LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 0000^,3^3507 ?% H^ H^ W %*> • • • A w *£• **' ••Aa£i#_' < ^- r, 0> .C^^- °o ^ * 9 »•• #*« ■5°«e. • •• * * «3 i* V3 >-&£\ ***£a&°* yVfifeX *°'# °o, % \ A V % »1 tf\, o>V %^ -,0 A<3o ^> *^M^ ^ V J* % Vi •••••' aP ^ ■ ■ NC< ^ * tf 1 ♦ 1 >"1 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY SLAVS AND PANSLAVISM BY THOMAS CAPEK MEMBER OF THE NEW YORK BAR ■ Zbe IKntckerbocftet: press New York 1906 LIBRARY of CONGRESS Two CoDics Received FEB 21 1906 a lyric-epic poem, which portrays, in an idealized form, the object of the poet's own un- happy love affair, and Detvan, a romance of the time of Matthew Korvin, are supposed to be the culmination of his art. As a poet, Sladkovic ranks higher than John Kollar. Samuel Tomasik ( 1 8 1 3- 1 8 8 7) , an evangelical pastor, is chiefly remembered for the author- ship of Hej Slovdci, a song now familiar to every Slavonian. John Botto's (1 829-1 881) claim to fame rests on his having created the " Janosik," a type of good-natured brigand, a giant in strength, with the heart of a child, who takes it upon himself to administer justice in his own way, by robbing the rich to give to the poor. "Janosik" is a kind of Slovak Cid. John Kalincak (1 822-1 871) stands proba- bly unrivalled among novelists. Descended on his mother's side from an old zeman family, Kalincak gathered in his books much valuable material on the manners and habits of the zeman class of people, now almost wholly Mag- yarized. Restavrdcia, has been pronounced his chief work. Janko Krai (182 2- 18 76) was an eccentric, a " Bohemian," who preferred the companion- ship of shepherds to the chicanery of law, for 142 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY which profession he had been educated. His lyric poetry bears the stamp of his roving nature and erratic temperament. Besides these, the following writers and versifiers deserve to be mentioned : Jacob Greichman, ballad writer of some note ; John Matiiska, remembered as the composer of Nad Tatrou set bliska ; Ladislav Pauliny, pas- tor, and uncle of William Pauliny-Toth (1828- 1885), a bright satirist and humorist; John Francisci, known under the pseudonym " Janko Rimavsky " ; Paul Dobsinsky, pastor (1826- 1877), an industrious compiler of folk-tales; Peter Kellner (pseudonym "Zaboj Hostin- sk^" 1823-1873), who professed to believe that the Tatras, according to him the birth- place of the Slavs, would yet astonish the world by the magnitude of ideas to issue from them; Nicolas Dohnany, a translator of By- ron and Shakespeare ; Dr. Charles Kuzmany (1 806-1 866), professor of theology and warm friend of Kollar and Safafik ; John Chalupka, pastor (1791-1871), the elder brother of Sam- uel Chalupka, a popular dramatist ; Nicholas Stephen Feriencik (1 825-1 881), a productive novelist and journalist; John Palarik (1822- 1870), dramatist. Svetozar H urban (pseudonym " Vajansk^ "), LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE 143 born in 1847, * s a poet, journalist, and writer of the highest rank. The Tatras and the Ocean in verse and Withered Branch in prose are works of excellent merit. As editor-in- chief of the Ndrodnie Noviny, H urban is a power among his people. More than once in his life has this redoubtable champion been struck down by the brutal might of the tyrant. Paul Orszagh (pseudonym " Hviezdoslav"), born in 1849, 1S a lyric of recognized ability, as is " Martin Kukucin " (pseudonym of Dr. Matthew Benciir), born in i860, a novelist. Other contemporary writers, whose names are familiar to every Slovak reader, are : Helen Marothy-Soltesz, Therese Vansa, Ludmila Podjavorinsky, Martin Sladkovic, Tichomir Milkin, and J. Somolicky\ Among essayists and historical writers, Francis Sasinek, Paul Krizko, Andrew Kmet, Joseph Holuby, Joseph Skultety, etc., excel. With the name of Stephen Marcus Daxner (1822-1892) is linked the authorship of the famous " Memo- randum." SOCIAL CONDITIONS. ILLUSTRATIVE of the national traits of * the motley population of Hungary is the following humorous estimate found in Bielek's work in German, published in 1837 : " The Magyar is proud and happy when he can ride a fine horse ; the Slovak when he can talk familiarly to a person of distinction ; the German when he secures the burgomaster's staff of office ; the Rumun when twirling a handsomely carved cane ; the Little Russian when he attains to clerical honors; the Jew when renting landed property ; the gypsy when parading in scarlet trousers." Anecdotes are related of the proverbial humility of the Slovak, and of the love of fight which again is said to be characteristic of the Magyar. A Magyar peasant runs to a tavern where a combat is in progress. " Why don't you take a stick with you, Pista ? " admonishes his wife. " It is not necessary," replies Pista, " I guess the man whom I tackle will have a stick." 144 SOCIAL CONDITIONS 145 How many Slovaks there are in Hungary is a matter of speculation. The official count, which is notoriously unreliable and partial to the dominant race, computed their number at 2,008,744 in 1900. A prominent attorney in Martin assured the writer that, although no one in his native village spoke Magyar, yet every inhabitant had been returned in the offi- cial sheets as belonging to that race. Vam- bery's figure in a recent work is 1,800,000. Safarik estimated the number of his fellow- countrymen in 1842 at 2,753,ooo. 1 Of this he credited 1,953,000 to the Catholics and 800,- 000 to the Protestants. Possibly Safarik may have been wrong. In 1850 the first census, according to nationalities, was taken in Hun- gary, and this official account gave to the Slovaks 1,704,000, or 13 % of the entire popula- tion. The Magyars appeared to have 4, 1 66,000, or 36.9$ of the whole. 2 Now, however, official figures begin to puzzle us, for while in 1900 the Magyars claimed 8,679,014, or 45.4 % of the entire population, this being an increase between 1 850-1 900 of 80 % the Slovaks came in for 2,008,744 in 1900, or 10.5$ of the whole, an increase of only 32.6 % between 1850-1900! .' l Slovansky Ndrodopis. Prague, 1842, p. 98. 2 Czoernig's Ethnographie der Ost. Ung. Monarchie. Wien, 1855. i 4 6 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY How is this inconsistency to be explained ? The Slovaks, with their known fecundity — families of 10-12 children among them being nothing uncommon — have increased during the last 50 years only 32.6 %, while the Mag- yars, among whom large families are rather the exception than the rule, have gained 80 % during the same period of time. Taking as a basis Safank's computation, which is surely nearer the truth than the census of 1850, and deducting from it about 80,000 Slovaks settled in Moravia and elsewhere, there should have been 2,673,000 Slovaks in 1842. If the in- crease between 1842- 1900 had amounted to only 45 *f , or 1,202,850, Slovaks should now be 3,875,850 strong. Every one who has ever travelled through northwestern Hungary is satisfied beyond reasonable doubt that the official figures, quoted above, are inaccurate. When it is remembered that the rural popula- tion is purely Slovak ; and that, with the ex- ception of the officials, school teachers, and nobility, the rank and file of the townspeople are of the same nationality, the conclusion is irresistible that the real figure is nearer to 3,000,000 than 2,000,000. There are, besides, colonies of Slovaks, large and small, through- out the whole kingdom. Some of these colo- SOCIAL CONDITIONS 147 nies date back to the time when the country, laid waste and depopulated by the Turks, needed agriculturists to till it. The phrase " a nation over 3,000,000 strong," with which we meet frequently in the Slovak press, must not be taken literally, however. What it means is that people of the Slovak blood num- ber 3,000,000. Naturally many of these, the nobility and the zemans to a man, having re- nounced their nationality can no longer be classed as Slovaks. Apropos of the origin of the nobility, " Were the lords all of Magyar and the peasants altogether of Slavic de- scent ? " The mass of the peasantry, in gen- eral, were of the same race as their lords. In the Slovak counties they were Slovak ; in the Magyar counties of the centre, they were Magyars ; and in Croatia and Slavonia they were of that nationality. In Bacs, Bodrog and Szerem are large and compact settlements of " Rusnaks," or Little Russians, who came to Hungary between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries. These Rusnaks mix with the Slovaks in the east, and further east they replace them entirely. They number about half a million. Slovaks by speech and Orthodox Russians in creed, these Rus- naks have been for years a bone of contention 148 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY between Slovak and Russian etymologists, both contending parties claiming them as their own. Safafik was of the opinion that there were only Protestant Slovaks and Catholic Slovaks. Of Orthodox Slovaks — and the Rus- naks all profess that faith — he would hear nothing. It was his judgment that the Rus- naks are what their name betrays them to be, Russians. .An official publication describes the Slo- vaks as " generally of a lofty stature ; well built, with broad faces and prominent cheekbones. For the most part they let their light hair grow long, but do not wear beards or mus- taches. Their dress of white baize is comple- ted by a broad leathern girdle, a broad-brimmed hat, and sandals. Their dwellings are frail. They are simple, religious, humble and quiet, but when heated, quarrelsome. Their songs are as a rule of a melancholy character. They do any kind of work and are industrious. By preference they occupy themselves with the breeding of cattle and sheep and go down to the Great Plain to reap the harvest. They are very skilful in domestic manufactures. Their women are celebrated for their em- broideries." " From immemorial times the Slovaks were a nation of peasants and shepherds," says SOCIAL CONDITIONS 149 Ziga Pauliny-Toth. " For these two vocations the love of our people is deep rooted and, although they may be taught other callings, they are happiest when ploughing, sowing and reaping. " Generally the soil is poor, and with the exception of the Lower Trencin and the south- ern portion of Nitra and Pressburg, where the country is rich, nowhere in Slovakland is the soil fertile enough to support the farmer in independence. Of the many evils which still weigh down our peasantry," continues Pauliny- Toth " one is illiteracy. Before the fifties the people were, with some exceptions, wholly illit- erate. At the present time there are 51.44 % in Hungary unable to read or write. In the twelve Slovak counties the percentage of illit- erates is somewhat below the average obtaining in the kingdom, except in the counties of Trencin, Zemplin, Sarys and Ung, where it rises a trifle above. Still, the fact remains that over one half our population is unlettered." A grave fault of the small farmer is his un- progressivemess. He insists on cultivating his fields in pretty nearly the same primitive fash- ion as his father and grandfather before him. Naturally the amount of the crops corresponds to the methods employed. Again, the soil is not sufficiently responsive. To this latter cir- cumstance is probably due most of the wretch- ISO THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY edness with which one meets in Slovakland. In passing through the country the traveller is constantly reminded of the hills of Utah and Colorado. The woodlands which are unfit for cultivation will average 15$ throughout, while in Turec the average rises to 33 % in Orava to 30$, Liptov 41% Zvolen 32 % Novohrad 26^, Gemer 47 % Spis 37 % and Sarys 43 %. In Orava County there are 2 76 1 farms that average from 1 to 5 acres of land of which only about two- thirds is arable. One village in that county bears the highly suggestive name of Hladovka — Hungerville. With a tiny patch of ground that yields hardly anything else than oats and potatoes — in the north part of Orava, where freezing weather comes early, potatoes are often dug from underneath the snow — it is as- tonishing how the highland peasant manages to pay his taxes. , There is a ground tax, the per capita tax, communal assessment, travelling tax, ecclesiastical dues, notarial tax, midwife tax, etc. A typical case of over-taxation : A poor mountaineer in a hamlet in Turec, with real and personal property valued at 1 80 florins, which is equivalent to $72, was taxed with 18 florins per year ! Among the most lovable traits of the people is their love of music. No less than 5000 SOCIAL CONDITIONS 151 folk songs were collected in the neighboring Margravate of Moravia, and it is claimed that fully one half of these, some of them admitted to be tonal gems and by far the best specimens in the collection, are the product of Slovak in- ventiveness. In the more modern airs the temperament of the gypsy and Magyar music is plainly discernible. But, on the whole, Slo- vak songs have retained the rugged simplicity of the folk song. That they are very old is plain, although Milan Lichard believes that there is no warrant for the assertion, repeated by certain enthusiasts, that some of the songs date back to pagan times. Almost without exception, the folk songs are written in a minor key, this giving them a sad and melancholy coloring, quite in keeping with the unhappy lot of the people. Sheep farming is carried on extensively and with excellent results. Usually sheep are raised on shares by the communes. In the spring- time the "baca" or shepherd-in-chief takes his charge to the pasture on the elevated table lands, caring for them there with his assistants till the autumn, when the sheep are returned to their respective owners. In the hills the sheep are lambed, shorn of wool, and milked. The milk is used in the making of "brindza," i 5 2 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY a sharp-tasting, strong-flavored cheese which finds a ready market in central European coun- tries. The profit which arises at the end of the season is divided equitably among the owners. Cattle breeding yields a handsome revenue to the farmer. The census taker found within the Slovak territory in 1898 1,059,529 head of cattle, 249,818 horses, 3452 donkeys, 159 mules, 22,724 goats, 639,297 hogs, 1,31 1,777 sheep, 3,099,606 fowl, and 117,403 beehives. The most pretentious house in every hamlet is invariably the property of a zeman family. The villagers call them residences. A lower class of nobility, these zemans used to be a power in the land until the serfs were liber- ated. Kossuth was descended on his mother's side from a Slovak zeman family. Exempt from taxation and enjoying the fruit of forced labor, the zemans lived for centuries in ease and affluence. The moment serfage was abol- ished the zemans found themselves on the decline. Slowly but surely their estates are now passing in the ownership of enterprising Semites, while the " Most Powerful Lords," as the humble peasant was wont to entitle them, are glad to earn their living as minor govern- ment officials. Obeying the law which has SOCIAL CONDITIONS 153 guided the nobles in all ages and in all coun- tries, they all have joined the ruling element in Hungary. The Slovak zemans no longer exist. Two festering sores sap the vitality of the unsophisticated highlander — drink and usury. Nowhere in the country have these terrible social evils taken such a firm grip as here in the mountains, " where rock begins and bread ceases." It is true that the foremost mortgage banks lend money at a moderately low rate of inter- est, providing the borrower will take, say 20,000 Austrian crowns. But of what advantage is the Hypothecary Bank at Budapest to the small farmer? He is compelled to borrow from a local banking institution, and at what cost ! Including commissions and disburse- ments charged the interest will amount to J-8 % and not infrequently to 14 % On short loans the borrower has to pay as much as 50 %. A savings bank in Slovakland with a capital of 60,000 cr., reserve fund of 18,000 cr., and de- posits amounting to 160,000 cr., cleared an annual profit of 22,000 cr. The average profit of banks in 1894 was said to be 13.58 % on the capital invested and in 1888 29.56 %. Every Slovak of intelligence deplores the 154 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY drink habit among his people, and time and again appeals have been made in the newspa- pers and otherwise to regulate the sale of liquor in the highlands — apparently all to no purpose. The sellers are always successful in blocking every attempt at reform. Why should these pest dens continue their nefarious trade unrestricted ? An alarming feature of the rum business is that in ninety cases out of a hundred the rum dealer is apt to be a money lender to the poor country folks, which of course implies that he is a heartless usurer. Some years ago the Catholic clergy, seeing what ravages the drink habit was making among their flock, started to organize temper- ance societies to which was given the name of rosaries. Singularly enough, the government promptly suppressed the rosary organizations on the charge that they fostered panslavism. It was noted at the time that the chief wit- nesses against the leaders of the rosaries were the rum sellers. Emigration from Slovakland is assuming such alarming proportions that it threatens to depopulate it. " Certain people would make the public believe," remarks Joseph L. Holuby, " that this emigration in masses is due to for- cible Magyarization. That is an error. The SOCIAL CONDITIONS 155 hungry man is not concerned with gram- mars, be they Magyar or Slovak. What he wants is bread. To him the quarrel between his nation and the Magyars is, after all, of secondary importance. He seeks work. It is no secret that people emigrate from districts where Magyars are all but unknown.'* In the two decades between 1 880-1900, it is computed, emigration from Hungary was as follows : Via Hungary a . . 372,979 " Antwerp 87,609 Genoa 9,5c* 1 470,089 How many of these are to be credited to Slovaks ? Roland Hegediis, an authority on the subject of emigration from Hungary, esti- mated the number of American Slovaks at 160,000-200,000, in 1899. As the onrush of immigration to the United States has been especially great within the past five years, it is no exaggeration to say that at the present time the United States are the home of some 400,000 Slovaks. Already the exodus of so many people be- gins to disturb local economic conditions. For example, employers are heard to complain of 156 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY lack of working men. Wages have gone up. The price of land has risen. A few figures will show what kind of material America is getting from Slovakland. During 1869- 1890 the county of Spis had lost by emigration 14$ of youths from twenty to twenty-five years of age, the county of Sarys 34 %. Of men whose ages varied from twenty-six to thirty years, Spis lost 3 1 % Sarys 44 % Abauj Torna 22 % and Zemplin 16 %. Owing to emigra- tion the old ratio of 100 men to 103 women, heretofore prevalent, has undergone a remark- able change. In 1890 there were, as against 100 males, 1 1 5 females in Spis, 1 1 6 in Sarys, and 115 in Abauj Torna. In many instances land values have arisen 100 % because of the influx of American money earned in the coal fields of Pennsylvania. The postal bank at Kosice, which is the distributing centre for the north- eastern counties, received in 1896 six and one half millions of florins in remittances from America. The village of Biitka in Zemplin, with 1 156 Slovak inhabitants, was the grateful recipient in ten years of 351,435 florins from across the ocean. 1 To regulate " wanton " emigration a special 1 Most of the figures adduced here are taken from Dr. Emil Sto- dola's Prispevok ku Statistike Slovens ka, 1902. SOCIAL CONDITIONS 157 law was enacted in 1903. The state promised to keep a watchful eye over its subjects even beyond the seas " in their own interest and for the good of the State." Pithily a newspaper characterized this determination of the Hun- garian Government to go into the steamship- ticket business : " Why do people leave their native country ? Clearly because they are being neglected by the home government. Suddenly the state, which has done nothing for them while in Hungary, becomes solicitous about their well-being, promising to watch over and protect them after they have taken leave of their homes." What is the national dress of the Slovaks ? This is hard to answer. One might almost say that there are as many distinct styles as there are counties. Near industrial centres the handsome and striking national dress has partly disappeared ; but as industries are an exception and agriculture the rule in the high- lands, national costumes are still worn in abun- dance. The adolescent youth, the married couple, the old folks, each class affects a garb suited to its respective fancies or station in life. Dresses differing either in material or pattern are worn at such functions as weddings, funerals, dances, etc. 158 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY Commonly, the men are smooth-shaven and wear long hair. The younger set, and par- ticularly those who have served in the army, cut their hair short. Near the boundary line, where they mix with the Magyars, both young and old are partial to mustaches. In the matter of trousers the Slovak tailor is as whimsical as his Magyar brother-in-law. While in certain districts fashion seems to dictate tight-fitting trousers, in other places again the pantaloons that are worn attain to the propor- tion of a bifurcated skirt. The same appears to be the case with hats. The waistcoat only covers the chest and shoulder-blades. It is sleeveless. When the weather is cold it may be exchanged for a fur-lined "kamisol." As for the top coat, its nomenclature is as varied as the style in which makers cut it. " Halena" is a popular name, meaning literally a wrap, though "hufia" is another well-known designation for a surtout. Of light, black, brown, or gray cloth, the halena may be either short, to the belt-line, or if fancy so dictates, long, to the knees. Short or long, all halenas are appropriately braided on the collar, in the centre of the back, in front, and in the corners of the skirt. No finery is com- plete without needlework, the designs being SOCIAL CONDITIONS 159 lineal, geometrical, figurative, and floral. Of embroidery men seem to be as fond as women, displaying it generously on their shirt collars and sleeves and on waistcoats, "lajblik." When the latter article is made of cloth, it is sure to be ornamented with rows of fancy buttons, in lieu of embroidery. A loose cloak is worn over the shoulders. In the higher altitudes a fur coat has been found to be an indispensable garment, and the sagacious moun- taineer has a saying : " Until the Easter holi- days keep the sheepskin on ; after them do not let it go." " Krpce," which is a moccasin-like sandal fastened to the foot with thongs, was until recent years universally worn. The pride of every village gallant (among Moravian Slo- vaks) is a hat cockade, " pierko " or " kosirek," made of plumes or feathers — cock and heron feathers most commonly. To knock down one's "kosirek" would be an insult that no village beau could let go unpunished. It is customary for girls to go bareheaded and to braid their hair, except in Upper Trencin and Lower Nitra. " Cepec," a sort of bonnet, is the distinguishing head-gear of mar- ried women. Among the well-to-do peasants down south, where the soil is rich, it is not un- common for a bride to have in her wardrobe 160 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY as many as sixty or eighty bonnets or " parts," a diadem-like head ornament with ribbons attached to it at the back, thirty detachable embroidered sleeves, thirty petticoats, etc. A thoughtful mother will begin to work on the trousseau of her daughter the year of her birth, so that most of the apparel may be complete by the time she arrives at maturity. Usually an outfit like that will do for the life- time of the woman, passing by inheritance to children and grandchildren, like jewelry in other countries. First to the body comes the "rubac" or chemise, homespun of hemp or flax. Cloth skirts are in universal favor, the prevalent tints being blue, black, and green. In the summer- time, cloth skirts are replaced by linen "let- nica." In some counties skirts of customary length are worn ; in others again, as in Nitra and Pressburg, they barely reach to the knees. Attached to the skirt is the waist, or " zivotok," "brucel," or "kordulka," as it is alternately called. The " lajblik," which corresponds to the bodice, is a separate garment. Over the skirt is worn a tunic or " fertuch," as it is called. On this piece is lavished the daintiest em- broidery. In some districts the head is covered with a " polka," this being a strip of white linen, SOCIAL CONDITIONS 161 muslin, or chiffon about nine feet in length, which is wound around the head like a tur- ban and tied behind, permitting the ends, also highly embroidered, to be seen to advantage. The feet are encased in " cizma," top boots. Justly famous is the needlework of Slovak women ; chemises, guimps, bodices, cravats, aprons, and sleeves, the latter always puffed to the elbow and flowing, — all these articles being rich with embroidery. A familiar figure on every European high- way is the Slovak tinker. Having seen him once, you will always recognize him by his picturesque hat, long-hair, and mantle. With rolls of wire and mouse-traps slung over his back, the tinker is a tireless trotter who feels himself at home everywhere, without, however, losing his national type. Almost all the tin- kers come from the district traversed by the river Kysuca, opposite the Silesian frontier. In the town of Caca (Csacza), where they have their rendezvous, you may hear these tinkers conversing together in tolerably good English, French, German, and Russian, besides minor European tongues. House peddling supports hundreds of families who are attached to the barren districts. There are travelling vendors of wicker-ware, of hats, embroideries, spices, 162 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY and ornamental knick-knacks, of cloth and cali- co prints, of mouse-traps, etc. As raftsmen and shingle makers, Slovak skill is much ap- preciated in the lumber regions. In the har- vest time they go down to the great wheat belt to hire themselves as farm laborers. There is depressing poverty everywhere ; but here in the sub-Carpathian cliffs it is crushing. Ex- treme poverty drives thousands to seek a liveli- hood in other pursuits than agriculture. In winter the staple food of the peasantry is cab- bage and potatoes ; this is especially true in upper Trencin County. It is estimated that there live in Pest, the capital, 25,000 Slovaks. Another city with a large Slovak population is Csaba, in the county of the same name, with some 30,000 inhabitants. Yet neither Pest nor Csaba, nor yet Nitra, the one-time seat of Svatopluk's kingdom, holds the same place in the affection of the Slovaks as Turciansky Sv. Martin (Turocz Szt. Marton), a little town of some 3000 people, on the river Turec, which is an affluent of the Vah. Here, high up in the mountains, where the winters are long and severe, the Slovaks have estab- lished their national centre. In the early sixties the municipality of Martin, which was then a village possessing no advantage or at- SOCIAL CONDITIONS 163 traction over other country places, excepting the patriotism of its citizens, offered its hos- pitality to the "Matica Slovenska." That representative body was being persecuted by the government. The leaders of the Matica were so touched by the generous offer that Martin was then and there voted the future capital of the nation. In June, 1861, a memo- rable meeting was held there at which the dele- gates present adopted the " Memorandum," a "Slovak Bill of Rights." Stephen Daxner drafted the document. Since 1861, Martin has witnessed all or almost all the popular assem- blies held. Here stands the " Dom," contain- ing both an interesting museum and a library. Here some of the principal newspapers are printed and published, like the Ndrodnze No- viny, the review Slovens kd Pohlady y etc.; here theatrical performances are given. The " Spe- vokol," a singing society, and "2ivena," the foremost woman's society, have their head- quarters here. Likewise the "Tatra Bank" is established in Martin. Annually, in the month of August, a kind of national reunion takes place in the diminutive capital. Some- how or other a visitor to Martin feels that a tactical blunder has been made in selecting so small a place for the centre of an important 164 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY mission work. A just cause will often fail, or, if not that, at least suffer, for lack of a suitable environment. Discouraging, if not critical, is the situation in regard to schools. Sad to say, there is not a single higher school in St. Stephen's king- dom, public or sectarian, where Slovak is either taught as a subject or used as a medium of instruction. Even the university at Pest is closed to the Slovak language, although it supports a chair of Croatian and has promised to erect one of Old Slavic (obsolete). Is it Svatopluk's ghost again ? Or is it a question of utility ? Hardly that. Any tinker will tell you that with his despised Slovak tongue he can travel over a vast territory in Europe and make himself understood, while with Magyar he is utterly lost the moment he crosses the boundary of the fatherland. Elementary schools are of several kinds : confessional or sectarian, state, and communal. In the 1 6 Slovak counties there were in 1899 596 Protestant (Augsburg) schools, 351 Helve- tian, 2014 Catholic, 410 Russian Orthodox, 117 Jewish, 342 state, 190 communal, 69 mixed. Divided by the language which is used in teaching, 519 were Slovak, 35 Russian, 2076 Magyar, 6 German, 1189 Slovak-Magyar, 192 SOCIAL CONDITIONS 165 Russian-Magyar, 117 German-Magyar. Of the teachers 16 % could not show their training certificates, being by occupation agriculturists and mechanics. Slovakland supports 33 gymnasia, 6 real schools, 16 pedagogical institutes, 2 Protestant theological schools, 5 Catholic and 1 Russian Orthodox seminaries, several convents, and about 140 trade schools and commercial schools, but in all of these instruction is in Magyar. Students are forbidden to converse in Slovak either in or out of school. This rule is strictly enforced, non-compliance therewith being pun- ished with expulsion for panslavism. To read a Slovak book or a newspaper is a still graver offence, and teachers will not hesitate to go through the student's trunk and effects in search of the interdicted literature. Six Catholic bishoprics attend to the spirit- ual needs of the faithful in the highlands, yet not one incumbent is a Slovak. Formerly there were Slovak libraries in Catholic semina- ries, but the ruthless hand of the oppressor has scattered every one of them to the winds. An important personage in every commune is the " notary," whose office corresponds some- what to that of the city clerk in our Western States. One and all of these notaries are un- 166 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY compromising apostles of Magyarization. The mayor who attaches his signature to Magyar official documents, which he does not under- stand, is a helpless tool of the notary. The village has to do the notary's bidding. In many instances he is the local postmaster, and keeps a record of births, marriages, and deaths. The notary, by reason of his official position, possesses information within reach of no other inhabitant in the place. Nothing escapes him. He knows accurately what newspapers and books you read, whether you order your goods from "patriotic" or Slavonian firms. The local priests and teachers, if they be Slovaks, must be on guard before the notary, knowing that he watches and reports their every action. Even the butcher, the innkeeper, and the tailor find it profitable to court the notary's favor. Elections without his assistance or interfer- ence are unthinkable. Only one kind of Slovak reading matter meets the gracious pardon of the mighty no- tary. It is the Vlast a Svet and Slovenskd Noviny y the two most widely circulated Slo- vak publications, but with a Magyar tendency. Slovakland is called systematically the " High- lands" in these papers; Slovaks, "High- landers." These two worthy journals publish SOCIAL CONDITIONS 167 excerpts from Magyar literature ; they print the pictures of ministers from time to time — but Slovak authors and their productions are under ban in their columns. In 1880 a society was established, having for its main object the Magyarization of proper names. Thousands of Slovaks have for divers reasons changed their old-time patronymics. In 1898 a law was created whereby non- Magyar towns and villages shall assume Mag- yar names. Communes, says this law, can have but one official name, z. e. t Magyar. This name shall be designated by the Ministry of the Interior. Justice is administered only in Magyar, not- withstanding the plain language of the " Law of Nationalities." Attorneys may not plead in Slovak. Government officials, the clergy, and teachers are sure of promotion if they Mag- yarize ostentatiously. In the railway, postal, and telegraph service, Slovak is studiously suppressed, and you will not find a railway or postal guide, manual, notice, or map containing one sentence in that language. No one ever thinks of appointing an official to a position in the highlands be- cause of his knowledge of Slovak. On the contrary, officials will openly deny a knowledge 168 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY of Slovak, for fear of being taken for panslavs. As a matter of fact, you may be refused a rail- road ticket if you ask for it in the language of Svatopluk. In some towns, having pure Slovak popu- lation, you may see none but Magyar signs above shops and stores. A mechanic will hang out a Magyar sign above his workroom, not because he is forced by law to do so, but be- cause a Slovak sign would be looked upon as a provocation involving the sure loss of the patronage of the notary, the forester, and the rest of the local dignitaries. Besides, it is a matter of pride with every notary to have as few of these objectionable signs in " their " villages as possible. MAGYAR BROTHERS-IN-LAW. TN their vernacular the Magyars call Hungary * " Magyarorszag," or, literally, " Magyar- land." Is Hungary the land of somebody else, too? Certainly not, say the Magyars. And herein may be found the key to the whole situa- tion, a situation very perplexing indeed, when it is considered that the Magyar element consti- tutes hardly one half of the entire population of the country. Of late it is contended that the fatherland can be neither great nor happy unless all the inhabitants are Magyarized. Szechenyi, the great patriot, it is pointed out, could have had nothing else in mind when he declared : " There are many who think that Hungary has been. For my part, I like to think that Hungary shall be." The year when the Magyars first set foot on the soil of Hungary may never be known. Writers caution us not to accept too readily the many stories and legends which have been woven around the early doings of these Tu- ranians by ingenious native historians. We 169 i;o THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY are assured on good authority that Arpad never existed ; that it is not the name of a person, signifying, as it does, a rank. Almos likewise is said to be a mythical hero. The con- gress at Pusztaszeri was never held, and hence no covenant was entered into there. Similarly the election of early dukes should be relegated to the realm of fables. 1 What battles the Mag- yars fought during the first decades of their occupation of Hungary, and with whom, is equally uncertain. No ray of light glimmers through the darkness which enshrouds the happenings of those distant days. The first authentic account that we have of them is that they assisted the Germans, in 907, at the battle of Pressburg, where Svatopluk's Great Moravian Kingdom was destroyed. After this, driving the Slavonians north and south, the Magyars seized the fertile plains of the in- terior, the Alfold, which they have regarded as their favorite home ever since. " Who came first, Magyars or Slovaks ? " This is a vexatious chapter in Hungarian his- tory. " It is of utmost importance to know," remarks a Magyar writer (Volf), " what peo- ple, if any, have a better claim to priority in Hungary than we. The Germans, Croatians, 1 Julius Botto, in the Slovenske Pohlady, part 12, xv. (1895). MAGYAR BROTHERS-IN-LAW 171 Servians, Russians, and Rumuns all came later than we Magyars, some of them even settling here quite recently. As far as the Armenians, Greeks, and Bulgarians, and other minor nationalities are concerned, that is a matter that hardly merits consideration. We also possess information bearing on the colonies of Slovenes, Bohemians, Moravians, and Slovaks. The only moot point is, whether the Slovenes and Slovaks of our times, or whatever is left of them, are descended in a direct line from the people who constituted the Great Mora- vian Kingdom and hence can claim priority." Then the author proceeds to answer his own questions by saying that the Magyars did not find any Slovaks at the time of the conquest, the latter having migrated to Hungary at a much later period ; that the Slovaks of the present day must not be confounded with the nation that lived in the time of Cyril and Methodius and King 1 Svatopluk between the rivers Morava (March), Danube, and Hron ; that those of them that remained at the time of the conquest were soon assimilated by the Magyars. " Our Slovaks of Upper Hungary," we read in a work issued by the Ministry of Commerce, . " came much later, after the 1 Properly speaking, " Prince " Svatopluk and not King. i;2 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY Hussite wars, from Bohemia and Moravia, and still later from Galicia." Competent scholars like Safank settled the question of the ancestry of the Slovaks a long time ago, and settled it for good. Still, Mag- yar writers are so persistent in repeating this mischievous invention, and it is responsible, directly and indirectly, for so much abuse on the part of a certain class of politicians, who affect to treat the Slovaks in their own home as colonists, even as foreigners, that the matter for this reason demands elucidation. Let us see about the contention of the Mag- yars, that they assimilated the Slovaks soon after the conquest. If we are to believe their own story, the Magyars came to Hungary at the end of the ninth century. Henrik Marc- zali reasons that, as the chieftains usually went to battle with about 20,000 1 horsemen, his people, on invading Hungary, must have been 250,000 strong and numbered, including slaves, 500,000 souls. Scattered over the vast area of the country between the Carpathians and the river Sava and from Transylvania and Buko- vina on the east to Austria proper on the west, how many Magyars could there have been to 1 Paul Krizko in the Slovenskt* Pohlady, September, 1898, in an article entitled " Home of the Church Slavic and the Magyar Occu- pation." MAGYAR BROTHERS-IN-LAW 173 a square mile? During the fierce wars that followed the conquest their ranks must have been thinned perceptibly. Is it believable that the conquerors were in a condition to absorb the natives, who were presumably more numer- ous than they ? Again, is it probable that a race inferior in culture could have absorbed a superior race? When the Magyars invaded Hungary, the Slavonians and Germans were permanently attached to the soil, cultivating it. Christianity and letters had already taken a deep root in the land. In everything, but in the art of war, the indigenous people surpassed the newcomers, who were as yet nomads. Con- tradict it as they may, the truth is that the Ger- mans and Slavonians were the first to teach the Magyars the crude arts of western culture. Everywhere the influence of the superior race was manifest. St. Stephen, who was crowned in the year 1000 King of Hungary, organized its administration in imitation of Slavonian state institutions. Even the titles of his officials, "Nadorispan" (Nadvorni zupan), "udvarnok" (dvornik), " ispan " (zupan), he borrowed from his Slavonic neighbors. Christianity came to the Magyars from the same source. Slavonic priests surrounded St. Stephen's throne — to mention the name of St. Vojtech, Bishop of 174 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY Prague — and Magyar religious terminology is full of Slavisms. Most of the Magyar words relating to agriculture, field implements, plants, fishes, birds, trade, house-building, food, drink, social life, the notions of pleasure and pain and bodily ailments are either purely Slavonic or show unmistakable influence of that language. In 1830 Safarik wrote to Francis Palack^: " My friend, the most ancient repository of our Old Slavic is to be found in Magyar. You may laugh, but it is nevertheless true that our hairy ancestors in Scythia and Sarmatia used to say galamb, kasa, barat, instead of holub (pigeon), kosa (scythe), brat (brother), exactly as our bearded Magyars do nowadays." 1 The Magyars could not have assimilated the 1 A small illustration of how the Magyars have borrowed from their Slavonian neighbors : SLOVAK MAGYAR ENGLISH slama szalma straw seno szena hay brazda barazda furrow stolar asztalos cabinet-maker masiar meszaros butcher podkova patko horseshoe kovac kovacs smith stvrtok csutortok Thursday piatok pentek Friday milost malaszt grace brana borona harrow oblok ablak window pohir pohar goblet MAGYAR BROTHERS-IN-LAW 175 ancient Slovaks, " children of the soil of whom no one knew when they came," for the reason that they never colonized Slovakland. Relia- ble writers like Krizko assure us that in the tenth and eleventh centuries Magyars were all but unknown in the north. The few settle- ments they established there disappeared with- out a trace, merging in the dense native population, like the colonies of Germans with which Slovakland was dotted in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, and which latter were said to have been four times as numerous as those of the Magyars. Can we be persuaded to believe that the Magyars accomplished what the Germans, with their superior organization and Aryan language and incomparably higher culture, failed to do, to absorb the Slovak peas- ants and shepherds ? The truth of the matter is that ever since their coming to Hungary the Magyars were always massed on the Alfold. From the Alf6ld their expansion south and north for centuries has been inconsiderable. But even if it had been possible to have Mag- yarized the Slovaks, where was the incentive ? The idea of nationality, it should be remem- bered, had no place in men's minds then. First came the throbbing of religion ; then the sentiment of nationality. Properly speaking 176 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY there were no Magyars, or Slavonians, or Ger- mans, or Rumuns, before the French Revolu- tion. Caste and birth formed the sole division line — the nobility and zemans being on one side and the serfs on the other. In Hungary the nationalization of the people was late in coming. Until 1791 Latin had been the lan- guage of the state, superseding all other languages. Again, if the present inhabitants of Slovakland are descended from refugees, religious and political, from Bohemia and Mo- ravia, why should the people call themselves Slovaks ? Where did they get the name ? There are Slovaks in Moravia. They speak a subdialect that differs from the Moravian dia- lect. Where did these Moravian Slovaks come from ? True, Hussite Bohemians settled in Slovakland in considerable numbers. Colonies of them sprang up, especially during the armed raids by John Jiskra of Brandys. Numerous ex- iles settled in the country later, during the relig- ious persecutions in Bohemia in the seventeenth century. But all the Bohemian settlements are accurately known : contemporaneous docu- ments enumerate every church, castle, and town that Captain Jiskra or his lieutenants had held. We can even guess, taking the then population of Bohemia as a basis of calculation, what the MAGYAR BROTHERS-IN-LAW 177 number of these refugees had been. Suppos- ing that there were 100,000 of these Hussites, which is an exaggerated figure, we still have the bulk of the nation unaccounted for. The Slovaks are now estimated at 2,500,000 or 3,000,000, Bohemians and Moravians in round numbers at 5,000,000. We may assume that in the past the same or nearly the same ratio prevailed as now. How much population would it have taken from Bohemia to have colonized Slovensko by Bohemians? Strange to say, the Bohemian chroniclers of that time, and they were numerous, have not recorded any such depopulation of their native country. So much concerning the absurd contention that the Slovaks are descendants of refugees from Bohemia. The rise of the Magyar element in Hungary dates back to the end of the eighteenth cen- tury. It came spontaneously. Since King Stephen's time Latin had been recognized and employed as the official language of the coun- try. People of culture also preferred it as a medium of intercourse. A change occurred under Joseph II. That progressive but im- practicable monarch became dissatisfied that Austria should be a polyglot state. He wished his subjects to forget their mother 178 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY tongues and to speak and to know one lan- guage only ; and he decided that that language should be German. Conformably to the reso- lution he formed Joseph II. issued a number of linguistic ordinances that are now chiefly re- membered for the odium they brought on their author. Every non-German land in the mon- archy was aroused to instant opposition. The Hungarian Estates were uncompromising, re- fusing to aid in the enforcement of the ordi- nances. It took just a decade to convince the Emperor that his hateful innovations were a failure, and that, in trying to make Austria German, he had been pursuing an unattainable dream. Therefore, he revoked the ordinances, in Hungary at least. Unimportant as it seemed at that time, the incident may really be said to constitute a turning point in modern Hun- garian history. Latin had in the meantime become an anachronism and the Estates con- cluded that that language was just as objec- tionable to them as German. Why not, since a change had been decided upon, replace Latin with the language of a people who have always guided Hungary's destin)/, who were politically and numerically the strongest single factor in the fatherland? Unanimously the diet agreed that Magyar should be the succes- MAGYAR BROTHERS-IN-LAW i; 9 sor of Latin. First, the experiment was tried in schools. A law was promulgated in 1790 introducing Magyar in the higher institutions of learning. Another law was enacted in 1792 requiring every government official to show a competent knowledge of it. By 1830 the diet recommended to all employees of the state to transact business in Magyar exclusively. Six years later the recommendation assumed the form of an order. 1 By 1848 Magyar became compulsory in the public schools. At present it is paramount in parliament, compulsory in schools, and used exclusively in the administra- tion of the government. The prestige that the Magyar element at- tained as a result of the elevation of its idiom to the dignity of an official language was incal- culable and instantaneous. Until the passage by the diet in 1 790 of the famous ordinances, all natives of Hungary may be said to have re- garded themselves as equal. Since then their 1 A legal opinion which is entitled to some respect contends that a wrong interpretation was originally put on the session law of the diet of 1790-1791. What that law terms " lingua hungarica nativa" should not be translated to mean Magyar, because under an estab- lished custom a person of Magyar birth used to be designated as " Hungarus" while a native of Hungary, other than a Magyar, was styled "Hungarus nativus." "If this be true," reasons the above authority, " lingua hungarica nativa " cannot mean the Magyar lan- guage, but an idiom which is native to " Hungarus nativus," that is Slovak to a Slovak, Rumun to a Rumun, etc. 180 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY mutual relations have undergone a radical change. 1 You fall into the Magyar cul-de-sac the mo- ment you reach Marchegg, on your way from Vienna to Budapest. The transformation is wonderfully sudden, and to an Austrian must be painful. The harsh but familiar sound of German to which your ear has accustomed it- self during your stay in the Hapsburg capital ceases to be heard at Marchegg, a town near the Hungarian frontier, and its place is every- where usurped by Magyar. Even the Austrian double-headed eagle which in Cisleithania spreads its protecting wings over every "Ta- bak Trafik " is seen no more this side of the river Leitha. From now on the only coat of arms that one sees is that of the royal Hunga- rian crown. At home, in the H of burg, Francis Joseph I. may be Emperor of Austria if he likes, and wear the title which his ancestors assumed in 1804, but here in Hungary he must be King or nothing. 1 In 1848 the old-time Latin designation of the country, " Hunga- ria," was abolished for a new name, " Magyarorszag," and the law of 1868 created the fiction that Magyars were the sole nation in the land, the other inhabitants being mere "nationalities" and "alien nationalities" at that. Accordingly, no Slovak may refer to his people in print as a "nation," only as "nationality." Should the proscribed word "nation" nevertheless appear in print the local prosecuting attorney may proceed at once to punish the author. MAGYAR BROTHERS-IN-LAW 181 The Austrians assert that Hungary contrib- utes as her share toward the common expenses 30$ in cash and gets 50^ of rights in return. This reproach may not be wholly true ; yet, if any one ever thought that the Magyars got the poorer side of the bargain they made with Austria in 1867, let him glance at the balance- sheet of Hungary's commerce for the last twenty-five years, and, above all, let him go to Budapest and see that bustling city. With its wide, clean, and well paved "uts" and "utczas," teeming with business, Budapest bids fair to rival Vienna in the course of the next quarter of a century. But few ties — not those of blood and common ancestry, remember — unite Aus- tria and Hungary together. The army and the navy, finances, weights and measures, cus- toms, and foreign affairs are some of the things common to both halves of the empire. Of late years, one or two of those ties are beginning to snap. Already a party is forming in Aus- tria which favors the erection of a tariff wall between Transleithania and Cisleithania. Hun- gary's yearly output of wheat is so enormous that it is beginning to crush the small Austrian miller and flour merchant. Every wall so con- structed will, in the nature of things, mean one tie cut loose. At present the people demand 182 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY that Magyar be substituted for German in their home regiments. To-morrow they are bound to ask some other concession. Eventually the relationship may narrow itself to that of a per- sonal union. And suppose there is a deadlock then ? It is well to bear in mind that, while Austria has survived the cesarean operation known as dualism, she has never been herself since. If another Beust were to be called in, who can prophesy the result ? The contem- plation is a mournful one, that, while Hungary could exist as an independent state without Austria, that power could hardly live without Hungary. Let whoever doubts it glance at the map of the empire. It will be seen that, with Hungary taken out of her geographical body, Austria's boundaries would become un- tenable, inviting territorial spoliation on three sides at once : by Germany, Italy, and Russia. Like most agricultural people, the Magyars appear to have no predilection for business. One can see it in the make-up of their capital, which is more Hungarian than Magyar. Al- though you may hear almost nothing else on the Kerepesi ut and the Andrassy ut but the euphonious tongue of the Arpa*ds, still, scratch a Magyar, and either a German or a Slavonian will turn up ! Rarely, to your query in Ger- MAGYAR BROTHERS-IN-LAW. 183 man, will you receive the answer, " Nem ertem" — do not understand. In the principal thoroughfares of Budapest but few store signs bear names with a Magyar ring. On Jewish New Year the author noticed fully 95 % of the stores in the capital closed. As a matter of fact, the Hebrews lend the weight of their enormous wealth and intelligence to the Mag- yar cause. It is they who constitute the bulk of newspaper readers. What one must respect about the Magyars is their " Schlagfertigkeit," or readiness to strike, to use a German military term. This " Schlagfertigkeit " has always been duly ap- preciated in Vienna. A nation that knew how to change the defeat at Vilagos in 1849, to victory in 1867, must surely possess qualities which even Austria is bound to recognize. The greatest fortune of the race was that the native nobility steadfastly espoused its cause. Unaided by the nobility, the simple-minded and proverbially hard-headed race might have never become the ruling factor in the country which it is to-day. Francis Kossuth, son of Louis Kossuth, said to the writer in the fall of 1903 in Budapest : " I fear that our relations toward Austria are not comprehended abroad. Hungary and Aus- 1 84 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY tria are two sovereign states. The law of 1723 defines our respective positions clearly. We are bound to mutual self-defence, that is all. At each coronation the Austrian Emperor, who is King of Hungary, takes an oath to the effect that he will defend and uphold the con- stitution of the country, and we Hungarians pledge ourselves to defend him in return." And, changing the course of his conversation a little, Kossuth proceeded : " We do not meddle with the internal policy of Austria, but we view with apprehension the endless conflicts between nationalities raging there. It is this racial struggle which renders the country weak. The only hope I see for Austria is that she should reconstruct herself as a confederation. The Germans there are in a minority, and they cannot hope to maintain their hegemony over the Slavonians much longer. To this confederacy we Hungarians would have no objection. We sympathize with the Bohemians in their struggle for home rule. They are entitled to it exactly as much as we are. Their only misfortune was that they had been beaten and almost exterminated. Aus- tria could never down us, except in 1849 ; but she had to borrow troops from a neighboring power to do that." " How is the Emperor-King liked by the Hungarians ? " " There is no disloyalty in Hungary, none MAGYAR BROTHERS-IN-LAW 185 whatever. The greatest trouble with our King is that he is too much of a German." " And what do you want him to be ? " Kossuth answered readily, " A Magyar." " Suppose your relations with Austria were only those of a personal union and in time even that tie became too burdensome to the Hungarians ?" " We Hungarians could not help that." 11 A pamphlet was issued recently in Buda- pest advocating the idea of a ' Nagy Magyar- orszag ' — a Greater Hungary, that should extend to the Adriatic Sea and should include some of the Balkan States. Is your 'Party of Independence ' sponsor to such a plan of terri- torial aggrandizement ? " " No. There are not one hundred men in all Hungary who take such phantasies seriously." " When your father, Louis Kossuth, visited the United States in 185 1 he made a number of speeches there, in all of which he denounced the Austrian Government for tyrannizing the Magyars. It is now charged that your own people are guilty of the same acts of oppres- sion against others. Why is that right now which was wrong in 1848 ?" " There is no persecution in Hungary. The very fact that our census shows 47 % of non- Magyar people in the country proves that there is not and cannot be any persecution." So much for Kossuth. It is the boast of patriotic Magyars that the 186 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY constitution of Hungary is one of the most liberal in Europe. Recently a Magyar noble- man of distinction expressed the opinion, at a public function given in his honor in New York, that the people of Hungary enjoyed the same measure of freedom as Americans did, except that theirs was not a republican form of government. Judging from the applause that greeted it, the sentiment found ready belief in the minds of those who were present. Another sentence that evoked enthusiasm was to the effect that all Hungarian citizens have equal rights under the law, and that protection is assured to the different nationalities in the use of their speech and the development of their respec- tive culture. Theoretically this may be true enough ; whether it is so in fact, and whether " Magyar freedom " implies the same notion as " freedom in Hungary," must be seriously doubted. Observing foreigners have noticed, for instance, 1 that the restricted suffrage, the manner of voting, and the arrangement of the electoral districts is such that, except for the 40 members from Croatia and Slavonia, the Mag- yars, who according to Kossuth constitute only 53 % of the population, hold all but about a 1 Governments and Parties in Continental Europe, by A. Lawrence Lowell, 1896. MAGYAR BROTHERS-IN-LAW 187 score of seats in the parliament. Again, out of a total of 20,000,000 people but 1,000,000 are eligible to citizenship, the bulk of the voters being disfranchised. Until now the elections have been monopolized by the nobility, an- cient and new, by large landed proprietors, captains of industry, and their lawyers. Al- most all the leading statesmen and politicians were aristocrats by birth ! Aristocracy it was that stood at the helm of every revolution. Hungarian premiers, chosen from among the high nobility, managed to build up and main- tain a government party, to which was given the adjective, — does it not sound like irony? — " Liberal." " It is a well-known fact," comments an opposition journal, "that the Liberal party maintains itself in power by means of money wrung from wealthy men who are willing to pay well for a Hungarian patent of nobility. By far the most bountiful dispenser of titles was Koloman Tisza. During his premiership no less than 290 rich commoners were en- nobled. No Hungarian premier since 1848 made such a brilliant record in this particular line as Tisza. The stir that was caused by the elevation of the brothers Guttmann to the rank of barons is still fresh in the minds of opposition journalists in Hungary and Croatia. 188 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY It was charged openly at that time that the government party swelled its election fund by some $240,000, this sum representing the assessment imposed on the Guttmanns for the title. ' Why wonder,' wrote Arpad, sar- castically, i in the Middle Ages baronies used to be conferred on people who furnished their kings with large armed forces. Why in our times should not patriots be raised to the rank, who are able to supply the government with delegates willing to fight its battles in the more modern sense — on the floor of the parliament ? ' " Recently a journal was prosecuted on the usual charge of " incitement against Magyar nationality," it having encouraged a Slovak town to resist, by every means at its command, the Magyarization of its name. Needless to say that the editor was found guilty, and the town authorities lost their cause. Systemati- cally the Slavic nomenclature of cities, castles, villages, mountains, streams, and hillsides up in the north is rubbed off, as it were, and re- placed by Magyar nomenclature. In no other European country has the craze for changing one's patronymic, voluntarily and otherwise, taken such a firm hold as in Hungary. In 1898 alone, 6722 persons changed their names, among the applicants being 58 priests, 123 professors, 116 school teachers, 58 physicians, MAGYAR BROTHERS-IN-LAW 189 10 lawyers, 7 journalists, 33 merchants, etc. It is characteristic that while the government will permit a German or a Slavonian to assume a Magyar name it will in every case refuse the adoption of Slavonian or German patronymics. As things are, it would be clearly hazardous to guess a Hungarian's ancestry by his name. Thus, for instance, the name of that brave Magyar Deputy Polonyi used to be, before the transformation, Pollatscheck. Deputy Veszi, a noted chauvinist, bore the name of Weiss before the exchange. Deputy Visontay's origi- nal name was Weinberger. The publishers Rakosi and Legrady formerly answered to the names of Kremser and Pollack respectively. Irany once upon a time was Halbschuh ; Deputy Morcsanyi, Preslicka ; Deputy Heltay, Hofer ; Deputy-Canon Komlossy, Kleinkind ; Palmai used to be Pereles ; Szederkenyi, a foremost Ugronist, Schoennagel; Deputy Gajary, Bettel- heim ; Deputy Mezei, Gruenfeld ; Deputy Csar- tar, Loeffelholer; Fenyvessy, Griesskorn. With artists and writers it is likewise. It is gener- ally known that the paternal name of the most brilliant Magyar poet, Petofi, was Petrovic. Less known is it that behind Munkacsy, the painter, was concealed Lieb, and behind Laszlo, also a painter, Laub, and that Wilhelmina igo THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY Parlaghy was a Brachfeld. The ancestral name of Matrai, the sculptor, was Mudrlak ; of composer Mosony, Brand ; of pianist Po- lonyi, Pollatsche k ; of composer Konti, Kohn ; of violinist Remenyi, well remembered in America, Hoffman ; of the actresses Fay, Helvay, and Naday — Jeiteles, Schweitzer, and Navratil respectively. Professor Kornfeld changed his name to Koranyi, statistician Hajduska to Korosi, Professor of surgery Kacenka to Racsay, the orientalist and historian Bamberger to Vambery, historian Morgenstern to Marczali, Professor Kominik to Komonyi, and so forth. The Magyars have an instinctive distrust of the Slavs, and they like to believe that all Upper Hungary is steeped deep in panslav- ism. Yet the real danger they do not appear to see — the danger of pangermanism, which is stealthily enveloping Austria and Hungary, threatening to crush them both. The Slavs have still too many of their domestic troubles to settle and to occupy them before they are ready for conquests. Moreover, they are liv- ing in the morning of their history. The Magyars are nothing if not sagacious, but will it not be too late when they at last realize the true source of danger to their national hopes ? PERSECUTION. " Full freedom is assured to the different nationalities in the use of their speech and the unfolding of their culture." — The Millen- nium of Hungary, 1897, page 415; official work approved by Ministry of Education. COUNTLESS cases of the flagitious per- secution of Slovaks could be cited. A few instances, taken from here and there, are printed for the perusal of an impartial reader : Dr. Julius Markovic was a candidate for par- liament from a Slovak district in the present year (1905). Contrary to expectations he was defeated, because over one hundred of his votes were thrown out, unjustly, as he charged. Markovic entered a protest. At once the Mag- yar party filled a counter-protest. The court to which the contest was taken ordered, in fine impartiality, that Markovic and his protestants deposit a security ample to cover the costs of the contest. And as the counter-protestants put in the names of some eight hundred wit- nesses to be examined, to defeat the ends of 191 192 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY justice, of course, the court fixed the disburse- ments at eight hundred florins a day. As the examination of several hundred witnesses would necessarily have dragged on for weeks and weeks, and would have required a security equal to a king's ransom, Dr. Markovic very sensibly gave up the contest, and his opponent to-day sits in the " freely-elected " Hungarian Parliament. The Hungarian postal authorities recently put on the prohibited list the Ndrodni Listy, an influential daily paper published in Prague, Bohemia. The editor went to Pest to see what the trouble was, and there a department head informed him that his journal was excluded from Hungary because, first, it from time to time printed articles hostile to the " Magyar state " ; secondly, " it accused the government of forci- ble Magyarization " ; and lastly, " it encouraged closer literary relations between the Slovaks and Bohemians." On July 23, 1899, during Szell's ministry, a public meeting was held in Sv. Mikulas (Lipto Szt. Miklos). A school teacher, Salva, who has since been suspended for " panslavic agitation," attempted to speak concerning the lack of schools among Slovaks. Joob, a government PERSECUTION 193 official who was present at the meeting, cau- tioned Salva not to use the term " Slovak." The speaker then used the term " man " instead of " Slovak " ; but even this designation proved objectionable, and Salva was not allowed to proceed. The next speaker, Rev. Kubik, was also stopped by J 60b because he alluded to Slovaks as "the men from Liptov County," and to their language as "our mother tongue." A schoolbook prepared for the public schools by John Gyorffy, and approved by the Min- istry of Education, says on page 10 : " Mag- yarorszag is our fatherland, in which live, besides Magyars, people of other tongues. Such people are designated as nationalities. In our country live citizens of German, Rumun, Servian, Russian, Croatian, and Slovene (Vend) nationality who, together with the Magyars, compose one Hungarian nation." Slovaks, as will be noticed, are purposely omitted. Formerly several of the middle schools and training institutes for teachers had modest libra- ries of Slovak books. All these have since been removed. In the pedagogical institute at Trnava, there was a collection of books gath- 13 194 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY ered together by Matzenauer, a well-known writer and patriot, Matzenauer's successor hid the books in a garret and a still later in- cumbent consigned them to the flames. At Stiavnica eight hundred Slovak books were thrown on a rubbish heap. There is a bank in Martin called "Tatra," incorporated originally with a capital of 400,000 florins. The incorporators, all of them promi- nent Slovaks, could not, hard as they tried, obtain a charter, until they consented to put Magyar partisans and government officials at the head of the executive of the board of di- rectors. Even now the bank has on its roster of officers pliant creatures forced on it by the government. Usually it is some renegade of the zeman class who is foisted upon the stock- holders, and who, in return for the salary he receives, keeps the government pretty well in- formed as to the bank's doings. If a loan is made to a " panslav merchant," that individual is sure to suffer for it in the end. The citi- zens of Brehy (Magasmart) applied for a loan to Tatra recently. The local teacher who assisted in the loan negotiations on behalf of the commune was persecuted and harried for it, till at last he was deprived of his place. PERSECUTION 195 About twelve years ago the people built a handsome Casino, or " Dom," as they call it, in Martin. Since the Matica building has been confiscated, the Dom is the only public property of the Slovak people. There are a number of taverns and inns at Martin, but the " Dom," though it is by far the most preten- tious building in the town, cannot get a liquor license. As a result the " D6m " is a pretty bad investment. At Martin they built a cellulose factory in 1903. The " Tatra Bank " financed the scheme, which represented an investment of some $300,- 000 (1,500,000 crowns). Imagine the conster- nation of the promoters and stockholders when the government announced that it would not permit the operation of the cellulose works by the management then in charge. This plainly meant that the "panslavs" who put money in the enterprise must either get out or sell out. For months after completion the cel- lulose factory was forced to remain idle. The one concession that the authorities granted was to permit the management to run the costly machinery every Saturday to save it from rust and ruin. Otherwise not a wheel could be turned in the place. The writer happened to 196 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY be in Martin just at that time, and when the circumstances were related to him he could scarcely believe the truth of it. At last, having first exhausted every means of getting a license from the authorities, but failing everywhere, the stockholders were glad to sell out the "pan- slavic cellulose" to a party of capitalists in Pest. At present the Slovaks are represented by two deputies in the parliament, although by right — providing of course elections were free from violence, intimidation, bribery, and notori- ous partiality — they should have at least forty deputies. But it is only within the last decade or so that they are represented at all. Despite repeated trials in the past no Slovak candidate was fortunate enough to break through the iron ring, and that even in counties having, except for a sprinkling of local officials, pure native population. What is the reason ? The solution of this shocking condition of things is directly attributable to the Hungarian elec- toral law, which is everywhere partial to the Magyar race, and to the corrupt methods em- ployed in election times by government officials. In the first place, electors are arbitrarily dis- franchised by local notaries who prepare the electoral sheets. In Nitra county there were PERSECUTION 197 in 1895 22,812 electors. In 1897 the number was decreased to 17,073. Among the 5739 electors disfranchised for various reasons there was not one Magyar. The electoral lists are prepared with the view of catching the unwary. An old trick is to misspell names. Thus Valek, if he be an opposition Slovak, is entered as Valon ; Kasak as Kassan ; Kucera as Kucuri, and so forth. Another method employed is to enter on the register either the wrong age or occupation of the voter, which of course results in his disqualification, leading, possibly, to arrest and punishment. Deputy Gedeon Ro- honczy declared on the floor of parliament February 14, 1898, that the government spent in the fall of 1896 three millions of the people's money to defeat opposition candidates. Ro- honczy himself admitted receiving a bribe from the government that year, amounting to 5000 florins. 1 In 1879 a number of citizens of Tisovec (Tiszolcz) held a meeting for the purpose of organizing a singing society, and in compli- ance with the law in due time submitted for approval a set of by-laws adopted by them. 1 Charles Kalal's exhaustive article in the Bohemian review Osveta entitled " About the Magyarization of Slovakland," 1898. 198 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY Because of some trivial technicality, the authori- ties rejected the by-laws. Promptly the petition- ers remedied the alleged error and handed in amended by-laws. What became of these no one knew ; but tired of waiting the petitioners in December, 1886, filed a new copy. A few days after the filing a notice was served on the attorney for the petitioners to the effect that his clients had incurred a fine of three dollars, owing to inadequate revenue stamping. An appeal was so far successful that the fine was reduced about one half. A higher court set aside the fine altogether. In the month of May the county authorities at last took up the matter of the by-laws, deciding, however, that in view of recurrent manifestations of disloyalty the by-laws must be disallowed. At once an ap- peal was instituted to the proper authorities in Pest, with the result that the government re- fused to interfere. A third draft of the by-laws appeared before the county authorites in 1890 ; but with no better success than before. Pan- slavism was still rampant among certain classes of Tisovec, explained a patriotic official, and for that reason the by-laws could not be recom- mended to be adopted. From this adverse decision the petitioners appealed anew to the ministry, which in turn ordered the county to PERSECUTION 199 set forth its dissenting reasons more fully and specifically. Thereupon the county reported that in its opinion the industrial classes of Tisovec harbored anti-Magyar feelings. On the strength of this argument, the ministry dismissed the appeal. Just before the elections to the diet, one of the head officials of the county met some of the petitioners by appoint- ment, and then and there entered into a com- pact with them to recommend their by-laws for approval, providing they in turn would sup- port the government candidate. Accordingly the much-tried by-laws were once more sub- mitted for the scrutiny of the authorities. Unfortunately the county clerk did not like the proposed name of the society. So he asked the petitioners to change it and hand in the by-laws at some later day. The suggestion was willingly complied with. After long and patient waiting, it became plain to them that the county officials procrastinated on purpose, and the petitioners, or rather those of them who were yet living, decided to ignore the local authorities and to send a certified copy direct to Pest to be filed there. This so angered the local Magyar patriots that their mouthpiece, the Gomor Kzskont, published a scathing article against Tisovec, calling the petitioners 200 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY bandits ! In course of time the government returned the by-laws to the municipality of Tisovec. What did that corporation think of them ? Of course Tisovec gave its glad sanction — but there the matter rested again. And thus the citizens of Tisovec waited for nineteen years for the approval of the by-laws of a sing- ing society. A number of Slovak working men in Pest decided, a short time ago, to organize an edu- cational society. The ministry rejected the by-laws on the ground " that an educational organization pursuing nationalist tendencies could not be allowed." The Martin Ndrodnie Noviny published an article on May 3, 1897, entitled " Paralysa Pro- gressiva," in which the writer denounced in scathing language the capricious Magyariza- tion of Slavic names of towns, etc., in Nitra County, urging the respective municipalities to resist the practice by invoking the law's aid if necessary. In support of his contention the writer cited the opinion of Charles Taganyi, a member of the Magyar Historical Society who was sent out to report on the matter. Taganyi was adverse to the plan, claiming that " local topographical names were the most PERSECUTION 201 trustworthy witnesses of the past of this or that place, equal in value to documentary proof, and, whenever possible, should be preserved." July 15, 1897, the Ndrodnie Noviny printed another stinging article, called " Slavery from Above and from Below," and written in the usual opposition vein. To the prosecuting attorney both articles appeared libellous, and on June 23, 1898, Ambrose Pietor, one of the editors, though not the author of the articles, was found guilty by a jury of twelve for " inciting against Magyar nationality," and sentenced to state's prison for eight months. When the news spread in Martin that Pietor was returning home, having served his term in jail, the relatives of the popular editor, his friends, and admirers, flocked to the railroad station to shake hands with him and felicitate him on his home-coming. Mathias Dula, it appears, made a short address of welcome when his friend was alighting from the rail- way carriage, and three women, Viera Dula, Etelka Cablk, and Ella Svehla, presented Pietor with flowers. Quietly and orderly the enthusiastic throng now proceeded from the railroad station to the town. At this juncture appeared on the scene — 202 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY more as an agent provocateur than as an offi- cer of peace, for until now peace was not disturbed — Attila Ujhelyi and ordered his gen- darmes to surround the vehicle in which sat Pietor and Dula. Angry and insulted at this unnecessary show of force, the crowd began to sing the national anthem, and continued sing- ing this and other patriotic songs until the editor reached his home. Later Ujhelyi's gendarmes broke into the court of Mudrofi's house, where the editorial rooms of the Ndrod- nie Noviny are located, under the pretext of looking for a " tall man who sang defiantly in their faces." When ordered out of the prem- ises, which they had no right to enter without a warrant of law, the gendarmes loaded their muskets and threatened to shoot if interfered with. The sequel to the above incident came later, when Ujhelyi, anxious to make a record for himself before his superiors as a " scourge of panslavs," lodged a complaint for seditious con- duct, on information and belief, against thirty- two citizens of Martin. Oddly enough Ujhelyi informed on every one against whom he either had a personal grudge or whom he suspected of panslavic agitation, no matter whether he or she were present at the demonstration or PERSECUTION 203 not, as was proved by subsequent investiga- tion. Long and ruinous — ruinous for the defend- ants of course — prosecution ensued, with the result that the criminal court sentenced to prison Matus Dula for 3 months, B. Bulla for 2 months, Svetozar Hurban for 1 month, Vla- dimir Mudrofi 1 month, Andrew Halasa 1 month, Joseph Skultety 1 month, Joseph Capko 1 month, Steve Cablk 1 month, John Cablk 14 days, Ludwig Soltesz 14 days, Joseph Fabry 14 days, Joseph Cipar 1 month, An- drew Sokolik 14 days, Samuel Kucharik 14 days, Konstantin Hurban 1 month, Paul Mud- ron 14 days, Peter Kompis 1 month, Gedeon Turzo 14 days, Julius Branecky 14 days, Anton Novak 14 days, Anton Bielek 14 days ; Viera Dula was fined 50 florins, Etelle Cablk 100 florins, Helena Svehla 50 florins. The Appel- late Court, to which the cases were taken, enor- mously increased the sentences and fines along the whole line. Thus Matus Dula received 6 months imprisonment, Svetozar Hurban 5 months, Mudron 3 months, and so forth. In its insane desire to denationalize Slo- vensko at all hazards, the Hungarian Govern- ment lent its aid to the ''transportation" of 204 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY Slovak children to pure Magyar districts. The first expedition of this kind, conducted ostensi- bly under the auspices of the " Culture Society of Upper Hungary," was undertaken in 1874, and netted 400 children. On the second ex- pedition, in 1887, 1 90 youngsters were captured and separated from their parents without the latter's consent. A third child hunt took place in 1888, and with the assistance of gendarmes 86 children were taken away. The fourth ex- pedition, organized in Liptov County, brought only 15 children. The fifth child crusade is recorded in Nitra County, in 1892, 174 child- ren being herded together for transportation to Magyar districts in the Hungarian lowlands. About this time a violent protest was raised against the inhuman practice and it was stopped. In June, 1904, at Paludzka (Kispalugya) the Rev. Paul Cobrda, while conducting a school examination at that place, sang with the child- ren three popular Slovak songs, one of them being Kto za pravdu hori (" He who is afire for truth "), and at the end of a patriotic talk to the little folk said something like this : " Dear children, remember well your lessons, for it may have been your last examination in Slovak. They may want to deprive you of PERSECUTION 205 your mother tongue in the future, and you may hear nothing but Magyar." On February 23, 1905, the reverend preacher was tried by a jury at Ruzomberk (Rozsahegy) on a charge of sedition, and sentenced to state's prison for six months, to pay a fine of 200 crowns and the costs of the trial, amounting to 560 crowns. Relatives and admirers of the late Joseph M. H urban, patriot and preacher, erected at Hlboka a suitable monument to his memory. Arrangements were made to have the monu- ment unveiled on September 8, 1892. From all parts of the country people arrived to be present at the unveiling ceremony. To the in- dignation of the assembled multitude, and to the poignant grief of the family, gendarmes broke into the church and parish house and ordered the crowd to disperse, threatening to use force unless their orders were strictly obeyed. The widow and immediate members of the family were allowed to enter the ceme- tery conditionally. But the family was not in a mood to barter for conditions with the official in charge of the gendarmes, explaining that, as the local authorities had permitted the unveil- ing ceremony to take place unrestricted, and that as nothing had been done to disturb the 206 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY peace, the ceremony must go on as originally planned or not at all. Smarting under the brutal conduct of the gendarmes, and deeply hurt in his filial affection, the son of the dead patriot, Svetozar H urban Vajansk^, who is editor-in-chief of the Ndrodnie Novzny, wrote a scathing condemnation of the government which tolerated such atrocities, heading his article " Hyenism in Hungary." For the authorship of the article the distinguished pub- licist was prosecuted, convicted, and promptly sentenced to two years in state's prison. Isadore 2iak, in 1898, wrote an article for the Ndrodnie Noviny, under the heading " Megalomania." To put it somewhat irrever- ently, Ziak essayed to prove that the Magyars were suffering from a case of " big head." The district attorney of the place recognized in the article an insult to the dominant race ; in other words, the crime of inciting against the Magyars, and prosecuted the author. On the trial of the case, Ziak's attorney tried to convince the jury that panslavism, for which the Slovaks were being harried interminably, was a myth and an invention. " Not so, however, is pan-Magyar- ism, which purposes to denationalize Hungary." Continuing, Ziak's attorney pleaded : / - PERSECUTION 207 " The prosecution urges you to act in ac- cordance with paragraph 172 of the Penal Laws, which treats of incitement against a class or nationality. Do you remember what that good and honorable Magyar Mocsary said when the law under which you, gentlemen of the jury, are asked to convict my client, was debated in the diet? Mocsary maintained at that time that the law was a device to oppress non-Magyar people. True, Minister Pauler defended the measure, assuring the legislature that those who conceived the law had in mind the protection of Magyars and non-Magyars equally. But what does experience teach us from day to day ? That non-Magyar defend- ants alone are caught in the meshes of this law — for has any one ever heard that this kind of prosecution was brought against a Magyar newspaper for inciting against Slovaks, not- withstanding the fact that it is the latter who suffer most in the columns of the hostile press ? We suspect that the government has an object in bringing all these suits against our principal newspaper, the Ndrodnie Noviny, That ob- ject seems to be to muzzle and to ruin our press. In one year the editors of the Ndrodnie Noviny were saddled with nineteen months of state's prison, and 1600 florins in fines." All pleading and eloquence were in vain, for the sentence of the court was : " Isadore Ziak, having been found guilty of incitement against 208 THE SLOVAKS OF HUNGARY the Magyar race in the article entitled ' Meg- alomania/ is sentenced to state's prison for three months, and to pay a fine of 800 crowns in addition to the cost of the trial." In February, 1905, Igor Hrusovsky, editor of the Povazske Noviny y received a sentence of one year in state's prison and 500 crowns fine because of seditious incitement against the Magyars. Wherein consisted Hrusovsky's crime? In disagreeing with a jury that had found guilty of the crime of incitement John Valasek, a Slovak representative to parliament. As justly famous is the case of the brothers Markovic, one of whom is a lawyer and the other a physician, and of Ludevit Culik, a Protestant minister. On September 22, 1901* Rudolph Markovic, who was a nationalist can- didate for parliament, came in company with his brother to Home Bzince (Felsobotfalu) to speak to his constituents. It appears that both brothers Markovic in their speeches in this place condemned the mad course of the gov- ernment toward the Slovaks. From Bzince the Markovic brothers proceeded on the same day to Lubina, and there again addressed a crowd of about 600 to 800 people, in the usual opposition style of campaign speakers. Rev. PERSECUTION 209 Culik also spoke at the latter place. To the local notary the speeches appeared seditious, and he lodged a complaint against the speak- ers, with the result that the criminal court at Nitra, which town was once the proud seat of King Svatopluk, sentenced Dr. Rudolph Mar- kovic to state's prison for five months with 500 crowns fine ; Dr. Julius Markovic to state's prison for two months with 200 crowns fine ; pastor Ludevit Culik to three months state's prison with 500 crowns fine. From this sen- tence all three defendants appealed to the " Curia Regis " at Pressburg, and to quote the exact words of a Bohemian newspaper/' A most unheard-of thing happened in Slovakland — the Appellate Court reversed the Lower Court and set the defendants free. Of course, the Markovic brothers and Rev. Culik were inno- cent, but nobody expected that a Slovak in Hungary, once sentenced to prison for sedition, could be released from the clutches of the law." Dr. Julius Markovic, after his release, pub- lished the whole case in book form (252 pages) under the title : Nitriansky politicky trestny process. 14 /{ vo v,e - r V s « a. AUSTRO HUNGARIAN MONARCHY Showing SLOVAKLAND or SLOVEMSKO. INDEX Albrecht, King, 66. Alexander I., of Russia, 30, 3i, 32. Arady, Adalbert, 118. Bach, Minister, absolutism of, 87; resigns, 88. Bajza, Joseph I., precursor of Bernolak, 106, 116, 118. Bachat, Daniel, 129. Bartholomaeides, 119. Batthyanyi, Premier, opposes Slavic Congress, 40. Bel, Matthew, 112, 117. Bella, Andrew, 129. Bernolak, Anton, codified Slovak language, 105, 106, 107, 108, 109, 112, 115, 116, 117; founds societies to propagate it, 118, 121, 125, 136. Bencur, Dr. Matthew, 143. Bielek, Anton, 144. Bludek, leads Slovak in- surgents, 84, 85, 86. Boleslav, Empire of, col- lapsed, 13. Bohemians, " Apostles of pan- slavism," 24; establish set- tlements in Slovakland, 67 ; deplore literary secession of Slovaks, 122. Borik, Jaroslav, 80, 84. Botto, John, 137, 140, 141. Bfetislav, 13. Caban, O, 126. Cernansky, S., 119, 125. Cerven. Thomas, 92. 211 Chrastek, Michael, 92. Charles, King Robert of An- jou, 62, 63. Chalupka, Samuel and John, family of writers, 129, 137, 140, 142. Cobrda, Rev. Paul, 204. Cochius, C, 126. Csak, (Csaky) Matthew, noted Slovak rebel, 62; wars on King, 63; ambi- tions of, 64; defeated at Rozhanovce, 64, 65, 103, 134. Croatians, resent Magyar meddling, 72; make war on Magyars, 79. Culik, L., 208, 209. Cyril, Slavonic Apostle, 3, 10, 11, 12, 14, 49, 57, 171. Czambel, Dr. Samo, author of " Slovaci a ich rec," 112, 127. Dattel, Anton, 118. Daxner, Stephen M., drafted "Memorandum," 89, 91, 143, 163. Deak, 94. Dobrovsky, Joseph, father of Slavic philology, 23, 24, 25, 31, no, in. Dobsinsky, Paul, folklorist, 129, 142. Dohnany, Nicholas, 142. Dolezal, 125. Elizabeth pueen, troubles during reign of, 66, 67. 212 INDEX Eszterhazy, 40. Falbi, Simon, 118. Fandli, George, 106, 118. Fejerpataky, Caspar, 123. Feriencik, Nicholas Stephen, 142. Florinskij, Russian philolo- gist, upholds independence of Slovak, in. Frischeisen, Colonel, 86. Francisci, John, 91, 142. Frankfort Parliament, aims at entity of Austria, 35; precipitates Slavic Con- gress, 37, 38, 76, 82. Gaj, Ljudevit, journalist, father of "Illyrism" or unity of South Slavs, 29; supports Jelacic, 73, 81, 82. Germans, builders of cities in Hungary, 60; at height of influence under Joseph II., 61 ; their settlements in Slo- vakland absorbed, 62. Gerometta, E., 126. Godra, M., 119, 129. Graichman, Jacob, 142. Griinwald, Adalbert, 95, theo- ry of extermination of Slo- vaks, 96, 97. Hamaliar, M., 119. Hattala, Prof. Martin, gives to Slovak scientific and Slavonic finish, 108, 126, 127. Havlicek, Charles, Bohemian journalist, 33; dissents from Kollar's views, 34. Hegediis, Roland, 155. Hegel, theories of, accepted by Slovaks, 140. Herder, German philosopher, panslavist seed traced to, 22, 23, 26. Holly, John, Bernolakist poet of prominence, 107, 128, 136. Holly, George, 118. Hodza, Michael M., 51, 65, 80, 84, 85, 86, 108; writes " Epigenes Slovenicus," 125, 126, 127, 128, 134; per- secuted and exiled, 138, 139. Holuby, 80, 120, 143, 154. Hrobon, Samo, mystic and Hegelian, 126, 139. Hruskovic, 125. Hrusovsky, Igor, 208. Hunyadi, regency of disputed by Csak, 67. Hurban, Joseph M., soul of revolutionary movement, 51, 65, 80, 84, 85, 87, 127, 128, 134, 137, 138, 139; Slovak O'Connell, 205. Hussites, 54, invade Slovak- land, 66; introduce Kralic Bible, 68, 104; nationalize Slovaks, 115. Illyrism, abhorred by Mag- yars, 73; meaning of, 82. Jagic, in. Janecek, military leader of insurgents, 84, 85, 86. Jelacic, Ban Joseph, 73, defiant toward Magyars, 74; abolishes serfdom at home, 77, 78; implored to aid Servians, 79 ; wages war on Magyars, 80; adverse criticism of the Ban, 81,82. Jiskra, John, of Brandys, Hussite Captain, 67, 114, 167. Joseph II, Emperor, 95; tries to make Austria-Hun- gary German, 62, 106, 113, 177; his ordinances, 178. Jungmann, Nestor of Bohe- mian letters; views on pan- slavism, 25, 26. Justh, 90, INDEX 213 Kalal, Charles, 197. Kalincak, John, 140, 141. Kellner, Peter, 142. Kmet, Andrew, 56, 143. Kopitar, 23, 25, 31. Kocel, Prince, Slovak ruler, 57- Korvin, 103, 141. Kossuth, opposes non-Magyar nationalities, 51, 69, 71,77; "Kossuth Gibbets," 81, 84, 86, 152; his son Francis Kossuth interviewed, 183, 184, 185, 186. Kollar, John, author of " Sla- vy Dcera," 4; High priest of panslavism, 18; his literary reciprocity and "Slavonic patriotism," 19; appeals to Slavs to unite, 20, 21, 23, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 33, 40, 41, 51, 82, 113, 122, 124, 127, 128, 129, 131, 132, 133, 134, 139, 141, 142. Krai, Janko, 140, 141. Krizko, Paul, 143, 172, 175. Krcmery, August, 129. Krman, Daniel, 112. Kukuljevic, Ivan, first sug- gested Slavic Congress, 39. Kuzmany, Charles, 91, 92, 129, 142. Ladislav, Posthumous, 66, 6 .7- . Leibnitz, his utterance to Peter of Russia, 23. Leska, Stephen, 112. Lewartowski, 86. Lewis, King, 56. Lichard, Milan, 151. Lovich, A., 120. Macsaj, Alexander, 105 ; pre- cursor of Bernolak, 116. Maria Theresa, 106. Markovic, Dr. Julius, 191, 192, 208, 209. Marothy, Daniel, 129. Matuska, John, author of "Nad Tatrou sa bliska," 135, 137, 142. Methodius, Apostle of Slav- onians, 10, 11, 14, 57, 171. Mecislav, of Poland, 58. Metternich, downfall of, 69. Milkin, Tichomir, 143. Modran, 80. Moyses, Bishop Stephen, leads deputation to Emper- or-King, 90, 92. Mudron, Paul, 51, 92. Niederle, Lubor, 1, 55. Nejedly, Joseph, 118. Orszagh, John, 92, 143. Palacky, Francis, his letter to the Frankfort Parlia- ment, 23, 36, 41, 45, 122, 174. Palarik, John, 142. Palkovic, George, 112, 117, 119, 137. Pauliny, 98, 99, 129, 137, 142. Pauliny-Toth, Ziga, 149. Pietor, Ambrose, 201. Podjavorinsky, Ludmila, 143. Podhradsky, Joseph, 129. Pongrac, 67, 103. Pfemysl, 7. Pribina, Prince, 57. Radlinsky, Andrew, 91. Rajacic, Metropolitan, 75, 79. Revay, 90. Rieger, Francis L., 45 ; views on panslavism, 46. Rotarides, 80. Rostislav, Prince, 57. Rudnay, Primate Alexander, 107; munificent patron of letters, 117. Rybay, George, 112, 120. Safafik, Paul Joseph, author of " Slavic Antiquities," 214 INDEX etc., 20, 21, 23, 26, 30, 31, Si, no, 113, 122, 127, 132, 133, 140, 142, 145, 146, 148, 174. Saffarovic, Anton, 118. Samo, founder of Slavic em- pire, 7, 13. Sasinek, Francis, 98, 143. Scasny, J., 126. Seberiny, J., 120. Semian, 125. Servians, revolt and plan "Vojvodina," 76; cruelly treated by Magyars, 79. Sigismund, King, 66. Sinapius Daniel, 112. 3kultety,49, 143- Sladkovic, Andrew, noted poet, 128, 140, 141. Sladkovic, Martin, 143. Slavic Congress at Prague, first family gathering of Slavs in centuries, 39, 41 ; ends abruptly by outbreak of revolution, 43, 77. Soltesz, Ellen Marothy, 143. Somolicky, J., 143. Stephen, King, fosters civili- zation in Hungary, 58, 59, 104; Slavic influence at his court, 173, 177. Stodola, Dr. Emil, 156. Stur, Ludevit, 51 ; revolution- ary leader in 1848, 65, 80, 83, 84, 108, 109, in, 119; reforms Slovak language, 120, 121, 122, 125, 126, 127, 128, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139. Svatopluk, ruler of Great Moravia, 13, 14, 15, 47, 57, _ 65, 66, 97, 171. Suplikac, Colonel Stephen, Servian "Vojvoda," 76. Sulek, 80. _ Szentivanyi, 90. Tablic, Bohuslav, 112, 119, 120. Tisza, " There is no Slovak nation," 98, 187. Tomasik, Samuel, author of the hymn " Hej Slovaci," 129, 137, 140, 141. Tranovsky, 125. Trefort, Minister, 98, 99. Ugron, Gabriel, his utterance on Magyars, 50. Vaclav II, King of Bohemia, 62, 63.^ Vajansky, Svetozar Hurban, author, patriot and leader, 142, 206. Vambery, Arminius, 145. Vansa, Theresa, 143. Vladislav II., 66, 67, 103. Vlcek, Jaroslav, 102. Zach, 84, 85. Zaborsky, Jonas, 123. Zapolya, John, 65. 2iak, Isador, 206, 207. Zoch, G., 129. K> H 96 85«if i 7« > * * «G i# *# BINDERY INC. ^gF ^^ APR 85 *'*?* A MANCHESTER, ^Va\ ^ ^ /^^\ V-^ HECKMAN BINDERY INC. _ ^^ APR 85 fflB# N. MANCHESTER,