SELECT ORATIONS 
 
 OF 
 
 M. TULLIUS CICERO, 
 
 ENGLISH NOTES, 
 
 FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES. 
 
 
 BY 
 
 REY. PETER BULLIONS, D. D., 
 
 LATE PROFESSOR OF LANGUAGES IN THE ALBANY ACADEMY; AUTHOR OF THE 
 
 SERIES OF GRAMMARS, GREEK, LATEST, AND ENGLISH, ON THE 
 
 SAME PLAN; CLASSICAL SERIES, ETC., ETC. 
 
 ** 
 
 NEW- YORK: 
 PRATT, WOODFORD, AND COMPANY, 
 
 4 COUETLANDT-STEEET. 
 1851. 
 
^# 
 
 Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1851, by 
 
 PETEE BULLIONS, 
 
 in the Clerk's Office of the District Court for the Northern District of 
 New-York. 
 
PREFACE. 
 
 fms work has been prepared to form one of the series of School Classics 
 in connection with the editor's Latin Grammar. It embraces ten of the 
 best and most admired productions of the Roman Orator, connected with 
 some of the leading events and most distinguished characters in Roman 
 history. The text of eight of these is that of Orelli, now regarded as the 
 best, and is taken with only a very few alterations, mentioned in the 
 notes, from his revised edition. The text of the Oration for Marcellus is 
 that of Klotz, and of the oration for Milo, that of Madvig; for both of 
 which the editor is indebted to the late edition of Prof. Johnson. In all, 
 the modern has been substituted for the antiquated orthography of the 
 German editors. The brackets, used to indicate doubtful readings, have 
 been omitted as useless in a school book. The greatest care has been 
 taken to secure accuracy in the text, and to render the punctuation more 
 full and as accurate as possible. The section numbers are retained, 
 because it is by means of these that references are made, in the excellent 
 Lexicon of E. A. Andrews, lately published. 
 
 The objects aimed at in the Kbtes appended, are: First, To keep 
 before the mind of the pupil the train of thought or of argument 
 pursued ; for if that is lost sight of, all interest in the subject ceases, and 
 the whole becomes unintelligible or obscure. Secondly, To explain the 
 more difficult constructions and idioms, point out the peculiarities and 
 beauties of thought or expression as they occur, and generally to lead 
 the student to understand the text, and appreciate its beauties: and 
 Thirdly, To illustrate the subject by such historical, biographical, and 
 archaeological notices, as were necessary to explain the text, and to throw 
 light on the numerous allusions to persons and events, doubtless well 
 known to those before whom the orations were delivered, and which 
 must still be known, in order to a proper understanding of the subject. 
 
 In carrying out these objects, the design of the editor has been, 
 neither to supersede the labor of the student, and so deprive him of the 
 
IV PREFACE. 
 
 benefit and satisfaction of doing his work himself, nor to leave him to 
 struggle almost hopelessly with difficulties which might discourage him 
 in his progress, and which a hint might be sufficient to remove. The 
 proper medium between too much assistance, and too little, has been 
 carefully studied, and, while nothing extraneous has been introduced, 
 nothing has been omitted necessary to enable the student, with proper 
 application on his part, to obtain a critical and thorough knowledge of 
 the construction and meaning of each part, and a clear apprehension of 
 the theme and argument as a whole. 
 
 The materials from which the Notes are compiled, have been drawn 
 from many different sources, and, to fit them for the place they now 
 occupy, they have for the most part been so compressed, extended, or 
 modified, as seldom to retain their previous form. Of American authors, 
 acknowledgments are especially due to Dr. Anthon, and, in the latter 
 part of the work, to Prof. Johnson, whose valuable editions of Cicero's 
 Select Orations have been constantly consulted. The general introduc- 
 tion, and also the introduction to most of the Orations, has been taken 
 with but little alteration from the work of Schmitz and Zumpt, prepared 
 for the Classical section of Chambers' Educational Series. From the same 
 work many of the historical illustrations are derived. The translations 
 occasionally given are in general so nearly literal, as to indicate the 
 grammatical construction, and are extended only so far as to give a hint 
 or suggestion at the right time, to set up a guide-board to direct the pupil 
 to the right path, when he might be in danger of losing it, or to show 
 him how to surmount a difficulty, that might retard his progress. 
 
 As valuable attainments cannot be made without an intimate and 
 thorough acquaintance with grammatical principles, idioms and peculiar 
 constructions are constantly noted, and reference made for explanation, 
 to the editor's Latin Grammar, and also to that of Andrews and Stoddard, 
 distinguished by the initials B. and A. & S. respectively, as these are in 
 more general use than any other. The references in the notes from one 
 part of the work to another, are plain and easy to be understood. 
 
 The editor embraces this opportunity to express his grateful acknow- 
 ledgments for the favor — far beyond his expectations — with which his 
 elementary works have been received, and to say that no labor or expense 
 -will be spared on his part, and he believes also on the part of his 
 publishers, to render them worthy of the patronage they enjoy. 
 
 Tkoy, % Y., Sept. 18, 1351. 
 
INTRODUCTION.* 
 
 M. Tullius Cicero was born on the 3d of January, b. c. 106, during the 
 consulship of C. Atilius Serranus and Q. Servilius Caepio, at a villa near 
 Arpiuurn, a municipium in the south-eastern part of Latium. His family 
 was one of the most ancient and noble of the district, and ranked among' 
 the Roman equites. The rough warrior C. Marina was a native of the 
 same township as Cicero ; and Cn. Pompey was born in the same year. 
 
 Cicero received the rudiments of his education in the house of his 
 father, who, far from the bustling turmoil of Rome, in his splendid villa, in 
 a wild and romantic part of the country, devoted his time to study and the 
 education of his sons. As soon as Marcus — who, at an early age, showed 
 extraordinary talents — was sufficiently prepared for the higher branches of 
 study, he was sent to Rome, where his father had a house, and where he 
 devoted himself with zeal, and the most brilliant success, to the study of 
 plulosophy and oratory. In these subjects he enjoyed the instructions of 
 the most renowned men of both Rome and Greece. In his sixteenth year 
 he assumed, according to custom, the toga virilis, and henceforth became a 
 zealous student of practical eloquence in the Forum ; at the same time he 
 pursued the study of the Roman law and of rhetoric with such success, 
 that in his twenty-first year he wrote a work on rhetoric, of which a 
 portion is still extant. The fearful period of civil war between the parties 
 of Marius and Sulla fortunately did not induce him to exchange the 
 -pallium for the toga virilis : he remained faithful to the Muses of rhetoric 
 and philosophy; and thus it happened that, being amply prepared, he 
 entered, in his twenty-sixth year, upon his career as a public orator. He 
 
 * From Schmitz and Zumpt's edition, with little alteration. 
 
VI INTRODUCTION. 
 
 distinguished himself in it, almost without interruption, down to his death, 
 displaying his skill and talent in the most varied circumstances, and stand- 
 ing forth as the greatest orator among his contemporaries. His orations — 
 of which fifty-six have come down to us — are the mirror of his political 
 career, and of the most important events of his life, and are at the same 
 time the most brilliant monuments of Latin prose. The fulness and 
 harmony of his thoughts, the masterly manner and clearness with which he 
 handles his subjects, the transparency and variety of forms, the overflowing 
 and brilliant rhetorical diction, and the simple, unaffected narrative — all 
 these qualities excite our admiration, and are found combined in each of 
 his orations ; although, according to the opinions of ancient and modern 
 critics, one or other may not have received his last and finishing hand. 
 The extant orations form only the smaller part of his literary productions ; 
 we have, besides, a number of rhetorical and philosophical writings — of 
 which it is unnecessary in this place to mention the titles — and an exceed- 
 ingly rich collection of letters, which to us are the best pragmatical history 
 of his age, and together with the orations, constitute the most authentic 
 commentary on his life. Cicero himself willingly acknowledges that the 
 Greeks — such as Plato, Demosthenes, and their great poets and historians — 
 were his instructors and superiors ; and his incessant study of the master- 
 works of -the Greeks has unmistakably stamped upon his own writings the 
 impress of universality and greatness — nay, in his orations he has perhaps 
 even surpassed his models. 
 
 The Orations in this collection are among the most finished and beauti- 
 ful that Cicero ever delivered, and refer to some of the most important 
 events in the history of his time. They furnish a fair specimen of his 
 extraordinary powers as an orator, and are a proof that the author, as a 
 man, is deserving of the highest praise that can be bestowed upon human 
 exertions, and that, amid all the evils and temptations by which he was 
 surrounded, he maintained his character pure and undefiled. 
 
 Soon after his first public appearance as an orator, and after he had 
 already acquired a name and reputation, he left Rome on the advice of his 
 friends ; and for the purpose of strengthening his health, travelled through 
 Greece and Asia Minor, where he formed acquaintances and friendships 
 with the most celebrated rhetoricians and philosophers. On his return he 
 offered himself as a candidate for the qusestorship ; and at the age of 
 thirty, b. c. 75, went as quaestor to Lilybaeum in Sicily, under the praetor 
 Sex. Peducaeus. In the year b. c. 69, Cicero obtained the aedileship ; and 
 three years later, b. c. 66, he was praetor urbanus. While invested with 
 this office, he delivered, among other speeches, the splendid oration for the 
 Manilian bill (pro lege Manilla). The veneration for Pompey which he 
 
INTRODUCTION. VII 
 
 showed on that occasion was entertained by him throughout his life. 
 Having Caesar before his eyes, he could not but look upon Pompey as the 
 pillar of the republic and the old aristocracy ; but whether he was right in 
 so doing, is a question which, considering the historical facts of the case, it 
 is difficult to decide. Pompey was no less ambitious and anxious to obtain 
 power than his great opponent, and his defeat could raise him only in the 
 eyes of one who was an enthusiastic admirer of the ancient forms of the 
 republic. 
 
 In b. c. 63, when he was forty-three years old, Cicero obtained the 
 consulship ; and that year forms the acme of his political activity. The 
 discovery and suppression of the Catilinarian conspiracy procured for him 
 the gratitude of all well-disposed Romans, and the love of the people ; but 
 at the same time drew upon him the hatred of many of the nobles. In his 
 speeches against Catiline, Cicero often alludes to the secret friends of 
 Catiline, and to the dangers to which he was exposing himself by his 
 resolutely combating the conspirators. His apprehensions became speedily 
 realized ; for a few years later, he was crushed by the intrigues of the 
 tribune P. Clodius, who, favored even by Caesar, accused him of having, 
 in his consulship, caused Roman citizens (the accomplices of Catiline) to 
 be put to death, contrary to law, and without a trial ; and who, in spite of 
 the reluctance of the people, caused — in conjunction with the consuls 
 L. Calpurnius Piso and A. Gabinius — Cicero to be exiled, b. c. 58, having 
 previously carried a law by which these proceedings became legalized. 
 During his exile, Cicero resided at Thessalonica with the quaestor Cn. 
 Plancius; but he returned after an absence of sixteen months; and the 
 hearty welcome which he met with was a compensation and consolation 
 for the wrong he had suffered. 
 
 The history of the years which then followed is best illustrated by his 
 letters ; they show how he watched the steps of Caesar, and how he 
 judged of the course of events. His attaching himself more and more 
 closely to the party of Pompey was no more than consistent. After the 
 death of M. Crassus, who had fallen in the war against the Parthians, 
 Cicero, by the unanimous desire of the augurs, became a member of their 
 college, a dignity to which only the first and most tried men of the republic 
 were admitted. Two years after this he also displayed his talents as a 
 military commander ; for having obtained the proconsular administration 
 of the province of Cilicia, he defended that country so successfully against 
 the attacks of the Parthians, that after he had defeated the enemy in a 
 decisive battle at the foot of Mount Amanus, his soldiers saluted him with 
 the title of imperator. This happened b. c. 51, and the senate honored 
 him on his return with a triumph. 
 
V1U INTRODUCTION. 
 
 During the distressing years of the civil war between J. Caesar and 
 Cn. Pompey which now followed, Cicero indeed sometimes appears uncer- 
 tain what to do ; but his conduct is never equivocal. He remained faithful 
 to the cause of Pompey ; and at first entertained the hope that the party 
 to which he belonged would come forth victorious from the struggle. 
 Before the commencement of the decisive contest, he endeavored to recon- 
 cile the two great antagonists with each other ; but at last, when every 
 hope of preserving peace had disappeared, he followed his friend Pompey 
 to Greece. It was in vain that many of his most distinguished and well- 
 meaning friends cautioned him against an act of open hostility to Caesar ; for 
 he remaiued firm and determined. He did not, however, take any part in 
 the battle of Pharsalus, b. c. 48 ; and as soon as he was informed of the 
 unfortunate issue of the contest, and of the flight of Pompey, he returned 
 to Italy, and remained for a time at Brundusium. Caesar himself had re- 
 quested him, through Dolabella, to return. Subsequently Cicero repented 
 of this step, and endeavored to excuse himself before his friends for this 
 separation from Pompey. Meanwhile Caesar continued his victorious 
 career, having sent M. Antony to Italy to watch his interests at Rome. 
 Antony, who met Cicero at Brundusium, spared the partisan of Pompey, 
 though probably not of his own accord. From Brundusium Cicero betook 
 himself to his villa near Tusculum. Soon after he returned to Rome ; and 
 although he did not lose sight of the events which took place at the time, 
 he sought comfort and relaxation among his old and faithful friends — his 
 books. 
 
 Towards the end of July, b. c. 47, the victorious dictator, J. Caesar, 
 returned to Rome from his wars in Egypt and Asia, and showed himself 
 forgiving and kind towards Cicero. Caesar's clemency is praised by Cicero 
 in the two orations for Ligarius and King Deiotarus, both of which belong 
 to this period, b. c. 46 and 45. The glowing admiration — nay, deification 
 of Caesar — in these orations, is not the adulation of a calculating rhetori- 
 cian ; for Cicero, as well as his contemporaries, knew Caesar's greatness as 
 a general, his extraordinary acquirements, and intellectual superiority; but 
 he detested his unmeasured love of dominion ; he hated the tyrant. Ho 
 unreservedly expressed his joy at the murder of Ca3sar ; nor did he after- 
 wards conceal it before M. Antony, Caesar's successor ; and his Philippics 
 furnish an eloquent testimony of his unalterable aversion against the 
 enemies of the republic. Every enemy of M. Antony was welcome to 
 him, the hatred against whom made him an ardent admirer of Caesar 
 Octavianus, who, from the first, pursued the same course to which Caesar 
 had fallen a victim. But this same young man, whom he had looked upon 
 as the brightest hope, and as the saving anchor of the republic, concluded 
 
INTRODUCTION. IX 
 
 peace and friendship with Cicero's bitterest enemy ; and to the alliance 
 between these two Cicero fell a sacrifice, along with the noblest of the 
 senators. The aged orator happened to be staying at his villa near 
 Tusculum, when he was informed of the proscription, containing the names 
 of seventeen senators, and among them those of himself and his brother 
 Quintus. He determined to take to flight ; and from his villa of Astura, 
 on the sea-coast, he embarked on board a ship, but was detained by con- 
 trary winds : at length, having proceeded as far as Caieta (Caeta), he 
 landed in order to take rest in Ms villa near FormiEe. But no sooner had 
 he arrived there than he learned that the place was surrounded by 
 soldiers : he fled towards the coast, but was overtaken by the emissaries. 
 The servants who accompanied him offered to defend him, but Cicero 
 forbade it : he ordered the sedan-chair in which he was carried to be put 
 down, and calmly looked at the murderers who were rushing towards him. 
 They were led on by Popilius Lsenas, whose life had been once saved by 
 Cicero in a criminal accusation. Cicero stretched forth his neck as far as 
 he could from the lectica, and bade them accomplish their work, and take 
 what they were seeking. They cut off Ms head and both hands; and 
 Popilius La3nas hastened to Rome to carry the welcome present to. 
 Antony, and received Ms reward. Antony ordered the head to be nailed 
 to the rostra between the hands : this was his answer to the PMlippics ! 
 
 Thus died Cicero, on the 1th of December, b. c. 43, ten days after the 
 establishment of the triumvirate of Antony, Octavianus, and Lepidus, 
 towards the end of the sixty-fourth year of his life. 
 
 His fertility as an author during the later years of his life is truly 
 astonishing ; nearly all Ms philosophical writings were composed in the 
 years b. c. 45 and 44, and the latter of them especially was at once the 
 most fruitful and important It was this uninterrupted occupation with 
 the loftiest and noblest questions of human life, that gave hmi the strength 
 and calmness with which he calmly looked death in the face. 
 
 Cicero was of a tall, thin figure ; his neck was particularly long ; his 
 features regular and manly, and the expression of Ms countenance dignified 
 and winning. His bodily constitution was naturally weak ; but by a well- 
 regulated mode of life, he had so strengthened it, that he bore with ease 
 the exertions of a public orator, and of an unwearied student, down to his 
 old age. In his domestic life he was amiable towards every body, indulgent 
 towards his children, kind to his friends, and generous towards Ms slaves. 
 His domestic establishment was splendid, and his house was the resort 
 of all the distingmshed men of the age. During the morning, until ten 
 o'clock, he received visitors ; and during the day he worked in Ms library ; 
 1* 
 
X INTRODUCTION. 
 
 the evening- was the time for the principal meal and for company. When 
 in the circle of his friends, he was always cheerful, and particularly witty : 
 his sarcasms were celebrated throughout Rome; and Coesar himself is said 
 to have requested that they should be collected and recorded. After 
 Cicero's death, his freedman, M. Tullius Tiro, made a complete collection 
 of his witty and humorous sayings in three books, which are unfortunately 
 lost. 
 
 The splendor and variety of his life was heightened by the number of 
 his magnificent villas, in which, notwithstanding the contempt of works of 
 art which he feigns in the speeches against Verres, he testified in the 
 noblest manner his taste and love of the beauties of nature. Most of them 
 were situated on the most exquisite spots, near the beautiful coasts of 
 Campania and Latium ; and they were adorned with the finest sculptures 
 of Greek workmanship, and with the most elegant and tasteful furniture. 
 The large sums which Cicero speut upon the erection and embellishment 
 of these villas, were acquired especially by the numerous and rich legacies 
 which were left to him by friends and clients during the period of his 
 public career ; for it was customary at Rome for grateful clients to leave 
 to their patrons a portion of their property, as a token of their gratitude ; 
 and to receive such legacies was thought highly honorable. His delight in 
 building, however, as we know from his letters, sometimes led him beyond 
 his means, which obliged him afterwards to economize. 
 
 Cicero's love of splendor, though in all the relations of life he was 
 dignified, moderate, and of a strictly moral purity, is nearly akin to his 
 manifest desire to win applause, recognition, and fame. His enemies 
 ridiculed his vanity ; but many did not understand that it would have been 
 something superhuman not to feel exalted by the consciousness of his own 
 worth, considering his extraordinary talents, and what he had accom- 
 plished. Cicero did not indeed detract from his own merits, nor did he 
 conceal them ; but he never exaggerated them. 
 
 The family relations of our author were at first happy. In his letters 
 he speaks with great affection of his wife Terentia and his daughter Tullia ; 
 but in b. c. 45, his daughter Tullia died, and he divorced his wife. His son 
 Marcus, who survived him for many years, was not worthy of his great 
 father. 
 
 We cannot conclude this brief outline without mentioning M, Tullius 
 Tiro, the freedman and friend of Cicero, who arranged the literary remains 
 of his illustrious friend with skill and learning. A large number of 
 Cicero's works has come down to our time ; .but we have yet to lament the 
 irreparable loss of several orations and theoretical works ; for none of the 
 productions of a mind like Cicero's can be looked upon with indifference. 
 
ORATIONS 
 
EN 
 
 L. C A T I L I I A M 
 
 ORATIO PRIMA 
 HABITA IN SENATU. 
 
 I. 1. ^uousque tandem abutere, Catilina, patientia nostra? 
 Quamdiu etiam 2 raror iste tuns nos 3 eludet ? 4 Quern ad finem 
 sese effrenata jactabit audacia? 5 jS"ihilne te 'nocturnum prsesi- 
 diuni Palatii, nihil 7 urbis \-igilise, niliil 8 timor populi, nihil concur- 
 sus bonorum omnium, nihil hie mumtissimus 9 habendi senatus locus, 
 nihil horum w ora vultusque moverunt? "Patere tua consilia non 
 sentis ? Constrictam jam horum omnium conscientia teneri con- 
 jiuationem tuam non vides ? Quid 12 proxima, quid superiore 
 nocte egeris, ubi fueiis, quos convocaveris, quid consilii ceperis, 
 quern nostrum ignorare arbitraris ? 2. O tempora ! mores ! 
 Senatus hsec intelligit, consul Yidet: 13 hic tamen vivit. Vivit? 
 Immo vero etiam in senatum venit : fit publici consilii particeps : 
 notat et designat oculis ad coedem unum quemque nostrum. Nos 
 autem, 14 viri fortes, satisfacere rei publicae videmur, si 15 istius furo- 
 rem ac tela vitemus. Ad mortem te, Catilina, duci jussu consulis 
 jampridem oportebat ; in te conferri 16 pestem istam, quam tu in 
 nos omnes jamdiu machinaris. 3. 17 An vero vir amplissimus, P. 
 Scipio, pontifex maximus, Ti. Gracchum 18 mediocriter labefactan- 
 tem statum rei publicse privatus interfecit : Catilinam orbem tcrrae 
 caede atque incendiis vastare cupientem, nos consules perferemus ? 
 
2 ORATIO I. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 19 Nam ilia liimis antiqua prsetereo, quod C. Servilius Ahala, Sp. 
 Mselium novis rebus studentem, manu sua occidit. Fuit, fuit 20 ista 
 quondam in hac re publica virtus, ut viri fortes acrioribus suppliciis 
 civem perniciosum, quam acerbissimum hostem coercerent. 21 Ha- 
 bemus senatus consultum in te, Catilina, vehemens et grave : non 
 deest 22 rei publicse consilium, neque auctoritas hujus ordinis : nos, 
 nos, dico aperte, consules desumus. 
 
 IX 4. Decrevit 1 quondam senatus, ut L. Opimius consul vide- 
 ret, ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet. Nox nulla intercessit : 
 interfectus est propter quasdam seditionum suspiciones C. Gracchus 
 2 clarissimopatre,avo, majoribus ; occisus est cum liberis 3 M. Fulvius 
 consularis. Simili senatus consulto 4 C. Mario et L. Valerio consu- 
 libus est permissa res publica. Num unum diem postea 5 L. Satur- 
 ninum tribunum plebis, et C. Servilium pra3torem mors ac rei pub- 
 lico poena remorata est? At vero nos 6 vicesimum jam diem 
 patimur bebescere aciem borum auctoritatis. Habemus enim hu- 
 jusmodi senatus consultum, verumtamen inclusum in tabulis, tam- 
 quam in vagina reconditum : quo ex senatus consulto 7 confestim 
 interfectum te esse, Catilina, convenit. Vivis : et vivis non ad de- 
 ponendam, sed ad confirm andani audaciam. Cupio, 8 Patres con- 
 scripti, me esse clementem ; cupio in tantis rei publicse periculis 
 me non 9 dissolutum \ideri : sed jam me ipsum inertiaB nequitiaeque 
 condemno. 5. Castra sunt in Italia contra rem publicam in 10 Etru- 
 riae faucibus collocata : crescit in dies singulos hostium numerus : 
 eorum autem castrorum imperatorem, ducemque hostium intra 
 moenia atque adeo in senatu videmus, intestinam aliquam quo- 
 tidie perniciem rei publicse molientem. Si te jam, Catilina, 
 comprehendi, si interflci jussero: "credo, erit verendum mihi, ne 
 non hoc potius omnes boni serius a me, quam quisquam crudelius 
 factum esse dicat. Verum ego hoc, quod jampridem factum esse 
 oportuit, 12 certa de causa nondum adducor, ut faciam. Turn 
 denique interficiam te, quum jam nemo tarn improbus, tarn per- 
 ditus, tam 13 tui similis invenhi poterit, qui id non jure factum esse 
 fateatur. 6. Quamcliu quisquam erit, qui te defendere audeat, 
 vives : sed vives ita, ut vivis, multis meis et firmis prsesidiis obses- 
 
ORATIO I. IN CATILINAM. 3 
 
 bos, ne commovere te contra rem publicain possis. Multorum te 
 ctiam oculi et aures non sentientem, sicut adhuc fecerunt, specu- 
 labuntur atque custodient. 
 
 m. Etenioi quid est, Catilina, quod jam amplius exspectes, si 
 neque nox tenebris obscurare coetus ^efarios^ec "privata domus 
 parietibus continere voces conjurationis tua? potest ? Si illustran- 
 tur, si erumpunt omnia ? Muta jam 3 istam mentem, mihi crede : 
 obliviscere casdis atque incendiorum. Teneris undique : luce sunt 
 clariora nobis tua consilia omnia : qua? jam mecum licet recog- 
 noscas. 7. Meministine me 4 ante diem XII. Kalendas Novernbres 
 dicere in senatu, fore in armis certo die, qui dies ruturus esset ante 
 diem VI. Kal. Novembres, C. Manlium, audacise 5 satellitem atque 
 administrum tuse ? Num. me fefellit, Catilina, non modo res tanta, 
 tarn atrox, tarn incredibilis, veram, id quod multo magis est admi- 
 randum, dies ? Dixi 6 ego idem in senatu, csedem 7 te optimatium 
 contulisse in ante diem V. Kalendas Novembres, turn, quum miu'ti 
 piincipes cmtatis Roma, non tarn sui conservandi, quam tuorum 
 consiliormn reprimendorum causa promgerunt. Num infitiari 
 potes te illo ipso die meis prassidiis, mea diligentia circimiclusum, 
 commovere te contra rem publicam non potuisse, quum tu, discessu 
 ceterorum, 8 nostra tamen, qui remansissemus, csede contentum te 
 esse dicebas ? 8. 9 Quid ? quum tu te Prameste Kalendis ipsis 
 -Sovembribus occupaturum nocturno impetu esse confideres : sen- 
 sistine illam coloniani meo jussu, meis prsesidiis, custodiis, \igiliisque 
 esse munitam ? Nihil agis, nibil molhis, nibil cogitas, quod ego 
 10 non modo audiam, sed etiam videam planeque sentiam. 
 
 IV. Recognosce tandem mecum 1 noctem illam superiorem : 
 jam intelliges multo me vigilare acrius ad salutem quam te ad 
 perniciem rei publicse. Dico te priore nocte venisse ' inter falcarios 
 (non agam obscure), in M. LascaB domum : convenisse eodem 
 3 complines ejusdem amentia? scelerisque socios. Num negare 
 audes ? Qmd taces ? 4 Comincam, si negas. Video enim esse 
 hie in senatu quosdam, qui tecum una fuerunt. 9. O dii immor- 
 tales ! ubinam gentium sumus ? Quam rem publicam habemus ? 
 In qua urbe xi^mu^s? Hie, hie sunt, nostro in numero Patres 
 
4 ORATIO I. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 conscripti, in hoc orbis terras 5 sanctissimo gravissimoque consilio, 
 qui de nostro omnium interitu, 6 qui de hujus urbis atque adeo 
 orbis terrarum exitio cogitent. Hosce ego video consul, 7 et de re 
 publica sententiam rogo ! Et, quos ferro trucidari oportebat, eos 
 nondum voce vulnero ! Fuisti igitur apud Lascam ilia nocte, 
 Catilina : 8 distribuisti partes Italias : statuisti, quo quemque profi- 
 cisci placeret : delegisti, 9 quos Romas relinqueres, quos tecum 
 educeres ; descripsisti urbis partes ad incendia ; 10 connrmasti te 
 ipsum jam esse exiturum ; dixisti paullulum tibi esse etiam nunc 
 moras, quod ego viverem. Reperti sunt n duo equites Romani, 
 qui te ista cura liberarent, et sese ilia ipsa nocte paullo ante lucem 
 me in meo lectulo interfecturos esse policerentur. 10. Hasc ego 
 omnia, vixdum etiam ccetu vestro dimisso, 12 comperi : domum 
 meam majoribus prassidiis munivi atque firmavi : exclusi eos, quos 
 tu mane 13 ad me salutatum miseras, quum illi ipsi venissent, quos 
 ego jam multis ac summis viris ad me id temporis venturos esse 
 prasdixeram. 
 
 V. 1 Quas quum ita sint, Catilina, perge, quo coepisti : egredere 
 aliquando ex urbe : patent portas : proficiscere. Nimium diu te 
 imperatorem 2 tua ilia Manliana castra desiderant. Educ tecum 
 etiam omnes tuos: 3 si minus, quam plurimos. Purga urbem. 
 Magno me metu liberabis, dummodo inter me atque te 4 murus 
 intersit. Nobiscum versari jam diutius non potes : non feram, non 
 patiar, non sinam. 11. 6 Magna diis immortalibus habenda est, 
 atque huic ipsi Jovi Statori, antiquissimo custodi bujus urbis, 
 gratia, quod banc tam tetram, tarn horribilem tamque infestam rei 
 publicas pestem toties jam effugimus. Non est saspius 6 in uno 
 bomine summa salus periclitanda rei publicas. Quamdiu mini 
 7 consuli designato, Catilina, insidiatus es, non publico me prassidio, 
 sed privata diligentia defendi. Quum 8 proximis comitiis con- 
 sularibus me consulem in campo, et competitores tuos interflcere 
 voluisti, compressi conatus tuos nefarios amicorum prsesidio et 
 copiis, nullo tumultu publice concitato : denique, quotiescunque me 
 9 petisti, per me tibi obstiti : quamquam videbam perniciem meam 
 cum magna calamitate rei publicas esse conjunctam. 10 Nunc jam 
 
OKATIO I. IN CATILINAM. 5 
 
 aperte rem publicam universam petis : tenipla deorum irnmorta- 
 ]ium, tecta urbis, vitam omnium civium, Italiam denique totani, ad 
 exitium ac vastitatem vocas. 
 
 12. Quare, quoniam "id, quod est piimurn, et quod hujus im- 
 perii disciplinaeque majorurn propriurn est, facere nondum audeo, 
 faciam id, quod est ad severitatern lenius, et ad cornmunern salu- 
 tem utilius. Nam, si te interfici jussero, residebit in re publica 
 reliqua conjuratoruin manus ; sin tu ( 12 quod te jamdudum liortor) 
 exieris, 13 exhaurietur ex urbe tuorum comitum magna et pernici- 
 osa sentina rei publics?. 13. "Quid est, Catilina? ISTum dubitas 
 id, me imperante, facere, quod jam tua sponte faciebas ? Exire 
 ex urbe jubet consul hostem. Interrogas me, num in exsilium ? 
 Non jubeo: sed 15 si me consulis, suadeo. 
 
 VI. * Quid est enim, Catilina, quod te jam in hac urbe delec- 
 tare possit ? 2 In qua nemo est extra istam conjurationem perdi- 
 torum hominum, qui te non metuat ; nemo, qui non oderit. Quae 
 nota domestica3 tm'pitudinis 3 non inusta vitse tuae est? Quod 
 privatarum rerum dedecus non bceret infamias? Quse libido ab 
 oculis, quod facinus a manibus unquam tuis, quod flagitium a toto 
 corpore abfuit? Cui tu adolescentulo, quern comrptelaruni ille- 
 cebris hretisses, non aut ad audaciam fen-urn, aut ad libidinem 
 £acem praetulisti ? 14. 4 Qmdvero? Nuper, 5 quum morte supe- 
 rioiis uxoris no\*is nuptiis domum vacuefecisses, nonne etiam alio 
 incredibili scelere hoc scelus cumulasti? Quod ego praetemiitto, 
 et facile patior sileri ; ne in bac ci\itate tanti facinoris immanitas 
 aut exstitisse, aut non vindicata esse videatur. Praetermitto ruinas 
 fortunarum tuarum, quas omnes impendere tibi proximis Idibus 
 6 senties : ad ilia venio, quae non ad privatam ignominiam \itiorum 
 tuorum, non ad domesticam tuam difficultatem ac turpitudinem, 
 sed ad sumnram rem publicam atque ad omniiun nostram ^itain 
 salutemque pertinent. 15. Potestne tibi haec lux, Catilina, aut 
 bujus cceli spiritus esse jucundus, quum scias 7 hoi*um esse nemi- 
 nem, qui nesciat te pridie Kalendas Januarias, Lepido et Tullo 
 consulibus, stetisse in comitio cum telo ? Manum, consulum et 
 principum cmtatis intei-ficiendorum causa, para\isse ? Sceleri ac 
 
3 ORATIO I. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 furori tuo non mentem aliquam ant timorem tuum, sed fortunam 
 populi Romani obstitisse ? 8 Ac jam ilia omitto (neque enim sunt 
 ant obscura aut non multa post commissa) : quotiens tu me desig- 
 natum, qnotiens consulem interficere conatus es ! Quod ego tuas 
 9 petitiones ita conjectas, ut vitari posse non viderentur, parva 
 quadam declinatione, et, ut aiunt, corpore effugi! 10 Nihil agis, 
 nihil assequeris, nihil moliris, neque tamen conari ac velle desistis. 
 16. Quotiens tibi jam extorta est sica ista de manibus! Quotiens 
 vero excidit casu aliquo et elapsa est ! Tamen ea carere diutius 
 non potes : " quae quidem quibus abs te initiata sacris ac devota sit, 
 nescio, quod earn necesse putas esse in consulis corpore defigere. 
 
 VII. Nunc vero, quae tua est ista vita? *Sic enim jam 
 tecum loquar, non ut odio permotus esse videar, quo debeo, sed ut 
 misericordia, quae tibi nulla debetur. Venisti paullo ante in sena- 
 tum. Quis te ex hac tanta frequentia, tot ex tuis 2 amicis ac 
 necessariis salutavit? Si hoc post hominum memoriam contigit 
 nemini, 3 vocis exspectas contumeliam, qnum sis gravissimo judicio 
 taciturnitatis oppressus ? 4 Quid, quod adventu tuo ista subsellia 
 vacnefacta sunt ? quod omnes consulares, qui tibi persaepe ad 
 caedem constitnti fuerunt, simul atque assedisti, partem istam sub- 
 sellioram nudam atque inanem reliquerunt, quo tandem animo hoc 
 tibi ferendum putas? 17. Servi mehercule mei si me 5 isto pacto 
 metuerent, ut te metuunt ornnes cives tui, domum meam relinquen- 
 dam putarem : tu tibi urbem non arbitraris ? Et, si me meis 
 civibus 6 injuria suspectnm tarn graviter atque ofFensum viderem, 
 carere me adspectu civium, quam infestis oculis omnium conspici 
 mallem : tu, quum conscientia scelerum tuorum agnoscas odium 
 omnium justum et jam diu tibi debitum, dubitas, quorum mentes 
 sensusque vulneras, eorum adspectum praesentiamque vitare ? Si 
 te parentes timerent atque odissent tui, neque eos ulla ratione 
 placare posses, ut opinor, ab eorum oculis aliquo concederes: nunc 
 te patria, quae communis est omnium nostrum parens, o'dit ac 
 metuit, 7 et jamdiu te nihil judicat nisi de pamcidio suo cogitare. 
 Hujus tu neque auctoritatem verebere, nee judicium sequere, nee 
 vim pertimesces? 18. 8 Quae tecum, Catilina, sic agit, et quodam 
 
ORATIO I. IN CATILINAM. 7 
 
 modo tacita loquitur : " Nullum jam aliquot annis facinus exstitit 
 nisi per te ; nullum flagitium sine te ; tibi uni multorum civium 
 neces, tibi vexatio direptioque sociorum 9 impunita fuit ac libera ; 
 tu non solum ad negligendas leges et qusestiones, verum etiam ad 
 evertendas perfringendasque valuisti. 10 Superiora ilia, quamquam 
 ferenda non fuemnt, tamen, ut potui, tiili : "nunc vero me totam 
 esse in metu propter unum te, quidquid increpuerit, Catilinam 
 timeri, nullum videri conti'a me consilium iniri posse, quod a tuo 
 scelere abhorreat, non est ferendum. Quamobrem discede, atque 
 nunc mini timorem eripe : si est verus, ne opprimar ; sin falsus, ut 
 tandem aliquando timere desinam." 
 
 VIII. 19. Haec si tecum, ut dixi, patria loquatur, hionne 
 impetrare debeat, etiam si vim adhibere non possit ? 2 Quid, quod 
 tu te ipse in custodiam declisti ? quod vitandse suspicionis causa ad 
 M'. Lepidum te habitare velle dixisti ? A quo non receptus, etiam 
 ad me venire ausus es, atque, ut domi niese te asservarern, rogasti. 
 Quum a me quoque id responsi tulisses, me niulo modo posse 
 3 iisdem parietibus tuto esse tecum, qui magno in periculo essem, 
 quod iisdem mcenibus contineremur, ad 4 Q. Metellum praetorem 
 venisti. A quo repudiatus, ad sodalem tuum, 5 virum optimum, 
 M. Marcellum dernigrasti ; quern tu videlicet et ad custodiendum 
 te diligentissimum, et ad suspicandum sagacissimum, et ad vindi- 
 candum foi-tissimum fore putasti. Sed quam longe videtur a 
 carcere atque a vinculis abesse debere, qui 6 se ipse jam dignum 
 custodia judicarit? 20. Quae quum ita sint, Catilina, dubitas, si 
 emori aBquo animo non potes, abire in aliquas terras, et vitam 
 istam, multis suppliciis justis debitisque ereptam, mga3 solitudinique 
 mandare ? 
 
 7 " Refer, inquis, ad senatum :" id enim postulas, et, si hie ordo 
 sibi placere decreverit te ire in exsilium, obtemperatmum te esse 
 dicis. 8 Non referam, id quod abhorret a meis moribus : sed 
 tamen faciam, ut intelligas, quid hi de te sentiant. Egi-edere ex 
 urbe, Catilina : libera rem publicam metu : in exsilium, si hanc 
 vocem exspectas, proficiscere. 9 Quid est, Catilina ? Ecquid atten- 
 dis, ecquid animadvertis horurn silentium? Patiuntur, tacent. 
 
8 ORATIO I. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 10 Quid exspectas auctoritatem loquentium, quorum voluntatem 
 tacitorum perspicis? 21. At si hoc idem huic adolescenti optimo, 
 "P. Sestio, si fortissimo viro, M. Marcello dixissem, jam mihi con- 
 suli hoc ipso in templo, jure optimo, senatus vim et manus intulisset. 
 De te autem, Catilina, quum quiescunt, probant, quum patiuntur, 
 decernunt, quum tacent, clamant. Neque hi solum, quorum tibi 
 auctoritas est 12 videlicet cara, vita vilissima : sed etiam illi equites 
 Eomani, honestissimi atque optimi viri, ceterique fortissimi cives, 
 qui circumstant senatum, 13 quorum tu et frequentiam videre, et 
 studia perspicere, et voces paullo ante exaudire potuisti. Quorum 
 ego vix abs te jamdiu manns ac tela contineo, eosdem facile addu- 
 cam, 14 ut te hsec, quae jampridem vastare studes, relinquentem 
 usque ad portas prosequantur. 
 
 IX. 22. 1 Quamquam quid loquor ? 2 Te ut ulia res frangat ? 
 Tu ut unquam te corrigas ? Tu ut ullam fugam meditere ? Tu 
 ut ullum exsilium cogites ? Utinam tibi istam mentem dii immor- 
 tales 3 duint ! 4 Tamesti video, si mea voce perterritus ire in ex- 
 sihum animum induxeris, quanta tempestas invidiam nobis, si minus 
 in prsesens tempus,recenti memoria scelerum tuorum, at in poste- 
 ritatem impendeat. 6 Sed est tanti; dummodo ista privata sit 
 calamitas, et a rei publicse periculis sejungatur. 6 Sed tu ut vitiis 
 tuis commoveare, ut legum poenas pertimescas, ut temporibus rei 
 publicse cedas, non est postulandum. 7 Neque enim is es, Catilina, 
 ut te aut pudor a turpitudine, aut metus a periculo, aut ratio a 
 furore revocarit. 23. Quamobrem, ut ssepe jam dixi, proficiscere : 
 ac, si mihi inimico, ut praedicas, tuo conflare vis invidiam, 8 recta 
 perge in exsilium : vix feram sermones homiuum, si id feceiis : vix 
 molem istius invidise, si in exsilium jussu consulis ieris, sustinebo. 
 Sin autem "servire mea3 laudi et glorise mavis, egredere cum 
 importuna sceleratorum manu ; confer te ad Manlium ; concita 
 perditos cives ; secerne te a bonis, infer patriae bellum ; exsulta 
 10 impio latrocinio, ut a me non ejectus ad alienos, sed invitatus ad 
 tuos isse videaris. 24. "Quamquam quid ego te invitem, a quo 
 jam sciam esse prsemissos, qui tibi ad Forum Aurelium praestola- 
 rentur armati? 12 Cui sciam pactam et constitutam cum Manlio 
 
ORATIO I. IN CATILINAM. 9 
 
 diem? 13 A quo etiam aquilam illarn argenteain, quani tibi ac 
 tiiis omnibus pemiciosam esse confido ac fimestam futurani, 14 cui 
 domi tuae sacrarium scelerum tuorum coustitutum fuit, sciam esse 
 praeinissam ? 13 Tu ut ilia carere diutius possis, quam venerari ad 
 eaedem proficiscens solebas ? a cujus altaribus saepe istam impiam 
 dexteram ad necem civiuin transtulisti ? 
 
 X. 25. ^bis tandem aliquando, quo te jampridem tua ista 
 cupiditas effrenata ac turiosa rapiebat. Xeque 2 enim tibi haec res 
 affert dolorem, sed quandam incredibilem voluptatem. Ad banc 
 te amentiam natura peperit, volimtas exercuit, fortuna servavit. 
 Nunquam tu non modo otium, sed ne bellum quidem nisi nefa- 
 rium concupisti. 3 N actus es ex perditis, atque ab omni non modo 
 fortuna, verum etiam spe derelictis, connatam iinproboruni rnanum. 
 26. 4 Hic tu qua laetitia perfruere ? Quibus gaudiis exsultabis ? 
 Quanta in volnptate baccbabere, quum in tanto numero tuoiiun 
 neque audies \irum bonum quemquam neque videbis ? 6 Ad bujus 
 vita3 studium meditati sunt illi, qui feruntur, labores tui : 6 jacere 
 bumi, non modo ad obsidendum stuprum, verivm etiam ad facimis 
 obeundum; vigilare non solum insidiantem somno inaritorum, 
 vermn etiam ' bonis otiosorum. 7 Habes, ubi ostentes illam tuam 
 praeclaram patientiam farms, frigoris, inopiae rerum omnium, quibus 
 te brevi tempore confectum esse senties. 27. Tantum profeci 
 turn, 8 quum te a consulatu repuli, 9 ut exsul potius tentare, quam 
 consul vexare rem publicam posses, atque ut id, quod esset abs te 
 scelerate susceptum, latrocinium potius quam bellum nominaretur. 
 
 XI. 1 Nunc, 2 ut a me, Patres consciipti, quandam prope jus- 
 tam patriae querimoniam detester ac deprecer, percipite, quaaso, 
 diligenter, quae dicam, et ea penitus animis vestiis mentibusque 
 mandate. Etenhn, 3 si me cum patria, quae mini vita mea multo 
 est carior, si cuncta Italia, si ornnis res publica loquatm : 4 "M. 
 Tulli, quid agis ? 5 Tune eum, quern esse bostem comperisti, quern 
 ducem belli mturam rides, quern exspectari imperatorem in castris 
 hostium sentis, auctorem sceleris, principem conjiuationis, 6 evoca- 
 torem servorum et civium perditorum, exii'e patiere, ut abs te 7 non 
 emissus ex urbe, sed immissus in urbem esse \ideatm' ? Nonne 
 
10 ORATIO I. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 hunc in vincula duci, non ad mortem rapi, non summo supplicio 
 8 mactari imperabis? 28. Quid tandem te impedit? 9 Mosne 
 majorum ? At perssepe etiam privati in hac re publica perniciosos 
 cives morte multarunt. 10 An leges, quse de civiuni Romanorum 
 supplicio rogatse sunt? At nunquam in liac urbe ii, qui a re 
 publica defecerunt, civium jura tenuerunt. An "invidiam posteri- 
 tatis times ? 12 Prseclaram vero populo Romano refers gratiam, 
 qui te hominem per te oognitum, nulla commendatione majorum 
 13 tarn mature ad summum imperium per ornnes honorum gradus 
 extulit, si propter invidiam, aut alicujus periculi metum, salutem 
 civium tuorum negligis. 29. Sed, si quis est invidise metus, num 
 est veliementius " severitatis ac fortitudinis invidia, quam inertias 
 ac nequitise pertimescenda ? An quum bello vastabitur Italia, 
 vexabuntur urbes, tecta ardebunt, 15 tum te non existimas invidise 
 incendio conflagraturum ?" 
 
 XII. x His ego sanctissimis rei publicse vocibus, et eorum 
 hominum, qui hoc idem sentiunt, mentibus pauca respondebo. 
 Ego, 2 si boc optimum factu judicarem, Patres conscripti, Catilinam 
 morte multari, 3 unius usuram horse giadiatori isti ad vivendurn 
 non dedissem. 4 Etenim, si summi viri et clarissimi cives, Satumini 
 et Graccborum et Flacci et superiorum complurium sanguine non 
 modo se non contaminarunt, sed etiam bonestarunt, certe veren- 
 dum milii non erat, 5 ne quid, boc parricida civium intertecto, invi- 
 diam mini in posteritatem redundaret. Quod si ea mihi 6 maxime 
 impenderet, tamen boc animo semper fui, ut invidiam virtute par- 
 tam gloriam, non invidiam putarem. 30. Quamquam 7 nonnulli 
 sunt in hoc ordine, qui aut ea, quse imminent, non videant, aut 
 ea, quse vident, dissimulent : qui spem Catilinse mollibus sententiis 
 aluerunt, conjurationemque nascentem non credendo corrobora- 
 verunt: 8 quorum auctoritatem secuti multi, non solum improbi, 
 verum etiam imperiti, si in hunc animadvertissem, crudebter et 
 regie factum esse dicerent. Nunc intelbgo, si iste, quo intendit, in 
 Manliana castra pervenerit, neminem tarn stultum fore, 9 qui non 
 videat conjurationem esse factam, neminem tarn improbum, qui 
 non fateatur. Hoc autem uno inteifecto, 10 intelligo banc rei pub- 
 
ORATIO I. IN CATILINAM. 11 
 
 Here pestem paullisper reprimi, non in perpetuum comprimi posse. 
 "Quod si se ejecerit, secumque suos eduxerit, et eodein ceteros 
 undique collectos naufragos aggregaverit, exstinguetur atque dele- 
 bitur non modo 12 haec tarn adulta rei publicae pestis, verum etiani 
 stirps ac semen malorum omnium. 
 
 Xin. 31. ^tenim jamdiu, Patres consciipti, in his periculis 
 conjurationis insidiisque versamur;sed nescio quo pacto omnium 
 scelerum ac veteris furoris et audaciae maturitas in nostri consula- 
 tus tempus erupit. Quod si ex 2 tanto latrocinio iste imus tolletur, 
 videbimur fortasse ad breve quoddam tempus cura et metu esse 
 relevati : periculum autem residebit, et erit inclusimi penitus 3 in 
 venis atque in visceribus rei publico?. Ut ssepe homines aegri 
 morbo gravi, quum 4 sestu febrique jactantur, si aquam gehdam 
 biberint, primo relevari videntur, deinde multo gravius vehemen- 
 tiusque afflictantur ; sic hie morbus, qui est in re pu-blica, relevatus 
 6 istius poena, vehementius vivis rehquis ingravescet. 32. Quare 
 secedant improbi, secernant se a bonis, unum in locum congregen- 
 tur, muro denique, id quod ssepe jam dixi, secernantur a nobis, 
 desinant insidiari domi suas consuli, 6 circumstare tribimal prastoris 
 urbani, obsidere cum gladiis curiam, malleolos et faces ad inflam- 
 mandam mbem comparare ; sit denique inscriptum in fronte unius 
 cuj usque, 7 quid de re publica sentiat. Polliceor vobis hoc, Patres 
 consciipti, tantam in nobis consuhbus fore diligentiam, tantam in 
 vobis auctoritatem, tantam in equitibus Romanis ^-tutem, tantam 
 in omnibus bonis consensionem, ut Catilinae profectione 8 omnia 
 patefacta, illustrata, oppressa, \indicata esse \ideatis. 
 
 33. 9 Hisce ominibus, Catilina, cum summa rei publica? salute, 
 et cum tua peste ac pernicie, cumque eorum exitio, qui se tecum 
 omni scelere parricidioque junxerunt, proficiscere ad impium 
 bellum ac nefarium. 10 Tivm tu, Jupiter, qui iisdem, quibus haec 
 urbs, auspiciis a Romulo es constitutus, quern "Statorem hujus 
 urbis atque imperii vere nominamus, hunc et hujus socios a tuis 
 aris ceterisque temphs, a tectis ui'bis ac mcenibus, a vita fortunis- 
 que ci\ium omnium arcebis : et homines bonorum inimicos, hostes 
 patriae, latrones Italiae, scelerum fcedere 12 inter se ac nefaria socie- 
 tate corijunctos, aeternis supphciis vivos mortuosque mactabis. 
 
IN 
 
 L. GATILIHI 
 
 ORATIO SECUNDA, 
 AD QUIEITES. 
 
 I. 1. Tandem aliquando, Quirites, L. Catilinam, furentem 
 audacia, scelus anhelantem, pestem patriae nefarie molientem, vobis 
 atque huic urbi feiTO flammaque minitantem, ex urbe vel ejecirnus 
 vel emisimus, vel ipsum egredientem 2 verbis prosecuti sumus, 
 3 Abiit, excessit, evasit, erupit. Nulla jam pemicies a monstro illo 
 atque prodigio mcenibus ipsis intra moenia comparabitur. Atque 
 hunc quidem unum Jiujus belli domestici ducem 4 sine controversia 
 vicimus. Non enim jam inter latera nostra 5 sica ilia versabitur : 
 non in campo, non in foro, non in curia, non denique intra domes- 
 ticos parietes pertimescemus. 6 Loco ille motus est, quum est ex 
 urbe depulsus. Palam jam cum hoste, nullo impediente, bellum 
 justum geremus. Sine dubio perdidimus hominem magnificeque 
 vicimus, quum ilium ex occultis insidiis in apertum latrocinium 
 conjecimus. 2. 7 Quod vero non omentum mucronem, ut voluit, 
 extulit, quod vivis nobis egressus est, quod ei ferrum e manibus 
 extorsimus, quod incolumes cives, quod stantem urbem reliquit: 
 quanto tandem ilium masrore esse afflictum et profligatum putatis ? 
 Jacet ille nunc prostratusque est, et se 8 perculsum atque abjectum 
 esse sentit, et 9 retroquet oculos profecto ssepe ad hanc urbem, 
 
ORATIO II. IN CATILINAM. 13 
 
 quam e suis faucibus ereptam esse luget ; quae quideni mini 
 laetari videtur, quod tantani pestem evomuerit forasque projecerit. 
 
 II. 3. At si quis est l talis, quales esse omues oportebat, qui 
 in hoc ipso, in quo exsultat et triumphat oratio mea, me vehemen- 
 ter accuset, quod tarn eapitalem hostem non comprelienderim 
 potius, quam emiserim : 2 non est ista mea culpa, Quirites, sed 
 temporum. Inteifectum esse L. Catilinam, et gTavissiino supplicio 
 affectum jampridem oportebat : idque a me et mos majorum, et 
 lmjus imperii se Veritas, et res publica postulabat. 3 Sed quam mul- 
 tos fuisse putatis, qui, quae ego deferrern, non crederent ? Quam 
 multos, qui 4 propter stultitiam non putarent ? Quam multos, qui 
 etiam defenderent ? Quam multos, qui propter improbitatem 
 faverent ? 5 Ac si, illo sublato, depelli a vobis omne periculum 
 judicarem, jampridem ego L. Catilinam non modo invidiae meae, 
 verum etiam vitae periculo sustulissem. 4. 6 Sed quum viderem 
 ne vobis quidem omnibus re etiam turn probata, si ilium, ut erat 
 meritus, morte multassem, fore, ut ejus socios invidia oppressus 
 persequi non possem, rem hue deduxi, ut turn palam pugnare 
 possetis, quum hostem aperte videretis. 7 Quern quidem ego 
 hostem, Quirites, quam vehementer foris esse timendum putem, 
 licet hinc intelligatis, quod etiam illud moleste fero, quod ex urbe 
 parum comitatus exierit. Utinam ille omnes secum suas copias 
 eduxisset ! 8 Tongihum mihi eduxit, quern amare in praetexta 
 cceperat ; Pubhcium et Munatium, quorum 9 aes alienum contrac- 
 tum in pojDina nullum rei publicae motum affeiTe poterat : reliquit 
 quos \iros ! quanto aere aheno ! quam valentes ! quam nobiles ! 
 
 EI. 5. Itaque ego ilium exercitum 1 et Galhcanis legionibus 
 et hoc delectu, quern in agi*o Piceno et Gallico Q. Metellus habuit, 
 et his copiis, 2 quaa a nobis quotidie comparantur, magno opere 
 contemno, collectum ex senibus desperatis, ex 3 agi-esti luxuria, ex 
 rusticis decoctoribus, ex iis, qui vadimonia deserere quam ilium 
 exercitum maluerunt ; quibus ego non modo si 4 aciem exercitus 
 nostri, verum etiam si edictum praetoris ostendero, concident. 
 Hos, quos video volitare in foro, quos stare ad curiam, quos etiam 
 in senatum venire ; qui nitent unguentis, 5 qui fulgent purpura, 
 
14 ORATIO II. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 mallem secum suos milites eduxisset : 6 qui si hie permanent, 
 mementote non tarn exercitum ilium esse nobis, quam hos, qui 
 exercitum deseruerunt, pertimescendos. Atque 7 hoc etiam sunt 
 timendi magis, quod, quid cogitent, me scire sentiunt, neque tamen 
 pemioventur. 6. 8 Video, cui sit Apulia attributa, quis habeat 
 Etruriam, quis agrum Picenum, quis Gallicum, quis sibi has urba- 
 nas insidias caedis atque incendiorum depoposcerit. Omnia 9 supe- 
 rioris noctis consilia ad me perlata esse sentiunt; patefeci in senatu 
 hesterno die ; Catilina ipse pertimuit, profugit : hi quid exspectant ? 
 Nae illi vehementer errant, si illam meam pristinam lenitatem per- 
 petuam sperant futuram. 
 
 IV. Quod exspectavi, jam sum assecutus, ut vos omnes factam 
 esse aperte conjurationem contra rem publicam videretis. x ISTisi 
 vero si quis est, qui Catilinse similes cum Catilina sentire non putet. 
 Non est jam lenitati locus : severitatem res ipsa flagitat. Unum 
 etiam nunc concedam : 2 exeant, proficiscantur,ne patiantur desiderio 
 sui Catilinam miserum tabescere. Demonstrabo iter : 3 Aurelia via 
 profectus est. Si accelerare volent, ad vesperam consequentur. 
 
 7. O tbrtunatam rem publicam, si quidem 4 hanc sentinam hujus 
 urbis ejecerit ! Uno mehercule Catilina exhausto, relevata mihi et 
 recreata res publica videtur. Quid enim mali aut sceleris iingi aut 
 cogitari potest, quod non ille conceperit ? Quis tota Itaha venefi- 
 cus, quis gladiator, quis latro, quis sicarius, quis parricida, quis 
 5 testamentorum subjector, quis circumscriptor, quis ganeo, quis 
 nepos, quis adulter, quae mulier infamis, quis corruptor juventutis, 
 quis corruptus, quis perditus inveniri potest, qui se cum Catilina 
 non familiarissime vixisse fateatur ? 6 Quae caedes per hosce annos 
 sine illo facta est ? Quod nefarium stuprum non per ilium ? 
 
 8. 7 Jam vero quae tanta unquam in ullo homine juventutis ille- 
 cebra fuit, quanta in illo ? Qui alios ipse amabat turpissime, alio- 
 rum amori flagitiosissime serviebat, 8 aliis fructum libidinum, aliis 
 mortem parentum, non modo impellendo, verum etiam adjuvando, 
 pollicebatur. Nunc vero quam subito non solum ex urbe, verum 
 etiam ex agris, ingentem numerum perditorum hominum colle- 
 gerat ? Nemo, non modo Romae, sed nee ullo in angulo totius 
 
ORATIO II. IN CATILINAM. 15 
 
 Italia?, oppressus aere alieno fuit, quern non ad hoc incredibile 
 sceleris foedus adsciverit. 
 
 V. 9. Atque, ut ejus * diversa studia in dissimili ratione per- 
 spicere possitis, nemo est 2 in ludo gladiatorio paullo ad facinus 
 audacior, qui se non intimum Catilinae esse fateatur; nemo in 
 scena levior et nequior, qui se non ejusdem prope sodalem firisse 
 commemoret. 3 Atque idem tamen stuprorum et scelemm exer- 
 citatione assuefactus, frigore et fame et siti et vigiliis perferendis, 
 fortis ab istis praedicabatur, 4 quum industrial subsidia atque instru- 
 menta virtutis in libidine audaciaque consumerentur. 10. Hunc 
 vero si secuti erunt 5 sui comites ; si ex urbe exierint desperatorum 
 hominum flagitiosi greges : O nos beatos, O rem publicam fortuna- 
 tam, O praeclaram laudem consulatus mei ! Non enim jam sunt 
 mediocres 6 hominum hbidines, non humanae audaciae ac tole- 
 randae : nihil cogitant nisi caedes, nisi incendia, nisi rapinas : patri- 
 monia sua profudemnt : fortunas suas obligaverunt : 7 res eos jam- 
 pridem, fides nuper deficere ccepit : eadem tamen ilia, quae erat 
 in abundantia, libido permanet. 8 Quod si in ^dno et alea comis- 
 sationes solum, et scorta quaererent, essent ilh quidem despe- 
 randi, sed tamen essent ferendi. Hoc vero quis ferre possit, 
 inertes homines fortissimis viris insidiaii, stultissimos prudentissimis, 
 ebriosos sobriis, dormientes vigilantibus ? 9 Qui mihi accu- 
 bantes in comdviis, complexi mulieres impudicas, vino languidi, 
 10 conferti cibo, sertis redimiti, unguentis obliti, debilitati stupiis, 
 eractant sermonibus suis caedem bonorum, atque urbis incendia. 
 11. "Quibus ego confido impendere fatum aliquod;et pcenam 
 jamcliu improbitati, nequitiae, sceleri, hbidini debitam aut instare 
 jam plane, aut certe oppropinquare. Quos si meus consulatus, 
 quoniam sanare non potest, sustulerit, non breve 12 nescio quod 
 tempus, sed multa secula propagarit rei publicae. Nulla est enim 
 natio, quam peiiimescamus ; nullus rex, qui bellum populo Eo- 
 mano facere possit. Omnia sunt externa 13 unius virtute terra 
 manque pacata: domesticum bellum manet; intus insidiae sunt, 
 intus inclusum periculum est; intus est hostis. Cum luxuria 
 nobis, cum amentia, cum scelere certandum est. Hide ego me 
 
16 ORATIO II. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 bello ducem profiteor, Quirites ; suscipio inimicitias hominum per- 
 ditomm. Quae sanari poterunt, quacunque ratione sanabo : quae 
 resecanda erunt, non patiar ad pemiciem civitatis manere. Proinde 
 aut 14 exeant, aut quiescant, aut, si et in urbe et in eadem niente 
 permanent, ea, quae merentur, exspectent. 
 
 VI. 12. At etiam x sunt, qui dicant, Quirites, a me in ex- 
 silium ejectum esse Catilinam. Quod ego si verbo assequi possem, 
 istos ipsos ejicerem, qui haec loquuntur. 2 Homo videlicet timidus 
 aut etiam permodestus vocem consulis ferre non potuit : simul 
 atque ire in exsilium jussus est, paruit, ivit. Hestemo die, quum 
 domi meae paene interfectus essem, senatum in aedem Jovis Sta- 
 toris convocavi ; rem omnem ad patres conscriptos detuli. 3 Quo 
 quum Catilina venisset, quis eum senator appellavit ? quis saluta- 
 vit ? quis denique ita adspexit ut perditum civem, ac non potius ut 
 importunissimum bostem ? Quin etiam 4 principes ejus ordinis 
 partem illam subselliorum, ad quam ille accesserat, nudam atque 
 inanem reliquerunt. 13. Hie ego vehemens ille consul, qui verbo 
 cives in exsilium ejicio, 5 quaesivi a Catilina, nocturno conventu 
 apud M. Laecam fuisset necne. Quum ille, homo audacissimus, 
 conscientia convictus, primo reticuisset, patefeci cetera; quid 6 ea 
 nocte egisset, quid proxima constituisset, quemadmoclum esset ei 
 ratio totius belli descripta, edocui. Quum baesitaret, 7 quum tene- 
 retur, quaesivi, quid dubitaret proficisci eo, quo jampridem para- 
 ret : quum arma, 8 quum secures, quum fasces, quum tubas, quum 
 signa militaria, quum 9 aquilam illam argenteam, cui ille etiam 
 sacrarium scelerum domi suae fecerat, scirem esse praemissam. 
 14. In exsilium 10 ejiciebam, quern jam ingressum esse in bellum 
 videbam? "Etenim, credo, Mallius iste centurio, qui in agro Fae- 
 sulano castra posuit, bellum populo Romano suo nomine indixit ; 
 et ilia castra nunc non Catilinam ducem exspectant, et ille, ejectus 
 in exsilium, se 12 Massiliam, ut aiunt, non in baec castra conferet. 
 
 VII. O conditionem miseram, non modo administrandae, verum 
 etiam conservandae rei publicae! Nunc, si L. Catilina consiliis, 
 laboribus, 1 peiiculis meis circumclusus ac debilitatus subito perti- 
 muerit, sententiam mutaverit, deseruerit suos, consilium 2 belli 
 
ORATIO II. IN CATILINAM. 17 
 
 faciundi abjecerit, ex lioc cursu sceleris et belli iter ad fugam 
 atque in exsilium converterit, non ille a me 3 spoliatus arrnis auda- 
 cire, non obstupefactus ac perterritus mea diligentia, non de spe 
 conatuque depulsus, sed indemnatns, innocens, in exsilium ejectiis 
 a consule vi et minis esse dicetur : 4 et enmt, qui ilium, si hoc 
 fecerit, non improbum, sed miserum, me non diligentissimum con- 
 sulem, sed crudelissimum tyrannuni existimari velint. 15. 5 Est 
 mihi tanti, Quirites, hujus invidise falsas atque iniquse tempestatem 
 subire, duimnodo a vobis liujus horribilis belli ac nefarii periculum 
 depellatur. 6 Dicatur sane ejectus esse a me, dummodo eat in 
 exsilium. Sed mihi credite, non est iturus. Nunquam ego a cliis 
 immortalibus optabo, Quirites, invidiam meae levandae causa, ut L. 
 Catilinam ducere exercitum hostium, atque in armis volitare au- 
 diatis; sed triduo tamen audietis: multoque magis illud timeo, 
 7 ne mihi sit invidiosum aliquando, quod ilium emiserim potius, 
 quam quod ejecerim. Sed quum sint homines, qui ilium, 8 quum 
 jltofectus sit, ejectum esse dicant, iidem, si inteifectus esset, quid 
 dicerent? 16. 9 Quamquam isti, qui Catilinam Massiliam ire dic- 
 titant, non tarn hoc queruntur, quam verentur. Nemo est istorum 
 10 tarn miserieors, qui ilium non ad Manlium quam ad Massilienses 
 ire malit, Ille autem, si mehercule n hoc, quod agit, nunquam 
 ante cogitasset, tamen latrocinantem se interfici mallet^ quam exsu- 
 lem vivere. Nunc vero, quum ei nihil adhuc 12 prseter ipsius 
 voluntatem cogitationemque accident, nisi quod ^i^is nobis Roma 
 protectus est, optemus potius, ut eat in exsilium, quam queramur. 
 
 VIII. 17. Sed cur tamdiu de uno hoste loquimur, et de eo 
 hoste, qui jam fatetur se esse hostem, et quern, quia, quod semper 
 volui, minus interest, non timeo : de his, qui dissimulant, qui RomaB 
 remanent, qui nobiscum sunt, niliil dicimus ? Quos quidem ego, 
 si ullo modo fieri possit, non tarn ulcisci studeo quam sanare, x et 
 ipsos placare rei publican ; neque id quare fieri non possit, si me 
 audire volent, intelligo. Exponam enim vobis Quirites, ex quibus 
 generibus hominum 2 ista3 copiaa comparentur: 3 deinde singulis 
 medicinam consilii atque orationis meaa, si quam potero, aff'eram. 
 18. Unum genus est eorum, qui 4 magno in sere alieno majores 
 
18 ORATIO II. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 etiam possessions habent, quaram amore adducti, dissolvi nullo 
 modo possunt. Horurn hominum B species est honestissiina ; sunt 
 enim locupletes: voluntas vero et causa impudentissima. Tu 
 agris, tu sedificiis, tu argento, tu familia, 6 tu rebus omnibus ornatus 
 et copiosus sis, et dubites de possessione detrabere, acquirere ad 
 fidem ? Quid enim exspectas ? Bellum ? Quid ? Ergo in vas- 
 tatione omnium tuas possessiones 7 sacrosanctas futuras putas? 
 8 An tabulas novas ? Errant, qui istas a Catilina exspectant. 9 Meo 
 beneficio tabulae novae proferentur, verum auctionariae. Neque 
 enim isti, qui possessiones babent, alia ratione ulla salvi esse pos- 
 sunt. 10 Quod si maturius facere voluissent, neque (id quod stul- 
 tissimum est) certare cum usuris fructibus praediorum, et locuple- 
 tioribus bis et melioribus civibus uteremur. Sed hosce homines 
 minime puto pertimescendos, quod aut deduci de sententia pos- 
 sunt ; aut, si permanebunt, magis mibi videntur vota facturi contra 
 rem publicam, quam anna laturi. 
 
 IX. 19. Alteram genus est eorum, qui quamquam premuntur 
 sere alieno, * dominationem tamen exspectant, rerum potiri volunt, 
 bonores, quos quieta re publica desperant, perturbata consequi se 
 posse arbitrantur. 2 Quibus hoc praecipiendum videtur, unum 
 scilicet et idem, quod reliquis omnibus, ut desperent, se id, 
 quod conantur, consequi posse : primum omnium, me ipsum 
 vigilare, adesse, providere rei publicae ; deinde magnos animos 
 esse in bonis mis, magnam concordiam, maximam multitudi- 
 nem, magnas praaterea copias militum ; deos denique immor- 
 tales buic invicto populo, clarissimo imperio, pulcherrimae urbi 
 contra tantam vim sceleris s prsesentes auxilium esse laturos. 
 Quod si jam sint id, quod cum summo furore cupiunt, adepti, 
 4 num illi in cinere urbis et in sanguine civium, qua3 mente con- 
 scelerata ac nefaria concupierunt, consules se, aut dictatores, aut 
 etiam reges sperant futuros ? Non vident id se cupere, quod si 
 adepti sint, 5 fugitivo alicui aut gladiatori concedi sit necesse? 
 20. Tertium genus est 6 setate jam affectum, sed tamen exercita- 
 tione robustum : quo ex genere iste est Mallius, cui nunc Catilina 
 succedit. Hi sunt homines 7 ex iis coloniis, quas Fassulis Sulla 
 
ORATIO II. IN CATILINAM. 19 
 
 constituit : 8 quas ego imiversas civium esse optimorum et fortissi- 
 morurn viroruni sentio : sed tamen hi sunt coloni, qui se in in- 
 speratis ac repentinis pecuniis 9 sumptuosius insolentiusque jactarunt. 
 Hi dum aedificant, tamquam beati, dum prsediis, lecticis, familiis 
 magnis, conviviis apparatis delectantur, in tantum aes alienum 
 inciderunt, ut, si salvi esse velint, Sulla sit iis ab inferis excitandus. 
 Qui etiam nonnullos agrestes, homines tenues atque egentes, in 
 eandem illam spem 10 rapinanun veterum inrpulerunt; "quos ego, 
 Quirites, in eodem genere prcedatorum dii*eptorumque pono. Sed 
 eos hoc moneo : desinant furere, et 12 proscriptiones et dictaturas 
 cogitare. Tantus enirn illorum temporum dolor inustus est civitati, 
 ut jam ista non modo homines, sed ne pecudes quidem mihi pas- 
 surse esse videantur. 
 
 X. 21. Quartum genus est sane varium et mixtum et turbu- 
 lentum ; * qui jampridem premuntur, qui nunquam emergunt ; qui 
 paiiim ineitia, pai-tim male gerendo negotio, pai-tim etiam sumpti- 
 bus in vetere sere alieno vacillant ; 2 qiu* vadimoniis, judiciis, pro- 
 scriptionibus bonorivm defatigati, pei-multi et ex m'be, et ex agris 
 se in ilia castra conferre dicuntur. Hosce ego non tarn milites 
 acres, quam 3 infitiatores lentos esse arbitror. 4 Qui homines pri- 
 mum si stare non possunt, corruant : sed ita, ut non modo civitas, 
 sed ne vicini quidem proximi sentiant. Nam illud non intelligo, 
 quamobrem, 5 si vivere honeste non possunt, perire tnrpiter vehnt, 
 aut cur minore dolore perituros se cum multis, quam si soli pereant, 
 arbitrentur. 22. Quintum genus est parricidarum, sicariorum, 
 denique omnium facinorosorum ; quos ego a Catilina non revoco ; 
 nam neque divelli ab eo possimt, et pereant sane in latrocinio, 
 quoniam sunt ita multi, ut eos career capere non possit. ° Postre- 
 mum autem genus est, non solum numero, verum etiam genere 
 ipso atque vita, quod proprium CatilinaB est, de ejus delectu, immo 
 vero, de complexu ejus ac sinu; quos pexo capillo, nitidos, aut 
 imberbes, aut bene barbatos ^idetis, manicatis et talaribus tunicis, 
 7 velis aimctos, non togis ; quorum omnis industiia vitaa, et vigilan- 
 di labor in antelucanis ccenis expromitm. 23. In his gregibus 
 omnes aleatores. omnes adulteri, omnes impmi impudicique 8 ver- 
 
20 ORATIO II. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 santur. Hi pueri tarn lepidi ac delicati non solum amare et amari, 
 neque cantare et psallere, sed etiam sicas vibrare et spargere 
 venena didicerunt ; 9 qui nisi exeunt, nisi pereunt, etiam si Catilina 
 perierit, scitote hoc in re publica seminarium Catilinarium futurum. 
 Verumtamen quid sibi isti miseri volunt ? Num suas secum mu- 
 Herculas sunt in castra ducturi ? Quemadmodum autem illis carere 
 poterunt, his prsesertim jam noctibus? Quo autem pacto illi 
 10 Apenninum, atque illas pruinas ac nives perferent ? Nisi idcirco 
 se facilius hiemem toleraturos putant, quod n nudi in conviviis 
 saltare didicerunt. 
 
 XL 24. O bellum magno opere pertimescendum, quum 
 hanc 1 sit habiturus CatiHna scortorum cohortem prsetoriam ! In- 
 struite nunc, Quirites, contra has tarn praeclaras Catilinae copias, 
 vestra prsesidia, vestrosque exercitus; et primum gladiatori illi 
 confecto et saucio consules imperatoresque vestros opponite : deinde 
 contra illam 2 naufragorum ejectam ac debilitatam manum, florem 
 totius Italise ac robur educite. Jam vero 3 urbes coloniarum ac 
 municipiorum 4 respondebunt Catilinse tumulis silvestribus. Neque 
 ego ceteras copias, 5 ornamenta, prsesidia vestra, cum illius latronis 
 inopia atque egestate conferre debeo. 25. Sed, si, omissis his 
 rebus omnibus, 6 quibus nos suppeditamur, eget ille, senatu, equi- 
 tibus Romanis, populo, urbe, aerario, vectigalibus, cuncta Italia, 
 provinciis omnibus, exteris nationibus, si, his rebus omissis, causas 
 ipsas, quae inter se confligunt, 7 contendere velimus : ex eo ipso, 
 quam valde illi. jaceant, intelligere possumus. 8 Ex hac enim parte 
 pudor pugnat, illinc petulantia : hinc pudicitia, illinc stuprum : hinc 
 fides, illinc fraudatio : hinc pietas, illinc scelus : hinc constantia, 
 illinc furor : hinc honestas, illinc turpitudo : hinc continentia, illinc 
 hbido : denique sequitas, temperantia, fortitudo, prudentia, virtutes 
 omnes, certant cum iniquitate, luxuria, ignavia, temeritate, cum 
 vitiis omnibus : postremo copia cum egestate, bona ratio cum per- 
 dita, mens sana cum amentia, bona denique spes cum omnium 
 rerum desperatione confligit. In hujusmodi ceitamine ac proelio, 
 nonne, etiam si 9 hominum studia cleficiant, dii ipsi immortales co- 
 gent ab his praeclarissimis virtutibus tot et tanta vitia superari ? 
 
ORATIO II. IN CATILINAM. 21 
 
 XII. 26. Quae quum ita sint, Quirites, vos, quemadmodum 
 jam antea, vestra tecta custodiis vigiliisque defendite : 1 mini, ut 
 urbi sine vestro motu, ac sine nllo tumultu satis esset prsesidii, con- 
 sultum atque provisum est. Coloni onines municipesque vestri, 
 certiores a me facti de hac 2 nocturna excursione Catilinae, facile 
 urbes suas finesque defendent : 3 gladiatores, quam sibi ille manum 
 certissimam fore putavit, quamqnam meliore animo sunt quam pars 
 patriciorum, potestate tamen nostra continebuntur. Q. Metellus, 
 quern ego hoc prospiciens in agrum Gallicum Picenumque prae- 
 misi, aut opprimet 4 bominem, aut ejus omnes motus conatusque 
 proliibebit. Reliquis autem de rebus constituendis, maturandis, 
 agendis, jam ad senatum referemus, quern vocari videtis. 
 
 27. 5 Nunc illos, qui in urbe remanserunt, atque adeo qui 
 contra urbis salutem omniumque nostrum in urbe a Catilina re- 
 licti sunt, quamquam sunt hostes, tamen, quia nati sunt cives, 
 monitos eos etiam atque etiam volo. Mea lenitas adhuc si cui 
 6 solutior visa est, boG expectavit, ut id, quod latebat, erumperet. 
 7 Quod reliquum est, jam non possum oblivisci meam banc esse 
 patriam, me borum esse consulem, mibi aut cum bis vivendum, 
 aut pro bis esse moriendum. Nullus est portis custos, nullus insi- 
 diator vise : si qui exire volunt, connivere possum : 8 qui vero se 
 in urbe commoverit, cujus ego non modo factum, sed inceptum 
 ullum conatumve contra patriam deprebendero, sentient in bac 
 urbe esse consules vigilantes, esse egregios magistratus, esse for- 
 tem senatum, esse arma, esse carcerem, quern vindicem nefario- 
 rum ac manifestorum scelerum majores nostri esse voluerunt. 
 
 XIII. 28. Atque base omnia sic agentur, Quirites, ut res 
 maxima minimo motu, pericula summa nullo tumultu, bellum 
 intestinum ac domesticum post bominum memoriam crudelissi- 
 mum et maximum, * me uno togato duce et imperatore, sedetur. 
 2 Quod ego sic administrabo, Quirites, ut, si ullo modo fieri poterit, 
 ne improbus quidem quisquam in bac urbe pcenam sui sceleris 
 sufferat. Sed si vis manifest* audaciae, si impendens patriae peri- 
 culum me necessario de bac animi lenitate deduxerit, illud pro- 
 fecto perficiam, quod in tanto et tarn insidioso bello vix optandum 
 
22 ORATIO II. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 videtur, ut neque bonus quisquam intereat, paucorumque poena 
 vos jam omnes salvi esse possitis. 29. Quae quidem ego neque 
 mea prudentia, neque humanis consiliis fretus polliceor vobis, 
 Quirites ; sed multis et non dubiis deorum immortalium 3 signifi- 
 cationibus, quibus ego ducibus in banc spem sententiamque sum 
 ingressus ; * qui jam non procul, at quondam solebant, ab externo 
 hoste atque longinquo, sed hie prsesentes suo numine atque auxi- 
 lio sua templa atque urbis tecta defendunt ; 6 quos vos, Quirites, 
 precari, venerari, atque implorare debetis, ut, quam urbem pul- 
 cherrimam, florentissimam, potentissimamque esse voluerunt, hanc, 
 omnibus hostium copiis terra marique superatis, a perditissimorum 
 civium nefario sceiere defendant. 
 
IN 
 
 L. CATILIIAI 
 
 ORATIO TERTIA, 
 AD QUIRITES. 
 
 I. 1. Rem public am, 1 Quirites, vitamque omnium vestrum, 
 bona, fortunas, conjuges, liberosque vestros, atque hoc domicilinm 
 clarissimi imperii, fortunatissimam pulchenimamque urbem 2 ho- 
 dierno die deorum immortalium summo erga vos amore, laboribus, 
 consiliis, periculis meis, ex flamma atque ferro, ac pame ex faucibus 
 fati ereptam et vobis conservatam ac restitutam videtis. 2. Et, si 
 non minus nobis jucundi atque illustres sunt ii dies, 3 quibus con- 
 servamur, quam illi, quibus nascimur, quod salutis certa lsetitia 
 est, nascendi incerta conditio, et quod sine sensu nascimur, cum 
 voluptate servamur, profecto, quoniam 4 ilium, qui banc urbem 
 condidit, ad deos immortales benevolentia famaque sustulimus, 
 esse apud vos posterosque vestros in honore debebit is, qui eandem 
 banc urbem 5 conditam ampluicatamque servavit. Nam toti urbi, 
 templis, 6 delubris, tectis ac mcenibus subjectos prope jam ignes 
 circumdatosque restinximus, 7 iidemque gladios in rem publicam 
 destrictos retudimus, mucronesque eorum a jugulis vestris dejeci- 
 mus. 3. 8 Quae quoniam in senatu illustrata, patefacta, comperta 
 sunt per me, vobis jam exponam breviter, Quirites, ut et quanta, 
 et quam manifesta, et qua ratione investigata et comprebensa sint, 
 vos, qui ignoratis, 9 ex actis scire possitis. 
 
24 ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 Principio, ut Catilina paucis ante diebus erupit ex urbe, quum 
 sceleris sui socios, hujusce nefarii belli acerrimos duces Romae reli- 
 quisset, semper vigilavi et providi, Quirites, quemadmodum in 
 tantis et tam absconditis insidiis salvi esse possemns. 
 
 II. Nam turn, quum ex urbe Catilinam * ejiciebam (non enim 
 jam vereor hujus verbi invidiam, quum ilia magis sit timenda, 
 quod vivus exierit), 2 sed turn, quum ilium exterminari volebam, 
 aut reliquam conjuratorum manum simul exituram, aut eos, qui 
 restitissent, infirmos sine illo ac debiles fore putabam. 4. Atque 
 ego, ut vidi, quos maxime furore et scelere esse inflammatos scie- 
 bam, eos nobiscum esse et Romse remansisse, 3 in eo omnes dies 
 noctesque consumpsi, ut, quid agerent, quid molirentur, sentirem 
 ac viderem : 4 ut, quoniam auribus vestris, propter incredibilem 
 magnitudinem sceleris, minorem fidem faceret oratio mea, rem ita 
 comprehenderem, ut turn demum animis saluti vestraa provide- 
 retis, quum oculis maleficium ipsum videretis. 5. Itaque 6 ut 
 comperi legates e Allobrogum, belli Transalpini et tumultus Gallici 
 excitandi causa, a P. Lentulo esse sollicitatos, eosque in Galliam 
 ad suos cives eodemque itinere cum Uteris mandatisque ad Catili- 
 nam esse missos, comitemque iis adjunctum T. Volturcium, atque 
 huic esse ad Catilinam datas literas, facultatem mihi oblatam 
 putavi, ut, quod erat difficillimum, quodque ego semper optabam 
 a diis immortalibus, ut tota res non solum a me, sed etiam a 
 senatu et a vobis manifesto deprehenderetur. Itaque hesterno 
 die L. Flaccum et C. Pomptinum, pra3tores, fortissimos atque 
 amantissimos rei publicae viros, ad me vocavi ; rem omnem ex- 
 posui; quid fieri placeret, ostendi. Uli autem, 7 qui omnia de re 
 publica prseclara atque egregia sentirent, sine recusatione ac sine 
 ulla mora negotium susceperunt, et, quum advesperasceret, occulte 
 8 ad pontem Mulvium pervenerunt, atque ibi in proximis villis ita 
 bipartito fuerunt, ut Tiberis inter eos et pons interesset. Eodem 
 autem et ipsi sine cujusquam suspicione multos fortes viros edux- 
 erunt, et ego 9 ex prsefectura Reatina complures delectos adoles- 
 centes, quorum opera utor assidue in re publica, prsesidio cum 
 gladiis miseram. 6. Interim, 10 tertia fere vigilia exacta, quum 
 
ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 25 
 
 jam pontern Mulvium magno comitatu legati Allobrogum ingredi 
 inciperent unaque Volturcius, fit in eos impetus ; educuntur et ab 
 illis gladii et a nostris. Res erat praatoribus nota solis ; ignoraba 
 tur a ceteris. 
 
 III. Turn interventu Pomptini atque Flacci pugna, quae erat 
 commissa, sedatur. ^iterae, quaeeunque erant in eo comitatu, 
 2 integris signis praetoribus traduntur ; 3 ipsi compreliensi ad me, 
 quum jam dilucesceret,. deducuntur. Atque horum omnium, 
 scelerum improbissimum macliinatorem Cimbrum 4 Gabinium 
 statim ad me 5 nihil dum suspicantem vocavi. Deinde item 
 arcessitur L. Statilius, et post eum C. Cethegus. Tardissime 
 autem Lentulus venit, 6 credo quod in Uteris his dandis praeter 
 consuetudinem 7 proxima nocte vigilaverat. 7. Quum vero sum- 
 mis et clarissimis hujus civitatis 8 viris, qui audita re frequentes 
 ad me mane convenerant, literas a me prius aperiri quam ad 
 senatum referri placeret, ne, si nihil esset inventum, temere a me 
 tantus tumultus injectus civitati videretur, 9 negavi me esse factu- 
 rum, ut de periculo publico non ad consihum publicum rem 
 integram defeiTem. Etenim, Quirites, si ea, quae erant ad me 
 delata, reperta non essent, tamen ego non arbitrabar, in tantis rei 
 publicae periculis, esse mihi nimiam dihgentiam pertimescendam. 
 Senatum frequentem celeriter, ut vidistis, 10 coegi. 8. Atque in- 
 terea statim admonitu Allobrogum C. Sulpicium praetorem, fortem 
 virum, misi, "qui ex aedibus Cethegi, si quid telorum esset, 
 efFerret ; ex quibus ille maximum sicarum numerum et gladiorum 
 extulit. 
 
 IV. Litroduxi Volturcium sine * Gallis : fidem ei publicam 
 jussu senatus dedi; hortatus sum, ut ea, quae sciret, sine metu 
 indicaret. Turn ille dixit, quum vix se ex magno timore recre- 
 asset, a P. Lentulo se habere ad Catilinam mandata et literas, 2 ut 
 servorum praasidio uteretur, et ad urbem quam primum cum 
 exercitu accederet : 3 id autem eo consiho, ut, quum urbem 4 ex 
 omnibus partibus, quemadmodum descriptum distributumque 
 erat, incendissent, caademque infinitam civium fecissent, prsesto 
 esset ille, qui et fugientes exciperet, et se cum his urbanis ducibus 
 
26 ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 conjungeret. 9. Introducti autem Galli 6 jusjurandum sibi et literas 
 a Lentulo, Cethego, Statilio ad suam gentem datas esse dixerunt, 
 atque ita sibi ab bis et a L. Cassio esse praescriptum, ut equitatum 
 in Italiam quam primum mitterent : pedestres sibi copias non 
 defuturas; Lentulum autem 6 sibi confirmasse ex fatis Sibyllims 
 haruspicumque responsis, esse se tertium ilium Cornehum, ad 
 quern regnum hujus urbis atque imperium pervenire esset necesse ; 
 Cinnam ante se et Sullam fuisse ; 7 eundemque dixisse 8 fatalem 
 hunc esse annum ad interitum hujus urbis atque imperii, qui 
 esset decimus annus post Virginum 9 absolutionem, 10 post Capitolii 
 autem incensionem vicesimus. 10. Hanc autem Cethego cum 
 ceteris controversiam fuisse dixerunt, quod Lentulo et aliis caedem 
 11 Saturnalibus fieri atque urbem incendi placeret, Cethego nimium 
 id longum videretur. 
 
 V. Ac, x ne longmn sit, Quirites, tabellas proferri jussimus, 
 quae a quoque dicebantur datae. Primum ostendimus Cethego 
 signum ; cognovit. Nos linum incidimus ; legimus. Erat scriptum 
 ipsius manu Allobrogum senatui et populo, 2 sese, quae eorum lega- 
 tis confirmasset, facturum esse : orare, ut item illi facerent, quae 
 sibi eorum legati recepissent. Turn Cethegus, qui paullo ante 
 aliquid tamen de gladiis ac sicis, quae 3 apud ipsum erant depre- 
 hensae, respondisset, dixissetque se semper bonorum ferramentorum 
 studiosum fuisse, recitatis hteris debilitatus atque abjectus, con- 
 scientia convictus, repente conticuit. Introductus est Statilius ; 
 cognovit et signum et manum suam. Eecitatae sunt tabellae in 
 eandem fere sententiam: confessus est. Turn ostendi tabellas 
 Lentulo et quaesivi, cognosceretne signum. Annuit. — "Est vero, 
 inquam, notum signum, imago avi tui, 4 clarissimi viri, qui amavit 
 unice patriam et cives suos : quae quidem te a tanto scelere etiam 
 muta revocare debuit." 11. 5 Leguntur eadem ratione adsenatum 
 Allobrogum populumque literae. Si quid de his rebus dicere 
 vellet, feci potestatem. Atque ille primo quidem negavit ; post 
 autem aliquanto, toto jam indicio exposito atque edito, surrexit; 
 quaesivit a Gallis, 6 quid sibi esset cum iis; quamobrem domum 
 suam venissent; itemque a Volturcio. 7 Qui quum illi breviter 
 
ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 27 
 
 constanterque respondissent, per quem ad eum quotiensque ve- 
 nisseut, qutesissentque ab eo, nihilne secum esset de fatis Sibyllinis 
 locutus, tum ille subito, 8 scelere demens, quanta conscientise vis 
 esset, ostendit. Nam, quum id posset infitiari, repente prseter 
 opinionem omnium confessus est. 9 Ita eum non modo ingenium 
 illud et dicendi exercitatio, qua semper valuit, sed etiam, propter 
 vim sceleris manifesti atque deprehensi, impudentia, qua superabat 
 omnes, improbitasque defecit. 12. Volturcius vero subito literas 
 profeni atque aperiri jussit, quas sibi a Lentulo ad Catilinam datas 
 esse dieebat. Atque ibi vehementissime perturbatus Lentulus, ta- 
 men et signum et manum suam cognovit. 10 Erant autem scripta3 
 sine nomine, sed ita : Qui sim, scies ex eo, quern ad te misi. 
 Cura, ut vir sis, et cogita quern in locum sis progressus, et vide, 
 quid jam tibi sit necesse. Et cura, ut omnium tibi auxilia ad- 
 jungas, etiam infimorum. Gabinius deinde introductus, u quum 
 primo impudenter respondere coepisset, ad extremum nihil ex iis, 
 quae Galli insimulabant, negavit. 13. Ac mini quidem, Quiiites, 
 12 quum ilia certissima sunt visa argumenta atque indicia sceleris, 
 tabellce, signa, manus, denique unius cujusque confessio, tum multo 
 certiora ilia, color, oculi, vultus, taciturnitas. 13 Sic enim obstupu- 
 erant, sic terrain intuebantur, sic furtim nonnunquam inter se 
 adspiciebant, ut non jam ab aliis indicari, sed ipsi a se viderentur. 
 VI. i Indiciis expositis atque editis, Quirites, senatum consului, 
 de summa re publica quid fieri placeret. Dictas sunt 2 a principibus 
 acerrimse ac foi*tissima3 sententise, quas senatus sine ulla varietate 
 est consecutus. Et quoniam 3 nondum est perscriptum senatus 
 consultum, ex memoria vobis, Quirites, quid senatus censuerit, 
 exponam. 14. Primum milii gratiaB verbis amplissimis aguntur, 
 quod \irtute, consilio, providentia mea, res publica maximis periculis 
 sit liberata ; deinde L. Flaccus et C. Pomptinus, prsetores, quod 
 eorum opera forti fidelique usus essem, merito ac jure laudantur : 
 atque etiam viro foiid, 4 collegaB meo, laus impertitur, quod eos, qui 
 hujus conjm'ationis participes fnissent, a suis et rei publica? consiliis 
 remo\isset. Atque ita censuermit, ut P. Lentulus, 5 quiun se praa- 
 tura abdicasset, 6 in custodiam traderetm* : atque idem hoc decre- 
 
28 ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 turn est in L. Cassium, qui sibi 7 procurationem incendendae urbis 
 depoposcerat : in M. Caeparium, cui ad sollicitandos pastores Apu- 
 liam esse attributam, 8 erat indicatum : in P. Furium, qui est ex iis 
 colonis, quos Faesulas L. Sulla deduxit : in Q. Manlium Chilonem, 
 qui una cum hoc Furio semper 9 erat in hac Allobrogum sollicita- 
 tione versatus : in P. Umbrenum, 10 libertinum hominem, a quo 
 primum Gallos ad Gabinium perductos esse constabat. 15. Atque 
 11 ea lenitate senatus usus est, Quirites, ut ex tanta conjuratione, 
 tantaque vi ac multitudine domesticorum hostium, novem bominum 
 perditissimorum poena re publica conservata, reliquorum mentes 
 sanari posse arbitraretur. Atque etiam 12 supplicatio diis immorta- 
 libus, pro singulari eorum merito, meo nomine decreta est, Quirites ; 
 quod mihi primum post hanc urbem conditam togato contigit: 
 et bis decreta verbis est, Quod urbem incendhs, c^ede cives, 
 Italiam bello liberassem. "Quae supplicatio si cum ceteris 
 supplicationibus conferatur, Quirites, hoc intersit, quod ceterae bene 
 gesta, haec una, conservata re publica, constituta est. 14 Atque illud, 
 quod faciendum primum fuit, factum atque transactum est. Nam 
 P. Lentulus, quamquam patefactus indiciis et confessionibus suis, 
 judicio senatus, non modo praetoris jus, verum etiam civis amiserat, 
 tamen magistratu se abdicavit: 15 ut, quae rebgio C.Mario, clarissi- 
 mo viro, non fuerat, quo minus C. Glauciam, de quo nihil nomina- 
 ting erat decretum, prsetorem occideret, ea nos religione in privato 
 P. Lentulo puniendo liberaremur. 
 
 VII. 16. Nunc, quoniam, Quirites, sceleratissimi periculosissimi- 
 que belli nefarios duces * captos jam et comprehensos tenetis, exis- 
 timare debetis, omnes Catilinae copias, omnes spes atque opes, his 
 depulsis urbis periculis, concidisse. 2 Quern quidem ego quum ex 
 urbe pellebam, hoc providebam animo, Quirites, remoto Catilina 
 non mihi esse P. Lentuli 3 somnum, nee L. Cassii adipem, nee C. 
 Cethegi furiosam temeritatem pertimescendam. 4 IHe erat unus 
 timendus ex his omnibus, sed tamdiu, dum moenibus urbis contine- 
 batur. Omnia norat, 5 omnium aditus tenebat ; appellare, tentare, 
 sollicitare poterat, audebat ; erat ei consilium ad facinus aptum ; 
 consilio autem neque lingua, neque manus deerat ; jam ad 6 certas 
 
ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 29 
 
 res confieiendas certos homines delectos ac descriptos habebat ; 
 neque vero, quum aliquid inandaverat, confectum putabat. Nihil 
 erat, quod non ipse obiret, occun-eret, vigilaret, laboraret ; frigus, 
 sitim, famem ferre poterat. 17. Hunc ego hominem tarn acrem, 
 tarn paratum, tarn audacem, tarn callidum, tam in scelere vigilan- 
 tem, tam 7 in perditis rebus diligentem, nisi 8 ex domesticis insidiis 
 in castrense latrocinium compulissem (dicam id, quod sentio, Quiri- 
 tes), non facile hanc tantam molem mali a cervicibus vestris depu- 
 lissem. ISon ille 9 nobis Saturnalia constituisset, neque tanto ante 
 exitii ac fati diem rei publico denuntiavisset, nee commisisset, ut 
 signum, ut literse suse, testes manifesti sceleris deprehenderentur. 
 Quae nunc, illo absente, sic gesta sunt, ut nullum in privata domo 
 furtum unquam sit tam palam inventum, quam hsec in tota re 
 publica conjuratio manifesto inventa atque deprehensa est. Quod 
 si Catilina in urbe ad. hanc diem remansisset, quamquam, quoad 
 fait, omnibus ejus consiliis occurri atque obstiti, tamen, 10 ut levissi- 
 me dicam, dimicandum nobis cum illo fuisset, neque nos unquam, 
 quirm ille in urbe hostis esset, tantis periculis rem publicam, tanta 
 pace, tanto otio, tanto silentio, liberassemus. 
 
 YIII. 1 8. 1 Quamquam haec omnia, Quirites, ita sunt a me 
 administrata, ut deorum immortalium nutu atque consilio et gesta 
 et pro visa esse videantur. 2 Idque quiun conjectura consequi pos- 
 sumus, quod vix videtur humani consilii tantarum reram guberna- 
 tio esse potuisse ; turn vero ita prassentes his temporibus opem et 
 auxilium nobis tulerunt, ut eos psene oculis videre possemus. 
 Xam, 3 ut ilia omittam, visas nocturno tempore ab occidente faces, 
 ardoremque cceli, ut fulminum jactus, ut terrse motus, ceteraque, 
 quae tam multa nobis consuhbus facta sunt, 4 ut hsec, quae nunc 
 fiunt, canere dii immortales viderentur : hoc certe, Quirites, quod 
 sum dicturus, neque pr?etermittendum, neque relinquendum est. 
 19. Xam profecto memoria tenetis, Cotta et Torquato consulibus, 
 complures in Capitolio res 5 de ccelo esse percussas, qumn et simu- 
 lacra deorum hnmortalium depulsa sunt, et stature veterum horni- 
 num dejecta?, et legum rera Hquefacta ; tactus est etiam ille, qui 
 hanc urbem condidit, Romulus; 6 quern inauratum in Capitolio 
 
30 ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 parvum atque lactantem, uberibus lupinis inhiantem, fuisse memi- 
 nistis. 7 Quo qiiidem tempore, quum haruspices 8 ex tota Etruria 
 convenissent, csedes atque incendia, et legum interitum et bellum 
 civile ac domesticum, et totius urbis atque imperii occasum appro- 
 pinquare dixerunt, nisi dii immortales, 9 omni ratione placati, suo 
 numine prope fata ipsa flexissent. 20. Itaque illorum responsis 
 tunc et 10 ludi per decern dies facti sunt, neque res ulla, quae ad 
 placandos deos pertineret, praetermissa est : iidemque jusserunt 
 simulacrum Jovis facere "majus, et in excelso collocare, et, contra 
 atque ante fuerat, ad orientem convertere : ac se sperare dixerunt, 
 si illud signum, quod videtis, solis ortum, et forum, curiam que con- 
 spiceret, fore, ut ea consilia, qua3 clam essent inita contra salutem 
 urbis atque imperii, illustrarentur, ut a senatu populoque Romano 
 perspici possent. Atque illud signum ita collocandum consules 
 illi locaverunt, sed tanta fuit operis tarditas, ut neque 12 a superio- 
 ribus consulibus, neque a nobis ante liodiernum diem collocaretur. 
 IX. 21. Hie quis potest esse, Quirites, tarn aversus a vero, 
 tarn praeceps, tarn mente captus, 1 qui neget haec omnia, quae vide- 
 mus, praecipueque banc urbem, deorum immortalium nutu ac 
 potestate administrari ? Etenim quum esset ita responsum, caedes, 
 incendia, interitumque rei publicae comparari, 2 et ea per cives, quae 
 turn propter magnitudinem scelerum nonnullis incredibilia vide- 
 bantur, ea non modo cogitata a nefariis civibus, vemm etiam 
 suscepta esse sensistis. 3 Illud vero nonne ita praesens est, ut nutu 
 Jovis Optimi Maximi factum esse videatur, ut, quum bodierno die 
 mane per forum meo jussu et conjurati, et eorum indices, in aedem 
 Concordiae ducerentur, eo ipso tempore signum statueretur ? Quo 
 collocato, 4 atque ad vos senatumque con verso, omnia et senatus et 
 vos, quae erant contra salutem omnium cogitata, illustrata et pate- 
 facta vidistis. 22. Quo etiam majore sunt 5 isti odio supplicioque 
 digni, qui non solum vestris domiciliis atque tectis, sed etiam 
 deorum templis atque delubris sunt funestos ac nefarios ignes 
 inferre conati. Quibus ego si me restitisse dicam, nimium mini 
 6 sumam, et non sim ferendus: 7 ille, ille Jupiter restitit: ille Capi- 
 tolium, ille baec templa, ille banc urbem, ille vos omnes salvos 
 
ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 31 
 
 esse voluit. Diis ego immortalibus ducibus "banc mentem, Qui- 
 rites, voluntatemque suscepi, atque ad bsec tanta indicia perveni. 
 9 Jam vero ilia Allobrogum sollicitatio, sic a P. Lentulo ceterisque 
 domesticis hostibus, tarn dementer, tanta res, credita et ignotis et 
 barbaris, commissreque literse nunqnam essent profecto, nisi ab diis 
 immortalibus huic tantaB audacise consilium esset ereptum. 10 Quid 
 vero ? ut bomines Galli, ex civitate male pacata, qua? gens una 
 restat, quae bellum populo Romano facere et posse et non nolle 
 videatur, spem imperii ac rerum amplissimarum ultro sibi a 
 patriciis bominibus oblatam negligerent, vestramque salutem suis 
 opibus anteponerent ; id non divinitus factum esse putatis ? X1 Prae- 
 sertim qui nos non pugnando, sed tacendo superare potuerunt. 
 
 X. 23. Quamobrem, Quirites, quoniam *ad omnia pulvinaria 
 supplicatio decreta est, celebratote illos dies cum conjugibus ac 
 libeiis vestris. Nam multi ssepe honores diis immortalibus justi 
 babiti simt ac debiti, sed prefecto justiores nunqnam. Erepti enim 
 estis ex cmdelissimo ac misenimo interitn, et erepti sine csede, 
 sine sanguine, sine exercitu, sine dimicatione; 2 togati, me uno 
 togato duce et imperatore, vicistis. 24. Etenim recordamini, 
 Quiiites, omnes civiles dissensiones, non solum eas, quas audistis, 
 sed eas, quas vosmet ipsi meministis atque vidistis: 3 L. Sulla P. 
 Sulpicium oppressit: ex urbe ejecit C. Marium, custodem bujus 
 urbis, multosque fortes viros paitim ejecit ex civitate, partim inte- 
 remit. 4 Cn. Octavius, consul, armis expulit ex urbe collegam 
 suum ; 5 omnis bic locus acersis corporum et civium sanguine 
 6 redundant. Supera\it postea Cinna cum Mario. Turn vero, 
 clarissimis viris interfectis, lumina civitatis exstincta sunt. 7 Ultus 
 est bujus victorias crudelitatem postea Sulla ; ne clici quidem opus 
 est, quanta deminutione civium, et quanta calamitate rei publicse. 
 Dissensit 8 M. Lepidus a clarissimo ac fortissimo viro, Q. Catulo. 
 Attulit non tarn ipsius interitus rei publicse luctum, quam cetero- 
 rum. 25. "Atque illse tamen omnes dissensiones erant ejusmodi, 
 Quirites, qute non ad delendam, sed ad commutandam rem 
 publicam pertinerent ; non illi nullam esse rem publicam, sed 
 in ea, quae esset, se esse principes ; neque banc m'bem con- 
 
32 ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 flagrare, sed se in hac urbe florere voluerunt. Atque illse 
 tarn en omnes dissensiones, quarum nulla exitium rei public* 
 qusesivit, ejusmodi fuerunt, ut non reconciliatione concordiae, sed 
 interneeione civium dijudicatse sint. In hoc autem uno post homi- 
 num memoriam maximo crudelissimoque bello, 10 quale bellum 
 nulla unquam barbaria cum sua gente gessit, quo in bello lex hsec 
 fuit a Lentulo, Catilina, Cethego, et Cassio constituta, ut omnes, qui 
 salva urbe salvi esse possent, in hostium numero ducerentur ; ita 
 me gessi, Quirites, ut omnes salvi conservaremini ; et, quum hostes 
 vestri tantum civium superfuturum esse putassent, quantum infinita? 
 csedi restitisset, " tantum autem urbis, quantum flamma obire non 
 potuisset, et urbem et cives integros incolumesque servavi. 
 
 XI. 26. ^uibus pro tantis rebus, Quirites, nullum ego a vobis 
 praemium virtutis, nullum insigne honoris, nullum monumentum 
 laudis postulabo praeterquam hujus diei memoriam sempiternam. 
 In animis ego vestris omnes triumphos meos, omnia 2 ornamenta 
 honoris, monumenta glorias, laudis insignia, condi et collocari volo. 
 3 Nihil me mutum potest delectare, nihil taciturn, nihil denique 
 ejusmodi, quod etiam minus digni assequi possint. Memoria 
 vestra, Quirites, nostra? res alentur, sermonibus crescent, literarum 
 monumentis inveterascent et corroborabuntur : 4 eandemque diem 
 intelligo, quam spero aeternam fore, et ad salutem urbis, et ad 
 memoriam consulatus mei propagatam ; unoque tempore in hac re 
 publica 6 duos cives exstitisse, quorum alter fines vestri imperii non 
 terrae, sed cceli regionibus terminaret, alter ejusdem imperii domi- 
 cilium sedemque servaret. 
 
 XII. 27. Sed, quoniam earum rerum, quas ego gessi, non 
 eadem est fortuna atque conditio, * quae illorum, qui externa bella 
 gesserunt : quod mihi cum iis vivendum est, quos vici ac subegi, 
 2 illi hostes aut interfectos aut oppressos rehquerunt : vestrum est, 
 Quirites, si ceteris recte facta sua prosunt, mihi mea ne quando 
 obsint, providere. 3 Mentes enim hominum audacissimorum scele- 
 ratas ac nefarise ne vobis nocere possent, ego providi : ne mihi 
 noceant, vestrum est providere. 4 Quamquam, Quirites, mihi qui- 
 dem ipsi nihil ab istis jam noceri potest. Magnum enim est 5 in 
 
ORATIO III. IN CATILINAM. 33 
 
 bonis presidium, quod mihi in perpetuum comparatum est ; magna 
 in re publica dignitas, quae me semper tacita defendet ; magna vis 
 conscientiae, 6 quam qui negligent, quum me violare volent, se ipsi 
 indicabunt. 28. Est etiam in nobis 7 is animus, Quirites, ut non 
 modo nullius audaciae cedamus, sed etiam omnes improbos 8 ultro 
 semper lacessamus. Quod si omnis impetus domesticorum bostium 
 depulsus a vobis, se in me unum converterit, vobis erit videndum, 
 Quirites, qua conditione posthac eos esse velitis, qui se pro salute 
 vestra obtulerint invidiae periculisque omnibus. 9 Mihi quidem ipsi 
 quid est, quod jam ad vitae fructum possit acquiri, praesertim quum 
 neque in honore vestro, neque in gloria virtutis quidquam videani 
 altius, quo mihi libeat ascendere ? 29. Illud perficiam profecto, 
 Quirites, ut ea, quae gessi in consulatu, privatus tuear atque ornem ; 
 ut, si qua est invidia in conservanda re publica suscepta, laedat 
 invidos, mibi valeat ad gloriam. Deinde ita me in re publica 
 tractabo, ut meminerim semper quae gesserim, curemque, ut ea 
 10 virtute, non casu, gesta esse videantur. Vos, Quirites, quoniam 
 jam nox est, veneramini " ilium Jovem, custodem hujus urbis ac 
 vestrum, atque in vestra tecta discedite : et ea, quamquam jam 
 periculum est depulsum, tamen aeque ac priore nocte, custodiis 
 vigiliisque defendite. Id ne vobis diutius faciendum sit, atque ut 
 in perpetua pace esse possitis, providebo, Quirites. 
 
IN 
 
 L. CATILIIA1 
 
 ORATIO QUARTA, 
 HABITA IN SENATU. 
 
 I. 1. Video, Patres conscripti, in me omnium vestrum 2 ora 
 atque oculos esse conversos. Video vos non solum de 3 vestro ac 
 rei publicse, verum etiam, si id depulsum sit, de meo periculo esse 
 sollicitos. Est mihi jucunda 4 in malis, et grata in dolore, vestra 
 erga me voluntas : sed earn, per deos immortales ! deponite, atque 
 obliti salutis meae, de vobis ac de vestris liberis cogitate. Mihi si 
 B ha3C conditio consulatus data est, ut omnes acerbitates, omnes 
 dolores cruciatusque perferrem, feram non solum fortiter, verum 
 etiam libenter, dummodo meis laboribus vobis populoque Romano 
 dignitas salusque pariatur. 2. Ego sum ille consul, Patres con- 
 scripti, cui 6 non forum, in quo omnis sequitas continetur, non cam- 
 pus consularibus auspiciis consecratus ; non curia, summum auxilium 
 omnium gentium; non domus, commune perfugium; non lectus ad 
 quietem datus ; non denique haec sedes honoris, sella curulis, unquam 
 vacua mortis periculo atque insidiis fuit. Ego multa tacui, multa 
 pertuli, multa concessi, multa meo quodam dolore in vestro timore 
 sanavi. Nunc, si hunc exitum consulatus mei dii immortales esse 
 voluerunt, ut vos, Patres conscripti, populumque Romanum ex 
 csede miserrima, conjuges, liberosque vestros, virginesque Vestales 
 7 ex acerbissima vexatione ; templa atque delubra, banc pulcberri- 
 
ORATIO IV. IN CATILINAM. 35 
 
 mam patriam omnium nostrum ex fcedissima flamma, totam Italiam 
 ex bello et vastitate eriperem, qusecunque mihi uni proponetur 
 fortmia, subeatur. Etenim, si P. Lentuliis 8 suum nomen, inductus 
 a vatibus, fatale ad perniciem populi Komani fore putavit, cur ego 
 non laeter, meum consulatum ad salutem rei publicae prope fatalem 
 exstitisse ? 
 
 II. 3. Quare, Patres conscripti, consulite vobis, prospicite pa 
 trise, conservate vos, conjuges, liberos, fortunasque vestras, populi 
 Romani nomen salutemque defendite, mihi parcere ac de me 
 cogitare desinite. Nam primum debeo sperare, omnes deos, 
 1 qui huic urbi president, 2 pro eo mihi, ac mereor, relaturos esse 
 gratiam ; deinde, si quid obtigerit, aequo animo paratoque moriar. 
 Nam neque turpis mors forti viro potest accidere, neque immatura 
 3 consulari, nee misera sapienti. 4 Nee tamen ego sum ille ferreus, 
 qui fratris carissimi et amantissimi praesentis mserore non movear, 
 horumque omnium lacrimis, a quibus me circumsessum videtis. 
 Neque meam mentem non domum ssepe revocat 5 exanimata uxor, 
 et abjecta metu filia, et parvulus filius, quern mihi videtur amplecti 
 res publica tamquam obsidem consulatus mei ; neque ille, qui, ex- 
 pectans bujus exitum diei, adstat in conspectu meo, gener. Moveor 
 his rebus omnibus, sed in earn partem, uti salvi sint vobiscum om- 
 nes, etiam si me vis aliqua oppresserit, potius quam 6 et ille et nos 
 una rei publicae peste pereamus. 4. Quare, Patres conscripti, 7 in- 
 cumbite ad salutem rei publicae; circumspicite omnes procellas, 
 qua? impendent, nisi providetis. Non Ti. Gracchus, quod iterum 
 ti-ibunus plebis fieri voluit, non C. Gracchus, quod 8 agrarios concitare 
 conatus est, non L. Saturninus, quod C. Memmium occidit, in dis- 
 crimen aliquod, atque in vestrse severitatis judicium adducitur : te- 
 nentur ii, qui ad urbis incendium, ad vestram omnium caadem, ad 
 Catilinam accipiendum, RomaB restiterunt. Tenentur literse, signa, 
 manus, denique unius cujusque confessio ; sollicitantur Allobroges ; 
 9 servitia excitantur; Catilina arcessitur; id est initum consilium, 
 ut, interfectis omnibus, nemo ne ad deplorandum quidem populi 
 Romani nomen, atque ad lamentandam tanti imperii calamitatem 
 relinquatur. 
 
36 ORATIO IV. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 III. 5. Usee omnia indices detulerunt, *rei confessi sunt; vos 
 inultis jam judiciis judicastis : primum, quod mihi gTatias egistis 
 
 . 2 singularibus verbis, et mea virtute atque diligentia perditorum 
 hominum conjurationem patefactam esse decrevistis : deinde quod 
 P. Lentulum, ut se abdicaret prsetura, coegistis ; turn quod eum et 
 ceteros, de quibus judicastis, in custodiam dandos censuistis, maxi- 
 meque, quod meo nomine supplicationem decrevistis, 3 qui bonos 
 togato babitus ante me est nemini ; postremo, hesterno die praemia 
 legatis Allobrogum Titoque Volturcio dedistis amplissima. Quae 
 sunt omnia ejusmodi, ut ii, qui in custodiam nominatim dati sunt, 
 sine ulla dubitatione a vobis damnati esse videantur. 
 
 6. 4 Sed ego institui referre ad vos, Patres conscripti, tamquam 
 integTum, et de facto, quid judicetis, et de poena, quid censeatis. 
 6 Ula praedicam, quae sunt consulis. Ego 6 magnum in re publica 
 versari furorem, et nova quaedam misceri et concitari mala jampri- 
 dem videbam; sed hanc tantam, tarn exitiosam haberi conjurati- 
 onem a civibus nunquam putavi. Nunc, 7 quidquid est, quocun- 
 que vestrae mentes inclinant atque sententiae, statuendum vobis 
 ante noctem est. Quantum facinus ad vos delatum sit, videtis. 
 8 Huic si paucos putatis affines esse, vebementer eiTatis. Latius 
 opinione disseminatum est hoc malum; manavit non solum per 
 Italiam, verum etiam transcendit Alpes, et, obscure serpens, multas 
 jam provincias occupavit. Id opprimi 9 sustentando ac prolatando 
 nullo pacto potest. Quacunque ratione placet, celeriter vobis vin- 
 dicandum est. 
 
 IV. 7. Video J duas adhuc esse sententias : unam D. Silani, 
 qui censet, eos, qui hsec delere conati sunt, morte esse multandos ; 
 alteram C. Caesaris, qui mortis poenam removet, ceterorum suppli- 
 ciorum omnes acerbitates amplectitur. Uterque et pro sua digni- 
 tate, et pro 2 rerum magnitudine in summa severitate versatur. 
 3 Alter eos, qui nos omnes, qui populum Romanum vita privare 
 conati sunt, qui delere imperium, qui populi Romani nomen ex- 
 sting-uere, punctum tempoiis frui vita, et hoc communi spiritu, non 
 putat oportere ; atque hoc genus pcenae ssepe in improbos cives in 
 hac re publica esse usurpatum recordatur. 4 Alter intelligit, mor- 
 
OKATIO IV. IN CATILINAM. 37 
 
 tern a diis immortalibus non esse supplicii causa constitutam ; sed 
 aut necessitatem naturae, ant laborum ac miseriarum quietem esse. 
 Itaque earn sapientes nunquam inviti, fortes saepe etiam libenter 
 appetiverunt. 5 Vincula vero, et ea sempiterna, certe ad singula- 
 rem pcenam nefarii sceleris inventa sunt. Municipiis dispertiri 
 jubet. Habere videtur 6 ista res iniquitatein, si imperare velis; dif- 
 ficultatem, si rogare. Decernatur tamen, si placet. 8. Ego enim 
 suscipiam, et, ut spero, reperiam, 7 qui id, quod salutis omnium 
 causa statueritis, non putet esse sua3 dignitatis recusare. 8 Adjun- 
 git gTavem pcenam municipiis, si quis eormn vincula ruperit ; hor- 
 ribiles custodias circumdat, et digna scelere hominum perditorurn 
 sancit, ne quis eorum pcenam, quos condemnat, aut per senatum 
 aut per populum levare possit ; eripit etiam spem, quae sola homines 
 in miseriis consolari solet. 9 Bona prasterea publican jubet : vitam 
 solam relinquit nefaiiis bominibus ; 10 quam si eripuisset, multos uno 
 dolore animi atque corporis, et omnes scelerum pcenas ademisset. 
 Itaque, ut aliqua in \ita formido improbis esset posita, apud inferos 
 ejusmodi quaedam illi antiqui supplicia impiis constituta esse " vo- 
 luerunt ; quod \idelicet intelligebant, his remotis, non esse mortem 
 ipsam pertimescendam. 
 
 V. 9. Nunc, Patres conscripti, ego mea video 1 quid intersit. 
 Si eritis secuti sensentiam C. Cassaris, quoniam hanc is in re pub- 
 lica ^am, quaa popularis habetur, secutus est, fortasse minus erunt, 
 hoc auctore et cognitore hujusce sententiae, mihi populares impetus 
 pertimescendi : sin 2 illam alteram, nescio, an amplius mihi negotii 
 contrahatur. Sed tamen meorum periculorum rationes utilitas rei 
 pubhcae 3 vincat. Habemus enim a C. Caesare, sicut ipsius digni- 
 tas,et majorum ejus amplitudo postulabat, sententiam, tamquam 
 obsidem perpetuae in rem pubhcam voluntatis. Intellectum est, 
 4 qmd intersit inter levitatem concionatorum, et animum vere pop- 
 ularem, saluti populi consiuentem. 10. Video 6 de istis, qui se 
 populares haberi volunt, abesse non neminem, ne de capite vide- 
 licet civium Romanorum sententiam ferat. Is et nudiustertius in 
 custodiam cives Romanos dedit, et supplicationem mihi decreet, et 
 indices hesterno die maximis praemiis affecit. Jam hoc nemini 
 
38 ORATIO IV. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 dubium est, 6 qui reo custodiam, quaesitori gratulationem, indici 
 praemium decrevit, quid de tota re et causa judicarit. At vero C. 
 Caesar intelligit, 7 legem Semproniam esse de civibus Romanis con- 
 stitutam ; 8 qui autem rei publicae sit hostis, eum civem esse nullo 
 modo posse : denique ipsura latorem Semproniae legis jussu populi 
 pceuas rei publicae dependisse. 9 Idem ipsum largitorem Lentu- 
 lum et prodigum uon putat, quuni de pernicie populi Romani, 
 exitio hujus urbis tarn acerbe tamque crudeliter cogitarit, etiam ap- 
 pellari posse popularem. Itaque homo mitissimus atque lenissimus 
 non dubitat P. Lentulum aeternis tenebris vinculisque mandare, et 
 sancit in posterum, ne quis hujus supplicio levando se jactare, et in 
 pernicie populi Romani posthac popularis esse possit. Adjungit 
 etiam publicationem bonorum, ut 10 omnes animi cruciatus et cor- 
 poris etiam egestas ac mendicitas consequatur. 
 
 VI. 11. Quamobrem sive Mioc statueritis, dederitis mihi co- 
 mitem ad concionem, populo carum atque jucundum ; sive Silani 
 sententiam sequi malueritis, facile me atque vos crudehtatis vitu- 
 peratione populo Romano exsolvetis, 2 atque obtinebo, earn multo 
 leniorem fuisse. Quamquam, Patres conscripti, quae potest esse 
 in tanti sceleris immanitate punienda crudelitas ? Ego enim de 
 meo sensu judico. 3 Nam ita mihi salva re publica vobiscum per- 
 frui liceat, ut ego, quod in hac causa vehementior sum, non atroci- 
 tate animi moveor, (quis enim est me mitior?) sed singulari qua- 
 dam humanitate et misericordia. 4 Videor enim mihi videre hanc 
 urbem, lucem orbis terrarum, atque arcem omnium gentium, su- 
 bito uno incendio concidentem ; cerno animo sepultam patriam, 
 miseros atque insepultos acervos civium ; versatur mihi ante oculos 
 adspectus Cethegi et furor in vestra caede bacchantis. 12. Quum 
 vero 5 mihi proposui regnantem Lentulum, sicut ipse se ex fatis 
 sperasse confessus est, purpuratum esse huic Gabinium, cum exer- 
 citu venisse Catilinam, turn lamentationem matrumfamilias, turn 
 fugam virginum atque puerorum, ac vexationem virginum Vesta- 
 lium perhorresco : et, quia mihi vehementer haec videntur misera 
 atque miseranda, idcirco in eos, qui ea perflcere voluerunt, 6 me se- 
 verum vehementemque praebebo. Etenim quaero, si quis pateifa- 
 
ORATIO IV. IN CATILINAM. 39 
 
 milias liberis suis a servo interfectis, uxore occisa, iiicensa domo, 
 7 siipplicium cle servis quam acerbissirnum sumpserit ; utrani is cle- 
 mens ac rnisericors, an inhurnanisshnus et crudelissinms esse vide- 
 atur \ 6 ZSIilii vero importunus ac ferreus, qui non dolore ac cracia- 
 cu nocentis simm dolorem cruciatumque lenient. Sic nos in his ho- 
 minibus, qui nos, qui conjuges, qui liberos nostros trucidare volue- 
 runt ; qui singulas unius cujusque nostrum donios, et hoc univer- 
 sum rei publica? domicilium delere conati sunt ; 9 qui id egerunt, ut 
 gentem Allobrogum in vestigiis hujus urbis, atque in cinere deflagrati 
 imperii collocarent ; si vehernentissimi raerimus, rnisericordes ha- 
 bebiinur ; sin remissiores esse voluerimus, summa? nobis crudelitatis 
 in patriae civiumque pernicie fama subeunda est. 13. Nisi vero cui- 
 piam L. Ca?sar, vir fortissimus et aniantissimus rei publica?, crudelior 
 nudiustertius visus est, quum sororis sua?, femina? lectissima?, 10 viruni 
 prsesentem et audientem, vita privandurn esse dixit ; quum avum 
 jussu consulis inteifectum filiumque ejus impuberem, legatum a 
 patre missum, in carcere necatum esse dixit*- "Quorum quod 
 simile factum 8 quod initum delenda? rei publica? consilium ? 12 Lar- 
 gitionis voluntas turn in re publica versata est, et partium qusedam 
 contentio. Atque illo tempore hujus 13 avus LentuH, clarissimus 
 vir, armatus Gracchum est persecutus : ille etiam grave turn vulnus 
 accepit, ne quid de summa re publica minueretur : hie ad evertenda 
 ftrndamenta rei publics? Gallos arcessit, servitia concitat, Catilinam 
 vocat, attribuit nos tracidandos Cethego, ceteros cives interficien- 
 dos Gabinio, urbem inflammanclam Cassio, totam Italiam vastan- 
 dam diripiendamque Catilina?. Vereamini, censeo, ne in hoc sce- 
 lere tarn immani ac nefando, nimis ahquid severius statuisse vide- 
 amini. Multo magis est verendum, 14 ne remissione poena? cru- 
 deles in patriam, quam ne severitate animadversionis nimis vehe- 
 mentes in acerbissimos hostes fuisse videamur. 
 
 YTL 14. Sed ea, qua? exaudio, Patres conscripti, dissimulare 
 non possum, ^aciuntur enim voces, qua? perveniunt ad aures 
 meas, eorum, qui vereri videntur, ut habeam satis praesidii ad ea, 
 qua? vos statueritis hodierno die, transigunda. Omnia et provisa, 
 et parata, et constituta sunt, Patres conscripti, 2 quum mea summa 
 
40 OKATIO IV. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 cura atque diligentia, turn multo etiam majore populi Romani ad 
 summum imperium retinendum, et ad communes fortunas con- 
 servandas, voluntate. Omnes adsunt omnium ordinum homines, 
 omnium denique aetatum ; plenum est forum, plena templa circum 
 forum, pleni omnes aditus hujus templi et loci. 3 Causa est enim 
 post urbem conditam haec inventa sola, in qua omnes sentirent 
 unum atque idem, prseter eos, qui, quum sibi viderent esse 
 pereundum, cum omnibus potius, quam soli perire voluerunt. 
 15. Hosce ego homines excipio et secerno libenter; neque in im- 
 proborum civium, sed in acerbissimorum hostium numero haben- 
 dos puto. Ceteri vero, dii immortales ! qua frequentia, quo studio, 
 qua virtute ad communem salutem dignitatemque consentiunt? 
 Quid ego hie equites Romanos commemorem ? qui vobis ita 
 4 summam ordinis consiliique concedunt, ut vobiscum de amore 
 rei publican certent ; quos, 5 ex multorum annorum dissensione 
 hujus ordinis ad societatem concordiamque revocatos, hodiernus 
 dies vobiscum atque haec causa conjungit ; 6 quam si conjunctio- 
 nem in consulatu confirmatam meo, perpetuam in re publica 
 tenuerimus, confirmo vobis, nullum posthac malum civile ac do- 
 mesticum ad ullam rei publicse partem esse venturum. Pari 
 studio defendendae rei publicae convenisse video Uribunos aerarios, 
 fortissimos viros ; 8 scribas item universos ; quos quum casu hie 
 dies ad agrarium frequentasset, video ab exspectatione sortis ad 
 salutem communem esse conversos. 16. Omnis ingenuorum adest 
 multitndo, etiam tenuissimorum. Quis est enim, cui non haec 
 templa, adspectus urbis, possessio libertatis, lux denique haec ipsa, 
 et hoc commune patriae solum, quum sit carum, turn vero dulce 
 atque jucundum ? 
 
 VIII. Operas pretium est, Patres consciipti, 1 libertinorum 
 hominum studia cognoscere ; qui, sua virtute fortunam hujus 
 civitatis consecuti, vere hanc suam patriam esse judicant, quam 
 3 quidam hie nati, et summo nati loco, non patriam suam, sed 
 urbem hostium esse judicaverunt. Sed quid ego hujusce ordinis 
 homines commemoro, quos privatae fortunae, quos communis res 
 publica, quos denique libertas, ea, quae dulcissima est, ad salutem 
 
ORATIO IV. IN CATILINAM. 41 
 
 patriae defendendam excitavit ? s Semis est nemo, qui modo 
 tolerabili conditione sit servitutis, qui non audaciam ci\ium per- 
 lioirescat; qui non haec stare cupiat; qui non quantum audet 
 et quantum potest conferat ad communem salutem voluntatis 
 17. Quare si quern vestrum forte commovet hoc, quod auditum 
 est, lenonem quendam Lentuli concursare circum tabernas, pretio 
 sperare sollicitari posse animos egentium atque imperitorum, 4 est 
 id quideni coeptum atque tentatum ; sed nulli sunt inventi tarn 
 aut fortuna miseri, aut voluntate perditi, qui non ilium ipsum sellae 
 atque operis et quaestus quotidiani locum, qui non cubile ac lectu- 
 lum suum, qui denique non cursum hunc otiosum vitae suae 
 salvum esse velint. 5 Multo vero maxima pars eorum, qui in 
 tabemis sunt, nisi vero (id enim potius est dicendum) genus hoc 
 universum amantissimum est otii. Etenim 6 omne instrumentum, 
 omnis opera atque quaestus, frequentia civium sustentatur, alitur 
 otio : quorum si quaestus, occlusis tabenris, minui solet, quid tan- 
 dem incensis futurum fuit ? 
 
 IX. 18. Quae quum ita sint, Patres conscripti, vobis populi 
 Romani praesidia non desunt : vos ne populo Romano deesse 
 videamini, providete. Habetis : consulem ex plurimis periculis et 
 insidiis, atque ex media niorte, non ad vitam suam, sed ad salutem 
 restrain reservatum ; omnes ordines ad conservandam rem publi- 
 cam mente, voluntate, studio, virtute, voce consentiunt; obsessa 
 facibus et telis inipiae conjurationis vobis supplex manus tendit 
 patria communis ; vobis se, vobis vitam omnium civium, vobis 
 arcem et Capitolium, vobis 2 aras Penatium, vobis 3 ignem ilium 
 Vestae sempiternum, vobis omnia deorum templa atque delubra, 
 vobis muros et urbis tecta commendat, Praeterea de vestra vita, 
 de eonjugum vestrarum atque hberorum anima, de fortunis om- 
 nium, de sedibus, 4 de focis vestris, hodierno die vobis judicandum 
 est. 19. Habetis ducem memorem vestri, oblitum sui, 6 quae non 
 semper facultas datur; habetis omnes ordines, omnes homines, 
 universum populum Romanum, id quod 6 in civili causa hodierno 
 die primum videmus, unum atque idem sentientem. " Cogitate, 
 quantis laboribus fundatum imperium, quanta virtute stabihtam 
 
42 ORATIO IV. IN CATILINAM. 
 
 libertatem, quanta deorum benignitate auctas exaggeratasque for- 
 timas una nox paene delerit. Id ne unquam posthac non niodo . 
 confici, sed ne cogitari quidem possit a civibus, hodierno die 
 providendum est. Atque base, non ut vos, qui mihi studio paene 
 praecurritis, excitarem, locutus sum ; sed ut mea vox, quae debet 
 esse in re publica princeps, officio functa consulari videretur. 
 
 X. 20. Nunc antequam, Patres conscripti, x ad sententiam 
 redeo, de me pauca dicam. Ego, quanta manus est conjuratorum, 
 quam videtis esse permagnam, tantam me inimicorum multitudi- 
 nem suscepisse video, sed earn esse turpem judico, infirmam et 
 abjectam. 2 Quod si aliquando, alicujus furore et scelere concitata, 
 manus ista plus valuerit quam vestra ac rei publican dignitas, me 
 tarn en meorum factorum atque consiliorum nunquam, Patres con- 
 scripti, poenitebit. Etenim more, quam mihi illi fortasse minitan- 
 tur, omnibus est parata: vitae tantam laudem, 3 quanta vos me 
 vestris decretis honestastis, nemo est assecutus. Ceteris enim 
 bene 4 gesta, mini uni conservata re publica gratulationem decre- 
 vistis. 21. Sit 5 Scipio clarus ille, cujus consilio atque virtute 
 Hannibal in Africam redire, atque Italia decedere coactus est; 
 ornetur alter eximia laude Africanus, qui duas urbes liuic imperio 
 infestissimas, Carthaginem Numantiamque delevit; babeatur vir 
 egregius Paullus ille, cujus currum rex potentissimus quondam et 
 nobilissimus, Perses, bonestavit : sit aeterna gloria Marius, qui bis 
 Italiam obsidione et metu servitutis liberavit ; anteponatur omni- 
 bus Pompeius, cujus res gestae atque virtutes Sisdem, quibus solis 
 cursus, regionibus ac terminis continentur : erit profecto inter 
 borum laudes aliquid loci nostraB gloriae ; nisi forte majus est 
 patefacere nobis provincias, 7 quo exire possimus, quam curare, 
 ut etiam illi, qui absunt, babeant, quo victores revertantur. 
 22. Quamquam est 8 uno loco conditio melior 9 externa3 victoiioe, 
 quam domesticaB, quod bostes alienigense aut oppressi serviunt, 
 aut recepti beneficio se obligatos putant : qui autem ex numero 
 civium dementia aliqua depravati, bostes patriae semel esse ccepe- 
 runt, eos, quum a pernicie rei publicae repuleris, nee vi coercere 
 nee beneficio placare 10 possis; quare mihi cum perditis civibus 
 
ORATIO IV. IN CATILINAM. 43 
 
 aeteraum bellum susceptum esse video. Id ego 1] vestro, bono- 
 rumque omnium auxilio, inemoriamque tantorum periculorurn, 
 qua? non modo in hoc populo, qui servatus est, sed etiaru in 
 omnium gentium sermonibus ac mentibus semper haerebit, a me 
 atque a meis facile propulsari posse confido. Neque ulla profecto 
 tanta vis reperietur, 12 quae conjunctionem vestram equitumque 
 Eomanorum, et tantam conspirationem bonorum omnium confrin- 
 gere et labefactare possit. 
 
 XL 23. Quae quum ita sint, Patres conscripti, ^ro imperio, 
 pro exercitu, pro provincia, quam neglexi, pro triuinpho ceteris- 
 que laudis insignibus, quae sunt a me propter urbis vestraeque 
 salutis custodiam repudiata, pro 2 clientelis hospitiisque provincia- 
 libus, quae tamen urbanis opibus non minore labore tueor, quam 
 comparo : pro his igitur omnibus rebus, pro meis in vos singula- 
 ribus studiis, proque hac, quam conspicitis, ad conservandam rem 
 publicam diligentia, nihil a vobis, nisi hujus temporis, totiusque 
 mei consulatus memoriam postulo ; 3 quae dum erit in vestris fixa 
 mentibus, tutissimo me muro septum esse arbitrabor. Quod si 
 meam spem vis improborum 4 fefellerit atque superaverit, com- 
 mendo vobis parvum meum filium ; cui profecto 5 satis erit prae- 
 sidii, non solum ad salutem, verum etiam ad dignitatem, -si ejus, 
 qui haec omnia suo sohus periculo conservaverit, ilium filium esse 
 memineritis. 24. Quapropter de summa salute vestra populique 
 Romani, Patres conscripti, de vestris conjugibus ac hberis, de aris 
 ac focis, de fanis atque templis, de totius urbis tectis ac sedibus, 
 de imperio ac libertate, de salute Itahae, de universa re pubhca 
 decernite diligenter, ut instituistis, ac fortiter. Habetis 6 eum* 
 consulem, qui et parere vestris decretis non dubitet, et ea, quae 
 statueritis, quoad vivet, defendere et per se ipsum praestare possit. 
 
PEO 
 
 A. LICINIO ARCHIA 
 
 POETA 
 O E AT I O . 
 
 I. 1. Si quid est in me Mngenii, judices, quod sentio quam 
 sit exiguum, aut si qua exercitatio dicendi, in qua me non infitior 
 mediocriter esse versatum, aut si hujusce rei ratio aliqua, ab opti- 
 marum artium studiis ac disciplina profecta, a qua ego nullum con- 
 fiteor setatis mese tempus abhorruisse : earum rerum omnium 2 vel 
 in primis hie A. Licinius rractum a me repetere prope suo jure 
 debet. Nam quoad longissime potest mens mea respicere spatium 
 praBteriti temporis, et pueritise memoriam recordari ultimam, 3 inde 
 usque repetens, hunc video 4 mihi principem, et ad suscipiendam, et 
 ad ingrediendam rationem horum studiorum exstitisse. Quod si 
 hsec vox, hujus bortatu prseceptisque conformata, nonnullis aliquando 
 saluti fuit ; a quo id accepimus, quo ceteiis opitulari et alios ser- 
 vare possemus, buic profecto ipsi, quantum est situm in nobis, et 
 opem et salutem ferre debemus. 2. Ac, ne quis a nobis hoc ita 
 dici forte miretur, 6 quod alia quaedam in hoc facultas sit ingenii, 
 neque ha3C dicendi ratio aut disciplina, 6 ne nos quidem huic uni 
 studio penitus unquam dediti fuimus. Etenim omnes artes, qua3 
 ad humanitatem pertinent, habent quoddam commune \dnculum, 
 et quasi cognatione quadam inter se continentur. 
 
 II. 3. Sed J ne cui vesti'um mirum esse videatur,me in qua3s- 
 
OKATIO PRO A. LICINIO AECHIA. 45 
 
 tione legitima, et in judieio publico, 2 quum res agatur apud prae- 
 torerri popuh Romani, rectissimum virum, et apud severissiinos 
 judices, tanto conventu hominum ac frequentia, 3 hoc uti genere di- 
 cendi, quod non modo a consuetudine judiciorum, verum etiam a 
 forensi sennone abhorreat : quseso a vobis, ut in hac causa mini 
 detis banc veniam, accommodataru 4 buic reo, vobis, quemadrnodum 
 spero, non molestam ; ut me pro summo poeta atque eraditissimo 
 bomine dicentem, boc concursu bominum bteratissimorum, bac ves- 
 tra biunanitate, boc denique prsetore exercente judicium, patiamini 
 5 de studiis bumanitatis ac Hterarum paulo loqui bberius, et 6 in 
 ejusmodi persona, 7 quae propter otium ac studium, minime in judi- 
 ciis pericidisque tractata est, uti prope 8 novo quodam et inusitato 
 genere dicendi. 4. Quod si mini a vobis tribui concedique sen- 
 tiam, 9 perficiam profecto, ut bunc A. Licinium non modo non se- 
 gregandum, quum sit ci^, a numero civium, verum etiam, si non 
 esset, putetis adsciscendum. 
 
 HI. Nam ut primum ex pueiis excessit Archias, atque ab iis 
 artibus, quibus setas pueribs 1 ad bumanitatem informari solet, se 
 ad scribendi studium contubt ; primum Antiochias (nam ibi natus 
 est 2 loco nobib), celebri quondam urbe et copiosa, atque eruditis- 
 simis bominibus bberalissimisque studiis affluenti, celeriter antecel- 
 lere omnibus ingenii gloria contigit. Post in ceteiis Asise partibus 
 cunctaque Grsecia 3 sic ejus adventus celebrabantur, ut famam in- 
 genii exspectatio bominis, exspectationem ipsius adventus admira- 
 tioque superaret. 5. Erat Itaba time plena Graecarum artium ac 
 discipbnarum, studiaque ba?c et in Latio 4 vehernentius turn cole- 
 bantur quam nunc iisdem in oppidis ; et bic Roma?, propter tran- 
 quillitatem rei publicae, non negligebantur. 5 Itaque bunc et Ta- 
 rentini et Rbegini et Neapobtani civitate ceterisque praemiis dona- 
 runt ; et omnes, 6 qui aliquid de ingeniis poterant judicare, cogni- 
 tione atque bospitio dignum existimarunt. Hac tanta celebritate 
 fama? quum esset 7 jam absentibus notus, Romam venit, Mario con- 
 sule et Catulo. Nactus est primum 8 consules eos, quorum alter 
 res ad scribendum maximas, alter quum res gestas, turn etiam stu- 
 dium atque aures adbibere posset. Statim 9 LucuUi, quum prse- 
 
46 ORATIO PRO A. LICINIO ARCHIA. 
 
 textatus etiam turn Archias esset, eum clomimi suam receperimt. 
 10 Sed enim hoc non solum ingenii ac literarum, verum etiam na- 
 turae atque virtutis, ut domus, quae hujus adolescentiae prima pa- 
 tuit, eadem esset familiarissima senectuti. 6. Erat temporibus 
 illis jucundus Metello, "illi ISTumidico, et ejus Pio filio; 12 audieba- 
 tur a M. JSmilio ; vivebat cum Q. Catulo, et patre et filio ; a L. 
 Crasso colebatur ; Lucullos vero, et Drusum, et Octavios, et Cato- 
 nem, et totam Hortensiorum domum, 13 devinctam consuetudine 
 quum teneret, afficiebatur summo lionore, 14 quod eum non solum 
 colebant, qui aliquid percipere atque audire studebant, verum 
 etiam, si qui forte simulabant. 
 
 IV. Interim satis longo intervallo, quum esset cum L. Lucullo 
 in Siciliam profectus, et quum ex ea provincia cum eodem Lucullo 
 decederet, venit 1 Heracliam. 2 Quae quum esset civitas aequissimo 
 jure ac foedere, adscribi se in earn civitatem voluit : idque, quum 
 ipse per se dignus putaretur, turn auctoritate et gratia Luculli, ab 
 Heracliensibus impetravit. 1. Data est 3 ci vitas Silvani lege et 
 Carbonis, Si qui fcederatis civitatibus adscripti fuissent, si 
 
 TUM, QUUM LEX FEREBATUR, IN ITALIA DOMICILIUM HABUISSENT, ET, 
 4 SI SEXAGINTA DIEBUS APUD PR^ETOREM ESSENT PROFESSI. 8. 
 
 6 Quum hie domicilium RomaB multos jam annos haberet, professus 
 est apud prsetorem, Q. Metellum, familiarissimum suum. Si nihil 
 aliud nisi 6 de civitate ac lege dicimus, nihil clico amplius : causa dic- 
 ta est. Quid enimhorum infirm ari, 7 Grati, potest ? Heraclisene esse 
 turn adscriptum negabis? Adest vir summa auctoritate et reli- 
 gione et fide, L. Lucullus, qui se 8 non opinari, sed scire, non audi- 
 visse, sed vidisse, non interfuisse, sed egisse dicit. Adsunt Hera- 
 chenses legati, nobilissimi homines : hujus judicii causa cum man- 
 datis et cum publico testimonio venerunt, qui hunc adscriptum 
 Herachensem dicunt. 9 Hic tu tabulas clesicleras Herachensium 
 publicas, quas Italico bello, incenso tabulario, interisse scimus omnes. 
 Est ridiculum ad ea, qua? habemus, nihil dicere, qua5rere, qua3 
 habere non possumus, et de hominum memoria tacere, 10 literarum 
 memoriam flagitare; et, quum habeas amphssimi viri "religionem, 
 integerrimi municipii jusjurandum fidemque, ea, quae depravari 
 
ORATIO PRO A. LICIXIO ARCHIA. 47 
 
 nullo modo possunt, repudiare, tabulas, 12 quas idem dicis solere 
 corrumpi, desiderare. 9. 13 An domicilium Roniae non habuit? 
 qui tot annis, ante civitatem datam, sedem omnium rerum ac fortu- 
 narum suarum Roma? collocavit? "An non est professus? 15 Im- 
 mo vero iis tabulis professus, quae solae ex ilia professione collegioque 
 praetorum obtinent publicarum tabularum auctoritatem. 
 
 V. * Nam quum Appii tabulae negligentius asservatae diceren- 
 tur, Gabinii, quamdiu incolumis fuit, levitas, post damnationem 
 calamitas, omnem tabularum fideixi " resignasset ; Metellus, homo 
 sanctissimus modestissimusque omnium, tanta diligentia fuit, ut ad 
 L. Lentulum praetorem et ad 3 judices yenerit et unius nominis 
 litura se eommotum esse dixerit. His igitur tabulis nullam lituram 
 in nomine A. Licinii videtis. 10. Quae quum ita sint, quid est, 
 quod de ejus 4 civitate dubitetis, praesertirn quum aliis quoque in 
 civitatibus fuerit adscriptus ? Etenim quum mediocribus multis, et 
 aut nulla, aut liumili aliqua arte praeditis, gTatuito chitatem in 
 Graacia homines impei-tiebant, 5 Rheginos credo, aut Locrenses, aut 
 Neapolitanos, aut Tarentinos, quod 6 scenicis artificibus largiri sole- 
 bant, id huic, summa ingenii praedito, gloria noluisse. 7 Quid ? quum 
 ceteri, non modo 8 post chitatem datam, sed etiam post legem 
 Papiam, aliquo modo in eorum municipiorum tabulas irrepserint, 
 hie, qui ne utitur quidem illis, in quibus est scriptus, quod semper 
 se Heracliensem esse vomit, rejicietur? 11. 9 Census nostros re- 
 quiris. "Scilicet: est enim obscurum, " proximis censoribus, hunc 
 cum clarissimo imperatore, L. Lucullo, apud exercitum fuisse, su- 
 perioribus, cum eodem quaestore fuisse in Asia, piimis, Julio et 
 Crasso, nullam populi partem esse censam. Sed, quoniam census 
 non jus civitatis contirmat, ac tantummodo indicat, eum, qui sit 
 census, ita se jam turn gessisse pro cive : iis temporibus, 12 quern tu 
 criminaris ne ipsius quidem judicio in civium Romanomm jiue esse 
 versatum, et testamentum saepe fecit nostris legibus, et 13 adiit here- 
 ditates cidum Romanomm, et 14 in beneficiis ad aerarium delatus 
 est a L. Lucullo proconsule. 
 
 VI. Quaere argumenta, si quae potes. Nunquam enim hie 
 neque suo,neque amicorimi judicio 2 reTincetm*. 
 
48 ORATIO PRO A. LICINIO ARCHIA. 
 
 12. Quaeres a nobis, Grati, cur tantopere hoc homine delecte- 
 mur. 3 Quia suppeditat nobis, ubi et animus ex hoc forensi stre- 
 pitu reficiatur, et aures convicio defessae conquiescant. An tu exis- 
 thnas aut 4 suppetere nobis posse, quod quotidie dicamus, in tanta 
 varietate rerum, nisi animos nostros doctrina excolamus ; aut ferre 
 animos tantam posse contentionem, nisi eos doctrina eadena relaxe- 
 mus? Ego vero fateor, me bis studiis esse deditum. 5 Ceteros 
 pudeat, si qui se ita Uteris abdiderunt, ut nihil possint ex iis neque 
 ad communem affeiTe fructurn, neque in adspectum lucemque pro- 
 ferre. - Me autem quid pudeat, qui tot annos . ita vivo, judices, ut 
 6 a nullius unquam me tempore aut commodo aut otium meum 
 abstraxerit, aut voluptas avocarit, aut denique somnus retardarit ? 
 13. Quare 7 quis tandem me reprehendat, aut quis mihi jure suc- 
 censeat, 8 si, quantum ceteris ad suas res obeundas, quantum ad fes- 
 tos dies ludorum celebrandos, quantum ad alias voluptates, et ad 
 ipsam requiem animi et corporis conceditur temporum ; quantum 
 alii tribuunt tempestivis conviviis, quantum denique alveolo, quan- 
 tum pilae, tantum mihi egomet ad haec studia recolenda sumpsero ? 
 Atque hoc adeo mihi concedendum est magis, quod ex his studiis 
 9 haec quoque crescit oratio et facultas ; quae, quantacunque est in 
 me, nunquam amicorum periculis defuit. 10 Qua3 si cui levior vi- 
 detur, ilia quidem certe, quae summa sunt, ex quo fonte hauriam, 
 sentio. 14. Nam, nisi multorum praaceptis multisque hteris mihi 
 ab adolescentia suasissem, nihil esse in vita "magnopere expeten- 
 dum, nisi laudem atque honestatem ; in ea autem persequenda 
 omnes cruciatus corporis, omnia pericula moi-tis atque exsilia parvi 
 esse ducenda ; nunquam me pro salute vestra in tot ac tantas dimi- 
 cationes atque in hos profligatorum hominum quotidianos impetus 
 objecissem. Sed pleni sunt omnes libri, plenaa sapientium voces, 
 plena exemplorum vetustas ; quae jacerent in tenebris omnia, nisi 
 literarum lumen accederet. 12 Quam multas nobis imagines non 
 solum ad intuendum, verum etiam ad imitandum fortissimorum 
 virorum expressas scriptores et Grasci et Latini reliquerunt ? Quas 
 ego mihi semper in administranda re pubhca proponens, animum 
 et mentem meam 13 ipsa cogitatione hominum excellentium confor- 
 mabam. 
 
ORATIO PRO A. LICINIO ARCHIA. 49 
 
 VTL 15. Quseret quispiam : Quid? illi ipsi summi viri, 
 quorum virtutes 1 Uteris proditae sunt, istane doctrina, quam tu 
 efFers laudibus, eruditi fuerunt? 2 Difficile est hoc de omnibus 
 confirmare : sed tamen est certum, quid respondeam. Ego mul- 
 tos homines excellenti animo ac virtute fuisse, et sine doctrina, 
 naturae ipsius habitu prope divino, per se ipsos et moderates et 
 graves exstitisse fateor : etiam illud adjungo, siepius ad laudem 
 atque virtutem 3 naturam sine doctrina, quam sine natura valuisse 
 doctrinam. 4 Atque idem ego hoc contendo, quum ad naturam 
 eximiam et illustrein accesserit ratio quaedam eonformatioque 
 doctrinae, turn illud nescio quid praeclarum ac singulare solere 
 exsistere ; 16. 5 ex hoc esse hunc numero, quern patres nostri 
 viderunt, divinum hominem, Africanum ; ex hoc C. Laelium, 
 L. Furium, moderatissimos homines et continentissimos ; ex hoc 
 fortissimum virum, et illis temporibus doctissimum, Catonem ilium 
 senem, qui profecto, 6 si nihil ad percipiendam colendamque virtu- 
 tem Uteris adjuvarentur, nunquam se ad earum studium contu- 
 lissent. Quod si non hie tantus fructus ostenderetur, et si ex his 
 studiis delectatio sola peteretur, tamen, ut opinor, 7 hanc animi 
 adversionem humanissimam ac liberalissimam judicaretis. 8 Nam 
 ceterae neque temporum sunt, neque aetatum omnium, neque loco- 
 rum ; at haec studia adolescentiam acuunt, senectutem oblectant, 
 secundas res ornant, 9 adversis perfugium ac solatium praebent ; 
 delectant domi, non impediunt foris, pernoctant nobiscum, pere- 
 grinantur, rusticantur. 
 
 17. Quod si 10 ipsi haec neque attingere, neque sensu nostro 
 gustare possemus, tamen ea mirari deberemus, etiam quum in 
 aliis videremus. 
 
 Vin. Quis nostrum Ham animo agresti ac duro fuit, ut 
 Roscii morte nuper non commoveretur ? 2 qui quum esset senex 
 mortuus, tamen, propter excellentem artem ac venustatem, 3 \ideba- 
 tur omnino mori non debuisse. Ergo ille corporis motu tantum 
 amorem sibi conciliarat a nobis omnibus : nos animorum incredi- 
 biles motus celeritatemque ingeniorum negligemus? 18. Quoties 
 ego hunc Archiam vidi, judices (utar enim vestra benignitate, 
 
50 ORATIO PRO A. LICTNIO ARCHIA. 
 
 quoniam me in hoc novo generi dicendi tarn diligenter attenditis), 
 quoties ego hunc vidi, 4 quum literam sciipsisset nullam, magnum 
 nuinerum optimorum versuum de iis ipsis lebus, qua? turn ageren- 
 tiir, dicere ex tempore ! 5 quoties revocatum eandem rem dicere, 
 commutatis verbis atque sententiis ! 6 Quae vero accurate cogitate- 
 que sciipsisset, ea sic vidi probari, ut ad veterum scriptorum laudem 
 pervenirent. 7 Hunc ego non diligam ? non admirer ? non omui 
 ratione defendendum putem ? 8 Atque sic a summis hominibus 
 eruditissimisque accepimus, ceterarum rerum studia et doctrina, et 
 praeceptis, et arte constare, 9 poetam natura ipsa valere, et mentis 
 viribus excitari, et quasi divino quodam spiritu infiari. Quare suo 
 jure 10 noster ille Ennius sanctos appellat poetas, quod quasi deorum 
 "aliquo dono atque munere commendati nobis esse videantur. 
 
 19. Sit igitur, judices, sanctum apud vos, 12 humanissimos homines, 
 hoc poetse nomen, quod nulla unquam barbaria violavit. Saxa et 
 solitudines voci respondent ; bestiae saepe immanes cantu flectuntur 
 atque consistunt : nos instituti rebus optimis non poetarum voce 
 13 moveamur? 14 Homerum Colophonii civem esse dicunt suum, 
 Chii suum vindicant, Salaminii repetunt, Smyrnaei vero suum esse 
 confirmant ; itaque etiam delubrum ejus in oppido dedicaverunt : 
 permulti alii praeterea pugnant inter se atque contendunt. 
 
 IX. Ergo illi 1 alienum, quia poeta rait, post mortem etiam 
 expetunt : nos hunc vivum, qui et voluntate et legibus noster est, 
 repudiabimus ? praesertim quum omne olim studium atque omne 
 ingenium contulerit Archias ad populi Romani gloriam laudem- 
 que celebrandam. JSTam 2 et Cimbricas res adolescens attigit, et 
 ipsi illi C. Mario, qui durior ad haac studia ^debatur, jucundus fuit. 
 
 20. Neque enim quisquam est tarn aversus a Musis, 3 qui non man- 
 dari versibus seternum suorum laborum facile praeconium patiatur. 
 Themistoclem ilium, summum Athenis virum, dixisse aiunt, quum 
 ex eo quaereretur, 4 " quod acroama, aut cujus vocem libentissime 
 audiret : ejus a quo sua virtus optime praadicaretur." Itaque ille 
 Marius item B eximie L. Plotium dilexit, cujus ingenio putabat ea, 
 quae gesserat, posse celebrari. 21. 6 Mithridaticum vero bellum, 
 magnum atque difficile, et in uiulta varietate terra marique vei"sa- 
 
ORATIO PRO A. LICINIO ARCHIA. 51 
 
 turn, totum ab hoc expressum est : 7 qui libri non modo L. Lucul- 
 lum, fortissimuin et clarrissimum viram, verum etiam populi Ro- 
 mani nomen illustrant. Populus enim Romanus aperuit, Lucullo 
 imperante, Pontum, et regiis quondam opibus, et ipsa natura regio- 
 nis 8 vallatum : populi Romani exercitus, eodem duce, 9 non maxima 
 manu innumerabiles Armemorum copias fudit: 10 populi Romani 
 laus est, urbem amicissimam Cyzicenorum, ejusdem consilio, ex 
 omni impetu regio, atque totius belli ore ac faucibus ereptam esse 
 atque servatam : " nostra semper feretur et prsedicabitur, L. Lucullo 
 dimicante, cum interfectis ducibus depressa hostium classis, et in- 
 credibilis apud Tenedum pngna ilia navalis : nostra sunt troprea, 
 nostra monumenta, nostri triumplri ; quae quorum ingeniis 12 efte- 
 runtur. ab iis populi Romani fama celebratur. 22. Cams fuit 
 Africano superiori noster Ennius ; itaque etiam 13 in sepulchro 
 Scipionum putatur is esse constitutus ex marmore. "At iis laudi- 
 bus certe non solum ipse, qui laudatur, sed etiam populi Romani 
 nomen ornatur. In ccelum 15 liujus proavus Cato tollitur: magnus 
 honos popub' Romani rebus adjungitur. Omnes denique illi 
 Maximi, Marcelli, Fulvii, non sine communi omnium nostrum 
 laude decor antur. 
 
 X. Ergo a ilium, qui haec fecerat, Rudinum bominem, majores 
 nostri in cmtatem receperunt : nos lnmc Heracliensem, multis civi- 
 tatibus expetitum, in hac autem legibus constitutum, de nostra 
 civitate ejiciemus ? 
 
 23. Kara si quis 2 minorem glorias fructum putat ex Gra?cis 
 versibus percipi, quam ex Latinis, vebementer errat, propterea, 
 quod 3 Grreca leguntiu in omnibus fere gentibus, Latina sms fini- 
 bus, exiguis sane, continentiu. Quare si res eas, quas gessimus, 
 4 orbis teiTas regionibus definiuntur, cupere debemus, quo manuum 
 nostrarum tela pervenerint, eodem gloriam famamque penetrare ; 
 quod quum ipsis populis, de quorum rebus scribitur, bsec 5 ampla 
 sunt, turn iis certe, qui de vita, glorias causa, dimicant, hoc maxi- 
 mum et periculorum incitamentum est et laborum. 24. Quam 
 multos 6 scriptores rerum suamm magnus ille Alexander secum ha- 
 buisse dicitur ! Atque is tamen, quirm ' in Sigeo ad Achillis tu- 
 
52 ORATIO PRO A. LICINIO ARCHIA. 
 
 mulum adstitisset, fortunate, inquit, adolescens, 8 qui turn virtutis 
 Homerum prcecone?n inveneris ! Et vere : nam, nisi Ilias ilia 
 exstitissit, idem tumulus, qui corpus ejus contexerat, noraen etiam 
 obruisset. Quid ? 9 noster hie Magnus, qui cum virtute fortunam 
 adaequavit, nonne Tlieoplianem, Mitylenaeum, scriptorem rerum sua- 
 rum, in concione militum civitate donavit ; et nostri illi fortes viri, 
 sed rustici ac milites, dulcedine quadam gloriae commoti, qaasi 
 participes ejusdem laudis, magno illud clamore approbaverunt ? 
 25. Itaque, i0 credo, si civis Romanus Archias legibus non esset, 
 ut ab aliquo imperatore civitate donaretur, perficere non potuit. 
 Sulla, quum Hispanos donaret et Gallos, credo, hunc petentem re- 
 pudiasset ; " quern nos in concione vidimus, quum ei libellum ma- 
 ins poeta de populo subjecisset, quod epigramma in eum fecisset, 
 tantummodo alternis versibus longiusculis, statim ex iis rebus, 
 quas tunc vendebat, jubere ei premium tribui, sed ea conditione, 
 ne quid postea scriberet. 12 Qui sedulitatem mali poeta? duxerit 
 aliquo tamen prsemio dignam, hujus ingenium et virtutem in scri- 
 bendo et copiam non expetisset? 26. Quid? a Q. Metello Pio, 
 familiarissimo suo, qui civitate multos donavit, neque per se, neque 
 per Lucullos 13 impetravisset? 14 qui prsesertim usque eo de suis 
 rebus scribi cuperet, ut etiam 15 Cordubae natis poetis, 16 pingue 
 quiddam sonantibus atque peregiinum, tamen aures suas dederet. 
 XL Neque enim est hoc dissimulandum, quod obscurari non 
 potest, 1 sed pra3 nobis ferendum : trahimur omnes studio laudis, 
 et 2 optimus quisque maxime gloria ducitur. Ipsi illi philosophi, 
 etiam in 3 iis libellis, quos de contemnenda gloria scribunt, nomen 
 suum inseribunt : in eo ipso, in quo prsedicationem nobilitatemque 
 despiciunt, pra^dicari de se, ac nominari volunt. 27. 4 Decimus 
 quidem Brutus, summus vir et imperator, Accii, amicissimi sui, 
 carminibus templorum ac monumentorum aditus exornavit suo- 
 rum. Jam vero ille, qui cum JEtolis, Ennio comite, bellavit Ful- 
 vius non dubitavit Martis manubias Musis consecrare. Quare, 6 in 
 qua urbe imperatores, prope armati, poetarum nomen et Musarum 
 delubra coluerunt, in ea non debent togati judices 7 a Musarum 
 honore et a poetarum salute abhorrere. 
 
ORATIO PRO A. LICINIO ^ 53 
 
 28. Atque, ut id libentius faciatis, 8 jam me vobis, judices, 
 indicabo, et de meo quodarn amore glorise, nimis acri fortasse, ve- 
 rumtamen honesto, vobis confitebor. Nam, 9 quas res nos in con- 
 sulatu nostro vobiscum simul pro salute hujus urbis atque imperii, 
 et pro vita civium, proque universa re publica gessimus, attigit hie 
 versibus atque inchoavit ; quibus auditis, quod mihi magna res 
 et jucunda visa est, hunc ad perficiendum adjuvi. Nullam enim 
 virtus aliam mercedem laborum periculorumque 10 desiderat, prseter 
 hanc laudis et glorias ; qua quidem detracta, judices, quid est, quod 
 in hoc tarn exiguo vitas curriculo, et tarn brevi, tantis nos in labo- 
 ribus exerceamus ? 29. Certe, si nihil animus prassentiret in pos- 
 terum, et " si, quibus regionibus vitas spatium circumscriptum est, 
 eisdem omnes cogitationes terminaret suas, nee tantis se laboribus 
 frangeret, neque tot curis ^igiliisque angeretm*, nee toties de ipsa 
 vita dimicaret. Nunc insidet quae dam 12 in optimo quoque virtus, 
 quas 13 noctes ac dies animum glorise stimulis concitat, atque admo- 
 net non cum vitas tempore esse dimittendam commemorationem 
 nominis nostri, sed cimi omni posteritate adaequandam. 
 
 XII. 30. x An vero tarn pam anhni \ideamur esse omnes, 
 qui in re publica, atque in his vitse periculis laboribusque versamur, 
 ut, quum usque ad extremum spatium, nullum tranquillum atque 
 otiosum spiritum duxerimus, nobiscum simul moritura omnia ar- 
 bitremur ? An statuas et imagines, non animomm simulacra, sed 
 coi-porum, studiose multi summi homines rehquerunt, consihoriun 
 relinquere ac ^ii-tutum nostrarum effigiem 2 nonne multo malle de- 
 bemus, sumrnis ingeniis expressam et politam ? Ego vero omnia, 
 quas gerebam, jam turn in gerendo spargere me ac disseminare 
 arbitrabar in orbis teiTas memoriam sempiternam. 3 Hasc vero 
 sive a meo sensu post mortem abfutura est, sive, ut sapientissini 
 homines putaverunt, ad aliquam animi mei partem pertinebit, mvne 
 quidem certe cogitatione quadam speque delector. 
 
 31. Quare conservate, judices, hominem pudore eo, 4 quern 
 amicorum videtis comprobari quum dignitate, turn etiam vetus- 
 tate, ingenio autem tanto, quantum id convenit existimari, quod 
 summonun hominum ingeniis expetitum esse videatis ; 6 causa vero 
 
54 ORATIO PRO A. LICINIO ARCHIA. 
 
 ejusmodi, quae beneficio legis, auctoritate municipii, testimonio Lu- 
 culli, tabulis Metelli comprobetur. Quae quum ita sint, petimus a 
 vobis, judices, si qua non modo e humana, veram etiam divina in 
 tantis ingeniis commendatio debet esse, 7 ut eum, qui vos, qui ves- 
 tros imperatores, qui populi Romani res gestas semper omavit ; 
 qui etiam his recentibus nostris, vestrisque domesticis periculis 
 seternum se testimonium laudis daturum esse profitetur; 8 isque 
 est eo numero, qui semper apud omnes sancti sunt habiti, itaque 
 dicti, sic in vestram accipiatis fidem, ut bumanitate vestra levatus 
 potius, quam acerbitate violatus esse videatur. 32. 9 Quae de causa 
 pro mea consuetudine breviter simpliciterque dixi, judices, ea con- 
 iido probata esse omnibus : quae non fori, neque judiciali consuetu- 
 dine, et de bominis ingenio, et communiter de ipsius studio locutus 
 sum, ea, judices, a vobis spero esse in bonam partem accepta ; 
 10 ab eo, qui judicium exercet, certe scio. 
 
OEATIO 
 
 PEO M. MAECELLO 
 
 I. 1. x Diuturni silentii, Patres conscripti, quo eram his 
 temporibus usus, 2 non tirnore aliquo, sed partim dolore, partim 
 verecundia, finem hodiernus dies attulit, idemque initium, quae 
 vellem quaeque sentirem meo pristino more dicendi. Tantarn 
 enim mansuetudinem, tarn inusitatam inauditamque clementiam, 
 tantum in summa potestate omnium rerum 3 modum, tarn deni- 
 que incredibilem sapientiam ac paene divinam, tacitus praeterire 
 nullo modo possum. 2. M. enim Mar cello vobis, Patres conscripti, 
 reique publicae reddito, 4 non illius solum, sed etiam meam vocem 
 et auctoritatem, et vobis et rei publicae conservatam ac restitutam 
 puto. & Dolebam enim, Patres conscripti, et vehementer angebar, 
 quum viderem, virum talem, qui 6 in eadem causa esset, in qua 
 ego fuissem, non in eadem esse fortuna : nee mihi persuadere pot- 
 eram, nee fas esse ducebam, versari me in nostro vetere curriculo, 
 illo aemulo atque imitatore studiorum ac laborum meorum, quasi 
 quodam socio a me et comite, distracto. Ergo et mihi meae pristi- 
 nae vitse consuetudinem, C. Caesar, 7 interclusam aperuisti, 8 et his 
 omnibus, ad bene de omni re publica sperandum, quasi signum 
 aliquod sustulisti. 3. Intellectum est enim, 9 mihi quidem in 
 multis, et maxime in me ipso, sed paulo ante omnibus, quum M. 
 Marcellum senatui reique publicae concessisti, 10 commemoratis 
 
56 0RATI0 PRO M. MARCELLO. 
 
 praesertim offensionibus, te auctoritatem hujus ordinis, dignitatem- 
 que rei publicae, tuis vel doloribus vel suspicionibus anteferre. Hie 
 quidem 11 fructum omnis ante actae vita? hodierno die maximum 
 cepit, quum w summo consensu senatus, turn praeterea judicio tuo 
 gravissimo et maximo. Ex quo profeeto intelligis, quanta in dato 
 beneficio sit laus, quum in accepto sit tanta gloria. Est vero for- 
 tunatus ille, cujus ex salute non minor paene ad omnes, quam ad 
 ilium ventura sit, laetitia pervenerit : 4. quod quidem ei merito, 
 atque optimo jure, contigit. Quis enim est illo, aut nobilitate, aut 
 probitate, aut optimarum artium studio, aut innocentia, aut ullo 
 laudis genere, praestantior ? 
 
 II. ^ullius tantum flumen est ingenii, nullius clicendi aut 
 scribendi tanta vis, tanta copia, quae, non dicam exomare, sed 
 enarrare, C. Caesar, res tuas gestas possit. Tamen affirmo, et hoc 
 2 pace dicam tua; nullam in his laudem esse ampliorem, quam 
 earn, quam hodierno die consecutus es. 5. Soleo saepe ante ocu- 
 los ponere, 3 idque libenter crebris usurpare sermonibus : omnes 
 nostrorum imperatorum, omnes exterarum gentium, potentissimorum- 
 que populorum, omnes clarissimorum regum res gestas cum tuis, 
 nee contentionum magnitudine, nee numero prceliorum, nee varie- 
 tate regionum, nee celeritate conficiendi, nee dissimilitudine bello- 
 rum, posse conferri ; 4 nee vero disjunctissimas terras citius passibus 
 cujusquam potuisse peragrari, quam tuis, non dicam cursibus, sed 
 victoriis, lustratae sunt. 6. 5 Quae quidem ego nisi tarn magna esse 
 fatear, ut ea vix cujusquam mens aut cogitatio capere possit, amens 
 sim, sed tamen sunt alia majora. Nam bellicas laudes solent qui- 
 dam extenuare 6 verbis, easque detrahere ducibus, communicare 
 cum multis, ne propriae sint imperatorum. Et certe, 7 in armis, 
 militum virtus, locorum opportunitas, auxilia sociorum, classes, 
 commeatus, multum juvant ; maximam vero partem, quasi suo jure, 
 fortuna sibi vindicat ; et, quidquid prospere gestum est, id paene 
 omne ducit suum. *7. 8 At vero hujus gloriae, C. Caesar, quam es 
 paulo ante adeptus, socium habes neminem : totum hoc, quantum- 
 cunque est, quod certe maximum est, totum est, inquam, tuum. 
 Nihil sibi 9 ex ista laude centurio, nihil praefectus, nihil cohore, nihil 
 
ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. 57 
 
 turnia decerpit : quin etiam 10 ilia ipsa rerum humanarum domina, 
 Fortuna, in istius societatem glorias se non offert ; tibi cedit ; tuam 
 se esse totam et propriam fatetur. ISTunquani enini temeritas cum 
 sapientia commiscetur, " neque ad consilium casus adniittitur. 
 
 HI. 8. Domuisti gentes Mmmanitate barbaras, multitudine 
 innumerabiles, locis infinitas, omni copiarum genere abundantes : 
 sed tamen ea vicisti, quae et naturam et conditioner^ ut vinci 
 possent, habebant. Nulla est enim tanta vis, 2 quae non ferro et 
 viribus debilitari frangique possit. Animum vincere, iracundiam 
 cohibere, victoriam temperare, 3 adversariuni, nobilitate, ingenio, 
 virtute praestantem, non modo extollere jacentem, sed etiam ampli- 
 ficare ejus piistinam dignitatem ; baec qui facit, non ego eum cum 
 summis viris comparo, sed simillimum deo judico. 9. Itaque, C. 
 Caesar, bellicae tuae laudes celebrabuntur illae quidem non solis 
 nostris sed paene omnium gentium Uteris atque Unguis ; nee ulla 
 unquam aetas de tuis laudibus conticescet : sed tamen 4 ejusmodi 
 res, nescio quomodo, etiam quum legimtur, obstrepi clamore mili- 
 tum videntur, et tubarum sono. At vero, quum 5 aliquid clementer, 
 mansuete, juste, moderate, sapienter factum, in iracundia praeser- 
 tim, quae est inimica consilio, et in victoria, quae natura insolens et 
 superba est, audimus aut legimus ; quo studio mcendimur, non 
 modo in gestis rebus, sed etiam in fictis, ut eos saepe, quos nun- 
 quam \idimus, diligamus! 10. 6 Te vero, quern praesentem intu- 
 emur, cujus mentem sensusque et os ceraimus, ut, quidquid belli 
 fortuna reliquum rei publicae fecerit, id esse salvum velis, quibus 
 laudibus efFeremus ? quibus studiis prosequemm ? qua benevolentia 
 complectemur ? Parietes, 7 medius fidius, ut mihi Aidetur, hujus 
 curiae, tibi gratias agere gestiimt, 8 quod brevi tempore mtura sit 
 ilia auctoritas in bis majorum suorum et suis sedibus. 
 
 IV. Equidem, 1 quum C. Marcelli, viri optimi et incomparabili 
 pietate praediti, lacrimas modo vobiscum ^derem, omnium Marcel- 
 lorum meum pectus memoria obmdit ; quibus tu etiam mortuis, M. 
 Marcello conservato, dignitatem suain reddidisti, nobilissimamque 
 familiam, jam ad paucos redactam, 2 paene ab interitu vindicasti. 
 11. Hunc tu igitur diem tuis maximis et innumerabilibus gratula- 
 
58 ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. 
 
 tionibus jure anteponis. 3 Hsec enim res unius est propria Caesaris : 
 ceterae duce te gestae, magnae illae quidem, sed tamen rrmlto mag- 
 noque comitatu. Hujus autem rei 4 tu idem es et dux et comes ; 
 quae quidem tanta est, ut nulla tropaeis et monumentis tuis allatura 
 finem sit aetas : nihil est enim 6 opere et manu factum, quod non 
 aliquando conficiat et consumat vetustas : 12. at haec tua justitia 
 et lenitas animi florescit quotidie magis, e ita ut, quantum tuis operi- 
 bus diutumitas detrahet, tantum afferat laudibus. Et ceteros qui- 
 dem omnes victores bellorum civilium 7 jam ante aequitate et mise- 
 ricordia viceras : hodierno vero die te ipsum vicisti. 8 Vereor ut 
 hoc, quod dicam, perinde intelligi auditu possit, atque ipse cogitans 
 sentio : ipsam victoriam vicisse videris, 9 quum ea, quae ilia erat 
 adepta, victis remisisti. Nam, quum ipsius victoriae conditione 
 10 omnes victi occidissemus, clementiae tuae judicio conservati sumus. 
 Recte igitur unus invictus es, a quo etiam ipsius victoriae conditio 
 visque devicta est. 
 
 V. 13. Atque hoc C. Caesaris judicium, Patres conscripti, 
 1 quam late pateat, attendite : a omnes enim, qui ad ilia arma fato 
 sumus nescio quo rei publicae misero funestoque compulsi, 3 etsi 
 ahqua culpa tenemur erroris humani, a scelere certe liberati sumus. 
 Nam, quum M. Marcellum, deprecantibus vobis, rei publicae conser- 
 vavit : memet mihi, et item rei publicae, nullo deprecante, 4 reliquos 
 amplissimos viros et sibi ipsos et patriae reddidit : quorum et fre- 
 quentiam et dignitatem & hoc ipso in consessu videtis. 6 Non ille 
 hostes induxit in curiam, sed judicavit, a plerisque, ignoratione 
 potius, et falso atque inani metu, quam cupiditate aut crudelitate, 
 bellum esse susceptum. 14. Quo quidem in bello semper 7 de 
 pace audiendum putavi, semperque dolui, non modo pacem, sed 
 etiam orationem civium pacem flagitantium repudiari. Neque 
 enim ego ilia, nee ulla unquam secutus sum arma civilia ; semper- 
 que mea consilia 8 pacis et togae socia, non belli atque armorum, 
 fuerunt. Hominem sum secutus 9 privato officio, non publico : 
 tantumque apud me 10 grati animi fidelis memoria valuit, ut nulla 
 non modo cupiditate, sed ne spe quidem, prudens et sciens, tam- 
 quam ad interitum ruerem voluntarium. 15. n Quod quidem 
 
ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. 59 
 
 meum consilium miniine obscmiim fuit. Nam et in hoc ordine, 
 integra re, multa de pace dixi ; et in ipso bello 12 eadem, etiam cum 
 capitis mei periculo sensi. Ex quo nemo jam erit tarn injustus 
 existimator rerum, 13 qui dubitet, quae Caesaris de bello voluntas 
 merit, quum pacis auctores conservandos statim censuerit, ceteris 
 fuerit iratior. Atque id minus fortasse mirum turn, quum esset 
 incertus exitus, et anceps fortuna belli : qui vero, victor, pacis 
 auctores diliget, is profecto declarat, se maluisse non dimicare, 
 quam vincere. 
 
 VI. 16. Atque 1 hujus quidem rei M. Marcello sum testis. 
 2 Nostri enim sensus, ut in pace semper, sic turn etiam in bello con- 
 gruebant. Quoties ego eum, et quanto cum dolore, vidi, 3 quum 
 insolentiam certorum hominum, turn etiam ipsius victoriae ferocita- 
 tem, extimescentem ! 4 Quo gTatior tua liberalitas, C. Caesar, nobis, 
 qui ilia vidimus, debet esse. Non enim jam 6 causae sunt inter se, 
 sed victoriae, comparandae. 17. Vidimus tuam victoriam prcelio- 
 rum exitu terminatam : 6 gladium vagina vacuum in urbe non 
 vidimus. Quos amisimus cives, eos 7 Martis vis perculit, non ira 
 victoriae ; ut dubitare debeat nemo, quin multos, si fieri posset, C. 
 Caesar ab inferis excitaret, quoniam ex eadem acie conservat, quos 
 potest. 8 Alterius vero partis, nihil amplius dicam, quam id, quod 
 omnes verebamur, nimis iracundam mturam fuisse victoriam. 
 18. Quidam enim, non modo armatis, sed interdum etiam otiosis, 
 minabantur ; 9 nee, quid quisque sensisset, sed ubi fuisset, cogitan- 
 dum esse dicebant : 10 ut mihi quidem videantur dii immortales, 
 etiam si pcenas a populo Romano ob aliquod delictum expetive- 
 runt, qui civile bellum tantum et tarn luctuosum excitaverunt, vel 
 placati jam, vel satiati aliquando, " omnem spem salutis ad clemen- 
 tiam \ictoris et sapientiam contulisse. 
 
 19. Quare gaude tuo isto 12 tam excellenti bono: et fruere, 
 quum fortuna et gloria, turn etiam natura et moribus tins : ex quo 
 quidem maximus est fructus jucunditasque sapienti. Cetera quum 
 tua recordabere, etsi pei-saepe 13 vktuti, tamen plerumque felicitati 
 tuae gTatulabere : de nobis, quos in re publica tecum simul salvos 
 esse voluisti, quoties cogitabis, toties de maximis tuis beneficiis, to- 
 
60 ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. 
 
 ties de incredibili liberalitate, toties de singulari sapientia tua, cogi- 
 tabis : 14 quaa non modo summa bona, sed nimirum audebo vel 
 sola dicere. Tantus est enim splendor in lande vera, tanta in 
 magnitudine animi et consilii dignitas, ut hsec a virtute donata, 
 cetera a fortuna commodata esse videantur. 20. Noli igitur in 
 conservandis bonis viris defatigari, non cupiditate praesertim aliqua 
 aut pravitate 15 lapsis, sed opinione officii, stulta fortasse, certe non 
 improba, et specie quadam rei publicae ; non enim tua ulla culpa 
 est, si te aliqui timuerunt, contraque summa laus, quod minime 
 timendum fuisse senserunt. 
 
 VII. 21. Nunc venio a ad gravissimam querelam, et atrocis- 
 simam suspicionem tuam; quae non tibi ipsi magis, quam, quum 
 omnibus civibus, turn maxime nobis, qui a te conservati sumus, 
 providenda est : 2 quam etsi spero falsam esse, tamen nunquam 
 extenuabo verbis. Tua enim cautio nostra cautio est ; ut, 3 si in 
 alterutro peccandum sit, malim videri nimis timidus, quam pa- 
 rum prudens. Sed quisnam est 4 iste tarn demens ? 6 .De tuisne? 
 tarn etsi qui magis sunt tui, quam quibus tu salutem insperanti- 
 bus reddidisti? an ex hoc numero, 6 qui una tecum fuerunt? 
 Non est credibilis tantus in ullo furor, ut, quo duce omnia summa 
 sit adeptus, hujus vitam non anteponat suae. An, si 7 nihil tui co- 
 gitant sceleris, cavendum est ne quid inimici ? 8 Qui ? omnes enim, 
 qui fuerunt, aut sua pertinacia vitam amiserunt, aut tua miseri- 
 cordia retinuerunt ; ut aut nulli supersint de inimicis, aut, qui su- 
 perfuerunt sint amicissimi. 22. Sed tamen, quum in animis ho- 
 minum 9 tantae latebrae sint et tanti recessus, augeamus sane sus- 
 picionem tuam : simul enim augebimus diligentiam. Nam quis 
 est omnium tarn ignarus rerum, tarn rudis in re publica, 10 tarn 
 nihil unquam nee de sua, nee de communi salute cogitans, qui non 
 intelligat, tua salute contineri suam, "et ex unius tua vita pen- 
 dere omnium ? Equidem, de te dies noctesque, ut debeo, cogi- 
 tans, casus duntaxat humanos et incertos eventus valetudinis, et 
 naturae communis fragilitatem, extimesco, doleoque, quum res pub- 
 lica immortalis esse debeat, 1J earn in unius mortalis anima consis- 
 tere. 23. Si vero, ad humanos casus, incertosque motus valetudi* 
 
OBATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. 61 
 
 iiis, "sceleris etiam accedit insidiarumque eonsensio : quern deum, 
 si cupiat, posse opitulari rei publicae credamus ? 
 
 VIII. Omnia 1 sunt excitanda tibi, C. Caesar, uni, quae jacere 
 sentis, belli ipsius impetu, quod necesse fuit, prostrata atque per- 
 culsa ; constituenda 2 judieia, revocanda fides, conrprmiendae libi- 
 dines, propaganda suboles ; 3 omnia, quae delapsa jam derluxerunt, 
 sevens legibus vincienda sunt. 24. Non fuit recusandum, in tanto 
 civili bello, tanto animorum ardore et armorum, 4 quin quassata res 
 publiea, quicunque belli eventus fuisset, multa perderet et orna- 
 menta dignitatis, et praesidia stabilitatis suae : multaque uterque 
 dux faeeret armatus, quae idem togatus fieri prohibuisset. Quae 
 quidem tibi nunc omnia belli vulnera sananda sunt, 5 quibus, prae- 
 ter te, nemo mecleri potest. 25. Itaque illam tuam praeclarissi- 
 mam et sapientissimam vocem 6 invitus auclivi : " Satis dm vel 
 naturae vixi, vel glorias." Satis, 7 si ita ^*is, fortasse naturae ; addo 
 etiam, si placet, gloriae : at quod maximum est, 8 patriie certe pa- 
 rum. Quare omitte istam, quaeso, 9 doctorum bominum in con- 
 temnenda morte prudentiam : noli nostro periculo esse sapiens. 
 Saepe enim venit ad aures meas, te idem istud nimis crebro di- 
 cere, tibi te satis vixisse. Credo : 10 sed turn id audirem, si tibi 
 soli viveres, ant si tibi etiam soli natus esses ; nunc, quum omnium 
 salutem civium cunctamque rem publicam res tuae gestae com- 
 plexae sint, tantum abes X1 a perfectione maximorum operum, ut 
 fundamenta nondum, quae cogitas, jeceris. Hie tu modum vitae 
 tuae, non salute rei publicae, sed aequitate animi, definies ? 12 Quid ? 
 si istud ne gloriae tuae quidem satis est ? cujus te esse avidissimum, 
 quamvis sis sapiens, non negabis. 26. 13 Parumne igitur, inquies, 
 gloriam magnam relinquemus ? Imrao vero aliis, quamvis mul- 
 tis, satis ; tibi uni parum. Quidquid est enim, quamvis amplum 
 sit, est certe parum time, quum est aliquid amplius. Quod si re- 
 rum tuarum immortalium, C. Caesar, hie exitus futurus fuit, ut, 
 14 devictis advereariis, rem publicam in eo statu relinqueres, in quo 
 nunc est : vide, quaeso, ne tua divina virtus admirationis plus sit 
 habitura quam gloriae : siquidem gloria est illustris ac pervagata 
 magnonmi, vel in suos cives, vel in patriam, vel in omne genus 
 hominum, fama meritorirm. 
 
62 ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. 
 
 IX. 27. ^isec igitur tibi reliqua pars est: hie restat actus, 
 in hoc elaborandum est, ut rem publieam constituas, 2 eaque tu in 
 primis summa trail qui llitats et otio perfruare : turn te, si voles, 
 quum patriae, quod debes, solveris, et naturam irjsam expleveris 
 satietate vivendi, satis diu vixisse dioito. 3 Quid enim est omnino 
 hoc ipsum diu, in quo est aliquid extremum ? quod quum venit, 
 omnis voluptas prjeterita pro nihilo est, * quia postea nulla est fu- 
 tura. Quamquam iste tuus animus nunquam 5 his angustiis, quas 
 natura nobis ad vivendum dedit, contentus fait, semper immortali- 
 tatis amore flagravit 28. 6 Nee vero haec tua vita dicenda est, 
 quas corpore et spiritu continotur. Ilia, inquam, ilia vita est tua, 
 quae vigebit uiemoria seculorum omnium, quam posteritas alet, 
 quam ipsa aeternitas semper tuebitur. 7 Huic tu inservias, huic te 
 ostentes, oportet, quae quidem, quae miretur, jampridem multa lia- 
 bet, nunc etiam quse laudet expectat. Obstupescent posteri certe, 
 imperia, provincias, Rhermm, Oceanum, Nilum, pugnas innumera- 
 biles, incredibiles victorias, monumenta, munera, triumphos 8 audi- 
 entes et legentes tuos. 29. Sed, nisi hasc urbs stabilita tuis con- 
 siliis et institutis erit, vagabitur modo nomen tuum longe atque 
 late: sedem stabilem et domicilium certum non habebit. Erit 
 inter eos etiam, qui nascentur, si cut inter nos fuit, 9 magna dissen-' 
 sio, quum 10 alii laudibus ad coelum res tuas gestas efferent, alii 
 fortasse aliquid requirent, iclque vel maximum, nisi belli civilis in- 
 cendium salute patriaB restinxeris : u \\t illud fati fuisse videatur, 
 hoc consilii. 12 Servi igitur iis etiam judicibus, qui multis post se- 
 culis de te judicabunt, et quiclem 13 haud scio an incorruptius, 
 quam nos : nam et sine amore et sine cupiditate, et rursus sine 
 odio et sine invidia judicabunt. 30. Id autem etiam si turn ad te, 
 ut 14 quidam falso putant, non pertinebit : nunc certe pertinet esse 
 te talem, ut tuas laudes obscuratura nulla unquam sit oblivio. 
 
 X. ^iversae voluntates civium fuerunt, distractaeque senten- 
 tise. Non enim consiliis solum et studiis, sed armis etiam et cask-is 
 dissidebamus ; 2 erat enim obscuritas quse dam : erat certamen inter 
 9 clarissimos duces : multi dubitabant, quid optimum esset ; multi, 
 quid sibi expedii-et; multi, quid deceret; nonnulli etiam, quid 
 
ORATIO PRO M. MARCELLO. 63 
 
 liceret. 31. *Perftmcta res publiea est hoc misero fatalique bello: 
 vicit is, qui non fortuna inflammaret odium suum, sed bonitate 
 leniret : 5 nee qui omnes, quibus iratus esset, eosdem etiam exsilio 
 aut morte dignos judicaret. Arma ab aliis posita, ab aliis erepta 
 sunt. Ingratus est injustusque civis, qui, armorum periculo libera- 
 tus, 6 animum tamen retinet armatum ; ut etiam ille melior sit, qui 
 in acie cecidit, qui in causa animam profudit. Quae enim pertina- 
 cia quibusdam, eadem aliis constantia, videri potest. 32. Sed jam 
 7 omnis fraeta dissensio est armis, exstincta aequitate victoris : restat, 
 ut omnes unum velint, qui modo habent aliquid, non solum sapien- 
 tia?, sed etiam sanitatis. Nisi te, C. Caesar, salvo, et in ista sen- 
 tentia, 8 qua quum antea, turn bodie vel maxime usus es, manente, 
 sain esse non possumus. Quare 9 omnes te, qui baec salva esse 
 volumus, et bortamur et obsecramus, ut vitee toae et saluti consulas ; 
 omnesque tibi (ut pro aliis etiam loquar, 10 quod de me ipse sentio), 
 quoniam "subesse aliquid putas, quod cavendum sit, non modo 
 12 excubias et custodias, sed etiam laterum nostrorum oppositus et 
 corporum pollicemur. 
 
 XI. 33. Sed ut, unde est oi-sa, in eodem terminetur oratio: 
 1 maximas tibi omnes gratias agimus, C. Ccesar, majores etiam ba- 
 bemus. Nam omnes idem sentiunt, quod ex omnium precibus et 
 lacrimis sentire potuisti : sed, quia 2 non est omnibus stantibus ne- 
 cesse dicere ; 3 a me certe dici volunt, cui necesse est quodammodo, 
 et quod fieri decet, M. Marcello a te buic ordini populoque Eomano 
 et rei publieas reddito, fieri id intelligo. Nam laetari omnes, 4 non 
 de unius solum, sed de communi salute, sentio. 34. 5 Quod autem 
 summaa benevolentia? est, 6 quaa mea erga ilium omnibus semper 
 nota fuit, ut \ix C. Marcello, optimo et amantissimo fratri, praeter 
 eum quidem, cederem nemini, quum id sollicitudine, cura, labore 
 tamdiu praestiterim, quamdiu est de illius salute dubitatum, ceite 
 hoc tempore, magnis curis, molestiis, doloribus liberatus, praestare 
 debeo. Itaque, C. Caesar, 7 sic tibi gratias ago, ut, omnibus me 
 rebus a te non conservato solum, sed etiam ornato, tamen ad tua 
 in me unum innumerabilia merita, quod fieri jam posse non arbi- 
 trabar, maximus boc tuo facto cumulus accesserit. 
 4 
 
OEATIO 
 
 PRO Q. LIGABIO 
 
 I. 1. 1 Novum crimen, C. Caesar, et ante hunc diem inaudi- 
 tuni, propinquus mens ad te Q. Tubero detulit, Q. Ligarium in 
 Africa fuisse ; 2 idque C. Pansa, prsestanti vir ingenio, fretus for- 
 tasse familiaritate ea, quae est ei tecum, ausns est confiteri. Itaque, 
 quo me vertam, nescio. 3 Paratus enim veneram, quum tu id 
 neque per te scires, neque andire aliunde potuisses, ut ignoratione 
 tua ad hominis miseri salutem abuterer. 4 Sed quoniam diligentia 
 inimici investigatum est, quod latebat, confitendum est, ut opinor ; 
 praesertim quum meus necessarius Pansa fecerit, " ut id integrum 
 jam non esset : omissaque controversia, omnis oratio ad misericor- 
 diam tuam conferenda est, qua plurimi sunt conservati, quum 
 a te non liberationem culpae, sed errati veniam impetravissent. 
 2. Habes igitur, Tubero, quod est accusatori maxime optandum, 
 confitentem reum : sed tamen hoc confitentem, 6 se in ea parte 
 fuisse, qua te, qua virum omni laude dignum, patrem tuum. 
 Itaque prius de vestro delicto confiteamini necesse est, quam 
 Ligarii ullam culpam repreliendatis. 
 
 Q. enim Ligarius, quum esset nulla belli suspicio, legatus in 
 Africam cum 7 C. Considio profectus est ; qua in legatione, et 
 civibus et sociis ita se probavit, ut decedens Considius provincia 
 satisfacere hominibus non posset, si quemquam alium provinciae 
 
ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. 65 
 
 praefecisset, Itaque Ligarius, 8 qnum diu recusans nihil profecisset, 
 provinciam accepit invitus ; cui sic praefuit in pace, nt et civibus 
 et sociis gratissima esset ejus integritas ac fides. 3. "Bellum 
 subito exarsit: "quod, qui erant in Africa, ante audierunt geri 
 quam parari. Quo audito, partim "cupiditate ineonsiderata, 
 partim caeco quodam timore, 12 primo salutis, post etiam studii sui 
 quaerebant aliquem ducem; quum Ligarius 13 domum spectans, 
 ad suos redire cupiens, nullo se implicari negotio passus est. 
 [nterim 14 P. Atius Varus, qui praetor Africam obtinuerat, Uticam 
 venit: ad eum statim eoncursuin est. Atque ille non mediocri 
 cupiditate arripuit imperium, si illud imperium esse potuit, quod 
 ad privatum, clamore multitudinis imperitae, nullo publico consilio 
 deferebatur. 4. Itaque Ligarius, qui omne tale negotium cuperet 
 effagere, "paulum adventu Vari conquievit. 
 
 II. a Adhuc, C. Caesar, Q. Ligarius omni culpa vacat. Domo 
 est egressus non modo nullum ad bellum, sed ne ad minimam 
 quidem suspicionem belli : legatus in pace profectus, in provincia 
 2 pacatissima ita se gessit, 3 ut ei pacem esse expediret. Profectio 
 certe animum tuum non debet offendere : 4 num igitur remansio ? 
 Multo minus ; nam profectio voluntatem babuit non turpem, re- 
 mansio necessitatem etiam honestam. 5 Ergo haec duo tempora 
 carent crimine : unum, quum est legatus profectus ; alteram, 
 quum efflagitatus a provincia, propositus Africa3 est. 5. 6 Tertium 
 tempus est, quo post adventum Vari, in Africa restitit : quod si 
 est criminosum, necessitatis crimen est, non voluntatis. 7 An ille, 
 si potuisset ullo modo evadere, Uticae, quam Romae, cum P. Atio, 
 quam cum concordissimis fratribus, cum aliensis esse, quam cum 
 suis maluisset ? 8 Quum ipsa legatio plena desiderii ac sollicitudi- 
 nis f\iisset, propter incredibilem quendam fratrurn amorem, hie 
 aequo animo esse potuit, belli discidio distractus a fratribus? 
 6. Nullum igitur babes, Caesar, adhuc in Q. Ligario signum 
 9 alienae a te voluntatis. Cujus ego causam, animadverte, quaeso, 
 10 qua fide defendam : prodo meam. "0 clementiam admirabi- 
 lem, atque omnium laude, praedicatione, Uteris monumentisque 
 decorandam ! M. Cicero apud te 12 defendit, alium in ea volun- 
 
QQ ORATIO PRO Q. LIOARIO. 
 
 tate non fuisse, in qua se ipsum confitetur fuisse nee tuas tacitas 
 cogitationes extimescit, 13 nec, quid tibi de alio audienti de se ipso 
 occurrat, reformidat. 
 
 III. Vide, x quam non reformidem ! vide, 2 quanta lux libera- 
 litatis, et sapientiae tuae, mihi apud te dicenti oboriatur ! Quan- 
 tum potero, 3 voce contendam, ut hoc populus Romanus exaudiat. 
 *7. Suscepto bello, Caesar, gesto etiam ex parte magna, nulla vi 
 coactus, 4 judicio ac voluntate ad ea arma profectus sum, quae 
 erant sumpta contra te. Apud quem igitur hoc dico ? Nempe 
 apud eum, qui, quum hoc sciret, tamen me, antequam vidit, rei 
 publicae reddidit : qui ad me 5 ex ^Egypto literas misit, ut essem 
 idem, qui fuissem : qui me, quum ipse imperator in toto imperio 
 populi Romani unus esset, 6 esse alteram passus est : 7 a quo, hoc 
 ipso C. Pansa mihi hunc nuntium perferente, concessos laureatos 
 tenui, quoad tenendos putavi : qui mihi turn denique se salutem 
 putavit reddere, si earn nullis spoliatam ornamentis dedisset. 
 8. Vide, quaeso, Tubero, "ut, qui de meo facto non dubitem, de 
 Ligarii audeam dicere. Atque haec propterea de me dixi, ut mihi 
 Tubero, quum de se eadem dicerem, ignosceret ; 9 cujus ego 
 industriae gloriaeque faveo, vel propter propinquam cognationem, 
 vel quod ejus ingenio studiisque delector, vel quod laudem ado- 
 lescentis propinqui existimo etiam 10 ad meum aliquem fructum 
 redundare. 9. Sed hoc quaero : ai quis putat esse crimen fuisse 
 in Africa ? Nempe is, qui et ipse in eadem Africa esse voluit, et 
 prohibitum se a Ligario queritur, et certe contra ipsum Caesarem 
 est congressus armatus. Quid enim, Tubero, tuns ille destrictus 
 in acie Pharsalica gladius agebat ? cujus latus ille mucro petebat ? 
 12 qui sensus erat armorum tuorum ? quae tua mens, oculi, maims, 
 ardor animi ? quid cupiebas ? quid optabas ? Nimis urgeo ; com- 
 moveri videtur adolescens : ad me revertar ; iisdem in armis fui. 
 
 IV. 10. Quid autem aliud ^gimus, Tubero, nisi ut, quod hie 
 potest, nos possemus ? Quorum igitur impunitas, Caesar, tuae 
 clementiae laus est, eorum ipsorum ad crudelitatem 2 te acuet 
 oratio ? Atque in hac causa 3 nonnihil equidem, Tubero, etiam 
 tuam, sed multo magis patris tui prudentiam desidero; quod 
 
ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. 67 
 
 liomo quum ingenio, turn etiam doctrina excellens, 4 genus hoc 
 causae quod esset, non viderit : nam, si vidisset, quovis profecto 
 quam isto modo a te agi nialuisset. 5 Arguis fatentem ; non est 
 satis : accusas eum, qui causam habet, aut, ut ego clico, meliorem 
 quam tu: aut, ut tu vis, parem. 11. Haec 6 admiribilia : sed 
 prodigii simile est, quod dicam. 7 Non liabet earn vim ista 
 accusatio, ut Q. Ligarius condemnetur, sed ut necetur. Hoc egit 
 eivis Eomanus ante te nemo. 8 Extend isti mores usque ad san- 
 guinem incitari odio, aut levium Graecorum, aut immanium bar- 
 barorum. 9 Nam quid agis aliud ? Rornae ne sit ? ut domo careat ? 
 ne cum optimis fratribus, ne cum hoc T. Broccho, avunculo, ne 
 cum ejus filio, consobrino suo, ne nobiscum vivat ? ne sit in patria ? 
 Num. est? num. potest magis carere his omnibus, quam caret? 
 Italia prohibetur, 10 exsulat. " Non tu ergo hunc patria privare, 
 qua caret, sed vita, vis. 12. 12 At istud ne apud eum quidem 
 dictatorem, qui omnes, quos oderat, morte multabat, quisquam 
 egit isto modo. Ipse jubebat occidi, nullo postulante; 13 praemiis 
 etiam invitabat; quae tamen crudelitas 14 ab hoc eodem aliquot 
 annis post, quern tu nunc crudelem esse vis, vindicata est. 
 
 V. Ego vero x istud non postulo, inquies. Ita mehercule 
 existimo, Tubero. Novi enim te, novi patrem, novi domum 
 nomenque vestrum ; 2 studia generis ac familiar vestrae virtutis, 
 humanitatis, doctrinae, plurimarum artium atque optimarum nota 
 mihi sunt. 13. Itaque certo scio, vos non petere sanguinem. 
 Sed parum attenditis. 3 Res enim eo spectat, ut ea poena, in qua 
 adhuc Q. Ligarius sit, non videarnini esse contend. 4 Quse est 
 igitur alia prseter mortem ? Si enim est m exsilio, sicuti est, quid 
 amplius postulatis ? an, ne ignoscatur ? Hoc vero multo acerbius, 
 multoque durius. 5 Quod nos domi petimus precibus, lacrimis, 
 strati ad pedes, non tarn nostrse causae fldentes, quam hujus 
 humanitati, id ne impetremus, pugnabis? et in nostrum fletum 
 irrumpes ? et nos jacentes ad pedes supplicum voce prohibebis ? 
 14. 6 Si, quum hoc domi faceremus, quod et fecimus et, ut spero, 
 non frustra fecimus, tu repente irrupisses, et clamare ccepisses: 
 "C. Cassar, cave ignoscas, 7 cave te fratrum pro fratris salute 
 
68 ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. 
 
 obsecrantium misereat;" nonne omnem humanitatem exuisses? 
 Quanto hoc durius, quod nos domi petimus, 8 id a te in foro 
 oppugnari ? te in tali miseria multorum 9 perfugium misericordise 
 tollere ? 15. Dicam plane, Caesar, quod sentio. Si in banc tanta 
 tua 10 fortuna, lenitas tanta non esset, quantam tu per te, per te, 
 inquam, obtines (intelligo, quid loquar), acerbissimo luctu redun- 
 daret ista victoria. Quam multi enim essent de victoribus, qui te 
 crudelem esse vellent, X1 quum etiam de victis reperiantur ? quam 
 multi, qui, quum a te ignosci nemini vellent, impedirent clemen- 
 tiam tuam, quum etiam 12 ii, quibus ipse ignovisti, nolint te esse 
 in alios misericordem ? 1 6. Quod si probare Caesari possemus, in 
 Africa Ligarium omnino non fuisse ; 13 si honesto et misericordi 
 mendacio, saluti civi calamitoso esse vellemus, tamen hominis non 
 esset, in tanto discrimine et periculo civis, refellere et redarguere 
 nostrum mendacium : et, si esset alien jus, ejus certe non esset, qui 
 in eadem causa et fortuna fuisset. Sed tamen 14 aliud est errare 
 Caesarem nolle, aliud nolle misereri. Tunc diceres : " Caesar, cave 
 credas : fuit in Africa ; tulit anna contra te." Nunc quid dicis ? 
 " Cave ignoscas." 15 Haec nee hominis, nee ad hominem vox est : 
 qua, qui apud te, C. Caesar, utitur, suam citius abjiciet humanita- 
 tem, quam extorquebit tuam. 
 
 VI. 1 *7. Ac primus x aditus et postulatio Tuberonis hsec, ut 
 opinor, fuit, velle se de Q. Ligarii scelere dicere. Non dubito, 2 quin 
 admiratus sis, vel quod de nullo alio quisquam, vel quod is, qui in 
 eadem causa fuisset, vel quidnam novi sceleris afferret Scelus tu 
 illud vocas, Tubero ? cur? 3 Isto enim nomine ilia adhuc causa 
 caruit. Alii errorem appellant ; alii timorem ; qui durius, spem, 
 cupiditatem, odium, pertinaciam ; qui gi-avissime, temeritatem : 
 scelus, praeter te, adhuc nemo. Ac mihi quidem, si proprium et 
 verum nomen 4 nostri mali quseritur, fatalis* quaedam calamitas 
 incidisse videtur, et improvidas hominum mentes occupavisse : ut 
 nemo mirari debeat humana consilia divina necessitate esse supe- 
 rata. 18. 5 Liceat esse miseros; qu am quam hoc victore esse non 
 possumus : sed non loquor de nobis ; de illis loquor, qui occide- 
 runt. "Fuerint cupidi, fuerint irati, fuennt pertiuaces: sceleris 
 
ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. 69 
 
 vero crimine, fiiroris, parricidii, liceat Cn. Pompeio mortuo, liceat 
 multis aliis carere. Quando hoc quisquam ex te, Csesar, audivit ? 
 7 aut tua quid aliud anna voluerunt, nisi a te contumeliam propul- 
 sare \ quid egit tuus ille invictus exercitus, nisi ut suum jus tuere- 
 tur et dignitatem tuam ? Quid ? tu, 8 quum pacem esse cupiebas, 
 idne agebas, 9 ut tibi cum sceleratis, an ut cum bonis civibus con- 
 veniret? 19. Mini vero, Caesar, tua in me maxima merita tanta 
 certe non viderentur, si me 10 ut sceleratum a te conservation 
 putarem. Quomodo autem tu de re publica bene meritus esses, 
 quum tot sceleratos incolumi dignitate esse voluisses? ]1 Seces>io- 
 nem tu illam existimavisti, Caesar, initio, non bellum ; neque hostile 
 odium, sed civile dissidium ; 12 utrisque cupientibus rem publicam 
 salvam, sed partim consiliis, partim studiis, a communi utilitate 
 abeiTantibus. "Principum dignitas erat pame par; non par for- 
 tasse eorum, qui sequebantur : causa turn dubia, quod erat aliquid 
 in utraque parte, quod probari posset : nunc melior ea judicanda 
 est, quam etiam dii adjuverunt. Cognita vero dementia tua, quis 
 non earn victoriam probet, in qua occiderit nemo, nisi armatus ? 
 
 VJUL 20. Sed, ut omittam communem causam, veniamus a ad 
 nostram, utrum tandem existimas facilius fuisse, Tubero, Ligarium 
 ex Africa exire, an vos in Africam non venire ? 2 Poteramusne, 
 inquies, quum senatus censuisset? Si me consulis, nullo modo. 
 Sed tamen Ligarium senatus idem legaverat. Atque ille 3 eo 
 tempore paruit, quum parere senatui necesse erat : vos tunc paru- 
 istis, quum paruit nemo, qui noluit. 4 Reprehendo igitur 3 Mini- 
 me vero : neque enim licuit aliter vestro generi, nomini, familiar, 
 disciplinae. Sed hoc non concedo, 5 ut, quibus rebus gloriemini in 
 vobis easdem in aliis reprehendatis. 21. 6 Tuberonis soi-s conjecta 
 est ex senatus consulto, quum ipse non adesset, morbo etiam im- 
 pediretur : statuerat excusare. Ha3C ego novi, 7 propter omnes 
 necessitudines, quae mini sunt cum L. Tuberone. Domi una 
 eruditi, 8 militiaB contubernales, post amnes, in omni denique vita 
 familiares : magnum etiam vinculum, quod iisdem studiis semper 
 usi sumus. Scio igitur Tuberonem domi manere voluisse : sed 
 ita 9 quidam agebat, ita rei publicae sanctissimum nomen oppone- 
 
*70 ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. 
 
 bat, tit etiamsi aliter sentiret, verborum tamen ipsorum pondus 
 sustinere non posset. 22. Cessit auctoritati amplissimi viri, vel 
 potius paruit. Una est profectus cum iis, 10 quorum erat una 
 causa ; tardius iter fecit. Itaque in Africam venit jam occupatam. 
 n Hinc in Ligarium crimen oritur, vel ira potius : nam, 12 si crimen 
 est ullum voluisse, non minus magnum est vos Africam, arcem 
 omnium provinciarum, natam ad bellum contra hanc urbem 
 gerendum, obtinere voluisse, quam aliquem se maluisse. Atque 
 is tamen aliquis Ligarius non fuit. Varus imperium se habere 
 dicebat; fasces certe habebat. 23. Sed 13 quoquo modo se illud 
 habet, 14 hsec querela vestra quid valet ? " Recepti in provinciam 
 non sumus." Quid si essetis ? Caesarine earn tradituri fuistis, an 
 contra Caesarem retenturi ? 
 
 VIII. Vide, quid licentiae, Caesar, nobis tua liberalitas det, vel 
 potius audaciae. Si respondent Tubero Africam, 1 quo senatus eum 
 sorsque miserat, tibi patrem suum traditurum fuisse, 2 non dubitabo 
 apud ipsum te, cujus id eum facere interfuit, gravissimis verbis ejus 
 consilium reprebendere. Non enim si tibi 3 ea res grata fuisset, 
 esset etiam probata. 24. Sed jam hoc totum omitto ; non tarn ne 
 ofFendam tuas patientissimas aures, 4 quam ne Tubero, quod nun- 
 quam cogitavit, facturus fuisse videatur. Veniebatis igitur in Afri- 
 cam provinciam, unam ex omnibus 5 huic victorise maxime infestam, 
 in qua erat rex potentissimus, inimicus huic causae, aliena voluntas, 
 conventus tirmi atque magni. Quaero, quid facturi fuistis. Quam- 
 quam, quid facturi fueritis, dubitem, quum videam, quid feceritis ? 
 Prohibiti estis in provincia vestra pedem ponere, et prohibiti sum- 
 ma cum 6 injuria. ., 25. Quomodo id tulistis? Acceptse injuriaa 
 querelam ad quern detulistis ? Nempe ad eum, 7 cujus auctorita- 
 tem secuti, in societatem belli veneratis. Quod si, Cassaiis causa, 
 in provinciam veniebatis, ad eum profecto exclusi provincia venis- 
 setis. Venistis ad Pompeium. 8 Qua3 est ergo apud Caesarem 
 querela, quum eum accusetis, a quo queramini, prohibitos vos 
 contra Csesarem gerere bellum ? 9 Atque in hoc quidem vel cum 
 mendacio, si vultis, gloriemini, per me licet, vos provinciam fuisse 
 Caesari tradituros. Etiamsi a Varo, et a quibusdam aliis prohibiti 
 
ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. *71 
 
 estis, ego tamen confitebor, culpam esse Ligarii, 10 qui tos tanta? 
 laudis occasione privaverit. 
 
 IX. 26. Sed vide, quseso, Caesar, 1 constantiam omatissimi 
 viri, L. Tuberonis : quam ego, quanivis ipse probarem, ut probo, 
 tamen non commemorarem, nisi 2 a te cognovissern in primis earn 
 virtutem solere landari. Quae fuit igitur unquam in nllo homine 
 tanta constantia ? constantiam dico ? 3 nescio, an melius patientiam 
 possim dicere. 4 Quotus enim istud quisque fecisset, ut, a quibus 
 in dissensione eivili non esset receptus, esset etiam cum crudeli- 
 tate rejectus, ad eos ipsos rediret? 5 Magni cujusdam animi atque 
 ejus viri, quern de suscepta causa, propositaque sententia, nulla 
 contumelia, nulla vis, nullum periculum possit depellere. 27. 6 Ut 
 enim cetera paria Tuberoni cum Yaro fuissent, honos, nobilitas, 
 splendor, ingenium, quae nequaquam fuerunt ; 7 hoc certe praeci- 
 puum Tuberonis, quod justo cum imperio ex senatus consulto in 
 provinciam suam venerat. 8 Hinc proliibitus non ad Csesarem, ne 
 iratus ; non domum, ne ineis ; non in aliquam regionem, ne con- 
 demnare causam illam, quam secutus esset, videretur : in Macedo- 
 niam ad Cn. Pompeii castra venit, in earn ipsam causam, a qua 
 erat rejectus cum injuria. 28. 9 Quid? quum ista res nihil coin- 
 mo^sset ejus animum, ad quern veneratis, languidiore, credo, 
 studio in causa fuistis : tantummodo in praesidiis eratis, animi vero 
 a causa abhorrebant : 10 an, ut fit in civilibus bellis, nee in vobis 
 magis quam in reliquis ; ornnes enim vincendi studio tenebamur. 
 "Pacis equidem semper auctor fui : sed turn sero; erat enim 
 amentis, quum aciem videres, pacem cogitare. Omnes, inquam, 
 vincere volebamus : 12 tu certe prsecipue, qui in eum locum venis- 
 ses, ubi tibi esset pereundum, nisi \dcisses : quamquam, ut nunc 
 se res habet, non dubito, quin hanc salutem anteponas illi victorias. 
 
 X. 29. Ekec ego non dicerem, Tubero, si ant 1 vos constan- 
 tise vestrse, ant Ca5sarem beneficii sui pceniteret. Ximc quaBro, 
 utrnm vestras injurias, 2 an rei pubheas persequamini ? Si rei 
 publicse : quid de vestra 3 in ilia causa perseverantia respondebitis ? 
 si vestras, videte, ne erretis, 4 qui CaBsarem vestris inimicis iratum 
 fore putetis, quum io-rioverit sius. 
 
 4* ^ 
 
*72 ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. 
 
 Itaque 5 num tibi videor in causa Ligarii esse occupatus? num 
 de ejus facto dicere ? Q.uidquid dixi, 6 ad imam summam referri 
 volo vel humanitatis, vel ciemenlise, vel misericordiae. 30. Causas, 
 Caesar, 7 egi multas, et quidem tecum, dum te in foro tenuit ratio 
 lionorum tuorum ; certe mm quam hoc modo : Ignoscite, judices ; 
 erravit ; lapsus est ; non putavit : 8 si unquam posthac. 9 Apud 
 parentem sic agi solet : ad judices, Non fecit, non cogitavit ; falsi 
 testes, fictum crimen. Die te, Caesar, de facto Ligarii judicem 
 esse : quibus in praesidiis merit, quaere. Taceo; 10 ne haec quidem 
 colligo, quae fortasse valerent etiam apud judicem ; " Legatus ante 
 bellum n profectus, relictus in pace, bello oppressus, in eo ipso non 
 acerbus, totus animo ac studio tuus." Ad judicem sic agi solet ; 
 sed ego 12 ad parentem loquor : Erravit, temere fecit, pcemtet : ad 
 clementiam tuam confugio, delicti veniam peto ; ut ignoscas, oro. 
 Si nemo impetravit, 13 arroganter ; si plurimi, tu idem fer opein, 
 qui spem dedisti. 31. An sperandi Ligario causa non sit, quum 
 14 mini apud te locus sit etiam pro altero deprecandi ? Quamquam 
 neque in hac oratione spes est posita causae, nee in eorum studiis, 
 qui a te pro Ligario petunt, tui necessarii. 
 
 XL *Vidi enirn et cognovi, quid maxime spectares, quum 
 pro alicujus salute multi laborarent: causas apud te rogantium 
 2 gratiosiores esse quam vultus : neque te spectare, quam tuus 
 esset necessarius is, qui te oraret, sed quam illius, pro quo labora- 
 ret. 3 Itaque tribuis tu quidem tuis ita multa, ut milii beatiores 
 illi videantur interdum, qui tua liberalitate fruantur, quam tu ipse, 
 qui illis tarn multa concedas. Sed video tamen apud te causas, 
 ut dixi, valere plus quam preces, ab iisque te moveri maxime 
 quorum justissimum videas dolorem in petendo. 32. In Q. Liga- 
 rio conservando, multis tu quidem gratum facies necessariis tuis ; 
 sed hoc, quaeso, considera, 4 quod soles. Possum fortissimos viros, 
 Sabinos, 5 tibi probatissimos, totumque agrum Sabinum, florem 
 Italiae, robur rei publicae proponere. Nosti optime homines : ani- 
 madverte borum omnium maestitiam et dolorem. "Hujus T. 
 Brocclii, de quo non dubito quid existimes, lacrimas squalorem- 
 que ipsius et filii vides. 33. Quid de fratribus dicam? Noli, 
 
ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. *73 
 
 Caesar, putare, de uniiis capite nos agere : aut tres 7 tibi Ligarii 
 retinendi in civitate sunt, aut tres ex civitate exterminandi. Quod- 
 vis exsilium his est optatius, quam patria, quam domus, quam dii 
 penates, uno illo exsulante. Si fraterne, si pie, si cum dolore 
 faciunt, moveant tehorum lacrimse, moveat pietas, moveat 8 germa- 
 nitas ; valeat tua vox ilia, qua? vicit, Te enim dicere audiebamus 
 nos omnes adversarios putare, nisi qui nobiscurn essent : 9 te onines, 
 qui contra te non essent, tuos. Videsne igitur liunc splendorem 
 omnium, banc Broccborum donium, hunc L. Marcium, C. Caase- 
 tiuin, 10 L. Corfidium, bosce omnes equites Romanos, qui adsunt 
 11 veste mutata, non solum notos tibi, verum etiam probatos viros ? 
 Tecum fuerunt. Atque his irascebamur, hos requirebamus, his 
 nonnulh etiam minabantur. 12 Conserva igitur tuis suos : ut, 
 quemadmodum cetera, quae dicta sunt a te, sic hoc verissimuni 
 reperiatur. 
 
 XII. 34. Quod si penitus perspicere posses * eoncordiam Liga- 
 riorum, omnes fratres tecum judicares fuisse. An potest quisquam 
 dubitare, quin, si Q. Ligarius in Italia 2 esse potuisset, in eadem sen- 
 tentia fuisset futurus, hi qua fratres fuerunt ? 3 Quis est, qui horum 
 consensum conspirantem, et pasne conflatum, in hac prope aequali- 
 tate fraterna non noverit ? qui hoc non sentiat, quidvis prius futu- 
 mm fuisse, quam ut hi fratres diversas sententias ibrtunasque se- 
 querentur ? 4 Voluntate igitur omnes tecum fuerunt : tempestate 
 abreptus est unus ; qui si consilio id fecisset, esset eorum similis, 
 quos tu tamen salvos esse voluisti. 35. 5 Sed ierit ad bellum, dis- 
 cesserit non a te solum, verum etiam a fratribus, hi te orant tui. 
 c Equidem, quum tuis omnibus negotiis interessem, memoria teneo, 
 qualis turn T. Ligarius quaestor urbanus fuerit erga te et dignitatem 
 tuam. Sed parum est me hoc meminisse : spero etiam te, qui 
 oblidsci nihil soles nisi injurias, 7 quoniam hoc est animi, quoniam 
 etiam ingenii tui, 8 te aliquid de hujus illo quaestorio officio, etiam 
 de aliis quibusdam quaastoribus reminiscentem recordari. 36. Hie 
 igitur T. Ligarius, qui turn nihil egit aliud (neque enim hsec divi- 
 nabat), nisi ut tu eum tui studiosum, et bonum virum judicares, 
 nunc a te supplex fratris salutem petit, 9 Quam hujus admonitus 
 
74 ORATIO PRO Q. LIGARIO. 
 
 officio, quum utrisque his dederis, tees fratres optimos et integerri- 
 mos, non solum sibi ipsos, neque Ms tot ac talibus viris, neque no- 
 bis necessariis, sed etiam rei publicse condonaveris. 37. 10 Fac 
 igitur, quod de bomine nobilissimo et clarissimo fecisti nuper in 
 curia, nunc idem in foro, de optimis, et buic omni frequentise pro- 
 batissimis fratribus. Ut concessisti "ilium senatui, sic da liunc 
 populo, cujus voluntatem carissimam semper habuisti : et, si 12 ille 
 dies tibi gioriosissimus, populo Romano gratissimus fuit ; noli, ob- 
 secro, dubitare, C. Caesar, similem illi gloria? laudem quam ssepis- 
 sime quserere. Nihil est tam populare quam bonitas; 13 nulla de 
 virtutibus tuis plurimis nee admirabilior, nee gratior misericordia 
 est ; homines enim ad deos nulla re propius accedunt, quam salu- 
 tem hominibus dando. 38. Nihil habet nee fortuna tua majus, 
 14 quam ut possis, nee natura melius, quam ut velis servare quam 
 plurimos. Longiorem orationem causa forsitan postulat, tua certe 
 natura breviorem. Quare, 15 quum utilius esse arbitrer, te ipsum, 
 quam me aut quemquam, loqui tecum, finem jam faciam : tantum 
 te admonebo, si illi absenti salutem dederis, praesentibus his omni- 
 bus te daturum. 
 
PRO 
 
 REGE DEIOTARO 
 
 AD 
 
 OilSAEEM 
 OKATIQ. 
 
 I. 1. 2 Quum in omnibus causis gravioribos, C. Caesar, initio 
 dicendi conunoveri soleam vehementius, quam videatar vel usns 
 vel 2 aetas mea postulate, turn in hac causa ita me multa perturbant, 
 ut, quantum mea fides studii milii afferat ad salutem regis Deio- 
 tari defendendam, tantum facultatis timor detrahat. 3 Primum 
 clico pro capite fortunisqiie regis ; 4 quod ipsum etsi non iniquum 
 est, in tuo dimtaxat periculo, tamen est ita inusitatum, regem reum 
 capitis esse, ut ante hoc tempus non sit auditum. 2. 5 Deinde eum 
 regem, quern ornare antea cuncto cum senatu solebamus, pro per- 
 petuis ejus in nostram rem publicam 6 mentis, mmc contra atrocis- 
 simum crimen cogor defendere. 7 Accedit, ut accusatorum alterius 
 crudelitate, alterius indignitate contmber. 8 Crudelis Castor, ne 
 dicam sceleratum et impium ; qui nepos avum in capitis discrimen 
 adduxerit, 9 adolescentiseque suae terrorem intulerit ei, cujus senec- 
 tutem tueri et tegere debebat, commendationemque ineuntis assta- 
 tis ab impietate et scelere duxeiit ; avi servum, corruptum praemiis, 
 ad accusandum dominum 10 impulerit, a legatorum pedibus abdux- 
 erit. 3. Fugiti\i autem dominum accusantis, et dominum absen- 
 tem, et dominum amicissimum nostra) rei publicae, quum os vide- 
 
*76 ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 
 
 bam, quum verba audiebam, non tarn afflictam n regiam conditio- 
 nem dolebam, quam de fortunis communibus extimescebam. Nam, 
 quum more majorum 12 de servo in dominum, ne tormentis qui- 
 dem, quaeri liceat, in qua qusestione dolor elicere veram vocem 
 possit etiam ab invito : 13 exortus est servus, qui, quern in equuleo 
 appellare non posset, eum accuset solutus. 
 
 II. 4. Perturbat me, C. Caesar, etiam 1 illud interdum ; quod 
 tamen, quum te penitus recognovi, timere desino : re enim iniquum 
 est, sed tua sapientia fit aequissimum. Nam dicere apud eum de 
 facinore, contra cujus vitam 2 consilium facinoris inisse arguare, si 
 per se ipsum consideres, grave est ; nemo enim fere est, qui sui 
 periculi judex, non sibi se 3 aequiorem, quam reo praebeat. Sed 
 tua, Caesar, praestans singularisque natura hunc mihi metum mi- 
 nuit ; non enim tarn timeo, i quid tu de rege Deiotaro, quam intel- 
 ligo, quid de te ceteros velis judicare. 5. 5 Moveor etiam loci ipsius 
 insolentia, quod tantam causam, quanta nulla unquam in discepta- 
 tione versata est, dico intra domesticos parietes, dico extra conven- 
 tum et earn frequentiam, in qua 6 oratorum studia niti solent : in 
 tuis oculis, in tuo ore vultuque acquiesco ; te unum intueor ; ad te 
 unum omnis mea spectat oratio. 7 Quae mihi ad spem obtinendae 
 veritatis gravissima sunt, ad motum animi, et ad omnem impetum 
 dicendi contentionemque leviora. 6. Hauc enim, C. Caesar, causam 
 si in foro dicerem, eodem audiente et disceptante te, quantam mihi 
 alacritatem populi Romani concursus afferret ! Quis enim civis ei 
 regi non faveret, cujus omnem aetatem in populi Romani bellis 
 consumptam esse meminisset ? Spectarem curiam, intuerer forum, 
 ccelum denique testarer ipsum. Sic, quum et deorum immortalium, 
 et populi Romani, et senatus beneficia in regem Deiotarum recor- 
 darer, nullo modo mihi deesse posset oratio. 7. 8 Quae quoniam 
 angustiora parietes faciunt, actioque maximae causae debilitatur loco, 
 tuum est, Caesar, qui pro multis saepe dixisti, quid mihi nunc animi 
 sit, 9 ad te ipsum referre ; quo facilius quum aequitas tua, turn 
 audiendi diligentia minuat hanc perturbationem meam. Sed an- 
 tequam de accusatione ipsa dico, de accusatorum spe pauca dicam. 
 10 Qui qiium videantur nee ingenio, nee usu atque exercitatione 
 
ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 77 
 
 rerum valere, tamen ad banc causam non sine aliqua spe et cogi- 
 tatione venerunt. 
 
 III. 8. fratum te regi Deiotaro fuisse non erant nescii; 
 1 affectum ilium quibusdam incommodis et detrimentis, propter 
 oftensionem animi tui meminerant ; teque qiium huic iratum, 2 turn 
 sibi amicum esse cognoverant ; 3 quumque apud ipsum te de tuo 
 periculo dieerent, fore putabant, ut in exulcerato animo facile fictum 
 crimen insicleret. Quamobrem hoc nos primum, Caesar, metu, 4 per 
 fidem et constantiam, et per clementiam tuam, libera, ne residere 
 in te ullam partem iracundise suspicemur. 5 Per dexteram istam 
 te oro, quam regi Deiotaro liospes bospiti porrexisti : istam, inquam, 
 dexteram, 6 non tarn in bellis, nee in proeliis, quam in promissis et 
 fide firmiorem. Tu 7 illius domum inire, tu vetus bospitium re- 
 novare vomisti ; te ejus dii penates aeceperunt ; te amicum et pla- 
 catum Deiotari regis arse focique viderunt. 9. 8 Quuui facile exo- 
 rari, Cajsar, turn semel exorari soles; nemo unquam te placa\dt 
 inimicus, qui ullas resedisse in te simultatis reliquias senserit. Quam- 
 quam cui sunt inauditse cum Deiotaro 9 quereloe tuaB ? Nunquam 
 tu ilium accusa\isti ut hostem, sed ut amicum officio parum func- 
 tum, quod propeusior in Cn. Pompeii amicitiam misset, quam in 
 tuam. 10 Cui tamen ipsi rei veniam te daturum fuisse dicebas, si 
 tantum auxilia Pompeio, vel si etiam filium misisset, ipse aetatis 
 excusatione usus esset. Ita " quum maxim is eum rebus liberares, 
 perparvam amicitiaB culpam relinquebas. 10. Itaque non solum 
 in eum non animadvertisti, sed omni metu libera\dsti, bospitem 
 agnoyisti, regem reliquisti. 
 
 IV. z Neque enim ille odio tui progressus, sed errore communi 
 lapsus est. Is rex, quern senatus boc nomine saepe bononficentis- 
 simis decretis appellavisset, quique, quum ilium ordinem ab adoles- 
 centia gra\issimum sanctissimumque Muxisset, iisdem rebus est 
 perturbatus, bomo longinquus et alienigena, quibus nos in media 
 re publica nati, semperque vei-sati, 11. quum audiret, senatus con- 
 sentientis auctoritate arma sumpta ; 8 consulibus, praetoribus, tribu- 
 nis plebis, nobis imperatoribus rem publicam defendendam datam, 
 movebatur animo, et vir, buic imperio amicissimus, de salute po- 
 
78 ORATIO FRO REGE DEIOT.ARO. 
 
 puli Romani extimescebat, in qua etiam suam esse inclusam ^de- 
 bat ; in sumnio tamen timore quiescendum sibi esse arbitrabatur. 
 Maxim e vero perturbatus est, ut audivit, consules ex Italia profu- 
 gisse, omnesque consulares 4 (sic enim ei nunciabatur), cunctmn 
 senatum, totam Italiam esse effusam : 6 talibus enim nuntiis et 
 rumoribus patebat ad Orientem via, nee ulli veri subsequebantur. 
 Nihil ille 6 de conditionibus tuis, nihil de studio concordiae et pacis, 
 nihil de conspiratione audiebat certorum hominum contra dignita- 
 tem tuam. Quae quum ita essent, tamen usque eo se tenuit, quoad 
 a Cn. Pompeio legati ad eum litera3que venerunt. 12. Ignosce, 
 ignosce, Caesar, si ejus viri auctoritati rex Deiotarus cessit, quern 
 nos omnes secuti sumus ; ad quern 7 quum dii atque homines om- 
 nia ornamenta congessissent, turn tu ipse plurima et maxima. 
 Neque enim, si true res gestae ceterorum laudibus obscuritatem at- 
 tulerunt, idcirco Cn. Pompeii memoriam amisimus. Quantum 
 nomen ejus fuerit, quantae opes, quanta in omni genere bellorum 
 gloria, 8 quanti honores populi Romani, quanti senatus, quanti tui, 
 quis ignorat ? Tanto ille 9 superiores vicerat gloria., quanto tu om- 
 nibus prsestitisti. Itaque Cn. Pompeii bella, victorias, triumphos, 
 consulatus admirantes numerabamus; tuos enumerare non pos- 
 sumus. 
 
 V. 13. 1 Ad eum igitur rex Deiotarus venit, hoc misero fata- 
 lique bello, quern antea justis hostilibusque bellis adjuverat, quocum 
 erat non hospitio solum, verum etiam familiaritate conjunctus ; 2 et 
 venit vel rogatus, ut amicus, vel arcessitus, ut socius, vel evocatus, "ut 
 is, qui senatui parere didicisset ; postremo venit ut ad fugientem, non 
 ut ad insequentem, id est ad periculi, non ad victoriae societatem. 
 4 Itaque Pharsalico proelio facto, a Pompeio discessit ; spem infinitam 
 persequi noluit ; & vel officio, si quid debuerat, vel errori, si quid ne- 
 scierat, satisfactum esse duxit ; domum se contuht, atque, Alexandri- 
 num bellum gerente te, utilitatibus tuis parait. 14. Die 6 exercitum 
 Cn. Domitii, amplissimi viri, suis tectis et copiis sustentavit ; ille Ephe- 
 sum 7 ad eum, quern tu ex tuis fidelissimum et probatissimum om- 
 nibus delegisti, pecuniam misit, ille 8 iterum, ille tertio, auctionibus 
 factis, pecimiam dedit, qua ad bellum uterere ; ille corpus suum 
 
ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. *79 
 
 periculo objecit, tecumque in acie contra Pharnacem fuit, tuumque 
 hostem esse duxit suum. 9 Qua? quidem a te in earn partem ac- 
 cepta sunt, Caesar, ut eum amplissimo honore et regis nomine affe- 
 ceris. 15. Is igitur, non modo a te periculo liberatus, sed etiam 
 honore amplissimo ornatus, "arguitur domi te suae interficere volu- 
 isse. Quod tu, nisi eum furiosissimum judices, suspicari profecto 
 non potes. n Ut enim omittam. cujus tanti sceleris fuerit, in con- 
 spectu deorum penatimn, necare hospitem ; cujus tantae importu- 
 nitatis, omnium gentium atque omnis memoriae clarissimum lumen 
 exstinguere ; cujus tantae ferocitatis victorem orbis terrarum non ex- 
 timescere ; cujus tarn inhumani et ingrati animi, 12 a quo rex ap- 
 pellatus esset, in eo tyrannum inveniri: ut haec omittam, cujus 
 tanti furoris fuit, 13 omnes reges, quorum multi erant finitimi, omnes 
 liberos populos, omnes socios, omnes provincias, omnia denique 
 omnium arrna contra se unum excitare ? " Quonam ille modo, 
 cum regno, cum domo, cum conjuge, cum carissimo filio distractus 
 esset, tanto scelere non modo perfecto, sed etiam cogitato ? 
 
 VI. 16. 1 At, credo, baec homo inconsultus et temerarius non 
 A-idebat. — Quis consideratior illo ? 2 quis tectior ? quis prudentior ? 
 3 quamquam hoc loco Deiotarum non tam ingenio et prudentia, 
 quara fide et religione vitae defendendum puto. ISTota tibi est 
 hominis probitas, C. Caesar, noti mores, nota constantia. 4 Cui 
 porro, qui modo populi Eomani nomen audivit, Deiotari integritas, 
 gravitas, virtus, fides non audita est ? 5 Quod igitur facinus nee 
 in hominem imprudentem cadere posset, propter metum praesentis 
 exitii, nee in facinorosum, nisi esset idem amentissimus, id vos 
 et a vh'o optimo, et ab homine minime stulto cogitatum esse 
 coniingitis. 17. 6 At quam non modo non credibiliter, sed ne 
 suspiciose quidem ! Quum, 7 inquit, in castellum Luceium venisses 
 et domum regis, hospitis tui, devertisses, locus erat quidam, in quo 
 erant ea composita, quibus te rex munerare constituerat. Hue te 
 e balneo, priusquam accumberes, ducere volebat : ibi enim erant 
 armati, qui te intei-ficerent, in eo ipso loco collocati. 8 En crimen, 
 en causa, cur regem fugitivus, dominum servus accuset. Ego 
 mehereules, Caesar, initio, quum est ad me ista causa delata, Phi- 
 
80 ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 
 
 dippum meclicum, servum regium, qui cum legatis missus esset, 
 ab 9 isto adolescente esse corruptum, hac sum suspicione pereus- 
 sus : medicum indicem subornavit ; finget videlicet aliquod crimen 
 veneni. Etsi a veritate longe, tamen a consuetudine criminandi 
 non multum res abhorrebat. 18. Quid ait medicus? Nihil de 
 veneno. At id fieri potuit primo occultius in potione, in cibo; 
 deinde etiam impunius fit, quod quum est factum, negari potest. 
 Si 10 palam te interemisset, omnium in se gentium non solum odia, 
 sed etiam anna convertisset ; si veneno, n Jo vis ille quidem hospi- 
 talis numen nunquam celare potuisset, homines fortasse eel asset. 
 Quod igitur et conari occultius, et efficere cautius potuit, id tibi, 
 et medico callido et servo, ut putabat, fideli, non credidit ? de ar- 
 mis, de ferro, de insidiis 12 celare te noluit ? 19. At quam festive 
 crimen contexitur! Tua te, 13 inquit, eadem, quae semper, fortuna 
 servavit : negavisti turn te inspicere velle. 
 
 VII. Quid postea? an Deiotarus, a re illo tempore non per- 
 fecta, continuo dimisit exercitum ? nullus erat alius insidiandi lo- 
 cus ? At eodem te, quum ccenavisses, rediturum dixeras : 2 itaque 
 fecisti. Horam unam aut duas eodem loco armatos, ut collocati 
 fuerant, retinere 3 magnum fuit ? Quum in convivio comiter et 
 jucunde misses, turn illuc isti, ut dixeras. 4 Quo in loco Deiotarum 
 talem erga te cognovisti, qualis rex Attalus in P. Africanum fuit : 
 cui magnificentissima dona, ut scriptum legimus, usque ad Numan- 
 tiam misit ex Asia ; quae Africanus, inspectante exercitu, accepit. 
 Quod quum 5 praesens Deiotarus regio et animo et more fecisset, 
 tu in cubiculum discessisti. 20. Obsecro, Caesar, 6 repete illius 
 temporis memoriam, pone ilium ante oculos diem, vultus homi- 
 num te intuentium atque admirantium recordare. Num quae tre- 
 pidatio ? num qui tumultus ? num quid nisi moderate, nisi quiete, 
 nisi ex hominis gravissimi et sanctissimi disciplina ? Quid igitur 
 causae excogitari potest, 7 cur te lotum voluerit, coenatum noluerit 
 occidere? 21. In posterum, 8 inquit, diem distulit, ut quum in 
 castellum Luceium ventum esset, ibi cogitata perficeret. Non video 
 causam mutandi loci ; sed tamen 9 acta res criminose est. Quum, 
 inquit, 10 vomere post ccenam te velle dixisses, in balneum te du- 
 
0RATI0 PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 81 
 
 cere ceepenmt: ibi enim erant insidiaB. At te eadem tua ilia 
 fortuna servavit : "in cubiculo inalle dixisti. 12 Dii te perduint, 
 fugitive ! ita non modo nequam et improbus, sed etiam fatuus et 
 amens es. Quid? ille "signa senea in insidiis posuerat, quae e 
 balneo in cubiculiun transferri non possent? "Habes erimina 
 insidiarum : nihil enim dixit amplius ; 15 horum, inquit, eram 
 conscius. Quid tuni ? ita ille demens erat, ut euni, quern tanti 
 sceleris conscium baberet, a se dhmtteret ? Romam etiam mitte- 
 ret, ubi et iniinicissinaum sciret esse nepotem suum, et C. 
 Cresarem, cui fecisset insidias? prassertim quuni is unus esset, 
 qui posset de absente se judicare ? 22. Et fratres meos, inquit, 
 quod erant conscii, in vincula conjecit. Quum igitur eos vinci- 
 ret, quos secum habebat, te solutuni Romam mittebat, qui 
 eadem scires, quae illos scire dicis ? 
 
 VIII. Reliqua pare accusationis duplex rait: 1 \ma, regem 
 semper in speculis raisse, quum a te animo esset alieno ; altera, 
 exercitum eum contra te magnum comparasse. De exercitu dicam 
 breviter, ut cetera. Nunquam 2 eas copias rex Deiotarus habuit, 
 quibus inferre bellum populo Romano posset ; sed quibus mies suos 
 ab excursionibus et latrociniis tueretur, et imperatoribus nostris 
 auxilia mitteret. Atque 3 antea quidem majores copias alere pote- 
 rat; nunc exiguas vix tueri potest. 23. 4 At misit ad CaBciliiuu 
 nescio quem : sed eos, quos misit, quod ire noluerunt, in \incula 
 conjecit. ISTon quaBro, quam yen simile sit, aut non babuisse regem, 
 6 quos mitteret, aut eos, quos misisset, non paruisse ; aut qui dicto 
 audientes in tanta re non fuissent, eos vinctos potius quam necatos. 
 Sed tamen quum ad Csecilium mittebat, utrum 6 causam illam victam 
 esse nesciebat, an Csecilium istum magnum hominem putabat ? 
 quem profecto is, qui optime nostros bomines novit, vel quia nosset, 
 vel quia non nosset, contemneret. 24. 7 Addit etiam illucl, equites 
 non optimos misisse. Credo, Csesar ; nihil ad tuum equitatum ; sed 
 misit ex iis, quos habuit, delectos. At nescio quem ex eo numero 
 servum judicatum. Non arbitror, non audivi; sed in eo, etiam 
 si accidisset, culpam regis nullani fuisse arbitrarer. 
 
 TX. Alieno autem a te animo quomodo ? a Speravit, credo, 
 
82 ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 
 
 difficiles tibi Alexandreae fore exitus, propter regionum naturam et 
 fluminis. At eo tempore ipso pecimiam dedit, exercitum aluit; 
 2 ei, quern Asiae prsefeceras, nulla in re defuit; tibi victori non 
 solum ad hospitium, sed ad periculum etiam, atque ad aciem 
 praesto fuit. 25. Secutum est 3 bellum Africanum; graves de 
 te rumores; qui etiam furiosum ilium Caecilium excitaverunt. 
 Quo turn rex animo fuit? qui auctionatus sit, seseque spoliare 
 maluerit, quam tibi pecuniam non subministrare. 4 At eo, inquit, 
 tempore ipso Nicaeam Ephesumque mittebat, qui rumores Afri- 
 canos exciperent, et celeiiter ad se referrent. Itaque quum esset 
 ei nunciatum, Domitium naufragio 5 periisse, te in castello circum- 
 sederi, de Domitio dixit versum Grsecum eadem sententia, qua 
 etiam nos habemus Latinum: 
 
 Pereant amici, dum una inimici intercidant, 
 
 quod ille, si esset tibi inimicissimus, nunquam tamen dixisset : ipse 
 enim mansuetus, 6 versus immanis. 7 Qui autem Domitio poterat 
 esse amicus, qui tibi esset inimicus? Tibi porro inimicus cur 
 esset, a quo quum vel interfici, belli lege, potuisset, regem et se 
 et filium suum constitutes esse meminisset ? 26. Quid deinde ? 
 "furcifer quo progreditur? Ait, liac laetitia Deiotarum elatum, 
 vino se obruisse, in convivioque nudum saltavisse. Quae crux huic 
 fugitivo potest satis supplicii aiferre ? Deiotarum saltantem quis- 
 quam, aut ebrium vidit unquam ? Omnes in illo sunt rege vir- 
 tutes, quod te, Caesar, ignorare non arbitror, sed praecipue singu- 
 laris et admiranda frugalitas: etsi hoc verbo scio laudari regem 
 non solere. e Frugi bominem dici, non multum babet laudis in 
 rege ; fortem, justum, severum, gravem, magnanimum, largum, 
 beneficum, liberalem, hae sunt regiae laudes ; ilia privata est. Ufc 
 volet quisque accipiat ; ego tamen frugalitatem, id est, modestiam 
 et temperantiam, virtutem maximam judico. 10 Haec in illo est 
 ab ineunte setate, quum a cuncta Asia, turn a magistratibus lega- 
 tisque nostris, turn ab equitibus Romanis, qui in Asia negotiati 
 sunt, perepecta et cognita. 27. Multis ille quidem gradibus 
 officiorum erga rem publicam nostram ad hoc regiurn nomen 
 
ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 83 
 
 ascendit; sed tamen "quidquid a bellis populi Romani vacabat, 
 cum liominibus nostris consuetudines, amicitias, res rationesque 
 jungebat, ut non solum tetrarches nobilis, sed etiam optimus pa- 
 terfamilias, et diligentissimus agricola et pecuarius liaberetur. 
 12 Qui igitur adolescens, nondum tanta gloria prseditus, nihil un- 
 quam nisi severissime et gravissime fecerit, is ea existimatione, 
 eaque aetate saltavit I 
 
 X. 28. Imitari, Castor, potius avi tui mores disciplinamque 
 debebas, quam optimo et clarissimo wo fugitivi ore maledicere. 
 1 Quod si saltatorem avum habuisses, neque eum virum, nnde 
 pudoris pudicitiaeque exempla peterentur, tamen hoc maledictum 
 minime 2 in illam aetatem conveniret. 3 Quibus ille studiis ab 
 ineunte aetate se imbuerat, non saltandi, sed bene ut armis, 
 optime ut equis uteretur, ea tamen ilium cuncta jam exacta 
 aetate defecerant. Itaque Deiotarum quum plures in equum sus- 
 tulissent, 4 quod haerere in eo senex posset, admirari solebamus. 
 5 Hie vero adolescens, qui meus in Cilicia miles, in Graecia com- 
 milito fuit, quum in illo notro exercitu equitaret cum suis 
 delectis equitibus, quos una cum eo ad Pompeium pater miserat, 
 quos concursus facere solebat ! quam se jactare ! quam ostentare ! 
 quam nemini in ilia causa studio et cupiditate concedere ! 
 29. Quum vero, 6 exercitu amisso, ego, qui pacis semper auctor, 
 post Pharsalicum prcelium ' suasor tui armorum non deponen- 
 dorum, sed abjiciendorum ; hunc ad meam auctoritatem non 
 potui adducere, 7 quod et ipse ardebat studio ipsius belli, et patii 
 satisfaciendum esse arbitrabatur. 6 Felix ista domus, qua? non 
 impunitatem solum adepta sit, sed accusandi etiam licentiam; 
 calamitosus Deiotarus, qui ab eo, qui in iisdem castiis fuerit, non 
 modo apud te, sed etiam a suis accusetur. Vos vestra secunda 
 fortuna, Castor, non potestis sine propinquorum calamitate esse 
 contenti ? 
 
 XI. 30. x Sint sane inimicitiae, quae esse non debebant: rex 
 enim Deiotarus vestram familiam, abjectam et obscuram, e tene- 
 bris in lucem evocavit. 2 Quis tuum patrem antea, qui esset, 
 quam cujus gener esset, audivit ? Sed quam\is ingrate et impie 
 
84 ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 
 
 necessitndinis nomen repudiaretis, tamen inimicitias 3 hominum 
 more gerere poteratis, non ficto crimine insectari, non expetere 
 vitam, non capitis arcessere. Esto ; 4 concedatur hasc quoque acer- 
 bitas et odii magnitudo : adeone, ut omnia vitas salutisque com- 
 munis, atque etiam humanitatis jura violentur \ Servum sollicitare 
 verbis, spe promissisque corrumpere, abducere domum, contra 
 dominum armare, hoc est non uni propinquo, sed omnibns familiis 
 nefarium bellum indicere. B JSTam ista corruptela servi, si non 
 modo impunita fuerit, sed etiam a tanta auctoritate approbata, 
 nulli parietes nostram salutem, nullse leges, nulla jura custodient. 
 Ubi enim id, quod intus est atque nostrum, impune evolare po- 
 test, contraque nos pugnare, 6 fit in dominatu servitus, in servitute 
 dominatus. 31. O tempora, O mores! Cn. Domitius ille, quern 
 nos pueri consulem, censorem, pontificem maximum vidimus, 
 quum tribunus plebis M. Scaurum, principem civitatis, 7 in judicium 
 populi vocasset, Scaurique servus ad eum clam domum venisset, 
 et crimina in dominum delaturum se esse dixisset, prehendi 
 hominem jussit, ad Scaurumque deduci. 8 Vide, quid intersit; 
 etsi inique Castorem cum Domitio comparo: sed tamen ille in- 
 imico servum remisit, tu ab avo abduxisti; ille incorruptum 
 audire noluit, tu corrupisti ; ille adjutorem servum contra domi- 
 num repudiavit, tu etiam accusatorem adhibuisti. 32. At semel 
 iste est corruptus a vobis ? Nonne, quum esset productus, et 
 quum tecum fuisset, refugit ad legatos? nonne etiam ad hunc 
 Cn. Domitium venit ? nonne, audiente hoc Ser. Sulpicio, clarissi- 
 mo viro, qui turn casu apud Domitium ccenabat, et hoc T. Tor- 
 quato, optimo adolescente, se a te corruptum, tuis promissis in 
 fraudem impulsum esse confesssus est? 
 
 XII. a Qua3 est ista tarn impotens, tarn crudelis, tarn im- 
 moderata inhumanitas? idcirco in hanc urbem venisti, ut hujus 
 urbis jura et exempla corramperes, domesticaque immanitate 
 nostras civitatis humanitatem inquinares ? 33. 2 At quam acute 
 collecta crimina! 3 Blesamius, inquit, (ejus enim nomine, optimi 
 viri nee tibi ignoti, maledicebat tibi,) ad regem scribere solebat, 
 te in invidia esse, tyrannum existimari ; 4 statua inter reges posita 
 
ORATIO PRO K£GE DEIOTARO. S5 
 
 aminos komimim vekementer oftensos: plaudi tibi non solere. 
 Nonne intelligis, Caesar, 5 ex urbanis malevolorum semiunculis haec 
 ab istis esse colleeta \ 6 Bk-samius tyrannum Cgesarem scriberet ? 
 7 Multorum enim capita civium viderat ; miiltos jussu Caesaris 
 vexatos, verberatos, neeatos; multas afflictas et eversas domos; 
 armatis militibus refertum forum. Qua? semper in civili victoria 
 sensimus, ea te victore non vidimus. 34. Solus, inquam, es, C. 
 Caesar, civjus in victoria e ceciderit nemo, nisi armatus. Et quern 
 nos liberi, in summa popnli Romani libertate nati, non modo non 
 tyrannum, sed etiam clementissimum in victoria ducimus, is Blesa- 
 mio, qui vivit 9 in regno, tyrannus videri potest ? Nam de statua 
 quis queritur, 10 una pra?sertim, quum tarn multas videat \ Yalde 
 enim invidendurn est ejus statuis, cujus tropaeis non invidimus. 
 1 ' Nam si locus affert invidiam, niillus est, ad statuam quidem, 
 Rostris clarior. De plausu autem quid respondeam ? qui nee 
 desideratus unquam a te est, et nonnunquam, obstupefactis liomini- 
 bus, ipsa admiratione compressus est, et fortasse eo praetermissus, 
 quia nihil vulgare te dignum videri potest. 
 
 Xin. 35. Xihil a me arbitror pra?terinissurn, sed aliquid 
 ad extreinam causa? partem reservatum. Id autem aliquid est, te 
 ut plane Deiotaro reconciliet oratio mea : non enim jam metuo, ne 
 illi tu succenseas : illud vereor, ' ne tibi ilium succensere aliquid 
 suspicere. 2 Quod abest longissirne, mild crede, Caesar: 3 quid 
 enim retineat per te, meminit, non quid amiserit ; neque se a te 
 multatum arbitrator; sed quum existimares, 4 multis tibi multa 
 esse tribuenda. 5 quominus a se, qui in altera parte fuisset, ea 
 sumeres, non recusant. 36. Etenim 6 si Antioekus magnus ille, 
 rex Asia?, posteaquam a L. Scipione devictus, Tauro tenus regnare 
 jussus esset, omnemque banc Asiam, qua? est mine nostra pro- 
 vincia, amisisset, dicere est sontus, benigne sibi a populo Romano 
 esse factum, quod nimis magna procuratione liberatus, modicis 
 regni terminis uteretur, potest multo facilius se Deiotarus consolari. 
 7 Hie enim furoris multam sustulerat, bic erroris. Omnia tu Deio- 
 taro, Caesar, tribuisti, quum et ipsi et fitio 8 nomen regium conces- 
 sit. Hoc nomine retento atque servato, nullum beneficium po- 
 
86 0RATI0 PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 
 
 puli Romani, nullum judicium de se senatus imminutum putat ; 
 magno animo et erecto est, nee unquam succumbet inimicis, ne 
 fortimae quidem. 37. 9 Multa se arbitratur et peperisse ante fac- 
 tis, et habere in animo atque virtute, quae nullo modo possit amit- 
 tere. Quae enim fortuna, aut quis casus, aut quae tanta possit 
 injuria omnium imperatorum de Deiotaro decreta delere ? ab 
 omnibus est enim iis ornatus, qui, 10 posteaquam in castris esse 
 potuit per aetatem, in Asia, Cappadocia, Ponto, Cilicia, Syria, bella 
 gesserunt. Senatus vero judicia de illo tarn multa, tamque 
 bonorifica, qua? publicis populi Romani Uteris monumentisque 
 cousignata sunt, quae unquam vetustas obruet, aut qua? tanta dele- 
 bit oblivio ? Quid de virtute ejus dicam ? de magnitudine animi, 
 gravitate, constantia? "quae omnes docti atque sapientes summa, 
 quiclam etiam sola bona esse dixerunt, bisque, non modo ad bene, 
 sed etiam ad beate vivendum, contentam esse virtutem. 38. Haec 
 ille reputans, et dies noctesque cogitans, non moao tibi non suc- 
 censet (esset enim non solum ingratus, sed etiam amens), verum 
 omnem trail quillitatem et quietem senectutis acceptam refert de- 
 mentias tuae. 
 
 XIV. 1 Quo quidem animo quum antea fuit, turn non dubito, 
 quin tuis literis, quarum exemplum legi, quas ad eum Tarracone 
 huic Blesamio dedisti, se mag-is etiam erexerit ab omnique sollici- 
 tudine abstraxerit. 2 Jubes enim bene sperare, et bono esse animo : 
 quod scio te non frustra scribere solere ; memini enim iisdem fere 
 verbis ad me te scribere, meque tuis literis bene sperare non frustra 
 esse jussum. 39. 3 Laboro equidem regis Deiotari causa, quocum 
 mini amicitiam res publica conciliavit, bospitium voluntas utrius- 
 que conjunxit, familiaritatem consuetudo attulit, summam vero 
 necessitudinem magna ejus officia et in me et in exercitum meum 
 effecerunt ; sed quum de illo laboro, turn de multis amplissimis 
 viris, 4 quibus semel ignotum a te esse oportet, nee beneficium 
 tuum in dubium vocari, nee hasrere in animis hominum sollicitu- 
 dinem sempiternam, nee accidere, ut quisquam te timere incipiat 
 eorum, qui sint semel a te liberati timore. 40. Non debeo, C. 
 Caesar, 5 quod fieri solet in tantis periculis, tentare, ecquonam 
 
ORATIO PRO REGE DEIOTARO. 87 
 
 modo dicendo inisericordiam tuam commovere possim. Nihil 
 opus est; occurrere solet ipsa supplicibus et calamitosis, nullius 
 oratione evocata. 6 Propone tibi duos reges, et id animo contem- 
 plare, quod oculis non potes. 7 Dabis profecto misericordiae, quod 
 iracimdise denegavisti. Multa sunt tuae clementiae monumenta, 
 8 sed maxime eorum incolumitates, quibus salutem dedisti. 9 Quae 
 si in privatis gloriosa sunt, multo magis commemorabuntur in 
 regibus. Semper regium nomen in hac civitate sanctum fuit; 
 sociorum vero regum et amicorum sanctissimum. 
 
 XV. 41. J Quod nomen hi reges ne amitterent, te victore, 
 timuerunt ; retentum vero, et a te confirmatum, posteiis etiam suis 
 tradituros esse confido. 2 Corpora sua, pro salute regum suorum, 
 hi legati tibi regii tradunt, Hieras, et Blesamius, et Antigonus, tibi 
 nobisque omnibus jamdiu noti, eademque fide et virtute praeditus 
 Dorylaus, 3 qui nuper cum Hiera legatus est ad te missus, quum 
 regum amicissimi, turn tibi etiam, ut spero, probati. 42. Exquire 
 de Blesamio, numquid ad regem contra dignitatem tuam scripserit. 
 Hieras quidem causam omnem suscipit, 4 et criminibus illis pro 
 rege se supponit reum; memoriam tuam implorat, qua vales 
 plurimum ; negat miquam 5 se a te in Deiotari tetrarchia pedem 
 discessisse ; in primis finibus tibi se prsesto fuisse dicit, usque ad 
 ultimos prosecutum ; quiun e balneo exisses, tecum se fuisse ; 
 quum ilia munera inspexisses coenatus, quum in cubiculo recubu- 
 isses; eandemque assidiutatem tibi se prasbuisse postridie. 43. 
 6 Quamobrem, si quid eonun, qua3 objecta sunt, cogitatum sit, non 
 recusat, quin id suum facinus judices. Quocirca, C. Caesar, 7 velim 
 existimes, hodierno die sententiam tuam, aut cum summo dedecore 
 miserrirnam pestem importaturam esse regibus, aut incolumem 
 famam cum salute, "quorum alterum optare, illorum crudelitatis 
 est, alteram conservare, dementia? tuae. 
 5 
 
ORATIO 
 
 IMPERIO CM". POMPEII 
 
 SIVE 
 
 PRO LEGE MANILIA. 
 
 I. 1. Quamquam mihi semper 'frequens conspectus vester, 
 multo jucundissimus, hie autern locus, ad agendum amplissimus, 
 ad dicendum ornatissimus est visus, Quirites; tamen hoc aditu 
 laudis, qui semper optimo cuique maxime patuit, non mea me 
 voluntas adhuc, sed 2 vitae mea? rationes, ab ineunte setate suscep- 
 tse, prohibuerunt. Nam, quum antea 3 per astatem nondum 4 hujus 
 auctoritatem loci attingere auderem, statueremque, nihil hue, nisi 
 perfectum ingenio, elaboratum industria, atTerri oportere ; omne 
 meum tempus amicorum temporibus transmittendum putavi. 2. 
 6 Ita neque hie locus vacuus unquam fuit ab iis, qui vestram 
 causam defenderent, et meus labor, in privatorum periculis 6 caste 
 integreque versatus, ex vestro judicio fructum est amplissimum 
 consecutus. Nam quum, propter 7 dilationem comitiorum, ter 
 prastor primus centuriis cunctis renuntiatus sum, facile intellexi, 
 Quiiites, et quid de me judicaretis, et 8 quid aliis prsescriberetis. 
 Nunc, quum et auctoritatis in me tantum sit, quantum vos hono- 
 nbus mandandis esse voluistis, et ad agendum facultatis tantum, 
 quantum homini vigilanti ex forensi usu prope quotidiana dicendi 
 exercitatio potuit afferre ; certe, et, si quid auctoritatis in me est, 
 
ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILLA. 89 
 
 ea apud eos utar, qui earn mihi dederunt ; 9 et, si quid in dicendo 
 consequi possum, iis ostendam potissimum, qui ei quoque rei fruc- 
 tum suo judicio tribuendum esse censuenmt. 3. Atque illud in 
 primis mihi lsetandum jure esse video, 10 quod in hac insolita miM 
 ex hoc loco ratione dicendi, causa talis oblata est, in qua oratio 
 deesse nemini possit. Dicendum est enim de Cn. Pompeii singu- 
 lari eximiaque virtute ; hujus autem orationis difficilius est exitum, 
 quam principium invenire. Ita mihi non tam copia, quam modus 
 in dicendo quaerendus est. 
 
 II. 4. Atque, ut inde oratio mea proficiscatur, unde haec omnis 
 causa ducitur, bellum grave et periculosum 1 vestris vectigalibus ac 
 sociis a duobus potentissimis regibus infertur, Mithridate et Tigrane ; 
 quorum 2 alter relictus, alter lacessitus, occasionem sibi ad occupan- 
 dam Asiam oblatam esse arbitrantur. Equitibus Romanis, hones- 
 tissimis viris, afteruntur ex Asia quoticlie literae ( 3 quorum ffiagnae 
 res aguntur, in vestris vectigalibus exercendis occupatae ; qui ad 
 me pro necessitudine, quae mihi est cum illo ordine, causam rei 
 publicae periculaque rerum suarum detulerunt) : 5. 4 Bithyniaa, quaa 
 nunc vestra provincia est, vicos exustos esse complures ; 5 regnum 
 Ariobarzanis, quod finitimura est vestris vectigalibus, totum esse in 
 hostium potestate ; Lucullum magnis rebus gestis, ab eo bello 
 discedere ; G huic qui successerit, non satis esse paratum ad tantum 
 bellum administrandum ; unum ab omnibus sociis et civibus ad id 
 bellum imperatorem deposci atque expeti; eundem hunc unum 
 ab hostibus metui, praeterea neminem. 
 
 6. 7 Causa quae sit, videtis : nunc quid agendum sit, considerate. 
 Primum mihi videtur de genere belli, deinde de magnitudine, turn 
 de imperatore deligendo esse dicendum. Genus est enim belli 
 ejusmodi, quod maxime vestros aminos excitare atque inrlammare 
 ad persequendi studium debeat ; 8 in quo agitur po23uh Romani 
 gloria, quae vobis a majoribus, quum magna in omnibus rebus, 
 turn summa in re militari tradita est ; agitur salus sociorum atque 
 amicorum, pro qua multa majores vestri magna et gTa\ia bella 
 gesserunt ; 9 aguntur certissima populi Romani vectigalia et maxi- 
 ma, quibus amissis, et pacis ornamenta et subsidia belli 10 requi- 
 
90 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILLA.. 
 
 retis ; aguntur bona mnltonim eiviura, quibus est a vobis, et ipso- 
 rum et rei publican causa, consulcndum. 
 
 III. 7. Et quoniam semper appententes glorias prseter ceteras 
 gentes atque avidi laudis fuistis, delenda vobis est Mlla macula, 
 Mithridatico bello superiore concepta : quae 2 penitus jam insedit, 
 ac nimis inveteravit in populi Romani nomine : quod is, qui 3 uno 
 die, tota Asia, tot in civitatibus, uno nuntio, atque una significatione 
 literarum, cives Romanos necandos trucidandosque denotavit, non 
 modo adhuc poenam nullam suo dignam scelere suscepit, sed ab 
 illo tempore annum jam tertium et vicesimum regnat, et ita regnat, 
 ut se non Ponto, neque Cappadocite latebris occultare velit, sed 
 4 emergere e patrio regno, atque in vestris vectigalibus, hoc est, in 
 Asiae luce versari. 8. Etenim adhuc ita nostri cum illo rege con- 
 tenderunt imperatores, ut ab illo 5 insignia victorise, non victoriam 
 reportarent. Triumphavit L. Sulla, triumphavit L. Murena de 
 Mithridate, duo fortissimi viri, et summi imperatores, sed ita trium- 
 pharunt, ut ille pulsus superatusque regnaret. Verumtamen illis 
 imperatoribus laus est tribuenda, 6 quod egerunt; venia danda, 
 quod reliquerunt ; propterea quod ab eo bello Sullam in Italiam 
 res pubhca, Murenam Sulla revocavit. 
 
 IV. 9. Mithridates autem ^mne reliquum tempus, non ad 
 oblivionem veteris belli, sed ad comparationem novi contuht : 2 qui, 
 posteaquam maximas secliflcasset ornassetque classes, exercitusque 
 permagnos, quibuscunque ex gentibus potuisset, comparasset, et se 
 Bosporanis, finitimis suis, bellum inferre simularet, usque in Hispa- 
 niam legates ac Hteras misit ad eos duces, quibuscum turn bellum 
 gerebafnus, ut, quum duobus in Mocis disjunctissinjis maximeque 
 diversis, uno consilio a binis hostium copiis bellum ten'a marique 
 gereretur, vos ancipiti contentione districti, de imperio dimicaretis. 
 10. Sed tamen 4 alterius partis periculum, Sertorianse atque Hispa- 
 niensis, qua? multo plus firmamenti ac roboris habebat, Cn. Pom- 
 peii divino consilio ac singulari virtute depulsum est; in altera 
 parte ita res a L. Lucullo, summo viro, est administrata, 5 ut initia 
 ilia rerum gestarum magna atque prreclara, non felicitati ejus, sed 
 virtuti; hsec autem extrema, qua3 nnper aeciderunt, non culpaB, 
 
0RATT0 PRO LEGE MANILLA. 91 
 
 sed fortume tribuenda esse videantur. Sed de Lucullo dicain alio 
 loco, et ita dicam, Quirites, ut neque c vera laus ei detracta oratione 
 nostra, neque falsa afficta esse videatur. 11. De vestri imperii 
 dignitate atque gloria, quoniam is est 7 exorsus orationis mere, 
 videte, quern vobis animiirn suscipiendum putetis. 
 
 V. Majores nostri srepe, mercatoribus aut naviculariis injur! o- 
 sius tractatis, bella gesserunt : yos, tot millibus civium Romanorum 
 'uno nuntio atque imo tempore necatis, quo tandem animo esse 
 debetis \ Legati quod " erant appellati superbius, Corintlium 
 patres vestri, totius -Grascise lumen exstinctum esse voluerunt : vos 
 eum regem inultum esse patiemini, qui 3 legatum populi Romaui, 
 consuiarem, vinculis ac verberibus, atque omni supplicio excrueia- 
 tmn necavit ? 4 Hli libertateni civium Romanorum imminutam 
 non tolerant ; vos vitam ereptam negligetis ? Jus legationis verbo 
 violatum illi persecuti sunt ; vos legatum omni supplicio interiec- 
 tum relinquetis ? 1 2. Videte, ne, ut illis pulchemmum fuit tantam 
 vobis imperii gloriam tradere, sic vobis turpissimum sit, id, quod 
 accepistis, tueri et conservare non posse. 
 
 6 Quid, quod salus sociorum summum in periculum ac discri- 
 men vocatur, quo tandem animo ferre debetis ? Regno est expulsus 
 Ariobarzanes rex, socius populi Romani atque amicus ; imminent 
 6 duo reges toti Asiae, non solum vobis inimicissimi, sed etiam 
 vestris sociis atque amicis; civitates autem omnes, cuncta Asia 
 atque Grsecia vestrum auxilium exspectare propter periculi magni- 
 tudinem cogimtur ; imperatorem a vobis certum deposcere, quum 
 lira?sertim vos alium miseritis, neque audent, neque se id facere 
 sine summo periculo posse arbitrantur. 13. Vident et sentiunt 
 hoc idem, 7 quod vos, unum virum esse, in quo summa sint omnia, 
 et eum propter esse, quo etiam carent a3grius : 8 cujus adventu ipso 
 atque nomine, tametsi ille 9 ad maritimum bellum venerit, tamen 
 impetus hostium repressos esse intelligunt ac retardatos. 10 Hi vos, 
 quoniam libere loqui non licet, tacite rogant, ut se quoque, sicnt 
 ceteraram pro\-inciarum socios, dignos existimetis, quorum salutem 
 tali viro commendetis ; "atque hoc etiam magis, quod ceteros in 
 provineiam ejusmodi homines cum imperio mittimus, ut, etiamsi 
 
92 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILLA. 
 
 ab hoste defendant, tarn en ipsorum adventus in nrbes sociorum 
 non multum ab hostili expngnatione differant. 12 Hunc andiebant 
 antea, nunc prsesentem vident, tanta temperantia, tanta mansuetu- 
 dine, tanta bumanitate, nt ii beatissimi esse videantur, apud quos 
 ille diutissinie commoratur. 
 
 VI. 14. Quare, si propter socios, nulla ipsi injuria lacessiti, 
 majores nostri cum Antiocbo, cum Pbilippo, cum iEtolis, cum 
 Poenis bella gesserunt, quanto vos studio l convenit, injuriis provo- 
 cates, sociorum salutem una cum imperii vestri dignitate defendere ? 
 prassertim quum de maximis vestris vectigalibus agatur. 
 
 Nam ceterarum provinciarum vectigalia, Quirites, 2 tanta sunt, 
 ut iis ad ipsas provincias tutandas vix contenti esse possimus ; Asia 
 vero tarn opima est ac fertilis, ut et ubertate agrorum, et varietate 
 fructuum, et magnitudine pastionis, et multitudine earum rerum, 
 quae exportantur, 3 facile omnibus terris antecellat. Itaque base 
 vobis provincia, Quirites, si et belli utilitatem et pacis dignitatem 
 retinere vultis, non modo a calamitate, sed etiam a metu calami- 
 tatis est defendenda. 15. Nam in ceteris rebus, quum venit cala- 
 mitas, turn detrimentum accipitur ; at 4 in vectigalibus, non solum 
 adventus mali, sed etiam metus ipse affert calamitatem. Nam 
 quum bostium copia? non longe absunt, etiam si irruptio nulla 
 facta est, tamen B pecua relinquuntur, agri cultura deseritur, merca- 
 torum navigatio conquiescit. Ita neque ex portu, neque ex decu- 
 mis, neque ex scriptura vectigal conservari potest ; quare saspe 
 totius anni fructus uno rumore periculi, atque uno belli terrore 
 amittitur. 16. Quo tandem igitur animo esse existimatis atit eos, 
 qui vectigalia nobis 6 pensitant, aut eos, qui exercent atque exigunt, 
 quum duo reges cum maximis copiis propter ackint? quum una 
 excursio equitatus perbrevi tempore totius anni vectigal auferre 
 possit ? quum publicani 7 familias maximas, quas in salinis habent, 
 quas in agris, quas in portubus atque custodiis, magno periculo se 
 babere arbitrentur? Putatisne vos ill is rebus frui posse, nisi eos, 
 8 qui vobis fructui sunt conservaritis, non solum (ut ante dixi) 
 calamitate, sed etiam calamitatis formidine liberatos ? 
 
 VII. 1 1. Ac ne illud quidem vobis negligendum est, quod 
 
0RATI0 PRO LEGE MANILLA. 93 
 
 mihi ego ! extremum proposueram, quum essem de belli genere 
 dicturus, quod ad multorum bona civiuni Romanorum pertinet ; 
 "quorum vobis pro vestra sapientia, Quirites, habenda est ratio 
 diligenter. Nam et publicani, homines honestissimi atque ornatis- 
 simi, suas rationes et copias in illam provinciam eontulerunt ; quo- 
 rum ipsorum per se res et fortunce vobis curse esse debent. Etenim 
 si vectigalia 3 nervos esse rei publico semper duximus, eum certe 
 ordinem, qui exercet ilia, firmamentum ceterorum ordinum recte 
 esse dicemus. 18. 4 Deinde ex ceteris ordinibus homines navi 
 atque industrii pailim ipsi in Asia negotiantur, quibus vos absenti- 
 bus eonsulere debetis, partim eorum in ea provincia pecunias mag- 
 nas collocatas habent. Est igitur humanitatis vestra?, magnum 
 numerum eorum civium calamitate proliibere; sapientia?, videre, 
 multorum civium calamitatem a re publiea sejunctam esse non 
 posse. Etenim primum 5 illud parvi refert, nos, 6 publicanis amissis, 
 vectigalia postea victoria recnperare : neque enim iisdem redimendi 
 facultas erit propter calamitatem, neque aliis voluntas, propter timo- 
 rem. 19. 7 Deinde, quod nos eadem Asia, atque idem iste Mithri- 
 dates initio belli Asiatici docuit, certe id quidem calamitate docti, 
 memoria retinere debemus : nam turn, quum in Asia res magnas 
 permulti amiserant, scimus, 8 Roma? solutione impedita, fidem con- 
 cidisse. iSTon enim possunt una in civitate multi rem atque fortu- 
 nas amittere, ut non plures secum in eandem traliant calamitatem. 
 A quo periculo probibete rem publicam, et mihi credite, 9 id quod 
 ipsi videtis : ha?c fides atque ha?c ratio pecuniarum, qua? Roma?, 
 qua? in foro versatur, implieita est cum illis pecuniis Asiaticis et 
 coha?ret ; ruere 10 ilia non possunt, ut ha?c non eodem labefacta 
 motu concidant. Quare videte, u num dubitandum vobis sit, omni 
 studio ad id bellum incumbere, in quo gloria nominis vestri, salus 
 sociorum, vectigalia maxima, fortuna? plurimorum civium cum re 
 publiea defenduntur. 
 
 Yin. 20. Quoniam de genere belli x dixi, nunc de magnitu 
 dine pauca chcam. Potest hoc enim dici : belh genus esse ita 
 necessaiium, ut sit gerendum ; non esse ita magnum, ut sit perti- 
 mescendum. 2 In quo maxime laborandum est, ne foile.a vobis, 
 
94 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 
 
 quae diligentissime providenda sunt, contemnenda esse videantuff. 
 Atque ut omnes intelligant, me L. Lucullo tantum impertire laudis, 
 quantum forti viro, et sapienti homini, et magno imperatori debea- 
 tur, 3 dico, ejus adventu maximas Mithridatis copias, omnibus rebus 
 ornatas atque instructas fuisse, 4 urbemque Asise clarissimam, nobis- 
 que amicissimam, Cyzicenorum, obsessam esse ab ipso rege maxi- 
 ma multitudine, et oppugnatam vehementissime, quam L. Lucullus 
 virtute, assiduitate, consilio, summis obsidionis periculis liberavit ; 
 21. ab eodem imperatore classem magnam et ornatam, 5 qu8e du- 
 cibus Sertorianis ad Italiam studio atque odio inflammata raperetur, 
 superatam esse atque depressam ; 6 magnas liostium praeterea co- 
 pias multis prceliis esse deletas, patefactumque nostris legionibus esse 
 Pontum, qui ante populo Romano ex omni aditu clausus fuisset; 
 7 Sinopen atque Amisum, quibus in oppidis erant domicilia regis, 
 omnibus rebus ornatas atque refertas, ceterasque urbes Ponti et 
 Cappadocioe permultas, uno aditu adventuque, esse captas ; regem, 
 spoliatum 8 regno patrio atque avito, ad alios se reges atque ad 
 alias gentes supplicem contulisse : atque haec omnia, salvis populi 
 Romani sociis atque integris vectigalibus, esse gesta. 9 Satis opinor 
 hoc esse laudis, atque ita, Quirites, ut hoc vos intelligatis, a nullo 
 istorum, qui huic obtrectant legi atque causae, L. LucuJlum similiter 
 ex hoc loco esse laudatum. 
 
 IX. 22. Requiretur fortasse nunc, 1 quemadmodum, quum 
 ha3C ita sint, reliquum possit magnum esse bellum. Cognoscite, 
 Quirites, non enim hoc sine causa quseri videtur. Primum ex suo 
 regno sic Mithridates profugit, ut ex eodem Ponto 2 Medea ilia 
 quondam profugisse dicitur ; 3 quam prsedicant, in fuga, fratris sui 
 membra in iis locis, qua se parens persequeretur, dissipavisse, 4 ut 
 eorum collectio dispersa, ma3rorque patrius, celeritatem persequendi 
 retardaret. Sic Mithridates, fugiens, 5 maximam vim auri atque 
 argenti, pulcherrimarumque rerum omnium, quas et a majoribus 
 acceperat, et ipse, bello superiore ex tota Asia direptas, in suum 
 regnum congesserat, in Ponto omnem reliquit. Ha^c dum nostri 
 colligunt omnia diligentius, rex ipse e manibus effugit. Ita 6 ilium 
 a persequendi studio mseror, hos lastitia tardavit. 23. Hunc in 
 
OKATIO TRO LEGE MANILIA. 95 
 
 illo timore et fuga Tigranes, rex Armenius, excepit, difhdentemque 
 rebus suis coniirmavit, et armetum erexit, perditumque reereavit : 
 cujus in regnum posteaquam L. Lucullus cum exercitu xenit, plures 
 etiam gentes contra imperatorem nostrum concitatae sunt, Erat 
 enim metus injeetus iis nationibus, quas nunquam populus Roma- 
 nus 7 neque lacessendas bello neque tentandas putavit ; s erat etiam 
 alia gravis atque vehemens opinio, quae per animos gentium barba- 
 rarum pervaserat, fhni locupletissimi et religiosissimi diripiendi causa 
 in eas oras nostrum esse exercitum adductum. Ita nationes multas 
 atque magna? 9 novo quodam terrore ac metu concitabantur. Nos- 
 ter autem exercitus, tamesti "urbem ex Tigrani regno ceperat, et 
 proeliis usus erat secundis, tamen nimia longinquitate locorum ac 
 desiderio suorum commovebatur. 2-i. 1X Hie jam plura non dieam. 
 12 Fuit enim illud extremum, ut ex iis locis a miutibus nostris redi- 
 tus magis maturus, quam proeessio longior qusereretur : Mithrir 
 dates autem et suam manum jam contirmarat, 13 et eorum, qui se 
 ex ipsius regno collegerant, et magnis adventieiis auxiliis multorurn 
 regum et nationum juvabatur. Xi Jam hoc fere sic fieri solere ac- 
 cepimus, ut regum afflietaB fortunse facile multorurn opes alliciant 
 ad misericordiam, maximeque eorum, qui aut reges sunt aut \ivunt 
 in regno : ut iis nomen regale magnum et sanctum esse videatur. 
 25. Itaque tantum 2 Rictus efficere potmt, quantum incolumis nun- 
 quam est ausus optare. Xam quum se in regnum suum recepisset, 
 non fuit eo contentus, quod ei praster spem acciderat, ut illam, pos- 
 teaquam pulsus erat, terrain unquam attingeret, sed in exercitum 
 nostrum, clarum atque \ictorem, impetum fecit. 16 Simte hoc- loco, 
 Quirites, sicut poeta? solent, qui res Rom anas scribunt, prseterire me 
 nostram calaraitatem, quae tanta rait, ut earn ad aures imperatoris, 
 non ex prcelio nuntius, sed ex sermone ramor afferret. 26. 17 Hic 
 in illo ipso malo, gra\issimaque belli oftensione, L. Lucullus, qui 
 tamen, aliqua ex parte, iis incommodis mederi foiiasse potuisset, 
 vestro jussu coactus, quod imperii diuturnitati modum statuendum 
 vetere exemplo puta\"istis, partem militum, qui jam stipendiis con- 
 fecti erant, dimisit, partem Glabrioni tracudit. Multa prsetereo 
 18 consiuto: sed ea vos conjectura perspicite, quantum illud bellum 
 
96 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILLA.. 
 
 factum putctis, quod coujungant reges potentissimi, renovent agi- 
 tata nationes, suscipiant integrae gentes, novus imperator noster 
 accipiat, vetere exercitu pulso. 
 
 X. 27. Satis mihi multa verba fecisse videor, quare esset hoc 
 bellum genere ipso necessarium, magnitudine periculosum : * restat, 
 ut de imperatore ad id bellum deligendo, ac tautis rebus praefi- 
 ciendo, dicendum esse videatur. Utinam, Quirites, virorum fortium 
 atque innocentium copiam tantam haberetis, 2 ut haec vobis delibe- 
 ratio difficilis esset, quemnam potissimum tantis rebus ac tanto 
 bello praeficiendum putaretis. Nunc vero 3 quum sit unus Cn. 
 Pompeius, qui non modo eorum bominum, qui nunc sunt, gloriam, 
 sed etiam antiquitatis memoriam virtute superarit, qua3 res est, 
 quae cujusquam animum in hac causa dubium facere possit? 28. 
 Ego enim sic existimo, 4 in siimmo imperatore quatuor bas res 
 inesse oportere, scientiam rei militaris, virtutem, auctoritatem, feli- 
 citatem. Quis igitur hoc bomine scientior unquam aut fuit, 5 aut 
 esse debuit ? c qui e ludo atque pueritiae disciplinis, bello maximo, 
 atque acerrimis bostibus, ad patris exercitum, atque in militias disci- 
 plinam profectus est ; 7 qui extrema pueritia miles in exercitu fuit 
 summi imperatoris, 8 ineunte adolescentia, maximi ipse exercitus 
 imperator; qui saepius cum 9 hoste conflixit, quam quisquam cum 
 inimico concertavit ; plura bella gessit, quam ceteri legerunt ; plures 
 provincias confecit, quam alii concupiverunt ; cujus adolescentia 
 ad scientiam rei militaris non alienis praaceptis, sed suis imperiis, 
 non offensionibus belli, sed victoriis, non stipendiis, sed triumphis 
 est erudita. Quod denique genus esse belli potest, in quo ilium 
 non exercuerit fortuna rei publicaa ? 10 Civile, Africanum, Transal- 
 pinum, Hispaniense, mixtum ex incitatis atque bellicosissimis na- 
 tionibus, servile, navale bellum, varia et diversa genera et bellorum 
 et bostium, non solum gesta ab hoc uno, sed etiam confecta, nullam 
 rem esse declarant in usu positam militari, qua3 bujus viri scien- 
 tiam fugere possit. 
 
 XI. 29. Jam vero virtuti Cn. Pompeii quae potest oratio par 
 inveniri? Quid est, quod quisquam aut illo dignum, aut vobis no- 
 vum, aut cuiquara inauditum possit afferre ? 1 Neque enim illae sunt 
 
ORATIO PliO LEGE MAXILIA. 97 
 
 sola? virtutes imperatorioe, qua} vulgo existimantur, labor in nego- 
 tiis, fortitudo in periculis, industria in agendo, eeleritas in coniici- 
 endo, consilium in providendo ; a quae tanta sunt in hoc uno, quanta 
 id omnibus reliquis imperatoribus, quos aut vidimus, aut audivimus, 
 non fuerunt. 3 Testis est Italia, quam ille ipse victor, L. Sulla, 
 hujus virtute et subsidio confessus est liberatam, 30. Testis est 
 4 Sicilia, quam multis undique cinctam periculis, non terrore belli, 
 sed consilii celeiitate, explicavit. Testis est Africa, qua? magnis, 
 oppressa hostium copiis, & eorum ipsorum sanguine redundant. 
 Testis est Gallia, per quam legionibus nostris in Hispaniam iter, 
 Gallorum internecione, patefactuni est. Testis est Hispania, qua? 
 sa?pissime plurimos 6 liostes ab hoc superatos prostratosque con- 
 spexit. Testis est iterum et sa?pius Italia, qua?, quum semli bello 
 7 tetro periculosoque premeretur, ab hoc auxilium absente expe- 
 tivit : quod bellum exspectatione ejus attenuatum atque imminu- 
 tum est, adventu sublatum ac sepultum. 31. Testes nunc vero 
 jam omnes era, atque omnes 8 extera? gentes ac nationes, denique 
 maria omnia, quum universa, turn in singulis oris omnes sinus 
 atque portus. Quis enim 9 toto mari locus, per hos annos, aut 
 tarn tirmum habuit praesidium, ut tutus esset \ aut tarn fuit 
 abditus, ut lateret ] Quis navigavit, qui non se aut mortis 
 aut servitutis periculo committeret, quum aut hieme, aut refer- 
 to praedonum mari navigaret \ Hoc tantum bellum, tam turpe, 
 "tam vetus, tam late divisum atque dispei-sum, quis unquam 
 arbitraretur aut ab omnibus imperatoribus uno anno, aut omnibus 
 annis ab uno imperatore confici posse? 32. Quam provinciam 
 tenuistis a prasdonibus liberam per hosce annos \ quod vectigal vobis 
 tutumfnit \ quern socium defendistis \ " cui pra?sidio classibus vestris 
 fuistis I quam multas existimatis insulas esse desertas I quam multas 
 aut metu relictas, aut a praedonibus captas urbes esse sociorum ? 
 
 XII. Sed quid ego Monginqua commemoro? 2 Fuit hoc 
 quondam, fuit proprium populi Romani, longe a domo bellare. et 
 propugnaculis imperii sociorum fortunas, non sua tecta defendere. 
 Sociis ego nostris mare per hos annos clausum fuisse dicam, quum 
 exercitus nostri nunquam 3 a Brundisio, nisi hieme summa, trans- 
 
98 ORATIO PRO LEGE MAXIMA. 
 
 miserint? 4 Qui acl vos ab exteris nationibus venirent, captos 
 querar, quum legati populi Romani redempti sint? Mercatori- 
 bus tutum inare non fuisse dicam, quum 6 duodecim secures in 
 praadonum potestatem pervenerint ? 33. 6 Cnidum ant Colopho- 
 nem aut Samum, nobilissimas nrbes, innumerabilesque alias c apt as 
 esse commemorem, quum vestros portus, atque eos portus, qui- 
 bus vitam et spiritum ducitis, in prcedonum fuisse potestate sciatis ? 
 An vero ignoratis, portum Caietae celeberrimum atque plenissimum 
 navium, 7 inspectante praetore, a pnedonibus esse direptum? 8 ex 
 Miseno autem, ejus ipsius liberos, qui cum prsedonibus antea ibi 
 bellum gesserat, a praedonibus esse sublatos? Nana quid ego 
 9 Ostiense incommodum, atque illam labem atque ignominiam rei 
 publicae querar, quum, prope iuspectantibus vobis, classis ea, cui 
 consul populi Romani propositus esset, a praedonibus capta atque 
 oppressa est? Pro dii immortales! tantamne 10 unius bominis in- 
 credibilis ac divina virtus tarn brevi tempore lucem afferre rei pub- 
 lic* potuit, ut vos, qui modo ante ostium Tiberinum classem 
 bostium videbatis, nunc nullam intra Oceani ostium praedonurn 
 navem esse audiatis ? 34. Atque baec qua celeritate gesta sint, 
 quamquam videtis, tamen a me in dicendo praetereunda non sunt. 
 Quis enim unquam, aut 1J obeundi negotii, aut consequendi quaes- 
 tus studio, tam brevi tempore, tot loca adire, tantos cursus confi- 
 cere potuit, quam celeriter, Cn. Pompeio duce, tanti belli impetus 
 navigavit ? qui 12 nondum tempestivo ad navigandum mari Siciliam 
 adiit, Africam exploravit, inde Sardiniam cum classe venit, atque 
 haec tria frumentaria subsidia rei publico firmissimis praesidiis 
 classibusque nmnivit. 35. Inde quum se in Italiam recepisset, 
 duabus Hispaniis et Gallia Transalpina praesidiis ac uavibus 
 13 conflrmata, missis item in oram Ulyrici maris, et in Acbaiam 
 omnemque Graeciam navibus, "Italiae duo maria maximis classi- 
 bus firmissimisque praesidiis adomavit ; ipse autem, ut Brundisio 
 profectus est, undequinquagesimo die totam ad imperium populi 
 Romani Ciliciam adjunxit : omnes, qui ubique praedones fuerunt, 
 partim capti interfectique sunt, partim unius bujus se 1& imperio ac 
 potestati dediderunt. 16 Idem Cretensibus, quum ad eum usque 
 
ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 99 
 
 in Pampbyliam legates deprecatoresque misissent, spera deditionis 
 non ademit, obsidesque imperavit. Ita tantimi bellum, tarn diu- 
 turnum, tarn longe lateque dispersum, quo bello omnes gentes ac 
 nationes premebantur, Chi. Pompeius extrenia bieme apparavit, 
 ineunte vere suseepit, media restate confecit. 
 
 XIII. 36. 1 Est ba?c divina atque incredibilis virtus impera- 
 toris. 2 Quid, cetera?, quas paulo ante eommemorare cceperam, 
 quants? atque quani multa? sunt? Xon enim bellandi virtns 
 solum in snmmo ac perfecto imperatore qua?renda est, sed multa? 
 sunt artes eximia?, hujus administra? comitesque virtutis. Ac 
 primum, 3 quanta innocentia debent esse imperatores ! quanta 
 deinde in omnibus rebus temperantia ! quanta fide, quanta facili- 
 tate, quanta ingenio, quanta bumanitate ! qua? breviter, quaiia 
 sint in Cn. Pompeio, consideremus. Summa enim omnia sunt, 
 Quirites, sed ea magis i ex aliorum contentione, quam ipsa per 
 sese cognosci atque intelligi possunt. 37. Quern enim imperato- 
 rem possumus 5 ullo in numero putare, cujus in exercitu centuria- 
 tus veneant atque venierint ? G quid bunc bominem magnum 
 aut amplum de re publica cogitare, qui pecuniam, ex a?rario de- 
 promptam ad bellum administrandum, aut propter cupiditatem, 
 provincia? magistratibus diviserit, aut propter avaritiam, Roma? in 
 qua?stu reliquerit ] ' Vestra admurmuratio facit, Quirites, ut ag- 
 noscere videamini, qui ba?c fecerint: ego autem nomino neminem; 
 quare irasci mibi nemo poterit, 8 nisi qui ante de se voluerit con- 
 fiteri. 38. Itaque, propter banc avaritiam imperatorum, quantas 
 calamitates, quocunque ventum sit, nostri exercitus 9 ferant, quis 
 ignorat I 10 Itinera, qua? per bosce annos in Italia per agros atque 
 oppida civium Romanorum nostri imperatores fecerint, recorda- 
 mini ; turn facilius statuetis. quid apud exteras nationes fieri existi- 
 metis. 1J Utrum plures arbitramini per bosce annos militum vestro- 
 rum armis bostium urbes, an bibernis sociorum civitates esse 
 deletas \ Xeque enim potest exercitum is continere imperator, 
 qui se ipse non continet ; neque severus esse in judicando, qui 
 abos in se severos esse judices non vult. 39. Hie miramur, 12 hunc 
 bominem tantum excellere ceteris, cujus legiones sic in Asiam per- 
 
100 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 
 
 venerint, ut non modo maims tanti exercitus, sed ne vestigium 
 quidem cuiquam pacato nocuisse dicatur? Jam vero, 13 quemad- 
 modum milites hibernent, quotidie sermoues ac literse perferuntur ; 
 non modo, 14 ut sumptum faciat in militem, nemini vis affertur, 
 sed ne cupienti quidem cuiquam permittitur. 15 Hiemis enim, 
 non avaritise perfugium majores nostri in sociorum atque amicorum 
 tectis esse voluerunt. 
 
 XIV. 40. *Age vero, ceteris in rebus qua sit temperantia, 
 considerate. Unde illam tantam celeritatem, et tarn incredibilem 
 " cursum inventum putatis ? Non enim ilium eximia 3 vis remi- 
 gum, aut are inaudita quae dam gubernandi, aut venti aliqui novi, 
 tarn celeriter in ultimas terras pertulerunt ; sed ese res, qua? cete- 
 ros remorari solent, non retardarunt; 4 non avaritia ab instituto 
 cursu ad praadam aliquam devocavit, non libido ad vohiptatem, 
 non amoenitas ad delectationem, non nobilitas urbis ad eogni- 
 tionem, non denique labor ipse ad quietem. Postremo 5 signa, et 
 tabulas, ceteraque ornamenta Grascorum oppidorum, qua3 ceteri 
 tollenda esse arbitrantur, ea sibi ille ne visenda quidem existima- 
 \it. 41. Itaque omnes nunc in iis locis Cn. Pompeium, sicut 
 aliquem, non ex hac urbe missum, sed de coelo delapsum, intuen- 
 tur ; nunc denique incipiunt credere, fuisse homines Romanus 
 6 hac quondam continentia, quod jam nationibus exteris incredi- 
 bile ac falso memorise proditum videbatur. Nunc imperii vestri 
 splendor illis gentibus lucet; nunc intelligunt, 7 non sine causa 
 majores suos turn, quum ea temperantia magistratus habebamus, 
 servii-e populo Romano, quam imperare aliis, maluisse. Jam vero 
 ita faciles aditus ad eum privatorum, ita liberse querimoniaB de 
 aliorum injuriis esse dicuntur, ut is, qui dignitate 8 principibus 
 excellit, facilitate infimis par esse videatur. 42. Jam 9 quantum 
 consilio, quantum dicendi gravitate et copia valeat, in quo ipso 
 inest quaadam dignitas imperatoria, vos, Quirites, hoc ipso ex loco 
 saape cognovistis. 10 Fidem vero ejus quantam inter socios existi- 
 mari putatis, quam hostes omnes omnium genemm sanctissimam 
 judicarint ? Hiimanitate jam tanta est, ut difficile dictu sit, 
 utrum hostes magis virtutem ejus pugnantes timuerint, an man- 
 
ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILLA.. 101 
 
 suetudinem victi dilexerint. Et quisquam dubitabit, J1 qiiin buic 
 hoc tantum bellum transmittendum sit, qui ad omnia nostra 
 memorise bella coniicienda divino quodam consilio natus esse 
 videatur ? 
 
 XV. 43. Et, qnoniam auctoritas quoque in bellis adminis- 
 trandis multum atque in imperio militari valet, certe nemini 
 dubium est, quin x ea re idem ille imperator plurimum possit. 
 ■ Yehementer autem pertinere ad bella administranda, quid bostes, 
 quid socii de imperatoribus nostris existiment, quis ignorat, quum 
 sciamus homines in tantis rebus, ut aut contemnant, aut metu- 
 ant, aut oderint, aut ament, opinione non minus et fama, quam 
 aliqna ratione eerta' commoveri 2 3 Quod igitur nomen unquam 
 in orbe terraritm clarius fuit ? cujus res gestae pares ? de quo 
 homine vos, id quod maxime facit auetoritatem, tanta et tarn 
 praelara judicia fecistis ? 44. An vero ullam usquam esse oram 
 tarn desertam putatis, 4 quo non illius diei fama pervaserit, quum 
 univeisus populus Romanus, referto foro, completisque omnibus 
 templis, ex quibus hie locus conspici potest, unum sibi ad com- 
 mune omnium gentium bellum Cn. Pompeium imperatorem de- 
 poposcit ] Itaque, ut plura non dicam, neque aliorum exemplis 
 eonfiimem, quantum auctoritas valeat in bello, ab eodem Cn. 
 Pompeio 5 omnium rerum egregiarum exempla sumantur ; qui 
 quo die a vobis maritimo bello propositus est imperator, tanta 
 repente vilitas annonre ex summa inopia et caritate rei frumen- 
 taria? consecuta est, unius hominis spe ac nomine, quantam vix 
 ex summa ubertate agrorum diuturna pax efficerc potuisset. 
 45. 6 Jam, accepta in Ponto calamitate ex eo proelio, de quo vos 
 paulo ante invitus admonui, quum socii pertimuissent, hostium 
 opes animique crevissent, satis firmum presidium pro^ncia non 
 haberet, ami^issetis Asiam, Quirites, nisi ad ipsum discrimen ejus 
 temporis divinitus Cn. Pompeium ad eas regiones fortuna populi 
 Romani attulisset. Hujus adventus et Mithiidatem insohta in- 
 flammatum victoria continuit, et Tigranem magnis copiis minitan- 
 tem Asire retaixlavit. Et quisquam dubitabit, quid virtute per- 
 fecturus sit, qui tantum auetoritate perfecerit? aut quam facile 
 
102 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 
 
 imperio atque exercitu socios et vec*tigalia conservaturus sit, qui 
 7 ipso nomine ac rumore defenderit ? 
 
 XVI. 46. ] Age vero, ilia res quantam declarat ejusdem liomi- 
 nis apud bostes populi Romani auctoritatem, quod ex locis tarn 
 longinquis, taraque diversis, tani brevi tempore omnes huic se uni 
 dediclerunt ! quod Cretensium legati, quum in eorum insula 2 nos- 
 ter imperator exercitusque esset, ad Cn. Pompeium in ultimas 
 prope terras venerunt, eique se omnes Cretensium civitates dedere 
 velle dixerunt! 3 Quid? idem iste Mithridates nonne ad eundem 
 Cn. Pompeium legatum usque ad Hispaniam misit eum, quern 
 Pompeius legatum semper judicavit, ii, quibus erat semper moles- 
 tum, ad eum potissimum esse missum, speculatorem, quam lega- 
 tum judicari maluerunt. Potestis igitur jam constituere, Quirites, 
 4 banc auctoritatem multis postea rebus gestis, magnisque vestris 
 judiciis amplificatam, quantum apud illos reges, quantum apud ex- 
 teras nationes valituram esse existimetis. 
 
 47. Reliquum est, 5 ut de felicitate, quam prsestare de se ipso 
 nemo potest, meminisse et commemorare de altero possumus, sicut 
 sequum. est bomines de potestate deorum, timide et pauca dicamus. 
 Ego enim sic existimo : 6 Maximo, Marcello, Scipioni, Mario, et 
 ceteris magnis imperatoribus, non solum propter virtutem, sed 
 etiam propter fortunam, ssepius imperia mandata, atque exercitus 
 esse commissos. 7 Fuit enim profecto quibusdam summis viris 
 qucedam ad amplitudinem et ad gioriam, et ad res magnas bene 
 gerendas divinitus adjuncta fortuna. De bujus autem hominis feli- 
 citate, de quo nunc agimus, bac utar moderatione dicendi, non ut 
 in illius potestate fortunam positam esse dicam, sed ut 8 pr?eterita 
 meminisse, reliqua sperare videamur, ne aut invisa diis immortali- 
 bus oratio nostra, aut ingrata esse videatur. 48. Itaque 9 non sum 
 praedicaturus, quantas ille res clomi mibtise, terra marique, quan- 
 taque felicitate gesserit ; ut ejus semper voluntatibus non modo 
 cives assenserint, socii obtemperarint, bostes obedierint, sed etiam 
 venti tempestatesque obsecundarint : boc brevissime dicam, nemi- 
 nem unquam tarn impudentem fuisse, 10 qui ab diis immortalibus 
 tot et tantas res tacitus auderet optare, quot et quantas dii immor- 
 
ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 103 
 
 tales ad Cn. Pompeium detulerunt : n quod ut illi proprium ac 
 perpetuum sit, Quirites, quum commmiis salutis atque imperii, turn 
 ipsius liomiiiis causa, sicuti facitis, velle et optare debetis. 
 
 49. 12 Quare quum et bellum sit ita necessarium, ut negligi 
 non possit, ita magnum, ut accuratissime sit administrandum, et 
 quum ei imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli 
 scientia, singularis virtus, clarissima auctoritas, egregia fortuna; 
 13 dubitabitis, Quirites, quin hoc tantum boni, quod vobis ab diis 
 immortalibus oblatum et datum est, in rem publicam conservan- 
 dam atque amplifieandam conferatis ? 
 
 XVII. 50. Quod si Romas Cn. Pompeius privatus esset hoc 
 tempore, tarn en ad tantum bellum is erat diligendus atque mitten- 
 dus. Nunc, quum ad ceteras summas utilitates haec quoque op- 
 portimitas adjungatur, ut * in iis ipsis locis adsit, ut habeat exerci- 
 tum, ut ab iis qui liabent, accipere statim possit, ~ quid exspecta- 
 mus ] aut 3 cur non, ducibus diis immortalibus, eidem, cui cetera 
 summa cum salute rei publicae commissa sunt, hoc quoque bellum 
 regium committamus ? 
 
 51. 4 At enirn vir clarissimus, amantissimus rei publico?, vestris 
 beneficiis amplissimis affectus, Q. Catulus, itemque siunmis orna- 
 mentis honoris, fortunae, virtutis, ingenii praeditus, Q. Hortensius, 
 ab hac ratione dissentiunt : quorum ego auctoritatem apud vos 
 multis locis plurimum valuisse, et valere oportere confiteor ; sed in 
 Jiae causa, 5 tametsi cognoscetis auctoritates contrarias virorimi for- 
 tissimorum et clarissimorum, tamen, omissis auctoritatibus, ipsa re 
 ac ratione exquirere possumas veritatem ; atque hoc facilius, quod 
 ea omnia, quae a me adhuc dicta sunt, iidem isti vera esse conce- 
 dunt, et necessarium bellum esse et magnum, et in uno Cn. Pom- 
 peio summa esse omnia. 52. Quid igitur ait Hortensius? 6 Si 
 uui omnia tribuenda sint, unum dignissimum esse Pompeium ; sed 
 ad unum tamen omnia deferri non oportere. Obsolevit jam ' ista 
 oratio, re multo magis quam verbis refutata. Nam tu idem, Q. 
 Hortensi, multa, 8 pro tua summa copia ac singulari facilitate di- 
 cendi, et in senatu contra virum fortem, A. Gabinium, grafter 
 ornateque dixisti, quum is de uno imperatore contra praedones con- 
 
104 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILLA.. 
 
 stituendo legem promulgasset, et ex hoc ipso loco permulta item 
 contra legem earn verba fecisti. 53. Quid? turn, per deos immor- 
 tales ! si plus apud populum Romanum auctoritas tua, quam ipsius 
 populi Romani salus 9 et vera causa valuisset, hodie hanc gloriam 
 atque hoc orbis terrae imperium teneremus ? 10 An tibi turn impe- 
 rium esse hoc videbatur, quum populi Romani legati, quaestores, 
 praetoresque capiebantur ? quum ex omnibus provinces commeatu 
 et private et publico prohibebamur ? quum ita clausa nobis erant 
 maria omnia, ut neque privatam rem transmarinam, neque publi- 
 cam jam obire possemus ? 
 
 XVIII. 54. Quae civitas antea unquam fuit, non dico 'Athe- 
 niensium, quae satis late quondam mare tenuisse dicitur ; non Car- 
 thaginiensium, qui permultum classe ac maritimis rebus valuerunt ; 
 non Rhodiorum, quorum usque ad nostram memoriam disciplina 
 navalis et gloria remansit : quae civitas unquam 2 tam tenuis, quae 
 tarn parva insula fuit, quae non portus suos, et agros, et aliquam 
 partem regionis atque orae maritimae per se ipsa defenderet ? At 
 hercule, 3 aliquot annos continuos ante legem Gabiniam, ille popu- 
 lus Romanus, cujus usque ad nostram memoriam nomen invictum 
 in navalibus pugnis permanserat, magna ac multo maxima parte 
 non modo utilitatis, sed dignitatis atque imperii caruit. 55. Nos, 
 quorum majores 4 Antiochum regem classe Persenque superarunt, 
 omnibusque navalibus pugnis Carthaginienses, homines in mari- 
 timis rebus exercitatissimos paratissimosque, vicerunt, 5 ii nullo in 
 loco jam praedonibus pares esse poteramus. Nos, qui antea non 
 modo Italiam tutam habebamus, sed omnes socios in ultimis oris 
 auctoritate nostri imperii salvos praestare poteramus, turn, quum 
 6 insula Delos, tam procul a nobis in JEgaeo mari posita, quo omnes 
 undique cum mercibus atque oneribus commeabant, referta divi- 
 tiis, parva, sine muro nihil timebat ; 7 iidem non modo pro\dnciis, 
 atque oris Italiae maritimis, ac portubus nostris, sed etiam Appia 
 jam via carebamus : et his temporibus non pudebat magistratus 
 populi Romani, 8 in hunc ipsum locum ascendere, quum eum nobis 
 majores nostri exuviis nauticis et classium spoliis ornatuin reli- 
 quissent ! 
 
0RATI0 PRO LEGE MANILLA. 105 
 
 XIX. 56. ^ono te aiiimo, Q. Hortensi, populus Romanus, 
 et ceteros, qui erant in eadem sententia, dicere existimavit ea, quae 
 sentiebatis : sed tamen in salute cominuni idem populus Romanus 
 B dolori suo maluit, quam auctoritati vestraa obtemperare. Itaque 
 3 una lex. unus vir, unus annus, non modo nos ilia miseria ac tur- 
 pitudine liberal ; sed etiam effecit, ut aliquando vere videremur 
 onmibus gentibus ac nationibus terra manque imperare. 
 
 57. 4 Quo mibi etiam indignius videtur obtrectatum esse ad- 
 huc, Gabinio dicam, anne Pompeio, an utrique ? id quod est 
 vein us ; ne legaretur A. Gabinius Cn. Pompeio expetenti ac postu- 
 lanti. 5 Utrum ille, qui postulat ad tantum bellum legatum, quern 
 velit, idoneus non est, qui impetret, quum ceteri ad expilandos 
 socios, diripiendasque provincias, quos voluerunt, legatos ecluxerint ; 
 an ipse, cnjus lege salus ac dignitas populo Romano atque omnibus 
 gentibus constituta est, 6 expers esse debet ejus gloriae iniperatoris 
 atque ejus exercitus, qui consilio ipsius ac periculo est constitutus ? 
 58. An C. Falcidius, Q. Metellus, Q. Coelius Latiniensis, Cn. 
 Lentulus, quos omnes 7 honoris causa nomino, quum tribuni plebis 
 fuissent, anno proximo legati esse potuenmt ; 8 in uno Gabinio simt 
 tarn diligentes I qui in hoc bello, quod lege Gabinia geritur, in hoc 
 imperatore atque exercitu, quern 9 per vos ipse constituit, etiam 
 praecipuo jure esse deberet ? 10 De quo legando consules spero 
 ad senatum relatiuos. Qui si dubitabunt, aut gTavabuntur, ego 
 me prorlteor relativriun ; neque me impediet cujusquam inimicum 
 e dictum, " quo minus vobis fretus, vestrum jus beneficiumque 
 defendam ; neque 12 prater inter cessionem quidquam audiam ; de 
 qua, ut ai'bitror, isti ipsi, qui minantur, etiam atque etiam, quid 
 liceat, considerabunt. Mea quidem sententia, Quirites, unus A. 
 Gabinius, belli maritimi rerumque gestarum Cn. Pompeio 13 scx:ius 
 adscribitur ; propterea quod 14 alter uni illud bellum suscipiendum 
 vestris suSragiis detulit, alter delatum susceptumque confecit. 
 
 XX. 59. Reliqumn est, a ut de Q. Catuli auctoritate et sen- 
 tentia dicendum esse videatur. ' Qui quum ex vobis qusereret, si 
 in uno Cn. Pompeio omnia poneretis, si quid eo factum esset, in 
 quo spem essetis habituri, cepit magnum suae virtutis fructum ac 
 
106 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 
 
 dignitatis, quum omnes, una prope voce, in ipso vos spem habitu- 
 ros esse dixistis. Etenim talis est vir, ut nulla res tanta sit ac tarn 
 difficilis, quam ille non et consilio regere, et integritate tueri, et 
 virtute conficere possit. Sed 3 in hoc ipso ab eo vehementissime 
 dissentio, quod, quo minus certa est hominum ac minus diuturna 
 vita, hoc magis res publica, dum per deos immortales licet, fmi 
 debet summi viri vita atque virtute. — 60. 4 At enim ne quid novi 
 fiat contra exempla atque instituta majorum. — Non dicam hoc 
 loco, majores nostros semper in pace consuetudini, in bello utilitati 
 5 paruisse ; semper ad no vos casus temporum, novorum consilio- 
 rum rationes accommodasse ; non dicam, duo bella maxima, 
 Punicum atque Hispaniense, ab uno imperatore esse confecta; 
 duasque urbes potentissimas, quse huic imperio maxime minita- 
 bantur, Carthaginem atque Numantiam, ab eodem Scipione esse 
 deletas : non commemorabo, nuper ita vobis patribusque vestris 
 esse visum, ut in uno C. Mario spes imperii poneretur, ut idem 
 cum Jugurtha, idem cum Cimbris, idem cum Teutonis bellum 
 administraret : 61. in ipso Cn. Pompeio, in quo novi constitui 
 nihil vult Q. Catulus, 6 quam multa sint nova summa Q. Catuh 
 voluntate constituta, recordamini. 
 
 XXI. Quid tam novum, quam 1 adolescentulum, privatum, 
 exercitum difficili rei publicae tempore conficere ? confecit : huic 
 prseesse ? prsefuit : rem optime ductu suo gerere ? gessit. Quid 
 tam prseter consuetudinem, quam homini peradolescenti, cujus 
 setas 2 a senatorio gradu longe abesset, imperium atque exercitum 
 dari, Siciliam permitti, atque Africam, bellumque in ea administran- 
 dum ? Fuit in his provinciis singulari innocentia, gravitate, virtute : 
 bellum in Africa maximum confecit, victorem exercitum deportavit. 
 Quid vero tam inauditum, quam 3 equitem Komanum triumphare ? 
 at 4 earn quoque rem populus Romanus non modo vidit, sed omni 
 etiam studio visendam et concelebrandam putavit. 62. Quid tam 
 inusitatum, quam ut, quum duo consules clarissimi fortissimique 
 essent, eques Romanus ad bellum maximum formidolosissimumque 
 pro consule mitteretur ? missus est. Quo quidem tempore, quum 
 esset & non nemo in senatu, qui diceret, Non oportere mitti homi- 
 
ORATIO TRO LEGE MANILIA. 107 
 
 nem privatum pro consule ; L. Philippus dixisse dicitur : Non se 
 ilium sua sententia pro consule, sed pro consulibus mittere. Tanta 
 in eo rei publico bene gerendae spes constituebatur, ut duorum 
 consulum munus unius adolescentis virtuti committeretur. Quid 
 tam singulare, quara ut, ex senatus consulto 6 legibus solutus, con- 
 sul ante fieret, quam ullum alium magistratum per leges capere 
 lieuisset ? quid tam incredibile, quam ut "' iterum eques Romanus 
 ex senatus consulto triumpharet ? 8 Quae in omnibus liominibus 
 nova post hominum memoriam constituta sunt, ea tam multa non 
 sunt, quam haec, quae in hoc uno homine videmus. 63. Atque haec 
 tot exempla, tanta ac tam nova, ° profecta sunt in eundem homi- 
 nem a Q. Catuli atque a ceteroram ejusdem dignitatis amplissimo- 
 rum hominum auctoritate. 
 
 XXII. l Quare vide ant, ne sit periniquum et non ferendum, 
 illorum auctoritatem de Cn. Pompeii dignitate a vobis comproba- 
 tam semper esse ; vestrum ab illis de eodem bomine judicium, 
 populique Romani auctoritatem improbari ; praesertim quum jam 
 2 suo jure populus Romanus in hoc homine suam auctoritatem vel 
 contra omnes, qui dissentiunt, possit defendere ; propterea quod, 
 iisdem istis reclamantibus, vos unum ilium ex omnibus delegistis, 
 quern bello praedonuui praeponeretis. 64. Hoc si vos temere fecis- 
 tis, et rei publicse parum consuluistis, recte isti studia vestra suis 
 consiliis regere conantur ; 3 sin autem vos plus turn in re publica 
 vidistis, vos, his repugnantibus, per vosmet ipsos dignitatem huic 
 imperio, salutem orbi terrarum attulistis ; ahquando isti principes, 
 et sibi, et ceteris, populi Romani universi auctoritati parendum 
 esse fateantur ! Atque in hoc 4 bello Asiatico et regio, non solum 
 mihtaris ilia virtus, quae est in Cn. Pompeio singularis, sed aliae 
 quoque virtutes animi magnae et multae requiruntur. Difficile est 
 in Asia, Cilicia, Syria, regmsque B interioiiim nationum ita versari 
 nostrum imperatorem, ut nihil aliud, nisi de hoste ac de laude co- 
 gitet. Deinde etiam si qui sunt 6 pudore ac temperantia modera- 
 tiores, tamen eos esse tales, propter multitudinem cupidorum homi- 
 num, nemo arbitratur. 65. Difficile est dictu, Quirites, quanto in 
 odio simus apud exteras nationes, propter eorum, quos ad eas 7 per 
 
108 ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILIA. 
 
 hos annos cum imperio misimus, libidines et injurias. Quod enim 
 fanum putatis in illis terris 8 nostris magistratibus religiosuiri, quam 
 civitatem sanctam, quam domum satis clausam ac munitam fuisse ? 
 Urbes jam locupletes ac copiosae requiruntur, ° quibus causa belli, 
 propter diripiendi cupiditatem, inferatur. 66. Libenter haec 10 coram 
 cum Q. Catulo et Q. Hortensio, summis et clarissimis viris, dispu- 
 tarem ; noverunt enim sociorum vulnera, vident eorum calami- 
 tates, querimonias audiunt. "Pro sociis vos contra hostes exerci- 
 tum mittere putatis, an, hostium simulatione, contra socios atque 
 amicos ? quae civitas est in Asia, quae non modo imperatoris, aut 
 legati, sed unius tribuni militum 12 animos ac spiritus capere possit ? 
 
 XXIII. Quare 1 etiam si quern liabetis, qui, 2 collatis signis, 
 exercitus regios superare posse videatur, tamen, 3 nisi erit idem, qui 
 se a pecuniis sociorum, qui ab eorum conjugibus ac liberis, qui ab 
 ornamentis fanorum atque oppiclorum, qui ab auro gazaque regia, 
 manus, oculos, animum cohibere possit, non erit idoneus, qui ad 
 bellum Asiaticum regiumque mittatur. 6*7. Ecquam putatis civi- 
 tatem pacatam fuisse, * quae locuples sit ? ecquam esse locupletem, 
 quae istis pacata esse videatur ? Ora maritima, Quirites, Cn. Pom- 
 peium, non solum propter rei militaris gloriam, sed etiam propter 
 animi & continentiam requisivit. 6 Videbat enim praetores locuple- 
 tari quotannis pecunia publica, praeter paucos; neque eos quid- 
 quam aliud assequi classium nomine, nisi ut, detrimentis accipien- 
 dis, majore affici turpitudine videremur. Nunc 7 qua cupiditate 
 homines in provincias, quibus jacturis, quibus conditionibus, pro- 
 ficiscantur, ignorant videlicet isti, qui ad unum deferenda omnia 
 esse non arbitrantur : quasi vero Cn. Pompeium, non 8 quum suis 
 virtutibus, turn etiam alienis vitiis magnum esse videamus. 
 
 68. Quare nolite dubitare, 9 quin huic uni credatis omnia, qui 
 inter tot annos unus inventus sit, quern socii in urbes suas cum 
 exercitu venisse gaudeant. Quod si auctoritatibus hanc causam, 
 Quirites, confirmandam putatis, est vobis auctor, vir bellorum om- 
 nium maximarumque rerum peritissimus, P. Servilius, cujus tantae 
 res gestae terra marique exstiterunt, ut, quum de bello deliberetis, 
 auctor vobis gravior nemo esse debeat ; est C. Curio, summis ves- 
 
ORATIO PRO LEGE MANILLA. 109 
 
 tris beneficiis, maximisque rebus gestis, sumino ingenio et pruden- 
 tia psraeditns ; est Cn. Lentulus, in quo omnes pro amplissimis ves- 
 tris honoribus summum consilium, summam gravitatem esse cog- 
 novistis ; est C. Cassius, 10 integritate, virtute, constantia singulari. 
 Quare videte, "ut horuru auctoritatibus illorum orationi, qui dis- 
 sentiunt, respondere posse videamur. 
 
 XXIV. 69. Quae quum ita sint, C. Manili, primum Mstam 
 tuam et legem, et voluntatem, et sententiam laudo, vehementissi- 
 meque eomprobo : deinde te liortor, ut, auctore populo Romano, 
 maneas in sententia, neve cujusquam vim aut minas pertimescas. 
 Primum in te 2 satis esse animi perseverantiaeque arbitror ; deinde 
 quum tantam multitudinem cum tanto studio adesse videamus, 
 quantam nunc iterum in eodem homine praeficiendo videmus, 
 quid est, quod aut de re, aut de perficiendi facilitate dubitemus ? 
 Ego autem, quidquid est in me studii, consilii, laboris, ingenii ; 
 3 quidquid hoc beneficio populi Romani, atque liac potestate prae- 
 toria; quidquid auctoritate, fide, constantia, possum; id omne ad 
 hanc rem conficiendam, tibi et populo Romano polliceor ac defero: 
 
 70. testorque omnes deos, et eos maxime, qui huic loco temploque 
 president, qui omnium mentes eorum, qui ad rem publicam adeunt, 
 maxime perspiciunt, me hoc neque rogatu facere cujusquam, * neque 
 quo Cn. Pompeii gratiam mihi per hanc causam conciliari putem, 
 neque quo mihi ex cujusquam amplitudine, aut praesidia periculis, 
 aut adjumenta honoribus quasram ; propterea quod pericula facile, 
 ut hominem praestare oportet, innocentia tecti repellemus ; honorem 
 autem 5 neque ab uno, neque ex hoc loco, sed eadem ilia nostra 
 laboriosissiina ratione vitae, si vestra voluntas feret, consequemur. 
 
 71. Quamobrem, quidquid in hac causa mihi susceptum est, Qui- 
 rites, id ego omne me rei publicaB causa suscepisse confirmo ; 6 tan- 
 tumque abest, ut aliquam mihi bonam gratiam quaesisse videar, ut 
 7 multas me etiam simultates partim obscuras, partim apertas intel- 
 ligam, mihi non necessarias, vobis non inutiles, suscepisse. 8 Sed 
 ego me hoc honore praeditum, tantis vestris beneficiis afFectum, 
 statui, Quirites, vestram voluntatem, et rei pubhcas dignitatem, et 
 salutem provinciarum atque sociorum, meis omnibus commodis et 
 rationibus praeferre oportere. 
 
O E A T I O 
 
 PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 I. 1. Etsi 1 vereor, judices, ne turpe sit, pro fortissimo viro 
 dicere incipientem timere, minimeque deceat, quum T. Annius 
 ipse magis de rei publicae salute, quam de sua perturbetur, me ad 
 ejus causam parem animi magnitudinem afferre non posse, tamen 
 2 haec novi judicii nova forma terret oculos, qui, quocunque inci- 
 derunt, consuetudinem fori, et pristinum morem judiciorum 3 re- 
 quirunt. 4 Non enim corona concessus vester cinctus est, ut sole- 
 bat ; 2. non usitata frequentia stipati sumus ; 6 nee ilia prassidia, 
 quae pro templis omnibus cernitis, etsi contra vim collocata sunt, 
 non afferunt tamen oratori aliquid, ut in foro et in judicio, quam- 
 quam prsesidiis salutaribus et necessariis septi sumus, 6 tamen ne 
 non timere quid em sine aliquo timore possimus. 7 Quae si opposita 
 Miloni putarem, cederem tempori, judices, nee inter tantam vim 
 armorum existimarem esse orationi locum. 8 Sed me recreat et 
 reficit Cn. Pompeii, sapientissimi et justissimi viri, consilium, qui 
 profecto nee justitise sua3 putaret esse, quern reum sententiis judi- 
 cum tradidisset, eundum telis militum fledere ; nee sapientiae, 
 temeritatem concitatse multitudinis auctoritate publica armare. 
 3. Quamobrem ilia arm a, centuriones, cohortes non periculum 
 nobis, sed presidium 9 denuntiant, neque solum, ut quieto, sed 
 etiam, ut magno animo simus, hortantur, neque auxilium modo 
 
ORATTO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. Ill 
 
 defensioni mea?, verum etiam silentium pollicentur. Reliqua vero 
 multitudo, "quae quidem est civium, tota nostra est, " neque 
 eorum quisquam, quos undique intuentes, imde aliqua fori pars 
 adspici potest, et hujus exitum judicii exspectantes ddetis, non 
 quura virtuti Milonis favet, turn de se, de liberis suis, de patria, de 
 fortimis hodierno die decertari putat. 
 
 II. drum genus est adversum infestumque nobis eorum, quos 
 P. Clodii furor l rapids, et incendiis, et omnibus exitiis publicis 
 pavit ; qui 2 hesterna etiam condone incitati sunt, ut vobis voce 
 pragirent, quid judicaretis. Quorum clamor, 3 si qui forte fuerit, 
 admonere vos debebit, ut eum civem retineatis, qui semper genus 
 illud hominum, clamoresque maximos pro vestra salute neglexit. 
 4. Quamobrem 4 adeste animis, judices, et timorem, si quern 
 habetis, deponite. Nam, si unquam de bonis et fortibus dris, si 
 unquam de bene meritis cidbus potestas vobis judicandi fuit, si 
 denique unquam locus amplissimorum ordinum delectis dris datus 
 est, ut sua studia erga fortes et bonos cives, qua? vultu et verbis 
 ssepe significassent, re et sententiis declararent, hoc profecto tem- 
 pore earn potestatem omnem vos habetis, 5 ut statuatis, utrum nos, 
 qui semper vestree auctoritati dediti fuimus, semper miseri lugea- 
 mus, an, diu vexati a perditissimis cidbus, aliquando per vos, ac 
 per vestram fidem, virtutem sapientiamque recreemur. 5. 6 Quid 
 enim nobis duobus, judices, laboriosius, quid magis sollicitum, 
 magis exercitum dici ant fingi potest, qui, spe amplissimorum 
 pramnorum, ad rem publicam adducti, metu crudelissimorum sup- 
 pliciorum carere non possumus ? Equidem ceteras 7 tempestates 
 et procellas in illis dumtaxat fluctibus concionum semper putad 
 Miloni esse subeundas, quia semper pro bonis contra improbos 
 senserat ; 8 in judicio vero, et in eo consilio, in quo ex cunctis 
 ordinibus amplissimi dii judicarent, nunquam existimad spem 
 ullam esse habituros i\Iilonis inimicos ad ejus non modo salutem 
 exstinguendam, sed etiam gloriam per tales viros infringendam. 
 6. 9 Quamquam in hac causa, judices, T. Annii tribunatu, rebusque 
 omnibus pro salute rei publicse gestis, ad hujus criminis defen- 
 sionem 10 non abutemur. Nisi oculis dderitis " insidias Miloni a 
 6 
 
112 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 Clodio factas, nee deprecaturi sumus, ut crimen lioc nobis propter 
 multa praeclara in rem publicam merita condonetis ; nee postula- 
 turi, ut, si mors P. Clodii salus vestra fuerit, idcirco earn virtuti 
 Milonis potius quam populi Romani felicitati assignetis. Sin 
 12 illius insidiae clariores liac luce fuerint, turn denique obsecrabo, 
 obtestaborque vos, judices, si cetera amisimus, hoc saltern nobis ut 
 relinquatur, vitam ab inimicorum audacia telisque ut impune liceat 
 defendere. 
 
 HI. 1. Sed antequam ad x eam orationem venio, qua3 est 
 propria vestra quaestionis, videntur ea esse refutanda, qua3 et in 
 senatu ab inimicis saepe jactata sunt, et in condone ab improbis, et 
 paulo ante ab accusatoribus, ut, omni errore sublato, rem plane, 
 quae veniat in judicium, videre possitis. 2 Negant intueri lucem 
 esse fas ei, qui a se hominem occisum esse fateatur. In qua tan- 
 dem urbe hoc homines stultissimi disputant ? Nempe in ea, quae 
 primum judicium de capite vidit M. Horatii, fortissimi viri, qui, 
 nondum libera civitate, tamen populi Romani comitiis liberatus 
 est, quum sua manu sororem esse interfectam fateretur. 8. An 
 est quisquam, qui hoc ignoret, quum de homine occiso quaeratur, 
 3 aut negari solere omnino esse factum, aut recte et jure factum esse 
 defendi ? 4 Nisi vero existimatis, dementem P. Africanum fuisse, 
 qui, quum a C. Carbone, tribuno plebis, seditiose in concione inter - 
 rogaretur, quid de Ti. Gracchi morte sentiret, respondent, jure 
 caesum videri. 6 Neque enim posset aut Ahala ille Servilius, aut 
 P. Nasica, aut L. Opimius, aut C. Marius, aut, me consule, senatus 
 non nefarius haberi, si sceleratos cives interfici nefas esset. Itaque 
 hoc, judices, non sine causa, etiam 6 fictis fabulis, doctissimi homines 
 memoriae prodiderunt, eum, qui patris ulciscendi causa matrem 
 necavisset, 7 variatis hominum sententiis, non solum divina, sed 
 etiam sapientissimae deaB sententia liberatum. 9. Quod si 8 duo- 
 decim tabulae nocturnum furem quoquo modo, diurnum autem, si 
 se telo defenderet, interfici impune voluerunt, quis est, qui, quoquo 
 modo quis interfectus sit, puniendum putet, quum videat ali- 
 quando gladium nobis ad hominem occidendum ab ipsis porrigi 
 legibus ? 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 113 
 
 IV. Atqui si tempus est ullum jure liominis necandi, a quae 
 multa sunt, certe illud est non modo justum, verum etiam neces- 
 sarium, quuin vi vis illata defenditur. 2 Pudicitiam quum eriperet 
 militi tribunus inilitaris in exercitu C. Marii, propinquus ejus im- 
 peratoris, inteifectus ab eo est, cui vim afferebat. 3 Facere enina 
 probus adolescens periculose, quam perpeti turpiter maluit. Atque 
 liunc ille summits vir, scelere solutum, periculo libera vit. 10. 
 Insidiatori vero, et latroni quae potest 4 infeni injusta nex ? Quid 
 comitatus nostri, 5 quid gladii volunt ? quos habere certe non 
 liceret, si uti illis nullo pacto liceret. 6 Est igitur haec, judices, non 
 scripts, sed nata lex, quam non didicimus, accepimus, legimus, 
 verum ex natura ipsa arripuimus, hausimus, expressimus, ad quam 
 non docti, sed facti; non instituti, sed irabuti sumus; ut, si vita 
 nostra in aliquas insidias, si in vim, et in tela aut latronum aut 
 inimicorum incidisset, omnis honesta ratio esset expediendae salutis. 
 Silent enim leges inter arma, nee 7 se exspectari jubent, quum ei, 
 qui exspectare velit, ante injusta poena luenda sit, quam justa repe- 
 tenda. 11. Etsi persapienter, et quodammodo tacite, dat ipsa lex 
 potestatem defendendi, quae non hominem occidi, 8 sed esse cum 
 telo hominis occidendi causa vetat ; ut, 9 quum causa, non telum 
 quoereretur, qui sui defendendi causa telo esset usus, non hominis 
 occidendi causa habuisse telum judicaretur. Quapropter 10 hoc 
 maneat in causa, judices ; non enim dubito, quin probaturus sim 
 vobis defensionem meam, si id memineritis, quod oblivisci non 
 potestis, insidiatorem interfici jure posse. 
 
 V. 12. ^equitur illud, quod a Milonis inimicis saepissime 
 dicitur, caBdem, in qua P. Clodius occisus est, senatum judicasse, 
 contra rem pubheam esse factam. Illam vero senatus 2 non sen- 
 tentiis suis solum, sed etiam studiis comprobavit. Quoties enim 
 est ilia causa a nobis 3 acta in senatu ? quibus assensionibus uni- 
 versi ordinis ? quam nee tacitis, nee occultis ? Quanclo enim fre- 
 (.pientissimo senatu quatuor, aut summum quinque sunt inventi, 
 qui Milonis causam non probarent? 4 Declarant hujus ambusti 
 tribuni plebis illae intermortuae conciones, quibus quotidie meam 
 potentiam invidiose criminabatur, quum diceret, senatum non quod 
 
114 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 sentiret, sed quod ego vellem, decernere. 6 Quae quidem si poten- 
 tia est appellanda potius, quam aut propter magna in rem publi- 
 cam merita mediocris in bonis causis auctoritas, aut propter hos 
 officiosos labores meos nonnulla apud bonos gratia, appelletur ita 
 sane, dummodo ea nos utamur pro salute bonorum contra amen- 
 tiam perditorum. 13. 6 Hanc vero quaestionem, etsi non est iniqua, 
 nunquam tamen senatus constituendam putavit. Erant enim leges, 
 erant quasstiones, vel de caede vel de vi ; nee tantum moerorem ac 
 luctum senatui mors P. Clodii afferebat, ut nova quaestio consti- 
 tueretur. 7 Cujus enim de illo incesto stupro judicium decernendi 
 senatui potestas esset erepta ; de ejus interitu, quis potest credere, 
 senatum judicium novum constituendum putasse ? 8 Cur igitur 
 incendium curias, oppugnationem aedium M. Lepidi, caedem banc 
 ijDsam contra rem publicam senatus factam esse decrevit ? 9 Quia 
 nulla vis unquam est in libera civitate suscepta inter cives, non 
 contra rem publicam. 14. Non enim est ilia defensio contra vim 
 unquam optanda, sed nonnunquam est necessaria. 10 Nisi vero aut 
 ille dies, quo Ti. Gracclius est caesus, aut ille, quo Caius, aut arma 
 Saturnini non, etiamsi e re publica oppressa sunt, rem publicam 
 tamen vulnerarunt. 
 
 VI. l Itaque ego ipse decrevi, quum caedem in Appia factam 
 esse constaret, non eum, qui se defendisset, contra rem publicam 
 fecisse ; sed, quum inessent in re vis et insidiae, crimen judicio 
 reservavi, rem notavi. Quod si per 2 furiosum ilium tribunum 
 senatui, quod sentiebat, perficere licuisset, novam quaestionem 
 nullam haberemus. 3 Decernebat enim, ut veteribus legibus, tan- 
 tummodo extra ordinem, quaereretur. 4 Divisa sententia est, pos- 
 tulante nescio quo ; nihil enim necesse est omnium me flagitia 
 proferre. Sic 5 reliqua auctoritas senatus empta intercessione sub- 
 lata est. 15. 6 At enim Cn. Pompeius rogatione sua, et de re, et 
 de causa judicavit ; 7 tulit enim de caede, quae in Appia via facta 
 esset, in qua P. Clodius occisus esset. Quid ergo tulit ? Nempe 
 8 ut quaereretur. Quid porro quaerendum est? Factumne sit? 
 9 At constat. A quo ? At paret. Vidit igitur, etiam in confes- 
 sione facti, juris tamen defensionem suscipi posse. Quod nisi 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILOXE. 115 
 
 vidisset, posse absolvi eum, qui fateretur, qimm videret 10 nos fateri, 
 neque quaeri unquam jussissel, nee vobis " tam hanc salutarem in 
 jndieando literain, quam illam tristem, dedisset. Mihi vero Cn. 
 Pompeius non niodo nihil gravius contra Milonem judicasse, sed 
 etiam statuisse videtur, 12 quid vos in judicando spectare oporteret. 
 Nam qui non pcenam confessioni, sed defensionem dedit, is causam 
 interitus quaerendam, non interitum putavit. 16. Jam illud ipse 
 dicet profecto, 13 quod sua sponte fecit, Publione Clodio tribuendum 
 putarit, an tempori. 
 
 VII. Domi suae nobilissimus vir, senatus propugnator, atque, 
 illis quidera temporibus, psene patronus, avunculus hujus judicis 
 nostri, fortissimi viri, M. Catonis, * tribunus plebis M. Drusus occisus 
 est. 2 Nihil de ejus morte populus consultus, nulla quaestio decreta 
 a senatu est. 3 Quantum luctum in hac urbe fuisse, a nostris 
 patribus accepimus, quum P. Africano, domi suae quiescenti, ilia 
 nocturna ^is esset illata ? quis turn non gemuit ? quis non ai-sit 
 dolore, quern immortalem, si fieri posset, omnes esse cuperent, ejus 
 ne necessariam quidem exspectatam esse mortem ? Num igitur 
 ulla quaestio de Africani morte lata est ? Certe nulla. 17. Qmd 
 ita ? 4 Quia non aho facinore clari homines, aho obscuri necantur. 
 
 5 Intei-sit inter ^ta3 dignitatem summorum atque infimorum ; mors 
 quidem illata per scelus iisdem et pcenis teneatur et legibus. 
 
 6 Nisi forte magis erit parricida, si qui consularem patrem, quam si 
 quis humilem necaverit, aut eo more atrocior erit P. Clodii, quod 
 is 7 in monumentis majorum suorum sit interfectus. Hoc enim ab 
 istis ssepe dicitur ; proinde quasi Appitis ille Caecus viam muni- 
 verit, non qua populus uteretur, sed ubi impune sui posteri latro- 
 cinarentur. 18. Itaque in eadem ista Appia via, quum ornatissi- 
 mum equitem Romanum P. Clodius 8 M. Papirium occidisset, non 
 fuit illud facinus puniendum ; homo enim nobilis in suis monu- 
 mentis equitem Romanum occiderat ; nunc ejusdem Appias nomen 
 quantas tragcedias excitat ! 9 Quae cruentata antea caade honesti 
 atque innocentis viri silebatur, eadem nunc crebro usurpatur, 
 posteaquam latronis et parricidse sanguine imbuta est. Sed quid 
 ego ilia commemoro ? Comprehensus est 10 in templo Castoris 
 
116 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 servus P. Clodii, quern ille ad Cn. Pompeium interficiendum 
 collocarat; "extorta est confitenti sica de manibus; 12 caruit foro 
 postea Pompeius, caruit senatu, caruit publico ; janua se, ac parie- 
 tibus, non jure legum judiciorumque texit. 19. Num quae rogatio 
 lata, num quae nova quaestio decreta est ? Atqui, si res, si vir, si 
 tempus ullum dignum fu.it, certe haec in ilia causa summa omnia 
 fuerunt. Insidiator erat in foro collocatus, atque in vestibulo ipso 
 senatus ; ei viro autem mors parabatur, 13 cujus in vita nitebatur 
 salus civitatis ; eo porro rei publicae tempore, quo, si unus ille 
 occidisset, non haec solum civitas, sed gentes omnes concidissent. 
 Nisi vero, quia perfecta res non est, non fuit punienda ; proinde 
 quasi exitus rerum, non hominum consilia "legibus vindicentur. 
 Minus dolendum fuit, re non perfecta, sed puniendum certe niliilo 
 minus. 20. Quoties ego ipse, judices, ex P. Clodii telis et ex 
 cruentis ejus manibus efFugi ? ex quibus si me non vel mea, vel 
 rei publicae fortuna servasset, quis tandem de interitu meo "quses- 
 tionem tulisset ? 
 
 VIII. 1 Sed stulti sumus, qui Drusum, qui Africanum, Pom- 
 peium, nosmet ipsos cum P. Clodio conferre audeamus. Tolera- 
 bilia fuerunt 2 ilia ; P. Clodii mortem nemo aequo animo ferre 
 potest. Luget senatus, mceret equester ordo, tota civitas confecta 
 senio est, squalent municipia, afflictantur coloniae, agri denique 
 ipsi tarn benencum, tarn salutarem, tarn mansuetum civem s de- 
 siderant. 21. Non fuit ea causa, judices, profecto, non fuit, cur 
 4 sibi censeret Pompeius quaestionem ferendam ; sed homo sapiens, 
 atque alta et divina quadam mente praeditus, multa vidit ; fuisse 
 ilium sibi inimicum, familiarem Milonem ; in communi omnium 
 laetitia si etiam ipse gauderet, 5 timuit, ne videretur infirmior fides 
 reconciliatse gratiaa; multa etiam alia vidit, sed illud maxime, 
 quamvis 6 atrociter ipse tulisset, vos tamen fortiter judicaturos. 
 Itaque delegit e florentissimis ordinibus 7 ipsa lumina. Nequc 
 vero, quod nonnulli dicitant, secrevit in judicibus legendis amicos 
 meos. Neque enim hoc cogitavit vir justissimus, neque in bonis 
 viris legendis id assequi potuisset, etiamsi cupisset. 8 Non enim 
 mea gratia familiaritatibus continetur, qua3 late patere non possunt, 
 
0RATI0 PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 11 7 
 
 propterea quod consuetudines victus non possunt esse cum multis ; 
 sed, 9 si quid possumus, ex eo possumus, quod res publica nos 
 conjunxit cum bonis ; ex quibus ille quum optirnos viros legeret, 
 idque maxime ad fidem suam pertinere arbitraretur, non potuit 
 legere non studiosos mei. 22. "Quod vero te, L. Doniiti, huic 
 qusestioni pra?esse maxime voluit, nihil qusesivit aliud, nisi justitiam, 
 gravitatem, humanitatem, fidem. n Tulit, ut consularem necesse 
 esset; credo, quod principum munus esse ducebat, resistere et 
 levitati multitudinis, et perditorum temeritati. Ex consularibus te 
 creavit potissimum. Dederas enim, quam contemneres populares 
 insanias, jam ab adolescentia documenta maxima. 
 
 IX. 23. Quamobrem, judices, " ut aliquando ad causam 
 crimenque veniamus, si neque omnis confessio facti est inusitata, 
 neque de causa nostra quidquam aliter, ac nos vellemus, a senatu 
 judicatum est, et lator ipse legis, quum esset controversia nulla 
 facti, 2 juris tamen disceptationem esse voluit, et electi judices, isque 
 propositus qusestioni, qui haec juste sapienterque disceptet, reliquum 
 est, judices, ut nihil jam quaerere aliud debeatis, nisi, uter utri 
 insidias fecerit. Quod quo facihus argumentis persjDicere possitis, 
 3 rem gestam vobis dum breviter expono, quaeso, diligenter atten- 
 dite. 24. P. Clodius quum statuisset omni scelere in praetura 
 vexare rem publicam, videretque 4 ita tractai esse comitia anno 
 superiore, ut non multos menses prasturam gerere posset, qui non 
 honoris gradum spectaret, ut ceteri, sed et 5 L. Paullum collegam 
 effugere vellet, singulari virtute civem, et annum integrum ad 
 dilacerandam rem publicam quaereret, subito 6 reliquit annum 
 suum, seseque in proximum annum transtulit, non, ut fit, religione 
 ahqua, sed ut haberet, quod ipse dicebat, ad praeturam gerendam, 
 hoc est, ad evertendam rem publicam, plenum annum atque in- 
 tegrum. 25. Occurrebat ei, mancam ac debilem praBturam suam 
 futuram, consule Milone ; eum poiTo 7 summo consensu populi 
 Romani consulem fieri videbat. 8 Contulit se ad ejus competitors, 
 sed ita, totam ut petitionem ipse solus, etiam invitis illis, guber- 
 naret ; tota ut comitia suis, ut dictitabat, humeris sustineret. Con- 
 Yocabat tribus ; se inter^Donebat ; 9 Collinam novam delectu perdi- 
 
118 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 tissimorum civium conscribebat. Quanto 10 ille plura miscebat, 
 tanto hie magis in dies convalescebai Ubi vidit " homo ad omne 
 facinus paratissimus, fortissimum virum, inimicissirnum suum, 
 certissimum consulem, idque intellexit non solum sermonibus, sed 
 etiam suffrages populi Romani saepe esse declaratum, palam agere 
 coepit, et aperte dicere, occidendum Milonem. 26. 12 Servos 
 agrestes et barbaros, quibus silvas publicas depopulatus erat, Etru- 
 riamque vexarat, ex Apennino deduxerat, quos videbatis. Res erat 
 minime obscura. Etenim dictitabat palam, consulatum eripi 
 Miloni non posse, vitam posse. 13 Significavit hoc saepe in senatu ; 
 dixit in concione ; quin etiam M. Favonio, fortissimo viro, quaerenti 
 ex eo, qua spe fureret, Milone vivo, respondit, triduo ilium, aut 
 summum quatriduo esse periturum ; quam vocem ejus ad hunc M. 
 Catonem statim Favonius detulit. 
 
 X. 2*7. Interim, quum sciret Clodius (neque enim erat diffi- 
 cile scire), x iter sollemne, legitimum, necessarium, ante diem XIII. 
 Kalendas Februarias, Miloni esse Lanuvium ad flaminem proden- 
 dum, quod erat dictator Lanuvii Milo, Roma subito ipse profectus 
 pridie est, ut ante suum fundum (quod re intellectum est) Miloni 
 insidias collocaret. Atque 2 ita profectus est, ut concionem turbu- 
 lentam, in qua ejus furor desideratus est, quae illo ipso die habita 
 est, relinqueret, quan*, nisi obire facinoris locum tempusque voluisset, 
 nunquam reliquisset. 28. Milo autem quum in senatu fuisset eo 
 die, quoad senatus est dimissus, domum venit ; 3 calceos et vesti- 
 menta mutavit; paulisper, dum se uxor (ut fit) comparat, commo- 
 ratus est, deinde profectus id temporis, quum jam Clodius, si 
 quidem eo die Romam venturus erat, redire potuisset. Obviam fit 
 ei Clodius, expeditus, in equo, nulla 4 rheda, nullis impedimentis, 
 nullis Graecis comitibus, ut solebat, sine uxore, quod nunquam 
 fere, 6 quum hie insidiator, qui iter illud ad caedem faciendam 
 apparasset, cum uxore veheretur in rheda, paenulatus, magno et 
 impedito, et muliebri ac delicato ancillarum puerorumque comitatu. 
 29. Fit obviam Clodio ante fundum ejus, 6 hora fere undecima, aut 
 non multo secus. Statim complures cum telis in hunc faciunt 7 de 
 loco superiore impetum ; adversi rhedarium occidunt ; quum autem 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 119 
 
 liic de rheda, rejecta p?enula, desiluisset, seque acri animo defen- 
 deret, illi, qui erant cum Clodio, gladiis eductis, 8 partim recurrere 
 ad rliedam, ut a tergo Milonem adorirentur, partim, quod hunc 
 jam interfectum putarent, csedere incipiunt ejus servos, qui post 
 erant, ex quibus, qui animo fideli in dominum et prsesenti fuerunt, 
 partim occisi sunt, partim, quum ad rliedam pugnari viderent, 
 domino succurrere prohiberentur, Milonem occisum ex ipso Clodio 
 audirent, 9 et re vera putarent, fecerunt id servi Milonis (dicam 
 enim aperte non derivandi criminis causa, sed ut factum est), nee 
 imperante, nee sciente, nee prsesente domino, quod suos quisque 
 sen'os in tali re facere voluisset. 
 
 XI. 30. Haec, sicut exposui, ita gesta sunt, ju dices ; insidiator 
 superatus est ; vi victa vis, vel potius oppressa virtute audacia est. 
 1 Nihil dico, quid res publica consecuta sit, nihil, quid vos, nihil, 
 quid omnes boni. 2 Nihil sane id prosit Miloni, qui hoc fato natus 
 est, ut ne se quidem servare potuerit, quin una rem publicam 
 vosque servaret. Si id jure fieri non potuit, nihil habeo, quod 
 defendam. Sin hoc et 3 ratio doctis, et necessitas barbaris, et mos 
 gentibus, et feris etiam belluis natura ipsa prsescripsit, ut omnem 
 semper vim, quacunque ope possent, a corpore, a capite, a vita sua 
 propulsarent, non potestis hoc facinus improbum judicare, quin 
 simul judicetis, omnibus, qui in latrones inciderint, aut illorum 
 telis, aut vestris sententiis esse pereundum. 31. Quod si ita pu- 
 tasset, certe 4 optabilius Miloni fuit dare jugulum P. Clodio, non 
 semel ab illo, neque turn primum petitum, quam jugulari a vobis, 
 quia se non jugulandum illi tradidisset. 5 Sin hoc nemo vestrum 
 ita sentit, illud jam in judicium venit, non, occisusne sit, quod 
 fatemur ; sed jure, an injuria ; quod multis in causis saspe qusesi- 
 tum est. Insidias factas esse constat, et id est, quod senatus contra 
 rem publicam factum judicavit ; ab utro factse sint, incertum est. 
 6 De hoc igitur latum est ut qusereretur. Ita et senatus rem, non 
 hominem, 7 notavit, et Pompeius de jure, non de facto, qusestionem 
 tulit. 
 
 XII. Numquid igitur aliud in judicium venit, nisi, uter utri 
 insidias fecerit ? Profecto nihil ; * si hie illi, ut ne sit impune ; si 
 ille huic, turn nos scelere solvamur. 
 
120 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 32. 2 Quonam igitur pacto probari potest, insidias Miloni fecisse 
 Clodium ? Satis est in ilia quidem tarn audaci, tam nefaria bellua 
 docere, magnam ei causam, magnam spem in Milonis morte pro- 
 positam, magnas utilitates ftiisse. Itaqiie 3 illucl Cassianum, cui 
 bono fuerit, in his personis valeat ; etsi boni nullo emolumento 
 impellimtur in fraudem, improbi saepe parvo. 4 Atqui, Milone 
 interfecto, Clodius hoc assequebatur, non modo ut praetor esset 5 non 
 eo consule, quo sceleris facere nihil posset, sed etiam, ut iis con- 
 suhbus praetor esset, quibus si non adjuvantibus, at conniventibus 
 certe, speraret, se posse eludere in illis suis cogitatis furoribus ; 
 6 cujns illi conatus, ut ipse ratiocinabatur, nee cuperent repiimere, 
 si possent, quum tantum beneficium ei se debere arbitrarentur, et, 
 si vellent, fortasse vix possent frangere hominis sceleratissimi corro- 
 boratam jam vetustate audaciam. 33. An vero, judices, vos soli 
 ignoratis, vos 7 hospites in hac urbe versamini ? vestrse peregrinan- 
 tur aures, neque in hoe pervagato civitatis sermone versantur, quas 
 ille leges (si leges nominandoe sunt, ac non faces urbis, pestes rei 
 publicse) fuerit impositurus nobis omnibus atque inusturus ? Ex- 
 hibe, quaeso, Sexte Clodi, exhibe librarium illud legum vestrarum, 
 quod te aiunt eripuisse e domo, et ex mediis armis, turbaque noc- 
 turna, 8 tamquam Palladium extulisse, 9 ut praeclarum videlicet 
 munus, atque instrumentum tribunatus ad aliquem, si nactus esses, 
 qui tuo arbitrio tribunatum gereret, deferre posses. An hujus ille 
 legis, quam Sex. Clodius a se inventam gloriatur, mentionem 
 facere ausus esset, vivo Milone, ne dicam consule ? 10 De nostrum 
 omnium — non audeo totum dicere. Videte, quid ea vitii lex 
 habitura fuerit, cujus periculosa etiam reprehensio est. "Et 
 adspexit me illis quidem oculis, quibus turn solebat, quum omni- 
 bus omnia minabatur. Movet me quippe "lumen curiaa. 
 
 XIII. x Quid? tu me tibi iratum, Sexte, putas, cujus tu 
 inimicissimum multo crudelius etiam punitus es, quaiti erat 
 humanitatis mese postulare ? Tu P. Clodii cruentum cadaver 
 ejecisti 2 domo, tu in publicum abjecisti, tu spoliatum imaginibus, 
 exsequiis, pompa, laudatione, infelicissimis lignis semustilatum, 
 nocturnis canibus dilaniandum reliquisti. Quare etsi nefarie fecisti, 
 
0RATI0 PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 121 
 
 tamen, quoniam in meo inimico crudelitatem exprompsisti tuam, 
 laudare non possum, irasci certe non debeo. 34. * [Z>emonstravi, 
 judices, quantum Clodii inter] merit occidi Milonem. Convertite 
 animos nunc vicissim ad Milonem. Quid Milonis intererat interfici 
 Clodium ? Quid erat, cur Milo, 4 non dicam admitteret, sed 
 optaret ? — 5 Obstabat in spe consulates Miloni Clodius. — 6 At eo 
 repugnante fiebat ; immo vero eo fiebat magis, nee me sufFragatore 
 meliore utebatur quam Clodio. 7 Yalebat apud vos, judices, 
 Milonis erga me remque publicam meritorum memoria ; valebant 
 preces et lacrimse nostras, quibus ego turn vos mirifice moveri sen- 
 tiebam ; sed plus multo valebat periculorum impendentium timor. 
 Quis enim erat civium, qui sibi solutam P. Clodii praeturam sine 
 maximo rerum no varum metu proponeret ? Solutam autem fore 
 videbatis, nisi esset is consul, qui earn auderet possetque constrin- 
 gere. Eum Milonem unum esse quum sentiret universus populus 
 Romanus, quis dubitaret suffragio suo se metu, periculo rem pub- 
 licam liberare ? At nunc, Clodio remoto, 8 usitatis jam rebus 
 enitendum est Miloni, ut tueatur dignitatem suam ; singularis ilia 
 et huic uni concessa gloria, quae quotidie augebatur 9 frangendis 
 furoribus Clodianis, jam Clodii morte cecidit. Vos adepti estis, ne 
 quern civem metueretis ; hie exercitationem virtutis, suffragationem 
 consulatus, fontem perennem glorias suas perdidit. Itaque Milonis 
 consulatus, qui, vivo Clodio, labefactari non poterat, mortuo denique 
 10 tentari coeptus est. Non modo igitur niliil prodest, sed obest 
 etiam Clodii mors Miloni. 35. "At valuit odium, fecit iratus, 
 fecit inimicus, fuit ultor injuriae, punitor doloris sui. Quid ? si 
 haec, non dico, majora fuerunt in Clodio, quam in Milone, sed in 
 illo maxima, nulla in hoc ? quid vultis amplius ? V2 Quid enim 
 odisset Clodium Milo, segetem ac matenem suas glorias, praster hoc 
 civile odium, quo omnes improbos odimus ? 13 Ille, erat, ut odisset, 
 primum salutis meas defensorem, deinde vexatorem furoris, domi- 
 torem armorum suorum, postremo etiam accusatorem suum. 
 "Reus enim Milonis, lege Plotia, fuit Clodius, quoad vixit. Quo 
 tandem animo hoc tyrannum ilium tulisse creditis? 35 quantum 
 odium illius, et, in homine injusto, quam etiam justum fuisse ? 
 
122 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 XIV. 36. 1 Reliquum est, ut jam ilium natura ipsius, con- 
 suetudoque defendat, hunc autem lisec eadem coarguant. Nihil 
 per vim unquam Cloclius, omnia per vim Milo. Quid ? ego, 
 judices, quum, mcerentibus vobis, 2 urbe cessi, judiciumne timui ? 
 non servos, non anna, non vim ? Quse fuisset igitur justa causa 
 3 restituendi mei, nisi fuisset injusta ejiciendi ? 4 Diem mihi, 
 credo, dixerat, multam irrogarat, actionem perduellionis inten- 
 derat, et mihi videlicet in causa aut mala aut mea, non et prse- 
 clarissima et vestra, judicium timendum fuit. Servorum, et egen- 
 tium civium, et facinorosorum armis meos cives, meis consiliis peri- 
 culisque servatos, pro me objici nolui. 3*7. Vidi enim, vidi, hunc 
 ipsum Q. Hortensium, lumen et ornamentum rei publicse, psene 
 interfici servorum manu, 5 quum mihi adesset ; qua in turba C. 
 Vibienus, senator, vir optimus, cum hoc quum esset una, ita est 
 mulcatus, ut vitam amiserit. Itaque quando illius postea sica 
 ilia, quam a Catilina acceperat, conquievit ? Hsec intentata nobis 
 est ; huic ego vos objici pro me non sum passus ; 6 hsec insidiata 
 Pompeio est ; hsec istam Appiam, monumentum sui nominis, 
 nece Papirii cruentavit ; haec, hsec eadem, longo intervallo, con- 
 versa rursus est in me ; nuper quidem, ut scitis, me ad regiam 
 paene confecit. 38. 7 Quid simile Milonis? cujus vis omnis hsec 
 semper fuit, ne P. Clodius, quum in judicium detrahi non posset, 
 8 vi oppressam civitatem teneret. 9 Quern si interflcere voluisset, 
 quantaa, quoties occasiones, quam prseclarse fuerunt ? Potuitne, 
 quum domum ac deos penates suos, illo oi^pugnante, defenderet, 
 jure se ulcisci ? potuitne, civi egregio et viro fortissimo, P. Sestio, 
 collega suo, vulnerato ? potuitne, Q. Fabricio, viro optimo, quum 
 de reditu meo legem ferret, pulso, crudelissima in foro csede facta ? 
 potuitne, L. Caecilii, justissimi fortissimique praetoris, oppugnata 
 domo ? potuitne illo die, quum est lata lex de me ? quum totius 
 Italise concursus, quern mea salus concitarat, facti illius gloriam 
 hbens 10 agnovisset, ut, etiamsi id Milo fecisset, cuncta ci vitas earn 
 laudem pro sua vindicaret ? 
 
 XV. 3 9. 1 At quod erat tempus ! Clarissimus et fortissimus 
 consul, inimicus Clodio, P. Lentulus, ultor sceleris illius, propug- 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 123 
 
 nator senatus, defensor vestrse voluntatis, patronus publici con- 
 sensus, restitutor salutis meae ; septem prsetores, octo tribuni 
 plebis, illius adversarii, defensores mei ; 2 Cn. Pompeius auctor et 
 dux mei reditus, illius liostis, cujus sententiam senatus omnis de 
 salute mea gravissimam et ornatissimam secutus est, qui populum 
 Romanum est cohortatus, qui, 3 quum decretum de rne Capuae 
 fecit, ipse cunctse Italia? cupienti et ejus fidem imploranti signum 
 dedit, ut ad me restituendum Romam concurrerent ; omnia turn 
 denique in ilium odia civium ardebant desiderio mei ; quern qui 
 turn interemisset, non de impunitate ejus, sed de pramiiis cogita- 
 retur. 40. Tamen se Milo continuit, et P. Clodium in judicium 
 bis, ad vim nunquam vocavit. Quid ? 4 private Milone, et reo ad 
 populum, accusante P. Clodio, quum in Cn. Pompeium pro Mi- 
 lone dicentem impetus factus est, quae turn non modo occasio, sed 
 etiam causa illius opprimendi fuit ? Nuper vero quum M. An- 
 tonius summam spem salutis bonis omnibus attulisset, gravissi- 
 mamque adolescens nobilissimus rei publicse partem fortissime 
 suscepisset, atque illam belluam, judicii laqueos declinantem, 5 jam 
 irretitam teneret ; qui locus, quod tempus illud, dii immortales, 
 fuit ? Quum se ille 6 fugiens in scalarum tenebras abdidisset, 
 7 magnum Miloni fuit conficere illam pestem nulla sua invidia, 
 Antonii vero maxima gloria. 41. Quid? comitiis 8 in campo quo- 
 ties potestas fuit, quum ille in septa irrupisset, gladios destringen- 
 dos, lapides jaciendos curavisset, dein subito, viiltu Milonis perter- 
 ritus, fugeret ad Tiberim, vos et omnes boni 9 vota faceretis, ut 
 Miloni uti virtute sua liberet ? 
 
 XVI. J Quem igitur cum omnium gratia noluit, hunc voluit 
 cum aliquorum querela ? quem jure, quem loco, quem tempore, 
 quem impune non est ausus, hunc injuria, iniquo loco, alieno 
 tempore, periculo capitis, non dubitavit occidere ? 42. 2 prassertim, 
 judices, quum honoris amplissimi contentio, et dies comitiorum 
 subesset ; quo quidem tempore (scio enim, quam timida sit am- 
 bitio, quantaque et quam sollicita sit cupiditas consulatus), omnia 
 non modo, qua? reprehendi palam, 3 sed etiam quae obscure cogi- 
 tari possunt, timemus, rumorem, fabulam fictam, levem perhor- 
 
124 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 rescinius, ora omnium atque oculos intuemur. Nihil est enim 
 tam molle, tarn tenerum, tarn ant fragile aut flexibile, quam 
 voluntas erga nos, sensusque civium, qui non modo improbitati 
 irascuntur candidatorum, sed etiam in recte factis saspe fastidiunt. 
 43. Hunc igitur 4 diem campi speratum atque exoptatum sibi pro- 
 ponens Milo, cruentis manibus, scelus et facinus pra3 se ferens et 
 confitens, ad ilia augusta centuriarum auspicia veniebat ? 5 Quam 
 hoc non credibile in hoc ! quam idem in Clodio non dubitandum, 
 qui se interfecto Milone regnaturum putaret ! 6 Quid ? quod caput 
 est audacise, judices, quis ignorat, maximam illecebram esse pec- 
 candi impunitatis spem? In utro igitur hsec fuit? in Milone, 
 qui etiam nunc reus est facti, aut prseclari, aut certe necessarii, 
 an in Clodio, qui ita judicia poenamque contempserat, ut eum 
 nihil delectaret, quod aut per naturam fas esset, aut per leges 
 liceret ? 44. 7 Sed quid ego argumentor ? quid plura dispute? 
 Te Q. Petili, appello, optimum et fortissimum civem ; te, M. Cato, 
 testor ; quos mihi divina qusedam sore dedit judices. Vos ex 
 M. Favonio audistis, Clodium sibi dixisse, et audistis vivo Clodio, 
 periturum Milonem triduo. Post diem tertium gesta res est, 
 quam dixerat. Quum ille non dubitarit aperire, quid cogitaret, 
 vos potestis dubitare, quid fecerit ? 
 
 XVII. 45. ^uemadmodum igitur eum dies non fefellit? 
 2 Dixi equidem modo. Dictatoris Lanuvini stata sacrificia nosse 
 negotii nihil erat. Vidit, necesse esse Miloni, proiicisci Lanuvium 
 illo ipso, quo est profectus, die. 3 Itaque antevertit. At quo die ? 
 Quo, ut ante dixi, fuit insanissima concio, ab ipsius mercenario 
 tribuno plebis concitata ; quern diem ille, quam concionem, quos 
 clamores, 4 nisi ad cogitatum facinus approperaret, nunquam reli- 
 quisset. 5 Ergo illi ne causa quidem itineris, etiam causa manendi ; 
 Miloni manendi nulla facultas, exeundi non causa solum, sed etiam 
 necessitas fuit. Quid ? si, ut ille scivit, Milonem fore eo die in 
 via, sic Clodium Milo ne suspicari quidem potuit ? 46. Primum 
 qusero, 6 qui scire potuerit ? quod vos idem in Clodio quaerere non 
 potestis. 7 Ut enim neminem ahum, nisi T. Patinam, familiarissi- 
 mum suum, rogasset, scire potuit, illo ipso die Lanuvii a dictatore 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 125 
 
 Milone prodi flaminem necesse esse. Seel erant permulti alii, ex 
 quibus id facillime scire posset ; omnes scilicet Lanuvini. Milo de 
 Clodii reditu unde qusesivit ? 8 Quaesierit sane. Videte, quid 
 vobis largiar. 9 Servum etiam, ut Q. Arrius, meus amicus, dixit, 
 corruperit. 10 Legite testimouia testium vestrorum. Dixit C. 
 Cassinius Schola, Interauiuanus, fainiliarissimus et idem comes 
 Clodii, cujus jampridem testimouio Clodius eadem hora Interamnae 
 fuerat et Rom?e, P. Clodium illo die in Albano mansurum fuisse, 
 sed subito esse ei nuntiatum, Cyrum arcliitectum esse mortuum ; 
 itaque repente Romam constituisse proficisci. Dixit hoc, comes 
 item P. Clodii, C. Clodius. 
 
 XVIII. 47. Videte, judices, ^uantse res his testimoniis sint 
 coufectas. Primum certe 2 liberatur Milo, non eo consilio profectus 
 esse, ut iusidiaretur in via Clodio ; quippe ; si ille obvius ei futurus 
 omnino non erat. Deinde (non enim video, cur non meum quoque 
 agam negotium) scitis, judices, fuisse, qui 3 in hac rogatione sua- 
 denda dicerent, Milonis manu caedem. esse factam, consilio vero 
 majoris alicujus. Me videlicet latronem ac sicarium abjecti homines 
 et perditi describebant. 4 Jacent suis testibus hi, qui Clodium 
 negant eo die Romam, nisi de Cyro audisset, fuisse rediturum. 
 Respiravi ; Hberatus sum ; non vereor, ne, quod ne suspicari qui- 
 dem potuerim, videar id cogitasse. 48. 5 Nunc persequar cetera. 
 6 Nam occurrit illud : Igitur ne Clodius quidem de insidiis cogi- 
 tavit, quoniam fuit in Albano mansurus. Si quidem exiturus ad 
 caedem e villa non fuisset. Video enim, ilium, qui dicatur de 
 Cvri morte nuntiasse, non id nuntiasse, sed Milonem appropinquare. 
 Nam quid de Cyro nuntiaret, quern Clodius, Roma 7 proficiscens, 
 reliquerat morientem ? Una fui ; testamentum simul obsignavi 
 cum Clodio ; testamentum autem palam fecerat, et ilium heredem 
 et me scripserat. Quern pridie hora tertia animam efflantem 
 reliouisset, eum mortuum postridie hora decima denique ei 
 nuntiabatur ? 
 
 XIX. 49. 1 Age, sit ita factum; qua3 causa, cur Romam 
 properaret ? cur in noctem se conjiceret ? Quid arYerebat causam 
 festinationis ? Quod heres erat ? Primum erat nihil, 2 cur prope- 
 
126 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 rato opus esset ; deinde, si quid esset, quid tandem erat, quod ea 
 nocte consequi posset, 3 araitteret autem, si postridie Romam mane 
 venisset ? Atque ut * illi nocturnus ad urbem adventus vitandus 
 potius, quam expetendus fuit, sic Miloni, quum insidiator esset, si 
 ilium ad urbem noctu accessurum sciebat, subsidendum atque 
 exspectandum fuit. 50. Noctu, 6 insidioso et pleno latronum in 
 loco occidisset ; 6 nemo ei neganti non credidisset, quern esse 
 omnes salvum, etiam confitentem volunt. 7 Sustinuisset hoc crimen 
 primum ipse ille latronum occultator et receptor locus ; turn neque 
 muta solitudo indicasset, neque cseca nox ostendisset Milonem ; 
 
 8 deinde ibi multi ab illo violati, spoliati, bonis expulsi, multi hsec 
 etiam timentes in suspicionem caderent ; tota denique rea citaretur 
 Etruria. 51. Atque illo die certe Aricia rediens devertit Clodius 
 
 9 ad se in Albanum. 10 Quod ut sciret Milo, ilium Aricise fuisse, 
 suspicari tamen debuit, eum, etiamsi Romam illo die reverti vellet, 
 ad villain suam, quae viam tangeret, deversurum. u Cur neque 
 ante occurrit, ne ille in villa resideret, nee eo in loco subsedit, quo 
 ille noctu venturus esset ? 
 
 12 Video constare adhuc, judices, omnia; Miloni etiam utile 
 fuisse Clodium vivere, illi ad ea qua3 concupierat, optatissimum 
 interitum Milonis ; odium fuisse illius in hunc acerbissimum, nul- 
 lum hujus in ilium ; consuetudinem illius perpetuam in vi 
 inferenda, hujus tantum in repellenda; 52. mortem ab illo denun- 
 tiatam Miloni, et prsedictam palam, nihil unquam auditum ex 
 Milone ; profectionis hujus diem illi notum, reditus illius huic 
 ignotum fuisse ; hujus iter necessarium, illius etiam potius alienum ; 
 hunc prae se tulisse, illo se die Roma exiturum, ilium eo die se dis- 
 simulasse rediturum ; hunc nullius rei mutasse consilium, ilium 
 causam mutandi consilii finxisse ; huic, si insidiaretur, noctem prope 
 urbem exspectandam, illi, etiamsi hunc non timeret, tamen acces- 
 sum ad urbem nocturnum fuisse metuendum. 
 
 XX. 53. * Videamus nunc id, quod caput est, locus ad insi- 
 dias ille ipse, ubi congressi sunt, utri tandem fuerit aptior. Id vero, 
 judices, etiam dubitandum, et diutius cogitandum est ? 2 Ante 
 fundum Clodii, quo in fundo, propter insanas illas substructiones, 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 127 
 
 facile hominum mille versabantur valentium; edito adversarii 
 atque excelso loco, superiorem se fore putarat Milo, et ob earn rem, 
 eum locum ad pugnam potissimum elegerat? an in eo loco est 
 potius exspectatus ab eo, qui ipsius loci spe facere impetum cogi- 
 tarat ? Res loquitur ipsa, judices, 3 quae semper valet plurimum. 
 54. Si haec non gesta audiretis, sed picta videretis, tamen appare- 
 ret, uter esset insidiator, liter nihil cogitaret mali, quum alter vehe- 
 retur in rbeda paenulatus, una sederet uxor. 4 Quid liomm non 
 impeditissimum ? vestitus, an vehiculum, an comes ? quid minus 
 promptum ad pugnam, quum paenula irretitus, rbeda impeditus, 
 uxore paene constrictus esset ? 5 Videte nunc ilium, primum egre- 
 dientem e villa, subito ; cur ? vesperi ; quid necesse est ? 6 tarde ; 
 qui convenit, praesertim id temporis ? 7 Devertit in villam Pompeii. 
 Pompeium ut videret ? sciebat, in Alsiensi esse ; villain ut perspi- 
 ceret ? millies in ea fuerat ; quid ergo erat ? mora et tergiversatio ; 
 dum hie veniret, locum relinquere noluit. 
 
 XXI. 55. Age, nunc iter 'expediti latronis cum Milonis im- 
 pedimentis comparate. Semper ille antea cum uxore ; turn sine 
 ea ; nunquam nisi in rheda ; turn in equo ; 2 comites Grasculi, quo- 
 cunque ibat, etiam quum in castra Etrusca properabat ; turn in 
 comitatu nugarum nihil. Milo, qui nunquam, turn casu 3 pueros 
 symphoniacos uxoris ducebat et ancillarum greges. Hie, qui 
 semper secum scorta, semper exoletos, semper lupas duceret, turn 
 neminem, 4 nisi ut virum a viro lectum esse diceres. Cur igitur 
 \ictus est? Quia non semper viator a latrone, nonnunquam etiam 
 latro a viatore occiditur ; quia, quamquam ' paratus in imparatos 
 Clodius, tamen 5 mulier inciderat in viros. 56. Nee vero sic erat 
 unquam non paratus Milo contra ilium, ut non satis fere esset 
 paratus. Semper ille, et 6 quantum interesset P. Clodii, se perire, 
 et quanto illi odio esset, et quantum ille auderet, cogitabat. 
 Quamobrem vitam suam, 7 quam maximis praamiis propositam et 
 paene addictam sciebat, nunquam in periculum sine praesidio et 
 sine custodia projiciebat. Adde casus, adde incertos exitus pug- 
 narum 8 Martemque communem, qui saepe spoliantem jam et 
 exsultantem evertit, et perculit ab abjecto ; adele inscitiam 9 pransi, 
 
128 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 poti, oscitantis ducis, qui qimm a tergo hostem interclusum reli- 
 quisset, nihil de ejus extremis comitibus cogitavit, in quos incensos 
 ira vitamque domini desperantes quum incidisset, haesit in iis 
 poenis, quas ab eo servi fideles pro domini vita expetiverunt. 57. 
 Cur igitur eos manumisit ? 10 Metuebat scilicet, ne indicarent, ne 
 dolorem perferre non possent, ne tormentis cogerentur occisum 
 esse a servis Milonis in Appia via P. Clodium confiteri. Quid 
 opus est tortore ? Quid quaeris ? Occideritne ? Occidit. Jure, 
 an injuria ? "Nihil ad tortorem. 12 Facti enim in equuleo quaes- 
 tio est, juris in judicio. 
 
 XXII. Quod igitur in causa quaerenclum est, id agamus hie ; 
 quod tormentis invenire vis, id fatemur. x Manu vero cur miserit, 
 si id potius quaeris, quam cur parum amplis affecerit praemiis, 
 2 nescis inimici factum reprehendere. 58. Dixit enim hie idem, 
 qui omnia semper constanter et fortiter, M. Cato, et dixit in tur- 
 bulenta concione, quae tamen hujus auctoritate placata est, non 
 libertate solum, sed etiam omnibus praemiis dignissimos fuisse, qui 
 domini caput defendissent. Quod enim praemium satis magnum 
 est tarn benevolis, tarn bonis, tarn fidelibus servis, 3 propter quos 
 vivit ? Etsi id quidem non tanti est, quam quod propter eosdem 
 non sanguine et vulneribus suis crudelissimi inimici mentem ocu- 
 losque satiavit. 4 Quos nisi manumisisset, tormentis etiam dedendi 
 fuerunt conservatores domini, ultores sceleris, defensores necis. Hie 
 vero nihil habet in his malis, quod minus moleste ferat, 5 quam, 
 etiamsi quid ipsi accidat, esse tamen illis meritum praemium per- 
 solutum. 59. 6 Sed quaestiones urgent Milonem, quae sunt habitae 
 nunc in atrio Libertatis. Quibusnam de servis ? Rogas ? De P. 
 Clodii. Quis eos postulavit ? Appius. Quis produxit ? Appius. 
 Unde ? 7 Ab Appio. Dii boni ! quid potest agi severius ? De 
 ser\is nulla lege quaestio est in dominum, nisi de incestu, ut fiat 
 in Clodium. 8 Proxime deos accessit Clodius, propius quam turn, 
 quum ad ipsos penetrarat, cujus de morte, tamquam de caerimo- 
 niis violatis, quaeritur. Sed tamen majores nostri in dominum de 
 servo quaeri 9 noluerunt, non quia non posset verum inveniri, sed 
 quia videbatur indignum, et dominis morte ipsa tristius. In reum 
 
ORATIO FRO T. ANNIO MILOXE. 129 
 
 de servo accusatoris qimin quaeritur, verum inveniri potest? 60. 
 "Age vero, quae erat, ant qualis qnaestio ? " Hens tu, Ruho, verbi 
 causa, cave sis mentiare. Clodiiis insidias fecit Miloni ? Fecit. 
 Certa crux. Nullas fecit. Sperata libertas. Quid hac qusestione 
 certius ? Subito abrepti in quaestionem tamen separantur a ceteris, 
 et in areas conjiciuntur, ne quis cum iis colloqni possit. Hi cen- 
 tum dies penes accusatorem quum fuissent, ab eo ipso accusatore 
 producti sunt. 12 Quid hac quaestione dici potest integrius ? quid 
 incorruptius ? 
 
 XXHI. 61. *Quod si nondum satis cernitis, quum res ipsa 
 tot tarn clans argumentis signisque luceat, pura mente atque 
 Integra Milonem, nullo scelere imbutum, nullo metu perterritum, 
 nulla conscientia exanimatum, Romam revertisse, recordamini, per 
 deos immortales ! 2 quae fuerit celeritas reditus ejus, qui ingressus 
 in tbrum, ardente curia, quae magnitudo animi, qui vultus, quae 
 oratio. Neque vero se populo solum, sed etiam senatui commisit, 
 neque senatui modo, sed etiam 3 publicis praesidiis et armis, neque 
 his tantum, verum etiam ejus potestati, cui senatus totam rem 
 publicam, omnem Italiae pubem, cuncta populi Romani arma 
 commiserat ; cui nunquam se hie profecto tradidisset, nisi causae 
 suae confideret, praesertim omnia audienti, magna metuenti, multa 
 suspicanti, nonnulla credenti. Magna vis est conscientiae, judices, 
 et magna 4 in utramque partem, ut neque timeant, qui nihil com- 
 miserint, et pcenam semper ante oculos versari putent, qui pecca- 
 rint. 62. Neque vero, 6 sirje ratione certa, causa Milonis semper 
 a senatu probata est. Videbant enim sapientissimi homines 6 facti 
 rationem, praesentiam animi, defensionis constantiam. An vero 
 obliti estis, judices, 7 recenti illo nuntio necis Clodianae, non modo 
 inimicorum ^lilonis sermones et opiniones, sed nonnullonim etiam 
 imperitorum ? Negabant eum Romam esse rediturum. 63. Sive 
 enim illud animo irato ac percito fecisset, ut incensus odio trucida- 
 ret inimicum, arbitrabantur, eum tanti mortem P. Clodii putasse, 
 ut aequo animo patria careret, quum sanguine inimici explesset 
 odium suum ; sive etiam illius morte patriam hberare voluisset, 
 8 non dubitaturum fortem vh*um, quin, quum suo periculo salutem 
 
130 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 rei publicae attulisset, cederet aequo ammo legibus ; secum auferret 
 gloriam sempiternam ; nobis haec fruenda relinqueret, qua ipse 
 servasset. 9 Multi etiam Catilinam, atque ilia portenta loqueban- 
 tur : " Erumpet, occupabit aliquem locum, bellum patriae faciet." 
 "Miseros interdum cives optime de re publica meritos, in quibus 
 homines non modo res praeclarissimas obliviscuntur, sed etiam 
 nefarias suspicantur! 64. Ergo ilia falsa fuerunt; "quae certe 
 vera exstitissent, si Milo admisisset aliquid, quod non posset 
 honeste vereque defendere. 
 
 XXIV. Quid ? l quae postea sunt in eum congesta, quae 
 quemvis etiam mediocrium delictorum conscientia perculissent, ut 
 sustinuit! dii immortales! sustinuit? immo vero ut contempsit, 
 ac pro nihilo putavit ! quae neque maximo animo nocens, neque 
 innocens, nisi fortissimus vir, negligere potuisset. Scutorum, gla- 
 diorum, frenorum, pilorumque etiam 2 multitudo depreliendi posse 
 indicabatur ; nullum in urbe vicum, nullum angiportum esse dice- 
 bant, in quo non Miloni conducta esset domus ; arma in villam 
 Ocriculanam devecta Tiberi ; domus in clivo Capitolino scutis 
 referta ; plena omnia malleolorum ad urbis incendia comparato- 
 rum. Haec non delata solum, sed paene credita, 3 nec ante repu- 
 diata sunt, quam quaesita. 65. Laudabam equidem incredibilem 
 diligentiam Cn. Pompeii ; sed dicam, ut sentio, judices. Nimis 
 multa coguntur audire, neque aliter facere possunt ii, quibus tota 
 commissa est res publica ; 4 cui etiam fuerit audiendus popa Lici- 
 nius nescio qui de circo maximo ; servos Milonis apud se ebrios 
 factos sibi confessos esse, de interficiendo Pompeio conjurasse, dein 
 postea se gladio percussum esse ab uno de illis, ne indicaret, 
 Pompeio in hortos nuntiavit. Arcessor in primis. 6 De amicorum 
 sententia rem defert ad senatum. Non poteram in illius mei patri- 
 aeque custodis tanta suspicione non metu exanimari, sed mirabar 
 tamen, 6 credi popae ; confessionem servorum audiri ; vulnus in 
 latere, quod acu punctum videretur, pro ictu gladiatoris probari 
 Q6. Verum, 7 ut intelligo, cavebat magis Pompeius, quam timebat, 
 non ea solum, quae timenda erant, sed omnia, ne vos aliquid time- 
 retis. 8 Oppugnata domus C. Csesaris, clai-issimi et fortissimi viri, 
 
ORATIO PRO T. AXNIO MILONE. 131 
 
 per n ultas noctis horas nuntiabatur. Nemo audierat tarn celebri 
 loco, nemo senserat ; tamen audiebatur. Non poteram Cn. Pom- 
 peium, praestantissima virtute virum, 9 timidum suspicari ; diligen- 
 tiam, tota re publica suscepta, nimiam nullam putabam. Frequen- 
 tissimo senatu nuper in Capitolio senator inventus est, qui Milonem 
 cum telo esse diceret. Nudavit se in sauctissimo templo, quoniam 
 vita talis et civis et viri fidem non faciebat, 10 ut, eo tacente, res 
 ipsa loqueretur. 
 
 XXV. 67. Omnia falsa atque insidiose ficta comperta sunt; 
 1 quum tamen metuitiu- etiam nunc Milo. Non jam 2 hoc Clodia- 
 num crimen timemus, sed tuas, Cn. Pompei (te enim jam appello, 
 et ea voce, ut me exaudire possis), tuas, tuas, inquam, suspiciones 
 perborrescimus. Si Milonem times, si nunc de tua vita nefarie 
 aut nunc cogitare, 3 aut molitum aliquando aliquid putas ; si Italia? 
 delectus, 4 ut noimulli conquisitores tui dictitarunt ; si baec arma, 
 si Capitolinae cobortes, si excubiae, si vigiliae, si delecta juventus, 
 quae tuum corpus domumque custodit, contra Milonis impetum 
 armata est ; atque ilia omnia in bunc unum instituta, parata, 
 intenta sunt, magna certe 5 in hoc vis, et incredibilis animus, et 
 non unius viri vires atque opes indicantur, si quidem in bunc 
 unum, et preestantissimus dux electus, et tota res publica armata 
 est. 68. Sed quis non inteUigit, omnes tibi rei pubbcae partes 
 
 6 aegras et labantes, ut eas bis armis sanares et confirmares, esse 
 commissas ? Quod si locus Miloni datus esset, probasset profecto 
 tibi ipsi, neminem unquam bominem bomini cariorem fuisse quam 
 te sibi ; nullum se unquam periculurn pro tua dignitate fugisse ; 
 
 7 cum ilia ipsa teterrima peste se saepissime pro tua gloria conten- 
 disse ; tribunatum suum ad salutem meam, quae tibi carissima 
 fuisset, consiliis tuis gubernatum ; se a te postea defensum in 
 periculo capitis, 8 adjutum in petitione praeturae ; duos se babere 
 semper amicissimos sperasse, te tuo beneficio, me suo. 9 Quae si 
 non probaret, si tibi ita penitus inbaesisset ista suspicio, nullo ut 
 evelli modo posset, si denique Italia a delectu, urbs ab armis sine 
 Milonis clade nunquam esset conquietura, nae iste baud dubitans 
 "cessisset patria, is, qui ita natus est, et ita consuevit; "te, Magne, 
 tamen antestaretur, quod nunc etiam facit. 
 
132 ORATTO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 XXVI. 69. Vide, quam sit varia vitse commutabilisque 1 ratio, 
 quam vaga volubilisque fortuna, quantae infidelitates in amicitiis, 
 quam ad tempus aptse simulationes, quanta? in periculis fugae 
 proximorum, quanta? timiditates. 2 Erit, erit illud profecto tempus, 
 et illuscescet ille aliquando dies, quum tu, 3 salutaribus, tit spero, 
 rebus tuis, sed fortasse motu aliquo communium temporum (qui 
 quam crebro accidat, experti scire debemus), et amicissimi bene- 
 volentiam, et gravissimi hominis fidem, et unius post homines 
 natos fortissimi viri magnitudinem animi desideres. 70. 4 Quam- 
 quam quis hoc credat, Cn. Pompeium, juris publici, moris majo- 
 rum, rei denique publics peritissimum, quum senatus ei commi- 
 serit, ut videret, ne quid res publica detrimenti caperet, quo 
 uno versiculo satis armati semper consules fuerunt, etiam nullis 
 armis datis, bunc exercitu, hunc delectu dato, judicium exspecta- 
 turum faisse in ejus consiliis vindicandis, qui vi judicia ipsa 
 tolleret ? 5 Satis judicatum est a Pompeio, satis, falso ista conferri 
 in Milonem, qui legem tulit, qua, ut ego sentio, Milonem absolvi a 
 vobis oporteret, ut omnes confitentur, liceret. 71. 6 Quod vero in 
 illo loco atque illis publicorum prssidiorum copiis circumfusus 
 sedet, satis declarat, se non terrorem inferre vobis (quid enim 
 minus illo dignum, quam cogere, ut vos eum condemnetis, in 
 quern animadvertere ipse et more majorum et suo jure posset ?), 
 sed praasidio esse, ut intelligatis, contra hesternam illam concionem 
 licere vobis, quod sentiatis, libere judicare. 
 
 XXVII. 72. Nee vero me, judices, Clodianum crimen movet, 
 nee tarn sum demens, tamque vestri sensus ignarus atque expers, 
 ut nesciam, quid de morte Clodii sentiatis. De qua, *si jam 
 nollem ita diluere crimen, ut dilui, tamen impune Miloni palam 
 clamare ac mentiri gloriose liceret: " Occidi, occidi, 2 non Sp. 
 Mselium, qui annona levanda jacturisque rei familiaris, quia nimis 
 amplecti plebem ^debatur, in suspicionem incidit regni appetendi, 
 non Ti. Graccbum, qui collega? magistratum per seditionem abro- 
 gavit, quorum interfectores impleverunt orbem terrarum nominis 
 sui gloria, sed eum (auderet enim dicere, quum patriam periculo 
 suo liberasset), 3 cujus nefandum adulterium in pulvinaribus sane- 
 
ORATIO i'xiO T. A.N MO Mli.OXE. 133 
 
 tissimis nobilissimge feminse comprehenderunt ; 73. eum, cujus 
 supplicio, senatus sollemnes religiones expiandas ssepe censuit; 
 eum, 4 quern cum sorore germana nefarium stuprum fecisse, L. 
 Lucullus juratus se, quaestionibus habitis, dixit comperisse ; eum, 
 qui civem, quern senatus, quern populus Eomanus, quern omnes 
 gentes urbis ac vitae civiurn conservatorem judicarant, servorum 
 armis exterrninavit ; eum, qui regna dedit, ademit, orbem terra- 
 rum, quibuscum voluit, partitus est ; eum, qui, plurimis caedibus 
 in foro factis, singulari virtute et gloria 5 civem domum \i et armis 
 compulit ; eum, cui nihil unquam nefas fuit, nee in facinore nee 
 in libidine ; eum, qui 6 aedem Nympharum incendit, ut memoriam 
 publicam recensionis, tabulis publicis impressam, exstingueret ; 
 74. eum denique, 7 cui jam nulla lex erat, nullum civile jus, nulli 
 possessionum termini ; qui non calumnia litium, non injustis vindi- 
 ciis ac sacramentis, alienos fundos, sed castris, exercitu, signis 
 inferendis, petebat ; qui non solum Etruscos (eos enim penitus 
 contempserat), sed hunc P. Valium, tbrtissimum atque optimum 
 civem, judicem nostrum, pellere possessionibus, armis castrisque 
 conatus est ; qui cum architectis et decempedis villas multorum, 
 hortosque peragrabat ; qui 8 Janiculo et Alpibus spem possessio- 
 num terminabat suarum; qui, quum ab equite Romano splendido 
 et forti, M. Paconio, non impetrasset, ut sibi insulam in lacu Prilio 
 venderet, repente lintribus in earn insulam materiem, calcem, 
 caementa, arma convexit, dominoque trans ripam inspectante non 
 dubitavit a?dificium exstruere 9 in alieno ; 75. 10 qui huic T. Furfa- 
 nio, cui viro ? dii immortales ! (quid enim ego de muliercula 
 Scantia, quid de adolescente P. Apinio dicam ? quorum utiique 
 mortem est minitatus, nisi sibi hortorum possessione cessissent) ; 
 sed ausus est Furfanio dicere, si sibi pecuniam, quantam po]3osce- 
 rat, non dedisset, mortuum se in domum ejus illaturum, ^qua 
 invidia huic esset tali viro conflagrandum ; qui Appium fratrem, 
 hominem mihi conjunctum fidissima gratia, absentem de posses- 
 sione fundi dejecit ; qui parietem sic per vestibulum sororis instituit 
 ducere, sic agere mndamenta, ut sororem non modo vestibulo 
 privaret, sed 12 omni aditu et limine." 
 
134 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 XXVIII. 16. 1 Quamquam haec quidem jam tolerabilia vide- 
 bantur, etsi aequabiliter in rem publicam, in privatos, in longinquos, 
 in propinquos, in alienos, in suos irruebat ; 2 sed nescio quomodo 
 jam usu obduruerat, et percalluerat civitatis incredibilis patientia. 
 
 3 Quae vero aderant jam, et impendebant, quonam modo ea aut 
 depellere potuissetis ant ferre? Imperium ille si nactus esset, 
 
 4 omitto socios, exteras nationes, reges, tetrarchas ; vota enim face- 
 retis, ut in eos se potius immitteret quam in vestras possessiones, 
 vestra tecta, vestras pecunias; pecunias dico? a liberis, medins 
 fidius, et a conjugibns vestris nnnquam ille effrenatas snas libidines 
 
 * cohibuisset. 5 Fingi haec putatis, quae patent, quae nota sunt om- 
 nibus, quae tenentur ? 6 servorum exercitus ilium in urbe conscrip- 
 turum fuisse, per quos totam rem publicam, resque privatas omnium 
 possideret? 77. Quamobrem, si 'omentum gladium tenens 
 clamaret T. Annius : " Adeste, quaeso, atque audite, cives ; P. 
 Clodium interfeci; ejus furores, quos nullis jam legibus, nullis 
 judiciis frenare poteramus, hoc ferro, et hac dextera, a cervicibus 
 vestris repuli, 8 per me ut unum jus, aequitas, leges, libertas, pudor, 
 pudicitia in civitate manerent," 9 esset vero timendum, quouam 
 modo id ferret civitas ! Nunc enim quis est, qui non probet ? qui 
 non laudet ? 10 qui non unum post hominum memoriam T. Annium 
 plurimum rei publicae profuisse, maxima laetitia populum Romanum, 
 cunctam Italiam, nationes omnes affecisse, et dicat, et sentiat ? 
 Non queo, Vetera ilia populi Romani gaudia quanta fuerint, judi- 
 care. Multas tamen jam " summorum imperatorum clarissimas 
 victorias aetas nostra vidit, quarum nulla neque tarn diuturnam 
 attulit laetitiam, nee tantam. V8. Mandate hoc memoriae, judices. 
 Spero multa vos, liberosque vestros in re publica bona esse visuros ; 
 12 in iis singulis ita semper existimabitis, vivo P. Clodio nihil eorum 
 vos visuros fuisse. In spem maximam, et, quemadmodum confldo, 
 verissimam sumus adducti, hunc ipsum annum, hoc ipso summo 
 viro consule, compressa hominum licentia, cupiditatibus fractis, 
 legibus et judiciis constitutis, salutarem civitati fore. JSTum quis 
 est igitur tarn demens, 13 qui hoc, P. Clodio vivo, contingere 
 potuisse arbitretur ? Quid ? 14 ea, quae tenetis, privata atque ves- 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 135 
 
 tra, dominante homine furioso, quod jus perpetuae possessionis 
 habere potuissent ? 
 
 XXIX. Non timeo, judices, l ne odio mearum inimicitiarum 
 inflammatus, libentius haec in ilium evomere videar, quam verius. 
 Etenim 2 etsi praecipuum esse debebat, tamen ita communis erat 
 omnium ille hostis, ut in communi odio paene aequaliter versaretui' 
 odium meum. Non potest dici satis, ne cogitari quidem, quan- 
 tum in illo sceleris, quantum exitii merit. *79. 3 Quin sic attendite, 
 judices. Nempe haec est quaestio de interitu P. Clodii. Fingite 
 animis (liberae sunt enim nostrae cogitationes, et, quae volunt, sic 
 intuentur, 4 ut ea cernimus, qua? videmus), fingite igitur cogitatione 
 imaginem liujus conditionis meae, si possim efficere, ut Milonem 
 absolvatis, sed ita, si P. Clodius revixerit. 5 Quid vultu extimuistis ? 
 Quonam modo ille vos vivus amceret, quos mortuus inani cogita- 
 tione percussit ? Quid ? si ipse Cn. Pompeius, qui ea virtute ac 
 fortuna est, ut ea potuerit semper, qua? nemo praeter ilium, 6 si is, 
 inquam, potuisset aut quasstionem de morte P. Clodii fen-e, ant 
 ipsum ab inferis excitare, utrum putatis potius factimim fuisse ? 
 Etiamsi propter amicitiam vellet ilium ab inferis evocare, propter 
 rem publicam non fecisset. Ejus igitur mortis sedetis ultores, 
 7 cujus vitam si putetis per vos restitui posse, nolitis, et de ejus nece 
 lata quaestio est, qui si eadem lege reviviscere posset, lata lex nun- 
 quam esset. Hujus ergo interfector si esset, in confitendo ab iisne 
 pcenam timeret, quos libera\Tsset ? 80. Graeci homines deorum 
 honores tribuunt iis \iiis, qui tyrannos necaverunt. Quae ego vidi 
 Athenis ? quae aliis in urbibus Graeciae ? 8 quas res divinas talibus 
 institutas viris ? quos cantus ? quae cannina ? 9 Prope ad immor- 
 talitatis et religionem et memoriam consecrantur. Vos tanti con- 
 servatorem populi, tanti sceleris ultorem non modo honoribus nullis 
 atricietis, sed etiam ad supplicium rapi patiemini ? Confiteretur, 
 confiteretur, inquam, si fecisset, et magno animo et libente, fecisse 
 se libertatis omnium causa, 10 quod esset ei non conlitendum modo, 
 verum etiam praedicandum. 
 
 XXX. 81. Etenim, si id non negat, 1 ex quo nihil petit, nisi 
 ut ignoscatur, dubitaret id fateri, ex quo etiam praemia laudis 
 
136 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 essent petenda ? nisi vero gratius putat esse vobis, sui se capitis, 
 quam vestri defensorem fuisse ; quum prsesertim in ea confessione, 
 si grati esse velletis, honores assequeretur amplissimos ; si factum 
 2 vobis non probaretur (quamquam qui poterat salus sua cuiquam 
 non probari?), sed tamen si minus fortissimi viri virtus civibus 
 grata cecidisset, magno animo constantique cederet ex ingrata 
 civitate. 3 Nam quid esset ingratius, quam laetari ceteros, lugere 
 eum solum, propter quern ceteri laetarentur ? 82. Quamquam hoc 
 animo semper omnes fuimus in patriae proditoribus opprimendis, 
 ut, quoniam nostra futura esset gloria, periculum quoque et invi- 
 diam 4 nostram putaremus. Nam quae mihi ipsi tribuenda laus 
 esset, quum tantum in consulatu meo pro vobis ac liberis vestris 
 ausus essem, 5 si id, quum conabar, sine maximis dimicationibus 
 meis me esse ausurum arbitrarer? Qua3 mulier sceleratum ac 
 perniciosum civem occidere non auderet, si periculum non timeret ? 
 6 Proposita invidia, morte, poena, qui nibilo segnius rem publicam 
 defendit, is vir vere putandus est. Populi grati est, prsemiis affi- 
 cere bene meritos de re publica cives, viri fortis, ne suppliciis 
 quidem moveri, ut fortiter fecisse pceniteat. 83. Quamobrem 
 uteretur eadem confessione T. Annius, 7 qua Ahala, qua Nasica, 
 qua Opimius, qua Marius, qua nosmet ipsi, et, si grata res publica 
 esset, lsetaretur, si ingrata, tamen in gravi fortuna 8 conscientia sua 
 niteretur. 
 
 Sed 9 hujus beneficii gratiam, judices, fortuna populi Romani, 
 et vestra felicitas, et dii immortales sibi deberi putant. Nee vero 
 quisquam aliter arbitrari potest, 10 nisi qui nullam vim esse ducit, 
 numenve divinum, quern neque imperii nostri magnitudo, neque 
 sol ille, nee cceli signorumque motus, nee vicissitudines rerum atque 
 ordines movent, neque, id quod maximum est, majorum sapientia, 
 qui sacra, qui caerimonias, qui auspicia et ipsi sanctissime coluerimt, 
 et nobis, suis posteris, prodiderunt. 
 
 XXXI. 84. x Est, est profecto ilia vis, neque in his corporibus, 
 atque in hac imbecillitate nostra inest quiddam, quod vigeat et 
 sentiat, et non inest in hoc tanto naturae tam praeclaro motu. 
 2 Nisi forte idcirco non putant, quia non apparet, nee cernitur; 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 137 
 
 proinde quasi nostram ipsam mentem, qua sapimus, qua provide- 
 mus, qua boec ipsa agimus ac dichnus, videre ant plane, qualis aut 
 ubi sit, sentire possiinus. 3 Ea vis igitur ipsa, quae saepe incredi- 
 biles huic urbi felicitates atque opes attulit, illam perniciem exstinxit 
 ac sustulit, cm primum mentem injecit, ut vi irritare, ferroque 
 lacessere fortissimum virum auderet, vincereturque ab eo, quern si 
 vicisset, babiturus esset impunitatem et licentiam sempiteraam. 
 85. Non est humano consilio, 4 ne mediocri quidem, judices, 
 deorum immortalium cura res ilia perfecta. 5 Religiones mehercule 
 ipsa?, qua? illam belluam cadere viderunt, commovisse se videntur, 
 et jns in illo suum retinuisse. Vos enim jam, 6 Albani tumuli 
 atque luci, vos, inquam, imploro atque testor, vosque Albanorum 
 obrutae arae, 7 sacrorum populi Romani sociae et aequales, quas ille, 
 praeceps amentia, caesis prostratisque sanctissimis lucis, substruc- 
 tionum insanis molibus oppresserat ; 8 vestrae turn, ara3, vestraa 
 rebg-iones viguerunt, vesti-a \is valuit, quam ille omni scelere pol- 
 luerat, tuque ex tuo edito monte, Latiaris sancte Jupiter, cujus ille 
 lacus, nemora, finesque saepe omni nefario stupro et scelere macu- 
 larat, aliquando ad eum puniendum oculos aperuisti ; 9 vobis illse, 
 vobis vestro in conspectu sera?, sed justa? tamen, et debita? pcenae 
 soluta? sunt. 86. Nisi forte 10 hoc etiam casu factum esse dicemus, 
 ut ante ipsum sacrarium Bona? Dea?, quod est in fimdo T. Sestii 
 Galli, in primis bonesti et omati adolescentis, ante ipsam, inquam, 
 Bonam Deam, quum prcelium commisisset, primum illud vulnus 
 acciperet, quo teterrimam mortem obuet, ut non absolutus judicio 
 illo nefario videretur, sed ad banc insignem pcenam. reservatus. 
 
 XXXII. 1 Nee vero non eadem ira deorum banc ejus satelli- 
 tibus injecit amentiam, ut sine imaginibus, sine cantu atque ludis, 
 sine exsequiis, sine lamentis, sine laudationibus, sine funere, oblitus 
 cruore et luto, spoliatus illius supremi diei celebritate, cui cedere 
 etiam inimici solent, ambureretur abjectus. Non ftusse credo 2 fas, 
 clarissimorum vironim formas illi tetenimo pamcida? aliquid decoris 
 afferre, neque ullo in loco potius mortem ejus lacerari, quam in 
 quo esset vita damnata. 
 
 87. Dura, medius fidius, s mibi jam fortuna populi Romani et 
 
138 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 crudelis videbatur, quae tot annos ilium in hanc rem publicam in- 
 sultare pateretur. 4 Polluerat stupro sanctissimas rehgiones, senatus 
 gravissima decreta perfregerat, pecunia se a judicious palam 
 redemerat, vexarat in tribunatu senatum, 5 omnium ordinum con- 
 sensu pro salute rei publicse gesta resciderat, me patria expulerat, 
 bona diripuerat, domum incenderat, liberos, conjugem meam vexarat, 
 45 Cn. Pompeio nefarium bellum indixerat, magistratuum privato- 
 rumque caedes effecerat, domum mei fratris incenderat, vastarat 
 Etruriam, multos sedibus ac fortunis ejecerat ; instabat, urgebat ; 
 capere ejus amentiam civitas, Italia, provincial, regna non poterant ; 
 7 incidebantur jam domi leges, quae nos servis nostris addicerent ; 
 nihil erat cujusquam, quod quidem ille adamasset, quod non hoc 
 anno suum fore putaret. 88. Obstabat ejus cogitationibus nemo, 
 praeter Milonem. 8 Ilium ipsum, qui poterat obstare, novo reditu 
 in gratiam quasi devinctum arbitrabatur ; Caesaris potentiam suam 
 esse dicebat ; bonorum animos in meo casu contempserat ; Milo 
 unus urgebat. 
 
 XXXIII. ^ic dii immortales, ut supra dixi, mentem illi 
 perdito ac furioso dederunt, ut huic faceret insidias. Aliter perire 
 pestis ilia non potuit ; nunquam ilium res publica suo jure esset 
 ulta. 2 Senatus, credo, praetorem eum circumscripsisset. 3 Ne 
 quum sole bat quidem id facere, in privato eodem hoc aliquid pro- 
 fecerat. 89. An consules in praetore coercendo fortes fuissent? 
 Primum, Milone occiso, habuisset * suos consules ; deinde quis in 
 eo praetore consul fortis esset, per quern tribunum 6 virtutem con- 
 sularem crudelissime vexatam esse meminisset ? Oppressisset 
 omnia, possideret, teneret ; 6 lege nova, quae est inventa apud eum 
 cum reliquis legibus Clodianis, servos nostras libertos suos fecisset. 
 Postremo, nisi eum dii immortales in earn mentem impulissent, ut 
 homo effeminatus fortissimum virum conaretur occidere, hodie rem 
 publicam nullam haberetis. 90. 7 An ille praetor, ille vera consul, 
 si modo hsec templa atque ipsa mcenia stare eo vivo tamdiu, et 
 consulatum ejus exspectare potuissent, ille denique vivus mali nihil 
 fecisset, qui mortuus, uno ex suis satellitibus Sex. Clodio duce, 
 curiam incenderit ? 8 Quo quid miserius, quid acerbius, quid luc- 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 139 
 
 tuosius vidimus ? Templum sanctitatis, amplitudinis, mentis, con- 
 silii piiblici, caput urbis, aram sociorum, portum omnium gentium, 
 sedem ab universo populo concessam uni ordini, mflammari, 
 exscindi, mnestari ? 9 neque id fieri a multitudine imperita, quam- 
 quam esset miserum id ipsum, sed ab uno ? Qui quum tantum 
 ausus sit ustor pro mortuo, quid signifer pro vivo non esset ausus \ 
 In curiam potissimum abjecit, ut earn mortuus incenderet, quam 
 vivus everterat. 91. 10 Et sunt, qui de via Appia querantur, 
 taceant de curia ? " et qui ab eo spirante forum putent potuisse 
 defendi, cujus non restiterit cadaveri curia ? Excitate, excitate 
 ipsum, si potestis, a mortuis. Frangetis impetum vivi, cujus vix 
 sustinetis furias insepulti ? 12 Nisi vero sustinuistis eos, qui cum 
 facibus ad curiam concurrerunt, cum falcibus ad Castoris, cum 
 gladiis toto foro volitarunt. Csedi vidistis populum Romanum, 
 concionem gladiis disturbari, 13 quum audiretur silentio M. Ccelius, 
 tribunus plebis, vir et in re publica fortissimus, et in suscepta causa 
 firmissimus, et bonorum voluntati et auctoritati senatus deditus, 
 14 et in hac Milonis sive invidia, sive fortuna singulari, divina et 
 incredibili fide. 
 
 XXXIV. 92. * Sed jam satis multa de causa; extra causam 
 etiam nimis fortasse multa. Quid restat, nisi ut orem obtesterque 
 vos, judices, ut earn misericordiam tribuatis fortissimo viro, quam 
 ipse non implorat, 2 ego, etiam repugnante hoc, et imploro et 
 exposco ? jSTolite, si, in nosti-o omnium fletu, nullam lacrimam 
 adspexistis Miloms, si vultum semper eundem, si vocem, si ora- 
 tionem stabilem ac non mutatam videtis, hoc minus ei parcere. 
 3 Haud scio, an multo etiam sit adjuvandus magis. Etenim si in 
 gladiatoi-iis pugnis, et in infimi generis homintim conditione atque 
 fortuna, timidos atque supplices, et ut vivere liceat obsecrantes, 
 etiam odisse solemus, fortes et animosos, et se acriter ipsos moiti 
 ofierentes, servare cupimus ; 4 eorumque nos magis miseret, qui 
 nostram misericordiam non requirunt, quam qui illam efflagitant 
 quanto hoc magis in fortissimis civibus facere debemus ? 93. Me 
 quidem, judices, exanimant, et interimunt has voces Milonis, quas 
 audio assidue, et quibus intei-sum quotidie. " Yaleant, inquit, 
 
140 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 valeant cives mei ; sint incolumes, sint florentes, sint beati ; stet 
 haec urbs praeclara mihique patria carissima, quoquo modo erit 
 merita de me ; tranquilla re publica mei cives (quoniam mihi cum 
 illis non licet) sine me ipsi, sed per me tamen, perfruantur ; ego 
 
 5 cedam atque abibo ; si mihi bona re publica frui non licuerit, at 
 carebo mala, et quam primam tetigero bene moratam et liberam 
 civitatem, in ea conquiescam. 94. O frustra, in quit, mei suscepti 
 labores ! O spes fallaces ! O cogitationes inanes meae ! Ego, 
 quum tribunus plebis, re publica oppressa, me senatui dedissem, 
 
 6 quern exstinctum acceperam, equitibus Romanis, quorum vires 
 erant debiles, bonis viris, qui omnem auctoritatem Clodianis armis 
 abjecerant, mihi unquam bonorum praesidium defuturum 7 puta- 
 rem ? ego, quum te (mecum enim saepissime loquitur) patriae red- 
 didissem, mihi rjutarem in patria non futurum locum ? Ubi nunc 
 senatus est, quern secuti sumus ? 8 ubi equites Romani illi, illi, 
 inquit, tui ? ubi studia municipiorum ? ubi Italiae voces ? ubi 
 denique tua ilia, M. Tulli, quae plurimis fuit auxilio, vox atque 
 defensio ? 9 mihine ea soli, qui pro te toties morti me obtuli, nihil 
 potest opitulari ?" 
 
 XXXV. 95. Nee vero haec, judices, ut ego nunc, flens, sed 
 hoc eodem loquitur vultu, quo videtis. * Negat enim se, negat, 
 ingratis civibus fecisse, quae fecerit ; timidis et omnia pericula cir- 
 cumspicientibus, non negat. 2 Plebem et infimam multitudinem, 
 quae, P. Clodio duce, fortunis vestris imminebat, earn, quo tutior 
 esset vestra vita, se fecisse commemorat, ut non modo virtute 
 flecteret, sed etiam tribus suis patrimoniis deleniret ; 3 nee timet, 
 ne, quum plebem muneribus placarit, vos non conciliarit meritis in 
 rem publicam singularibus. Senatus erga se benevolentiam tem- 
 poribus his ipsis saepe esse perspectam, 4 vestras vero et vestrorum 
 ordinum occursationes, studia, sermones, quemcunque cursum 
 fortuna dederit, secum se ablaturum esse dicit. 96. Meminil 
 etiam, 5 vocem sibi praeconis modo defuisse, quam minim e deside- 
 rarit, populi vero cunctis sutTragiis, quod unum cupierit, se consulem 
 declaratum ; nunc denique, 6 si haec contra se sint futura, sibi 
 facinoris suspicionem, non facti crimen obstare. Addit haec, quae 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 141 
 
 certe vera sunt, fortes et sapientes viros non tarn praernia 7 sequi 
 solere recte factorum, quam ipsa recte facta ; se nihil in vita nisi 
 praeclarissime fecisse, si quidem nihil sit praestabilius viro, quam 
 periculis patriam liberare ; beatos esse, quibus ea res honori merit 
 a suis civibus, 97. nee tamen eos miseros, 8 qui beneficio cives 
 suos vicerint ; sed tamen ex omnibus praerniis virtutis, 9 si esset 
 habenda ratio praemiorum, amplissimum esse praemium gloriam ; 
 esse hanc unam, quae brevitatem vitae posteritatis memoria con- 
 solaretur, quae efficeret, tit absentes adessemus, mortui viveremus ; 
 hanc denique esse, cujus gradibus etiam in ccelum homines vide- 
 rentur ascendere. 98. " De me, inquit, semper populus Romanus, 
 semper omnes gentes loquentur, 10 nulla unquam obmutescet 
 vetustas. Quin hoc tempore ipso, 21 quum omnes a meis inimicis 
 faces invidiae meae subjiciantur, tamen omni in hominum ccetu 
 gratiis agendis, et gratulationibus habendis, et omni sermone cele- 
 bramur. 12 Omitto Etruriae festos et actos et institutes dies ; 
 13 centesima lux est haec ab interitu P. Clodii et, opinor, altera ; 
 qua fines imperii populi Romani sunt, ea non solum fama jam de 
 illo, sed etiam laetitia peragravit. Quamobrem, 14 ubi corpus hoc 
 sit, non, inquit, laboro, quoniam omnibus in terris et jam versatur, 
 et semper habitabit nominis mei gloria." 
 
 XXXVI. 99. x Haec tu mecum saepe, his absentibus; sed 
 iisdem audientibus haec ego tecum, Milo: te quidem, quum isto 
 animo es, satis laudare non possum ; sed, quo est ista magis divina 
 virtus, eo majore a te dolore divellor. Nee vero, si mini eriperis, 
 reliqua est ilia tamen ad consolandum querela, ut his irasci possim, 
 a quibus tantum vulnus accepero. Non enim inimici mei te mihi 
 eripient, sed amicissimi, non male aliquando de me meriti, sed 
 semper optime. Nullum mihi unquam, judices, tantum dolorem 
 inuretis (etsi quis potest esse tantus ?), 2 sed ne hunc quidem 
 ipsum, ut obliviscar, quanti me semper feceritis. 3 Quae si vos cepit 
 obhvio, aut si in me aliquid oflendistis, cur non id meo capite 
 potius luitur, quam jMilonis ? Praeclare enim vixero, 4 si quid mihi 
 accident prius, quam hoc tantum mali videro. 100. Nunc me 
 una consolatio sustentat, quod tibi, T. Anni, nullum a me amoris, 
 
142 ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 
 
 nullum studii, nullum pietatis officium clefuit. Ego 5 inimicitias 
 potentium pro te appetivi, ego meum ssepe corpus et vitam objeci 
 armis inimicorum tuorurn, ego me plurimis pro te supplicem 
 abjeci, bona, fortunas meas ac liberorum meorum, 6 in communi- 
 onem tuorum temporum contuli ; hoc denique ipso die, si qua vis 
 est parata, 7 si qua dimicatio capitis futura, deposco. Quid jam 
 restat ? quid habeo, quod faciam pro tuis in me mentis, nisi ut 
 earn fortunam, qusecunque erit tua, ducam meam ? JSTon abnuo, 
 non recuso, vosque obsecro, judices, ut vestra beneficia, quae in me 
 contulistis, aut in bujus salute augeatis, 8 aut in ejusdem exitio 
 occasura esse videatis. 
 
 XXXVII. 101. His lacrimis non movetur Milo. Est quodam 
 incredibili robore animi ; exsilium ibi esse putat, ubi virtuti non 
 sit locus ; mortem naturae finem esse, non poenam. 1 Sed bic ea 
 mente, qua natus est ; quid vos, judices ? quo tandem animo 
 eritis ? Memoriam Milonis retinebitis, ipsum ejicietis ? et erit 
 2 dignior locus ullus in terris, qui hanc virtutem excipiat, quam hie, 
 qui procreavit ? Vos, vos appello, 3 fortissimi viri, qui multum pro 
 re publica sanguinem efFudistis ; vos in viri et in civis invicti peri- 
 culo appello, centuriones, vosque, mihtes ; vobis non modo inspec- 
 tantibus, sed etiam armatis, et huic judicio praesidentibus, haec 
 tanta virtus ex hac urbe expelletur, exterminabitur, projicietur ? 
 
 102. me miserum, me infelicem ! Revocare tu me in patriam, 
 Milo, potuisti 4 per hos, ego te in patria per eosdem retinere non 
 potero ? Quid respondebo liberis meis, qui te parentem alteram 
 putant ? quid tibi, Quinte frater, qui nunc abes, consorti mecum 
 temporum illorum ? 6 mene non potuisse Milonis salutem tueri per 
 eosdem, per qups nosfram ille servasset ? At in qua causa non 
 potuisse ? 6 quae est grata gentibus. A quibus non potuisse ? ab iis, 
 qui maxime P. Clodii morte acquierunt ; quo deprecante ? me. 
 
 103. 7 Quodnam ego concepi tantum scelus, aut quod in me tan- 
 tum facinus admisi, judices, quum ilia 8 indicia communis exitii 
 indagavi, patefeci, protuli, exstinxi ? Omnes in me meosque re- 
 dundant s ex fonte illo dolores. Quid me reducem esse voluistis ? 
 an ut, inspectante me, expellerentur ii, per quos essem restitutus ? 
 
ORATIO PRO T. ANNIO MILONE. 143 
 
 Nolite, obsecro vos, acerbiorem mihi pati reditum esse, quam fuerit 
 ille ipse discessus. Nam qui possum putare me restitutum esse, 
 si distrahar ab iis, per quos restitutus sum ? 
 
 XXXVin. 2 Utinam dii immortales fecissent ( 2 pace tua, 
 patria, dixerim ; metuo enim, ne scelerate dicam in te, quod pro 
 Milone dicam pie), utinam P. Clodius non modo viveret, sed etiam 
 prsetor, consul, dictator esset potius, quam hoc spectaculum vide- 
 rem ! 104. O dii immortales ! 3 fortem, et a vobis, judices, conser- 
 vandum virum ! 4 " Minime, minime, inquit. Immo vero poenas 
 ille debitas luerit ; nos subeamus, si ita necesse est, non debitas." 
 Hiccine vir & patriae natus, usquam nisi in patria morietur, aut, si 
 forte, pro patria ? hujus vos 6 animi monumenta retinebitis, corporis 
 in Italia nullum sepulcrum esse patiemini ? hunc sua quisquam 
 sententia ex hac urbe expellet, 7 quern omnes urbes expulsum a 
 vobis ad se vocabunt? 105. teiTam illam beatam, quas bunc 
 virum exceperit ; hanc ingratam, si ejecerit, miseram, si amiserit ! 
 Sed finis sit. Neque enim prae lacrimis jam loqui possum, et hie 
 se lacrimis defendi vetat. Vos oro obtestorque, judices, 8 ut in 
 sententiis ferendis, quod sentietis, id audeatis. Yestram virtutem, 
 justitiam, fidem, mihi credite, is maxime probabit, qui, in judicibus 
 legendis, optimum, et sapientissimum, et fortissimum quemque 
 delegit. 
 
NOTES. 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The conspiracy of Catiline, one of the most daring and wicked under- 
 takings recorded in Roman history, was formed b. c. 62. As a knowledge 
 of the events which preceded and led to this conspiracy, will enable the 
 student better to understand and appreciate the Catilinarian Orations, the 
 following brief sketch is here presented. 
 
 Lucius Sergius Catiline, of the patrician gens Sergia, was distinguished 
 among his cotemporaries for his mental as well as bodily powers, but, 
 unfortunately, no less for his debauchery, cruelty, and reckless ambition. 
 In the time of the proscription of Sulla, Catiline was one of the most 
 active and cruel tools of the dictator, and his own brother and brother-in- 
 law fell by his hands. By his talents and exertions, aided by the influence 
 of his family and friends, he obtained the office of quaestor and praetor ; 
 and his next step of preferment, in all probability, would have been the 
 consulship. But in the year b. c. 66, having obtained the administration of 
 Africa as propraetor, on his return from that province, he was accused of 
 extortion {rerum repetundarum) by P. Clodius Pulcher, and, though he 
 escaped condemnation by bribing both the accuser and the judges, yet in 
 consequence of this accusation, he was, by a decree of the senate, pre- 
 vented from becoming a candidate for the consulship. Annoyed at this 
 measure, he entered into a conspiracy with P. Autronius Paetus, and P. 
 Cornelius Sulla, and others, to murder, on the 1st of January, b. c. 65, the 
 newly elected consuls and senators. The plot however was discovered, 
 and precautions taken to prevent its execution. The conspirators then 
 deferred the execution of their design to the 5th of February, but even 
 then it did not succeed; for Catiline, in his eagerness, gave the signal 
 
148 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 before all his associates were assembled, and the few who were present 
 had not the courage to attempt any thing. An inquiry into this affair was 
 dropped, because the senate had neither sufficient evidence nor courage to 
 act with the necessary energy, and it is possible, also, that a strict inquiry 
 might have involved some of the senators themselves. 
 
 The year after this, Catiline escaped from another accusation for his 
 concern in the proscriptions of Sulla. Though one of the most seriously 
 implicated, by the connivance of Julius Caesar, who was then qucestor inter 
 sicarios, he was saved, while others less guilty were punished. This 
 indulgence only encouraged Catiline to give way the more to his propen- 
 sities, so dangerous to the republic, and all good citizens ; and in addition 
 to this, he was urged on by his debts, his associates, and his ambition. 
 
 Catiline again offered himself as a candidate for the consulship for the 
 year b. c. 63. He promised his friends, that if he should succeed, he would 
 remove all grievances from the republic ; that all differences between poor 
 and rich, high and low, should cease ; that he would bring about a general 
 cancelling of debts, and the proscription of the wealthy ; and that all the 
 offices of the state, as well as sacerdotal dignities, should be given to his 
 confederates (Sallust Cat., §§ 20, 21). These promises, as well as those to 
 whom they were made, soon became known. Q. Curius, one of Catiline's 
 associates, communicated the scheme to Fulvia, a dissolute woman, and she 
 spread the secret further. The knowledge of this plot immediately had 
 its influence on the elections. Cicero was unanimously elected consul, and 
 C. Antonius defeated Catiline by a majority of a few votes. 
 
 Catiline, however, not disheartened, again tried to obtain the consulship 
 for the following year (b. c. 62), having previously greatly increased the 
 number of his followers and friends, by the addition of various malcontents 
 and desperadoes. As he had failed by lawful means, he determined to 
 carry his point by force of arms. He sought and found adherents in Rome ; 
 and, especially in Etruria, great numbers flocked around the centurion, C. 
 Manlius, a veteran of the time of Sulla : he was stationed at Faesuhe, and 
 soon had an army ready to fight. In Rome itself, Catiline made every 
 effort to win the favor of the lower orders. People suspected and dreaded 
 his plans: the laws against bribery were made more stringent, and the 
 consular elections, which ought to have taken place at the end of July, 
 were put off to the 20th of October, and afterwards to the 21st. Cicero, 
 who was ever watchful of his movements, had openly shown to Catiline 
 his suspicions of him ; but after he again received a detailed account of the 
 plans of the conspirators from Q. Curius and Fulvia, he boldly came for- 
 ward in the senate, and drew the attention of the house to the existence 
 of the treasonable plot. In the night following, Cicero, through means of 
 
INTRODUCTION. 149 
 
 Crassus, received a number of anonymous letters, cautioning him against 
 Catiline and his bloody designs, and advising him speedily to take to flight. 
 But, in the morning, Cicero produced these letters in the senate, distributed 
 them among the senators to whom they were addressed, and loudly called 
 upon Catiline to give an account of his proceedings. Catiline, after having 
 given an impudent and insolent answer, withdrew, uttering threats against 
 the senate. The result of all this, however, was, that at the elections on 
 the following day, D. Junius Silanus was elected first consul, and L. Lici- 
 nius Muraena received a few more votes than Catiline, who was thus again 
 defeated. 
 
 Catiline now felt himself driven to extremities, and resolved to use vio- 
 lence ; he saw that the senate had taken serious precautions ; that the 
 consuls, as in times of great danger, had received unlimited power ; that 
 troops were sent to the districts threatened by the conspirators ; and that 
 Rome itself was, as it were, in a state of siege. Accordingly, in the night 
 between the 6th and 7th of November, Catiline had a meeting of his friends 
 in the house of Laeca, where it was determined that Cicero and a number 
 of senators should be murdered, that fire should be set to several parts of 
 Rome at the same time, and that Catiline should proceed to the camp 
 of Manlius. In the very hour in which this was planned, Cicero was in- 
 formed of it by Fulvia. He forthwith summoned a meeting of the senate 
 in the temple of Jupiter Stator for the next day. Catiline had the auda- 
 city to make his appearance there, but the senators showed him their 
 abhorrence and contempt by moving from the places near the spot where 
 he sat. But as this had no influence upon him, Cicero, seized with amaze- 
 ment and indignation, rose and delivered this, his first oration against Cati- 
 line, which is one of the most splendid that have come down to us, more 
 especially because it bears the impress of an extempore speech, and thus 
 furnishes us the most perfect evidence of Cicero's brilliant and successful 
 eloquence. 
 
 " In point of effect, this oration must have been perfectly electric. The 
 disclosure, to the criminal himself, of his most secret purposes ; their flagi- 
 tious nature, threatening the life of every one present ; the whole course 
 of his villanies blazoned forth with the fire of incensed eloquence ; and the 
 adjuration to him, by fleeing from Rome, to free his country from such a 
 pest, were all wonderfully calculated to excite astonishment, admiration, 
 and horror. 
 
 " The great object of the whole oration was to drive Catiline into ban- 
 ishment ; and it appears somewhat singular, that so dangerous a personage, 
 and one who might have been so easily convicted, should thus have been 
 forced, or even allowed, to withdraw to his army, instead of being secured 
 
150 NOTES ON THE 
 
 and punished" (Dunlop's Rom. Lit). Sallust mentions that he attempted 
 a reply to this invective, but there is reason to believe that in this he is 
 in error. Feeling the thorough contempt in which he was held, Catiline 
 then, with fearful threats, quitted the senate, and, in the night following, 
 he, together with three hundred of his followers, betook themselves to 
 Manlius in Etruria. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 I. — 1. Quo-usque tandem, "How long then." Instead of addressing 
 the Senate on the subject for which they were called together, the orator, 
 filled with amazement at seeing Catiline present himself in the senate, 
 apparently with a view to intimidate Cicero, or to face down the accusa- 
 tions against him by hypocritically assuming the appearance of an innocent 
 and injured man, breaks out in this abrupt and eloquent invective address- 
 ed to Catiline himself, to whom of course every eye wa3 now directed with 
 indignation. The question here put refers to the long period during which 
 he had been engaged in plots against his country, and the means by which 
 he had so often eluded the punishment due to his crimes. See Introduc- 
 tion. The word tandem gives emphasis to the question. 2. Furor 
 
 iste tuus, " That madness of thine :" iste is the demonstrative of the second 
 person, and generally has a reference to the person addressed. B. § 31, 
 Obs. 2. Besides this reference, it here marks contempt ; B. § 30, Obs. 
 3, 3d. A. & S. § 207, Rem. 25 ; and tuus more emphatically directs it to 
 
 its object. 3. Eludet, "Baffle," a term used to express the movements 
 
 of the gladiator in avoiding the blow of his adversary. 4. Quern ad 
 
 finem ? " To what limit," i. e. " How far ?" 5. Nihil, " Nothing," " in 
 
 no degree," the accusative without a preposition, used to express a strong 
 
 negation; B. § 124, Obs. 4. A. & S. § 231, Rem. 5. 6. Noctumum 
 
 prcesidium Palatii, " The nocturnal guard of the Palatine." Now, as in 
 other times of danger, a guard of soldiers was placed on the Palatine hill 
 for the protection of the city, and of the Senate assembled in the temple 
 of Jupiter Stator, at the foot of the hill, and which for this reason is called 
 below munitissimus locus. The emperors afterwards having taken up 
 their residence here, the term Palatium came to signify the residence of 
 
 the emperor. Hence our word palace. 7. Urbis vigilice, " Sentinels," 
 
 or " guards of the city." These were placed through the city as patrols in 
 charge of the inferior magistrates. Decrevere Homos per totam urbem 
 viffiliai haberentur, &c. Sail. Cat 30. 8. Timor populi, "The con- 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 151 
 
 sternation of the people." Repentc omnes tristitia invasit, festinare, trepi- 
 
 dare, &c. Sail. Cat, 31. 9. Habendi senatus. B. § 147, R. bdi. A. AS. 
 
 § 275, ii. " Of holding the senate." Some copies have senatum governed 
 
 by habendi. 10. Or a vultusque, " The faces and the looks." Or a, by 
 
 synecdoche, means " the face " or " countenance ;" vultus (from volo), the 
 
 expression, here, "the looks," denoting indignation. Hi Patere, "Are 
 
 open (to view) :" constrictam, &c, lit, " firmly grasped by the know- 
 ledge of all these ;" i. e. completely understood by, and clear to all, so that 
 
 escape is impossible. 12. Proxima {node), " Last night :" supe- 
 
 riore node, " the night before " (the last). The whole clause quid 
 
 ceperis is the object of ignorare, and consequently the verbs in the sub- 
 junctive. B. § 140-5. A. & S. § 265 : consilii, the genitive governed 
 
 by quid. B. §. 106, R. viii. A.&S. § 212, Rem. 3. 13. Hie, "This 
 
 man." Cicero here addresses the senate, and speaks of Catiline in the 
 
 third person. 14. Viri fortes, "Brave men," spoken ironically: 
 
 satisfacere rei publico? videmur, " seem (to ourselves) to satisfy the state," 
 i. e. to do enough — to do all that is required of us — to do our duty to the 
 state. N. B. Res publico., often in one word (respublica), is here always 
 in two. 15. Istius, " Of that wretch," an expression of strong con- 
 tempt. See above 2. 16. Pestem istam. Cicero here again ad- 
 dresses Catiline ; and the term istam refers to him as the author of the 
 
 " destruction " spoken of, as the next clause states. 17. An vero. 
 
 Vcro renders the interrogative indicated by an more emphatic. Tib. 
 Gracchus, in his tribuneship, renewed the Licinian agrarian law, to prevent 
 any individual from possessing more than 500 jugera of the public land. 
 He endeavored also, it is said, to secure the Roman franchise to the 
 Italians. When he sued a second time for the tribuneship. he, with 300 
 followers, was slain by the infuriated senators, led on by Scipio Nasica, 
 who, though Pontifex Maximus, was not a magistrate, and is therefore here 
 
 called privatus. This happened b. c. 133. 18. Mediocriter labefac- 
 
 tantem, " Disturbing but slightly." In this way he extenuates the crimina- 
 lity of Gracchus, to place the guilt of Catiline in a stronger light ; and to 
 contrast more strongly the conduct of Scipio, who was not a magistrate, 
 with that of the consuls, the chief magistrates of the republic, in their 
 
 lenity to Catiline. 19. Nam illa,&c, "For those, as being too ancient, 
 
 I pass over, (for example) that C. Servilius Ahala, Ac." The word nam 
 here, as always, introduces a reason for something going before, expressed 
 or implied. As if he had said : " I might mention other cases, but do not." 
 Nam ilia, " For those," <fcc. The case here referred to, but not adduced, 
 was this : Sp. Melius, one of the richest men of the state, was suspected 
 by the patricians of aiming at the sovereignty, because he, as they thought, 
 
152 NOTES ON THE 
 
 courted the favor of the people, by distributing corn to them liberally at 
 his own expense, in a time of great scarcity. C. Servilius Ahala, master 
 of the horse to the dictator Q. Cincinnatus, slew him with his own hand 
 when the people tried to rescue him from the lictors who had seized him 
 
 to bring him before the dictator, b. c. 439. 20. Ista — virtus, " Such 
 
 public virtue," " such patriotism ;" iste, and sometimes hie and Me, like is, 
 before ut or a relative, where comparison or degree is expressed, has the 
 force of talis, and may be rendered such, of such a kind, and the relative 
 
 after it, by as or that. B. § 31, Obs. 2. A. & S. § 207, Rem. 26. 
 
 21. Habemus senatus consultum, &c. The decree of the senate here 
 referred to, is that by which the consuls, in extraordinary cases, were 
 clothed with absolute power to do whatever the public exigencies seemed 
 to demand, without consulting the senate. This decree was in these words, 
 ut consules viderent ne quid detrimenti res publica caperet, and is here 
 called vehemens et grave, " vigorous and weighty." Under this law, the 
 consuls might at once have seized and punished Catiline ; but they thought 
 proper to pursue a different course, the wisdom of which Cicero here 
 
 seems to question. 22. Rei publico;, here, is the genitive governed 
 
 by consilium, as ordinis is by auctoritas. The meaning is, " neither the 
 wisdom of the commonwealth, nor the authority of this order (the senate), 
 is at fault, but we," &c. 
 
 II. — 1. Quondam, "At a former time," viz., b. c. 121. These instances 
 are here mentioned, to show with what vigor and effect the consuls on 
 former occasions had acted under the law, vehemens et grave, referred to 
 above. Fabius Maximus was consul with Opimius, but it seems the latter 
 
 only was named in this decree. 2. Clarissimo patre, &c, supply 
 
 natus, "Descended from a most renowned father," &c. B. § 119, Rule 
 xxiii. A. & S. § 246. Clarissimo qualifies avo, and majoribus, as well as 
 patre, with which it immediately agrees. B. § 98, Obs. 2 and 4. A. & S. 
 § 205, Rem. 2, Exc. The father of Gracchus was Tib. Sempronius Gracchus, 
 who had twice been consul, and had once celebrated a triumph. His 
 maternal grandfather was P. Scipio Africanus, the conqueror of Hannibal. 
 
 3. M. Fulvius consularis, " M. Fulvius of consular rank." He had 
 
 been consul b. o. 125. He was the friend and follower of C. Gracchus, and 
 in the struggle between Opimius and Gracchus was killed with his two 
 
 sons. 4. G. Mario, &c, the dative governed by permissa est. B. 
 
 § 126, R. iii. In this instance both consuls were named in the decree. 
 
 5. L. Saturninum, &c. Instead of the accusative, Prof. Anthon has the 
 genitive, governed by mortem, and mortem, according to this construction, 
 is governed by remorata est, used transitively, and the whole is rendered, 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 153 
 
 " Did the satisfaction due to the republic delay, for a single day thereafter, 
 the death of L. Saturninus ?" <fec. Some others again govern the genitive 
 by mors ac pcena together in the nominative, as the subject of remorata est 
 used intransitively. Ernesti and most other editors have Satuminum, 
 &c, as in the text, governed by remorata est used transitively. This 
 reading is usually rendered, " Did death and the satisfaction due to the 
 state, for a single day, fail to overtake L. Saturninus," &c. " Fail to over- 
 take" is indeed a free and unusual rendering of remorata est, but it very 
 evidently expresses the meaning of the whole. " Retain" (which is the 
 strict meaning of the word), viz., in life, i. e., " suffer to live," conveys the 
 same idea. But if we should suppose an ellipsis of perdere, excipere, or 
 the like, after remorata est used intransitively, all difficulty would dis- 
 appear; and as this accords fully with the meaning of the sentence, 
 it would seem to be a less violent solution of the difficulty, than, from 
 mere conjecture, to change the whole structure of the sentence. Muretus 
 thinks that mors (ac) is an interpolation made by some one to explain 
 
 the meaning of rei publicce poena. 6* Vicesimum diem, &c. (the ace, 
 
 of time, B. § 131. R. xli. A. & S. § 236), is here contrasted with unum 
 diem, to show the lenity exercised towards Catiline. According to this, 
 if taken strictly, the decree referred to must have been passed on the 
 20th Oct. preceding; but, as it was not passed till the 21st, Cicero must 
 
 be regarded as speaking in round numbers. See III., 4. 7. Confes- 
 
 tim interfectum te esse convenit, " It was fit that you should have been 
 put to death immediately," viz., on the passing of the decree, as was done 
 
 in the cases referred to. Convenit is in the perfect tense. 8. Patres 
 
 conscripti, " Conscript fathers" — a title by which the Roman senators 
 were addressed. At first they were called patres. The original number, 
 as chosen by Romulus, was one hundred. It was some time afterwards 
 doubled by Tarquinius Priscus, those added being called patres minorum 
 gentium. This number having been greatly diminished by the cruelties 
 of Tarquinius Superbus, was, after the expulsion of the kings, increased 
 by Brutus, the first consul, to three hundred, from the leading men oi 
 equestrian rank. Those now enrolled were, by way of distinction, called 
 patres conscripti — a title afterwards given to all the senators assembled. 
 The mode of address at first probably was patres et conscripti, which, by 
 
 omitting the et, came to be patres conscripti : me esse clementem 
 
 See B. § 144, Obs. 3. A. & S., § 210. 9. Dissolutum, " Negligent"— 
 
 me ipsum, " myself ;" often ipse agreeing with ego, but translated with me, 
 rendering it emphatic. See Idioms, 33. B. § 98, Exc. 5. A. & S. § 207, 
 
 Rem. 28. Ineriice neguiticegue, " of inactivity and remissness." 
 
 10. Etrurice faucibus, " At the entrance of (in the defiles or passes lead- 
 
154 NOTES ON THE 
 
 ing to) Etruria." Fassulse, -where Manlius now had his camp, was a town 
 of Etruria (now Fiseoli), at the foot of the Apennines, near where Florence 
 now stands: imperatorem, scil. Catiline. 11. Credo, "I sup- 
 pose," " I presume," used parenthetically, and of course not affecting the 
 
 construction of the rest of the sentence: ne non ( = ut), "that;" 
 
 two negatives being equivalent to an affirmative. B. § 134, Obs. 3, and 140, 
 Obs. 6. A. & S. § 277, Rem. 3, and § 262, Rem. 1. Arrange thus — ne non 
 
 omnes boni (dicant) hoc factum esse serius a me, potius quam, &c. 
 
 12. Certa de causa, " For a certain reason." Cicero's reason for thus 
 acting is more fully explained towards the end of the oration. Had 
 Catiline been put to death in the prompt and summary manner referred 
 to in the foregoing examples, such was the duplicity and cunning with 
 which he managed to conceal his wickedness, that many would have 
 thought he was put to death without just cause. Fearing this, therefore, 
 though there was danger, Cicero thought it better to wait till his true 
 
 character should be fully developed to the conviction of all: ut 
 
 faciam =facere. 13. Tui similis. B. §111, Obs. 2. A. & S. § 222, 
 
 Rem. 2. Fateatur, — audeat, subjunctives. B. § 141, Rule i. A. & S. § 264-7. 
 
 Obsessus, " beset," " closely watched." 
 
 Ill, — 1. Nefarios, " Impious." This term intimates that such assem- 
 blies were an offence against divine as well as human laws, and detested 
 
 by gods as well as men. 2. Privata domus, referring to the house 
 
 of Leeca, where Catiline and his associates met on the night of 6th Nov. 
 
 continere, " confine," " prevent from escaping." illustrantur, 
 
 " are brought to light," referring to nox tenebris : erumpunt, " burst 
 
 forth ;" referring to domus parietibus. 3. Istam mentem, " That 
 
 detestable purpose of thine," the idea of abhorrence being expressed by 
 
 istam, See I, 2. Crede mihi, " take my advice," for that scheme is 
 
 blasted, you may as well abandon it, and try some other scheme of wick- 
 edness. quae, jam mecum licet recognoscas, " which ( = and these) 
 
 also you may now review with me," and then he goes on, in what follows, 
 by a series of questions, to lay before him, but chiefly before the senate, 
 
 the (consilia) designs referred to. 4. Ante diem duodecimum kalen- 
 
 das. This does not mean " before the twelfth day," but is a technical 
 expression equivalent to die duodecimo ante kalendas, " the twelfth day 
 before the kalends," i. e., 21st October. For the different methods by 
 which the Romans expressed their dates, see B. App., p. 305. A. & S. 
 § 326. This, and the two following below, ante diem sextum, &c, i. e. 
 27th Oct. ; and in ante diem quintum ; i. e. on the 28th Oct., are the 
 same as the fourth example there mentioned. Catiline having 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 155 
 
 expressed himself in the senate, on that day, in such a way as to excite 
 alarm, the senate forthwith passed the decree (Senattis consultum) referred 
 
 to in the preceding sections, I. 21, and II. 6. 5. Satellitem atque 
 
 admin 1st nun, "The accomplice and assistant." 6. Ego idem, "I 
 
 likewise," " I at the same time." Such is usually the force of idem 
 
 annexed to a noun or pronoun as here. 7. Te optimatium contulisse, 
 
 tkc. " That you had consulted concerning (had resolved on) the slaughter 
 
 of the nobles." The Optimates among the Romans were those of 
 
 whatever rank who favored the interests of the senate, sometimes also 
 called proceres, and sometimes, as here, principes. In opposition to these, 
 as a party, were the popxdares — persons who studied to gain the favor of 
 the multitude. This was a division of faction or party, not of rank, for 
 in both were found persons of all ranks. The former generally consisted 
 of the wealthy and more respectable class of the community ; the latter, 
 of the poorer, more turbulent, and factious. In Cicero, the term optimates 
 
 commonly means persons distinguished by rank or political merit. 
 
 8. Nostra cade qui, &c, equivalent to nostrum (gen. plur.) ccede qui, &c, 
 " with the slaughter of us who had remained :'' qui has its antecedent 
 in nostra = nostrum, and is therefore in the first person plural. B. § 99, 
 
 Obs. 2 ; A. <fc S. § 206 (12). Remansissemus, the subjunctive in oblique 
 
 discourse, and to be translated as the indicative. B. § 141, Rule vi. A. 
 &S. §266, 2. 9. Quid*. " And furthermore." Quid? used interro- 
 gatively, as here, is a sort of exclamation, abrupt and elliptical, and 
 may be rendered fully, " "What shall be said to this, that," " How is 
 it that," or more briefly, " and furthermore," " moreover," " nay." VII., 4. 
 
 quum, "when." B. § 140, Obs. 3. A. <&S. § 263-5. Kalendis 
 
 ipsis Kovembris, "On the very first day of November." Prameste 
 
 (ace. sing.), a city of Latium, about 200 stadia or 25 miles S. E. from 
 
 Rome. 10. Non modo, for non modo non. In this expression 
 
 the second non is sometimes omitted. B. § 134, Obs. 5. A. &S., § 27*7, 
 Rem. 6. 
 
 IV« — 1. Noctem ill am mperiorem, "That night before last," also called 
 below priore node, viz., 6th Nov., on which night Catiline with his asso- 
 ciates met in the house of Lseca, to make arrangements for carrying their 
 wicked purposes into effect. 2. Inter falcarios, " Into the scythe- 
 makers' street ;" lit., " among the scythe-makers," into their quarter of the 
 
 city. 3. Complures ; Sallust mentions eleven senators, four of 
 
 equestrian rank, besides many nobles from the colonies and municipal 
 
 towns. Cat. 17. 4. Convincam, " I will prove it incontestable" 
 
 5. Sanctissimo, &c, " Most sacred and venerable assembly," viz., the 
 
156 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Roman senate. 6. Qui, i. e., ii qui cogitent, " Such as are plotting." 
 
 To this sense the subjunctive cogitent directs. B. § 141, Obs. 2, 2d. A. & S. 
 
 § 264. 1. 7. Et de re publica sententiam rogo, " And (as senators) I 
 
 ask their opinion (or vote) on public affairs." This belonged to the duty 
 
 of the consul as president of the senate. 8. Distribuisti, viz., among 
 
 the conspirators. 9. Quos Romce. scil. Lentulus cum ceteris. Sail. 
 
 Cat, 43. relinqueres, <fcc. ; For these subjunctives see B. § 141, 
 
 Obs. 2, 4th. A. & S., § 264-5. Urbis partes. To Statilius and 
 
 Gabinius was the task assigned to fire the city in twelve different places — 
 
 opportuna loca. Sail. Cat, 43. 10. Confirmasti, " You assured 
 
 them." 11. Duo equites. These were C. Cornelius and L. Var- 
 
 gunteius. Sail. Cat, 28. 12. Comperi, " I found out," viz., by means 
 
 of Fulvia. 13. Ad me salutatum, " To me to salute me," " to pay 
 
 their respects to me." Supine, B. § 148. 1. A. &S. § 2*76. II. It was cus- 
 tomary for persons of high rank to receive visitors early in the morning, 
 and the earlier they came, the greater the respect shown. Juv. Sat., III. 
 
 127-130. jam, "already," i. e., before their arrival. Id temporis, 
 
 i. e., ad id temporis, same as eo tempore. B. § 131, Obs. 1. A. & S., § 253, 
 Rem. 3. 
 
 V. — 1« Quce quum ita sint, " Since these things are so." B. § 99, 
 
 Obs. 8, and 140, Obs. 3. A. & S., § 263. 5. 2. Tua ilia Manliana 
 
 castra, " That camp (army) of thine under Manlius." Ilia refers to the 
 
 former mention of this camp. See II. Note 10. desiderant, "long 
 
 for," " earnestly desire." 3. Si minus, " If not all," lit., " if less," 
 
 viz., than all; quam plurimos, "as many as possible." B. § 134, Obs. 
 
 6, 3d. A.&S.§121. 4. Murus, "The wall" scil. of the city; 
 
 versari, " dwell," a frequentative dep. from verto, and strictly means, " to 
 
 move about in a place," hence, to dwell, live, remain. 5. Magna 
 
 diis, &c, "Great thanks are due to the immortal gods;" atque huic 
 
 ipsi Jovi Statori, " and especially to this Jupiter Stator." The orator 
 with great effect here uses huic, " this," pointing to the deity as if present 
 in his own temple in which the senate was then assembled : ipsi adds 
 emphasis here which cannot well be expressed by any corresponding 
 word. The epithet Stator was given to Jupiter by Romulus, because, in 
 answer to his prayer, he arrested the flight of the Romans before the 
 Sabines, made them to stand (stare), and successfully beat back their 
 
 enemies. Liv. I, 12 : pestem, scil. Catiline. 6. In uno homine, 
 
 " In the person of one man," meaning himself, against whom the assaults 
 of Catiline had been so often directed, but, owing to his great watchfulness, 
 without success. These attacks he goes on to mention in what follows. 
 
FIBST OKATION AGAINST CATILINE. 157 
 
 That the safety of the state -would be perilled by his death, he mentions 
 
 below. 7. Consult desiguato, " Consul elect." The consul was 
 
 called designatus from the time of his election, usually in July, till he 
 
 entered on his office in January following. 8. Proximis cornitiis 
 
 consularibus, "At the last consular election." This was held 21st Oct., 
 only a few days before. Catiline was a candidate and defeated, while hi3 
 
 competitors Silanus and Murena were elected : campo, " in the 
 
 Campus Martins," where the elections were held. This was a large plain 
 on the banks of the Tiber, but it is now mostly occupied by the modern 
 
 city of Rome. 9. Petisti, " You thrust at me." This, as here used, 
 
 is a gladiatorial term, and signifies to make a pass or thrust at an 
 
 antagonist. 10. Nunc jam — petis, &c, "Xow at this moment you 
 
 attack ojDenly the whole state." Formerly Cicero was the object of his 
 violence, now the whole commonwealth ; formerly it was in secret, now, 
 
 openly. 11. Id—facere, "Do that," viz., put Catiline to death: 
 
 hujus imperii — proprium est, "belongs to (is the right of) this govern- 
 ment." For the genitive here see B. § 111, Obs. 2. A. <fcS. § 222, Rem. 2: 
 
 ad severitatem, "in point of severity." 12. Quod te jamdudum 
 
 hortor, here quod refers to the idea expressed by exieris as its ante- 
 cedent "which," namely, "to depart." 13. Exhaurietur, "Will 
 
 be drained off," a word used with reference to sentina, "the filthy 
 
 rabble :" rei publico?, here, is the dative governed by perniciosa, 
 
 and the order is sentina tuorum comitum magna et perniciosa rei publico;. 
 
 14. Quid est? "How is it?" "What is the matter?" jam faci- 
 
 ebas, "you were but just now doing" (attempting to do. B. §44, ii. 2. 
 
 A. <fcS. §145, ii. 4.) 15. Si me consults, "If you consult me," "If 
 
 you ask my advice." To have given such an order would have exposed 
 Cicero to censure. The term exsilium was not used in a judicial sentence. 
 The object was accomplished judicially, by forbidding a person the use of 
 fire and water (oquce et ignis interdictio), and, as he could not live with- 
 out these, he was obliged to leave Italy. Often when persons by their 
 conduct had brought themselves into danger, in order to escape this, 
 they went into voluntary exile. 
 
 VI. — 1. Quid est enim, "For what is there." Enim connects its 
 clause with the preceding sentence, as a reason for what is there said. 
 
 2. In qua nemo est, &c. Arrange In qua, extra istam conjxirationem 
 
 perditorum hominum, nemo est qui, <tc. : " In which, out of thy vile con- 
 federacy of abandoned men, there is no one who," &c. 3. Non 
 
 inusta est vita, tux, "is not branded on thy life." Quod dedecus, <fcc, 
 
 " what shameful conduct in private life :" quce libido, " what 
 
158 NOTES ON THE 
 
 scenes of lust :" quod /acinus, " what daring wickedness :" 
 
 quod flagitiurn, " what pollution." Qui adolescentulo, " To what 
 
 youth:" corruptelarum, "of corrupting arts:" ad libidinem 
 
 facem, " the incentive to debauchery." 4. Quid vero ? " And 
 
 furthermore in fact," III., 9. 5. Quum morte uxoris, &c, Catiline was 
 
 said to have poisoned Ins first wife, and murdered her son, to make way 
 for his marriage with Aurelia Orestilla. The alio incredibili scelere here is 
 supposed by some to refer to the murder of his son ; by others, to his sedu- 
 cing his own daughter, born of a vestal, with whom he had had criminal 
 intercourse. — Catiline's murdering, or procuring the murder, of his first 
 
 wife, is mentioned only by Cicero. 6. Senties impendere tibi, lit., " You 
 
 will see ready to fall upon you," i. e. "you are sensible will be ready to 
 overwhelm you:" proximis Idifais, "at the next ides" (the abla- 
 tive of time when); i. e. on the 13th Nov., only five days from that time. 
 This refers to the demands that would then be made by his creditors for 
 the amount of their debts, principal and interest ; this being the time 
 
 when such demands were usually made : domesticam tuam difficulta- 
 
 tem, namely, your debts: ad summam rem picblicam, "to the best 
 
 interests of the state." 7. Horum, " Of these present," viz. senators. 
 
 Pridie kalendas Januarias, " The day before the kalends of January," 
 
 i. e. 31st Dec. b. c. 66. See the whole statement here referred to Sail. 
 Cat. 18. — These infinitives stetisse, paravisse, obstitisse, with their subjects, 
 are the objects of nesciat, which of course may be repeated before each : 
 
 ac — non mentcm aliquam, <fcc, " and that not any consideration or 
 
 fear on your part." 8. Ac jam ilia omitto, "And especially do I 
 
 now pass over those former crimes:" neque enim, <fec, "for the 
 
 crimes committed afterwards are neither obscure, nor {non multa) few in 
 number." In this clause a reason is given for the statement in the pre- 
 ceding, as the word enim indicates. 9. Petitiones, "thrusts," V., 9: 
 
 parva quadam declinatione, "by a slight bending aside:" et 
 
 corpore, " and with my body," i. e. movement of the body, viz. out of its 
 place, to avoid, or ward off a blow. 10. Nihil agis, <fec, " You do no- 
 thing, you accomplish nothing, you undertake nothing :" neque tamen 
 
 &c, "and yet you do not desist." 11. Quaz quidem, &c, "And indeed 
 
 by what unhallowed rites this (dagger) has been consecrated and devoted 
 (to its work) I know not." — Here quai, for the reason suggested, B. 
 
 § 99, Obs. 8, may be rendered "and this:" devota sit is required to 
 
 be in the subjunctive after quibus, an interrogative used indefinitely in a 
 
 dependent clause. B. § 140, 5. A. & S. § 265 : quod necesse putas, 
 
 " that you should deem it necessary," lit., " because you think it neces- 
 sary." 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 159 
 
 VII. — 1, Sic en'na ; — cvim here introduces a reason for the softened 
 
 tone of the preceding sentence. quce nulla, "none of which." B. 
 
 § 98, Obs. 9. A. cfc S. § 205, Rem. 17. 2. Amicis ac necessariis, "Friends 
 
 and connections." — Amicus (from amo) is a friend who sincerely loves ; ne- 
 cessarius (from ?iecesse), a connection or friend, to whom one is bound by 
 certain ties, but it does not involve the idea of affection. The senate was 
 now unusually foil (tanta frequentia\ and though in it there were many 
 friends and connections of Catiline, yet such was the evidence of his guilt, 
 and such the universal abhorrence of his conduct, that not one of them 
 dared to salute him ; but, with a feeling of indignation and disgust, all rose 
 and left that part of the benches (subsellia) where he sat. Such a mark 
 of displeasure had never been witnessed before; and seeing this, Cicero 
 
 asks. 3. Vocis exspectas contumeliam, &c. ? "Do you wait for the 
 
 further reproach to be expressed by the words (of these), though you are 
 already overwhelmed by the severest condemnation of their silence ?" 
 
 4. Quid, quod= Quid dicam de eo, quod? "What shall I say about 
 
 this, that ?" This is a very common expression in Cicero, and generally 
 introduces something more surprising than what went before. Its mean- 
 ing may be expressed briefly in English by nay, nay even, but now, more- 
 over. This, however, will change the sentence from an interrogative 
 into an affirmative form ; thus, here : " nay, even at your arrival those 
 
 seats near you were left empty :" nudam atque inanem, "bare and 
 
 empty," i. e. "wholly deserted." 5. Isto pacto — ut, "In such a man- 
 ner as," viz. In the belief that I was planning their destruction. The 
 comparison is very cutting, because the Romans were little concerned 
 about the hatred and fear of their slaves. 6. Injuria, "Undeserved- 
 ly," "Without just cause:" offensum, "odious:" quorum mentes 
 
 sensusque vulneras, "whose understandings and feelings you insult and 
 wound." Vulneras is strictly applicable here to sensus only, but is 
 applied, by Zeugma, to mentes also, B. § 150. 1. 2d. A. & S. § 323. 1. (2). 
 You insult their understanding, by presuming on their want of dis- 
 cernment, and you wound their feelings by presenting yourself, in all 
 
 your guilt and odiousness, among them. 7. Et jamdiu te nihil 
 
 judicat, <fec, "And now for a long time, judges, that you think of 
 
 nothing but her destruction :" patria being here represented as 
 
 ■parens omnium, the crime of Catiline is properly expressed, and held up 
 
 to greater detestation, by the term parricidium. 8. Quai tecum sic 
 
 agit, <fcc, " Who thus deals with thee, and in a certain manner, though 
 silent, thus speaks :" nullum, &c. From this to the end of the sec- 
 tion is the remonstrance put by the orator into the mouth of the country 
 (patria) as the "common parent of all." 9, Impunita fuit ac libera, 
 
160 NOTES ON THE 
 
 "Has been without punishment or restraint :" gucestion.es, "public 
 
 prosecutions:" tu valuisti non solum ad, "thou hast succeeded not 
 
 only in," lit., "thou hast had the power not only for." 10. Superiora 
 
 ilia (scelera), "Those former crimes:" alluding to the many murders 
 
 (civium multorum ca>de) committed by Catiline in the times of Sulla I. 1. 
 
 11. Nunc vero me (scil. patriam) totam esse, &c, "But now that I 
 
 should be wholly (every where, in every part) in fear." The whole 
 
 of this sentence, down to abhorreat, is the subject of est ferendum : 
 
 guidquid increpuerit, " on every alarm," lit. " whatever loud noise (crash) 
 
 may have been made :" guod a tuo scelere abhorreat, " which is not 
 
 connected with thy crimes:" si est verus (scil. timor) "if it is just" 
 
 i. e. "if there is good ground for it," ne = ut non. 
 
 VIII, — 1, Nonne impetrare debeat? "Ought she not to obtain her re- 
 quest?" The subjunctive debeat shows that the sentence is elliptical, and 
 contains a direct appeal to Catiline himself on the subject ; = Nonne 
 
 (putas ut) debeat, &c, "think you not that she ought," &c. 2. Quid, 
 
 guod, see VII. 4. te ipse, thyself, see II. 9 : in custodiam, 
 
 "into private custody," sometimes called libera custodia. Persons sus- 
 pected of being dangerous to the state sometimes gave themselves up to 
 the care or safe-keeping of another, in whom the public had confidence. 
 This was done voluntarily, probably to produce an impression of their 
 innocence, or to relieve the public mind from anxiety. Sometimes they 
 were given over by the authorities to magistrates, or even to private 
 
 persons, to be kept at their houses till they should be tried. Apud 
 
 M\ (i. e. Manius) Lepidum, "with (at the house of) M. Lepidus." He 
 held the consulship with Volcatius Tullus, b. c. 66, four years before this. 
 
 3. lisdem parietibus, " In the same house," lit, " Within the same 
 
 walls." Paries means the wall of a house — mums, a wall surrounding 
 any enclosure, as a city, a camp, a garden, &c. ; moznia (from munire), 
 walls furnished with towers or bastions for attack as well as defence, 
 
 hence ramparts, fortifications, bulwarks: qui essem, "since (or seeing 
 
 that) I was." B. § 141, Rule III. A. & S. § 264. 8. 4. Q. Metellum. 
 
 Metellus was consul with L. Afranius, b. c. 60, two years after this. 
 
 5. Virum optimum M. Marcellum. This Marcellus was one of those who 
 knew of, and favored the conspiracy of Catiline, and of course a very 
 different person from the one mentioned below. This passage down to 
 
 putasti must be taken ironically : videlicet, "no doubt," ironically : 
 
 ad suspicandum, "to watch you:" ad vindicandum, "to bring 
 
 you to justice." 6. Se ipse = se ipsum, Ch. II. Note 9. 7. Re- 
 fer inguis ad senatum, "Lay the matter, you say, before the senate." Re- 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 161 
 
 fcrre aliquid ad scnatum is the usual phrase for laying a matter before 
 
 the senate for its consideration and decision. 8. JSfon referam, "I 
 
 will not refer it." (To do so is) id quod, (fee, " a thing which is repugnant 
 to my character." When as here a relative refers to a verb, or a whole 
 proposition, it is neuter, and in such a case id quod is generally used in- 
 stead of quod. 9. Quid, est, Catilina ? We may suppose Cicero to 
 
 have paused a little after giving the preceding bold order, to see if the 
 senate sanctioned it, as he was confident they would, and then address- 
 ing Catiline, he says : Quid est, Catilina ? " What is this, Catiline ?" i. e., 
 what is the meaning of this silence ? ecquid attendis ? " are you at- 
 tending to it ?" — Ecquid is used in impassioned interrogation, merely as 
 an interrogative particle like an, num, (fee, but more emphatic, and of 
 
 course has no corresponding word in the translation. 10. Quid. 
 
 "Why." 11. P. Sestio, "To P. Sestius." This was P. Sestius Gallus, 
 
 who was quaestor of C. Antonius. 31. Marcello. This Marcellus 
 
 was consul b. c. 51, and was defended in an oration by Cicero before 
 Caesar. See Oration for Marcellus, in this collection. He was a very dif- 
 ferent person from the M. Marcellus mentioned above: hoc ipso in 
 
 tcmplo, " in this very temple :" vim et nianus, "their violence and 
 
 their hands," i. e., "violent hands" de te autcm, "but with regard to 
 
 you." 12. Videlicet, "Of course," "forsooth," used ironically: 
 
 vita vilissima, "but their life of no value." 13. Quorum tu et frequen- 
 
 tiarn, etc. Arrange thus : — quorum tu potuisti et videre frequentiam, (fee, 
 
 " Of whom thou couldst both see the number," (fee. 14. Ut te hose, (fee, 
 
 arrange thus, Ut proscquantur usque ad portas te relinquentem lime (mmnici) 
 qua*, (fee, viz : " follow to the gates" (as a friendly escort). When persons 
 went into exile their friends usually followed them as far as the gates of 
 the city. 
 
 IX. — 1. Quamquam, "And yet." 2. Te ut ulla res frangat? 
 
 As the conjunction ut marks this, and the two following, as dependent 
 clauses, supply credendumne sit fore, or some such expression, and render, 
 
 " Can it be believed that," (fee. 3. Duint, an old form for dent. 
 
 4. Tametsi video ; video has for its object the whole clause quanta tem- 
 
 pestas impendeat: si minus, "if not." 5. Sed est tanti, 
 
 lit., " it is of so much value," i. e., " I esteem it a light thing," probably 
 accompanying the word with a snap of the finger, or some such gesture, 
 indicating how little he cared for such a storm; as much as to say, "I 
 
 care not for that :" dummodo ista privata sit calamitas, " provided 
 
 that calamity of which you are the cause (such is the force of ista) be 
 
 private " (i. e. confined to Cicero). 6* Sed tu ut, (fee. These clause^ 
 
 4* 
 
162 NOTES ON THE 
 
 separately, are dependent, and the subject of est postulandum : 
 
 temporibus, "to the interests." 7. Neque enim is es, ut, &c, "For" 
 
 (assigning the reason of the preceding statement) — "for thou art not such 
 
 a person (of such a character) that," cfec. See I. 20, with reference : 
 
 pudor, " a sense of shame." 8. Recta scil. via, *" Straightway," 
 
 "immediately." sermones (in a bad sense) "the reproaches," "the 
 
 hard speeches:" molcm istius invidiam, "the weight of that odium 
 
 which you will bring upon me." Such again is the force of istius, Ch. I., 
 
 Note 2. The whole of this is irony. 9. Servire mem laudi, <fec, 
 
 "To promote my praise and glory." 10. Impio latrocinio, "In 
 
 your impious robbery," called impio, because against his country. 
 
 11. Quamquam, as before, Note 1. Quid ego te invitem, "Why 
 
 should I invite you," scil. exire. B. § 139. 2., A. &S., § 260. ii. Here, te 
 
 is emphatic as antecedent to the following relatives : qui tibi ad 
 
 Forum, tfcc, " to wait in arms for thee near," <fcc, B. § 141, Obs. 2, 4th, 
 
 A. &S., §264. 5. 12. Cui sciam ; "For whom I know." 13. 
 
 A quo etiam aquilam illam argenteam sciam esse prcemissam, 
 
 quam, &c. ; " By whom also I know that that silver eagle has been sent 
 before, which," <fcc. A silver eagle with expanded wings, on the top of 
 a spear, was the main standard of the legion. The term illam marks 
 something notorious about that standard : it was the same which Marius 
 had in the war against the Cimbri, and beside which, afterwards, accord- 
 ing to the confident expectation of Cicero here expressed, Catiline fell in 
 
 the battle which ended this conspiracy, Sail. Cat. 59. 14. Cui, "For 
 
 which " (eagle) : sacrarium scelerum tuorum, &c, " a sanctuary of 
 
 thy crimes ;" i. e., a sanctuary in which was laid up this eagle, to be car- 
 ried in your criminal undertaking against your country — a symbol to 
 which your soldiers swear their wicked oath, and worship with unhal- 
 lowed reverence. Hence the words venerari and altaribus below. 
 
 15. Tu ut ilia, &e. Supply as above, Note 2. 
 
 X. — 1. Ibis tandem aliquando, "You will go at last," scil. into the 
 
 contest, and your own ruin. 2. Enim, " For," introducing a reason 
 
 for what was just said : hcec res, " this affair," viz., this war against 
 
 your country, and the destruction of her citizens. 3. Nadus es, 
 
 " You have got together ;" arrange thus, Nactus es manum improborum 
 (hominum), conjlatam ex perditis atque derelictis non modo ab omni for- 
 
 tuna, verum etiam (a) spe : improborum, " of reprobates ;" the word 
 
 means persons morally bad, in the widest sense of the term. See Sail. 
 
 Cat. 14, where their characters are described : conflatam, " brought 
 
 together." 4. Hie, " Here," i. i. in such society. 5. Ad hujus 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 163 
 
 vitcc studium, "For the pursuit of this kind of life:" qui feruntur, 
 
 " which are extolled," " published abroad," (viz. by your friends) : 
 
 meditati sunt, " were practised." 6* Jacere humi, (namely) " Your 
 
 lying on the ground." This and vigilare are in a sort of apposition with 
 labores, specifying the kind of labors which his friends were accustomed 
 to admire in Catiline. They meant his indifference about accommoda- 
 tion, and his readiness to share the toils of the common soldier, by laying 
 himself down on the ground to sleep, or depriving himself of sleep 
 (vigilare), as circumstances might require. The words ad obsidendum 
 stuprum ("to lie in wait for debauchery:") — ad f acinus obeundum, — 
 insidiantem somno, <fcc, are to be considered as the commentary of Cicero 
 giving a very different turn to these "labors," which, however, is in per- 
 fect keeping with the character of Catiline. See that drawn at full length 
 
 by Sallust, Cat. 5 : bonis, " the goods," " property." 7. Habes 
 
 (loeuni) ubi ostentes, " You have now a field in which you may display." 
 
 This is irony : te confectum esse, " that you have been ruined," — 
 
 " are undone." 8. Quum te a consulatu repuli. — A few days before 
 
 the delivery of this oration, viz., on the 21st Oct., when Catiline was for 
 the third time a candidate for the consulship, he was defeated by the 
 exertions of Cicero, who, the morning before, exposed his treasonable 
 designs to the senate, and, in the Campus Martius, that day during the 
 election, wore, under his cloak, a coat of mail to defend himself from the 
 fury of Catiline. This was seen and understood by the people, which 
 kindled such a blaze of indignation against Catiline, that he was defeated. 
 This roused him to that desperation which he manifested in conducting 
 this conspiracy against his country. See the introduction to this oration. 
 
 9t TJt exsul potius, &c. ; Observe the antitheses here between exsul 
 
 and consul, — latrocinium and bellum. Latrocinium means "an attack 
 by robbers." 
 
 XI. — 1. Nunc, Patres conscripti. — Cicero now addresses himself di- 
 rectly to the senate, and requests them, instead of censuring him, to give 
 him their earnest attention to what he had to say in his own justification, 
 for the style of remark in which he had spoken to Catiline in their pre- 
 sence, ordering him to leave Rome, instead of seizing him, and ordering 
 
 him to immediate execution, as he might have done. 2. TJt a me 
 
 detesier ac deprecer, " That I may earnestly deprecate and avert (as an 
 evil) from myself." No stronger terms could be used to express the 
 
 earnestness of Cicero on this occasion. 3. Si mecum patria 
 
 loquatur, "If my country should say to me." Of the pro- 
 tasis which begins here, and is continued to the end of this chapter, 
 
164 NOTES ON THE 
 
 we have the apodosis in the beginning of the next chapter. i, 31. 
 
 Tulli. The suppo3ed complaint (gucerimonia) of his country, of all Italy, 
 and of the whole republic, addressed to Cicero, is contained in the re- 
 maining part of this section. In this, the orator ingeniously makes his 
 country assert, as the ground of her complaint, and confirm by the same 
 facts, the very things which he had already asserted and confirmed re- 
 specting the power of the consuls to resort to the severest and most 
 
 speedy measures in cases such as that of Catiline. 5. Tune — exire 
 
 patiere, "Will you suffer to depart, him," &c. 6. Evocatorem ser- 
 
 vorum, "Who calls to arms the slaves," lit. "the caller-forth of the 
 slaves." It appears from Sallust, that though a proposal had been made 
 to employ the assistance of the slaves, and Lentulus had urged it on 
 Catiline (Sail. Cat. 44), there is not only no mention of his concurring in 
 this proposal, but Sallust mentions expressly that he refused it. Cat. 56, 
 
 ad fin. 7, Non emissus ex tirbe, sed immissus, &c, "Not to have 
 
 been driven from the city, but sent into it," because, being permitted to 
 go out, he would be in a condition to return to it with more power of 
 mischief. 8. Mactari, &c, "To be visited with the severest punish- 
 ment," lit. "To be sacrificed:" viz. as an atonement to his outraged coun- 
 try. 9. Mosne majorum (impedit) ? " Does the custom of our ancestors :" 
 
 privati. Ch. I. IV. 10. An leges gum rogatce sunt? "Do the laws 
 
 which have been enacted?" The phrase rogare legem, which strictly 
 means to ask the people to give their decision, or vote on a law, came to 
 signify to pass or enact a law. The laws here referred to were probably 
 a lex Valeria, passed b. c. 509, respecting an appeal to the people against 
 the magistrate, and punishing with death and confiscation of property 
 any one who should attempt to usurp the government. — Liv. II. 8 — the 
 leges Porcice, which ordained that no one should bind, scourge, or put to 
 death a Roman citizen, and the lex Sempronia, passed b. c. 123, that no 
 Roman citizen should be sentenced to death without a resolution of the 
 
 people, &c. 11. Invidiam posteritatis. Invidiam does not here mean 
 
 "envy," but "the odium," "ill will," "hatred," or "censure of posterity." 
 
 12. Prceclaram vero populo, &c, "Truly you are making a noble 
 
 return to the people." This is spoken ironically hominem per te cogni- 
 
 tum, "a man known through your own merits." Cicero was a novus 
 homo ; i. e., he had no ancestors who had been invested with high offices 
 
 at Rome, 13. Tarn mature, "So early." Cicero was elected consul, 
 
 sua anno, i. e., as soon as he was eligible on account of his age, which was 
 after completing his 43d year, and having previously passed through 
 (omnes honorum gradus) all the gradations of honors, viz. the offices of 
 quaestor, aedile, and praetor. 14. Scveritatis ac forlitudinis invidia, 
 
FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 165 
 
 &c, " Is the odium arising from strictness and fearless firmness (in the 
 
 discharge of duty) to he feared more, &c. ?" 15. Turn te non existimas, 
 
 "Think you not that you will then he consumed by the fire of hatred?" 
 
 XII. — 1. His — vocibus (dat.) refers to the supposed complaint (qicceri- 
 monia) of his country, &c, above. Ernesti has hie instead of his — not so 
 
 good. 2. Si judicarem, "If I had thought," referring to the past, B. 
 
 § 45. ii. 2. — A. & S. § 260, Rem. 2 : hoc refers to the clause, Catilinam 
 
 mortc midtari, "that Catiline should he punished with death." 
 
 3. Unius usuram horce, "The enjoyment of one hour:" gladiatori 
 
 isti, "to that gladiator," viz., Catiline — a term of reproach. 4. Ete- 
 
 nhn, "For truly:" si contaminarunt : the indicative after si inti- 
 mates that this is not a mere supposition, but a fact : Saturnini, <Src., 
 
 (gen.) governed by sanguine, used here by a common meton. for nece. 
 
 5> A"<? quid invidiam, "That any odium." B. § 140. Obs. 6 and § 106. R. viii. 
 —A. & S. § 262, Rem. 7, & § 212, Rem.3. Hoc parricida (abl.) viz., Cati- 
 line, see Ch. VII. 7. 6. Maxims impenderet, "Should be ready to 
 
 overwhelm me with its greatest force :" hnpenderet refers here to the 
 
 future. B. § 45, ii. 1. — A. & S. § 260, ii. (2). Compare with judicaret above, 
 
 Rote 2. hoc animo, "of this opinion." 7. Nonnulli, alluding 
 
 to the senators who favored Catiline: dissimident, "conceal," "dis- 
 semble," "pretend to deny:" qui aluerunt, "who have (actually) 
 
 fostered:" observe the change from the subjunctive to the indicative. 
 
 See Note 4. mollibus sententiis, "by their indulgent opinions." 
 
 8. Quorum, "Of these." B. § 99, Obs. 8. si in hunc animadvertissem, 
 
 " if I had inflicted punishment on him." In this sense, animadverto in 
 the active voice has in with the accusative following it : regie, " ty- 
 rannically," "in a tyrannical manner." From the expulsion of the kings, 
 the Romans hated the very name of rex, being in their view synonymous 
 
 with tyrannies, when it had reference to Rome : dicerent seems hei"e 
 
 to stand in an independent proposition. B. § 139, 2. — A. & S. § 260. ii. Still 
 it may be regarded as dependent on some such expression as non dubito 
 
 ut. 9. Qui non videat, "As not to see." B. § 141, Obs. 2. 2d. — A. & S. 
 
 §264.1. 10. Intelligo, "I clearly perceive:" posse reprimi. 
 
 "maybe checked:" non comprimi, "(but) cannot be crushed." 
 
 Notice here the antithesis between reprimi and comprimi — paullisper and 
 in perpetuum. 11. Quod si se ejecerit, "But if he shall throw him- 
 self out of the city," i. e., go forth speedily: naufragos, this word 
 
 here means "bankrupts" (viz. in property and character). 12. Hoec 
 
 tarn adulta pestis, "This so ripe a plague," meaning Catiline, who had 
 now acquired so great power to harass and endanger the state ; hence 
 the term adxdta. 
 
166 NOTES ON THE FIRST ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 
 
 XIII. — 1. Etenhn jamdiu — vcrsamur, &c, "Truly we have now for a 
 long time been living in tlie midst of;" i. e. surrounded by, namely, since 
 the consulship of iEmilius Lepidus, b. c. 66, i. e., for the last three years: 
 
 quo pacto, "by what means," "in what way." 2. Tanto latro- 
 
 cinio, "So great a band of robbers:" iste, pointing to Catiline with 
 
 ati expression of contempt. 3. In venis atque in visceribus, " In the 
 
 veins and in the vitals :" comparing the republic, in its present crisis, to 
 
 the human body under the influence of a dangerous disease. 
 
 4. uEstu febrique, " With a burning fever ;" lit. " With heat and fever." 
 
 5. Istius poena, "By the death of that wretch:" vivis reliquis 
 
 (abl. absolute, B. § 146, Obs. 10.— A. & S. § 257, Rem. 7.) " while the other 
 (conspirators) remain alive." As in the case of persons afflicted with a 
 violent fever, who, apparently relieved for the moment by a draught of 
 water, soon become worse, if the disease is not eradicated ; so the state, 
 though it might seem to be relieved for a little by the death of Catiline, 
 unless the other conspirators also were c\it off, would soon be in a worse 
 
 condition than before. 6. Circumstare tribunal pradoris urbani. The 
 
 praetor here alluded to is L. Valerius Flaccus, who was dreaded by these 
 naufragi, on account of his strict justice: and their object in standing 
 round his tribunal in great numbers, doubtless was, if possible, to in- 
 timidate him, and deter him from the administration of justice: Ob- 
 
 sidere, "to beset:" malleolos, "fire-darts," so called from their re- 
 semblance to a little hammer or mallet. 7. Quid de re publico, 
 
 sentiat, "What his sentiments are respecting the republic." 8. Om- 
 nia (scelera), "All his crimes." 9. Hisce ominibus, "With these 
 
 omens," namely, cum. summa rei publicce salute, " with the greatest safety 
 of the state," meaning, your going forth will be for the greatest safety of 
 
 the state. 10. Turn tu, Jupiter. This address is made to the statue 
 
 of Jupiter in the temple, and is to be regarded as intended for Jupiter 
 himself. Arrange thus : — tu, Jupiter, qui constitutus es a Romulo [stator 
 nrbis) iisdem auspiciis quibus haic tirbs (constituta est). Cities, it appears, 
 as well as temples, were consecrated by taking the auspices, i. e., ascertain- 
 ing the mind of the deity, by means of auspices. In reference to Rome, 
 Livy represents Romulus as thus addressing Jupiter. — Tuis jussus avibus 
 
 hie in Palatio prima urbi fundamenta jeei. Liv. I. 12. 11. Stato- 
 
 rem, "Stator," i. e., the stay or support. See Ch. V. 5: ar-ccbis, 
 
 "wilt drive." 12. Inter se conjunctos scelerum fozdere, "Banded 
 
 together by a compact of wickedness :" mactabis, " wilt punish." 
 
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The second Catilinarian speech was delivered on the 9th of Novem- 
 ber (the day after he delivered the first), before the assembled people in 
 the Forum. Catiline had left the city the night before, with 300 of his 
 followers, and his partisans at Rome endeavored to diffuse the opinion 
 that Cicero had treated Catiline too severely, and that the latter had 
 gone into voluntary exile to Massilia, in order not to disturb the public 
 peace. Cicero refutes this belief, which was intended to rouse the peo- 
 ple's sympathy ; he once more describes the greatness of the criminal 
 plot, and expresses his firm conviction that Catiline was not going to 
 Massilia, but to the camp of Manlius. He lastly calls upon the conspira- 
 tors who had remained in the city, to quit Rome as speedily as their 
 leader, if they were unable to retrace their evil steps. Several repeti- 
 tions, and more especially the division of the friends of Catiline into six 
 classes, render it highly probable that Cicero delivered this speech, like 
 the first, extempore. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 I. — 1. Tandem aliquando ; "At last then." Quirites, "Romans." 
 
 The Quirites originally were the inhabitants of Cures, a city of the 
 Sabines, who were afterwards called prisci Quirltes, to distinguish them 
 from the Romans. After the Sabines and Romans had united themselves 
 into one community under Romulus, the name of Quirltes was taken in 
 addition to that of Romani — the Romans calling themselves in a civil 
 capacity Quirltes, while in a political and military capacity they retained 
 the name of Romani. Hence we find these names were immediately 
 after combined, as Populus Romanus Quiritium, " the Roman nation of 
 Quirltes." See And. Lex. This accords with the account of Livy I. 13. 
 Ita geminata urbe, ut Sabinis tamen aliquid daretur, Quirites a Curious 
 
 appellati. Scil. the whole nation united. 2. Verbis prosecuti stimus, 
 
 " We have pursued with reproaches." 3. Abiit, <fec. Let the pupil 
 
168 NOTES ON THE 
 
 here note the climax, and give to each word its appropriate force. 
 
 4. Sine controversial " without doubt," " undoubtedly." 5. Sica 
 
 ilia versabitur, &c, " That dagger (of his) will not now be employed," 
 &c. — This dagger was mentioned before, I. Or. Ch. VI., hence the word 
 ilia here used. Had Catiline been present and addressed, it would have 
 
 been ista, as there. 6. Loco Me motus est, " He was moved from 
 
 his place " (his vantage ground, his place of greatest strength) : 
 
 helium jastum, "a regular warfare," opposed to latrocinium. 7. 
 
 Quod vero, &c. These clauses properly depend on the last clause, quanto, 
 &c, which in grammatical order should be translated first, and quod 
 rendered " because." The effect, however, is better by keeping the 
 order of the text, and the connection will be preserved by translating 
 
 quod "seeing that." 8. Perculsum atque abjectum esse, "That he 
 
 is ruined and degraded," "cast off:" — "a stricken and worthless thing." 
 
 Anth. 9. Retorquet oculos, " turns back his eyes " (like a wolf 
 
 driven from his prey). 
 
 II. — 1. Talis qui accuset. To this the following clause, quotes 
 
 esse omnes oportebat, is parenthetic, and in translating should be so 
 arranged as not to separate talis and qui accuset. B. § 141, Obs. 2. 2d. — 
 A. &. S. § 264. The whole may be rendered, " But if any one (as it was 
 proper for all to be, i. e., as all might have been) is so disposed as to cen- 
 sure me severely in that very thing," <fcc. The clause quod tarn capitalem, 
 
 &c, is in apposition with ipso and explains it. 2. Non est ista mea 
 
 culpa, sed temporum. Observe the force of ista. B. § 28, Obs. 3. 3d, and 
 § 31, Obs. 2. — A. & S. § 207, Rem. 23. The opposition here is between 
 mea = mei (Gen.), B. § 30, Obs. 1. — A. & S. § 20*7, Bern. 36, and temporum, 
 lit., " is the fault not of me but of the times." This connection of the 
 
 possessive pronoun and the genitive case frequently occurs. 3. Sed 
 
 quam multos, &c, "But how many do you suppose there were who 
 would have believed the charges which I might have brought against 
 him?" The imperfect subjunctive is here to be rendered as the pluper- 
 fect, B. § 44, ii. 2.— A. &. S. § 260, Rem. 3. 4. Propter stultitiam 
 
 non putarent, " From their simplicity (want of judgment) could not have 
 
 imagined (such things) :" propter improbitatem, " from their utter 
 
 worthlessness." 5. Ac, si — judicarem, "And yet, if I had thought." 
 
 See Note 3: sustulissem, "would have put to death:" peri- 
 
 culo, "at the risk." 6. Sed qicum viderem, &c. In this sentence the 
 
 object of viderem is fore, ut, &c, down to possem, B. § 116, Obs. 6. — A. & S. 
 § 229, Rem. 5 ; and the clause, ut possem, being properly the sub- 
 ject of fore, is to be considered as the accusaLi ve, B. §145. 1 and Obs. 
 
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 109 
 
 5, -Ath : re the affair (i. e., the ex- 
 
 istence of the eonspra- time not even having teen examined into 
 
 by all of you." 7. \ . &ft Here again the whole 
 
 quern the object of intelligatis, and quern hostem y 
 
 "that this enemy. - 8, ia the subject of esse; and the clause 
 
 quern tiraendum, is the object of put era. "How much I think even 
 
 oemy is to be feared abroad, you may clearly understand from 
 
 parum comitatus, " slightly attended." Sallust says, cum 
 
 I : other writers mention 300 companions. 8. Tang Hi urn mihi 
 
 eduxity " He took with him my Tongilius." This is keen irony. Tongi- 
 
 B8 an infamous character, and the intimate friend of Catiline. For 
 the r : of the dative ralhi here see B. § 109. 3. — A. it S. 
 
 -vith reference : in pratexta, " in his youth." The toga prae- 
 
 was worn by youth under 17 years of age. Public 
 
 Munatium (soil, eduxit). 9. ^Ek aUenv.m, "Debt," lit. " money not 
 
 wn:" in p&pina, "in a tavern;" popiaa is a tavern, or 
 
 eating-house, the resort of gluttonous and intemperate persona — P 
 contracting petty debts in such places were already infamous, and their 
 influence of little consequence. But many of those left behind in the 
 citv, though overwhelmed with debt, were men of very different character 
 and much more to be dreaded. To these Cicero refers when he adds 
 reliquit quos tiros' 
 
 III. — !■ Et Gallicanis legionibtis (the ablative of cause), "Both on 
 account of our Gallic legions." i. e.. the Roman legions stationed in 
 
 ■ Pkevus is the country south of the Po — the Ager 
 
 us Cispxidanus. 2. Qwb a nobis qvotidie coynparantur, lit. 
 
 " "Which are daily getting ready by us ;" better, " Which we are daily 
 getting ready." For want of a proper present passive in some verbs in 
 English, it is often better, as here, to use the active fomi in order to 
 express the meaning correctly. See Analytical Eng. Gram. 509 — 511. 
 
 3. Agresti luxuria = rust ids luxuriosis, "Debauched rustics:" 
 
 >• decoctoribus, "rustic bankrupts," i. e.. "bankrupt farmers:" 
 
 vadimonia >J desert their bail," i. e.. "forfeit their recognize : - 
 
 by failing to appear in court Such were held infamous, and the creditor 
 
 had the right, forthwith, to take possession of the debtor's property. 
 
 4. A V™ exercit- \ The army of our amry." 5. Qui fulgent 
 
 purpura. "Who shine in purple,"' viz. senators, whose tunic was faced 
 with a broad purple border Of these, eleven wei*e impli- 
 cated in the conspiracy of Catiline. 
 
 in a sort of apposition with hos. B. § 97, Explan. 6. Qui s-i, "If 
 
170 NOTES ON THE 
 
 these," B. § 99* Obs. 8. T. Hoc, " On this account :" 
 
 quid, tfec, arrange thus : quod sentiunt me scire quid cogitent. B. § 140. 5. 
 
 — A. & S. § 265. 8. Video ; video has for its object the following 
 
 clauses ; the verbs are in the subjunctive by § 140. 5, as preceding note. 
 The persons referred to, are mentioned by Sallust Cat. 27. 9. Supe- 
 riors noctis, i. e. "The night of 6th Nov.," on which the conspirators met 
 in the house of Laeca, now, the last night but two. 
 
 IV. — 1, Nisi veto si quis est, " Unless, indeed, there be any one," ironi- 
 cally, as much as to say, a thing impossible ! qui putet (eos) Catilince 
 
 (gen. B. § 111. Obs. 2. — A. <fe S. § 222. Rem. 2.) similes, non cum Catilina 
 sentirc, " who supposes that those (who are) like Catiline, do not agree 
 
 with Catiline." 2. Exeant (scil. Catilince. similes — conjurati) : — desiderio 
 
 sui, " with regret for the want of them," or briefly, " for the want of them." 
 
 3* Aurelia via, " By the Aurelian way ;" this led to the north — to 
 
 Etruria, where Manlius had his camp. 4. Hanc sentinam, " This re- 
 fuse," "this rabble:" exhausto, lit. "being drained off," i. e. "being 
 
 removed." 5. Testamentoriom subjector, " Forger of wills," scil. one 
 
 who substitutes a false will for a genuine one. Sallust says: (Cat. 16) 
 
 signator falsus : circumscriptor, " cheat :" ganeo, " debauchee :" 
 
 nepos, " prodigal ;" probably because boys brought up by their 
 
 grand-parents, usually turned out to be licentious and extravagant young 
 
 men : fateatur, B. § 141, Rule i. — A. <fe S. § 264. 6. 6. Quce ccedes, 
 
 " What murder." 7. Jam vero, " Nay, too :" quce tanta juventutis 
 
 illecebra, " what so great faculty for enticing youth." Compare I. Or. in 
 
 Cat. VI Note 8. 8. Aliis, " To some :" aliis (B. § 98, Obs. 12.— A. 
 
 & S. § 20*7, Rem. 32.) mortem parentum, &c, "to others, the death of their 
 parents," (by which they might come into the possession of their property) 
 " not only by inciting them (to murder them), but even by assisting them 
 in it." 
 
 V. — 1. Diver sa studia in dissimili ratione, " The opposite propensities 
 of the man, in a different way of life :" see Or. pro Caelio, V. & VI. 
 
 2. In ludo gladiatorio, " In a gladiator school :" in scena, " on the 
 
 stage :" levior et nequior, " more trifling and worthless (than an- 
 other.)" In Rome, gladiators and stage-players were held in very low 
 repute, and as persons with whom it was degrading to associate. 
 
 3. Atque idem tamen, shcprorum, (fee, " And yet this man, accustomed to 
 the practice of debauchery and wickedness, was lauded as brave, by these 
 worthless men " (istis, B. § 28. Obs. 3. 3d at the end.— A. & S. $ 207, Rem. 
 25.), <fec. Here perferendis belongs to f rigor e, &c, as well as to vigiliis. 
 
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 171 
 
 B. § 98, Obs. 4. — A. A S. § 205, Rem. 2 Exe. assuefaete is construed with 
 
 the ablative, the dative, or the accusative vrith ad. 4. Qiaim indus- 
 
 true subsldia, <fcc, " Even vrhen the aids of honest industry, and the means 
 of virtue:' By the former is meant, his power of enduring cold and hun- 
 ger, drc, just mentioned, which might have enabled him to pursue success- 
 fully a life of useful activity ; by the latter is meant, those advantages of 
 talents, rank, and position, which, properly directed, might have resulted 
 
 in praiseworthy conduct. 5. Sui comites, "His companions," viz. those 
 
 who still remained in Rome. 6. Hominum libidines, " the lusts of 
 
 these men :*' audacice, " their daring excesses," lit. "their audacities." 
 
 7. Res, "their means:'' fides, " their credit :" in abundar-tia, 
 
 "in (the times of) their abundance." 8. Quod si in vino et alea, &c, 
 
 ■ But if in their wine and at their dice (i. e. their drinking and gambling) 
 they sought only their nocturnal revellings:" ebriosos, "the intemper- 
 ate." Ebrius means " drunk ;" ebriosos, " given to drunkenness :" 
 
 dormientes, "the drowsy." 9. Qui mild aecubanfes, itc, ""Who, re- 
 clining at their feasts," alluding to the way in which the Romans sat or 
 rather reclined at their repasts, viz. in a reclining position, supporting 
 themselves en their left elbow, with their feet stretched out behind them 
 on the triclinium : — mihi, here, as in Ch II. above (see Note 8), is redun- 
 dant ; but as it conveys the idea, that this is a course of which he approv- 
 ed, it is clearly ironical, and expresses supreme contempt. 10. Con- 
 
 ferti cibo. " Overloaded with food :" sertis redimiti, unguentis obliti 
 
 (not obhti). The Romans, at their feasts, adorned themselves with 
 wreaths of flowers (myrtle, ivy. lilies, roses), partly on account of their 
 fragrance, partly on account of their supposed virtue to prevent intoxica- 
 tion. They also made a liberal use of perfumes for the hair, in the form 
 
 of ointments. 11. Quibus, "Over these.' B. § 99, Obs. S : quod 
 
 fatum, "some dreadful fate:" quos, "these men." 12. Xescio 
 
 quod, "Some," lit " I know not what." propogarit (for propagaverit, 
 
 B. § 79, 1, 1st.— A. & S. § 162. 7.) ret publico?, " it will add to the repub- 
 lic:" possit, B. § 141, Rule i.— A. & S. 6 264. 7. 13. Unius virtute, 
 
 "By the valor of one," namely, Pompey, who had recently brought to a 
 close the war against Mithridates. 14. Ezeant, drc, "Let them de- 
 part, ic.'' These subjunctives are used imperatively (§ 42, Obs. 5. — A. & S. 
 §260, Rem. 6) depending on necesse est ut, or some such expression under- 
 stood. 
 
 YI. — 1. Sunt qui dicant. For this phrase see B. § 141, Rule L — A. & S. 
 § 264. 6. istos ipsos, " those verv men." Istos is used to express con- 
 tempt. 2. Homo videlicet, " The man forsooth." This whole sentence 
 
1*72 NOTES ON THE 
 
 is irony. 3. Quo, " There," same construction as the relative, B. § 99, 
 
 Obs. 8. 4. Principes ejus ordinis, " The first men of that order," viz. 
 
 the Senate. Cicero is now addressing the people, hence ejus. Had he 
 
 been addressing the Senate he would have said hujus ordinis. 
 
 5. Qucesivi a Catilina. See I. Or. in Cat. IV. 6. Ea nocte, viz. at 
 
 the house of M. Lseca. JSTov. 6. in proximam. (noctem) " for the next 
 
 night," viz., 7th Nov. ratio, " the plan." 7. Quum teneretur 
 
 " When he was speechless," lit. " was held from speaking," caught, convict- 
 ed by the force of evidence, so that he could not utter a word of denial or 
 defence. 8. Quum secures scirem esse (praanissas), a similar supple- 
 ment is to be made after quum in each clause. The fasces was a bundle 
 of rods in the centre of which an axe (securis) was placed. This was 
 carried by the lictors before the consul as the badge of supreme authority 
 
 — of consular power, which it appears Catiline intended to assume. 
 
 9. Aquilam Mam argcnteam. See I. Or. in Cat. IX. 13. 10. Ejicie- 
 
 bam, <kc, "Did I attempt to drive into exile." By the charge here 
 referred to, the friends of Catiline attempted to excite sympathy for him, 
 and odium against Cicero. See above. For this use of the imperfect indi- 
 cative see B. § 44. ii. 2 and Gr. Gr. § 16. ii. Obs. 4. — A. & S. § 145, ii. 4. 
 
 11. Etenim, credo, Manlius, "For Manlius, I suppose:" iste centurio, 
 
 " that obscure centurion :" this is spoken in contempt ; the whole sentence 
 
 is keen irony. 12. Massiliam, "To Massilia," (the ace. of the place 
 
 whither) a city in Gallia Narbonensis (now Marseilles), first settled by a 
 colony from Phocsea in Asia Minor. Being independent, and not subject 
 to the civil law of Rome, many exiled persons chose this as the place of 
 their residence ; and Catiline, to mislead the Roman people, gave out 
 that he had gone thither. Sail. Cat. 34. 
 
 VII. — 1. Periculis meis, "By my dangerous measures." 2. Belli 
 
 faciundi. B. § 147, Rule lxii. — A. & S. § 275, ii. So, levandce invidiam, below. 
 
 3. Spoliatus armis audacice, " Stripped of the arms of his audacity," 
 
 i. e., deprived of the means of carrying into effect his audacious designs : for 
 
 armis, see B. § 126, Rule v. — A. & S. § 251 : indemnatus, " condemned 
 
 without trial." According to the laws of the Twelve Tables, a Roman 
 
 citizen could not be exiled without a judicial verdict. i, Et erunt qui 
 
 velint, " And some will wish;" see above VI. 1. Si hoc fecerit is paren- 
 thetic. 5. Est mihi tanti, " I esteem it a light thing." I, Or. in Cat. 
 
 IX. 5. B. § 123. R. xxviii. Expl.— A. & S. § 252, Rem. 1 : subire, &c; 
 
 this infinitive with its clause is the proper subject of est. 6. Dicatur, 
 
 " Let him be said," the subjunctive used imperatively, B. § 42, Obs. 5. — A. & 
 S. § 260, Rem. 6 : causa, " for the sake :" ducere, &c, " is leading a 
 
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 1*73 
 
 hostile army, and is flying to and fro." 7» JS r e mild sit invidiosum, 
 
 " that it may be a ground of great censure against me." (B. § 140, Obs. 6. — 
 
 A. & S. § 262. Rem. 1.) : quod, " that, <fcc." This clause is the proper 
 
 subject of sit. 8. Quumprofectus sit, " Since (now that) he has gone 
 
 forth." Observe the antithesis between profectus and interfectus. 
 
 9. Quamquam isti, <fcc Observe here again the contempt expressed by 
 isti and istorum, applied to these persons because they were the secret 
 
 friends of Catiline, and the enemies of their country: dictitant, "are 
 
 ever repeating," a double frequentative: verentur, scil; because by 
 
 his going into exile their common designs would be frustrated. 
 
 10. Tarn miser icors, " So moved with compassion for him :" qui non 
 
 malit, " as not to wish rather," B. § 141, Obs. 2. 2d.— A. & S. § 264. 1.: 
 
 ma/it = rnagis velit ; thus separated, arrange magis before quam. So with 
 
 mallet = magis vcllet. 11. Hoc quod agit, "Of this which he is now 
 
 doing," viz., making war against his country. 12. Prceter, " Beside," 
 
 l. e., " contrary to :" nobis vivis, " I being alive," scil. his schemes for 
 
 accomplishing my death having failed, B. § 146, Obs. 10. — A. & S. § 25*7, 
 Rem. 1, by enallage for me vivo, B. § 150. 3.— A. & S. § 323. 3. 
 
 YIII. — 1. Est ipsos placare, "And to reconcile them." 2. Istce 
 
 copice, &c, " These miserable forces are made up." Six classes of men 
 are described in this and the two following sections, from which the 
 
 troops of Catiline were taken. 3. Deinde singulis, " Then to each " 
 
 (of these classes), one by one: consilii, &c, "of my advice and 
 
 exhortation." Si quam potero, = si quam (indef.) medicinam afferre 
 
 potero. 4. Magno in cere alieno, " (Involved) in great debt :" 
 
 possessiones, " estates." These men have estates of more value than the 
 amount of their debts, and yet, so great is their attachment to them, that 
 
 dissolvi nullo modo possunt, — "they can in no way be separated 
 
 from them," i. e., they will not sell them, nor any part of them, 
 to pay their debts; and hence to get rid of these they join the 
 fortunes of Catiline, who had promised them (novas tabulas) "an aboli- 
 tion of debts." 5. Species est honestissi?na, "The outward appearance 
 
 is highly respectable." They take a high standing in society, appear to 
 
 be rich, and live in great style : voluntas, &c, "their intention, and 
 
 cause, the most shameless." They w r ere secretly plotting the ruin of their 
 country. With this class, personified as one individual, he thus remon- 
 strates : 6. Tu ornatus et copiosus sis ? "Are you provided with, and 
 
 do you abound in?" <fec. : detrahere, "to take from," i. e., "to sell 
 
 part of:" acquirere ad fidem, "in order to add to your credit." 
 
 . 7. Sacrosanctas, "Inviolate." 8, An novas tabulas (exspectas)? 
 
174 NOTES ON THE 
 
 "Do yoxi look for new tablets?" i. e., new registers of debts. To persons 
 deeply involved in debt, which they were unable to pay, sometimes by a 
 senatus consultum, or by a verdict of the praetor, new registers were 
 granted by which their debts were reduced, or even completely can- 
 celled. This Catiline promised his followers. Sail. Cat. 21. 9< Meo 
 
 beneficio, <fec., " By my kindness new registers will be brought forward, 
 but they will be — (tabulae auctionarice) — registers of property to be sold 
 at auction." Here there is a play on the words novee tabulae. Cicero 
 would indeed bring about a cancelling of their debts ; but it would be in 
 the honorable way of selling the property of debtors at auction, and 
 applying the proceeds to pay off their debts : for, said he, neque isti qui, 
 <fec, "Jthose who have possessions can be safe (preserved from ruin) in no 
 
 other way." 10. Quod, "This:" neque certare, «fec, "and not 
 
 to struggle with payments of interest from the income of their estates." 
 — The revenue of their estates being nearly, if not wholly necessary to 
 pay the interest on their debts, these must every day be increasing, and 
 their means of paying them becoming less — a process which must end in 
 
 ruin: uteremur, <fec., "we would now have these both wealthier 
 
 and better citizens." 
 
 IX. — It Dominationem, "Dominion," "rule," i. e., they hope to be- 
 come consuls, dictators, or even kings. See below. Also Sail. Cat. 21 : 
 
 rerum (public arum) potiri, " to get possession of the government." 
 
 B. § 121, Exc. 2.: — A. <fc S. § 220. 4. 2. Quibus hoc praecipiendum videtur, 
 
 "To these, it seems right that this advice should be given." 3. Prce- 
 
 sentes, "In person," "by prompt interposition," "quickly." 4. JVum 
 
 illi spcrant: quae, (things) "which," referring to cinere urbis, and 
 
 sanguine civium. 5t Fugitivo alicui out gladiatori concedi necesse sit, 
 
 " It may be necessary for them to submit (yield the precedence) to some 
 fugitive or gladiator" (like Catiline), concedi, lit. "that it should be 
 
 yielded by them." 6. JEtate jam affectum, "Already advanced in 
 
 years," lit. "affected with age." 7. Ex Us coloniis quas Sulla, <fec. 
 
 The dictator Sulla had rewarded his soldiers by establishing whole 
 legions in Italian towns, such as Faesulae, Capua, and others, whose 
 citizens were obliged to give up their property to the soldiers. These 
 were the military colonies of Sulla, of which there were twenty-three. 
 The soldiers, who thus became suddenly rich, usually squandered their 
 property in a very short time, and hence were anxious for another civil 
 
 war in which to. enrich themselves anew. 8t Quas ego universas 
 
 esse, &c, " These as a whole (i. e., taken collectively) I know belong to." 
 
 9. Sumptuosius insolentiusque, &c, " Have made a display in a manner 
 
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 1*75 
 
 too expensive and extravagant." B. § 120, Obs. 5. — A. & S. § 256, Rem. 9 : 
 
 tamquani beati, "as if they were rich :" salvi, "safe," i. e., 
 
 "preserved from ruin." 10. Rapinarum vetcrum, viz. Such as had 
 
 been committed during the establishment of these colonies under Sulla. 
 
 See Note 7, above. 11. Quos, "Whom," viz. the rustics influenced 
 
 by these men. 12. Proscriptiones, &c, During the proscription 
 
 instituted by Sulla, b. c. 82, it is estimated that 4,700 persons were 
 
 proscribed and their property seized by his followers : tardus dolor, 
 
 "so painful a feeling." 
 
 X. — 1. Qui jampridem premuntur (nialis), <fec, ""Who have now for 
 a long time been pressed down by misfortunes," — "who will never 
 
 emerge (from them):" vacillant, "stagger." 2. Qui vadimoniis, 
 
 judiciis, &c, "Who, being weaiied out with giving bail," <fcc. When 
 a surety, or the debtor himself, did not appear when summoned 
 by the creditor, a verdict (jiodicium) was jn'onounced against him, by 
 which the creditor was authorized to take possession of the debtor's 
 property. If the debtor did not make his appearance within thirty 
 
 days, his property was proscribed and sold by auction. 3. Infitia- 
 
 tores lentos, "Bad debtors," lit. "dilatory and lying debtors." 
 
 4. Qui homines, primum, si stare, <fec, "First of all, if these men cannot 
 
 stand, let them fall," "break down," "go to ruin." 5. Si vivere 
 
 non possunt, <fec. Observe here the antithesis between vivere and perire, 
 
 honeste and turpiter, cum mxdtis and soli. 6. Postremum autem genics 
 
 est (postremum), <fec, "But the last class is the last (i. e. lowest) not only 
 
 in number, but also in their origin and mode of life:" quod pro- 
 
 prium est Catilinw, "and this is Catiline's own:" de complexu ejus 
 
 ac sinu, "his bosom friends," lit. "of his embrace and bosom:" 
 
 bene barbatos, " with long downy beards." The custom of shaving the 
 beard was introduced at Rome, b. c. 300 years, by a Sicilian barber. 
 The beard was shaven for the first time usually about the age of twenty- 
 one, but by some earlier, and by some a little later. Hence young men 
 with a long down (lanugo) were called juvenes barbatidi, or bene barbati. 
 
 Ad. Bom. Antiq. 7. Velis amictos, " Clothed with veils," i. e., with 
 
 wide thin dresses more like veils than togas : in antelueanis coznis, 
 
 "in suppers protracted till daybreak." 8. Versantur, "Mingle 
 
 together." 9. Qui nisi exeunt, "Unless these go forth:" Semi- 
 
 narium Catilinarium, "a nursery of Catilines." 10. Apenninum (scil. 
 
 montem), "The Apennine range." 11. Nudi in conviviis saltare. 
 
 Dancing was esteemed degrading to a freeborn Roman, much more, 
 dancing in the manner here mentioned, nudi. 
 
176 NOTES ON THE 
 
 XL— 1. Sit habiturus, "Is to have." B. § 140, Obs. 3.— A. & S. § 263. 5 : 
 
 ■ scortorum cohortcm prcetoriam, "A body guard of infamous 
 
 wretches." This language is expressive of the greatest contempt. 
 
 2. Naufragorum, " Of ruined men," — men wrecked in fortune, character, 
 and hopes. 3. Urbes coloniarum ac 7nunicipioncm, &c, " Our colo- 
 nial and municipal towns," = urbes, scilicet, colonice ac municipia, lit. 
 "our cities, namely, our colonies and free towns." The genitives here 
 do not limit, but are explanatory of urbes, or, in a sort of apposition 
 with it. B. § 97, Exc. 1. — A. & S. 204, Rem. 6. Colonies were settlements 
 of Roman citizens for agriculture or commerce, made with the consent of 
 the state, and under its laws and protection. When the dwellings were 
 collected together and surrounded with a wall they were called urbes. 
 The municipia were towns, particularly in Italy, which possessed the 
 right of Roman citizenship, and in most cases the right of voting, but 
 
 were governed by their own laws. 4. Respondebunt, " Will give an 
 
 answer to," i. e., "will be a match for:" tumulis silvestribus, "the 
 
 rude defences" (or "ambuscades"), lit. "the woody hills," viz. to which 
 Catiline proposed to betake himself as a fit place for carrying on a 
 harassing and predatory warfare. There is here an antithesis between 
 urbes and tumulis which is lost by substituting cumulis. Here there is a 
 contrast of the defences, as there is before, of the troops of the two parties. 
 
 5. Ornamenta, "Equipments:" conferre, "compare." 
 
 0. Quibus nos suppeditamur, "With which we are supplied." 
 
 7. Contendere, "To compare:" quam valde illi jaceant, "how very 
 
 low they lie," "to what an abject condition they are reduced." 
 
 8. Ex hac parte, " On this side " (expressed in the rest of the sentence 
 
 by hinc), to which is opposed — illinc, " on that side :" continentia, 
 
 " moderation :" libido, " licentiousness :" copim, " abundant re- 
 sources." In military language this word in the plural commonly means 
 
 men, troops: bona ratio, "sound judgment :" perdita (ratione), 
 
 "folly," lit. "lost reason." 9. Hominum studia, "The efforts of 
 
 men." 
 
 XII. — 1. Mihi consultum ac provisum est, &c, "Measures have been 
 
 taken, and means provided by me:" ut urbi satis esset prcesidii, 
 
 "that there should be sufficient protection for the city," i. e., for the 
 perfect safety of the city (as a whole). Satis prcesidii here is a substan- 
 tive phrase, and as such the subject of esset. In such expressions satis 
 may be taken adjectively, and govern the genitive under B. § 106, R. viii. 
 
 — A. & S. § 212, Rem. 3. 2. Noctuma excursions Catiline left the 
 
 city on the previous night with 300 followers. Sail. Cat, 32. 3. Ola- 
 
SECOND ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 177 
 
 diatores quam ille putavit fore, &c, "The gladiators who he thought 
 ■would be," <fec. Here, though quam refers to gladiatores as its antecedent, 
 it agrees with manum in its own clause. B. § 99, Obs. 4. — A. & S. § 206 (8) : 
 
 meliore animo sunt, "they are better disposed." B. § 106, R. vii. — A. 
 
 &S. § 211, Rem. 6, or § 245. hi. The gladiators, in order to be made 
 harmless, were sent by Catiline to Capua and other municipia. Sail. 
 
 Cat. 30 ad fin. 4. Hominem (viz. Catiline), used instead of virum to 
 
 express contempt. 5. Nunc (quod attinet ad) illos, "JSTow as to 
 
 those." This is in imitation of a common Greek construction (Gr. Gr. 
 § 150, Obs. 7.). Illos, an important word, is here placed at the beginning 
 
 of the sentence, and again brought back in its place by eos : moni- 
 
 tos (esse) eos, &c, "again and again I wish these to be warned." 
 
 6* Solutior, "Too remiss:" hoc exspectabat, "it (viz. lenitas mea) was 
 
 waiting for this," viz. ut, <fec. 1. Quod reliqutcm est, "As to what 
 
 remains." Quod has id for its antecedent in the same construction as 
 
 illos above, ISote 5. 8. Qui vero in urbe, &c, i. e., is qui = quicun- 
 
 que, "He who" (or "whoever"). Here is, the antecedent to qui, is the 
 subject of sentiet. 
 
 XIII. — 1. Me uno togato duce et imperatore, "I alone in the garb of 
 peace (viz. the toga) being your leader and general," i. e., this conspiracy 
 would be qiielled without his quitting Rome as consul at the head of an 
 army. The consuls, before setting out on any military expedition, used 
 to put off the toga and put on the military cloak (sagtcm), and this was 
 sometimes done with much ceremony, and with sacrifices. But Cicero 
 assures them it would not be necessary for him on the present occasion 
 
 to assume the garb of war. 2. Quod, "And this." B. § 99, Obs. 8. 
 
 3. Significationibus (= prodigiis, ominibics), "Intimations," "signs:" 
 
 quibus ducibus, "who (viz. the gods) being my leaders," i. e., "under 
 
 whose guidance." 4. Qui, "And they," ISote 2: sed hie prce- 
 
 sentes suo numine, &c, "but here, as present, by their power and help." 
 
 Prcesentes is here contrasted with procul. 5. Quos, "And these," 
 
 as before. 
 
178 NOTES ON THE 
 
 THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The third speech was delivered before the assembled people, towards 
 the evening of the 3d of December, 24 days after the preceding. Catiline 
 was then in the camp of Manlius, surrounded by all the signs of the con- 
 sular dignity ; and it was now quite evident that the insurrection would 
 soon break out openly. The Senators had put on mourning ; Catiline and 
 Manlius had been declared public enemies ; the consul Antonius and Quin- 
 tus Metellus Celer advanced with an armed force to the north of Etruria, 
 when, unexpectedly, Cicero made a new discovery. P. Cornelius Lentulus 
 Sura, and C. Cornelius Cethegus, the leaders of the conspirators at Rome, 
 had fixed upon the 17th of December, the festival of the Saturnalia, for 
 murdering Cicero and other senators, and for setting Rome on fire. Len- 
 tulus had endeavored to draw some Allobrogian ambassadors, who hap- 
 pened to be staying at Rome, into the conspiracy ; and they seemed at 
 first quite willing to enter into the scheme, but communicated the secret 
 to their patron, Q. Fabius Sanga, who immediately revealed the whole to 
 Cicero. Sanga was now obliged to persuade the ambassadors to induce 
 the conspirators to give them letters to their associates in Etruria. When 
 they were departing with their letters to Catiline and Manlius, Cicero 
 ordered them to be arrested as they were crossing on the Mulvian bridge, 
 and to be brought to Rome, with their documents. — He then summoned 
 the heads of the conspiracy, Lentulus, Cethegus, Gabinius, and Statilius, 
 before they knew of the arrest of the Allobrogian ambassadors, or sus- 
 pected that their plans were discovered, and obliged them to make a full 
 confession of their intended crime. Thereupon they were given into cus- 
 tody to separate individuals, who became responsible for them ; and the 
 senate decreed a public thanksgiving to the gods in honor of Cicero. 
 When the meeting of the senate broke up, Cicero immediately announced 
 the new discovery to the people, who were anxiously waiting to know the 
 issue ; they loudly expressed their obligation and gratitude to their watch- 
 ful consul, and accompanied him home, as it were in a triumphal proces- 
 
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 1*79 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 I. — 1. Quirites. See II. Or. in Cat. I. 1. bona, "goods:" hoc 
 
 domkilium, scil. Romatn : urbem, in apposition with domicilium. 
 
 2. Hodierno die, " This day," viz. 3d Dec. The event referred to as so 
 important, was the discovery made by the arrest of the Allobrogian am- 
 bassadors. 3. Quibus conservamur, " On which we are saved (from 
 
 some imminent danger) :" salutis Icetitia, " the joy arising from 
 
 deliverance :" sine sensu, " without consciousness :" cum volupta- 
 
 te, " with conscious delight." 4. Ilium, scil. Romulum : benevo- 
 
 lentia famaque, " by our favorable regard and by tradition." 5. Con- 
 
 ditam, " already built" — " after it was built." 6. Delubris, " shrines." 
 
 The shrine properly was a part of the temple where the statue of the god 
 
 was set up. 7. Iidemque, " And at the same time." To give the 
 
 force of idem it has often to be translated, also, likewise, at the same time. 
 
 8. Qucb quoniam, " And since these things." B. § 99, Obs. 8. 
 
 9. Ex actis, " From the things already done," (viz. on the part of the 
 
 senate and of himself, which he now goes on to relate) : ut, " ever 
 
 since." 
 
 II. — 1. Ejiciebam, " I was trying to drive out." B. § 44. ii. 2. — A. & S. § 145, 
 
 ii. 4. verbi, scil. ejiciebam ; ilia (scil. invidia). 2 . Sed turn = turn, 
 
 inquam : sed, taking up the narrative interrupted by the parenthesis, 
 
 exterminari, " to be driven from the city :" infirmos ac debiles, 
 
 " irresolute and weak." 3. In eo, — ut sentirem, "In this business, that," 
 
 &c. 4. Ut quoniam, &c, arrange, ut comprehenderem rem ita ut, &e. 
 
 From quoniam to mea is parenthetic, and is to be translated where it is : 
 
 minor em fidem faceret, "gained too little credit." B. §120. Obs. 5, 
 
 ad fin. — A. & S. § 256, Rem. 9. 5. Ut comperi, " When I found out," 
 
 namely, through Q. Fabius Sanga. Sail. Cat. 41. 6. Allobrogum, 
 
 " Of the Allobroges." The Allobroges were a Gallic tribe between the 
 Alps, the Rhone, and the lake of Geneva. Their ambassadors had come to 
 Rome to complain of the oppression and rapacity of their rulers. SalL 
 
 Cat. 40 : a P. Lentulo, Publius Lentulus, praetor under Cicero, was 
 
 a wicked and ambitious man : ad suos cives, " to their fellow-citizens" 
 
 — " to the people of their country :" eodemque itinere, " and in the 
 
 same journey," i. e., " on their way home." Etruria, where Catiline now 
 was, was in then way to their own country, and in passing, they were to 
 deliver to Catiline the letters and dispatches with which they were in- 
 trusted. — Literoz properly means written, and mandata, oral communica- 
 
180 NOTES ON THE 
 
 tions. Sail. Cat. 44. Ad hoc mandata verbis dat. 7, Qui, " Seeing 
 
 that they." B. § 141. Rule hi. with expl — A. & S. § 264. 8. 8. Ad port- 
 
 tern Midvium, " To the Mulvian bridge." This bridge was over the Tiber, 
 three miles above Rome, and by this the Allobroges behoved to pass, in 
 
 their way to Etruria. 9. Ex prcefcdura Reatina, " From the przefee- 
 
 ture (or town) of Reate." Prcefedurce were towns entirely dependent on 
 Rome. They were governed by a Roman prjetor or prsefect, and did not 
 enjoy the rights of colonies or mu?iicipia. The people of Reate were 
 
 clients of Cicero : prcesidio scil. Mi, " for, or, as a guard" (to him). 
 
 B. § 114, Obs. 4.— A. & S. § 22*7, Rem. 2. 10. Tertia fere vigilia exacta, 
 
 near the end of the third watch, i. e., a little before three o'clock in the 
 morning. The Romans divided the night, from sunset till sunrise, into four 
 watches of three hours each. 
 
 III. — 1. Literce qucecunque, "All the letters which." B. § 99, Obs. 7. 
 
 A. & S. § 207. Rem. 29. 2. Integris signis, "with the seals unbroken." 
 
 The Romans, in the time of Cicero, divided their letters, if long, into 
 pages, folded them in the form of a little book, tied them round with a 
 thread, covered the knot with wax, or a kind of chalk, and sealed it with 
 the signet ring, which was usually worn on the left hand. Sometimes they 
 were written on tablets (tabellce) covered with wax and secured in the 
 
 same way. For the form of these letters, see below, V., at Note 10. 
 
 3. Ipsi, " They themselves," i. e., the Allobrogian ambassadors and those 
 
 who accompanied them. 4. Gabinium, &c. Of the persons here 
 
 mentioned Gabinius and Statilius were of equestrian rank, — Lentulus and 
 Cethegus of the rank of Senators. Sail. Cat. 17. Respecting Cethegus, 
 Sallust says: Natura ferox, vehemens, manu promptus erat ; maximum 
 bonum in celeritate putabat. Lentulus was consul b. c. 7 1. In Cicero's con- 
 sulship he was praetor. Sail. Cat. 55. 5. Nihil dum suspicantem, " As 
 
 yet suspecting nothing." The whole matter of the arrest was conducted so 
 quietly, that these persons knew nothing of it, till they came before Cicero. 
 
 6* Credo, " I suppose :" prcetcr consududinem, " contrary to his 
 
 custom." 7. Proximo, node, " The last night." Proximo, node by itself, 
 
 means the night either before or after the present day, i. e., the last night, or 
 the next night ; and which it is, can be determined only from the context. 
 
 See Or. II. Ch. VI. Note G. 8. Viris, dative, dependent on placcret : 
 
 si nihil (in illis scil. Uteris) esset inventum : injedus (esse) civi- 
 
 tati, " to have been excited in (lit. thrown upon) the state." 9. Negavi 
 
 (=dixi non) me esse fadurum (ita) ut, &c, " I said that I would not act 
 (in such a way) that, &c." 10. Coegi — senatum frequentem, " I con- 
 vened a full Senate," namely, in the temple of Concord on the Palatine 
 
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 181 
 
 hill Sail. Cat. 49. 11. Qui {=ut tile) efferret {tela), "To bring," "in 
 
 order to bring forth (the weapons)." B. § 141. Obs. 2, 4th.— A. & S. § 264. 5. 
 
 IV, — l a Gall is, i. e., legatis Allobrogum : jidem ei publicam dedi, 
 
 " I pledged to him the public faith" (for his safety). i, Ut servorum 
 
 prasidio utcretur. See I. Or. in Cat. XL Note 6. 3. Id autem, sQp- 
 
 ply facer et, "And that he should do that," namely, approach to the city. 
 
 4. Ex omnibus partibus, " In all the parts." Sallust mentions it had 
 
 been agreed to fire the city in twelve different places at the same time 
 
 Cat 48 : qui = ut ille. See above, Note 11 : ducibus, " leaders" 
 
 (viz. of the conspiracy). Who these were is mentioned below. See also 
 
 Sail. Cat, 43. 5. Jusjurandum, " An oath," i. e., a written promise in 
 
 the form of an oath. This was given by the conspirators to these legates 
 to carry home with them, in order the better to induce the Allobrogians 
 
 to assist Catiline, by getting up a Transalpine war. Sail. Cat. 44 : 
 
 ad mam gentem, " to their people," i. e., the Allobroges : sibi, " to 
 
 them," i. e., the Allobrogian ambassadors just mentioned. 6. Sibi con- 
 
 firmasse, " had assured them :" se esse tertium ilium Cornelium, 
 
 " that he was that third Cornelian," viz. spoken of in the Sibylline oracles. 
 — The Sibylline books were supposed to contain the fate of the empire. 
 After the three books, purchased by Tarquin from the Erythraean Sibyl, 
 had perished in the conflagration of the capitol, b. c. 83, ambassadors 
 were sent every where to collect the oracles of the Sibyls. From the 
 verses thus collected the Quindecemviri made out new books, which were 
 deposited in the temple of Apollo on the Palatine hill. One of these 
 oracles stated that " three K's (Lat. C's) should reign at Rome." This the 
 Greeks interpreted of the Cappadocians, Cilicians, and Cretans ; but the 
 
 Romans applied them to three persons of the Cornelian gens. 7. Eun- 
 
 dcmque dixisse, "And he (Lentulus) at the same time said." See above 
 
 Ch. I. Note 7. 8. Eatalem, "Destined by fate:" qui esset, "since 
 
 it was." B. § 141, Rule iii. — A.& S. § 264. 8. 9. Absolutionem, " Ac- 
 quittal." Vestals were bound by a vow of chastity, the violating of 
 which was regarded as a dreadful crime, betokening disaster to the em- 
 pire, to expiate which the criminal, after trial, was put to death by 
 being buried alive. The vestals here alluded to are supposed to be 
 Marcia and Licinia, acquitted by L. Metellus, but afterwards tried by 
 Cassius and condemned. 10, Post Capitolii incensionem. This con- 
 flagration of the capitol is said to have been the result of carelessness 
 on the part of the guards. Its restoration was completed by Norba- 
 
 nus, b. c. 78. 11. Saturnalibus, " At the Saturnalia," the ablative of 
 
 time when. — The Saturnalia was the most celebrated of the Roman 
 
182 NOTES ON THE 
 
 festivals ; it began on the 17th of December, and lasted fur several days. 
 During its celebration the Romans, given up to joy, would think of any 
 thing rather than a conspiracy, or the outbreaking of an insurrection ; 
 and for this reason it seemed to the conspirators a favorable opportu- 
 nity for carrying their murderous designs into effect. 
 
 V. — 1. Ne longum sit, "Not to be tedious," lit. "that it may not be 
 
 long:" tabellas = Uterus, "the letters." See above III. Note 1 : 
 
 cognovit, "he acknowledged it" (to be his). 2. Sese, quce, &c, 
 
 "That he (Cethegus) would do the things which he had promised to 
 their ambassadors." This statement of what the letter contained is in 
 oblique narration. In this style, the leading verbs are in the infinitive, 
 with their subjects in the accusative, and the verbs of dependent clauses 
 
 are in the subjunctive. B. § 141, Rule vi. — A. &S. § 266. 2: sibi 
 
 rccepissent, "had promised to him." This is a common meaning of 
 recipio in Cicero, and the antithesis here requires sibi to be understood of 
 
 Cethegus. 3. Apud ipsum, lit. "With him," i. e. "at his house:" 
 
 studiosum fuisse, "was fond of," "had a taste for." 4. Clarissimi 
 
 viri. The grandfather of Lentulus was P. Cornelius Lentulus, who was 
 
 consul b. c. 162: quce, scil. imago. 5. Leguntur liter ce, "The 
 
 letter is read :" feci potestatem, "I gave him the opportunity:" 
 
 negavit, "he declined:" surrexit, "he arose," namely, for the 
 
 purpose of speaking, as was customary. 6. Quid sibi esset cum Us, 
 
 "What he ever had to do with them," lit. "what was to him," &c. This 
 
 resembles the Greek construction. Gr. Gr. § 148, Obs. 5. 7. Qui 
 
 quum, "And when they," scil. Galli et Volturcius. B. § 99, Obs. 8: 
 
 per quern, the person referred to was P. Umbrenus. Sail. Cat. 40. 
 
 8. Scelere demens, "Bereft of judgment by a sense of guilt." 9. Ita, 
 
 " To such a degree " (viz., as just mentioned) : ingenium Mud, 
 
 "that ability." 10. Erant autem scriptce, "Now it was written." 
 
 This letter differs somewhat in form from that given by Sallust, Cat. 44 ; 
 
 but the purport is the same : cura, imperative of euro. 
 
 11. Quum primo, "Although at first." B. § 140, Obs. 3, ad fin. — A. <fcS. 
 
 §263. 5: insimulabant, "alleged against him." 12. Quum — 
 
 turn, "Not only— but also." B. § 149, Obs. 5.— A. & S. § 278, Rem. 7. 
 
 13. Sic enim obstupuerant, "For they had been so confounded, and con- 
 tinued so to look on the ground." Observe the change of tense: 
 
 se ipsi = se ipsos, B. § 98, Exc. 5.-— A. & S. § 207, Rem. 28. 
 
 VI, — 1. Indiciis, "The proofs:" de summa re publica, "for the 
 
 safety of the commonwealth." 2. A principibus, "By the leading 
 
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 183 
 
 men." The principes were those who, according to the usages of the 
 
 senate, were called on first to give their opinion : sine ulla varietate, 
 
 "unanimously," "without any diversity of sentiment." 3. Non- 
 
 dum prescription est, "Is not yet written out;" or, as we would say, 
 "engrossed." The decrees of the senate were usually engraved on brass. 
 
 4. Collegce meo. Cicero's collegue was C. Antonius, a man of dis- 
 solute habits, and who was at first favorable to Catiline, but was gained 
 over by Cicero, who yielded to him the province of Macedonia, which 
 had fallen to his own lot. He acted faithfully on the present occasion, 
 
 and received credit for so doing. 5. Quum se prcetura abdicasset, 
 
 ""When he had resigned the praetorship." A magistrate could not be 
 
 brought to trial while in office. He must first resign. 6. In custo- 
 
 diam (not into prison, but), "Into free custody." See I. Or. in Cat,, VIII., 
 
 Xote 2. 7. Procurationem, "The charge," "the management." 
 
 8. Erat indication, "It appeared," "it was shown." 9. JErat .... 
 
 versatus, "Had been engaged," "busily employed." 10. Libertinum 
 
 IwHiinem, "The freedman." Libertinus means one who has been made 
 free, but with respect to the person who made him free, he is called 
 
 libertus; thus, liberties Caisaris, means, "one made free by Caesar." 
 
 11. Ea lenitate — ut arbitraretur, "Such lenity as to think," lit., "that they 
 thought." B. § 31, Obs. 2 ad fin, and § 140, 1. 1st.— A. <fc S. § 262, Eem. 1: 
 
 novcm, "nine." Sallust mentions only five put to death, Cat. 55, 
 
 and Cicero mentions the same number in his oration for Sulla, Ch. XI. 
 
 12. Supplicatio, "A pubhc thanksgiving:" togedo, see II. Or. 
 
 in Cat., XIII. Xotel. 13. Quce supplicatio si, "If this thanksgiving." 
 
 B. § 99, Obs. 8: hoc intersit, "it will differ in this." The subjunc- 
 tive used for the indicative interest, after the manner of the Greek opta- 
 tive, Gr. Gr. § 1*72, ii. 3d, to express an affirmation with modesty. A. <fe S. 
 
 § 260, Rem. 4. 14. Atque, "And so." 15. Ut, qua? religio, (fee. 
 
 Arrange thus, Ut in puniendo P. Lentulo, privato, nos liberaremur ea 
 religione, quce religio, (fee. B. § 99, Obs. 1. 3d.— A. cfe S. § 206, Rem. 19. (1): 
 
 religio, "a religious scruple:" quo minus — occideret, "to pre- 
 vent him from putting to death," B. § 45, ii. 3.— A. cfe S. § 262, Rem. 9, 
 lit., "that he should not put to death." The event here referred to, 
 happened b. c. 100. It is represented differently here from the account 
 given by Plutarch, according to whom C. Marius did not put Glaucia to 
 death with his own hand. On the contrary, he tried to save him, but 
 failed. 
 
 YII. — 1. Captos et comprehensos, "Seized and in custody." 
 
 2. Quem quidem quum ego pellebam, "And truly when I was en- 
 
184 NOTES ON THE 
 
 deavoring to drive him." B. § 140, Obs. 3, and § 44, ii. 2. — A. & S. 
 
 § 263. 5, and § 145, ii. 4. 3. Somnum, "Drowsiness:" adi- 
 
 pem, "laziness." 4. Hie, scil. Catiline. Compare this description of 
 
 his character with that given by Sallust, Cat. 5. 5. Omnium aditus 
 
 tenebat, "He had liberty of access to all:" consilium, "a judgment," 
 
 "a power of planning." 0. Certas res, "Particular things," i. e., 
 
 "things determined on:" certos homines, "trusty men:" ipse, 
 
 "in person," lit, "he himself." 7, In perditis rebus, "In desperate 
 
 affairs," i. e., "in a ruined cause." 8. Ex domesticis insidiis, &c, 
 
 "From treacherous plots at home" (i. e., in the city). Here, there is a 
 double antithesis between insidiis and latrocinium — domesticis and 
 
 castrense. 9. Nobis, "For us," i. e., "for our destruction:" 
 
 neque denuntiavissct, "nor have named:" < ncgue commisisset, "nor 
 
 have acted so." 10. Ut levissime dicam, "To use the mildest 
 
 expression." 
 
 VIII. — 1. Quamquam, "Yet," "nevertheless." 2. Idque quum 
 
 conjectura consequi possumus, &c, "And this not only may we con- 
 jecture" (lit, "come to by conjecture"): quod vix videtur, &c, 
 
 " because it seems that the management (piloting) of so great affairs could 
 scarcely have belonged to Iranian wisdom." B. § 108, Rule xii. — A. & S. 
 
 § 211, Rem. 8 (3). Videtur, "It seems," commonly has a subject of 
 
 its own, and therefore is not impersonal. Still it will generally be found 
 best to translate it as impersonal in all persons, and its subject as the 
 subject of the infinitive following; thus, Videor esse, "It seems that I 
 am." Videris esse, "It seems that thou art" Videtur esse, "It seems 
 that he is." Videtur gubematio potuisse, &c, "It seems that the manage- 
 ment could," &c. : turn vero, "but also." B. § 149, Obs. 5. — A. &8. 
 
 § 278, Rem. 1: ita prcesentes, "in so visible a manner," lit. "so 
 
 much in sight." 3. Ut ilia omittam, "That I may pass by ("to say 
 
 nothing of") those things," viz., which he goes on to mention. After ut 
 in each succeeding clause supply omittam, but both may be omitted in 
 
 translating. 4. ffa?c, qum nunc fiunt, canere, "To announce these 
 
 things which are now coming to pass." ■ 5. Be ccelo, " With light- 
 ning," lit, "from heaven." 6. Quern i?iauratu?n parvum, "A 
 
 gilded image of whom when small " (i. e., when an infant). This statue 
 was of bronze, gilded, representing the infant Romulus sucking the she- 
 wolf. 7. Quo quidem te?npore, "At that very time." That was, 
 
 b. c. 65, when Cotta and Torquatus were consuls, — two years previous to 
 
 this. 8. Ex tota Etruria. Etruria was the country from which the 
 
 art of the haruspices had been introduced into Rome. 9. Omni 
 
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 185 
 
 rationc placati, "Being propitiated in every -way:" sito numine, 
 
 "by their interposition." 10. Ludl. The gods were propitiated by- 
 games and contests. 11. JIajus, "Larger" (than the former): 
 
 contra atque ante fuerat, " contrary to what it had been before." 
 
 12. A supcrioribus consul ibus, viz., L. Julius Caesar, and C. Mareius 
 Figulus: nobis, viz., himself and C. Antonius. 
 
 IX.— 1. Qui neget, "As to deny." B. § 141, Rule ii— A. & S. § 264. 1. 
 
 2. Et ea, "And that too." For completing the construction of ea 
 
 here, supply comparata sunt, or the more general expression facta sunt. 
 
 This corresponds to the Greek ko.1 ravra. Gr. Gr. § 133. 1. 3. lllud 
 
 vera, &q., "But is not that fact so manifest;" Mud refers to what follows 
 beginning, Ut quum hodierno, &e., which may be arranged thus, Ut 
 
 signum statueretur, eo ipso tempore, quum, tfcc. 4. Atque ad vos 
 
 senatumque converso. The Capitoline hill lay west of the Forum. 
 When this statue of Jupiter, then, was turned ad orientem (see above, 
 Ch. YIIL). it was turned towards the forum, where the people were now 
 met, and the temple of Concord, where the senate met a little before. 
 The apparently accidental coincidence here mentioned, in all probability, 
 was previously arranged by Cicero for effect, and the expected result 
 
 was realized. 5. Isti, "Those wretches" (the conspirators). This 
 
 woi*d is often used to express contempt. 6. Sumam and sim here, 
 
 like intersit, above, Ch. XI., are used potentially, to affirm with modesty. 
 
 See Note 13, Ch. VI. 7. Hie, Me Jupiter, "That, that Jupiter," sell. 
 
 pointing in the direction of the statue referred to. Compare I. Or. in 
 
 Cat. Y. Xote 5. 8.* Hanc mentem suseepi, "I have formed this 
 
 design." 9. Jam vero ilia Allobrogum sollicitatio, &c. This sen- 
 tence is supposed to be corrupt. As it is, without conjectural amendments, 
 which should never be resorted to without necessity, it may be rendered 
 thus, "And furthermore, that tampering with the Allobroges, in such a 
 manner by Lentulus and others — a matter of so great importance — never 
 would have been intrusted (to men) both strangers and barbarians (scil. 
 the ambassadors of the Allobroges), and certainly letters never would 
 have been committed (into their hands) unless," etc. In this rendering,! 
 to. uta res is in apposition with sollicitatio, &c, to characterize the transac- 
 tion, and nunquom esset is supplied to credita from the following clause: 
 
 consilium, "prudence," "foresight." 10. Quid vero? "But 
 
 why is it ?"' male pacata, "not yet reduced to subjection:" 
 
 et posse et non nolle, "both able and willing," lit, "not unwilling:" 
 
 ultro, "without their asking:" suis opibus, "to their own 
 
 interests." 11. Prtesertim qui nos, &c, "Especially since they 
 
186 NOTES ON THE 
 
 might have conquered its:" tacendo, "by keeping silence," viz., 
 
 respecting the conspiracy. 
 
 X. — 1. Ad omnia pulvinaria, "Before all the seats of the gods," i. e., 
 "in all the temples." Couches covered with cushions (pulvinaria) were 
 placed before the altars or special tables, and the statues of the gods were 
 laid upon them, as if to take part in person in the feasts prepared for them : 
 
 celcbratote, " celebrate," viz., by processions of youth crowned with 
 
 garlands, singing hymns in honor of the gods. 2. Togati. See 
 
 II. Or. in Cat., XIII. Note 1. 3. L. Sidla, &e. At the time when 
 
 Sulla was on the point of setting out against Mithridates, but was still at 
 Nola in Campania, the tribune, P. Sulpicius, proposed to send Marius 
 against Mithridates. Sulla then returned to Rome, Sulpicius was killed, 
 
 and Marius fled to Africa, b. c. 88. 4. Cn. Octavius, consul b. c. 87, 
 
 expelled his colleague, Cornelius Cinna, from Rome; but in the year 
 following, when Cinna, and Marius who was recalled from Africa, had 
 taken possession of the city, he was murdered while defending the 
 
 Vatican. 5. Omnis hie locus, viz., "The Forum." 6. Bedun- 
 
 davit, <fec, " Was filled with heaps of bodies and flowed." Here redundavit 
 is applied to acervis, but properly belongs only to sanguine. This in 
 
 grammar is called Zeugma. B. § 150, 1. 2d. — A. & S. § 323. 1 (2). 
 
 7. Ultus est, viz., on his return from the Mithridatic war, b. c. 82. The 
 number of those proscribed and slain was enormous. Florus says, it 
 
 exceeded seventy thousand. 8. M. Lepidus, consul, b. c. 78, was 
 
 involved in a quarrel with his colleague Catulus, a partisan of Sulla, 
 because he (Lepidus) wanted to abolish many of the enactments of Sulla, 
 and refused to allow his body to be buried in the Campus Martius. 
 Lepidus soon after died in Corsica, whither he fled. The following ipsius 
 refers to Lepidus. 9. Atque illce dissensiones, "Wow these dis- 
 sensions." This part of the sentence is repeated below, after the 
 parenthesis non illi to voluerunt, of which notice is given by tamen, 
 
 equivalent in such cases to inquam. Compare above, II. Note 1 : 
 
 erant ejusmodi — quce pertinerent, "were such as tended. B. § 141, Rule ii. 
 
 — A. & S. § 264. 1 : ad commutandam, "to change," i. e., "to reform." 
 
 This smoothing over the atrocities of the wars of Sulla, in which 150,000 
 citizens perished, is designed to place in a stronger light the horrid char- 
 acter of this conspiracy : reconciliatione concordice, "by the restoration 
 
 of concord:" dijudicatm sint, "were settled." 10. Quale helium 
 
 = helium tale quale. Idioms. 46, and B. § 99, Obs. 10.— A. & S. § 206, Rem. 
 19 (16). This can be called helium, only in intention and prospect, for it 
 
 had not yet broken out: nulla harbaria, "no barbarian country;" 
 
 harbaria, subs. 11. Tantum urbis, siipply supcrfuturum esse. 
 
THIRD ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 187 
 
 XI. — 1. Qiiibus 2>ro tantis rebus, "For these so great services." < 
 
 2. Ornamcnta honoris, "Badges of honor:" condi et collocari, "To 
 
 be treasured up and preserved." Cicero seems to take pleasure 'in 
 strengthening his expression by the use of two or more terms of nearly 
 the same import. Examples abound every where ; as here, condi et collo- 
 cari, and below, nihil mutum, nihil taciturn, domicilium sedemque. 
 
 3. Xihil mutum. Such as a statue, a monument, &c. : nihil hujus- 
 
 modi quod, "nothing such as." B. § 141, Rule ii. — A. <fe S. § 264. 1. 
 
 4. Eandemque diem intelligo, <fcc, "And this same day (i. e., the re- 
 membrance of it), which I hope will be eternal, I see preserved (handed 
 down to posterity, viz., by being kept as a festival) both for the safety of the 
 
 city, and for a memorial of my consulship." 5. Duos cives exstiiisse, 
 
 "And that two citizens (of Rome) have existed," viz., Pompey and him- 
 self. Cn. Pompey had at this time gained the most brilliant victories 
 over Mithridates in the distant east, also over the pirates, the Syrians, <fec. 
 
 XII. — 1. Quce illorwn (sit), "As is that of those." B. § 141, Rule ii. 
 
 — A. <fc S. § 264. 1. 2. Illi, "Those" (viz., the commanders who have 
 
 carried on foreign wars). B. § 31, Obs. 2.— A. & S. § 207, Rem. 23. 
 
 3. Jlentes, "Designs:" ne mihi noceant, "do not injure me;" — ne 
 
 = ut non, and yet the subsequent exile of Cicero was actually the work 
 of men who hated him, on account of his having discovered and sup- 
 pressed the conspiracy of Catiline. 4. Quamquam mihi quidem, &c, 
 
 "And yet, Romans, I myself indeed can now suffer no injury from these 
 
 men." B. § 113, Obs. 1.— A. &S. § 209, Rem. 3 (6): istis, applied to 
 
 the conspirators, here denotes contempt. 5. In bonis, " In good men." 
 
 6. Quam qui negligent, "And those who shall disregard this." B. 
 
 § 99, Obs. 8 : se ipsi = se ipsos, B. § 99, Exc. 5.— A. & S. § 207, Rem. 
 
 28. 7. Is animus, "Such a spirit:" nobis, the plural by enallage 
 
 for the singular. 8. Ultro semper lacessamus, "Always of my own 
 
 accord assail." 9. Mihi quidem ipsi, &c, "As for me, indeed, what 
 
 is there that can now be added to the enjoyment of my life?" 
 
 Altius, "higher" (viz., than what I have already attained): priva- 
 
 tus, " in private life." Still, though in private life, i. e., not clothed with 
 office, he would be vir consularis, and a member of the Roman senate. 
 
 10. Virtute, "From virtuous principle:" quoniam jam nox 
 
 est. This speech was delivered towards evening. 11. Blum Jovem 
 
 (Statorem), "Yonder Jupiter (Stator)," — pointing to his temple, which 
 was visible from every part of the city. 
 
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 
 
 INTRODUCTION". 
 
 The fourth Catilinarian oration was delivered in the senate on the 5th 
 of December. A design had been formed to liberate, by main force, the 
 criminals who had been arrested on the 3d : Cicero therefore summoned 
 a meeting of the Senate on the 5th, and proposed the question as to what 
 was to be done with the prisoners. According to established custom, Si- 
 lanus, the consul elect, had the right to express his opinion first. His 
 advice was to put the conspirators to death. After him many others ex- 
 pressed their concurrence in his opinion; but Julius Caesar endeavored 
 to show that perpetual banishment from Rome and captivity in the muni- 
 cipia was a more appropriate punishment. Cicero, without declaring for 
 any particular mode of punishment, evidently inclines to the opinion of 
 Silanus, in opposition to that of Csesar, by asserting the power of the 
 senate to pronounce the sentence of death, and at the same time describ- 
 ing the crime itself, and the intentions of the criminals, in so strong colors, 
 that every one must have thought it precarious to allow such dangerous 
 persons to escape with their lives. Cicero was strongly supported by 
 Cato, who had been elected tribune of the people for the ensuing year, 
 and his opinion was adopted by the majority of the senators. — The very 
 night after these proceedings, the prisoners were strangled in their dun- 
 geon. The senate and people accompanied Cicero home, calling him the 
 preserver of the Republic, and the father of his country. The honor and 
 joy of that day {Nonce Decembres) are often mentioned by Cicero in his 
 subsequent speeches. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 1. — 1, Patres conscripti, "Senators;" originally perhaps Paires et 
 conscripti. See I. Or. in Cat. II. Note 8. The senate was now convened 
 
 in the temple of Jupiter Stator. 2. Ora etc oculos, " The countenance 
 
 and the eyes ;" see above III. Or. in Cat. XL Note 2. 3. Vcstro ac 
 
 rei publicce. The possessive pronoun, in any case, being equivalent to the 
 
NOTES ON THE FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 189 
 
 genitive of the personal, is often, as here, connected with nouns in the 
 genitive. B. § 31. Obs. 1. Or the construction may be filled up thus, vestro 
 
 periculo, ac rei publicce periculo. 4. In vial is, ''In the calamities" (of 
 
 the state). 5. Hcec conditio consulatus, " This condition of holding 
 
 the consulship ;" i. e., " if the consulship were given to me on this condi- 
 tion." 6. Non Forum, — the place where justice was administered — 
 
 non campus (Martins) — where the consular elections were held — non 
 curia (Hostilia), where the senate usually met, here called summtim aux- 
 ilium omnium gentium, because the fate of conquered nations was here 
 
 decided : non domus, the house of a Roman was his castle ; it was 
 
 held inviolable, and no one was allowed to enter it without the consent of 
 the owner : non lectus, alluding to the attempt before made to assas- 
 sinate hini in his bed. I. Or. in Cat. IV. Compare Sail. Cat. 28 : hcec 
 
 sedes honoris, viz., the seat occupied by him as president of the senate, 
 the sella cur id is. The other senators sat on benches — subsellia. Here 
 vacua agrees with sedes, the noun next to it, though it equally belongs to 
 the other nouns in this enumeration. B. § 98. Obs. 4. — A. & S. § 205. Rem. 2. 
 
 Exc. 7. Ex acerbissima vexatione, " From the most cruel outrage :" 
 
 templa ac delubra, see above III. Or. in Cat. I. Note 6. 8. Suum 
 
 nomen (scil. Comelium) fore fatale, etc.. "That his name (he being of the 
 Cornelian gens) was fated for the destruction of the state." See III. Or. in 
 Cat. IV. Xote 6. 
 
 II. — 1. Qui hide urbi president. Rome, like other cities, had its tu- 
 telary deities ; the most distinguished of these were Jupiter Stator and 
 
 Vesta. 2. Pro eo ac (more frequently tit) " According as :" 
 
 deinde refers to primum above. 3. Considari, " To a man of con- 
 sular rank." Being consul, Cicero was now over 43 years of age, and 
 
 had reached the highest honors of the state. 4. Nee tamen ego mm 
 
 ille ferreus qtd non movear, "I am not, however, so iron-hearted as not to 
 be moved." B. § 31. Obs. 2. ad fin. and §141. IgofeiL— A. AS. §264. 1. 
 
 5. Exanimata uxor, "My wife half dead with alarm." Cicero here 
 
 mentions his whole family — his brother Quintus — his wife Terentia, who 
 was afterwards divorced for infidelity during his exile, and married the 
 historian Sallust — his son Marcus, then scarcely two years of age, and his 
 son-in-law C. Calpurnius Piso, the husband of his daughter Tullia, of 
 whom, as he had not yet a right to appear in the senate, Cicero says: 
 adstat in conspectu, anxiously awaiting the result of the deliberations. 
 
 6. Et illi et nos, " Both they" (viz., his family just mentioned) and 
 
 u we " (himself and the rest of the senate). 7. Incumbite, " Exert 
 
 yourselves." The allusion is to the mariner eyeing the impending tern- 
 
190 NOTES ON THE 
 
 pest, bending over his oar, and straining every nerve to reach the har- 
 bor before it bursts upon his head. 8. Agrarios : the Agrarii were 
 
 those who hoped to obtain possessions of land through the Licinian law, 
 which Gracchus attempted to revive. The nobles and rich men had in 
 various ways made themselves masters of nearly all the lands in Italy. 
 Tib. Gracchus attempted to revive the Licinian law, by which no one 
 could hold more than 500 jugcra, or nearly 350 acres. These attempts 
 of the Gracchi ultimately cost them their lives. See I. Or. in Cat. I. 
 
 Note 17. 0. Servitia excitantur, "The slaves are roused to rebellion." 
 
 This was rather feared than ascertained. See I. Or. in Cat. XL Note 6. 
 The latter part of this sentence is a sort of rhetorical exaggeration not 
 uncommon in forensic oratory. 
 
 III. — 1. Rei, " The accused." Or. III. in Cat. V. — Nos multis jam 
 judiciis judicastis, " by many acts" (viz., those mentioned below) " you 
 yourselves have already decided." 2. Singularibus verbis, " In extra- 
 ordinary terms," he had before used the word amplissimis. 3* Qui 
 
 honos, " an honor which." 4. Scd ego institui, <fec, " But I have re- 
 solved, senators, to bring before you anew" (tanquam integrum, lit, " as if 
 
 from the beginning"). 5. Ilia preedicam, <fec., "I will first state those 
 
 things which belong to the consul," i. e., " which I think it my duty as 
 consul to mention." 6. Magnum furorem versare, " That great disaffec- 
 tion was prevailing :" nova, " strange," " unknown before :" mis- 
 
 ceri et concitari, " were stirred up and roused into action." 7* Quid- 
 quid est quocunque, " "Whatever the course is to which :" ante noctem, 
 
 because if not decided before sunset, it could not be decided that day (a 
 decree of the senate was illegal if passed after sunset or before sunrise) ; 
 and before another, there might be danger of rescue, or of further treason. 
 
 8. Huic .... affines esse, " are connected with this conspiracy" (=hu- 
 
 jus participes) : latius opinione," more widely than people believe:" 
 
 manavit, (fee, "it has not only spread abroad." 9. Sustentando 
 
 ac prolatando, " By enduring and putting off," i. e., " by delay and irreso- 
 lution." 
 
 IV. — 1. Duas adhuc esse sententias, "That, thus far, two opinions are 
 
 before you :" hcec, " these things," viz., the city and government. 
 
 2. Rerum magnitudine, " The greatness of the crisis :" in summa se- 
 
 veritate versatur, lit,, "is -occupied with," "has his mind set upon," i. e., 
 
 "is for treating them with the greatest severity." 3. Alter, "The 
 
 one," viz., Silanus : punctum temporis, " for a moment," the ace. of 
 
 time how long: — oportere eos—frui, " that those who, <fec. — ought to 
 
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 191 
 
 enjoy." B. § 113. Exc. iiL 4. Alter intelligit, "The other (viz., Caesar) 
 
 is of opinion :" laborum quietcm, "a cessation of (from) toils." Caesar 
 
 maintained that death was an eternal sleep, and a benefit rather than an 
 
 evil, as being the end of all labor and suffering : sapientes, " the wise," 
 
 L e., those who adopted the philosophy of Caesar. 5t Vincula, i&e., 
 
 " Imprisonment, and that for life ;" lit., " forever." 6. Ista res, " That 
 
 proposition of yours" — addressing himself to Caesar, as the word ista 
 
 shows. 7. Qui — non putent esse sure dignitatis recusare, " Who will 
 
 not think it belongs to their dignity to refuse," i. e., " who will not think it 
 unsuitable to their dignity to comply with." B. § 141, Rule i. — A. & S. 
 
 §264. 6. 8. Adjungit, &c, "He imposes a grievous penalty on the 
 
 citizens of the free towns :" eorum, " of them," i. e., the conspirators : 
 
 digna, (i. e., supplicia omnia digna) " suitable to." 9» Bona, 
 
 u Their goods," " their estates." 10. Qicam si eripuisset, " For if he 
 
 had taken this away :" multos (scil, dolores) " many sufferings of 
 
 mind and body:" uno dolore, "with one pang." 11. Volue- 
 
 runt, " Maintained," " were of opinion :'' quod videlicet, " because no 
 
 doubt :" his (sciL suppliciis). 
 
 V. — 1. Quid mea intersit, "As to what," i. e, "how far it concerns 
 
 my interests:" hanc viam, "this course:" hoc auctore, <fcc., "he 
 
 (Caesar) being the author and supporter of this opinion." 2. Illam 
 
 alteram (sententiam eritis secuti). 3. Vincat, used imperatively: 
 
 rationes, " the considerations :" ipsius, " his own.'' 4. Quid 
 
 intersit, " What difference there is ;" Hi, " as to what there is a difference." 
 
 5* De istis, " Of those." Istis is here used to express contempt : 
 
 non neminem, " that some one" (two negatives), some senator. It is not 
 
 known who is referred to: ne (=ut non) sententiam ferat, "that he 
 
 may not vote," i. e., "that he may avoid giving his vote:" indices 
 
 affecit, " rewarded the informers," viz., the Allobroges. 6. Qui reo, 
 
 &c. Arrange thus : Quid (illc) qui decrevit, &c. — judicarit de tota re, <fcc. 
 
 Y. Legem Semproniam. The lex Sempronia, enacted by C. Sem- 
 
 pronius Gracchus, ordained that no citizen should be put to death with- 
 out the command of the Roman people — " ne ivjussu populi Romani 
 
 civis morte vudtaretur? 8. Qui autem, <fec. Here the relative clause 
 
 stands first. B. §99. Expl. : poznas rei publicce dependisse, "made atone- 
 ment to the state," lit, " paid the penalty," &c. Caius Gracchus was killed 
 by Opimius, in consequence of the decree of the senate clothing the con- 
 suls with absolute power. Either then the expression jussu populi is 
 not quite accurate, or Cicero regards that as done jussu populi which 
 they did not interfere to prevent, or which they did not afterwards con- 
 
192 NOTES ON THE 
 
 demn. 9. Idem., " He also," viz., Caesar : largitorem et prodigum, 
 
 " though lavish and prodigal ;" viz., in getting up shows and entertain- 
 ments to gain the favor of the populace: popularem, " a friend of 
 
 the people." 10. Omnes cruciatus, ace., object of consequatur. By 
 
 mentioning in this manner the severities proposed by Caesar, which he 
 could not deny, he adroitly, while appearing to commend, seeks to bring 
 it into disfavor, and so to gain adherents to the opinion of Silanus, which 
 he afterwards speaks of as the milder of the two. 
 
 VI. — 1. Hoc, referring to the judgment of Caesar just mentioned : 
 
 comitem ad concionem, " a companion to the public assembly." After a 
 decree was passed in the senate, it was reported to the people by the 
 consul, and Cicero here intimates that the name of Caesar, as the mover 
 and supporter of the decree, being highly popular, would secure the ap- 
 probation of the people. 2. Aique obtinebo, &c, "And I will maintain 
 
 (demonstrate) that it (viz., the opinion of Silanus; see above IV.) is the 
 
 milder of the two." 3. Nam ita mihi, &c, " For, though I am more 
 
 urgent than usual in this case, may it be permitted me to enjoy the republic 
 in a state of safety with you, only as I am moved, not by cruelty of mind, 
 but, <fec." Ita ut before the indicative, as here, is used to express a strong 
 
 asseveration. 4. Videor mild videre, " Methinks I see," lit, " it seems 
 
 to me that I see." III. Or. VIII. Note 2. sepulta in patria, &c, " piles 
 
 of my fellow-citizens unburied in my ruined country." Nothing can be more 
 graphic than the scene of misery and ruin here depicted, especially when 
 it is considered, with what horror the Romans regarded the want of burial : 
 
 versatur, " is often present :" ct furor {ejus) bacchantis, " and the 
 
 madness of him raging," i. e., his fury as he rages. 5. Mihi propositi, 
 
 " I have placed before me ;" i. e., " I have pictured to myself :" ex 
 
 fatis. III. Or. in Cat. IV. Note 6. turn — turn., " not only — but also :" 
 
 purpuratum, esse, "is arrayed in purple," viz., as an attendant of royalty. 
 
 6. Me prcebebo, " I will show myself." 7. Supplicium de servis. 
 
 The allusion is to the Roman law which ordained that all the slaves of a 
 family should be put to death for the murder committed by one of them, 
 on his master, or any member of his family, if the perpetrator of tho 
 
 murder could not be discovered. 8. Mihi (is videatur) vero, " to me 
 
 indeed he would appear :" sic nos — habebimur, <fec, " so also we wil 
 
 be esteemed, <fec." 9. Qui id egerunt, ut, (fee, " Who have aimed at 
 
 this, namely, that, <fec." 10. Virum, " That the husband," viz., Len- 
 
 tulus the conspirator, who had married Julia the sister of L. Julius Caesar, 
 
 when she was a widow, and the mother of Mark Antony : avum, 
 
 " that his own grandfather :" viz., M. Fulvius Flaccus, who, with his son, a 
 
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 193 
 
 youth of 18 years of age, was put to death by the order of Opimius the 
 
 consul, for favoring the designs of the Gracchi. 11. Quorum quod 
 
 simile factum ? " Of these what deed is similar (to this of the conspirators) ?" 
 12. Largitionis voluntas, "A disposition to bribe the people by lar- 
 gesses." This was the object of the Gracchi in seeking to revive the Li- 
 ciniau law in order to a distribution of the, public lands among the citi- 
 zens. 1 3. Avus Lentuli, scil. P. Lentulus mentioned III. Or. in Cat. 
 
 V. See Note 4 : Hie, " the former," viz., avus — hie, " the latter," viz., 
 
 the conspirator. 14. Ne remissione poena, " That by any relaxation 
 
 of punishment." B. § 140. Obs. 6.— A. & S. § 262. Rem. 7. 
 
 VII. — 1. Jaciuntar enim voces, " expressions are thrown out:" 
 
 v.t habeam, " that I have not," (see references in preceding note). 
 
 2. Quum — turn etiam, " Not only — but also." 3. Causa hece sola 
 
 inventa est, " This cause alone has occurred:" propter eos qui, " ex- 
 cept such as." 4. Summam ordinis, " pre-eminence of rank :" de 
 
 amore, " in love." 5. Ex midtorum annorum dissensione, " After a 
 
 dissension of many years," viz., from the time of C. Gracchus, who, by the 
 Sempronian law, took from the senate the judicia or right of judging, and 
 gave it to the equites. It was again restored to the senate by Sulla. 
 This produced disagreement between the Orders, which was in part re- 
 moved afterwards by the law of Cotta, who shared it between the Sen- 
 ate, the equites, and the tribunes of the treasury : hcec causa, viz., 
 
 the conspiracy of Catiline. 6. Qicam si conjunctionem, (fee, " If we 
 
 shall maintain perpetually in the state, this union established in my con- 
 sulship, I assure you, <tc." 7. Tribunos cerarios, "The tribunes of the 
 
 treasury." These were plebeians who paid to the quaestors from the trea- 
 sury the money required to pay the soldiers. 8. Scribas item uni- 
 
 versos — video, " I see likewise all the (public) scribes." These were either 
 freedmen, or Roman citizens, who acted as secretaries to the magistrates, 
 and received their pay from the treasury. They were distributed by lot 
 among the different magistrates ; hence, ab expectations sortis, " from look- 
 ing after their lot :" frequentasset, " had brought in great numbers •" 
 
 used transitively ; — quum — turn, see Note 2 above. 
 
 VIII. — 1. Libertinorum homimim. See III. Or. VI 10. 2. Qui- 
 
 dam, " Certain persons," referring sarcastically to lentulus, Cethegus, &c. 
 
 3. Servus est nemo, " There is not a slave." This usage of nemo is 
 
 found in such expressions as nemo homo, " no man" — nemo unus, " no 
 
 one," <fcc. qui modo sit, "if he only is." — B. § 141. Rule iv. — A. & S. 
 
 § 2G4. 2.— perhor reseat. B. § 141. Rule i. Obs. 1.— A. & S. § 264. 7. 
 
 iantum voluntatis, " So much good-will." 4. Est id quidem cceptum, 
 
194 NOTES ON THE 
 
 "That indeed was undertaken:" qui non vellcnt, "that 'they did not 
 
 wish." 5. Multo maxima pars, " Much the greatest part :" i. e., " the 
 
 great majority." B. §134. Obs. 6. 3d. ti. Omne instrumentum, "All 
 
 their means," or " stock :" quorum, si qucestus, " if the gain of these :" 
 
 occlusis tabernis, " when their shops are shut." This was usually 
 
 done by order of the consul in times of disturbance : quid tandem ? 
 
 " what then ?" 
 
 IX. — 1. Consulem, meaning himself — media morte. B. § 98. Obs. 9. — 
 A. & S. § 205. Rem. 17, referring to the attempt made to assassinate him. 
 
 2. Aras penatium, " The altars of the domestic gods." These gods 
 
 were of two classes, the {ares and penates ; the former of human, the 
 
 latter of divine origin. 3* Ignem ilium Vesta;, &a, " That fire of Vesta 
 
 burning perpetually and forever :" perpetuum refers to its constancy, and 
 sempiternum, to its duration. If this fire went out, it was considered a 
 bad omen, and it had to be expiated by extraordinary sacrifices; the 
 priestess in charge was punished by scourging, and the fire was rekindled 
 
 from the sun. 4. De focis vestris, " concerning your firesides" (your 
 
 homes). 5. Qua; — -facultas, "An advantage which." B. §99. Obs. 1. 
 
 2d. — A. &S. § 206. Rem. 19. (3.) 6. In civili causa, "In a public 
 
 cause :" unum atque idem sentientem, " of one mind," lit., " thinking 
 
 one and the same thing." T. Cogitate — una nox, &c, " Reflect that 
 
 one might," Ac., § 145. Obs. 5. 3d and § 140. Obs. 5.— A. & S. § 273. 2. and 
 
 §262. Rem. 4: esse princeps, "to be the first," i. e., "to take the 
 
 lead." 
 
 X. — 1. Ad sententiam (rogandam), "To ask for your opinion :" 
 
 ego — video, " I perceive" — " I am well aware." 2. Quod si aliquando, 
 
 " But if ever :" ista, expressing contempt : vestra ac rci publico; ; 
 
 see above, I. 3. 3. Quanta, " As." The full construction is, quanta 
 
 (laus est qua), " as (the glory is with which)." 4. Gesta scil. re pub- 
 lico. 5. Scipio, viz., Scipio Africanus the elder : alter Africanus, 
 
 viz., Scipio Africanus the younger. 6. Iisdem, quibus — continenttir, 
 
 the meaning is, " extend over" or " fill the whole world." After cursus 
 
 supply continetur. 7. Quo, " Whither' — locum ad quern, " a place to 
 
 which." 8. Uno loco, " In one respect." 9. External victoria;, 
 
 '•' Of a victory abroad" — domesticcc, " of a victory at home :" hostes 
 
 alienigence, " enemies being foreigners." B. § 97, Rule i. 10. Possis, 
 
 " You may be able ;" this is mentioned not as a fact, but only as proba- 
 ble ; hence the subjunctive is used. § 42. II. 2d Obs. 3.— A. & S. § 260. II. 
 11. Vestro bonorumque. See above I. 3. So below, vestram equi- 
 
FOURTH ORATION AGAINST CATILINE. 195 
 
 tumque. 12. Qua possit. § 141. Obs. 2.— A. & S. § 264. 1. " As can :" 
 
 co?ispirationc?n, " unity," " concord." 
 
 XI. — 1. Pro imperio, " In return for the authority," viz., the com- 
 mand of Macedonia, which fell to his lot as his province after the expira- 
 tion of his consulship ; but which he relinquished to his colleague Antoni- 
 us in order to win him from the conspiracy, which he secretly favored, 
 and secure his attachment to the state. So here, exercitu, provincia, &c, 
 refer to those things which he might reasonably have anticipated in the 
 command of this rich province, but which he surrendered in his devotion 
 
 to this cause : neglexi, " I have disregarded," i. e., in comparison with 
 
 the interests of the state. 2. Clientelis Jiospitiisque, " Clientships and 
 
 hospitalities." It was esteemed an honor by men in Rome to have many 
 clients in the provinces, i. e., men who regarded them as their patrons at 
 Rome ; and men on whose friendship and hospitality they might reckon 
 
 when abroad : urbanis opibus, " by my influence (or resources) in the 
 
 city." 3. Quae dum erit fixa, " For as long as this (scil. memoria con- 
 
 mlatus) shall be firmly fixed." B. §99. Obs. 8. 4. Fefellerit, "Shall 
 
 have disappointed." 5. Satis prcesidii, " Sufficient protection." B. § 135. 
 
 3.— A. & S. § 212. Rem. 4 or Rem. 3. Or if satis be taken adjectively, the 
 
 construction will come under B. § 106. Rule viii. 6. Eum consulem 
 
 qui, " Such a consul as:" dubitet — possit See references Ch. X. 12. 
 
ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 A. Licinius Archias was a native of Antioch, a city distinguished for 
 the cultivation of Greek art and learning. At an early age he acquired 
 considerable reputation as a poet. He came to Rome when about 18 or 
 20 years of age, and was courted by men of the greatest eminence, on 
 account of his learning, genius, and politeness. Among others, Lucullus 
 treated him with the greatest kindness, received him into his family, and 
 while there, it is said that many of the young nobles and persons of dis- 
 tinction, and Cicero among the rest, received the benefit of his instructions 
 in literature and the arts. Several years after this he travelled with Lu- 
 cullus into Sicily, and on their return they passed through Heraclia in Lu- 
 cania, where, through the interest of his patron, he obtained the rights of 
 citizenship in this confederated and free town. Grateful for the kindness 
 shown to him, he, on this occasion, assumed his patron's family name of 
 Licinius. Some time after this, b. c. 92, a law was enacted giving the 
 right of citizenship to all who had been enrolled as citizens of the allied 
 states, provided they had a domicile in Italy at the time when the law 
 was passed, and gave in their name to the praetor within sixty days. 
 Archias complied with these conditions, and gave in his name for registra- 
 tion to the praetor, Q. Metellus, and enjoyed the rights of a Roman citizen 
 for more than twenty years. 
 
 In the year b. c. 65, the Papian law was passed, enacting that all 
 strangers (peregrini), i. e., persons who were not citizens, should be expel- 
 led from Rome. On that occasion one Gratius, influenced by some malig- 
 nant feeling against Archias or his patron, came forward and asserted that 
 Archias was a stranger who had illegally assumed the name of a Roman 
 
NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS. 197 
 
 citizen, and attempted to drive him from the city. It unfortunately hap- 
 pened, that, in opposition to this charge, he was unable to furnish any legal 
 documents to prove his right of citizenship, as the archives of Heraclia 
 had been destroyed by fire ; and for some reason or other, during his 
 stay at Rome, his name as a citizen had not been entered on the census 
 lists. Cicero undertook his defence, and in the absence of legal proofs, 
 enlarged on the dignity of literature and poetry, on the genius and ac- 
 complishments of Archias, on the benefits which the state as well as him- 
 self had derived from his literary productions, and on these grounds 
 maintained that even if he had not been a Roman citizen, such were his 
 merits, it was their duty to make him one, and secure him to the state, 
 rather than, for the want of technical evidence, to deprive him of the 
 rights to which he was justly entitled. 
 
 Tins is one of the orations of Cicero on which he has succeeded in be- 
 stowing the finest polish ; it is perhaps the most pleasing of all his ha- 
 rangues, and is interspersed with beautiful maxims and sentences, which 
 have been quoted with delight in all ages. It was delivered before the 
 pra?tor Quintus Cicero, the brother of the orator, A. U. C. 692, b. c. 61, 
 when Cicero was in the forty-sixth year of his age. The result of this 
 trial is unknown, and the remaining period of the life of Archias is buried 
 in utter obscurity ; but the eloquence and beauty of this oration, as well 
 as its commendations of elegant literature (hwnaniora), will ever render it 
 " a useful, agreeable, and inciting study to young readers." 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 I. — li Ingenii, "Natural talent," "genius:" exercitatio dicendi, 
 
 " experience (practice) in public speaking :" hujusce rei ratio, " sys- 
 tematic knowledge (or knowledge of the theory) of this same art," viz., 
 
 oratory. Such is the meaning of ratio here : profecta, " arising," 
 
 "resulting." B. § 49, Note 1. 2. Vel in primis, lit, " Even among the 
 
 first," i. e., " most of all," " chiefly :" hie A. Licinius, " this A. Licinius ;" 
 
 hie indicates his presence in the court. 3. hide usque repetens, " Re- 
 collecting even from that time," " tracing down, &c." Cicero was about 
 
 five years of age when Archias first came to Rome. 4# Mihi princi- 
 
 pem, " My first (my chief) adviser." 5. Quod alia qucedam, (fee, 
 
 " Seeing that there is in him a somewhat different kind of talent :" 
 
 ixeque (B. § 93. 1) hcec, &c, " and not this knowledge and practice in public 
 
198 NOTES ON THE 
 
 speaking (which belongs to me)." This is the idea conveyed by hcec in this 
 
 place. Archias was a poet, Cicero an orator. G. Ne nos quidem, 
 
 <fec. We may here supply dicam, or a similar word, as the independent 
 clause on which this depends ; (I will state) " that I have not indeed al- 
 ways been wholly devoted to this one study," viz., oratory. 
 
 II. — 1. Ne . . . videatur, " That it may not seem." The proper subject 
 of videatur is the following clause — me — uii hoc genere, <kc. B. § 145. 1. — 
 
 A. & S. § 269 : in qucestione legitima, " in a legal question ;" i. e., a 
 
 question to be settled by law. Such was the question, whether Archias 
 was a citizen or not. 2. Quum res agatur, " When the cause is plead- 
 ed :" severissimos judiccs, " most grave (strict) judges." These were 
 
 selected by the praetor from the senators or equites, as a council to assist 
 him with their advice, or to give weight to his decisions. They sat on the 
 subsellia, and were called asscssores. In this cause, the praetor or judge was 
 
 Quintus Cicero, the brother of the orator, and a man of learning. 
 
 3. Roc getter e dicendi, " This kind of pleading," viz., not confining himself 
 strictly as usual to the testimony, and the strict forms of law ; for the legal 
 proofs of what he wanted to establish were wanting ; but his enlarging in the 
 
 praises of liberal studies for which Archias was so celebrated : quod 
 
 non modo a consuetudine judiciorum abhorreat, " which is at variance not 
 only with the usual methods of trials." 4. Huic reo, " To this defend- 
 ant :" hac vestra humanitate, " with such liberal knowledge as you 
 
 possess." Hac here, as frequently, has the force of tali, " such." B. § 31, 
 
 Obs. 2. — A. & S. § 201. Rem. 26. 5. De studiis humanitatis ac litera- 
 
 runi, " Respecting the pursuits of liberal knowledge and learning." Hu- 
 manitas in Cicero often signifies a knowledge of the liberal arts, or 
 branches of learning, such as history, poetry, language, oratory, &c, so 
 called perhaps because of the effect they have in improving (humanizing) 
 
 the mind. 6. In ejusmodi persona, " In a character of this kind," i. e., 
 
 in the case of such a man as Archias. Persona, from persono, " to sound 
 through," properly means the mask worn by the actors in the Roman the- 
 atres, to represent the person or character exhibited. It usually covered 
 the whole head, and the actor spoke through a large opening opposite the 
 mouth. Hence it also means the character represented, the person as here, 
 
 viz., Archias. 7. Qum minime tractata est, " Which is very little ver- 
 
 sant ;" lit.," handled," " brought forward." 8. Novo quodam et inusi- 
 
 tato genere dicendi, " A mode of speaking somewhat new and unusual ;" 
 
 see above, Note 3. 9. Perjiciam profecto ut putetis, " I will certainly 
 
 cause you to think," lit., " that you think." 
 
ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS. 199 
 
 III. — 1. Ad humanitatem informari solet, " Is accustomed to be train- 
 ed to liberal knowledge :" scribendi studium, " the study of writing," 
 
 i. e., " of poetic composition." 2. Loco nobili, " Of a noble family," 
 
 lit, " of noble rank :" Antiochice celebri quondam urbe et copiosa, " at 
 
 Antioch, a city formerly populous and rich." B. § 91, Exc. 3. — A. & S. § 204, 
 
 Rem. 1 : affiuenti, "abounding," abl. 3. Sic ejus adventus, &c, 
 
 " His arrivals were so much talked of, that the expectation of (or desire of 
 seeing) the man exceeded the fame of his genius ; and his arrival and the 
 admiration (it excited) surpassed the expectation of him ;" i. e., to which 
 
 he had given rise. 4. Vehementius, " With more ardor:" quam 
 
 nunc (coluntur) <fec, " than they are now cultivated in these towns :" 
 
 et non negligebantur, " and they were not neglected ;" meaning, " they 
 
 were diligently attended to." 5. Itaque hunc et Tarcntini — civitate 
 
 donarunt, " Wherefore him both the Tarentini, <fcc. — presented with the 
 freedom of their cities." These were the three most noted cities in south- 
 ern Italy {Magna Grcccia) and Campania. 6. Qui aliquid, &c, " Who 
 
 could form any judgment of his talents." 7. Jam absentibus, " Even 
 
 to persons absent," i. e., who had never seen him : Mario consule, &c, 
 
 "in the consulship of Marius and Catulus," i. e., b. c. 102. 8. Consules 
 
 eos, " Those persons in the consulship," namely, Marius and Catulus : 
 
 quorum alter, " the one of whom," viz., Marius. His celebrated exploits 
 in the war with the Teutones and Cimbri formed a theme for the pen of 
 Archias. The other, not only great exploits, but also studium atque anres, 
 " a fondness for letters and (a correct) ear," i. e., " good taste," to judge of 
 
 his productions. 9. Zucidli, two brothers, Lichjuus and Marcus, both 
 
 distinguished men : pra-textatus, " a youth." About 17 years of age, 
 
 the Roman youth laid aside the^fcw prcetexta, which they wore till that 
 time, and assumed the toga vir;^/^- — 10. Scd enim hoc non solum inge- 
 nii (supply causa, or ergo), " But truly this was not only on account of his 
 talents." Orelli has sed etiam, but says he thinks it manifestly corrupt. 
 Freuud quotes the passage ' sed enim,' which is here adopted. Hoc refers 
 
 to the next clause, ut domus, &c. 11. Jlli Numidico ; Mi is emphatic 
 
 ==" that celebrated Numidicus." Metellus received this agnomen on ac- 
 count of his conquering Jugurtha in ISTumidia ; see Sail. Jug., 46. — His son 
 received the name Pius, because he appeared in mourning to solicit the 
 
 return of his father from exile. 12. Audiebatur, " he was listened to," 
 
 viz., in his discourses, or when he recited his poems in private circles : 
 
 colebatur, "he was highly esteemed." 13. Devinctam consuetudine, 
 
 &c, " And since he held united to him by habits of intimacy, the Luculli, 
 
 <fcc. :" Drusum ; M. L. Drusus, a tribune of the commons who carried 
 
 manv laws, but was murdered in liis own house : Octavios, " the two 
 
200 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Octavii," Cneius and Lucius : Catonem, " M. Cato," tribune of the 
 
 people, and father of Cato Uticensis : Hortensiorum, " of the Hor- 
 
 tensii," viz., Lucius and Quintus. 14. Quod cum non solum colebant, 
 
 qui, <fec, " Because (or " seeing that") not only those cultivated his acquain- 
 tance, who," &c. 
 
 IV. — 1. Heracliam, "To Heraclia," a city in Lucania, in lower Italy, 
 
 between the rivers Aciris and Siris. 2. Quce quum esset civitas, <fec, 
 
 "And since this was a state of (i. e., enjoying) the highest privilege, and 
 
 the most honorable alliance." B. § 106, R. vii.— A. <fc S. § 211, Rem. 6. 
 
 JEquissimo with jure expresses the greatness of the privilege, being, as 
 
 near as possible, on a level with Rome itself: with feeder e, it means 
 
 the fairness and justice of the terms of the compact by which this 
 privilege was secured. B. § 150. 1. 3d.— A. & S. § 323. 1 (3). This 
 alliance or compact was formed when Pyrrhus was in Italy, b. c. 278. 
 
 3. Civitas, "The rights of Roman citizenship," — the law here 
 
 referred to, was the lex Plautia, passed b. c. 89. 4. Si sexaginta 
 
 diebus apud prcetorem essent professi, " If within sixty days (viz., from the 
 
 enactment of the law), they made their claims before the praetor." 
 
 5. Quum .... hie haberet, "since he had:" midtos jam annos, 
 
 "many years before." He came to Rome b. c. 101; the law was passed 
 b. c. 89, consequently he had a residence in Italy 12 years before 
 
 that time. 6. Be civitate ac lege, "Concerning his citizenship (at 
 
 Heraclia), and the law " (referred to) : causa dicta est, " the cause is 
 
 pleaded," — is at an end. *7» Grati, some editions have Gracche. 
 
 nor is it a matter of any moment^^^aBfe. Non opinari, sed scire, "JSTot 
 
 that he thinks it is so, but thaWBI Wms it to be so." 9. Hie tu 
 
 tabid as desideras, <fec, "Here you require the public registers of the 
 
 Heraclians:" Italico bello, "in the Italian (sometimes called the 
 
 Social and sometimes the Marsic) war:" tabulario, "the register 
 
 office," where the public registers were kept. 10. Liter arum memo- 
 
 riam fiagitare, "To demand the evidence (testimony) of writings." 
 
 11. Religionem, "The faith," "the solemn declaration:" jusjuran- 
 
 dum fidemque, "the oath and the honor:" Repudiare and desiderare, 
 
 as well as the preceding infinitives dicere, qucerere, <fec, are related to 
 est above as its subject, B. § 144, R. lvi. with Expl. — A. & S. § 209 ; and 
 ridiculum in the neuter gender is the attribute predicated of these 
 
 subjects. B. § 98, Obs. 6.— A. & S. § 205, Rem. 7. (2). 12. Quas 
 
 (tu) idem dicis, "Which you yourself say;" — idem agrees with tu under- 
 stood, rendering it emphatic — "you yourself." 13. An domicilium? 
 
ORATION EOR THE POET ARCHIAS. 201 
 
 <tc, "Had he not a dwelling in Italy?" 14. An non est professus? 
 
 " Did he not make his claim ?" In this way Cicero anticipates two objec- 
 tions and refutes them. 15. Immo vero, &c, "Kay, indeed, he did 
 
 so in those registers which alone," &c. Namely, those of the praetor 
 Metellus mentioned below. 
 
 V. — 1. Xam, "For," introducing the reason why the registers of 
 Metellus, in which the name of Archias was enrolled, are more worthy of 
 credit than those of Appius, who was careless, or those of Gabinius, who 
 
 was corrupt : damnationem, Gabinius was found guilty of extortion 
 
 in his province of Achaia. 2. Resignasset, "Had destroyed;" the allu- 
 sion is to unsealing and corrupting a document. 3. Judices, see above 
 
 II. 2. 4. Civitate, "Citizenship," — so below, civitatem. 5. Rheginos 
 
 credo, "I am to believe, I suppose, that the Rhegini;" — credo is used 
 ironically. These were nations in Magna Graecia in the south of Italy. 
 
 6. Scenicis artificibus largiri, "To bestow freely on stage-players," 
 
 a class of men held in little repute by the Romans. 7. Quid? 
 
 "What!" an exclamation expressing astonishment that any one should 
 deny the citizenship of Archias, when so many of inferior merit obtained 
 
 this privilege and enjoyed it unmolested. 8. Post civitatem datam, 
 
 "After the right of citizenship was given," viz., under the Plautian law 
 
 mentioned above : post legem Papiam. This law, carried by the 
 
 tribune C. Papius, b. c. 65, being 24 years after the Plautian, ordained 
 that all foreigners should be expelled from the city. In consequence of 
 this, many foreigners contrived to have their names surreptitiously 
 inserted in the registers of the free towns, and so evaded the law. These 
 registers, being thus corrupted, were of course worthless as evidence 
 
 either for or against a claim of citizenship. 9. Census nostros requi- 
 
 ris, "You ask us for our census lists." When a census was taken at 
 Rome, which was usually done every five years, the names of the citizens 
 were enrolled in the censor's list. The name of Archias was not on these 
 lists ; and this fact the accuser, it seems, brings forward as evidence 
 against the claim of citizenship made by Archias. Cicero in defence 
 admits the fact but shows it could not be otherwise; because either, 
 when the census was taken, Archias was absent from Rome with Lucullue 
 on military duty, or, when he was in Rome, there was no enrolment oi 
 
 names. 10. Scilicet, "Of course:" est enim obscurum, "for it 
 
 is not known, I suppose." The expression is ironical, and means "every 
 
 body knows." 11, Proximis censoribxis, "Under the last censors," 
 
 viz., L. Gellius and Cn. Lentulus, b. c. 70. This may be regarded as the 
 ablative of time, B. § 131, R. xl. — A<feS. § 253; or governed by a pre- 
 
202 NOTES ON THE 
 
 position (sicb) understood : superioribus, seil. censoribus, " under the 
 
 censors next preceding," viz., L. Marcius Philippus, and M. Perperna, 
 
 B. c. 86: primis, "under the first censors," (viz., the first after his 
 
 coming to Rome), Julius and Crassus, b. c. 89. 12. Quern, i. e., Iste 
 
 Archias, quern, &c, "That same Archias who, you charge, did not, even 
 
 in his own judgment, possess the right of a Roman citizen." 
 
 13. Adiit hcereditates, "Succeeded to inheritances." In benejiciis 
 
 ad cerarium delatus est, "was reported to the treasury among those 
 recommended to favor." When a person distinguished himself in the 
 public service, the person under whom he acted returned his name as one 
 who deserved well of the state. This was a recommendation to future 
 advantages and favors. — None of all these things could have been done, 
 if Archias had not all along been regarded as a Roman citizen. 
 
 VI. — 1. Queer e argumenta, &c, "Search out other arguments, if you 
 can find any other." B. § 37. 3. 2. Revincetur, "He will be refuted:" 
 
 neque . . . neque, "either . . . or." B. § 134, Obs. 4. — A. &S. §277, 
 
 Rem. 5. 3. Quia, I will tell you, it is "because:" ubi, 
 
 "wherewith," — "that with which." 4. Suppetere nobis posse, 
 
 "That we could have at hand," lit. "that there could be present to us:" 
 
 quod, "that which:" tantam contentionem, "so great effort:" 
 
 nisi relaxemus, "unless we should unbend them." The allusion is 
 
 to the bow, which, if kept continually bent, loses t its elasticity, and 
 
 becomes powerless. 5. Ceteros pudeat, "Let others be ashamed." B. 
 
 § 113, Exc. 2. — A. &S. § 215. 6. A tempore aut commodo, "From 
 
 the danger, or advantage." Tempus, in Cicero, frequently means the 
 condition or circumstances of an individual, good or bad, at a particular 
 time, as the context may indicate ; being here opposed to commodo, it is 
 
 equivalent to periculo. See Ernesti, Ind. Lat. tempus. 7. Quis repre- 
 
 hendat, i. e., quis est qui reprehendat. B. § 141, Rule i. — A. & S. § 264. 7. 
 
 8. Si quantum, <fec. Arrange grammatically thus, Si egomet 
 
 sumpsero mihi ad recolenda hcec studia, tantum temporis quantum con- 
 
 ceditur ceteris, ad suas res obeundas, &c. 9. Hcec quoque crescit 
 
 oratio et facultas (by Hendiadys for famltas orationis. B. § 150, 2. 2d. — 
 A. &S. §323, 2(3), "This same faculty of public speaking, which I 
 
 cultivate, is increased." For the force of hcec here, see above I., 5. 
 
 10. Quce si, &c, "And if this seems to any one too inconsiderable (to 
 speak of), I know certainly at least from what source I may derive those 
 
 advantages which are most important." Sentio has for its object the 
 
 dependent clause ex quo, &c. 11. Magnopere, "With great effort," 
 
 "earnestly:" honestatem, "honor:" parvi esse ducenda, "arc 
 
ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS. 203 
 
 to be considered of little value." B. § 120, Rule ii.— A. &S. § 214. 
 
 12. Quant mult as imagines fortissimorum hominum, "How many de- 
 lineations of the bravest men." 13. Ipsa cogitatione hominum 
 
 excellent i urn, "By even thinking of these excellent men." The genitive 
 objective. B. § 106, Obs. 1.— A. & S. § 211, Rem. 2. 
 
 YII. — 1. Literis prodita sunt (nobis), "Are recorded in history," lit, 
 
 "are made known to us by letters." Ablative of means. 2. Difficile 
 
 est. See above IV. 11. So in the next clause est and certum are related 
 
 to quid respondeam, in the same manner. 3. Naturam sine doctrina 
 
 sapius valuisse, "That natural talent (lit,, nature) without leai'ning has 
 
 oftener availed," i. e., "has oftener raised men" ad laudem, &c. 
 
 4. At que idem ego contendo, "And yet I contend," B. § 31, Obs. 2. — 
 
 A. cfc S. § 207, Rem. 27: ratio quadam conformatioque doctrina, "A 
 
 certain training and moulding (of the character) which learning pro- 
 duces." Doctrince genitive active, B. § 106, Obs. 1. — A. & S. § 211, Rem. 
 
 2: illud nescio quid, "something or other," lit, "that, I know not 
 
 what:" solere is governed by contendo, and has illud for its subject 
 
 5. Ex hoc esse hunc numero, "That of this number was this:" 
 
 divinum hominem, this clause, and the following also, depend on contendo. 
 
 6. Si nihil, (fee, " If men were not aided by learning in acquiring 
 
 and practising virtue:" earum, scil. liter arum, "of it," viz., learning. 
 
 7. Adversionem animi hanc, "This employment of the mind." 
 
 8. Nam cetera (adversiones) neque sunt temporum, "For other employ- 
 ments of the mind are not suited to all times," &c, B. § 108, Rule xii. — 
 
 A. (feS. § 211, Rem. 8 (3). 9. Adversis, scil. rebus, "In adversity:" 
 
 peregrinantur, rusticantur (nobis), "they accompany us on our 
 
 travels abroad, and in our rural retirements." 10. Ipsi, "We 
 
 ourselves." 
 
 VIII. — 1. Tarn agresti ac duro, "So rude and unfeeling:" Roscii 
 
 morte, "by the death of Roscius," a celebrated actor supposed to have 
 been a native of Gaul. He had acquired such perfection in his acting on 
 the stage, that his name became proverbial for any one distinguished in 
 his art or profession. Cicero himself elsewhere owns that he had learned 
 
 much from Roscius, especially in reference to delivery. 2. Qui quum 
 
 esset senex mortuus, "And though he died in a good old age." 3. Vide- 
 
 batur omnino mori non debuisse, "It seemed that he ought not to die at 
 all." 4. Quum, "Although," B. § 140, Obs. 3.— A. & S. § 263. 5: 
 
 qua turn agerentur, " which were then going on :" dicere ex 
 
 tempore, "speaking on the spur of the moment," — "without premedita- 
 
204 NOTES ON THE 
 
 tion ;" after the manner of the Italian improvisators, who profess to 
 
 make rhymes and short poems extemporaneously. 5. Quoties (hunc 
 
 vidi) revocatum, &c, "How often have I seen him when recalled (i. e., 
 when requested to repeat), speak the same thing, the words and senti- 
 ments being entirely changed." 6. Quce vero, &c, "But those things 
 
 which he had written with great care and study, I have seen so highly 
 commended, that they attained the renown (of the productions) of the 
 
 ancient writers." 7. Hunc ego non diligam, i. e., Estne ut hunc non 
 
 diligam? "Should I not love?" B. § 42, Obs. 5. 8. Atque sic accepi- 
 
 nius, "Yet so we have certainly heard:" ceterarum rerum studia 
 
 constate, "that the (successful) pursuit of other things depends." 
 
 — — 9. Poetam natura ipsa valere, "That the poet derives his power 
 
 from nature herself." 10# Noster Me Ennius, "Our own Ennius." 
 
 Ennius, a native of Rudiae in Calabria, nourished in the time of the 
 second Punic war, in which he served as a centurion, and of which he 
 composed a poetical history. He also wrote tragedies in imitation of 
 the Greek tragedians — satiric dramas, <fec. ; but fragments only of his 
 writings now remain. He died b. c. 169. He obtained the freedom of the 
 
 city, b. c. 184, and was generally styled the father of Roman song. 
 
 lit Aliquo dono atque munere, "By some eminent gift." Two words 
 nearly synonymous are sometimes used to express one idea with greater 
 force. 12. Humanissimos, "Most distinguished for liberal know- 
 ledge" (for refinement). See above II. 5. 13t Moveamur, see above 
 
 Note 7. 14. Homerum Colophonii, &c. Four towns are here men 
 
 tioned as claiming the honor of being Homer's birth-place ; three more 
 are mentioned in a Greek verse, viz., Rhodus, Argos, and Athence. Of 
 all these, Smyrna appears to have the best claim. The argument of Cicero 
 is this : — If so many places claimed the honor of being the birth-place of 
 Homer, what will be thought of Rome, if she reject so distinguished a 
 poet as Archias from the number of her citizens ? See next chapter. 
 
 IXt — It Alienwn, " A stranger:" olim contulerit, "has for a long 
 
 time employed" (lit., " brought," " made use of," " applied"). 2, Et 
 
 Cimbricas res, &c, " When a young man he both undertook to celebrate our 
 Cimbrian affairs ; " i. e., the exploits of Marius against the Cimbri. In two 
 battles he is said to have killed 200,000 of the enemy, and taken 80,000 
 prisoners. The work of Archias here referred to was begun, but proba- 
 bly not finished : attigit is coupled with inchoavit in Chap. XL below : 
 
 durior, " too rugged." 3t Qui non facile patiatur, " As not 
 
 readily to allow." B. § 141, Obs. 2. 2d.— A. & S., § 264. 1. 4. Quod 
 
 acroama, " What music." Acroama properly signifies that which is " pleas- 
 
0RAT10X FOR THE POET ASCHIAS. 205 
 
 ant to the ear," whether read, recited, or sung ; especially an entertain- 
 ment at meals, either by music or reading. By meton., it means also " the 
 
 performer.'' 5. Eximie L. Plotium dilexit, "Greatly loved L. Plotius." 
 
 Plotius was a Roman poet, and is supposed to be the same who taught 
 rhetoric at Rome. 6. Mithridatieum helium. The war with Mithri- 
 dates the Great began b. c. 89, and continued with great variety of suc- 
 cess for about 30 years. It was one of the longest and most celebrated 
 
 wars ever carried on by the Romans against a foreign power : toium 
 
 here means only the whole of that war in which Lucullus was concerned. 
 This war was conducted first by Sylla, then by Lucullus, from b. c. 73 to 
 67, and was brought to a close by Ponrpey. See introduction to Or. pro 
 
 Manilla .ege: ab hoc, "by him," viz., Archias, present before them, as 
 
 hoc indicates. 7. Qui libri, " And these books"=" and this poem," 
 
 called libri because divided into books. 8. Vallatum, " Though 
 
 defended." 9. Non maxima manu, " With no very large force." 
 
 In this battle the army of the Armenians under Tigranes numbered 
 200,000, while the Romans had only 10,000. In derision of this small 
 force, Tigranes said, " if they came as ambassadors they were too many ; if 
 as soldiers, too few." Even as soldiers, however, they proved too many 
 
 for him. 10. Populi Romani laics est, " To the Roman people belongs 
 
 the praise, that, &c." Cyzicus, a city of Mysia iu alliance with the Ro- 
 mans, was besieged by Mithridates, but Lucullus compelled him to raise 
 the siege and saved the city. Mithridates is said to have lost three hun- 
 dred thousand men in his vain attempts to take this city. 11. Nostra 
 
 (classis) feretur, <fcc, " Our fleet, and that incredible naval battle at Tene- 
 dos, will always be spoken of and extolled, when, Lucullus being in com- 
 mand, the fleet of the enemy was sunk, their leaders being slain :" 
 
 nostra (classis) here, is opposed to hostium classis, in the next clause. 
 
 12. Etferuntur, "Are spread abroad." — 13. In sepulchro, "On the 
 
 tomb." 14. At Us laudibus, " But by these praises," viz., of Ennius. 
 
 15. Hujus proavus Cato, " Cato the great -grandfather of this" (Cato 
 
 now present, probably as one of the assessors in this trial). The Cato 
 meant by hujus was Marcus Cato, called Uticensis, from his death at 
 Utica. He was the great-grandson of M. Porcius Cato, surnamed Cen- 
 
 X. — 1. Ilium — Rudiment hominem, " Him a native of Rudise," viz., 
 Ennius. See above VIII. 10. In this contrast it will be observed the 
 
 orator places the claims of Archias in a strong light. 2. Minorem 
 
 glorioe. fructum, " That a less amount of glory," or more simply, " that less 
 glory." 3. Grazca leguntur, " Greek is read." Grceca and Latina 
 
206 NOTES ON THE 
 
 may be regarded as adjectives with opera understood : — or, taken abso- 
 lutely, as nouns in the neuter plural, meaning " Greek " and " Latin :" 
 
 suisjinibus — continental; "is confined to its own limits," viz., Latium. 
 
 Though in after ages the Latin language was extensively in use through 
 the Roman empire, yet in the time of Cicero it was nearly as here stated. 
 
 4. Orbis terras, regionibus dejiuiuutur, " Are bounded only by the 
 
 limits (" boundary lines,") [this is the primary meaning of the word] of the 
 
 world." 5. Ampla, " Glorious :" qui de vita,, " who, at the risk 
 
 of hie." 6. Scriptores reruin suarum, " Historians of his exploits." 
 
 7. In Sigeo, " On Sigeum." This was a noted promontory on the 
 
 coast of Troy, where it is supposed was the tomb of Achilles. 8. Qui 
 
 inveneris, " Since you have found." B. § 141, Rule III. — A. &S. § 264. 8. 
 
 9. Noster hie Magnus, " This our own Pompey the Great :" 
 
 Noster here, and nostri afterwards, are used with a feeling of pride. Theo- 
 phanes, a poet of Mitylene, followed Pompey in his expeditions to the 
 
 East. Only a few epigrams of his have come down to us : nostri Mi 
 
 fortes viri, "these brave men of ours."' 10. Credo, ("I suppose,") 
 
 both here and below, is used to show that the whole sentence is irony. 
 When so used, it does not usually affect the construction of the sentence, 
 which would be the same without it as with it, but is thrown in as a sort 
 
 of parenthesis : perficere non potuit, " he could not have managed." 
 
 In hypothetical sentences like this, the subjunctive is used both in the pro- 
 tasis and apodosis ; and what is remarkable is, that if the verb in the one 
 
 is in the imperfect, in the other it is often in the pluperfect. 11. Quern 
 
 (subject of jubere below), i. e., Me Sulla quern, " that Sulla whom :" 
 
 quum ei libellum, &c, " when a wretched poet of the common people had 
 presented to him a petition, because he had written a short poem in his 
 praise, only with alternate lines a little longer (than the others) :" i. e., 
 with hexameter and pentameter lines alternately. — *— 12. Qui, i. e., 
 
 num Me qui — non, " And would not he who :" hujus, " of bim" (here 
 
 present, viz., Archias). 13. Impetravisset, scil. civitatem, " Would he 
 
 have obtained the right of citizenship, neither, &c. ?" 14. Qui prceser- 
 
 tirn, " Especially since he," viz., Q. Metellus Pius. 15. Cordubas, "At 
 
 Corduba," a city of Spain. 16. Pingue quiddam sojiantibus atque 
 
 peregrinum, " Uttering something dull and barbarous." 
 
 XI. — 1. Sed prce nobis ferendum, " But to be openly acknowledged 
 by us," lit., " carried before us," so as to be seen and known by all men. 
 
 2. Optimus quisque, <fcc, " The best man is always most influenced 
 
 by the love of glory." The effect of quisque is here given by " always.' ; 
 The meaning is, "the best men, &c." 3. lis libellis, "In those trea- 
 
ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS. 207 
 
 tises :" in eo ipso, (fee, " in that very thing in which they despise (i. e., 
 
 affect to despise) commendation and celebrity :" prmdicari is used 
 
 impersonally : ac nominarl, " and to be named." 4. Decimus qui- 
 
 dem Brutus, " Even Decimus Brutus :" Me here again, as also in the 
 
 next sentence, is used for emphasis, like the Greek article. Decimus Brutus 
 was consul b. c. 138. He conquered the Lusitanians and Galkecians in 
 Spain, whence he obtained the surname of Gallaicus. His friend Attius 
 here mentioned was a rival of the poet Pacuvius ; his principal produc- 
 tions were tragedies. 5. Jam vero ille — Fulvius, " And furthermore 
 
 that Fulvius," viz., M. Fulvius Nobilior. He was made consul b. c. 188, 
 
 and was intrusted with the war in Greece : Martis manubias, " the 
 
 spoils of war." 6. In qua urbe — in ea, arrange : in ea urbe in qua, 
 
 " In that city in which." B. § 99, Obs. 1. 2d.— A. & S, § 206. (3). 7. A 
 
 Musarum honore — abhorrere, "To be averse to the honor of the muses." 
 
 8. Jam me vobis indicabo, "I will now express myself fully to you," 
 
 i. e., " I will state my views to you." 9. Quas res, as antecedent sup- 
 ply eas governed by attigit, and arrange as in preceding note : " Those 
 things which," (fee, referring to his services in crushing the conspiracy of 
 
 Catiline : quibus auditis, " and when I heard these verses (viz., of Ar- 
 
 chias)" B. § 146, Obs. 9. — A. & S., § 257. quod res, "because the 
 
 undertaking." 10. JDesiderat, " Stands in need of:" quid est, quod, 
 
 scil. propter quod, " What is there for which," " what reason is there why." 
 
 11. Si, quibus regionibus, (fee, arrange thus: Si terminaret omnes 
 
 suas cogitationes eisdem regionibus quibus (Note 6 above) spatium vital 
 
 circumscriptum est. X. 10. 12. In optimo quoque, "In all good men." 
 
 See above Note 2. 13. Nodes ac dies, " By night and by day:" accusa- 
 tive of time how long. 
 
 XII. — 1. An vero — omnes qui, <fec. — videa?nur—An vero est ut omnes 
 qui, (fee, " But is it so that we all who, (fee. — should appear to be of so 
 
 narrow a mind :" ut, quum, (fee, " that, although." Quum is construed 
 
 with duxerimus, ut with arbitremur. 2. Nonne multo malle debemus, 
 
 " Ought we not much more to wish :" consiliorum relinquere — effigiem, 
 
 (fee, "to leave behind us a delineation of our enterprises drawn and finish- 
 ed." 3. Haic (memoria) vero sive, " But whether this (remembrance) :" 
 
 a ?neo sensu, " from my consciousness :" ut sapientissimi homines, 
 
 such as Pythagoras and Socrates, who taught the immortality of the soul. 
 
 1. Quam amicorum videtis, (fee, " Which you see is attested both by 
 
 the high standing of his friends, and the long continuance of then* friend 
 
 ship." 5. Causa vero (est) ejusmodi qum comprobettir, "But his cause 
 
 is such that it is established." B. § 141, Obs. 2. 2d.— A. & S., § 264. 1. 
 
208 NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR THE POET ARCHIAS. 
 
 6. Humana, " On the part of men :" divina, " on the part of the gods." 
 
 7. Ut eum, <fcc. This "whole clause down to videatur, is the object of 
 
 petimus, above ; but eum is the object of accipiaiis below ; it is best to 
 translate it, however, where it is, " that this man whom, &c. — you would 
 
 receive," &c. : sic — ut, " in such a way that :" domesticis pericidis, 
 
 dative, the remote object of daturum esse, and referring to the conspiracy 
 
 of Catiline. 8« Isque est eo numero, qui, " And he belongs to the 
 
 number of those, who," — i. e., he was a poet. 9. Quaz de causa, &c, 
 
 arrange thus : Confido, judices, ea, quce, pro mea consuetudine, dixi de 
 causa breviter simpliciterque, probata esse omnibus. So in the next 
 
 member — spero ea quai locustus sum, &c. 10. Ab eo, &c, " I am sure 
 
 (that they have been so taken by him) who presides in this trial :" namely, 
 his brother Quintus Cicero, who presided as praetor. 
 
ORATION FOR MARCUS MARCELLUS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 This is not so much a speech in defence of Marcellus, as a panegyric 
 on Julius Caesar for having granted the pardon of the former, at the 
 intercession of the senate. Marcellus belonged to one of the most 
 illustrious families in Rome, and was adorned with all the virtues that 
 could qualify him to sustain that dignity which he derived from his 
 ancestors. He was educated for the bar, where he soon acquired great 
 fame, and of all the orators of his time seems to have approached nearest 
 to Cicero in the character of a complete speaker. " He had been one of 
 the most violent opponents of the views of Caesar. He had recommended 
 in the senate that he should be deprived of the province of Gaul : he had 
 insulted the magistrates of one of Caesar's new-founded colonies, and had 
 been present at Pharsalia, on the side of Pompey. After that battle he 
 retired to Mitylene, where he was obliged to remain, being one of his 
 adversaries to whom the conqueror refused to be reconciled. The senate, 
 however, one day when Caesar was present, with a united voice, and in 
 an attitude of supplication, having implored his clemency in favor of 
 Marcellus, and their request having been granted, Cicero, though ho had 
 resolved to preserve eternal silence, being moved by the occasion, de- 
 livered, in this oration, one of the highest-strained encomiums that has 
 ever been pronounced." 
 
 "In the first part, he extols the military exploits of Caesar; but 
 shows that his clemency to Marcellus was more glorious than any of his 
 other actions, as it depended entirely on himself, while fortune and his 
 army had their share in the events of the war. — In the second part, he 
 endeavors to dispel the suspicions which it appears Caesar still entertained 
 of the hostile intentions of Marcellus, and takes occasion to assure the 
 
210 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Dictator (Caesar), that his life was most dear and valuable to all, since on 
 it depended the tranquillity of the state, and the hopes of the restoration 
 of the commonwealth." Dunlop's Rom. Lit. 
 
 Though this oration was made on the spur of the occasion, and 
 abounds in oratorical exaggerations too glaring for the taste of modern 
 times, yet for elegance of diction, vivacity of sentiment, and politeness 
 of compliment, it is superior to any thing extant of the kind in all 
 antiquity. It was delivered in the year of Rome 101, b. c. 46, and in 
 the 61st of Cicero's age. 
 
 This oration continued to be not only of undisputed authenticity, but 
 one of Cicero's most admired productions, till, in 1802, the question of its 
 authenticity was raised by "Wolf, and discussed by Wolf, Spalding, and 
 Schiitz, on the one side, and "Wormius, Weiske, and Jacob, on the other. 
 New light was thrown on this subject in 1817, when, among the discove- 
 ries of Maio, was found a collection of scholia on several of the oi'ations 
 of Cicero, and among them on that for Marcellus. The question of its 
 authenticity is now considered as conclusively settled. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 I. — 1. Diuturnii silentii, (fee, "Of the long silence which I had 
 observed in these times." Ever since his return to Rome, after being 
 pardoned by Caesar for the part he had taken in favor of Pompey, now 
 more than a year, Cicero had taken no active part in public affairs, till 
 the generosity of Caesar, in pardoning Marcellus at the request of the 
 senate, now forced him to break this silence, in giving expression to his 
 admiration of Caesar's conduct, and joy at the favor shown to his friend. 
 This is addressed partly to the senate, and partly to Caesar, then present. 
 
 — For this silence he assigns the reasons which follow. 2^ Non 
 
 timore aliguo, "Not from any fear;" from that, his confidence in the 
 
 justice and liberality of Caesar had relieved him : partim dolore, 
 
 "partly from grief;" because of the situation of Marcellus, see below: 
 
 ■ partim verecundia, " partly from shame," or the embarrassment he 
 
 could not but feel, if he should speak in the senate, in the presence of 
 Caesar, against whom he so lately contended, and by whom he had been 
 
 so generously pardoned. 3. Modum, "Moderation:" tarn de- 
 
 nique, (fee. Arrange, deniqite sapientiam (object of pr cater ire) tarn incre- 
 dibilew ac pcene divinam: tacitus, "in silence." B. § 98, Obs. 10. — 
 
ORATION FOR MARCUS MARCELLUS. 211 
 
 A. ctS. § 205, Rem. 15. 4. Non illius solum, scil. vocem et auctori- 
 
 tatem; for the construction of illius et meam, see B. § 30, Obs. 1. — A. & S. 
 
 § 278, Rem. 2. 5. Dolebam, "I was accustomed to grieve." B. §44, 
 
 ii., 1. — A. & S. § 145, ii., 1. 6. In eadem causa. Both of them had 
 
 espoused the cause of Pompey. 7. Interclusam, " Which was shut 
 
 against me." 8. Et his omnibus, &c, "And to all these you have 
 
 raised as it were a signal." 9t Mihi quidem, &c, "By me, indeed, 
 
 in manv cases, and especially in my own case:" omnibus, "by all," 
 
 supply intellectum est. 10. Commemoratis prwsertim offensionibus, 
 
 "Especially after stating his offences," i. e., several acts of opposition to 
 Caesar — he moved, in the senate, that his command in Gaul should be 
 taken away, though he sought to retain it — he afterwards endeavored to 
 get Caesar proclaimed an enemy to his country, — in a public speech he 
 called him a robber, and finally took the part of Pompey against him : 
 
 doloribus, "resentments." — 11. Fructum — maximum, "The 
 
 highest reward." 12. Summo consensu senatus, &c, "The most 
 
 perfect unanimity of the senate" (viz., in interceding for Marcellus), " and 
 moreover your most important and noble decision," viz., in granting 
 
 their request: quod, "and this," B. § 99, Obs. 8, referring to the 
 
 statement in the preceding sentence. 
 
 II. — 1. Nidlins est, "To no one belongs," "no one possesses:" 
 
 tanta copia — qua? — possit, "so great a copiousness — as can." B. § 141, 
 Obs. 2. 2d. — A. <t S. § 264. 1. 2. Pace tua, "With your permission:" 
 
 in his, "among these," scil. exploits: ampliorem, "more 
 
 glorious." 3. Idque libenter crebris usurpare sermonibus, &c, "And 
 
 willingly to take it up in our frequent conversations, that all the exploits 
 of our generals," &c. The object of ponere and usurpare is the dependent 
 clause, omnes — res gestas, <tc, down to lustrataz sint, and for this, id is the 
 
 substitute after usurpare : nee numero prceliorum, Caesar is said to 
 
 have fought 50 pitched battles ; his conquests in Gaul alone, he said, cost 
 
 one million two hundred thousand lives ! nee varietate regionum, — 
 
 he had fought in Gaul, Britain, Spain, Germany, Greece, Egypt, Africa, 
 and Asia — nee celeritate conficiendi. This is manifest from the number of 
 his campaigns and battles. — Compare all this with what Cicero says of 
 
 Pompey, Or. pro Lege Manilia, Chap. X. 4. Nee (== et non) vero 
 
 disjunctissimas terras, "And that in truth, lands widely separated." 
 
 5. Qua quidem ego, &c, "And indeed, if I did not acknowledge that 
 
 these things are so great :" sed tamen sunt alia majora, " but still 
 
 there are other things greater." He means the conduct of Caesar in 
 pardoning Marcellus. That this was really greater, in his judgment, he 
 
212 NOTES ON TPIE 
 
 goes on to show in what follows. 6. Verbis, " In their remarks." 
 
 7. In armis, "In military affairs." 8. At vero hujus glorice, 
 
 " But truly of this glory ;" namely, clemency and magnanimity in pardon- 
 ing Marcellus. 9. Ex ista laude, " Of this praise of thine." Ista here, 
 
 and istius in the next sentence, are used with reference to the person 
 addressed. They are the demonstratives of the second person. B. § 31, 
 
 Obs. 2.— A. & S. § 201, JRem. 23, ad fin. 10. Mia ipsa domina — 
 
 Fortuna, "Fortune, that very mistress." Ilia ipsa conjoined express 
 
 strong emphasis. 11. Neque ad consilium casus admittitur, "Nor is 
 
 chance ever admitted to your counsel." The force of nunquam in the 
 first clause, also belongs to the last ; after neque it is here rendered by 
 " ever." 
 
 III. — 1. Immanitate Barbaras, &c, "Barbarous in their cruelty, not to 
 
 be numbered for multitude, very distant in their localities." 2. Quce 
 
 nonpossit, "That it cannot." B. § 141, Obs. 2. 2d.— A. & S. § 264. 1. 
 
 3. Adversarium — non modo extollere jacentem, "Not only to raise up a 
 
 prostrate enemy," — praistantem, &c. : cum summis viris. B. § 123, 
 
 Obs. 1. 4. Ejusmodi res, "Things," i. e., "praises of this kind:" 
 
 obstrepi, " to be drowned," — "prevented from being heard." 
 
 5. Aliquid factum (esse), "That any thing has been done" (objective 
 
 clause after audimus, &c): in iracundia, "in passion:" quce, 
 
 natura, "which, by nature," "naturally." 6. Te vero, &c, arrange, 
 
 Vero quibus laudibus efferemus te : eos cernimus, " We perceive to be 
 
 such." B. § 31, Obs. 2.— A. & S. § 207, Rem. 26. 7. Medius fidius 
 
 (adjuvet), lit. "May Jupiter help me;" — medius = me dius, and Dhis = 
 deus, fidius, from fides, is a surname of Jupiter ; Dius fidius, then, means 
 "Jupiter, the god of honor," and the whole contains a strong asseveration 
 of the truth of what is said, such as is expressed by mehercule — " most 
 
 assuredly." 8. Quod brevi tempore, &c, "Because in a. short time 
 
 that authority (of the senate) will exist again, in these the seats of their 
 ancestors, and of themselves." With auctoritas supply senatus, to which 
 suorum and suis refer as equivalent to senatorum. For the connection 
 majorum et suis, see as above, I. 4 and § 30, Obs. 1. — A. & S. § 278, 
 Rem. 2. 
 
 IV, — 1. Quum C. Marcelli, <fec, "When lately with you I witnessed 
 the tears of C. Marcellus." — In the senate, upon the mentioning of Mar- 
 cellus by Piso, his brother Caius having (in tears) thrown himself at 
 Caesar's feet, the whole senate went up, and made intercession for 
 Marcellus. The request thus made was granted. 2. Pome ab inte- 
 
ORATION FOR MARCUS MARCELLUS. 21 
 
 ritu vhidicasti, "You have saved almost from extinction." 3, Hcec 
 
 enim res, <fcc, "For this thing (viz., the pardoning of Marcellus) is the act 
 
 of Caesar alone." 4. Tic idem es et dux, et comes, "Yoxi are yourself, 
 
 hoth leader and attendant." 5. per e et manic, "By labor and the 
 
 hand of man:" vetustas, "time," "long duration." 6. Ita ut 
 
 quantum, &c, arrange, Ita ut diutxcrnitas afferat laudibus tantum quan- 
 tum, &c. 7. Jam ante, "Before this." 8. Vereor ut hoc intelligi 
 
 audita possit, "I fear that this may not be understood on the hearing oi 
 it." After vereor, ut means "that not," B. § 140, Obs. 6.— A. & S. § 2G2, 
 Rem. 7 : perinde atquc ipse cogitans sentio, "just as I myself, reflect- 
 ing upon it, feel it to be," i. e., "that my language may fail to express 
 
 what I feel." 9> Quum ea quce ilia, &c, " When you gave up to the 
 
 conquered, those things which she (victory) had obtained for you," scil., the 
 
 power and means to punish them at your pleasure. 10# Omnes victi 
 
 oecidissemus, "We all being conquered might have fallen," i. e., "might 
 have been put to death." Such were the ideas of warfare then entertained. 
 
 V. — 1. Quam late pateat, " How widely it extends," scil., not to Mar- 
 cellus only, but to himself, and others who took part with Pompey, and, in 
 
 its influence, to the whole state. 2# Omnes enim, " For all of us" — 
 
 subject of liberati sumus ; and is modified by the relative clause follow- 
 ing : qui ad ilia arma compulsi sumus, " who were driven to that 
 
 war." Cicero, from the beginning, was opposed to this civil contest, and 
 exerted himself to prevent it : but when it did break out, from motives of 
 
 friendship, as well as patriotism, he espoused the cause of Pompey : 
 
 fato nescio quo, "by some fate or other." 3. Etsi aliqua culpa, &c, 
 
 " Although we are chargeable with some degree of human infirmity :" 
 
 a scelere certe, <fcc., " we are absolved at least from intentional wicked- 
 ness." 4. Reliquos amplissimos viros, " Other most illustrious men," 
 
 viz., who, as well as himself, had connected themselves with Pompey. 
 
 5. Hoc ipso in concessit, " In this very assembly." 6. Non ille 
 
 hostes induxit in curiam, " He has not brought enemies into the senate" — 
 enemies either to their countiy or to himself. For though they took the 
 part of Pompey, he intimates it was from mistaken views of duty, but 
 now the clemency of Caesar had made them friends to him also. This 
 representation contains quite as much of flattery and policy as of truth. 
 
 7. Be pace audiendum, " That proposals for peace should have 
 
 been listened to." To this, Cresar, it appears, was always inclined, but it 
 was opposed by Pompey and his party : — orationem, " that the peti- 
 tion." 8. Pads et togce socia, (B. § 107, R. ix.— A. & S. § 213) "in 
 
 favor of peace." Two words of the same meaning are used strongly to 
 
214 NOTES ON THE 
 
 express the one thing, peace. So in the next clause, belli atque armorum. 
 
 9. Privato officio, non publico, " In a private, not a public capacity" 
 
 — as a friend, not as a soldier. 10. Graft animi ft delis memoria, 
 
 &c, " The lasting remembrance of a grateful heart prevailed so far with 
 me." Cicero felt grateful to Pompey for the many favors he had re- 
 ceived from him; 11. Quod quidem meum consilium, "And indeed 
 
 these views of mine :" in hoc ordine, " in this order," i. e., in the 
 
 senate: re Integra, "before the war began," lit, "the affair being 
 
 untouched." 12. Eadem sensi, " I entertained the same views :" 
 
 etiam cum capitis mei pcriculo. Cicero declined the command of fifteen 
 cohorts offered to him by Cato at Corcyra. This so enraged the younger 
 Pompey, that he threatened his life, — a danger from which he was 
 saved by the interference of Cato. See Or. pro Milone, Ch. XXV., 
 
 Note 7. 13. Qui dubitet, " As to doubt." B. § 141, Obs. 2. 2d.— A. & S. 
 
 § 264. 1. pads auctores, " the friends of peace," viz., those on the 
 
 side of Pompey, who were the advisers of peace : statim, " from 
 
 the first :" ceteris fuit iratior, " but he was more incensed against 
 
 the others," i. e., those who were bent on war. 
 
 VI. — 1. Iltcjus rei, &c, "Of this thing I am a witness for Marcellus," 
 
 namely, that he was in favor of peace. 2. Nostri sensus, " Our 
 
 views," the views of Marcellus and himself. 3. Quum — turn, "Not 
 
 only" — " but also :" certorum hominum, " of certain men." Certus 
 
 has sometimes the meaning of quidam as here. 4. Quo, " Where- 
 fore." 5. Causae, " The causes," viz., of Caesar and other generals. 
 
 6. Gladium vagina vacuum, " The sword unsheathed." B. § 1 07, 
 
 R. xi. — A. & S. § 213, Rem. 1 (3). This was meant to be highly compli- 
 mentary to Caesar, that his victories in the field ended there, and were 
 not, as too often happens, only the prelude to greater atrocities in the 
 
 city. 7. Mortis vis, " The violence of war :" non ira victoria, 
 
 " not the rage of victory :" tit (= ita ut), " so that :" dubitare 
 
 qxiin, " to doubt that." Quin means but that, that not ; but after words 
 denoting doubt, and many expressions containing a negation, it means 
 
 simply that : ex eadem acie, " from the same army," viz., that 
 
 of Pompey. 8. Alterius vero partis, " But in respect of the other 
 
 party," viz., Pompey's. The genitive, by a Greek construction, instead 
 of the accusative or ablative, B. § 128. See Greek Gr. § 157, R. xxxiii. 
 
 "Respect wherein is expressed in the genitive:" nimis iracundam, 
 
 "with too much passion." 9. Nee (=et non) quid quisque, &c, "And 
 
 said that they had to consider, not what each one thought, but where 
 he had been (during the war)." 10. Ut, as in No. 7, above : 
 
ORATION FOR MARCUS MARCELLUS. 215 
 
 etiam si poenas a popido, (fee, " though they exacted satisfaction from (i. e., 
 
 inflicted punishment upon) the Koman people :" qui, " since they" (the 
 
 gods). B. § 141, Rule iii. — A. & S. § 264. 8. 11. Omnem spem salutis 
 
 — contulisse, " To have referred all hope of safety." 12. Tarn excel- 
 lent bono, " So excellent a privilege :" cum — turn, as before, No. 3. 
 
 13. Virtuti, "On your valor:" — — ■ felicitati, "on your good for- 
 tune." 14. Quce non modo summa, (fee., " Which I will venture to 
 
 say are not only the greatest, but in truth, even the only goods." 
 
 15. Lapsis non cupiditate, " Who have fallen not through ambition :" 
 
 sed opinione officii, " but from their view of duty :" et specie 
 
 quadam rei publicce, "and with a sort of idea of (regard for) the pub- 
 he good." Rei publicce is here to be taken, as it sometimes is, in its 
 literal sense, meaning, not "the state," but "the public interest" — "the 
 common weaL" 
 
 VII. — 1. Ad gravissimam querelam, "To your most grievous com- 
 plaint." Though at the intercession of the senate, Csesar pardoned Mar- 
 cellus, yet he complained of his moroseness (acerbitas), that his feelings 
 towards him were still hostile, and feared that he might still cherish 
 designs against his life : see Ep. ad Fam. 4. 4. To remove these sus- 
 picions, and to show there could be no ground for them, is the object of 
 
 Cicero in this part of his oration. 2. Quam etsi spero, (fee, " And 
 
 though I hope it is groundless, yet I will never (seek to) lessen it by 
 
 words (of mine)." 3. Si in alterutro peccandum sit, " If I have to 
 
 err on one side or the other," <fec. 4. Iste tarn demens, " The wretch 
 
 so bereft of reason," as to harbor designs against your safety. Iste here, 
 as often, is used to express abhorrence or contempt. B. § 30, Obs. 3. 3d. 
 
 — A. & S. § 207, Rem. 25. 5. De tuisne, " Is he one of your friends," 
 
 i. e., of your party. 6. Qui una tecum fuerunt, " Who were 
 
 along with you (in the army) :" ut, quo duce, arrange, ut non ante- 
 
 ponat suce (vitce), vitam hujus, quo duce, (fee. 7. Nihil tui cogitant 
 
 seel er is, " Your friends entertain no thought of crime :" ne quid in- 
 
 imici {cogitant sceleris), " that your enemies do not." 8. Qui ? " Who 
 
 are they ?" 9. Tantm latebrce, (fee, " Lurking-places and recesses so 
 
 great." 10. Tarn nihil cogitans, " So reckless :" nee de sua, nee, 
 
 " either of his own, or." For this use of nee after a negative, see B. 
 
 § 134, Obs. 4.— A. & S. § 27*7, Rem. 5. Qui non intelligat. B. § 141, 
 
 Obs. 2. 2d. — A. <fe S. § 264. 1. 11. Et ex unius tua vita pendere (vitam) 
 
 omnium, " And that the life of all depends on the life of thee alone." 
 For unius in the genitive with tua see B. § 97, Obs. 4. — A. & S. § 205, 
 
 Rem. 13. - — - 12. Earn consistere, " That it depends." 13. Sceleris 
 
 10* 
 
216 NOTES ON THE 
 
 etiam accedit, (fee., " There is added a combination of crime and treason :" 
 si cupiat, " (even) if he (the god) should desire it." 
 
 VIII. — It Sunt excitanda tibi, "Are to be raised by you" (to their 
 former state). B. § ] 26, Obs. 3. — A. & S. § 225. iii. With an honest free- 
 dom, and, at the same time, with much address, Cicero here points out 
 the necessity of restoring to their former prosperous condition the affairs 
 of the state, now prostrated by the " shock of war," and intimates that 
 while this work was in the hands of Caesar, and could be accomplished 
 by him alone, greater glory would accrue to him from this than from all 
 his past victories. Well had it been for the fame of Caesar, and for the 
 state, if this advice had been followed. 2. Judicia, " Courts of jus- 
 tice." It has long been a proverb, inter arrna silent leges: fides, 
 
 " public credit :" propaganda suboles, viz., by enacting and enforcing 
 
 salutary laws and regulations, for encouraging marriage, and restraining 
 licentiousness. Such was the Lex Julia, passed in the time of Augustus. 
 
 3t Omnia qua? dilapsa jam defluxerunt, (fee, "All those things which 
 
 have already fallen to decay and perished (i. e., have become useless) 
 
 must be secured." 4t Quin, " That." VI. 1, above : quassata, the 
 
 allusion is to a ship battered by the storm. 5. Quibus, " And these 
 
 (wounds)." 6. Invitus audivi, " I have heard with regret." The ex- 
 pression here referred to was probably used by Caesar in reply to the 
 application of the senate in behalf of Marcellus, when he expressed his 
 belief that Marcellus might probably still entertain designs against his life. 
 If so, he went on to say, it was now a matter of indifference to him, " he 
 
 had lived long enough either for nature or for glory." 7. Si ita vis, 
 
 "If you will:" fortasse natural, " for nature perhaps." This admis- 
 sion he modifies by fortasse. Caesar was now 54 years old. Supply vix- 
 
 isti. 8. Patrice certe parum, " Certainly not long enough for your 
 
 country" — which now so much needs your care. 9t Doctorum liomi- 
 
 num — philosophorum. The reference is to philosophers of the Stoic sect, 
 
 who regarded death among things indifferent. 10. Sed turn id audirem, 
 
 "But then I might admit that," viz., tibi te satis vixisse. 11. A per- 
 
 fectione, " From the completing :" qua? cogitas, " which you have in 
 
 view," lit., " which you think of." 1 2t Quid, si istud (vita?), " What if 
 
 that portion of your life (which is past"). 13t Parum . . . gloriam 
 
 magnam, " Inconsiderable fame," — " fame not great enough." 14. De- 
 
 victis adversaries. B. § 49. 8. — A. & S. § 257, Rem. 5. vide, " take 
 
 heed." 
 
 IX. — It Ha?c igitur, (fee, " This character, then, is yet left for you (to 
 
OKATIOX FOR MARCUS MARCELLUS. 21 7 
 
 enact") : " this act remains (to be performed)." The allusion is to the 
 drama. On the stage of Hie, Caesar had already appeared as a warrior 
 and conqueror, and had well played his part. He was now called to ap- 
 pear as a statesman and a patriot, in settling on a sure basis the institutions 
 of his country. On this " last act," especially, would his future fame de- 
 pend. 2. Eaqv.e tu in primis, &c, " And that you, among the first, may 
 
 enjoy it in tranquillity and retirement." 3. Quid enhn est omnino, &c, 
 
 " For what after all is this same (living) long, in which there is something 
 last f (i. e., to which there is an end) : quod quum venit, "and when this 
 
 has come." B. § 99, Obs. 8. 4. Quia postea nulla (scil., voluptas) est 
 
 fat ura. The Epicureans, to whose philosophy Caesar was inclined, de- 
 nied the immortality of the souL 5. His a7igustiis, " With these 
 
 narrow limits ;" i. e., with this short span of human life. 6. Nee vero 
 
 hcec. etc., " Nor truly is this to be considered thy life." Some editions have 
 
 dicertda, "to be called:" quce corpore et spiritu continetur, "which is 
 
 limited by (begins and ends with) the body and the breath of life." 
 
 7. Huic (scil. vitce quce vigebit, &c.) tu inservias . . . oportet, " To this it 
 
 behoves you to devote your energies." B. § 113, Obs. 10. 8. Audi- 
 
 entes et legentes imperia, <kc, " When they hear and read of your com- 
 mands, <fcc." 9. Magna dissensio, " Great difference of opinion." 
 
 10. Alii, " Some :" alii fortasse aliqiiid requirent, " Others will per- 
 haps miss something" — will seek for, but not find it. 11. JJt illud 
 
 fati fuisse videatur, &c, " That the former (viz., his prosperous career 
 hitherto) may appear to have been the work of fate, the latter (that 
 which he is now urged to do) the result of wisdom." B. § 108, Rule xii. — 
 
 A. & S. § 211, Rem. 8 (3). 12. Servi (Imper. of servio), ° Show respect," 
 
 13. Hand scio an incorruptius, "Perhaps more justly:" haud 
 
 scio an, lit, " I know not whether" = " perhaps," " probably." 14. Qui- 
 
 dam, " Some," namely, the Epicurean philosophers, who deny the immor- 
 tality of the souL 
 
 X. — 1. Diversce fuerunt, " Were various," i. e., during the civil contest : 
 
 dissideba?nus, " we (citizens) differed." Some taking the side of 
 
 Pompey, others that of Caesar. 2. Erat enim obsenritas qua-dam, 
 
 " Moreover, there was a degree of obscurity" about the case, rendering it 
 difficult to know which was in the right. In this way does he frame a 
 
 sort of apology for the followers of Pompey. 3. Clarissimos duces, 
 
 viz., Caesar and Pompey. 4. Perfuncta est, " Has ended," i. e., has 
 
 come to the end of — is now free from : fatali, " destructive," " ill- 
 fated :" odium swan, " his resentment :" for tuna, "by his success." 
 
 5. Nee qui, " And who would not :" omnes eosdem, " all those." 
 
218 NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR MARCUS MARCELLUS. 
 
 Of the enemies of Caesar, it is said none perished except in battle but only 
 
 Afranius, Faustus Sulla, and the younger L. Caesar. 6. Animum 
 
 armatum, " A hostile spirit." 7. Omnis fracta dissensio est, " All dis- 
 cord is quashed :" unum velint, " should unite their wishes ;" lit., 
 
 " should wish for one thing." 8. Qua quum antea, &c, " Which you 
 
 expressed (lit. used) both formerly, and especially this clay." 9. Om- 
 nes, i. e., nos omnes. 10. Quod de me ipse sentio, "What I think my- 
 self," i. e., my own unbiased sentiments. By a common usage of ipse, it 
 is here construed in the nominative with ego, the subject of sentio, but is 
 translated as if in the ablative with me, scil. me ipso. B. § 98, Exc. 5. — 
 
 A. & S. § 207, Rem. 28. 11. Subesse aliquid, "That something lies 
 
 concealed." 12. Excubias et custodias, " Guards by night and by 
 
 day :" oppositus, " the interposition," " the opposing." 
 
 XL — 1. Maxhnas tibi omnes gratias agimus, "We all return you very 
 great thanks :" majores etiam habemus, " We feel even more thank- 
 ful" (than we can express). Gratias agere means " to give thanks," — gratias 
 habere, " to be thankful." 2. Non est stantibus, &c, " It is not neces- 
 sary for all standing up to speak," i. e., to stand up and speak. When a 
 senator spoke to the senate he rose, and stood while he was speaking, but 
 
 when he only assented to another's opinion, he continued sitting. 3. A 
 
 me certe did volunt, " They wish (their sentiments) to be spoken by me at 
 
 least." 4. Non . . . de salute, " Not for the safety." 5. Quod au- 
 
 tem summce, &c. This intricate sentence may be arranged thus : autem 
 cum, sollicitudine, cura, labore, tamdiu quamdiu dubitatum est de salute 
 illius, prcestiterim id quod est summce benevolentice (quce mea [scil. benevo- 
 lentia] erga ilium semper nota fuit omnibus, ut vix cederem Marcello, op- 
 timo et amantissimo fratri, prceter eum quidem, nemini) certe debeo prce- 
 
 stare (id) hoc tempore, liberatus magnis curis, molestiis, doloribus. 
 
 6. Quce. mea, scil. benevolentia, " And this friendship of mine." 7. Sic, 
 
 " In this manner :" ut, " inasmuch as," " seeing that :" omnibus 
 
 me rebus, &c, " while I have not only been preserved safe by you in all 
 
 respects, but also highly honored : tamen maximus cumulus acces- 
 
 serit, <fec. 
 
 Marcellus, after being pardoned by Caasar, left Mitylene, and had come 
 as far as the Piraeus or harbor of Athens, intending to pursue his journey 
 to Rome by sea on the following day ; but in the night he was killed by 
 his friend and client Magius, for what cause is not known. The murderer 
 immediately stabbed himself with the same poniard. 
 
ORATION FOR Q. LIGARIUS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 In the beginning of the year A. U. 703, b. c. 50, Q. Ligarius had gone 
 to Africa (the territory of Carthage) as legate of the praetor C. Considius 
 Longus, and having made himself popular with all (civibus et sociis), he 
 became, on the withdrawal of Considius, provisional governor and com- 
 mander of the province. At that moment the war between Caesar and 
 Pompey broke out, and the inhabitants of the province of Africa, most of 
 whom belonged to the party of Pompey, called upon Q. Ligarius, to put 
 himself at their head. Ligarius refused, as Cicero explains it, for the pur- 
 pose of remaining neutral ; and it fortunately happened that P. Atius 
 Varus, a decided Pompeian, who had just been defeated by the troops of 
 Csesar at Auximum in Picenum, arrived in Africa with a view to take the 
 supreme command in that province against Caesar. In this ho succeeded 
 easily enough, and the more so, as he was sufficiently known in the prov- 
 ince, having been governor of it a short time before. Q. Ligarius remain- 
 ed under him in his former capacity of legate, and resided at Utica. But 
 soon after there arrived at Utica, L. Aelius Tubero, the lawful successor 
 of C. Considius, who had by lot received Africa for his province ; but he 
 was not admitted either at L T tica, or in any other part of Africa, and was 
 not even allowed to put on shore his sick son Q. Tubero, the accuser of 
 Ligarius. It may be that Q. Ligarius, who was staying at Utica, carried 
 into effect this harsh proceeding of Varus against the Tuberos. The lat- 
 ter (viz., the Tuberos) then went to Pompey himself, and after the unfor- 
 tunate battle of Pharsalus, b. c. 48, they were pardoned by the victorious 
 Caesar. Ligarius still remained in Africa with the Pompeian party, which 
 offered such a desperate resistance to Caesar, that after their subjugation, 
 he felt little inclined to extend to them the pardon which he had granted 
 
220 NOTES ON THE 
 
 to the other Pompeians. Yet he allowed Ligarius to live, though without 
 permitting him to return to Italy. Ligarius, with many other Pompeians, 
 remained in exile in Africa, although his relations and friends exerted their 
 influence with Caesar, to allow him to return. Now in order to render this 
 return forever impossible, Q. Tubero came forward with an accusation 
 against Ligarius, in which he charged him with vis — that is, with violent 
 and unlawful resistance to Caesar. It is not improbable that Q. Tubero 
 was led to this step by the ill treatment he himself had experienced on 
 attempting to land in Africa ; and Cicero, in fact, views the matter in this 
 light ; for he tells him plainly that he was not concerned about the offence 
 committed against Caesar, but about the insult offered to himself (see 
 Chap. X.). Cicero's defence is particularly successful by his skilfully 
 avoiding to mention the most important point of the accusation, namely, 
 the obstinate resistance of Q. Ligarius to Caesar, by describing Ligarius's 
 residence in Africa as a simple and undoubted fact, indeed, but as an 
 absolute necessity ; by putting the Tuberos on a level with Ligarius, and 
 as standing in need of the same generosity on the part of Caesar ; and 
 lastly by appealing again and again to the magnanimity and mercy of 
 Caesar, which had been shown to the orator himself, to the Tuberos, and 
 to many others. The whole oration breathes such a freshness, the 
 principal fact of the accusation is avoided with such a happy irony, 
 and the opponents of his client are so successfully and completely beaten 
 by this same irony, and the bitter insinuations which are stealthily levelled 
 at them, that the speech for Ligarius is justly considered as one of the 
 most worthy of admiration. Caesar himself, however he may have felt 
 towards Ligarius, pardoned him and allowed him to return to Rome. 
 Ligarius repaid this generous act of Caesar with ingratitude, for soon after, 
 he joined the conspiracy against his benefactor. During the terrible scenes 
 of the triumvirate he died a violent death, like most of the conspirators. 
 
 Cicero delivered this speech in the Forum b. c. 46, in the 61st year of 
 his age. His client was of course not present. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 I. — 1. Novum crimen, &c, "A new and hitherto unheard of crime, — 
 that Q. Ligarius was in Africa." The pleasant irony with which this ora- 
 tion begins consists in the truth and trifling nature of the fact itself. Such 
 an accusation he alleges is surely new. L. Aelius Tubero, the father of the 
 
ORATION FOR Q. LIGARIUS. 221 
 
 accuser, was connected by marriage with the gens Tullia, and therefore 
 
 Cicero calls him propinquus mens, "my kinsman." 2. Idque C. Pan- 
 
 sa, <irc, " And C. Pansa, a man of distinguished talents . . . has ventured to 
 own it." C. Pansa was Caesar's intimate friend, and consul with Hirtius, 
 
 b. c. -±3. 3. Par at us enim veneram, ut — ahuterer ignoratione tua, "For I 
 
 had come prepared to take advantage of (lit. abuse) your ignorance:" 
 scil., by denying the fact. 4, Sed quoniam, <fcc, "But since the se- 
 cret (id quod latebat) has been discovered:" covfitendum, "we must, 
 
 I think, confess it." All tins, it is obvious, is a pleasant soi't of raillery, 
 
 intended to turn the whole siibject of the accusation into ridicule. 
 
 5. Ut id integrum jam non esset, "That that (namely, to deny the fact) 
 should not now be in my power :" omissaque controversia, cfec, " de- 
 bate being laid aside, my speech must now be addressed to your clemen- 
 cy." 6. Se in ea parte fuisse, scil. Africa: qua te, qua, &c, "in 
 
 Which you, in which your father — was." For the accusative te and pa- 
 trem here, observe, that when a relative clause has the same verb as a 
 proposition expressed by an infinitive clause with which it is connected, 
 the verb, if expressed, has its subject in the nominative; as, se in ea parte 
 fuisse qua tv fuisti. But if the verb in the relative clause is not ex- 
 pressed, but left to be supplied in the mind from the preceding clause, 
 its subject is in the accusative, by a sort of attraction with the accusative 
 subject in the preceding clause; as, se in ea parte fuisse, qua te — qua pa- 
 trem, as here. In either way the translation is the same. This construc- 
 tion occurs whether the discourse is direct or indirect ; or, as in the pres- 
 ent instance, both together. 7. C. Considius was propraetor in 
 
 Africa, b. c. 50. He espoused the cause of Pompey. §. Quum diu 
 
 recusans, 6zc, ""When by long refusing he had accomplished nothing." 
 
 B. § 146, Obs. 6, ad fin. invitus, "unwillingly," (B. § 98, Obs. 10. — 
 
 A. 6: S. § 205, Rem. 15) — because the office ought properly to have been 
 given to the quaestor of Considius. 9. Bellum, "The war," viz., be- 
 tween Caesar and Pompey. 10. Quod, "That this war." Ace. subject 
 
 of geri. 11. Cupiditate inconsiderata, "Owing to thoughtless party 
 
 zeal." 12. Primo salutis, <fcc, "At first they (i. e., Gives et socii) 
 
 sought a leader for their protection, afterwards also to carry out their 
 
 wishes," lit., "of their safety — of their inclination." 13. Domum 
 
 spectans, "Longing for home." 14. P. Alius Varus had been prae- 
 tor in Africa the year before ; hence the pluperfect obtinuerat. ad 
 
 emu, etc., "the people immediately hastened to him from all quarters." 
 
 radio publico consilio, "by no public decree." 15. Paulhtm 
 
 conquicvit, " Obtained respite for a little." 
 
222 NOTES ON THE 
 
 II. — 1. Adhuc, "Up to this point," viz., in the series of events he 
 
 was relating. 2. Pacatissima, "In the profoundest peace." 
 
 3. Ut ei pacem esse expediret, " That the continuance of peace was 
 advantageous to him." Properly, pacem esse is the subject of expediret. 
 
 B. § 113, Obs. 3.— A.&S. § 209, Rem. 3 (5), ad fin. 4. JVwn igitur 
 
 remansio? <fec, "Ought then his remaining? Much less so:" non 
 
 turpetn voluntatem, " no dishonorable motive," lit. " wish " (scil. acting as 
 
 a motive) : necessitate™ etiam, " necessity even ;" — etiam renders 
 
 necessitatem more emphatic. — The necessity pleaded arose from the ear- 
 nest entreaty that on the departure of Considius he would, for the time, 
 
 take charge of the province in his place. 5. Ergo hcec duo tempora, 
 
 &c, "During these two periods, then, he was free from reproach:" 
 
 efflagitatus, "being importuned." 6. Tertium tempus, &c, "The 
 
 third period is that in which he remained in Africa after the coming of 
 Varus." — On the arrival of Varus his provisional administration ceased, 
 for Varus, as mentioned Chap. I., undertook the supreme command of 
 the province. As there was no crime before this, Cicero pleads there 
 was no crime here, since his remaining was matter of necessity, arising 
 
 from the breaking out of the war, and not of choice. 7. An ille .... 
 
 maluisset esse ? " "Would he have chosen rather to be :" si potuisset, 
 
 "if he had been able." 8. Quum ipsa legatio, &c, "When his 
 
 government itself was full of grief and anxiety :" aequo animo, " in 
 
 an easy state of mind." 9. Alienee a te, "Unfriendly to you." 
 
 10. Qua fide, "With what confidence" (in you, Caesar): prodo 
 
 meam, i. e., qua fide prodo meam causam. 11. clementiam ! &c, 
 
 "Admirable clemency!" (viz., of Caesar) and worthy to be honored with 
 the praise of all, with public proclamation, (to be perpetuated) by 
 
 written records and monuments. 12. Defendit, "Pleads." 
 
 13. Nee, quid tibi, &c, "Nor does he fear what may occur to you con- 
 cerning himself, while you hear him pleading for another:" ex- 
 
 timescere, " to begin to dread:" reforinidare, " to fear greatly." 
 
 III. — 1. Quam non reformidem, "How undaunted I am." The con- 
 fidence here expressed is intended to be complimentary to the generosity 
 and magnanimity of Caesar, in order to induce him to its further exercise 
 
 in favor of Ligarius. 2. Quanta lux, <fec, "How the light of your 
 
 liberality," &c. 3. Voce contendam, "I will raise my voice," lit., 
 
 "I will strive with my voice." 4. Judicio ac voluntate, "From 
 
 deliberation and choice." 5. Ex JEgypto, "From Egypt," whither 
 
 he had followed Pompey, and where he remained to prosecute the 
 Alexandrine war. After the battle of Pharsalia, Cicero no longer took 
 
ORATION FOR Q. LIGARIUS. 223 
 
 any part against Caesar in Italy, but through his friends applied for 
 pardon. At length the letter here referred to came, restoring him to his 
 
 former condition ; or, as he here expresses it : ut essem idem qui 
 
 fuissem, M that I should be what I had been," yiz., before the commence- 
 ment of the civil war. Just before that, b. c. 51, Cicero, as proconsul, 
 had carried on a successful war in Cilicia against the Parthians, his 
 soldiers had saluted him as imperator, and the senate had granted him 
 the honor of a triumph, and the laurelled, fasces. As, however, the dis- 
 turbances of the time did not allow him to celebrate the triumph, Cicero 
 retained these fasces laureati, which belonged, to an imperator, and 
 
 Caesar allowed him to do so. 6. Esse alterum passus est, " Suffered 
 
 me to be a second imperator," in name at least. 7. A quo, "From 
 
 whom," i. e., "by whose permission." 8. Ut, qui, i. e., Ut ego qui, 
 
 &c, "That I, who hesitate not to speak of my own conduct (as troth 
 requires), have no fear to speak of the conduct of Ligarius (which is so 
 
 much less offensive)." 9. Cujus industrice gloriceque, "Whose 
 
 application and love of fame." 10. Ad meum aliquem fructum 
 
 redundare, "May result in some advantage to myself." 11. Quis 
 
 putat esse crimen fuisse in Africa? "Who thinks it a crime, that he was 
 
 in Africa?" Xempe is, qui et ipse, <fcc, "That very man, forsooth 
 
 (Tubero), who even himself wished to be in that same Africa," <fcc. 
 
 12. Qui sensus erat armorum tuorum? "What was then the meaning of 
 thy arms ?" The impression made by this address and these questions 
 upon the audience, and especially upon Tubero and Caesar, is said to 
 
 have been overwhelming, and is often alluded to by the ancients : 
 
 iisdem in armis fui, "I, too, was in arms on the same side." Cicero, 
 however, was not present at the battle of Pharsalia, but was left behind 
 at Dyrrhachium. 
 
 IV. — 1. Egimus, "Did we aim at:" hie, viz., Caesar. 2. Te 
 
 acuet oratio, "Shall the speech, drc, — stir you up?" eorura ipsorv.m, 
 
 "of these very men" (the accusers). 3. Xonniliil equidem — desi- 
 
 dero, "Truly I miss in some degree." 4. Genus hoc causce quod esset, 
 
 "What sort of a cause this was:"' mahdsset = magis voluisset : 
 
 quovis (modo) quam isto modo, "in any other way rather than in this of 
 yours." Isto is used with reference to te. B. § 31, Obs. 2. — A. & S. § 2Q1, 
 
 Bern. 23. 5. Arguis fatentem, "You accuse a man who pleads 
 
 guilty:" parent, "as good." 6. Admirabilia, "Strange," 
 
 "unaccountable." 7. Xon habet earn rim, "Has not this for its 
 
 object." 8. Extemi isti mores, <tc, "These foreign manners of 
 
 yours are accustomed to push the resentment," etc. 9. Nairn quid 
 
224 NOTES ON THE 
 
 agis aliud? "For what else are you aiming at," viz., by this accusation, 
 than the death of Ligarius. Nam, introduces an argument in proof of 
 
 the affirmation above, Non habet, <fec. 10. Exstdat, "He lives in 
 
 exile." From fear of Caesar, Ligarius remained at Utica in voluntary 
 
 exile. 11. Non tu ergo, <fec., "You wish then to deprive him, not of 
 
 his country, but of his life." To this conclusion does he bring the argu- 
 ment. 12. At istud ne apud eum, &c, "But no one in this manner 
 
 ever pursued that course of yours (istud ) even before that dictator," <fec. 
 — Namely, L. Cornelius Sulla, to whom no one ever proposed to put 
 another to death, because he himself sacrificed so many, of his own 
 
 accord. 13. Prcemiis etiam invitabat, "He was even accustomed to 
 
 invite murders by offering rewards." B. § 44, ii. 1. — A. &S. § 145, ii. 1. 
 Two talents were offered for the head of a proscribed person, and the 
 number of victims was enormous — 4,000 citizens, and 2,000 senators and 
 
 equites having been murdered in this manner : quae tamen crudeli- 
 
 tas, "this cruelty however." 14. Ab hoc eodem, "By this same 
 
 man," viz., Caesar. This investigation was made by Caesar in the capacity 
 of JEdile, seventeen years after the dictatorship of Sulla, viz., a. it. 689, 
 b. c. 64. 
 
 Y. — 1. Istud, "This" (which you say), viz., the death of Ligarius: 
 
 domwm, "family:" nomen, "race." The repetition of novi in 
 
 this sentence gives it both animation and emphasis. 2. Studia gene- 
 ris, "The love of virtue, of humanity, of learning in many and useful 
 arts, for which your race and family are distinguished," (fee. Here studia 
 governs virtutis, <fcc., as genitives of the object ; and these again govern 
 generis, <fec, as genitives of the subject. B. § 106, Obs. 2. — A. cfeS. § 211, 
 
 Eem. 10. The family of Tubero belonged to the iElian gens. 3. Res 
 
 enim eo spectat, "For the affair (i. e., this prosecution) has this aspect:" 
 
 ea poena, "with that punishment," viz., his exile in Utica. 
 
 4. Quce alia {poena) est igitur? 5. Quod nos domi, <fec, arrange, 
 
 JPugnabis ne impetremus id quod petimus domi, scil., at Rome, in contrast 
 with the condition of Ligarius in exile : ad pedes (scil., Ccesaris). 
 
 6. Si, quum hoc domi faceremus, " If, when we were thus engaged 
 
 at his (Caesar's) house." 7. Cave te fratrum misereat, "Beware how 
 
 you have compassion on brothers." B. § 113, Exc. ii. — A. &S. §'21.5 (1). 
 
 8. Id a te in foro oppugnari, <fcc, " That that should be opposed toy 
 
 you in the forum, which we implored at his house." 9. Perfugium 
 
 misericordiw, <fec, "That you should take away the refuge of mercy," 
 
 viz., which the wretched find in the clemency of Cassar. 10. For- 
 
 tuna, "Prosperity:" quantam tu per te — obtines, "as you naturally 
 
ORATION FOR Q. LIGARIUS. 225 
 
 possess," — lit., " through yourself," without the interference of others: 
 
 redundaret, "would abound." 11, Quum etican de victis reperiantur, 
 
 "When even among the vanquished some such are found:" ignosci, 
 
 "that pardon should be extended." Used impersonally. 12. M, 
 
 quibus, referring to the Tuberos. 13. Si honesto, <fcc, "If we would 
 
 secure safety to an unhappy citizen, by a laudable and good-natured false- 
 hood:" hominis non esset, "it would not be the part of a man:" 
 
 ejus, viz., Tubero. 11. Allied — alhed, "One thing," — "another." 
 
 15. Hcec nee hominis, etc., "This language is fit neither for a man 
 
 to utter, nor for a man to hear," — i. e., " It is not becoming the dignity of 
 
 a man either to utter, or to listen to such language :" qua qui apud 
 
 te utitur, "and he who uses this language in your presence:" qicam 
 
 extorquebit tuam, "than he will by violence wrest yours (from you)." 
 
 TI. — 1. Aditus (scil., ad causam), "Opening," "commencement:" 
 
 poshdafio, "declaration." 2. Quin admiratus sis, "That you 
 
 wonder:" quod, "that:" afferrct, "should bring a charge." 
 
 3. Isto enim nomine, &c, "For (introducing a reason for the 
 
 question) that cause (viz., of Pompey) has never hitherto been called by 
 
 the name you give it " (viz., scelus) : qui durius, " those who speak 
 
 rather severely:" gravissime, "most severely." 4. Nostri mali, 
 
 " Of our misfortune." The term nostri includes all the adherents of 
 Pompey — the Tuberos and himself among the rest : fatalis, " des- 
 tined," " appointed by fate," of course unavoidable. To extenuate 
 
 the criminality of the Pompeians, he ascribes their course to fate : 
 
 improvidas, "short-sighted." 5. Liceat esse miseros, "Permit us to 
 
 be wretched." — That is bad enough, without being branded as criminals: 
 
 qui occiderunt, "who have fallen (in battle)." 6. Fuerint cupidi, 
 
 "Let it be said they were ambitious:" carere, "to be free from." 
 
 7. Aut tua quid aliud arma voluerunt, &c, " Or what else did that 
 
 army of yours intend to do, but to ward off insult from you." The 
 insult referred to was, recalling him from Gaul before his command had 
 expired, requiring him to disband his army, to stand in person for the 
 consulship when he applied to be appointed in his absence, and instead 
 of granting him the honor of a triumph, for which he applied, insisting 
 
 on his giving »n account of his administration: egit, "have in 
 
 view." 8. Quum pjacem esse cupiebas, "When you desired there 
 
 hould be peace," namely, previous to crossing the Eubicon. Previous 
 to this Caesar professed, especially to Cicero, a desire for an accommoda- 
 tion, but there are not wanting reasons to doubt his sincerity. 9. Ui 
 
 tibi conveniret, "That you might form an alliance." 10. Ut scelera- 
 
226 NOTES ON THE 
 
 turn, "As a villain:" incolumi dignitate, "with dignity unimpaired." 
 
 11. Secessionem, "A secession ;" — a soft term for defection or revolt. 
 
 12. Uirisque (abl. absolute), "Men on both sides:" partim 
 
 consiliis, &c, "some with good intentions, others through party zeal." 
 
 13. Principtim, "Of the leaders," viz., Csesar and Pompey: 
 
 non par fortasse, &c. (supply dignitas), "not so perhaps was the dignity 
 of those who followed them." Pompey was supported by the senate, 
 
 Caesar by the people : nisi armatus, "unless armed," i. e., in open 
 
 and honorable warfare. See Marcellus X., Note 5. In this respect the 
 contrast between Caesar and Sulla was very great. See above IV., 13. 
 
 VII. — 1. Ad nostram (causam), viz., the cause of Ligarius: Uirum, 
 
 "which of the two," — the subject of fuisse, and referring to the follow- 
 ing clauses. 2. Poteramusne, (scil., non venire ?) " Could we avoid 
 
 going?" To this Cicero replies, — nullo modo, "by no means." He doe3 
 not blame Tubero for going to Africa ; this is not the point ; he blames 
 him because he improperly accuses Ligarius for being in Africa, for 
 which he was certainly not more blameworthy than Tubero himself, 
 
 who ft^ied to get there, but was prevented. 8. Eo tempore, "At 
 
 that time," namely, before the breaking out of the civil war: qui 
 
 noluit, "who did not choose to do so," i. e., unless he chose to do so. 
 The difference between the two was simply this : Ligarius went to Africa 
 in obedience to the senate, when to obey was necessary — Tubero, when 
 
 to obey was optional. 4. Reprehendo igitur? &c, "Do I blame you 
 
 then? Not in the least." 5. Ui, quibus rebus, &c, "That you 
 
 should blame in others the very things of which you glory in yourselves." 
 
 6. Tuberonis sors, &c, " Tubero's province was assigned to him." — 
 
 i. e., L. Tubero, the father. The names of those who were to be sent as 
 governors into the provinces were put into an urn, and drawn out by a 
 boy (hence sors). L. Tubero obtained his lot by a previous decree of the 
 senate. 7. Propter omnes necessitudines, "By means of the con- 
 nections of every kind." 8. Militice contubernales, "Tent-fellows 
 
 (mess-mates) abroad." The centuries were divided into contubernia, 
 consisting of ten men, who occupied one tent. Those then who belonged 
 to one tent were called contubernales, and were usually intimate friends : 
 
 affines, "connected by marriage." 9. Quifym, "A certain 
 
 person." For some reason the name is not given ; some think Pompey, 
 
 others M. Cato, others M. Marcellus is intended. 10. Quorum 
 
 erat una causa, "Who were engaged in the same cause:" jam 
 
 occupatam, "already taken possession of," viz., by Attius Varus. 
 
 11. Hinc — crimen, vel ira potius, "Hence your charge, or resentment 
 
ORATION FOR Q. LIGARIUS. 22*7 
 
 rather." 12. Si crimen est ullton voluisse, &c, "If there is any thing 
 
 criminal in wishing, it is no less a crime that you wished to obtain 
 possession of Africa, than that some one else wished rather to obtain it 
 himself." In this sentence there is a great variety of reading and inter- 
 pretation. That of Orellius, here given, on the whole appears to be the 
 
 best; arccm, "the strength," i.e., "the strongest:" natam, 
 
 "formed," "fitted," "destined," — as appeared in the Punic wars. 
 
 13. Quoquo modo se illud habet, " However that may be." 14. Hcec 
 
 querela vestra quid valet, "But what avails this complaint of yours," 
 namely, Recepti in provinciam non sumus. They were prevented from 
 landing by order of Varus. See Introduction. "With essetis supply 
 recepti. 
 
 YIII. — 1. Quo, "Whither." 2. Non dubitabo apud ipsum te, &c, 
 
 "I will not hesitate, even before thee (Caesar) whose interest it was (B. 
 § 113, Exc. i.) that he should do that, to censure in the severest terms 
 
 his intention" (as being a treacherous one). 3. Ea res, "Such a 
 
 proceeding." 4. Quam ne Tubero, &c, "As lest Tubero should 
 
 think that he would have done that which he never thought of doing." 
 
 5. Huic victoria?, seal., of Pharsalus : rex, viz., Juba, king of 
 
 Numidia, who was an old friend of Pompey ; whence he is called inimi- 
 
 cus huic caitsce, i. e., to Caesar: aliena voluntas, "the feeling (of the 
 
 people) hostile," viz., Caesar: conventus firmi atque magni, "the 
 
 bodies (of Roman citizens friendly to Pompey, and congregated there for 
 purposes of business) were great and powerful." 6. Injuria, "In- 
 justice." T. Cujus auctoritatem secuti, "Acknowledging whose 
 
 authority:" Cazsaris causa, "on Caesar's account." 8. Quce est 
 
 ergo? <fcc, "What sort of complaint is this then (to make) to Caesar?" 
 
 i. e., " With what face can you make such a complaint to Caesar ?" 
 
 9. Atque in hoc quidem, <fec, "And in this indeed, though false, I will 
 give you leave to boast, if you please, that you intended to deliver up 
 the province to Caesar." 10. Qui vos privaverit, "Since he has de- 
 prived you." B. § 141, Rule iii.— A. & S. § 264. 8. 
 
 IX. — 1. Constantiam, "The perseverance." All this down to abhor- 
 
 rebant is keen irony. 2. A te, i. e., laudari a te. B. § 126, Obs. 2. 
 
 —A. & S. 248, i. 3. Nescio an, " Perhaps." See Pro Marcello, IX. 
 
 Xote 13. 4. Quotus enim istud quisque fecisset, "For who (lit., 
 
 what individual) would have done that thing ?" Istud is here used to 
 
 express contempt. 5. Magni cujusdam animi, &c, " That would be 
 
 the act of some great mind, and of such a man as no indignity," <fec. B. 
 
228 NOTES ON THE 
 
 § 141, Obs. 2. 2d.— A.&S. § 264. 1. 6. Ut euim, "For although:" 
 
 guce nequaquam fuerunt, " which certainly was not the case:" lit,, 
 
 "which were by no means (equal)." 7. Hoc certe, &c, "This ad- 
 vantage undoubtedly belonged to Tubero:" quod, "that:" 
 
 justo cum imperio, "with a legal command," i. e., a command authorized 
 
 by the senate, whereas that of Varus was usurped. 8. Hinc, 
 
 "Hence," "from this," namely Africa, his own province: iratus, 
 
 "angry," scil., with the Pompeian party: in earn ipsam causam, &c, 
 
 "to that very party by which he had been injuriously rejected," viz., in 
 Africa. — The preceding part of this chapter is addressed to Caesar ; what 
 
 follows is addressed to Tubero. 9. Quid ? i. e., Quid tunc Jiebat, 
 
 " What then ?" This question Cicero answers ironically, as follows, to 
 
 abhorrebant : ista res, "that affair," scil., your rejection from 
 
 Africa : ejus, scil., Pompeii : tantwmnodo in prcesidiis eratis, &c, 
 
 "you were only in the camp (not in the battle). But your minds were 
 
 averse to the cause (of Pompey)." All this is spoken ironically. 10. An, 
 
 "Or." This woi-d introduces the second member of an interrogatory, 
 the first of which is to be supplied in the mind, thus : " "Was this the case ?" 
 
 An — omnes — tenebamur, " Or — were we all possessed ?" &c. : nee in 
 
 vobis, "and not in you." In this sentence the readings are exceedingly 
 various. That of Ernesti, here adopted, seems on the whole the most 
 
 simple and satisfactory. 11. Pads auctor, "A promoter of peace." 
 
 In the beginning of this controversy Cicero had exerted himself to pre- 
 vent a civil war. He had written to Caesar and spoken to Pompey on 
 
 the subject, but his efforts were made in vain: aciem, "the army 
 
 in battle array." 12. Tu certe prcecipue, scil., vincere volebas, "You, 
 
 without doubt, were especially so:" qui venisses, "since you had 
 
 come." B. § 141, Rule iii. — A. & S. § 264. 8 : Ut nunc se res habet, 
 
 "As the matter now stands" (lit, has itself). This form of expression is 
 
 a Graecism: quin hanc salutem anteponas, &c, "that you prefer 
 
 your present safety to that victory," i. e., the victory of Caesar over 
 Pompey at Pharsalia, with which, as an adherent of Pompey, he, of 
 course, could not be pleased. 
 
 X. — 1. Vos constantice poeniteret. B. § 113, Exc. ii. — A. &S. § 215. 1, 
 
 and § 229, Rem. 6. 2. An (injurias) rei publicce, "Or the wrongs 
 
 of your country." 3. In ilia causa, scil., the cause of Pompey. 
 
 4. Qui — putetis, "In thinking," "seeing that (or, because) you think." B. 
 
 § 141, Rule iii. — A. <fcS. § 264. 8. 5. Num. tibi videor, "Do I seem 
 
 to you," i. e., "Do you think that I," <fcc. 6. Ad unam summam 
 
 referri, &C, "To be referred (i. e., to have reference) to one point, either 
 
ORATION FOR Q. LIGARIUS. 229 
 
 your humanity," ttc. These genitives are exegetic ef summam, in a sort 
 
 of apposition with it, B. § 97, Exc. i.— A. & S. § 204, Rem. 6. 7. Egi, 
 
 "I haA'e pleaded:" et quidem tecum, &c, "and even with you, 
 
 while the course of your honors kept you in the forum." Caesar was 
 distinguished as an orator, as well as a general. Quinctilian says of him, 
 eodem animo dixit quo bellavit, and intimates that if he had devoted him- 
 self to the bar he would have been the only man capable of rivalling 
 Cieero. Those among the Romans who aspired to dignity and honor, 
 applied themselves to pleading causes, and defending the innocent and 
 helpless in the forum, as the surest way to popularity, and hence to 
 power and influence in the state. In this way Caesar occupied himself 
 from his 21st year (when he accused Cn. Dolabella of extortion in his 
 province of Macedonia), till his 39th year. This is called here ratio hono- 
 
 rum. 8. Si unquam posthac, scil., tale quid commiserit, then supply 
 
 ne ignocite. 9. Apud parentem sic agi solet, "Thus we are accustomed 
 
 to plead with a parent :" ad judices, " but before the judges (we are 
 
 accustomed to plead thus):" falsi testes, "the witnesses are false:" 
 
 Jictum crimen, "the charge is groundless." 10. Ne hac quidem, 
 
 &c, " I do not even bring forward those proofs which might perhaps be 
 
 successful even before a judge." 11. Profectus, relictus, &c, with 
 
 these words supply est. 12. Ad parentem, meaning Caesar, who is thus 
 
 delicately complimented as the father of his country. 13. Arrogan- 
 
 ter, i. e., arroganter ago, "I am guilty of arrogance." \i. Mihi, "To 
 
 me," scil., who have been an adherent of Pompey, and your enemy: 
 
 locus, "room,"i. e., "opportunity;" or, "permission." 
 
 XI. — 1. Vidi enim, "For I have seen." Enhn introduces the reason 
 
 here given for what is said in the preceding sentence. 2. Gratio- 
 
 siores esse, "Are more acceptable to (have more influence with) you:" 
 
 neque, "and — not:" necessarius, means one particularly united 
 
 by blood, or by friendship and service: sed quam illhcs, "but how 
 
 much (he is the friend) of him." 3. Itaque, "And accordingly," i. e., 
 
 from your regard to friendship manifested not in words but in deeds : 
 
 tu quidem, "you yourself for example:" beatiores, "richer." 
 
 Of Caesar's liberality, Sallust says, Cat. 54, nihil denegare quod dono 
 
 dignum esset. 4. Quod soles, "Which you are accustomed (to do)," or 
 
 more briefly, "as usual." 5. Tibi probatissimos, "Highly apjn-oved 
 
 by you." B. § 126, R. xxxiii. — A. &S. § 225, h. Though the participle 
 probatus is here compared (B. § 49. 3.) it still retains its verbal character. 
 — From what is here said it is probable that Ligarius was of the Sabine 
 race, a people celebrated in Italy for their bravery, and for their simple 
 
230 NOTES ON THE 
 
 and upright manners. 6. Hujus T. Brocchi, " Of T. Brocclms here." 
 
 The use of hujus, hanc, hunc, in this connection shows that the persons 
 spoken of were present, and by their presence adding force to the appeal 
 
 in behalf of Ligarius. T. Brocchus was his uncle: squaloremque 
 
 ipsius, "and his dejected appearance." Squalor means the neglected 
 
 appearance of those in distress. 7. Tibi, see ref. Note 5: uno illo 
 
 txmlante, " while that one (brother) is in banishment." B. § 146, Obs. 9. 
 
 — A. &S. § 257, Eem. 1. 8. Germanitas, " Their fraternal relation." 
 
 The arrangement, as well as the repetition of words in this sentence, is 
 worthy of notice, as rendering the whole exceedingly touching and 
 
 effective: Valeat tua vox ilia, "Let that saying of your own 
 
 prevail," namely, 9. Te omnes, &c, arrange, Te (putare esse) tuos, 
 
 omnes qui, &c, "That you regard as your friends all who," &c. 
 
 1 0. L. Corfidium. This name was introduced here by mistake (a lapsus 
 memorial), as this person was then dead. Cicero afterwards discovered 
 this, and desired some of his friends to erase it ; but his request has been 
 neglected. — Ep. ad Att. Lib. 13. 44. lit Veste mutata, "In mourn- 
 ing apparel." It is said that 20,000 knights changed their garb in the 
 
 case of Cicero: tecum fuisse, "were with you," "on your side." 
 
 These persons it appears were not in the camp of Caesar, nor had declared 
 for him. But it is enough, according to the maxim of Caesar just stated, 
 that they were not in the camp of Pompey. Because they stayed at home, 
 and did not join either party, they were hated and threatened by the 
 
 Pompeians as here stated, his irascebaimir, &c. 12. Conserva tuis suos, 
 
 " Preserve their friends with yours," i. e., with themselves, — the meaning is, 
 preserve Ligarius. — After a te in the next clause supply vera reperta sunt, 
 
 "have been found to be true:" Hoc, refers to the sentence above, 
 
 namely, tuos esse, qui contra te non essent. 
 
 XII. — 1. Concordiam, "The harmony." 2, Esse potuisset, "Could 
 
 have been," — more literally, "had been able to be." 3. Quis est qui 
 
 — non noverit? "Who is there that does not know?" i. e., "who does not 
 know?" B. § 141, Rule i., and § 84. 3.— A. & S. § 264. 7., and § 183. 3. 
 
 Note: consensum conspirantem, <fec, "the harmonious and almost 
 
 perfect agreement:" conflatum, means "melted together," as it were 
 
 "moulded into one:" quid vis prius futurum fuisse, "that any thing 
 
 (even the most improbable) would happen sooner." 4. Voluntate, 
 
 "In heart/' "by inclination:" — — tempestate, "by a tempest," i. e., by 
 
 force of circumstances. Compare Virg. ./En. I., 108: consilio, "by 
 
 design." 5. Sed ierit, i. e., Sed etiam ierit, "But even if he engaged 
 
 in the war," i. e., Supposing the worsts— Grant that he did take up arms : 
 
ORATION FOR Q. LIGARIUS. 231 
 
 hi te or ant tui, " these (his brothel's) jour friends entreat you for him." 
 
 6. Equidcm (ego — quidem) is usually connected with the first person 
 
 — quidem with any other: quails, "what kind of a man," i. e., 
 
 "how devoted." Ligarius, when quaestor, paid over to Caesar promptly 
 a sum of money voted to him by«the senate out of the public treasury 
 (then nearly exhausted) to support his army in Gaul — a measure which 
 
 Cicero strongly advocated : Oblivisci nihil, Caesar is said to have 
 
 known the names of all his soldiers. 7. Quoniam hoc est animi, &c. f 
 
 " Since this (scil., to forget nothing but injuries) belongs to your disposi- 
 tion." 8. Te aliquid, <fcc, arrange, Te reminiscentem recordari aliquid 
 
 de Mo qucestorio officio hujas, etiam de quibusdam aliis qiicestoribus, "That 
 you, when you are remembering, would endeavor to recollect something 
 concerning that official act of his as quaestor (Note 6) and also concerning 
 
 some other quaestors," scil., who were far from being so obliging. 
 
 9. Quam hujus admonitus officio, &&, "And when, being reminded of 
 him (P. Ligarius) you shall, on account of his service, have granted this 
 
 {quam, viz., his safety) to both these (suppliants) :" tres fratres — con- 
 
 donaveris, "you will have restored three," &c. Condonaveris is here \ised 
 
 in its primary sense, to give, to bestow. 10. Fac igitur, &c, "Then, 
 
 what you did lately in the senate-house respecting," &c, — do now the 
 
 same in the forum respecting, &c. : de optbnis, &c, arrange, de fra- 
 
 tribus optbnis et probatissbnis huic, &c. For this dative see XL Note 5, 
 
 with ref. 11. Ilium senatui, "Him (scil., Marcellus, see preceding 
 
 oration) to the senate :" voluntatem, "affection." 12. Me dies, 
 
 namely, on which you pardoned Marcellus. 13. Nxdla de virtutibus, 
 
 <tc. (= Xulla virtutum), "None of your many virtues." B. § 107, Obs. 8. 
 
 — A. &S. § 212, Note 4. 14. Quam ut possis, "Than that you have 
 
 the power." quam ut velis, "than that you have the inclination." 
 
 15. Quum utilius, &c, arrange, Quum arbitrer esse utilius, te ipsum 
 
 loqui tecum, quam me, aut quemquam (loqui tecum). 
 11 
 
ORATION FOR KING DEIOTARUS. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 Deiotarus, Tetrarch — that is, one of the four princes — of Galatia, a 
 coxmtry of Asia Minor, between Cappadocia, Phrygia, Bithynia, and Pa- 
 phlagonia, was a friend of Pompey, and rendered important services to 
 the Romans in their wars in Asia. Pompey rewarded him by giving him 
 Lesser Armenia ; and the Roman senate, through the mediation of Pom- 
 pey, granted him the title of king, b. c. 65. In consequence of these 
 things he was a warm supporter of Pompey and his party, when the war 
 between Pompey and Caesar broke out. After the unfortunate issue of 
 the battle of Pharsalus, b. c. 48, he gave up the cause of the Pompeians, 
 and endeavored by all means again to win the favor of Caesar, which 
 he had enjoyed before the war. He accordingly offered money and 
 troops to Cn. Domitius Calvinus, who had the command in Asia, while 
 Caesar himself was still engaged in the African war, b. c. 47. Meantime 
 Deiotarus himself had to carry on a war ; for Pharnaces, the son of Mi- 
 thridates, and king of Bosporus, had taken from him Lesser Armenia. 
 But the war which Deiotarus undertook against the invader, with the 
 assistance of the same Cn. Domitius, turned out unfavorably, and Deio- 
 tarus lost almost his whole army. Caesar had by this time brought the 
 Alexandrine war to a successful issue ; he went to Asia Minor to attack 
 Pharnaces, who had encroached upon Roman territory, and injured Ro- 
 man allies. Deiotarus went out to meet the victorious imperator, in a 
 humble manner, and sued for mercy. Caesar pardoned him, and allowed 
 him to retain his kingly title ; but did not restore to him his former pos- 
 session, giving the eastern part of the tetrarchy of the Trocmi, to Mithri- 
 dates of Pergamus, whom he had appointed king of Bosporus ; and Les- 
 ser Armenia, the gift of Pompey, was assigned to Ariobarzanes of Cap- 
 padocia, who was likewise a faithful ally of Rome. Deiotarus, who had 
 
233 NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR KING DEIOTARUS. 
 
 hospitably received Caesar, and had accompanied him against their com- 
 mon enemy Pharnaces, had not expected this treatment ; and after Caesar 
 had quitted Asia, the king appeai-3 to have, somehow or other, expressed 
 his dissatisfaction (see Chap. III.). But this does not seem to have been 
 the ground of accusation which was raised against him two years later ; 
 for his grandson Castor charged him with having made an attempt on 
 the life of Caesar, at the time when the latter stayed with him for three 
 days ; and Castor brought with him Phidippus, the king's physician, to 
 bear witness to the charge. As to what induced Castor to bring forward 
 this serious accusation, Cicero is silent ; but from other passages which 
 were written after Cicero's death, we may conjecture that family disputes, 
 and especially the cruelty of Deiotarus, provoked his grandson to bring 
 this charge against him. Cicero, who had formed a friendship with Deio- 
 tarus at the time when he was governor of Cilicia, undertook his defence ; 
 and, b. c. 45, he delivered the present oration in the house of Caesar, in 
 the presence of the ambassadors of Deiotarus (see Chap. XV.), and of the 
 accusers. Afterwards he wrote down the speech and sent it to his 
 friend. He endeavors to set forth the unprecedented and incredible na- 
 ture of the charge, especially by identifying the impracticability of such 
 a plan, with its non-execution. In enumerating the great services ren- 
 dered by Deiotarus to Pompey, Caesar, and the Roman state (Chaps. 111. — 
 V.), he describes him as a very venerable old man, of a very excellent 
 character, who could not possibly have been capable of such an act ; 
 which, moreover, woidd have been planned in an extremely stupid man- 
 ner, if it had been devised in the way stated by the accuser. He charges 
 the accuser with extreme impudence and falsehood, and in conclusion 
 appeals to the mercy of Caesar. 
 
 We are not distinctly informed what the result of this defence was, 
 but we have reason to believe that Caesar did not press the matter any 
 further. Deiotarus remained in possession of his tetrarchy, but did not 
 recover Lesser Armenia in the lifetime of Caesar, who, as Cicero (Phil. II. 
 37) says, always hated Deiotarus. After the murder of Caesar, however, 
 Deiotarus recovered his possession, and took cruel vengeance on the 
 parents of Castor, whom he ordered to be murdered. Castor himself 
 escaped, and, after the death of Deiotarus, obtained possession of a part 
 of Galatia. 
 
 This speech is not so energetic and impressive as that for Ligarius, to 
 which it bears some resemblance in the treatment of the subject. Cicero 
 himself, in one of his letters, does not speak very favorably of it, and 
 describes it as lightly dashed off, and without any great depth, probably 
 because he was obliged to pass over many things in silence. 
 
234 NOTES ON THE 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 I. — 1. Quum — turn, "Though — yet." In the connection of clauses 
 by quum — turn, the first with the subjunctive assumes a general state- 
 ment of which the second with the indicative adduces a special instance. 
 With the indicative in both clauses, both equally assert, but the last as 
 of greater importance than the first, and may be rendered " not only — 
 
 but also;" or, "but more particularly." 2. JEtas mea, Cicero was 
 
 now in his 62d year: mea fides, "my promise," scil. to Deiotarus to 
 
 defend him. After ut, arrange the last clause first. 3. Primum, 
 
 " First." Cicero assigns four reasons for the unusual perturbation he now 
 felt. 1. The dignity of his client. 2. The cruelty and meanness of his 
 accusers. 3. The alleged crime was against Caesar, who of course, in a cer- 
 tain degree, would be judge in his own cause ; and, 4. The place was Cae- 
 sar's house. 4. Quod ipsum etsi, "And though this itself," namely, 
 
 to defend a king: duntaxat, " only" =" except only:" capitis 
 
 reum esse, "should be put on trial for his life," — "be accused of a capital 
 
 crime." 5. Deinde, "Secondly." The second reason: ornare, 
 
 "to honor," or "reward." Deiotarus had been honored by the senate 
 with expressions of gratitude — with the title of king — and with extended 
 dominion. 6. Mentis, "Meritorious services," in the assistance ren- 
 dered in the war against Mithridates, and to Cicero himself in his expedi- 
 tion against the Cilicians : atrocissimum crimen, viz., of having 
 
 attempted the life of Caesar, when Caesar was his guest. 7. Accedit, 
 
 ut conturber, "Besides this, I am disturbed:" alterius — alterius, "of 
 
 the one — of the other." The first alterius refers to Castor, the grandson 
 of Deiotarus, — the second to Phidippus, his slave and physician. Most 
 
 physicians at that time were in this condition. 8. Crudelis Castor, 
 
 "Cruel Castor!" In exclamations, the vocative is used with or without 
 
 an interjection: qui nepos — adduxerit, "for a grandson to bring." 
 
 B. § 141, Rule iii. — A. & S. § 264. 8. For this rendering, see Analytical 
 
 Eng. Gr. 885. 9. Adolescenticeque suce terrorem intulerit ei, "For a 
 
 young man to prove a terror to him," lit., "to bring the terror of his 
 youth on him:" commendationemque, &c, "to derive the commend- 
 ation of his early days." It was not uncommon at Rome, for young 
 men to seek fame for themselves by accusing magistrates and nobles, and 
 
 in this way frequently proved a terror and annoyance to them. 
 
 10. Impulerit, dec, a legatorum pedibus abduxerit, "Impelled the slave 
 of his grandfather, induced by bribes, to accuse his master, (and) with- 
 drew (him) from the service of the ambassadors." The place for slaves 
 

 ORATION FOR KING DEIOTARUS. 235 
 
 was at the feet of their masters, hence to withdraw a person from the 
 feet of any one, is to withdraw him from his service. These ambassadors 
 came, and Phidippus along with them, to defend Deiotarus ; and vet this 
 slave, bribed by Castor, instead of defending, basely accuses his master. 
 
 11. Regiam = regis. B. § 106, Obs. 4.— A. & S. § 211, Rem. 4. 
 
 12. De servo = e servo — quceri, "To examine a slave." Cicero here states 
 that in former days a slave was not permitted to testify against his mas- 
 ter, even on the rack — a method of examination by which they thought 
 
 truth was sure to be elicited: but here. 13. Exortus est servus, qui 
 
 accuset sohitus, &c, " A slave starts up, unbound, to criminate him whom 
 on the rack he could not accuse." For qui accuset, see B. § 141. Obs. 2, 
 4th.— A. & S. § 264, 5. 
 
 II. — 1. Ulud, "The following circumstance," namely, that Caesar was 
 
 virtually to be judge in his own cause. This is the third reason : 
 
 re, "in the case itself:" iniquum, "unfavorable." 2. Consilium 
 
 facinoris inisse arguare, "You are (meaning "one;" or, "a person is") 
 
 accused of having entered into a scheme of wickedness :" arguare 
 
 here, in the 2d person, as frequently, is to be understood indefinitely as 
 to its subject: grave, "unpleasant." 3. JEquiorem., "More fa- 
 vorable." 4. Quid hi, supply judices, "What you may decide:" 
 
 quid de te, &c, " what opinion you wish others to form of you," namely, 
 that he would be a just and impartial judge even in his own cause. 
 
 5. Moveor etiam, &c, "I am moved also by the unusualness of the place 
 
 itself." This is the fourth cause : unquam in disceptatione versata est, 
 
 " ever came on trial." Causam is governed by dico, " I plead." 
 
 6. Oratorum studia niti solent, " The exertions of orators usually depend." 
 scil., the sight of a multitude excites and sustains the energies of an ora- 
 tor: acquiesco, "I feel at ease," "I cease to fear." 7. Quce, 
 
 " These things," just mentioned : obtinendw veritatis, " of getting at 
 
 (establishing) the truth :" ad motum animi — leviora, " but of less 
 
 weight (less powerful) for the excitement of the mind." 8. Quce quo- 
 
 niam angustiora, &c, "And since the walls (of this house) render these 
 
 things more difficult:" actioque, "and the pleading:" scepe 
 
 dixisti, see Or. for Ligarius, Ch. X. Note *7. 9. Ad te ipsum referre, 
 
 "To judge from yourself ;" that is, from his own experience in public 
 speaking, Caesar could readily make allowance for the effect these unfavora- 
 ble circumstances must have on the defence Cicero was now to make : 
 
 Audiendi diligentia, "your close attention." 10. Qui quum videantur 
 
 — valere, &c, "and since these (accusers) seem to be distinguished neither 
 for talent, <tc." It is not common for Cicero to depreciate the talents of 
 
236 NOTES ON THE 
 
 his opponents, but he does it now to hint that then* hope of success de- 
 pends not on themselves, or their cause, but on supposed prejudices in 
 the mind of Caesar against Deiotarus. 
 
 III. — 1. Affectum ilium, &c, "That he suffered some inconveniences 
 
 and losses," viz., of Trocmi and Lesser Armenia. See Introd. 2. Turn 
 
 sibi amicum, " But also a friend to them." As Caesar had a strong anti- 
 pathy to Deiotarus, they might suppose that their course against him 
 would secure to them the friendship of Caesar. The reflexive sibi, in a 
 dependent clause, as here, commonly refers to the subject of the leading 
 
 verb. B. § 23, Obs. 3. 1st.— A. & S. § 208 (1). 3. Quumque apud ipsum 
 
 te {= te ipswn) — dicerent, "And seeing they spoke to you personally:" 
 
 ut insideret, "that a fictitious crime would easily become 
 
 seated (immovably fixed) in your wounded breast," i. e., would be most 
 
 readily and firmly believed. 4. Per fidem, i. e., te oro per fidem, 
 
 see next sentence. 5. Per dexteram — istam, " By that right hand of 
 
 thine." B. § 31, Obs. 2. hospes hospiti; hospes means both a guest 
 
 and a host, hence " a friend." Caesar, returning from his march against 
 
 Pharnaces, enjoyed the hospitality of Deiotarus. 6. Non tarn firmi- 
 
 orem ; Jirmiorem, a strengthened form for firmam. This is rather unusual, 
 
 but some instances occur ; as, non tarn fructn jucundius. Liv. : 
 
 7. Illius, refers to Deiotarus : ejus dii penates, " the tutelary gods of 
 
 his family," i. e., his family itself. — — 8. Quum facile — soles, <fec, "It is 
 your custom not only to be easily induced to forgive, but to forgive at 
 once and for ever," lit. "once for all." 9. Querela? tuce, "Your ex- 
 postulations:" officio parwn functum, "a little negligent of his duty." 
 
 10. Cui tamen ipsi rei, "Which very thing, however," viz., his pre- 
 ference of Pompey. In reference to this, Caesar wrote to Deiotai*us thus : 
 " Sed ignosco tibi, si secutus es nomen senatus. Mitte exercitwn Pompeio, 
 
 mitte filium, tu tantum excusatione utere, quia senex es :" excusatione 
 
 cetatis, "the apology of his old age." 11. Quum maximis eum rebus 
 
 liberares, "Seeing you absolved him from the greatest offences." Note 10. 
 
 IV. — 1. Neque enim ille odio, &c. Cicero here attributes the conduct 
 of Deiotarus complained of, not to any hostile feeling towards Caesar, but 
 to his being led away with the common error. 2. Duxisset, "Had re- 
 garded :" iisdem rebus est perturbatus, &c. The subject of perturbatus est 
 is is rex above. After duxisset, arrange thus: — homo longinquuset alien- 
 igena (in apposition with rex) perturbatus est ("was led astray") iisdem 
 rebus quibus nos, nati semperque versati in media re publica (scil., pertur- 
 bati swmis). The argument is : If we, bora and living in the state, were 
 
ORATION FOR KING DEIOTARUS. 23*7 
 
 led astray, there is some excuse for him at a distance, and a foreigner. 
 
 This is Cicero's first excuse for Deiotarus. 3. Consulibus, tfcc, — rem 
 
 publicum defendendam datam, " That the defence of the republic was 
 committed to the consuls, &c." This was b. c. 48, in the consulship of 
 
 Marcellus and Lentulus : nobis imperatoribus, Cicero had obtained 
 
 the title of imperator (Or. for Ligarius, III. Note 5) in the Cilician war, 
 and as proconsul, he, with other classes here mentioned, had received from 
 the senate the command usually given in times of danger, " Ut videret ne 
 
 quid res publico, detrimenti caperet" 4. (Sic enim mintiabatur,) 
 
 (" For so he was told.") This, however, was not strictly true, for Cicero, 
 
 Sulpicius, and others remained. Italiam, " Italy," i. e., " the people of 
 
 Italy :" esse effusam, " were dispersed." 5. Talibus nuntiis, " For 
 
 such (^incorrect) reports :" nee ulli veri, sciL, nuntii subsequebantur, " nor 
 
 did any true statements follow," by which erroneous impressions might 
 have been corrected. 6. De conditionibus tuis, " concerning your pro- 
 posals." Pompey demanded that Caesar should deliver up his province 
 and army to a successor, previous to his suing for a second consulship. 
 Caesar offered to disband his army, if Pompey did the same. He wanted 
 an interview with Pompey, and a fair division of the provinces, and de- 
 sired to obtain the consulship in a lawful way ; but all these proposals 
 
 were refused : de conspiratione, <fec, " concerning the combination of 
 
 certain men," viz., such as Marcellus, Lentulus, Domitius, Scipio, and Cato. 
 Yet, after all this, Deiotarus did not take part against Caesar, but remained 
 neutral, till ambassadors and letters came to him from Pompey. This is 
 
 the second excuse offered for Deiotarus. 7. Quicm dii — congessissent. 
 
 See above Ch. I., Note 1 : turn tu ipse, &c, "but (on whom) even 
 
 you yourself bestowed very many and distinguished honors." Caesar gave 
 to Pompey his daughter Julia to wife, and while she lived, the two leaders 
 were united, promoted each other's schemes, and voted to each other the 
 
 highest offices and honors. 8. Quanti honores populi Homani, "How 
 
 great honors from the Roman people :" populi, senatus, lui, here are 
 
 all genitives of the subject, and denote the source from which these 
 honors proceeded. B. § 106, Obs. 1.— A. & S. § 211, Rem. 2. 9. Superi- 
 ors vicerat, " Had surpassed Ins predecessors:" admirantes numera- 
 
 bamus, " with admiration we reckoned up the wars, <fcc. ;" tuos, &c, " yours 
 we are unable to number." 
 
 Vt — 1. Ad cum, " To such a man," namely, Pompey : hospitio, 
 
 " by friendship" (arising from acts of hospitality) : familiar? tate, "by 
 
 the closest intimacy." This is Cicero's third excuse for Deiotarus, and is 
 drawn from his former relations to Pompey and the Roman people. The 
 
238 NOTES ON THE 
 
 fourth excuse is drawn from the following concomitant circumstances. 
 
 2. Et venit vel, &c, which clearly show that he was not influenced 
 
 by ambitious or selfish motives. 3* Ut is qui, " As one who," or 
 
 " being such a one as." I. Itaque Pharsalico, &c, " Therefore, after 
 
 the battle of Pharsalus." This begins his fifth and last excuse for Deio- 
 
 tarus, and is drawn from his subsequent conduct : spem infinitarn, 
 
 "uncertain hope." He did not, however, abandon Pompey immediately ; 
 he fled with him in the same ship, and landed on the coast of Cilicia, with 
 
 a view of procuring fresh support for him. 5. Vel officio — duxit, " He 
 
 considered that he had discharged his duty if he had owed any, or that 
 atonement had been made for his error, if he had acted in ignorance :" 
 
 utilitatibus tuis paruit, " he subserved your interests," viz., in the 
 
 ways now to be mentioned. G. Exercitum Cn. Domitii — sustentavit, 
 
 " He supported the army of Cn. Domitius with quarters and supplies." 
 Besides this, when Domitius carried on the war against Pharnaces, Deio- 
 tarus sent to him two legions trained in the Roman manner, and one hun- 
 dred horse. 7. Ad earn, quern. Earn it is supposed refers to Lucius 
 
 Julius Caesar, whom Caesar, after the battle of Pharsalus, made governor 
 
 of Syria, and the adjoining countries. 8. Iterum, " A second time," 
 
 viz., in the Alexandrine war : tertio, " a third time," scil. in the Afri- 
 can war, b. c. 45. 9. Quce, " And. these things :" in earn partem 
 
 accepta sunt, " were so far accepted by you (so gratifying to you), that, 
 
 <fcc." 10. Arguitur — voluisse, " Is accused of having wished to slay 
 
 you in his own house :" quod refers to the preceding clause. 
 
 11. Ut enim omittam, " That I may omit" (i. e., "to say nothing of"). By 
 a paralepsis he professes to pass by those very things which are in this 
 way brought forward with the greater effect. Omittam has for its objects 
 
 the clauses which follow : cujus tanii (== quanti) sceleris fuerit, " to 
 
 how great wickedness it belonged : cujus tantm (== qtiantaz) irnpor- 
 
 tunitatis, "to how great barbarity:" supply fuerit 12, A quo rex, 
 
 &c, " That he should be found a tyrant in regard to him by whom he 
 
 had been called king." Hex and tyrannus are placed in contrast. 
 
 13. Omnes reges, <fec, arrange : — Excitare contra se unum, omnes reges, 
 
 <fec. 14. Quonam ille modo — distractus esset, " How would he have 
 
 been at variance with his kingdom, &c." non modo perfecto, &c, "be- 
 ing, I will not say perpetrated, but only thought of." 
 
 VI. — 1. At, credo, hcec, &c, " But, I suppose, that inconsiderate and 
 rash man did not see these things." At introduces an objection. The ob- 
 jector is supposed to say, " It is true a considerate man could not have 
 entertained the thought of such wickedness, situated as he was, but if 
 
ORATION FOR KING DEIOTARUS. 239 
 
 Deiotarus is a rash, hot-headed man, he would never think of these things, 
 and, of course, not be restrained by them." How preposterous such an 
 objection is, Cicero intimates by the ironic credo : — goes on to refute it, 
 and to strengthen his argument by defending the character of Deiotarus. 
 2. Quis tectior ? " Who more cautious ?" The allusion is to the gladiator 
 •who wisely covers and protects himself with his shield from the stroke of 
 
 his adversary. 3. Quanquam hoc loco, etc.. " And yet, in this point, I 
 
 think that the defence of Deiotarus should rest, not so much on his talents 
 
 and prudence, as on the honor and sanctity of his life." 4. Cui porro' 
 
 "By whom moreover {" 5. Quod igitur /acinus, etc., " A crime, in 
 
 short, which could happen neither, etc." — " That crime you pretend has been 
 
 hatched :"' a viro opthno, tire, "by one of the best of citizens, and a 
 
 man of distinguished prudence,'' lit. "who is no fool:'' homo is op- 
 posed to deus or bellua, and means a human being; vir is opposed to 
 mulier, and means a man, as possessed of those qualities by which a man 
 is distinguished from a woman. The former is applied to man in his social 
 relations as a member of the human family ; the latter to man in Lis 
 relations as a member of the state. This distinction, however, is not al- 
 ways observed when the words are used separately, and not together as 
 here. 6. At [hoc nnc/itis) guam non rnodo, lire, " But this you pre- 
 tend, I will not say, so as not to be believed (lit. how incredibly), but so 
 
 as not even to excite suspicion." This he goes on to prove. 7. Inquit, 
 
 sciL the accuser: in castellnm Luceium, "to the castle Luceium — a 
 
 fortified residence of Deiotarus in Galatia : priusquam accumberes, 
 
 " before supper," lit. " before you reclined at table." In the East it was 
 customarv to bathe before meals, and at meals persons lay reclining on 
 
 the left arm : qui te interficerent, " in order to slay you." B. § 141, 
 
 Ob&2. 4th.— A.drS. $264. 5. S. En crimen, "Behold the charge'." 
 
 As if to sav : How absurd to suppose that Deiotarus should employ armed 
 men to slay Caesar in such a way that it could not fail to be publicly 
 known, when he could have got this trusty physician to destroy him se- 
 
 cretlv bv poison in his food or drink ! 9t Isto adolescent c, scil. Castor; 
 
 isto here, and ista above, are used to express contempt : subornavit, 
 
 etc., -: he has suborned this medicus as an informer." Cicero says that 
 when he first heard of this matter, he immediately suspected it would be 
 attempted to prove by this physician, that Deiotarus proposed to him to 
 destroy Caesar by poisoa But as there is not a word of this, he thinks it 
 sufficient to discredit the whole affair ; for in the other case these armed 
 men, and not this slave, would have been the proper witnesses, and had 
 there been any truth in it, they would doubtless have been brought for- 
 ward. 10. Palam, "Openly." See Note 8, 11. Jovis ille. Ar- 
 il* 
 
240 NOTES ON THE 
 
 range and supply thus : Ille quidem mmquam potuisset celare (id factum) 
 numen Jovis hospitalis (= Jovem hospitalem), &c, "He certainly never 
 could have concealed (that deed) from Jupiter, the god of hospitality :" and 
 who as such would have avenged the wrongs of an injured guest. Celare 
 governs in the accusative, directly, the object concealed, and remotely, the 
 person from whom concealed. B. § 124, Obs. 1. — A. & S. § 231. 12. Ce- 
 lare te noluit ? " Would he not have concealed from you ?" The argu- 
 ment is : If Deiotarus did not trust you, his shrewd, and, as he thought, 
 faithful slave, with a plan to destroy Caesar secretly by poison, he certainly 
 would much less trust you with a knowledge of his purpose to destroy 
 
 him by arms. 13. Inquit, scil. the accuser: nega.visti, &c, ''you 
 
 (Caesar) said that you would not then look at them," viz., the intended 
 presents of Deiotarus. By this refusal the accuser intimates, that without 
 his own knowledge, Caesar escaped the snare laid for him. The absurdity 
 of this allegation, Cicero shows in the next chapter. 
 
 VII, — 1. Re, "The business," scil. the murder of Caesar: dimisit 
 
 exereitum. Cicero in derision calls the pretended " armed men'' an " army." 
 
 2. Itaque fecisti, " And you did so," i. e., you returned to the same 
 
 place where it is pretended these armed men were lying in wait. 
 
 3. Magnum fait ? " Was it a great thing ?" — " a difficult matter ?" 
 
 quum, " not only :" turn illuc isti (contracted for ivisti), " but also 
 
 you went to that place." 4. Quo in loco, " And in this place," &c. 
 
 Attalus III., king of Persia, who made the Roman people the heir of his 
 kingdom, b. c. 133. Africanus means Scipio Africanus minor, who de- 
 stroyed Numantia in Spain, the same year. As nothing like that here 
 mentioned is known of Attalus, it is supposed it should be Antiochus, re- 
 specting whom Livy relates a similar circumstance. 5. Prwsens, " In 
 
 person :" regio animo et more, " with the spirit aud manner of a king," 
 
 i. e., with great splendor and liberality. 6. Repete, " Recall :" 
 
 num quo?, " was there any, (fee." num quid, supply factum est, " Was 
 
 there any thing done?" disciplina, "with the regulation," "training." 
 
 All this, it is implied, betrayed no symptoms of a guilty purpose. 
 
 7. Cur te lotum, &c, " Why he wished to slay you after you had bathed, 
 
 but did not wish to slay you after you had supped." 8. Inquit, "(The 
 
 accuser again) says:" distidit, " he (Deiotarus) put it off:" cogita- 
 tes, " his purpose," lit. "the things thought of." 9. Acta res criminos 
 
 est, " This thing was brought forward as a part of the accusation." 
 
 10. Vomere, " To take an emetic." The Romans were accustomed some- 
 times to take an emetic before a feast to prepare them for it, and also 
 after it to relieve themselves by unloading their stomachs and fitting 
 
ORATION FOR KING DEIOTARUS. 241 
 
 themselves better for social intercourse. To this disgusting practice Sene- 
 ca alludes, when he says of voluptuaries, " Vomunt tit cdant, edunt ut 
 
 vomont." 11. In cubiculo te malle, <fcc. By this, the accuser intimates 
 
 that Caesar's usual good fortune, without his knowledge, again saved him, 
 and thwarted the purposes of Deiotarus. This impudent assertion pro- 
 voked the indignant execration here used. 12. JDii te perdu int, ''The 
 
 gods destroy thee, faithless slave!" perduint pres. subj. for perdant : 
 
 nequam (indecl.) "worthless." 13. Signa aenea, "Bronze statues." The 
 
 " armed men," mentioned in the accusation, he in ridicule calls " bronze 
 
 statues;" he before called them "an army." 11. Habes crimina, &c, 
 
 " You have now the whole of the charge of treachery," i. e., this is the 
 
 whole charge. 15. Horum, inquit, eram conscius, " He (Phidippus) 
 
 says : " I was privy to these things :" Me, " he" (Deiotarus). 
 
 16. Is, scil. Phidippus: solution, "at liberty." 
 
 YIII. — 1. Una, &c, " One part was that the king was always on the look- 
 out." Spectda means " a watch-tower :" quum a te, &c, " seeing he 
 
 was of a hostile mind towards you :" altera, " the second." Of this 
 
 second Cicero disposes, first in this chapter as requiring only a few words, 
 
 and takes up the first in the beginning of the next chapter. 2. Eas 
 
 (= tales) copias : quibus, "such forces that with them." B. § 141, 
 
 Obs. 2. 2d. — A. &, S. § 264. 1 : excursionibus, "inroads," "attacks." 
 
 3. Antea, " Formerly," i. e., before he was stript of part of his dominions. 
 See Introd. 4. At mi sit, &c, " But (says the accuser) he sent (mes- 
 sengers) to a certain Caeciiius," — a contemptuous expression — Caeciiius 
 Balbus, a Pioman eques, and follower of Pompey, had collected an army, 
 
 and taken possession of Syria, on hearing of Caesar's defeat in Africa. 
 
 5. Quos mitteret, " (Other messengers) whom he could send:" qui 
 
 dicto audientes, &c, " or (that those) who had disobeyed in so grave a 
 matter, had been imprisoned, rather than put to death." The probability 
 
 of these things he does not discuss. 6. Causam Mam, scil. Pompey's : 
 
 victam esse, " was ruined :" an, " or," &c. Neither of these alter- 
 natives was likely — the inference is, the accuser's allegation of his sending 
 
 such messengers is a fiction : istum here again expresses contempt : 
 
 is, referring to Deiotarus. 7. Addit, " He (the accuser) adds :" 
 
 Mud refers to what follows. The accuser, it seems, meanly repre- 
 sented that the cavalry sent by Deiotarus to assist Coasar against Pharna- 
 ces, were none of the best, and added nothing to the cavalry of Caesar. 
 Cicero replies, he sent the best lie had. The accuser again asserts that 
 one of those sent was a slave, which was an insult to Caesar's army ; be- 
 cause a slave was not permitted to serve, especially in the Roman cavalry. 
 
242 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Cicero replies he does not think it was so, he had not heard it, and even if 
 such a thing did happen, it was no fault of the king, who could know no- 
 thing of it: At {addit) nescio quern, &c, "But (he says) that some 
 
 one of that number was a condemned slave," i. e., a person reduced to 
 slavery for his crimes by a judicial sentence. Nescio quern ==aliquem. In 
 this way nescio quia and nescio quid are often used. 
 
 IX. — 1. Speravit, ironical, as indicated by the usual credo. The mean- 
 ing is, he had no such expectations, his conduct was ample proof of this. 
 
 2. M, namely, Cn. Domitius Calvinus : victori, scil. in Egypt. 
 
 See Introd. 3. Bellum Africanum, against the Pompeians under 
 
 Scipio, Cato, Cn. Pompey, and Juba, b. c. 47 and 46 : graves rumor es, 
 
 " painful rumors," viz., that Caesar had not been successful and was dead. 
 Even then, however, he says, Deiotarus gave the most decided proofs of his 
 attachment to Caesar, by raising money for him at great personal sacrifices: 
 
 qui auctionatu-s sit, scil. bona, " seeing he sold his goods at auction." 
 
 B. § 141, Rule iii.— A. & S. § 264. 8. 4. At eo inquit, &c. From 
 
 this to intercidant, is another statement of the accuser, in which he repre- 
 sents the efforts of Deiotarus to win the favor of Caesar, as the effect of 
 fear, while at the same time he acted in such a way as to show he would 
 
 have been well pleased if the rumored disasters had proved true : 
 
 qui — exciperent, " in order to catch up." 5. Bomitium periisse. 
 
 After Domitius had arranged matters in Asia, he followed Caesar to Africa, 
 and it was reported that he had been shipwrecked on his way thither : 
 
 versum Grcecum ; the verse here referred to scil., 'EpptTtp <p(\os <rhv 
 
 eX&PV> i s preserved by Plutarch. 6. Cicero, in reply, states the im- 
 probability that Deiotarus, whom he calls mansuetus, would use such an 
 unfeeling expression, versus immams. There is something oratorical, how- 
 ever, in applying the term mansuetus to Deiotarus, who was noted for his 
 
 cruelty. 7. Qui autem,, " But how" — an ablative form for quo, to which 
 
 supply modo. B. § 33, Obs. 1. — A. & S. § 136, Rem. 1. regem, predicate 
 
 of se and filium separately, though taken together as the subject of consti- 
 
 tutos esse. This construction is rare, 8. Furcifer — an epithet applied 
 
 to Phidippus, who, as a treacherous slave, was liable to be punished by 
 
 carrying iheftwca (a kind of yoke) on his neck : ait, " he (Phidippus) 
 
 says" — another representation of the accuser — hac Icetitia, " with this joy," 
 i. e., joy on this account: nudtim, i. e., with his robe or upper gar- 
 ment laid aside. 9. Frugi hominem did, " For a man to be called 
 
 frugal," — subject of habet. See Analytical Eng. Gr. 813 : ilia refers 
 
 to f rug alitas. 10. Haze in illo est — perspecta. 11. Quidquid, 
 
 {temporis) vacabat, " Whatever time he was at leisure/* The accusative 
 

 ORATION FOR KING DEIOTARUS. 243 
 
 of time, " how long." res rationesque, " busiaess relations," lit, " busi- 
 ness and accounts." 12. Qui igitur, (fee. ? Did he then (a man) of such 
 
 reputation and at such an age dance, who in his youth, (fee. ?" The ques- 
 tion implies ' the thing is incredible.' 
 
 X, — 1. Quod si, "But even if:" neque, "and not:" unde = 
 
 a quo. 2. In Mam oztatem, " To that age :" i. e., " to a man of that 
 
 age." Deiotarus was then an old man, the grandfather of a man old 
 enough to have served in war under both Cicero and Pompey, and after 
 
 that to stand up as an accuser, hence exacta cetate below. 3. Quibus 
 
 Me studiis, (fee, " From early youth he had accustomed himself to the 
 
 pursuits not of dancing :" sed ut uteretur (a change of construction 
 
 for utendi), " but of using." Both saltandi and ut uteretur are dependent 
 
 on studiis. 4. Quod hcerere, (fee. This clause depends on admirari. 
 
 5. Hie vero adolescens, " But this young man," sciL Castor. Adole- 
 scent is used in contrast with the great age of Deiotarus, to show the in- 
 solence and irreverence of his bringing such a charge against his aged 
 grandfather : me us miles, " a soldier under my command :" coin- 
 mi lito, " my fellow-soldier." Both were under the command of Pompey 
 in Greece. Cicero, of course, had had the opportunity of knowing him 
 well : pater, " his father," viz., Saocondarius, the son-in-law of Deiota- 
 rus : quos concursus, (fee, " what crowds he was wont to collect :" 
 
 Ma causa, scil. the cause of Pompey. 6. Exercitu amisso, " When 
 
 the army (of Pompey) was lost." It is said that of Pompey's army there 
 fell in the battle of Pharsalia 15,000, and 24,000 were taken prisoners: 
 
 ad meam auctoritatem, " to my opinion." 7. Quod et ipse, (fee., 
 
 " But even he himself continued to burn with eager desire for this very 
 war." The orator is careful to set forth the zeal of both Castor and his 
 father in the cause of Pompey, and of course against Caesar, to show the 
 maliciousness of the accuser in charging Deiotarus with hostility to Caesar 
 
 — a crime of which he himself had been equally guilty. 8. Felix 
 
 ista domus, " Fortunate your family." Observe the force of ista : 
 
 qua adepta sit, " in having obtained :" qui accusetur, " in being ac- 
 cuser!." B. § 141, Rule iii. — A. & S. § 264. 8 : non modo apud te, (fee, 
 
 " not only before you (the offended party), but also by his own relatives." 
 
 XI. — 1. Sint sane inimicitia>, &c, " Allow then that there is enmity," 
 viz., between you (Castor) and Deiotarus, "which (considering your obli- 
 gations to him,) there ought not to be." 2. Quis tuum patrem antea 
 
 qui esset — audivit, (fee? for quis audivit qui tuns pater esset, (fee? "Who 
 ever heard who your father was, before he heard whose son-in-law he 
 
244 NOTES ON THE 
 
 was ?" Qui is not the relative, but the interrogative used indefinitely. 
 B. § 34, Obs. 1.— A. AS. § 137. 1 (c). The meaning is, " Your father was 
 never heard of till he married the daughter of Deiotarus, and thus all the 
 consequence you enjoy as a family, is derived from your relation to him 
 ■whom you seek to destroy. As in this sentence, the subject of a verb, in a 
 dependent clause, is sometimes rendered more prominent by placing it 
 first in the accusative as the object of the leading verb. See more exam- 
 ples. B. § 116, Note 2. 3. Hominum more, "Like men," i.e., with 
 
 decency, and not like savages or wild beasts : non (in judicium) capi- 
 tis arcessere, " not to charge with a capital crime." 4. Concedatur kcec, 
 
 <fec, "Let even this bitterness and implacable hatred be allowed:" 
 
 adeone (supply concedi debet), " ought it to be allowed to such a degree 
 
 that, <fec. ?" 5. Nam ista corruptela servi, si. Here, in a similar way 
 
 as above, ista corruptela, to make it more prominent, is placed before si, 
 
 " For if such bribery of a slave :" a tanta auctoritate, " by so great 
 
 authority," scil. by the authority of Csesar. C. Fit in dominatu ser- 
 
 vitus, &c, " The slave becomes the master, and the master the slave," lit, 
 " There is slavery in being a master, and dominion in being a slave." Thus 
 he argues that such a course as that of Castor is not only ungrateful and 
 impious, but if sanctioned by the authority of Csesar, would destroy the 
 
 bonds of social intercourse and revolutionize society. 7. In judicium 
 
 populi vocasset, " Had summoned to trial before the people," viz., for hav- 
 ing neglected sacrifices and sacred rites. Cn. Domitius was tribune of the 
 people, b. c. 104, M. iEmilius Scaurus had been elected by the censors six 
 
 times to the dignity of princeps senatus. He was consul b. c. 115. 
 
 8. Vide quid intersit, " See the difference." Domitius, in accusing Scaurus, 
 rejected the testimony of his slave, though voluntarily offered, and sent 
 him back to his master. Castor seduced the slave from his master, his 
 own grandfather — took him home to his house, and bribed him to bear 
 testimony against him ; and that, too, more than once, as he now shows. 
 For after this slave returned to the ambassadors of Deiotarus, he acknow- 
 ledged, in the hearing of Sulpicius and Torquatus, that he had been cor- 
 rupted by Castor, and impelled by his promises to act a deceitful part (in 
 fraudem) ; yet now he was acting the same part again, and this shows 
 that he was bribed again. This contrast places the case against the ac- 
 cuser in a strong light. 
 
 XII. — 1. Qua?, est ista — inhumanitas, &c, "What inhumanity is that 
 of yours, so violent, &c. ?" quw= qualis, impotens here means unrestrained, 
 
 violent. 2. At quam acute, &c. But how wisely your charges have 
 
 been mustered ! 3. Blesamius, one of the three ambassadors sent by 
 
ORATION FOR KING DEIOTARUS. 245 
 
 Deiotarus to attend to his interests at Rome. The other two were Hieras 
 
 and Antigonus, see Ch. XV. in-quit, " he (the accuser) says :" 
 
 male — dkebat tibi, "he (scil. Castor) attempted to slander you:" 
 
 regent, scil. Deiotarus. 1. Statua inter reges posita, &c, " Your statue 
 
 being placed," i. e., " when your statue was placed among the kings." The 
 
 statues of the seven kings of Rome were placed in the Capitol. 5. Ex 
 
 urbanis malevolorum sermunculis, "From the city gossip of evil-minded 
 persons :" ab istis, " by these men" (the accusers) ; istis expresses con- 
 tempt. 6. Blesamius tyrannum Ccesarem scriberet ? " "Would Blesamius 
 
 write that Csesar was a tyrant ?" Tins question with the verb in the imper- 
 fect subjunctive, implies a strong negative in the expected answer, " Most 
 certainly not, it is impossible ;" with the indicative it would denote uncertain- 
 ty, and ask for information. 7. Midtorum enhn, &c, " He had seen per- 
 haps the heads of many citizens :" — enhn is ironical. The meaning is just the 
 reverse of the expression — armatis militibus refertum forum, the irony is 
 still continued. So far from this being the case, Appian says that Csesar re- 
 moved from his person the Praetorian cohorts ; and when urged to consult 
 his own safety, and the interests of the state, by retaining around him a body 
 
 of armed men, he replied, " that he would rather die than be feared." 
 
 8. Ceciderlt nemo nisi armatus. See Or. for Ligarius VI, Note 13, with refer- 
 ences. 9. In regno, " In a monarchy," viz., under king Deiotarus." 
 
 10. Una, i. e., de una statua, — valde enhn invidendum est, &c, " We who 
 have never been displeased at his trophies, must be greatly shocked, to be 
 
 sure, at his statues." Enhn here again is ironical. 11. Nam si locus, 
 
 &c, " But if the place occasions displeasure (scil., the capitol), no place cer- 
 tainly is more conspicuous for a statue than the Rostra." Here Cicero in- 
 geniously avoids the offensive point. It was not its being in a conspicuous 
 place that gave offence ; it was its being among the statues of the kings, 
 as indicating that Csesar was aiming at regal power. But Cicero pur- 
 posely loses sight of that, and denies that any body could be offended at 
 one statue being set up in so conspicuous a place as the Capitol, when 
 they were in no way displeased with two statues being placed before the 
 Rostra, a place more conspicuous still. De plausu, as it respects applause, 
 he answers, Csesar never sought it ; men were too much amazed with his 
 exploits to think of it ; and it was too common a thing, to be worthy of 
 Csesar. 
 
 XIII. — 1. Ne tibi ilhim, &c, "That you may suspect that he (Deiota- 
 rus) is somewhat angry with you." For ne after metuo, vereo, &c, see 
 
 B. § 140, Obs. 6.— A.&S. § 262, Rem. "7. 2. Quod abest, &c, "But 
 
 that, believe me, is very far from him." Quod refers to the preceding 
 
246 NOTES ON THE 
 
 clause. — So also illud in the one before. 3. Quid retineat, " What he 
 
 retains," scil., his life, his title of king, and part of Galatia as his king- 
 dom : quid amiserit, scil., Armenia and Trocmi. See Introduction : 
 
 multatum, another form for mulctatum. 4. Multis tibi multa 
 
 esse tribuenda, "That many things had to be bestowed by you on many 
 persons." Caesar increased the number of praetors to 14 — of quaestors 
 
 to 40 — of senators to 900. 5. Quominus a se, &c, "He did not object 
 
 to your taking these things from him (B. § 45, ii. 3.) seeing he had been 
 
 in the other painty," scil., Pompey's. 6. Si Antiochus — devictus, scil., 
 
 Antiochus III., king of Syria. He was defeated near Magnesia, and had 
 
 to give up all Asia west of Mount Taurus, b. c. 189: nostra provin- 
 
 cia; that part of Asia taken from Antiochus was given to Attalus, at 
 
 whose death it fell by his will to the Romans. 7. Ille enim, &c, 
 
 " For the former had paid the penalty of his madness ; the latter, of his 
 
 error:" multam, same as mulctam, and multam sustulerat — pcenam 
 
 dederat. 8. Nomen regium, "The title of king." This was (omnia) 
 
 every thing to Deiotarus. 9. Multa se arbitratur, &c, "He thinks 
 
 both that he has acquired by his former acts, and is still willing and able 
 to do many things which, <fec, lit., "has in his mind and in his power:" 
 
 omnium imperatorum, such as Sulla, Murena, Servilius, Lucullus, 
 
 and Pompey. 10. Posteaquam in castris, &c, "After he was of an 
 
 age to engage in military service :" — Render literally : publicis Uteris 
 
 monumentisque, "in public documents and annals." Such judicia senatus 
 were kept in the public archives in the Capitol, and the assembled people 
 
 gave its sanction to them. 11. Quce omnes docti, &c, "Which all 
 
 learned men and philosophers have said are the chief good; some, also, 
 the sole good." 
 
 XIV. — 1. Quo quidem animo, &c, "Not only, indeed, was he in this 
 
 state of mind before:" turn non dubito quin — se magis etiam erexerit, 
 
 <fec, "but also I doubt not he encouraged himself even more, and freed 
 
 himself from all anxiety, in consequence of your letter:" Tarracone, 
 
 "at Tarraco," a town in Spain, where Caesar, after defeating the Pom- 
 peians, received the embassies which came to him partly to congratulate 
 
 him, and partly to sue for pardon : exemplum, " a copy." 
 
 2. Jubes enim (eum), "For you tell him," viz., in that letter: ad me 
 
 te scribere, "that you wrote to me," scil., from Egypt: meque tuis 
 
 Uteris, <fec, " and that I was not told in vain in your letter to hope for 
 good." — 3. Laboro, "I exert myself :" quocum mihi, &c, "be- 
 tween whom and me the public service brought about a friendship:" — 
 Render literally. — Observe the climax, amicitiam — hospitium—familiari- 
 
ORATION FOR KING DEIOTARUS. 247 
 
 tatem — summam necessititdinem. i, Qidbus semel ignotum esse, &c, 
 
 "To whom it behoved pardon to be extended once for all." 5. Quod 
 
 fieri solet, "As is usual:" tentare ecquonam modo, &c, "to try 
 
 whether in any way I can excite your compassion by my speaking:" 
 
 ipsa (scil., misericordia), &c, "of itself it is accustomed." 6. Propone 
 
 tibi duos reges, "Consider with yoiirself the case of the two kings," viz., 
 
 Deiotarus and his son: — Render literally. 7. Dabis profecto, <tc, 
 
 "You will undoubtedly grant to compassion, what you have refused to 
 anger." The meaning of this sentence is not very obvious, and of course 
 it has been variously interpreted, but not very satisfactorily, so far as I 
 have seen. Another may be hazarded. In the preceding sentence Cicero 
 brings forward the case of the son evidently to aid his plea in behalf of 
 the father. If the latter had offended, the former had not, and yet the 
 refusal to acquit the father would greatly distress the son. Does not this 
 sentence then mean? "You will surely grant from compassion to the son, 
 that which you have hitherto refused from displeasure with the father." 
 This view is confirmed by what is said in the beginning of the next 
 
 chapter. 8. Sed maxime eorum incolumitates, "But especially the 
 
 security of those." Abstract nouns are sometimes used in the plural, 
 
 when that which they express belongs to more than one. 9. Quce si, 
 
 "If these," scil., monumenta clementice tuce: in privatis, "in the case 
 
 of those in private life." 
 
 XV. — 1. Quod nomen hi reges, <fcc, "That these kings would lose this 
 
 title, they feared when you were victorious." 2. Corpora sua — tibi 
 
 — tradunt, " Surrender to you their persons." 3. Qui nuper, &&, 
 
 "Who lately with Hiera was sent to you as an ambassador of the most 
 friendly of kings." "Whether this Dorylaus was now an ambassador of 
 Deiotarus, cannot be ascertained from the text. It is probable he was 
 not, but from his intimacy with Hiera, with whom he had before come as 
 joint ambassador from a friendly sovereign (supposed to be Ariobarzanes, 
 king of Cappadocia), he united his influence with that of Hiera in behalf 
 
 of Deiotarus. 4. Et criminibus illis, &c, "And in regard to these 
 
 charges, substitutes himself as the defendant instead of his king." 
 
 5. Se . . . . pedem discessisse, "that he ever departed a step;" pedem, the 
 
 accusative of distance: in primis finibus, "on the borders," scil., of 
 
 Galatia : xisque ad idtimos {fines), " even to the last," i. e., from the 
 
 time he entered the kingdom till he left it: quum e balneo, &c, see 
 
 Cli. YI and VJLL 6. Quamobrem si quid eortitn, &c, "Wherefore if 
 
 any of those things, which have been brought before you (by the accuser) 
 as charges, was thought of, he is willing you should consider that deed 
 
248 NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR KING DEIOTARUS. 
 
 his own." Had it been so that any attempt on the life of Ceesar was 
 intended, seeing he was with Caesar during the whole time he was in 
 Galatia, and especially in the house of Deiotarus, he must have known 
 of it, and so been particeps criminis — a crime, however, of which you 
 cannot but believe he is innocent ; and if so, the whole story of these 
 
 accusers is a base fabrication. 7. Velim existimes, "I wish you to 
 
 consider." 8. Quorum alterum, &c, "The former of these it is 
 
 characteristic of their cruelty to wish (scil., Castor and Phidippus) ; the 
 latter, it belongs to your clemency to preserve." 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILLAS LAW. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 The speech pro lege Manilla, or, as it is called in the manuscripts, De 
 imperio Cn. Pompeii, was delivered by Cicero in the consulship of M. 
 iEmilius Lepidus, and L. Volcatius Tullus, b. c. 66. He was then praetor, 
 and addressed his speech to a numerous assembly of the Roman people 
 in the Forum. Certain expressions of Cicero lead us to suppose that the 
 speech must have been delivered in the second half of the year, towards 
 the beginning of autumn. The circumstances of the time were extremely 
 favorable to the orator ; for Mithridates, who, for more than twenty years, 
 had been engaged in a vigorous war against the Romans, had not yet been 
 compelled to desist from his hostilities against them. It was just about 
 this time that Mithridates was recovering the advantages of which he 
 had been deprived by Lucullus, who had commanded the Roman armies 
 in the East for a period of seven years, and had now been recalled. The 
 Pontic king had again advanced from the mountains of Armenia into 
 Asia Minor, and Acilius Glabrio, who was consul, b. c. 67, and succeeded 
 Lucullus, was unable to offer him any effectual resistance. At the 
 time when Mithridates was gradually recovering his strength, Pompey 
 had been engaged in a short, but successful and brilliant war against the 
 pirates : he had subdued and pursued them to the remotest corners in 
 the east of the Mediterranean. "When Cicero delivered the present 
 speech, Pompey's campaign against the pirates was at an end ; but he still 
 possessed unlimited command of the fleet and army in all parts of the 
 Mediterranean, and on all its coasts to a considerable distance from the 
 sea. We are not intimately acquainted with the secret motives which 
 actuated the leading men at Rome, but it is very possible that Pompey 
 
250 NOTES ON THE 
 
 exerted his influence upon them from the East: in short, the tribune C. 
 Manilius brought forward a bill proposing that the war against Mithri- 
 dates should be committed to Pompey ; that he should conduct it with 
 all the means he still had at his command; and that, accordingly, he 
 should be left in possession of his unlimited powers ; and, moreover, that 
 the interior of Asia also should be assigned to him as his province. The 
 moderate and truly repiiblican patriots thought that this was going too 
 far, and that it was dangerous to intrust so much power to one man. Q. 
 Catulus, and the orator Hortensius, accordingly opposed the bill of Mani- 
 lius ; while others, and especially Julius Caesar, either in order to establish 
 a precedent, or to create a reaction against Pompey, by committing so 
 much power to him, spoke in favor of Manilius and Pompey. Cicero 
 himself defended the Manilian bill with all the influence of his brilliant 
 eloquence, and induced the people unanimously to intrust to Pompey the 
 supreme command in the war against Mithridates. 
 
 The speech may be divided into two unequal parts, the first of which 
 extends to chap. IV, and is subdivided into three sections, which Cicero 
 himself describes towards the end of chap. 2. He speaks 1. De gencre 
 belli, of the nature of the war, for the purpose of showing that it is 
 necessary to continue it, and bring it to a close (chap. 1-8) ; 2. De magni- 
 tudine belli, of its vastness, to show that it is dangerous, and requires 
 energetic measures (chap. 8-10); 3. De imperatore deligendo (chap. 10-17), 
 of the appointment of a suitable commander, in order to show that Cn. 
 Pompey is, above all others, the man to conduct such an important war, 
 because he possesses all the qualifications which a true general must have 
 — namely, experience, valor, military fame, and good-luck. In the second 
 part of the speech, which to some extent is a recapitulation of what has 
 already been said, Cicero, in opposition to Catulus and Hortensius, en- 
 deavors to set forth the honesty and disinterestedness of Pompey as con- 
 trasted in some measure with the conduct of Lucullus, and to refute the 
 idea of its being unusual and dangerous to accumulate so much power in 
 the hands of one man, by showing that similar things had occurred in the 
 case of other generals, and that an extraordinary measure was justified 
 by the extraordinary nature of the war. 
 
 The following chronological arrangement of the events of the war 
 against Mithridates may be useful to the student : — 
 
 B. c. *74. — The third Mithridatic war. Lucullus is appointed commands 
 of the land forces, and L. Aurelius Cotta of the fleet. Mithri 
 dates besieges Cyzicus, and is surrounded by the army c 
 Lucullus. 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 251 
 
 c. 73. — Mithridates, after the loss of his army, takes to flight, and loses 
 his fleet in a storm. 
 
 72. — Lucullus penetrates into Pontus, and besieges Amisus ; while 
 Cotta besieges Heraclia, and Pompey brings the war against 
 Sertorius to a close. 
 
 71. — Lucullus fights in Cappadocia without gaining any decisive 
 results, but in the end puts the enemy to flight. L. Murena 
 near Amisus. Pompey brings the servile war to a close. 
 
 70. — Lucullus takes Amisus, Senope, and other towns. Cotta allows 
 his soldiers to plunder Heraclia. Pompey consul. Mithri- 
 dates flees. 
 
 69. — Lucullus advances across the Euphrates; conquers Tigranes, 
 lays siege to Tigranocerta, and there completely defeats 
 Tigranes ; takes and plunders Tigranocerta. 
 
 68. — Luciillus is prevented by a mutiny among his soldiers from 
 advancing further; he returns, and winters at Msibis. 
 Mithridates returns; defeats Fabius, and recovers Armenia 
 Minor. 
 
 67. — Mithridates defeats Triarius on the Iris, and recovers Pontus. 
 Lucullus, on his march against Tigranes, is abandoned by his 
 soldiers. His successor Glabrio goes to Asia. Tigranes 
 enters Cappadocia, and ravages it. Pompey, on the proposal 
 of the tribune Gabinius, receives the supreme command in 
 the war against the pirates. 
 
 66. — Pompey terminates the war against the pirates; and by the 
 Manilian law, recommended by Cicero, he obtains the 
 supreme command against Mithridates and Tigranes. He 
 expels the enemy from Cappadocia, defeats them near 
 ISTicopolis on the Euphrates, and Mithridates withdraws into 
 Colchis. Tigranes sues for peace, and receives back his 
 kingdom, with the exception of some parts (Sophene, Gor- 
 dyene). 
 
 65. — Pompey for a time pursues Mithridates, and then returns to 
 Pontus, which he forms into a Roman province. Deiotarus 
 obtains Armenia Minor. 
 
252 NOTES ON THE 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 I. — It Frequens conspectus vester, by hypallage for conspectus frequentice 
 
 vestrce, " The sight of your numerous assembly :" hie autem. locus, 
 
 "also this place," viz., the Rostra, a pulpit or stage erected in the Forum 
 from which orators addressed the people in their public assemblies. It 
 was so called because it was adorned with the beaks (rostra) of ships 
 taken from the Antians, b. c. 337. Autem here is not adversative, but 
 connective only, and may be rendered and, also, moreover: ad agen- 
 dum amplissimus, "most dignified for addressing the people;" because 
 none but men of the first note, or such as had borne offices of dignity in 
 
 the state, were allowed to treat with the people from that place : 
 
 ad dicendum ornatissimus, "most honorable for speaking;" as it conferred 
 great honor on him who worthily occupied it. — Only magistrates could 
 there propose any subject for the consideration of the people (agere cum 
 populo) ; but any person properly qualified otherwise (optimo cuique patuit) 
 
 might speak upon it. Hence agendum and dicendum here. Quirites, 
 
 see II. Or. in Cat. I., 1 : hoc aditu laudis, "from this avenue to honor." 
 
 2. Mece vita; rationes, &c, " My plan of life adopted at the begin- 
 ning of my public career," — scil., to attend to the private concerns of his 
 friends, and to pleadings before the praetor, till by age and experience, he 
 might qualify himself for more important services. His first private 
 cause was argued in his 26th year; his first public one, in the year 
 following; and this oration, which was his first appearance before the 
 people in the Rostra, was delivered in his 41st year. Before this he had 
 held the office of quaestor, and aedile ; and but a little before, by the 
 suffrages of the people, had been elected praetor. This he here calls 
 
 (fruches) the fruit of his labors. 3. Per cetatem, " On account of my 
 
 youth." High offices necessaiy to qualify one to treat with the people 
 from the Rostra could not be held in Rome till a certain age. 
 
 4. Hujus auctoritatem loci attingere, "To aspire to the honor of this 
 place:" amicorum temporibus, "to the affairs of my friends." 
 
 5. Ita neque, &o. A negative and an affirmative clause, closely connected 
 by neque (nee) in the first, and et in the second, or vice versa, may be 
 rendered by connecting "on the one hand," with the first, and "on the 
 other," with the second, as in this sentence, — "On the one hand, this place 
 has never (not ever) been without such as," &e. ; et, "and on the other." 
 
 B. § 149, Note. 6. Caste integreque, "With purity and integrity," 
 
 i. e., untainted by bribery, and with honesty of purpose. 7. Dila- 
 
 tionem comitiorum, " The adjournment of the comitia." An adjournment 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 253 
 
 of the comitia, or assembly for electing magistrates, took place on the 
 notice of the augurs that the auspices were unfavorable, or on the inter- 
 cession of a tribune, and by this the election was prevented. In this case 
 the comitia had been adjourned twice by the intercession of Cornelius. 
 A very corrupt use was sometimes made of this power of adjournment : 
 
 praztor primus, "first praetor." The first praetor was the one who 
 
 received the greatest number of votes, and whose name of course was 
 always mentioned first. In Cicero's time there were eight praetors; 
 Cicero was elected unanimously (cunctis centuriis) in the comitia centu- 
 
 riata. 8. Quid aliis prcescriberetis, " What course you prescribe to 
 
 others," namely, who would attain to the same distinction: ad 
 
 agendum facidtatis tantum, " so much fitness for addressing you :" 
 
 apud eos, "before those." • 9. Et si quid in dicendo, &c, "And if I 
 
 can effect any thing by my oratory :" qui ei quoque rei, &c, " who 
 
 have thought that some recompense should be awarded by their decision 
 
 for this thing," soil., for skill in speaking. 10. Quod in hac insolita, 
 
 <fcc, lit., "Because in this kind of speaking from this place unusual to 
 me:" oratio, "eloquence." 
 
 II. — 1. Vestris vectigalibus, "To your public revenues." These con- 
 sisted partly of the tributes in kind {decuma>, " tithes ") from land, partly 
 of rents paid for the use of pasturage (scriptura), and partly of import 
 and export duties (portoria). They were farmed to the equites, who 
 
 were answerable to the state for the sums required : Mithridate et 
 
 Tigrane, — the formei", king of Pontus; the latter king of Armenia and 
 
 son-in-law of Mithridates. 2. Alter relictus, "The one (Mithridates) 
 
 being left," i. e., allowed after his defeat by Lucullus to escape: 
 
 alter lacessitus, "the other being provoked." Lucullus having left 
 
 Mithridates, and transferred the war into Armenia. 3. Quorum 
 
 magnce res, <fcc, "Whose great fortunes employed in farming your pubHc 
 revenues are at stake." In order to raise money, the Romans often sold 
 the revenues of a province or district to such as were able to advance 
 the money, generally to persons of the equestrian order, and authorized 
 them to collect the revenues as they became due, to reimburse them- 
 selves and pay them for their trouble and outlay. This was usually a 
 profitable investment. But if in consequence of war, or other causes. 
 the revenues failed, the revenue fanners (publicani) would be the losers : 
 
 qui, "and they," scil., these equites: pro necessitudine, "on 
 
 account of the close relationship." Cicero was of an equestrian family. 
 
 4. Bithynice, " Of Bithynia," which by the will of Nicomedes its last 
 
 king, was bequeathed to the Romans, b. c. 74. 5. Regnum Ario- 
 
254 NOTES ON THE 
 
 barzanis, scil., Cappadocia: vestris vectigalibus, "to your tributary 
 
 states." 6. Huic qui successerit, supply eum as antecedent to qui, 
 
 and subject of esse, "That lie who succeeded him." The successor of 
 Lucullus was M. Acilius Glabrio, governor of Bithynia. He was unable 
 
 to hold out against Mithridates when he advanced again b. c. 6*7. 
 
 7. Causa quce sit, videte, "You see what is the nature of the case before 
 you;" quce, the interrogative quis, used indefinitely, often equivalent to 
 
 qualis : ejusmodi, quod, "of such a nature that." 8. In quo 
 
 agitur, "Also in this (war) is at stake." B. § 99, Obs. 8. 9. Aguntur 
 
 certissima, "The most reliable, and the largest revenues of the Boman 
 people are in danger." — Such were the riches and fertility of Asia, that 
 revenues could be depended on from that quarter, unless interrupted by 
 
 the calamities of war. 10. Requiretis, "You will look in vain for," 
 
 — " You will not be able to find." 
 
 III. — 1. Ilia macula Mithridatico hello superiore concepta, "That 
 
 stain brought upon you in the last Mithridatic war," viz., b. c. 88. 
 
 2. Penitus insedit ac nimis inveteravit, "Has settled deep, and become 
 
 too inveterate." 3. (In) uno die, &c. Mithridates sent secret notice 
 
 by one letter (or circular) to all the governors of his provinces, that on a 
 certain day they should massacre all the Romans and Italians in their 
 several districts. In consequence of this order, some say 150,000, and 
 
 others, 80,000 Romans were slain in one day in Asia. 4. Emergere 
 
 e patrio regno, "To go beyond the bounds of his hereditary kingdom," 
 
 scil., Pontus: versari, "to revel:" in luce Asice, "in the 
 
 light," i. e., in the full view of Asia. Luce Asice stands as an antithesis 
 
 to latebris Cappadocice. 5. Insignia victories, "The badges — the 
 
 trophies of victory," such as standards, &c, i. e., they obtained advantages 
 
 and partial victories, but not a decided victory. 6. Quod, i. e., 
 
 propter id quod, "For what," — or we may supply ejus, governed by laus: 
 
 reliquerunt, "they left undone." 
 
 IV. — 1. Omne reliquum tempus, scil., after the recall of Murena: 
 
 contulit, "employed," "occupied," 2. Qui misit, "For, after, 
 
 &c, he sent." Qui here is the subject of misit, and, being in the begin- 
 ning of a sentence, may be rendered "for he." B. § 99, Obs. 8: 
 
 Bosporanis, "on the people of Bosporus," namely, those living on the 
 shores of the Cimmerian Bosporus, now the straits of Constantinople: 
 
 ad eos duces, scil., Sertorius and his associates. Sertorius was at 
 
 this time the ablest and most powerful among the leaders of the Marian 
 party. 3. Locis maxime diversis, scil., Asia and Spain: uno 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 255 
 
 consilio, "in concert," — "with one object in view," or, " following out one 
 plan of operations:" binis copiis, "by two armies." The distribu- 
 tive numerals are used instead of the cardinal, with nouns which have no 
 singular, or which have a meaning in the plural different from that of 
 
 the singular, as here : districti, &c, " taken up (embarrassed) with 
 
 this double conflict :" de imperio (not for glory or extended rule, 
 
 but) " for the safety of the empire " (for its existence now in danger). 
 
 4. Alterius partis periculum, Sertoriance, &c, "The danger on the 
 
 one side, namely, from Sertorius and Spain:" in altera parte, "in 
 
 the other quarter," namely, Asia. 5. Ut initia ilia, "That those 
 
 beginnings," alluding to the victories at Cyzicus and Cabira, Ch. VIII., 
 
 opposed to hcec extrema (inala), "these last disasters," Ch. IX. 
 
 6. Vera laics, "Merited praise:" falsa (laics), "unmerited." 
 
 7t Exorsics, subs., "The beginning:" quern, animwn, "what spirit," 
 
 "what feelings of resentment." 
 
 V. — 1. Uno nicntio, "By means of one express," referring to una sig- 
 nification literarum, Ch. III., atque uno tempore — uno die. Ch. III. 
 
 2. Erant appellati sicperbius, " Had been spoken to in too haughty a man- 
 ner," i. e., had been insulted. 3. Legatum, &,c The reference is to 
 
 Manlius Aquilius, who had been sent as an ambassador to Nicomedes and 
 Ariobarzanes : he was put upon an ass, and after having been thus drag- 
 ged about with insult, he was taken back to Pergamus in Asia Minor, 
 where he was put to death, melted gold having been poured down his 
 
 throat, as a sarcasm on the cupidity of the Romans. 4. Illi, " They," sciL, 
 
 majores nostri : civium, scil, the merchants and shipmasters just men- 
 tioned. 5. Quid, quod salus, &c. Arrange and supply thus : Quid 
 
 (censes) ? Quo animo tandem debetis ferre (hoc), quod, (that), &c. : 
 
 sicmmum in periculum ac discrimen, " into the greatest possible danger." 
 Two words nearly synonymous are often used merely to give force to the 
 
 expression. 6. Duo reges, scil., Mithridates and his son-in-law Tigranes : 
 
 imperatorem certum, " a particular commander." He means Pompey, 
 
 whom he does not yet name : deposcere is governed by audent — alium, 
 
 " another," as their governor, scil., M. Acilius Glabrio, the successor of Lu- 
 
 cullus. T. Quod vos, " Wluch you (see and feel) :" et eum esse 
 
 propter, "and that he is in the neighborhood," viz., in Cilicia; propter is 
 
 used as an adverb : quo etiam, &c, " and for this reason they feel the 
 
 want of him even more sensibly." 8# Cujus adventu ipso, " For by 
 
 his arrival itself" (see above IV., Note 2, qui). 9. Ad maritimum 
 
 bellum, scil., against the pirates in that vicinity. These had become very 
 powerful and dangerous to the Roman commerce and power in these parts. 
 12 
 
256 NOTES ON THE 
 
 They are said to have had a thousand galleys, and to have taken four 
 hundred towns. They often insulted the Romans, intercepted their con- 
 voys, and made prisoners of their generals. Pompey was sent against 
 these, and speedily reduced them to subjection, b. c. 67. He then landed 
 
 his forces in Cilicia and Pamphylia. 10. Hi, "These,'' namely, the 
 
 people of Asia and Greece : quorum salutem, &c. = ut eorum salutem, 
 
 <fec, " that you should commit their safety to (the care of) such a man." 
 
 B. § 141, Obs. 2. 1st— A. & S. § 264. 9. 11. Atque hoc (rogant), " And 
 
 this they ask :" ejusmodi — ut, " of such a character, that, <fec, refer- 
 ring to the avarice and rapacity of the ordinaiy governors of provinces. 
 12. Hunc, i. e., Pompey. 
 
 VI. — 1. Convenit, " Is it proper :" de maximis vestris, <kc, "your 
 
 greatest revenues are at stake." ■ 2. Tanta sunt, " Are (only) so great," 
 
 i. e., " are so small :" ut Us ad ipsas, dec, " That they scarcely suf- 
 fice for protecting the provinces themselves ;" lit., that we can scarcely be 
 content with these (revenues) for protecting, &c. 3. Facile, "un- 
 doubtedly :" est defendenda, "must be defended." B. § 146, Obs. 5. — 
 
 A. & S. § 274, Rem. 8. 4. In vectigalibus, " In the matter of the 
 
 revenues." 5. Pecua, " The cattle :" ex portu, i. e., duties on 
 
 goods exported and imported : ex decumis, " from the tithes," i. e., a 
 
 tenth of the corn, and a fifth of other produce, paid to the state as 
 rent for the use of the public lands : ex scriptura, " from the pas- 
 tures." Scriptura was a rent paid for pasturage in the woods and pub- 
 he pasture-grounds, so called because a person subscribed an engage- 
 ment to pay a certain sum for each beast: totius anni fructus, 
 
 " the revenue of a whole year." 6. Pensitant, " pay," from pendo, 
 
 " to weigh ;" money was paid by weight : exercent atque exigunt, 
 
 " farm and collect :" propter, as above Ch. Ill, Note 7. 7. Fa- 
 
 milias maximas, " The very large bodies of servants :" in Salinis, 
 
 " in the salt-pits." This is the reading of all the MSS, Several editors, 
 however, in order to make this correspond with the three sources of 
 revenue mentioned above, instead of salinis have proposed saltibus, or 
 salictis, pasture-lands. There are serious objections, however, to all 
 emendations of the text from mere conjecture : custodiis, " custom- 
 houses." Custodial means places where the servants of the publicani 
 kept watch, lest any goods should pass in or out without paying the 
 
 appointed duty. 8. Qui vobis fructui sunt, " Who bring to you this 
 
 advantage." B. § 114, R. xix.— A. & S. § 227, Rem. 3. 
 
 VII, — 1, Extremum, " Last of all :" quum essem — dicturus, "when 
 
ORATIOX FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 257 
 
 I should come to speak." 2. Quorum vobis, &c. Arrange : quontm 
 
 ratio diiigenter habenda est vobis, Quirites, pro vestra sapientia, " Whose 
 
 interests ought to be carefully attended to by you, &c." mas ra- 
 
 tiones et copias, " then business and their effects :" quorum ipsorum, 
 
 &c., "the affairs and fortunes of these very men on their own account 
 
 ought to be the objects of your care." 3. Nervos, "The sinews:" 
 
 eum ccrte ordinem, <fcc, "we will undoubtedly declare that that 
 
 order of men which farms these revenues, is properly the support of 
 
 the other orders." 1. Deinde, " And moreover." Deinde commonly 
 
 refers to primo or primum preceding : here by a sort of anacoluthon, 
 it is related to et above — navi same as gnavi, "active," " enterprising" — 
 partim — partim = alii — alii, hence partim ipsi negotiantur, "some are 
 themselves engaged in business" — " are trading" — partim . . . habent, &c. 
 "others have their money to a large amount laid out (invested), &c." 
 
 5. Illud parvi refert, "It is of little moment." B. § 113, Exc. i.— 
 
 A. & S. § 214, Rem. 2. 6. Publicanis amissis, " The revenue farmers 
 
 being ruined." 7. Deinde, see above Note 4: quod nos, &c. 
 
 Arrange: — docti calamitate certe quidem debemus retinere memoria id 
 quod eadem Asia, atque iste idem Mithridates docuit nos, initio belli Asi- 
 
 atici, i. e., 23 years before. 8. Homce solutione, &c, "That public 
 
 credit was destroyed (lit. fell) when payments became embarrassed at 
 
 Rome." 9. Id quod ipsi videtis, " As to that which you yourselves 
 
 see," namely, — hcec fides, &c, "this public credit, and these money 
 
 affairs, <fcc." 10. Ilia, " The latter," namely, the revenues of Asia — 
 
 hcec, " the former," namely, business affairs at Rome. Ilia and hcec here 
 do not indicate the order in which the things to which they refer are 
 mentioned before, but to the relative distance of their localities — ilia 
 meaning the affairs of Asia which are most distant ; hcec, the affairs of 
 
 Rome being near. 11. Num dubitandum vobis sit, "Whether you 
 
 ought to hesitate." 
 
 YIII. — 1, Dixi, "I have spoken;" i. e., "I have finished what I had 
 
 to say." 2. In quo maxime {mihi), &c, "In this matter my greatest 
 
 endeavor must be :" ne (=ut non) forte, <fcc., " that those things which 
 
 ought to be most diligently cared for, may not seem to be unworthy of 
 your notice ;" lit, " may not seem to be things to be despised by you." 
 
 3. Dico, " I acknowledge :" ejus adventu, &c, " that when he 
 
 (Lucullus) arrived, the very great forces of Mithridates. (fee." Appian 
 says that the army of Mithridates at the beginning of the third war, b. c. 
 74, consisted of 140,000 infantry, and 16,000 cavalry; while Lucullus 
 had only 30,000 infantry and 1,600 cavalry. 4. Urbemque . . . . 
 
258 NOTES ON THE 
 
 Cyzicenorum, " And that the city of Cyzicus," lit., " of the Cyziceni." 
 This town, celebrated in ancient times, was situated in Mysia, on a neck 
 of land in the Black Sea. In commemoration of the event here record- 
 ed, the people instituted a yearly festival in honor of their deliverer, 
 
 called Lucullea. 5. Quoe ducihus, &c, " Which, burning with hatred 
 
 and desire of revenge, under leaders appointed by Sertorius, was urged 
 on towards Italy." Sertorius had sent some of his followers to Mithri- 
 dates, who were to attack Italy with a fleet. Lucullus prevented this, 
 by twice conquering the fleet off Tenedos and Lemnos. He made the 
 principal commander, L. Varius, his prisoner, and put him to death. 
 
 6. Magnas hostium, &c. In the whole campaign, according to Plutarch, 
 
 the enemy lost about 300,000 men : ex omni aditu, " on every side ;" 
 
 lit., " from every avenue of approach." 1, Sinopcn atque Amisum . . . 
 
 ornatas, &c. B. § 98, Obs. 1. — A. & S. § 205, Eem. 2. Sinope was a town 
 in Paphlagonia on the coast of the Euxine ; Amisus was east of Sinope, 
 in Pontus : uno aditu adventuque, " by one approach and arrival (be- 
 fore them)." 8t Regno patrio, <fec. This Mithridates was the sixth, 
 
 from the first of that name : atque integris vectigalibus, " and their 
 
 revenues unimpaired." 9. Satis opinor, &c. Arrange : — opinor hoc 
 
 esse satis laudis — qui huic, &c, "who are opposed to (who deciy) this 
 law and measure :" ex hoc loco, scil., the Rostra. 
 
 IXt — It Quemadmodum reliquum helium, possit esse magnum, 
 
 " How what remains of the war can be great." 2, Medea ilia, " That 
 
 Medea," i. e., Medea far-famed in story. She was the daughter of JEetes 
 king of Colchis, from which she fled to Greece with Jason, of whom she 
 
 had become enamored. See Medea of Euripides. 3. Quam prcedi- 
 
 cant in fug a . . . dissipavisse, " Who, they say, in her flight, scattered, &c." 
 
 B. § 145, Obs. 2. 4t Ut eorum collectio dispersa, " That the collecting 
 
 of them in different places," lit., the dispersed collecting. 5. Maxi- 
 
 ?nam vim-, &c. Arrange : Reliquit in Ponto omnem maximam vim, &c, 
 
 " Left in Pontus all that vast amount :" et ipse, &c, supply and 
 
 arrange thus: et (quas) direptas ex tota Asia, in superiore hello, ipse con- 
 
 gesserat, &c. (Jt Ilium, " The former," scil., the father of Medea — hos, 
 
 "the latter," scil., the soldiers of Lucullus. Hunc, Mithridates. 
 
 7. Neque lacessandas hello, neque tentandas, " Ought neither to be pro- 
 voked by war, nor attacked." S. Erat etiam alia, <kc, " There was 
 
 also another weighty and exciting opinion (prevalent among them)." 
 
 9. Novo quodam terrore ac metu, " By a new kind of terror and dread." 
 The temple here referred to was the temple of Bellona at Comana in 
 Cappadocia, which had been once plundered before by Murena, and hence 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 259 
 
 the present fears. 10. Urban ex Tigrani regno. The capital city of 
 
 the kingdom of Tigranes, viz., Tigranocerta, capital of Armenia. Tigrani. 
 The dative limiting regno. B. § 106, Obs. 5.— A. & S. § 211, Rem. 5. This 
 city was strongly fortified, and the chosen residence of the most wealthy 
 men of the kingdom. Lucullus found there 8,000 talents = nearly nine 
 
 millions of dollars. 11. Hie jam plura non dicam. Cicero here 
 
 avoids saying any thing more of Lucullus. He had his friends and his 
 enemies at Rome, and it was not his wish to gratify the one, or displease 
 the other. From some cause or other, — some think from his own haughty 
 demeanor ; others, the intriguing of Ins brother-in-law P. Clodius, who after- 
 wards became so infamous, — Lucullus lost the confidence of his soldiers, 
 and Ins authority over them. A mutiny arose and was quelled with diffi- 
 culty, and from tins proceeded a series of losses and disasters, till he had 
 
 to quit Armenia. 12. Fuit enim Mud extremum, "For the final 
 
 result was this :" quam processio longior, " than a farther advance." 
 
 13. Et eorum, supply and arrange thus: Et juvabatur (copiis) eorum 
 
 qui, &c. 14. Jatn hoc, &c, " We have found tins, that it usually 
 
 turns out nearly in this way :" ut Us, &c, " seeing that (or, since) 
 
 the name of king seems to them to be great and sacred." 15. Victus, 
 
 " After he was conquered," sciL, Mithridates. 16. Sinite . . . prcete- 
 
 rire me, &c, " Permit me ... to pass over our calamity." Mithridates 
 again entered Pontus ; and the Romans, first under Fabius, and then under 
 Triarius, lieutenants of Lucullus, suffered a severe defeat, seven thousand 
 
 being slain ; among whom were 1 50 centurions and 24 tribunes : 
 
 imperatoris, " of the commander," Lucullus, then in Mesopotamia. 
 
 17. Hie in Mo ipso malo, <tc, "Here, in this very misfortune, and in the 
 
 most grievous disaster of the war :" modum statuendum, " that a 
 
 limit should be put." Lucullus had now been in command seven yeara 
 
 18. Considto, "Designedly," "on purpose:" sed ea vos conjec- 
 
 tura perspicite, "but do ye look at these things in your own conjecture." 
 Instead of describing how great this war must be, he adroitly sets his 
 
 hearers to guess for themselves from what he suggests : quantum 
 
 Mud, <fec, "how great you think that war has become, which two most 
 
 powerful kings (Mithridates and Tigranes) unite in carrying on :" 
 
 novus imperator, scil., Glabrio. 
 
 X. — 1. Restat ut . . . videatur dicendum esse = ut dicam, "It remains 
 that I should speak." Ut videatur is here, as often elsewhere in Cicero, 
 
 tautological, lit., "It remains, as it seems, that, &c." 2. Ut hose vobis 
 
 deliberatio difficilis esset, " That this would be a difficult question for you 
 to settle." 3. Quum sit icnus, &c, "Since Pompey is the only man:" 
 
260 NOTES ON THE 
 
 qui . . . virtute superarit, " who, in bravery lias surpassed, <fcc" 
 
 i. In summo imperatore, "In the consummate general." These four things, 
 knowledge of the military art, valor, weight of character, and good for- 
 tune, as they are found in Pompey, Cicero speaks of in order. Of the 
 first, in the remainder of this chapter ; of the second, Ch. XI. — XIV. ; of 
 
 the third, Ch. XV.— XVI. ; and of the fourth, Ch. XVI. 5. Aut esse 
 
 debuit, " Or ought to be," i. e., considering the circumstances of his life, 
 
 to which Cicero here refers in what follows. 6. Qui e ludo . . . pro- 
 
 fectus est, &c, " Who set out from school, and from the training of his 
 boyhood." Immediately after he left school, Pompey, only seventeen 
 years old, entered the army under his father, Pompeius Strabo, and 
 fought in the Social war, here called maximo hello, b. c. 89. That war 
 was the more dangerous to Pome because the soldiers on both sides had 
 received the same training. The number of men who perished in it is 
 
 said to have been 300,000. 7. Qui extrema pueritia, "Who, in the 
 
 end of childhood." This was in the civil war against Cinna, when Pom- 
 pey likewise served under his father. 8. (Qui) ineunte adolescentia, 
 
 "Who in his early youth." At the age of 23, he collected an army in 
 Picenum, with which he joined Sulla, who rewarded him with the title 
 
 of Imperator, b. c. 83. 9. Hoste, "A public enemy:" inimico, 
 
 "a personal enemy." concertavit, "has disputed:" confccit, 
 
 " has reduced :" cujus adolescentia . . . erudita est, " whose youth was 
 
 trained :" offensionibus belli, "by the misfortunes of war." 10. Civile, 
 
 &c, scil., the war between Sulla and Cinna, <fec. Pompey took the part 
 of Sylla — Africanum, against Cn. Domitius and Hiarbas, king of Numidia, 
 b. c. 82 — Transalpinum, against Sertorius, who resisted the march of 
 Pompey into Spain — Hispaniense, against Sertorius himself, in Spain : 
 mixtum ex incitatis atque bellicosissimis nationibus, "variously car- 
 ried on by exasperated and most warlike tribes:" — — Servile, "the Ser- 
 vile war," carried on against Spartacus, the leader of the gladiators and 
 
 slaves : navale bellum, " the naval war," against the Cilician pirates : 
 
 declarant, i. e., genera, &c, declarant. 
 
 XI, — J, Neque enim illce, &c, "For these are not the only virtues of 
 
 a commander." He goes on to mention others, Ch. XIII. 2. Quce 
 
 ianta, &c. lit., "And these are so great in this one man, as have not been 
 in all other commanders;" i. e., "these are greater in this one man than 
 in all other, &c." 3t Testis est Italia, (of this truth) " Italy is a wit- 
 ness." A metonomy for the people of Italy. This refers to the civil war 
 
 against the party of Marius, in which Sulla was victorious: hujus 
 
 virtute, "by his (Pompey's) bravery." i» Sicilia, &c. Pompey, be- 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 261 
 
 fore going to Africa, drove Perpenna from Sicily, made Carbo his prison- 
 er, and put lriru to death, b. c. 82. 5. Eorum ipsorum, "Of these 
 
 very (enemies)." 6. Hostes superatos, (fee. This, however, was 
 
 not till after the death of Sertorius. While he lived, the success of Pom- 
 pey in Spain was inconsiderable. 7. Tetro periculosoqice, " Disgrace- 
 ful and dangerous," so called, because waged against slaves and gladiators 
 under Spartacus. In several of these instances there is not a little ora- 
 torical exaggeration in favor of Pompey. 8. Exteraz gentes ac na- 
 
 tiones, "Foreign kingdoms and tribes." Gens properly means a whole 
 race of the same descent ; natio, a particular people or tribe sprung from 
 
 that race: quum rmivcrsa, turn., "not only as a whole, but." 
 
 9. Toto mart, scil., the Mediterranean: qui non committeret, "who 
 
 did not expose:" referto prcedonwn, swarming with pirates. B. § 107, 
 
 Obs. 9.— A. <feS. § 213, Rem. 1. (2) and (3). 10. Tarn vetus, "So long 
 
 continued" (lit. "so old"). It had already lasted for twenty years. 
 Omnibus annis. Pompey terminated this war in about three months. 
 
 See end of next chapter. 11. Qui prcesidio, <fec., "To what (nation) 
 
 have you been a protection by your fleets ?" 
 
 XII. — 1. Longinqua, "Distant (transactions)." In opposition to these, 
 
 he proceeds to mention things comparatively near. 2. Fuit — -fUit, 
 
 the repetition of the verb gives emphasis to the expression : hoc 
 
 refers to the following clause. 3. A Brundisio. Brundisium was a 
 
 city on the coast of Apulia, in the south of Italy, from which they usually 
 set sail for Greece : nisi hieme summa, " except in the midst of win- 
 ter," scil., when the pirates did not venture from their concealments. 
 
 4. Qui, supply as antecedent eos, the subject of captos (esse). 
 
 5. Dttodecim secures, "Twelve lictors," lit., "axes." The praetor in the 
 provinces was attended by six lictors, each carrying the fasces, or bundle 
 of rods, with an axe in the centre, as the symbol of power. The meaning 
 then is : two praetors (scil., Sextilius and Balbinus) with their attendants. 
 
 6. Cnidum, <fec, Cnidus was a Doric town on the coast of Caria, 
 
 opposite to Rhodes ; and Colophon was an Ionian city on the coast of 
 
 Lydia : innumerabilesque alias. The number of towns captured by 
 
 the pirates is said to have been about four hundred : 7. Inspectante 
 
 prcetore, " When the praetor was looking on." The praetor referred to, 
 
 was M. Antonius Creticus, the father of M. Antonius, the triumvir. 
 
 8. Ex Miscno, <fec, supply an ignoratis from the preceding sentence. 
 Misenum was a port and cape in Campania. From this port the daugh- 
 ter of Antonius was carried off by pirates, and afterwards ransomed for a 
 great sum. Liber os in the plural, for the singular, a usage not uncom- 
 
262 NOTES ON THE 
 
 mon. 9. Osliense, "At Ostia," Ostia, at the mouth of the Tiber, 
 
 was the seaport of Rome, and only 13 miles distant. The consul refer- 
 red to is not named, and is not now known. 10. Unius hominis, 
 
 scil., Pompey : intra oceani ostium, lit, " within the mouth of the 
 
 ocean," scil., the straits of Gibraltar; i. e., in the whole Mediterranean 
 
 sea. 11, Obeundi negotii, "Of transacting business:" tantos 
 
 cursus, "so many "voyages:" quam celeriter = tarn celeriter quam, 
 
 <fec, "with so much rapidity as, under the leading of Pompey, the impe- 
 tuous force of war sped along." Impetus belli, a poetic circumlocution for 
 bellum ; and as this force consisted of ships, hence the propriety of navi- 
 
 gavit. 12. Nondum tempestivo, "Not yet being fit," or "seasonable." 
 
 The season for commencing navigation among the Romans, was about the 
 
 middle of April, or even later: frumentaria, "granaries." From 
 
 these countries Rome derived her chief supplies of grain. 13. Con- 
 
 firmata, agrees with Gallia, though it belongs also to Hispaniis. B. § 98, 
 Obs. 4. — A. & S. § 205, Exc. to Rem. 2. Spain was divided by the Iberus 
 (Ebro) into hither and further Spain, just as Gaul was divided by the 
 Alps into Cisalpine and Transalpine Gaul. Hence the use of the plural 
 
 forms Hispanice and Gal lice. 14. Italice duo maria, "The two seas 
 
 of Italy," scil., the Adriatic and the Tuscan ; the one on the east, and the 
 
 other on the west. 15. Imperio ac potestati, "To the entire disposal," 
 
 "absolute control." When distinguished, imperium means military au- 
 thority, potestas, civil authority. 16. Idem, Pompey: Cretensibus, 
 
 the dative governed by ademit, a verb of taking away. For the ratio- 
 nale of this construction see B. § 123, Explanation. Crete, next to Cili- 
 cia, was the greatest nursery of the pirates, and one of their chief recep- 
 tacles. As the war against Crete had been committed to Q. Caecilius 
 Metellus, the interference of Pompey was not considered entirely honor- 
 able : imperavit, " demanded." 
 
 XIII. — 1. Est hcec divina, "Such is the divine." 2. Quid ceterce, 
 
 &c. Quid is frequently prefixed to interrogative sentences merely for 
 the sake of emphasis, or to call particular attention to the question pro- 
 posed, and in translating may be omitted. Tims here : " How great and 
 how many are the other virtues which, <fec. ?" To make the construction 
 
 full, supply censes, ais, or the like ; as, quid censes ? " what think you ?" 
 
 bellandi virtus, "ability in war:" artes, "qualities:" adminis- 
 
 trce, "hand-maids." 3. Quanta innocentia. B. § 106, R. vii. — A. & 
 
 S. § 211, Rem. 6. Innocentia means that disposition of mind which does 
 
 hurt to no one : temperantia, " self-control :" fide, " good faith :" 
 
 facilitate, "affability," "easiness of access:" ingenio, "natura 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 263 
 
 ability," "talent:" quae, "these qualities." i. Ex aliorum con- 
 tend one, "By comparison with others." 5. Ullo in numero putare, 
 
 "Hold in any estimation :" centuriatus veneant, &c, "commissions 
 
 are now, or heretofore, have been sold." 6* Quid hunc, &c. Ar- 
 range and supply thus: quid magnum ant amplum (posstcmics putare) 
 
 hunc hominem cogitare de republica, qui, &q. : cupiditatem provincial, 
 
 "the desire of retaining his province." The time of command in a pro- 
 vince was sometimes lengthened out : in quaistu, " at interest." 
 
 7. Vcstra admurmuratio facit, " Your expressions of indignation show." 
 Facit has for its object the whole clause ut — -fecerint ; — again, agnoscere has 
 for its object the clause qui hmc fecerint, in which qui is not a relative, 
 
 but the indefinite from quis. 8. Nisi qui, "unless he," or "he who." 
 
 9. Ferant, "Bring (with them)." 10. Itinera quce per hosce 
 
 annos, "The marches which of late years:" recordamini, the imper- 
 ative. 11. Utrum, as an interrogative word, is used only in double 
 
 questions, and asks concerning one of two or more objects. Observe the 
 antithesis between hostium urbes, and sociorum civitates — also, between 
 
 armis and hibernis : continere, "to restrain:" neque (potest) 
 
 severus esse, "nor can he be strict." 12. Hunc hominem, scil., Pom- 
 
 pey: sic, "in such a way," "with such perfect discipline." 
 
 13. Quemadmodum milites hibernent, "How his soldiers conduct them- 
 selves in winter quarters." Pompey's army was still encamped in Asia 
 
 on the frontiers of Cilicia. 11. Ut sumptum faciat in militem, "to be 
 
 at expense for the soldiery." 15. Hiemis perfugium, &c, "A shelter 
 
 from the winter, not for the indulgence of rapacity." 
 
 XIV. — 1. Age vero, "But come." Age alone, or with vero, nunc, dum, 
 &c, is used adverbially to indicate a transition, and excite attention. It 
 
 is here used before a plural verb, considerate : qua sit temperantia, 
 
 "of what temperance he is," (moderation, self-control) synonymous 
 with continentia below: ablative of quality. B. § 106, R. vii. — A. & S. 
 § 211, Rem. 6. The common text has qualis in the nominative. 
 
 2. Cursum, "Progress," "dispatch:" — > — inventum (esse), "was attained." 
 
 3. Vis, "Strength," "power:" aut ars, "or skill." 4. Non 
 
 avaritia . . . devocavit, "Avarice did not turn him aside" — "allure him." 
 This contrasts strongly with what is said of the soldiers of Lucullus, 
 
 Chap. IX. : non libido, Pompey sent back the mistresses of Mithri- 
 
 dates to their relatives : non nobilitas, &c. This seems to allude to 
 
 Athens, where Pompey offered up a sacrifice, and then sailed away after 
 
 having addressed his soldiers. 5. Signa et tabulas, <fec. — ea sibi Me, 
 
 etc., "As to the statues, paintings, &c, these things he thought ought not 
 
264 NOTES ON THE 
 
 even to be visited by him." Ea is in apposition with signa, tabulas, or- 
 namenta — collects them under one term, and is the subject of esse under- 
 stood. — ■ — 6. Hac contincntia, "Of this moderation," viz., which Pompey 
 
 now spoken of always displayed. See Note 2 : ■ quod, " which," 
 
 refers to the preceding clause, fuisse homines, <fec, as its antecedent. 
 
 7. Non sine causa belongs to the following clause, majores suos . . . malu- 
 isse : — ■ — servire, "to be in subjection." — — 8. Principibus, "The 
 highest," antithetic to injimis, "the lowest," "the humblest:" in the da- 
 tive, governed by excellit. B. § 112, Obs. 5.— A. & S. §223, Rem. 2. 
 
 $. Quantum valeat, " How great an influence he has," lit., "how much 
 
 he is able to do." This whole clause is the object of cognovistis : 
 
 consilio, "by his wisdom:" hoc ipso ex loco, scil., ex Rostris, from 
 
 which he was wont to address the people. 10^ Fidem, "His good 
 
 faith :" — i — hostes omnes oonnium generum, "all his enemies of every de- 
 scription." The common text has hostes omnium gentium, meaning "the 
 pirates," which seems too limited and feeble to consist with the strain of 
 panegyric here used. — ■ — lit Quin hoc tantum bellum, "That this so 
 great a war," scil., against Mithridates. To commit the management of 
 this war to Pompey was the object of the Manilian law, for which Cicero 
 was pleading: nostra; memorice, "of our time." 
 
 XVt — 1. Ea re, scil., auctoritate. — . — 2. Vehementer autem, <fec. Ob- 
 serve that, in this sentence, pertinere depends on the leading verb ignorat, 
 and also has for its subject the clause quid — existiment, " who does not 
 know that what enemies, &c. ? — has much to do with (has great influence on) 
 
 the management of wars :" tit ant contemnant, " either to despise, # <fec. : 
 
 opinione et fama, "by their opinion (of a commander) or by his re- 
 putation:" quam aliqua ratione certa, "than by some definite reason." 
 
 — — 3. quod igitur nomen. The interrogative quod always has its sub- 
 stantive in the same case — quid is without its substantive, or governs it 
 in the genitive. B. § 34, Obs. 2 : — ■ — de quo homine, " concerning what 
 man" — id — auctoritatem is parenthetic and assertive. Cicero here alludes 
 to the honors and dignities conferred on Pompey, especially at an age 
 when it was not customary to be so honored. He was allowed a triumph 
 before he had attained the proper age, he was sent against Sertorius with 
 proconsular command, though he was only quaestor, and he was made 
 consul in his 35th year, though the legal age was 43, and without passing 
 
 through the inferior offices. 4. Quo non illius diei fama pervaserit ? 
 
 "Whither has not the fame of that day reached," viz., when the Ga- 
 binian law was passed, by which the management of the war against the 
 pirates was committed to Pompey : sibi — depoposcit, " demanded 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 265 
 
 for themselves," i. e., ''demanded Pompey alone as their commander, for 
 
 the common war of all nations." 5. Omnium re rum egregiarum, 
 
 "Of every thing illustrious:" — ■ — qui quo die, "on the day on which 
 he:" vi/itas an nonce, "the cheapness of grain." 6. Jam, "More- 
 over:" accepta in Ponto calamitate, "after the calamity was sustain- 
 ed in Pontus ;" alluding to the defeat of Triarius. See Chap. IX., Xote 
 
 16: ad ipsum discrimen ejus temporis, lit., "at the very crisis of that 
 
 time," i. e., "at the critical moment:" — . — div'mitus, "providentially." 
 T. Ipso nomine ac rumore, "By his very name and reputation." 
 
 XVI. — 1. Age veto. Ch. XIV., Xote 1: ilia res — quod, "this 
 
 fact, namely, that, <fce." 2. Nosier imperator, scil., Metelhis: in 
 
 ultimas — terras, "to the extremities of the empire," viz., to Pamphylia, 
 which was at a great distance from Rome. 3. Quid? "Xay," "fur- 
 thermore." Ch. XIII., Xote 1 : eum quern, "one whom." Before ii sup- 
 ply sec? quern; thus: sed quern ii quibus, <fec., "but whom those who 
 were always displeased (lit., to whom it was always offensive) that he 
 had been sent especially to him (Pompey), wished to be considered as a 
 
 spy rather than as an ambassador." 4. Hanc auctoritatem. Arrange 
 
 thus: quantum existimetis hanc auctoritatem (scil., Pompeii), amplificatam 
 multis rebus gestis postea ("by many subsequent exploits") magnisque 
 
 vestris judiciis valituram esse apud illos reges. 5. lit de felicitate, &c. 
 
 Arrange: ut dicamus timide et pauca — sicut cequum est homines (dicere) de 
 potestate deorum — de felicitate quam nemo potest prcest are (" exhibit") de se 
 ipso {sed quam) possumus, &c. Felicitas, "good fortune." Chap. X., 
 Xote 4 : — — de potestate deorum, i. e., " concerning that which is at the 
 disposal of the gods." 6. Maximo, &c, — datives dependent on man- 
 data esse, and commissos esse. B. § 126, Rule iii. The persons mentioned 
 are Q. Fabius Maximus, who conquered Hannibal in the Second Punic 
 war, by delaying ; hence called Cunctator — M. Claudius Marcellus, the 
 conqueror of Syracuse ; he was five thnes made consul — Scipio, probably 
 Africanus the younger — C. Marius, the conqueror of Jugurtha, the Cim- 
 
 bri, and Teutones — he was consul seven times. 7» Fuit enim, etc. 
 
 Arrange : enim profecto qucedam fortuna divinities adjuncta fuit quibus- 
 
 dam, <tc. 8. Prceteriia meminisse, &c, "To be mindful of the past, 
 
 — to hope for the future:" ne aid invisa, <fec, "that my speech may 
 
 not seem to be either offensive to the immortal gods, or wanting in grati- 
 tude." 9. AV/i sum pradicaturus, "I am not going to boast:" 
 
 obtemperarint, "yielded to:" obedierint, "obeyed:" obsecunda- 
 
 rint, " favored." All these verbs have voluntatibus for their object. 
 
 10. Qui — tacitus auderet optare, "As even silently to dare to wish:" 
 
266 NOTES ON THE 
 
 quot et quantas, correlates of tot et tantas, and together may be rendered, 
 
 "as." B. § 99, Obs. 10.— A. &S. § 206, (16). 11. Quod ut illi, <fec, 
 
 "And that this may be his peculiar and lasting privilege:" velle, 
 
 "to wish:" optare, "to express the wish." 12. Quare quum, 
 
 cfec. Thus he concludes his argument respecting the pre-eminent qualifi- 
 cations of Pompey for conducting this war, Chap. X., Note 4. 
 
 13. Dubitabitis — quin confer atis hoc tantum boni, &c, "Will you hesitate 
 to employ this so great advantage, <fec. ?" 
 
 XVII. — 1. In Us ipsis locis, " On the spot," scil., in Asia: acci- 
 
 pere statim possit, &c, " that he can immediately receive troops from 
 
 those who have them (there)," namely, Lucullus and Glabrio. 
 
 2. Quid exspectamus? "What do we wait for?" 3. Cur non, ducibus 
 
 diis, &c. ? " Why, the immortal gods being our leaders, do we not commit 
 this royal war likewise to the same (commander) to whom other (wars) have 
 
 been committed with the greatest safety of the state ?" 4. At enim, 
 
 <fec. At introduces an objection, and enim, the reason for it; thus: "Biit 
 (it appears, this you must not do), for Q. Catulus," <fcc. Catulus opposed 
 the Manilian law under the pretext that it would expose such a man as 
 
 Pompey to too great danger: itemque Q. Jlortensius, "and likewise 
 
 Q. Hortensius." He was a distinguished orator and honorable man, who 
 was at the head of the bar at Rome for 13 years, and held some of the 
 
 highest offices of the state : multis locis, " on many occasions." 
 
 5. Tametsi cognoscetis, &c, "Although you will find the opinions of the 
 bravest and most renowned men contrary (to each other)," i. e., " conflict- 
 ing." The last part of this sentence is ambiguous ; it may mean, " contrary 
 to their opinion" — "to my opinion" — "to each other." Of these, the last 
 
 is preferred : omissis auctoritatibus, " authorities aside:" ipsa 
 
 re ac ratione, "by the subject itself and by reasoning:" iidem isti, 
 
 " those same persons," scil., Catulus and Hortensius. 6. JSi uni, &c, 
 
 supply ait. He says, "if all things (unlimited power, as the Manilian law 
 proposed) are to be committed to one person, that Pompey is the only 
 man most worthy (of such a trust)." 7. Ista oratio, "That argu- 
 ment:" re, "by facts." 8. Pro tua summa copia, "With your 
 
 great fluency :" graviter ornateq%ie, " forcibly and elegantly :" 
 
 legem promulgasset, " had brought forward the law." A. Gabinius was 
 tribune, b. c. 6*7, and, by the law here referred to, carried through by 
 him against the most determined opposition, unlimited command, in the 
 whole Mediterranean and its coasts, was conferred on Pompey alone, the 
 
 successful result of which has been already noticed, Chap. XII. 
 
 9. Et vera causa, "And the true interests:" hodie hanc gloriam, &c? 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 267 
 
 " Would we this day be holding this glory and this dominion over the 
 
 whole world?" (scil., which we now possess.) 10. An tibi, <fcc. ? 
 
 " Did it then seem to you that we possessed this power, when, &c. ?" 
 
 capiebantur, "were constantly taken captive:" commeatu, "from 
 
 supplies:" rem obire, "transact business." 
 
 XVIII. — 1. Atheniensium, &c. Before these genitives, supply civita- 
 tem after dico. Athens was a maritime power from the time of Themis- 
 tocles till the end of the Peloponnesian war, and afterwards again under 
 Conon. The naval power of the Carthaginians was for a long time un- 
 rivalled in the Mediterranean. The Rhodians were still celebrated for 
 their naval skill and discipline. They were allied with Rome, and sup- 
 ported her in her maritime wars. 2. Tarn tenuis, "So feeble:" 
 
 quce non — per se ipsa defenderet, "as not by herself to defend." B. § 141, 
 
 Rule ii. and § 98, Exc. 5. — A. & S. § 264. 1. 3. Aliquot annos con- 
 
 tinuos, "For some years in succession:" ad nostram memoriam, "to 
 
 our day :" invictum, " invincible :" utilitatis, " of their revenue :" 
 
 caruit, "were deprived." 4. Antiochum. The fleet of Antio- 
 
 chus, king of Syria, was defeated in two naval engagements by the Ro- 
 mans : first, by C. Livius, near Phoeea ; and second, by L. ^Emilius Regil- 
 lus, near Teos, b. c. 242. There is no mention in history of any naval 
 
 victory having been gained over Perses. 5. Ii nullo in loco, "We, I 
 
 say, in no place." When a noun or pronoun is far separated by intervening 
 clauses from the words with which it is in construction, the connection is 
 again formed, not by repeating the same word as in English, but by sub- 
 stituting for it the pronoun is or idem. Thus : nos, in this sentence, be- 
 ing separated from its verb, poteramus, by the intervening relative clause, 
 is resumed at the end of that clause by ii, in its stead, which of course is 
 to be rendered " we." This, however, is seldom done with words in 
 the first or second person, but is quite common with words of the third ; 
 
 and still more so in Greek: see Greek Gr. § 133. 5. 6. Insula Delos. 
 
 After the destruction of Corinth, Delos, with its excellent harbor, became 
 the principal naval station between Europe and Asia. Being destroyed 
 
 in the Mithridatic war, it never recovered its importance : quo mines 
 
 commeabant, "whither all resorted for trade." T. lidem, "Even we," 
 
 used in the same way as ii in the preceding sentence, Note 5 : Ap- 
 
 pia via. This road led from Rome through Capua to Brundisium, and 
 where it approached the sea, seems to have been infested with pirates. 
 
 8. In hunc ipsum locum, "Into this very place," scil., the Rostra: 
 
 eum, "it," scil., the Rostra. 
 
268 NOTES ON THE 
 
 XIX. — 1. Bono animo, "With a good intention." 2. Dolori suo 
 
 maluit, &c, " Chose to regard their own sufferings rather than your au- 
 thority." 3. Una lex, the Gabinian — unus vir, Pompey. 
 
 i. Quo mihi etiam, &c, " On this account, it appears to me even the 
 more unworthy, that opposition should hitherto have been made, to Ga- 
 
 binius, shall I say," <fec. : ne legaretur A. Gabinius, "that A. Gabini- 
 
 us should not be appointed lieutenant." The ^Etutian, as well as the 
 Licinian law forbade the proposer of a law concerning any charge or 
 power, to assume that charge or power, or to derive any advantage from 
 it. The soundness of this law as a general rule is manifest, as a means of 
 preventing corruption and political jobbing. Still it had come to be so 
 much disregarded, that Cicero, referring to precedents, insisted on the 
 propriety of having Gabinius appointed as lieutenant under Pompey, in 
 that war, to the management of which Pompey had been appointed under 
 the Gabinian law. To this, however, successful opposition was made, 
 and very properly, not only on account of the principle involved, but 
 also on account of the infamous character of Gabinius himself. The only 
 thing astonishing in the matter is, that Cicero, knowing as he did the 
 character of Gabinius, should have so strenuously advocated his appoint- 
 ment. 5. Utrum, see above Ch. XIII. , Note 11: idoneus qui 
 
 impetret, "worthy to obtain." B. § 141, Rule ii., Obs. 2.— A. & S. § 264. 9. 
 
 6. Expers esse, "To be without a share." 7. Honoris causa, "With 
 
 great respect." This expression more commonly means, "for the sake of 
 
 honor," "out of respect:" consilio ipsius, &c, "by his wisdom and 
 
 at his risk," for had the enterprise failed, the odium of failure would have 
 
 come on Gabinius as the author of the law. 8. In uno Gabinio, <fec., 
 
 "Are C. Falcidius, &c, so strict in the case of Gabinius alone, who — ought 
 to be, even in a special right (i. e., to have a special claim, scil., to such 
 
 an appointment), in this war, which, &c." 9. Per vos ipse (=per vos 
 
 ipsos), "Through yourselves." See I. Or. in Cat. Ch. II., Note 9, with 
 references. 10. De quo legando, "About appointing him as lieuten- 
 ant:" qui si, "and if they." B. § 99, Obs. 8. 11. Quo minus 
 
 defendam, "From defending." This construction of quoniinus with the 
 imperfect subjunctive is much more common. B. § 45, ii. 3. — A. &S. § 262, 
 Rem. 9. The present is here used as a proper sequence to the future be- 
 fore it. 12. Prmter inter cessionem, "Except intercession," i. e., the 
 
 veto of the tribunes, who had a right to prevent a_ decree, or a discussion 
 
 of the senate by their intercession: quid liceat, "how far they can 
 
 go," lit., "what it may be allowed to them (to do)." 13. Socius ad- 
 
 scribitur (= dignus qid adscribatur), " Is a fit person to be enrolled as the 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 269 
 
 assistant of Pompey." 14* Alter uni — alter. The first alter refers 
 
 to Gabinius; the second, to Pompey — xtni, also to Pompey. 
 
 XX. — 1. Tit — dicendum esse videatur, a pleonasm in Cicero's style for 
 ut dicam, "That I should speak." See above, Chap. XIII., Note 1. 
 
 2. Qui quum, "For when he." B. § 99, Obs. 8 : si quid eo (often, de eo) 
 
 factum esset, "if any thing should befall him," i. e., "if he should die." 
 A mode of speaking then, and even still used, to avoid a painful, or ill- 
 omened expression : in quo spem essetis habituri, " in whom you 
 
 would place your hope:" cepit, "he (scil., Catulus) obtained:" 
 
 in ipso, scil., Catulo. When, in a speech against the Gabinian law, Catulus 
 asked the question here mentioned, it is said the people cried out with one 
 voice, te, Quinte Catule, "you, Quintus Catulus," an exclamation highly 
 complimentary, as placing him on a level with Pompey hirnself." 
 
 3. In hoc ipso, " In this very thing," viz., the argument of Catulus, that 
 
 it would expose Pompey to too great danger : ab eo, " from him" 
 
 (Catulus). 4. At enim. This expression introduces an objection 
 
 understood, with the reason of it ; thus : " But (you will say, this is highly 
 improper) for (it is right) that nothing new should be done, contrary, &c." 
 See above, Chap. XVIL, Note 4. 5. Paruisse, "Yielded to," "con- 
 sulted:" semper ad novos, &c, "that they always adapted new mea- 
 sures (lit., the plans of new counsels) to new emergencies :" ponere- 
 
 tur, "should be placed," dependent on esse visum. 6. Quam multa 
 
 sint nova constituta in ipso Cn. Pompeio, " How many things contrary to 
 custom (lit, new things), have been established by you in the case of 
 
 Cn. Pompey himself :" summa Q. Gatxdi voluntate, "with the full 
 
 approbation of Q. Catulus :" recordamini, " call to mind," — the im- 
 perative. 
 
 XXI. — 1. Adolescentulum, "That a very young man." Pompey was 
 
 then in his 23d year : conjicere, " levy," " get together :" ductu suo, 
 
 " under his own guidance," i. e., in person. 2. A senatorio gradu, from 
 
 the senatorial age, viz., 32 years: confecit, "terminated," "brought 
 
 to an end :" deportavit, " brought home." 3. Equitem Romanum 
 
 triwnphare, "That a Roman knight should celebrate a triumph," 
 "should have the honor of a triumph." Sulla being then dictator, 
 granted the honor of a triumph to Pompey after his return from Africa, 
 
 in his twenty-fifth year. 4. Earn rem, scil., triumphare : visen- 
 
 dam, " should be visited," i. e., that people should go to see it : pro 
 
 conmle, "in place of a consul," "with consular power." 5. Non ne- 
 mo, "Some one." Nemo non, means "every one." B. § 134, Obs. 3. — 
 
270 NOTES ON THE 
 
 A. & S. § 277, Rem. 3, and 4 : non pro consule, sed pro consulibus, 
 
 "not in place of one, but of both consuls," being more worthy of such a 
 trust than both of them together — not very complimentary to the consuls 
 
 of that year. 6. Legibus solutus, " The laws being dispensed with," 
 
 lit, "having been exempted from the laws," sell., the leges annales, pre- 
 scribing the age at which persons were qualified to be chosen to the sev- 
 eral offices of the state, viz., to be a quaestor, one must be 31 ; eedile, 37 ; 
 prsetor, 40 ; consul, 43. Pompey was elected consul at 36, when he was 
 
 not old enough to hold the office of aedile according to law. 7. Ite- 
 
 rum, "A second time." This was at the close of the war against Sertori- 
 
 us, b. c. 71. 8. Quae in omnibus, <fec, "Whatever novelties have 
 
 been established among all men since the memory of men." 9. Pro- 
 
 fecta sunt, &c, "Have originated to the same man (Pompey) from the 
 
 recommendation:" ejusdem dignitatis, genitive of quality. B. § 106, 
 
 R. vii.— A. & S. § 211, Rem. 6. 
 
 XXII. — 1. Quare videant, &c, "Wherefore, let them consider whether 
 it is not." Videant, used optatively in the subjunctive to express a wish, 
 and equivalent to volo ut videant. B. § 42, Obs. 5. — A. & S. § 260, Rem. 6 : 
 illorum auctoritatem, &c, " that their views concerning the advance- 
 ment of Cn. Pompey, have always been approved of by you." 
 
 2. Suo jure, " Of their own right," without having to ask the permission 
 
 of any — " with a perfect right :" suam auctoritatem, " their own 
 
 choice," judgment, or opinion, in this matter : iisdem istis, referring 
 
 to Hortensius and Catulus: regere, "to regulate." 3. Sin autem 
 
 introduces a protasis of an opposite character, "But if, on the contrary," 
 
 and belongs to both the verbs vidistis and attulistis : vos phis turn 
 
 . . . vidistis, "you saw more at that time" (than they did): aliquan- 
 
 do isti principes, &c, " now at length let these leaders (of the senate) ac- 
 knowledge that it belongs to them and others to obey the will of the 
 whole Roman people." Fateantur, used as videant, Note 1. Parendum 
 governs the datives sibi and ceteris by B. § 147, R. lxi., where also see 
 foot-note; and auctoritate by B. § 112, R. v., Obs. 5, 3d. — A. & S. § 223, 
 
 Rem. 2. 4. Bello regio, so called, because against Mithridates, king 
 
 of Pontus, and Trigranes, king of Armenia. 5. Inter iorum nationum, 
 
 "Of the more inland nations," i. e., nations more remote from the Medi- 
 terranean sea: ita versari nostrum imperatorcm, "for our own com- 
 mander so to be employed." 6. Pudore ac temperantia, "From 
 
 modesty and self-control," ablative of cause : tales, "such," i.e., 
 
 moderations : propter midtitudinem, &c, is the adjunct of arbitratur. 
 
 7, Per hosce annos, " Of late years." §• Nosiris magistratibus 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 271 
 
 religiosum . . . fuisse, "Has been holy to our magistrates," i. e., "has 
 been considered holy by our magistrates." Dative of the object. B. § 109, 
 
 2. — A. <fcS. § 222. 9. Quibus causa belli inferatur, "Against which, 
 
 some pretext of war may be alleged." 10. Coram, " In your presence" 
 
 (supply vobis), i. e., "openly:" sociortim vulnera, "the sufferings of 
 
 our allies:" 11. Pro sociis, "In defence of your allies:" an Iws- 
 
 tium simulatione, &c, "or in pretence of being against enemies, really 
 
 against allies and friends." 12. Animos ac spiritus capere possit, 
 
 " Can satisfy the greediness and rapacity." 
 
 XXIII. — 1. Etiam si quern habetis, supply imperatorem, "Allowing 
 that you have a commander." Quern is indefinite, meaning, "some," or, 
 in the sense of the English article a or an. "Some commander," "a 
 
 commander." 2. Signis collatis, "In a pitched battle," lit., "the 
 
 standards being advanced" (against the enemy): qui videatur, "who 
 
 may seem to you" — " may be thought by you." 3. Miu erit idem., 
 
 qui, " Unless he also shall be one who:" idoneus qui mittatur, "(a 
 
 person) fit to be sent." B. § 141, Rule ii., Obs. 2. 1st.— A. & S. §264. 9. 
 
 4. Qua* locuples sit, " Which is still wealthy :" quae, istis paca- 
 
 ta esse videatur, " which appears to such men to be subdued." The idea 
 expressed by these interrogatories is, — that so long as a state has any 
 thing to plunder, pretences for war will be found, and when it is com- 
 pletely impoverished, it will be considered as subdued, and war will 
 cease. Compare Tac. Agricola, 30, " auferre, trucidare, rapere, falsis nom- 
 inibus imperium ; at que ubi solitudinem faciunt, pacem adpellant." The 
 opinion of the Caledonian commander is not much worse than that of the 
 
 Roman orator. 5. Contenentiam, "His moderation." 6. Vide- 
 
 bat, i. e., maritima ora videbat : prcetores . . . praiter paucos, " that 
 
 the praetors (commanders) with few exceptions:" neque eos quid- 
 
 quam, &c, "and that, by the name of their fleets, they accomplished 
 
 nothing else but:" detrimentis accipiendis, "by sustaining losses." 
 
 The gerundive, B. § 14*7, Obs. 5.— A. & S. § 2*75, Rem. 4. 7. Qua 
 
 cupiditate, "With what cupidity," i. e., "with what avaricious views:" 
 
 quibus jacturis, "with what expenses," lit, "squanderings," viz., of 
 
 money in bribery. 8. Quum suis virtutibus, turn, &c, " Not only by 
 
 his own virtues, but also by the vices of others." 9. Quin credatis, 
 
 " To entrust :" est auctor vobis ... P. Servilius, " you have, as au- 
 thority, P. Servilius," lit., "P. Servilius is authority to you." P. 
 Servilius was consul, b. c. 79, and defeated the Isaurians, a tribe 
 in Cilicia. He also waged war against the pirates, who had taken 
 refuge in Isauria, and united Cilicia with the Roman empire : est 
 
212 
 
 NOTES ON THE 
 
 (auctor vobis) C. Curio. — C. Scribonius Curio was consul, b. c. 1 6, and, 
 in the year after, subdued the Dardanians in Thrace ; in consequence of 
 
 which he celebrated a triumph, b. c. 71: sicmmis vestris beneficiis, 
 
 &c. All these ablatives depend on prwdittis, which, however, is properly 
 connected only with ingenio and prudentia, and with beneficiis and rebus 
 gestis, only by a sort of zeugma (B. § 150, 1, 2d. — A. & S. § 323. 1, (2)), 
 
 instead of which insignis, or conspicuus, would be a better word : 
 
 omnes, "ye all:" pro amplissimis vestris honoribus, "in proportion 
 
 to the very illustrious honors bestowed on him by you." 10. Inte- 
 
 gritate, supply vir, i. e., vir singulari integritate, <fcc. 11. Ut horum 
 
 auctoritatibus, &c, "That, with the authority of these men (just men- 
 tioned), we seem to have it in our power to reply to the remarks of those 
 who differ from us." 
 
 XXIV. — 1. Istam tuam et legem, &c, " Both that law, and purpose, 
 and opinion of thine." This is spoken to Manilius, the proposer of this law, 
 
 to encourage him to persevere in maintaining it before the people : 
 
 auctore populo Romano, " with the support of the Roman people," lit, " the 
 
 Roman people being in your favor." 2. Satis animi perseveranticeque, 
 
 " Sufficient courage and perseverance :" iterum, " a second time." 
 
 The first was on the occasion of the Gabinian law : aut de re, &c, 
 
 " either concerning the thing itself (i. e., the law now before the people), 
 
 or concerning the ability of carrying it into effect." 3. Quldquid .... 
 
 possum, " Whatever I can effect :" id omne, &c, " all that I promise 
 
 and make over." 4. Neque quo . . . putem, " Nor because I think 
 
 that the favor of Pompey may be procured to me by means of this cause :" 
 aut adjumenta honoribus, " or aid for the attaining of honors," allud- 
 ing to the honor of the consulship, the only one which he had not yet 
 attained ; and some supposed, and probably hinted, that Cicero had in view 
 the attaining of this through the influence of Pompey, of whom he speaks 
 so highly in this oration. Such a motive he here distinctly and solemnly 
 
 disavows : ut hominem prcestare oportet, " as a man ought to do." 
 
 5. Neque ab uno, &c, " Neither from one man (alluding to Pompey), nor 
 
 from this place," viz., the Rostra : si vestra voluntas feret, " if your 
 
 pleasure will permit" — speaking of the people as sovereign and supreme. 
 
 6. Tantum abest ut, &c, " So far am I from seeming to have sought 
 
 any favorable influence, that I perceive, <fcc." Here the subject of abest, 
 is the clause following, viz., ut . . . videar, and ut intelligam depends on 
 tantum. ; the whole literally rendered is, " that I should seem, &c, is so 
 far from me, that, &c." 7. Multas etiam simultates, " Even many en- 
 mities," i. e., " the enmity of many," namely, of Lucullus and the enemies 
 
ORATION FOR THE MANILIAN LAW. 2*73 
 
 of Pompey, whose influence of course would be exerted against Cicero : 
 
 mihi non necessarias, "and not necessary to me," i. e., from which he 
 
 gained no advantage, and might have avoided : vobis non inutiles, 
 
 " not without advantage to you," as it would lead them to examine the 
 subject, and help them to understand better what was for their interests. 
 
 8. Sed ego, <fec. Arrange : sed ego statui oportere me, prceditum hoc 
 
 honore (sciL, the praetorship, which Cicero now enjoyed), affectum tantis 
 
 vestris benejiciis prceferre vestram voluntatem, <fec. : meis omnibus com- 
 
 modis, (fee, " to all my own private interests and plans." 
 
OEATION FOR T. ANNIUS MILO. 
 
 INTRODUCTION. 
 
 This beautiful oration was made in the 55 th year of Cicero's age, upon 
 the following occasion. In the year of Rome, 701, and b. c. 52, T. Annius 
 Milo, Q. Metellus Scipio, and P. Plautius Hypsaeus, were candidates for the 
 consulship ; and, according to Plutarch, pushed on their several interests 
 with such open violence and bribery, as if it had been to be carried only 
 by money or arms. P. Clodius, Milo's professed enemy, stood at the same 
 time for the praetorship, and used all his interest to disappoint Milo, by 
 whom, if elected consul, he was sure to be controlled in the exercise of 
 his magistracy. The senate, and the better sort, were generally in favor 
 of Milo ; and Cicero, in particular, served him with the greatest zeaL 
 Three of the tribunes were violent against him ; the other seven were his 
 fast friends, especially M. Coelius, who, out of regard to Cicero, was very 
 active in his service. But whilst matters were proceeding in a very favor- 
 able train for him, and nothing seemed wanting to crown his success but 
 to bring on the election, which his adversaries for that reason endeavored 
 to keep back, all his hopes and fortunes were blasted at once by an un- 
 happy rencounter with Clodius. On the 20th of January, b. c. 51, Milo 
 set out on a journey to Lanuvium. Near Bovilloa, he met Clodius, who 
 was returning to Rome, after visiting some of his property. Both were 
 accompanied by armed followers, but Milo's party was the stronger. The 
 two antagonists had passed each other without disturbance ; but two of 
 the gladiators in the rear of Milo's troop, picked a quarrel with some of 
 the followers of Clodius, who immediately turned round, and rode up to 
 the scene of dispute, when he was wounded in the shoulder by one of the 
 gladiators. The fray now became general, and the party of Clodius being 
 put to flight, betook themselves with their leader to a house near Bovillee. 
 
NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR T. ANNIO MILO. 2'l9 
 
 Milo ordered bis men to attack the house ; several of Clodius's men were 
 slain, and Clodius himself dragged out and dispatched. His body was left 
 in the Appian road, but was soon after taken up by Tedius, a senator, who 
 happened to come by, and brought it to Rome, where it was exposed, all 
 covered with blood and wounds, to the view of the populace, who flocked 
 about it in crowds, to lament the miserable fate of then- leader. The next day 
 Sextus Clodius, a kinsman of the deceased, and one of his chief incendia- 
 ries, together with the three tribunes hostile to Milo, employed all the arts 
 of party and faction to inflame the mob, which they did to such a height 
 of fury, that snatching up the body, they ran with it into the senate- 
 house ; and, tearing up the benches, tables, and every thing combustible, 
 dressed up a funeral pile upon the spot, and, together with the body, 
 burned up the house itself, with a basilica, or public hall adjoining. Sev- 
 eral other outrages were committed, so that the senate were obliged to 
 pass a decree — " that the inter-rex, assisted by the tribunes and Pompey, 
 should take care that the republic received no detriment, and that Pom- 
 pey in particular should raise a body of troops for the common security." 
 These he presently drew together from all parts of Italy. Amidst this 
 confusion, the rumor of a dictator being industriously spread, and alarming 
 the senate, they resolved presently to create Pompey the single consul, 
 whose election was accordingly declared by the inter-rex, after an inter- 
 regnum of near two months. Pompey applied himself immediately to 
 quiet the public disorders, and published several new laws prepared by 
 him for that purpose ; one of them was to appoint a special commission to 
 inquire into the death of Clodius, &c, and to appoint an extraordinary 
 judge of consular rank to preside in it. He attended Milo's trial himself, 
 with a strong guard to preserve peace. The accusers were young Appius, 
 the nephew of Clodius, M. Antonius, and P. Valerius. Cicero was the 
 only advocate on Milo's side, but as soon as he rose to speak, he was met 
 with so rude a clamor by the friends of Clodius, and so discomposed by 
 the sight of an armed soldiery which surrounded the seat of judgment, 
 that he was disconcerted and confused, and fell far short of his usual ex- 
 cellence and power. Milo was condemned, and, a few days afterwards, 
 went into exile at Marseilles. Cicero wrote out the oration afterwards as 
 it was intended to be delivered, and as we now have it, and sent a copy 
 of it to Milo in his exile. 
 
 Much of the excellence of the character of Milo, as here described, 
 must be attributed to the embellishments of oratory, or the partialities 
 of friendship. Though free from gross vices, with which the character 
 of Clodius was stained, he was not remarkable as a patriot, but unscrupu- 
 lous and daring, sought for office by violence and intrigue, with a view 
 
216 NOTES ON THE 
 
 to relieve himself from the heavy debt in which he was involved. The 
 close of his life was equally inglorious. He expected to be recalled from 
 exile by Caesar, but was disappointed. M. Ccelius, his former friend, now 
 expelled from his office on account of revolutionary measures, required 
 desperate allies to carry out his purposes, and invited Milo to join him in 
 Italy. He appeared in Campania, and at the head of those who survived 
 of his former gladiatorial bands, with reinforcements of herdsmen, cri- 
 minals, and runaway slaves, proclaimed himself a legate of Cn. and Sextus 
 Pompey, and made opposition to Caesar while he was absent in Thessaly. 
 He was met by the praetor Q. Pedius, and was slain under the walls of an 
 obscure fort in the district of Thurii. 
 
 NOTES. 
 
 It — It Vereor, " I am apprehensive." This word means " to stand in 
 awe," " to fear," with a feeling of respect or reverence. Timere means " to 
 fear " apprehended danger or evil. Here the object of vereor is public opin- 
 ion, ne turpe sit ; the object of timere is the threatened violence of the 
 Clodian party : judices, "judges," the members of the commission ap- 
 pointed by Pompey to try Milo for the murder of Clodius. Of these, 
 the quaesitor or chief, appointed by the people, was L. Domitius Aheno- 
 
 barbus. 2. Hcec novi judicii nova forma, " This unusual form of a 
 
 new kind of trial." Milo was not tried in the ordinary courts of justice, nor 
 according to the usual forms observed in them. A special commission was 
 appointed for this purpose, and the procedure was restricted by special 
 laws. To preserve the peace, the forum, by order of Pompey, was lined 
 with armed men, and for the same purpose, guards were stationed at 
 
 every avenue leading to it, and at all the temples adjoining it. 3. Re- 
 
 quirnnt, " Miss," " look in vain for." 4t Non enim corona, &c, " For 
 
 your bench (lit., your session) is not begirt with a circle of citizens (coro- 
 na), as it used to be." 5. Nee ilia prasidia . . . non afferunt, &c, "Nor 
 
 do these guards . . . not produce, however, some effect on the orator." The 
 nature of the effect is stated in the next clause. By omitting the double 
 negative here we may render thus : " Moreover these guards, etc., although 
 they have been placed to prevent violence, nevertheless bring something 
 (of fear) to the orator." 6t Tamen ne non, <fcc., " Still we cannot in- 
 deed but fear, though without any just cause." 7. Quce si opposita, 
 
 &c, " If I thought these things opposed to Milo, I would give way to the 
 
ORATION FOR T. ANNIUS MILO. 277 
 
 times," and not think of meeting the fury of excited party feelings by rea- 
 soning or argument. 8. Sed me recreat . . Cn, Pompeii . . . consilium, 
 
 <fcc. The confidence here expressed in the wisdom and justice of Pompey, 
 is intended for effect, to impress the judges with this view of his character, 
 though there was reason to believe his private feelings were opposed to 
 
 Milo, and in favor of his competitors. See Introduction : qui profecio, 
 
 etc., " since he certainly could not think it consistent with his sense of jus- 
 tice, dedere, <fcc. B. § 141, Rule, hi.— A. & S. § 264. 8. By these com- 
 plimentary expressions he wished also to conciliate the favor of Pompey 
 to his cause. 9. Denuntiant ; here again is a zeugma, denuntiant be- 
 ing properly used with periculum, but not with presidium. With the 
 first, of course, it is properly rendered " threaten ;" but with the second, 
 
 u promise." Ut shnus animo neque solum quieto, " to be of a mind 
 
 (to have a mind) not only free from fear, but even filled with courage." B. 
 
 § 145, Obs. 5, 3d. — A. & S. § 273. 2. 10. Qiice quidem est civium, 
 
 " "Which indeed consists of citizens." The majority of the tribunes and 
 the better class of citizens, in tins contest, were hi favor of Milo. It is 
 here insinuated that the great body of the Clodians were not citizens ; that 
 they were slaves, or so degraded in character as not to deserve the name 
 
 of citizens : tota nostra, " wholly in our favor." 11. Neque eorum 
 
 quisquam . . . non quum f civet, &c, " Not one of those . . . does not both 
 
 favor, (fcc. :" turn putat, " and think." Or, without the double negative, 
 
 " every one of those, <fcc., not. only favors, <fec, but also thinks." Cicero is 
 here careful to secure the favor of the people as well as of the judges, by 
 stating that their interest, as well as that of their children and their coun- 
 try, is identified with a decision of this case in favor of Milo. 
 
 II. — 1. Rapinis, "By plunder." The outrages of Clodius are fre- 
 quently mentioned by Cicero. See Ch. 24, 27 and 28 of this oration: 
 
 pavit, " fed." This word is used in contempt, as if they were cattle or 
 
 wild beasts. 2. Hesterna condone, " By yesterday's harangue." Mu- 
 
 natius Plancus Bursa, one of the tribunes opposed to Milo, the day before, 
 urged the people to assemble in full force next day, and declare their sen- 
 timents in such a manner that Milo might not be suffered to escape. Cice- 
 ro here reflects on this as an insult on the liberty of the bench : ut 
 
 vobis voce prceirent quid judicaretis, "that they should dictate to you 
 what sentence you should pass." 3. Si qui forte fuerit, " If per- 
 chance there shall be any :" retineatis, scil., in the country by a sen- 
 tence of acquittal ; — a contrary sentence would be followed by bis exile : 
 
 neglexit, " paid no attention to," " despised." 4. Adeste ani?nis, 
 
 " Maintain your presence of mind," " act with spirit :" si denique un- 
 
278 NOTES ON THE 
 
 quam locus, &c, " if ever, in fine, an opportunity has been given to men 
 selected from the most illustrious orders." The judges in this trial were 
 chosen from the senatorial! and equestrian orders, and they were said to 
 be men of great abilities, and unquestionable integrity : ut sua stu- 
 dio,, arrange : ut re et sententiis declararent sua studia erga fortes et bonos 
 
 cives, quce scepe significassent vultu et verbis : re et seritentiis, " by 
 
 their actions and votes," in antithesis with vultu et verbis. 5. Ut sta- 
 
 tuatis, " To determine." Same construction as ut simus, Ch. I. Note 9. 
 
 6. Quid enim nobis duobus, &c, " For what (condition) more harassed, 
 what more vexatious, or more tried, can be mentioned or imagined than 
 
 that of us two," lit., " than we two :" qui, &c. : Cicero here identifies 
 
 himself with Milo, his client ; and by so doing brings him up to his own 
 
 level. Notice the antithesis in this sentence. 7. Tempestates et pro- 
 
 cellas, " Storms and tempests." The first is the more general^ term and 
 means a storm on land or sea, procella is more specific, and denotes a 
 more sudden and violent tempest of wind and rain, especially at sea ; both 
 are here figurative, and denote the violent out-bursts of human passions 
 
 in highly excited political contests : in illis duntaxat fiuctibus coneio- 
 
 num, " at least in those commotions of public assemblies :" Miloni 
 
 esse subeundas, " must be met (endured) by Milo." 8. In judicio vero, 
 
 et in eo consilio, in quo, "But in a judicial investigation, and in such a 
 court as that in which." Is before the relative, followed by the subjunc- 
 tive, is equivalent to talis. B. § 141, Obs. 2, 2d.— A. & S. § 264. 1 : 
 
 per tales viros, "by means of such men," viz., as those composing this 
 
 commission. 9. Quamquam in hac causa. From this to the end of 
 
 the chapter, Cicero states the course of argument he means to pursue, 
 namely, waiving all other grounds of defence, to show that Clodius way- 
 laid Milo, and was killed by him in self-defence. 10. Non abutenxur, 
 
 "I will not abuse." The services of Annius in his tribuneship, and for 
 the safety of the state, he represents were performed from patriotic mo- 
 tives ; and to take advantage of them to shield him from a criminal 
 charge would be to make a wrong use of them — " to abuse them." Still 
 he frequently refers to these in the course of this oration, with a view to 
 produce an impression in his favor. Milo was tribune, b. c. 56, four years 
 before this. His principal merit during his tribuneship was the recall of 
 
 Cicero from banishment, brought about chiefly by his efforts. 11. In- 
 
 sidias factas (esse), "That an ambush was laid:" merita, see Ch. 
 
 XXVIII: nee postulatnri (swmis), "nor will I demand:" ut . . . 
 
 assignetis, "that you ascribe." 12. Illius insidia?., "His (Clodius's) 
 
 lying in wait." 
 
ORATION FOR T. ANNIUS MILO. 279 
 
 III. — 1. Earn orationem = earn partem orationis — quce propria est, 
 <fec, " Which properly belongs to the inquiry before you," soil., which 
 
 waylaid the other? videantur ca, "it seems that these." See III. Or. 
 
 in Cat. Ch. VIII. 2. 2. Negant, &c. = dicunt non, "They (the adver- 
 saries of Milo) say, that a man ought not, <fec." Of this proposition Cice- 
 ro affirms the reverse, and in support of his affirmation brings forward 
 examples from Roman history. The first is that of M. Horatius. This 
 
 well-known story is related by Livy, Lib. I. 26. 3. Aut negari so- 
 
 lere, &c, " That usually it is either denied that the act was done at all, 
 or is maintained to have been done justly and lawfully." It is the latter 
 
 of these Cicero proposes to maintain in defence of Milo. &. Nisi 
 
 vero existimatis. This refers to his position already stated, as if he said : 
 This you must admit, "unless indeed you think, <fcc. :" seditiose in- 
 ter rogaretur, "it was asked in a factious manner." With a view to ex- 
 cite the people to revenge the death of T. Gracchus, Carbo, in a public 
 assembly of the people, put the question to Africanus, who had married 
 Sempronia, the sister of Gracchus, what he thought of his death, expect- 
 ing to receive a reply favorable to his wishes. Instead of this, however, 
 he replied, jure ccesum videri. On hearing this, the people loudly ex- 
 pressed their displeasure. But he cried out, " cease your noise ; dare you 
 think to frighten me who am accustomed to hear unterrified the shouts 
 of contending armies?" Respecting the death of Gracchus, see I. Or. in 
 
 Cat. Ch. II. ISbte 17. Again you must admit this. 5. Neque enim 
 
 posset, <fcc, " For (if not) neither could either the distinguished Servilius 
 Ahala, <fec, be held not to be guilty." For Ahala, see I. Or. in Cat. Ch. II. 
 19. Opimius slew C. Gracchus, still attempting to revive the Licinian 
 law. v To say nothing of the butcheries of Marius, even the senate itself 
 must be held g\xilty, on the principle maintained by the opponents of 
 Milo. He refers to the accomplices of Catiline who were put to death by 
 
 the order of the senate. 6. Fictis fabulis, "In fabulous story." He 
 
 refers to the Orestes of Euripides, and the Choephori of vEsehylus. Ores- 
 tes, the son of Agamemnon, to revenge his father's death, slew his mother 
 Clytemnestra, by whom his father had been murdered on his return from 
 Troy. For this deed he was acquitted by the judges of the Areopagus 
 
 under the direction of Minerva. 7. Variatis homimim sententiis, 
 
 " The opinions of men (i. e., the judges) being divided." This being the 
 case, it is said Minerva joined herself to those in favor of acquitting, 
 making the number on each side equal. This amounted to an acquittal. 
 
 8. Duodecim tabxdaz, "The laws of the twelve tables." These 
 
 were the standard laws of the Romans, and they provided that, in certain 
 circumstances, a man might slay another with impunity. 
 13 
 
280 NOTES ON THE 
 
 IV. — 1. Quae, sunt multa, "And they are many:" defenditur, 
 
 "is warded off." This is the strict meaning of the word. 2. Pudi- 
 
 citiam . . . militi, " Attempted to violate the chastity of a soldier." This 
 tribune and relation of Marius, was C. Lusins, and the soldier's name was 
 
 Trebonius. 3. Facere periculose, quam pcrpeti turpiter, "To incur 
 
 danger, than to suffer dishonor." Note the antithesis both in meaning, 
 and manner of expression. 4, Inferri injusta, "Be inflicted unjust- 
 ly," lit, "what unjust death, <fcc" 5. Quid volunt? "What mean?" 
 
 The roads in Italy, and especially near Rome, were infested by robbers, 
 so that for safety, persons travelling required a guard, and to be armed: 
 
 non Uccret, " it would not be lawful." 6. Est igitur hcec. The 
 
 elegant antithesis and force of expression in this whole sentence is worthy 
 
 of attention : omnis honesta ratio esset, <fcc, " any way of escaping 
 
 from danger (lit., of procuring safety) would be honorable." 7. Se 
 
 exspectari, "That they (the laws, i. e., the protection they afford) should be 
 
 waited for:" quum ei, qui, &c, "seeing that by him who should 
 
 thus wait, an undeserved calamity might be suffered before a just pun- 
 ishment could be inflicted." 8. Sed esse cum telo, &c, "But to carry 
 
 arms (lit., to be with a weapon) for the purpose of killing a man." 
 
 9. Quum causa, non telum quaireretur, "Since the motive, and not the 
 
 fact of carrying a weapon would be inquired into :" ut is connected 
 
 with judicaretur. 10. Hoc maneat in causa, "Let this be considered 
 
 an established point in this cause:" quin probaturus sum, "that I 
 
 will prove:" quin, "that not," after a negative clause, commonly, as 
 
 here, means, "that:" insidiatorem, "that one who lies in wait for 
 
 another." Thus he establishes his point, that to kill a man in self-defence 
 is lawful, and so refutes the first position of Milo's enemies, " that a man 
 who confesses he has killed another should not be suffered to live." 
 
 V. — 1. Sequitur illud, "There follows that," i. e., "the next thing:" 
 Mud refers to the following clause, caidem — -factam esse, " that the senate 
 decided that the slaughter, <fcc., was an offence against the state." Cicero 
 replies, in substance, that the judgment of the senate spoken of referred 
 to the act, but did not decide where the guilt lay, whether with Clodius 
 or with Milo — and that in all the discussions relating to this subject, for 
 the last hundred days, so far was the senate from condemning Milo, that 
 a very few only considered him guilty. In this way does he set aside the 
 
 second postulate of the enemies of Milo. 2. Non sententiis solum sed 
 
 etiam studiis, " Not by their votes only, but by their attachment" (to Milo). 
 3. Acta, "pleaded:" quibus assensionibus, "with what ex- 
 pressions of approbation:" quam nee tacitis, <fec, "how loud and 
 
ORATION FOR T. ANNIUS MILO. 281 
 
 open." i, T>eclarant hujus ambusti, &c, "Those lifeless ra lings of 
 
 that scorched tribune of the people show (this)." The tribune referred 
 to was T Munatius Plancus Bursa, who, endeavoring to excite the people 
 against Milo, tore up the benches and furniture in the senate house, with 
 which he made a funeral pile for the body of Clodius, and near which, 
 while it was burning, he continued to harangue the people, till he was 
 forced by the heat to retire ; hence the epithet ambusti. This is the lan- 
 guage of keen sarcasm : inter mortuce, properly, " between life and 
 
 death," "dead and alive by turns." 5. Qioce quidem si, <fcc, "If this 
 
 indeed is to be called power:" potentia means ability to do, potestas 
 
 authority to do ; the former expresses what we can do, the latter what 
 
 Ave may do. 6. Hanc vero quaistionem, "That this trial" (viz., of 
 
 Milo). The argument is, that as this trial of Milo (however just) was not 
 by the appointment of the senate (but by a special commission of Pom- 
 pey), the death of Clodius was an event at which they were not much 
 
 grieved, and the conduct of Milo was not much blamed : nova quais- 
 
 tio, "an extraordinary inquisition." 7. Cujus enim, (fee, "For (see- 
 ing that) the power of appointing a judicial investigation concerning that 
 profane debauch of his was wrested from the senate, who can believe, 
 <fec." In order to carry on an intrigue Avith Sempronia, the wife of Julius 
 Ceesar, Clodius, under the disguise of a female, gained admittance to Cae- 
 sar's house, while the mysteries of the Bona dea were celebrating, at 
 Avhich it was profanation for a male to be present. By the pontifex, this 
 was declared sacrilege ; but, through the efforts of the Clodian faction, all 
 
 efforts to bring it to trial proA r ed una\ T ailing. 8. Cur igitur, tfec. By 
 
 this question, Cicero adroitly shows, that this decree of the senate con- 
 demned, as an offence against the state, the seA'eral acts of violence com- 
 mitted by the Clodian party, as much as it did the death of Clodius. He 
 
 specifies as examples — incendium curim. See ISbte 4 : oppugnatio- 
 
 nem cedium M. Lepidi, " the attack on the house of M. Lepidus." On the 
 death of Clodius, Lepidus was declared inter-rex. The factions of Seipio 
 and Hypsaeus, in order to force an immediate election, which Lepidus 
 was unwilling to hold, while the resentment of the populace was fresh 
 against Milo, attacked his house, insulted his wife, and committed othei 
 
 acts of A-iolence, till they were driven off by the partisans of Milo. 
 
 9. Quia nulla vis, <fec. In this answer to his own question, Cicero shows 
 that, as every violent act is against the state, the decree of the senate 
 was general, and had no more reference to the acts of Milo than to the 
 
 acts of others referred to. 10. Nisi vero, "Unless indeed" (which, 
 
 ho weA^er, cannot be supposed): non tamen rem publicam vulnera- 
 
 runt (scil., the acts here referred to), " did not, however, injure the re- 
 
282 NOTES ON THE 
 
 public :" • dies, by meton., for the transactions of the day — so also 
 
 anna, for the violent deeds done by them : Saturninus, a tribune of 
 
 the people and violent partizan of Marius, hired assassins to take the life 
 of C. Memmius, when he was suing for the consulship, b. c. 100. 
 
 VI. — 1. Ego ipse decrevi, "1 myself voted," "was of opinion:" 
 
 crimen ■ judicio, &c, "the guilt I reserved for judicial investigation, the 
 thing I admitted." — — 2. Furiosum ilium tribunum, scil., Munatiue 
 
 Plancus, Ch. V., 4. 3. Decerncbat enirn, &c, "For the senate was 
 
 proceeding to decree," "to a decision." B. § 44, ii. 2. — A. & S. § 145, ii. 4 : 
 
 tantummodo extra ordinem, " only not in the usual way." 
 
 4. Divisa sententia est, "The vote was divided." When a question con- 
 tained more things than one, any one might call for a division, i. e., to 
 vote on each part separately. This question consisted of two parts, 
 1st. Whether the matter should be investigated, according to the existing 
 
 laws. 2d. Whether it should be extra ordinem: nescio quo, "some 
 
 one." Nescio quis has come by use to be regarded as one word = aliquis, 
 but usually implying an expression of want of respect, or of contempt. 
 
 5. Reliqua auctoritas senatus, "The remaining authority of the 
 
 senate (i. e., its power to act on the second part of the proposition) was 
 
 taken away :" empta inter cessione, " by a purchased veto." The 
 
 tribunes of the people had the extraordinary power of arresting the pro- 
 ceedings of the senate at any step by the word veto, "I forbid." This was 
 called intercessio, and was often greatly and corruptly abused. The veto, 
 in the present case, was interposed by Munatius Plancus and Sallust. 
 Here ends the refutation of the second position taken by the enemies of 
 
 Milo, Ch. V., 1. 6. At enim.. The force of these particles here may 
 
 be given thus: "But," these men take up still another position; "for," 
 
 they say: Cn. Pompeius, &c, "Cn. Pompey by his bill (for an 
 
 extraordinary commission) has judged (Milo guilty) both concerning the 
 act and the motive." To this Cicero replies, to the end of Ch. VIII., in 
 substance, that he had decided only for an investigation ; for, where the 
 fact is admitted, the very idea of a trial implies that the question of guilt 
 
 is yet open and undecided. 7. Tulit, scil., rogationem, "He brought 
 
 forward a law." Ferre rogationem = rogare, means to bring before the 
 people the question whether it is their pleasure, that such a law shall 
 pass. The formula of rogation was usually thus : Velitis jubeatis uti, &c. ; 
 and then, having read the law, to add Hcec ita uti dixi, ita vos Quirites 
 
 rogo. 8. Ut quaireretur, "That investigation should be made." 
 
 9. At constat. At is often used, as here, to introduce an objection re- 
 tained in the mind, though the ground of it is expressed; thus, "But (that 
 
ORATIOX FOR T. ANXIUS MILO. 283 
 
 was not necessary, for) it is evident." 10. Xos fateri, "That we 
 
 (identifying himself with his client) acknowledge (the fact)." 
 
 11. Tarn hanc sahdarem, &c, "As well this acquitting, as that condemn- 
 ing letter." When jtidges were to vote on a criminal trial, the letters 
 A and C were put into their hands, by depositing one or other of which 
 in the urn, their sentence was given: A for Absolvo, "I acquit," hence 
 called litera sahdaris, and C for Condemno, "I condemn," hence called 
 litera tristis. Another ballot inscribed N. L., non liquet, "It is not 
 clear," was sometimes given, and when these were in the majority, it left 
 
 the case undecided. 12. Quid vos in judicando spectare oporteret, 
 
 " "What you ought to keep in view in making up your verdict." Thus 
 does he show, in opposition to the assumption of those opposed to Milo, 
 that Pompey had not decided against Milo, but had left the question for 
 the judges now to decide. Finally, he makes the appeal on this point to 
 
 Pompey himself. 13. Quod sua sponte fecit, &c. t "Whether what 
 
 he did of his own accord, he thought should be attributed to his regard 
 for P. Clodius, or to the times," i. e., to the excited state of the people at 
 that time. 
 
 VII. — 1. Tribunus plebis M. Drusus. To show that this measure was 
 now resorted to only on account of the peculiar state of the times, and 
 not from any favor for Clodius, he goes on to mention a number of cases 
 of violence, respecting which no investigation had been instituted : these, 
 too, are of such a character as to bring odium on Clodius and his party, 
 and to excite the indignation of Pompey and those who sought his favor. 
 This is done with great tact to operate silently in favor of Milo. — 
 M. Livius Drusus, a man distinguished for his wealth, talents, and weight 
 of character, was assassinated at his own house, when he was attempting 
 to get a law passed to confer the freedom of the city on some of the 
 
 principal towns of Italy: avunculus hujus judicis, "the uncle of 
 
 this our judge." M. Cato was one of the judges on this trial of Milo. 
 
 2. JS'ihil populus consultus (est), "The people were never consulted." 
 
 Nihil is a stronger negative than non. See I. Or. in Cat. I., 5. 
 
 3. Quantum luctum, <fec, "How great mourning have we heard," &c. 
 Luctus means "grief," expressed by loud lamentations ; mceror, "grief," 
 expressed by sadness of countenance; dolor, "grief" in the heart, without 
 regard to its expression. — P. Africanus was found dead in his bed,' and 
 by many, and especially by Cicero, was supposed to have been strangled. 
 C. Papirhis Carbo was suspected, but there was no investigation. 
 
 4. Quia non alio facinore, &c, " Because the crime is the same whether 
 the persons slain are illustrious or obscure :" — Render this sentence 
 
284 NOTES ON THE 
 
 literally. 5. Intersit, i. e., Fac intersit, "Grant that there is a 
 
 difference:" inter vitce dignitatem, lit, "between the value of the 
 
 life of the highest:" atque (vitce dignitatem) ipsi morum, "and the 
 
 value, &c." Mors briefly, "in the value of the life of the highest and of 
 
 the lowest." 6. Nisi forte magis erit parricida, "Unless perhaps 
 
 he will be more a parricide," i. e., more guilty. 7, In monumentis 
 
 majorum suorum, "Among the monuments of his ancestors," meaning on 
 the Appian way. This famous road was built (munivit) by Appius Caecus, 
 the Censor, one of the ancestors of Clodius, b. c. 311. Many parts of this 
 road are now in good preservation after 2,000 years. It was certainly a 
 
 noble monument to his name: ab istis, namely, the partisans of 
 
 Clodius. This word is used to express contempt: non qua populus 
 
 uteretur, "not that the people might use it," i. e., "not for the use of the 
 
 people." 8. M. JPapirium occidisset, "Had slain M. Papirius." 
 
 Clodius having by stratagem got into his hands the son of Tigranes 
 whom Pompey had brought to Rome, and refusing to give him up, 
 Flavius the praetor, to whose custody he had been committed, went out 
 with an armed force to recover him. But Clodius proved too powerful 
 for him, and in the conflict, killed M. Papirius, Pompey's intimate friend. 
 This was the first cause of the difficulty between Pompey and Clodius : 
 
 non fuit illud f acinus puniendum. This and the following clauses 
 
 are spoken with a sort of sarcastic irony. 9. Quce cruentata antea, 
 
 &c, "(That) which (scil., the Appian way) when drenched formerly, <&c, 
 
 was never mentioned:" eadem nunc crebro usurpatur, "the same is 
 
 now constantly talked of" — "taken up in conversation." Compare, Or. 
 
 pro Marcello, Ch. II., Note 3 : innocentis viri, scil., Papirius : 
 
 latronis, scil., Clodius. 10. In templo Castoris. This temple was 
 
 contiguous to the forum, and in it the senate met on this occasion. 
 
 11. Extorta est (ei) confitenti, lit, "Was wrested from him confessing." 
 The dative is governed by extorta est. B. § 126, R. iii: de manibus is 
 added in explanation. See Greek Gr. § 148, Obs. 2, throughout. This is 
 probably better than the common construction, according to which the 
 dative is governed by manibus. B. § 110, Obs. 1. — A. & S. § 211, Rem. 5, 
 
 ad fin. 12. Caruit foro, "Absented himself from the forum." 
 
 13. Oujus in vita nitebatur, "On whose life depended:" occidisset, 
 
 "had fallen." 14. Legibus vindicentur, "Are taken cognizance of 
 
 by the laws." — This is according to the maxim early acted upon. In 
 
 maleficiis voluntas spectatur, non exitus. 15. Questionem tulisset =» 
 
 rogationem tidissct id qucereretur. See above VI., Notes 7, 8. 
 
 VIII. — 1. Sed stulti sumus, qui conferre audeamus, "But we 
 
ORATION FOR T. ANNIUS MILO. 285 
 
 are foolish to venture to compare," or, "in venturing." B. § 141, Paile iii. 
 
 — A. & S. § 264. 8. This whole passage is a piece of elegant irony. 
 
 2. Ilia, "Those things," namely, the outrages on the persons just men- 
 tioned. 3. Desiderant, "Miss," "feel the want of." 4. Sibi 
 
 queestionem ferendam. That a law for a special trial must be brought 
 
 forward by him. See Ch. VII., Note 15, with reference: homo 
 
 sapiens, scil., Pompey: fuisse ilium sibi inimicum, "that the former 
 
 (Clodius) had been his personal enemy." Distinguish inimicus and hostis. 
 
 5. Timuit, ne vidcretur, &c. " He feared that confidence in his re- 
 conciliation to Clodius might seem to be shaken," lit,, "too weak." 
 
 G. Atrociter ipse tulisset, scil., quwstionem, " He himself had obtained a 
 
 law of a stern character." 7. Ipsa lumina. See above Ch. U., Note 
 
 4: secrevit, "set aside," "did not choose." 8. Non enlm mea 
 
 gratia, &c, "For my influence is not limited to my intimate friends:" 
 
 consuetudines victus, "the intimacies of social life." 9. Si 
 
 quid possumus, "If I have any influence," lit., "If I have influence as to 
 
 (or, in) any thing." B. § 128, Obs. 1: studiosos mei, "attached to 
 
 me." 10. Quod vero, "But as to this," namely, voluit te, <fec. In 
 
 this way quod is used to introduce a sentence. See Idioms 38. B. § 99, 
 
 Obs. 8, Note. 11. Tulit ut. Arrange and supply thus: Tulit ut 
 
 necesse esset, conmlarem (prwesse huic questioni), "He enacted," &c. : 
 
 Principum munus esse, "that it was the work (the part) of men of rank." 
 
 With this ends his reply to the third position assumed by the enemies 
 of Milo, namely — that Pompey, by getting this law for a trial by a 
 special commission, had decided concerning both the act and the intention 
 of Milo. 
 
 IX. — 1. Ut aliquando ad causam crimenque veniamus, "To come at 
 length to the cause itself, and the accusation." Having disposed of the 
 three assumptions of Milo's enemies, he now proceeds to vindicate him 
 from the charge itself. In doing so, the chief point on which he relies, as 
 stated below, is to make it appear that Clodius lay in wait for Milo, and 
 was killed by the servants of Milo in defending their master. In this 
 chapter, he prepares the way for this, by showing the hatred of Clodius 
 
 against Milo, and that he had actually threatened his life. 2. Juris 
 
 disceptationem, "A discussion of its lawfulness:" disceptet, "should 
 
 determine:" uter utri insidias fecerit, "which of the two laid an 
 
 ambush for the other." 3. Rem gestam, "The whole affair in order," 
 
 "the transaction as it took place." — Here commences the narration. ■ 
 
 4* Ita tracta esse comitia, "That the comitia (i. e., the election) had been 
 so long delayed." By the contentions of the tribunes and other causes 
 
286 NOTES ON THE 
 
 the election had been delayed full six months. 5. L. P milium colle- 
 
 gam effugere, "To avoid (haying) L. Paullus as his colleague." L. iEmi- 
 lius Paullus was praetor, b. c. 52. Clodius knew that a man of such 
 character and energy would be an insurmountable obstacle to the accom- 
 plishment of his designs. 6. Reliquit, &c, "He abandoned," "he 
 
 threw up his own year." It was considered an honor for a person to be 
 elected to a high office in his own year, i. e., as soon as he attained the 
 legal age. That age for the prsetorship was 40. Clodius at first proposed 
 himself as a candidate for this office suo anno. But seeing that owing to 
 the lateness of the elections, he could hold it only for a few months, and 
 that he would be so cramped and fettered by his colleague, he withdrew 
 his name, and reserved himself for the next year. ?. Summo con- 
 sensu, "With the greatest unanimity." 8. Contulit se ad ejus compe- 
 
 titores, "He betook himself to (i. e., he joined) his (namely, Milo's) com- 
 petitors," if possible to defeat him: ita, "in such a way," "with 
 
 so much ardor:" tota?n ut petitionem gubernaret, "that he 
 
 alone managed the whole canvass." 9. Collinam novam (tribum), &c, 
 
 "He formed a new Colline tribe, by a selection, (fee." The Collina was one 
 of the four city tribes. But though the largest, from having the libertini 
 united with it, it embraced the very lowest of the populace, and was of 
 
 course the least respectable. 10. Hie, Clodius: hie, Milo. 
 
 11. Homo, "The man," meaning Clodius, using the word homo as a term 
 
 of reproach, and in contrast with virum, applied to Milo : occiden- 
 
 dum Milonem, "that Milo must be killed." Cicero gives prominence to 
 this threatening, and repeats it several times. It appears also that Milo 
 threatened the death of Clodius, but it did not suit the purpose of Cicero 
 
 to mention this here. 12. Servos agrestes et barbaros, "His rude 
 
 and barbarous slaves." Clodius had possessions in Etruria near the 
 Apennines, where he maintained hordes of slaves, whom he employed in 
 
 carrying on his violent schemes. 13. Significavit, "He hinted 
 
 (privately to his friends):" dixit, "He openly said it:" aut 
 
 summum, "or at the most." As evidence of this, Cicero mentions that 
 Favonius immediately reported this statement to M. Cato, one of the 
 judges, and, by thus referring to his knowledge of the fact, adroitly 
 makes Cato a witness in the case, to a material point, as well as a judge. 
 
 X. — 1. Iter sollemne, Icgitimum, "A yearly journey, required bylaw:" 
 
 ante diem XIII. (decimum tertium) Kalendas Feb. = die XIII. ante 
 
 Kalendas, <fec, i. e., 18th January. For the different methods of express- 
 ing and reducing dates, see B. p. 305. This form is the 4th. A. & S. 
 § 326 : Lanuvium, the accusative denoting the place to which.— 
 
ORATION FOR T. ANNIUS MILO. 28*7 
 
 This "was a free town (municipium) of Latium, near the Appian "way, 
 about 16 miles from Rome. It -was the birth-place of Milo, of which he 
 was now Dictator or Chief magistrate, and as such it was his duty, 
 yearly, on the day here mentioned, to nominate a priest to minister in 
 
 the temple of Juno Sospita built there: ipse, "he" (Clodius): 
 
 ante suum fundum, "in front of his farm. 2. Ita — ut — relinqueret, 
 
 "In such a way that he left." 3. Caleeos et vestimenta mutavit, 
 
 " changed his shoes and his clothes," i. e., the dress worn in the senate, for 
 
 a travelling dress: id temporis, B. § 131, Obs. 1. — A. & S. § 253, Rem. 
 
 3: redire pottiisset, "could have returned," lit., "had been able to 
 
 return." 4. Rheda, "Carriage." The Rheda was a four-wheeled 
 
 carriage drawn by mules : Grcecis comitibus, " Grecian attendants." 
 
 Learned men from Greece were sometimes maintained in various capaci- 
 ties by wealthy Romans in their families ; they also sometimes attended 
 
 them in their journeys, for their entertainment. 5. Qitum hie insi- 
 
 diator, applied to Milo, ironically : pcenidatus, " wrapped up in his 
 
 paenula." This was a woollen cloak or covering worn by persons when 
 exposed in cold or stormy weather. — Observe here the contrast in 
 every particular between the equipments of Clodius and of Milo ; how 
 thoroughly prepared the one was for an encounter, how utterly unpre- 
 pared the other, showing that he neither intended nor expected any 
 
 thing of the kind. 0. Hora fere undecima, "Not far from the 
 
 eleventh hour," i. e., between 4 and 5 o'clock in the afternoon. 
 
 t, De loco super lore, "From higher ground," — which gave the assailant 
 
 great advantage: adversi, "those in front." 8. Partim — 
 
 partim, "some of them — others." Though an adverb, this word is often 
 used in distributive sentences as a noun. Here it is distributive of illi, 
 the followers of Clodius ; and below, of ii understood, as the antecedent 
 
 of qui and subject of occisi sunt, and fecerunt : ejus servos, qui, "his 
 
 (Milo's) servants, who :" prceserdi, " resolute." 9. Et re vera 
 
 putarent, "And doubtless thought so:" fecerunt id — quod, "did 
 
 that which," — "acted as :" non derivandi criminis causa, "not for the 
 
 sake of shifting the blame," scil., from Milo to his servants. — This whole 
 narration is managed with consummate skill, to show the guilt of Clodius, 
 and the innocence of Milo in this encounter. 
 
 XI. — 1. Nihil dico, quid res publica consecuta sit, " I say nothing as 
 to what the state has gained." In this sentence nihil is governed by dico 
 as a noun ; and the clause quid res publica, &c, is to be regarded as a 
 substantive phrase, in the accusative, depending on quod ad ; or in the 
 ablative, depending on d,e understood, and rendered "as to," "concern^ 
 
 13* 
 
288 NOTES ON THE 
 
 ing." 2. Nihil sane id prosit Miloni, "But let not that by any 
 
 means profit Milo." Nihil is here used adverbially as a strong negative, 
 rendered stronger still by sane. B. § 124, Obs. 4. — A. & S. § 231, Rem. 5 : 
 
 hoc fato, "with such a fate," see I. Or. in Cat. I. Note 20: quin 
 
 una — servarct, "without at the same time preserving;" so below, quin 
 
 simul judicetis. 3. Ratio, "Reason:" omnibus — esse pereundum, 
 
 "that all must perish." 4. Optabilius fuit, "It would have been 
 
 more desirable." The indicative is here used in the sense of the subjunc- 
 tive. B. § 44, III. 4. — A. & S. § 259, Rem. 3. 5. Sin hoc nemo ves- 
 
 trum ita sentit, "But if in this matter no one of you thinks so." 
 
 6. Be hoc igitur, " Concerning this, therefore ;" namely, ab tdro factm sint : 
 
 latum est ut qucereretur, "it has been enacted, that investigation be 
 
 made" = lata est qua?stio. The proper subject of latum est is ut qumrere- 
 tur. See above Ch. VII., Note 15, as also for qucestionem ttclit. 
 
 7. Notavit, "Censured," "found fault with," "condemned:" dc jure, 
 
 scil., facti, " concerning the lawfulness of the act." 
 
 XII. — 1. Si hie Mi, i. e., "If Milo laid an ambuscade for Clodius:" 
 ut ne sit impune, i. e., rogo ut, &c, " then let it not be with impu- 
 nity:" scelere solvamur, "let us be acquitted of the crime." 
 
 2. Quonam igiticr pacto, <fec. ? " In what way then can it be proved, &c. ?" 
 As the first step in the proof, Cicero in this and the next chap, shows that 
 Clodius would have gained much by the death of Milo ; whereas, on the 
 contrary, Milo gained nothing, but lost much, by the death of Clodius. 
 
 3. Mud Cas-sianum, <fec, "That question of Cassius, Whose interest 
 
 was it? is important in the case of these persons." L. Cassius is said to 
 have been remarkable for his strictness ;^ a judge, and to have laid 
 great stress on the principle implied in this question. Cui and bono are 
 
 both in the dative. B. § 114, R. xix. — A. & >. > 227. 4. Atqui is here 
 
 used to connect the following particular ease with the preceding general 
 proposition — the minor with the major, i\iu\ maybe rondo rod, "But," 
 
 "now:" hoc, "this," namely, as follow -. r , ion modo vl, &c. 
 
 5. Non eo consule quo, "Not with such a consul iliat:" Us consuli- 
 
 bus quibus, " with such consuls as." For these m<>des of rendering a rel- 
 ative with a demonstrative antecedent, see B. § 141, Obs. 2, 2d. — A. & S. 
 
 § 264. 1: at conniventibus certe, "yet conniving at least:" 
 
 cogitatis furoribus, "intended schemes of madness." 6, Cujus Mi 
 
 conatus, " Whose (Clodius's) attempts they," namely, the consuls referred 
 
 to: tantum beneficium ei se debet e, "that they were indebted to him 
 
 for so great a kindness," meaning, that they owed their election to the 
 consulship to his exertions in their favor. 7. Hospites, "Strangers:" 
 
ORATION FOR T. ANNIUS M1LO. 289 
 
 vestrce mires, etc., " are your ears not at home, nor familiar with 
 
 the common report of the city?" namely: quas leges, "what laws:" 
 
 fucrit impositurus, &c, "he was about to impose, and fix indelibly 
 
 (lit, brand) upon every one of us." The scheme here referred to, was to 
 get a law passed by which freedmen (libertini), who had now the right 
 of voting only in the city tribes, might have it also in the rustic tribes. 
 The whole Roman territory was then divided into 35 tribes, of which 4 
 were in the city, and 31 without the city. It is easy to see that such a 
 l:i\v would have added much to the number of voters, and secured for a 
 time immense power to the framers of such a law. This was of course a 
 favorite measure with party leaders in the minority, by which they hoped 
 to raise themselves into power. The election by tribes (comitia tributa) 
 was in fact the only election by the people ; for in this, all votes were 
 equal, whereas, in the comitia centuriata, or election by centuries, while 
 the people were not excluded, the scheme was such as to render their 
 vote nearly worthless. By the latter mode, consuls and praetors were 
 chosen ; by the former, the inferior magistrates. See Adam's Roman An- 
 tiquities. 8. Tamquam Palladium, "As if a Palladium" — a wooden 
 
 image of Pallas, (or Minerva,) brought from Troy to Rome and laid up in 
 the temple of Vesta. When this temple was burned, the Palladium was 
 rescued by the high-priest Metellus, and was regarded as the symbol of 
 
 safety to the empire. 9. Ui prceclarum, &c, arrange : ut posses de- 
 
 ferre prceclarum munus videlicet, et instrumentum tribunatus ad aliquem, 
 
 <fca : instrumentum, "an instrument," or "code of instructions." 
 
 Of the sentence following this, in Orelli's text, all but two words (atque 
 per) is lost ; and as these words by themselves give no meaning they are 
 here omitted. The three following sentences also are wanting in the 
 common editions. 10. De nostrum omnium. Mere we have an ex- 
 ample of the figure aposioposis, or intentional breaking off, without fin- 
 ishing, a sentence begun, which is sometimes u^< -<1 with great effect. 
 Having begun the sentence, the orator here stops as i f afraid to go on, 
 being terrified by the threatening looks of S. Clodius, and adds non audeo 
 
 totum dicer e. \\% Et aspexit me, &c, " And he looked at me with such 
 
 looks as he was accustomed to assume, when he threatened universal de- 
 struction to every one." 12. Lumen curice. This is a sort of ambiguous 
 
 jest, to call S. Clodius, " the light of the senate," as if he meant to compli- 
 ment him as a great man, while in fact he sarcastically refers to his 
 burning the senate-house, when he erected in it a funeral pile for the 
 body of Clodius. 
 
 XIII. — 1. Quid? "What" — a common exclamation =quid censes? 
 
290 NOTES ON THE 
 
 quid ais? quid dicmn? &c, as the sense may require : punitus es, a 
 
 deponent form =punivisti. 2. Domo, " Out of his house," <fcc. All 
 
 this refers to the method adopted by the kinsman of Clodius, to excite 
 the indignation of the people against Milo by exposing in public his 
 
 bloody corpse. See Introduction: spoliatum imaginibus, "deprived 
 
 of its images." Persons of distinction among the Bomans had their halls 
 adorned with wax images of their ancestors, which at funerals were car- 
 ried in procession before the corpse : exsequiis, "funeral obsequies." 
 
 This term is general, and includes the following pompa, laudatione, &c. : 
 infelicissimis lignis, see above Ch. V., Note 4: laudare non pos- 
 sum, i. e., quanquam laudare, <fec. 3. \Demonstravi, (fee] Here 
 
 there is a defect in the text. The supplement in italics is proposed by 
 Beier, to intimate a transition to another view of the subject. He had 
 argued above that the death of Milo must have been considered by Clo- 
 dius as important to the success of his plans : he now proceeds to show 
 
 that the death of Clodius was injurious to the interests of Milo. 
 
 *4. Non dicam admitteret, " I will not say should commit (this deed) but 
 
 should wish (to do so)." 5. Obstabat, &c. ; this sentence contains the 
 
 supposed reply of a Clodian to the two preceding questions. " Clodius 
 stood in Milo's way in his hope of "the consulship." What follows is a 
 
 refutation of this allegation. 6. At eo repugnante fiebat, " On the 
 
 contrary, Milo was a gainer by the opposition of Clodius," lit, "he (Clo- 
 dius) opposing, Milo was succeeding:" suffragatore, "supporter," 
 
 i. e., one who aids another by his vote, or in getting votes. 7. Vale- 
 bat apud vos, "Availed (had influence) with you," viz., to support Milo 
 
 for consul : solutam, "unrestrained," i. e., without check or restraint. 
 
 8. Usitatis jam rebus, &c, "Milo has to strive by the usual means 
 
 to support his dignity," i. e., his worth, his claims to office. 9. Fran- 
 
 gendis furoribus Clodianis, " By breaking down (thwarting) the mad 
 
 schemes of Clodius." 10. Tentari cozptus est, "Has begun to be in 
 
 danger." Cozpi has a deponent form in the perfect tense, commonly used 
 
 by Cicero, instead of the active before an infinitive passive. 11. At 
 
 valuit odium, "But (you will say) hatred pre vailed." At here intro- 
 duces an objection to the preceding reasoning. Admit, says the objector, 
 it was for Milo's interest that Clodius should live, yet such was his hatred 
 of Clodius, and so strong his passions, that he lost sight of his interest, 
 and killed his adversary. The reply which follows, denies that, in the 
 circumstances, Milo could have any greater hatred of Clodius than all 
 good men had, and whatever is in this argument, its weight is on the 
 
 other side: si hcec, "if these things," scil, hatred, anger, enmity. 
 
 12. Qtdd enim, i. e., Propter quid '— cur, "For why." 13. Hie, 
 
ORATION FOR T. ANNIUS MILO. 291 
 
 erat, ut odisset, <fec, "There was (reason) why he (Clodius) should hate 
 Milo," "first of all as the protector of my safety, <fec," i. e., "because he 
 was the protector, <fec," It was mainly through the efforts of Milo that 
 Cicero was recalled from exile. Three reasons are here assigned for the 
 hatred of Clodius against Milo — his efforts in behalf of Cicero, his suc- 
 cessful opposition to the outrages of Clodius, and his being his accuser. 
 
 14. Reus etiim Milonis, <fec, "For he lay under Milo's accusation as 
 
 long as he lived," lit., "he was Milo's accused." The accusation was 
 lodged against him under the Plotian law against violence, but the matter 
 
 was never brought to trial. 15. Quantum odium illius (creditis) — 
 
 fuisse? "How great was his resentment" (think you)? viz., against Milo: 
 quam justum, " with how much reason ?" 
 
 XIV. — 1. Reliquum est, "It remains." Having discussed the question 
 'whose interest it was' (cui bono), Ch. XII., Isote 2, and the argument 
 from personal hatred in the close of the preceding chapter, he now goes 
 on to argue from their respective dispositions and general course of con- 
 duct, that, on the question* ' which of the two lay in wait for the other?' 
 
 the probability is strongly in favor of Milo and against Clodius : ut 
 
 ilium natura ipsius, &c, " that the nature of the man himself and his habit 
 of life may defend the one (Clodius) and convict the other (Milo)." This 
 
 sentence and the next are ironical. 2. Urbe cessi, " I departed from 
 
 the city," viz., into exile : non servos, (fee. ? " and not his slaves, <fec. ?" 
 
 dependent on timui, interrogatively. When Cicero was placed in the po- 
 sition of a criminal by a law of Clodius, for bringing to deserved pun- 
 ishment the accomplices of Catiline, as was customary, he put on mourn- 
 ing, and went about the streets to move the compassion of the people ; 
 but he was met every where, and insulted by the slaves of Clodius. This 
 induced him to go into voluntary exile, without waiting for a trial. The 
 senators, to testify their regard for him, put on mourning (mcereyitibus 
 
 vobis). 3. Restituendi mei, "Of recalling me," scil., from exile: 
 
 ejiciendi, "of thrusting me out," viz., by lawless violence. 4. Diem 
 
 mihi credo, dixerat, " He had, I suppose, appointed a day for me" (for trial 
 
 before the people) : multam irrogarat, <kc., "he had proposed a fine, 
 
 he had threatened an action of treason:" videlicet, "forsooth." All 
 
 this is spoken ironically, to express his contempt for the proceedings of 
 
 Clodius against him. 5. Quum mihi adesset, "When he took part 
 
 with me." Q. Hortensius was a celebrated orator, and though for a time 
 the rival of Cicero, this never interfered with their friendship. When 
 he and C. Curio were sent to the consul Gabinius to get him to inter- 
 pose his authority in favor of Cicero, they were rudely repulsed by him, 
 
292 NOTES ON THE 
 
 and assailed by the partisans of Clodius. 6. Hcec insidiala est Pom- 
 
 peio, "This lay in wait," i. e., "with this Clodius lay in wait for Pompey." 
 
 See above Ch. VII. : nece Papirii, see Ch. VII. Note 8 : longo 
 
 intervallo, viz., from b. c. 58 to b. c. 52, about six years, when Cicero sup- 
 ported Milo for the consulship : ad regiam sc. domum, "at the pal- 
 ace," viz., of Numa, near the forum. 7. Quid simile Milonis, " Can 
 
 any thing resembling this be laid to the charge of Milo," lit. " What like 
 
 this belongs to Milo." 8t Vi oppressam civitatem teneret = vi oppri- 
 
 meret civitatem et teneret. B. §146, Obs. 6. 9. Quern, "Him," sc. 
 
 Clodius : illo oppugnante, " when he (Clodius) was assaulting it." 
 
 With potuit, in each of these clauses, supply ilium inter ficere. 
 
 10. Agnovisset, "Would have approved:" pro sua vindlcaret, "would 
 
 have claimed as its own." B. § 45, ii. 2. — A. & S. § 260, ii., Rem. 2. 
 
 XV. — 1. At quod erat tempus! "But what a time was that !" i. e., 
 how favorable for Milo, if he had been so disposed, to put Clodius to 
 death, not with safety only, but with credit to himself. The argument is : 
 If Milo did not manifest any desire to put Clodius to death when he had 
 so good an opportunity, it could not be supposed he would do so, when 
 it would be accompanied with danger. In the next sentence, supply eo 
 
 tempore erat : vestrce voluntatis, " of your wish," viz., for my return 
 
 from exile. 2. Cn. Pompeius auctor et dux, &c, " Cn. Pompey, who 
 
 proposed and took a leading part in my return." Pompey was anxious 
 to recall Cicero from exile to aid in resisting the power and insolence of 
 
 Clodius, which had become intolerable. 3. Quum decrctum de me 
 
 Capuce fecit. For the indicative after quum, 3ee B. 6 140, Obs. 3. — A. <fe 
 S. § 263. 5. Pompey was one of the Decemviri appointed for the govern- 
 ment of Capua, now a colony of Roman citizens ; and in this capacity he 
 passed the decree here mentioned: desiderio met, "from their affec- 
 tion for me:" quern qui turn interemisset, "if any one had killed him 
 
 then." 4. Privato Milone, &c, " While Milo was a private person, 
 
 and accused before the people." A person could not be accused at .Rome 
 while in office. In order to trial therefore, a magistrate must resign, aod 
 become privatus. Clodius accused Milo before the people for keeping a 
 band of gladiators, in revenge for a similar accusation made by Milo 
 against Clodius. On this trial, Milo was defended by Pompey, Crassus, 
 and Cicero. 5. Jam irretitam teneret = irrctiret et teneret, see preced- 
 ing Ch., Note 8. 6. Fugiens — abdidisset, "Had fled and hid himself." 
 
 B. § 146, Obs. 9. 7. Magnum Miloni fuit, "It would have been a 
 
 great thing for Milo." An adjective in the predicate, referring to an in- 
 finitive mood, or clause of a sentence, is put in the neuter gender. B. § 98, 
 
ORATION FOR T. ANNIUS MILO. 293 
 
 Obs. 6.— A. & S. § 205, Rem. 1, (2). The indicative fuit shows the op- 
 portunity actually occurred, though it was not improved. This is ren- 
 dered in English as if it were the subjunctive. Supply fuit in the same 
 
 sense with gloria. 8. In campo, "In the Campus Martius, a plain on 
 
 the banks of the Tiber where public assemblies of the people were held 
 
 for elections, &c. :" in septa irrupisset, " had forced his way into the 
 
 enclosure." The septa was an enclosure like a sheepfold, hence called 
 m<ile, into which the people in their centuries in succession went to give 
 their votes. The access to it was by a narrow passage or bridge to pre- 
 vent confusion. Into this Clodius violently forced his way to prevent 
 
 the elections from being completed. 9. Vota faceretis, "Prayed," 
 
 " offered prayers with vows to the gods." B. § 102, Obs. 3. — A. & S. 
 
 § 209, Rem. 12, (7) : ut Miloni, &c. Arrange : ut liber et Miloni uti 
 
 sua virtute, " that it might please Milo to use his bravery," viz., in slay- 
 ing Clodius. 
 
 XVI. — 1. Quern igitur, &c. Arrange and supply: (Num) igitur voluit 
 {occidere) cum querela aliquorum, hunc, quern noluit {occidere) cum gratia 
 omnium ? So in the next clause. The obvious answer to these interroga- 
 tories is, 'It is impossible.' 2. Praisertim quum, &q. In what follows, 
 
 he amplifies the alieno tempore in the preceding clause, showing that if 
 Milo manifested no disposition to slay Clodius, when the time was favora- 
 ble for doing so, it could not be supposed for a moment he could enter- 
 tain such a design, when the time was particularly unfavorable. How it 
 
 was so, he goes on to show: amplissimi honoris contentio, &c, "the 
 
 contest for the highest honor," viz., the consulship for which Milo was 
 then a candidate. The following picture of the anxiety and uneasiness 
 of those who are candidates for office in times of excitement, and in a 
 closely contested election, is highly graphic, and was often realized, es- 
 pecially at Rome, where the people, always capricious, were influenced 
 more by favor than by regard to principle, and where of course not only 
 was every art resorted to in order to win their favor, but the greatest 
 care was necessary to avoid any thing which might possibly incur their 
 
 displeasure. 3. Sed etiam in recte factis fastidiunt, " But are often 
 
 disgusted even with his good deeds." 4. Diem campi, "The day of 
 
 the election," lit., "of the Campus Martius :" proz se ferens, "openly 
 
 showing," scil., by his acts: confitens, "acknowledging," scil., in 
 
 words: scelus et f acinus. These words of similar meaning are put 
 
 together, to express the daring wickedness of the act referred to. Scelus 
 alone means a wicked action ; f acinus, a bold or daring action. Observe 
 the antithesis between these words, and ilia augusta auspicia centuriarum, 
 
294 NOTES ON THE 
 
 lit., "those august auspices of the centurice."" The holding of the comi- 
 tia cenhtriata was preceded by the religious ceremony of taking the au- 
 spices to ascertain whether the gods approved. If the auspices were fa- 
 vorable, the election proceeded ; if not, it was postponed ; and hence the 
 Campus Martins was for the time considered as consecrated ground. To 
 come to such a place with an open declaration of such guilt, Cicero inti- 
 mates, is a wickedness so gross and heaven-daring as not to be thought 
 
 of in Milo, who had a reverence for the gods. 5. Quarn hoc non 
 
 credibile hi hoc ! "How incredible is this in this man !" (Milo) : quam 
 
 non dubitandum idem in Glodio, " how clearly not to be doubted is the 
 
 same thing in Clodius:" qui putaret, "since he thought." 
 
 6. Quid? quod caput est audacice, <fcc, "What will you say as to that 
 which is the great source of audacity," namely, the hope of impunity. 
 By showing there could be no such hope to Milo, but that there was to 
 Clodius, seeing he had in former instances contrived to escape merited 
 punishment, and delighted only in what was contrary to all laws, divine 
 or human, he frames another, which is the fourth argument in favor of 
 Milo and against Clodius on the main question, ' which lay in wait for 
 
 the other?' 7. Sed quid ego argumentor ? "But why do I produce 
 
 arguments." They were unnecessary ; and he goes on to state, and ap- 
 peals to some of the judges by name for their knowledge of the fact, that 
 Clodius said, that on the third day Milo would perish, which answered 
 precisely to the time the rencounter took place, showing that Clodius in- 
 tended to carry hi3 threat into effect, and waylaid Milo for this purpose. 
 This may be called the fifth argument. 
 
 XVII. — 1. Quemadmodum igitur, &c, "How then could he certainly 
 know the day?" He had said, as just mentioned, 'the third day.' How 
 could he fix on this time? In answer to this question, Cicero goes on to 
 show, that, while Clodius could not but know that Milo had to be on his 
 way to Lanuvium that day, Milo could not know that Clodius would be 
 out of the city, especially as a seditious meeting was to be held where, 
 his presence was so necessary, and there was no known reason for his 
 leaving it. The bearing of this fact on the question, uter utri insidias 
 
 fecit? is obvious. 2. Dixi equidem modo, viz., Ch. X which see. 
 
 3. Itaque antevertit, " Therefore, he took the start of him," " placed 
 
 himself before him." 4. Nisi ad cogitatum f acinus approperaret, 
 
 " Unless he was hastening to effect his intended villainy." 5. Ergo 
 
 illi, " To him, therefore," sc. Clodius : manendi nulla facultas, " there 
 
 was no possibility of remaining (in the city)." 6. Qui scire potuer it? 
 
 " How could he know ?" quod vos idem, &c, " a question which you 
 
ORATION FOR T. ANNIUS MILO. 295 
 
 cannot put in the case of Clodius :" quod here refers to qui scire 
 
 potuerit as its antecedent, 7. Ut enim, " For although:" Lanu- 
 
 vini, "the Lanuvians" (then at Rome). 8. Quccsierit sane, "Sup- 
 pose, if you will, that he did inquire :" servum corrupcrit, " sup- 
 pose that he did bribe a slave." Concessions made for the sake of ar- 
 gument only. B. § 45, hi. 4. — A. & S. § 260. ii., Rem. 3. 10. Legite 
 
 tcstimonia, &c, " Read the testimony of your own witnesses." This testi- 
 mony was taken two or three days before. He refers to the testimony 
 of C. Cassinius Schola, the value of which might be inferred from the 
 fact of his testifying, that Clodius was at Interamna and at Rome (places 
 80 Roman miles apart) at the same hour. However, passing this, the 
 
 witness dixit, " said :" P. Clodiwn illo die, &c, " that P. Clodius on 
 
 that day was to have remained at his country-seat near Alba, tie." 
 On this testimony Cicero comments at length in the two following chap- 
 ters, showing from it the truth of his main position, ' that Clodius lay in 
 wait for Milo.' 
 
 XYIII. — 1. Quanta res, &c. " How important facts are proved by 
 these testimonies," viz., that the return of Clodius to Rome, at the time 
 referred to, was purely accidental, the effect of circumstances not known 
 beforehand even by Clodius himself. Milo of course could not know of 
 his return beforehand, could not expect to meet him there, and conse- 
 quently could not intend to lie in wait for him. The same thing proves, 
 contrary to the insinuations of Cicero's enemies, that he could have no 
 concern in this affair. 2. Liberaiur, " is set free," " is proved inno- 
 cent:" non profectus esse ; supply probatur, "he is proved not to 
 
 have set out, &c. :" quippe (used independently to corroborate the pre- 
 ceding statement), " undoubtedly," or, " this must be so." 3. In hac 
 
 rogatione suadenda, "In urging forward the bill for this trial." 
 
 4# Jacent suis testibus hi, " These (men who speak thus) are prostrated 
 (are refuted) by their own witnesses:" qui negant, &c, "who tes- 
 tify that Clodius would not have returned to Rome, tfce." 5. Xunc 
 
 persequar cetera, " I will now go on to other matters," scil., there being 
 
 no occasion to argue that matter farther. 6. Nam occurrit illud, 
 
 " For that objection meets me." The witness referred to, stated that Clo- 
 dius intended to remain at his Alban villa all night, if the death of 
 Cyrus had not been suddenly and unexpectedly announced to him. The 
 prosecution intended by this to prove that Clodius did not waylay Milo, as, 
 but for this intelligence, he would have been at his villa, and not on the 
 way to Rome. To this, Cicero replies by suggesting that the business of 
 the messenger was probably far different ; that, instead of announcing the 
 
296 NOTES ON THE 
 
 death of Cyrus, as was pretended, he hastened to announce the approach 
 
 of Milo ; whereupon, Clodius hastened forth to the intended attack. 
 
 ?. Proficiscens, " When he set out." B. § 146, Obs. 6.— A. & S. § 274. 3. 
 If Clodius left this man dying, the day before, as here stated, and in all 
 probability never expected to see him again, the news of his death 
 could neither be unexpected, nor call for his returning to Rome at such an 
 unseasonable hour. 
 
 XIX. — 1. Age, " Well then," thus used in transitions from one sub- 
 ject to another : sit ita factum, " admitting that it was so," viz., 
 
 that Clodius was informed by the messenger of the death of Cyrus — 
 
 another concession for the sake of argument. 2. Cur (=propter quod) 
 
 proper ato opus esset, " On account of which there was need of haste." 
 B. § 118, Obs. 2. — A. <feS. § 243, Eem. 1. Cur, in this sentence, is used not 
 
 interrogatively, but as a relative. 3. Amitteret autem, i. e., quod 
 
 amitteret. 4. Illi, "By him." B. § 126, Obs. 3.— A. & S. §225. iii. : 
 
 sic Miloni . . . subsidendum, &c, " so Milo ought to have stopped and 
 
 waited for him." Construction of the dative as in preceding clause: 
 
 quum insidiator esset, "since he was the waylayer," i. e., as you allege. 
 
 — — 5* Insidioso, "Dangerous," "suspicious." 6. Nemo non, "Every 
 
 one," — double negative. 7. Sustinuisset hoc crimen, &c, "First of 
 
 all, the very place being the haunt and receptacle of robbers, would have 
 
 borne the blame." 8. Deinde, "Moreover," referring to primum 
 
 above : bonis expulsi, "plundered of their goods:" tota deni- 
 
 que rea citaretur Etruria, " in short, all Etruria would have been accused :" 
 i. e., the men of Etruria who, having been harassed by Clodius (see Ch. 
 
 IX. § 26), might seek their revenge by his death. 9. Ad se = ad suam 
 
 domum, " To his house," lit., " to him." Compare the French chez lui. 
 
 10. Quod ut sciret Milo, " Though Milo might know this." (B. § 99, 
 
 Obs. 8,) scil., ilium Aricice fuisse. Aricia was a town of Latium, on the 
 
 Appian way, about 60 stadia or nearly seven miles from Rome. 
 
 11. Cur neque ante occurrit, "Why did he neither meet him sooner, 
 (scil., before he could reach Albanum), nor, &c." His not doing this may 
 be considered as another argument to show that Milo did not lie in wait 
 
 for Clodius. 12. Video constare adhuc omnia, "Thus far, judges, I 
 
 see that all things are consistent," i. e., they concur in showing that 
 Milo is innocent of this charge. In the close of this chapter, he recapitu- 
 lates the leading arguments already adduced in support of his position : 
 
 dissimulasse, "concealed:" ■ accessum ad urbem nocturnum, 
 
 " an approach to the city by night." 
 
ORATION FOR T. ANNIUS MILO. 297 
 
 XX. — 1. Videamus nunc, <fcc, " Let us now see, that which is a lead- 
 ing point, to which of the two was the place where they met more fit for 
 an ambush." This he makes use of as another argument in favor of Milo, 
 
 and against Clodius. 2. Ante fundum Clodii, " It was before (i. e., 
 
 in front of) the estate of Clodius:" facile mille, "at least a thou- 
 sand:" edito adversarii atque excelso loco, "the position of his oppo- 
 nent being elevated and lofty," i. e., a high rising ground : ipsius 
 
 loci spe, " with the hope of success from his very position." 3. Quce 
 
 semper valet plurimum, "And that always has great weight." 
 
 4* Quid horum non impeditissimum ? " Which of these things was not a 
 veiy great hindrance ?" From the place where they met, he passes to the 
 circumstances of each, and from these draws still another argument in 
 
 support of his main position : quid minus promptum ad pugnam ? 
 
 "What less prepared for an engagement (than Milo was)?" 5. Videte 
 
 nunc ilium, "Behold now that man" (Clodius). 6. Tarde ; qui con- 
 
 venit? "Slowly; with what propriety?" 7. Devertit in villam, &c, 
 
 " He turns aside to Pompey's villa ; was it to see Pompey ? he knew he 
 was at Alsium" — a town of Etruria on the sea-coast near Caere, where 
 probably Pompey had a country-seat. With Alsiensi supply villa. By 
 these interrogatories he brings forward and refutes the various false pre- 
 tences that might be made by the friends of Clodius, leaving only what 
 he considered the true reason, viz., mora et tergiversatio, <fec. 
 
 XXI. — 1. Expediti, "Unencumbered," "ready for action," contrasted 
 
 with impedimentis. 2. Comites Grceculi, "His attendants were paltry 
 
 Greeks." The diminutive is used to express contempt. He refers to the Greek 
 musicians, painters, mountebanks, &c, who usually accompanied him for 
 his amusement. These were common in the families of the rich at Rome : 
 
 castra Etrusca, referring possibly to those predatory bands with 
 
 which he was accustomed to harass Etruria, § 26 ; but more probably to 
 his secretly favoring the designs of Catiline. Asconius tells us, he actu- 
 ally set out for the camp of Catiline at Faesulae, but before reaching it, 
 
 changed his mind and returned : nugarum, such as these Graculi. 
 
 3. Ptieros symphoniacos uxoris, "His wife's music boys." Roman ladies 
 also maintained great numbers of such, usually Greeks, and were attend- 
 ed by crowds of waiting maids abroad, as well as at home. 4. Nisi 
 
 ut virum, &c, " Unless you might say that each man was chosen by his 
 comrade." When Roman soldiers were sent on some dangerous expedi- 
 tion, they were allowed to choose each man his comrade. To this there 
 
 seems to be an allusion here. 5. Mulier, "A woman," a term here 
 
 contemptuously applied to Clodius, expressive of effeminacy and weak- 
 
298 NOTES ON THE 
 
 ness, contrasted with viros, applied to the servants of Milo. — — 6. Quan- 
 tum interesset, &e., " How much it was the interest of Clodius that he 
 (Milo) should die." Ille is used loosely in this sentence. The first is the 
 
 subject of cogitat, and refers to Milo. Mi and ille refer to Clodius : 
 
 illi odio ; B. § 114, R. xix. — A. & S. § 32*7. 7. Quam maximis prce- 
 
 miis, &c, " Which he knew was set up and almost sold (given away) for 
 the highest price," alluding to the practice of setting up goods at auction 
 
 and selling them to the highest bidder. 8. Martemque communem, 
 
 "And the common chance of war:" qui scepe spoliantem, &c, "which 
 
 has often overthrown the victor already seizing the spoil, <fec. :" et 
 
 perculit ab abjecto, "and driven him from his victim." 9. Pransi 
 
 poti, oscillantis duds, "Over-fed, drunken, listless leader:" a tergo 
 
 inierclusum, "separated," "cut off from his party:" de ejus extremis 
 
 comitibus, "about his (Milo's) attendants in the rear." Milo, it would 
 appear, was at the head of his company ; Clodius meeting him suffered 
 him to pass, when his men thrust themselves between Milo and his fol- 
 lowers and separated them. (This is the order of events presented here 
 by Cicero ; the common account, however, makes Milo's followers the 
 aggressors. See Introduction.) A conflict ensued, and the followers of 
 Milo, having heard that he was killed, inflamed with anger, and despair- 
 ing of his life, determined to be revenged. The party of Clodius was 
 routed, and Clodius himself severely wounded ; he was afterwards killed 
 by order of Milo: hcesit in Us poenis, &c, "did not escape that pun- 
 ishment : lit., was entangled (stuck fast) in that punishment." The allu- 
 sion is to a wild beast entangled in a net, from which it cannot escape. — 
 Milo rewarded his slaves by giving them their liberty. His enemies 
 represented this as a device of his, to prevent them from being examined 
 
 by torture, and so testifying against him. 10. Metuebat, scilicet, "He 
 
 was afraid, forsooth." Scilicet indicates the irony of the sentence. In 
 this way Cicero brings forward a wrong reason for the purpose of refut- 
 ing it, as it was the reason alleged by Milo's enemies. Ne after metuo = 
 
 ut, and ne non = ut non. B. §140, Obs. 6.— A. AS. §262, Rem. 1. 
 
 11. Nihil ad tortorem, "This belongs not to the torturer;" i. e., the tor- 
 turer has nothing to do with this question. 12. Facti enim, &c, 
 
 "For the investigation of a fact belongs to the rack — of its justice, to the 
 judges." The equuleus was a wooden instrument resembling a horse 
 (hence its name), on which slaves among the Romans were tortured to 
 make them speak the truth — a method as absurd as it was inhuman. As 
 then the only thing which the torture could elicit was the fact, and that 
 was already confessed by Milo, Cicero argues Milo's reason for manu- 
 mitting his slaves could not be that alleged by his enemies. The true 
 reason is stated and defended in the next chapter. 
 
ORATION FOR T. ANNIUS MILO. 299 
 
 XXII. — 1. Maim vero cur miserit? by tmesis, for cur vero manumiser- 
 
 it? 2. Nescis inimici factum reprehendere, "You do not know how to 
 
 find fault with the conduct of your enemy." If you did, instead of blaming 
 him for manumitting his slaves, you would blame him rather for not re- 
 warding them more liberally. In support of this he introduces the opinion 
 
 of M. Cato, now sitting on this trial, given by him on another occasion. 
 
 3. Propter quos, "through whose means" =per quos. 4. Quos nisi 
 
 manumisisset, "But unless he had set them free:" defensores necis, 
 
 " the averters of his death." This is the strict meaning of defensor. 
 
 5. Quam . . . esse tamen Mis, <fec, "Than that a deserved reward has 
 
 nevertheless been conferred on them" (the slaves): etiamsi quid 
 
 ipsi accidat, " even if any thing (i. e., any calamity) should befall himself." 
 
 6. Sed qucestiones, <fcc, " But (it is said) the examinations (viz., of 
 
 slaves by torture) which are now going on in the hall of Liberty, bear 
 hard on Milo ; i. e., their testimony is strong against him." The worthless- 
 ness of such testimony, and the injustice, because partiality, of such proce- 
 dure, he exposes at the end of the chapter. But here, adroitly represent- 
 ing the guilt of Clodius as already proved, he intimates that if the slaves 
 speak only the truth, instead of testifying against Milo, they will testify 
 against their own master, which was contrary to the Roman laws, except 
 in case of nicest, in which Clodius was concerned before. This turn of 
 course leads him to speak of Clodius, though dead, as if he were alive and 
 on his trial; and it is moreover putting his death on a level with a viola- 
 tion of the mysteries of religion. 7. Ab Appio = ab or ex Appii do- 
 mo. See above, Ch. XIX., Note 9. 8. Proxime (ad) deos accessit 
 
 Clodius, &c, "Clodius has made a very near approach to the gods (scil., 
 in dignity), nearer than when he had penetrated to the gods themselves," 
 — referring to his violating the mysteries of Bona dea at Caesar's house. 
 
 Here it will be noticed that propius is used in a double sense : tam- 
 
 quam, "as;" the point of resemblance is, that in both, the slaves are made 
 
 to testify against their master. 9. Noluerunt, "Did not allow:" 
 
 dominis morte ipsa tristius, " worse to their masters than death itself." 
 
 10. Age vero, "But come." He proceeds to exhibit the value of 
 
 that testimony as against Milo, by a specimen of the examination itself. 
 
 11. Heus tu, Rufio, "Come forward, Rufio" (the name of a slave): 
 
 verbi causa, "for example:" cave sis mentiare, "take care, if 
 
 you please, that you do not lie." Ne is often omitted before the subjunc- 
 tive after caveo : — ■ — sis, a colloquial contraction for si vis. 12. Quid 
 
 hac qucestione certius? "What is more certain than such examination ?" 
 This question and the following are put ironically, meaning, " can any 
 thing be less certain? less worthy of credit?" 
 
300 NOTES ON THE 
 
 XXIII* — 1* Quod si nondum satis cemitis, "If you do not yet see this 
 with sufficient clearness:" quum, "although." In this chapter Ci- 
 cero proceeds to argue the innocence of Milo from his conduct after the 
 
 rencounter with Clodius. 2. Quce fuerit celeritas, " What was the 
 
 speed :" qui and quce, the interrogative in the indirect question, 
 
 " what." 3. Publicis prcesidlis et armis, " To the guards armed for 
 
 the public safety." See Ch. I, § 2. et armis, by hendiadys, for armatis, 
 
 B. § 150. 2. 2d.— A. AS. §323. 2. (3): ejus potestati, "to the power 
 
 of him," sc, Pompey: audienti, "as he hears." B. § 146, Obs. 6. — A. 
 
 & S. § 274. 3. 4. In utramque partem, " In either way," i. e., whether 
 
 innocent or guilty: ut, "so that." 5. Sine certa ratione, "With- 
 out good reason:" probata est, "was approved:" see above, § 12. 
 
 6* Facti rationem, "The lawfulness of his conduct," sc, in the circum- 
 stances, being in self-defence. 7. Recenti illo nuntio necis Clodiance 
 
 lit, "The news of the death of Clodius being recent" (B. § 146, Obs. 10. 
 — A. &S. §257, Rem. 7), i. e., "as soon as the death of Clodius was an- 
 nounced :" aiquo animo, " willingly." 8. Non dubitaturum .... 
 
 quin . . . cederet legibus, " Would not hesitate to obey the laws :" 
 
 After non dubitaturum, quin cederet = ut non cederet, or more briefly cedere. 
 
 B. § 140, 3.— A. & S. § 262, Rem. 10, 2. 9. Multi etiam Catilinam, 
 
 &c, "Many also began to talk of Catiline, and those monsters of de- 
 pravity, sc, his associates:" erumpet, i. e., dicens crumpet, "(saying) 
 
 he will break out." 10. Miseros interdum cives, &c, "How wretched 
 
 sometimes are those citizens who have deserved best of the State." In 
 exclamations, the accusative is used with or without an interjection ; heu 
 is here understood. 11. Quce certe vera exstitissent, "But they cer- 
 tainly would have proved true:" si Milo admisisset aliquid, "if 
 
 Milo had done any thing." 
 
 XXIV. — 1. Quce postea, &c. : arrange and supply, ut sustinuit (ea crim- 
 ina) quce postea, &c, " How (nobly) he bore those calumnies which were 
 
 afterwards heaped upon him !" conscientia, "under a consciousness;" 
 
 abl. of cause: nocens, "a guilty man." 2. Midtitudo . . . posse 
 
 indicabatur, "It was whispered that a great number, <fec, could." A more 
 common form of expression is, multitudinem . . . posse, <fec, depending on 
 indicabatur, used impersonally, as here translated. B. § 145, Obs. 4. — A. <fe 
 
 S. § 271, Rem. 2: non Miloni conducta esset domus, "a house had 
 
 not been hired by Milo." B. § 126, R. xxxiii: in villam Oriculanam, 
 
 "to his villa at Oriculum," — a town of Umbria, near the confluence of 
 
 the Nar and the Tiber : devecta strictly means, " carried down :" but 
 
 if the arms referred to were supposed to be carried from Rome, it must 
 
 12* 
 
ORATION FOR T. AKNIUS MILO. 301 
 
 here be understood in a general sense, without regard to the direction, 
 
 Oriculuni being above Rome. 3. JVec ante repudiata sunt, <fcc, " Nor 
 
 were they disbelieved, till after investigation had been made." 4. Cui 
 
 etiam fuerit audiendus, &c, " By whom some paltry priest from the Cir- 
 cus Maximus must be listened to (saying)." The popce were men of the 
 lower order, commonly freedmen, employed in slaying and dressing the 
 sacrifices, of which they had the fragments as their perquisites. They 
 sometimes kept a sort of restam-ants, or victualing shops (popince) which 
 were freqiiented by the lower class about the circus. The expression 
 nescio qui, "some," denoting insignificance, presents him in stronger con- 
 trast with Pompey : ab uno de illis = uno illorum. B. § 107, Obs. 8. 
 
 — A<fcS. §212, R*em. 2, Note 4. 5. Be amicorum sententia, "By the 
 
 advice of his friends." 6. Credi popce, "That credit should be given 
 
 to such a priest." 7. Ut intelligo, "As I understand it." This clause 
 
 i3 parenthetic, and does not affect the construction of the rest of the sen- 
 tence: cavebat, "guarded against." 8. Oppugnata (esse) domus 
 
 nuntiabatur, same construction as above, Note 2 : tarn celebri loco, 
 
 Caesar lived near the forum, in a large house in the via sacra, which was 
 
 the principal street in Rome. 9. Thnidum (esse), " "Was timid :" 
 
 diligentiam . . . nimiam null am, "that no diligence was too great." 
 
 10. Ut . . . res ipsa loqueretur, dependent on nudavit se, "That (in order 
 that) the thing itself might speak." 
 
 XXV. — 1. Quwn tamen metuitur etiam nunc Milo, "And yet even 
 now Milo is feared," i. e., even though these calumnies have been proved 
 
 to be false, yet, etc. 2. Hoc Clodianum crimen, "This accusation for 
 
 the murder of Clodius." Cicero here intimates that he had no appre- 
 hensions from Milo from this affair itself, but from the fears and suspicions 
 of Pompey. "Whether these were real or pretended, it appears from the 
 account of Asconius that he acted as if he considered himself in danger. 
 
 To remove these suspicions is the aim of the orator in this chapter : 
 
 tuas — tuas, repeated to render it emphatic. 3. Aut molitum (esse) 
 
 aliquando aliquid, "Or has ever attempted any thing" (scil., against your 
 
 life, as Clodius did). 4* Ut nonnidli conquisitores tui dictitarimt, 
 
 "As some of your agents have been constantly repeating." Dictito is a 
 
 double frequentative. B. § 88, Obs. 2. 5. In hoc indicantur, 
 
 "Are shown to be in him" (Milo): prcestantisshnus dux, scil., 
 
 Pompey. 6. JEgras et labantes, "Feeble and wavering," to which 
 
 correspond sanares and conjirmares, respectively. 7» Cum ilia ipsa 
 
 teterrima peste, lit., "With that same most horrid pest (of his country)," 
 sciL, Clodius: tribunatum suum, &c, "that his tribuneship was 
 
302 NOTES ON THE 
 
 guided by your counsels to effect my safety;" referring to his recall 
 
 from exile through the efforts of Pompey and Milo : in periculo 
 
 capitis, " when in danger of life." Caput, in this expression, means either 
 natural or civil life. Of this deminutio capitis, there were three degrees. 
 When a person lost life or liberty, it was called deminutio maxima. When 
 he was deprived of citizenship and sentenced to exile, it was called demi- 
 nutio media. And when a person retained liberty and citizenship, and 
 lost his family by adoption or marriage, it was called deminutio minima. 
 In periculo capitis, here means in periculo deminutionis capitis mediae, 
 
 "in danger of exile." 8. Adjutum in petitione prceturce, "That he 
 
 was assisted by you when he was candidate for the prsetorship." This 
 
 assistance refers to his influence and his vote : te — me, accusatives 
 
 in apposition with duos. 9. Quai si non probaret, " If he failed to 
 
 prove these things," scil., the things mentioned above: neminem 
 
 unquam hominem, &c. (= nullum unquam hominem). This failure was 
 in consequence of an interview with Pompey having been refused. To 
 this there is reference above. Si locus Miloni datus esset, "if opportuni- 
 ty, <fec." 10. Cessisset patria, "Would have left his country," scil., by 
 
 going into exile. 11. Te tamen antestaretur, "Thee, nevertheless, 
 
 he would have called upon to witness," scil., that he had not used unlaw- 
 ful violence : quod refers to antestaretur. 
 
 XXVI. — 1. Ratio, "The course:" quam ad tempus aptw simula- 
 tions, "disguises how suited to the time:" quantce in periculis 
 
 fugce proximorum, " what desertions of nearest friends in time of danger." 
 
 2. Erit, erit, &c. This language is almost prophetic of the future 
 
 lot of Pompey, which illustrates as fully as can be done the preceding 
 
 sentiment: quam sit varia, <fec. 3. Salutaribus, ut spero, rebus tuis, 
 
 " Your fortunes, as I hope, still prosperous :" experti scire debemus, 
 
 "having tried (i. e., from experience) we ought to know:" unius 
 
 post homines natos fortissimi viri, " of the bravest man that ever lived." 
 
 ■ 4. Quamquam quis credat hoc? "And yet who can believe this?" 
 
 namely, Cn. Pompeium, <fec. ; hoc refers to what follows : quo uno 
 
 versiculo, &c, "by which brief sentence, the consuls have always, been 
 sufficiently ai'med (viz., by the authority with which it clothed them), even 
 
 though arms were not put into their hands:" hunc, after intervening 
 
 clauses, resumes Cn. Pompeium as the subject of exspectaturum fuisse, 
 "that he, &c, should wait for the end of this trial in defending the 
 measures of a man (Clodius) who would by violence abolish all trials." 
 Such was the representation of Milo's enemies, a course so unworthy of 
 Pompey, that Cicero says: quis hoc credat? 5. On the contrary, 
 
ORATION FOR T. ANNIUS MILO. 303 
 
 Satis judicatum est, &c, " It has been sufficiently decided by Pompej, 
 yes, sufficiently, that these charges of yours (addressing himself to the 
 accusers, as ista denotes) have been brought falsely against Milo." The 
 repetition of satis renders it emphatic. This he has decided, in procuring 
 a law for an investigation ; whereas, had he thought him guilty, he could 
 
 have punished him by his own authority: qua liceret, "by 
 
 which (law), as I think, Milo ought to be, and, as all acknowledge, might 
 
 be lawfully acquitted." 6. Quod vero, "But inasmuch as:" 
 
 contra hesternam Mam concionem, "notwithstanding that riotous assem- 
 bly of yesterday." F. Munatius Plancus, after the testimony of witnesses 
 had been taken the day before, called together an assembly of the 
 partisans of Clodius, urged them to shut their shops, attend at the trial 
 next day, and not suffer Milo to escape. See above, Chapter II., at the 
 beginning. 
 
 XXVII. — It Si jam nollem ita diluere crimen, &c, "If I had not re- 
 futed the accusation, as I have done." The design in this chapter seems 
 to be to produce an impression in Milo's favor by presenting the infamous 
 
 character of Clodius in full view: mentiri gloriose, "to say with 
 
 boasting, though not with truth," as follows. 2. Non Sp. Medium. 
 
 See I. Or. in Cat, Ch. I., Note 19: nimis amplecti, "too much to 
 
 court :" Ti. Gracchum, see as above, Note 1*7 : quorum, " of 
 
 whom," scil., Sp. Maelius and Tib. Gracchus: interfectores, viz., 
 
 Servilius Ahala, and Scipio Nasica: auderet enim dicer e, "for he 
 
 might say it boldly:" quum, "since." 3t Cujus nefandum 
 
 adulterium, referring to the affair at Caesar's house, when in female attire, 
 for a wicked purpose, he violated the mysteries of Bona dea. See as 
 
 above, Ch. V., Note 6. I, Quern cum sorore germana, &c, lit, 
 
 "Whom L. Lucullus, on his oath, said he had, after full examination, 
 discovered to have committed incest with his own sister," i. e., whose 
 incest with his own sister, L. Lucullus, &c. — This sister of Clodius was 
 the wife of L. Lucullus, who discovered her infidelity on his return from 
 the third Pontic war, and repudiated her. In tins investigation, her slaves 
 
 were examined by torture : qui civem, &c, arrange, qui armis servorum 
 
 exterminavit civem quern, &c, meaning Cicero himself; and the reference 
 
 is to his suppression of the conspiracy of Catiline. 5t Civem domum 
 
 vi et armis, &c, "By force and arms drove to his house a citizen," 
 
 namely, Pompey. 6. ^Edem Nympharum incendit. The nymphs 
 
 presiding over the fountains, had a temple erected to them at Eome to 
 propitiate their favor in preventing burnings. In this, as supposed to be 
 secure against fire, were laid up the registers of the censors, which 
 14 
 
304 NOTES ON THE 
 
 contained some records not favorable to Olodius. For the purpose of 
 destroying these, it is here said, he set fire to the temple. This happened 
 
 in the disturbances prior to the exile of Cicero. 7. Qui jam nulla 
 
 lex erat, "To whom now there was no law," i. e., "who now regarded 
 no law:" non cahtmnia litium, &c, "not by the quirks of law- 
 suits, not by unjust claims, <fcc." 8. Janiculo et Alpibus, "By mount 
 
 Janiculum (on the south) and the Alps (on the north)." This territory 
 
 embraced the whole of northern Italy. 9. In alieno (agro), "On 
 
 another man's property." If a man built on another man's property 
 knowingly, he forfeited the building. But Clodius set all laws at 
 defiance, and intended to wrest the property by force from its lawful 
 
 owner. 10. Qui huic T. Furfanio, &c, supply, ausus est dicere from 
 
 the next clause, and arrange thus : qui ausus est dicere huic T. Furfanio, 
 
 "Who had the impudence to say to T. Furfanius here present:" Qui 
 
 viro ! "to what a man!" an exclamation appended to attract particular 
 
 attention: nisi sibi hortorum possessione cessissent, "if they did not 
 
 give up to him the possession of their gardens." Cedo, used transitively 
 in the active voice, governs the accusative of the thing (possessionem). 
 Here it is used intransitively, and may be rendered literally. Unless 
 they retired from the possession of their gardens for him (i. e., in his 
 
 favor) : sed ausus est, &q. After this long parenthesis, he resumes 
 
 and partly repeats the sentence begun before at qui huic : mortuum, 
 
 "a dead body:" 11% Qua invidia, &c, "By the odium of which, a 
 
 blaze of indignation must have been kindled against such a man as this." 
 12. Omni aditu et limine, "Of all access and entrance." 
 
 XXVIII. — 1. Quamquam hcec, "And yet these things," scil., mentioned 
 in the preceding chapter, and which he actually committed against indi- 
 viduals. In this chapter, he sets forth those outrages he intended against 
 the state, and which were prevented only by his death, the praise of 
 
 which is due to Milo: tolerabilia, "tolerable," i. e., compared with 
 
 the mischief he meditated. 2. Sed nescio quomodo, "But in some 
 
 W ay:" obduruerat et percalluerat, "had become perfectly hardened 
 
 and callous." 3. Quce vero aderant, &c. The relative usually stands 
 
 first, when the antecedent word, as here, is a demonstrative (ca). 
 
 4. Omitto, "I pass by," i. e., "I say nothing of :" vota enim face- 
 
 retis, "for it would be your earnest prayer," lit., "for you would 
 
 earnestly pray:" medius fidius, a strong asseveration, a sort of 
 
 oath. See Or. pro Marcello, Ch. III., Note 1. 5. Fingi kcec, "That 
 
 these things are fictions :" quce tenentur (scil., memoria), " which are 
 
 remembered." 6. Servorum exercitus, &c, "That he was to raise 
 
ORATION FOR T. ANNIU3 MILO. 305 
 
 armies of slaves." Among the Romans a slave was not permitted to be 
 enrolled in the army. Such armies, then, as it is here said, Clodins in- 
 tended to raise, would be of the most degraded character. 7. Om- 
 entum gladkim, scil., with which he is supposed to have slain Clodius : 
 
 adestc, "draw near." 8. Per me ut, <fec. Arrange: Ut per me 
 
 unum jus, <fcc, " That by me alone justice, <fcc." 9. Esset vero timen- 
 
 ditm (Jfiloni), "Milo truly would have to fear!" ironically. 10. Qui 
 
 non et dicat et sentiat, (fee, ""Who does not both say and think 
 
 that T. Annius alone, <fcc. :" plurimum, used adverbially. 
 
 11. Summorum imperatorum, referring to Marius and Sulla : neque 
 
 — nee, "either — or." For this usage, instead of "neither — nor," see B. 
 
 § 134, Obs. 4. — A. &S. § 277, Rem. 5. 12. In iis singulis, scil., bo?iis, 
 
 " In each one of these :" hoc ipso summo viro, scil., Pompey. 
 
 13. Qui arbitretur, "As to think." B. § 141, Rule ii.— A. <feS. 
 
 § 264. 1. 11. Ea quce tenetis, <fcc. Arrange: Quod jus perpetuce pos- 
 
 sessionis potuissent ea habere quce tenetis, privata atque vestra, "What 
 right of lasting possession could those things have which you now hold 
 as private, and your own (i. e., as your own private property), if this 
 madman were in power?" 
 
 XXIX. — 1 • A r <? odio niearum inimicitiarum, " That inflamed by hatred 
 arising from my own hostility." Genitive subjective, B. § 106, Obs. 1. — 
 
 A. <fe S. § 211, Rem. 2 : hcec in ilium evomere, "to bring these charges 
 
 against him," lit., "to spew out," a term as expressive of then- character, 
 
 as of the feeling with which they were brought: libentius, quam 
 
 verms. B. § 120, Obs. 6.— A. <fe S. § 256, Rem. 12, This principle is appli- 
 cable to adverbs as well as adjectives. 2. Etsi {odium meum) prceci- 
 
 puum esse debebat, "Although my resentment ought to be especially 
 great," viz., on account of the injuries he had suffered from him : — he had 
 himself been driven into exile, his brother nearly killed, his family 
 persecuted, his property confiscated, and his house burned, all through 
 
 means of Clodius: in communi odio, <fec, "was almost on a level 
 
 with (i. e., scarcely exceeded) the common hatred." 3. Quin sic 
 
 attendite, "But attend to this:" nempe hcec est qucestio, "for indeed 
 
 this is a trial." To carry higher the odium against Clodius from his in- 
 famous character, he asks them to suppose he were restored to life, and 
 
 think what then their prospects would be. 4. Ut ea cernimus quce 
 
 videmus, "As we perceive (in our minds) those things which we see" 
 
 (with our eyes). 5. Quid vultu extimuistis ? "Why that expression 
 
 of fear in your countenances ?" quos mortuus, <fec, lit., " whom he, 
 
 being dead, hath struck (with terror) when you only thought of him," 
 
306 NOTES ON THE 
 
 i. e., " the bare thought of whom, though dead, hath struck you " (with 
 
 terror). 6. Si is potuisset aut qumstionem, &c, "If he could either 
 
 bring on an inquiry concerning the death of Clodius, or raise him from 
 
 the dead, which of the two do you think he would do?" 7. Cujus 
 
 vitam si putetis, &c, "And if you thought his life," &c. : qui si 
 
 eadem lege, &c, "if by the same law he could return to life," <fcc. In 
 both these sentences the relative clause is connected with the antecedent, 
 not by the relative pronoun, but by si; hence the office of the relative, 
 as a connective, being superseded, it is rendered by the personal pronoun. 
 
 B. § 99, Obs. 8. 8. Quas res divinas, "What ceremonies." 
 
 9. Prope ad immortalitatis et religionem, &c, "They are consecrated 
 almost to both the religious veneration and remembrance of immortality," 
 
 i. e., which is due to the immortal gods. 10. Quod esset ei non con- 
 
 fitendum modo, &c, "Which ought to be not only confessed, but openly 
 proclaimed by him." 
 
 XXX. — 1. Ex quo, "For which," scil., his slaying Clodius in self- 
 defence: quam vestri, "than of you." Vestri, gen. pi. of tu. 
 
 2. Vobis non probaretur, "Were not approved by you:" qui, 
 
 "how:" minus — grata accidisset, "had proved displeasing." 
 
 3. Nam quid esset ingratius, "For what could be more ungrateful;" i. e., 
 "show more ingratitude." Nam, introduces a reason for using the term 
 
 ingrata : propter quern, applied to persons = per quern, " through 
 
 whom," i. e., "through whose means." 4. Nostram quoque (esse), 
 
 "To be ours also." 5. Si id, &c. Arrange: Si, quum conabar, arbi- 
 
 trarer me ausurum esse (facere) id sine maximis, &c, referring to his 
 
 suppression of the conspiracy of Catiline. 6. Proposita invidia, <fec, 
 
 " When odium, <fcc, are set before him." B. § 146, Obs. 9. — A. & S. § 257, 
 
 Rem. 1 : nihilo segnius, " with equal alacrity." 7. Qua Ahala 
 
 (usus esset), " Which Ahala might have made," and so of the others. See 
 Or. in Cat, Ch. I., Notes 17, 18, 19. See also above, Ch. III., Note 5. 
 
 8. Conscientia sua niteretur, "He would be supported by (lit., rest 
 
 upon) his own consciousness of right," 9. Hujus beneficii gratiam 
 
 sibi deberi, "That gratitude for this favor (scil., putting Clodius 
 
 to death) is due to him." 10. Nisi qui nullam vim (divinam), <fec, 
 
 " Unless one who thinks there is no overruling power, or divine pro- 
 vidence." — Here divinum qualifies vim as well as numen, but agrees with 
 the last, B. § 98, Obs. 4.— A. & S. § 205, Exc. to Rem. 2. Cicero repre- 
 sents the death of Clodius as a kind interposition of providence, rather 
 than as the act of Milo; — qui and quern, have the same antecedent — 
 qui sacra ; qui has for its antecedent majorum. 
 
ORATION FOR T. ANNIUS MILO. 30 7 
 
 XXXI. — 1. Est, est prof ecto ilia vis, "There is, there is indeed such a 
 
 power:" et non inest, &c, "and there is not (i. e., "without its 
 
 being"), in this," (fee. The argument is from the less to the greater: 
 thus, If there is such an active and thinking principle in our bodies, (fee, 
 much more does it exist in this so great and glorious system of nature. 
 
 2. Nisi forte idcirco non putant, " Unless perhaps any think it does 
 
 not exist for this reason:" quia, (fee 3. Ea vis igitur ipsa, 
 
 "That then is the very power, which, (fee.:" cui primwn mentem 
 
 injecit, "first inspired him (Clodius) with the purpose:" ut 
 
 audiret, <fec. 4. Ne mediocri quidem cura, "Nor even by any 
 
 ordinary care." 5. Religiones ipsa;, " Our sacred places themselves." 
 
 Religio, taken objectively, means any object of veneration, such as 
 temples, altars, ceremonies, or even the gods themselves. The next 
 sentence shows that the reference here is to places and objects regarded 
 
 with veneration: commovisse se, "to have bestirred themselves," 
 
 i. e., "to have been interested." There is here a sort of personification, 
 
 investing the objects referred to with life and intelligence : et jus 
 
 in illo mum retinuisse, " and to have vindicated their rights in (punish- 
 ing) him." 6. Albani tumuli atque luci (the religiones of the preced- 
 ing sentence), " Ye Alban mounts and groves." Alba Longa, one of the 
 most ancient cities of Latium, was situated about twenty miles from 
 Rome. Here Clodius had a villa or summer residence, in erecting or 
 improving which, he had cut down the groves, leveled the mounds and 
 altars, consecrated to the worship of their gods, who are here represented 
 by Cicero as taking vengeance on Clodius for his profane violation of 
 
 eacred places. 7, Sacrorum populi Romani, (fee, "The companions 
 
 and partners of the rites of the Roman people." The forms of Roman 
 worship were first derived from Alba (Livy, I., 7), and when that city 
 was utterly destroyed by Tullus Hostilius, and the people removed to 
 Rome, they continued to observe their own rites and modes of worship. 
 
 Hence the Alban altars are here called socio? et aiquales : Substruc- 
 
 tionum insanis molibus oppresserat, " had buried with the mad piles of 
 
 his buildings." Ch. XX., § 53. 8. Vestraz turn, aro3, vestrce religiones, 
 
 "Your ceremonies, O altars, your rites then flourished" (namely, when 
 
 Clodius fell) : Latiaris sancte Jupiter, " venerable Jupiter Latiaris." 
 
 In order to keep the Latin association firm to their engagement to him, 
 Tarquinius Superbus erected a new temple in the midst of them to 
 Jupiter Latiaris, on a hill near the ruins of Alba, where the united 
 cantons met annually on the 27th April, jointly offered sacrifices to 
 Jupiter as the guardian of the Latin league, and feasted together in token 
 of their union. This festival was called ferice LoAinaz : lacus, ace. 
 
308 NOTES ON THE 
 
 pi. used oratorically for lacum. The Alban lake, at the foot of mount 
 Alba, was a beautiful sheet of water six or seven miles in circumference. 
 
 9» Vobis illce, vobis vestro, &c, "To you, to you and in your presence, 
 
 was that atonement, late, but nevertheless just and proper, paid." In 
 
 sight of these Clodius met his death. 10, Hoc etiam casu factum 
 
 esse, "That this also happened by chance," namely, ut ante ipsum, <fcc. 
 That such a remarkable coincidence should be the result of chance, and 
 not brought about by an overruling providence, Cicero considers absurd : 
 
 ut 11011 absolutus judicio Mo nefario videretur, "that it might appear 
 
 he was not acquitted by that infamous decree (viz., when tried for 
 violating the mysteries of the Bona dea), but was reserved for this signal 
 punishment." See III. Or. in Cat, Ch. VIII., Note 2. 
 
 XXXIIt — 1. Nee vero non = et etiam, the two negatives being equi- 
 valent to an affirmative: hanc amentiam ut, "such mad- 
 ness, that," B. § 31, Obs. 2: cui cedere etiam inimici solent, "which 
 
 even enemies are accustomed to respect." 2. Fas, "The will of the 
 
 gods:" clarissimorum virorum formas, meaning the images (imagi- 
 nes), just mentioned ; also see above, Ch. XIII., Note 2. The ancestors 
 
 of Clodius were distinguished for their rank and character : mortem 
 
 ejus, "that his dead body," &c. Mortem figuratively for mortuum, to 
 correspond with vita in the next clause. Dropping the figure, the mean- 
 ing is, " that he could not be torn to pieces as he was, in a more proper 
 place, when dead, than where he had been so often condemned, when 
 
 alive," viz., in the forum. 3. Mild videbatur, "Did seem to 
 
 me." The asseveration medius fidius renders videbatur emphatic, " did 
 seem." Or. for Marcellus, Ch. III., Note 1. 4. Pollnerat stupro, re- 
 ferring again to the infamous case at Caesar's house. Cicero here accu- 
 mulates the flagitious acts of Clodius, most of which were mentioned 
 before, that it might be seen, a man of such a character was a fit object 
 for the vengeance of the gods, of which Milo was only the instrument. 
 
 5. Omnium ordinum consensu gesta. Catiline's accomplices 
 
 were put to death, not by Cicero's authority alone, but by a general vote 
 of the senate after full discussion, and yet Clodius pretended it was 
 illegal, and got a law passed 'that whoever had taken the life of a 
 Roman citizen uncondemned and without trial, should be prohibited 
 
 from fire and watei\' This was aimed at Cicero and effected his exile. 
 
 6t Cn. Pompeio nefarium bellum, &c. See above, Ch. VII., § 18, 19: 
 
 capere ejus amentiam, "restrain his madness." ?. Incidebantur, 
 
 "Were engraved." Laws were engraved on brass after they were 
 passed ; but Clodius had engraved beforehand the laws he intended to 
 
ORATION FOR T. ANNIUS MILO. 309 
 
 have passed, when lie should come into the magistracy. This effrontery 
 was surpassed only by the character of these laws themselves : — laws 
 
 quce nos servis nostris addicerent, " which were to subject us to our 
 
 slaves." See above, Ch. XIL, Xote 7 : hoc anno, "this year." Clodius 
 
 expected to be elected praetor this year. 8. Ilium ipswn, &c, "He 
 
 thought that the only person who could oppose him (scil., Pompey), was 
 
 in a measure bound to him by the recent return to friendship : 
 
 sv.am esse, "was his own," i. e., "was devoted to his interests." 
 
 XXXIII. — 1. Hie, "Here," i. e., "in this situation of affairs:" 
 
 huic, scil., for Milo: 2. Senatus credo, &c, "The senate, I suppose, 
 
 would have restrained him." — Spoken with a sort of irony ; for though 
 the senate had the legal authority, in many cases, it was difficult to 
 
 exercise it in this way. 3. JS T e quum solebat quidem id facere, &c, 
 
 "Xot even when it was accustomed to do this (viz., restrain the 
 magistrates) had it succeeded to any extent with this same person in 
 
 a private capacity." 4. Suos, "His own," i. e., in his interest, or 
 
 under his influence. 5. Virtutem consularem, "That the consular 
 
 dignity," i. e., "That a man with consular authority," meaning himself. 
 
 6t Lege nova. See preceding Chapter, Is ote *7 : servos nostros 
 
 libertos suos fecisset, "he would have made our slaves Ins freed men." A 
 freed man was called liberties, in relation to the person who made him 
 free, — libertinus, in relation to all others. The statement here made is a 
 sort of oratorical exaggeration. For the law here referred to, see above, 
 Ch. XIL, Xote 1. The effect of this law would be to give him an in- 
 fluence with the libertini, as their pretended friend or patron, similar to 
 that which the patronus had with his liberties, and which he would no 
 doubt use to advance his own schemes. This is all that can be meant 
 
 here. 7. An ille pr&tor, &c. ? "Would he as praetor, would he 
 
 really as consul?" ille denique vivus . .... .fecisset, &c. ? 
 
 8. Quo, "Than this," viz., templum sanctitatis, tfcc, "that the temple of 
 
 holiness, dignity, wisdom, <fcc," meaning the senate house : funes- 
 
 tari, "(should be) polluted," scil., with his body. 9. Neque id fieri 
 
 a multitudine imperita, &c, "And that that should be done not by an 
 
 ignorant rabble, but by one ;" namely, Sex. Clodius : qui quum 
 
 tantum, <fcc, "And since he, as corpse burner for him dead, acted so 
 daring a part, what, &e. ?" 10. Et sunt, qui, "And some who com- 
 plain grievously about the Appian way (i. e., about the slaying of Clodius 
 there), say nothing about the senate house (which was burned by his 
 kinsmen)." 11. Et qui putent, &&? "And how do they suppose, 
 
310 NOTES ON THE 
 
 &c. ?" 12. Nisi veto sustinuistis, "Unless indeed you restrained," — 
 
 ironically, for they did not restrain them : ad Castoris, scil., templum. 
 
 B. § 106, Obs. 3. — A. <fcS. § 211, Rem. 7. 13. Quum audiretur silen- 
 
 tio, (fee. Render actively, " When they were listening attentively to M. 
 Caelius, <fcc. When M. Caelius, a friend of Milo, heard of the death of 
 Clodius, he assembled his friends, and was explaining to them the 
 circumstances that led to this event, when he was attacked by the 
 
 tribunes Plancus and Q. Pompey, and the assembly dispersed. 
 
 14. Et in hac Milonis. Arrange: Et divina et incredibili fide ("of 
 divine and incredible fidelity "), in hac sive invidia sive singulari fortuna 
 Milonis. 
 
 XXXIV. — 1. Sed jam satis multa {dicta sunt), "But now enough has 
 
 been said on this cause:" extra causam, "without the cause," i. e., 
 
 not strictly belonging to it, or in the way of digression. Cicero here 
 commences his peroration, in which his object is, in view of all that has 
 been said, to move the feelings of the judges in favor of Milo. In this 
 
 part of his orations, Cicero was eminently skilful and effective. 
 
 2. Ego, i. e., quatn ego: in nostro omnium jletu — in omnium nos- 
 trum jietu, " whilst all of us are in tears." As a possessive pronoun, in 
 any case, is equivalent to the genitive of the substantive pronoun, an 
 adjective qualifying it may be put in the genitive case. B. § 30, Obs. 1. — 
 
 A. & S. § 205, Rem. 13: nolite . . . hoc minus ei parccre, "do not 
 
 spare him less on this account." 3. Haud scio, an multo, &c, "Per- 
 haps he ought much more to be aided" (by it, scil., his intrepidity and 
 firmness). Hated scio, an, expresses uncertainty inclining to the affirma- 
 tive. 4. Eorumque nos magis miseret, <fec, "And we show compas- 
 sion to those who do not ask our pity, rather than to those who, <fcc." 
 Gladiators, who manifested skill and courage, were by the order of the 
 spectators often saved ; whereas those who showed symptoms of coward- 
 ice or fear of death, were, by the same authority, ordered to be dispatch- 
 ed, and both intimations were given by a well-known signal. See Adam's 
 
 Rom. Antiq., "Gladiators." 5. Cedam atque abibo, "I will withdraw 
 
 and depart into exile." Milo, however, was not quite voluntary in this 
 matter, for it is certain he did not go till he was compelled : at care- 
 bo mala, " at least, I will be free from (i. e., I will not live in) a bad one :" 
 
 bene moratam, "well-regulated." 6. Quern acceperam exstinc- 
 
 tum, " Which I had found (almost) destroyed." The datives equitibus and 
 
 viris depend on dedissem,. 7. Putarem ? " Could I think ? 
 
 8. Ubi equites Romani illi, Mi, inquit, tui ? The language of Milo to 
 
ORATION FOR T. JjESIUS MILO. 311 
 
 Cicero, " "Where are those knights, those Roman knights of thine ?" Cice- 
 ro was of equestrian extraction, and was on the most friendly terms with 
 
 the equites ; to both of these things, the word tui here refers : ubi 
 
 Itallce voces ? " where are the acclamations of (all) Italy" (which welcomed 
 
 your return) ? 9i Mihine ea soli, &c. ? " To me alone can it bring no 
 
 assistance — me who have so often exposed myself to death for thee ?" 
 
 XXXY. — 1. Kegat. The repetition of this word renders it emphatic 
 
 == "He denies positively." 2* Plebem et infimam midtitudivem, etc., 
 
 "The common people, and the lowest of the rabble, which, under the di- 
 rection of P. Clodius, constantly threatened your fortunes — these, that 
 your life might be more safe, he says he not only moved by his power, 
 
 but, &c, :" qitce . . . irnminebat. The indicative here shows that this 
 
 clause is not repeated by Cicero as the language of Milo, but is a remark 
 thrown in by Cicero himself for explanation, B. § 141, Obs. 5. 1st. — A. 
 
 <fc S. § 266, Rem. 5 : earn, governed by flecteret, and substitute of 
 
 plebem, <fcc, is used to bring back plebem, &c, after the intervening clause, 
 
 into closer contact with the verb : se fectese . . . ut flecteret, a pei-iphra- 
 
 sis = se flexisse, lit, " that he effected to move," i. e., " that he moved," 
 
 B. § 145, Obs. 5. 2d.— A. & S. § 273. 1. 3. Ifec timet, ne, "Jfor did 
 
 he fear, that." 4. Vestras vero et vestroncm ordinum occursationes . . . 
 
 tecum se ablaturum, &c, " That he would carry with him (scil., in his 
 memory, i. e., the remembrance of) the attentions, &c, of yourselves, 
 and of your orders." For connecting a genitive with a possessive pro- 
 noun in another case, see B. § 30, Obs. 1. Also above, Ch. XXXIY. 
 Note 2, with references. 5. Vocem sibi prceconis, <tc, "That the pro- 
 clamation of the herald only was wanting to him." The election had 
 gone so far as to show that Milo was elected ; but before formal procla- 
 mation of the fact was made, the comitia were broken up by the parti- 
 sans of Clodius. The choice of the people, however, was as fully ascer- 
 tained as if proclamation had been made, and the want of this formality 
 
 was to him a matter of little consequence. 6. Si hcec contra se sintfu- 
 
 tura, " If these (proceedings) shall prove to be against him :" suspi- 
 
 cionem, subject of obstare, and the whole clause depending on inquit, pu- 
 
 tat, or the like, understood. 7. Sequi, "To seek after," "to aim at." 
 
 8 t Qui beneficio cives suos vicerint, " "Who have surpassed their fellow- 
 citizens in well-doing," i. e., whose services have been greater than any 
 
 rewards they have received. 9. Si esset habenda ratio prcemiorum, 
 
 "If any respect ought to be paid to rewards:" gloriam, i e., putat 
 
 gloriam, <fcc. : posteritatis mernoria, '-'bythe grateful remembrance 
 
 14* 
 
312 NOTES ON THE 
 
 of future ages:" ut absentes, "that though absent:" mortui, 
 
 "though dead:" hanc denique esse, scil., gloriam, "that this in short 
 
 was the glory." 10. Nidi a*vetustas, "No age however remote." 
 
 11. Qicum omnes, &c, arrange: Quum omnes faces subjiciantur meet in- 
 vidiam a meis inimicis, "Though all means (lit., torches) are employed by 
 
 my enemies to kindle a flame of odium against me." 12. Omitto 
 
 Etrurice festos . . . dies, <fcc, "To say nothing of the festival days of 
 Etruria already celebrated, and appointed to be celebrated." The people 
 of Etruria, long harassed by Clodius, grateful for the deliverance brought 
 to them by his death, instituted festivals in commemoration of the event. 
 
 13. Centesima, lux est et altera, "Is the hundred and second day:" 
 
 qua, "from which," i. e., "since." 14. Ubi corpus hoc sit, non 
 
 laboro, "I care not where this body is," "how it is disposed of." 
 
 XXXVI. — 1. Hcec tu mecum scepe, "These things (just mentioned) 
 
 you have often said to me:" haze ego tecum., "these (which follow) I 
 
 will now say to you." 2. Sed ne hunc quidem ipsum (tantum inure- 
 
 tis), "But you will not inflict even this to such a degree:" ut oblivis- 
 
 car quanti, &c, "that I can forget how much you have always esteemed 
 
 me." B. § 122, R. xxviii. — A. & S. §214. 3. Quce . . . si oblivio, lit., 
 
 "If this forgetfulness," i. e., "if forgetfulness of this thing," scil., quanti 
 
 me semper feceritis, see above, Ch. XXIX. Note *7 : si in me aliquid 
 
 offendistis, "if you have taken any offence at me:" meo capite .... 
 
 quam Milonis, see preceding chapter, Note 4. 4. Si quid mihi acci- 
 
 derit, a euphemism for si me vis aliqua oppresserit : meaning, " If I should 
 
 die." 5. Inimicitias potentium, " The resentment of the great," such 
 
 as Pompey and the Clodians. 6. In communionem tuorum temporum, 
 
 " To share your fortunes." T. Si qua dimicatio capitis futura (sit) 
 
 deposco, " If there is to be any perilous contest, I demand it still," 
 
 namely, to share your fortunes. 8. Aut . . . occasura esse videatis, 
 
 "Or that you may understand, they will be canceled forever by his 
 destruction." 
 
 XXXVII. — 1. Sed hie ea mente (est), "But he has that (nobleness of) 
 
 mind :" quid vos ? supply censetis. 2. Dignior . . . qui hanc 
 
 virtutem excipiat, " More worthy to receive this virtue," i. e , " this excel- 
 lent man." B. § 141, Obs. 2. l3i— A. & S. § 264. 9. 3. Fortissimi viri 
 
 . . . centuriones . . . milites. Cicero here appeals not to the judges di- 
 rectly, but to the brave men present, the centurions and soldiers placed as an 
 armed guard around the forum, and within hearing : expelletur, &c. y 
 
ORATION FOR T. ANNITJS MILO. 313 
 
 Observe the climax in these words. 4. Per hos, " Through these," scil., 
 
 viros, centuriones, milites. — — 5* Mene non potuisse, &c. ? The infinitive 
 with its subject, especially in abrupt interrogations expressive of strong 
 feeling, is often used without a governing word, but dependent on some- 
 thing understood ; as, possibile est, credibile est, &c, thus here, " Is it pos- 
 sible" — " will it be believed that I could not secure the safety of Milo, 
 <fec. ?" or, we may supply respondebo, used interrogatively, from the prece- 
 ding clause. B. § 145, Obs. 1.— A. & S. § 210, Rem. 2. 6. Quce est 
 
 grata, i. e., (In causa) quce est grata gentibus, " In a cause which is ap- 
 proved by all." This is said in reply to the preceding interrogation. In 
 this sentence, the readings are various. The common text here given is 
 
 preferred to that of Madvig, which at best is conjectural. 7. Quod- 
 
 nam ego concepi tantum scelus, aut, &c, " Of what so great wickedness was 
 I guilty, or, <fec. ?" — the question is repeated in terms nearly synonymous, 
 to render it more emphatic. Scelus means a base or wicked act ; f acinus, 
 
 a bold or daring one, generally in a bad sense, as here. 8. Indicia 
 
 . . . indagavi, &c. Observe the climax in these verbs — also that indicia, 
 the object of the other verbs, cannot be the object of exstinxi, with which, 
 of course, semina, vim, or some other word in accordance with the sense, 
 
 must be supplied. The reference is to the conspiracy of Catiline. 
 
 9. Ex fonte Mo, " From that source." Cicero here represents all the 
 calamities which he suffered as having their origin in the part he took in 
 crushing this conspiracy. 
 
 XXXVIII. — 1. Utinam dii immortales fecissent, " "Would that the im- 
 mortal gods had caused." The sentence thus begun is here suspended by 
 the parenthesis following, and is resumed after it in a different form. 
 This is quite common after the sense has been interrupted by a long pa- 
 renthesis. 2. Pace tua, patria, dixerim, " May I have spoken it, my 
 
 country, without offence :" pie, " with affectionate regard." 
 
 3. Fortem et . . . conservandum virum ! " How brave a man, and worthy 
 to be preserved !" In exclamations, the nominative, accusative, or voca- 
 tive, is often used without an interjection. d. Minime, minime. Here 
 
 Cicero represents Milo as making opposition to these appeals for his safety, 
 and expressing his readiness to suffer anything himself, however undeserv- 
 ed, since Clodius had met with his deserts, and his country was delivered 
 
 from his depredations. 5. Patrice natus, " Born to save his country :" 
 
 aut, si forte, pro patria, " or if perchance (elsewhere, at least) for 
 
 his country." 6. Animi monumenta, in antithesis with corporis sepul- 
 
 chncm. Persons banished lost their citizenship, and were denied burial in 
 
314 
 
 NOTES ON THE ORATION FOR T. ANNIUS MILO. 
 
 Italy. 7. Quern . . . expulsum a vobis, &c, " Whom, when expelled 
 
 by you, every city will invite to itself." 8# Ut in sententiis ferendis, 
 
 &c, " That in giving your votes, you would dare to act as you think ;" lit., 
 " to do that which you shall think (is right)." This he says professing his 
 confident belief, that after what had been said, there could not be a doubt 
 in their minds Milo ought to be acquitted — that such a decision, their vir- 
 tue, justice, and fidelity required ; and it was one which, he assured them, 
 Pompey would most cordially approve. 
 
 
ZSTETV A^D IMPROVED 
 
 NATIONAL SCHOOL BOOKS, 
 
 PUBLISHED BY 
 
 PRATT, V00DF0RD k CO., 
 
 No. 4 COIJRTLAffDT-STEEET, N. Y. 
 
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 BULLIONS' SERIES OE GRAMMARS AND ELEMEN- 
 TARY CLASSICS. 
 
 This series consists of the following works, viz : 
 
 I.— PRACTICAL LESSONS IS ENGLISH GRAMMAR 
 
 This little book contains a brief synopsis of the leading principles of 
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 analysis of sentences and models both of analysis and parsing. 
 
 V.— THE PRINCIPLES OF LATIN GRAMMAR. 
 
 This work is upon the foundation of Adam's Latin Grammar, so long 
 and favorably known as a text-book, and combines with all that is excel- 
 lent in that work many important corrections and improvements suggest- 
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 • observation, during many years, as a classical teacher. 
 
 VI.— JACOBS' LATIN READER. 
 
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 study of Latin classic authors. It begins with a series of simple and 
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 IX.— GREEK READER. 
 
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6 
 
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 planations of the various phenomena of the atmosphere are founded 
 upon an extensive induction of facts. This science is more particularly 
 interesting to the young, because it explains so many things that are 
 daily occurring around them, and it thus inspires a taste for philosophical 
 observation, and what is more, for philosophical reasoning. I think it 
 cannot fail to be received as a valuable addition to our Text Books." 
 
 3. BROCKLESBY'S VIEWS OF THE MICROSCOPIC WORLD.— 
 An elegantly illustrated work, exhibiting a variety of insects, animal- 
 cules, sections of wood, crystalizations, <fcc, as they appear when highly 
 magnified. This is one of the most interesting and useful books for 
 Family and School Libraries ever published. It is the only distinct trea- 
 tise on the subject, is admirably prepared for the use of classes, and 
 should be extensively taught in our schools. 
 
 4. WHITLOCK'S GEOMETRY AND SURVEYING.— This is a 
 highly original work: combining, in a connected and available form, 
 such analogous features of Arithmetic, Algebra and Geometry, as are ap- 
 propriate to the subject, and will be found useful in the practical duties 
 of life : giving the pupil, in a comparatively brief course of study, not 
 only a full and close knowledge of his subject, but a comprehensive view 
 of Mathematical Science. 
 
This work is well spoken of universally, and is already in use in 
 some of the best institutions in this country. It is recommended by Prof. 
 Pierce of Cambridge, Prof. Smith of Middletown, Prof. Dodd of Lexing- 
 ton, and many other eminent mathematicians. 
 
 OLNEY'S GEOGRAPHICAL SERIES. 
 
 1. OLNEY'S OUTLINE MAPS, AND PRIMARY GEOGRAPHY.— 
 
 These works are intended for young pupils and form an appropriate in- 
 troduction to the larger works. 
 
 2. OLNEY'S QUARTO GEOGRAPHY.— The Maps in this work con- 
 tain but little besides what the pupil is required to learn, consequently it 
 facilitates the progress of the pupil, and saves labor on the part of the 
 teacher. This Geography was prepared at the suggestion of many of the 
 teachers, and is already extensively introduced from preference. Few 
 books have proved so uniformly acceptable for common schools. Its sta- 
 tistical information is very valuable. 
 
 3. OLNEY'S SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY AND ATLAS.— This world 
 renowned book is not behind any of its competitors, in point of execution 
 and accuracy. The Atlas is probably superior to any other, and contains 
 a Map of the World as known to the Ancients, besides numerous impor- 
 tant tables. The whole work is as complete and correct as a new book, 
 and will continue to maintain its character, though alterations will be 
 avoided as far as possible. 
 
 THE BEGINNER'S SERIES. 
 
 BENTLEY'S PICTORIAL SPELLING BOOK.— A beautifully illustrated 
 and highly attractive book for children. 
 
 GALLAUDET'S ILLUSTRATIVE DEFINER.— The best book for teach- 
 ing the right use of words, and the art of composition. 
 
 THE STUDENT'S PRIMER, by J. S. Denman; being on a plan some- 
 what new, this Primer has obtained great popularity. 
 
 THE STUDENT'S SPEAKER, for young pupils. 
 
 THE STUDENT'S SPELLING BOOK, on the Analytical plan, by the 
 author of the "Student's Primer." This new and greatly improved 
 text-book is just published, and destined, when known, to supersede 
 all others, in public favor. Its classification of words and arrangement 
 
?.</ 
 
 8 
 
 of tables are such, that, "by learning to spell and define five thousand 
 words, the pupil will obtain a knowledge of the spelling and significa- 
 tion of about fifteen thousand." This feature alone makes it two hun- 
 dred per cent cheaper, at the same price, than any other Spelling Book 
 now in use. 
 A set of Readers by the author of the Student's Series is now in 
 course of publication, which will much enhance the present great popu- 
 larity of this series. 
 
 The publications of P., W. & Co. are well printed, neatly and sub- 
 stantially bound, are furnished at low prices, and for sale by Booksellers 
 generally. 
 
 All visiting New- York, interested in the Book trade or Schools, are 
 requested to call on the publishers, who keep constantly on hand the 
 largest variety of School, Classical, and Miscellaneous Books, Pens, Ink, 
 Blank Books, Memorandums, Paper, Folders, Bibles, <fec, Ac, especially 
 adapted to the country trade. 
 
 PRATT, WOODFORD & CO. 
 
 No. 4 COURTLANDT-ST., JST. Y. 
 
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