O" yj^', °c C"" ♦VvZ%:f- '^ A ^^. *-Tr;.* ,«-«-'^ ^q,. '♦;^'' J> ^^^ v^^ o. ♦«« rV e -. "-..^" :* .• .^'''"\. .... *o lO^. ."iq^ TH E MOSQUITO KING. surrosnD to bb EY AN AMERICAN CITIZEN. a * * * loving friends and counliymen, I wish we may be wiscj' 'Tis now a lime for every man to see with his own eyfes. # * * * # * # I am for peace and not for war and that's the reason why I write more plain than some men do, " * * *•" rttcr Falser, 1676, GEORGETOWN: FRINTED FOR THE AUTHORo 1849. ^ ^ V- "Britain! how vast thy crimes! though heaven's great yeaf„ When few centuiial suns have traced their way; When Southern Europe worn by feuds severe. Weak, doating, fallen, has bowed to Russian sway, And setting glory beamed her farewell ray, So wasted, perchance, thy brilliant fields shall turn; In dust thy temples, towers, and towns decay, The forests howl, where London's turrets burn, And all the garlands deck thy sad funereal urn." iTimolhy Divight. THE MOSQUITO KING The epistolary style has been often adopted from remote ngesto convey information to individuals and communities, as well as to discuss various important subjects. It may not be improper for an American citizen, who is desirous of dis- cussing a grave American subject, to throw his remarks into this form and address them to an American Senator. I shall then, Mr. Senator, proceed to write to you, and I should be pleased if every American citizen would read what I write, that each may determineforhimself according to the infor- mation he possesses whether these things be so. The subject to which I wish to call your attention (if a king can be a subject) is the Mosquito king and his auxiliary the king of Great Britain. Mosquito appears to be a Span- ish word signifying "a little fly;'' we all know the insect, and have occasionally felt the bite; and we all know that although little, this msect is very troublesome at times, particularly in the Southern climate. Mosquito king 1 suppose should mean aiitdefly king, and 1 am told that this celebrated Mos- quito king is a litde child who scarcely knows his right hand from his left. The aboriginal inhabitants of America from the time of the discovery and probably long anterior had their head men called chiefs or Caziques, these names have been dignified by Europeans into titles of Emperors and Kings, but as yet we have found no Empires or Kingdoms on the North Am- erican Continent, according to the European acceptation of the meaning of those terms. Tiie Mexican state was undoubt- edly the largest and most powerful of any on the Continent, and that was overturned by a few Spanish adventurers. Most of the other nations were divided and subdivided into petty tribes governed by their respective chiefs. One of these, of Mount Hope memory, was early designated by the title of King Philip. Another celebrated Vii<;inia Chief had ihe tillo. of Emperoi- Powhalau bestowed upon him; and an imperial |-obe was sent to hiip from llie court of Great Britain in shape pt*a suit c^f British regimentals. If I recollect the history ri(rht, there was some ceremony performed like downing the Emperor with all due solemnity. But neither Iving Philip nor Emperor Powhatan were over acknowledged as sovereigns by any European power. Nei- ther has it been the custom since the conquest of Mexico to acknowledge the sovereignty of any of the Indian Chiefs. It IS weUkqown to all readers of American history that the European sovereigns took possession of all the continent they could lay their hands upon without paying any attention to the rights of the original inhabitants. Spain claimed for about a century the whole o( the continent by right of disco- very, while at the same time Portugal and France claimed Brazil and Louisiana and Canada. At length England put in iier claim and began to grant charters to her subjects without ever having taken possession of the country and without payingany aUention to the claims of the native chiefs, the then r^uling sovereigns. These nations often fought aii.oDg themselves in long and bloody wars for the possession ot this territory, and often made treaties ceding portions of the continent from one to the other, often while it vvas in the actual occupation of the Indian chiefs and their people, who as yet had been undisturbed by the whites. The chiefs within the respective limits were always considered as sub- jects of the European sovereign to whom that portion of ter- ritory was acknowledged to belong by the other European gioveieigns. The treaties to which I refer in confirmation, between France and Spaip 166S— Great Britain, France, Spain and others, ]713— Great Britain and France, 174S— Great Brit- ain, France, and Spain 17G3, When the British Colonies of North America became in-^ dependent Slates, the British government made a tieaty with Uie United States 17S3, whereby the former ceded to the latter all ihe rights which it possessed in and over the terri- tory dt^scribed, and among other ris;hts was the right which England previously possessed of treating exclusively with iho Indian chiefs wlliiia Uio houndaries described. VVIien the United States acqniied Louisiana fro'n France j, she acquired the exclusive right which France previously possessed of treating with the Indians within its borders. The same right was transferred by Spain to the United States in the cession of the Floridas. So also when Mexico and tiie South American provinces became independent of Spain, the acknowledgement of their independence by Spain transferred the right to l!ie independ- ent States of South America to treat exclubively with the In- dian chiefs within their borders. When Brazil became independent of Portugal, the same exclusive right of ruling and governing the Indian popula- tion within the realm of Brazil was conceded and of right appertained to the government of Brazil. Now it is well known to the careful readers of history that t?iere are many independent tribes of Ii.dians in Brazil, over whom the government exercises only a nominal control; and yet were the United Stales or any other power to at- tempt to set up a Mosquito king, and acknowledge his sov- ereignty, it would very likely cause a rupiure between the Brazd and the offending State By the late treaty between the United Slates and Mexico, the latter power ceded to the former certain territory in the interior of North America which Mexico never possessed except nominally. There is the country of the Camanches and the Apaches, the Tamaquas, and Gabiapas, the Cazaen- ches, and Cucapas, the Gutas, the Sabequachcs, and many other tribes; these tribes are all free and independe.it, owing no allegiance to any sovereign except their own chiefs. Some of these tribes have always earned on an offensive war against the Spanish race and successfully maintained their independence by force of arms, and yet notwithstand- ing all this, I think no FiUropean diplomatist would venture lo assert that the treaty dfd not conv:.y the sovereignty of the territory ceded, to the United Siaies. I ha/e said, these tribes of Indians are independent, were independent before .the cession, and remain independent of the United S'ltes since. J Being thus independent, the same right exitils in the gov- jernment of Great Britain to set up u Mosipiito kingovcrany 6 or all these tribes as to set up a king over the Indians of the Mosquiio sliore. One reason why Eiiglaud docs not attempt it may be because the United States is a little more power- ful than the state of Nicaragua. Were the government of Great Britain to carry out this system of setting up Mosquito kings on the American Con-, tinent ^ve might have a hundred n Brazil, as many more in the Spanish States South and West, incUiding Chili and Peru, in New Granada and Central America the like number. As Mexico was more united under the Aztec race, i will allow twenty Mosquito kings for the tribes now existing in that country. The farther North we travel we find the tribes in- crease although the number in each tribe diminishes, but as the tribes have Mosquito kings placed over them, I will set down two hundred for the Uniied States. Here I have an ar- ray of 520 Mosquito kings;~why, they make quite an army of themselves and if they had the boldness of the mosquito might be troublesome. This system would greatly mcrease the number of Embassadors, allowing 10 from the sovereigns of Europe to each Mosquito king would create places for 5200 foreijrn ministers, the expense of each being not less than $10,000 per annum makes the good round sum of 52 millions of dollars to be yearly expended by European sov- ereigns at the courts of the Mosquito kings of America If each of these American sovereigrns send an embassador to his brother king, then each court must be prepared to ens tertain 520 Indian mi-, isters, a body of men suflicient to o- verrave and intimidate and if it be their pleasure to capture the whole court= I have not gone into the British dominions of North A- merica to calculate how many Mosquito kings may be placed over the tribes there, because Great Britain is the only na- tion that has attempted to set up a king over the native tribes, and it is not very likely that she would place a Mos- minions without a violation of TieaticH, and then the right would be tliat which the war-power gives of seizing the pos- 4:essions of ihe enemy. The State of Nicaragua succeeded to the rights of Spain; it is one of the States of Central America. ''The territory of the republic together with the present Mexican State of Chiapas formed the Captaincy General of Guatimala until 1821, when it was incorporated with Mexico. On the fall of Iturbide in 1824, it separated itself from the latter and constituted itself an indepef)dent Republic under Ihe tide of the Federal Republic of Central America. The confederacy consists of live states and a federal district, as follows: Guatimala, San Salvador, Honduras, Costa Kica, Nicaragua, and the federal district of New Guatimala. The State of Nicaragua is rich in all the tropical fruits, and has vast savannahs covered with numerous herds of cattle. But the most prominent object in the State is the Lake, and the chief interest excited by it, is the projected Oceanic Ca- nal." Mitchell. Mosquito Shore— -country of New Spain, on the Atlantic ocean, contaming the Eastern part of the provinces of Hon- duras and Nicaragua. In magnitude it exceeds Portugal; it is well watered by navigable rivers and lakes, abounds in fish, game, and provisions of ell sorts, furnishes every neces« sary for raising cattle and stock, and is clothed with woods, producing limber for any pmpose, at land or sea. The soil is superior to that of the West India islands, the climate is more salubrious, and the destructive ravages of hurricanes and earthquakes have never been known there. The Mos- quito Indians are so situate, betvs^een morasses and inaccessi- ble mountains, and a coast full of rocks and shoals, that no attempts against them by the Spaniards, whom they mortally hate, could ever succeed " Darby. That the Indians of America mortally hate the European settler, all history attests, from the first attempt to colonize America to the present day. Tecumseh mortallv hated the Americans, and to reward that hate he was made a Major General in the Indian armies of Great Britain. Sam Jones, the Seminole chief, mortally hates the citizens 8 of Florida and would exlcrminate Ihcin ail if lie could, hr.': that should be no reason for iheBriiish Government to cre- ate him a Mosquito kin^;. The backwoodsman has often had to carry his rifle on his shoulder to keep oflThis mortal foe while he held his plough ■with one hand; and the mortal hate of the savage foe has been often excited to action by agents of the British Government. Tliese attempts of this power to excite insurrection among the Indians and set up Mosquito kings amon^ them ought to be resisted at all hazards by every American. The governments and people of South America, as the governments and people of North America are equally inter- ested in resisting this encroachment on their sovereignty. A British fleet in the Carribean sea, with a safe harbor to flee to where there are no hurricanes; and within the domin- ions of the Mosquito king, may be a source of great annoy- ance to the people of America and ought not to be submit- ted to by any American. The British government is constantly crying "peace,peace'^ and yet she does those tilings which provoke war; she keeps up large naval establishments at Halifax, at Bermuda, at Ja- maica, and is now seeking the command of Lake Nicaragua and the passage through that lake into the Pacific Ocean. She has freed the negroes in the West India Islands under her control, thus setting the laboreragainst his employer, be- tween whom there exists a mortal hatred. m She is courting the friendship of the Indian tribes, betwcct^ whom and the whies there exists a mortal hatred. The object of all this is very plain to the close observer of her policy for years; with a strong naval force along the shores of the American Continent, and a close alliance with the Negroes and Indians, she can overawe the free states of America. I am astonished that the American Editors can countenance such things. I have seen articles in the news- papers written in favor of the British proceedings relative to the Mosquito king as though such action was not only right but commendable. Undoubtedly the Indians have their rights' and perhaps they are a wronged and oppressed people, but 'lis not for any European sovereign to interfere between them and their paiamouut licgc lordse. T H E MOSQUITO KING. Str^POSBD TO B E ii®I2)IBIiS3IlIE)- S'® A Wo So S31SrAW®IBs? BY AN AMERICAN CITIZEN. «: * * * loving friends and countiymen, I wish we may be wise* *Tis now a lime for every man to see with his own eyes. # # # * * * » I am (or peace and not for war and that's the reason why I write more plain than some men do, * * * *•" GEORGETOWN: PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR. 1849. '•Britain! how vast thy crimes! though heaven's great year, When few centuiial suns have traced their way; When Southern Europe worn by feuds severe, Weak> doating, fallen, has bowed to Russian sv?ay. And setting glory beamed her farewell ray, So wasted, perchance, thy brilliant fields shiill turn; In dust thy temples, towers, and towns decay, The forests howl, where London's turrets burn, V.nd all the garlands deck thy sad funereal urn." [Timothy Dwight. THE MOSQUITO KING.—No. 2 The European sovereigns granted this country to theii* subjects, provided they could conquer it from the Indians; and it is now out of place for any of these sovereigns to turn around and help the Indians against their own grantees. The Indian tribes have never been considered as nations, they have not the capability of forming a nation, and the at- tempt to set up a Monarchical government over any one of these tribes by England is a direct insult to all the American States and ought to be resisted; — but where is the power to resist? England has fair words upon her lips and says her policy is emphatically peaceful and she is preaching to the nations, peace. I have sought for a simile whereunto to liken the govern- ment of Great Britain and the Anaconda has occurred to me as the most appropriate. A few years ago one was exhibited here and attracted the attention of the curious. At the feeding time the doors ■were open to the public. I have the relation of the follow- ing from an eye witness: The large monster lay very quiet in his iron cage; presently the keeper opened a little door and thrust a hen into the cage. The monster moved a little and threw his glaring eyes in the direction of his prey. The hen flew to the other side of the cage, screaming in the great- est agony of terror. Then the reptile would lay still and motionless until the hen was quiet, when blowly and cau- tiously he moved towards the other side and when the hen would start he would be quiet as a mouse; thus he kept the audience in suspense for more than two hours, and by his docile, gentle, peaceable demeanor had so far overcome the fears of the hen, that he gradually approached near enough to touch her; but even then if she moved he would resume his quiet attitude, to all appearance, as innocent of harm as tke little latfib, — even suffering tii^ hen to jump \ipon his head and peck hitn. When, bidin^,^ his time, in an instant, in the twinkling of an eye, the hen was seized in the huge folds of the monster, and by his rude embrace, every bone in her body broken, then instantly swallowed. A sudden electric shock came from the audience who had been so patiently looking for near two hours. In the lime ofQueen Eiizibeth, England was a small pow- er that governed only pari of the British Isle. Since then, by slow atjd slealthy steps-, she has seized upon half the world, still holding out the false lure that her policy is pacific. Gradually year by year she increases her navy, strength- ening ii by all the new discoveries In the arts, — calling to its aid the po verful auxiliary of Steam, which is made an agent to do I'er bidding lo conquer the nations. Her mail-packets, a new element of power, are in every «ea and in every port, where her officers carefully survey the depths and soundings of every chaniiel and every shoaL Knowledge is power England, with the knowledge of the tjse of steam and the knowledge of the courses and chan- nels to every harbor, can be in any foreign port belore the inhabitants are aware of their danger — to gain positions to be near, every island and every rock in the sea has been ta- ken possession of, and tliere floats the British flag in defiance to the neighboring nations. U England be asked ''for what object she is constantly in« crea;5ing her navy, her ready answer is that it is not specially designed to conquer Oregon but may be usetl for that pur- pose in case of d fficnlties with the United States. Undoubt- edly it was the fear of this navy that cotnpelled ihis country to give up half of Oregon to our perpetual foe, and the same fear may prevent any remonstrance against the assumed right of setting up Mosquito kings \n America How different has been the conduct of France, of Spain, of Portugal, of Holhnd, of Denmark; all these had colonies in America, which they fostered with much care, but in pro- cess of time when they became free these powers retired and left their colonies to grow and increase in strength withs out bbMUg molested by the parent state. Not so with Eng- land; she hovers over our coasts, seizing the Islands from the French and Spaniards and Diilch, from all nations, and holds them in perpetual possession. Compare the conduct of Eng- land with France towards the two colonies of Louisiana and Canada. Louisiana desired lo be tree, and France took 15 millions of dollars to remunerate her for part of her expense, and allowed Louisiana to be formed into free and independent Slates. Canada has been struggling for years for Ireedom and England has hanged some of the purest patriots of Cana- da, merely because they loved their country belter than they loved England. Louisiana is now a good friend of France, and probably ever will be, while Canada must increase in ha- ired to England, which must finally end in a bloody war and an entire separation. Look at the rapid strides with which England has walked over India subjecting a great part of that large empire to British rule, almost the whole of which has been done since the American Revolution. The most powerful means adopt- ed for this end has been the setting up JMosquito Indian kings and forming-alliances with them. The Punjaub and the Indus have recently been added to the British empire and now Britain claims the exclusive naviga- tion of the river Indus. Not only in Asia, but in Africa has England turned her arms, going forth with peace on her lips, conquering and to conquer the tribes and the nations until Asia and Africa shall bow down before the sceptre and the trident of Britaio. I have compared the conduct of the government of Eng- land with that of the other European nations who colonized the New World; I will now compare the conduct of the go- vernment of Great Britain with the United Slates. I have al- ready said and history will sanction me, that from the days of Queen Elizabeth, England has been extending her territories in the four quarters of the globe, while it is the proud boast of the Uniied IStates that they never have added any thing to this glorious republic by conquest. By charters from the kings of Europe, the colonics ob- tained the right to enter the new-found land and take posses- sion of it and cultivate it; these charters conveyed only a pre- emption right; we had to fight for every inch of the land we occupy with the noraade wandering tribes \*ho were roaming over its lEiirfuce, l)ijt neglecting llie cultivation of the soil, -England granted to these colonists all ihat part of North A- merica exlending from latitude 29° to 49° and to the Hud- son's Bay Co. still further north extending to the polar re- gions. The French and the Spanish nations granted the same country to their subjects. The English charters are all da- ted prior to 1670. About a hundred years after, by the cel- ebrated treaty of 1763, England deprived her colonists from jroing West of the Mississippi by formally surrendering all this country to France and Spain, thusdepriving the colonists of a great right, the pre-emption right of going to the Pacific and occupying the country from sea to sea, as the old char- ters declare they had a right. The careful reader of the history of those times will dis- cover here the real cause of tne American Revolution; the inhabitants had an uneasy sensation; they saw the British na^i vy on the Atlantic in their front, and aliens who might be enemies in theii rear; thus circumscribed and pent up, they panted to be free; they united; and this was the great crime the colonies committed against Britain; united, they fought not for themselves only, but for each other; united, they con- quered, and from the ashes of the colonies arose this free republic. Being free from England the States turned their thoughts west of the Mississippi; from thoughts to actions, they began to re-annex the territory within their charteied limits; — of France they purchased the right to Louisiana ex- tending from the mouth ot the Rio Grande in the Gulf of Mexico to unknown regions in the Northwest. This pur- chase did not give Virginia or Massachusetts a right to rul« Louisiana as a subjugated colony, as England rules her col- onies; but, by the terms of the treaty Louisiana was to be free and independent, equal in sovereignty and equal in dignity with any other State of the Union. Louisiana sa^v ^this and consented — had it been otherwise we must have fought for the country of the inhabitants as well as bought it of France and bad the States gone there for conquest, to make Louisia- na a subject colony to be ruled and governed by the other btates, the American General might have found such a re?» ception from the brave Louisianians as was given on a" later occasion to a famous British General. By their free consent the Louisiaiiians jDiiui] tiris coiirctlnMry. ill' process of time llit^ S|)auKsh I ighl to Floritla was pur* cliased not for coiiquesl but !or umun, and Fiorula becam - a free and independenl State. Further along^ in the tide ot lime, Texas, part of ancieiii I.ouisiaiia, became by its own action a free and independent Slate, and the spontaneou;* voice of the people of all the States said Texas mioht be one ofus, andlhe people ol lexas said Amen; and she became one of the sovereign States of this Union. In the addition of Louisiana, Florida, and Texas to this Union, there was no conquest; — none of these States will admit that they have been conquered by any other State; neithei will any other State pretend that it has subjugated to its dominion any one of these States. How different was the conquest of Canada and Jamaica by the British! Here was real subjugation, and British Governors have been placed over these provinces to this day. In Jamaica the British par- liament exercised despotic sway, upturning the very founda- tions of civilized society by dissolving the ties ot Master and Servant and letting loose a barbarian race to lay waste and destroy that fair Island. In the course of events, the United States had a war with Mexico. Could the secret history be written of British diplo- macy, it might be shown that the British Government was the previous mover of that war — the Oregon question was un- settled and it would be very convenient for Britain to have a» ally at the South while her armies were contending with th« United States at the North. The result of the war was the conquest of Mexico by the United States. Had they persued the policy of Great Britain as conquest they might have held it. Vera Cruz and the castle were as important to the Americans as Gibraltar to the British. ''In 1704 inconsequence of the resolution adopted by the Court of Great Britain to assist the Arch Duke Charles in his pretensions to the crown of Spain Sir George Rooke was sent with a powerful fleet into the Mediterranean and an at- tempt upon Gibraltar was resolved upon. On the 21st July, 1800 troops were landed on the Isthmus, commanded by the prince ofDarmstadt and on the refusal of the Gtjvernor to Burrender'a cannonade was begun from the fleet. On the '^Sd the Governor capitulated and on the 24th the Prince of Hes- se took possession of the gales. Their garrison consisting Oi 150 marched out with !he honors of war and the Spaniards who chose to remain were allowed the same privileges they had enjoyed under Charles I L The conquest was achieved with the loss of about 60 kil- led and 206 wounded on the part of the English. The Prince of Hesse remained Governor." Thus history relatea the capture of the celebrated fortess of Gibraltar. The Eng- lish captured it under pretence of taking it for the lighlful sovereign of Spain, the Arch Duke Charles, whom the Bri- tish Government acknowledged as the rightful heir of the Crown. All Europe was now convulsed with war. France and Spain on one side, on the other, England and Austria and the armies of the allies were concentrated around Gibralter where the Spanish alone, it is said, brought 10,000 men. Tht Prince of Hesse remained for some time in the place wher< he repaired the batteries and made fortiiicalions, after which he joined the Arch Duke Charles at Lisbon. Major Gen JRames was now appointed Governor of Gibralter. This e- vent happened about the year 1705. A British General was Governor of Gibralter, since which time it has remained ir possession of the English, although it wa^J taken in the namt and for the use of the king of Spain. One hundred and forlj four years has Britain kept possession of this part of Spanisl territory and all Europe acquiesces. The caatle and forts of Vera Cruz are of much more im portance to the United States than is the fortress ofGibralre to the English, and yet our government freely deliverec these important conquests to the Mexicans at the conclu«ior ofthe war. Our Gulf coast is peculiarly exposed and almost at the mer cy of England, and the probability now is, while I am wri ting this essay in Septereber 1849 that Great Britain will tak possession of Cuba. When this power wishes to do an thing pretences are never wanting. The Cuba hunt, as it i called, which is said to he going on in the United States, ma; be ^ot np by British emissaries, supported by British gold the object oi which is that the British Government may have cause to seize the Island of Cuba, to prevent its falling into the hands of the Americans. The consequence of this sfeizure will be the freedom of all the slaves in the Island, not absolute freedom, but the re- lation between Master and Servant, by which they all earn their living will be dissolved. This act will give great pow- er to the army and navy of Great Britain. These slaves hav- ing been made freemen, can be enlisted in both these arms of British power; now it is well known the blacks can en- dure a Southern climate much better than white men. Imagine a British fleet in the West Indies manned with a proportionate number of black freedmen, with British officers and marines sufficient to keep them under subjection. These blacks will be encouraged to fight by being care- fully instiucted that they are fighting for freedom. Now im- agine this navy thus officered and thus manned in the harbors of the Island of Cuba. Let us turn to the descTipiion d^" these harbors and see their capacity. '«Cuba.— Island of the West Indies, at the entrance of the Gulf of Mexico, 700 miles in length, about 60 mean width, or 42,000 sq. miles superficial area. It lies 60 mi!es west of Hispaniola, 86 miles north of Jamaica, 80 miles East of Yu- catan, 100 miles South from Cape Florida, it commanirs the entrance of the Gulfs both of Mexico and Florida as afeo the windward passages," — Darby., Havana, seaport N, W. part of Cuba, the harbor is capable of containing, upwards of 1,000 vessels, and the entrance so narrow that only one ship can enter at a time, &c. — Darby. Havannah— City of the Island of Cuba at the mouth of the Lagida. Its port is capable of containing 1000 shi'pg in per- fect shelter; the depth generally six fathoms; the entrance by a passage 1 1-2 miles long and very narrow. It is defended by the Moro Castle on the East, and the fort Punta on the West. The Moro is situated on an elevation that renders it impossible to cannonade it from shipping; it consists of two bastions toward the sea and two towards the road; with a covered way and deep ditch cut in the rock, and can bring many guns to bear on the entrance of the harborj &c. London Encyclopocdia 1829. iO % the above description it appears that Cuba is aVgr^ large island, and the Havana a very fine harbor; — the Mbto 'cq$ttle.in the haflds of .the. Briliish may be made a second Gib-* Now imaj^ihe i British fleet of war steamers safely moored underth€ guns of this castle; then compute the Velociiy and the distance, at^d it will be se?n that these steamers bah reachany of the surrounding shores within 24 hburs. This being the case it plainly appears that nb vessel can pass in or out of the Mississippi without, saying to the government of Great Bril;ai,n, "by your lefiVe." it>ill now appear plain to every Ameritah that the castle and fbrts of Vera Cruz were necessary nay althdst absdlutely required to be held by the tjnited States for their own preser- vation, and yet so opposed were the States to holding any thing by iconquBst thatth.l^^e impQitant fortresses were restor- ed, tp. Mexico. ■ -|-<'^ -: •• .r,;'>-;:..- .^ It may be objected to my reason i rig that lher6 is no dan- ger of Britain copquering Cuba, to which I t^feply that she dfd conquer Jamaica frjm Spain and now wrongfully holds It from that power and it is just as likely that she will take possession of Cuba either directly or by setting up a Mosqui- to king amongst the blacks and by entering into an alliance with them. Six hundred thousand negroes oti one Island and in close alliance with IlnglanJ might do us sortie harm. Foreign conquest forms no part of the system of the United States. The last additions to the republic of New Mexico aad- California were purchased from Mexico for the same price that was paid for Louisiana and for the same price that will be paid for Canada; but these states were consenting to the purchase and willingly transferred their allegiance to the U- tiited States, because they knew that according to our system of government, they became thereby not conquered provinceir but free ami independent States. The Californians had alrea- dy conquered their independence and driven the Mexican ru- lers from power, and when the troops of the United States came there' pulled down the '♦bear flag" and hoisted the flag of the Union, The New Mexicans opened their gates to General Karney without oft'ering any tesistance, and afterwards of their own n fre» will aecp.pled the treaty with Mexico which made them one of the sovereign States of this Union. Herestfter, when the Senators from New Mexico and California take their seats \\i the Senate Chamber, it can be their boast equally with any other States of the Union that they have never bee.i conquei- ed. This is the great beauty of our system; to be adroired it is only necessary to be studied and understood, Florida does not rule in California, neither does Virginia or Massachusetts rule thetn, but each rules in its own territory and all unite and assist in ruling and governing the Union. It h a glorious Union, and all the nations are looking up to it and admifing, and all the kings of the earth are treriibling before its pros- pective greatness. Hence their desire to destroy it; hence we see them forming alliances with Indians and Negroes and all the uncivilized and barbarous part of mankind and setting up Mosquito kings among them to day to try to do us harm. I have adverted to conquest because the hirelings of Eu^ ropean sovereigns are constantly writing that we are an ag- gressive people, encroaching upon our neighbors to do thcni harm and subject them to our own will. The grasping ambition of England never satisfied with conquest is foremost in circulating these slanders. Virginia never conquered any of her neighbors; on the contrary she voluntarily surrendered a part of her territory to be formed into other sovereignties like herself. The powerful slate of New Vork might have been still more powerful had she held all the territory which was un- der her jurisdiction before the revolution. It is well known that the Six Nations which placed themselves under the dominion of New York, extended far to the North West, including a great part of upper Canada; a great part of this territory she voluntarily relinquished at the peace of '83' but not without a remonstrance. Massachusetts and Connecticut and Carolina extended by their charters to the Pacific ocean: each of these states relin- quished territory enough for an empire and restricted them- selves to very small limits. How then can these states be called aggressive.^ It is a device of the enemy to throw dis- credit upon republican government. 12 jii, Instead of increasing in power, each state is diminished hy [he admission ot olher States. Originally there were 13 sovereignties who united were the sole governor of this immense territory; now 30 sover- eignties are united in the government, 16 of whom form a tiiajorily: of course the original 13 States have lost a portion «t the power they once had, but instead of complaining of of this, they joyfully admit other States into their fraternity when they come into the brotherhood willingly and the con- sent is mutual. This mutual union of the republican sovereignties of A- mericais what the European monarchs most do fear; hence Iheir enmity to this republic. J have said the United States ar? not aggressive, are not given to conquest; the same may b^ said of the South Amer- ican States, although not united under'one federal head like the states of North America, they are content to maintain their own independence without encroaching on their neigh- bors; the independent states of South America are bounded very nearly as they were when they were provinces; we have yet seen no one of them set up his standard and command all his bretheren to bow to its supremacy; if they were to to follow the example of the nations of Europe and Asia, n conquering spirit may arise in some one of these republics and the exertion may be made to reduce the others to sub- mission; and such a conquering spirit would probably find ready friends among the monarchs of Europe. But a more fit instrument for such an array would be a Mosquito king. A monarch is peculiarly adapted for conquest; there is a oneness, a singleness of puipose, all centering in self, which has a desire to bring all into subjection to his will; he seeks not the good of the people but the aggrandize- ment and glory of his throne and his family. The world and all things in it, according to his estimation, were created for his use; the people are an inferior race of beings fit only to look upon majesty and tremble, even though that majesty be a Mosquito king. We read in history that in former times the Northmen in- vaded Britain; in the course of years they succeeded by stra- tagem, by fraud and by force, to get possession of part of 13 that islind, and succeeded in establishing seven independerrt Stales, perhaps united by some sort of league; historians have borrowed a Greek term and named them the heptarchy. One of these seven chiefs more ambitious than the rest, not content with conquering the British, turned his arms against his fellow sovereigns and finally after much horrid butchery reduced them all to be subjects, and named the whole Hep» larchy Anj^lc-land, and he by conquest and usurpation pla- ced himself over all the Northmen and called himself the king of Angleland, which by corruption we now call Eng- land. This English king and his successors have from that day to this been adding conquest to conquest until now nearly half the world is subject to his will. Begun in usurpation, and coutiiued in tyranny this power is now the terror of the nations; and this Mosquito king, as has been already shown, is but a tool to do the bidding of the great monarch. These allied together will first get possession of a part of Nicaragua, then the whole — then Honduras, finally all Cen- tral America; while in the mean time Yucatan and Chiapa will be sacked and plundered by the Indian Allies. The contagion will spread among the Indians of New Granada and Venezuela; being supplied with arms and ammunition by British agents, these all may be made to acknowledge the sovereignty of the Mosquito king by means of garters and ribbons, and such trifles. All the States of South America are interested to resist this, and particularly Brazil, which has a large Negro popu- lation as w«U as Indian. Now let tis look at the power that Britain wields. She con- trols the whole western coast of Africa where negroes most do breed. She holds the sovereignty over the greatest num- "ber of West India Islands, a majority of whose inhabitants are black; all these «he can enlist into her army and navy. With «uch a force she might easily set up some black Mosquito King on the coast of Brazil and entice the black inhabitants to join the standard of a chief of their own color. Such an event would give the governnvent of Brazil much irouble,and England is just as likely to do this as to set up a Mosquito King in Nicaragua. 14 As there is no federal union among all the Spanish Amer-^ ican States, I have thought it might contribute to their mu- tual safety for their ministry at Washington to form a kind of Congress and communicate to each other such information as each might obtain for the common good and also such as might apprize them of danger. Such an association might sugficestto their governments, improvements in rail roads and common roads and lines of steam packets and the opening of all communications with one another which would greatly enlarge their commerce and enrich their citizens. 1 look up" on the South American States as beginning to be, — as born into the world but yesterday; — in childhood lo-da) but tomor- row and next day they will be full grown men. Nations so situated and so capable of being great and pros- perous, should adopt a large and liberal policy towards one another and try by all means to promote internal improve- ment which is the great bond of civilization. J have spoken of the South American States, because the first Mosquito King was set up amongst them, and may be the means of doing them much internal injury — he can only affect the confederated States ot North America externally at present but the enemy has other weapons in store besides Mosquito Kings with which to destroy republics. The great enemy of the confederated republic of Nortb America is England — not the people of England they ar€ our friend, but the British government; this is the great pow- er that opposes republics in all shapes and in all places. The blood of Hampden is now crying to heaven for ven- geance and the blood of the martyrs to the republican Eu rope for a thousand years ask for retribution. The monarch) of England was born m blood, in blood it will expire, butth( end is not yet. The British government has been the enemy of the Unitec States from the 4th of July, 1776, either openly or secretly We could not be conquered by force — dissimulation and de, ceit and hypocrisy under the garb of friendship has beei practised among us in times of peace. Soon after the peace of '83 the great Wilberforce began t( preach universal freedom to mankind and he aimed particu larly to ameliorate the condition of the negro slaves in th« West India Islands. 15 Allhough }70RSP5secl of an eloquence of a superior order, \\\5 voice was unheeded by the British government. More than twenty years passed away and nolhinij was done, when Suddenly the spirit of discord whispered to the British states- hien that freeing the negroes in the West Indies would throw a fire brand amon^ the States that would do I'heni' more harm than myriads of armed men, Besides, «5ays this spirit of evil, you can stili! make slaves of the negroes by bringing them under the subjection of your •officers of the army and navy. :N^ow send your emissaries among the States and sow divisiods among them, do not op- pose them but join with them in all their peculiar notions, The people of those States aie the freest people upon eanft-- idolize liberty and preach a larger freedom to them. K it be possible, set the North against the Somh and the South against the North upon this very question of" Liberty." And the British Minister sent his emissaries into all the States of this Union. They attended the celebrating of the 4th of Ju- ly and hurrahed for liberry and took occasion to add as oftea as they could at the North, "Liberty to the Slave." Now the people of the North are a laborious, industrious people excessively fond of liberty; they caught and re-echoed the sound Liberty to the Slave,- without reflecting upon its consequences. The British emissaries iti the slave states, waiting for the watchwoid, eagerly caught the distant sound upon the first breeze and instantly sounded the alarm among Southern planters that Southern Institutions were in danger; the sus^ ceptible Southerner exposed as he is to f^udden destruction, easily caught the alarm and gave it more credit than it de- served. The spirit of evil always at the elbows of his ene- mies saw that his plan worked well and urged ihem to re- double their exertions to produce hatred and disunion be- tween the two sections of the confederacy; — divide and con- quer — set them to fighting against one another — and then luin will soon be effected. In opposition to this, the States ought to adopt the motto **Uniled we stand, divided we fall." In all the movements of the abolitionists of the North and of their opposers at the South I can see plainly the shadow of the Britisii Minister' 16 slahding behind the actors urging ihcm on to hostility. Now I see him playing dumb orator behind a Soutlierft Statesman pointing to the Tar off Pacific Ocean and persua- ding him to believe that the Yankees are depriving his coun- trymen of some right there. All this time the bacK of the Southern statesman is turned upon Cuba so that he cannot see the designs of the British there. 1 recollect seeing a play performed at the theatre when I was a boy that attracted my attention, called ^*lhe Astrono- mer;" there was a love ocene, and a plot, an old man and his only daughter. The plot was to carry off the old man's daughter; the means made use of were to flatter the old man's vanity and praise his learning and particularly his Astronoai- ical researches, of which he was very proud. So the lover was introduced as an old astronomer who ha(l|^^ just arrived from Germany, he praised the learnin^j of the old . man and told him how much the world was indebted to hiin for his discoveries, then casually hinted at a star he had him- , self lately discovered. The bait took; the telescope was in-,( stantly put in position and while the old man was diligently ranging the Western horizon in search of some far-off star, the brighter star was stolen from his side and handed out of the window, and in an instant the long cherished hopes of the old man were blasted. Now, look at a picture of realj life; see South Carolina looking through the telescope to the : far off lands of the Californias; England standing behind hoodwinking her. "There," says. England, "away beyond the Rocky Mountains is the place for your slaves." ♦'Where?' says Carolina — "1 can't see any thing but rock> mountains and aiandy deserts." "Look a little to the right," says Eng- land, "and you will see 36° 30'; all the goodly region south of that line you should contend for to the last man." "But J am afraid it wonH pay"says Carolina, "to take slaves there, they may run away and unite with the Indians and Mulat- toes of those regions. Then the shadow of England in Ca- rolina, to the shadow of England in Massachusetts, sends greeting — "Look now, stir up our friends in the ancient; commonwealth of the Pilgrims, and pass resolutions, and let them go forth as the voice of Massachusetts." 17 So the shadow of England collected all the retainers in Ihat realm and resolved that all California is free soil, and that all men who go there will be free. Then th call the attention of Senators and Representatives to the existing state of kings, that the Republic ma) be guarded against the secret foe as well as against the open enemy. We have among us two races of people which are not of • us — not bone of our bone nor flesh of our flesh — they are inferior races, the Indian Savage*, wild and barbarous, but a native of the soil and entitled to protection from the govern- nient under which he lives ; — the negro who partakes large- ly of the animal and little of the intellectual prone to sensual indulgences — too lazy to labor without compulsion. The first race we found here when we came; the second were imported from Africa by the Dutch, English and New Eng- enders — both races have occasioned much trouble to our government and our people, and are yet troublesome. The negroes are now the occasion of quarrels among our- selves and heartburnings as well as quiet di;*cussious and ar- guments as lo the best way to dispose of them ; as >el we have been able to govern and control them and make ♦hem earn their own living, and something to be added to the common stock for the support of the nation. If lo our troubles within the realm,concernlng these races, are to be superadded external troubles, it is time to look lo it. If these races are suffered to form alliances with the civil- ized nations of Europe, to make war upon us, we ought to be aware of it. A commencement has been made by the British govern- ment in getting up an Indian Mosquito king on the shores of the Carribbean Sea, and soon after a negro Emperor is pro* claimed over one of the Islands of the Gulf of Mexico. Wheih-» er the British government has a hand in this,iime may reveal. It appears evident, however, that she wishes to hold a con- trolling influence in the Gulf of IViexico and the West India Islands. Stationing herself at the mouth ot our great river Mississippi to control our commerce, and in case of war to be ready to do us much damage ; and the tools and instru- ments to be made use of to do this are the Indian and negro races; their savage and sensual propensilies may be excited and a war of castes produced which may produce much trou- ble, but the end is not doubtful if the states continue united. The inferior races must fall before the sword of the white man, extermination of a part and subjugation of the remam- der must result. But what shall we say of the savage Ally, who has been the cause of this savage war? Stripped of he* colonies, her commerce gone, she lays like a dismasted ship in the trough ol the sea, exposed to every rolling wave. f W4 >^<^ ' -^^-^^ * •^^o< • -^^ ^^. . . mm