u 
 
 Hi ' 
 
 
 ft '■ ■ 
 
 
 
 «*k~ 
 
 
 ■i 
 
 
 1- 
 
 iUillflli.: 
 
1793 = = = = 1893 
 
 Celebration 
 
 One Hundredth Anniversary 
 
 Laying of the Corner Stone 
 
 Capitol of the United States 
 
 With Accounts of the Laying of the Original Corner 
 
 Stone, in 1793, and of the Corner Stone 
 
 of the Extension, in 1851 
 
 General Duncan S. Walker 
 
 Editor and Compiler 
 
 WASHINGTON 
 
 GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 
 1896 
 
02i 
 
 •ifr 
 
 WOOD now WILSON 
 *0V. 25. 1939 
 
Contents 
 
 Page. 
 
 List of Ii^lustrations 5 
 
 Prefatory Note 7 
 
 Organization and Work: 
 
 Generate Committee ii 
 
 Subcommittees 12 
 
 Officers of the Parade 18 
 
 The Joint Committee 19 
 
 The Programme: 
 
 Concerts by Centenniai, Chimes 23 
 
 Route of Parade 24 
 
 Exercises at the Capitol 24 
 
 Evening Concert 25 
 
 Decorations and Illumination 26 
 
 Grand Stands 27 
 
 Street Decorations 28 
 
 Centennial Medal 28 
 
 Souvenir Invitations 28 
 
 The Tablet 29 
 
 Cost of the Celebration 29 
 
 The Parade: 
 
 Formation, Route, etc 33 
 
 At the Capitol: 
 
 The Invocation 44 
 
 Chairman Gardner's Introduction 46 
 
 President Cleveland's Address 47 
 
 William Wirt Henry's Oration : 48 
 
 The Vice-President's Address 66 
 
 Speaker Crisp's Address 73 
 
 Justice Brown's Address 74 
 
 Commissioner Parker's Address 79 
 
 Night Concert 86 
 
 The Joint Committee: 
 
 Personnel, Action, etc 91 
 
 Congressional Action: 
 
 Authorizing the Celebration loi 
 
 Appointment of the Joint Committee 102 
 
 Making the Day a Holiday, Granting Use of Flags, etc 103 
 
 Resolutions to Attend 105 
 
 Atte;ndance at the Celebration 106 
 
 The Tablet 108 
 
 Printing the Proceedings no 
 
 3 
 
Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 The Capitoi,: ^^s^- 
 
 With Some Notice of Its Architects "5 
 
 The First Corner Stone: 
 
 A Brief Account from a Contemporaneous Source 121 
 
 Extension Corner Stone: 
 
 The Programme 127 
 
 The Procession '3" 
 
 Ceremonies at the Capitoi, 13 ' 
 
 Corner Stone Laid '33 
 
 Address of B. B. French 134 
 
 Daniel Webster's Oration 137 
 
List of Illustrations 
 
 ^ Page. 
 Engraving, Laying Corner Stonk, 1793; Capitol, 1S51 and 1S93. .Frontispiece. 
 
 Tympanum, Senate Wing, East Front y 
 
 Tympanum, Main Buii^ding, East Front 8 
 
 Bronze Stairway, Senate Wing 1 1 
 
 MuRAi, Decoration— SHIE1.D 20 
 
 Capitol, 1814. Half-Tone from an Old Print 21 
 
 Lamp, Senate Wing 26 
 
 Centicnnial Medal, Colored Print 28 
 
 Seal of United States— Sketch ,0 
 
 Parade, September 18, 1893 , , 
 
 Mural Decoration, Ladies' Waiting Room, Sen.\te Wing 36 
 
 Clock, House Wing ^„ 
 
 Centennial Chorus, September 18, 1893 4, 
 
 Statue of Civilization, East Front Main Building 46 
 
 Ceremonies at Capitol September 18, 1S93— Half-Tone 47 
 
 Corn Column, Ground Floor, Main Building 49 
 
 Tobacco Column c-j 
 
 Acanthus Column ^. 
 
 Fence, Capitol Grounds, Since Removed eg 
 
 Statue of " Peace," East Front, Main Building 53 
 
 Statue of " War," East Front, Main Building 60 
 
 Figure from Clock g, 
 
 Skp;tch of Capitol 5, 
 
 Capitol, 1893, North View, from Maltby House— Half-Tone 66 
 
 Portico, West Front, Before Construction of Terraces 68 
 
 Senate Clock _q 
 
 Figure from Tympanum, Senate Wing 72 
 
 Capitol, 1893, Northeast View— Half-Tone 73 
 
 Mace, House of Representatives 7-, 
 
 Statue of Chief Justice Marshall, West Front 74 
 
 Supreme Court Room— Old Senate Chamber 77 
 
 Marble Stairw.w, House Wing, Interior So 
 
 Capitol, 1S93, Northwest View— Half-Tone 83 
 
 Dome, from Pennsylvania Avenue 84 
 
 Bronze Statue of Freedom, Dome of Capitol 85 
 
 Clock, Senate Wing 86 
 
 Naval Monument, formerly West Front, now at Annapolis 87 
 
 Capitol, 1893, West Front— Half-Tone 91 
 
 Corner of President's Room, Senate Wing 02 
 
 Speaker's Desk, House of Representatives 03 
 
 Old Hall, House of Representatives 95 
 
 Marble Room, Senate Wing 96 
 
 5 
 
6 Capitol Ccntcuiiial CcIcbnUion 
 
 Page. 
 
 Capitol, 1893, Southeast View— Half-Tonk loi 
 
 Columbus Statue, East P^ront, Main Building 107 
 
 Tablet Erected to Mark Corner Stone — Half-Tone io8- 
 
 Mural Decoration 112 
 
 Basement of Capitol "4 
 
 Principal Story of Capitol "4 
 
 Attic vStorv of Capitol i ' 4 
 
 Bronze Newel Post, Ground Floor, Senate Wing 116 
 
 Procp:ssion, September iS, 1793 — Half-Tone 119 
 
 Figure from Tympanum, Senate Wing 123 
 
 Covering to Air Ducts 1 24 
 
 Capitol, 1828, East Front, from a Sketch by Charles Bullfinch— 
 
 Half-Tone 125 
 
 Greenough's Washington, formerly in Rotunda, now East Front. . 130 
 
 Procession, July 4, 1851, from an Old Print 131 
 
 Capitol, 1850, East Front, from an Old Lithograph 132 
 
 Laving Corner Stone, 1851, from an Old Print 133 
 
 Fountain, Exterior Wall of Grounds, West 136 
 
 South Entrance to Senate Chamber '44 
 
 Oration at Capitol, July 4, 1851, from an Old Cut 152 
 
 Sketch of Washington in Embryo, 1792 152 
 
 Map of Washington, 1893 . 152 
 
 Engraving, Marble Clock, Statuary Hall 152 
 
^^........y^^ 
 
 The Joint Coininittee created by the 
 Congress to provide for the appropriate commemora- 
 tion of the one hnndredth anniversary of the laying of 
 the corner stone of the Capitol of the United States (see page 
 103) organized with Senator Daniel W. Voorhees as Chairman 
 and General Duncan S. Walker as Secretary. The plan and 
 scope of the commemoration were agreed upon substantially as 
 set forth in the accompanying description of the proceedings of 
 the day, and the proper execution of the same was intrusted to 
 the Committee of Citizens, by whom voluntary contributions suffi- 
 cient to defray the expense of an appiopriate celebration of the 
 anniversary were secured, subject to such directions and control as 
 might be deemed necessary by the Joint Committee of Congress. 
 The official programme of the ceremonies included a civic and 
 military parade over the route taken by the procession on Septem- 
 ber 18, 1793; prayer by the Right Reverend William Paret, 
 Bishop of Maryland; introduction by the Chairman of the Citi- 
 zens' Committee of the Chairman of Ceremonies, Grove;r Cleve- 
 land, President of the United States; address by President 
 Cleveland; oration by William Wirt Henry, of Virginia; 
 address, "The United States Senate," by Adlai Ewing Steven- 
 son, Vice-President of the United States; address, "The United 
 States House of Representatives," by Charlp:s Frederick Crisp, 
 Speaker of the House; address, "The Judiciary," by Mr. Justice 
 Henry Billings Brown, United States Supreme Court; address, 
 "The District of Columbia," by Myron M. Parker, Commis- 
 sioner of the District of Columbia. The vocal music was rendered 
 by a trained "Centennial Chorus" of fifteen hundred adult voices, 
 and the instrumental music by the United States Marine Band. 
 
 7 
 
8 Capital Ccutnnu'al Cflrbra/ioi/ 
 
 In the evening there was an appropriate ilhnnination of the 
 east front of the Capitol 1)uildint^ and a concert by the Centennial 
 Chorns and the Marine Band. 
 
 The programme agreed npon by the Joint Committee was faith- 
 fnlly adhered to, and without any expense whatever to the United 
 States Government. 
 
 A full description of the proceedings of the day; a history of 
 the legislation of Congress providing for the celebration, for the 
 erection of a tablet to mark the corner stone, and for the publi- 
 cation of the proceedings of the day; minutes of the meetings of 
 the Joint Committee of Congress, and an account of the organi- 
 zation and proceedings of the Citizens' Committee are included. 
 It was thought ajjpropriate also to add the best accounts obtain- 
 able of the ceremonies attending the laying of the corner stone of 
 the original Capitol building, vSeptember i8, 1793, and of the cor- 
 ner stone of the extension of the Capitol, July 4, 1851, and a con- 
 densed history of the Capitol building, with a brief sketch of the 
 architects engaged at different times in its construction and care. 
 
Organization and Work 
 
Organization and Work 
 
 THE MOVEMENT for 
 the commemoration of 
 the centennial anniversary 
 of the layino^ of the corner 
 stone of the Nation's Capi- 
 tol was initiated by a motion 
 made by Mr. M. I. WelleR 
 at a meeting of the East 
 Washington Citizens' Association, September 3, 1891. The 
 motion was agreed to, and the Association reqnested appropriate 
 action by the Board of Commissioners of the District of Colnmbia. 
 Accordingly a call was issued by the Commissioners for a public 
 meeting, which was held on June 7, 1893. Hon. John W. Ross, 
 President of the Board of Commissioners, presided, and selected a 
 committee of fifty citizens to conduct the preparations for the cele- 
 bration. This General Committee was composed and officered as 
 follows: 
 
 GENERAL COMMITTEE 
 
 [In charge of all matters pertaining to the celebration, with power to appoint such officers, 
 agents, and sulicomniittees as may be necessary.] 
 
 Lawrence Gardner, Chairman. 
 
 C. C. Glover, Vice-Chainnati. 
 
 Edwin B. Hay, Seoriafy. 
 
 M. I. Wel,i.ER, Corresponding^ Secretary. 
 
 S. W. Woodward, Treasurer. 
 
 J. W. Babson. 
 H. L. BiscoE. 
 H. V. Boynton. 
 A. T. Britton. 
 
 J. J. Darlington. 
 Mills Dean. 
 Harrison Dingman 
 \V. C. Dodge. 
 
 George T. Dun lop. 
 J. J. Edson. 
 W. J. Frizzell. 
 William A. Gordon. 
 II 
 
12 
 
 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 O. C. Green. 
 H. A. Griswoi,d. 
 
 JUIvES GUTHRIDGK. 
 
 E. J. Hannan. 
 CiiRi.s. HEiTRicn. 
 
 J. Harrison Johnson. 
 
 F. A. Lehman. 
 Thomas F. Mii.tER. 
 F. L. Moore. 
 Theodore W. Novks. 
 M. M. Parker. 
 
 Charles F. Powei.i,. 
 John W. Ro.ss. 
 Samuel Ross. 
 Isador]C Saks. 
 James F. Scagcs. 
 Henry Sherwood. 
 Thomas Somerviuj'; 
 A. R. Spoeford. 
 Thomas W. Smith. 
 Kllis Spear. 
 A. F. vSperrv. 
 
 W. J. vStpcphenson. 
 Dr. J. M. Toner. 
 Seymour \V. Tulloch. 
 Duncan vS. Walker. 
 B. H. Warner. 
 J. W. Whelpley. 
 Beri.\h Wilkins. 
 L. C. Williamson. 
 L. I). Wine. 
 Marshall W. Wines. 
 vS. vS. YoDER. 
 
 SUBCOMMITTEES 
 
 As the work of preparation progressed it was found necessary to 
 appoint the following- subcommittees and to define their duties: 
 
 INVITATION COMMITTEE 
 
 [Under the direction of the General Committee, to prepare suitable invitations and issue the 
 same to distinguished guests.] 
 
 Gen. Duncan S. Walker, Chairman. 
 Gen. H. V. BoynTon, Mce-Chairtiian. 
 Marshall W. Wines, Secretarv. 
 
 Commissioner John W. Ross. 
 Commissioner M. M. Parker. 
 Commissioner Charles F. Povvell. 
 Chief Jnstice M. W. Fuller. 
 Hon. Eppa Hunton. 
 
 Hon. Barnes CompTon. 
 Judge M. F. Morris. 
 Prof. J. C. Welling. 
 Frank Hatton. 
 Theo. W. Noyes. 
 
 CEREMONIES AT CAPITOL COMMITTEE 
 
 [In charge of formulating a plan and determining all ceremonies and exercises at the Capitol, 
 except exercises in charge of the p;vening Kntertainmcnt Committee.] 
 
 B. H. W.\rnicr, Chairman. 
 
 A. R. Spoeford, Mce-Chairman. 
 
 Charles C. Gloyer. J. J. Darlington. 
 
 Dr. Joseph M. Toner. Edward Clark. 
 
 J. w. Whelpley. Mills Dean. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON SCOPE 
 
 [In charge of all matters pertaining to the celebration, such as determining the character of 
 celebration, what committees are necessary, and their numbers.] 
 
 J. W. Bab.son, Chairman. 
 Dr. Joseph M. Toner. Mills Dean. 
 
 M. I. Wellh;r. F. L. Moore. 
 
 W. J. Stephenson. Henry Sherwood. 
 
Organization and JJ^ork 
 
 13 
 
 COMMITTEE ON LEGISLATION 
 
 [To prepare and obtain necessary legislation approved by the (General Coinniittee.] 
 
 Lawrence Gardner, Oiainiiaii. 
 Gen. Duncan S. Walker. Dr. Jo-SEPh M. Toner. 
 
 RECEPTION COMMITTEE 
 
 [To receive and extend proper courtesies to distinguished guests.] 
 
 Beriah Wilkins, Cliainiian. 
 Dr. WilIvIAM Tindali., Secretary. 
 
 Members of the General CoviDiittcc 
 
 Ex-Governor A. R. Shepherd. 
 
 Ex-Mayor JameS G. BerrET. 
 Ex-Mayor M. G. EMMERY. 
 Ex-Maj'or Savees J. BowEN. 
 Ex-Commis.sioner John H. Ketch.vm. 
 Ex-Conmiis-sioner Thoma.s B. Bry.-vn. 
 Ex-Conimissioner J. Dent. 
 Ex-Commissioner T. P. Morgan. 
 Ex-Commissioner J. R. WEST. 
 Ex-Commissioner J. B. Edmond.s. 
 
 Ex-Commi.ssioner Wieeiam B. Webb. 
 Ex-Commissioner S. E. WheaTeey. 
 Ex-Commissioner J. W^ DouGEAS.S. 
 Ex-Coninii.s.sioner L. G. Hine. 
 Ex-Connnissioner G. J. Lydeckp;r. 
 Ex-Commissioner Wieeiam Ludeow. 
 Ex-Commissioner C. W. Raymond. 
 Ex-Commissioner H. M. Robert. 
 Ex-Commissioner Wieeiam T. Ros.si<:el 
 
 Gen. Nicholas Anderson. Dr. W^. W^. Godding. 
 
 Maheon B. Ashford. 
 Charles B. Bailey. 
 John A. Baker. 
 James L. Barbour 
 L. J. Bates. 
 
 C. J. BELL. 
 
 M. W. Beveridge. 
 Gen. William Birney. 
 Chapin Brown. 
 n. w\ burchpxl. 
 Gen. Cyrus Bussey. 
 John L. Carroll. 
 H. H. Carter. 
 Eugene Carusi. 
 John Cassells. 
 George W. Cochran. 
 H. L. Cranford. 
 William S. Crosby. 
 Wash. Danenhower. 
 Walter D. Davidge. 
 Henry E. Davis. 
 John T. Devine. 
 J. Maury Dove. 
 Charles C. Duncanson. 
 James S. Edmonds. 
 W. E. Edmonston. 
 J. C. Ergood. 
 Capt. G. J. Fiebeger. 
 Albert F. Fox. 
 Dr. Edw. M. Gallaudet. 
 H. Wise Garnett. 
 
 G. Clay Goodloe. 
 George C. Gorham. 
 John T. Given. 
 William B. Gurley. 
 Col. John Hay. 
 Gen. S. S. HenklE. 
 Col. Charles Heywocd. 
 William C. Hill. 
 Curtis J. Hillyer. 
 W. S. HOGE. 
 Robert O. Holtzman. 
 Gardner G. Hubbard. 
 Frank Hume. 
 Stilson Hutchins. 
 Maj. W. P. Huxford. 
 James Kerr. 
 T. A. Lambert. 
 L. Z. Leiter. 
 George E. Lemon. 
 A. A. Lipscomb. 
 Daniel Loughran. 
 Samuel Maddox. 
 Dr. Thomas F. Mallan. 
 M. Marfan. 
 
 A. P. Morse. 
 
 D. I. Murphy. 
 Clarence F. Norment. 
 N. G. Ordway. 
 George M. Oyster. 
 Anthony Pollock. 
 George R. Repetti. 
 
 F. A. Richardson. 
 
 E. Francis Riggs. 
 Bushrod Robinson. 
 Theo. Roessle. 
 William H. Selden. 
 H. W\ Sohon. 
 
 James W. SomervillE. 
 O. G. Staples. 
 E. J. Stellwagen. 
 John A. Swope. 
 H. T. Taggart. 
 A. A. Thomas. 
 S. T. Thomas. 
 Henry T. Thurber. 
 Enoch Totten. 
 H. O. TowLES. 
 Thomas E. Waggam.\n. 
 Charles E. White. 
 
 Dr. William V. Marmion. C. C. Willard. 
 
 C. M. Matthews. 
 William F. Mattingly. 
 F. B. McGuire. 
 
 W. Cr.\nch McIntyre. 
 
 D. P. McKeever. 
 John R. McLean. 
 
 H. A. Willard. 
 W.\SH. B. Williams. 
 Col. J. M. Wilson. 
 Levi Woodbury. 
 Simon Wolf, 
 a. s. worthington. 
 
14 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 COMMITTEE ON PUBIJC ORDER AND COMFORT 
 
 [To cooperate with the District authorities in securing the necessary aid for enforcing the requi- 
 site regulations and to clear the avenue and streets for the formation and movement of the pro- 
 cession. Also authorized to consult with the proper authorities in charge of the United States 
 Capitol for the preservation of order in the Capitol grounds and such other matters as in their 
 judgment may he necessary for the protection and comfort of the public, both during the cere- 
 monies and evening entertainment.] 
 
 Henry L,. Biscoe, Chainnan. 
 \V. L. C.\SH. M. A. McGowAN. 
 
 W. B. Easton. Col. W. G. MooRK. 
 
 Gkorge H. Gaddes. Joseph Parris. 
 
 John Keyworth. Thomas A. Rover. 
 
 A. W. KEI.LEY. H. L. STREET. 
 
 J. Fred. Kelly. Richard Sylvester. 
 
 Noble D. Larner. L- P- Wright. 
 
 EVENING ENTERTAINMENT COMMITTEE 
 
 [Charged with all matters pertaining to the evening ceremonies except illumination of the Capi- 
 tol and fireworks.] 
 
 Jules Guthridge, Chainnan. 
 
 A. T. Britton, V ice-Chairman. 
 
 James F. ScaGGS, Secretary. 
 Job Barnard. James Lansburgh. 
 
 A. M. Bliss. W. A. McKenny. 
 
 Robert Christie. Thomas F. Miller. 
 
 Harrison Dingman. E. A. Moseley. 
 
 George T. Dunlop. R. Ross Perry. 
 
 Reginald Fendall. Richard Smith. 
 
 H. W. Garnett. S. W. Tulloch. 
 
 O. C. Green. Gen. Thomas M. Vincent. 
 
 George E. Hamilton. L. C. Williamson. 
 
 Louis D. Wine. 
 
 RAILROAD RATES COMMITTEE 
 
 [To obtain the lowest possible railroad rates from all points in the Union to this city, and announce 
 the same to the public as fast as received.] 
 
 Thomas W. Smith, Chairman. 
 E. W. Anderson. Samuel Ross. 
 
 H. L. Biscoe. W. J. Stephenson. 
 
 COMMITTEE ON vSTANDS 
 
 [In charge of the erection and decorating of a stand in front of the Capitol and such other stands 
 as the Executive Committee shall order.] 
 
 William J. P^'rizzell, Chairman. 
 Harry Barton. T. L. Holbrook. 
 
 Owen Donnelly. H. F. Holsten. 
 
 William Holmead. C. C. Meads. 
 
Organization and Jl^ork 15 
 
 CAPITOL DECORATION COMMITTEE 
 
 [In charge of the decoration of the Capitol and the approaches thereto.] 
 
 S. S. YoDKR, Chairman. 
 
 R. B. BUCKI^KV. J. J. vS. Hassi.kr. 
 
 John R. Carmody. James F. Hood. 
 
 Thomas N. Conrad. Tracy L,. Jeffords. 
 
 C. H. Pickling. James D. Maher. 
 
 Benjamin F. Guy. George W. Moss. 
 
 Charles H. Harris. W. H. Rupp. 
 
 E. J. Hannan. George W. Talbert. 
 J. H. C. Wilson. 
 
 MUSIC COMINIITTEE 
 
 [Charged with the duty of engaging the necessary music for the celebration, subject to the approval 
 
 of the Executive Committee.] 
 
 William A. Gordon, Chainnan. 
 
 Dr. Frank T. Howe, Chainnan Siibcouunittcc on Chorus. 
 
 Ralph L. Galt, Chairman SubcommiUcc on Band. 
 
 A. B. COPPES. John A. Roeder. 
 
 James H. Forsyth. W. A. Slack. 
 
 Fred. A. Grant. Joseph I. Weller. 
 
 J. E. Jones. James P. Willett. 
 
 William H. Manogue. Leonard C. Wood. 
 
 vS. M. Yeatman. 
 
 PRINTING COMMITTEE 
 
 [To super\'ise such printing as may be referred to them and ordered by the Executive Committee 
 Also in charge of any designing and printing or publications that may be authorized by the 
 Executive Committee.] 
 
 A. F. Sperry, Chairman . 
 
 Arthur St. C. Denver. David Moore. 
 
 George H. Harries. William H. Rapley. 
 
 BADGES AND SOUVENIR MEDALS COMMITTEE 
 
 [To cause designs for badges and souvenir medals and the cost thereof to be submitted for the 
 approval of the Executive Committee, and when so authorized to secure and deliver the same to 
 the chairman of the Executive Committee.] 
 
 Thomas Somerville, Chairman. 
 
 George W. Casilear. H. H. Twomblv. 
 
 D. I. Murphy. Joseph Waltmeyer. 
 
 Sidney H. Nealey. George Gibson. 
 
i6 
 
 Capitol Centennial Cele/^ration 
 
 PRESS COMMITTEE 
 
 [ToarraiiKe for the accommodation of the press and to extend all necessary facilities. 
 Theodore W. NoyES, Chainnan. 
 P. V. DE Graw, Vice-Chairman. 
 Henry L. West, Secretary. 
 
 George W. Abei.1.. 
 Feux Agnus. 
 Thomas G. AtvoRD. 
 AivEX. D. Anderson 
 Addison B. Atkins. 
 Edward W. Barrett. 
 David S. Barry. 
 C. C. Bowseield. 
 John Boyle. 
 Hobart Brooks. 
 Logan Carwsle. 
 Chari^es C. Carlton. 
 John M. Carson. 
 Cluskey Cromwell. 
 William L. Crounse. 
 Marshall Cushing. 
 R. H. Darby. 
 
 E. G. DUNNELL. 
 W. H. DENNIS. 
 J. Hadley Doyle. 
 Fergus p. Ferris. 
 Harry P. Godwin. 
 George H. Harries. 
 Frank H. Hosford. 
 Thomas B. Kalbfus. 
 Rudolph Kauffmann. 
 S. H. Kauffmann. 
 Horace Kenney. 
 R. M. Larner. 
 Francis E. Leupp. 
 A. Maurice Dowe. 
 R. Bowman Matthews. 
 John P. Miller. 
 O'Brien Moore. 
 
 Frank P. Morgan. 
 Frank J. O'Neill. 
 John H. Roche. 
 Maurice Splain. 
 John G. Slater. 
 Harold Snowden. 
 Orlando O. vStealey. 
 Alfred j. Stofer. 
 Louis Schade. 
 R. H. Sylvester. 
 John Tracey. 
 Clifford Warden. 
 Walter Wellman. 
 E. B. Wight. 
 R. J. Wynne. 
 
 PARADE COMMITTEE 
 
 [In charge of all matters pertaining to parade, both civic and military, organize the same, and at 
 the proper time turn it over to the Grand Marshal.] 
 
 Gen. Ellis SpE.^R, Chairman. 
 Charles W. Darr, Vice-Chairman. 
 
 Robert Ball. Daniel Frazier. 
 
 Capt. Harrison Barbour. George Gibson. 
 
 Robert Boyd. Col. C. Heywood, U. S. M. C. 
 
 Lieut. Col. Harry Coggin. Capt. Joseph O. Manson. 
 
 Capt. C. S. Domer. Capt. John S. Miller. 
 
 S. E. Faunce. Capt. Allison Nailor. 
 John J. Peabody. 
 
 ILLUMINATION COMMITTEE 
 
 [In charge of illnminating the Capitol and matters pertaining to illumination and fireworks.] 
 
 Fred. a. Lehman, Chairman. 
 
 William F. Hart, Vice-Chairman. 
 
 A. W. Hart, Secretary. 
 
 A. B. ClaxTON, Chairman Suhconunittcc on Fireworks. 
 
 GusTAv Bissing. C. p. Gleim. 
 
 Albert Bright. O. B. Hallam. 
 
 Edward Clark. William McAdoo. 
 
 Capt. George McC. Derby. B. N. Morris. 
 
 Capt. G. J. FiEBEGER. George L. Morton. 
 
 Max Georgii. A. S. PaTTison. 
 A. R. Townsend. 
 
Organization and Work 
 
 17 
 
 FINANCE COMMITTEE 
 
 [Charged with raising funds for the expenses of the celebration. When collected, to be paid over 
 to the treasurer by the chairman.] 
 
 John Joy Edson, Chairman. 
 Frank P. Reeside, Secretary. 
 
 Andrew Archer. 
 John T. Arms. 
 Brent. L. Bai,dwin. 
 W. B. Bai^dwin. 
 W. D. Baldwin. 
 F. H. Barbarin. 
 James L. Barbour. 
 Job Barnard. 
 Harry Barton. 
 Chari^es J. Bei,L. 
 H. H. Bergman. 
 E. P. Berry. 
 Samuel Bieber. 
 J. Wesley Boteler. 
 Charles C. Bradley. 
 S. Thomas Brown. 
 Horatio Browning. 
 Henry C. Burch. 
 Albert Carry. 
 J. W. Chappell. 
 Daniel B. Clark. 
 William E. Clark. 
 Dennis Connell. 
 Clarence Corson. 
 Samuel Cross. 
 Samuel W. Curriden. 
 C. H. Davidge. 
 I/Ouis J. Davis. 
 George W. Driver. 
 Edward F. Droop. 
 C. C. Duncanson. 
 W. Clarence Duvall. 
 S. G. Eberly. 
 John C. Eckloff. 
 Matthew G. Emery. 
 George E. Emmons. 
 A. P. Fardon. 
 C. H. Fickling. 
 Dr. George W. Fisher. 
 James E. Fitch. 
 Prof. W. G. Fowler. 
 William J. Frizzell. 
 Andrew Gleason. 
 J. H. Gordon. 
 Thomas Gray. 
 A. M. Green. 
 
 H. Mis. 211 
 
 H. A. Griswold. 
 Charles E. Gross. 
 William B. Gurley. 
 Jules Guthridge. 
 George F. Harbin. 
 Walter Heiston. 
 George C. Henning. 
 John E. Herrell. 
 
 D. P. HiCKLING. 
 
 Theo. L. Holbrook. 
 A. H. F. HoLSTEN. 
 R. O. HOLTZMAN. 
 
 C. W. Howard. 
 Charles A. James. 
 
 A. S. Johnson. 
 J. B. Johnson. 
 
 J. Harrison Johnson. 
 George a. Jordon. 
 John G. Judd. 
 Arthur L. Keane. 
 George Killeen. 
 George H. Kennedy. 
 J. J. Kleiner. 
 T. A. Lambert. 
 James Lansburgh. 
 John B. Larner. 
 F. A. Lehman. 
 
 B. F. Leighton. 
 George E. Lemon. 
 
 L. A. LiTTLEFIELD. 
 PHILO J. LOCKWOOD. 
 
 Meyer Loeb. 
 A. M. LoThrop. 
 John W. Macarty. 
 Frank P. Madigan. 
 John H. Magruder. 
 William H. Manogue. 
 Clarence McClelland, 
 w. w. mccullough. 
 A. M. McLachlen. 
 Frank B. Mohun. 
 W. C. Morrison. 
 Allison Nailor, Jr. 
 Frank P. Noyes. 
 George M. Oyster. 
 James F. Oyster. 
 -2 
 
 E. S. Parker. 
 John C. Parker. 
 Thomas C. Pearsall. 
 Seaton Perry. 
 Eugene Peters. 
 J. T. Petty. 
 W. W. Rapley. 
 Frank T. Rawlings. 
 E. Francis Riggs. 
 
 T. E. ROESSLE. 
 
 Samuel Ross. 
 
 A. B. Ruff. 
 Isadore Saks. 
 
 Dr. A. J. vSchaFhirt. 
 John W. Shafer. 
 Samuel S. Shedd. 
 John G. Slater. 
 Thomas W. Smith. 
 
 B. F. Snyder. 
 Thomas Somerville. 
 O. G. Staples. 
 
 E. J. Stellwagen. 
 Frederick C. vStevens. 
 
 F. A. Stier. 
 
 A. L. vSturtevant. 
 
 J. S. vSwORMSTED. 
 
 George W. Talbert. 
 Joseph D. Taylor. 
 
 A. A. Thomas. 
 John W. Thompson. 
 O. T. Thompson. 
 
 W. vS. Thompson. 
 Lem. Towers, Jr. 
 R. A. Walker. 
 vSamuel H. Walker. 
 
 B. H. Warner. 
 John L. We.wer. 
 Edward S. Wescott. 
 Frank P. Weller. 
 W. J. Whelpley. 
 Charles E. White. 
 George H. B. White. 
 Beriah Wilkins. 
 Charles p. Williams. 
 Jesse B. Wilson. 
 Louis D. Wine. 
 
i8 
 
 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 AUDITING COMMITTEK 
 
 [All bills must be examined by the committee, to ascertain if they have been properly authorized 
 by the Executive Committee by order or by appropriation, and approved by the chairman of the 
 Executive Committee. When so examined and approved bj' the chairman of the Committee 
 on Auditing, the Treasurer shall draw his check for the amount of the bills, which shall then be 
 paid. All statements or reports made up by the Executive Committee of receipts and disburse- 
 ments must be verified and approved by the Committee on Auditing.] 
 
 ISADORE Saks, Chairman. 
 
 George C. Henning. 
 
 CivEM. W. Howard. 
 
 STREET DECORATION COMMITTEE 
 
 Charged with the duty of securing decorations for and decorating the avenues and streets and the 
 national and city government buildings.] 
 
 Harrison 
 Reuben F. Baker. 
 Harrison Barbour. 
 Robert Beali,. 
 Henry L. Bryan. 
 Albert Carry. 
 s. w. curriden. 
 WiivWAM Dickson. 
 Edwin F. Droop. 
 J. H. Gordon. 
 Wm. Hoeke. 
 
 Dingman, Chairman. 
 
 I. W. Hopkins. 
 Harry R. Howser. 
 w. a. hutchins. 
 George W. Joyce. 
 Prof. Harry King. 
 C. C. Lancaster. 
 Frank P. Madigan. 
 Edward Minnix. 
 F. S. Parks. 
 George F. Pyles. 
 
 OFFICERS OF THE PARADE 
 
 The following officers of the parade were appointed: 
 
 Grand Marshal: Gen. Albert Ordway. 
 Chief of Staff : Gen. Ellis Spear. 
 Special Aids: Col. H. C. Corbin, U. S. A. 
 
 Capt. George P. Schriver, U. S. A. 
 
 Arthur D. Anderson. 
 
 E. W. Anderson. 
 
 T. H. Anderson. 
 
 Joseph L. Atkins. 
 
 Robert Ball. 
 
 Ralph Barnard. 
 
 J. A. Barthel. 
 
 N. Bestor. 
 
 E. H. Block. 
 
 Lee Britton. 
 
 Capt. William Brown. 
 
 S. S. BURDETT. 
 
 Maj. F. A. Butts. 
 
 Aids 
 
 Eugene B. Carusi. 
 Thornton A. Carusi. 
 Dorsey Claggett. 
 Barnes Compton, Jr. 
 John T. Crowley. 
 A. J. Curtis. 
 St. Julian Dapray. 
 Charles W. Darr. 
 Walter D. Davidge, Jr. 
 William W. Deane. 
 Gen. J. Dickinson. 
 William Dickson. 
 J. Franklin Donohue. 
 
 J. Maury Dove. 
 J. Hadley Doyle. 
 Lanier Dunn. 
 John Joy Edson, Jr. 
 Maj. Thomas M. Gale. 
 Arthur P. Gorman, Jr. 
 Dr. W. Hammett. 
 Maj. William Harmer. 
 Robert Harrover. 
 F. J. Hart. 
 Richard K. Harvey. 
 William B. Hibbs. 
 S. Hodgkins. 
 
Organization and Work 
 
 19 
 
 ROBKRT O. HotTZMAN. 
 
 Frank Humk, Jr. 
 
 Maj. T. W. HUNGKRFORD. 
 
 Maj. Robert W. Hunter. 
 Capt. J. H. Johnson. 
 Prof. J. Harrv King. 
 Thomas J. King. 
 S. Prentiss Knutt. 
 BIvAir Lee. 
 
 L. A. LiTTLEFIELD. 
 
 Woodbury Lowerv, Jr. 
 Dr. J. Maloney. 
 WiLijAM H. Manoguk. 
 Col. T. R. Marshai,i,. 
 
 James J. McDonaed. 
 George X. McLanahan. 
 W. H. Michael. 
 Maj. Julian G. Moore. 
 Maj. A. Porter Morse. 
 H. C. Moses. 
 Washington Nailor. 
 Edward G. Niles. 
 James L. Norris, Jr. 
 Gen. J. N. Patterson. 
 George H. Penrose. 
 H. L. Prince. 
 George W. Rae. 
 J. B. Randolph. 
 
 John J. Repetti. 
 IvEiGH Robinson. 
 I. N. Runyan. 
 Col. J. H. vStrickland. 
 Magnus S. Thompson. 
 Julius W. Tolson. 
 Maj. E. B. Townsend. 
 John TvveedalE. 
 h. h. twombly. 
 Hugh Waddell. 
 Albert c. Walker. 
 Joseph I. Weller. 
 Dr. William P. Young. 
 W. H. Zimmerman. 
 
 SCOPE OF THE CELEBRATION 
 
 The plans for the celebration were all prepared by the Citizens' 
 Committee, and, upon approval by the Joint Committee appointed 
 under the joint resolution of Congress, were carried into execution 
 by the Citizens' Committee. 
 
 From the very beginning the Citizens' Committee recognized 
 that the event to be celebrated was of great national importance, 
 and, as soon as the Congress assembled in extra session, submitted 
 the matter to the Vice-President of the United States and to the 
 Speaker of the House of Representatives. The Congress immedi- 
 ately acted, and passed a joint resolution (see p. 102) providing for 
 a committee of fourteen, to consist of seven Senators and seven 
 Representatives, to act with a similar number of citizens to be 
 selected by the Citizens' Committee, "to take order in the matter 
 of arranging for the ceremonies at the Capitol." 
 
 THE JOINT COMMITTEE 
 The Joint Committee was composed and officered as follows: 
 
 Chairman: Hon. Daniel Wolsey Voorhees, United States Senate. 
 Secretary: Gen. Duncan S. Walker. 
 
 Senators 
 
 Daniel W. Voorhees. John Sherman. 
 
 Matt W. Ransom. Stephen M. White. 
 
 William E. Chandler. Watson C. Squire. 
 
 John Martin. 
 
20 
 
 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 WlL,I,IAM D. BYNUM. 
 
 David B. Henderson. 
 George W. Houk. 
 
 Representatives 
 
 John C. Black. 
 John De Witt Warner. 
 Charles CNeill. 
 William Cogswell. 
 
 Citizens 
 
 Lawrence Gardner. 
 
 Gen. Duncan S. Walker. 
 
 C. C. Glover. 
 
 John W. Ross. 
 
 B. H. Warner. 
 
 J. M. Toner. 
 
 Beriah Wilkins. 
 
 Michael I. Weller. 
 
 E. B. Hay. 
 
 S. W. Woodward. 
 
 H. L. BiscoE. 
 
 A. R. Spofford. 
 
 John Joy Edson. 
 
 Marshall W. Wines. 
 
 At meetings of the Joint Committee the plans for the celebration 
 drawn up by the Citizens' Committee were approved and directed 
 to be carried into effect (see pp. 92-95). 
 
 LEGISLATION BY CONGRESS 
 
 It was also agreed by the Joint Committee that Congress should 
 be requested to make the i8th day of September, 1893, a legal 
 holiday within the District of Columbia, and to lend certain army 
 and navy flags to the Architect of the Capitol for decorative pur- 
 poses, and that the Senate and the House of Representatives be 
 invited to attend the exercises at the Capitol. Congress responded 
 favorably to the requests and accepted the invitation (see pp. 
 95, 103-106). 
 
o 
 
The Programme 
 
Official Prog-ramme 
 
 The following is the official prograiume for the celebration agreed 
 upon and executed: 
 
 CONCERTvS BY CENTENNIAL CHIMES 
 
 From g to lo a. in. 
 
 1. National peal, changes rung on thirteen bells. 
 
 2. America (M}' Country, 'Tis of Thee). 
 
 3. Ring Out, Wild Bells. (Mrs. Abhy Hutchinson Patton. ) 
 
 4. Old Coronation. 
 
 5. The Sweet By and By. 
 
 6. Bhie Bells of vScotland. 
 
 7. The British Grenadiers. 
 
 8. The Bells of Shandon. 
 
 9. Maryland, My Marj-land. 
 
 10. De Beriot's Fifth Air. 
 
 1 1 . Way Down upon the Suwannee River. 
 
 12. Schubert's Ave Maria. 
 
 13. Columbia, the Gem of the Ocean. 
 
 14. Oft in the Stilly Night. 
 
 15. Dixie. 
 
 16. Old Black Joe. 
 
 17. Haste to the Wedding. 
 
 iS. Massa's in the Cold, Cold Ground. 
 
 19. Bonny Doon. 
 
 20. What Fair3--like Music. 
 
 21. National salute, the thirteen bells being struck in unison forty-four times. 
 
 Fi'oui I to 2 p. 1)1. 
 
 1. Centennial peal, changes rung on thirteen bells. 
 
 2. My Country, 'Tis of Thee (America). 
 
 3. The Bells, march. (Battmann.) 
 
 4. Robin Adair. (Keppel.) 
 
 5. La Marseillaise. (Rouget de ri;Je. ) 
 
 6. Believe Me, If All Those Endearing Young Charms. (Tom Moore.) 
 
 7. Chimes of Corneville. (Planquette. ) 
 
 8. Rose Marie. 
 
 9. Wo i.st des Deutchen Vaterland ? ( Reichardt. ) 
 10. Way Down upon the Suwannee River. (Foster.) 
 
 f (ff) Monastery Bells. 
 \ {b) Ave Maria Stella. ( Vely. ) 
 12. De Beriot's Fifth Air. 
 
24 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 13. Die Kapelle (The Chapel). (Kreiitzer. ) 
 
 14. Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah. ( Flotow. ) 
 
 ( {a) Prayer from Zainpa. (Herold.) 
 
 I (<5) Wedding March — Lohengrin. (Wagner.) 
 
 16. Ring Out, Wild Bells. (Mrs. Abby Hutchinson Patton. ) 
 
 17. Heimaths-Klange. (Silcher. ) 
 
 18. Oft in the Stilly Night. (Moore. ) 
 
 19. Hear the Music of the Bells. 
 
 20. The Sweet By and By. 
 
 21. Le Carillon. (Streabog. ) 
 
 22. Maryland, My Maryland. 
 
 23. National salute, change peal, the thirteen bells being struck in unison 
 
 forty-four times. 
 
 ROUTE OF PARADE 
 
 The parade to start at i p. m. and to arrive at the Capitol before 
 2 p. m., the line of march (same as on September 18, 1793) to begin 
 on Pennsylvania avenue near Fifteenth street northwest; thence 
 sonth down Fifteenth street to Pennsylvania avenue; thence down 
 Pennsylvania avenue to the Capitol grounds; thence to B street 
 north; by B street north to First street east, to B street south; 
 thence to New Jersey avenue, there to be dismissed, 
 
 EXERCISES AT THE CAPITOL 
 
 The following was decided on as the programme at the Capitol, 
 commencing at 2 p. m. : 
 
 Music — Overture to Tannhauser Marine Band 
 
 Prayer Right Reverend WILI.IAM Paret, Bishop of Maryland 
 
 Music — Te Deuni in E flat. ( Dudley Buck ) Grand Chorus 
 
 Introduction Lawrence Gardner, Chairman of General Committee 
 
 Chairman of Ceremonies Grover Cleveland, President of the United States 
 
 Music — Selections — Lakme Marine Band 
 
 Orator of the Day William Wirt Henry, Virginia 
 
 Music — Star-Spangled Banner Grand Chorus 
 
 Address — The United States Senate Adlai E. Stevenson, Vice-President 
 
 Music — Potpourri of national airs Marine Band 
 
 Address— The LTnited States House of Representatives. . .Charles F. Crisp, Speaker 
 
 Music — The Heavens are Telling ( Creation ) Grand Chorus 
 
 Address — The Judiciary. . .Henry Billincs Brown, Supreme Court United States 
 
 Music — Centennial March. ( Fanciulli ) Marine Band 
 
 Address — The District of Columbia. 
 
 Myron M. Parker, Commissioner District of Columbia 
 Music — America Marine Band, Grand Chorus, and audience 
 
 The vocal music to be sung by a chorus of fifteen hundred voices, 
 under the direction of Profes.sor N. Du Shane Cloward. 
 
Official Programme 25 
 
 EVENING CONCERT 
 
 The Centennial Chimes, from 6 to 7 p. m. , to render the numbers 
 following': 
 
 1. Change peal on national airs. 
 
 2. Rally 'Round the Flag, Boys. 
 
 3. Auld Lang Syne. 
 
 4. Carry Me Back to Old Virginny. ( Foster. ) 
 
 5. Prayer from Der Freischutz. (Von Weber.) 
 
 6. Oh, Summer Night — Don Pasquale. 
 
 7. Ave Maria. (Schubert.) 
 
 8. Camptown Races. ( Christy. ) 
 
 9. Bonny Blue Flag. 
 
 10. Home Again. 
 
 11. Robin Adair. 
 
 12. De Beriot's Fifth Air. 
 
 13. Those Evening Bells. (Tom Moore.) 
 
 14. Home, Sweet Home. (Payne.) 
 
 15. Old Folks at Home. (Foster. ) 
 
 16. Nearer, My God, to Thee— Bethany. 
 
 17. The Last Rose of Summer. (Moore.) 
 
 18. Wedding March — Lohengrin. (Wagner.) 
 
 19. Oft in the Stilly Night. (Moore. ) 
 
 20. Star-Spangled Banner. ( Key. ) 
 
 21. National peal, change salute, all the bells being struck in unison forty-four 
 
 times. 
 
 At the east front of the Capitol, commencing at 8 p. m., the 
 following programme: 
 
 1. Grand march — National Capitol Centennial. (Fanciulli) Marine Band 
 
 2. Chorus — The Heavens are Telling (Creation) Grand Centennial Chorus 
 
 3. Overture — Semiramide. (Rossini) Marine Band 
 
 4. Home, Sweet Home. (Payne) Centennial Chorus 
 
 5. Monastery Bells. ( Vely ) Marine Band 
 
 6. Coronation Centennial Chorus 
 
 7. Trip to Manhattan Beach. (Fanciulli) Marine Band 
 
 8. Hail Columbia. ( Fyles ) Centennial Chorus 
 
 9. In the Clock Store. ( Orth ) Marine Band 
 
 10. Recitation — The Star-Spangled Banner. (Key) Mr. Chari,es B. Hanford 
 
 11. Chorus — Star-Spangled Banner. . .Centennial Chorus, Marine Band, and audience 
 
 12. Voyage Comique — A Trip to Mars. (Fanciulli) Marine Band 
 
 The chimes of thirteen large bells, from the McShane Foundry, 
 Baltimore, were stationed on the top of the wall at the northwest 
 corner of the new Congressional Library building, and were oper- 
 ated by Professor John R. Gibson, of the Metropolitan Methodist 
 Episcopal Church, Washington, and Professor Paul Stopfer, 
 
26 
 
 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 of St. Alphonso Church, Baltimore. The first concert by the 
 chimes began according to programme, at 9 a. m., and continued 
 until nearly no' clock. At i p. m. the second concert began, and the 
 
 evening concert began at 6 o'clock, 
 ending with the "Star-Spangled 
 Banner" and the "National Peal," 
 a change salute, all the thirteen 
 bells being rung in unison forty- 
 four times. 
 
 The vocal music rendered during 
 the afternoon and in the evening at 
 the Capitol was by the Grand Cen- 
 tennial Chorus, of fifteen hundred 
 adult voices, conducted by Professor 
 N. Du Shane Cloward. Several 
 weeks preceding the event Professor 
 Cloward had divided the District 
 into subdivisions and trained the 
 subdivisions separately, having one 
 grand rehearsal of fifteen hundred 
 voices at Convention Hall on the 
 evening of September 13, 1893. 
 
 The United States Marine Band, 
 Professor Fanciulli conductor, ren- 
 dered the instrumental music, both 
 at the afternoon exercises and at the 
 evening concert at the Capitol, and accompanied the Centennial 
 Chorus on those occasions. 
 
 y^A^^i_^ 
 
 DECORATIONS AND ILLUMINATION 
 
 The principal decorations at the Capitol were upon the central 
 portion of the east front. The grand stands, extending from the 
 north to the south wing, or over the whole east front of the main 
 building and old wings, were draped with bunting, extending 
 back to the cornice, while the front of the stands was hung with 
 
Official Programme 27 
 
 American flags, gracefully caught up at regular intervals with red, 
 white, and blue rosettes. A white anchor on a background of blue 
 covered the center of the main stand, from which the orations 
 were delivered. High upon the center of the main building were 
 hung two large garrison flags, from which was suspended the 
 national coat of arms. Higher up still, on the top of the great 
 white dome, four large American flags floated from horizontal 
 staffs, pointing north, south, east, and west. 
 
 With the double purpose of illuminating the east front of the 
 Capitol and furnishing light for the evening concert, at each 
 corner of the central stand was placed a spray of twenty-four col- 
 ored globes. Between the columns of the main portico were arches 
 of lighted jets, and bands of jets incased in globes encircled the mas- 
 sive pillars. To the right of the grand central stairway, in near 
 proximity to the corner stone of the Capitol, was a large gilded 
 framework, illuminated by jets in globes, reading "1793 — Wash- 
 ington," while to the left of the central stairway a similar illu- 
 mination read, "1893 — Cleveland." 
 
 GRAND STANDS 
 
 There were three grand stands erected at the east front of the 
 Capitol. The central one, for the President, the orators of the day, 
 the Cabinet and other executive officers, the Judiciary, the Diplo- 
 matic Corps, and other distinguished guests, covered the whole 
 space of the center of the main building and adjoined the rotunda, 
 from which was the main entrance for the guests, the orators 
 entering from the southeast front of the platform. The capacity 
 of this stand exceeded twenty-five hundred. To the north of this 
 stand and adjoining it was the stand for the Senate and House, 
 under the control of the Sergeants-at-Arms of those bodies, with 
 a seating capacity of fifteen hundred. To the south of the main 
 stand and adjoining it was the grand stand for the Centennial 
 Chorus, with a seating capacity of sixteen hundred, and facing 
 it were the accommodations for the Marine Band. All of these 
 stands were tastefully decorated, as before described. 
 
28 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 STREET DECORATIONS 
 
 The decorations on the private buildings on Pennsylvania ave- 
 nue, from the Capitol to the White House, were profuse and 
 beautiful. From ever}- window on each side of the street large 
 flags and strips of bunting were streaming, while many buildings 
 were topped with flagstaffs from which floated the national colors. 
 Other streets in the city also were dressed in holiday attire, all the 
 enterprise of patriotic private citizens. 
 
 CENTENNIAL MEDAL 
 
 A handsome medal was struck to commemorate the event. It 
 was designed by Mr. George W. Casilear, and struck on silver, 
 bronze, and white metal gilded. On one side is shown the east 
 front of the Capitol of the United States as of the date September 
 i8, 1893. Above is the legend "Centennial ceremonies" and 
 below "At the United States Capital," the whole circled with 
 forty-four stars, with the date "Sept. 18, 1893." On the obverse 
 is a facsimile of the scene on the bronze door of the Senate wing 
 of the Capitol, with a medallion head of Washington, above 
 which are fifteen stars, the whole circled with the legend 
 "Laying the corner stone of the Capitol, September 18, 1793." 
 The medal is suspended by a red, white, and blue silk ribbon, 
 upon a white silk ribbon, from a bar formed in the fashion of the 
 fasces, with bands upon which are the legend ' ' E pluribus unum. ' ' 
 A facsimile of the medal will be found facing this page. 
 
 SOUVENIR INVITATIONS 
 
 Handsome invitations, two thousand in number, containing the 
 programme of the exercises at the Capitol, were prepared under 
 the direction of the Invitation Committee and issued to distin- 
 guished, guests. Upon the first exterior page was a beautiful 
 engraving, sketching the Capitol as it appeared in 1893 from the 
 northeast, and the Capitol as of 185 1, viewed from the west, 
 the two joined by an exact reproduction of Crawford's bronze 
 
Official Programme 29 
 
 representation of the laying of the corner stone in 1793. The 
 last exterior page was embellished with an engraving of the 
 marble clock over the north door of the old Hall of the House of 
 Representatives, now known as Statuary Hall. 
 
 THE TABLET 
 
 After defraying all the expenses incurred on account of the cele- 
 bration, the Citizens' Committee had a surplus on hand, part of 
 which was appropriated for the preparation of the account of 
 the proceedings and of procuring suitable photographs of the 
 Capitol to illustrate the book ordered by the Congress to be pub- 
 lished. In addition, the sum of $900 was appropriated to secure 
 designs for and the casting of a tablet of bronze to mark the 
 corner stone of the original Capitol building. The contract for 
 this tablet was given to Maurice Powers, of New York, whose 
 design was accepted by the committee, and, under the joint reso- 
 lution of Congress, approved April 8, 1894 (see pages 108-110), 
 the same has been placed upon the southeast wall of the north 
 wing of the original building, just above the corner stone laid 
 by George Washington September 18, 1793. A facsimile of 
 the bronze tablet will be seen facing page 109. 
 
 The estimated cost of the tablet was $1,100, but the contractor 
 abated the sum to $900. 
 
 COST OF THE CELEBRATION 
 
 The entire expense of the celebration, as has been before said, 
 was defrayed by the Citizens' Committee, The total amount 
 contributed by voluntary subscriptions was $5,300.50; receipts 
 from the concert at Convention Hall given by the Centennial 
 Chorus, $233.30; receipts from sale of old material, $34; sales of 
 Centennial medals to members of committee, $457.75; a total of 
 $6,025.55. ^^^^ amount of disbursements for the celebration up 
 to the final meeting of the Citizens' Committee, April 19, 1894, 
 was $4,797.60; leaving a cash balance on hand at that date of 
 $1,227.95. Of this amount the sum of $100 was appropriated to 
 
30 
 
 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 reimburse the Veteran Firemen's Association for expenditures 
 made by them in entertaining guests from abroad; #150 for pre- 
 paring the book and photographs, as before stated; $900 for the 
 tablet, and the remainder for the expenses incident to the prepa- 
 ration of the memorial. 
 
The Parade 
 
 31 
 
The Parade 
 
 On the morniiig of September i8, 1893, at 9 o'clock, the cele- 
 bration began with the concert by the Centennial Chimes, the 
 programme of which has been heretofore given, closing a little 
 after 10 o'clock. At i o'clock 
 the afternoon programme for the ^^S^-^ 
 
 bells began, lasting until nearly 
 2 o'clock, and 
 
 being completed 
 just as President 
 Cleveland de- 
 scended from his 
 carriage to 
 take his seat 
 
 
 npon the grand 
 stand. 
 
 Long before 
 the hour an- 
 
 ^^**^1^i^^^ n o im c e d for 
 
 
 the parade the 
 ^ route was lined 
 
 with spectators, and it 
 is estimated that over 
 one hundred and fifty 
 thousand people saw the 
 pageant pass in review, 
 while in the Capitol Grounds and the adjacent streets there were 
 assembled not less than one hundred thousand citizens. 
 
 The following order of Chief Marshal Ordway for the forma- 
 tion and movement of the procession was adhered to with few 
 departures : 
 
 I. The chief marshal and staff will assemble on Executive aveniie, west of the 
 Treasury Department, at 12.30 o'clock p. m. 
 
 H. Mis. 211 3 33 
 
34 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 2. The cavalrv escort of the President of the United States will assemble at 12.45 
 o'clock p. ni. in inverted order, facin.t( sonth, on the north side of Pennsylvania 
 avenne, left resting on Jackson place. Carriages of orator, Chairman of General 
 Committee, and guests on south side of Pennsylvania avenue, between west gate of 
 the Executive Mansion and the War Department. 
 
 3. The first division will assemble at 12 o'clock m., as follows: Alexandria Wash- 
 ington Lodge of Masons, and the Independent Order of Odd Fellows on their left, 
 on Jackson place, right resting on Pennsylvania avenue; the remainder of the divi- 
 sion, in the order hereinafter named, on the south side of Pennsylvania avenue, with 
 the Association of Oldest Inhabitants on the right, resting opposite east corner of the 
 War Department. 
 
 4. The second division will assemble at 12.15 o'clock p. m. on Seventeenth street, 
 south of Pennsylvania avenue, in the order hereinafter stated, right resting on Penn- 
 sylvania avenue, with its left resting on New York avenue. 
 
 5. The third division will assemble at 12.30 o'clock p. m., as follows: The United 
 States artillery and the United States Marine Corps on the north roadway of the 
 White Lot, right resting on Seventeenth street; the District National Guard on 
 the west and south roadway of the White Lot, right resting at junction of north 
 roadway. 
 
 6. The fourth division will assemble at 12.45 o'clock p. ni., as follows: Veteran and 
 visiting firemen on Lafayette place, right resting on Pennsylvania avenue; the Dis- 
 trict Fire Department on Fifteenth street, north of Pennsylvania avenue, right 
 resting on New York avenue. 
 
 7. All organizations will assemble and stand in column, and will move in the order 
 above stated. In proceeding to the place of assembly no organization except mili- 
 tary will be permitted to march on Pennsylvania avenue between First and Fifteenth 
 streets after 12 o'clock noon. 
 
 8. The procession will move precisely at i o'clock p. m. Any organization not in 
 column and ready to move at that time will be excluded. 
 
 9. Carriages will march in column of twos. Civic organizations will march in 
 column of fours, with a distance of forty-four inches between each set of fours and 
 a distance of ten yards between organizations. Military organizations will march in 
 cohmm of companies or platoons, according to their strength. The distance between 
 divisions will be forty yards. 
 
 10. The line of march will be as follows: Fifteenth street; Pennsylvania avenue 
 to First street; through Capitol Grounds, north of the Capitol, to B street north- 
 B street north to First street east; First street east to B street south; B street south 
 to New Jersey avenue. Organizations will be dismissed from the procession on 
 reaching the corner of B street south and New Jersey avenue. Music will not 
 be permitted to play on Capitol Hill after 2 o'clock p. m. 
 
 11. The organization and order of the procession will be as follows: 
 
 Chief Marshal and stafif. 
 
 Squadron of United States cavalry. 
 
 President of the United States. 
 
 Orator of the day. 
 
 Governors of States. 
 
 Chairman of General Committee; distinguished guests. 
 
 Troop A, District National Guard. 
 
 FIRST DIVISION 
 
 Rai,ph L. Gai.T, Marshal. 
 
 Alexandria Washington Lodge of Ma.sons. 
 
 Independent Order of Odd Fellows. 
 
 Association of the Oldest Inhabitants. 
 
The Parade 35 
 
 Order of Elks. 
 
 Knights of Pythias. 
 
 Order of United American Mechanics. 
 
 Order of Red Men. 
 
 Knights of St. Peter. 
 
 Independent Order of Rechabites of North America. 
 
 Journeymen Stonecutters' Association of the District of Columbia. 
 
 Capital City Guards. 
 
 Butler Infantry Corps. 
 
 SECOND DIVISION 
 Wii<i.iAM P. Young, Marshal. 
 
 National Rifles. 
 Society of the Cincinnati. 
 Sons of the American Revolution. 
 Sons of the Revolution. 
 Society of Colonial Wars. 
 Aztec Club of 1S47. 
 Veterans of the Mexican War. 
 Old Guard 
 Grand Army of the Republic. 
 Sons of Veterans. 
 
 THIRD DIVISION 
 General H. G. Gibson, U. S. A., Marshal. 
 
 Battalion of Fourth United States Artillery. 
 
 Light Battery C, Third United States Artillery. 
 
 Battalion of United States Marine Corps. 
 
 National Giiard of the District of Columbia. 
 
 Company F, Third Regiment Virginia Volunteers. 
 
 FOURTH DIVISION 
 Mr. James H. Richards, Marshal. 
 
 Veteran Firemen of the District of Columbia. 
 
 Veteran Firemen of Brookljm, N. Y. 
 
 Hydraulion Fire Company of Alexandria, Va. 
 
 Relief Hook and Ladder Company of Alexandria, Va. 
 
 Fire Department of P'rederick, Md. 
 Fire Department of the District of Columbia. 
 
 By order of Chief Marshal Ai^berT Ordway: 
 
 Ellis Spear, Chief of Staff. 
 
T 12.45 o'clock ]Mr. Lawrence 
 Gardner, Chairman of the Gen- 
 eral Committee, and Air. Beriah 
 WiLKiNS, Chairman of tlie Recep- 
 tion Committee, reported to Presi- 
 dent Cleveland that the parade was 
 formed, and, escorted by Mr. Wilkins, 
 the President entered the carriage assigned 
 to him and rapidh' drove to his place in 
 the column. 
 General Albert Ordway, the Grand 
 Marshal, then rode to the front of the column, and the parade 
 marched down Fifteenth street to Pennsylvania avenue, thence to 
 the Capitol, over the designated route, in the following order: 
 
 General A1.BERT Ordway, Chief Marshal ; General EivUS SpEar, Chief of Staff, 
 and the aids heretofore named. 
 
 United States cavalry. Colonel GuY V. Henry commanding : 
 Troop A, First United States Cavalry, Captain Bom as. 
 Troop H, Eighth United States Cavalry, Lieutenant STEELE. 
 Troop F, Seventh United States Cavalry, Captain BELL. 
 Troop K, Ninth United States Cavalry, Captain HuGHE-S. 
 
 Colonel H. C. Corbin, U. S. A., and Captain George C. SchrivER, U. S. A., 
 special aids. 
 
 The President of the United States, Chairman of Ceremonies, in carriage with Mr. 
 Beriah Wilkins, Chairman of Conmiittee on Reception. 
 
 William Wirt Henry, orator of the day, escorted by Mr. Lawrence Gard- 
 ner, Chairman of the General Committee. 
 
 The Secretary of vState, escorted by Dr. J. M. Toner and Mr. William B. Webb. 
 
 The Secretary of the Treasury, escorted by Mr. J. W. Babson and Mr. Matthew 
 G. Emery. 
 
 The Attorney-General, escorted by General S. S. Henkle and Mr. Henry Wise 
 Garnett. 
 
 The Postmaster-General, escorted by Mr. Charles C. Glover and Dr. William 
 TiNDALL. 
 
 The vSecretary of Agriculture, escorted by Mr. Simon Wolf and Mr. H. W. Sohon. 
 
 The Right Reverend William Paret, Bishop of Maryland, escorted by Mr. 
 A. R. Spofford and Mr. E. B. Hay. 
 
 The Justices of the United States Supreme Court, escorted by Messrs. Enoch 
 ToTTEN, Chapin Brown, William F. Mattingly, and A. S. Worthington. 
 
 The Joint Committee of Congress, escorted by Messrs. B. H. W'arner, IsadorE 
 36 
 
TJic Parade 37 
 
 Saks, MARSHAL!. \V. Wines, Harrison Dingman, and L. C. Williamson. 
 
 The Coniniissioners of the District of Columbia, escorted by Mr. M. I. WellER. 
 
 The Court of Appeals, District of Columbia. 
 
 The Supreme Court of the District of Columbia. 
 
 The Governor of Maryland and the Governor of Rhode Island, escorted by Mr. 
 F. A. Lehman and Mr. A. F. Sperry. 
 
 Troop A, District National Guard. 
 
 FIRST DIVISION. 
 Ralph L. Galt, Marshal, and aids. 
 
 Association of the Oldest Inhabitants, E. R. McKean, Marshal. 
 Independent Order of Odd Fellows, Dr. T. J. Jones, Marshal: 
 
 Grand Encampment. 
 
 Subordinate Encampment. 
 
 Grand Lodge. 
 
 Subordinate Lodge. 
 
 Grand Canton, No. i, of Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Monumental Canton, of Baltimore, Md. 
 
 Zimmerman Canton, of Baltimore, Md. 
 Uniform Rank Knights of Pythias, Colonel H. C. CoGGiN commanding. 
 Benevolent Order of Elks, Samuel King, Marshal: 
 
 Washington Lodge, No. 15. 
 
 Baltimore Lodge, No. 7. 
 Order of Red Men, John C. Dunning, Marshal. 
 
 United Order of American Mechanics, John D. Schofield, Marshal. 
 Junior Order of American Mechanics, W. W. BoswELL, Marshal. 
 Sons of Jonadab. 
 Independent Order of Rechabites: 
 
 Senior Order, J. Adams, Marshal. 
 
 Junior Order, John R. Mahony, Marshal. 
 Capital City Guards. 
 Butler Cadets. 
 
 SECOND DIVISION 
 William P. Young, Marshal, and aids. 
 
 National Rifles, Captain James F. Oyster commanding. 
 
 Officers of the General Society and officers of the State and District societies of 
 the Sons of the American Revolution, in carriages. They were: General Horace 
 Porter, of New York, President-General; General J. C. Breckinridge, U. S. A., 
 Vice-President-General; Hon. Franklin Murphy, of New York, Secretary -Gen- 
 eral; Mr. C. W. Haskins, of New York, Treasurer-General; Mr. A. Howard 
 Clarke, of Washington, D. C, Registrar-General; Rev. Dr. Randolph McKim, 
 of Washington, D. C, chaplain; Mr. E. M. Gallaudet, of Washington, D. C, 
 President of the District of Columbia society; Judge John Goode, of Virginia; 
 Hon. Henry M. Shepard, President of the society in Illinois ; Hon. E. C. 
 Cabell, President of the .society in Missouri ; Mr. Alexander Hamilton, of 
 New York. 
 
 Society of the Cincinnati, in carriages, by the following committee: Hon. Asa 
 Bird Gardiner, LL.D., Secretary-General; Hon. Clifford Stanley, of New 
 Jersey; Colonel GEORGE B. Sanford, U. S. A.; Mr. John Cropper, New York; 
 Hon. William Wayne, Pennsvlvania; Hon. William B. Webb, LL.D., Maryland; 
 
38 Capitol Centennial Celrbi-ation 
 
 General George DoherTy Johnson, South Carolina; Hon. Wiluam D. Har- 
 den, Georgia; Mr. Osceola C. Green, Maryland; Mr. Henry Randaei. Webb, 
 Maryland, and Mr. WiEEiAM MacPhERSON Hornor, Pennsylvania. 
 
 Sons of the Revolution. 
 
 Society of Colonial Wars. 
 
 Sons of the American Revolution, Hon. John W. Dougeass, Marshal. 
 
 The Old Guard. 
 
 The Grand Armv of the Republic, Junior Vice-Commander B. T. Janney com- 
 manding. 
 
 John A. Rawlins Post, No. i, vS. W. Tueey commanding. 
 
 Kit Carson Post, No. 2, A. HarT commanding. 
 
 George G. Meade Post, No. 5, E. C. GrumeEy connnanding. 
 
 Lincoln Post, No. 3, Daniee Wieeiams commanding. 
 
 John F. Reynolds Post, No. 6, W. N. Thomas commanding. 
 
 J. A. Garfield Post, No. 7, T. R. Senior commanding. 
 
 O. P. Morton Post, No. 7, WaeTER MiddeETOn commanding. 
 
 Farragut Post, No. 10, A. B. HureburT commanding. 
 
 Charles P. Stone Post, No. 11, W. H. HoovER conmianding. 
 
 George W. Morris Post, No. 19, SamuEE McGonnigeE commanding. 
 
 Sheridan Post, No. 14, H. E. Burton commanding. 
 
 George H. Somers Post, No. 15, B. FuELER commanding. 
 
 George H. Thomas Post, No. 13, A. B. FrisbiE commanding. 
 
 Henry Wilson Post, No. 17, W. S. DEERE commanding. 
 
 Sons of Veterans, ChareES Conrad commanding: 
 John A. Logan Post, No. 2. 
 
 THIRD DIVISION 
 
 General H. G. Gibson, U. S. A., Marshal, and aids. 
 
 Fourth Artillery Band. 
 
 Companies M, I, and A, Fourth United States Artillery, Captain Fuger, U. S. A., 
 commanding battalion. 
 
 Marine Band, Professor FanciueEI, Director. 
 
 Marine Corps, four companies. Lieutenant H. K. White connnanding battalion. 
 District National Guard, Colonel Cecie Clay commanding, and staff: 
 Schroeder's National Guard Band. 
 Engineer Corps, Lieutenant F. S. AvERiEE. 
 First Regiment of Infantry, Colonel Wieeiam G. Moore commanding and 
 
 staff. 
 First Battalion (Light Infantry), Major Burton R. Ross, commanding: 
 Company A, Captain C. M. LoEFFEER. 
 Company B, Captain C. M. ShrEve. 
 Company C, Captain C. H. Ourand. 
 Company D, Captain John S. MieeER. 
 Second Battalion, Major R. A. O'Brien commanding: 
 
 Company A, Corcoran Cadets, Captain E. C. Edwards. 
 Company B, Morton Cadets, Captain L. H. ReicheefEEDER. 
 Company C, National Fencibles, Captain C. vS. DoMER. 
 Company D, High School Cadets, Captain R. H. Young. 
 War Department Guards, Captain F. T. Wieson. 
 Second Regiment of Infantry, Lieutenant-Colonel M. Emmett Ureee com- 
 manding and staff. 
 
The Parade 
 
 Fourth Battalion, Major E. R. Campbeli, commanding: 
 
 Company A, Emmet Guards, Captain Harry Walsh. 
 
 Company B, Columbian Guards, Lieutenant J. F. Keli^v. 
 
 Company D, Ordway Rifles, Captain J. M. Wir.r.rAMS. 
 Fifth Battalion, Major Otto L. Suess commanding: 
 
 Company A, Captain W. J. Simmons. 
 
 Company B, Captain Fabian Columbus. 
 
 Company C, Lieutenant SwigarT. 
 
 Company C, Lieutenant G. W. Engi^and. 
 Sixth Battalion, Captain J. A. Salmon commanding: 
 
 Company A, Captain John W. Parsons. 
 
 Company B, Captain J. vS. Tomunson. 
 
 Company C, Captain E. D. SmooT. 
 
 Company D, Lieutenant H. L. B. ACKERSON. 
 Battery A, Captain H. G. FoRSBERG commanding. 
 Ambulance Corps, Lieutenants J. A. Watson and D. S. Verdi. 
 Bicycle Corps, Captain C. B. Story. 
 
 FOURTH DIVISION 
 
 39 
 
 Colonel James H. Richards, Marshal. 
 Laurel Military Band. 
 
 Washington Veteran Firemen, with engine and hose wagon, John Thompson. 
 Foreman. 
 
 Freeport Cornet Band. 
 
 Brooklyn Veteran Firemen, J. H. Berger, Marshal. 
 
 Alexandria Hydraulion and Relief Company, with engine, hose carriage, and 
 fuel wagon. Sergeant Crouse commanding. 
 
 Alexandria Hook and Ladder Company, R. M. Latham, Foreman. 
 District Fire Department, Chief Parris and Assistant Chief BELT. 
 Engines and hose carriages: 
 No. I. 
 No. 2. 
 No. 4. 
 No. 6. 
 No. 7. 
 Truck A. 
 
 Fuel and supply wagons. 
 Battalion Mounted Police. 
 
At the Capitol 
 
 41 
 
At the Capitol 
 
 Long before the appointed hour for the commencement of the 
 exercises at the Capitol, the invited guests, who were received at 
 the east door of the Rotunda by General Duncan S. Walker, 
 Chairman of the Committee on Invitations, and his assistants, 
 began to arrive and were shown to their seats upon the grand 
 
 Besides the President and the orators of 
 day, the Cabinet, the Justices of the Su- 
 preme Court, Chiefs of Bureaus in the 
 Executive Departments, distinguished 
 officers of the Army and 
 Navy, members 
 
 stand 
 
 of the Diplomatic Corps, and other eminent persons, numbering 
 two thousand, had been invited, and the stand was filled to 
 its utmost capacity. 
 
 At a few minutes before 2 o'clock, the Senate, in a body, pre- 
 ceded by its President, Sergeant-at-Arms, Secretary, and Door- 
 keeper, passed through the Rotunda and entered the stand to 
 
 the north, provided for the Congress. 
 
 43 
 
44 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 Almost immediately afterwards the House of Representatives, 
 preceded by its vSpeaker, Clerk, vSergeant-at-Arms, and Door- 
 keeper, passed through the east door of the Rotunda and took 
 the seats assigned them on the north stand. 
 
 In a few minutes the Joint Committee of Congress appeared 
 upon the grand stand, and as the head of the column arrived, 
 President Cleveland, who was to act as the Chairman of Cere- 
 monies, the Right Reverend the Bishop of Maryland, and the 
 orators of the day, escorted by members of the Citizens' Com- 
 mittee, alighted from their carriages and took seats in the front 
 of the central stand, welcomed by a great shout arising from one 
 hundred thousand throats. 
 
 Already Professor Cloward had occupied the south stand with 
 his fifteen hundred choristers. The Marine Band, Professor Fan- 
 CiULLi, had been unavoidably detained for a few moments, due 
 to the fact that they marched in the parade at the head of the 
 Marine Corps. In the meantime the chimes at the Congressional 
 Library building, directly in front of the grounds, rang out a 
 merry peal, while the crowd cheered again and again. 
 
 THE INVOCATION 
 
 The Chairman of the Citizens' Committee arose, and by his 
 gestures commanded silence. The assemblage obeyed, and at 2.07 
 p. m. the Right Reverend William Paret, Bishop of Mary- 
 land, vested in his episcopal robes, advanced to the front of 
 the platform and made the invocation, as follows: 
 
 Direct us, O Lord, in all our doings with Thy most gracious favor, 
 and further us with Thy continual help; that in all our works begun, 
 continued, and ended in Thee we may glorify Thy holy Name, and 
 finally, by Thy mercy, obtain everlasting life, through Jesus Christ our 
 Lord. Amen. 
 
 Our Father who art in heaven, hallowed be Thy Name. Thy king- 
 dom come. Thy will be done on earth, as it is in heaven. Give us 
 this day our daily bread. And forgive us our trespasses, as we forgive 
 those who trespass against us. And lead us not into temptation, but 
 deliver us from evil: For Thine i.s the kingdom and the power and the 
 glory, for ever and ever. Amen. 
 
Af the Capitol 45 
 
 Almighty God, whose kingdom is everlasting and power infinite, have 
 mercy upon this whole land; and so rule the hearts of Thy servants, the 
 President of the United States and all others in authority, that the}', 
 knowing whose ministers they are, may above all things seek Thine 
 honor and glory; and that we and all the people, duly considering whose 
 authority they bear, may faithfully and obediently honor them, in Thee, 
 and for Thee, according to Th)' blessed Word and ordinance; through 
 Jesus Christ our L,ord, who, with Thee and the Holy Ghost, liveth and 
 reigneth, ever one God, world without end. Amen. 
 
 Most gracious God, we humbly beseech Thee, as for the people of 
 these United States in general, so especially for their Senate and 
 Representatives in Congress assembled, that Thou wouldst be pleased 
 to direct and prosper all their consultations, to the advancement of 
 Thy glory, the good of Thy church, the safety, honor, and welfare 
 of Thy people; that all things may be so ordered and settled by their 
 endeavors, upon the best and surest foundations, that peace and happi- 
 ness, truth and justice, religion and piety, may be established among 
 us for all generations. These and all other necessaries, for them, for 
 us, and Thy whole church, we humbly beg in the name and mediation 
 of Jesus Christ our most blessed lyord and Savior. Amen. 
 
 Almightj^ Father, from whose goodness it comes that this house has 
 been and is the center of a powerful and happy nation, most heartily we 
 thank Thee for all Thy loving providences to these United States: And 
 this day especially, that Thou hast so guided the wisdom and overruled 
 all the errors and prejudices of our great national counsels and decisions 
 for these one hundred years. Accept our thankfulness, we beseech 
 Thee, for the sake of Jesus Christ our Lord. Amen. 
 
 O God, who boldest in Thy hand, but hidest from us, all the issues of 
 the future years, we beseech Thee to continue over these United States 
 Thy watchful and restraining love. Guide our statesmen and our 
 magistrates and judges to all that is needful for us, in peace and 
 truth and righteousness. Restrain them, we beseech Thee, from all 
 injustice, oppression, or wrong. May the truth and justice of God and 
 the welfare of the people rule all their actions. 
 
 And if it be Thy will that at the end of another century these walls 
 shall still be standing, grant that they may stand with our nation's 
 truth and honor steadfast and untarnished. 
 
 All which we ask for the sake of Jesus Christ our Lord. Anien. 
 
 The Grand Centennial Chorus, acconipauied by the United States 
 Marine Band, then sang the "Te Deum." 
 
46 
 
 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 CHAIRMAN GARDNER'S INTRODUCTION 
 
 Mr. Lawrence Gardner, Chairman of the Citizens' Committee, 
 then spoke as follows: 
 
 One hundred years ago George Washington, the first President of 
 the United vSt&tes, standing on this hillside, then almost a wilderness, 
 laid the corner stone of the permanent home of Congress, in whose 
 majestic shadow we are now assembled. Our written Constitution, 
 the beacon light of every freeman, was then but an experiment, of 
 which the creation of a national capital, under the exclusive control 
 of the legislature, was the most novel feature. Washington City was 
 
 a name; the United States a 
 federation of fifteen States, 
 sparsely populated, bounded 
 on the west by the Missis- 
 sippi , and with no port upon 
 the great Gulf. 
 
 How conditions have 
 changed since Washing- 
 ton last stood near this 
 hallowed spot! To-day the 
 population of the country 
 exceeds that of any English- 
 speaking people; its area 
 has been enlarged from 
 927,000 to 3,604,000 square 
 miles; its boundaries are 
 washed l^y the two great 
 oceans. To-day we more 
 than realize the hope here 
 expressed by Washington, 
 before an assemblage small 
 in numbers, but strong in that faith that overcometh all human 
 obstacles. 
 
 As the country grew, so grew its Capitol, j^ear by year, stone upon 
 stone, until, on this its hundredth anniversary, it shows forth the most 
 magnificent structure of any age, crowning the most beautiful city of 
 the world. 
 
 Gentlemen of the Senate and House of Representatives, as we now 
 commemorate the laying of the corner stone of your legislative home, 
 it is meet to give thanks for the preeminent part taken by Congress 
 in the wonderful development of the system of government to which 
 the United States owes its sure and rapid advancement. 
 
Af tJic CapHoI 47 
 
 To Conc^ress the country is iiidel)ted for the fundamental acts which 
 rounded out the frame of the organic law and gave life and vigor to 
 all its parts. x\ study of the history of legislative bodies in all lands 
 and times will disclose none the superior of the American Congress, 
 whether in intelligence, patriotism, or in purity of purpose. 
 
 Ladies and gentlemen, I will not detain you longer. Under the 
 direction of the Joint Committee of Congress I have now the pleas- 
 ure of introducing to you as Chairman of Ceremonies the worthy 
 successor of Washington, the President of the United States, Grovek 
 Cleveland. 
 
 PRESIDENT CLEVELAND'S ADDRESS 
 
 As President CLEVELAND, the Chairman of Ceremonies, arose 
 and removed his hat, taking his stand near the familiar spot 
 occupied by him twice before on the occasion of his first and 
 second inaugural addresses, the crowd in front broke into a cheer 
 which was taken up by the vast throngs beyond. 
 
 The President said: 
 
 While I accept with much satisfaction the part assigned to me on 
 this occasion, I can not escape the sober reflections which these cere- 
 monies suggest. Those who suppose that we are simply engaged in 
 commemorating the beginning of a magnificent structure devoted to 
 important public uses have overlooked the most useful and improving 
 lesson of the hour. We do indeed celebrate the laying of a corner 
 stone from which has sprung the splendid edifice whose grand propor- 
 tions arouse the pride of every American citizen, but our celebration 
 is chiefly valuable and significant because this edifice was designed 
 and planned by great and good men as a place where the principles 
 of a free representative go\'ernment should be developed in patriotic 
 legislation for the benefit of free people. If representatives who here 
 assemble to make laws for their fellow-countrymen forget the duty of 
 broad and disinterested patriotism and legislate in prejudice and pas- 
 sion or in behalf of sectional and selfish interests, the time when the 
 corner stone of our Capitol was laid and the circumstances surrounding 
 it will not be worth commemorating. 
 
 The sentiment and the traditions connected with this structure and 
 its uses belong to all the people of the land. They are most valuable 
 as reminders of patriotism in the discharge of public duty and stead- 
 fastness in many a struggle for the public good. They also furnish 
 a standard by which our people may measure the conduct of those 
 chosen to serve them. The inexorable application of this standard 
 will always supply proof that our countrymen realize the value of the 
 free institutions which were designed and built bv those who laid the 
 
48 Capitol Ccntcjinial Celebration 
 
 corner stone of their Capitol, and that they appreciate the necessity of 
 constant and jealous watchfulness as a condition indispensable to the 
 preservation of these institutions in their purity and integrity. 
 
 I believe our fellow-citizens have no greater nor better cause for 
 rejoicing on this centennial than is found in the assurance that their 
 public servants who assemble in these halls will watch and guard the 
 sentiment and traditions that gather around this celebration, and that 
 in the days to come those who shall again commemorate the laying of 
 the corner stone of their nation's Capitol will find in the recital of our 
 performance of public duty no less reason for enthusiasm and congrat- 
 ulation than we find in recalling the wisdom and virtue of those who 
 have preceded us. 
 
 When the Chairman of Ceremonies concluded his address the 
 cheering was prolonged, and only ceased when the Marine Band 
 rendered selections from ' ' Lakme. ' ' 
 
 WILLIAM WIRT HENRY'S ORATION 
 
 The Chairman of Ceremonies, President Cleveland, then arose 
 and briefly introduced the orator of the day, Mr. William Wirt 
 Henry, of Virginia, as the able and eloquent descendant of 
 Patrick Henry. 
 
 Mr. Henry then spoke as follows: 
 
 Fellow-Citizens of the United States: The exercises of to-day 
 are a fitting close of the series of centennial celebrations of the most 
 important events in our Revolutionary history. Celebrations which 
 have presented vividly to the present generation the courage of our 
 ancestors in winning our liberties, and their wisdom in forming a 
 system of government which has proved a safeguard of the invaluable 
 possession. From the skirmish at Lexington on April 19, 1775, when 
 the immedicabile vulnus was inflicted wdiich finally severed the ligament 
 binding the Colonies to the mother countr}*, to April 30, 1789, when 
 Washington was inaugurated as the first President under the Federal 
 Constitution, the most important events have been made to pass in 
 panorama before our eyes. The attention of the world has been more 
 closely attracted by us, and American history has assumed its proper 
 position in the forefront, where it is destined to remain as the great 
 teacher of advanced civilization, x^nd now it becomes us to celebrate 
 the hundredth anniversarj' of the laying of the corner stone of this mag- 
 nificent Capitol, the permanent home of the Government of this great 
 nation, and thus to complete the roll call of the events which estab- 
 lished us among the nations of the earth. 
 
At the Capitol 
 
 49 
 
 In looking back upon these events how insignificant they appeared 
 at the time to the outside world! Our battles were but skirmishes 
 as compared with the engagements of the vast armies which had red- 
 dened the soil of Europe and Asia in their conflicts. Our Declaration 
 of Independence was but bi'utiim fulmcn unless sustained by force of 
 arms, which was belie\-ed to be beyond our power. Our first union was 
 held by a rope of sand, and even our Federal Constitution, dependent 
 as it was upon popular will, was an experiment with a divided people — 
 divided as to the wisdom of the plan, and divided as to the construction 
 of the instrument. It was confidently predicted by the enemies of our 
 free institutions that our experiment would prove a miserable 
 failure, and that but a short distance would intervene between its 
 cradle and its grave. 
 
 But how different the scene of to-day! 
 What grand results have followed from 
 our despised beginnings! For more than a 
 century we have demonstrated, as no 
 other people have ever done before, our 
 capacity for self-government. Our Federal 
 system has been tested in peace and in 
 war, and b}' violent forces from without 
 and within, yet every fiber has stood the 
 strain, and its perfect adaptation to our 
 needs under all circumstances has been 
 demonstrated. Yea, more; already the 
 hope of our fathers as to the effect of 
 our free institutions upon the human race 
 has been wonderfully realized. That hope 
 was expressed by James Wilson in the Pennsylvania Convention 
 which adopted the Constitution when he said: 
 
 By adopting this system we shall probably \a.y a foundation for erecting 
 temples of liberty in every part of the earth. It has been thought b}- many 
 that on the success of the struggle America has made for freedom will depend 
 the exertions of the brave and enlightened of other nations. The advantages 
 resulting from this system will not be confined to the United States, but will 
 draw from Europe many worthy characters who pant for the enjoyment of 
 freedom. It will induce princes, in order to preserve their subjects, to restore to 
 them a portion of that liberty of which they have for many ages been deprived. 
 It will be subservient to the great designs of Providence with regard to this 
 globe^the multiplication of mankind, their improvement in knowledge and 
 their advancement in happiness. 
 
 It takes but a cursory view of the present condition of the people 
 of Christendom to recognize the liberalizing effect of our Government 
 upon their civil institutions. It has been well said by a late writer 
 that ' ' at the close of the American Revolution there was in the Old 
 World only one free nation and no democracy. In Europe there 
 H. Mis. 211 4 
 
^o Capitol Centemiial Celebration 
 
 now remain but two strong monarchies — those of Russia and Prussia — 
 while America, scarcely excepting Brazil and Canada, is entirely (at 
 least in name) republican." Since he wrote Brazil has dethroned her 
 king and adopted a republican form of government, and there is a 
 strong movement in Canada toward union with the United States. 
 But while other nations have followed more or less closely in our 
 footsteps, striving to enjoy our freedom, how wonderful has been 
 our progress in all that makes a nation great! When we consider the 
 enlarged extent of our territory, the increase of our population, our 
 progress in the arts and sciences, in commerce, in wealth, and in 
 knowledge, v/e are forced to exclaim, "God has blessed us, and has 
 made His face to shine upon us!" 
 
 With the history of this progress this Capitol has been intimately 
 connected. Here the Chief Executives of the nation have taken the 
 oath of office and made their communications to Congress. Here the 
 wise men of the nation have discussed and formulated the great meas- 
 ures of internal and external policy which have placed us in the front 
 rank of the nations of the earth. Here treaties with foreign nations 
 have been confirmed. Here territory has been annexed, out of which 
 new States have been constituted, until, instead of fifteen States east 
 of the Mississippi, we have stretched across the continent, and now 
 number forty-four States, whose eastern and western shores are washed 
 by the great oceans on whose bosoms our commerce is borne to every 
 quarter of the globe. Here our vSupreme Court has been .seated, the 
 most important tribunal which has ever existed, and great jurists have 
 decided grave questions between the States, and have construed our 
 system of government, defining and limiting the powers of each 
 department and confining it to its appropriate sphere. Here repre- 
 sentatives of foreign nations have watched the working of our free 
 institutions, and have realized the capacity of man for self-government. 
 
 When we remember the great men who have shed luster on this 
 Capitol during the past century, as Presidents, legislators, and jurists, 
 we can justly claim an eminence for our Republic which has not been 
 excelled, if ever equaled, by any other nation of this or any other age. 
 
 Nor has this city, located by Washington and bearing his honored 
 name, failed to realize the expectation of its founder that it would 
 become the fitting capital of a great nation. It is now justly claimed 
 to be one of the most beautiful and attractive of the capitals of the 
 world. Within the century, the .scoffing lines of the poet have become 
 a splendid reality. Could he, who in 1804 wrote of the scattered 
 
 village— 
 
 This embryo capital, where fancy sees 
 Squares in morasses, obelisks in trees; 
 Which second-sighted seers even now adorn 
 With shrines unbuilt, and heroes yet unborn^ 
 

 At the Capitol . rj 
 
 look upon this cit}- to-day, with its quarter of a milhon of inhabitants, 
 its beautiful streets and squares bordered with costly residences, its 
 splendid monuments and its magnificent public buildings, he would 
 realize that the ' ' fancies of the second-sighted seers ' ' of his day have 
 been more than fulfilled as real prophecies. 
 
 As I stand here on this commemoration day, two periods in the 
 history of this building rise prominent to my view; the first, at the 
 beginning of the century which ends to-day. I behold a country not 
 yet recovered from the exhaustion of the war which established its inde- 
 pendence; with a new system of government not sufficiently tried to 
 overcome the friction of its machinery, nor to insure its stability 
 and its capacity to check the spirit of anarchy which had been so 
 strongly manifested in the nation, and had so seriously threatened 
 the dissolution of the Union; with a 
 revenue inadequate to meet its liabil- 
 ities; without sufficient strength to force 
 England to comply with the terms of 
 her treaty and surrender the military 
 posts on the Great I,akes, and as a con- 
 sequence suffering the cruel effects of 
 an Indian war believed to have been 
 instigated by the British commanders; 
 with Spain plotting to get a foothold 
 in the Mississippi Valley, by refusing 
 to the United States the free naviga- 
 tion of that river, whose mouth she 
 held, and offering it to the inhabitants 
 of the valley as the price of their leav- 
 ing the Union and casting their lot 
 with her; with open opposition to the 
 excise law of Congress, assuming the 
 form of an insurrection in west Pennsyl vanik ; but above all with the 
 almost maddening effect upon the people of the French Revolution 
 followed by war between France and England, which was threatening 
 to engulf the newly launched American ship of state in the mael- 
 strom of European wars. I see the calm figure of Washington 
 holdmg firmly the helm of state as he steers it amidst the storm 
 and with that unfaltering faith in the future of his countrv which 
 had nerved him to be her deliverer in her darkest hours of trial 
 commg to this spot to lay the corner stone of the Capitol of the 
 nation he had created, and which he firmly believed would be not 
 only the freest but one of the greatest which the world had ever 
 known. Behold that majestic form, erect, though burdened with the 
 cares of state, and carrying the weight of over three-score years, 
 
^2 Capitol Ccntcuuial Celebration 
 
 attired with the simple emblems of masonry, descending into the 
 trench and laying his hand on the corner stone on which was to be 
 erected the permanent Capitol of the United vStates of America; a 
 foreshadowing of the time, near at hand, when, divested of all earthly 
 cares, he was to descend into the tomb, laying his hand of faith on 
 the corner stone not laid with hands, on which was to be reared his 
 eternal mansion in the heavens. 
 
 Bnt the scene changes. More than a half centnry has passed, during 
 which we have engaged in two wars, one with lingland, in which we 
 contested her sovereignty of the seas, and the other with Mexico, 
 resulting in a large accession to our western territory, already greatly 
 enlarged by treaty. In the meanwhile portentous questions have ari.sen 
 between the Northern and Southern States, threatening a dis.solution 
 of the Union. African slavery, that baneful legacy of our mother 
 country, had been cast out of the Northern States, where it had 
 ceased to be profitable, and had become more deeply rooted in the 
 Southern States, whose climate and agricultural s>'stem were better 
 suited to its existence. A bitter contest had consequently sprung up 
 between the sections over the balance of power in the administration 
 of the Federal Government. This was made the more alarming by 
 the radical difference in the constructions given to the Federal system. 
 By the one party it was held to be a government of a nation, and 
 that by the adoption of the Federal Constitution each State had merged 
 a part of its sovereignty into that of the whole, which could not be 
 recalled except by successful revolution. By the other part>' the Fed- 
 eral Constitution was held to be a compact between sovereign States, 
 each of which had the right to pass upon the legality of Federal acts, 
 to nullify their operation, if deemed an infraction of the compact, 
 and, as a last resort, to secede from the Union. With such a view of 
 the Federal system it is no wonder that many threats of secession 
 had been made by parties North and South dissatisfied with Federal 
 laws. California had been acquired from Mexico, and, rich in gold, it 
 had been soon filled with a population sufficient to form a State. A 
 convention of its people framed a constitution which excluded slavery 
 from its borders, and with this instrument in hand they knocked at 
 the door of Congress for admission during the session of 1849-50. 
 To admit her was to destroy the equilibrium between the free and 
 slave States, and therefore a fierce struggle at once arose which threat- 
 ened the permanency of the Union. Happily two of the greatest 
 statesmen and purest patriots our country has ever produced were in 
 the councils of the nation, Henry Clay, of Kentucky, and Daniel 
 Webster, of Massachusetts. By their combined efforts the compro- 
 mise measures of 1850 were enacted, which it was fondly hoped would 
 settle the sectional strife. 
 
At the Capitol 
 
 53 
 
 It was at this period that the growth of the nation demanded an 
 enlargement of its Capitol. The Fourth of July, 185 1, was fixed for 
 the laying of the corner stone of the addition, and the great expounder 
 and defender of the Constitution, the foremost of living statesmen, 
 the matchless orator, Daniel Webster, was selected to make the 
 address. Those who remember him as he lived and moved among men 
 easily recall the massive head, the deep-toned voice, the grand 
 periods, the profound thought, which held his auditors spellbound 
 whenever he spoke. On this occasion we see him but lately transferred 
 from the vSenate to the foremost seat in the Cabinet, the conspicuous 
 mark for the arrows of sectionalism; yet, firmly fixed in the position 
 he had assumed in his celebrated speech on the compromise measures, 
 delivered in the Senate the 7th of March, 1850, in which, filled with 
 the patriotism which animated the 
 first Continental Congress, he had ■ 
 uttered the memorable words, " I wish 
 to speak to-day not as a Massachu- 
 setts man, nor as a Northern man, 
 but as an American." Fit .successor 
 of the Father of his Country in the 
 ceremonies of the daj', we .see his faith 
 in the future of the Union emerging 
 from the cloud which had overshad- 
 owed the political horizon, and while 
 he recounts the luiprecedented hap- 
 piness and the wonderful progress of 
 the country under the Federal Gov-' 
 ernment, he appeals to the di.ssatisfied 
 to exorci.se the .spirit of disunion, and 
 to cling to the Government framed by 
 their forefathers as the sheet anchor 
 of their liberties, the ark of their .safety, the assurance, doubly sure, 
 of their ever-increasing greatness. 
 
 Sectional strife was not, indeed, quelled by the compromise of 1850, 
 but fuel was continually added to the flame, till secession, .so long 
 threatened, was at la.st attempted by the Southern States. In the 
 terrible civil war that followed slavery and secession went down 
 together, cla.sped in the embrace of eternal death, and the Union 
 survived, more firmly knit by the effort to disrupt it, and blessing a 
 nation of freemen. It remains for us now to cast out the spirit of 
 sectionalism, that bitter fountain of our woes, and henceforth to unite 
 to realize the .sentiment of the poet — 
 
 One flag, one land, one heart, one hand, 
 One nation evermore! 
 
54 
 
 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 In the address of Mr. Webster on the Fourth of July, 1851, he 
 gave a comparative table of statistics showing the growth of the nation 
 between 1793 and 1851. Extending a few of the items of this table 
 to the present date, and using reports for 1892 in doing so, we can 
 realize our growth within the last forty-two years. 
 
 1S51. 
 
 1893- 
 
 Number of States 
 
 Population of United States 
 
 Amount of receipts into Treasury 
 
 Amount of exports 
 
 Amount of imports 
 
 Area of United States in square miles . 
 
 Number of miles of railroad 
 
 Number of miles of electric telegraph. 
 
 Number of miles of telephone 
 
 Number of universities and colleges . . . 
 
 15 
 
 3, 929, 328 
 
 $5, 720, 624 
 
 $26, 109, 000 
 
 $31, 000, 000 
 
 804, 461 
 
 31 
 
 23, 267, 498 
 
 $52. 312, 980 
 
 $217,517,130 
 
 $215. 725, 995 
 
 3. 314, 365 
 10, 2S7 
 15,000 
 
 *65, 
 
 $425. 
 $1,075, 
 
 44 
 000,000 
 868, 260 
 818, 429 
 057, 002 
 602, 990 
 218, 528 
 250, 000 
 220, 000 
 430 
 
 * Estimated. 
 
 The Christian churches have more than kept pace with the increase 
 of population, and they have at least 16,000,000 members. Nor are 
 we behind any other nation in our charitable institutions and common 
 schools. 
 
 As our wonderful progress as a nation is mainly due to our free 
 institutions, it seems appropriate to this occasion that we review brief!}' 
 their origin and growth. L,et us approach the task reverently, for in 
 listening to the voice of history we will recognize the voice of God, 
 and in stud3'ing the past aright we must needs discover the Divinity 
 which shapes our ends. 
 
 It is an ennobling thought that from the da}' that God said, " L,et 
 the waters under the heaven be gathered together unto one place, and 
 let the dry land appear," He began to prepare this continent for the 
 abode of our race, as the most worthy of the human family. He 
 brought forth the mountains and filled them with all the mineral 
 wealth needed by the most civilized of men. He placed the mountain 
 ranges as sentinels along the shores, charging them to arrest the clouds 
 which arise from the seas and force them to water and enrich the earth. 
 He placed the great valleys between and caused them ' ' to bring forth 
 grass, the herb yielding seed, and the fruit tree yielding fruit after 
 his kind," suited for the sustenance of a great nation. He caused 
 deep rivers to flow from the mountains, to the north and to the south, 
 to the east and to the west. He placed the Gulf in the south and 
 the lakes in the north, and made them, with the rivers, convenient 
 highways for the commerce of a great and pro.sperous people, and He 
 threw over the whole the temperate zone. Having fitted this continent 
 for the abode of a people advanced to the highest point of human 
 
At the Capitol 55 
 
 progress, He hid it from the eyes of civilized man and consigned it 
 to the keeping of a savage race. Ignorant of its wealth, they knew 
 no use of its grand forests, except to hunt in them; of its broad 
 rivers and lakes, except to fish in them; nor of its productive soil, 
 except to soak it with the blood of contending tribes. Thus this rich 
 continent, best fitted of all for the abode of civilized man, was guarded 
 and kept undisturbed for ages, till in the fullness of time God had 
 trained up a people worthy to enjoy it. 
 
 The wonderful training of that people is one of the grandest lessons 
 of history. 
 
 We have been taught that America is indebted to Great Britain for 
 her greatness, but in truth Great Britain is indebted to America for its 
 existence among the nations of the earth. The Gulf Stream, rising 
 in the torrid zone, after issuing from the Gulf of Mexico, takes its 
 course northward along the northeastern shore of North America, 
 
 by which it is deflected till it turns 
 
 across the Atlantic and reaches 
 
 the British Isles, rescuing them 
 
 from the embrace of the frigid zone, 
 
 ^giving them a temperate climate 
 
 ^'-'suited to the development of the 
 
 1^^ highest type of manhood, and furnish - 
 
 "^^ ing them with the moisture needed 
 
 for a rich vegetation. Through this 
 
 silent, unrecognized influence, exerted 
 
 through unnumbered years, these 
 
 isles have been made to blossom as 
 
 the rose, and enabled to sustain a 
 
 population fitted to lead the world 
 
 in the progress of civilization. It 
 
 was these favored isles which, in the 
 
 providence of God, were selected for the training of the race worthy 
 
 of the rich heritage of North America. 
 
 The Celts, their earliest inhabitants, were not of this favored race; 
 nor were their conquerors, the Romans. Imperial Rome regarded not 
 her citizens as free agents, but as blind, unquestioning parts of an 
 immense political machine. She based her authority upon force, not 
 upon the consent of the governed. Her despotic government, by 
 crushing all local independence, crushed all local vigor. For nearly 
 four hundred years the island of Britain was thus held as a province 
 of the Roman Empire. During this period that great power entered 
 upon its decline and finally tottered to its fall. In 411 A. D. the 
 Roman legions were withdrawn from Britain, in the vain effort to 
 defend Italy against the Goths. They never returned, and thus it 
 was ordered that the lyatin race was not to possess that fair isle. 
 
56 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 After the withdrawal of the Roman legions the Britons were set upon 
 by the Picts of Scotland and the Scots of Ireland, and finally called 
 to their aid the English and Saxons from their home on the peninsula 
 which divides the waters of the Baltic from the North Sea. These 
 came, A. D. 449, under their chiefs, Hengist and Horsa, and having 
 first delivered the Britons from their foes, they then overpowered them 
 and became masters of the island. At last the race had come which 
 was to permanentl}' possess the island. They were of the Low German 
 branch of the Teutonic family — a people who had withstood the arms of 
 Rome for more than five hundred years, and were now moving from 
 their forest homes to the attack and overthrow of that great empire. 
 The Germans presented a striking contrast with the Romans in 
 their appearance, domestic life, and civil institutions. The Roman 
 historians describe them at the beginning of the second century as 
 follows: 
 
 A race pure, unmixed, and stamped with a distinct character. Hence a family 
 likeness pervades the whole, though their numbers are so great; eyes stern and 
 blue, ruddy hair, large bodies, powerful in sudden exertions, but impatient of 
 toil and labor; fenced around with chastity, corrupted by no seductive specta- 
 cles, no convivial incitements; supposing somewhat of sanctity and prescience to 
 be inherent in the female sex, and therefore neither despising their counsels 
 nor disregarding their responses. Almost single among the barbarians, they con- 
 tent themselves with one wife. The women take one husband as one body and 
 one life, that no thought, no desire may extend beyond him; and he may be 
 loved not only as their husband but as their marriage. A person's own children 
 are his heirs and successors, and no wills are made. They do not inhabit cities, 
 or even admit of contiguous settlements. They dwell scattered and separate, as 
 a spring, a meadow, a grove may chance to invite them. In their villages every- 
 one surrounds his house with a vacant space. No people are more addicted to 
 social entertainments nor more liberal in the exercise of hospitality. To refuse 
 any person whatever admittance under their roof is accounted flagitious. Every- 
 one, according to his ability, feasts his guest. They worship Oden as their chief 
 divinity, and draw his character from their own, delighting to show strength in 
 battle, and to execute vengeance on their enemies. They deem it unworthy of 
 the grandeur of their deity to confine his worship within walls', or to represent 
 him under a human similitude. Woods and groves are their temples, and they 
 affix the name of Divinity to that secret power which they behold with the eye 
 of adoration alone. Their settlements are around some tree "or mound held 
 sacred in their religious rites, and here the people assemble to transact matters of 
 government and to decide upon war or peace. They are divided into nations, some 
 under kings, some under chiefs. The nations are divided into cantons, each 
 under a chief or count, who administers justice in it. The cantons are divided 
 into districts, or hundreds, each containing a hundred vills or townships. In 
 each hundred is a centenary, chosen by the people, before whom small cases 
 are tried and determined, according to the customs of the settlement. Their 
 courts of justice are held in the open air, on rising ground, beneath the shade 
 of a large tree. They elect their kings and chiefs, having regard to birth and 
 fitness, and their generals, having regard to valor. Their kings exercise limited 
 authority, and their generals command less through the force of authority than 
 example. If they are daring, adventurous, and conspicuous in action, they procure 
 
At the Capitol 57 
 
 obedience from the admiration they inspire. On affairs of smaller moment, the 
 chiefs consult; on those of greater importance, the whole community; yet with 
 this circumstance, that what is referred to the decision of the people is first 
 maturely discussed by the chiefs. It is customary for the several states to present, 
 by voluntary or individual contributions, cattle or grain to their chiefs, which are 
 accepted as honorary gifts, while they serve as necessary supplies. 
 
 In thi.s description of this stalwart and liberty-loving people we 
 easily recognize the rudiments of English character and English insti- 
 tutions, which have made the English-speaking people the foremost of 
 the world. The distinguishing trait of our German ancestors was the 
 individualism and independence of the citizen. With them the citizen 
 was not the creature of government, but government was the creature 
 of the citizen. The people were the fountain of political power, and 
 rulers were their chosen servants. It was well said by Mr. Jefferson, 
 when he proposed the figures of Hengist and Horsa for the great 
 seal of the United States, that they were "the Saxon chiefs from 
 whom we claim the honor of being descended, and whose political 
 principles and form of government we have assumed." 
 
 While Spain, France, and Italy were equally conquered by the 
 Germans, their religion, social life, and administrative order remained 
 Roman, and the conquerors became a.ssimilated with the conquered. 
 The result was peoples dominated by the Latin race. But in Eng- 
 land the result was far different; there the Roman organization of 
 government and society disappeared with the people that used it, and 
 a purely German nation rose in its stead, a nation whose vitality was 
 sufficient to absorb and assimilate the Danes and the Normans that 
 in succession conquered the island. For more than one thousand years 
 before the discovery of America this people advanced in civilization 
 in their isolated island home. Within a century and a half from the 
 landing of Hengist upon the isle of Thanet, on the coast of Eng- 
 land, Augustine, with a band of monks, landed on the same spot, and 
 introduced Christianity, which soon supplanted the worship of Oden 
 and gave a new and powerful impulse to the advancement of the nation. 
 In the fifteenth century, when the light of the new learning broke upon 
 the darkness of the Middle Ages, it shone on no land with greater 
 luster than on England, nor with greater practical effects. One of the 
 results of the mental activity which this revival of learning stirred 
 in Europe was the daring voyage of Columbus in search of a new 
 passage to the Indies, which led to the discovery of America. The 
 sovereigns of Spain, who fitted out his fleet, claimed the New World 
 as their possession. The Pope claimed the right to divide it between 
 Spain and Portugal. For one hundred years the Spanish race were 
 allowed to settle and occupy it at will, and during that time they 
 demonstrated their unfitness to be its possessors. The same sovereigns 
 who equipped the fleet of Columbus instituted that most crtiel of 
 
58 
 
 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 all instruments of torture and rapacity, the Spanish Inquisition, and 
 under its malign influence Spain attempted to stamp out Protestantism 
 in Europe. It was with the same heartless cruelt}' and greed that the 
 Spaniards murdered and robbed the natives of America, but their 
 thirst for gold reacted on their own land in the neglect of the indus- 
 tries which lie at the basis of a nation's prosperity. At the end of 
 the centur}^ the population of Spain had decreased four millions, while 
 the great agricultural and commercial interests of the nation w^ere in 
 a visible decay. It was evident that God had .something better in 
 reserve for America than the L,atin races of Europe, with their imper- 
 ialism in church and state. 
 
 Separated from the continent, and developing along their own lines, 
 3'et absorbing what was best in Europe, the English had now become a 
 great nation, under a noble constitution, in which local .self-government 
 
 was happily blended with national author- 
 ity, and personal liberty was made secure. 
 The customs of their ancestors had crys- 
 tallized into the common law% claimed to 
 be the perfection of reason. The statute law 
 had kept pace w^th the nation's growth, and 
 that which was most valuable in the Roman 
 / civil law had been incorporated into their 
 system. 
 
 The Great Charter, granted by King John 
 the 15th of June, 12 15, and frequently after- 
 wards reaffirmed, had limited the power of 
 the King and defined and guarded the rights 
 of the citizen. The principle of represen- 
 tation of the people, peculiar to the Ger- 
 mans, had been developed, by which political 
 power "could be exercised over large areas without loss of vitality or 
 danger of tyranny. The supreme power was exercised by Parlia- 
 ment, in which the chosen representatives of the people constituted 
 the House of Commons; the Lords, spiritual and temporal, sat in 
 the House of Lords; and the consent of the two houses, with that 
 of the King, was necessary for the enactment of laws. Courts, pre- 
 sided over by learned judges, con.strued the law and administered 
 justice. Every citizen was entitled to the shield of the law as a 
 protection to his person and his property, and he enjoyed all the 
 freedom that was compatible with the necessary powers of government. 
 In comparing the English system of government with that of other 
 nations, Montesquieu, the great Frenchman, was con.strained to say 
 that ' ' the English is the only nation in the world where political 
 and civil liberty is the direct end of its constitution." 
 
 
Af the Capitol 59 
 
 It is true that t3'rannical kings .were prone to disturb the equihb- 
 rium of this well-balanced constitution, but the strong attachment of 
 the people to their free institutions sooner or later restored it to its 
 proper state, and the tyrants were made to know that the people were 
 vested with the supreme power. 
 
 But the English people were not yet prepared to enter upon the 
 theater of the New World, on which they were destined to play so 
 grand a part. One thing was yet wanting to fit them for the heri- 
 tage which had been prepared for them during the ages, and that 
 came in the great reformation of the church which resulted from the 
 revival of learning and the translation of the Bible. By the end of 
 the sixteenth century the doctrines of the Reformation had pervaded 
 England, and soon it could be said that the English had become the 
 people of one book, and that book the Bible. Its translation consti- 
 tutes the noblest example of the English tongue, and from its first 
 appearance it became the standard of the language. It was eagerly 
 read by the people, and they endeavored to shape their lives by its 
 pure precepts. A great Puritan movement began, and had gathered 
 immense volume, when the far-seeing Raleigh, the most accomplished 
 man of his day, infused into the nation his own enthusiasm for the 
 scheme of planting an English nation in the part of North America 
 not occupied by the Spaniards. The colonists came not to rob and 
 murder the natives, but with a desire to Christianize them and to 
 plant EngHsh institutions in the virgin soil of the New World. Old 
 Richard Hakluyt expressed the conviction of the English people 
 when he wTote, ' ' God hath reser\^ed the country's lying north of 
 Florida to be reduced into Christian civility by the English nation." 
 In due course of time thirteen English colonies were firmly estab- 
 lished along the Atlantic coast, but not without constant struggles 
 with the French, who had settled on the north and west, and the 
 Spaniards on the south, who with their Indian allies attacked them 
 from their several quarters. But Providence had decreed to the Eng- 
 lish the possession of North America, and they could not be crushed 
 nor their limits reduced. The victory- of Wolfe at Quebec in 1759 
 and the subsequent treaty of Paris of 1763 destroyed the French power 
 in North America, gave Canada to the English, and extended the 
 western boundaries of the Colonies to the Mississippi. Thus the way 
 was opened for the Colonies, when they became independent States, 
 to extend their po.ssessions to the Pacific and to fulfill the manifest 
 destiny of the English race on this continent. 
 
 It was a century and a half after their first planting before the Colo- 
 nies were sufficiently developed in population, in wealth, and in free 
 institutions to assume for themselves the great trust which awaited 
 them. 
 
6o 
 
 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 At their planting they brought with them the rights and privileges 
 of Englishmen, secured by their charters. Separated from the mother 
 country by a wide ocean, only to be crossed by tedious and dangerous 
 voyages, local self-government sprang up and entered upon a vigorous 
 growth. County or township government was copied, with improve- 
 ments, from county government in England. A.ssemblies, elected upon 
 a broad basis of suffrage, were the faithful representatives of the 
 people and guardians of their rights, while the governors and councils, 
 in imitation of king and lords, were united with the assemblies in the 
 enactment of laws. A supervisory control was retained by the English 
 Government, but in practice was .seldom exercised. And thus the 
 English Colonies were left, in their isolated condition, to their natural 
 development, directed by the race characteristics of the people and 
 
 their new surroundings. These conduced to 
 the formation of a noble manhood. The 
 people were in the main agricultural and 
 lived on their farms. The task of subduing 
 the earth and defending their homes against 
 a treacherous and .savage foe stimulated their 
 J, 'courage and self-reliance, while they learned 
 the lesson of individual freedom. The Bible 
 taught them that every man was responsible 
 for his conduct to his Maker. This neces- 
 .sitated individual freedom of action, and so 
 a Divine sanction was given to the free 
 institutions which they had inherited from 
 their heathen ancestors. 
 
 The Great Charter, wrested from the weak 
 and treacherous John, had been made im- 
 pregnable by the statute of Edward I, which 
 confirmed to Parliament the exclusive right 
 of taxation. These two formed the solid 
 basis of the English constitution. The statute was a bulwark of de- 
 fense for the charter, for with the power of taxation in the possession 
 of the representatives of the people the castle of their liberties was 
 
 impregnable. 
 
 The coloni.sts claimed the exchrsive right of taxing themselves, 
 through their assemblies, as they were not represented in Parliament; 
 and in no part of the Kingdom was this right more highly valued or 
 more closely guarded. 
 
 After the Colonies had become firmly rooted their growth was rapid, 
 and their development in material wealth was truly wonderful. By 
 the middle of the eighteenth century they numbered one-fourth of the 
 population of the mother country, and had become rich and prosperous, 
 
At the Capitol 6i 
 
 contributing largely to the wealth of Great Britain by their commerce. 
 They had also advanced in their ideas of free government far bej'ond 
 what was entertained in England, and were not behind her in the 
 education and intelligence of the people. There was a tolerance in 
 religion which was not known in the mother country or in Europe, 
 and which was one of the strongest inducements of the emigration 
 which crowded the ships leaving the ports of the Old World. 
 
 It was now that Parliament, under the dictation of a weak but 
 stubborn King, and in contravention of the English constitution, 
 determined to tax the Colonies without the consent of their assemblies. 
 They respectfully remonstrated, then vigorously protested, and finally 
 took up arms in defense of the great bulwark of their liberties. God 
 gave them the victor^', and the dependent Colonies became independent 
 States. In framing their State governments they had the advantage 
 not only of their own experience but of the experience of the world, 
 and most wisely did they use it. No great revolution was ever led 
 by abler men or by purer patriots. Virginia was the first colony 
 to assume independence, and her incomparable statesmen, following 
 English precedent, framed a bill of rights setting forth the funda- 
 mental principles of her new government. This remarkable paper, the 
 greatest of its kind ever penned, marked the growth of free institu- 
 tions in America. It was copied more or less closely by the other 
 States, and became the foundation of American government. Of it 
 Mr. Bancroft says: 
 
 The Virginia Bill of Rights formed the groundwork of American institutions. 
 It announced governmental principles for all peoples for all time. It was the 
 voice of Reason going forth to speak a new political world into being. 
 
 Magna Charta and the Bill of Rights of 1688 had been drawn by 
 great statesmen, and had been accepted as the best presentation of 
 the rights of freemen ever penned. But the A'irginia Bill of Rights, 
 drafted by GEORGE Mason, a Virginia farmer, while embodying all 
 that was of permanent value in these two, far excelled them in the 
 fullness and clearness with which it states the rights of freemen and 
 the fundamental principles of a free State. I^et us glance at its provi- 
 sions, upon which has been built the fabric of American Government. 
 The first four sections read as follows: 
 
 1. That all men are by nature equally free and independent, and have certain 
 inherent rights of which, when they enter into a state of society, they can not, by 
 any compact, deprive or divest their posterity, namely, the enjoyment of life and 
 liberty, with the means of acquiring and possessing property, and pursuing and 
 obtaining happiness and safety. 
 
 2. That all power is vested in, and consequently derived from, the people; that 
 magistrates are their trustees and servants, and at all times amenable to them. 
 
 3. That government is, or ought to be, instituted for the common benefit, 
 protection, and security of the people, nation, or community; of all the various 
 
62 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 modes and forms of government that is best wliich is capable of producing the 
 greatest degree of happiness and safety, and is most effectually secured against 
 danger of maladministration; and that when any government shall be found 
 inadequate or contrary to these purposes, a majority of the comnmnity hath an 
 indubitable, inalienable, and indefeasible right to reform, alter, or abolish it, in 
 such manner as shall be judged most conducive to the public weal. 
 
 4. That no man or set of men are entitled to exclusive or separate emoluments 
 or privileges from the community but in consideration of public services, which 
 not being descendible, neither ought the offices of magistrate, legislator, or judge 
 to be hereditary. 
 
 These sections set forth in most appropriate language the funda- 
 mental principles of a free republic, and having been substantially 
 reproduced a few weeks afterwards in the Declaration of Independence 
 of the Continental Congress, they became the utterance of the conti- 
 nent. They annihilate at one blow royalty, aristocracy, and privileged 
 class, and boldly proclaim the equality of men before the law, their 
 natural right to freedom, and the sovereignty of the people. 
 
 The fifth section declares that the legislative and executive powers 
 shall be separate and distinct from the judiciary, and should be con- 
 fined to fixed periods, the vacancies to be filled by frequent, certain, 
 and regular elections. This was a great advance upon the English 
 constitution, under which the legislative department exercised judicial 
 powers and the Parliamentary elections were subject to the will of the 
 King. It also guarded the purity and independence of the judiciary, 
 which are of such vital importance in any system of good government. 
 The sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, and thirteenth sections, securing 
 freedom of elections, confining the power of suspending laws to the 
 legislature, guarding the rights of persons accused of crime, and pro- 
 hibiting standing armies in times of peace, were based upon the 
 provisions of the English Bill of Rights of 1688, but were improvements 
 upon them. They enlarged the right of suffrage and extended it to 
 ' ' all men having sufficient evidence of permanent common interest 
 with and attachment to the community," and declared that no law is 
 binding upon the people unless assented to through their representa- 
 tives. They secured to the accused an open and speedy trial by an 
 impartial jury, and provided that he shall not be forced to give evi- 
 dence against himself nor be deprived of his liberty except by the law of 
 the land or the judgment of his peers. They placed the defense of the 
 state upon a trained militia, and made the military in all cases subor- 
 dinate to the civil power. This last is the only proper and safe course 
 in a free state. Great standing armies in times of peace are not only 
 dangerous to the liberties of the people, but by withdrawing large 
 bodies of men from the fields of industry and taxing those who remain 
 in those fields for their support they retard the prosperity of the state. 
 
 The tenth, eleventh, twelfth, fourteenth, fifteenth, and sixteenth 
 sections were invaluable additions to the English Bill of Rights. They 
 
At the Capitol 
 
 63 
 
 prohibited general warrants of arrest; declared that jur}^ trial should 
 be held sacred in civil controversies; secured the freedom of the press 
 as one of the greatest bulwarks of liberty; declared the right of the 
 people to uniform government; that free government can only be pre- 
 served " by a firm adherence to justice, moderation, temperance, frugal- 
 it}^, and \drtue, and by frequent recurrence to fundamental principles," 
 and that "religion, or the duty we owe to our Creator, and the man- 
 ner of discharging it, can be directed only by reason and conviction, 
 not by force or violence, and therefore all men are equally entitled to 
 the free exercise of religion according to the dictates of conscience." 
 Of these the most valuable is the last, divorcing church and state from 
 their debasing union, which for centuries had brought unnumbered 
 woes upon mankind. It was the first time that a state had ever 
 placed religion on the ground which the 
 Founder of Christianity had claimed for it, 
 and the principle is now held to be the 
 contribution of America to the science of 
 government and the chief corner stone of 
 our system. It has shed the richest bless- 
 ings upon both church and state in Amer- 
 ica, and will be the watchword of an ad- 
 vancing civilization throughout the world. 
 
 Upon these fundamental principles written 
 constitutions were framed by the States 
 defining and limiting the powers of gov- 
 ernment and limiting the exercise of sov- 
 ereign power by the people themselves, 
 thus securing permanency to their republican 
 form of government. 
 
 But soon another important step was taken 
 in the development of our institutions. The 
 war of the Revolution had forced the 
 Colonies to unite in the defense of their 
 common liberties. They had conducted 
 their common affairs through a congress, without any articles of con- 
 federation, until near the close of the war, and the articles then 
 adopted were but a league between sovereign States. The federal 
 functions were to be exercised by the Congress, in which each State 
 delegation counted but as one vote. The body had no real power 
 over the States, and could only ad^'ise them. As has been well 
 said: 
 
 It could ask the States for money, but could not compel them to give it; it 
 could ask them for troops, but could not force them to heed the requisition; it 
 could make treaties, bvit must trust the States to fulfill them; it could contract 
 debts, but umst rely upon the States to pay them. 
 
64 
 
 Capitol CoitciDiial Celebration 
 
 Under such a system, after the pressure of war had been removed, 
 there could be nothing- but vState jealousies, internal disorder, weak- 
 ness, and finally disintegration. The patriots who had won freedom 
 and independence saw this clearl}', and within half a decade after 
 the signing of the treaty of peace the Articles of Confederation were 
 cast aside and a new union formed under the Federal Constitution. 
 
 This marks the beginning of our history as a nation, and is an era 
 in the development of free institutions. The problem before the con- 
 vention which framed the Federal Constitution was new and difficult 
 indeed, and by many deemed insoluble. It was the creation of a 
 nation out of the citizens of the several States without destroying 
 
 the autonomy of the 
 States. It was to divide 
 the .sovereign power be- 
 tween the nation and the 
 States, so as to invest 
 the nation with ample 
 supreme powers to con- 
 duct national affairs, and 
 to leave with the States 
 enough of sovereignty to 
 conduct State affairs. It was 
 to cause both governments to 
 operate directly on the citizen, 
 invested with a double citizen- 
 ?" ship, without a conflict in his 
 allegiance. It was to perpet- 
 uate republican governments 
 111 In' I W^ for both the nation and the States, 
 iWT ^m,' each supreme in its functions, and 
 so firmly fixed in its allotted 
 sphere that they would never clash. 
 The able men who solved this 
 problem were statesmen of the highest order as well as patriots 
 of the greatest purity. They thought they understood clearly their 
 work, but they builded better than they knew. The form of govern- 
 ment that they constructed has excited the admiration of the world. 
 It has .stood every test in peace and in war, and under it a great and 
 ever-growing nation has developed, which rejoices more and more, as 
 the years roll around, in the incalculable blessings it secures. 
 
 In the structure of the Federal Government the .same principles 
 were adopted which lay at the foundation of the State governments. 
 The three great departments, legislative, judicial, and executive, were 
 made .separate and di.stinct, the executive, however, retaining a condi- 
 tional veto upon the legislative department. The legislature was made 
 
At the Capitol 65 
 
 bicameral, the Senate representing the States equally, the House of 
 Representatives the people proportionally. The judiciary was made an 
 independent, coordinate branch of the Government, vested with power 
 to pass upon the constitutionality of the laws. State and Federal, and 
 to declare null and void such as were not in accordance with the Con- 
 stitution. Thus the national and State governments were to be kept 
 in their appropriate spheres. The Executive was charged with the 
 execution of the laws, and was made responsible for his conduct. The 
 treaty-making power was vested in him, only to be exercised with the 
 consent of the Senate. The powers of the Government were enumer- 
 ated and were ample for the great objects of its creation, which were 
 stated to be " to form a more perfect union, to establish justice, insure 
 domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defense, promote the 
 general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and 
 to our posterity." It has been well .said by an able writer on our 
 Government that — 
 
 The framers of this Government set before themselves four objects essential to 
 its excellence, namely: 
 
 Its vigor and efficiency. The independence of its departments fas being essen- 
 tial to the permanency of its form). Its dependence on the people. The security 
 under it of the freedom of the individual. 
 
 The first of these objects they sought by creating a strong executive; the 
 second, by separating the legislative, executive, and judicial powers from one 
 another, and by the contrivance of various checks and balances; the third, by 
 making all authorities elective, and elections frequent; the fourth, both by the 
 checks and balances aforesaid, so arranged as to restrain any one department 
 from tyranny, and by placing certain rights of the citizen under the protection 
 of the written Constitution. 
 
 So jealous were the people of their personal liberty and so deter- 
 mined to have their rights secured that without delay they ingrafted 
 upon the Constitution ten amendments, eight of them containing a bill 
 of rights based upon the Virginia bill, and two of them more clearly 
 defining the boundary between the Federal and State governments. 
 
 At the close of the ci^•il war another step forward was taken in the 
 amendments which abolished slavery and secured equal privileges and 
 immunities to all citizens throughout the Union. Thus our free institu- 
 tions have developed until, from the Lakes to the Gulf, and from the 
 Atlantic to the Pacific, a nation of sixty-five millions of freemen rejoice 
 in the liberty which constitutional republican government has assured 
 to them. The ancients worshiped their divinities as the guardians of 
 their states; we only bow to constitutional law as the guardian of our 
 institutions, and, in the language of the eloquent RuFus Choate, we 
 can say, "We have built no national temples but the Capitol. We con- 
 sult no common oracle but the Constitution." 
 
 When we entered the family of nations as a republic, it was pre- 
 dicted that our Government would be shortlived, but now the ablest 
 H. Mis. 211 5 
 
66 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 writers point out elements of permanency in our institutions, chief 
 among which is the devotion of our people to their form of govern- 
 ment. Yes, to-day, freed from the fears felt by Mr. Webster in 
 185 1, we can repeat his noble words with increased emphasis: 
 
 Be it known that on this day the union of the United States of America stands 
 firm, that their Constitution still exists unimpaired, and with all its original useful- 
 ness and glory; growing every day stronger and stronger in the affections of the 
 great body of the American people, and attracting more and more the admiration 
 of the world. 
 
 Our forefathers trusted the permanency of the Government they 
 founded to the virtue and intelligence of the people. Virtue and 
 intelligence! Divine attributes given to man when he was made in 
 the image of God! As the two cherubim, with outstretched wings, 
 covered and guarded the holy oracle in which was deposited the 
 Ark of the Covenant, so may these guard and protect our Constitu- 
 tion, in which has been deposited the priceless jewel of liberty, as it is 
 transmitted from generation to generation, till time shall end. And 
 filled with the patriotic spirit of our founders, may those who admin- 
 ister the Government come year by year to this Capitol, and by wis- 
 dom in counsel do continued honor to their memor}^ in contributing to 
 the happiness of this great people. Illustrious founders! 
 
 Ages on ages shall your fate admire! 
 No future day shall see your names expire 
 While stands the Capitol, immortal dome! 
 
 At the conclusion of Mr. Henry's oration, the Centennial 
 Chorus sang "The Star-Spangled Banner," accompanied by 
 the Marine Band, the vast multitude joining in the chorus with 
 great effect. 
 
 President Cleveland then arose and said that he had the 
 pleasure of introducing a distinguished gentleman to respond 
 for "The United States Senate," the Vice-President of the 
 United States, Hon. Adlai E. Stevenson, of Illinois. 
 
 THE VICE-PRESIDENT'S ADDRESS 
 
 Mr. Stevenson was welcomed with prolonged applause as 
 President Cleveland led him to the front of the platform, and 
 spoke in a most earnest and impressive manner, as follows: 
 
 Fellow-Citizens : This day and this hour mark the close of a cen- 
 tury of our national history. No ordinary event has called us together. 
 Standing in the presence of this august assemblage of the people, upon 
 

 fm 
 
At the Capitol 5^ 
 
 the spot where WashingTox stood, we solemnly commemorate the one 
 hundredth anniversary of the laying of the corner stone of the nation's 
 Capitol. 
 
 It is well that this day has been set apart as a national holiday that 
 all public business has been suspended, and that the President and his 
 Cabinet, the members of the great court and of the Congress unite 
 with their countrymen in doing honor to the memory of the men who 
 one hundred years ago, at this hour and upon this spot, put in place 
 the corner stone of the Capitol of the American Republic. The century 
 rolls back and we stand in the presence of the grandest and most 
 imposing figure known to any age or country. Washington as 
 Grand Master of Free and Accepted Masons, clothed in the symbolic 
 garments of that venerable order, wearing the apron and the sash 
 wrought by the hands of the wife of the beloved La Fayettk impress- 
 ively and m accordance with the time-honored usages of that order 
 IS laying his hands upon the corner stone of the future and perma- 
 nent Capitol of his country. The solemn ceremonies of that hour 
 were conducted by Washington, not only in his office of Grand Master 
 of Free Masons, but in the yet more august office of President of the 
 United States. Assisting him in the fitting observance of these impress- 
 ive rites were representatives of the Masonic lodges of Virginia and of 
 Maryland, while around him stood men whose honored names live with 
 his m history, the men who, on field and in council, had aided first in 
 achieving independence and then in the yet more difficult task of o-arner- 
 mg, by wise legislation, the fruits of victory. Truly the centeirnial of 
 an event so fraught with interest should not pass unnoticed 
 
 History furnishes no parallel to the century whose close we now 
 commemorate. Among all the centuries it stands alone. With hearts 
 filled with gratitude to the God of our fathers, it is well that we recall 
 something of the progress of the young Republic since the masterful 
 hour when Washington laid his hands upon the foundation stone of 
 yonder Capitol. 
 
 The seven years of colonial struggle for liberty had terminated in 
 glorious victory. Independence had been achieved. The Articles of 
 Confederation, binding the Colonies together in a mere "league of 
 friendship," had given place to the Constitution of the United States 
 that wonderful instrument, so aptly declared by Mr. Gladstone to be 
 "the most wonderful work ever struck off at a given time by the brain 
 and purpose of man." 
 
 Without a dissenting voice in the electoral college Washington 
 had been chosen President. At his council table sat Jefferson the 
 author of the Declaration of Independence; Hamilton, of whom it 
 has been said: "He smote the rock of the national resources and 
 abundant streams of revenue gushed forth; he touched the dead corpse 
 of the public credit, and it sprang upon its feet;" Knox, the brave 
 
68 
 
 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 and trusted friend of his chief during the Colonial struggle, and 
 Edmund Randolph, the impress of whose genius has been indelibly 
 left upon the Federal Constitution. Vermont and Kentucky, as sov- 
 ereign States, coequal with the original thirteen, had been admitted 
 into the Union. The Supreme Court, consisting of six members, had 
 been constituted, with the learned jurist, John Jay, as its Chief Justice. 
 The popular branch of the Congress consisted of but one hundred and 
 five members. Thirty members constituted the Senate, over whose 
 deliberations presided the patriot statesman, John Adams. The popu- 
 lation of the entire country was less than four millions. The village 
 of Washington, the capital — and I trust for all coming ages the capi- 
 tal — contained but a few hundred inhabitants. 
 
 After peace had been con- 
 cluded with Great Britain, 
 and while we were yet under 
 the Articles of Confederation, 
 the se-ssions of the Congress 
 were held successively at Prince- 
 ton, Annapolis, Trenton, and New 
 York. In the presence of both 
 Houses of Congress, on the 30th day 
 of April, 1789, in the city of New 
 York, Washington had been inau- 
 gurated President. From that hour — 
 the beginning of our Government 
 under the Constitution — the Con- 
 ~^ gress was held in New York until 
 1790, then in Philadelphia until 1800, 
 when, on November 17, it first con- 
 vened in Washington. The necessity 
 of selecting a suitable and central place 
 for the permanent location of the seat of 
 government early engaged the thought- 
 ful consideration of our fathers. It can 
 not be supposed that the question reached a 
 final determination without great embarrassment, earnest discussion, 
 and the manifestation of sectional jealousies. But, as has been well 
 said, "the good genius of our system finally prevailed," and "a dis- 
 trict of territory on the river Potomac, at some place between the 
 mouths of the Eastern Branch and the Connogacheague," was, by 
 act of Congress of June 28, 1790, " accepted for the permanent seat of 
 government of the United States. ' ' 
 
 From the 17th day of November, 1800, this city has been the capital. 
 When that day came Washington had gone to his grave John 
 
At the Capitol 69 
 
 Adams was President, and Jefferson the presiding officer of the Sen- 
 ate. It may be well to recall that upon the occasion of the assembling 
 for the first time of the Congress in the Capitol President Adams 
 appeared before the Senate and the House, in joint session, and said: 
 
 It would be unbecoming the representatives of this nation to assemble for the 
 first time in this solemn temple without looking up to the Supreme Ruler of 
 the universe and imploring His blessing. You will consider it as the capital of a 
 great nation, advancing with unexampled rapidity in arts, in commerce, in wealth 
 and population, and possessing within itself those resources which, if not thrown 
 away or lamentably misdirected, will secure to it a long course of prosperity and 
 self-government. 
 
 To this address of President Adams the Senate made reply: 
 
 We meet you, sir, and the other branch of the National Legislature in the city 
 which is honored by the name of our late hero and sage, the illustrious Washing- 
 Ton, with sensations and emotions which exceed our power of description. 
 
 From the date last given until the burning of the Capitol by the 
 British in 18 14, in the room now occupied by the vSupreme Court, in the 
 north wing, were held the sessions of the Senate. That now almost 
 forgotten apartment witnessed the assembling of Senators who, at an 
 earlier period of our history, had been the associates of Washington 
 and of Franki^in, and had themselves played no mean part in crys- 
 tallizing into the great organic law the deathless principles of the Dec- 
 laration of Independence. From this chamber went forth the second 
 declaration of war against Great Britain, and here, before the Senate as 
 a court of impeachment, was arraigned a justice of the Supreme Court 
 of the United States to answer the charge of alleged high crimes and 
 misdemeanors. 
 
 With the rolling years and the rapid growth of the Republic came the 
 imperative necessity for enlarging its Capitol. The debates upon this 
 sttbject culminated in the act of Congress of September 30, 1S50, pro- 
 viding for the erection of the north and south wings of the Capitol. 
 Thomas U. Walter was the architect to whose hands was committed 
 the great work. Yonder noble structure will stand for ages the silent 
 witness of the fidelity with which the important trust was discharged. 
 
 The corner stone of the additions was laid by President Fillmore 
 on the 4th day of July, 185 1. In honor of that event, and by request 
 of the President, Mr. Webster pronounced an oration, and while we 
 have a coinitry and a language his words will touch a responsive chord 
 in patriotic hearts. Beneath the corner stone was then deposited a 
 paper in the handwriting of Mr. Webster, containing the following 
 words: 
 
 If it shall hereafter be the will of God that this structure shall fall from its 
 base, that its foimdation be upturned and this deposit brought to the eyes of 
 men, be it then known that on this day the L^nion of the United States of America 
 stands firm, that their Constitution still exists unimpaired, with all its original 
 
JO 
 
 Capitol Coitoiiiial Celebration 
 
 usefulness and glory, growing every day stronger and stronger in the affections 
 of the great body of the American people, and attracting more and more the 
 admiration of the world. And all here assembled, whether belonging to public 
 life or to private life, with hearts devoutly thankful to Almighty God for the 
 preservation of the liberty and happiness of the country, unite in sincere and 
 fervent praj-ers that this deposit, and the w'alls and arches, the domes and 
 towers, the columns and entablatures now to be erected over it, may endure 
 forever. 
 
 From the 6th day of December, 1819, until Janiiar}- 4, 1859, a period 
 of thirty-nine 3'ear.s, the sessions of the Senate were held in the pres- 
 ent Supreme Court room. This was indeed the arena of high debate. 
 When, in an}' age or in any country, has there been gathered within so 
 small compass so much of human greatness? To even suggest the 
 
 great questions here discussed and de- 
 termined would be to write a histor}- 
 of that eventful period. It was indeed 
 the coming together of the ma.ster 
 spirits of the second generation of Amer- 
 ican statesmen. Here were Macon 
 and Crawford, Benton, Randolph, 
 Cass, Bell, Houston, PrEvSTon, 
 Buchanan, Seward, Chase, Crit- 
 tenden, Sumner, Choate, Everett, 
 B REESE, Trumbull, Fessenden, 
 Douglas, Clay, Calhoun, Webster, 
 and others scarcely less illustrious. 
 Within the walls of that little cham- 
 ber was heard the wondrous debate 
 between Hayne and Webster. There 
 began the fierce conflict of antagonistic 
 ideas touching the respective powers of 
 the States and of the nation — a conflict 
 which, transferred to a different theater, 
 found final solution only in the bloody 
 arbitrament of arms. 
 
 For a little more than a third of a 
 century the sessions of the Senate have 
 been held in the magnificent chamber of the north wing of the Cap- 
 itol. Of the procession of sixty-two Senators that, preceded by the 
 Vice-President, Mr. Breckinridge, entered that Chamber for the first 
 time on the 4th day of January, 1859, but four survive. Not one 
 remains in public life. It is indeed now a procession of shadows. 
 
 When the foundation stone of this Capitol was laid, our Republic 
 was in its infancy and self-government yet an untried experiment. 
 It is a proud reflection to-day that time has proved the true arbiter, 
 
At the Capitol 71 
 
 and that the capacity of a free and intelHgent people to govern them- 
 selves b}- a written constitution and laws of their own making is no 
 longer an experiment. The crucial test of a century of unparalleled 
 material prosperity has been safely endured. 
 
 In 1793 there was no city west of the Alleghanies. To-day a single 
 city on L,ake Michigan contains a population of a little less than one- 
 half that of the Republic at the time of the first inauguration of 
 Washington. States have been carved out of the wilderness, and 
 our great rivers, w^hose silence met no break on their pathway to the 
 sea, are now the arteries of our interior trade, and bear upon their 
 bosoms a connnerce which surpasses a hundredfold that of the entire 
 countr}' a century ago. 
 
 From fifteen States and four millions of people we have grown to 
 fifty States and Territories and sixty-seven million people; from an 
 area of eight hundred and five thousand to an area of three million 
 six hundred thousand square miles; from a narrow strip along the 
 Atlantic seaboard to an unbroken possession from ocean to ocean. 
 How marvelous the increase in our national wealth! In 1793 our 
 imports amounted to $31,000,000 and our exports to $26,000,000. 
 Now our imports are $847,000,000 and our exports $1,030,000,000. 
 Thirty-three million tons of freight are carried on our Great Lakes, 
 whose only burden then w^as the Indian's canoe. Then our national 
 wealth was inconsiderable; now our assessed valuation amounts to the 
 enormous sum of $24,650,000,000. Then trade and travel were depend- 
 ent upon beasts of burden and sailing vessels; now steam and electricity 
 do our bidding, railroads cover the land, boats burden the waters, the 
 telegraph reaches every city and hamlet, distance is annihilated, and — 
 
 Civilization, on her luminous wings. 
 Soars, Phoenix-like, to Jove. 
 
 In the presence of this wondrous fulfillment of predicted greatness 
 prophecy looks out upon the future and stands dumb. 
 
 When this corner stone was laid, France, then in the throes of revo- 
 lution, had just declared war against Great Britain, a war in which all 
 Europe eventually became involved. Within a century of that hour, in 
 the capital of France, there convened an international court, its pre- 
 siding officer an eminent citizen of the French Republic, its members 
 representatives of sovereign European states, its object the peaceable 
 adjustment of controversies between Great Britain and the United 
 States. 
 
 Was it Richelieu, Mr. President, who said, "Take away the sword! 
 States can be saved without it "? 
 
 In no part of our mechanism of government was the wisdom of our 
 fathers more strikingly displayed than in the division of power into 
 the three great departments — legislative executive, and judicial. In 
 
72 
 
 Capitol Ccntoinial Celchration 
 
 an equal degree was that wisdom manifested by the division of the 
 Congress into a Senate and House of Representatives. Upon the Sen- 
 ate the Constitution has devolved important functions other than those 
 of a mere legislative character. Coequal with the House in matters 
 of legislation, it is, in addition, the advisor}^ body of the President in 
 appointments to office and in treating with foreign nations. The 
 mode of election, together with the long term of service, unquestion- 
 ably fosters a spirit of conservatism in the Senate. Always organized, 
 it is the continuing body of our National lyCgislature. Its members 
 change, but the Senate continues the same now as at the first hour of 
 the Republic. Before no human tribunal come for determination issues 
 
 of weightier moment. It 
 were idle to doubt that 
 problems yet lie in our 
 pathway as a nation as 
 difficult of solution as any 
 that in times past have 
 tried the courage or tested 
 the wisdom of our fathers. 
 Yet may we not confi- 
 dently abide in the faith 
 that in the keeping of 
 those who succeed the 
 illustrious sages I have 
 named the dearest inter- 
 ests of our country will 
 be faithfully conserved, 
 and, in the words of an 
 eminent predecessor — 
 
 Though these marble walls 
 molder into ruin, the Senate, 
 in another age, may bear into 
 a new and larger chamber the 
 Constitution, vigorous and in- 
 violate, and that the last gen- 
 eration of posterity shall witness the deliberations of the representatives of 
 American States, still united, prosperous, and free. 
 
 And may- 
 
 Our fathers' God, from out whose hand 
 The centuries fall like grains of sand — 
 
 continue to the American people throughout all the ages the prosperity 
 and blessings which He has given to us in the past. 
 
 The Marine Band then played a potpourri of national airs 
 arranged by Professor Fanciulli. 
 
o 
 
At the Capitol 
 
 73 
 
 SPEAKER CRISP'S ADDRESS 
 
 President Cleveland then introduced, to respond for "The 
 United States House of Representatives," Charles Frederick 
 Crisp, Speaker of the House, who was received with cheer upon 
 cheer. 
 
 Mr. Crisp said, turning to President Cleveland: 
 
 Mr. Chairman: When the corner stone of this great Capitol was laid, 
 our Constitution was not six years oid. Government by the people had 
 barely reached the experimental stage. There 
 were but fifteen States in the Union. Our 
 population was less than four millions, and the 
 House of Representatives, for which I now 
 speak, was composed of only one hundred and 
 five members. To-day, one hundred years 
 thereafter, our Constitution still exists unim- 
 paired; government by the people has been 
 firmly established; our population exceeds 
 sixty-seven millions, and the House of Repre- 
 sentatives is composed of three hundred and 
 fifty-six members. 
 
 During the century which has passed since 
 Washington stood where we now stand, the 
 world has watched with wonder and amazement 
 the marvelous growth and development of our 
 country. When that century began we were 
 "weak in resources, burdened with debt, just 
 struggling into political existence, and agitated 
 by the heaving waves which were overturning 
 European thrones. ' ' Its end finds us strong in 
 resources, strong in wealth and credit, strong 
 in numbers, and strong in the affection of an 
 intelligent and united people. In all that con- 
 stitutes real greatness the United States is to-day the foremost nation 
 of the earth. 
 
 In behalf of all present I am sure I will be permitted to say we 
 devoutly thank Almighty God for the wisdom and patriotism of the 
 founders of our Government. We thank Him for the peace, the pros- 
 perity, the freedom, and the happiness of our people; and we do all 
 most sincerely and fervently pray that our constitutional Union may 
 endure forever. 
 
 The next musical number, "The Heavens are Telling," from 
 the "Creation," was rendered by the Centennial Chorus, accom- 
 panied by the Marine Band. 
 
74 
 
 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 JUSTICE BROWN'S ADDRESS 
 
 (HE President then introdnced Mr. 
 
 Justice Henry Billings Brown, 
 
 of the Supreme Court of the 
 
 United States, to respond for 
 
 "The Judiciary." 
 
 sell— Mr. Brown said: 
 
 Mr. Chairman : This grand and beauiful 
 building, whose centennial anniversary we 
 are met to celebrate, was designed primarily as the official abode of the 
 Congress of the United States, but from its completion to the present 
 day it has also been the seat of its highest court. The judiciary act 
 of 1789 required the sessions of the Supreme Court to be held at the 
 seat of government, which was then the city of New York; and at 
 the Exchange in that city, in February, 1790, the court w^as organ- 
 ized, and the judges, with Chief Justice John Jay at their head, were 
 sworn and qualified according to law. Nothing appears to have been 
 done, however, beyond the appointment of subordinate officers and the 
 entertainment of the court at an elaborate banquet ( a feature religiously 
 commemorated at its centennial in 1890), until the February term of 
 1 791, when the court met in the .south chamber of the city hall, in 
 the city of Philadelphia, to which place the seat of government had 
 been removed, and continued its sessions there until 1801, when it 
 was finally transferred to Washington. 
 
 Its sessions in Philadelphia would not have been memorable but for 
 the great case of Chisholm against the State of Georgia, in which the 
 majority of the court held that an action would lie by an individual 
 against a .sovereign State of the Union. This case marked the begin- 
 ning of a conflict between the Federal Government and the States 
 which agitated the court for the next .seventy years, and still occa- 
 sionally engages its attention. By this generation, accustomed as it 
 is to the prompt and cheerful acquiescence of the public in its deci- 
 sions, the excitement created by this ca.se can .scarcely be realized. 
 The State of Georgia not only denied its obligation to appear, pro- 
 tested against the juri.sdiction of the court, and declined even to 
 submit an argument in its own behalf, but refu.sed to obey the judg- 
 ment, and denounced the penalty of death against anyone who .should 
 presume to execute final process within its jurisdiction. The popu- 
 lar prejudice against the decision finally culminated in a constitutional 
 amendment which practically nullified the judgment of the court and 
 inhibited private actions again.st a State. Plain as this provision seems 
 
At the Capitol 75 
 
 to be, this amendment, so far from putting at rest the suability of a 
 State, has been pregnant with litigation to the present da}-. 
 
 The vigorous life of the Supreme Court ma}^ be said to have begun 
 with the appointment of John Marshall as Chief Justice, and the 
 contemporaneous transfer of its sessions to a room in the basement of 
 this Capitol, beneath the Chamber of the Senate. The court met here 
 in August, 1 801, and for the next sixty years, the most important in 
 the history of the court, this vaulted and gloomy crypt continued to 
 be its home. In this apartment were pronounced the great opinions 
 which established the fame of Marshall as the expounder of the 
 Con.stitution and the foremost jurist of the century. The Constitution 
 had been adopted by the vote of the thirteen States of the Union, but 
 its construction was a w^ork scarcely less important than its original, 
 creation. With a large liberty of choice, guided by no precedents, 
 and generally unhampered by his colleagues upon the bench, the great 
 Chief Justice, determining what the law was by what he thought it 
 ought to be, evolved, from his own experience of the defects of the 
 Articles of Confederation and from an innate consciousness of what the 
 country required, a theor}' of construction which time has vindicated 
 and the popular sentiment of succeeding generations has approved. 
 In the case of Marbury v. Madison, which arose at his very first term, 
 he declared the judicial power to extend to the annulment of an act 
 of Congress in conflict with the Constitution, a doctrine peculiar to 
 this country, but so commending itself to the common sense of justice 
 as to have been incorporated in the jurisprudence of every State in 
 the Union. The lack of this check upon the action of the legislature 
 has wrecked the constitution of many a foreign state, and it is safe to 
 say that our own would not have long survived a contrary decision. 
 Had Marshall rendered no other service to the country, this of itself 
 would have been sufficient to entitle him to its gratitude. 
 
 The fame of Marshall rests upon less than thirty of his opinions. 
 He rarely cited an authority, but the reasons he gave were .so cogent 
 that no amount of authority would have strengthened them. While his 
 opinions lack the exhaustive research of Justice Story's, they surpass 
 them in vigorous logic, and seem like the summing up and compendium 
 of all prior adjudications upon the subject. His associates upon the 
 bench were worthy compeers of such a man. Beside him sat Bushrod 
 Washington, a favorite nephew of the General; a man of small and 
 emaciated frame, but a laborious student, sound in judgment, "clear in 
 statement and learned in discussion;" a Federalist of the Marshall type 
 and a judge "fearless, dignified, and enlightened," whose opinions have 
 always commanded the respect of the profession. Here also sat Wil- 
 liam Paterson, who had been a Senator from New Jersey, and one 
 of the authors of the famous judiciar> act of 1789. Here, too, was 
 Story, wdio has been called the Walter Scott of the common law, 
 
76 Capitol Cciitcinn'al Celebration 
 
 the foremost juridical writer of his age, a student whose passion for 
 research halted not at the confines of the law of England and America, 
 but embraced all that was accessible in the ancient and modern juris- 
 prudence of continental Europe — an author whose works were as well 
 known and much respected in Westminster Hall as in the court rooms 
 of his native country. While his fame as a writer has eclipsed to a 
 certain extent his labors as a judge, his opinion upon circuit in the case 
 of De Lovio v. Boit is luisurpassed in learning and research, and may be 
 justh' said to have laid the foundations of our admiralty jurisprudence. 
 
 The bar was not less illustrious than the bench. At its head was 
 Edmund Randolph, first Attorney-General of the United States, whose 
 fearless conduct of the Chisholm case against the State of Georgia, un- 
 popular as it was, elicited even the admiration of his enemies; William 
 PiNCKNicv, the most eminent lawyer of his age, who united profundity 
 of thought and brilliancy of expression to an extent never equaled, 
 except possibly by RuFUS Choate; William Wirt, the most persua- 
 sive orator of the bar, who argued against his native State the power of 
 Congress to incorporate a bank; General Walter Jones, pronounced 
 b}' Marshall ' ' the finest constitutional lawyer who ever argued a 
 case before him;" Daniel Webster, then in the fullness of his intel- 
 lectual vigor, pleading in a voice choked with emotion for the life of 
 his alma mater, and later defending the Christian religion against an 
 alleged stigma cast upon it in the will of Stephen Girard; Dexter, 
 of Massachusetts; Hoffman, Ogden, and Emmet, of New York; 
 Ingersoll, Sargent, and Binney, of Pennsylvania; Martin and 
 Harper, of Maryland, and a score of others scarcely less notable, who 
 contributed to make of this the golden age of American oratory. 
 
 The first and what may be termed the Federalistic era of the Supreme 
 Court terminated with the death of Marshall in 1S35. In a judicial 
 career of thirtj'-four years he had so borne himself as not only to win 
 the applause of his friends but the respect of his political opponents. 
 He had not only settled the construction of the Constitution upon a 
 broad and liberal basis, but he had inuneasurably increased the impor- 
 tance of the court. From a tribunal of little apparent consequence he 
 had raised it to the dignity of a coordinate branch of the Government. 
 
 It seems somewhat strange to the present generation that the first 
 Chief Justice should have resigned to accept the governorship of New 
 York, and have subsequentl)' declined a reappointment because, to 
 use his own language, he was " perfectly convinced that under a sj's- 
 tem so defective it would not obtain the energy, weight, and dignity 
 which were essential to its affording due support to the National Gov- 
 ernment, nor acquire the public confidence and respect which, as the 
 last resort of the justice of the nation, it should possess." The little 
 esteem in which the court was held induced Harrison, a nominee of 
 Washington, to decline a seat upon the bench to take the chancel- 
 
At the Capitol 
 
 77 
 
 lorship of Maryland; and its removal to this city seemed of so little 
 importance that its first meeting and organization here were noticed 
 by only a single sentence in the National Intelligencer. 
 
 The death of Marshali^ was soon followed by the elevation of RoGER 
 B. Taney to the Chief Justiceship, and an almost entire reconstruction 
 of the bench by Jackson and Van Buren. This, which may be called 
 the States' rights era, continued until the middle of the civil war, when 
 the court was again partly reconstructed by President lyiNCOLN. While 
 Chief Justice Taney went upon the bench staggering under a load of 
 unpopularity in the Whig States — an unpopularity which had once 
 caused his rejection by the Senate for the office of Associate Justice — 
 it must be conceded that he 
 was a worthy successor 
 Marshall. Thouj 
 feeble in body, his int 
 lectual grasp was 
 something won- 
 derful. He w^as 
 prompt and deci- ^^^^'^'^''^^ 
 sive in action, vig- h 
 
 orous in expression, ^ 
 spotless in in teg-" 
 rity, and in his 
 manner the ex- 
 treme of courtesy. 
 While his person- 
 ality dominated the bench 
 for twenty-five years al- 
 most as completely as hac 
 Marshall, he was supported by men 
 of distinguished abilit}- and large expe- 
 rience — John McLean, of Ohio, whose dissenting opinion in the 
 great case of Pri gg against the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, read 
 after the lapse of fifty years, makes us wonder the majority of the 
 court could have gone so far astray; Wayne, of Georgia, and Catron, 
 of Tennessee, who earned at least the gratitude of the North for 
 their resolute adherence to the Union after the outbreak of the civil 
 war; Peter V. Daniel, of Virginia, the strongest champion of States' 
 rights who ever sat upon the bench, a man of great learning, sturdy 
 independence, and strict integrity, who devoted a long judicial life of 
 nineteen years largely to the writing of dissenting opinions; Nelson, 
 of New York, of venerable and leonine aspect; Grier, of Pennsylva- 
 nia, who had well earned the compliment paid him by President 
 Grant upon his retirement, that by his patriotic firnuiess he had 
 "upheld the just powers of the Government and vindicated the right 
 
yS Capilol Crutciuiial Crlebraliou 
 
 of the nation to maintain its own existence;" Benjamin R. Curtis, 
 of Massachnsetts, one of the greatest minds that ever adorned the bench, 
 who wonld have been the most eminent judge of the court if he had 
 not resigned after a service of six years to become its most eminent 
 practitioner. 
 
 In i860, after the removal of the Senate to its new Chamber in the 
 north wing of the Capitol, the vSupreme Court was transferred to the 
 room it now occupies. This room, beautiful in itself, and made more 
 beautiful by the removal of the galleries which had encircled its walls, 
 had already become historic as the theater of the greatest forensic dis- 
 plays of an age when oratory had still preserved its classic traditions 
 and had lost nothing of its potency as a moving power of legislative 
 bodies. But the great men of that generation were no longer there. 
 Webster, Clay, Calhoun, Benton, and Wright were all dead, and 
 a new generation of Senators had risen up to take their places. The 
 daj's of eloquent appeal, fierce denunciation, and heated strife were 
 past. Henceforth this Chamber was dedicated to the calm deliberations 
 of the bench. 
 
 The third era of the Supreme Court, which continues to this day, 
 may be said to have begun in 1862 with the appointment of Justices 
 Swayne, Miller, and Davis, and the subsequent elevation of Chase 
 to the Chief Justiceship. This era, too, has been productive of great 
 judges. Time forbids that I should do more than mention the name 
 of Chase, whose laurels as the great War Secretary were not dimmed 
 by his servnce upon the bench; of Waite, the very ideal of an accom- 
 plished lawyer and courtly gentleman; of MillER, whose mas.sive head 
 did not belie his massive intellect, and whose fame as a constitutional 
 lawyer is second onl}^ to that of the great Chief Justice; of Matthews, 
 a patriotic soldier, a Senator of the United States, and the most elo- 
 quent orator of the court; of the chivalrous Lamar, whose kindly 
 smile and genial manner captivated the hearts of men and women 
 alike; of Bradley, who concealed beneath the visage of an Italian 
 cardinal the most marvelous versatility of genius, a lawyer equally at 
 home in all branches of the profession, real estate, mining, patents, 
 equity, admiralty, and the civil law, a linguist, a mathematician, an 
 astronomer, and a philosopher; and the lamented Blatchford, pains- 
 taking and indefatigable, who loved work for its own sake, and whom 
 the allurements of an ample fortune could not seduce from his chosen 
 field of labor. 
 
 It is invidious to speak of the living, yet I can not forbear alluding 
 to the venerable survivor of that illustrious trio who for more than 
 twenty years swayed the opinion of the court; one who sits with 
 us to-day, his eye not yet dinnned nor his natural force abated, a 
 reminder of what the court has been in the past, a promise of what it 
 shall continue to be in the future. 
 
At the Capitol 79 
 
 It does not become me to eulogize the Supreme Court, but it may 
 be justly said that while it has had weak men history makes no men- 
 tion of its having had a corrupt one. 
 
 If as at present constituted it neglects to fulfill its mission it will 
 not be from a failure of its members to fully appreciate their respon- 
 sibility or the lack of an earnest desire to meet the just expectations 
 of the people. 
 
 I can not better close than by reiterating the hope expressed by 
 the House of Representatives in its reply to President Adams upon 
 the dedication of this building, that — 
 
 The spirit which animated the great founder of this city may descend to future 
 generations, and that the wisdom, magnanimity, and steadiness which mark the 
 events of his public life may be imitated in all succeeding ages. 
 
 Next on the programme was the "Centennial March," com- 
 posed by Professor Fanciulli for the occasion, and rendered by 
 the full Marine Band with exquisite effect. 
 
 COMMISSIONER PARKER'S ADDRESS 
 
 After the applause with which the music was received had 
 somewhat subsided, President CLEVELAND announced that "The 
 District of Columbia" would be responded for by Mr. Myron M. 
 Parker, one of the Board of Commissioners of the District of 
 Columbia, Mr. John W. Ross, President of the Board of Commis- 
 sioners of the District of Columbia, having been prevented by an 
 accident from making preparation for that duty. 
 
 Mr. Parker, ttmiing toward Mr. Cleveland, said: 
 
 Mr. Chairman: The ceremonies that are transpiring here to-day 
 will occupy an important page in the history of our country. The cele- 
 bration of the one hundredth anniversary of the laying of the corner 
 stone of the United States Capitol will be of unusual interest to the 
 people of our land, while to the citizens of Washington it is an event 
 of more than local importance, since it will emphasize our wondrous 
 growth and greatness. All Governments point with pride to their 
 respective capitals. To speak of London is to refer to England; the 
 name of Paris covers that of France. If you would refer to Austria, 
 you have only to mention Vienna; while Rome, with her eternal 
 hills, overshadows Italy. So, too, of our own beloved countn,^ a 
 unification of States, with a rapidly increasing population of sixty-five 
 millions of people, ^xoxy one of whom is thrilled with pride and 
 patriotism at the mention of Washington, their beautiful capital. 
 
 The application of these proceedings from an executive, legislative, 
 and judicial standpoint has been appropriately considered by the Pres- 
 
8o 
 
 Capitol CfJitciniial Celebration 
 
 ident and Vice-President of the United States, by the honorable Speaker 
 of the House of Representatives, and by Mr. Justice Brown, of the 
 Supreme Court; and from a national standpoint in an eloquent address 
 by the Hon. William Wirt Henry, of Virginia. It is fitting, there- 
 fore, that as one of the Commissioners of the District of Columbia I 
 should speak of the event which these imposing ceremonies comme- 
 morate with respect to the influences which have resulted to the city 
 of Washington locally. To properly discuss this subject would occupy 
 much more than the time allotted me by the Committee. I must 
 therefore refer briefly to some of the material points. 
 
 The location of the national capital was a subject of much contention 
 between the North and the South. Claimants for the honor of provid- 
 ing a permanent seat of government 
 were made unyielding in their de- 
 mands by State pride and State jeal- 
 ousy. Sectional animosities also added 
 to the bitterness of the controversy. 
 Congress found this subject a fruit- 
 ful source of wrangling. This body 
 met in different places, according as 
 convenience suggested or necessity 
 compelled, naming from time to time 
 different locations, only to reverse its 
 decision at the next discussion of the 
 subject. It will be remembered that 
 the proposed site on the Potomac, sup- 
 ported by many Southern members, 
 was repeatedly rejected. 
 
 In 1783 a location on the Delaware 
 was thought more desirable than the 
 one on the Potomac, and in 1784 
 Congress appointed a commission to 
 select a site upon the former river. 
 
 That this selection was not made 
 is well known to the country, and 
 the contention was left to the first Congress meeting under the Con- 
 stitution. Upon the meeting of this body the wrangle became more 
 heated than ever before. Philadelphia, Germantown, Havre de Grace, 
 Wrights Ferry, on the Susquehanna, and a location on the Potomac 
 were each urged as having the strongest claims. 
 
 The persistency of Mr. Madison and other Southern members finally 
 prevailed, and in July, 1790, the House, by a vote of thirty-two to 
 twenty-nine, and the Senate, by a vote of fourteen to twelve, decided 
 in favor of the Potomac. 
 
Af ihc Capitol 81 
 
 After years of preparation for the event, during which period the 
 site was selected by President Washington, work on the several 
 buildings was begun, and Washington, as the nation's capital, came 
 into being. 
 
 Since 1800, the date on which the archives of the Government were 
 brought from Philadelphia in ' ' seven large boxes and four or five 
 smaller ones, ' ' there have been periodical attempts to remove the seat 
 of government, which removal would, of course, have been the death 
 knell of Washington. An Englishman named Weld, who visited the 
 future capital in 1796, said: 
 
 Notwithstanding all that has been done at the city and the large sums of money 
 which have been expended, there are numbers of people in the United States 
 living to the north of the Potomac, particularly in Philadelphia, who are still 
 very adverse to the removal of the seat of government thither, and are doing all 
 in their power to check the progress of the buildings in the city and to prevent 
 the Congress from meeting there at the appointed time. 
 
 A sample of the attacks upon the capital maybe found in Crito's 
 Letters on the Seat of Government, published in 1807. He says: 
 
 In the meantime be it known to the good people of the Union from New 
 Hampshire to Georgia (for I may presume without fear of contradiction that 
 ninety-nine hundredths of the youth of the United States grow up to manhood 
 without ever having seen the capital of their country) that the national bantling 
 called the city of Washington remains, after ten years of expensive fostering, a 
 rickety infant, unable to go alone. Nature will not be forced. A sickly child 
 can not be dressed and dandled into a healthy constitution. This embryo of 
 the state will always be a disappointment to its parents, a discredit to the fond 
 opinions of its worthy godfathers and godmothers, and an eyesore to all its 
 relations to the remotest degree of consanguinity. 
 
 Crito conclttdes his advice by recommending that the seat of gov- 
 ernment be removed to Philadelphia. 
 
 The last attempt to remove the capital was made in 1869 by L. U. 
 ReavIvS and others, in and out of Congress, St. Louis being the city 
 that was to become the future capital. Mr. Reavis, in his book, says: 
 
 I unhesitatingly answer that the change will be made within five years from 
 January i, 1869, and before 1875 the President of the United States will deliver 
 his message at the new seat of government in the Mississippi Valley. 
 
 There were many infltiences about this time which tended to check 
 and finally to wnpe out all efforts having in view the removal of the 
 capital. 
 
 Under the leadership of a man of high character, great executive 
 ability and determination, a man with broad, comprehensive views, a 
 system of public improvements was inaugurated and carried to a suc- 
 cessful conclusion which so changed the character and condition of our 
 city as to place it at the beginning of a new era, an era of prosperity 
 which in an unprecedented manner has continued to exist and which 
 H. Mis. 211 6 
 
82 Capitol Coitcjiuial Celebration 
 
 will continue to exist so long as the Government lasts. As Baron 
 Haussmann was to Paris so was Governor Shepherd to Washington. 
 Under his guiding hand a new city was born, the hopes of the immortal 
 Washington and L' Enfant were realized, and Washington was finally 
 accepted by the people of the United States as the national capital, the 
 nation's home. 
 
 Let us look for a moment at the physical conditions of the cit}' up 
 to 1875. Charles W. Jansen, an Englishman, said of us in 1806: 
 
 Strangers, after viewing the offices of state, are apt to inquire for the cit}' while 
 they are in its very center. 
 
 Oliver WolCOTT, while Secretary of the Treasury, and Mrs. Presi- 
 dent Ad.\ms complained of the scattered condition of the houses. In 
 1 8 14, after the Secretary of War had sneered at the suggestion that 
 the British might molest the "Sheep-walk, " and after the national 
 representatives, more than our own local defenders, had permitted the 
 city to be captured, it had the following appearance: 
 
 Twelve or fifteen clusters of houses, at a considerable distance from each other, 
 bringing to our recollection the appearance of a camp of nomad Arabs, which, 
 however, if connected together, would make a very respectable town, not much 
 inferior, perhaps, to the capital of Virginia, the whole of it, when seen from the 
 ruins of our public edifices, looking more like the place where proud Washington 
 once stood than where humble Washington now lies. 
 
 In 1839, George Combe, the British traveler, described the cit}^ as 
 "like a large straggling village reared in a drained swamp." 
 
 At about this period our corporation laws prohibited hogs from 
 running at large ' ' south of Massachusetts avenue ' ' under penalt}' of 
 seizure. All the land north of that a\-enue was free pasturage. As 
 late as 1862, speaking of Massachusetts avenue, Anthony Trollope 
 says: 
 
 Massachusetts avenue runs the whole length of the city, and is inserted on the 
 maps as a full-blown street about four miles in length. Go there and you will find 
 yourself not only out of town, away among the fields, but you will find yourself 
 beyond the fields, in an uncultivated wilderness. Tucking your trousers up to 
 your knees, you will wade through the bogs, you will lose yourself among rude 
 hillocks, you will be out of the reach of humanit}'. 
 
 Let us contrast this truthful description of thirty years ago with the 
 present Massachusetts avenue, lined on either side with magnificent 
 residences, and we can reach a fair conclusion of the phenomenal growth 
 and prosperity of Washington. The Congress of the United States 
 selected Washington and laid it out on a magnificent scale, the wisdom 
 of which has been justified by the experience of a century. So broad 
 and comprehensive was this plan that our people found themselves 
 almost in a condition of bankruptcy in their effort, unaided by the 
 General Government, to erect buildings and improve streets. 
 
At the Capitol 83 
 
 We find, therefore, that after much wrangHng and contention the 
 capital was located on the Potomac, in a comparative wilderness, and 
 abandoned by the General Government so far as financial aid was 
 concerned. 
 
 Congress, while liberal in the expenditure of the people's money, 
 declined to appropriate money to make the national capital attractive. 
 For years the capital intrusted to its keeping continued to be an object 
 of derision and contempt. Aye, more than that — it contributed by its 
 own neglect to make more wretched the city's forlorn condition, and 
 then joined in the laugh at the latter' s expense. 
 
 Finding this to be the unhappy condition, let me occupy a moment 
 of your time with a brief statement of what our city has done for 
 itself and the General Government. 
 
 First, it must be remembered that the United States owns one-half 
 of all the property in the District, on which it pays no taxes, and 
 prior to 1878 it never contributed anything for the .support of our 
 local government. 
 
 When the capital was located in Wa.shington our citizens donated 
 five-sevenths of all the land in the city of Washington for streets 
 and avenues — fifty- four per cent of the entire area for parks and res- 
 ervations, or five hundred and forty-one acres. One-half of all the 
 city lots were given to help erect public buildings and to open and 
 improve streets. Up to 1835 the citizens (the population at that time 
 had only reached thirteen thousand) had expended for street improve- 
 ments, mostly around public buildings, $430,000; the United States, 
 $209,000. From 1790 to 1878, almost a century, the Government 
 expended (aside from public buildings) less than $6,000,000; the citi- 
 zens, $45,000,000. From 1879 to 1887 our people invested in new 
 buildings $32,000,000. They paid a direct tax of $20,000 for the war 
 of 1812, fitted up a building for Congress when the Capitol was burned, 
 and tendered a loan of $500,000 to rebuild the public buildings, which 
 Congress accepted. During the last war we paid a direct tax of 
 $50,000. We have paid an internal-revenue tax of $6,454,907, and in 
 one year twice as much as any of the Territories, except Dakota, and 
 more than either of the States of Alabama, Arkansas, Maine, Missis- 
 sippi, Nevada, South Carolina, or Vermont. 
 
 We supplied our share of volunteers for the war of 1S12 and the 
 Mexican war. In the late war we furnished our full quota and 
 eighteen and one-half per cent over, while but seven States filled 
 their quota and only one equaled the District. In the late war the 
 first volunteers were citizens of the District. 
 
 The Government has given to the States $28,000,000 in money, 
 90,000,000 acres of public lands for schools and 155,000.000 acres 
 for railroads. The District of Columbia has never been given a dollar 
 or an acre of ground. 
 
84 
 
 CapiloJ Ccuffiiuial Celebration 
 
 It must not be thought that we do not appreciate the benefits that 
 have resulted from the milhons that have been expended by the 
 Government in the erection of pubhc buildings, nor are we lunnindful 
 of the fact that since 1878 the Government has borne her share of the 
 expenses; but we do claim that Washington has done far more for 
 herself and the General Government than should have been expected 
 by Congress. 
 
 We have had three different forms of government. From January 
 23, 1791, to June I, 1802, the local government was vested in a board 
 of three Conunissioners appointed l)y the President. From 1802 to 
 18 1 2 the Mayor was appointed by the President. From 18 12 to 1820 
 
 the Mayor was elected by the 
 Aldermen and Common Coun- 
 cil. In 1 87 1 the government 
 was changed to Territorial in 
 fgrm and so continued until 
 1874, first Hknry D. Cooke 
 and later Alexander R. 
 • Shepherd having been ap- 
 pointed governors by the Pres- 
 ident. Congress, in 1874, 
 again changed our govern- 
 ment to a board of three 
 Commissioners to be ap- 
 pointed b}' the President. 
 This form of government is 
 now in force, and is believed 
 to be the best municipal form 
 of government in existence. 
 Under its provisions we are 
 free from political broils and 
 entanglements. Those who 
 have been selected for the high and responsible position of Commis- 
 sioners have been men of high character, every dollar contributed by 
 our taxpayers and the General Government having been religiously 
 accounted for. The government of the District of Columbia is free 
 from even the suspicion of jobbery. 
 
 Our population in 1796 was 1,493; i" i860, 75,080; while to-day we 
 number about 280,000. 
 
 Since June 11, 1878, Congress has appropriated annually fifty per 
 cent of the approved estimates for expenditures of the District, the 
 remaining fifty per cent being raised by taxation on the property. 
 
 The relations between the people of the District and Congress have 
 been strengthened and unified from year to year. We are no longer 
 regarded as mendicants, and our treatment is liberal and in keeping 
 with the progress and dignity of the capital of a great republic. 
 
At the Capita! 
 
 85 
 
 From a wretched beginning Washington has grown to be the fairest 
 and most attractive city in the land, and is recognized as one of the 
 most beautiful in the world. We have upward of two hundred and 
 fift}' miles of smooth asphalted streets, fringed on either side by the 
 luxurious and welcome shade of overhanging trees. Great national 
 parks environ the city. Under the provisions of a recent act of Con- 
 gress the magnificent plan of Washington will be continued and our 
 broad streets and avenues will soon touch the District line. Years ago 
 the rim of Washington was knocked off by our rapidh^ increasing 
 population; Boundary street has been wiped out; our limits are now 
 the boundaries of the District. 
 
 The broad waters of the Potomac flow 
 on to the ocean kissing the silent, sacred 
 shores of Mount Vernon. As all roads are 
 said to have led to Rome, so do all ave- 
 nues of culture lead to Washington. 
 
 Our public and private schools are un- 
 surpassed. Already we have become a 
 great literary, art, and .scientific center. 
 Universities representing different denomi- 
 nations have been and are being founded, 
 with such unusual advantages- as to attract 
 the 5'outh from all .sections of our land. 
 The capital, our climate, our city, our 
 people, the advantages which result from 
 the fostering care of the Government, such 
 as the National Museum, collections of 
 natural hi.story, a Government librarj^ 
 models representing the inventive genius 
 of a century, the Congress of the United 
 States, the diplomatic representatives of 
 the nations of the earth, all conspire to 
 attract to us the cultured, the influential, 
 the wealthy people of the world. 
 
 It would be impossible to overestimate 
 our future possibilities. Our growth and pro.sperity will be an evi- 
 dence and a result of national progress and greatness. No people 
 are more lo3'al, generous, and hospitable than ours; no city on the face 
 of the earth more attractive. 
 
 The District's .second century will be but an echo of national ad- 
 vancement. We have already more than realized the fondest hopes 
 of our founders; Washington is the ideal city of the world. 
 
 The day ceremonies at the Capitol then closed with the singing 
 of "America," the Centennial Chorus being accompanied by the 
 
86 
 
 Capitol Centemiial Celebration 
 
 Marine Band, and the ninltitnde joining in the singing with great 
 enthusiasm. The \-olnme of sonnd from the voices of the thou- 
 sands present was such as liad never been heard before on any 
 similar occasion. 
 
 NIGHT CONCERT 
 
 The night of September i8, 1893, was dark, but the arches of 
 gas jets in front of the great white building threw a glare of light 
 over the grand stands, gleaming upon the scarlet uniforms of the 
 Marine Band and over the Centennial Chorus, which occupied 
 the south stand. 
 
 At 6 o'clock the Centennial Chimes of thirteen bells rang out 
 clearly and distinctly the evening programme heretofore given. 
 During the pealing of the chimes the crowd had begun to col- 
 lect at the east front of the Capitol, and when 8 o'clock arrived, 
 the hour for the opening of the grand out-of-door night concert, 
 the stands were filled to their utmost capacity, while, in the lan- 
 guage of the newspapers of the day — 
 
 The whole of the open space before the east front of the Capitol 
 was filled with a closely packed mass of humanity that extended out 
 
 over the grass plots back of 
 
 the Greenough statue and 
 north and south past the 
 broad steps of the House 
 and Senate wings. A sight 
 \ of the great crowd from the 
 V\ lower gallery of the dome 
 conveyed some idea of what 
 is meant by "a sea of 
 heads. ' ' Two-thirds of the 
 way across the plaza one 
 could have walked on the 
 heads of the crowd with no 
 danger of falling through 
 a chance opening. Then 
 came a great semicircle of closely packed carriages, and beyond that 
 again, swarming over the grass plots, packed in tiers over the great 
 ornamental urns, on the coping wall, and into East Capitol street, 
 stretched the crowd. 
 
 It was .shortly after 8 o'clock when the first strains of Professor 
 Fanciulli'vS grand march, "The National Capitol Centennial," 
 
At the Capitol 
 
 87 
 
 rendered with exquisite accuracy, floated upon the still night. 
 The great building, acting as a giant sounding-board, gave back 
 the echoes, throwing the sound far out across the open space. 
 
 The Centennial Chorus, who were present to the full number 
 of fifteen hundred, then sang "The Heavens Are Telling." The 
 chorus was in fine voice and sang well together under the magnetic 
 leadership of Professor Cloward, the clear notes of the sopranos 
 
 being distinctly heard by persons on the upper tier of the dome of 
 the Capitol, nearly three hundred feet distant. The vast audience 
 appreciated the grand music, and as the last notes of the chorus 
 died away, broke out in prolonged cheers. 
 
 The Marine Band then rendered the overture from "Semira- 
 mide," and were followed by the Centennial Chorus in "Home, 
 
88 Capitol C 'cntciuiial Cclebratioii 
 
 Sweet Home," accompanied by the Marine r,and. Then it was 
 that the enthnsiasm of the crowd was made manifest by cheer on 
 cheer, which continned as the IMarine Band pLayed Fanciulli'S 
 merry descriptive music, "A Trip to Manhattan Beach." 
 
 The Centennial Chorus, accompanied by the Marine Band, and 
 at times by the audience, then sang "Hail Columbia," the enthu- 
 siastic multitude insisting upon an encore, and being rewarded by 
 the Marine Band with "Dixie," which was welcomed with alter- 
 nate cheers and yells of delight. 
 
 The Marine Band then played OrTh's "In the Clock Store," at 
 the conclusion of which there was a mighty shout for "Hanford! 
 Hanford!" As the actor, Mr. Charles B. Hanford, appeared 
 on the projecting pier to the south of the main steps the applause 
 was deafening. Waving his hand to command silence, in a clear, 
 deep voice, thrilling with emotion, Mr. Hanford began to recite 
 "The Star-Spangled Banner." Never had he recited to such a 
 vast multitude, and never had he voiced or acted the stirring song 
 so well. Cheers answered the closing lines of each verse, and at 
 the close of the poem, as he raised aloft and waved to and fro a 
 silken flag — the Star-Spangled Banner — the cheering became a 
 deafening roar. Then the leader of the chorus waved his baton 
 and the entire chorus and the thousands present in the crowd 
 joined in singing the national air, while Mr. Hanford stood far 
 above the heads of the mass, waving time with the silken flag. 
 The demonstration of popular enthusiasm was mighty — "the voice 
 of the American people. ' ' 
 
 The concert closed with "A Trip to Mars," one of Fanciulu's 
 sprightly and entertaining compositions, which the Marine Band 
 rendered with fine effect. 
 
The Joint Committee 
 
o 
 
The Joint Committee 
 
 In pursuance of the joint resolution of Congress, the following 
 Senators, Representatives, and citizens were appointed to serve on 
 the Joint Committee, namely: 
 
 By the Senate: 
 
 Daniei. W. Voorhees. vStephen M. White. 
 
 John Sherman. Wii^liam E. Chandi^er. 
 
 Matt W. Ransom. Watson C. Squire. 
 
 John Martin. 
 
 By the House: 
 
 WiIvUam D. Bynum. John De Witt Warner. 
 
 John C. Black. George W. Houk. 
 
 David B. Henderson. Charles O'Neill. 
 
 William Cogswell. 
 
 By the Citizens' Committee: 
 
 Lawrence Gardner. H. L. Biscoe. 
 
 Duncan S. Walker. B. H. Warner. 
 
 E. B. Hay. a. R. Spofford. 
 
 M. I. Weller. J. M. Toner. 
 
 C. C. Glover. John Joy Edson. 
 
 S. W. Woodward. Beriah Wilkins. 
 
 John W. Ross. Marshall W. Wines. 
 
 The committee met in the rooms of the Senate Committee on 
 Finance at lo a. m., August 23, 1893, and, a quorum being pres- 
 ent, organized with Hon. Daniel Wolsey Voorhees, United 
 States Senate, as Chairman, and General Duncan S. Walker as 
 Secretary. 
 
 After the reading of the joint resolution creating the commit- 
 tee. Chairman VooRHEES called upon the Chairman of the Citi- 
 zens' Committee for a statement of what had been done by the 
 Citizens' Committee in preparing for the celebration, and what 
 was proposed to be done to carr)- into effect the joint resolution 
 of Congress. 
 
 91 
 
92 
 
 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 Chairman Gardner snbinitted a written report, as follows: 
 
 At the request of the Citizens' Committee, the following report has 
 been prepared for the information of the committee appointed from 
 the Senate and House of Representatives, explaining the origin of the 
 movement, what has been done, and what yet remains undone. 
 
 Being requested by numerous citizens, the District Commissioners 
 issued a call through the dail}^ papers, and a meeting was held accord- 
 ingly at Willard's Hotel on June 7, at which meeting the Hon. John 
 W. Ross, President of the Board of Commissioners of the Di.strict of 
 Cohnnbia, presided. It was determined then to have an appropri- 
 ate celebration, and Chairman Ross was delegated by the meeting to 
 appoint a committee of fifty to conduct the affair. Mr. Ross appointed 
 a committee which subsequently met at Willard's Hall and selected its 
 officers, and it further empowered the Chairman to appoint such com- 
 mittees as were necessary to carry the 
 celebration to a success. The committees 
 were all appointed and their duties defined. 
 It is unnecessary to state the details worked 
 out b}^ each committee. The result of the 
 work done by and approved by the Gen- 
 eral Committee is as follows: 
 
 It might be well to state here that at 
 the time the Citizens' Committee was ap- 
 pointed, and after it had completed the 
 many arrangements for a great part of 
 ^U^ its programme, it was not anticipated that 
 r the Congress of the United States would 
 be in session, and authority was procured 
 from the Honorable the President of the 
 Senate (there being no Speaker of the 
 House of Representatives), under the act 
 of Congress approved July i, 1882, for the 
 suspension of the prohibition, of the use 
 of the grounds, etc., so as to enable the celebration to be conducted 
 as proposed. As soon as Congress met the matter was brought to its 
 attention by the Citizens' Committee, and the Joint Connnittee was 
 appointed at its request. 
 
 Under these circumstances we trust that it may not be regarded as 
 presumptuous on our part to have already almost completed the arrange- 
 ments, and that what has been done will meet with your approval. 
 
 A Committee on Ceremonies at the Capitol, under the direction of 
 Mr. B. H. Warner, have in part completed their programme. The 
 portion that is absolutely concluded is as follows: 
 
 Prayer by Right Rev. William Parkt, Bishop of Maryland; iutro- 
 
 
The Join t Com in it tee 
 
 93 
 
 ditction of the President; address by the President of the United States, 
 introducing the orator, Mr. William Wirt Henry, of Richmond, Va.; 
 and the following portion of the programme is respectfully suggested 
 for action and approval: An address on behalf of the United States 
 Senate, by its President; an address on behalf of the House of Repre- 
 sentatives, by its Speaker; an address by a member of the Supreme 
 Court, Chief Justice Fuller; an address for the District of Colum- 
 bia, by one of the Commissioners of the District. 
 
 In presenting this programme the committee found it necessary to 
 arrange for music, and their music committee has undertaken the task 
 of securing and drilling one of the largest clioru.ses ever brought 
 together in the District of Columbia, consisting of 
 fifteen hundred trained adult voices. At proper 
 places during the programme the chorus will 
 render patriotic music, concluding with a :J=Sr 
 
 grand Te Deum. The committee has 
 kindly had placed at its disposal a 
 fine chime of thirteen bells, which 
 will be rung at stated interv^als "-'^^ 
 during the day and in 
 conjunction with the 
 chorus. The committee 
 has also secured the serv- 
 ices of the United States 
 Marine Band, which, at 
 the cost of the commit- 
 tee, has arranged to in- 
 crease its numbers. In 
 preparing for the accom- 
 modation of this large 
 number of musicians the _ 
 committee has entered '=^__£^ 
 into a contract for the '' / '^ 
 
 building of a stand at the side of the center steps at the east front of 
 the Capitol that will accommodate twelve to thirteen hundred. They 
 also arranged for a stand directly in front of the steps, for the accom- 
 modation of the President, speakers, and invited guests, perhaps to the 
 number of about two hundred, which leaves the steps back of that 
 stand yet free, to be used for other invited guests. If the Senate and 
 House of Representatives desire to be present, it will be necessary 
 to erect another stand on the opposite side of the center steps for 
 their accommodation. To decorate the stands the committee would 
 request that permission be secured from Congress for the War and 
 Na^^y Departments to loan such flags and decorations as they may 
 have. 
 
94 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 It is proposed further that the event be celebrated by a parade, to 
 march over the same route traveled b>- the procession in 1793. From 
 such old records as we have been able to find, we learn that the pro- 
 cession assembled at the President's Square and marched thence to 
 the Capitol grounds. An advertisement was published in the daily 
 papers of the city inviting all military and civic organizations and 
 associations in the District of Columbia and neighboring cities to partici- 
 pate in the parade and be present at the ceremonies. An additional 
 written invitation was sent to such civic and military organizations 
 whose addresses we could secure. In nearly all instances the invita- 
 tions have been responded to, expressing a desire to participate in the 
 parade, and only in one or two cases have we received declinations. 
 
 General Albert Ordway, commanding the District mihtia, has 
 been selected by the committee as Grand Marshal. He is now hard at 
 work with the Connnittee on Parade, arranging all the details. 
 
 Specially engraved invitations to the number of one thousand have 
 been prepared. These invitations are to be sent to such prominent 
 citizens of the United States as the committee may desire to invite, 
 and also to the Diplomatic Corps. The design for the invitation is 
 very elaborate, and tells the story of the building of the Capitol, begin- 
 ning with a picture of President WAvShington laying the corner stone 
 September 18, 1793; the second picture representing the old building 
 completed, and the third representing the building as at present, 1893. 
 Inclosed in the invitation are four pages, two pages to be devoted to 
 the programme, one page containing the names of the Joint Committee, 
 and the fourth page other committees. 
 
 The committee have also published a small pamphlet giving a history 
 of the Capitol from its foundation up to the present time; it also con- 
 tains a list of the committees appointed to date. We have only issued 
 one thousand copies of the book, and the other two thousand are ready 
 to be issued as soon as the programme is complete, so that the pamphlet 
 will then contain the programme and any new committees, and such 
 other information as will add to its historic value. 
 
 It is customary in celebrations of this kind to furnish the committee 
 with ribbon badges, but the General Committee decided to have a medal 
 struck commemorative of the occasion, designs for which were sub- 
 mitted and approved by the General Committee, and a contract for five 
 hundred has been entered into, the medals to be paid for by the indi- 
 vidual members of the committee. Facsimiles of the designs will be 
 found on the front and back pages of the pamphlet. 
 
 It was first contemplated by the General Committee to ha\-e an even- 
 ing entertainment at the Capitol, consisting of a reception in the 
 Rotunda; but Congress being in session it was deemed advisable to 
 abandon that portion of the programme. 
 
TJic Join t Com ;// it tec 
 
 95 
 
 After consultation with Architect Clark, who, I may say here, has 
 been of great service to this committee, his suggestions being ahvaj'S 
 well timed, it was proposed to have an illumination of the Capitol 
 building with electric lights; but, after correspondence, our committee 
 found that it would be impossible to go into a matter of that kind 
 in an appropriate way with the funds in hand. So at present all that 
 is contemplated is an illumination of the dome, there being sufficient 
 electric power at the Capitol to furnish us with all the current neces- 
 sary. It was also proposed to use the grand festival chorus for a 
 concert in the Capitol grounds on the evening of the i8th of Sep- 
 tember, having the grounds illuminated by gas and an aerial display 
 of fireworks, the firing to take place from the grounds of the new 
 Library building; but 
 as the committee has 
 acted from the be- 
 ginning on the prin- 
 ciple of making no 
 contracts except 
 when the money was 
 in hand, these matters 
 are held in abeyance. 
 We hope, however, 
 to have an even- 
 ing concert and an 
 illumination of the 
 grounds. 
 
 The additional legislation that this committee will require will be, 
 first, a joint resolution granting us the use of the flags and decora- 
 tions of the War and Navy Departments; second, a resolution making 
 the i8th of September, 1893, a holiday for the District of Columbia. 
 
 The report of the Chairman of the Citizens' Committee was 
 received and approved and the execution of the same placed in 
 the hands of the Citizens' Committee. 
 
 It was also ordered that the Congress be requested to make the 
 i8th day of September, 1893, a legal holiday in the District of 
 Columbia, and also authorize the Secretary of War and the Sec- 
 retary of the Navy to deliver to the Architect of the Capitol, for 
 decoration purposes, certain ensigns, flags, and signal numbers. 
 
 Chairman Gardner, of the Citizens' Committee, announced that 
 his committee had raised by voluntary subscriptions the funds 
 necessary for defraying all the expenses of the celebration. 
 
96 
 
 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 The Joint Coininittee met in the rooms of the Finance Com- 
 mittee of the Senate September ii, at lo a. m. ; Senator Daniel W. 
 VooRHEES, Chairman, and General Duncan S. Walker, Secretary. 
 
 Mr. Gardner, Chairman of the Citizens' Committee, made 
 the following report : 
 
 Acting under the instructions of the Joint Committee of Congress, 
 a special stand capable of acconnnodating one thousand, with the neces- 
 sary seats, extending from the central steps in a northern direction, has 
 been set apart for the exclusive use of the House and Senate. In 
 this connection I beg to suggest that, in accordance with custom, 
 the stand be turned over when completed to the Sergeant-at-Arms 
 of the Senate, who shall have charge of the same and of the issuing 
 
 of tickets thereto. 
 
 Under the instruction 
 of the Joint Committee, of 
 the one thousand souvenir 
 invitations printed, nine 
 hundred and four have 
 been issued to the per- 
 sons designated by your 
 Joint Committee, leaving 
 ninety-six only at the 
 disposal of the General 
 Committee. A list of the 
 distribution is herewith 
 submitted. 
 
 A grand stand will be 
 erected in front of the 
 central portion of the east 
 front to accommodate the President of the United States, the speakers 
 participating in the ceremonies, the Judiciary, the Diplomatic Corps, 
 and other guests invited under direction of your Joint Committee. 
 
 Another stand, extending south from the central portion of the build- 
 ing, is in course of construction to accommodate the band and the grand 
 chorus of fifteen hundred. In relation to the approaches to the build- 
 ing on the 1 8th of September, some arrangement will have to be made to 
 keep the central steps clear, and I suggest that that be left as a matter 
 of accommodation between the Sergeant-at-Arms of the Senate and the 
 Chairman of the General Committee. 
 
 As instructed, letters have been drawn up addressed respectively to 
 the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the House, inviting their 
 respective bodies to be present, copies of which are submitted herewith. 
 I also beg to suggest that, as is usual under such circumstances, an 
 
Tlie Joint Committee 97 
 
 order be passed b}- each House arranging for their participation in the 
 ceremonies. 
 
 On the suggestion of Chairman Voorhees, it was agreed that 
 motions be made in the Senate and House providing that their 
 respective bodies take a recess at 2 p. m. on the i8th of Septem- 
 ber and attend the celebration, and Mr. Voorhees requested Sen- 
 ator Sherman to make the motion in the Senate and Mr. COGS- 
 WELL to make the motion in the House of Representatives. 
 
 At the suggestion of Senator VooRHEES, all details relating to 
 the handling of the crowds at the Capitol on the day of the cele- 
 bration were delegated to the Sergeants-at-Arms of the Senate 
 and House and the Architect of the Capitol. 
 
 It was also ordered that the stands for the Senate and House 
 be turned over to the Sergeants-at-Arms of the respective bodies. 
 H. Mis. 211 7 
 
Congressional Action 
 
 99 
 
o 
 
Congressional Action 
 
 AUTHORIZING THE CELEBRATION 
 
 In the House of Representatives, August ii, 1893, the following 
 action was taken: 
 
 Mr. W. D. Bynu:m, of Indiana. Mr. Speaker, the gentleman from 
 Mar^'land [Mr. Raynrr] yields to me for a minute to ask unani- 
 mous consent for the consideration of a resolution. I will ask to 
 have it read. 
 
 The Speaker. The gentleman from Indiana, with the con.sent of 
 the gentleman from Maryland, desires unanimous consent for the 
 consideration of a joint resolution relating to the exercises commem- 
 orative of the hundredth anniversary of the laying of the corner stone 
 of the Capitol. The Clerk will read the joint resolution, after which 
 the Chair will ask if there be objection. 
 
 The Clerk read the joint resolution. 
 
 Mr. Bynum. Mr. Speaker, I simply desire to sa>' to the House that 
 this resolution entails no expense on the part of the Government. 
 The funds have been raised b}- private citizens, and the}- simply desire 
 the permission and cooperation of the Government. 
 
 The Speaker. Is there objection to the present consideration of 
 the resolution? [After a pause.] The Chair hears none. 
 
 The joint resolution was ordered to be engrossed for a third read- 
 ing; and being engrossed, it was accordingly read the third time, and 
 passed. 
 
 In the Senate, August 14, 1893, the subject was considered, as 
 follows: 
 
 A message from the House of Representatives, b}' Mr. T. O. TowLES, 
 its Chief Clerk, announced that the House had passed a joint resolu- 
 tion ( H. Res. 2) providing for the appropriate commemoration of the 
 laying of the corner stone of the Capitol of the United States, Sep- 
 tember 18, 1793, in which it requested the concurrence of the Senate. 
 
 Mr. VOORHEES. I venture to ask that the Senate consider the joint 
 resolution, and that it be put upon its passage now. For that purpose 
 let it be read. I will merely state that it has been carefully consid- 
 ered and unanimously passed by the other House. 
 
I02 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 By unanimous consent, the joint resolution was read twice, and 
 considered as in Committee of the Whole. 
 
 The joint resolution was reported to the Senate without amendment, 
 ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed. 
 
 The following is the joint resolution as passed by both Houses, 
 
 it having received Executive approval August 17, 1893: 
 
 Joint resolution provitling for the appropriate commemoration of the one hundredth 
 anniversary of the laying of the corner stone of the Capitol of the United States, 
 September iS, 1793. 
 
 Whereas the one hundredth anniversary of the laying of the corner 
 stone of the United States Capitol by President George Wa.shington, 
 September 18, 1793, is an occasion of national interest becoming the 
 cognizance of Congress; and 
 
 Whereas a committee of citizens of the United States, of which 
 L/AWRENCE Gardner, of the District of Columbia, has been elected 
 Chairman, have been appointed to make suitable and appropriate 
 arrangements to duly commemorate the important event, and for the 
 maintenance of order and decorum in the proceedings, and for guarding 
 the Capitol and its grounds from injury: Therefore, 
 
 Be it resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of tlie United 
 States of America in Congress assembled, That the use of the Capitol 
 Grounds for the ceremonies attending the one hitndredth anniversary of 
 the laying of the corner stone of the Capitol for and during the i8th 
 of September, 1893, including processions, literary and musical exer- 
 cises, and the suitable decoration of the grounds, the Capitol building 
 and its approaches, shall be permitted, under such regulations as may 
 be prescribed by the President of the Senate and the Speaker of the 
 House of Representatives, to insure the safety of the building and the 
 grounds from injury. 
 
 That a joint committee of fourteen, to consist of seven Senators, to 
 be appointed by the President of the Senate, and seven Representatives, 
 to be appointed by the Speaker of the House of Representatives, be, 
 and is hereby, constituted to take order in the matter "of arranging 
 for the ceremonies at the Capitol, to act with a like committee in num- 
 ber to be selected by the said Citizens' Committee. 
 
 APPOINTMENT OF THE JOINT COMMITTEE 
 
 In the Senate, August 24, 1893, ^^^^ Joint Committee on the 
 part of the Senate was appointed, as shown by the following 
 extract from the proceedings: 
 
 The Vice-President. Under the joint resolution providing for the 
 appropriate commemoration of the one hundredth anniversary of the 
 
Congressional Action 103 
 
 laying of the corner stone of the Capitol of the United vStates, Sep- 
 tember 18, 1793, the Chair appoints as the committee on the part of 
 the Senate the Senator from Indiana (Mr. Voorhees), the Senator 
 from Ohio (Mr. Sherman), the Senator from North Carolina (Mr. 
 Ransom), the Senator from New Hampshire (Mr. Chandler), the 
 Senator from California (Mr. White), the Senator from Washington 
 (Mr. Souire), and the Senator from Kansas (Mr. Martin). 
 
 In the House of Representatives, August 25, 1893, ^^^ follow- 
 ing action was taken: 
 
 The Speaker laid before the House a message from the Senate 
 announcing the appointment by the Vice-President of a committee on 
 the part of the Senate, consisting of Senators Voorhees, Sherman, 
 Ransom, Chandler, White of California, Squire, and Martin, un- 
 der the joint resolution providing for the appropriate commemoration 
 of the one hundredth anniversary of the laying of the corner stone of 
 the Capitol of the United States, September 18, 1793; which was laid 
 on the table. 
 
 The Speaker announced the appointment of a like committee on 
 the part of the House, in compliance with the joint resolution, con- 
 sisting of Messrs. Bynum, Warner, Black of Illinois, Houk of Ohio, 
 Henderson of Iowa, O'Neill of Pennsylvania, and Cogswell. 
 
 MAKING THE DAY A HOUDAY, GRANTING USE OF 
 I FLAGS, ETC. 
 
 In the House of Representatives, September 3, 1893, fi^rther 
 action was taken, as follows: 
 
 Mr. Bynum. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent for the intro- 
 duction of a couple of resolutions and their present consideration. 
 
 The Speaker pro tempore. The Clerk will report the resolution, after 
 which the Chair will ask if there be objection to its consideration. 
 
 The Clerk read as follows: 
 
 A joint resolution (H. Res. 6) to make the iSth A&y of September, 1S93, a holidaj- within the 
 
 District of Cohimbia. 
 
 Be it resolved, etc.. That there be added to the days by law declared to be 
 holidays within the District of Cohiinbia the i8th day of September, 1893, the 
 same being the one hundredth anniversary of the laying of the corner stone of 
 the Capitol of the United States. 
 
 The Speaker pro tempore. Is there objection to the present con- 
 sideration of the resolution? [After a pau.se.] The Chair hears none. 
 
I04 Capitol Centennial CelebratioJi 
 
 The joint resolution was ordered to be engrossed for a third reading; 
 and being engrossed, it was accordingly read the third time, and 
 passed. 
 
 Mr. Bynum. I also ask for the consideration of the other resolution. 
 
 The Speaker pro tempore. The Clerk will report the resolution, after 
 which the Chair will ask if there be objection to its consideration. 
 
 The Clerk read as follows: 
 
 A joint resolution (H. Res. 7) to permit the use of certain ensigns, flags, and signal numbers 
 to decorate the Capitol and its approaches, 1893. 
 
 Be it resolved, etc., That the Secretary of War and the Secretary of the Navy 
 be, and they are hereby, authorized to deliver to the Architect of the Capitol, 
 for the purpose of decorating the Capitol, its approaches, and grand stands to be 
 erected in the Capitol grounds on the occasion of the centennial celebration of 
 the laying of the corner stone of the Capitol, such of the United States ensigns, 
 flags (except battle flags), signal numbers, and other flags as may be spared, the 
 same to be so delivered to said Architect not prior to the loth day of September, 
 and to be returned by him by the 30th day of September, 1893. 
 
 The Speaker pro tempore. Is there objection to the present con- 
 sideration of this resolution ? [After a pause ] The Chair hears none. 
 
 The joint resolution was ordered to be engrossed for a third reading; 
 and being engrossed, it was accordingly read the third time, and passed. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Bynum, a motion to reconsider the several votes by 
 which the joint resolutions were passed was laid on the table. 
 
 These subjects were considered in the Senate September 4, 1893, 
 as follows: 
 
 Mr. VooRHEES. I ask that the joint resolutions which have just 
 come from the House of Representatives be laid before the Senate 
 and put on their passage. I will state that the first is a joint resolution 
 passed by the other House, making the i8th of September a holiday 
 in the District of Columbia. It is the centennial of the laying of the 
 corner stone of the Capitol. The other joint resolution authorizes 
 the use of certain flags and ensigns by the Architect of the Capitol 
 on that day. I should be very glad to have the Senate concur with 
 the action of the House of Representatives and let the matter go 
 along. There being no objection, the joint resolution (H. Res. 6) to 
 make the i8th day of September, 1893, a holiday within the District 
 of Columbia was read twice and considered as in Committee of the 
 Whole. 
 
 The joint resolution was reported to the Senate without amendment, 
 ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed. 
 
 The joint resolution (H. Res. 7) to permit the use of certain ensigns, 
 flags, and signal numbers to decorate the Capitol and its approaches. 
 
Congressional Action 105 
 
 September 18, 1893, was read twice and considered as in Committee 
 of the Whole. 
 
 The joint resokition was reported to the Senate without amendment, 
 ordered to a third reading, read the third time, and passed. 
 
 RESOLUTIONS TO ATTEND 
 
 In the Senate, September 11, 1893: 
 
 The Vice-President laid before die vSenate the following letter; 
 which was read: 
 
 Washington, D. C, September 11, /Sgj. 
 Sir: The General Committee on the Centennial Celebration of the Laying of 
 the Corner Stone of the Capitol has set apart, under the direction of the Joint 
 Committee appointed under the joint resolution of Congress approved August 17, 
 1893, a special stand with one thousand seats for the exclusive use of the Senate 
 and House of Representatives, September iS, 1S93. 
 
 It is the desire of the committee that, following the established precedent of 
 such occasions, the Senate attend the ceremonies as an organized body; and in 
 behalf of the committee I beg to request you to extend this invitation to the 
 United States Senate, and that that honorable body may make such order thereon 
 as may be most appropriate. 
 
 Very respectfully, L. Gardner, 
 
 Chaij-Jiian General Coiiunittee. 
 Hon. Adlai E. Stevenson, 
 
 Vice-President United States, President of t/ie Senate. 
 
 Mr. Sherman, from the Joint Select Committee appointed under the 
 joint resolution providing for the appropriate commemoration of the one 
 hundredth anniversary of the laying of the corner stone of the Capitol 
 of the United States, September 18, 1793, reported the following reso- 
 lution; which was considered by unanimous consent, and agreed to: 
 
 Resolved, That the Senate will attend the ceremonies of the one hundredth 
 anniversary of the laying of the corner stone of the Capitol, September iS, 1893, 
 at 2 o'clock p. m. 
 
 That a recess be taken at ten minutes before 2 o'clock p. m. of that day, and 
 the Senate, accompanied by its officers, shall proceed to the place assigned, at the 
 east front of the Capitol. 
 
 That the Sergeant-at-Arms ot the Senate is directed to make the necessary 
 arrangements to carry out this order. 
 
 In the House of Representatives, September 12, 1893: 
 
 The Speaker. The Chair lays before the House the following com- 
 mimication, which the Clerk will report: 
 
 Washington, D. C, September 11, 1893. 
 Sir: The General Committee on the Centennial Celebration of the Laying of 
 the Corner Stone of the Capitol has set apart, under the direction of the Joint 
 
io6 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 Committee appointed under the joint resolution of Congress approved August 17, 
 1893, a special stand with one thousand seats for the exclusive use of the vSenate 
 and House of Representatives, September 18, 1893. 
 
 It is the desire of the committee that, following the established precedent of 
 such occasions, the House of Representatives attend the ceremonies as an organ- 
 ized body; and in behalf of the committee I beg to request you to extend this 
 invitation to the House of Representatives, and that that honorable body may 
 make such order thereon as may be most appropriate. 
 
 Very respectfully, L. Gardnkr, 
 
 Chairman General Committee. 
 Hon. Chari.es F. Crisp, 
 
 Speaker House of Representatives, United States. 
 
 Mr. Cogswell. I offer the resolution which I .send to the Clerk's 
 de.sk, and ask for its immediate consideration. 
 The Clerk read as follows: 
 
 Resolved, That the Hou.se will attend the ceremonies of the one hundredth 
 anniversary of the laying of the corner stone of the Capitol, vSeptember 18, 1893, 
 at 2 o'clock p. m. 
 
 That a recess be taken at ten minutes before 2 o'clock of that day, and the 
 House, accompanied by its officers, shall proceed to the place assigned, at the east 
 front of the Capitol. That the Sergeant-at-Arms of the House is directed to make 
 the necessary arrangements to carry out this order. 
 
 The Speaker. Is there objection to the immediate consideration of 
 this resolution? 
 
 There was no objection. 
 
 The resolution was a^eed to. 
 
 ATTENDANCE AT THE CELEBRATION 
 
 In the Senate, September 18, 1893: 
 
 The V1CE-PRE.SIDENT. The Chair will .state to the Senator from 
 Oregon that the Chair is compelled, under the resolution of the Senate, 
 to announce that, the hour of ten minutes to 2 having arrived, it 
 becomes the duty of the Chair to lay before the Senate the resolution 
 adopted by the Senate on the nth instant, which will be read. 
 
 The Secretary read as follows: 
 
 Resolved, That the Senate will attend the ceremonies of the one hundredth 
 anniversary of the laying of the corner stone of the Capitol, September 18, 1893, 
 at 2 o'clock p. m. 
 
 That a recess be taken at ten minutes before 2 o'clock p. m. of that day, and 
 the Senate, accompanied by its officers, shall proceed to the place assigned, at the 
 east front of the Capitol. 
 
 That the Sergeant-at-Arms of the Senate is directed to make the necessary 
 arrangements to carry out this order. 
 
 The Vice-President. The Sergeant-at-Arms will execute the order 
 of the Senate. 
 
Congressional Adioii 
 
 107 
 
 The Senate, headed by the Vice-President and the Secretary, and 
 preceded by the Sergeant-at-Arms, thereupon proceeded to the east 
 front of the Capitol to participate in the ceremonies commemorative 
 of the one hundredth anniversary of the laying of the corner stone of 
 the Capitol of the United States. 
 
 The Senate returned to its Chamber at 5 o'clock and 13 minutes 
 p. ni. 
 
 In the House of Representatives, September 18, 1893: 
 
 The Speaker. The Clerk will report the order adopted by the 
 House. 
 
 The Clerk read as follows: 
 
 Resolved, That the House will attend the ceremonies of the one hundredth 
 anniversary of the laying of the corner 
 stone of the Capitol, vSepteniber iS, 1893, 
 at 2 o'clock p. ni. 
 
 That a recess be taken at ten minutes 
 before 2 o'clock of that day, and the 
 House, accompanied by its officers, shall 
 proceed to the place assigned, at the east 
 front of the Capitol. That the Sergeant- 
 at-Arms of the House is directed to make 
 the necessary arrangements to carry out 
 this order. 
 
 The Speaker. The Chair would 
 call the attention of the House 
 to the fact that there is no provi- 
 sion made in this order as to the 
 duration of the recess or the ad- 
 journment of the House. There- 
 fore, the Chair would suggest that 
 some motion be made respecting; 
 the return to the Hall and the ad- 
 journment of the House immediately 
 thereafter. 
 
 Mr. CaTChings. I move that 
 when the ceremonies have been concluded the House reassemble. I 
 think that motion would cover the idea. 
 
 Mr. Reed. It is understood that there is to be an adjournment at 
 once on return of the House. 
 
 Mr. IviviNGSTON. Why not adjourn now? 
 
 The Speaker. The only reason why the House can not now ad- 
 journ is that the House has agreed to attend this ceremonj^ as a 
 body, and both the House and Senate have agreed to take a recess. 
 However, it can be the understanding, and without objection it will 
 be the understanding, that immediately upon the conclusion of the 
 
io8 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 ceremonies the House will, or such members as return, reassemble, 
 when an adjournment will be had until to-morrow. Without ol:)jec- 
 tion that will be the understanding and the order. 
 
 There was no objection, and it was so ordered. 
 
 The vSpeaker. The House will, in accordance with the order, form 
 in line and proceed to the place of the ceremonies. The officers will 
 accompany the House, and the pages will form in the rear of the 
 members. 
 
 Accordingly (at i o'clock and 50 minutes), the House, headed by 
 the Speaker and accompanied by its officers, proceeded to the platform 
 prepared for their accommodation in front of the east portico. 
 
 The House reassembled at 5 o'clock and 10 minutes. 
 
 THE TABLET 
 
 In the Senate, April 23, 1894: 
 
 The Vice-President laid before the Senate the following commu- 
 nication; which was read: 
 
 Washington, D. C, April 21, 18^4. 
 Dear Sir: The General Committee on the Centennial of the Capitol has donated 
 a bronze tablet, estimated to cost about I900, to be placed upon the exterior south- 
 east wall of the north wing of the original Capitol building, to conmiemorate the 
 laying of the corner stone of the Capitol, September 18, 1793, by President GEORGE 
 Washington. 
 
 As legislation will be necessary to carry out the purpose of the General Com- 
 mittee, I have the honor to request that the subject may be brought to the 
 attention of Congress, only suggesting that the matter of the inscription upon 
 the tablet be left to the discretion of the Joint Committee appointed under the 
 joint resolution of Congress approved August 17, 1S93, and that the selection of 
 the precise locality for the insertion of the tablet, as well as the work connected 
 with such insertion, be placed under the direction of the Architect of the Capitol. 
 Very respectfulh, your most obedient servant, 
 
 Iv. Gardner, 
 Chairman General Coininillee. 
 Hon. Adlai E. Stevenson, 
 
 President United States Senate. 
 
 Mr. VooRHEES. In this connection I ask unanimous consent to 
 introduce and have considered a joint resolution. 
 
 The Vice-President. The joint resolution will be read the first 
 time by its title and the second time at length, if there be no 
 objection. 
 
 The joint resolution (S. R. 77) providing for the placing of a tablet 
 upon the Capitol to commemorate the laying of the corner stone of 
 the building, September 18, 1793, was read the first time by its title 
 and the second time at length, as follows: 
 
 Whereas the General Conmiittee of citizens of the United States, of which 
 Lawrence Gardner is Chairman, have donated to the United States a bronze 
 
Congressional Action 109 
 
 tablet to be placed upon the Capitol to coinniemorate the laying of the corner 
 stone of the building, September i8, 1793: Therefore, 
 
 Be it resolved by the Senate and House of Repi'esentatives of the United States 
 of America in Congress asscinl)led. That the United States accept the said tablet, 
 and that the Architect of the Capitol be, and he is hereby, authorized and directed 
 to cause the same, when approved by the Joint Committee appointed under joint 
 resolution of Congress of August 17, 1893, to be placed in or upon the southeast 
 wall of the north wing of the original Capitol building, upon such suitable place 
 as he, the said Architect, may select, at such distance above the corner stone 
 laid by GEORGE Washington, September 18, 1793, as in the judgment of said 
 Architect may be best suited to display the same without detracting from the 
 architectural effect of the building. 
 
 Mr. VoORHEEvS. It may not be improper to say that the committee 
 having in charge the centennial celebration of the laying of the corner 
 stone of the Capitol have .so well managed their affairs as to have a 
 moderate surplus fund left with which to provide this bronze tablet. 
 The tablet is to be placed at a point to indicate the precise spot where 
 the original corner stone was laid. That locality has been ascertained, 
 and this is a movement to mark the spot for all time to come. I think 
 it a charming and a most excellent thing to do, and the committee which 
 have had charge of this matter are deserving of great credit. They 
 have asked nothing of Congress, they have been at no expense to the 
 Government, and they have the money to spare to make this provision. 
 I thought it best to explain the matter. I ask for the present con- 
 sideration of the joint resolution. 
 
 Mr. Gray. While the Senator is on his feet in regard to this very 
 appropriate act that has been performed, let me ask him whether the 
 inscription on the tablet is to contain the name of any private person 
 or of the donors of the tablet? 
 
 Mr. VooRHEES. I think not. 
 
 Mr. Gray. It ought not to do so. 
 
 Mr. VooRHEES. I think it does not, althottgh on that sitbject I am 
 not at all advised. I should saj^ not, very decidedly. However, that 
 can be easily controlled or managed. I do not think there is an}^ such 
 purpose at all. It is a tablet to mark the precise locality of the original 
 corner stone laid by George Washington September 18, 1793. 
 
 Mr. Gray. The good taste of the gentlemen connected with this 
 enterprise would suggest that no such thing should be done; but I 
 think it otight to be assured. 
 
 The Vice-President. Is there objection to the present consideration 
 of the joint resolution? 
 
 There being no objection, the Senate, as in Committee of the Whole, 
 proceeded to consider the joint resolution. 
 
 The joint resolution was reported to the Senate without amendment, 
 ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read the third time, and 
 passed. 
 
no Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 In the House of Representatives, April 24, 1894: 
 
 The Speaker laid before the House the Senate resolution (vS. R. 78) 
 providing for the placing of a tablet upon the Capitol to commemorate 
 the laying of the corner stone of the building, September 18, 1793. 
 
 Mr. Bynum. Mr. Speaker, I ask unanimous consent for the present 
 consideration of the Senate resolution. 
 
 The Speaker. The gentleman from Indiana asks unanimous con- 
 sent for the present consideration of the Senate joint resolution, which 
 is before the House for reference. The Clerk will report it, after which 
 the Chair will ask if there be objection. 
 
 The resolution was read. 
 
 The Speaker. Is there objection to the request for the present 
 consideration of the resolution? [After a pause.] The Chair hears 
 none. 
 
 The resolution was ordered to a third reading; and it was accord- 
 ingly read the third time, and passed. 
 
 On motion of Mr. Bynum, a motion to reconsider the vote by which 
 the joint resolution was passed was laid on the table. 
 
 PRINTING THE PROCEEDINGS 
 In the Senate, October 31, 1893: 
 
 Mr. V00RHEE.S, from the Committee on the Library, to whom the 
 subject was referred, reported a bill (S. 1137) to provide for the print- 
 ing of the report of the Joint Committee of Congress and proceedings 
 at the centennial celebration of the laying of the corner stone of the 
 Capitol; which was read twice by its title, and, on motion of Mr. 
 VooRHEES, referred to the Committee on Printing. 
 
 In the Senate, Januarj^ 16, 1894: 
 
 Mr. Gorman, from the Committee on Printing, reported a joint 
 resolution (S. R. 51) to provide for the printing of the report of the 
 Joint Committee of Congress and proceedings at the centennial cele- 
 bration of the laying of the corner stone of the Capitol; and sub- 
 mitted a report thereon. 
 
 The joint resolution was read the first time by its title. 
 
 Mr. Gorman. I ask for the present consideration of the joint reso- 
 lution. 
 
 By unanimous consent, the joint resolution was read the second time 
 at length, and considered as in Committee of the Whole, as follows: 
 
 Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of 
 America in Congress assembled. That the report of the Joint Committee of Con- 
 gress appointed under the joint resolution approved August 17, 1893, upon the 
 
Congressional Action 1 1 1 
 
 ceremonials at the celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the laying of 
 the corner stone of the Capitol of the United States, together with the proceed- 
 ings and public addresses on the commemoration of that event, be printed in a 
 memorial volume, with such illustrations as ma}' be approved by the Joint Com- 
 mittee on Printing, and that five thousand five hundred copies be printed, fifteen 
 hundred for the use of the Senate, three thousand for the use of the House of 
 Representatives, and one thousand copies for distribution by the Citizens' Com- 
 mittee on the celebration; and the sum of $5,000, or so much thereof as maybe 
 necessary, is hereby appropriated, out of any money in the Treasury not other- 
 wise appropriated, to carry this joint resolution into effect. 
 
 The joint resolution was reported to the Senate without amendment, 
 ordered to be engrossed for a third reading, read the third time, and 
 passed. 
 
 The following is the report (Senate No. 160, second session 
 Fifty-third Congress) made by Mr. Gorman, from the Commit- 
 tee on Printing: 
 
 The Committee on Printing, to whom was referred the bill (S. 1137J 
 ' ' to provide for the printing of the report of the Joint Committee 
 of Congress and proceedings at the centennial celebration of the 
 laying of the corner stone of the Capitol," having considered the same, 
 report it back with the recommendation that it do not pass, and that 
 in lieu thereof the following substitute joint resolution do pass. [Reso- 
 lution as passed follows. — Ed.] 
 
 The provisions of the bill are all retained in the substitute joint 
 resolution with the exception that the distribution of the proposed 
 memorial volume to the House of Representatives is reduced from 
 three thousand five hundred to three thousand. This reduction was 
 found necessary in order to bring the cost of the work within the 
 amount appropriated therefor, and the usual proportion of distribution 
 between the Senate and House of Representatives is still maintained. 
 
 The provisions of the bill having relation only to a specific occasion 
 and not embracing any permanent provision of law, a joint resolution 
 has been deemed by the committee the more appropriate method of 
 proceeding. 
 
 In the House of Representatives, March 10, 1894: 
 
 Mr. Richardson, of Tennessee. Mr. Speaker, I present a privileged 
 report from the Committee on Printing. 
 The report was read, as follows: 
 
 The committee have considered Senate joint resolution No. 51, providing for 
 the printing of the proceedings at the centennial celebration of the laying of the 
 corner stone of the Capitol, and direct me to report the same with the recom- 
 mendation that it do pass. The estimated cost of the same is about $4,800. 
 
112 
 
 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 The joint resolution was ordered to a third reading, and it was 
 accordingly read the third time. 
 
 The question being taken, on a division the joint resolution was 
 passed — ayes 72, noes 14. 
 
The Capitol 
 
 "3 
 
□ G S J 
 
 

 
 c - o 
 
 •<SS S Q 
 
 w 
 
 <r. 
 
 
 
 
 Q 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 rt « 
 
 
 
 
 X 
 
 
 
 ■c 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 OJ - 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 V 
 
 
 fr 
 
 ti X 
 
 
 tn 
 
 
 
 fW 
 
 
 
 
 W 
 
 x;_^ 
 
 
 
 
 r J 
 
 "*^ ^ 
 
 
 .M 
 
 
 <! 
 
 C3 
 
 
 
 
 
 Pi 
 
 >.^' 
 
 
 
 
 rr: 
 
 
 ■JJ 
 
 • V 
 
 
 w 
 
 £ 3 
 
 s 
 
 
 
 
 
 .;i n 
 
 
 ■zoi 
 
 
 w 
 
 g'^. 
 
 
 -So 
 
 1- w 
 
 ai 
 
 w 
 
 jj s 
 
 P. 
 
 
 
 
 P 
 
 ^^^■5 
 
 (u.;^ 
 
 OJ 0; aj i; :; i; o o r"' S r' o - o u p ' ci dj u on . u i« — s --^ "" -j; —> o .S' o n •/) 
 
 ooooooooSiJSo^ooSuoo Sor, ? F ocWssacsss^a 
 
 oouuuocj!j-x?i-xtjCuOh-l'Xou (J x'-iWO r; {-lO CCOCOOO O 
 
 ^'-^ ....*<. 
 
 ■•^ ITjVC i^C/j On O W r^^ r^CC O O •- N r*:> rr;. ^ \r.\0 r^X 00 t'! M W t^ U'J^ t^ ON ^ ^o r^ 
 
 h^ 
 
 "^ g g £ o o o o o o t- SPP S-s P-o*^ o« °Q °'i: ° o H x a; " li cc C 5 j !;.;£ q 
 
 - S S a; o- 
 _ rt > y ^, 
 
 
 ; 10 i/j lo u"; no m\o »ovb*o*ovo VO 'O vo 
 
 i; W W ro r^> Tf -^ -^ ir,\0 t^ t^^ i>- 
 
 
 o 
 
 
 c 
 
 
 
 
 
 'A 
 W 
 
 
 "a x 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 S^2 
 
 11 
 
 -a 5 
 
 il n b t. s s 
 p Pi b C T •= « ^-o rt a6a§.2, o 
 
 p-(, « r^ Mfi^^Scaj "i-i'i7-<iJ 
 
 C £ C c cs bC-rt-K 
 
 ,<y S c3-"^ s u ■" 
 
 ^ 5^ jj 1; b^-s ^ s 
 5 -— o 
 
 S'O o 
 
 SE 
 
 jj " j^ ~ 
 
 
 
 
 
 1- 
 
 
 
 M 
 
 < 
 
 turali 
 ent ai 
 Cong 
 
 Lands 
 
 Treas 
 
 
 'i 
 
 
 
 
 -X 
 
 Pi 
 Pi 
 
 .X 
 
 2^ 
 
 ration and Na 
 ction of Presi( 
 csentatives in 
 tion of Arid 
 
 ditures in the 
 
 
 ht< 
 
 .i 
 
 ,; 
 
 ^5 
 
 
 
 
 
 s 
 
 
 'S 
 
 
 
 •S ^> P- be IV 
 
 
 •F"^ 
 
 d 
 
 — 
 
 x" 
 
 -X 
 
 w 
 
 •S X* 
 
 j3 <u p! n X 
 
 
 Ph^ 
 
 <; 
 
 f!^ 
 
 w 
 
 w 
 
 S'rH 
 
 ^^S-O-cr-'*- 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ r- 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 ^ 
 
 H 
 
 i-i ^ 
 
 *J r- r- I^ '^ ^ ■- 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 goo=«Oc 5 
 
 
 C 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 H 
 
 ^•00 
 
 5 
 
 il 1> 
 
 UJ 
 
 OJ 
 
 V 
 
 . 5 
 
 K }1 S^ 
 
 c ^ 9 "H "^ ^ ^ 
 
 *= ^: '3 5 O . to . i K "^z: "^.2 I' ^ ■:= S-s^'H--' ^^^ K 
 
 iic3;^o (LI nO sGSbtS ,, c bJO i; ): a S •-■t:„l'!u "^^ 
 
 
 o 0-- S " ■■'"• •- 
 J^ c-'iS =-b = 
 

 
 £■ ^ 5 
 
 s ~ 
 
 Q -• - i 
 
 h4 
 O 
 
 I— ( 
 < 
 
 u 
 
 w 
 
 to 
 O 
 
 >^ 
 
 O 
 
 ^4 
 <! 
 
 t— I 
 
 o 
 Pi 
 
 Pm 
 
 w 
 
 S X 
 
 w H 
 
 l* .t^ a; 
 
 W a. u W 
 
 W o 
 
 £ -s S 
 
 ■ ~ "^ ^ 
 Hoi; o -^ 
 
 U -w *-. 
 
 ^ -s ^ 
 
 •z X 
 
 2 i S « 
 
 ^^2 0;=:^ 
 
 « u Z» 
 
 
 X u 
 
 ^ •- o 
 
 — 1- 
 
 - - o & - 
 
 o o 
 
 f^ c^ r^ CO 
 
 - - 1^ 
 
 o-^S£H!rHS}'x:-(=i 
 
-^ CI J-c 
 
 ^ ^ ~, v 
 
 ti ^ o 
 
 h4 
 C 
 
 <! 
 o 
 
 w 
 
 o 
 
 o 
 o 
 
 »— ( 
 
 SCO 
 
 z a 
 
 !!•-:= 
 
 4-1 ct: -r- 
 
 QJ ' OJ i S-* 
 
 ■T. {Ti -St 
 
 K u 
 
 c^ CO ro to f^ t^ 
 
 S .2 .S -2 '^ ?^ 
 
 S 5.* = 
 
 M i u i a 
 
 E E 
 
 u cj i-f u 
 
 — n s c s > 
 
 CS O 5 O r^ 
 
 >-r tj u u u *4 
 
The Capitol 
 
 With Some Notice of Its Architects 
 [By Edward Ci.ark.] 
 
 The original portion of the Capitol is constnicted of sandstone 
 from quarries at Aquia Creek, Virginia. Its dimensions are 352 
 feet 4 inches by 229 feet in depth. 
 
 The extensions were begun in 1851, and were occupied by 
 Congress in 1859. The material used is white marble from quar- 
 ries at Lee, Massachusetts; that in the columns from quarries 
 at Cockeysville, Maryland. The extensions were completed in 
 1861, the dome in 1863, and the terraces in 1891. The entire 
 frontage of the building is 751 feet 4 inches, and its greatest 
 depth 350 feet. Total cost, including terraces, $14,455,000. 
 
 The duty of erecting the public buildings at the permanent 
 seat of government was intrusted by Congress to President Wash- 
 ington and three Commissioners to be selected by him. In 
 1792 designs were solicited by this Commission and many plans 
 were presented, but few were thought worthy of consideration. 
 An award was made to Dr. William Thornton and to INIr. 
 Stephen HallETTE for designs by them submitted, and although 
 Dr. Thornton's plan was followed to some extent, he not being 
 a trained architect, the work of constructing the building was 
 intrusted to Stephen Hallette. 
 
 Mr. Hallette came to the United States from France just 
 previous to the Revolution, and established himself at Philadel- 
 phia. In 1792 he became Architect of the Capitol, continuing as 
 such until 1794. Upon his retirement the control of the building 
 passed into the hands of James Hoban, who, as Surveyor of the 
 Public Works, had been previously connected with the construction 
 of the building. 
 
 115 
 
it6 
 
 Capitol Ccntcunial Cclchralion 
 
 
 
 HOBAN was a native of Ireland, and had settled in Charleston, 
 South Carolina, just after the Revolutionary war. His principal 
 work was designing and constructing the President's Mansion. 
 His connection with the Capitol continued for ten years, or until 
 1802, during which period Georgr Hatfield, as architect, was 
 also engaged upon the work, from 1795 to 1798. 
 
 Hatfield was an Englishman by birth, educated as an archi- 
 tect in London. He designed also the old State, War, and Navy 
 Department buildings and the present City Hall. 
 
 In 1803 Benjamin H. Latrobe was appointed by President 
 
 Jefferson. He continued in the 
 service nntil 181 7, with the excep- 
 tion of the period of the last war 
 with Great Britain. He restored 
 the portions of the building de- 
 stroyed during that war. 
 
 Mr. Latrobe was born and edu- 
 cated in his profession in England, 
 coming to America in 1796. While 
 living in Philadelphia he designed 
 and constructed many public build- 
 ings in that city. It is to his 
 genius we owe the design and finish 
 of the Senate Chamber, now oc- 
 ' cupied by the Supreme Court, the 
 old Hall of Representatives, and 
 the interior of the wings of the 
 
 central building. Upon his resignation, in 1817, Charles Bull- 
 finch, of Boston, Massachusetts, was appointed his successor. 
 
 Mr. Bullfinch constructed the Rotunda, Library rooms, and 
 central porticoes. His connection with the building ceased upon 
 its completion, in 1830, and the Capitol was then placed in charge 
 of the Commissioner of Public Buildings and Grounds until 185 1, 
 when the plans of Thomas U. Walter for the extension were 
 adopted and he was appointed architect to construct the wings. 
 The work was commenced by laying the corner stone of the 
 south wing July 4, 185 1. The entire work was prosecuted with 
 
 . >^^ . -T^ ^ i 'lit?*! 
 
The Capitol 117 
 
 vigor. The Hall of Representatives, south wing, was occupied 
 December 16, 1857, and the Senate Chamber, in the north wing, 
 January 4, 1859. 
 
 Mr. Walter was born in Philadelphia, and had designed manv 
 of the principal structures in that city, among which is Girard 
 College for Orphans. He resigned his charge in 1865, and was 
 succeeded by the present Architect, Edward Clark, his pupil, 
 who is a native of the same city. 
 
 During Mr. Clark's term of service the porticoes of the wings 
 were finished, the marble terraces and grand stairways constructed, 
 and the Capitol grounds extended and remodeled, the latter 
 under plans furnished by Frederick Law Olmsted, landscape 
 architect. 
 
 Among those who have been connected with the construction 
 of the wings of the Capitol and the new dome, the important 
 services of General M. C. Meigs should be noticed. As captain 
 of Engineers, United States Army, he served for several years in 
 charge of the engineering part of the work, and much is due to 
 his skill in the construction of the dome and in planning and 
 arranging the heating and ventilating apparatus of the wings. 
 
 [Added by the Editor.] 
 
 Mr. Edward Clark, the present Architect of the Capitol, was 
 appointed in 1865, and is a native of Philadelphia, Pennsyhania. 
 Both his father and brother were expert draftsmen and builders, 
 the former also a teacher of architecture and drawing. Mr. Clark 
 had an early apprenticeship in drafting and in building mechanics. 
 He entered the office of Mr. Thomas U. Walter, then the prin- 
 cipal architect in Philadelphia, and soon engaged in work upon 
 competitive plans for the extension of the United States Capitol. 
 Upon the acceptance of these plans and the appointment of Mr. 
 Walter as Architect of the Capitol, Mr. Clark accompanied 
 him to Washington as his assistant. In the summer of 1851 he 
 was appointed assistant superintendent of work upon the Patent 
 Office building, under Mr. Walter, and later served in the same 
 capacity in connection with the construction of the extension of 
 the General Post-Office building, under M. C. Meigs, captain 
 United States Engineers. 
 
ii8 Capitol Cfutcunial Celebration 
 
 During- this service Mr. Clark was called upon by the Secre- 
 tary of the Interior, in 1859, to furnish plans for buildings in the 
 Territories. In the Secretary's letter transmitting these plans he 
 was pleased to speak of Edward Clark at that early day as 
 "an experienced architect," In 1865 Mr. Clark succeeded Mr. 
 Walter, by appointment from the President, as Architect of 
 the United States Capitol. 
 
 For thirt>' years the growth, development, and care of the 
 Capitol and its surroundings have been his life. He has grown 
 familiar with its every part, its ventilation, water, sewerage, light- 
 ing, and heating apparatus, and its avenues, from subbasement 
 to tholus. 
 
 The works constructed under his direction will stand as endur- 
 ing monuments to his ability as an architect and superintendent, 
 being principalh- — in recapitulation — the completion of the dome, 
 the many-columned porticoes and exterior finish of the Capitol, 
 the construction of the marble terraces, with their grand stair- 
 ways and approaches, the porticoes and improvements of the 
 Patent Office and the Post-Office buildings, and man)- other public 
 buildings. 
 
The First Corner Stone 
 
 119 
 
The First Corner Stone 
 
 Proceedings of September 18, 1798 
 
 The following account of the ceremonies of laying the corner 
 stone of the Capitol is copied from the book entitled "The Lodge 
 of Washington: A History of the Alexandria Washington Lodge, 
 No. 22, A. F. and A. M., of Alexandria, Va.," compiled from 
 the original records of the Lodge, by Past Master F. L. Brockett, 
 and published in 1876. The quotation credited to "the news- 
 papers of that day" is substantially the report published in the 
 Columbian Mirror and Alexandria Gazette of September 25, 1793. 
 After giving an account of the erection of the southeast corner 
 stone of the District of Columbia, on the 15th of April, 1791, 
 the history above named says: 
 
 The next important event of this kind was the laying of the corner 
 stone of the United States Capitol, at the cit}- of Washington, on the 
 1 8th day of September, 1793. The Masonic ceremonies were conducted 
 by His Excellency General Washington, President of the United 
 States, a Past Master of this Lodge, which was present and holding 
 the post of honor. Dr. Dick, elected Worshipful Master in 1789, still 
 in office, invited Washington to act as Master on this occasion, in 
 accordance with his own wishes and those of the public. The stone 
 was deposited in the southeast corner of the building, instead of the 
 northeast, as is now the custom. The inscription on the plate stated 
 that Alexandria Lodge, No. 22, of Virginia, was present and partici- 
 pated in the ceremonies. The apron and sash worn by Washington 
 on this occasion were the handiwork of Mrs. General La FAY:eTTE, 
 and are now the property of this Lodge. 
 
 The following account of the ceremonies was published in the 
 newspapers of that day: 
 
 On Wednesday one of the grandest Masonic processions took place, 
 for the purpose of laying the corner stone of the Capitol of the United 
 States, which perhaps was ever exhibited on the like important occa- 
 sion. About 10 o'clock Lodge No. 9 was visited by that congregation 
 
 121 
 
122 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 so graceful to the craft, Lodge No. 22, of Virginia, with all their 
 officers and regalia; and directly afterwards appeared on the southern 
 bank of the Grand River Potomack one of the finest companies of \-ol- 
 unteer artillery that has been lately seen, parading to receive the 
 President of the United States, who shortly came in sight with his 
 suite, to whom the artillery paid their military honors; and His Excel- 
 lency and suite crossed the Potomack, and was received in Maryland 
 by the officers and brethren of No. 22, Virginia, and No. 9, Maryland, 
 whom the President headed, preceded by a band of music, the rear 
 brought up Ijy the Alexandria Volunteer Artillery, with grand solem- 
 nity of march, proceeded to the President's Square, in the city of 
 Washington, where they were met and saluted by No. 15, of the city 
 of Washington, in all their elegant badges and clothing, headed by 
 Brother Joseph Clarke, Right Worshipful Grand Master pro tempore, 
 and conducted to a large lodge, prepared for the purpose of their recep- 
 tion. After a short space of time, by the vigilance of Brother Clot- 
 WORTHY Stephenson, Grand Marshal pro tempore, the brotherhood 
 and other bodies were disposed in a second order of procession, which 
 took place amid a brilliant crowd of spectators of both sexes, according 
 to the following arrangement, viz. : 
 
 The Surveying Department of the city of Washington. 
 
 Mayor and Corporation of Georgetown. 
 
 Virginia Artillery. 
 
 Commissioners of the city of Washington and their attendants. 
 
 Stonecutters, mechanics. 
 
 The Sword-l:)earers. 
 
 Masons of the first degree. 
 
 Bible, etc., on grand cushions. 
 
 Deacons, with staffs of ofhce. 
 
 Masons of the second degree. 
 
 Stewards, with wands. 
 
 Masons of the third degree. 
 
 Wardens, with truncheons. 
 
 Secretaries, with tools of office. 
 
 Past Masters, with their regalia. 
 
 Treasurers, with their jewels. 
 
 Band of music. 
 
 Lodge No. 22, of Virginia, disposed in their own order. 
 
 Corn, wine, and oil. 
 
 Grand Master pro tempore Brother GEORGE W.\Shington and Worshipful Master 
 
 of No. 22, of Virginia. 
 Grand Sword-bearer. 
 
 The procession marched two abreast in the greatest .solemn dignity, 
 with music playing, drums beating, colors flying, and .spectators rejoic- 
 ing, from the President's Square to the Capitol, in the city of Wash- 
 ington, where the Grand Master ordered a halt and directed each file 
 in the procession to incline two steps, one to the right and one to the 
 left, and face each other, which formed a hollow oblong square, through 
 
TJic First Corner Stone 
 
 123 
 
 which the Grand Sword-bearer led the van, followed b^- the Grand 
 Master pro tempore on the left, the President of the United States in 
 the center, and the Worshipful Master of No. 22, Virginia, on the 
 right. All the other orders that composed the procession advanced in 
 the reverse of their order of march from the President's Square to the 
 southeast corner of the Capitol, and the artiller)^ filed off to a destined 
 ground to display their maneuvers and discharge their cannon. The 
 President of the United States, the Grand Master pro tempore, and 
 the Worshipful Master of No. 22, taking their stand to the east of a 
 large stone, and all the craft, forming a circle westward, stood a short 
 time in solemn order. The artillery discharged a volley. The Grand 
 Master delivered the Commissioners a large silver plate with an in- 
 scription thereon, which the Commis- 
 sioners ordered to be read, and was as 
 follows: 
 
 This southeast corner stone of the Capitol 
 of the United States of America, in the citj' of 
 Washington, was laid on the i8th day of Sep- 
 tember, 1793, in the thirteenth year of American 
 Independence, in the first year of the second 
 term of the Presidency of George Washing- 
 Ton, whose virtues in the civil administration 
 of his country have been as conspicuous and 
 beneficial as his military valor and prudence :\\) 
 have been useful in establishing her liberties, 
 and in the year of Masonry 5793, by the Presi- 
 dent of the United States, in concert with the 
 Grand Lodge of Maryland, several lodges under 
 its jurisdiction, and Lodge No. 22, from Alex- 
 andria, Va. ; Thomas Johnson, David Steuart, 
 and DanieIv Carroi.1., Commissioners; Joseph 
 Clark, Right Worshipful Grand Master pro 
 tempore; James Hob an and Stephen Hae- 
 EETTE, architects; Colein Wieeiamson, master 
 mason. 
 
 The artillery discharged a volley. The 
 plate was then delivered to the President, who, attended by the 
 Grand Master pro tempore and three Most Worshipful Masters, 
 descended to the cavazion trench and deposited the plate and laid it 
 on the corner stone of the Capitol of the United States of America, 
 on which were deposited corn, wine, and oil, when the whole congre- 
 gation joined in reverential prayer, which was succeeded by Masonic 
 chanting honors and a volley from the artillery. 
 
 The President of the United States and his attendant brethren 
 ascended from the cavazion to the east of the corner stone, and there 
 the Grand Master pro tempore, elevated on a triple rostrum, dehv- 
 ered an oration fitting the occasion, which was received with brotherly 
 
124 
 
 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 love and commendation. At inter\'als during the deliver}- of the ora- 
 tion several volleys were discharged b}^ the artillery. The ceremony 
 ended in prayer, Masonic chanting honors, and a fifteen volley from 
 the artillery. 
 
 The whole compan}^ retired to an extensive booth, where an ox of 
 500 pounds' weight was barbecued, of which the company generally 
 partook, with every abundance of other recreation. The festival con- 
 cluded with fifteen successive volleys from the artillery, whose military 
 discipline and maneuvers merit every commendation. Before dark the 
 whole company departed with joj-ful hopes of the production of their 
 labor. 
 
O c 
 
 00 >, 
 CM -o 
 00 ^, 
 
 o « 
 
 Q- 2 
 
 < U- 
 
 O ^ 
 
 i 
 
 H 
 
Extension Corner Stone 
 
 125 
 
Extension Corner Stone 
 
 The corner stone of the extension of the Capitol was laid by 
 President Millard Fillmore on the 4th day of July, 185 1, 
 Daniel Webster, Secretary of State, delivering the oration. 
 The procession marched from the City Hall down Louisiana 
 avenue to Seventh street, thence to Pennsylvania avenue, thence 
 to the north gate of the Capitol, under the command of Rich- 
 ard Wallach, Esq., Marshal of the District of Columbia. 
 
 Following is the official programme for the procession and the 
 ceremonies at the Capitol : 
 
 THE PROGRAMME 
 
 The Marshal of the District of Columbia, to whom has been assigned 
 the duty of making the necessary arrangements for laying the corner 
 stone of the extension of the Capitol, announces the following pro- 
 gramme for the occasion: 
 
 FIRST division 
 
 J. P. MiDDLETON, Marshal. 
 
 Marshal of the District of Columbia and aids. 
 
 Military escort. 
 
 Officers of the Army and Nav}-. 
 
 Military officers of the several States and Territories. 
 
 Officers and soldiers of the Revolution. 
 
 Officers and soldiers of the war of 1812. 
 
 SECOND DIVISION 
 
 Dr. William B. Magruder, Marshal. 
 
 Civic procession. 
 
 Persons present at the laying of the corner stone of the Capitol in 1793. 
 
 President of the LTnited States and orator of the day. 
 
 Heads of Departments. 
 
 Cabinet members of former Administrations. 
 
 Committees of Public Buildings of the Senate and House of Representatives. 
 
 Architect of the Capitol. 
 
 Commissioner of Public Buildings. 
 
 Heads of Bureaus. 
 
 127 
 
128 Capitol Ccutenuial Celebration 
 
 Judges of tlu' Supreme Court of the Uuited vStates. 
 
 Judges of the Uuited States Courts. 
 
 Judges of State Courts. 
 
 Uiplouiatic Corps. 
 
 Chaplaius of the Thirty-first Congress. 
 
 The reverend clergy of the District. 
 
 Members of the Senate and House of Representatives. 
 
 Governors of States. 
 
 Delegations from States and Territories. 
 
 Washington Monument Society. 
 
 Members of the vSmithsonian Institution. 
 
 Members of National Institute. 
 
 Ex-Mayors of the city of Washington. 
 
 The corporate authorities of Alexandria, Georgetown, and Washington. 
 
 Members of the Society of the Cincinnati. 
 
 THIRD DIVISION 
 
 G. A. SCHWARZMAN, Marshal. 
 The Masonic fraternity. 
 
 FOURTH DIVISION 
 
 Joseph Libbey, Marshal. 
 The several temperance orders and societies. 
 
 FIFTH DIVISION 
 
 M. Thompson, Marshal. 
 
 The Washington Benevolent Society. 
 
 The German Benevolent Society. 
 
 Literary associations, colleges, and schools of the District of Columbia. 
 
 Citizens of the several States. 
 
 Citizens of Washington. 
 
 The niilitar}- will assemble on Four-and-a-half street, their right resting on D 
 street, opposite the City Hall. 
 
 The President of the United States and heads of Departments, members of the 
 judiciary, members of the two Houses of Congress, foreign Ministers, the rev- 
 erend clergy, and all officers in uniform and on foot are respectfully invited to 
 assemble at the City Hall at lo o'clock a. m. 
 
 The coqDorate authorities of Baltimore, Alexandria, and Georgetown, and such 
 other corporations as may think proper to participate in the ceremonies of the 
 day, will assemble at the City Hall at lo o'clock. 
 
 The Masonic fraternity will form on Fifth street, with their right resting on D 
 street. 
 
 The different temperance societies will take position on E street, with the head 
 of the column resting on Fifth street. 
 
 The Washington Benevolent Society, the German Benevolent Society, the lit- 
 erary societies, colleges, and schools will form on Sixth street, their right resting 
 on E street. 
 
 The citizens of the vStates not members of delegations will form on Louisiana 
 avenue, opposite the City Hall. 
 
 The procession will move from the City Hall at ii o'clock precisely, and all 
 bodies intending to join in the procession are lequested to be at their respective 
 positions at lo o'clock a. m. 
 
Extension Corner Stone 120 
 
 ROUTE 
 
 Down Louisiana avenue to Seventh street; down Seventh street to Pennsylva- 
 nia avenue, to the north gate of the Capitol. 
 
 No carriages will be admitted into the line of procession, and no carriages or 
 horses will be permitted to enter any of the streets or avenues of the route of 
 procession during its progress from the place of assemblage to the Capitol. 
 
 The Capitol will be opened for the accommodation of ladies. 
 
 ORDER OF CEREMONIES AT THE CAPITOL. 
 J. Madison Cutts, Marshal. 
 
 1. Prayer by the Chaplain of the Senate. 
 
 2. Laying of the corner stone by the President of the United States 
 
 3. Masonic ceremonies by the Most Worshipful Grand Master and the Grand 
 Lodge of Free Masons of the District of Columbia. 
 
 4. Address to the Masonic fraternity by the Grand Master. 
 
 5. Address by the Secretary of State. 
 
 6. Benediction by the Chaplain of the House of Representatives. Music 
 
 At the conclusion of the ceremonies at the Capitol, a national salute will be 
 fired from a battery at the Capitol, under command of Captain Buckingham 
 and at the Navy-Yard, Arsenal, and National Monument. 
 
 In the evening there will be a display of fireworks under the direction of 
 Thomas B. Brown, pyrotechnist, on the Mall, immediately south of the Presi- 
 dent's House, where no carriages will be admitted west of Fifteenth street or 
 east of Seventeenth street. The police will see this regulation strictly enforced 
 The following gentlemen have been selected as aids to the Marshal of the Dis- 
 trict of Columbia and assistants to Marshals of Divisions: 
 Aids— George S. Gideon, William H. Winter. 
 
 Assistant Marshals-/^^-^^ Division: Isaac Hall, J. D. Hoover, V. Marion 
 Burche, Dr. H. P. Howard, J. T. Mitchell, J. R. Ashby, Richard H. Laskev 
 P. H. HooE, F. Little, G. w. Yerbv. 
 
 Second Division: John Potts, Thomas P. Morgan, Isaac R. Wilson Peter 
 Wilson, W^illiam R. Woodward. 
 
 Third Division: George McNeir, H. H. Heath, B. O. Payne, R E Doyle 
 W. O. NiLES, John Macauley. 
 
 Fourth Division: Peter M. Pearson, Leonidas Knowles, A T Harring- 
 ton, John D. Clark, R. Gray Campbell, J. R. Harbaugh, Joseph Lyons 
 John C. Winn. 
 
 Fifth Division: R. A. Morsell, Robert W^ Keyworth. 
 The following-named gentlemen have been selected from States and Territories 
 and will report to James M. CuTTS for duty as Marshals at the Capitol: Samuel 
 B. Paris, of Maine; George J. Abbott, of New Hampshire; J. H. Adams of 
 Massachusetts; William Hunter, of Rhode Island; A. R. WadsworTh, of Con- 
 necticut; HENRY E. Robinson, of Vermont; Archibald Campbell, of New 
 \ork; A. VAN Wick, of New Jersey; Robert Morris, of Pennsvlvania; George 
 P. fisher, of Delaware; Abram Barnes, of Maryland; Robert Chfw of Vir- 
 gima; William W. Morrison, of North Carolina; Henry J. Kershaw, of 
 South Carolina; L. McIntosh, of Georgia; Charles K. Sherman, of Alabama- 
 lewis L. Taylor, of Mississippi; Stephen Duncan, of Louisiana; George w' 
 Thompson, of Ohio; Richard Henry Lee, of Kentuckv; Moreau Brewer of 
 H. Mis. 211 9 
 
130 Capitol Centennial Celel^ration 
 
 Tennessee; ROBERT G. Hedrick, of Indiana; N1CHOLA.S Vedder, of Illinois; 
 
 Edward M. Clark, of Missouri; E. B. Cui.VER, of Arkansas; S. Yorke At Lee, 
 
 of Michigan; Robert A. Lacey, of Florida; Joseph F. Lewis, of Texas; Henry 
 
 Clay Henderson, of Iowa; O. Alexander, of Wisconsin; G. S. Oldfield, Jr., 
 
 of California; A. M. Mitchell, of Minnesota. 
 
 Richard W.-vllach, 
 
 Marshal of the District of Columbia. 
 
 THE PROCESSION 
 
 The following account of the proce.ssion and the ceremonies is 
 condensed from the National Intelligencer of Monday, July 7, 
 1851, and from other sources: 
 
 The national anniversary, which was celebrated on Friday last, was 
 in its important incidents, the fineness of the weather, and its freedom 
 from all untoward circum.stances, perhaps the most inter- 
 esting and agreeable ever enjoyed in this 
 metropolis. 
 
 The day was ushered in b}- salutes of 
 
 artillery from different points of the 
 
 cit}', and as the glorious sun gilded 
 
 our tallest .spires and shed a hrster 
 
 on the dome of the Capitol it was 
 
 welcomed by a display of national 
 flags and the ringing of bells 
 from the various churches 
 and engine houses. The 
 tran.saction of secular busi- 
 ness was forgotten, and at 
 an early hour our whole 
 population were engaged 
 in preparations for a joy- 
 ous ob.servance of a day 
 which formed .so important 
 an epoch in the history of 
 our countr}' and the world. 
 In the large Council 
 Chamber of the City Hall 
 were assembled the President of the United States, the members of 
 the Cabinet, officers of the Army and Navy in full uniform, the Mayor 
 and members of the corporation, and various civic bodies. 
 
 At the appointed hour the various bodies were drawn into line. The 
 First Division was preceded by the Mar.shal of the District of Colum- 
 bia, Richard Wallach, E.sq., and his aids. The military escort 
 consisted of the Mechanical Artillerists, Captani Duffy, of Alexandria; 
 
Extejisiou Con/rr Stoiic 
 
 131 
 
 Washington Light Infantry, Captain TaiT; National Bines, Captain 
 Chesney, from Baltimore; National Grays, Captain Peter Bacon; 
 Walker Sharpshooters, Lientenant Birkhead, and Columbian Rifle- 
 men, Major McAllister, from Baltimore. The visiting companies 
 from Baltimore, though few in number, attracted considerable atten- 
 tion. The battalion was under command of General John Mason, 
 aided by Majors Keyworth and Riley and Captain Tate, of the 
 Infantry. 
 
 The array of officers of the Army and Navy was one of the most 
 imposing features of the pageant, including among them thirty or 
 forty brave veterans, many of whom had faithfully spent the flower of 
 their lives in the service of their country, with the Commander in 
 Chief, Scott, at the head of the Military Division, and Commodore 
 Morris at the head of the Naval, all in full uniform. 
 
 In about thirty minutes the proce.ssion entered the north gate of 
 the Capitol grounds, and were drawn up in order around the excava- 
 tion for the corner .stone. 
 
 CERKMONIES AT THE CAPITOL 
 
 After a .salutatory by the Marine Band and order being proclaimed, 
 the Rev. M. C. BuTler, D. D., Rector of Trinity Church and Chap- 
 lain of the Senate, opened the ceremonies with the invocation, as 
 follows: 
 
 THE INVOCATION 
 
 Almighty and immortal God, King of kings and Lord of lords, our Creator, 
 Redeemer, and bountiful Benefactor, we bow before Thee in adoration, thanksgiv- 
 ing, prayer, and praise. Thou ha.st given us life; Thou ha.st sent Thy son Jesus 
 Christ to save us from sin and death; Thou hast surrounded us with the means 
 
132 Capitol Ccutnniial CcIchratio)i 
 
 of j^race and set before us the hopes of K^ory. Make us, we l)eseech Thee, par- 
 takers of Thy pardoniii_ti love. Give us ,t;race thankfully to accept Thy mercy 
 and earnestly to do Thy will. 
 
 We bless Thee, Heavenly Father, for all Thy mercies to us as a nation. Thou 
 art a strong tower to those who fear Thy name. Our fathers trusted in Thee and 
 were delivered. They have declared unto us the noble works which Thou didst 
 in their days and in the old time before them. Thou did.st plant them in a goodly 
 heritage; Thou didst unite them in their hour of peril; Thou did.st cover their 
 heads and crown them with victory in the day of battle; Thou ha.st carried us, 
 their children, forward to this luipj)y <lay in fraternal union, and pro.sperity, and 
 peace. We beseech Thee to continue these Th}' blessings to us and to the gen- 
 erations that shall come after us. Let Thy blessings rest on our beloved Chief 
 Magi.strate, the President of the United .States; give to our lawgivers wi.sdom to 
 devi.se and fidelity to execute such measures as shall promote the public virtue, 
 harmony, and weal. Ble.ss our governors, legislatures, judges, militarj' and naval 
 officers, and all who discharge public trusts. Grant that all e.states of men through- 
 out our land, in their several vocations and ministries, may do Thy will and win 
 Thy blessing, that peace and happiness, truth and ju.stice, religion and piety may 
 be established among us for all generations. 
 
 We thank Thee, Heavenly Father, for this da}-, for the mercies which it brings. 
 We bless Thee that Thou didst prosper the purposes and answer the praj-ers of 
 our fathers, who on this day declared themselves and their coimtry free. We 
 thank Thee for our broad land, our just Constitution, our good laws, our regulated 
 freedom, our Union, our prosperity, and our peace. W^e thank Thee that we are 
 permitted on this auspicioixs day to lay the corner stone of an extended Capitol to 
 meet the wants of an enlarged land. Prosper Thou the work of our hands upon 
 us, O Lord our God! Grant that as we lengthen our cords we may strengthen 
 our stakes. Let our liberty ever be guided by law, our knowledge by religion, our 
 power by justice, by mercy, and by peace. May we never rise our freedom as a 
 cloak of maliciousness or licentiousne.ss, but remember always that "where the 
 spirit of the Lord is there is liberty. ' ' Preserve the States of this Confederacy in 
 perpetual union. Let not the spirit of pride, or of false zeal, or of wicked mis- 
 chief, unbind or break the bonds which make them one. Let the corner stone 
 of this Capitol and the corner stone of the Union of these States both rest stable 
 and .strong until they shall be shaken and broken by the throes of the resur- 
 rection morn! O God, our God and our fathers' God, we entreat Thee by Thy 
 nudtiplied mercies to us in the past, by the momentous interests of the present, 
 by all our fond hopes of future good for ourselves, our children, our country, and 
 the world, we entreat Thee to preserve the States of this Union forever free and 
 forever one! Smile, Heavenh' Father, upon the exercises of this day in this place 
 and over all our beloved land. Preserve and ble.ss those who are engaged in 
 them. May hallowed and happy influences attend the celebration of this anniver- 
 sary more and more from age to age. Graciously accept our services and prayer, 
 and freely pardon all our personal and national transgressions, for the sake of 
 Jesus Christ our Savior. Amen. 
 
 Thomas U. Walter, architect of the new building, then took a 
 survey of the .stone and deposited therein a gla.ss jar, hermetically 
 sealed, which contained a variety of valuable historical parchments, 
 coins of the United States, a special paper prepared by the Secretary 
 of State (particularly described by Mr. Wkbster in his oration), the 
 newspapers of the day, a copy of the oration to be delivered by the 
 Secretary of State, and other memorials. 
 
o 
 
Extension Corner Stone 
 
 133 
 
 CORNER STONE LAID 
 
 The corner stone of the extension was then, with ^reat dignity and 
 solemnity, laid by Millard Fillmore, President of the United States, 
 after which he gave place to the Masonic fraternity, whose special 
 services were opened with prayer by their Grand' Chaplain, Rev. 
 Charles A. Davis. The "corn of nourishment, the wine of refresh- 
 ment, and the oil of joy" were severally deposited according to the 
 ritual and practice of the fraternit>-. The Grand Master examined 
 the stone, applied the square, level, and plumb, 
 and pronounced it properly formed and of suit- 
 able material for the purpose for which it was ^^ fTT^ ^ 
 He then placed upon it the ^^^^^fc^- ^^^^fcRlpf 
 
 intended 
 
 corn, wine, and oil, saving as he did '^r. 
 
 M.n the dll Ijouiililul Lu itoi hkss 
 the people ot this nation, <,naiit to them 
 all the necessaiiLs, Lonxtiiiences, and 
 comforts of life, assist in the erection 
 and completion of this edifice, piescrxe 
 
 
 
 the workmen from any accident, and bestow upon us all the corn of nourish- 
 ment, the wine of refreshment, and the oil of joy. 
 
 Taking in hand the gavel, the Grand Master, continuing, said: 
 
 With this gavel, which was used by the immortal Washington at the laying 
 of the corner stone of that Capitol, and clothed with the same apron he then wore"^ 
 I now pronounce this corner stone of this extension of that Capitol well laid, true,' 
 and trusty. 
 
 Accompanying the last words with three blows of the gavel, the 
 Grand Master then turned to Thomas U.. Walter, the architect of 
 the extension, and presenting him with the working tools, the square, 
 level, and plun;b, he said: 
 
 Mr. Architect, I now with pleasure present to you these working tools of your 
 own profession, the .square, the level, and the plumb. We, as speculative Masons, 
 use them symbolically; you, as an accomplished architect, well know their u.se 
 practically, and may the noble edifice here to 1)e erected under ^•our charge 
 
1-54 Capitol Ccuiruuial Crlrbratioii 
 
 arise in its beautiful proportions to completion in conformity with all your 
 wishes, and may your life and health be long continued, and may you see the 
 work go on and the capstone laid under circumstances as auspicious and as 
 happv as those under which this corner stone is this day laid. 
 
 ADDRESS OF B. B. FRENCH 
 
 The line of procession and the multitude of people now changed 
 position nearer to the front of the stand, the President, his escort, 
 the marshals of the day, and distinguished guests taking their seats 
 upon the lofty platform. 
 
 Mr. B. B. French, Grand Master of Masons, then came to the front 
 of the stand and spoke as follows: 
 
 My Masonic Brethren: I rise to address you on this occasion deeply impressed 
 with the circumstances which surround me. 
 
 Standing as I do in the presence of some of the most exalted men of this 
 nation, and to be followed as I am to be by one admitted by all as emphatic- 
 ally the orator of his time, and of whom I can truly say, "He it is, who coming 
 after me is preferred before me, whose shoe's latchet I am not worthy to unloose," 
 you will believe me guilty of no affectation when I say I feel a diffidence which is 
 to me unusual. 
 
 Still, as your Grand Master I have a duty to perform, and I shrink from no 
 duty under any circumstances. As has been the custom of our revered order on 
 such occasions, I shall proceed briefly to address you. 
 
 I am unable to conceive of a more interesting occasion than this upon which 
 we are here assembled on this anniversary of the birthday of American freedom. 
 
 Here we are — the proud dome of our own Capitol towering above us — assem- 
 bled together from the North and the South, from the East and the West, to 
 perform a duty indicative in itself of the growth and prosperity of this mighty 
 nation. 
 
 On the iSth day of September, 1793, was laid, by GEORGE Washington, Presi- 
 dent of the United States and Grand Master of Masons, at least on that occasion, 
 the corner stone of the magnificent edifice before us. 
 
 It was doubtless supposed that, when completed according to the plan then 
 adopted, it would be of ample dimensions to accommodate all the wants of the 
 people by whom it was to be erected for ages then to come. 
 
 Fifty-eight years have elapsed, and in that comparatively brief space in the 
 ages of Governments we are called upon to assemble here and lay the corner 
 stone of an additional edifice, which shall hereafter tower up, resting firmly on 
 the strong foundation this day planted, adding beauty and magnitude to the 
 people's house, and illustrating to the world the firm foundation in the people's 
 hearts of the principles of freedom and the rapid growth of those principles on 
 this Western Continent. 
 
 Yes, my brethren, standing here where fifty-eight years ago Washington 
 stood, clothed in the same Masonic regalia that he then wore, using the identical 
 gavel that he used, we have assisted in laying the foundation of a new Capitol 
 of these United vStates this day, as Solomon of old laid the foundation of the 
 temple of the living God. "Now, therefore," says the historian Josephus, "the 
 king laid the foundation of the temple very deep in the ground, and the materials 
 were strong stones, and such as would resist the force of time;" and we, fol- 
 
Extciisioji Comer Stone 13 c 
 
 lowing this sublime example, have laid here, deep in the ground, and of strong 
 stones that we trust will resist the force of time, the foundations of a house 
 wherein we hope for lengthened years the representatives of a mighty poplee 
 shall legislate for the glory, the happiness, and the good of that people. 
 
 When the corner stone of the edifice before us was laid in 1793 the Government 
 was justly considered an experiment, and the prediction was again and again 
 made by those who, thank God, turned out to be false prophets, that it would 
 fail. "The wish was" doubtless "father to the thought." But it did not fail! 
 The first census of the United States, in 1791, exhibited a population of less than 
 four millions of souls; at the time of the laying of that corner stone there were 
 probably something over four millions; and now, in less than sixty years, the 
 number has increased to upward of twenty millions ! The predictions of failure 
 by the false prophets have themselves utterly failed, while the prayer has been 
 answered and the prophecy fulfilled which Washington made on assuming the 
 duties of President on the 30th of April, 1789. He then offered up his "fervent 
 supplications to that Almighty Being who rules over the universe, who presides 
 in the councils of nations, and whose providential aid can supply every human 
 defect, that His benediction would consecrate to the liberties and happiness of the 
 people of the United States a government instituted by themselves for these essen- 
 tial purposes; and would enable every instrument employed in its administration 
 to execute with success the functions allotted to his charge." 
 
 The ear of the Almighty was opened to that prayer; it was recorded in heaven; 
 and from Washington down to the present President of the United States, who 
 so worthily and with so much dignity and honor fills the proud station that 
 Washington filled, it has been answered, and every instrument employed in 
 the administration of this Government has executed with success the functions 
 allotted to his charge. 
 
 After this supplication to the Most High, Washington expressed his conviction 
 that "the foundations of our national policy wall be laid in the pure and immu- 
 table principles of private morality and the preeminence of a free government be 
 exemplified by all the attributes which can win the affections of its citizens and 
 command the respect of the world." " I dwell," said he, " on this prospect with 
 every satisfaction which an ardent love of my country can inspire, since there is 
 no truth more thoroughly established than that there exists in the economy and 
 course of nature an indissoluble union between virtue and happiness, between 
 duty and advantage, between the genuine maxims of an honest and magnanimous 
 policy and the solid rewards of public prosperity and felicity; since we ought to 
 be no less persuaded that the propitious smiles of Heaven can never be expected 
 on a nation that disregards the eternal rules of order and right which Heaven 
 itself has ordained; and since the preservation of the sacred fire of liberty and 
 the destiny of the republican model of government are justlv considered as 
 deeply, perhaps as finally, staked on the experiment intrusted to the hands of the 
 American people." 
 
 This prophecy has been fulfilled. Tlie foundations of our national policy cvcre 
 laid in the pure and immutable principles of private morality, and the eternal 
 rules of order and right haviuo- been regarded, the propitious smiles of Heaven 
 have beamed upon the American people, to whose hands the "experiment" was 
 intrusted. Prophecy has become fact, hope has become fruition, and the experi- 
 ment on which the destiny of our republican model of government was deeplv 
 and finally .staked has been entirely successful. 
 
 But, my brethren, we must for a moment rever.se this bright picture of the past. 
 As in the fabled mirror, when, under the power of the magic wand, clouds obscure 
 the view for a tiine, and darkness and desolation shut from the beholder's eye 
 
136 
 
 Capilol Cnifnniial Celebration 
 
 some scene of happiness and J03-, so, within a short time past, has there been 
 hovering over the brightness of om political horizon the dark and dismal clouds of 
 disunion, and the time was, and that recently, " when the boldest held his breath " 
 in anticipation of the shock which was expected to overwhelm the Republic. 
 
 Thanks to Almighty God, the good old Ship of State weathered the dangers that 
 seemed about to overwhelm her, and, like that glorious old battle ship, the G;;/.?/?- 
 /'«/'7o;/, she has escaped the imminent dangers of a "lee shore," and is again, we 
 hope and trust, in smooth water, with a cloudless horizon all around her. Heaven 
 works not on earth without human means, and men and patriots were inspired in 
 our daj^ of danger to cast themselves resolutely into the breach and strike boldly 
 for the Union. The names of Clav, Webster, Cass, Foote, Cobb, Dickinson, 
 Houston, Douglas, and a host of others, shall live in the history of the dark 
 storm 'through which we have just pas.sed as the saviors of this glorious galaxy 
 of American States; their names shall stand in history as the pillars of their country 
 in the hour of her darkest trial. 
 
 I know I shall be excused for saying that all save one of tho.se whose names I 
 
 have mentioned are "brethren of 
 the mystic tie." He to whose elo- 
 quence you are about to listen is, 
 if I mistake not, the exception. 
 
 To these great, good, patriotic 
 men, aided as they have been by 
 the Executive of the nation, in 
 whose every act a determination 
 not to be misunderstood has been 
 manifested to preserve the Union, 
 do we, as I firmly believe, under 
 God, owe the existence this day of 
 these United States of America. 
 Thanksbe to God; thanks to them! 
 And now, my brethren, do we 
 see nothing here in these cere- 
 monies on this occasion to cheer 
 us ? Cold indeed must be our 
 hearts if they can beat on in their 
 regular pulsations, while our eyes 
 behold nothing but a plain rock 
 of granite, hewed and squared, and 
 our ears hear nothing further than 
 " it is a corner stone." 
 
 I see in these ceremonies, as it 
 were, the spirit of Washington among us, renewing the hopes and wishes and 
 prayers that he never failed to offer in his lifetime for the perpetuation of this 
 Union. In that corner stone I perceive the seal set to a renewed lease of the ex- 
 istence of this Union. Lease, did I say? No; a deed of warrant in fee simple, 
 to have and to hold to us and our heirs and representatives FOREVER. 
 
 In the erection of this new Capitol, adjoining the old one, I see Texas and 
 California and New Mexico come in and unite themselves to our old Union and 
 become one and the same with it; and in leaving this old Capitol untouched I 
 see the old Union, South Carolina and all, standing firmly, proudly, in its glorious 
 strength, unbroken and unbreakable; and let us firmly hope and pray so may it 
 stand EOREVER AND FOREVER. 
 
Extension Corner Stone 
 
 DANIElv WEBSTER'S ORATION 
 
 ^37 
 
 Daniel Webster, Secretary of State and orator of the daj^ then 
 rose from a chair next to President Fillmore and came to the front 
 of the stand. He was welcomed b}^ the hearty cheers of the mukitude 
 and proceeded to read the address which he had prepared, a copy of 
 which had been deposited in the corner stone. He did not, however, 
 confine himself to the manuscript, but occasionally extemporized new 
 thoughts and highly interesting reflections, which, together with the 
 reading, occupied him nearly two hours. 
 
 Mr. Webster spoke as follows: 
 
 Fellow-Citizens: I congratulate you, I give you joy, on the return of this 
 anniversary; and I felicitate you also on the more particular purpose of which 
 this ever-memorable day has been chosen to vi^itness the fulfillment. Hail! All 
 hail! I see before and around me a mass of faces glowing with cheerfulness and 
 patriotic pride. I see thousands of ej-es, turned toward other eyes, all sparkling 
 with gratification and delight. This is the New World! This is America! And 
 this is Washington, the capital of the United States! And where else, among 
 the nations, can the seat of government be surrounded, on any day of any year, 
 b}' those who have more reason to rejoice in the blessings which they possess? 
 Nowhere, fellow-citizens; assuredly, nowhere. Let us, then, meet this rising sun 
 with joy and thanksgiving. 
 
 This is that day of the year which announced to mankind the great fact of 
 American Independence. This fresh and brilliant morning blesses our vision with 
 another beholding of the birthday of our nation; and we see that nation, of recent 
 origin, now among the most considerable and powerful, and spreading over the 
 continent from sea to sea. 
 
 Among the first colonists from Europe to this part of America there were some, 
 doubtless, who contemplated the distant consequences of their vindertaking and 
 who saw a great futurity; but in general their hopes were limited to the enjov- 
 ment of a safe asylum from tyranny, religious and civil, and to respectable sub- 
 sistence by industry and toil. A thick veil hid our times from their view. But 
 the progress of America, however slow, could not but at length awaken genius 
 and attract the attention of mankind. 
 
 In the early part of the next century. Bishop BERKELEY, who, it will be 
 remembered, had resided for some time in Newport, in Rhode Island, wrote his 
 well-known " Verses on the Prospect of Planting Arts and Learning in Amer- 
 ica." The last stanza of this little poem seems to have been produced by a 
 high poetical inspiration: 
 
 Westward the course of empire takes its way ; 
 
 The first four acts already past, 
 A fifth shall close the drama with the day; 
 
 Time's noblest ofTspring is the last. 
 
 This extraordinary prophecy may be considered only as the result of long 
 foresight and uncommon sagacity; of a foresight and sagacity stimulated, never- 
 theless, by excited feeling and high enthusiasm. So clear a vision of what 
 America would become was not founded on square miles, or on existing numbers, 
 or on any vulgar laws of statistics. It was an intuitive glance into futuritv; it 
 was a grand conception, strong, ardent, glowing, embracing all time since the 
 creation of the world and all regions of which that world is composed, and 
 
138 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 judging the future by just analogy with the past. And the inimitable imagery 
 and beauty with which the thought is expressed, joined to the conception itself, 
 render it one of the most striking passages in our language. 
 
 On the day of the Declaration of Independence our illustrious fathers performed 
 the first act of this drama, an act in real importance infinitely exceeding that 
 for which the great English poet invoked 
 
 A muse of fire, * * * 
 A kingdom for a stage, princes to act, 
 And monarchs to behold the swelling scene ! 
 
 The muse inspiring our fathers was the Genius of Liberty, all on fire with a 
 sen.se of oppression and a resolution to throw it off ; the whole world was the 
 stage, and higher characters than princes trod it; and instead of monarchs, 
 countries and nations and the age beheld the swelling scene. How well the 
 characters were cast, and how well each acted his part, and what emotions the 
 whole performance excited, let history now and hereafter tell. 
 
 At a subsequent period, but before the Declaration of Independence, the Bishop 
 of vSt. Asaph published a discourse in which the following remarkable passages 
 are found: 
 
 It is difficult for man to look into the destiny of future ages. The designs of Providence are 
 too vast and complicated and our own powers are too narrow to admit of much satisfaction to 
 our curiosity. But when we see many great and powerful causes constantly at work, we can 
 not doubt of their producing proportionable effects. 
 
 The Colonies of North America have not only taken root and acquired strength, but seem has- 
 tening with an accelerated progress to such a powerful state as may introduce a new and important 
 change in human affairs. 
 
 Descended from ancestors of the most improved and enlightened part of the Old World, they 
 receive, as it were by inheritance, all the improvements and discoveries oftheir mother country: 
 and it happens, fortunately for them, to commence their floui'lshing state at a time when the 
 human understanding has attained to the free use of its powers and learned to act with vigor 
 and certainty. They may avail themselves not only of the experience and industry but even of 
 the errors and mistakes of our former days. Let it be considered for how many ages a great 
 part of the world appears not to have thought at all; how many more they have been busied in 
 forming systems and conjectures, while reason has been lost in a labyrinth ot words, and they 
 never seem to have suspected on what frivolous matters their minds were employed. 
 
 .\nd let it be well understood what rapid improvements, what important discoveries have been 
 made in a few years by a few countries, with our own at their head, which have at last discov- 
 ered the right method of using their faculties. 
 
 May we not reasonably expect that a number of provinces, possessed of those advantages, and 
 quickened by mutual emulation, with only the common progress of the human mind, should very 
 considerably enlarge the boundaries of science? 
 
 The vast continent itself, over which they are gradually spreading, may be con.sidered as a 
 treasure, yet untouched, of natural productions that shall hereafter afiford ample matter for 
 commerce and contemplation. And if we reflect what a stock of knowledge may be accumulated 
 by the constant progress of industry and observation, ted with fresh supplies from the stores 
 of nature, assisted .sometimes by those happy strokes ot chance which mock all the powers of 
 invention, and .sonietimes by those superior characters which arise occasionally to instruct and 
 enlighten the world, it is difficult even to imagine to what height of improvement their di.scoveries 
 may e.xtend. 
 
 And perhaps they may make as considerable advances in the arts 0/ civil government and the 
 conduct 0/ 1 i/e. We have reason to be proud, and even jealous, of our excellent corstitution; but 
 those equitable principles upon which it was formed, an equal representation (the best discovery 
 of political wisdom), and a just and commodious distributioti of power, which with us were the 
 price of civil wars and the rewards of the virtues and sufferings of our ancestors, descend to them 
 as a natural inheritance, without toil or pain. 
 
 But must thev rest here, as in the utmost effort of human genius? Can chance and time, the wisdotn 
 and the experience of public men, suggest no neiv remedy against the evils which vices and ambition 
 are perpetually apt to cause? May they not hope, without presumption, to preserve a greater 
 zeal for piety and public devotion than we have done? For surely it can hardly happen to 
 them, as it has to us, that when religion is best understood and rendered most pure and rea- 
 sonable, then should be the precise time when many cease to believe and practice it, and all in 
 general become most indifferent to it. 
 
Extension Corner Stone 139 
 
 May they not possibly be more successful than their mother country in preser\'ing that rev- 
 erence and authority which is due to the laws? to those who make and to those who execute 
 them? May not a method be invented of procuring some tolerable share of the comforts of life to 
 those inferior useful ranks of men to zuhose industry we are indebted for the wholef Time and 
 discipline tnay discover some means to correct the extreme inequalities of condition betiueen the rich 
 and the poor, so dangerous to the innocence and happiness of both. Thej^ may be fortunately led 
 by habit and choice to despise that luxury which is considered with us the true enjoyment of 
 wealth. They may have little relish for that ceaseless hurry of amusements which is pursued 
 in this country without pleasure, exercise, or enjoyment. And perhaps, after trying some of 
 our follies and caprices and rejecting the rest, they may be led by reason and experiment to 
 that old simplicity which was first pointed out by Nature, and has produced those models which 
 we still admire in arts, eloquence, and manners. The diversity of new scenes and situations 
 which so many growing States must tiecessarily pass through may introduce changes in the fluctu- 
 ating opinions and manners of 7nen which ive can form no conception of; and not onlj' the gracious 
 disposition of Providence, but the vi.sible preparation of causes, seems to indicate strong ten- 
 dencies toward a general improvement. 
 
 Fellow-citizens, this gracious dispensation of Providence and this visible prepa- 
 ration of causes at length brought on the hour for decisive action. On the 4th 
 of July, 1776, the representatives of the United States of America in Congress 
 assembled declared that these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, 
 Free and Independent States. 
 
 This declaration, made by most patriotic and resolute men, trusting in the 
 justice of their cause and the protection of Heaven, and 3-et made not without 
 deep solicitude and anxiety, has now stood for seventy-five years and still stands. 
 It was sealed in blood. It has met dangers and overcame them; it has had 
 enemies and it has conquered them; it has had detractors and it has abashed 
 them all; it has had doubting friends, but it has cleared all doubts away; and 
 now, to-day, raising its august form higher than the clouds, twenty millions of 
 people contemplate it with hallowed love, and the world beholds it and the con- 
 sequences which have followed from it with profound admiration. 
 
 This anniversary animates and gladdens and unites all American hearts. On 
 other days of the year we may be party men, indulging in controversies more or 
 less impoilant to the public good; we may have likes and dislikes and we may 
 maintain our political differences, often with warm and sometimes with angry 
 feelings. But to-day we are Americans all; and all nothing but Americans. As 
 the great luminary over our heads, dissipating mists and fogs, now cheers the 
 whole hemisphere, so do the associations connected with this day disperse all cloudy 
 and sullen weather, and all noxious exhalations in the minds and feelings of true 
 Americans. Every man's heart swells within him; every man's port and bearing 
 become somewhat more proud and lofty as he remembers that seventy-five years 
 have rolled away and that the great inheritance of liberty is still his; his, undi- 
 minished and unimpaired; his in all its original glory; his to enjoy; his to protect; 
 and his to transmit to future generations. 
 
 Fellow-citizens, this inheritance which we enjoy to-da^- is not only an inheritance 
 of liberty, but of our own peculiar American liberty. Liberty has existed in other 
 times, in other countries, and in other forms. There has been a Grecian liberty, 
 bold and powerful, full of spirit, eloquence, and fire, a libertj- which produced 
 multitudes of great men and has transmitted one immortal name, the name of 
 Demosthenes, to posterity. But still it was a liberty of disconnected states, some- 
 times united, indeed, by temporary leagties and confederacies, but often involved 
 in wars between themselves. The sword of Sparta turned its sharpest edge against 
 Athens, enslaved her, and devastated Greece, and, in her turn, Sparta was com- 
 pelled to bend before the power of Thebes; and let it be ever remembered, 
 especially let the truth sink deep into American minds, that it was the \v.\xT of 
 UNION among her several states which finally gave the mastery of all Greece to 
 Phiup of Macedon. 
 
140 Capitol Crutcnnial Crlrhration 
 
 And there has also been a Roman liberty, a proud, ambitious, domineering 
 spirit, professing free and popular principles in Rome itself, but, even in the best 
 days of the republic, ready to carry slavery and chains into her provinces and 
 through every country over which her eagles could be borne. Who ever heard of 
 liberty in Spain, or Gaul, or Germany, or Britain in the days of Rome? There 
 was none such. As the Roman Empire declined, her provinces, not instructed in 
 the principles of free popular government, one after another declined also, and 
 vv^hen Rome herself fell in the end, all fell together. 
 
 I have said, gentlemen, that our inheritance is an inheritance of American libert}-. 
 That libertv is characteristic, peculiar, and altogether our own. Nothing like it 
 existed in former times nor was known in the most enlightened states of antiquity; 
 while with us its principles have become interwoven into the minds of individual 
 men, connected with our daily opinions and our daily habits, until it is, if I may 
 so say, an element of social as well as of political life; and the consequence is, that 
 to whatever region an American citizen carries himself, he takes with him, fully 
 developed in his own understanding and experience, our American principles and 
 opinions, and becomes ready at once, in cooperation with others, to apply them 
 to the formation of new governments. Of this a most wonderful instance may be 
 seen in the history of the State of California. 
 
 On a former occasion I have \ entured to remark that ' ' it is very difficult to 
 establish a free conservative government for the equal advancement of all the 
 interests of society. What has Germany done; learned German}^, fuller of ancient 
 lore than all the world beside ? What has Italy done ? What have they done w'ho 
 dwell on the spot where CiCERO lived? The}' have not the power of self-govern- 
 ment which a common town meeting with us possesses. Yes, I say that those 
 persons who have gone from our town meetings to dig gold in California are more 
 fit to make a republican government than any body of men in Germany or Italy 
 because they have learned this one great lesson, that there is no securit}' with- 
 out law, and that under the circumstances in which they are placed, where there 
 is no military authority to cut their throats, there is no sovereign will but the will 
 of the majority; that, therefore, if they remain, they must submit to that will." 
 And this I believe to be strictly true. 
 
 Now, fellow-citizens, if your patience will hold out, I will venture, before pro- 
 ceeding to the more appropriate and particular duties of the day, to state in a 
 few words what I take these American political principles to be. They consist, 
 as I think, in the first place, in the establi.shment of popular governments on the 
 basis of representation, for it is plain that a pure democrac}-, like that which 
 existed in some of the states of Greece, in which every individual had a direct 
 vote in the enactment of all laws, can not possibly exist in a country of wide 
 extent. This representation is to be made as equal as circumstances will allow. 
 Now, this principle of popular representation, prevailing either in all the branches 
 of governments or in some of them, has existed in these States almost from the 
 days of the settlements at Jamestown and Plymouth, borrowed, no doubt, from 
 the example of the popular branch of the British legislature. The representation 
 of the people in the British House of Commons was indeed originallj- very unequal, 
 and it is yet not equal. Indeed, it may be doubted whether the appearance of 
 knights and burgesses, assembling on the summons of the Crown, was not intended 
 at first as an assistance and support to the royal prerogative in matters of revenue 
 and taxation rather than as a mode of ascertaining popular opinion. Neverthe- 
 less, representation had a popular origin and savored more and more of the char- 
 acter of that origin as it acquired by slow degrees greater and greater strength in 
 the actual government of the country. In fact, the con.stitution of the House of 
 Commons was a form of representation, however unequal; numbers were counted 
 
Extension Corner Stone 141 
 
 and majorities prevailed. And when our ancestors, acting upon this example, 
 introduced more equality of representation, the idea assumed a more rational and 
 distinct shape. At any rate, this manner of exercising popular power was familiar 
 to our fathers when they settled on this continent. They adopted it, and genera- 
 tion has risen up after generation, all acknowledging it and becoming acquainted 
 with its practice and its forms. 
 
 And the next fundamental principle in our sj-stem is, that the will of the major- 
 ity, fairly expressed through the means of representation, shall have the force of 
 law; and it is quite evident in a country' without thrones or aristocracies or privi- 
 leged castes or classes there can be no other foundation for law to stand upon. 
 
 And, as the necessary result of this, the third element is, that the law is the 
 supreme rule for the government of all. The great sentiment of Ai,C^US, so 
 beautifully presented to lis by Sir William Jonks, is absolutel}- indispensable to 
 the construction and maintenance of political systems: 
 
 what constitutes a state? 
 Not high-raised battlements or labored mound, 
 
 Thick wall, or moated gate; 
 Not cities proud, with spires and turrets crowned; 
 
 Not bays and broad-arm'd ports. 
 Where, laughing at the storm, rich navies ride; 
 
 Not starr'd and spangled courts. 
 Where low-brow'd baseness wafts perfume to pride. 
 
 No — Mkn, high-minded Men, 
 With powers as far above dull brutes endued 
 
 In forest, brake, or den, 
 As beasts excel cold rock and l)rambles rude; 
 
 Men who their duties know, 
 But know their rights, and knowing, dare maintain; 
 
 Prevent the long-aim'd blow, 
 And crush the tyrant while they rend the chain; 
 
 These constitute a state; 
 And Sovereign L.^w, that state's collected will, 
 
 O'er thrones and globes elate. 
 Sits empress, crowning good, repressing ill. 
 
 And, finally, another mo.st important part of the great fabric of American liberty 
 is, that there shall be written constitutions, founded on the immediate authority 
 of the people themselves, and regulating and restraining all the powers conferred 
 upon government, whether legislative, executive, or judicial. 
 
 This, fellow-citizens, I suppose to be a just summary of our American princi- 
 ples, and I have on this occasion sought to express them in the plainest and in the 
 fewest words. The summary may not be entirely exact, but I hope it may be sufH- 
 ciently so to make manifest to the rising generation among ourselves, and to those 
 elsewhere who may choose to inquire into the nature of our political institutions, 
 the general theory upon which they are founded. And I now proceed to add 
 that the strong and deep-settled conviction of all intelligent persons among us is, 
 that in order to support a useful and wise government upon these popular princi- 
 ples the general education of the people and the wide diffusion of pure morality 
 and true religion are indispensable. Individual virtue is a part of public virtue. 
 It is diflficult to see how there can remain morality in the Government when it 
 shall cease to exist among the people, or how the aggregate of the political institu- 
 tions, all the organs of which consist only of men, should be wise and beneficent, 
 and competent to inspire confidence, if the opposite qualities belong to the indi- 
 viduals who constitute those organs and make up that aggregate. 
 
 And now, fellow-citizens, I take leave of this part of the duty which I proposed 
 to perform, and once more felicitating you and myself that our eyes have seen 
 the light of this blessed morning, and that our ears have heard the shouts with 
 
142 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 which joyous thousands welcome its return, ruul joinin.i^ with you in the hope 
 that every revolving year shall renew these rejoicings to the end of time, I proceed 
 to address you, shortly, upon the particular occasion of our assembling here to-day. 
 
 Fellow-citizens, by the act of Congress of the 30th of September, 1850, provision 
 •was made for the extension of the Capitol, according to such plan as might 
 be approved by the President of the United States, and the necessary sums to be 
 expended under his direction by such architect as he might appoint. This measure 
 was imperatively demanded for the use of the legislative and judiciary departments, 
 the public libraries, the occasional accommodation of the Chief Executive Magis- 
 trate, and for other objects. No act of Congress incurring a large expenditure has 
 received more general approbation of the people. The President has proceeded to 
 execute this law. He has approved a plan; he has appointed an architect; and all 
 things are now ready for the conniiencement of the work. 
 
 The anniversary of National Independence appeared to afford an auspicious 
 occasion for laying the foundation stone of the additional building. That cere- 
 mony has now been performed by the President himself in the presence and view 
 of this multitude. He has thought that the day and the occasion made a united 
 and an imperative call for some short address to the people here assembled; and 
 it is at his request that I have appeared before j-ou to perform that part of the 
 duty which was deemed incumbent upon us. 
 
 Beneath the stone is deposited, among other things, a list of which will be 
 published, the following brief account of the proceedings of this day, in my hand- 
 writing: 
 
 On the morning of the first day of the seventy-sixth year of the Independence of the United 
 States of America, in the city of Washington, being the 4th day of July, 1S51, this stone, de- 
 signed as the corner stone of the extension of the Capitol, according to a plan approved by the 
 President, in pursuance of an act of Congress, was laid by Millard Fillmore, President of 
 the United States, assisted by the Grand Master of the Masonic lodges, in the presence of many 
 Members of Congress, of officers of the executive and judiciary departments. National, State, 
 and District, of officers of the Army and Navy, the corporate authorities of this and neighboring 
 cities, many associations, civil and military and Masonic, officers of the Smithsonian Institution 
 and National Institute, professors of colleges and teachers of schools of the District with their 
 students and pupils, and avast concourse of people from places near and remote, including a 
 few sui-\'iving gentlemen who witnessed the laying of the corner stone of the Capitol by Presi- 
 dent Washington on the iSth day of September, 1793. 
 
 If it shall hereafter be the will of God that this structure shall fall from its base, that its 
 
 foundation be upturned and this deposit brought to the eyes of men, be it then known that on 
 
 this day the Union of the United States of America stands firm; that their Constitution still 
 
 exists unimpaired and with all its original usefulness and glory; growing every day stronger 
 
 and stronger in the afTections of the great body of the American people and attracting more 
 
 and more the admiration of the world. And all here assembled, whether belonging to public 
 
 life or to private life, with hearts devoutly thankful to Almighty God for the preservation of the 
 
 liberty and happiness of the country, unite in sincere and fervent prayers that this deposit and 
 
 the walls and arches, the domes and towers, the columns and entablatures, now to be erected 
 
 over it, may endure forever! 
 
 God save the United States of America! 
 
 Daniel Webster, 
 
 Secretary of State of the United States. 
 
 Fellow-citizens, fifty-eight years ago Washington stood on this spot to execute 
 a duty like that which has now been performed. He then laid the corner stone 
 of the original Capitol. He was at the head of the Government at that time, 
 weak in resources, burdened with debt, just struggling into political existence and 
 respectability, and agitated by the heaving waves which were overturning European 
 thrones. But even then, in many important respects, the Government was strong 
 It was strong in Washington's own great character; it was strong in the wisdom 
 and patriotism of other eminent public men, his political associates and fellow 
 laborers, and it was strong in the affections of the people. 
 
Extension Corner Stone 
 
 143 
 
 Since that time astonishing changes have been wrought in the condition and 
 prospects of the American people, and a degree of progress witnessed with which 
 the world can furnish no parallel. As we review the course of that progress 
 wonder and amazement arrest our attention at every step. The present occasion, 
 although allowing of no lengthened remarks, niaj' yet perhaps admit of a short 
 comparative statement between important subjects of national interest as they 
 existed at that day and as they now exist. I have adopted for this purpose the 
 tabular form of statement as being the most brief and the most accurate. 
 
 Comparative table. 
 
 1793- 
 
 3. 929. 
 
 l8, 
 
 13. 
 42. 
 
 33. 
 
 4, 
 
 16, 
 
 $5. 720, 
 
 57. 529- 
 
 Nutnber of States . . ■ 
 
 Representatives and Senators in Congress 
 
 Population of the United States 
 
 Population of Boston 
 
 Population of Baltimore ■ • 
 
 Population of Philadelphia 
 
 Population of New Vork City 
 
 Population of Washington 
 
 Population of Richmond 
 
 Population of Charleston 
 
 Amount of receipts into the Treasury 
 
 Amount of expenditures of the United States 
 
 Amount of imports ; S3 ' ■ ooO' 
 
 Amount of exports .... $25, log, 
 
 Amount of tonnage 
 
 Area of the United States, in square miles 
 
 Rank and file of the Army 
 
 Militia (enrolled) ■■ • 
 
 Navy of the United States (vessels) 
 
 Navy armament (ordnance) 
 
 Treaties and conventions with foreign powers 
 
 Light-houses and light-boats 
 
 Expenditures for light-boats 
 
 Area of the first Capitol building {square feet) 
 
 Area of the present Capitol, including extension (acres) 
 
 Lines of railroads, in miles 
 
 Lines of telegraph, in miles 
 
 Number of post-offices 
 
 Number of miles of post route 
 
 Amount of revenue from post offices 
 
 Amount of expenditures of Post-Office Department 
 
 Number of miles mail transportation 
 
 Number of colleges 
 
 Public libraries 
 
 Volumes in libraries 
 
 School libraries 
 
 Volumes in libraries 
 
 5. 
 $104, 
 $72, 
 
 1851. 
 
 31 
 
 295 
 
 23, 267, 498 
 
 136,871 
 
 169, 054 
 
 409. 045 
 
 515.507 
 
 40. 075 
 
 27. 5S2 
 
 42, 9S3 
 
 $43, 774, S48 
 
 I39. 355. 268 
 
 $178, 138,318 
 
 $151,898,720 
 
 3. 535. 454 
 
 3. 314. 365 
 
 10. 000 
 
 2, 006, 456 
 
 76 
 
 2,012 
 
 90 
 
 372 
 
 529. 265 
 
 4 '4 
 
 8,500 
 
 15,000 
 
 21, 551 
 
 178, 762 
 
 $5. 592, 971 
 
 $5,212,953 
 
 46,541,423 
 
 121 
 
 694 
 
 2, 201, 632 
 
 10,000 
 
 2, 000, 000 
 
 In respect to the growth of Western trade and commerce. I extract a few sen- 
 tences from a very valuable address before the Historical Society of Ohio, by 
 William D. Gallagher, Esq., 1850: 
 
 A few facts will exhibit as well as a volume the wonderful growth of Western trade and 
 commerce. Previous to the year iSoo .some eight or ten keel boats of twenty or twenty-five tons 
 each performed all the carrying trade between Cincinnati and Pittsburg. In 1S02 the first Gov- 
 ernment vessel appeared on Lake Erie. In iSii the first .steamboat (the Orleans) was launched 
 at Pittsburg. In 1826 the waters of Michigan were first plowed by the keel of a steamboat, a 
 pleasure trip to Green Bay being planned and executed in the summer of this j'ear. In 1832 
 
144 
 
 Capitol CcntcJinial Celebration 
 
 a steamboat first appeared at Chicago. At the present titne the entire number of steamboats 
 running on the Mississippi and Ohio and their tributaries is more probably over than under six 
 hundred, the aggregate tonnage of which is not short of one hundred and forty thousand — a 
 larger number of steamboats than England can claim and a greater steam commercial marine 
 than that employed by Crcat Hritain and her dependencies. 
 
 And now, fellow-citizens, having .stated to you this infallible proof of the growth 
 and prosperity of the nation, I ask you, and I would a.sk every man, whether the 
 Government which has been over us has jjroved it.self an infliction or a curse 
 to the country or an}' part of it ? 
 
 Ye men of the South, of all the original vSouthern States, what say you to 
 all this? Are you, or any of you, ashamed ot this great work of your fathers? 
 Your fathers were not they who stoned the prophets and killed them. They 
 were among the prophets; they were of the prophets; they were themselves the 
 prophets. 
 
 Ye men of Virginia, what do you say to all this? Ye men of the Potomac, 
 
 dwelling along the shores of that river 
 
 where Washington lived, and where 
 
 he died, and where his remains now 
 
 :^Zr_ rest — ye, so many of whom may see 
 
 the domes of the Capitol from jour 
 
 own home.s — w hat do you say ? 
 
 Ye men of James River and the 
 Bay, places consecrated by the early 
 settlement of your Commonwealth, 
 what do you say ? Do jou desire, 
 from the soil of your State or as you 
 travel to the North, to see these halls 
 vacated, their beauty and ornaments de- 
 stroyed, and their national usefulness 
 clean gone forever ? 
 
 Ye men beyond the Blue Ridge, many 
 thousands of whom are nearer to this Cap- 
 itol than to the seat of government of 
 your own State, what do you think of 
 breaking this great association into frag- 
 ments of States and of people? I know- 
 some of you, and I believe you all would 
 be almost as much shocked at the announce- 
 ment of such a catastrophe as if you were to be informed that the Blue Ridge 
 itself would soon totter to its base. And ye men of western Virginia, who occupy 
 the great slope from the top of the Alleghany to the Ohio and Kentucky, what 
 course do you propose to yourselves by disunion? If you "secede," what do 
 you "secede" from, and what do you "accede" to? Do yovi look for the current 
 of the Ohio to change, and to bring you and your commerce to the tide waters 
 of Eastern rivers? What man in his senses can suppose that you will remain part 
 and parcel of Virginia a month after Virginia should have ceased to be part and 
 parcel of the United States? 
 
 The secession of Virginia! The secession of Virginia, whether alone or in 
 company, is most improbable, the greatest of improbabilities. Virginia, to her 
 everlasting honor, acted a great part in framing and establishing the present Con- 
 stitution. She hath had her reward and her distinction. Seven of her noble 
 sons have each filled the Presidency and enjoyed the highest honors of the 
 country. Dolorous complaints come up to us from the South that Virginia will 
 
Extension Corner Stone 145 
 
 not head the procession of secession and lead the other Southern vStates out of 
 the Union. This would be something of a marvel, certainh-, considering how 
 much pains Virginia took to lead these same States into the Union, and considering, 
 too, that she has partaken as largely of its benefits and its government as any 
 other State. 
 
 And ye men of the other Southern States, members of the old thirteen; yes, 
 members of the old thirteen — that touches my regard and my sympathies — North 
 Carolina, Georgia, South Carolina, what page in your history or in the history 
 of any one of you is brighter than those which have been recorded since the 
 Union was formed, or through what effect has your prosperity been greater or 
 your peace and happiness better secured ? What names even has South Carolina, 
 now so much dissatisfied — what names has she of which her intelligent sons are 
 more proud than those which have been connected with the government of South 
 Carolina? In Revolutionary times and in the earliest days of the Constitution 
 there was no State more honored or more deserving to be honored. Where is 
 she now? And "What a fall is there, my countrymen! " But I leave her to her 
 own reflections, commending to her with all my heart the due consideration of 
 her own example in times now gone by. 
 
 Fellow-citizens, there are some diseases of the mind as well as of the body, 
 diseases of communities as well as diseases of individuals, that must be left to 
 their own cure; at least it is wise to leave them so until the last critical moment 
 shall arrive. 
 
 I hope it is not irreverent, and certainly it is not intended as reproach, when 
 I say that I know no stronger expression in our language than that which describes 
 the restoration of a wayward son, "He came to himself." He had broken away 
 from all the ties of love, family, and friendship. He had forsaken everything 
 which he had once regarded in his father's house. He had quitted his natural 
 sympathies, affections, and habits, and taken his journey into a far countr}'. He 
 had gone away from himself and out of himself. But misfortunes overtook him 
 and famine threatened him with starvation and death. No entreaties from home 
 followed him to beckon him back; no admonition from others warned him of his 
 fate. But the hour of reflection had come, and nature and conscience wrought 
 with him until at length "he came to himself." 
 
 And now, ye men of the new States of the South ! You are not of the original 
 thirteen. The battle had been fought and won, the revolution achieved, and the 
 Constitution established before your States had any existence as States. You 
 came into a prepared banquet and had seats assigned you at the table just as 
 honorable as those which were filled by older guests. You have been and are 
 singularly prosperous; and if anyone should deny this you would at once con- 
 tradict his assertion. You have bought vast quantities of choice and excellent 
 land at the lowest price; and if the public domain has not been lavished upon 
 you, you yourselves will admit that it has been appropriated to your ow-n uses by 
 a very liberal hand. And yet in some of these States — not in all — persons are 
 found in favor of a dissolution of the Union, or of secession from it. Such opin- 
 ions are expressed even where the general prosperity of the community has been 
 the most rapidly advanced. In the flourishing and interesting State of Mississippi, 
 for example, there is a large party which insists that her grievances are intolerable; 
 that the whole body politic is in a state of suffering, and all along and through 
 her whole extent on the Mississippi a loud cry rings that her only remedy is 
 "Secession!" "Secession!" Now, gentlemen, what infliction does the State of 
 Mississippi suffer under? What oppression prostrates her strength or destroys 
 her happiness? Before we can judge of the proper remedy we must know some- 
 thing of the disease; and for my part I confess that the real evil existing in the 
 
 H. Mis. 211 10 
 
146 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 case appears to me to be a certain inquietude or uneasiness growing out of a high 
 degree of prosperity and consciousness of wealth and power, which sometimes 
 leads men to be ready for changes and to push on to still higher elevation. If 
 this be the truth of the matter, the doctors are about right. If the complaint 
 spring from overwrought prosperity, for that disease I have no doubt that "seces- 
 sion" would prove a sovereign remedy. 
 
 But I return to the leading topic on which I was engaged. In the department 
 of invention there have been wonderful applications of science to arts within the 
 last sixt}' years. The .spacious hall of the Patent Office is at once the repository 
 and proof of American inventive art and genius. Their results are seen in the 
 numerous improvements by which human labor is abridged. 
 
 Without going into details, it may be sufficient to say that many of the appli- 
 cations of steam to locomotion and manufactures; of electricity and magnetism 
 to the production of mechanical motion, to the electrical telegraph, to the regis- 
 tration of astronomical phenomena, to the art of multiplying engravings; the 
 introduction and improvement among us of all the important inventions of the 
 Old World, are .strikingly indicative of this country in the useful arts. 
 
 The network of railroads and telegraph lines b}' which this va.st country is 
 reticulated have not only developed its resources, but united emphatically, in 
 metallic bands, all parts of the Union. 
 
 The hydraulic works of New York, Philadelphia, and Boston surpass in extent 
 and importance those of ancient Rome. 
 
 But we have not confined our attention to the immediate application of science 
 to the useful arts. We have entered the field of original research and have enlarged 
 the bounds of scientific knowledge. 
 
 Sixty years ago, besides the brilliant discoveries of Franklin in electricity scarcely 
 anything had been done among us in the way of original discovery. Our men 
 of science were content with repeating the experiments and diffusing a knowledge 
 of the discoveries of the learned of the Old World without attempting to add a 
 single new fact or principle to the existing stock. Within the last twenty-five or 
 thirt}' 3'ears a remarkable improvement has taken place in this respect. Our natu- 
 ral histor}' has been explored in all its branches; our geology has been investigated 
 with results of the highest interest to practical and theoretical science; discoveries 
 have been made in pure chemistry and electricity which have received the appro- 
 bation of the world. The advance which has been made in meteorology in this 
 country within the last twenty years is equal to that made during the same period 
 in all the world besides. 
 
 In 1793 there was not in the United States an instrument with which a good 
 observation of the heavenly bodies could be made. There are now instruments 
 at Washington, Cambridge, and Cincinnati equal to those at the best European 
 observatories; and the original discoveries in astronomy within the last five years 
 in this country are among the most brilliant of the age. I can hardly refrain 
 from saying in this connection that La Pi,ace has been translated, explained, 
 and in some instances his illustrations improved by BowdiTch. 
 
 Our knowledge of the geography and topography of the American continent 
 has been rapidly extended by the labor and science of the officers of the United 
 States Army, and discoveries of much interest on distant seas have resulted from 
 the enterprise of the Nav}-. 
 
 In 1807 a survey of the coast of the United States was commenced, which at 
 that time it was suppo.sed no American was competent to direct. The work has, 
 however, grown within the last few years, under a native superintendent, in impor- 
 tance and extent beyond any enterprise of the kind ever before attempted. 
 
 These facts conclusively prove that a great advance has been made among us, 
 not only in the application of science to the wants of ordinary life, but to science 
 
Extension Corner Stone 147 
 
 itself in its highest branches— in its application to satisfy the cravings of the 
 immortal mind. 
 
 In respect to literature, with the exception of some books of elementary educa- 
 tion, and some theological treatises, of which scarcely any but those of Jonathan 
 Edwards have any permanent value, and some works on local history and politics, 
 like Hutchinson's Massachusetts, Jefferson's Notes on Virginia, the Federalist, 
 Belknap's New Hampshire, and Morse's Geography, and a few others, America 
 had not produced a single work of any repute in literature. We were almost wholly 
 dependent on imported books. Even our Bibles and Testaments were, for the most 
 part, printed abroad. The book trade is now one of the greatest branches of busi- 
 ness, and many works of standard value and of high reputation in Europe as well 
 as at home have been produced by American authors in every department of 
 literary composition. 
 
 While the country has been expanding in dimensions, in numbers, and in 
 wealth, the Government has applied a wise forecast in the adoption of measures 
 necessary, when the world shall no longer be at peace, to maintain the national 
 honor, whether by appropriate displays of vigor abroad or by well-adapted means 
 of defense at home. A navy which has so often illustrated our history by heroic 
 achievements, though restrained in peaceful times in its operations to narrow limits, 
 possesses in its admirable elements the means of great and sudden expansion, and 
 is justly looked upon by the nation as the right arm of its power, an army, still 
 smaller, but not less perfect in its detail, which has on many a field exhibited the 
 military aptitudes and prowess of the race, and demonstrated the wisdom which 
 has presided over its organization and government. 
 
 While the gradual and slow enlargement of these respective military arms has 
 been regulated by a jealous watchfulness over the public treasure, there has, 
 nevertheless, been freely given all that was needed to perfect their quality; and 
 each affords the nucleus of any enlargement that the public exigencies' may 
 demand, from the millions of brave hearts and strong arms upon the land and 
 water. 
 
 The Navy is the active and aggressive element of national defense, and, let 
 loose from our own seacoast, must display its power in the seas and channels of 
 the enemy. To do this it need not be large, and it can never be large enough 
 to defend by its presence at home all our ports and harbors. But, in the absence 
 of the Navy, what can the brave hearts and strong arms of the Army and militia 
 do against the enemy's Hne-of-battle ships and steamers falling without notice 
 upon our coast? What will guard our cities from tribute, our merchant vessels 
 and our navy-yards from conflagration? Here, again, we see a wise forecast in 
 the system of defensive measures which, especially since the close of the war with 
 Great Britain, has been steadily followed by our Government. While the perils 
 from which our great establishments had just escaped were yet fresh of remem- 
 brance, a system of fortifications was begun which now. though not quite com- 
 plete, fences in our important points with impassable strength. More than four 
 thousand cannon may at any moment, within strong and permanent works, 
 arranged with all the advantages and appliances that the art affords, be turned 
 to the protection of the seacoast and be served by the men whose hearths they 
 shelter. Happy for us that it is so, since these are means of security that time 
 alone can supply; and since the improvements of maritime warfare, by making 
 distant expeditions easy and speedy, have made them more probable and at the 
 same time more difiicult to anticipate and provide against. The cost of fortifying 
 all the important points on our whole Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico frontier will 
 not exceed the amount expended on the fortifications of Paris. 
 
 In this connection one most important facility in the defense of the country is 
 not to be overlooked; it is the almost instantaneous rapidity with which the 
 
148 Capitol Centennial Cetebratioit 
 
 soldiers of the Army and any number of the militia corps may be brought to any 
 point where a hostile attack may at any time be made or threatened. 
 
 And this extension of territory embraced within the United States, increase of 
 its population, commerce, and manufactures, development of its resources by 
 canals and railroads, and rapidity of intercommunication by innumerable steam- 
 boats and telegraphs has been accomplished without the overthrow of or danger to 
 the public liberties by any assumption of militar}' power, and, indeed, without any 
 permanent increase of the Army except for the purpose of frontier defense, and 
 of affording a slight guard to the public property; or of the Navy any further 
 than to assure the navigator that in whatsoever sea he shall sail his ship he is 
 protected by the Stars and Stripes of his country. All this has been done with- 
 out the shedding of a drop of blood for treason or rebellion; all this while systems 
 of popular representation have regularly been supported in the State govern- 
 ments and in the General Government; all this while laws, National and State, 
 of such a character have been passed and have been so wisely administered that 
 I may stand up here to-day and declare, as I now do declare, in the face of all 
 the intelligent of the age, that for the period which has elapsed from the day 
 that Washington laid the foundation of this Capitol to the present time there 
 has been no country upon the earth in which life, liberty, and property have 
 been more amply and steadily secured or more freely enjoyed than in these 
 United States of America. Who is there that will deny this? Who is there pre- 
 pared with a greater or a better example ? Who is there that can stand upon 
 the foundation of facts, acknowledged or proved, and assert that these our repub- 
 lican institutions have not answered the true ends of Government beyond all 
 precedent in human history ? 
 J; There is yet another view. There are still higher considerations. Man is an 
 
 ti ^ intellectual being, destined to immortalit}'. There is a spirit in him, and the 
 .,5, breath of the Almighty hath given him understanding. Then only is he tending 
 tj^ toward his own destiny while he seeks for knowledge or virtue, for the will of 
 jj his Maker, and for just conceptions of his own duty. Of all important questions, 
 „, therefore, let this, the most important of all, be finst asked and first answered: 
 • In what country of the habitable globe of great extent and large population are 
 the means of knowledge most generally diffused and enjoyed among the people? 
 This question admits of one and only one answer. It is here; it is here in these 
 t^nited States. It is among the descendants of those who settled at Jamestown; 
 of those who were pilgrims on the shore of Plj^mouth, and of those other races of 
 men who in subsequent times have become joined in this great American family. 
 Let one fact incapable of doubt or dispute satisfy every mind on this point. The 
 population of the United States is twenty-three millions. Now take the map of 
 the continent of Europe and spread it out before you. Take your scale and your 
 dividers and lay off in one area, in any shape 3'ou please, a triangle, square, circle, 
 parallelogram, or trapezoid, and of an extent that shall contain one hundred and 
 fifty millions of people, and there will be found within the United vStates more 
 persons who do habitually read and write than can be embraced within the lines 
 of your demarcation. 
 
 But there is something more even than this. Man is not only an intellectual 
 but he is also a religious being, and his religious feelings and habits require 
 cultivation. 
 
 Let the religious element in man's nature be neglected, let him be influenced 
 by no higher motives than low self-interest and subjected to no stronger restraint 
 than the limits of civil author it}-, and he becomes the creature of .selfish passions 
 or blind fanaticism. 
 
 The spectacle of a nation powerful and enlightened, but without Christian faith, 
 has been presented almost within our own day as a warning beacon for the nations. 
 
Exte7ision Corner Stone 149 
 
 On the other hand, the cultivation of the religious sentiment represses licentious- 
 ness, incites to a general benevolence and the practical acknowledgment of the 
 brotherhood of man, inspires respect for law and order, and gives strength to 
 the whole social fabric, at the same time that it conducts the human soul upward 
 to the Author of its being. 
 
 Now, I think it may be stated with truth that in no country in proportion to its 
 population are there so many benevolent establishments connected with religious 
 instruction — Bible, missionary, and tract societies, supported by public and private 
 contributions— as in our own. There are also institutions for the education of 
 the blind, the deaf and dumb; of idiots; for the reception of orphan and destitute 
 children; for moral reform, designed for children and females, respectively; insti- 
 tutions for the reformation of criminals; not to speak of those numerous establish- 
 ments in almost every county and town in the United vStates for the reception of 
 the aged, infirm, and destitute poor, many of whom have fled to our shores to 
 escape the poverty and wretchedness of their condition at home. 
 
 In the United vStates there is no church establishment or ecclesiastical authority 
 founded by Government. Public worship is maintained either by voluntary asso- 
 ciations and contributions or by trusts and donations of a charitable origin. 
 
 Now, I think it safe to say that a greater proportion of the people of the United 
 States attend public worship, decently clad, well behaved, and well seated, than 
 of any other country of the civilized world. 
 
 Edifices of religion are seen everywhere. Their aggregate cost would amount 
 to an immense sum of monc};. They are, in general, kept in good repair and 
 consecrated to the purposes of public worship. In these edifices the people reg- 
 ularly assemble on the Sabbath day, which is sacredly .set apart for rest by all 
 classes from secular employment and for religious meditation and worship, to listen 
 to the reading of the Holy vScriptures and discourses from pious ministers of the 
 several denominations. 
 
 This attention to the wants of the intellect and of the soul, as manifested by 
 the voluntary support of schools and colleges, of churches and benevolent insti- 
 tutions, is one of the mo.st remarkable characteristics of the American people, 
 not less strikingly exhibited in the new than in the older settlements of the 
 country. 
 
 On the spot where the first trees of the forest are felled, near the log cabins 
 of the pioneers, are to be seen rising together the church and the schoolhouse. 
 So has it been from the beginning, and God grant that it may thus continue! 
 
 On other shores, above their moldering towns, 
 
 In snllen pomp, the tall cathedral frowns; 
 
 Simple and frail, our lowly temples throw 
 
 Their slender shadows on the paths below; 
 
 Scarce steals the wind that .sweeps the woodland track, 
 
 The larch's perfume from the .settler's ax, 
 
 Bre, like a vision of the morning air, 
 
 His slight-framed steeple marks the house of prayer. 
 
 * * * * * 
 
 Yet Faith's pure hymn beneath its shelter rude 
 Breathes out as sweetly to the tangled wood 
 As where the rays through blazing oriels pour 
 On marble shaft and tessellated floor. 
 
 Who does not admit that this unparalleled growth of prosperity and renown is 
 the result, under Providence, of the Union of these States under a general Con- 
 stitution which guarantees to each State a republican form of government and 
 to every man the enjoyment of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness, free 
 from civil tyranny or ecclesiastical domination ? 
 
 To bring hotne this idea to the present occasion, who does not feel that when 
 President Washington laid his hand on the foundation of the first Capitol 1)uild- 
 
150 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 injj^ he performed a great work of perpetuation of the Union and the Constitution ? 
 Who does not feel that this seat of the General Government, healthful in its 
 situation, central in its position, near the mountains from whence gush fresh 
 springs of wonderful virtue, teeming with nature's richest products, and yet not 
 far from the bays and the great estuaries of the sea, easily accessible and gener- 
 ally agreeable in climate and association, does give strength to the Union of these 
 States; that this city, bearing an immortal name, with its broad streets and avenues, 
 its public squares and magnificent edifices of the General Government, erected 
 for the purposes of carrying on within them the important business of the several 
 Departments; for the reception of wonderful and curious inventions, the preserva- 
 tion of the records of American learning and genius, of extensive collections of 
 the products of nature and art, brought hither for study and comparison from all 
 parts of the world; adorned with numerous churches, and sprinkled over, I am 
 happy to say, with many public schools, where all children of the city, without 
 distinction, are provided with the means of obtaining a good education; where 
 there are academies and colleges, professional schools and public libraries, should 
 continue to receive, as it has heretofore received, the fostering care of Congress, 
 and should be regarded as the permanent seat of the National Government? Here, 
 too, a citizen of the great republic of letters, a republic which knows not the 
 metes and bounds of political geography, has indicated prophetically his convic- 
 tion that America is to exercise a wide and powerful influence in the intellectual 
 world, and therefore has founded in this city, as a commanding position in the 
 field of science and literature, and has placed under the guardianship of the Gov- 
 ernment, an institution "for the increase and diflFusion of knowledge among men." 
 
 With each succeeding year new interest is added to the spot. It becomes con- 
 nected with all the historical associations of our country, with her statesmen and 
 her orators, and, alas! its cemetery is annually enriched with the ashes of her 
 chosen sons. 
 
 Before us is the broad and beautiful river, .separating two of the thirteen origi- 
 nal States, and which a late President, a man of determined purpose and inflexible 
 will, but patriotic heart, desired to span with arches of ever-enduring granite, 
 symbolical of the firmly cemented union of the North and the South. That 
 President was General J.\ckson. 
 
 On its banks repose the ashes of the Father of his Country, and at one .side, by 
 a singular felicity of position, overlooking the city which he designed and which 
 bears his name, rises to his memory the marble column, sublime in its simple 
 grandeur and fitly intended to reach a loftier height than any similar structure 
 on the surface of the whole earth. 
 
 Ivet the votive offerings of his grateful countrymen be freely contributed to 
 carry higher and still higher this monument. May I say, as on another occasion, 
 "Let it rise; let it rise till it meet the sun in his coming; let the earliest light 
 of the morning gild it, and parting day linger and play on its summit! " 
 
 Fellow-citizens, what contemplations are awakened in our minds as we assemble 
 here to reenact a scene like that performed by W.a.shington! Methinks I see 
 his venerable form now before me as presented in the glorious statue by Houdon, 
 now in the capital of Virginia. He is dignified and grave; but concern and anxiety 
 seem to .soften the lineaments of his countenance. The Government over which he 
 presides is yet in the crisis of experiment. Not free from troubles at home, he 
 sees the world in commotion and in arms all around him. He sees that imposing 
 foreign powers are half dispo.sed to try the strength of the recently established 
 American Government. We perceive that mighty thoughts, mingled with fears as 
 well as with hopes, are struggling within him. He heads a short procession over 
 the.se, the naked fields; he crosses yonder stream on a fallen tree; he ascends to 
 the top of this eminence, whose original oaks of the forest stand as thick around 
 
Extension Comer Stone 151 
 
 him as if the spot had been devoted to Druidical worship, and here he performs 
 the appointed duty of the day. 
 
 And now, fellow-citizens, if this vision were a reality; if Washington were now 
 actually among us, and if he could draw around him the shades of the great 
 public men of his own days, patriots and warriors, orators and statesmen, and 
 were to address us in their presence, would he not say to us, "Ye men of this 
 generation, I rejoice and thank God for being able to see that our labors and 
 toils and sacrifices were not in vain. You are prosperous, you are happ^', you 
 are grateful. The fire of liberty burns brightly and steadily in your hearts, while 
 DUTY and the i,.4W restrain it from bursting forth in wild and destructive confla- 
 gration. Cherish liberty, as you love it; cherish its securities, as you wish to 
 preserve it; maintain the Constitution which we labored so painfully to establish, 
 and which has been to you such a source of inestimable blessings; preserve the 
 Union of the States, cemented as it was by our prayers, our tears, and our blood; 
 be true to God, to your country, and to your duty. So shall the whole Eastern 
 World follow the morning sun to contemplate you as a nation; so shall all suc- 
 ceeding generations honor you as they honored us, and so shall that Almighty 
 Power, which so graciously protected us and which now protects you, shower its 
 everlasting blessings upon you and your posterity." 
 
 Great father of your country! we heed your words; we feel their force as if you 
 now uttered them with life of flesh and blood. Your example teaches us, your 
 public life teaches us 3'our sense of the value of the blessings of the Union. 
 Those blessings our fathers have tasted, and we have tasted, and still taste. 
 Nor do we intend that those who come after us shall be denied the same high 
 fruition. Our honor as well as our happiness is concerned. We can not, we dare 
 not, we will not betray our sacred trust. We will not filch from posterity the 
 treasure placed in our hands to be transmitted to other generations. The bow 
 that gilds the cloud in the heavens, the pillars that uphold the firmament, may 
 disappear and fall away in the hour appointed by the will of God, but until that 
 day comes or so long as our lives may last no ruthless hand shall undermine 
 that bright arch of Union and Liberty which spans the continent from Washington 
 to California. 
 
 Fellow-citizens, we must sometimes be tolerant to foll}'^ and patient at the sight 
 of the extreme waywardness of men; but I confess that when I reflect on the 
 renown of our past history, on our present prosperity and greatness, and on what 
 the future hath yet to unfold, and when I see that there are men who can find 
 in all this nothing good, nothing valuable, nothing truly glorious, I feel that all 
 their reason has fled from them and left the entire control over their judgment 
 and their actions to insane folly and fanaticism, and, more than all, fellow-citi- 
 zens, if the purposes of fanatics and disunionists should be accomplished, the 
 patriotic and intelligent of our generation would seek to hide themselves from 
 the scorn of the world and go about to find dishonorable graves. 
 
 Fellow-citizens, take courage; be of good cheer. We shall come to no such 
 ignoble end. We shall live and not die. During the period allotted to our 
 several lives we shall continue to rejoice in the return of this anniversary. The 
 ill-omened sounds of fanaticism will be hushed; the ghostly specters of Secession 
 and Disunion will disappear, and the enemies of united constitutional liberty, if 
 their hatred can not be appeased, may prepare to sear their eyeballs as they behold 
 the steady flight of the American Eagle on his burnished wings for years and 
 years to come. 
 
 President FiLLisiORE, it is your singularly good fortune to perform an act such 
 as that which the earliest of your predecessors performed fifty-eight years ago. 
 You stand where he stood. You lay your hand on the corner stone of a building 
 designed greatly to extend that whose corner stone he laid. Changed, changed 
 
152 
 
 Capitol Centennial Celebration 
 
 is everything aronnrl. The same sun, indeed, shone upon his head which now 
 shines upon j-ours. The same broad river rolled at his feet and bathes his last 
 resting place that now rolls at yours. But the site of this city was then mainly 
 an open field. Streets and avenues have since been laid out and completed, 
 squares and public grounds inclosed and ornamented, until the city which bears 
 his name, although comparatively inconsiderate in numbers and wealth, has 
 become quite fit to be the seat of government of a great and united people. 
 
 Sir, may the consequences of the duty which you perform so auspiciously to-day 
 equal those which flowed from his act. Nor this only; may the principles of 
 your administration and the wisdom of your political conduct be such as that 
 the world of the present day and all hi.story hereafter may be at no loss to 
 perceive what example you have made your study. 
 
 Fellow-citizens, I now bring this address to a close by expressing to 3'ou, in 
 the words of the great Roman orator, the deepest wish of my 
 heart, and which I know deeply penetrates the hearts of all 
 who hear me: "Duo modo, hsec opto; unum, uT mor- 
 
 lENvS POPUIATM ROMANUM I.IBERUM RELINOUAM; 
 
 hoc mihi majus a diis immortalibus dari nihil 
 potest: alterum, ut ita cuique eveniat, 
 ut de republica quisque mereatur. " 
 
 And now, fellow-citizens, with 
 hearts void of hatred, envy, 
 and malice toward our _ - - ^ 
 countrymen , or any of 
 
 them, or toward the subjects or citizens of other Governments, or toward any 
 member of the great family of man, but exulting, nevertheless, in our own 
 peace, security, and happiness, in the grateful recollection of the past, and in the 
 glorious hopes of the future, let us return to our homes and with all humiliation 
 and devotion offer our thanks to the Father of all our mercies, political, social, and 
 religiovis. 
 
 This concluded the exercises at the Capitol, a salute of artiller>^ 
 being fired from the battery on the public reservation at the north 
 end of the Capitol, and the civil and military associations returned 
 in excellent order to their respective places of rendezvous, where they 
 were dismissed. 
 
 The celebration of the day closed with a display of fireworks from 
 the Mall south of the President's house. 
 
Thia sketch exfithita the fmxef locution 
 oP -Samhur^h and CarroHsbtcrgy 
 unci' -the a-pproxTrnaf^cf. metps anc£ 
 hount/s of Q'-erf estate then embrxt- 
 ceti tviihin the pTVcinda designated 
 byffie Prpsident. 
 
 hi. a£fJi 
 
 auerU Mvertues aa wel2 <m severul 
 QtJier early imfifxi^ejuera'a, yiz:JlMer 
 Vtxtionii bridges, etc ,a.r*> mclicateii 
 by dotted Unea, avirf the 
 
 9eatate« in the direct I'icinity: 
 acre ^tfe/i^so a^ toAteitiiaie- tfie fo- 
 Cafization of present siiiiS inlheir 
 reUtiutn &■ trirme>'e.ticU/eA aruiihus 
 to cvmijfvte t/te nwat perfect iliuafra- 
 iJon o/" t/ie Justorioal artteceeienta 
 of the prciservi t^pog)yxp7ucal fkatu 
 ree of oiirXaiional OxfiUaZ.^ 
 
m 
 
 d]ffl[EpgSB][^^ 
 
 p^lA^^S 
 
 
 
 ISH0BE 
 
 fflHB[ 
 
 !nnnnD[ 
 
 JSlB^l^ffilL _ 
 
 ]E3^i^gSy^^;-i?t3fflS[B[HBBBat 
 1 6^ ffl HI SI S t3 V^ ^ 
 1 ffl SI n ra ^ '''^ t^"^ i^ 
 
 1893. 
 
 Published by Authority of the 
 Capitol Centennial Committee. 
 
 lawrence gardner, 
 
 Chairman. 
 

 i|!i;i!i'i!!!!tiliij!jil!i!jiiijg 
 
 il!il'll'i!l"l!illll!!ii!liiif 
 
1 
 
 i