and in an open and above-board man- 
 ner put their cards on the table face up and had, at the outset, translated 
 their invitation briefly as follows: — "Come visit us; see what we have 
 done and are doing; get all the information you wish, go anywhere you care 
 to in our own country, or in the battle areas; make your own observations, 
 form your own opinions and when you go back home, tell the truth." 
 
 The striking difference between this manner of getting facts before the 
 people and the underhanded, sneaky form of German propaganda is worth 
 remembering. I think I voice the sentiments of the entire party when I 
 say that at no time were we denied any information that we sought, we 
 went everywhere and anywhere we cared to and there was not a single in- 
 stance where any undue influence was brought to bear upon us that might 
 have an after effect on our opinions and actions. 
 
 We received our first vivid impressions of the efficiency of the great 
 British Navy as we zigzagged across the Atlantic. The impression of admi- 
 ration for its efficiency was increased after we had sighted the northern coast 
 of Ireland and when we reviewed the Grand Fleet in the Firth of Forth 
 three days before the German submarines surrendered en masse, the impres- 
 sion on me found voice in the exclamation, "The civilized people of the 
 world may well thank God that there was a British Grand Fleet." 
 
 I was impressed by the fact that the British man and British woman 
 stood shoulder to shoulder in the great fight for the very existence of Civi- 
 lization on earth. Never did they flinch, never did they complain and with 
 what I believe is characteristic British reticence, never did they boast of 
 what they had done; in fact I was impressed by the fact that in many 
 instances they almost refused to admit that they had done anything. The 
 whole world, however, knows what the British Empire did in this war. 
 
 The comprehensive trip over practically the entire devastated portions 
 of northern France and parts of Belgium impressed me most profoundly 
 
 87 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 with the heinousness of the great German crime. These impressions will 
 never be obliterated from my memory and that the entire blood-guilty 
 nation, from its former Kaiser to the lowliest peasant, should escape even- 
 tually punishment, seems unthinkable. They will not escape punishment 
 if there is a God above and a place of future punishment, I believe there 
 is the first — and hope there is a second — for Germany. 
 
 Having been in England before the armistice, and after, and having 
 learned at first hand of the completion of all aerial and military equipment 
 necessary to thoroughly thrash the German nation into a realizing sense 
 that they were beaten hopelessly in a material and military sense, I am 
 personally impressed with the fact that in asking for the armistice and its 
 granting, Germany and Austria simply cheated justice. I am, further, 
 thoroughly convinced that Germany still remains a menace to the happi- 
 ness and peace of the entire world. I am convinced of her arrogance and 
 absolute lack of repentance for the million and one crimes committed in her 
 name, and I am convinced that her nearest neighbor, the French nation, 
 is right in asking that through concerted action of the Allies, Germany be 
 made absolutely impotent for any further aggressions. I am certain that 
 German propaganda today is more generally rife and more thoroughly 
 dangerous than it ever was before and I think I see in the all too numerous 
 attempts to create discord between the Allied nations and America, the 
 stealthy, cowardly hand of the German propagandist. 
 
 Of poor bleeding France, what can be said? Nearly 2,000,000 of her 
 inhabitants lie buried in her blood-stained soil. Her children are fatherless 
 and her wives are widows, and can we blame them if they insist that full 
 precaution be taken that this world-wide offense against life and liberty and 
 civilization shall never happen again? To one who has seen the battlefields 
 of Verdun and other historic spots, it would seem as though every French 
 poilu must have been entitled to the Croix de Guerre. 
 
 I am deeply impressed with the fact, and fact it is, that the great United 
 States of America must, and will want to, aid and succor the stricken peo- 
 ples of Europe in their endeavor to rally from the awful blow that has fallen 
 upon them. As to the peoples of Germany and Austria, for economic rea- 
 sons only, they must be helped to rehabilitate themselves. They must be 
 made strong to work. It must be made possible for them to earn money. 
 Their country must produce, but every effort and every last mark that the 
 people of Germany earn and every ounce of merchandise or foodstuffs pro- 
 duced over and above the absolute necessities of her people for existence, 
 should belong to the Allied nations for as many generations as is necessary 
 for complete restitution and reparation. 
 
 88 
 
W. W. MACON 
 
 Graduate of Sibley College, Cornell University. Member of the 
 American Society of Mechanical Engineers, American Society 
 of Heating it Ventilating Engineers, Engineers' Club of New 
 York, Brooklyn Engineers' Club, Cornell University Club, 
 American Association for Labor Legislation, National Safety 
 Council. He entered the publishing business in 1898, and has 
 been Managing Editor of "'The Iron Age" for several years. He 
 is the author of several engineering society papers 
 
OPPORTUNITY FOR CO-OPERATION 
 By W. W. Macon 
 
 British regard for Americans is genuine. Whatever may have been the 
 attitude of self-sufficiency and superiority of the Briton in the past, he is 
 now desirous of having closest possible relations with the United States. 
 A vision of larger things than national self-interest has been given to those 
 who have long carried the heavy burden. National safeguards are, to be 
 sure, not lost sight of by the British, but the welfare of the world is also re- 
 garded as an obligation. 
 
 Americans do not fully comprehend the opportunity now held out for 
 full co-operation. We are not a unit as admirers of the British, because of our 
 cosmopolitan derivation; we have been too far from the conflict to appreci- 
 ate its overshadowing humanizing effect. Nor does every hearthstone 
 here as there bring its flood of vibrant memories of the ravages of war. A 
 public sentiment has been evident abroad since Armistice Day that is bound 
 to temper acts in international, commercial and political relations. 
 
 Thus briefly outlined the foregoing covers one jof the outstanding im- 
 pressions received during the sojourn in England and Scotland last Novem- 
 ber and December. The one indelible impression is, of course, that of the 
 fighting areas, which we visited in Belgium and France, but of which I am 
 assuming others are writing. But the spirit of co-operation which the war 
 has engendered should be emphasized. 
 
 Specific instances of aggressive hunting in England for export business 
 do not disprove the existence of the idealistic strain. Behind it, in fact, 
 is a very practical idea. This is that there should be no destructive or ruin- 
 ous competition to place business in neutral nations or those not relatively 
 highly developed. With the great increases in industrial capacity, here and 
 abroad, resulting from war demands, the old plan of maintaining full activ- 
 ity by so-called dumping is a likely outcome without the rule of reason. 
 There is some question that the non-industrial or undeveloped country 
 should get its supplies at levels far below those of the home market. Let 
 the wish for co-operation become fully mutual, and a practical way out 
 ought to be found, even without special legislation. 
 
 The labor situation at the time of our visit was naturally a topic of a 
 major consideration. The signing of the armistice brought to the front 
 matters of reconstruction, industrial readjustment and demobilization. 
 The uninformed might well think it strange that the entire wage earner 
 
 89 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 class speaking the same language as the employer class did not appear to 
 comprehend the problems facing industry. Great volumes of literature 
 had been printed by the Government and by private sources, and the 
 newspapers are much given to essays on topics of the day. The brief 
 observation possible between the periods of entertainment provided by the 
 Ministry of Information left the conclusion that the wage earner counted 
 more on discussions in the tap room and grog shops than he did on reading 
 for himself. In spite of the absence of the language barrier, the war period 
 conditions had not ironed out the labor-capital differences. 
 
 The Briton, with his emphasis on the freedom of the individual, seems to 
 be educated even more than he is in this country to accept the idea that he 
 is rightfully a peer with any of the nation's leaders, not paying much atten- 
 tion to the necessary preparation before he may become a Lloyd George. 
 What results are likely from the great amount of governmental and other 
 documents printed in the war period was not at all clear, but in December 
 it was usual to find references to the higher efficiency of the worker in the 
 United States, or, as it is more commonly expressed, the higher output per 
 individual, due in part, of course, to the greater vogue of labor-saving ma- 
 chinery in this country. 
 
 A review in one's mind of the remarkable visit recalls interesting inci- 
 dents almost without number but they must go undescribed. Like all our 
 countrymen, we had come to regard England as one gigantic arsenal but we 
 had hardly visualized the scale of operations. We hardly expected to find 
 recently erected shops of immense proportions no longer necessary for 
 Britain's own needs but lately given over to manufacture for United States' 
 forces. It was thrilling to see numberless howitzers at the Beardmore 
 shipyards near Glasgow ready for shipment to the American Expeditionary 
 Eorces. It was bewildering to discover the character of castings and inci- 
 dentally the scope and problems of design which had been met in making 
 tanks as exhibited in a visit to the steel works of Hadfield's at Sheffield. 
 It afforded a convincing proof of the destructiveness of war to witness the 
 manufacture, as at the British Westinghouse plant at Trafford Park, Man- 
 chester, of beautiful examples of multiple cylinder internal combustion 
 engines — also for the tanks. 
 
 90 
 
HENRY G. LORD 
 
 He is a member of the Philadelphia Textile Institute and Na- 
 tional Cotton Manufacturers' Association. He entered the pub- 
 lishing business in 1884. and has been Treasurer and President 
 of the Bragdon, Lord & Xagle Co. and its predecessors, publish- 
 ers of the "Textile World Journal", "Textile News" and other 
 technical publications for 24 years. He ivas for several years 
 President of the New England Business Papers' Association, and 
 is Past President of the Associated Business Papers, Inc. He is 
 Councilor of the United States Chamber of Commerce 
 
RECONSTRUCTION 
 By H. G. Lord 
 
 The first impression I received at the very beginning of our trip was the 
 truth of that statement that every returning visitor from Europe makes 
 "that we in America do not know what is really meant to be at war." 
 
 Apart from the awful horror and massacre of those who were actually 
 living in the battle area, one got a realization of the fearful sacrifice that 
 the war brought directly to every man, woman and child in England and 
 France, and with that realization came admiration for their splendid courage 
 and endurance. 
 
 I was tremendously impressed with the achievements of the British Em- 
 pire on land and sea not realized in the United States. Her great reserve 
 power was brought out by the crisis. The immense number of volunteers 
 who enrolled before conscription showed the completeness with which the 
 whole nation was given up to the work of winning the war. There was a 
 large increase in the productive power of all industries in spite of the decrease 
 in the labor supply. 
 
 I was deeply interested in the changed feeling for America from that 
 which existed before the war. The English are far more cordial and sym- 
 pathetic and apparently very desirous for our friendship. There was general 
 appreciation of our share in winning the war, and every disposition to give 
 us what seemed more than our share of credit. One striking evidence of the 
 feeling of the people toward the United States occurred on Lord Mayor's Day 
 when the great parade took place, in which were represented all branches 
 of the British army, the naval forces, and the Allied troops. The immense 
 crowd gave the American boys by far the most enthusiastic welcome. 
 
 The visit to the Grand Fleet and the remembrance of the faithful work 
 of our escorting destroyers gave some idea of the hardships and dangers to 
 which British seamen were always exposed in their never-ending patrol of 
 the sea. 
 
 The visit to the battlefields of France impressed me with the frightful 
 horror and destruction of modern warfare. The ruin and devastation of 
 the war zone is beyond belief until seen, and the courage and endurance of 
 the troops who fought under such conditions seems more than human. 
 
 Perhaps the strongest impression was of the brutality and joy of de- 
 struction and cruelty of the Germans who had occupied northern France. 
 Before making this trip I had lurking doubts of the accuracy of the awful 
 
 91 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 tales of horror we had heard in the United States. I have no doubts now 
 of the truthfulness of any story of German atrocity, having seen the evi- 
 dences of what they are capable of doing. Their devilish deeds were done 
 by all classes of Germans in the occupied territory. With that feeling 
 comes the conviction that the criminals responsible must be punished and 
 terms of peace must be imposed on Germany as to make it impossible for 
 such things ever to happen again. 
 
 The problems of reconstruction impress one with their tremendous 
 difficulties and vastness, but I am convinced that the faith, determination 
 and courage that enabled us to win the war will be successful in meeting 
 the problems of peace. The French look to the Allies to help them and they 
 will not look in vain and they will also help themselves as they did in 1871. 
 
 The splendid achievements of the Americans both on the battle-front 
 and behind the lines are impressive and inspiring. They carried convic- 
 tion of tremendous power and determined effort to win at any cost. It 
 gave new courage to our Allies and corresponding discouragement to the 
 enemy. 
 
 I was impressed with the feeling in England and France that the United 
 States must be the big factor in bringing about such a settlement at the 
 Peace Conference that will prevent future wars. They know our motives 
 are unselfish and look hopefully to us to play the leading part in making 
 an effective World's Peace. I was impressed with their high expectations 
 of good that would come from President Wilson's visit. The Peace Con- 
 ference is of vast importance to them. They look for it to settle many old 
 problems and point out the way for reconstruction. I hope we shall not 
 disappoint them. 
 
 I am impressed with the importance of a good understanding between 
 the English-speaking peoples. We not only speak the same language, but 
 we have the same ideas of decency, fair play, honor and justice and we 
 believe in the greatest freedom and opportunity for the individual. Upon 
 our close co-operation depends the peace of the world for the future. 
 
 Faith, sacrifice, determination! These three words sum up briefly 
 the strongest impressions I brought from my visit to England and France. 
 Faith in the justice of their cause and its ultimate triumph, a faith that 
 sustained them through the darkest hours and the conviction that right 
 must triumph over might ; the spirit of cheerful sacrifice — private interests 
 put in the background — service, property and life offered freely to the 
 cause; the grim determination to see it through at any and all costs, the 
 absolute will to victory — with no acknowledgment of the possibility of 
 defeat. 
 
 92 
 
EDWARD H. DARVILLE 
 
 Entered the publishing business in 1892, and has been on the 
 editorial staff of "Iron Age" and Associate Editor of "Hardware 
 Age'-' for 10 years. He assisted Secretary Baker to recruit 
 mechanicians for airplanes, and Chairman Hurley of the Ship- 
 ping Board to get workers. Assisted General Sherrill to organize 
 a trade paper luncheon and conference with Governor Whitman 
 
A BETTER UNDERSTANDING 
 By E. H. Darville 
 
 The trip of the American Trade Journalists' European party, New York 
 to New York, October 25- January 1, last, was undertaken for the study of 
 economic and social questions growing out of four years of war and to more 
 intelligently comprehend them. 
 
 Such a visit in conjunction with the British authorities was imperative, 
 because of limited transportation and passport obstacles, coupled with food 
 and lodging shortage. There was, too, a laudable incentive for closer inter- 
 relations on vital subjects of mutual interest between English-speaking 
 people, having a common heritage in history, literature and aspirations. 
 British officials arranged travel accommodations, because of war-worn and 
 widely devastated areas, furnishing a thoroughly competent escort from 
 army, navy and civil sources. So with an admirable itinerary the travelers 
 knew actual primary conditions at the source, covering considerable territory 
 in least time at the close of hostilities. 
 
 It is plain that the two English-speaking nations have learned to under- 
 stand each other better, regardless of formal treaties, during the most 
 gigantic struggle of all time and in the interest of universal freedom ; treaty 
 obligations between them whenever and however made, unquestionably, 
 will never become "scraps of paper". But Prussia's solemn bond appar- 
 ently made to be broken, in the crisis was ruthlessly broken, and genera- 
 tions of national good behavior will be necessary to regain the confidence 
 and respect of honorable statesmen. So far there is no evidence of regret 
 or repentance nor indication of desire to make restitution; nothing but a 
 persistent chorus of groveling whines for undeserved liberality in peace 
 terms. Like their Faust, they want to welch, and, with a cringing snivel, 
 evade responsibility after proclaiming that they were for world domination 
 or ruin. 
 
 What German greed and arrogance did accomplish was to array solidly 
 against them 14,000,000,000 of the 17,000,000,000 world population. Also, 
 for the first time in history, to consolidate and turn against them people of 
 nearly all religions to crush an insolent, domineering autocracy; notably 
 the Shintoists of Japan, Confucianists and Taoists of China, Jews, Moham- 
 medans, Buddhists, Animists and Hindus, Roman Catholics, Protestants, 
 and even people of no religion. 
 
 For ten weeks the travelers were painstaking inquisitors, working over- 
 time. They were quizzing sailors, enlisted men, non-coms and auxiliaries, 
 
 93 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 in quarters afloat and ashore, below and above decks, the Red Cross, 
 Y. M. C. A., Knights of Columbus, Salvation Army and W. A. A. C.'s. 
 Likewise meeting socially or on duty, Admirals, first lords of the Admiralty, 
 Generals, Premiers, Chancellors, Judges, Dukes, Viscounts, Lords, Barons, 
 Knights, Lord Mayors and Lord Provosts and other personages of rank and 
 influence in the several countries; not mere possessors of honorary titles, 
 but capable men in charge of great undertakings. There were conversa- 
 tions aboard battleships, destroyers, transports, trains and camions, in 
 depots, hotels, clubs and restaurants, forts, hospitals, dugouts, trenches, 
 castles and chateaux ; aboard vessels of the Grand Fleet, in famous cathedrals 
 and even in a giant Handley-Page airplane. Nevertheless the sovereignty 
 of each individual was always under his OAvn hat and all reached their own 
 conclusions founded on close personal observation and facts. 
 
 Such an opportunity has perhaps never come to but few persons, chiefly 
 because never before was there occasion or reason for a journey of like 
 character. The members of the party were from New York, Boston, Cleve- 
 land, Chicago and St. Louis. Originally the invitations to broaden the 
 delegation geographically, included representatives from the South and Pa- 
 cific Coast which, regretfully, could not be accepted. 
 
 A partial list of the industries covered included iron, steel and non-ferrous 
 metals, hardware, transportation, metallurgy and chemistry, machinery, 
 automotive industries, electrical lines, fuel, textiles, shipping and marine 
 engineering, foundries, wearables, leather and footwear, paints and oils, and 
 other commodities, representing manufacturers, merchants and other 
 businesses. 
 
 0h 
 
 94 
 
l_ 
 
DAVID BEECROFT 
 
 Graduate of Ontario Normal College. Entered the publishing 
 business some lo years ago, when he became assistant editor 
 of "Motor Age". In 1911 he was promoted to directing editor of 
 The Class Journal Company publications — "Automotive Indus- 
 tries", "Motor Age", "Motor World", "Commercial Vehicle", 
 '•Motor Boat", "Transfer d Storage", and "El Auto word 
 Americano" 
 
HORACE M. SWETLAND 
 
 Entered the publishing business M 1882, and has been continu- 
 ously asssociated with industrial publications since that time. 
 Founded •'Power" in 1884, and later "Marine Engineering." In 
 1901 he organized The Class Journal Company, for the purpose of 
 publishing industrial papers in the automotive field. This com- 
 pany and its publications were merged with '!>> United Pub- 
 lishers Corporation in 1911. He became President of the latter 
 corporation in 1912, which position he lias held continuously 
 
EUROPEAN VISIT 
 
 By David Beecroft 
 
 The internationalizing of industries as proven necessary during the war, 
 and the possibilities for continuing this process in peace impressed itself 
 upon me more than anything else. 
 
 It has been considered good business policy for concerns in an industry 
 in any country to form organizations where interchanges of views are 
 possible, and where policies for the betterment of the individuals as well as 
 the industry are discussed. This is considered good business for domestic 
 trade but heretofore we have stopped here. What has been good for 
 domestic trade has not been good for foreign trade. We seem to have 
 held the idea that what could be done among domestic manufacturers to 
 advantage of all could not be done among manufacturers of different coun- 
 tries. The political division of the world among different nations seems 
 to have been father of the thought that the manufacturers of different 
 nations could not possibly co-operate internationally. 
 
 In the past we have been glad to get what we could by way of design 
 and other industrial lessons from European countries, but positive efforts 
 for periodic getting together of leaders in these industries have never been 
 made. The industry in one nation has looked upon the industry in other 
 nations as competition. Political barriers of international character seem 
 to stand in the way of all organized getting together. 
 
 It never was deemed desirable that the industries of different nations 
 could get togther with regard to foreign trade in the same sense that domes- 
 tic industries operated together with regard to domestic trade. If the get- 
 together movement was good for the industries of one country with regard 
 to its domestic trade, then the get-together movement of different nations 
 for world trade should also prove beneficial. Heretofore the view of differ- 
 ent nations with regard to world trade seems to have been based on the 
 thought that there was a very limited amount of world trade, not enough 
 for all the nations, and that secrecy and individual effort nationally were 
 the best methods for securing such trade. 
 
 The war has proved the greatest tutor of internationalism. All forms 
 of automotive apparatus built in different countries were brought together 
 in Europe and had to operate in a common organization and to a common 
 end. This was imperative if efficiency were to be obtained. It was 
 early discovered that international standardization of aircraft parts was 
 
 95 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 imperative if speedy production Avere to be accomplished. This inter- 
 national standardization was also necessary if speedy and reasonably cheap 
 maintenance were to be possible. This international standardization was 
 necessary if successful operation were to be possible. 
 
 The personal acquaintances made will prove of greatest enduring value. 
 It is personality that binds nations and industries together. Through 
 closer personality lies the pathway to greater industrial efficiency, closer 
 industrial co-operation, and the elimination of industrial abuses. After a 
 visit such as ours you cannot but conclude that what is good for the mem- 
 bers of an industry in one nation in a national sense is very largely equally 
 good among the members of like industries in different nations. 
 
 The European industries suffered a great deal more because of the war 
 than corresponding industries in America. European industries suffered a 
 loss of their designing organization ; their financing organization ; and their 
 merchandising organization. During the war their sole problem was pro- 
 duction. This continued for three, and in some cases, four years. The 
 personnel was in many cases lost. Past experience was to a large extent 
 lost. Rebuilding is going to be very slow. 
 
 Their delay is greater because of the reaction of the workers. Workers 
 in factories during the war were as devoted to their work as those at the 
 front. It was a constant grind with war the only business of the nations, 
 whether at home, in the factory, or in the shop. This concentration con- 
 tinued until November 11. The reaction immediately set in but no one was 
 able to gauge its extent. Instead of coming to a peak in a week or two 
 months have been required. It will be months before the new post-war 
 normal level has been reached. It will be well on in 1920 before production 
 is at anything like normal. At that time manufacturers will not have com- 
 pleted the formation of their permanent policies. 
 
 Europe has a better physical equipment for industry than she had before 
 the war. Her new factories are from two to ten times the capacity of the 
 old ones. They are equipped with more modern machinery than Europe 
 ever had before. The old prejudice of workers against production machin- 
 ery has largely ceased. Modern working conditions among laborers have 
 been installed. The worker has progressed several generations in the last 
 five years. The European worker has rubbed elbows with the American 
 worker. They have interchanged views on standards of home life; stand- 
 ards of recompense ; standards of hours of labor per day ; standards of work- 
 ing conditions; standards of social life; and standards of production. These 
 have had a far-reaching effect. 
 
 96 
 
FREDERIC F. CUTLER 
 
 Is a graduate of the Boston Latin School, member of the Ameri- 
 can Leather Chemists' Association and the Society of Leather 
 Trade Chemists of England. He entered the publishing business 
 in 18S9, and has been President and Treasurer of the Shoe it 
 Leather Reporter Co. and the Shoe Retailer Co. for IS years 
 
A BETTER UNDERSTANDING 
 By F. F. Cutler 
 
 I could not help but be impressed that it was a happy idea when the 
 British Ministry of Information invited American publishers and editors 
 to come across and see England and France at war. The trip surely gave 
 us a different angle of vision as to the English people and their way of doing 
 things. 
 
 I was impressed with the great hospitality extended to us and the fine 
 sentiments which were expressed on every hand. I was particularly im- 
 pressed with the luncheon given to us by Lord Northcliffe at the Times 
 Building in Printing House Square. I think it was most complimentary 
 to the business paper publishers of America, not only to give us the excellent 
 luncheon, but to take such an interest in us as to invite the British captains 
 of industry to talk to us. 
 
 I was impressed with the manner and spirit with which everybody in 
 England and France did his or her bit toward the successful conclusion of 
 the war, the sacrifices made and the determination which everybody seemed 
 to have to see it through. The women in particular impressed me fully as 
 much as did the men. 
 
 I was impressed with the wonderful work of the English Fleet and the 
 men who manned the different ships, both the navy vessels and the mer- 
 chant marine. Then when you consider the great army that England 
 developed — over 5,000.000 men out of England, Scotland and Wales alone— 
 surely it was wonderful. 
 
 I was also tremendously impressed with the wonderful spirit of the 
 French people. They lost so much, not only in the sacrifices of lives of 
 husbands, brothers, fathers, etc., but in material things through the de- 
 vastation of their cities and towns and the destruction of the productivity 
 of their soil. 
 
 I was tremendously impressed with the loyalty of the English colonies, 
 how they stuck to her. Surely it was conclusive proof that England is a 
 good ruler. 
 
 I was also impressed with the soundness of the idea of an Alliance of the 
 English-speaking peoples of the world. Such an alliance, I feel confident, 
 will be the greatest possible aid to permanent peace; it will be the strongest 
 possible aid in forming and maintaining a League of Nations. 
 
 I was particularly impressed with the thought that if all the editors and 
 publishers who made that wonderful trip abroad would do their part in 
 
 97 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 propaganda work, toward creating a clearer understanding between the 
 people of America, France and Great Britain, it would be for the benefit of 
 mankind. We can do such propaganda work through our publications 
 and by reciting our experiences and impressions verbally, through our 
 trade associations, clubs and other meetings, and I hope all of us are doing 
 this very thing. 
 
 0& 
 
 ten? 
 
 98 
 
H. C. PARMELEE 
 
 In the University of Nebraska he attained the degree of B. Sc. 
 1897, A. M. 1S99. Is a member of the American Chemical So- 
 ciety, American Electrochemical Society and the American In- 
 stitute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers. He has been in 
 editorial work for the last 14 years, progressing from the edi- 
 torship of the "Mining Reporter" to that of the "Western Chem- 
 ist & Metallurgist". He is at present editor of the "Chemical «( 
 Metallurgical Engineering". He has just concluded a term of the 
 Presidency of the Colorado School of Mines 
 
INHUMAN WARFARE 
 By H. C. Parmelee 
 
 After a lapse of six months my mind seems to have retained most tena- 
 ciously two impressions out of the kaleidoscopic view we had of Europe in 
 the last days of 1918. The first is the unfeigned sincerity of the Rritish 
 people in their desire for closer and more amicable relations with the people 
 of the United States; and the second is the pitiable plight of the people of 
 France whose homes were devastated by something worse than pestilence 
 and whose industries were systematically laid waste and ruined. Of both 
 these general impressions there are many examples. 
 
 As evidence of the first I have but to recall the hospitality shown us by 
 people of high and low degree; the courtesy extended to us on the day after 
 our arrival, at the Lord Mayor's Show, where practically the only demon- 
 stration made by the people was the applause accorded a unit of United 
 States Infantry; the simple and sincere reception given us at the historic 
 home of the Duke of Sutherland; the frank expressions of friendship spoken 
 on every occasion by Rritish citizens of all classes; and the almost embar- 
 rassing recognition and acknowledgment of the important part played by 
 the United States in ending the great struggle. A typical instance was the 
 arrangement made for the entertainment of American soldiers on leave in 
 London, by the "Ministry of Information, Department of Hospitality to 
 American Forces." No evidence could be more convincing of the Rritish- 
 er's desire to join forces with the United States for something more than the 
 defeat of a common enemy! There was recognition of the fact that the 
 English-speaking peoples of the world can and must control its destinies 
 if humanity is to rise to its highest development. 
 
 A volume might be written of the visit to the Grand Fleet; of the tradi- 
 tional discipline of the Rritish navy, and the dogged perseverance with which 
 it watched in the North Sea for four long years; of its satisfaction at the 
 final abject surrender of the enemy — a sentiment not unmixed, however, 
 with regret that a direct encounter was never afforded. Nothing can ever 
 efface the memory of our reception on a few of the great battleships of the 
 Rritish navy, and the terms of high regard and warm appreciation in which 
 Rritish officers spoke of our own navy and its participation in the war. 
 
 Of the other group of impressions — those of France in ruins — I cannot 
 grow so enthusiastic, for obvious reasons, although the most depressing 
 scenes usually were lightened by some new evidence of fortitude on the part 
 
 99 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 of the people, or relieved by stories of bravery and heroic action by the sol- 
 diery. Of Douai, however, I cannot think with composure. The system- 
 atic destruction by the Germans of the homes of that defenceless city, the 
 violation of the sanctity of its churches and the wanton vandalism displayed 
 on every hand cry aloud for justice, if not vengeance, and rouse the passions 
 of anger and hatred. I can still see the pathetic figure of Dr. Paul Robaut, 
 Red Cross secretary, as he stood in despair amid the ruins of his home 
 where he had housed the German Red Cross for many months. No earth- 
 quake or tornado or other convulsion of nature could have done the damage 
 and destruction that German hands had wrought before they left the place 
 that had been their home during the war. 
 
 Of Ypres, Arras, Lens, Albert, Rapaume, Noyon and Rheims, the 
 recollections are mainly a succession of surprises at the completeness of the 
 destruction by hunnish hands. Cathedrals seemed to be objects of par- 
 ticular displeasure to the Germans, and systematic efforts were made to 
 reduce them to ruins. It seemed as though we could always find more 
 fragments of shrapnel and high-explosive shells in cathedrals than elsewhere. 
 
 In France, as in England, there was ample evidence of full appreciation 
 of America's part in the war, and the most effusive welcome on the part 
 of citizens of all classes. Witness the demonstration of that little baker 
 and his family at Noyon, who welcomed us to his reconstructed home and 
 workshop as though we were long-lost relatives, and who finally insisted on 
 giving us — Americans from the land of plenty — a loaf of fresh bread when 
 we departed. It was a simple but genuine evidence of gratitude and appre- 
 ciation, such as was accorded us in a variety of ways wherever we went! 
 
 Of London on armistice day and of Paris on the day of President 
 Wilson's arrival — two of the most notable popular demonstrations in con- 
 nection with the war — volumes might be written. Roth were spontaneous 
 expressions in the mass such as will not soon be witnessed in the world's 
 history. The former manifested great relief from danger that had threatened 
 a nation for over four years, and the latter expressed the hope of a people 
 that a day had dawned that promised peace. With both of these sentiments 
 we Americans were sympathetic in the highest degree, because we could 
 realize in a measure what the war had meant to those who were close to it. 
 
 100 
 
FLOYD W. PARSONS 
 
 Graduated from Lehigh University in 1902. Member of American 
 Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers; The Mining and 
 Metallurgical Society of America; various coal mining institutes ; 
 Academy of Political Science and the American Academy of 
 Political and Social Science. Has been chief engineer of the Victor 
 American Fuel Co. and the Colorado & Southeastern Railroad. 
 Entered the publishing business in 1906. Was associate editor of 
 the '-Engineering and Mining Journal;" editor of "Coal Age," and 
 now is editor of "Everybody's Business," a department in the 
 ••Saturday Evening Post" 
 
SEVERAL IMPORTED IMPRESSIONS 
 By Floyd W. Parsons 
 
 In the matter of the visit of business publishers and editors to Europe, 
 I am unable to feel like a full-fledged member of the party. Due to illness 
 my stay was the shortest of all, and for the same reason, my observations 
 were less than any of the others who made the journey. 
 
 As to my impressions, they were twofold: First, were those obtained 
 in the capacity of an American citizen; second, were the ones I gathered 
 acting in the role of an engineer and coal-mining editor. Concerning 
 number one, I realized as never before that the difference between the 
 Rritisher and the American is the result of environment and inherited 
 tradition, not a variation or unlikeness of physical and mental composition. 
 Caste and class in Great Rritain are more deep-rooted, more intense than 
 is snobbery, their equivalent, in the United States. It is for this reason 
 that I object to the thought that the Rritish industrial problems, especially 
 relating to labor, are similar to our own. For the same reason, Ireject the 
 thought that the remedial measures of the Rritish government are policies 
 that we may well pattern after. The conditions of labor and commerce in 
 the two nations are radically different, and I returned to America possessed 
 of the idea that it is an error to assume that the factors creating unrest in 
 Europe are the same as those that exist in the United States. If this is a 
 fact, then it follows that we must apply American methods to the treat- 
 ment of American problems. Only confusion and failure will result from 
 any imitation of European methods in solving the vital questions that now 
 confront us. During the war, we were wise to profit by the experience of 
 others, but we are now entering an era of peace and greater independence. 
 
 As a coal-mining engineer, my first observation was the lack of heated 
 houses, hotels and public buildings in Great Rritain. The fact that the war 
 was on, had little bearing on the matter, for the reason that the average 
 Rritish building is wholly without a heating plant. Of all methods of burn- 
 ing coal, the Rritish open grate is the least economical. The overseas 
 answer to this criticism is that the heated house is hurtful to health, but to 
 the American, it appears that the dearth of heating plants in Great Rritain 
 is due to transmitted custom rather than any idea of benefiting the race. 
 
 The Rritisher, as well as all other foreigners, has gained a new concep- 
 tion of the United States and its people. We went into the war clean and 
 we have come out that way. We are no longer a nation with nothing but 
 
 101 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 dollar ideals. America was always puzzled by the fact that in trading 
 abroad, something besides quality and price seemed to govern sales. Now 
 we are aware that the something we lacked was background, and we have 
 come to know that the chief thing we gained dining the war is this same 
 valuable background. We are now given credit for being something rather 
 than simply a people who has done something. 
 
 As a final observation, let me say that we are the only nation that pokes 
 fun at our own tourists. The average American is none too proud of his 
 fellow citizens who visits foreign lands. The truth is, the American tourist 
 is not nearly as comical as many other nationals who travel. The war has 
 given the United States the full respect of other peoples; it has given us 
 the greatest opportunity in our history. If we do not rise to the occasion, 
 we will surely deserve the scorn of the generations of Americans that are 
 to come. 
 
 0h 
 
 102 
 
SUMMARY 
 
 By H. M. Swetland 
 
 The impressions of the writer have been very generously stated in the 
 earlier pages, but it is perhaps allowable to emphasize those most important. 
 
 Immensity of War Enterprises 
 
 Nothing less than personal contact with the great war achievements 
 could have established a lasting impression of the immensity of war pro- 
 gramme in this country and on the Continent. While we had felt the 
 impression of American activities, we were wholly unprepared for the 
 strenuous development of English and French endeavor. England and 
 France had concentrated every available force to one end, and this immense 
 undertaking superseded every other line of endeavor. 
 
 The Great Men of England 
 
 Again we have learned that nothing short of personal contact gives the 
 correct impression. The efforts of the great leaders of the Empire were 
 familiar to us in a general way from the records of their great achievements; 
 but a closer contact gave a stronger impression of their ability to con- 
 duct the affairs of the Empire under any possible emergency. It is reassur- 
 ing to feel that the civilization of the world is in safe hands as long as the 
 burden rests mainly with these great men. 
 
 Hereditary Customs and Institutions — 
 
 It was our previous thought that many of the hereditary customs and 
 formalities of the English people were more a tribute to their historic signifi- 
 cance than of any consequence to the maintenance of an empire. A closer 
 contact with many of these ancient customs has given us a different idea of 
 their significance and the power and influence which they perpetuate among 
 these people. We came to respect the institutional basis of a great nation 
 when we found that these things had a far-reaching influence on the estab- 
 lishment and perpetuation of individual ideals and ambitions. We recog- 
 nized their importance in English affairs; and we admit at once that the 
 institutional process is a curb on the selfishness of the individual. America, 
 without adopting the ancient rites and ceremonies of England, can profit 
 generously by adopting the English idea of institutional organization. 
 
 103 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 The British Fleet — 
 
 That overwhelming spectacle, — the concentration of the naval power 
 of the Empire, — created a lasting impression. Formerly, the immensity 
 of this aggregation of fighting machinery seemed an unnecessary and some- 
 what spectacular exhibition of power. But when we reflect that the civili- 
 zation of the world has been saved through this factor of British fore- 
 thought, we are ready to accept the English control of the seas with the full 
 belief that it will be used in the future as it has in the past — "Solely for the 
 protection of civilization." 
 
 Industries of England and France — 
 
 We were wholly unprepared for the great development of the industries 
 of England and France, and we were surprised to find how quickly they had 
 developed the most modern practices, and to observe the efficiency of 
 every enterprise. We were prepared for the part played by women in this 
 development, but had no conception of the extent and the efficiency of their 
 efforts. It was also pleasing to note that a habit of quality production, 
 which has for centuries dominated the major products of England and 
 France, was not lost sight of in the immensity of the undertakings; in fact, 
 the war materials were produced with greater care, for the services of these 
 materials and machines were essential to winning the war. 
 
 Devastation of the War — 
 
 Our brief story of what we saw in the devastated areas is a weak attempt 
 to portray the most stupendous destruction that has visited the world since 
 the beginning of time. No previous war existed at a period of such potent 
 development of the inventive genius and capacity of humanity. It follows 
 that when this development was therefore directed exclusively to the crea- 
 tion of machines of destruction, an unparalleled result followed. The de- 
 vastated area of France will remain for many years an object lesson to the 
 world of the danger of modern human warfare. 
 
 In Conclusion — 
 
 May we here finally commend the inspiration which has assisted in a 
 better understanding between the two great English-speaking nations, 
 and endorse from personal experience the necessity for a more intimate 
 relationship? 
 
 104 
 
INTRODUCTION TO APPENDIX 
 
 IN indicating with some detail the various publications 
 represented in the party, and the character and size of the 
 industries which these publications serve, some general statis- 
 tics on each class of industry have been given. 
 
 These general statistics have been taken from the various 
 sources of information and the sources noted in most cases. 
 It has been impossible to compile them for one year so that 
 they would be comparable from the basis of a given period. 
 The methods of classification of the industries vary according 
 to the sources of information and the general totals are affected 
 by these methods of classification. It is probable that there 
 is some overlapping as between the various classifications 
 which affects the general totals. All such general statistics 
 are estimated to some extent and there is considerable varia- 
 tion in the estimated figures from various sources. They are 
 presented as indications, gathered with care, from the recog- 
 nized authorities and checked as definitely as possible. To 
 that extent they are accurate. 
 
 105 
 
APPENDIX 
 
 irm 
 
 HE industrial pross of the United States carries specialization to a degree not 
 practiced by publishers in any other country. The growth of the industrial 
 press in the United States has been greater than in any other country and, 
 perhaps, the specialization of this press, so that it can deal more intimately 
 with a given set of problems, has a logical relation to the larger growth. The general 
 practice in other countries is to cover all phases of an industry, including the production, 
 merchandising and utility, in one publication. This obtains in all industries with the 
 exception of specialized journals devoting themselves to engineering. In this country 
 the leading industries are served by periodicals devoted exclusively to each of the important 
 branches.. 
 
 The most important difference between the industrial press in this country and the 
 corresponding press in other industrial countries is the difference in the scope and authority 
 of the publications individually. The industrial press in the United States has not only 
 grown to very much larger dimensions, but it has acquired an authority in the important 
 fields of industry that marks it out more definitely than the greater physical growth. The 
 specialization which has occurred has made it possible to devote the energy of a publication 
 to a much more definite field and permitted it to record the practice, the markets and the 
 use of products, to forecast and to summarize the developments in a much more effective 
 way for its subscribers. 
 
 The publications represented in the party serve the following industries: 
 
 Railways, transportation and warehousing. 
 Iron, steel and metal, production and sale. 
 Textile manufacturing and merchandising. 
 
 Automotive industries, manufacturing and merchandising of automobiles, trucks, 
 tractors and aircraft. 
 
 Shipbuilding and shipping. 
 
 Building and lumber. 
 
 Mining and metallurgy. 
 
 Electricity, production, sale and operation of electrical machinery and apparatus. 
 
 Boot, shoe and leather industry, manufacturing and merchandising. 
 
 Engineering. 
 
 Industrial chemistry. 
 
 Export trade. 
 
 Railroads — 
 
 Railways, transportation and warehousing were represented by the Railway Age, 
 Electric Railway Journal, Railway Electrical Engineer, Railway Mechanical Engineer, Railway 
 Maintenance Engineer, Railway Signal Engineer and Transfer and Storage. 
 
 In the various branches of the transportation business these publications are recog- 
 nized as current authorities in their various specialized fields. The railway papers have 
 
 107 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 developed along with the development of the industry and have exercised a strong influ- 
 ence in the remarkable growth of that field in this country and its position as the most 
 efficient railway system in the world. 
 
 The records of the report of the Administrator-General of Railroads give the following 
 information : 
 
 (Taken From Secretary McAdoo's Report, September 3, 1918) 
 
 Mileage in operation 266,031 
 
 Employed 1,700,814 
 
 Companies 2,905 
 
 Bonds $10,875,206,565 
 
 Stocks $8,755,403,517 
 
 Freight cars 2,326,987 
 
 Passenger cars 54,664 2,381,651 
 
 Locomotives 62,603 
 
 (Figures for 1918 From Railway Age) 
 
 Wages $2,593,085,502 
 
 Gross earnings 4,913,319,604 
 
 Expenses 4,006,894.762 
 
 (Taken From Secretary McAdoo's Report, February 4, 1919) 
 
 1918 
 
 Equipment authorized $658,893,761 
 
 Additions and betterments 573,150,159 
 
 Construction 46,771,078 . 
 
 Total $1,278,814,998 
 
 That part of transporting and distributing covered in the warehousing business has not 
 been classified separately through any of the regular sources. It represented a large field 
 even before the war, and during the war the necessities involving new distribution and 
 warehousing of many millions of dollars of material of all kinds resulted in the rapid 
 growth and consolidation of this business, so that it is now developing into a well-defined, 
 special group. 
 
 Iron and Sleel — 
 
 The general iron and steel and various metal industries were represented in the party by 
 The Iron Age, Iron Trade Review, Iron Trade and Metal Market Report and Foundry, to 
 which may be added the American Machinist and the Hardware Age. 
 
 All of the papers which have been indicated are strong publications, with a very close 
 and influential contact with the executives in this important group of industries. 
 
 As their names imply, The Iron Age and the Iron Trade Review devote themselves to 
 the production of iron and steel and their products; the Iron Trade and Metal Market Report 
 and Foundry occupying itself exclusively with the market, and The American Machinist 
 and Hardware Age, as indicated, specializing upon definite trade developments in this field. 
 
 The importance of the iron and steel industries, with its ramifications, perhaps, can be 
 better understood from the following analysis. 
 
 108 
 
Appendix 
 
 (From Bureau of Census, 1914, Department of Commerce) 
 
 Industry No. Firms Employees Capital Production 
 
 Aggregate 17.719 1,001,058 $4,281,998,000 $8,228,144,000 
 
 Foundry and machine shops 10,640 362.171 1,246,084,000 866,545,000 
 
 Machine shops 9,340 285,0.". 1 1,065,420,000 7 12,976,000 
 
 Hardware 539 41,213 92,302,000 78,320,000 
 
 Blast furnaces, steel works, and rolling mills. 587 278.07-2 1,720,653,000 1,236,319,000 
 
 Steel ingot production, li) IS, 43,027,000 gross inns, estimate (American Institute Steel and Iron). 
 Pig iron production, 1017. 39,051,991 gross tons, actual (American Institute Steel and Iron). 
 
 In general, the processes of conversion and rolling are grouped under the heading "Blast 
 Furnaces, etc." More highly elaborated products are grouped under "Foundry and 
 machine shops." The "Foundry and machine shop" industry does not cover, however, 
 those cases where the establishments make exclusively some specific articles or class of 
 machinery or tools. Such establishments have been put in the special industries. Since 
 the figures have been compiled in 1914, which was a dull steel year, the iron and steel 
 industry has greatly increased in size on account of the demand created by the war. As 
 the 1918 wholesale prices for steel were more than double those of 1914, the valuation of the 
 production shows a big increase. 
 
 There is considerable overlapping of the groups, but The Iron Age states the iron and 
 steel industry, including only the establishments, which under strict interpretation may be 
 classified here, employ approximately 600,000 persons, have an annual payroll of approxi- 
 mately $1,000,000,000 and an investment of $3,000,000,000. According to the same 
 authority there are now 5,898 foundries in the United States employing 250,000, with a 
 capital investment of $400,000,000. The production of these foundries is approximately 
 1,375,000 tons of steel castings, 800,000 of malleable iron castings, and 150,000 tons of brass 
 and non-ferrous castings. Further figures from The Iron Age show there are 10,000 firms 
 engaged in the production of machinery, employing 320,000 men, having an investment of 
 about $1,000,000,000 and an annual production of approximately $860,000,000. The 
 Hardware Age estimates there are 2,804 firms manufacturing hardware, employing 156,898, 
 paying $91,000,000 in wages, having invested $424,302,000, and producing approximately 
 $369,191,000. 
 
 Textile — 
 
 The textile and allied industries ramify into so many special lines, covering as they do 
 thousands of items, that it was appropriate the members of the party should include rep- 
 resentatives of a number of journals in this field. These representatives included 
 Textile World Journal, the leading paper in this country devoted to the manufacture of 
 textiles; Dry Goods Economist, Dry Goods Reporter, Drygoodsman, and the Pacific Coast 
 Merchant, the leading papers devoted to the merchandising of textiles and textile products; 
 American Hatter, specializing exclusively on the manufacture and merchandising of 
 hats; NugenCs Garment Weekly, devoted to the manufacture and sale of garments, and the 
 Millinery Trade Review, covering the manufacture and sale of millinery. 
 
 109 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 (From Bureau of Census, 1914, Department of Commerce) 
 
 Industry No. Firms Employees Capital Production 
 
 Aggregate 22,995 1,498,66-1 $2,810,848,000 $3,414,615,000 
 
 Textile fabrics and materials 5,942 950,880 2,122,828,000 1,935,344,000 
 
 Articles from textile fabrics for personal wear 14,953 510,595 571,866,000 1,297,273,000 
 
 Other textile products 2,100 37,189 116,134,000 181,798,000 
 
 Millinery and lace 2,079 45,274 53,101,000 114,160,000 
 
 Hats and caps 1,715 65,891 85,539,806 138,622,200 
 
 Clothing (men's and women's) 11,186 394,626 428,543,000 1,027,914,000 
 
 This group is broadly divided here into three divisions, namely, those engaged in the 
 manufacture of the fabric, those converting fabric into articles of personal wear and those 
 making other textile products. Since these figures were compiled in 1914 the industry has 
 greatly grown in size and the wholesale prices of the commodities involved have practically 
 doubled. Wages have increased to a great extent also. 
 
 The Textile World Journal states the following figures are approximately correct for the 
 present conditions in plants where raw material is converted into yarn, cloth or knit goods: 
 
 Number of establishments 6,000 
 
 Number of employees 1,000,000 
 
 Capital $2,500,000,000 
 
 Value of materials used $2,000,000,000 
 
 Materials used: 
 
 Cotton (pounds) 3,840,000,000 
 
 Wool (pounds, grease) 740,000,000 
 
 Silk (pounds) 50,000,000 
 
 Cotton products $1,250,000,000 
 
 Wool products 750,000,000 
 
 Silk products 500,000,000 
 
 Knit goods 500,000,000 
 
 Value of products $3,000,000,000 
 
 From different estimates made by Dry Goods Economist, Dry Goods Reporter, The 
 Drygoodsman and the Pacific Coast Merchant, American Halter, Nugent' s Garment Weekly, 
 and the Millinery Trade Review, the following facts and figures have been taken. The 
 total number of establishments in the textile industry, including not only the manufac- 
 ture of the fabric, but those which convert the fabric into articles of personal wear, number 
 23,000, with a capital investment of $4,000,000,000. The merchandising publications 
 reach approximately 25,000 individuals and department dry goods stores, and approxi- 
 mately 1,000 wholesalers. These stores have an approximate capitalization of $500,000,000. 
 
 Automotive — ■ 
 
 The automotive field, which has risen to a position of such importance in a compara- 
 tively few years in the United States and presenting in its short history so many interesting 
 developments, was represented by Automotive Industries, Motor World, Motor Age and 
 Commercial Vehicle. 
 
 Automotive Industries, as its name implies, specializes upon the manufacture of auto- 
 motive equipment and parts. 
 
 Motor Age and Motor World reach the distributing field, going to the wholesale and 
 retail establishments concerned with the sale and maintenance of this equipment, Motor 
 
 110 
 
Appendix 
 
 Age specializing largely upon the maintenance and Motor World upon merchandising. Com- 
 mercial Vehicle is looked upon as authority among owners of fleets of commercial automo- 
 tive apparatus. 
 
 (From Bureau of Census, 1914, Department of Commerce) 
 (Automobile Classification) 
 Industry No. Firms Employees Capital Production 
 
 Aggregate 1,271 145,951 $407,730,000 $632,831,000 
 
 It is estimated by the Automotive Industries that in 1919 the value of cars, trucks, 
 tractors, motorcycles and accessories will be over $3,000,000,000. This is an increase 
 of fifty per cent over the 1914 figures. In 1918, cars, motor trucks and motorcycles con- 
 sumed, according to an estimate by the National Petroleum News, over 2,320,000,000 
 gallons of gasoline. This represents a total value of more than $500,000,000. 
 
 Motor World and Motor Age estimate there are over 47,000 dealers and garages for 
 automotive products, with a capital investment of more than $200,000,000. 
 
 Shipping — 
 
 Shipbuilding and shipping were represented by Marine Engineering, Marine Review, 
 to which might be added Motor Boat and Power Boat. 
 
 Shipbuilding and shipping, as important developments of the United States' industrial 
 expansion, date from the beginning of the war. 
 
 In this expansion the papers dealing with that field have played a notable part. That 
 the United States must continue to develop its facilities for shipbuilding and its ownership 
 of ships for overseas trade is admitted on all sides, and it is evident that this branch of 
 industrial endeavor will exert a powerful influence upon the position of this country in 
 world affairs. 
 
 (From United States Shipping Board Report, September 1, 1918) 
 (For Ships of 2,500 Tons or Over) 
 
 203 shipyards, 1,020 ways. 
 
 1,952,675 dead weight tons produced between August 20, 1917, and August 30, 1918. 
 
 386,000 employed in manufacturing these. 
 
 $10,500,000 weekly payroll. 
 
 The figures above do not cover any establishments building boats of less than 2,500 
 tonnage. 
 
 It is estimated by Marine Engineering that the investment in ships and shipyards is 
 $4,500,000,000. The Commissioner of- Navigation states there are in the neighborhood 
 of 220.000 men employed on the 27,000 vessels documented by the United States Govern- 
 ment. Marine Engineering also estimates there are about 1,000 steamship and steam- 
 boat companies in the United States. 
 
 According to Marine Engineering, there are 1,000 concerns dealing in marine supplies 
 and fittings. Motor Boat states there are 110 companies manufacturing marine engines, 
 100 firms building power boats, and employing 7,000 people. 
 
 Building — 
 
 The building industry was represented by the American Architect, a technical publi- 
 cation devoted to architecture and reaching the 4,500 architects in the United States; the 
 
 111 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 Building Age, serving 312,000 builders, employing 1,550,000 men, with an investment of 
 $10,000,000,000, and producing a normal annual capacity of $3,700,000,000; Metal Worker, 
 devoted to domestic engineering, plumbing, heating and metal work; American Paint and 
 Oil Dealer, representing the paint and varnish industry, comprising about 700 manufac- 
 turing concerns that manufacture for general distribution, while there are perhaps 1,000 
 smaller ones with a local trade, or specializing on a few products. 
 
 Mining — 
 
 The mining industry was represented by Engineering and Mining Journal and Coal Age. 
 
 The mining industry is, perhaps, the most important single industry outside of food pro- 
 duction, including as it does the extraction of the raw material for a host of other industrial 
 requirements, and the fuel for a large percentage. The statistics on this field are not by any 
 means complete. 
 
 There are estimated 24,000 concerns engaged in mining, employing about 1,000,000 
 workers and requiring nearly $4,000,000,000 of invested capital. 
 
 (From Bureau of Census, 1914, Department of Commerce) 
 
 Employed, 1910 963,760 
 
 Value of metals, 1914 $2,115,000,000 
 
 Value of metals, 1915 2,397,000,000 
 
 Value of metals, 1916 3,315,000,000 
 
 Lumber — 
 
 The lumber industry was represented by Lumber, a publication of two sections, one 
 section for the lumber manufacturer, of which there are probably 50,000, ranging in size 
 from small portable plants to mills having a capacity of 1,000,000 feet per day. 
 
 Lumber played an important part in our activities and consequently the industry 
 developed greatly. Complete figures showing this increase are not available. The fol- 
 lowing figures must be considered as materially less than present-day output and capacity. 
 
 (From Bureau of Census, 1914, Department of Commerce) 
 
 Industry No. Firms 
 
 Aggregate 42,036 
 
 Lumber and timber products 27,229 
 
 Lumber mills products, not connected with saw mills. 5,841 
 
 As lumber has advanced at least fifty per cent in price since 1914 and wages have in- 
 creased, these figures are larger for the present. 
 
 It is estimated by Lumber there are at present approximately 27,000 lumber merchants 
 in the United States. Eleven thousand of these yards have an approximate investment 
 of $300,000,000. 
 
 Electrical — 
 
 The electric industry was represented by Electrical World, serving the manufacturer 
 and operator of electrical apparatus, and Electrical Merchandising, specializing upon the 
 retail trade, including the new business department of the electric light and power plants^ 
 and the Electrical Dealer and Contractor. 
 
 112 
 
 Employees 
 
 Capital 
 
 Production 
 
 833,529 
 
 $1,723,456,000 
 
 $1,599,710,000 
 
 479,786 
 
 916,574,000 
 
 715,310,000 
 
 96,214 
 
 266,805,000 
 
 307,673,000 
 
Appendix 
 The only figures given by the Census Bureau in this industry are: 
 
 Production of electrical machinery, apparatus and supplies.. . . $335,170,194 
 
 Electrical World estimates that $3,000,000,000 are invested in electric light and power 
 systems in this country, and $750,000,000 invested in the manufacture of electrical 
 apparatus. 
 
 Leather — 
 
 The boot, shoe and leather industry was represented by the Boot and Shoe Recorder, 
 New }ork Daily Hide Report, Chicago Daily Hide Report, Shoe and Leather Reporter and 
 the Shoe Retailer. 
 
 (From Bureau of Census, 1914, Department of Commerce) 
 
 Industry No. Firms Employees Capital Production 
 
 Aggregate 6,758 307,060 $743,347,000 $1,104,594,000 
 
 Boots and shoes 1,355 '210,348 254,590,000 501,560,000 
 
 Exports in 1917 reached the total of $153,700,573. 
 
 It is estimated by the papers in this field that there are about 30,000 retail stores. 
 Since 1914 all figures have been increased to a great extent. 
 
 Engineering and Contracting Industry — 
 
 This industrial activity was represented by Engineering News-Record and Power. 
 
 This industry is so closely identified with every other industry that it is almost impos- 
 sible to make any classification without duplicating the records in other industries. What 
 is correctly considered construction work here may be treated as capital in another indus- 
 try. The field covered is broad and cannot be exactly measured, but the Engineering 
 News-Record estimates it embraces 300,000 different organizations in all the branches 
 where engineering and contracting is done, employs approximately 7,000,000, produces 
 annually $24,000,000,000. and has an investment of $22,000,000,000. 
 
 The production in this field includes a great many items finished and included in the 
 production of other fields. The net total, excluding those, would be $12,000,000,000. 
 
 Chemicals — 
 
 The chemical industry was represented by Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering. 
 
 This industry is another of the industrial activities in the United States fundamentally 
 affected by the war. 
 
 The demands of the conflict resulted in a voluminous growth and the extension of this 
 business into fields not previously of importance to this country. 
 
 (From Bureau of Census, 1914, Department of Commerce) 
 
 Industry No. Firms Employees Capital Production 
 
 Aggregate 12,374 299,569 $3,034,200,000 $2,001,634,000 
 
 Chemicals 395 32,311 224,340,000 158,053,000 
 
 Paints and varnishes 800 10,083 129,534,000 145,624.000 
 
 The group includes not only the industries whose products are chemical in the ordinary 
 sense of that term, but also the industries which employ to a large extent chemical processes 
 in manufacture. Like other industries the value of its products, investment and wages 
 advanced rapidly during the war. Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering estimates there 
 
 113 
 
American Journalists in Europe 
 
 are 1,500 firms in the strictly interpreted chemical field, employing over 200,000 men, 
 with an invested capital of $224,000,000 and having a volume of business approaching 
 $1,000,000,000. 
 
 Exports — 
 
 Two publications represented among the party are devoted to export trade in Ameri- 
 can products: El Reporter Latino-Americano and El Automovil Americano. 
 
 The growth of exports is shown graphically in the following figures: 
 
 (Bulletin, Department op Commerce, May 17, 1919) 
 (Year Runs From May to April) 
 
 1915 $2,544,628,445 
 
 1916 3,936,758,850 
 
 1917 6,106,396,653 
 
 1918 6,739,643,968 
 
 Exports of Cars and Trucks 
 
 (N. A. A. C Figures) 
 
 1918 $77,205,825 
 
 The Bankers' Trust Company estimates that the manufacturing capital of 300,000 
 plants early in 1917 was $25,000,000,000, and that the total production of manufactured 
 products in the United States was $64,000,000,000. If we add to that the $5,000,000,000 
 produced in railroads from the investment of nearly $20,000,000,000, and also add the 
 farm productions of 1917 as $21,000,000,000, we will have the approximate production 
 of the country as $90,000,000,000. 
 
 From the following table it will be seen that the publications represented by the party 
 serve a large percentage of this entire productive capacity, and whatever extension of 
 information is received as a result of this opportunity will have a far-reaching influence 
 with the leading and most important industries of America. The following tables give 
 approximate figures of investment and production, and the second tables show the personnel 
 of the representation of the party by publications and industries. 
 
 INDUSTRIES REPRESENTED BY THE PARTY 
 
 1914 
 
 No. Volume of 
 
 Industry Firms Employees Investment Production 
 
 Railways 3,000 1,700,000 $19,000,000,000 $4,900,000,000 
 
 Iron, steel, metal, machinery, 
 
 hardware 40,542 1,800.000 6,720,630,000 7,724,705,000 
 
 Textile 80,418 1,136,000 4,500,000.000 4,836,172,000 
 
 Automotive 54,000 800,000 1,250,000,000 3,000,000,000 
 
 Shipping 1,960 502,000 4,500,000,000 500,000,000 
 
 Building 212,000 1,550,000 10,275,000,000 3,700.000,000 
 
 Mining 29,500 1,714,000 4,460,000,000 3,255,000,000 
 
 Electricity 1,355 191,555 10,750,000,000 105,695,404 
 
 Boots, shoes and leather 37,000 370,000 753,000,000 1,105,000,000 
 
 Engineering 275,000 7,000,000 22,000.000,000 12,000,000,000 
 
 Chemistry 1,500 202,000 224,000,000 992,000,000 
 
 Export, all industries 6,700,000,000 
 
 Total 734,920 16,774,000 $84,432,630,000 $48,712,877,000 
 
 114 
 
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS AND REPRESENTATIVES 
 
 American Architect 
 
 American Hatter 
 
 American Machinist 
 
 American Paint (f Oil Dealer . 
 
 Automotive Industries 
 
 Boiler Maker 
 
 Boot <f Shoe Recorder 
 
 Building Age 
 
 Chemical <f Metallurgical Engineering 
 Chicago Daily Hide Report 
 
 Coal Age 
 
 Commercial Vehicle 
 
 Iron Trade if Metal Market Report 
 
 Dry Goods Economist 
 
 Dry Goods Reporter 
 
 Drygoodsman 
 
 El Automovil Americano . . . . 
 El Reporter Latino- Americano 
 Electrical Merchandising .... 
 Electric Railway Journal .... 
 
 Electrical World 
 
 Engineering $ Mining Journal 
 Engineering News-Record .... 
 
 Foundry 
 
 Garment Weekly, The, Nugent' s 
 
 Hardware Age 
 
 The Iron Age 
 
 Iron Trade Review 
 
 Lumber 
 
 Marine Engineering 
 
 Marine Review 
 
 Millinery Trade Review .... 
 
 Metal Worker 
 
 Motor Age 
 
 Motor Boat 
 
 Motor World 
 
 New York Daily Hide Report . 
 
 Pacijic Coast Merchant 
 
 Power 
 
 Power Boating 
 
 Railway Age 
 
 Railway Electrical Engineer 
 Railway Maintenance Engineer 
 Railway Mechanical Engineer . 
 Railway Signal Engineer . . . . 
 Shoe if Leather Reporter . . . . 
 
 Shoe Retailer 
 
 Textile World Journal 
 
 Transfer <f Storage 
 
 New York H. M. Swetland 
 
 New York R. W. Allen 
 
 New York A. J. Baldwin 
 
 St. Louis, Mo Allen W. Clark 
 
 New York . D. Beecroft, Directing Editor 
 New York II. L. Aldrich 
 
 Boston, Mass. . 
 
 New York . . 
 
 New York . . 
 
 Boston, Mass. . 
 New York . 
 New York 
 Cleveland, Ohio. 
 
 New York . . 
 Chicago, 111. 
 
 St. Louis, Mo. . 
 New York 
 
 Boston, Mass. . 
 
 H. E. Taylor, Representative 
 
 . . . . H. M. Swetland 
 
 H. C. Parmelee, Editor 
 
 F. F. Cutler 
 
 F. W. Parsons, Editor 
 D. Beecroft, Directing Editor 
 H. C. Estep, Editorial Director 
 H. E. Taylor, Representative 
 H. E. Taylor, Representative 
 H. E. Taylor, Representative 
 D. Beecroft, Directing Editor 
 
 F. F. Cutler 
 
 New York A. J. Baldwin 
 
 New York A. J. Baldwin 
 
 New York A. J. Baldwin 
 
 New York A. J. Baldwin 
 
 New York A. J. Baldwin 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio. H. C. Estep, Editorial Director 
 
 R. W. Allen 
 
 E. H. Darville, Editor 
 
 W. W. Macon, Managing Editor 
 
 H. C. Estep, Editorial Director 
 
 .... H. M. Swetland 
 
 New York H. L. Aldrich 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio. H. C. Estep, Editorial Director 
 
 New York R. W. Allen 
 
 New York H. M. Swetland 
 
 Chicago, 111. D. Beecroft, Directing Editor 
 
 New York . . D. Beecroft, Directing Editor 
 New York . . D. Beecroft, Directing Editor 
 
 Boston, Mass F. F. Cutler 
 
 San Francisco, Cal. H. E. Taylor, Representative 
 
 New York A. J. Baldwin 
 
 Cleveland, Ohio. H. C. Estep, Editorial Director 
 
 New York S. 0. Dunn, Editor 
 
 New York S. 0. Dunn, Editor 
 
 New York S. 0. Dunn, Editor 
 
 New York S. 0. Dunn, Editor 
 
 New York S. 0. Dunn, Editor 
 
 Boston, Mass F. F. Cutler 
 
 Boston, Mass F. F. Cutler 
 
 New York H. G. Lord 
 
 New York . . D. Beecroft, Directing Editor 
 
 115 
 
 New York 
 New York . 
 New York 
 Cleveland, Ohio. 
 St. Louis, Mo. . 
 
H 4V1 85 
 
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